gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Single-kernel Wheat Characterization System (1993)

A single-kernel wheat crushing device was developed to determine crush force, moisture, and size characteristics at a rate of approximately 180 kernels/min. A procedure for determining hardness of single kernels was developed with corrections for the effects of kernel moisture and size on the crush force profile. Single-kernel moisture measurement comparisons with bulk oven moisture measurements were satisfactory. Average kernel size measurements were highly correlated with average kernel weight, although a random machine interaction with single kernel size measurement was noted. Six prototypes of the rotor-crescent system were assembled for further evaluation. Tests to determine the systems potential for wheat classification and inclusion in the official grain inspection process are under way.
Mouse models of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis have an early onset phenotype, the severity of which varies with genotype (2019)

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is an early-onset inherited condition that affects primarily males and is characterized by cystic lesions of the inner retina, decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity and a selective reduction of the electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave. Although XLRS is genetically heterogeneous, all mouse models developed to date involve engineered or spontaneous null mutations. In the present study, we have studied three new Rs1 mutant mouse models: (1) a knockout with inserted lacZ reporter gene; (2) a C59S point mutant substitution and (3) an R141C point mutant substitution. Mice were studied from postnatal day (P15) to 28 weeks by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and ERG. Retinas of P21-22 mice were examined using biochemistry, single cell electrophysiology of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and by immunohistochemistry. Each model developed intraretinal schisis and reductions in the ERG that were greater for the b-wave than the a-wave. The phenotype of the C59S mutant appeared less severe than the other mutants by ERG at adult ages. RGC electrophysiology demonstrated elevated activity in the absence of a visual stimulus and reduced signal-to-noise ratios in response to light stimuli. Immunohistochemical analysis documented early abnormalities in all cells of the outer retina. Together, these results provide significant insight into the early events of XLRS pathophysiology, from phenotype differences between disease-causing variants to common mechanistic events that may play critical roles in disease presentation and progression.
The New Pharmacological Chaperones PBXs Increase α-Galactosidase A Activity in Fabry Disease Cellular Models (2021)

Fabry disease is an X-linked multisystemic disorder caused by the impairment of lysosomal α-Galactosidase A, which leads to the progressive accumulation of glycosphingolipids and to defective lysosomal metabolism. Currently, Fabry disease is treated by enzyme replacement therapy or the orally administrated pharmacological chaperone Migalastat. Both therapeutic strategies present limitations, since enzyme replacement therapy has shown low half-life and bioavailability, while Migalastat is only approved for patients with specific mutations. The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy of PBX galactose analogues to stabilize α-Galactosidase A and therefore evaluate their potential use in Fabry patients with mutations that are not amenable to the treatment with Migalastat. We demonstrated that PBX compounds are safe and effective concerning stabilization of α-Galactosidase A in relevant cellular models of the disease, as assessed by enzymatic activity measurements, molecular modelling, and cell viability assays. This experimental evidence suggests that PBX compounds are promising candidates for the treatment of Fabry disease caused by mutations which affect the folding of α-Galactosidase A, even for <i>GLA</i> variants that are not amenable to the treatment with Migalastat.
Effects of Alloying Elements and Microstructure on Corrosion Resistance and Hardness of Martensitic Stainless Steels (2000)

In the application field of self-drilling-tapping screws and joint parts like a high strength steel pin etc., high corrosion resistance as well as high strength property are required even in martensitic stainless steels, because commercial martensitic stainless steels have a large disadvantage in terms of corrosion resistance in comparison with austenitic stainless steels like SUS304. In this investigation, effects of alloying elements and microstructures on both of hardness and corrosion resistance in martensitic stainless steels are examined to improve the corrosion resistance of commercially applied high strength martensitic stainless steels. The results obtained are as follows.(1) Corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels is improved to the level as same as SUS304 by suppressing the formation of δ-ferrite which leads to the promotion of Cr-carbide precipitation, and also by increasing the P. I. value; Pitting Index (=Cr+3%Mo+16%N) to 18 or more.(2) On the hardening of martensite, carbon has 2.5 times larger effect than nitrogen, hence the hardness of as-quenched martensite can be linearly plotted to the value; (2.5C+N).(3) Carbon contributes the significant hardening of martensite through the promotion of introduction of transformation twin and the refining of block structure.
Recent Developments Using Small Molecules to Target RAD51: How to Best Modulate RAD51 for Anticancer Therapy? (2016)

