gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
VEGF inhibits T-cell development and may contribute to tumor-induced immune suppression (2003)

Abstract T-cell defects and premature thymic atrophy occur in cancer patients and tumor-bearing animals. We demonstrate that exposure of mice to recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at concentrations similar to those observed in advanced stage cancer patients reproduces this profound thymic atrophy and is highlighted by a dramatic reduction in CD4+/CD8+ thymocytes. We find that VEGF does not induce thymocyte apoptosis, but instead rapidly decreases the number of the earliest observable progenitors in the thymus. VEGF does not inhibit thymocyte development in fetal thymic organ culture, further suggesting a prethymic effect. We also demonstrate that bone marrow progenitors from animals infused with recombinant VEGF and transferred to irradiated untreated animals recolonize the thymus more efficiently than progenitors from control animals. This suggests that VEGF exposure is associated with an increased population of thymus-committed progenitors in the bone marrow. We hypothesize that pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of VEGF may block the differentiation and/or emigration of these progenitors resulting in the observed thymic atrophy. Removal of VEGF via cessation of infusion or adoptive transfer of progenitors to a congenic host induces a preferential commitment of lymphoid progenitors to the T lineage and results in a restoration of the normal composition and cellularity of the thymus. These data demonstrate that at pathophysiologic concentrations, VEGF interferes with the development of T cells from early hematopoetic progenitor cells and this may contribute to tumor-associated immune deficiencies.
Selenium-containing block copolymers and their oxidation-responsive aggregates (2010)

A selenium-containing amphiphilic block copolymer (PEG-PUSe-PEG) with a hydrophobic polyselenide block and two hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blocks was synthesized via polymerization of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) with monoselenide-containing diols and subsequent termination with PEG monomethylether. PEG-PUSe-PEG is able to self-assemble in aqueous solution to form block copolymer aggregates. Interestingly, it was found that the aggregates have a good oxidation-responsiveness and undergo a structural dissociation in a mild oxidative environment (such as 0.1% H2O2 v/v) due to the unique sensitivity of selenide groups in presence of oxidants. Compared with the sulfide analogue PEG-PUS-PEG, PEG-PUSe-PEG is more sensitive to oxidants. It is anticipated that selenium-containing block copolymer aggregates may find application in the field of drug delivery systems.
PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: current researches in cancer. (2020)

Cancer immunotherapy has been accompanied by promising results over the past few years. Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) plays a vital role in inhibiting immune responses and promoting self-tolerance through modulating the activity of T-cells, activating apoptosis of antigen-specific T cells and inhibiting apoptosis of regulatory T cells. Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a trans-membrane protein that is considered to be a co-inhibitory factor of the immune response, it can combine with PD-1 to reduce the proliferation of PD-1 positive cells, inhibit their cytokine secretion and induce apoptosis. PD-L1 also plays an important role in various malignancies where it can attenuate the host immune response to tumor cells. Based on these perspectives, PD-1/PD-L1 axis is responsible for cancer immune escape and makes a huge effect on cancer therapy. This review is aimed to summarize the role of PD-1 and PD-L1 in cancer, looking forward to improve the therapy of cancer.
Pharmacologic characteristics of ideal antidepressants in the 21st century. (2000)

The availability of drugs for use as antidepressants has expanded greatly in the past 2 decades. Not only has the number of drugs increased but so has the diversity in associated pharmacologic effects. Drug development for central nervous system agents is proceeding at an accelerated pace. The coming decades hold the promise for the introduction of newer antidepressants that have novel mechanisms of action, improved adverse event profiles, and expanded indications. Unfortunately, the ideal antidepressant is yet to be formulated. Pharmacologic characteristics for desirable improvements are discussed relative to the currently available drugs.
Comparative accuracy of five intravenous-fluid controllers (1984)

The accuracy of five gravity-feed infusion-control devices was compared using a gravimetric method. Two nonvolumetric drop-counting devices (IVAC 230 and, IMED 350) and three volumetric devices (Quest/Cutter Infusor, Anatros Rateminder, and IVAC 260) were compared at four different flow rates (10, 40, 125, 250 ml/hr) using four different solutions and two head heights (30 and 100 cm). The mean error rates for the IVAC 230 and the IVAC 260 devices were consistently high and negative (-6.32 and -12.60%, respectively). The mean error rates for the IMED, Anatros, and Quest/Cutter devices were 2.2, 1.8, and 0.7%, respectively. Conversion charts must be used to account for variation in drop size when different solutions and flow rates are used in the IVAC 230 and IMED 350 devices. At the low flow rates, the 60-drop/ml sets were more accurate than the 20-drop/ml sets. Of the volumetric devices, the Quest/Cutter Infusor and the Anatros Rateminder were more accurate than the IVAC 260. The Quest/Cutter Infusor was the most accurate of all controllers tested. For volumetric devices that use drop-counting technology, selecting an internal fluid code on the basis of solution ingredients is still necessary. For the new volumetric devices, conversion charts and fluid code selection are not necessary to achieve a high level of accuracy.
Mussel adhesion – essential footwork (2017)

