gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classical control theory applied to OPC correction segment convergence (2004)

Model based Optical Proximity Correction work is currently performed by segmenting patterns in a layout and iteratively applying corrections to these segments for a set number of iterations. This is an open loop control methodology that relies on a finely tuned algorithm to arrive at a proper correction. A goal of this algorithm is to converge in the fewest number of iterations possible. As technology nodes become smaller, different correction areas tend to correct at different rates, and these correction rates are diverging with process node. This leads to more iterations being required to converge to a final OPC solution, the consequence of which is an increased runtime and tapeout cost. The current solution to this problem is to use proportional damping factors to attempt to bring different structure types to a solution. Classical control theory provides tools to optimize the convergence of these processes and to speed up convergence in physical systems. Introducing derivative and integral control while continuing use of proportional control should reduce the number of iterations needed to converge to a final solution as well as optimize the convergence for varied configurations.
High-level Expression of the Human-α-interferon Gene through the Use of an Improved Baculovirus Vector in the Silkworm,<i>Bombyx mori</i> (1987)

During research on the production of human α-interferon (α-IFN) in silkworms using a baculovirus, Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), as a vector, the expression of approximately 5.0 × 107 U/ml of α-IFN in the haemolymph was attained. In order to obtain a much higher level of expression, we paid special attention to the role of the sequence between the promoter and the translation start site of the polyhedrin gene, and found that deletion of the sequence led to depression of the expression. We therefore tried to improve the cloning vector. By means of the in vitro mutagenesis technique, a cloning vector retaining this sequence and having various restriction enzyme sites between the promoter and the terminator of the polyhedrin gene was constructed. Using this vector, a transfer vector was constructed in which the polyhedrin structural gene was replaced by human α-IFN, and recombinant viruses were prepared. When silkworms were infected with the recombinant viruses, about 1.9 × 108 U/ml of IFN was produced in the haemolymph of fifth instar larvae. The improvement of the vector raised the productivity of IFN approximately four-fold.
3D Hand Shape and Pose Estimation From a Single RGB Image (2019)

This work addresses a novel and challenging problem of estimating the full 3D hand shape and pose from a single RGB image. Most current methods in 3D hand analysis from monocular RGB images only focus on estimating the 3D locations of hand keypoints, which cannot fully express the 3D shape of hand. In contrast, we propose a Graph Convolutional Neural Network (Graph CNN) based method to reconstruct a full 3D mesh of hand surface that contains richer information of both 3D hand shape and pose. To train networks with full supervision, we create a large-scale synthetic dataset containing both ground truth 3D meshes and 3D poses. When fine-tuning the networks on real-world datasets without 3D ground truth, we propose a weakly-supervised approach by leveraging the depth map as a weak supervision in training. Through extensive evaluations on our proposed new datasets and two public datasets, we show that our proposed method can produce accurate and reasonable 3D hand mesh, and can achieve superior 3D hand pose estimation accuracy when compared with state-of-the-art methods.
Code tracking loop performance for an orthogonal CDMA uplink SATCOM system (2002)

The use of orthogonal CDMA for uplink satellite communication requires that all user codes arrive at the satellite despreader at a common time. To this end schemes for network synchronization among all users are necessary; these involve two stages: code acquisition and code tracking. We propose a code tracking loop that extends between the satellite and the ground terminal. The traditional code tracking loop is broken into two segments: the satellite segment of the loop conducts the phase difference extraction; while the ground segment of the loop at the Earth station performs the filtering and phase adjustment. The major difference of this tracking system and the traditional loops is the long propagation delay entering the loop delay and secondarily the satellite motion. The optimization of the tracking loop filter is undertaken with respect to the steady state error and the variance of the timing error. The performance of the code tracking loop scheme is evaluated for a single-beam fully-loaded SATCOM system.
Fluorine‐containing nanoemulsions for MRI cell tracking (2009)