Homologous recombination (HR) is an evolutionarily conserved DNA repair process. Overexpression of the key HR protein RAD51 is a common feature of malignant cells. RAD51 plays two distinct genome-stabilizing roles, including HR-mediated repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and the promotion of replication fork stability during replication stress. Because upregulation of RAD51 in cancer cells can promote tumor resistance to DNA-damaging oncologic therapies, we and others have worked to develop cancer therapeutics that target various aspects of RAD51 protein function. Herein, we provide an overview of recent developments in this field, together with our perspectives on the challenges associated with these evolving anticancer strategies.
Two-level compression through selective reseeding (2013)

As scan compression becomes ubiquitous, ever more complex designs require higher compression. This paper presents a novel, two-level compression system for scan input data generated by deterministic test generation. First, load care bits and X-control input data are encoded into PRPG seeds; next, seeds are selectively shared for further compression. The latter exploits the hierarchical nature of large designs with tens or hundreds of PRPGs. The system comprises a new architecture, which includes a simple instruction-decode unit, and new algorithms embedded into ATPG. Results on large industrial designs demonstrate significant data and cycle compression increases while maintaining test coverage and performance.
A New Multipoint Flux Approximation for Reservoir Simulation (2007)

Abstract Multi-point flux approximations (MPFAs) have been developed in recent years to improve the accuracy of the flux computation for reservoir simulation when the reservoir grids are not K-orthogonal. Recent studies, however, have shown that commonly used MPFA approaches could pose severe limitations. Specifically, it has been observed that MPFA can cause severe nonphysical oscillations in numerical solutions for the single-phase pressure equation if the permeability field is strongly anisotropic. Some researchers have linked those numerical oscillations to the lack of monotonicity in the solution matrix for the discretization problem and efforts have been made to improve MPFA so that matrix monotonicity can be restored. This paper will present new techniques, collectively called enriched multi-point flux approximations (EMPFAs), to reduce or eliminate numerical oscillations in the solutions. The key to improving the consistency and accuracy of the local flux calculations is the introduction of new temporary unknowns and the application of better pressure interpolation techniques. EMPFA can be used for modeling general multiphase flows in 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional reservoir models, and the grid can be Cartesian, Voronoi, or even arbitrary. Simulation results will demonstrate the differences among EMPFA, MPFA, and the original two-point flux approximation (TPFA).
Using Mixed Salt Electrolytes to Stabilize Silicon Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries via in Situ Formation of Li–M–Si Ternaries (M = Mg, Zn, Al, Ca) (2019)

Replacing traditional graphite anode by Si anode can greatly improve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. However, the large volume expansion and the formation of highly reactive lithium silicides during charging cause the continuous lithium and electrolyte consumption as well as the fast decay of Si anodes. In this work, by adding 0.1 M M(TFSI)<i><sub>x</sub></i> (M = Mg, Zn, Al and Ca) as a second salt into the electrolyte, we stabilize the anode chemistry through the in situ formation of Li-M-Si ternary phases during the charging process. First, lithium silicides and magnesium lithium silicides were synthesized as model compounds to investigate the influence of metal doping on the reactivity of lithiated Si. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that Mg doping can dramatically suppress the chemical reactions between the lithium silicide compounds and common electrolyte solvents. New mixed salt electrolytes were prepared containing M(TFSI)<i><sub>x</sub></i> as a second salt to LiPF<sub>6</sub> and tested in commercially relevant electrodes, which show higher capacity, superior cyclability, and higher Coulombic efficiencies in both half-cell and full-cell configurations (except for Zn) when compared with standard electrolytes. Post-electrochemistry characterizations demonstrate that adding M salts leads to the co-insertion of M cations along with Li into Si during the lithiation process, stabilizing silicon anions by forming more stable Li-M-Si ternaries, which fundamentally changes the traditional Li-Si binary chemistry while minimally affecting silicon electrochemical profiles and theoretical capacities. This study opens a new and simple way to stabilize silicon anodes to enable widespread application of Si anodes for lithium-ion batteries.
Digital holographic microscopy – innovative and non-destructive analysis of living cells (2010)

Digital holography is a novel technique that has been developed recently to study living cells. The technique is an innovative, non-destructive method with possibilities to study living cells over time. We are investigating cell number, growth, viability and death of adherent cells using digital holography, which is a novel, label-free, imaging technique for biological applications. We have recently demonstrated that digital holography is highly comparable to the conventional manual cell counting method using a hemocytometer (Mölder et al., 2008). Digital holography is a method that gives us information about the refractive index of cells, which can change under different circumstances. The technique is cheap, fast and simple to use. The unique measurable parameters are the cell number, cell area, thickness and volume, which can be transformed to proliferation, migration, viability and cell death. The digital holographic images produced can provide both quantitative and qualitative phase information from a single hologram. Future applications can include real-time cell monitoring of various parameters of cells of different diseases in response to clinically relevant compounds.
Stereoselective Introduction of Steroid Side Chains at C (17) and C (20) (1981)

