gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The on-line measurement of lubricant film thickness for condition monitoring (2004)

The ultrasonic reflectivity of a lubricant layer between two solid bodies depends on the ultrasonic frequency, the acoustic properties of the liquid and solid, and the layer thickness. In this paper, ultrasonic reflectivity measurements are used as a method for determining the thickness of lubricating films in bearing systems. An ultrasonic transducer is positioned on the outside of a bearing shell such that the wave is focused on the lubricant film layer. The transducer is used to both emit and receive wide-band ultrasonic pulses. For a particular lubricant film the reflected pulse is processed to give a reflection coefficient spectrum. The lubricant film thickness is then obtained from either the layer stiffness or the resonant frequency. The method has been validated using fluid wedges at ambient pressure between flat and curved surfaces. Experiments on the elastohydrodynamic film formed between a ball sliding on a flat were performed. Film thickness values in the range 50-500 nm were recorded which agreed well with theoretical film formation predictions. Similar measurements have been made on the oil film between the balls and outer raceway of a deep groove ball bearing.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of aromatic camptothecin esters (2008)

Twenty-eight new aromatic esters of camptothecins 2-29 were prepared in yields of 5 to 96% by straight acylation of camptothecin (1a) and 9-nitrocamptothecin (1b) with various aromatic acids as acylating agents. All of these esters were tested against 14 different human cancer cell lines. The antitumor activity of these compounds was related to the nature of the substituting groups of their side aromatic chains. In general, esters with strong electron-withdrawing groups on their side aromatic chains were active; esters with halogen-substituted side aromatic chains were slightly active; and esters without any substituting groups on their side aromatic chains were practically inactive. The IC50 studies showed that the majority of these esters were not as potent as their parental compounds 1a and 1b; whereas, the potencies of esters 6 and 25 were exceptionally high, much higher than the commercial camptothecin analogues and comparable to (or slightly more potent than) their parental compounds.
Dapagliflozin and Diuretic Use in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction in DAPA-HF (2020)

The efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin were consistent across the diuretic subgroups examined in DAPA-HF. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03036124.
Accelerated Processing for Maximum Distance Separable Codes using Composite Extension Fields (2019)

This paper describes a new design of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes when using composite extension fields. Our ultimate goal is to provide codes that remain Maximum Distance Separable (MDS), but that can be processed at higher speeds in the encoder and decoder. This is possible by using coefficients in the generator matrix that belong to smaller (and faster) finite fields of the composite extension and limiting the use of the larger (and slower) finite fields to a minimum. We provide formulae and an algorithm to generate such constructions starting from a Vandermonde RS generator matrix and show that even the simplest constructions, e.g., using only processing in two finite fields, can speed up processing by as much as two-fold compared to a Vandermonde RS and Cauchy RS while using the same decoding algorithm, and more than two-fold compared to other RS Cauchy and FFT-based RS.
Combining Shape Memory Alloys and Microfluidic Chips on Printed Circuit boards (2008)

Integrated multi-layer fluidic chips, with hundreds of elastomeric valves, are useful in immunoassays, protein crystallization, cell culture and several other applications. Although the devices are micro-scale, because valves are actuated pneumatically, each chip requires a relatively large pneumatic control system for operation. Fulfilling the great promise of microfluidics, for instance building throwaway, portable, massively parallel, point-of-care diagnostic systems is unlikely until there is a solution for actuating micro-valves electrically. We introduce a combination of materials—shape memory alloys (SMAs) and elastomersto solve this problem. SMAs offer among the highest work per unit volume of any actuator, and elastomers have the ability to absorb the energy and return the SMA to its original configuration, while providing electric and thermal insulation. Using this marriage of materials, with PDMS (elastomer) and Ni/Ti wires (SMA), we built electrically activated micro-fluidic valves, peristaltic pumps and multiplexers. The first generation valve design needs 50 to 250 mA current in the on state, with power requirements of about 0.5 W. It can hold back >1 atmosphere of pressure and run for thousands of cycles, actuating at sub-second speeds. The dead volume is <1 nano-liter. Crucially, these devices are assembled on printed circuit boards, like conventional electronic components. Thus, the technology used in assembling electronics is applicable to assembling fluidic chips, and both electronics and fluidics can be integrated on one platform for biomedical applications.
Efficient evaluation of queries with mining predicates (2003)

Modern relational database systems are beginning to support ad-hoc queries on data mining models. In this paper, we explore novel techniques for optimizing queries that apply mining models to relational data. For such queries, we use the internal structure of the mining model to automatically derive traditional database predicates. We present algorithms for deriving such predicates for some popular discrete mining models: decision trees, naive Bayes, and clustering. Our experiments on a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 demonstrate that these derived predicates can significantly reduce the cost of evaluating such queries.
Fabrication of Small Diameter Few-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Enhanced Field Emission Property (2006)