In this article we review the chemistry and nanoemulsion formulation of perfluorocarbons used for in vivo(19)F MRI cell tracking. In this application, cells of interest are labeled in culture using a perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion. Labeled cells are introduced into a subject and tracked using (19)F MRI or NMR spectroscopy. In the same imaging session, a high-resolution, conventional ((1)H) image can be used to place the (19)F-labeled cells into anatomical context. Perfluorocarbon-based (19)F cell tracking is a useful technology because of the high specificity for labeled cells, ability to quantify cell accumulations, and biocompatibility. This technology can be widely applied to studies of inflammation, cellular regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy.
Nonlinear elasticity imaging with dual frequency ultrasound (2017)

Elasticity imaging has shown to enhance diagnostic capabilities of disease as tissue elasticity is often associated with pathological condition. Methods such as Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging and Supersonic Shear Wave imaging have shown good results at shallow depths. Second-order ultrasound field (SURF) imaging is a dual band imaging technique that utilizes a low frequency (LF) pulse to manipulate the nonlinear elasticity of the medium observed by a co-propagating high frequency pulse (HF). The manipulation of the material parameters causes the HF to experience a change in propagation velocity which depends on the manipulation pressure and nonlinear elasticity of the medium. The change in propagation velocity causes an accumulative delay or advancement compared to a single HF pulse, called the nonlinear propagation delay (NPD). By transmitting multiple pulse complexes with different LF polarities the technique has proven capabilities for suppression of multiple scattering noise. By observing local variations in the development of NPD, it is possible to estimate the nonlinear elasticity variation of the medium. Simulations with k-Wave toolbox have shown the methods feasibility, also at greater depths. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments have also yielded promising results.
Microwave Imaging via Space–Time Beamforming: Experimental Investigation of Tumor Detection in Multilayer Breast Phantoms (2004)

Microwave imaging via space-time (MIST) beamforming has been proposed recently for detecting small malignant breast tumors. In this paper, we extend the previously presented two-dimensional space-time beamformer design to three-dimensional (3-D), and demonstrate its efficacy using experimental data obtained with a multilayer breast phantom. The breast phantom consists of a homogeneous normal breast tissue simulant covered by a thin layer of skin simulant. A small synthetic malignant tumor is embedded in the breast phantom. We have developed several tumor simulants that yield the range of dielectric contrasts between normal and malignant tissue that are expected in clinical scenarios. A microwave sensor comprised of a synthetic planar array of compact ultrawide-band (UWB) antennas is immersed in a coupling medium above the breast tissue phantom. At each position in the array, the antenna transmits a synthetically generated pulse (1-11 GHz) into the phantom. The received backscatter signals are processed by a data-adaptive algorithm that removes the artifact caused by antenna reverberation and backscatter from the skin-breast interface, followed by 3-D space-time beamforming to image backscattered energy as a function of location. Our investigation includes a numerical (finite difference time domain) and experimental study of the UWB antenna performance in the immersion medium, as well as a study of the influence of malignant-to-normal breast tissue dielectric contrast on dynamic range requirements and tumor detectability. This paper represents the first experimental demonstration of 3-D MIST beamforming in multilayer breast phantoms with malignant-to-normal dielectric contrasts down to 1.5 : 1 for a 4-mm synthetic tumor.
Path provisioning for service level agreements in Differentiated Services networks (2003)

We study the path provisioning as a mechanism to deliver service level agreements in IP Differentiated Services networks. There is no known polynomial time solution for this problem, so we propose and analyze (by simulations) several heuristic algorithms for solving the problem. As our simulations demonstrate, a centralized server consistently delivers a better performance than a distributed solution. We also show that the performance of one of the proposed algorithms, the greedy algorithm with backtracking, can be very close to the optimal one, while being computationally feasible.
Group 4 Post-metallocene Complexes Incorporating Tridentate Silyl-Substituted Bis(naphthoxy)pyridine and Bis(naphthoxy)thiophene Ligands: Probing Systems for “Oscillating” Olefin Polymerization Catalysis (2009)

