gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extended tuning range in sampled grating DBR lasers (1993)

The authors demonstrate, for the first time, successful implementation of a distributed Bragg reflector laser with two sampled grating mirrors, which they previously predicted should give tuning range in excess of 50 nm. This device uses a uniform grating pitch throughout the structure, and relies on the same fabrication technology as a standard DBR laser. Initial results show 57 nm of mathematical tuning at 1.475 mu m with side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR)>30 dB over much of the tuning range. The observed change in operating wavelength versus mirror currents along with below threshold spectra agree with theoretical expectations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
3-D Silicon Integration and Silicon Packaging Technology Using Silicon Through-Vias (2006)

System-on-Chip (SOC) and System-on-Package (SOP) technologies each have advantages depending on application needs. As system architects and designers leverage ever-increasing CMOS technology densities, a range of two- and three-dimensional silicon integration technologies are emerging which will likely support next-generation high-volume electronic applications and may serve high-performance computing applications. This paper will discuss a few emerging technologies which offer opportunities for enhanced circuit performance, or reduced power as one example. Silicon-on-silicon integration may include three-dimensional (3-D) integration on-chip or may leverage chip stacking or chip integration on package. Common technology features include silicon through-vias, high-I/O interconnection and silicon-on-silicon either as 3-D integrated circuits, integrated chip stacks or silicon-on-silicon packages with passive function or high-bandwidth wiring. Silicon chips on silicon interposers with integrated function such as decoupling capacitors may provide a better module architecture compared to increased on-chip decoupling or off chip discrete capacitors mounted on package at the chip perimeter or underside of the package. Advanced silicon carrier package technology with fine pitch (50 mum) interconnection is described. This silicon carrier package contains silicon through-vias and offers >16times increase over standard chip I/O, a 20times to 100times increase in wiring density over traditional organic and ceramic packaging, and allows for integrated high-performance passives. Silicon carrier technology supports lithographic scaling and provides a basis for known good die (KGD) wafer testing. It may be considered for use in a number of applications including optoelectronic (OE) transceivers, silicon interposers with integrated decoupling capacitors, and mini-multi-chip modules (MMCMs) which integrate heterogeneous dies forming a single "virtual chip."
Motion and flow insensitive adiabatic T<sub>2</sub>‐preparation module for cardiac MR imaging at 3 tesla (2012)

A versatile method for generating T2 -weighting is a T2 -preparation module, which has been used successfully for cardiac imaging at 1.5T. Although it has been applied at 3T, higher fields (B0 ≥ 3T) can degrade B0 and B1 homogeneity and result in nonuniform magnetization preparation. For cardiac imaging, blood flow and cardiac motion may further impair magnetization preparation. In this study, a novel T2 -preparation module containing multiple adiabatic B1 -insensitive refocusing pulses is introduced and compared with three previously described modules [(a) composite MLEV4, (b) modified BIR-4 (mBIR-4), and (c) Silver-Hoult-pair]. In the static phantom, the proposed module provided similar or better B0 and B1 insensitivity than the other modules. In human subjects (n = 21), quantitative measurement of image signal coefficient of variation, reflecting overall image inhomogeneity, was lower for the proposed module (0.10) than for MLEV4 (0.15, P < 0.0001), mBIR-4 (0.27, P < 0.0001), and Silver-Hoult-pair (0.14, P = 0.001) modules. Similarly, qualitative analysis revealed that the proposed module had the best image quality scores and ranking (both, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, we present a new T2 -preparation module, which is shown to be robust for cardiac imaging at 3T in comparison with existing methods.
Precise gene editing paves the way for derivation of<i>Mannheimia haemolytica</i>leukotoxin-resistant cattle (2016)

Signal peptides of membrane proteins are cleaved by signal peptidase once the nascent proteins reach the endoplasmic reticulum. Previously, we reported that, contrary to the paradigm, the signal peptide of ruminant CD18, the β subunit of β<sub>2</sub> integrins, is not cleaved and hence remains intact on mature CD18 molecules expressed on the surface of ruminant leukocytes. Leukotoxin secreted by Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica binds to the intact signal peptide and causes cytolysis of ruminant leukocytes, resulting in acute inflammation and lung tissue damage. We also demonstrated that site-directed mutagenesis leading to substitution of cleavage-inhibiting glutamine (Q), at amino acid position 5 upstream of the signal peptide cleavage site, with cleavage-inducing glycine (G) results in the cleavage of the signal peptide and abrogation of leukotoxin-induced cytolysis of target cells. In this proof-of-principle study, we used precise gene editing to induce Q(‒5)G substitution in both alleles of CD18 in bovine fetal fibroblast cells. The gene-edited fibroblasts were used for somatic nuclear transfer and cloning to produce a bovine fetus homozygous for the Q(‒5)G substitution. The leukocyte population of this engineered ruminant expressed CD18 without the signal peptide. More importantly, these leukocytes were absolutely resistant to leukotoxin-induced cytolysis. This report demonstrates the feasibility of developing lines of cattle genetically resistant to M. haemolytica-caused pneumonia, which inflicts an economic loss of over $1 billion to the US cattle industry alone.
26,27-Dihomo-1 alpha-hydroxy- and 26,27-dihomo-24-epi-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 analogs that differ markedly in biological activity in vivo. (1994)