A unique type of carbon nanotubes with 2 to 5 layers of sidewalls and diameters less than 10 nm was synthesized by the thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method with MgO supported Fe/Mo catalyst. Unlike the typical CVD grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes, these few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) have a high degree of structural perfection. They have enhanced electron field emission characteristics compared to the current commercial nanotubes, with a low threshold field for emission and improved emission stability.
Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives as Inhibitors of Platelet Aggregation (1996)

Abstract In a search for the inhibitors of platelet aggregation, certain coumarin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antiplatelet activity against thrombin(Thr)‐, arachidonic acid(AA)‐, collagen(Col)‐, and platelet‐activating‐factor(PAF)‐induced aggregation in washed rabbit platelets. These compounds were synthesized from 4‐hydroxycoumarin ( 1 ) or naphthalen‐1‐ol via alkylation and Reformatsky ‐type condensation ( Schemes 1–3 ). Among them, 4‐[(2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐4‐methylidene‐5‐oxo‐2‐phenylfuran‐2‐yl)methoxy]‐2 H ‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one ( 6b ) showed potent antiplatelet effects on AA‐ and PAF‐induced aggregation with IC 50 values of 8.21 and 103.67 m̈ M , respectively (see Tables 1 and 2 ). The antiplatelet potency of 6b against PAF‐induced aggregation could be further improved by introducing a proper substituent at the 2‐phenyl group of the lactone ring.
Overtone Lam \acutee-Mode Quartz Crystal Resonators Fabricated by an Etching Process (1996)

A quartz crystal resonator of Lam\acutee-mode vibrating in overtone ( m =3, n =1) is very available for realization of a frequency over approximately 3 MHz because its frequency constant has a value of 360 kHz ·cm at a cut angle φ=36° and its frequency is dependent upon contour dimensions of the resonator. In this paper, relationships of frequency constant ( f ·2 z 0 ), frequency temperature coefficients α, β and a capacitance ratio r versus cut angle φ, and also frequency temperature behavior are, respectively, shown theoretically and experimentally. The calculated values agree well with the measured ones, and a quartz crystal resonator of Lam\acutee-mode vibrating in overtone ( m =3, n =1) is successfully obtained with a zero temperature coefficient at room temperature, a small series resistance R 1 and a small capacitance ratio r .
Toward the Back-Up of Boceprevir (SCH 503034): Discovery of New Extended P<sub>4</sub>-Capped Ketoamide Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Serine Protease with Improved Potency and Pharmacokinetic Profiles (2009)

Hepatitis C is the most prevalent liver disease. Viral hepatitis C (HCV), a small (+)-RNA virus, infects chronically an estimated 300 million people worldwide. Results of Phase I clinical studies with our first generation HCV inhibitor Boceprevir, SCH 503034 (1), presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) were encouraging, and thus, additional human clinical studies are underway. In view of the positive data from our first generation compound, further work aimed at optimizing its overall profile was undertaken. Herein, we report that extension of our earlier inhibitor to the P(4) pocket and optimization of the P(1)' capping led to the discovery of new ketoamide inhibitors of the HCV NS3 serine protease with improved in vitro potency. In addition to being potent inhibitors of HCV subgenomic RNA replication, some of the new P(4)-capped inhibitors were also found to have improved PK profile.
Optical detection of nanoparticles by mode splitting in whispering-gallery-mode microcavities (2010)

Optical microcavities with high quality factors (Q factor) and small mode volumes have shown their potentials in various sensing applications. Here we experimentally demonstrate the real-time detection of single nanoparticles down to 30 nm in radius, using an ultra-high-Q microtoroid on a silicon chip. Mode splitting phenomenon of WGMs caused by their strong interactions with a single nanoparticle is utilized as the sensing signal. Frequency and linewidth information of the split modes is used to accurately derive the size of the particle detected. Theoretical calculations and finite element simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results. The mode splitting technique provides a self-reference scheme that is more immune to noise than the techniques based on the detection of changes of a single mode.
Human Adenovirus 36 Induces Adiposity, Increases Insulin Sensitivity, and Alters Hypothalamic Monoamines in Rats (2006)

The results suggest that the pro-adipogenic effect of Ad-36 may involve peripheral as well as central effects. The male Wistar rat is a good model for the elucidation of metabolic and molecular mechanisms of Ad-36-induced adiposity.
Automatically Generated Curriculum based Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Environment (2018)

