gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analyzing and Improving Anti-Phishing Schemes (2006)

The problem of phishing has attracted considerable attention recently, and a number of solutions and enhanced security measures have been proposed. We perform a detailed analysis of several anti-phishing schemes, and attacks and improvements. While several anti-phishing technologies address commonly observed phishing tactics, the space evolves rapidly, and a good prevention technique should be robust to anticipated as well as observed attacks. We present a number of attacks and techniques that might be easily employed by phishers and examine the robustness of a recently proposed password re-use anti-phishing system. We compare with other proposed phishing prevention techniques and find that it withstands several attacks that render current anti-phishing approaches obsolete and fares better in a large scale deployment than others.
Coupling discrete metal nanoparticles to photonic crystal surface resonant modes and application to Raman spectroscopy (2010)

Coupling a tightly packed layer of discrete metal nanoparticles to the resonant mode of a photonic crystal surface has been demonstrated as a means for obtaining additional electromagnetic gain for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), in which electric fields of the photonic crystal can couple to plasmon resonances of the metal nanoparticles. Because metal nanoparticles introduce absorption that quench the photonic crystal resonance, a balance must be achieved between locating the metal nanoparticles too close to the surface while still positioning them within the enhanced evanescent field to maximize coupling to surface plasmons. In this work, we describe a parametric study into the design of a photonic crystal-SERS substrate, comprised of a replica molded photonic crystal slab as the dielectric optical resonator, a SiO(2) "post" layer spacer, and an Ag "cap" metal nanostructure. Using the Raman signal for trans-1,2-bis(4pyridyl)ethane, the coupling efficiency was maximized for a SiO(2) "post" layer thickness of 50 nm and a Ag "cap" height of approximatey 20 nm, providing an additional enhancement factor of 21.4.
RIN transfer analysis in pump depletion regime for Raman fibre amplifiers (2002)

A numerical analysis is presented that models the relative intensity noise transferred from a Raman pump to a signal laser in an optical fibre. The analysis is valid in both the pump-depletion and non-depletion regimes. The RIN requirements for a 0.1 dB Q-penalty in the pump depletion regime are similar to those in the non-depletion regime, exhibiting a RIN requirement reduction of only 3–4 dB/Hz.
Synthesis of superconducting oxides and oxide/metal composites by oxidation of metallic precursors (1988)

One method for the synthesis of superconducting oxides is high temperature oxidation of a metallic alloy (a metallic precursor) that contains the metallic constituents of the oxide. In addition, a noble metal can be added to the precursor such that, after oxidation, a two phase, finely divided oxide/metal composite results. Superconducting oxides have been produced from Eu-Ba-Cu and Yb-Ba-Cu alloys by oxidizing the alloys at 300°C followed by an “oxygen anneal” at elevated temperatures. Similarly, a Eu1,Ba2Cu3O7−x /Au composite has been formed from a quaternary metallic precursor. each case an onset of superconductivity occurred at about 92K. This approach to producing superconducting oxides is felt to have a number of advantages associated with it, not the least of which is the improvement of the mechanical properties of the superconducting product.
Rescue of codon-pair deoptimized respiratory syncytial virus by the emergence of genomes with very large internal deletions that complemented replication (2021)