26,27-Dihomo-1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2, 26,27-dihomo-24-epi-1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2, and 26,27-dihomo-24-epi-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 have been synthesized. In contrast to 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 24-epi-1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2, 26,27-dihomo-1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 (1) and the 24-epi analog (2) have no activity in intestinal calcium transport, bone calcium mobilization, or skeleton mineralization. On the other hand, 26,27-dihomo-24-epi-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 is equal to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in biological activity. Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase readily converts 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2. In contrast, the same preparations fail to hydroxylate 26,27-dihomo-1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 26,27-dihomo-24-epi-1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 on carbon 25. Thus, homologation of carbons 26 and 27 of the vitamin D compound likely sterically hinders vitamin D 25-hydroxylase.
Mitigation of Multiple Fractures from Deviated Wellbores (1995)

Abstract While over six hundred Kuparuk A Sand wells have been hy-draulically fractured or re-fractured successfully from deviated wellbores, a number of wells in the field have not responded to the conventional fracture treatments. In these wells, the conventional design resulted in premature, near-wellbore screenouts, with low proppant placement, and consequently, poor productivity. A symptom common to each of the failed treatments was a near-wellbore friction pressure loss too high to be explained by perforation restriction or simple fracture twisting and turning. An extensive analytical study of hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation from deviated wellbores suggested multiple fractures as a mechanism to account for the abnormally high near-wellbore friction pressure loss and the reduction in fracture width, A model was developed (XFRAC) which correlates these responses to formation stress, wellbore parameters and treatment conditions. A counter-intuitive fracture treatment which employed lower pumping rates combined with higher viscosity fracturing fluids was designed to minimize the formation of multiple fractures and increase fracture width. This unconventional design has been successfully pumped in eleven wells which exhibited the premature screenout problem. Proppant placement was increased over ten fold with a tripling of post-frac production rates and a 35 percent increase in estimated recovery.
Exploiting tumor-associated dendritic cell heterogeneity for novel cancer therapies (2017)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized APCs present in all tissues, including tumors. They play a major role in orchestrating immune responses and were shown to occur in various functional states in tumors. In this respect, immunogenic tumor-associated DCs (TADCs) are required to initiate and sustain T cell-dependent anti-cancer immunity, whereas regulatory TADCs harbor robust immunosuppressive potential and accelerate malignant growth. Importantly, the heterogeneity of the DC compartment in tumors has been dissected recently in murine and human cancers and was shown to consist of developmentally distinct subsets, including conventional DC (cDC)1, cDC2, and monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs). TADCs constitute an essential target in efforts to generate therapeutic immunity against cancer, and the understanding of the complexity of the TADC heterogeneity might prove important for therapeutic interventions targeted at specific TADC subsets or their precursors. Hence, this review addresses the differential functional specializations of ontogenically distinct TADC subsets.
Schematic driven simulation and layout of complex photonic IC's (2016)

Built around the Virtuoso® custom design platform, an electronic-photonic design environment has been developed, enabling schematic driven design for photonic and electronic circuits, photonic component parameter extraction and model generation, photonic circuit simulation and photonic mask layout implementation for monolithic and hybrid photonic circuits.
Multimodal Heartbeat and Compression Optical Coherence Elastography for Mapping Corneal Biomechanics (2022)

The biomechanical properties of the cornea have a profound influence on the health, structural integrity, and function of the eye. Understanding these properties may be critical for diagnosis and identifying disease pathogenesis. This work demonstrates how two different elastography techniques can be combined for a multimodal approach to measuring corneal biomechanical properties. Heartbeat optical coherence elastography (Hb-OCE) and compression OCE were performed simultaneously to measure the stiffness of the cornea in an <i>in vivo</i> rabbit model. Measurements were further performed after collagen crosslinking to demonstrate how the combined technique can be used to measure changes in corneal stiffness and map mechanical contrast. The results of this work further suggest that measurements from Hb-OCE and compression OCE are comparable, meaning that Hb-OCE and compression OCE may be used interchangeably despite distinct differences in both techniques.
Hybrid Parallelism for XML SAX Parsing (2008)