We address the problem of learning autonomous driving behaviors in urban intersections using deep reinforcement learning (DRL). DRL has become a popular choice for creating autonomous agents due to its success in various tasks. However, as the problems tackled become more complex, the number of training iterations necessary increase drastically. Curriculum learning has been shown to reduce the required training time and improve the performance of the agent, but creating an optimal curriculum often requires human handcrafting. In this work, we learn a policy for urban intersection crossing using DRL and introduce a method to automatically generate the curriculum for the training process from a candidate set of tasks. We compare the performance of the automatically generated curriculum (AGC) training to those of randomly generated sequences and show that AGC can significantly reduce the training time while achieving similar or better performance.
Designing a robust namespace for distributed file services (2002)

A number of ongoing research projects follow a partition-based approach to provide highly scalable distributed storage services. These systems maintain namespaces that reference objects distributed across multiple locations in the system. Typically, atomic commitment protocols, such as 2-phase commit, are used for updating the namespace, in order to guarantee its consistency even in the presence of failures. Atomic commitment protocols are known to impose a high overhead to failure-free execution. Furthermore, they use conservative recovery procedures and may considerably restrict the concurrency of overlapping operations in the system. This paper proposes a set of new protocols implementing the fundamental operations in a distributed namespace. The protocols impose a minimal overhead to failure-free execution. They are robust against both communication and host failures, and use aggressive recovery procedures to re-execute incomplete operations. The proposed protocols are compared with their 2-phase commit counterparts and are shown to outperform them in all critical performance factors: communication round-trips, synchronous I/O, operation concurrency.
Fail-safe topology optimization (2016)

Fail-safe robustness of critical load carrying structures is an important design philosophy for aerospace industry. The basic idea is that a structure should be designed to survive normal loading conditions when partial damage occurred. Such damage is quantified as complete failure of a structural member, or a partial damage of a larger structural part. In the context of topology optimization fail-safe consideration was first proposed by Jansen et al. Struct Multidiscip Optim 49(4):657–666, (2014). While their approach captures the essence of fail-safe requirement, it has two major shortcomings: (1) it involves analysis of a very large number of FEA models at the scale equal to the number of elements; (2) failure was introduced in generic terms and therefore the fundamental aspects of failure test of discrete members was not discussed. This paper aims at establishing a rigorous framework for fail-safe topology optimization of general 3D structures, with the goal to develop a computationally viable solution for industrial applications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on several examples including a 3D example with over three hundred thousand elements.
Harnessing Fe(III)–Carboxylate Photochemistry for Radical-Initiated Polymerization in Hydrogels (2021)

Coordination of Fe(III) to carboxylates in polyuronic acid hydrogels was used to impart photochemical reactivity to polysaccharide-based hydrogels. This photochemical reaction was then used for light-initiated polymerization to create hydrogels with advanced mechanical and conductive properties by capturing the photogenerated radical with a monomer, either acrylamide, methyl methacrylate, or aniline. The photopolymerization of acrylamide using the Fe(III)-polyuronic acid was quantified in solution and the polymerization efficiency was determined under different conditions. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-modified hydrogels were analyzed by the contact angle, optical microscopy, and rheology. This confirmed formation of a stiff, hydrophobic, PMMA layer on polysaccharide hydrogels after light irradiation in methyl methacrylate. Polyaniline-modified hydrogels were characterized by current-voltage sweeps, which showed the formation of conductive polyaniline integrated into the hydrogel after light irradiation in the aniline monomer. This strategy provided a facile approach to create either layered hydrogels with different stiffness and hydrophobicity or hybrid conductive hydrogels using the simple photochemical reaction of blue light irradiation of Fe(III) coordinated to polyuronic acids.
Hippocampal and Cognitive Aging across the Lifespan: A Bioenergetic Shift Precedes and Increased Cholesterol Trafficking Parallels Memory Impairment (2009)

Multiple hippocampal processes and cognitive functions change with aging or Alzheimer's disease, but the potential triggers of these aging cascades are not well understood. Here, we quantified hippocampal expression profiles and behavior across the adult lifespan to identify early aging changes and changes that coincide with subsequent onset of cognitive impairment. Well powered microarray analyses (N = 49 arrays), immunohistochemistry, and Morris spatial maze learning were used to study male F344 rats at five age points. Genes that changed with aging (by ANOVA) were assigned to one of four onset age ranges based on template pattern matching; functional pathways represented by these genes were identified statistically (Gene Ontology). In the earliest onset age range (3-6 months old), upregulation began for genes in lipid/protein catabolic and lysosomal pathways, indicating a shift in metabolic substrates, whereas downregulation began for lipid synthesis, GTP/ATP-dependent signaling, and neural development genes. By 6-9 months of age, upregulation of immune/inflammatory cytokines was pronounced. Cognitive impairment first appeared in the midlife range (9-12 months) and coincided and correlated primarily with midlife upregulation of genes associated with cholesterol trafficking (apolipoprotein E), myelinogenic, and proteolytic/major histocompatibility complex antigen-presenting pathways. Immunolabeling revealed that cholesterol trafficking proteins were substantially increased in astrocytes and that myelination increased with aging. Together, our data suggest a novel sequential model in which an early-adult metabolic shift, favoring lipid/ketone body oxidation, triggers inflammatory degradation of myelin and resultant excess cholesterol that, by midlife, activates cholesterol transport from astrocytes to remyelinating oligodendrocytes. These processes may damage structure and compete with neuronal pathways for bioenergetic resources, thereby impairing cognitive function.
An Overview of the Technology Assisted Dietary Assessment Project at Purdue University (2010)