Recoding viral genomes by introducing numerous synonymous but suboptimal codon pairs-called codon-pair deoptimization (CPD)-provides new types of live-attenuated vaccine candidates. The large number of nucleotide changes resulting from CPD should provide genetic stability to the attenuating phenotype, but this has not been rigorously tested. Human respiratory syncytial virus in which the G and F surface glycoprotein ORFs were CPD (called Min B) was temperature-sensitive and highly restricted in vitro. When subjected to selective pressure by serial passage at increasing temperatures, Min B substantially regained expression of F and replication fitness. Whole-genome deep sequencing showed many point mutations scattered across the genome, including one combination of six linked point mutations. However, their reintroduction into Min B provided minimal rescue. Further analysis revealed viral genomes bearing very large internal deletions (LD genomes) that accumulated after only a few passages. The deletions relocated the CPD F gene to the first or second promoter-proximal gene position. LD genomes amplified de novo in Min B-infected cells were encapsidated, expressed high levels of F, and complemented Min B replication <i>in trans</i> This study provides insight on a variation of the adaptability of a debilitated negative-strand RNA virus, namely the generation of defective minihelper viruses to overcome its restriction. This is in contrast to the common "defective interfering particles" that interfere with the replication of the virus from which they originated. To our knowledge, defective genomes that promote rather than inhibit replication have not been reported before in RNA viruses.
A Mutant of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pirABVP (+) That Carries Binary Toxin Genes but Does Not Cause Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (2020)

<i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> carrying binary toxin genes, <i>pir</i>AB, is one of the etiological agents causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. This disease has emerged recently as a major threat to shrimp aquaculture worldwide. During a routine PCR screening of AHPND-causing <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i> strains, an isolate tested PCR positive for <i>pirB</i> (R13) and another isolate tested positive for both the <i>pir</i>A and <i>pir</i>B (R14) genes. To evaluate the pathogenicity of these isolates, specific pathogen-free (SPF) <i>Penaeus vannamei</i> were experimentally challenged. For both R13 and R14 isolates, the final survival rate was 100% at termination of the challenge, whereas the final survival with the AHPND-causing <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i> was 0%. The nucleotide sequence of the plasmid DNA carrying the binary toxin genes revealed that R13 contains a deletion of the entire <i>pirA</i> gene whereas R14 contains the entire coding regions of both <i>pir</i>A and <i>pir</i>B genes. However, R14 possesses an insertion upstream of the <i>pir</i>A gene. In R14, mRNA for both <i>pir</i>A and <i>pir</i>B genes could be detected but no cognate proteins. This shows that the genome of AHPND-causing <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i> is highly plastic and, therefore, detection of the <i>pir</i>A and <i>pir</i>B genes alone by DNA-PCR is insufficient as a diagnostic test for AHPND.
Improving fiber optic gyroscope performance using a laser and photonic-bandgap fiber (2012)

Based on insights from a new model of scattering in FOGs for high-coherence sources, we demonstrate experimentally that a fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) can be driven with a laser of suitable linewidth and exhibit short and long-term performance matching that of a FOG driven by a broadband source. This innovation can be combined with the use of hollow-core fiber in the sensor coil to produce new FOGs exceeding current standards.
Design of Spherical Lattice Space–Time Codes (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, we propose a systematic procedure for designing spherical lattice (space–time) codes. By employing stochastic optimization techniques we design lattice codes which are well matched to the fading statistics as well as to the decoder used at the receiver. The decoders we consider here include the optimal albeit of highest decoding complexity maximum-likelihood (ML) decoder, the suboptimal lattice decoders, as well as the suboptimal lattice-reduction-aided (LRA) decoders having the lowest decoding complexity. For each decoder, our design methodology can be tailored to obtain low error-rate lattice codes for arbitrary fading statistics and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of interest. Further, we obtain fundamental lower bounds on the error probabilities yielded by lattice and LRA decoders and characterize their asymptotic behavior. </para>
Novel mechanism of gene transfection by low-energy shock wave (2015)

Extracorporeal shock wave (SW) therapy has been studied in the transfection of naked nucleic acids into various cell lines through the process of sonoporation, a process that affects the permeation of cell membranes, which can be an effect of cavitation. In this study, siRNAs were efficiently transfected into primary cultured cells and mouse tumor tissue via SW treatment. Furthermore SW-induced siRNA transfection was not mediated by SW-induced sonoporation, but by microparticles (MPs) secreted from the cells. Interestingly, the transfection effect of the siRNAs was transferable through the secreted MPs from human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture medium after treatment with SW, into HUVECs in another culture plate without SW treatment. In this study, we suggest for the first time a mechanism of gene transfection induced by low-energy SW through secreted MPs, and show that it is an efficient physical gene transfection method in vitro and represents a safe therapeutic strategy for site-specific gene delivery in vivo.
Adaptive separation of mixed broadband sound sources with delays by a beamforming Herault-Jutten network (1995)