XML has been widely adopted across a wide spectrum of applications. Its parsing efficiency, however, remains a concern, and can be a bottleneck. At the same time, with the trend towards multicore CPUs, parallelization to improve performance has become increasingly relevant. In previous work, we have investigated parallelizing DOM-style parsing and gained significant speedup. For streaming XML applications, however, SAX-style parsing is often required. In this paper, we present a technique and implementation of a parallel XML SAX parser. To handle inherent data dependencies in XML while still allowing reasonable scalability, we use a 4-stage software pipeline with a combination of strictly sequential stages and stages that can be further data-parallelized within the stage. We thus utilize a hybrid between pipelined parallelism and data parallelism. To demonstrate effectiveness, we test this approach on a Linux machine with two Intel Xeon L5320 CPUs for a total of 8 physical cores, and obtain good speedup up to about 8 CPUs.
Combined IL-15 and IL-12 drives the generation of CD34<sup>+</sup>-derived natural killer cells with superior maturation and alloreactivity potential following adoptive transfer (2015)

Adoptive transfer of allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells represents a promising treatment approach against cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Previously, we reported a cytokine-based culture method for the generation of NK cell products with high cell number and purity. In this system, CD34<sup>+</sup> hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) were expanded and differentiated into NK cells under stroma-free conditions in the presence of IL-15 and IL-2. We show that combining IL-15 with IL-12 drives the generation of more mature and highly functional NK cells. In particular, replacement of IL-2 by IL-12 enhanced the cytolytic activity and IFNγ production of HPC-NK cells toward cultured and primary AML cells <i>in vitro</i>, and improved antileukemic responses in NOD/SCID-IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice bearing human AML cells. Phenotypically, IL-12 increased the frequency of HPC-NK cells expressing NKG2A and killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR), which were more responsive to target cell stimulation. In addition, NK15/12 cell products demonstrated superior maturation potential, resulting in >70% positivity for CD16 and/or KIR within 2 weeks after infusion into NSG mice. We predict that higher functionality and faster <i>in vivo</i> maturation will favor HPC-NK cell alloreactivity toward malignant cells in patients, making this cytokine combination an attractive strategy to generate clinical HPC-NK cell products for cancer adoptive immunotherapy.
EigenRep: Reputation Management in P2P Networks (2003)

Peer-to-peer file-sharing networks are currently receiving much attention as a means of sharing and distributing information. However, as recent experience with P2P networks such as Gnutella shows, the anonymous, open nature of these networks offers an almost ideal environment for the spread of self-replicating inauthentic files. We describe an algorithm to decrease the number of downloads of inauthentic files in a peer-to-peer file-sharing network that assigns each peer a unique global reputation value, based on the peer’s history of uploads. We present a distributed and secure method to compute global reputation values, based on Power iteration. By having peers use these global reputation values to choose the peers from whom they download, the network effectively identifies malicious peers and isolates them from the network. In simulations, this reputation system has been shown to significantly decrease the number of inauthentic files on the network, even under a variety of conditions where malicious peers cooperate in an attempt to deliberately subvert the system.
Biorefinery and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research (Final Technical Report) (2011)

In this project we focused on several aspects of technology development that advances the formation of an integrated biorefinery. These focus areas include: [1] establishment of pyrolysis processing systems and characterization of the product oils for fuel applications, including engine testing of a preferred product and its pro forma economic analysis; [2] extraction of sugars through a novel hotwater extaction process, and the development of levoglucosan (a pyrolysis BioOil intermediate); [3] identification and testing of the use of biochar, the coproduct from pyrolysis, for soil applications; [4] developments in methods of atomic layer epitaxy (for efficient development of coatings as in fuel cells); [5] advancement in fermentation of lignocellulosics, [6] development of algal biomass as a potential substrate for the biorefinery, and [7] development of catalysts from coproducts. These advancements are intended to provide a diverse set of product choices within the biorefinery, thus improving the cost effectiveness of the system. Technical effectiveness was demonstrated in the pyrolysis biooil based diesel fuel supplement, sugar extraction from lignocelluose, use of biochar, production of algal biomass in wastewaters, and the development of catalysts. Economic feasibility of algal biomass production systems seems attractive, relative to the other options. However, further optimization in all paths, and testing/demonstration at larger scales are required to fully understand the economic viabilities. The various coproducts provide a clear picture that multiple streams of value can be generated within an integrated biorefinery, and these include fuels and products.
[Is pharmacologic treatment of sleep apnea efficient?]. (2007)

