gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Testing Sprinkler‐Pipe Seismic‐Brace Components (2003)

The design codes and standards (e.g., UBC , IBC , NFPA‐13 ) estimate the amplitude of the seismic load in sprinkler‐pipe braces, but they do not specify the number of cycles for which this load must be resisted by various components of pipe braces. Because the components can fail in low‐cycle fatigue, the number of load cycles must be considered in establishing the strength of the brace components. The first part of this study deals with determining the number of cycles for which a component must resist its rated capacity. Strong‐motion records from 18 strongly shaken buildings were incorporated into a low‐cycle fatigue model to develop a test criterion for measuring the seismic strength of brace components. In the second part of this study, a series of tests were conducted to gain insight into the cyclic behavior of brace components. Finally, a test protocol was established to measure the seismic strength of brace components. With some modifications, the protocol can be applied to many other nonstructural components.
Laser action from <i>s</i> <i>y</i> <i>n</i>-(methyl,methyl) bimane (1986)

Under the flashlamp excitation from an aqueous solution of syn-(methyl,methyl)bimane laser action was observed at 504 nm. The absorption, fluorescence, and triplet-triplet absorption spectra of this compound were also recorded. This compound showed good photochemical stability. The laser action properties of this new laser dye were compared with those of Coumarin 30.
Improving Grubbs’ II type ruthenium catalysts by appropriately modifying the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand (2009)

The introduction of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands that incorporate correctly substituted naphthyl side chains leads to increased activity and stability in second generation ruthenium metathesis catalysts.
A GCN2-Like Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 Kinase Increases the Viability of Extracellular Toxoplasma gondii Parasites (2011)

Toxoplasmosis is a significant opportunistic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular pathogen that relies on host cell nutrients for parasite proliferation. Toxoplasma parasites divide until they rupture the host cell, at which point the extracellular parasites must survive until they find a new host cell. Recent studies have indicated that phosphorylation of Toxoplasma eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha (TgIF2α) plays a key role in promoting parasite viability during times of extracellular stress. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a TgIF2α kinase designated TgIF2K-D that is related to GCN2, a eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) kinase known to respond to nutrient starvation in other organisms. TgIF2K-D is present in the cytosol of both intra- and extracellular Toxoplasma parasites and facilitates translational control through TgIF2α phosphorylation in extracellular parasites. We generated a TgIF2K-D knockout parasite and demonstrated that loss of this eIF2α kinase leads to a significant fitness defect that stems from an inability of the parasite to adequately adapt to the environment outside host cells. This phenotype is consistent with that reported for our nonphosphorylatable TgIF2α mutant (S71A substitution), establishing that TgIF2K-D is the primary eIF2α kinase responsible for promoting extracellular viability of Toxoplasma. These studies suggest that eIF2α phosphorylation and translational control are an important mechanism by which vulnerable extracellular parasites protect themselves while searching for a new host cell. Additionally, TgIF2α is phosphorylated when intracellular parasites are deprived of nutrients, but this can occur independently of TgIF2K-D, indicating that this activity can be mediated by a different TgIF2K.
Towards an Analysis of Onion Routing Security (2000)

This paper presents a security analysis of Onion Routing, an application independent infrastructure for traffic-analysis-resistant and anonymous Internet connections. It also includes an overview of the current system design, definitions of security goals and new adversary models.
Segmented vortex flaps (1983)

Segmented vortex flaps were suggested as a means of delaying the vortex spill-over causing thrust loss over the outboard region of single-panel flaps. Also proposed was hinge-line setback for exploiting leading-edge suction in conjunction with vortex flaps to improve the overall thrust per unit flap area. These two concepts in combination were tested on a 60-deg cropped delta wing model. Significant improvement in flap efficiency was indicated by a reduction of the flap/wing area from 11.4% of single-panel flap to 6.3% of a two segment delta flap design, with no lift/drag penalty at lift coefficients between 0.5 and 0.7. The more efficient vortex flap arrangement of this study should benefit the performance attainable with flaps of given area on wings of moderate leading-edge sweep.
Quantification of Excitation Required for Accurate Friction Estimation (2016)