The Herault-Jutten network has been used to separate independent sound sources that have been linearly mixed. The problem of separating a mixture of several independent signals in free-field conditions or a signal and echoes in confined spaces is compounded by propagation time delays between the source(s) and the microphones because the conventional Herault-Jutten network cannot tolerate time delays. In this paper, we combine a symmetrically balanced beamforming array with the conventional Herault-Jutten network. The resulting system can adaptively separate signals that include delays introduced by the propagation medium. The proposed algorithm has been simulated in digital communication multipath channels where intersymbol interference exists. The simulation results show two clear advantages of the proposed method over the conventional adaptive equalization: (1) there is no penalty for very long impulse responses caused by long delays, and (2) no training signals are needed for equalization. The design of a multibeamformer to handle the source separation of multiple broad-band signals is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Potent and Orally Active Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the MDM2−p53 Interaction (2009)

We report herein the design of potent and orally active small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction. Compound 5 binds to MDM2 with a K(i) of 0.6 nM, activates p53 at concentrations as low as 40 nM, and potently and selectively inhibits cell growth in tumor cells with wild-type p53 over tumor cells with mutated/deleted p53. Compound 5 has a good oral bioavailability and effectively inhibits tumor growth in the SJSA-1 xenograft model.
Single-Element Ultrasonic Transducer for Non-Invasive Measurements (2019)

A simple, passive, single-element ultrasonic transducer is proposed for non-invasive measurements. Operating the transducer at different resonant modes allows the adaptation of the emitted sound pattern to various requirements. The emitted sound field is simulated and experimentally characterized. We demonstrate the suitability of the transducer prototype for non-invasive continuous level measurement in laboratory as well as field environment over an extended level- and temperature range. The measured performance fulfils typical requirements for invasive level sensors. The versatility of the transducer enables its application in a wide range of non-invasive measurements.
A comparative study of digital low dropout regulators (2020)

Abstract Granular power management in a power-efficient system on a chip (SoC) requires multiple integrated voltage regulators with a small area, process scalability, and low supply voltage. Conventional on-chip analog low-dropout regulators (ALDOs) can hardly meet these requirements, while digital LDOs (DLDOs) are good alternatives. However, the conventional DLDO, with synchronous control, has inherently slow transient response limited by the power-speed trade-off. Meanwhile, it has a poor power supply rejection (PSR), because the fully turned-on power switches in DLDO are vulnerable to power supply ripples. In this comparative study on DLDOs, first, we compare the pros and cons between ALDO and DLDO in general. Then, we summarize the recent DLDO advanced techniques for fast transient response and PSR enhancement. Finally, we discuss the design trends and possible directions of DLDO.
High-speed Avalanche Photodiodes based on III-V Compounds for Optical Communications (2019)

Avalanche photodiodes based on III-V-compounds feature flexibility in designing bandwidth, gain, responsivity, and linearity, which are associated with not only the thickness of each layer but also doping profiles and material options and their combinations. Here, we review the design and performance of our high-speed avalanche photodiodes that feature a unique epitaxial layer structure. Even though the APDs have a vertical illumination structure, which is essential for easy optical coupling and fabrication, their speed is high enough for operation with 100G-PAM4. We also discuss our efforts for improving linearity, which is important for operation with higher-order modulation format.
Three-Dimensional Printing of Bone Repair and Replacement Materials (2012)