Abstract A simple and efficient new method for the highly stereoselective (at C (17) and C (20)) introduction of steroid side chains which are suitably functionalized for further elaboration is presented. The ene reaction of (17 Z )‐ethylidene steroids, which are readily obtained from 17‐keto steroids via a Wittig reaction, with various enophiles such as formaldehyde and acrylate esters leads to useful intermediates which contain the natural steroid configuration at C (20). Catalytic hydrogenation of the Δ 16 ‐double bond occurs from the α‐face to stereospecifically generate the correct configuration at C (17). An additional chiral center at C (23) is also introduced stereoselectively by the use of methyl 2‐chloroacrylate as the enophile.
Scalable 1.1 GHz fundamental mode piezo-resistive silicon MEMS resonator (2007)

This paper demonstrates a 1.1 GHz MEMS resonator operating in fundamental mode occupying a chip area of only several μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . To our knowledge this is the smallest and first fundamental mode Si resonator operating above 1 GHz. The resonator is excited by means of an electrostatic force and the mechanical motion is detected using the piezo-resistive properties of Si. The effective impedance at resonance is orders of magnitude lower than the impedance obtained using the more common capacitive or field effect read-out. More importantly, its effective impedance is in principle insensitive to uniform and directional geometric scaling.
Variable axis lens for electron beams (1981)

An electron optical focusing and deflection system for electron beam lithography has been developed which eliminates off-axis aberrations up to the third order including transverse chromatic errors by means of a variable axis lens (VAL). Feasibility of the VAL concept has been established experimentally.
The Role of Toll‐Like Receptors in Herpes Simplex Infection in Neonates (2005)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)--and their associated signal-transducing proteins--on the surface of cells have been demonstrated to account for most, if not all, of the events associated with bacterial sepsis. Using human cells expressing different TLRs, we demonstrated that the interaction between TLR2 and herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1-2 leads to the production of cytokines. Using peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, we tested the ability of cells from people of different age groups to make cytokines in response to HSV. An examination of the host responses of neonates to HSV indicates that, rather than producing less interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in response to HSV than adults do, neonates produce more of these cytokines than adults do. This may explain the sepsis syndrome that is seen with HSV (and other virus infections) in neonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkanes to Carboxylic Acids in Aqueous Medium: Metal‐Free and Metal‐Promoted Highly Efficient and Mild Conversions. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Probabilistic minimal path for automated esophagus segmentation (2006)

This paper introduces a probabilistic shortest path approach to extract the esophagus from CT images. In this modality, the absence of strong discriminative features in the observed image make the problem ill-posed without the introduction of additional knowledge constraining the problem. The solution presented in this paper relies on learning and integrating contextual information. The idea is to model spatial dependency between the structure of interest and neighboring organs that may be easier to extract. Observing that the left atrium (LA) and the aorta are such candidates for the esophagus, we propose to learn the esophagus location with respect to these two organs. This dependence is learned from a set of training images where all three structures have been segmented. Each training esophagus is registered to a reference image according to a warping that maps exactly the reference organs. From the registered esophagi, we define the probability of the esophagus centerline relative to the aorta and LA. To extract a new centerline, a probabilistic criterion is defined from a Bayesian formulation that combines the prior information with the image data. Given a new image, the aorta and LA are first segmented and registered to the reference shapes and then, the optimal esophagus centerline is obtained with a shortest path algorithm. Finally, relying on the extracted centerline, coupled ellipse fittings allow a robust detection of the esophagus outer boundary.
Real-Time Scalable Depth Sensing With Hybrid Structured Light Illumination (2013)

Time multiplexing (TM) and spatial neighborhood (SN) are two mainstream structured light techniques widely used for depth sensing. The former is well known for its high accuracy and the latter for its low delay. In this paper, we explore a new paradigm of scalable depth sensing to integrate the advantages of both the TM and SN methods. Our contribution is twofold. First, we design a set of hybrid structured light patterns composed of phase-shifted fringe and pseudo-random speckle. Under the illumination of the hybrid patterns, depth can be decently reconstructed either from a few consecutive frames with the TM principle for static scenes or from a single frame with the SN principle for dynamic scenes. Second, we propose a scene-adaptive depth sensing framework based on which a global or region-wise optimal depth map can be generated through motion detection. To validate the proposed scalable paradigm, we develop a real-time (20 fps) depth sensing system. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves an efficient balance between accuracy and speed during depth sensing that has rarely been exploited before.
A Novel Zonal UWB Receiver Structure with Improved Performance in Multiple Access Interference (2007)