High frequency of sleep disturbed breathing in adults is increasingly recognized. Obstructive sleep apnea, defined as the recurring obstruction of the upper airway is documented in 24% of adult males and 9% of females. The highest incidence is in the sixth decade. Snoring accompany 24% of middle aged man and 14% of females of the same age. Sleep apnea with the central origin, defined as the transient and recurrent cessation of breathing during sleep, is less frequent than obstructive sleep apnea. It can be identified in the wide spectrum of patients with medical, neurologic and neuromuscular diseases tightly connected with alveolar hypoventilation.
Microprocessor Implementation of Mainframe Processors by Means of Architecture Partitioning (1982)

The benefits of Large-Scale Integration (LSI) implementations have applied quite naturally to processors with relatively low performances and simple architectures; e.g., the one-chip microprocessors used in personal computers contain several thousand logic gates. Mainframe processors, however, have so far been limited to using logic chips that contain several hundred logic gates. The best use of LSI logic employs microprocessors to keep critical paths on chip, thus keeping pin counts and power dissipations within reasonable limits. Microprocessors have been extensively used to implement peripheral functions, such as I/O device control. However, as of this writing, a single state-of-the-art microprocessor cannot contain a mainframe processor function. Therefore, new machine organizations are needed to use today's state-of-the-art microprocessors to implement a mainframe processor. This paper examines several methods for applying LSI and microprocessors to the design of processors of increasing performance and complexity, and describes a number of specific approaches to microprocessor-based LSI implementation of System/370 processors. The most successful approaches partition the System/370 instruction set into subsets, each of which can be implemented by microcode on a special microprocessor or by programs written for an off-the-shelf microprocessor.
Purification and Characterization of Chondroitin 4-Sulfotransferase from the Culture Medium of a Rat Chondrosarcoma Cell Line (1999)

Chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase, which transfers sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to position 4 of N-acetylgalactosamine in chondroitin, was purified 1900-fold to apparent homogeneity with 6.1% yield from the serum-free culture medium of rat chondrosarcoma cells by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose CL-6B, Matrex gel red A-agarose, 3',5'-ADP-agarose, and the second heparin-Sepharose CL-6B. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed two protein bands. Molecular masses of these protein were 60 and 64 kDa under reducing conditions and 50 and 54 kDa under nonreducing conditions. Both the protein bands coeluted with chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase activity from Toyopearl HW-55 around the position of 50 kDa, indicating that the active form of chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase is a monomer. Dithiothreitol activated the purified chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase. The purified enzyme transferred sulfate to chondroitin and desulfated dermatan sulfate. Chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate C were poor acceptors. Chondroitin sulfate E from squid cartilage, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and completely desulfated N-resulfated heparin hardly served as acceptors of the sulfotransferase. The transfer of sulfate to the desulfated dermatan sulfate occurred preferentially at position 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine residues flanked with glucuronic acid residues on both reducing and nonreducing sides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Route to (R)‐α‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids and (2R)‐1‐Amino‐2‐alkanols from (R)‐Cyanohydrins. (1990)

Abstract The enzyme‐catalyzed addition reaction of hydrogen cyanide (II) to the aldehydes (I) generates the almost optically pure (R)‐cyanohydrins (III) which are hydrolyzed to give the corresponding (R)‐acids (IV).
Electrochemically mediated gating membrane with dynamically controllable gas transport (2020)

The regulation of mass transfer across membranes is central to a wide spectrum of applications. Despite numerous examples of stimuli-responsive membranes for liquid-phase species, this goal remains elusive for gaseous molecules. We describe a previously unexplored gas gating mechanism driven by reversible electrochemical metal deposition/dissolution on a conductive membrane, which can continuously modulate the interfacial gas permeability over two orders of magnitude with high efficiency and short response time. The gating mechanism involves neither moving parts nor dead volume and can therefore enable various engineering processes. An electrochemically mediated carbon dioxide concentrator demonstrates proof of concept by integrating the gating membranes with redox-active sorbents, where gating effectively prevented the cross-talk between feed and product gas streams for high-efficiency, directional carbon dioxide pumping. We anticipate our concept of dynamically regulating transport at gas-liquid interfaces to broadly inspire systems in fields of gas separation, miniaturized devices, multiphase reactors, and beyond.