Solid freeform fabrication techniques such as direct write technology can be used to fabricate tissue-engineering scaffolds in 3 dimensions with high levels of reproducibility and precision. These can comprise complex structures made of osteoconductive, remodelable lattices to conduct bone ingrowth and solid barriers to prevent soft tissue invasion. As such, they act as a combination of bone graft and barrier membrane. Results from animal studies have shown that these structures fill rapidly with healing bone and can conduct bone across critical-size defects to fill large defects in rabbit skull. Results indicate that this technology can be used to produce both off-the-shelf and custom-fabricated bone graft substitutes. These may initially be used to restore alveolar ridge defects, but could also be used, in the future, to repair or replace complex craniofacial bone defects such as cleft palate defects. In the more distant future, these technologies could be combined with controlled-release bioactive substances such as growth factors and pharmaceuticals to regenerate complex structures comprising multiple tissue types.
Preparation of High‐Silica Glasses from Colloidal Gels: I, Preparation for Sintering and Properties of Sintered Glasses (1983)

A new method for preparing fused silica and high‐silica glasses through the sougel process is described. Ordinarily, fused silica is formed by fusion of silica at 1900° to 2000°C. The method described consists of preparation of a porous body by mixing colloidal silica with water, drying, redispersion, molding by casting, followed by gelation, drying, and sintering at 1450° to 1500°C. The sintering is facilitated by addition of 3 to 5 wt% B 2 O 3 . The process of dispersion‐drying‐redispersion (so‐called “double process”) results in formation of a two‐mode pore structure which permits drying of cast tubes and rods without breakage. The preparation of the porous bodies, study of pore structure, and properties of resulting glasses are described in Part I, the sintering is considered in Part II, and the mechanism of gel formation is interpreted from infrared spectroscopy studies in Part III.
Effect of Serum Proteins on Osteoblast Adhesion to Surface-Modified Bioactive Glass and Hydroxyapatite (1999)

Previous studies indicate that modification of the surface of porous bioactive glass promotes osteoblast function. We hypothesize that bone formation on treated bioactive glass is due to the selective adsorption of serum attachment proteins. To test this hypothesis, we examined the profile of proteins adsorbed to treated bioactive glass and compared these proteins with those adsorbed to untreated bioactive glass and porous hydroxyapatite. Porous bioactive glass was treated with Tris-buffered electrolyte solution to generate a calcium phosphate-rich surface layer and then immersed in tissue-culture medium containing 10% serum. Proteins adsorbed to the ceramic surfaces were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. Porous hydroxyapatite bound a higher amount of total protein than did the other substrates. However, surface-modified porous bioactive glass adsorbed more fibronectin than did hydroxyapatite. The effect of serum-protein adsorption on osteoblast adhesion to bioactive glass and hydroxypatite was also evaluated. Cell adhesion to porous bioactive glass that was either surface-modified and serum-treated was significantly greater than to porous bioactive glass that was either surface-modified or serum-treated. Furthermore, cell adhesion to porous bioactive glass treated to form the dual layer of calcium phosphate and serum protein was significantly higher than adhesion to porous hydroxyapatite with adsorbed serum protein. Results of the study strongly suggest that adsorption of serum fibronectin to the surface of modified porous bioactive glass coated with calcium phosphate may be responsible for enhanced osteoblast adhesion.
Aerodynamic Focusing of Nanoparticles: I. Guidelines for Designing Aerodynamic Lenses for Nanoparticles (2005)

This article describes the challenges in focusing nanoparticles (<30 nm) into tightly collimated beams, and provide guidelines for designing aerodynamic lens systems for nanoparticles.The major difficulties of focusing nanoparticles arise from their low inertia and high diffusivity.Because of their low inertia, nanoparticles tend to closely follow gas streamlines; their high diffusivities lead to beam broadening and diffusional deposition.We have identified the minimum particle size that can be focused to the axis with a single lens when diffusion is neglected, assuming that the flow is continuum and subsonic.We show that lighter carrier gases are preferred for focusing small particles, and that multiple lenses operating at suboptimal Stokes numbers can be designed to focus particles smaller than was recognized previously.There exists a maximum pressure under which particles can be optimally focused, while particle diffusion and pumping requirements are minimized.Finally, we describe the procedure for designing aerodynamic lens systems for focusing nanoparticles, and present a case study of designing a single aerodynamic lens to focus 5 nm particles.
Model Shrinking for Embedded Keyword Spotting (2015)