A novel ultra-wide bandwidth receiver structure is proposed for time-hopping ultra-wide bandwidth wireless signal detection in multiple access interference channels. In ideal free-propagation channels, the zonal receiver always meets or outperforms the conventional matched filter UWB receiver, the recently proposed soft-limiting UWB receiver and its enhanced version, the adaptive threshold soft-limiting ultra-wide bandwidth receiver. A new Rake receiver design based on the zonal receiver is proposed for signal detection in multipath channels. Simulation results and analysis show that this new Rake receiver can achieve larger signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio than the standard matched filter Rake receiver when multipath components are resolvable in UWB channels.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Low-Band-Gap Thienopyrazine-Based Poly(heteroarylenevinylene)s (2006)

Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-based poly(heteroarylenevinylene)s (PHAVs) (P-1−P-6) by Horner polycondensation and cyano-PHAVs (P-7−P-9) by Knoevenagel polycondensation have been synthesized in quantitative yields. The copolymers are characterized by NMR, IR, UV, GPC, and elemental analysis. High molecular weight (M̄w up to 279 000 g/mol), thermostable, soluble, and film-forming materials were obtained. The absorption spectra of the polymers show two peaks located in the UV and visible region from ∼384 to 650 nm and are promising for the application in polymer solar cells. The absorption and emission in solution and in solid state of the polymers revealed that the polymers generate a π-stacked structure in the solid state, and the polymer molecules in the film were ordered. Thin films of the polymers P-1−P-9 exhibit an optical band gap of ∼1.56−2.08 eV. Cyclic voltammograms display that the p-doping/dedoping and n-doping/dedoping processes of the polymers (P-1, P-2, P-3, P-5, and P-6) are reversible. The HOMO and LUMO levels of the polymers were determined from electrochemical measurements. From the absorption spectra of the polymers (P-1, P-2, and P-8) in chloroform/methanol mixtures, all the three polymers have revealed solvatochromic effects, which have been related to the formation of aggregates.
The down-regulated in adenoma (DRA) gene encodes an intestine-specific membrane glycoprotein. (1996)

The protein product of the DRA gene, a gene whose expression is down-regulated in colon adenomas and adenocarcinomas, is a membrane glycoprotein and a member of a family of sulfate transporters. It is expressed in the intestinal tract (duodenum, ileum, cecum, distal colon), but not in the esophagus or stomach. DRA mRNA expression is restricted to the mucosal epithelium, and DRA protein expression is further limited to the columnar epithelial cells, particularly to the brush border. Consistent with its expression in the differentiated columnar epithelium of the adult human colon, DRA is first expressed in the midgut of developing mouse embryos at day 16.5, corresponding with the time of differentiation of the epithelium of the small intestine. A model for the structure of the DRA protein is proposed and its possible role in colon tumorigenesis is discussed.
Noise Parameters of Gilbert Cell Mixers (2016)

This paper describes a method for characterizing mixer noise in terms of several noise parameters. A measurement method for extracting the noise parameters is proposed and verified with simulations of a mixer and measurements of two mixers. Direct measurements of single-sideband noise figures are accurately represented by the measured noise parameters, which fully characterize the noise figure of the mixers for all harmonic impedance loading conditions. Over 606 measurements, the maximum error between the measured and modeled noise factors was less than 0.12 dB. This is the first paper that proposes and verifies a method of mixer noise parameter measurements.
Integration of chrome tanning and wet finishing processes for making garment leathers (2005)

Clean technologies are gaining importance in recent years among the tanners due to increased public pressure against the environmental degradation from tanning activity. Conventional leather processing is also associated with huge consumption of water, power, chemicals, labor and time. To alleviate these problems, a single step chrome tanning cum wet finishing process has been developed for making garment leathers. The process provides leathers having comparable or even better physical and bulk properties to that derived from conventional multi step process. Softness of the processed leathers is comparable to that of control leathers as confirmed through compressibility measurements. Integration of chrome tanning with post tanning improves the exhaustion of chromium thereby chrome content in the leathers. The process results in significant reductions in pollution loads, water, time, power and labor. More specifically, water consumption is reduced by half that of conventional requirement.