Real-time information about the current tyre-road friction coefficient is important for vehicles with increasing levels of automation to adapt intervention thresholds and vehicle velocity. Online friction estimation poses large challenges in terms of availability and accuracy of the estimate. When estimating the friction based on the slip and force of a tyre, the accuracy of the estimate depends on the current tyre friction utilisation. This paper presents a method to evaluate how large friction utilisation is required to estimate the current friction level within a given error using an effect-based approach. The results indicate that large variations in the required utilisation should be expected for different tyre and road surface combinations when tyre models that only have the slip stiffness and the friction coefficient as parameters (e.g. brush tyre model) are used in the observer to estimate the friction coefficient. For the brush tyre model it varied from 54% in the best case to 94% in the worst case. To illustrate the benefit of quantification of required utilisation, an example use of an estimator based on the brush tyre model is shown at the end of this paper. A simulation is performed to show how fast a sudden drop in friction during braking can be detected using a recursive online estimator. The results show that the estimator is able to detect the change in friction and converge to the new friction level in 0.06 s, which is fast enough to potentially improve the performance of ABS systems of trucks. Tyre models for online friction estimation must hence be chosen with the intended use in mind. The results show that the friction information estimated using the brush tyre model at larger excitation levels is reliable and can therefore be shared with other road users in order to improve the overall safety and efficiency of the transportation system.
Rail Track Field Testing Using Laser/Air Hybrid Ultrasonic Technique (2002)

Nondestructive testing methods used for the testing of rail in tracks worldwide can be limited by discontinuity location or orientation within the rail. Vertical split head and rail base cracks are among those types of discontinuities that are difficult to detect, which in some cases may result in a reail failure in service. A noncontact and remote hybrid ultrasonic technique has been developed by combining laser generation with air coupled detection of ultrasonic signals in rails. The test apparatus mounts on a railroad pushcart and tests are performed in motion with all components kept above the running surface of the rail track. Tracks have been tested for vertical split head and rail base cracks with high success in detection.
Selective Agonists and Antagonists of α9 Versus α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (2022)

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing α9 subunits are essential for the auditory function and have been implicated, along with α7-containing nicotinic receptors, as potential targets for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The study of α9-containing receptors has been hampered by the lack of selective agonists. The only α9-selective antagonists previously identified are peptide conotoxins. Curiously, the activity of α7 and α9 receptors as modulators of inflammatory pain appears to not rely strictly on ion channel activation, which led to the identification of α7 "silent agonists" and phosphocholine as an "unconventional agonist" for α9 containing receptors. The parallel testing of the α7 silent agonist <i>p</i>-CF<sub>3</sub>-diEPP and phosphocholine led to the discovery that <i>p</i>-CF<sub>3</sub>-diEPP was an α9 agonist. In this report, we compared the activity of α7 and α9 with a family of structurally related compounds, most of which were previously shown to be α7 partial or silent agonists. We identify several potent α9-selective agonists as well as numerous potent and selective α9 antagonists and describe the structural basis for these activities. Several of these compounds have previously been shown to be effective in animal models of inflammatory pain, an activity that was assumed to be due to α7 silent agonism but may, in fact, be due to α9 activity. The α9-selective conotoxin antagonists have also been shown to reduce pain in similar models. Our identification of these new α9 agonists and antagonists may prove to be invaluable for defining an optimal approach for treating pain, allowing for reduced use of opioid drugs.
Rapid macroscale shape morphing of 3D-printed polyrotaxane monoliths amplified from pH-controlled nanoscale ring motions (2018)

Controlling ring motions in a polyrotaxane-based 3D-printed monolith by pH variation results in a rapid and reversible macroscale shape morphing.
Nano-enhanced Optical Gene Delivery to Retinal Degenerated Mice (2019)

The successful delivery and expression of MCO in the targeted retina after in-vivo NOD in the mice models of retinal degeneration opens a new vista for re-photosensitizing retina with geographic atrophies, such as in dry age-related macular degeneration.
Rolling Cone Bits with Novel Gauge Cutting Structure Drill Faster, More Efficiently (1995)

Abstract Roller cone bit design practices that focus on improving gauge durability have resulted in heavily reinforced and rugged, but highly inefficient, cutting structures. This dilemma prompted an in-depth study of the cutting mechanics in the corner of the borehole. The study consisted of a review of gauge cutting structure design and kinematics, laboratory testing with individual cutting elements to determine cutting forces and full-scale simulator and field tests, The work not only confirmed the original supposition, but led to the development of a novel, patented gauge cutting structure that is more aggressive, faster, and at least as durable and wear resistant as conventional designs.
MRI contrast from relaxation along a fictitious field (RAFF) (2010)