In this paper we present two approaches to improve computational efficiency of a keyword spotting system running on a resource constrained device. This embedded keyword spotting system detects a pre-specified keyword in real time at low cost of CPU and memory. Our system is a two stage cascade. The first stage extracts keyword hypotheses from input audio streams. After the first stage is triggered, hand-crafted features are extracted from the keyword hypothesis and fed to a support vector machine (SVM) classifier on the second stage. This paper focuses on improving the computational efficiency of the second stage SVM classifier. More specifically, select a subset of feature dimensions and merge the SVM classifier to a smaller size, while maintaining the keyword spotting performance. Experimental results indicate that we can remove more than 36% of the non-discriminative SVM features, and reduce the number of support vectors by more than 60% without significant performance degradation. This results in more than 15% relative reduction in CPU utilization.
Pitcher training aided by instrumented baseball (2012)

Proper pitching mechanics are imperative for developing different types of pitches (e.g., fastball vs. breaking ball) and for preventing injury. Different pitch types are distinguished by the path (i.e. break) and speed of the ball which, in turn, are dictated by the angular velocity of the ball and the velocity of the ball center at the instant of release from the pitcher's hand. While radar guns effectively measure ball speed, they provide no information about the direction of the velocity of the ball center, the angular velocity of the ball, or the way in which these quantities change during the throw. These quantities can, in principle, be calculated using high-speed video-based motion capture (mocap), but doing so requires measurements in a controlled lab environment taken by a skilled technician. Moreover, mocap is unlikely to accurately resolve the angular velocity of the ball which is crucial to understanding pitching. This paper addresses these shortcomings by presenting an instrumented ball containing a miniature, wireless inertial measurement unit (IMU) to measure ball dynamics on the field of play. Measurements reveal that this technology can deduce the magnitude and direction of the ball's velocity at release to within 4% when benchmarked against mocap. Moreover, the IMU directly measures the angular velocity of the ball for pitches that remain within the measurement range of the associated angular rate gyros.
Longitudinal changes in total body creatine pool size and skeletal muscle mass using the D<sub>3</sub>‐creatine dilution method (2013)

The LC-MS/MS-based D<sub>3</sub>-creatine dilution method can be applied repeatedly to measure total body creatine skeletal muscle mass change in longitudinal study.
Vaccination of Rabbits with an Adenovirus Vector Expressing the Papillomavirus E2 Protein Leads to Clearance of Papillomas and Infection (2003)

Cervical cancer arises from lesions caused by infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Therefore, vaccination against HPV could prevent carcinogenesis by preventing HPV infection or inducing lesion regression. HPV E2 protein is an attractive candidate for vaccine development because it is required for papilloma formation, is involved in all stages of the virus life cycle, and is expressed in all premalignant lesions as well as some cancers. This study reports vaccination against E2 protein using a rabbit model of papillomavirus infection. A recombinant adenovirus (Ad) vector expressing the E2 protein of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) was tested for therapeutic efficacy in CRPV-infected rabbits. Primary immunization with the Ad-E2 vaccine, compared to immunization with a control Ad vector, reduced the number of papilloma-forming sites from 17 of 45 to 4 of 45. After booster immunization, vaccinated rabbits formed no new papillomas versus an additional 23 papillomas in rabbits that received the control vector. Papillomas in the Ad-E2 vaccinees were significantly smaller than those in the control rabbits, and all four papillomas in the Ad-E2 vaccinated rabbits regressed. No CRPV DNA was detected either in the regression sites or in sites that did not form papillomas, indicating that the vaccination led to clearance of CRPV from all infected sites.