Robust adhesion to wet, salt-encrusted, corroded and slimy surfaces has been an essential adaptation in the life histories of sessile marine organisms for hundreds of millions of years, but it remains a major impasse for technology. Mussel adhesion has served as one of many model systems providing a fundamental understanding of what is required for attachment to wet surfaces. Most polymer engineers have focused on the use of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (Dopa), a peculiar but abundant catecholic amino acid in mussel adhesive proteins. The premise of this Review is that although Dopa does have the potential for diverse cohesive and adhesive interactions, these will be difficult to achieve in synthetic homologs without a deeper knowledge of mussel biology; that is, how, at different length and time scales, mussels regulate the reactivity of their adhesive proteins. To deposit adhesive proteins onto target surfaces, the mussel foot creates an insulated reaction chamber with extreme reaction conditions such as low pH, low ionic strength and high reducing poise. These conditions enable adhesive proteins to undergo controlled fluid-fluid phase separation, surface adsorption and spreading, microstructure formation and, finally, solidification.
<title>New design opportunities with OVI</title> (1998)

Optically Variable Ink (OVI<SUP>TM</SUP>) chosen for its unique colour shifting properties is applied to the currencies of more than 50 countries. An significant colour difference at viewing angles of 90 degrees and 30 degrees respectively makes colour copying impossible. New manufacturing techniques for the interference pigment (OVP) provide ever better cost/performance ratios. Screen printing presses newly available on the market guarantee production speeds of 8000 sheets/hour or 130 meters/minute in the case of web printing, perfectly in line with the traditional equipment for manufacturing of currency. Specifically developed ink formulations allow UV-curing at high speed or oxidative drying to create highly mechanically and chemically resistant colour shifting prints. The unique colour shifting characteristics together with overprinting in intaglio give design opportunities providing the best protection against colour copying or commercial reprint. Specific designs of OVP together with high security ingredients allow the formulation of machine readable optically variable inks useful for the authentication and sorting of documents.
Kinetic resolution of acyclic 1,2-diols using a sequential lipase-catalyzed transesterification in organic solvents (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetic resolution of acyclic 1,2-diols using a sequential lipase-catalyzed transesterification in organic solventsFritz Theil, Judith Weidner, Sibylle Ballschuh, Annamarie Kunath, and Hans SchickCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 2, 388–393Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00081a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00081a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views504Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Characterization and Investigation of NLO Properties of some Selected Electrodeposited Polythiophenes (2009)

In this work we study the electronic properties of ClO−4 doped polythiophenes and discuss the nonlinear optical properties of these organic compounds galvanostatically electrodeposited on ITO glasses. The investigation on the electronic properties (band gap, flat band potential) was performed by means of a non-destructive optical technique, photocurrent spectroscopy (PCS). The investigation on the nonlinear optical response was carried out by means of second and third harmonic generation (SHG and THG) measurements. In particular, the effect of the oxidation state of the polymeric films was studied by comparing the NLO response of oxidized and reduced polythiophenes. Reduced polymeric films show higher values of the second (χ〈2〉) and third (χ〈3〉) order nonlinear optical susceptibilities.
Wavelength Calibration Method for a CCD Detector and Multichannel Fiber-Optic Probes (1995)

A wavelength calibration method for a charge-coupled device (CCD) array detector and seven-channel fiber-optic spectrograph is described. The method was developed for the extraction of wavelength-calibrated spectra for in situ dissolution testing of tablets. The method includes automatic recognition of the positions of the seven fiber channels and recognition of mercury line positions in pixel numbers. A wavelength calibration model with two trigonometric terms was used for least-squares fitting of horizontal pixel numbers to the known wavelengths of five lines from a low-pressure mercury discharge lamp. Four other models were used for comparison. The standard error of estimate (SEE) was minimum for the model with two trigonometric terms. Each fiber channel was calibrated separately. After least-squares fitting, linear interpolation was used to obtain the wavelength-calibrated spectra in the range of 190–450 nm at 1-nm intervals. With this method, spectra from seven fiber-optic probes can be acquired simultaneously and rapidly for in situ dissolution testing. The wavelength calibration procedure is good enough to permit solution spectra acquired on one channel to be used for multivariate calibration of the other channels under appropriate circumstances.
A Novel Anionic Inward Rectifier in Native Cardiac Myocytes (2000)