A new method to measure rotating frame relaxation and to create contrast for MRI is introduced. The technique exploits relaxation along a fictitious field (RAFF) generated by amplitude- and frequency-modulated irradiation in a subadiabatic condition. Here, RAFF is demonstrated using a radiofrequency pulse based on sine and cosine amplitude and frequency modulations of equal amplitudes, which gives rise to a stationary fictitious magnetic field in a doubly rotating frame. According to dipolar relaxation theory, the RAFF relaxation time constant (T(RAFF)) was found to differ from laboratory frame relaxation times (T(1) and T(2)) and rotating frame relaxation times (T(1ρ) and T(2ρ)). This prediction was supported by experimental results obtained from human brain in vivo and three different solutions. Results from relaxation mapping in human brain demonstrated the ability to create MRI contrast based on RAFF. The value of T(RAFF) was found to be insensitive to the initial orientation of the magnetization vector. In the RAFF method, the useful bandwidth did not decrease as the train length increased. Finally, as compared with an adiabatic pulse train of equal duration, RAFF required less radiofrequency power and therefore can be more readily used for rotating frame relaxation studies in humans.
<i>Taenia ovis</i> recombinant vaccine – ‘<i>quo vadit</i>’ (1995)

Several years have elapsed since the publication by Johnson et al. (1989) of the cloning of a recombinant antigen from the cestode parasite Taenia ovis which stimulated high levels of protective immunity in sheep. A great deal of subsequent research and development was necessary to bring the fledgling vaccine to the point of being a registered commercial product. The results of these subsequent studies are dealt with briefly in this paper, including the results of field trials. The T. ovis vaccine was registered by the New Zealand Animal Remedies Board in February 1994. Where then is the commercial product? This paper gives a background to market problems which have emerged through the politics (and realities) of the NZ T. ovis control campaign. It serves as notice that the best science dedicated to producing vaccines or products for parasitic, or other, diseases often faces significant hurdles in the real world of commerce and politics.
Rational Molecular Engineering of Glutamate Dehydrogenases for Enhancing Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Bulky α‐Keto Acids (2018)

Abstract Glutamate dehydrogenases (GluDHs) are promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of chiral α‐amino acids by asymmetric reductive amination of α‐keto acids. However, their strict substrate specificity limits their applications. To address this problem, we developed a molecular engineering method for GluDHs that enhances the asymmetric reductive amination of bulky α‐keto acids. Based on rational design, a “cave” located in the active site pocket of Pp GluDH (GluDH from Pseudomonas putida ), which plays an essential role in substrate recognition, was tailored to facilitate the accepting of bulky substrates. Two mutants (A167G and V378A) were discovered to have significantly enhanced catalytic activity toward 2‐oxo‐4‐[(hydroxy)(methyl)phosphinyl]butyric acid (PPO) and several other bulky substrates. This molecular engineering method was then applied to ten other GluDHs from different sources and with different properties. All engineered GluDHs acquired substantial improvements in PPO‐oriented catalytic activity. The most efficient mutant of NADP + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)‐specific GluDHs showed up to 1820‐fold increased activity and the specific activity reached 111.02 U/mg‐protein. The NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)‐specific GluDHs, which have no detectable wild type activity toward PPO, acquired a considerable level of activity (1.90–29.48 U/mg‐protein). In batch production of L‐phosphinothricin, these “cave‐tailored” GluDHs exhibited markedly improved catalytic efficiencies compared with their wild types and ee values of >99%. The space‐time yields (STY) varied from 818.16 to 1482.96 g ⋅ L −1 ⋅ d −1 , suggesting potential practical applications of these mutants. magnified image
Real-time, adaptive, model-independent control of low-dimensional chaotic and nonchaotic dynamical systems (1997)

Current model-independent control techniques are limited, from a practical standpoint, by their dependence on a precontrol learning stage. Here we develop a model-independent control technique, for chaotic and nonchaotic low-dimensional dynamical systems, that operates in real-time (i.e., it does not require a learning stage). We show that this technique is adaptive to system nonstationarities, robust to noise, and capable of stabilizing higher-order unstable periodic orbits. Because this technique is real-time, adaptive, and model-independent, it is practical for real-world systems.
Wearable alcohol monitoring device with auto-calibration ability for high chemical specificity (2016)

Multimodal electrochemical method comprising open circuit potential and amperometric technique has been implemented to improve the specificity of the ethanol detection in a fuel cell sensor system. A miniaturized device with LMP91000 potentiostat and a processing unit has been constructed containing simple auto-calibration algorithm. The developed processing unit consist of a low power microcontroller (MSP430F5529LP). The sensing unit composed of a three electrode proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell sensor, where Nafion is the PEM. In these studies, the signal due to interference has been eliminated with the support of algorithm and multimodal electrochemical method. The results show that the sensor can detect ethanol as low as 5ppm. The constructed device was validated by comparing it with the commercially available potentiostat, and the response was similar in both devices.
A visual neural classifier (1998)

A new neural classifier allows visualization of the training set and decision regions, providing benefits for both the designer and the user. We demonstrate the visualization capabilities of this visual neural classifier using synthetic data, and compare the visualization performance to Kohunen's self-organizing map. We show in applications to image segmentation and medical diagnosis that visualization enables a designer to refine the classifier to achieve low error rates and enhances a user's ability to make classifier-assisted decisions.
Room temperature operation of electrically tunable quantum cascade lasers (2003)