In this paper, we describe the Technology Assisted Dietary Assessment (TADA) project at Purdue University. Dietary intake, what someone eats during the course of a day, provides valuable insights for mounting intervention programs for prevention of many chronic diseases such as obesity and cancer. Accurate methods and tools to assess food and nutrient intake are essential for research on the association between diet and health. An overview of our methods used in the TADA project is presented. Our approach includes the use of image analysis tools for identification and quantification of food that is consumed at a meal. Images obtained before and after foods are eaten are used to estimate the amount and type of food consumed.
Local synthesis of silicon nanowires and carbon nanotubes on microbridges (2003)

Resistive heating of microline resistors was used to activate vapor-deposition synthesis of silicon nanowires and carbon nanotubes in a room-temperature chamber. The process is compatible with on-chip microelectronics and eliminates the necessity of postsynthesis assembly of nanostructures to form more complicated devices. The process is localized, selective, and scalable. The synthesized nanowire dimensions are 30–80 nm in diameter and up to 10 μm in length, while nanotubes 10–50 nm in diameter and up to 5 μm in length have been demonstrated. Growth rates of up to 1 μm/min for silicon nanowires and up to 0.25 μm/min for carbon nanotubes were observed. This method facilitates the integration of nanotechnology with larger-scale systems.
Combination of guanidinium and quaternary ammonium polymers with distinctive antimicrobial mechanisms achieving a synergistic antimicrobial effect (2020)

The increasing emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance are urgent and important global challenges today. The clinical pipeline is lacking in innovative drugs that avoid the development of drug resistance. Macromolecular antimicrobials kill bacteria and fungi through physical disruptions to the cell membrane, which is difficult for microbes to overcome. Recently, we reported antimicrobial polycarbonates that kill microbes via two different mechanisms. Polycarbonates functionalized with quaternary ammonium disrupted the lipid bilayer membrane of the microbes, while polycarbonates functionalized with guanidinium translocated the membrane and precipitated cytosolic components. We hypothesized that the combination of these two distinct mechanisms would result in a more than additive increase in antimicrobial efficacy. Block and random copolymers containing both cationic groups had similar minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) as the guanidinium homopolymer on 5 representatives of the ESKAPE pathogens. Interestingly, the random copolymer killed P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii more rapidly than the block copolymer and the guanidinium homopolymer with the same number of guanidinium groups. Like quaternary ammonium homopolymer, the copolymers killed the bacteria via a membrane-disruptive mechanism. Then, we simply mixed quaternary ammonium homopolymer and guanidinium homopolymer, and studied antimicrobial activity of the combination at various concentrations. Checkerboard assay results showed that the combination of the polymers, in general, achieved a synergistic or additive effect in inhibiting the growth of bacteria. At concentrations where it exibited a synergistic or additive effect in inhibiting bacterial growth, the combination killed the bacteria effectively (99%-99.9% killing efficiency) although the individual polymers at these concentrations did not exert bactericidal activity. Therefore, it is essential to have the two functional groups on separate molecules to provide synergism. This study provides a basic understanding of polymer design with different cationic groups.
Expression of Plasmodium falciparum surface antigens in Escherichia coli. (1985)

The asexual blood stages of the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum produce many antigens, only some of which are important for protective immunity. Most of the putative protective antigens are believed to be expressed in schizonts and merozoites, the late stages of the asexual cycle. With the aim of cloning and characterizing genes for important parasite antigens, we used late-stage P. falciparum mRNA to construct a library of cDNA sequences inserted in the Escherichia coli expression vector pUC8. Nine thousand clones from the expression library were immunologically screened in situ with serum from Aotus monkeys immune to P. falciparum, and 95 clones expressing parasite antigens were identified. Mice were immunized with lysates from 49 of the bacterial clones that reacted with Aotus sera, and the mouse sera were tested for their reactivity with parasite antigens by indirect immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting assays. Several different P. falciparum antigens were identified by these assays. Indirect immunofluorescence studies of extracellular merozoites showed that three of these antigens appear to be located on the merozoite surface. Thus, we have identified cDNA clones to three different P. falciparum antigens that may be important in protective immunity.