Although the cationic inward rectifiers (Kir and hyperpolarization-activated I(f) channels) have been well characterized in cardiac myocytes, the expression and physiological role of anionic inward rectifiers in heart are unknown. In the present study, we report the functional and molecular identification of a novel chloride (Cl(-)) inward rectifier (Cl.ir) in mammalian heart. Under conditions in which cationic inward rectifier channels were blocked, membrane hyperpolarization (-40 to -140 mV) activated an inwardly rectifying whole-cell current in mouse atrial and ventricular myocytes. Under isotonic conditions, the current activated slowly with a biexponential time course (time constants averaging 179.7+/-23.4 [mean+/-SEM] and 2073.6+/-287.6 ms at -120 mV). Hypotonic cell swelling accelerated the activation and increased the current amplitude whereas hypertonic cell shrinkage inhibited the current. The inwardly rectifying current was carried by Cl(-) (I(Cl.ir)) and had an anion permeability sequence of Cl(-)>I(-)>>aspartate. I(Cl.ir) was blocked by 9-anthracene-carboxylic acid and cadmium but not by stilbene disulfonates and tamoxifen. A similar I(Cl.ir) was also observed in guinea pig cardiac myocytes. The properties of I(Cl.ir) are consistent with currents generated by expression of ClC-2 Cl(-) channels. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis confirmed transcriptional expression of ClC-2 in both atrial and ventricular tissues and isolated myocytes of mouse and guinea pig hearts. These results indicate that a novel I(Cl.ir) is present in mammalian heart and support a potentially important role of ClC-2 channels in the regulation of cardiac electrical activity and cell volume under physiological and pathological conditions.
Deadband Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Around Synchronous Speed (2016)

Semiconductor devices in power electronic converters of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) are susceptible to significant junction temperature variations when operating around synchronous speed, thereby reducing the lifetime of the converters. This is due to the fact that the frequency of the rotor current in a DFIG is determined by the stator flux frequency and rotor speed, and hence will lead to low rotor current frequency when operating closer to the synchronous speed, and ultimately result in significant thermal stress on semiconductor devices. In this paper, a multimode operation control strategy is proposed for the DFIG to prevent operating around the synchronous speed (within a predefined deadband); thus, the proposed control strategy can avoid the thermal stress problem. The proposed strategy engages the existing crowbar scheme for DFIG-based wind energy conversion system to intentionally alter the operating mode of the generator between DFIG and induction generator (IG). Smooth transition between the two operating modes can be achieved with the supplementary control strategies. Unity power factor can also be maintained in both operating modes by using the grid side converter as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to fulfill the reactive power requirement of the DFIG in IG mode.
Clinical trial (2014)

Before approval for clinical use, cancer drugs undergo rigorous evaluation through clinical trials. There are number of phases of clinical trials. In the preclinical stage, potential agents are screened and tested on animal models. Phase I studies are the first human application of a new drug or drug combination to determine the safety and tolerability. After the determination of the maximal tolerated dose, the new drug proceeds to phase II study to assess the efficacy. Phase III study is to establish the efficacy of new treatment compared with the existing standard treatment, observation or placebo.
Gastric Pit Density and Depth of Foveolae of the Gastric Body Mucosa Assessed by Dye Endoscopy (1993)

Abstract: We examined the histological characteristics of the foveolar zone of the gastric body mucosa, using dye endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy. In 63 patients, the gastric area type of the gastric body was placed in one of the following categories; fundic gland type 0 (F 0 ), where small and fine areas are arranged closely to one another; F 1 , where the areas are largest in size, round and high; F 2 , where the areas are intemediate in size but not so high; F 3 , where small and flat areas are loosely arranged; pseudo‐pyloric gland type 1 (Pb 1 ), where the areas are regular in size and arrangement; and the completely atrophic gland type (Pb 2 ) with areas irregular in size and arrangement. The histological characteristics of the foveolar zone were emmined on printed microphotographs of the biopsy specimens of the gastric body. The density of the gastric pit was defined as the number of pits in a 1 mm width of the mucosal surface and depth of the foveolae was measured as the distance between the top and bottom (or the isthmus) of the foveolae as seen on vertical sections. The gastric pit density and depth of the foveolae were dense and shallow, respectively, in FO and sparse and deep, in Pbl and Pb 2 respectively. The degree of these factors showed independency in area types F 0 , F 1 and Pb 2 and there were correlations of P<0.033 and P<0.001 between F 2 and Pb 1 , F 3 and Pb 1 , respectively. Our observations may be useful to define atrophic gastritis in the gastric body mucosa, in terms of the gastric area types.
Upregulation of MG53 Induces Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Through Transcriptional Activation of Peroxisome Proliferation-Activated Receptor α (2015)

Our results suggest that overexpression of myocardial MG53 is sufficient to induce diabetic cardiomyopathy via dual mechanisms involving upregulation of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha and impairment of insulin signaling. These findings not only reveal a novel function of MG53 in regulating cardiac peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha gene expression and lipid metabolism, but also underscore MG53 as an important therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus and associated cardiomyopathy.
Laboratory Investigation of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (1996)