Summary form only given. There is a strong interest in the use of quantum cascade lasers based on intersubband transitions operating at room temperature in the mid-infrared for sensing applications. Our electrically tunable quantum cascade laser uses a design based on a three well active region. It is grown by molecular beam epitaxy using InGaAs and AlInAs alloys lattice matched on an InP substrate.
Uncertainty analysis of a Compton camera imaging system for radiation therapy dose reconstruction (2010)

The results indicate that Compton camera imaging systems based on current solid-state detector technology have the potential to provide independent verification of dose delivered to a patient during radiation therapy. Further consideration must be given to detector efficiency and image reconstruction algorithms for this application of CCI systems.
Structure-Activity Relationship Study of 6-O-Methylerythromycin 9-O-Substituted Oxime Derivatives. (1994)

In order to develop new-generation macrolide antibiotics active against erythromycin (EM)-resistant strains, a series of 6-O-methyl EM 9-O-substituted oxime derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity against EM-resistant (S. aureus J-109) and susceptible (S. aureus 209P) strains. To understand how substituents affect the biological activity, the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) was analyzed using the Hansch-Fujita method. With the EM-resistant strain, the positive coefficient for log P may indicate that higher hydrophobicity of molecules is favorable for antibacterial activity. The negative coefficients of the Sterimol parameters L, B1, and B5 may indicate that long, bulky substituents are unfavorable. With the EM-susceptible strain, the negative coefficient for log P may indicate that hydrophilicity is important for antibacterial activity. A short substituent is also required to improve the activity. Based on the QSAR model, a derivative (87) having an anthracenylmethyl moiety was synthesized to reinforce and confirm the correlation. The activity of 87 against the EM-resistant strain was significant. In QSARs of 6-O-methyl EM-A 9-O-substituted oxime derivatives, the difference of the contribution of log P to the antibacterial activity between EM-resistant and susceptible strains was clearly recognized.
THE FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF CELLULOSE REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES (1988)

Abstract A method for the fabrication of reverse osmosis membranes made from cellulose material is reported along with their performance data with respect to the separation of single electrolyte solutes from their aqueous solutions. The separation depends on the charge and the valence of the ions involved as well as the porosity of the membrane. The larger rejection for electrolytes involving negative ions of higher valence is attributed to a net negative charge on the surface of the membrance. Further, it was found that the solute separation decreases with an increase of feed solute concentration, which is also attributable to the charge on the membrane surface. KEYWORDS: Reverse osmosisCellulose MembraneWater Salts Additional informationNotes on contributorsBRIAN A. FARNAND Present address: Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology; Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G1.
<title>Head-mounted unit for the measurement of visual performances</title> (2000)

Human visual performances (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity) are commonly measured under heterogeneous ambient luminance conditions, generally referred to as 'mesopic,' without any control of the subject's pupil size. Actually, the optical performances of the eye are strongly dependent on the pupil aperture, due to the increasing effect of optical aberrations, mainly spherical aberration, which progressively degrade vision. We have developed and tested an apparatus intended to measure visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of emmetropic or ametropic subjects while continuously measuring the pupil size, which is allowed to be varied by changing the background luminance. The apparatus is mounted onto a helmet for indirect ophthalmoscopy and is driven by a personal computer, which generates characters and gratings of variable size and orientation. An infrared pupillometer keeps trace of the pupil dimension every second. The apparatus is fully described and the preliminary tests on emmetropic and ametropic subjects are reported. The measurement system is particularly suited for assessing visual performances in professional categories where keen vision is to be associated with scotopic conditions (e.g. car drivers, aircraft pilots) and as pre/post examination for all types of refractive surgery.
The molecular genetics of tuberous sclerosis (1994)

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by the widespread development of benign tumours classified as hamartoma, and is often associated with seizures and mental retardation. The patchy distribution and focal nature of the growths suggests that they might result from inactivation of a tumour suppressor gene by a two-hit process. Over the last 2 years, studies designed to investigate both germline and somatic TSC mutations have lent support to this hypothesis. Analysis of TSC-associated hamartomas has shown loss of heterozygosity for the regions of chromosomes 9 and 16 known to harbour TSC genes, consistent with the occurrence of somatic 'second-hit' mutations. Parallel investigations using pulse field gel electrophoresis have identified constitutional deletions representing 'first-hit' mutations at 16p13.3, leading to the rapid identification of one of the causative genes, TSC2. Intriguingly, the TSC2 product, tuberin, has an area of sequence homology with the GTPase activating protein rap1GAP, suggesting a possible mechanism for its role in regulating cellular growth.