New bulky silyl ortho-substituted tridentate 2,6-bis(naphthol)pyridine ({ONOSiR3}H2, SiR3 = SiPh3, SiMe2tBu) and 2,5-bis(naphthol)thiophene ({OSOSiPh3}H2) pro-ligands were synthesized via a four-step approach. The solid-state structures of pro-ligands {ONOSiPh3}H2 (3a) and {OSOSiPh3}H2 (3b) were established by X-ray diffraction analysis. Both types of ligands were introduced onto group 4 metal centers (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) using straightforward one-step alkane, amine, or alcohol elimination protocols. Dibenzyl {ONOSiPh3}M(CH2Ph)2 (M = Ti, 4a; Zr, 5a; Hf, 6a) and {ONOSiMe2tBu}M(CH2Ph)2 (M = Ti, 4b; Zr, 5b), diamido {ONOSiPh3}Hf(NMe2)2 (7a and 7a·(NHMe2)), and di(isopropoxy) {ONOSiPh3}Ti(OiPr)2 (8a) complexes were authenticated using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography methods for some of them. In the solid state, complexes 4a, 4b, and 6a feature rac-like binding of the ligand, while ligands in complexes 5b and 7a·(NHMe2) are meso-like coordinated. The solution structures of 4b and 5b were investigated by VT NMR spectroscopy, which revealed that both complexes exist as rac and meso stereoisomers, which interconvert (activation parameters: 4b, ΔH⧧ = 12.9(7) kcal·mol−1 and ΔS⧧ = −3(1) cal·mol−1·K−1; 5b, ΔH⧧ = 13.4(8) kcal·mol−1 and ΔS⧧ = −7(1) cal·mol−1·K−1). A mechanism for this interconversion process, implying straightforward racemization, was proposed on the basis of DFT computations at the B3LYP (BP86) level, with computed activation barriers for Ti, Zr, and Hf complexes of 11.4 (10.1), 12.5 (11.2), and 12.2 (11.1) kcal·mol−1, respectively. The catalytic activity of dibenzyl and diamido precursors in homopolymerization of propylene and ethylene, upon activation with MAO, “dried-MAO”, and [Ph3C](B(C6F5)4]/Al(iBu)3, has been explored as well.
Impacts of <i>T</i>-<i>Phylloplanin</i> Gene Knockdown and of <i>Helianthus</i> and <i>Datura</i> Phylloplanins on <i>Peronospora tabacina</i> Spore Germination and Disease Potential (2007)

T-phylloplanin proteins secreted to aerial surfaces of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by short procumbent trichomes inhibit spore germination and blue mold disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Peronospora tabacina. Many other plants were found to contain water-washed leaf surface proteins (phylloplanins), but the functions and properties of these are not known. Here we extend earlier evidence for the antifungal activity of T-phylloplanins using a reverse genetics approach. RNA interference of the T-phylloplanin gene in tobacco 'T.I. 1068' resulted in loss of T-phylloplanin mRNA and protein, loss of in vitro spore germination inhibition activity, and leaf infection inhibition activity of leaf water washes from RNA interference plants, and young knockdown plants were susceptible to disease. The glycoprotein character, adaxial-leaf-surface enrichment of, and renewability of T-phylloplanins are also described. We also report that leaf water washes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and jimson weed (Datura metel), but not soybean (Glycine max), like that of tobacco, possess ProteinaseK- and boiling-sensitive P. tabacina spore germination and tobacco leaf infection inhibition activities. Results establish that T-phylloplaninins of tobacco are active in P. tabacina inhibition, and indicate that leaf surface proteins of certain non-Nicotiana species that are not susceptible to P. tabacina disease can inhibit germination of spores of this oomycete pathogen and inhibit tobacco leaf infection by this pathogen.
Improved solid-phase extraction protocol and sensitive quantification of six microcystins in water using an HPLC-orbitrap mass spectrometry system (2017)

A solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol was developed and combined with HPLC-ESI-MS for the quantification of common cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins (MCs), in water.
Art 2: Self-Organization Of Stable Category Recognition Codes For Analog Input Patterns (1988)