Twelve bacterial strains were isolated from Saudi crude oils and formation waters. Experimental work was conducted to identify the bacterial isolates, determine the compositions of the appropriate nutrients and carry out surface phenomena measurements. Based on the results obtained, three bacterial strains (O12, O6a, O9) were selected for displacement tests. The effects of nutrient type, bacterial type, permeability, API and salinity on oil recovery were investigated. Results show that the bacterial strains O12 and O6a were found to produce biogases and biosurfactants. Biopolymers were produced by O9. The greatest oil recovery was obtained from activation of the indigenous bacteria by 1% molasses concentration. Injection of the bacterial strains O9 and O6a in glucose or sucrose media resulted in a higher recovery of oil. No effects on oil recovery was observed upon changing permeability from 453 to 3736 md and salinity from 4.2 to 10% of total dissolved salt.
Endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase‐poly‐lysine conjugate by glomerular epithelial cells: An <i>in vivo</i> study (1989)

Native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is known to pass rapidly through glomeruli when injected into rats. We have found that a conjugate of HRP with poly-lysine is readily endocytosed by glomerular epithelial cells (GEC). We have used this conjugate to study the GEC endocytotic process in male Wistar rats. The conjugate has an approximate molecular weight of 55-58,000, a pI of greater than 10.0, and almost the same secondary conformation as HRP; it does not increase urinary protein excretion significantly or alter the morphology of the renal glomeruli. After intravenous injection of the conjugate, it could be found in the GBM from 1 min to 4 h. At 1 min, it was evenly distributed on GEC foot processes and plasma membrane. GEC start to take up the conjugate from 1 min post-injection, by cellular membrane invagination. This reached a maximum at 4 h. Some of the endocytosed conjugate passed to lysosomes from the endosomal system. The amount of peroxidase demonstrable in the glomerular epithelial cells was considerably reduced by 24 h.
Mesh-initiated large area detonators (1976)

Inexpensive large area detonators are described which utilize a mesh of etched copper brigewires to detonate PETN. Breakout simultaneity within 100 nsec is achieved on the surface of a PBX-9407 booster at discrete initiation points originating from the individual bridgewires. Initiation point densities as high as 3.1×105 m−2 are achieved by printed circuit manufacturing techniques. Electrical requirements are established from threshold burst current experiments. Two initiators are described; a general purpose 200-mm diam detonator, employing 750 or 10 000 bridgewires (depending on the mesh pattern used), and a 150×600 mm detonator employing 2300 that was developed for a fast explosive generator. These detonators achieve simultaneous detonation of large surface areas at lower cost and with much less explosive than conventional lens systems. They can also be applied to singly curved surfaces.
Improvement of the Accuracy in the Optical Hematocrit Measurement by Optimizing Mean Optical Path Length (2009)

Optical techniques have been developed to acquire blood information (e.g., hematocrit [Hct], saturation of oxygen, thrombus) noninvasively and continuously in an artificial heart. For the practical use of an optical Hct measurement, Twersky's theory has been shown to be useful and have a good agreement in forward-scattered measurements. However, it was not applied to backward-scattered measurements, which can provide the measurement with a less demanding spatial requirement. Additionally, optimal measurement for accuracy is not well examined. Therefore, we developed an accurate Hct measurement in an artificial heart using current optical devices. To this end, we focused on optimizing an emitter-detector distance to provide a maximum optical path length. We attached optical emitter and detector fibers on Tygon tubing at various distances to measure forward- and backward-scattered light. Fresh bovine blood (Hct: 30-50%) was circulated in the tubing by a nonpulsatile artificial heart. We calculated the optical path length at various emitter-detector distances by fitting the measured optical outputs and the reference Hcts to Twersky's theory. Then, we performed Hct measurements. As a result, Twersky's theory is applicable not only to forward- but also to backward-scattered measurements in the physiogical Hct range. In both forward- and backward-scattered measurements, calculated optical path lengths become maximum at the same emitter-detector distance. The accuracy of Hct measurement is improved two to three times with the emitter-detector distance compared with other distances. The mean error is less than 1 Hct%. This result shows that an accurate Hct measurement is realized by selecting the optimal emitter-detector distance, which provides maximum optical path length defined by Twersky's theory. Our study provides a framework for the practical and less restrictive application of the optical Hct measurement to patients with an artificial heart.
Improved Care and Growth Outcomes by Using Hybrid Humidified Incubators in Very Preterm Infants (2009)

Use of a humidified hybrid incubator improved care for ELBW infants by making it possible to decrease fluid intake, improve electrolyte balance, and enhance GV without a disturbance of BT compared with conventional care. By adjusting fluid intake when using these devices, benefits may be enhanced and the risk of BPD and severe BPD may be reduced.