Adaptive resonance architectures are neural networks that self-organize stable pattern recognition codes in real-time in response to arbitrary sequences of input patterns. This article introduces ART 2, a class of adaptive resonance architectures which rapidly self-organize pattern recognition categories in response to arbitrary sequences of either analog of binary input patterns. In order to cope with arbitrary sequences of analog input patterns, ART 2 architectures embody solutions to a number of design principles, such as the stability-plasticity tradeoff, the search-direct access tradeoff, and the match-reset tradeoff. In these architectures, top-down learned expectation and matching mechanisms are critical in self-stabilizing the code learning process. A parallel search scheme updates itself adaptively as the learning process unfolds, and realizes a form of real-time hypothesis discovery, testing, learning, and recognition. After learning self-stabilizes, the search process is automatically disengaged. Thereafter input patterns directly access their recognition codes without any search. Thus recognition time for familiar inputs does not increase with the complexity of the learned code. A novel input pattern can directly access a category if it shares invariant properties with the set of familiar exemplars of that category. A parameter called the attentional vigilance parameter determines how fine the categories will be. If vigilance increases (decreases) due to environmental feedback, then the system automatically searches for and learns finer (coarser) recognition categories. Gain control parameters enable the architecture to suppress noise up to a prescribed level. The architecture's global design enables it to learn effectively despite the high degree of nonlinearity of such mechanisms.
Random access scan: a solution to test power, test data volume and test time (2004)

Adherence to serial scan is preventing the researchers from investigating alternative design for test techniques that may offer larger test benefit at the cost of some what higher overhead. In this paper, we investigate the use of random access scan for simultaneous reduction of test power, test data volume and test application time. We provide an asymmetric traveling salesman formulation of these problems to minimize random access scans and the test data. Application of our method results into nearly 3/spl times/ speedup in test application time, 60% reduction in test data volume and over 99% reduction in power consumption for benchmark circuits.
Industrial Upscaling of CdTe/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells (2006)

CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, since they are made with easily scalable techniques such as sputtering and closed space sublimation, can be considered particularly suitable to be produced on a large scale. Besides, we developed a new process which is simplified in respect to the normally used processes, since it is dry and it does not make use of any acid. Furthermore, CdCl2, used for CdTe treatment, has been substituted with a non toxic gas, namely HCF2Cl. Back contact is done by a procedure that allows to make stable cells. An efficiency close to 16% is obtained on 1 cm 2 area with this process. In order to scale up this new process to an industrial production, a new company, named ARENDI, with the participation of the Marcegaglia industrial group, IFIS Bank of Venice, the contribution of Ministry of Environmental and the scientific support of the thin film group of the University of Parma, has been constituted. The line is starting to be constructed near Milan and will be ready within two years. The size of the module will be 60x120 cm 2 and the production capacity of the line should be around 15 MW/year.
Dispersion compensating fibers (2003)

In this paper we briefly review the work on dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) in the last few years. Starting with the basic principle behind DCF, its need for upgrading the 1310 nm optical fiber links is discussed. The experimental and theoretical results of some researchers have been cited. The latest trend in optical communication has been to use dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems in the gain window of an optical fiber amplifier. However, nonlinear effects like four wave mixing (FWM) impose serious limitations. To overcome this difficulty use of fibers with non-zero dispersion has been suggested. For long distance repeater less transmission this dispersion will go on accumulating and will limit the number of bits one can send at each wavelength. Properly designed dispersion compensating fibers can overcome this difficulty. Already there has been some work in this direction by various researchers.
Preparation and Layer-by-Layer Solution Deposition of Cu(In,Ga)O2 Nanoparticles with Conversion to Cu(In,Ga)S2 Films (2014)

We present a method of Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS) thin film formation via conversion of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled Cu-In-Ga oxide (CIGO) nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes. CIGO nanoparticles were created via a novel flame-spray pyrolysis method using metal nitrate precursors, subsequently coated with polyallylamine (PAH), and dispersed in aqueous solution. Multilayer films were assembled by alternately dipping quartz, Si, and/or Mo substrates into a solution of either polydopamine (PDA) or polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) and then in the CIGO-PAH dispersion to fabricate films as thick as 1-2 microns. PSS/CIGO-PAH films were found to be inadequate due to weak adhesion to the Si and Mo substrates, excessive particle diffusion during sulfurization, and mechanical softness ill-suited to further processing. PDA/CIGO-PAH films, in contrast, were more mechanically robust and more tolerant of high temperature processing. After LbL deposition, films were oxidized to remove polymer and sulfurized at high temperature under flowing hydrogen sulfide to convert CIGO to CIGS. Complete film conversion from the oxide to the sulfide is confirmed by X-ray diffraction characterization.
An autonomous robot that eats information via interaction with humans and environments (2002)

We describe a behavior control architecture, EGO, for autonomous robots, by which robot behaviours are selected to keep internal variables in proper ranges. The EGO is based on ethological study, so that both external stimuli and internal variables cause its behavior selection. In addition, introducing "remaining information" to one of the internal variables, we can develop "information eating" behavior of the autonomous robot via interaction with humans and environment, which is actually symbol acquisition behavior. We propose the concept of an emotionally grounded symbol, which gives information about the importance of the object for the survivability of an autonomous robot. In addition an emotionally grounded symbol gives information about emotions that were experienced during learning as well.
Novel copolymers via nitroxide mediated controlled free radical polymerization of vinyl chloride (2003)

Abstract Controlled free radical polymerization (CFRP) of vinyl chloride (VCM) and copolymerization with several comonomers have been studied in aqueous suspension. Therefore di‐tert‐butylnitroxide and three novel nitroxyl radicals were used as mediating agents. Copolymerization of VCM with styrene, partly combined with acrylonitrile, maleic acid anhydride and maleic acid imide as well as methyl methacrylate, n‐butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate and butadiene have been achieved, demonstrating an efficient route for novel vinyl chloride copolymer architecture.
Establishment and characterization of immortalized sweat gland myoepithelial cells (2022)

Sweat glands play an important role in thermoregulation via sweating, and protect human vitals. The reduction in sweating may increase the incidence of hyperthermia. Myoepithelial cells in sweat glands exhibit stemness characteristics and play a major role in sweat gland homeostasis and sweating processes. Previously, we successfully passaged primary myoepithelial cells in spheroid culture systems; however, they could not be maintained for long under in vitro conditions. No myoepithelial cell line has been established to date. In this study, we transduced two immortalizing genes into primary myoepithelial cells and developed a myoepithelial cell line. When compared with primary sweat gland cells, the immortalized myoepithelial cells (designated "iEM") continued to form spheroids after the 4th passage and expressed α-smooth muscle actin and other proteins that characterize myoepithelial cells. Furthermore, treatment with small compounds targeting the Wnt signaling pathways induced differentiation of iEM cells into luminal cells. Thus, we successfully developed an immortalized myoepithelial cell line having differentiation potential. As animal models are not useful for studying human sweat glands, our cell line will be helpful for studying the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of sweating disorders.
A 2 GHz 130 mW Direct-Digital Frequency Synthesizer With a Nonlinear DAC in 55 nm CMOS (2014)

This paper presents a direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) based on the nonlinear DAC with a maximum operating frequency of 2 GHz. This work proposes three design methods to enhance the performance of a DDFS. First, a multi-level momentarily activated bias is proposed to reduce power dissipation in the phase accumulator. Second, a coarse phase-based consecutive fine amplitude grouping scheme is presented to reduce hardware complexity and power consumption in the digital decoder. Third, the mixed-wave conversion topology in the nonlinear DAC is proposed to improve the output spectral purity. The DDFS with 9 bit amplitude resolution is capable of producing a minimum spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 55.1 dBc up to Nyquist frequency at the clock frequency of 2 GHz. The prototype DDFS is fabricated in a 55-nm CMOS. It occupies an active area of 0.1 mm 2 with a total power dissipation of 130 mW. The figure of merit of this DDFS is 8944 GHz · 2 (SFDR/6) /W.