gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Examination of tunnel junctions in the AlGaN/GaN system: Consequences of polarization charge (2000)

A strong piezoelectric effect and a large spontaneous polarization allow one to incorporate a large electric field (&gt;106 V/cm) and high sheet charge (&gt;1013 cm−2) without doping in the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. Theoretical studies are done to examine how polarization effects can be exploited to design metal–AlGaN/GaN tunnel junctions. We find that with a proper choice of AlGaN thickness undoped junctions can be made with very high metal to two-dimensional electron gas tunneling. Thus, a Schottky junction can be converted to a tunnel junction without doping. The tunneling probabilities approach those produced in a system doped at ∼4×1019 cm−3. This work suggests that very interesting tunnel junctions can be made from undoped AlGaN/GaN heterostructures.
Guanfacine for Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Boys (1995)

The use of guanfacine hydrochloride (Tenex), a long-acting alpha2 agonist with a more favorable side effect profile relative to clonidine, was examined in boys with ADHD. In this prospective, open-label, non-blinded trial, guanfacine was prescribed to fifteen boys, aged 7 to 17 years old (mean 13.3 years) for 5-10 weeks (mean 8 weeks). Thirteen of the boys were on guanfacine monotherapy, while two were on a single adjunctive agent (with the dose of the latter unchanged during the trial). Rating scales were completed before the start of the guanfacine trial and at 4 to 8 weeks after the dose was stabilized. In general, the guanfacine appeared to be effective in reducing the target symptoms, with minimal side effects. The dose of guanfacine ranged from 0.5 mg to 3 mg daily (with a mode of 0.5 mg bid, and a mean of 1.27 mg daily). In the 13 subjects who completed the trial, the mean decrease in the Conners Parent-Teacher Scale (Short Form) was 11.1 points (t = 7.18, p < 0.0001), while the mean decrease in the Edelbrock CAP inattention subscale was 4.85 (t = 5.94, p < 0.0001) and in the overactivity subscale 3.23 (t = 5.93, p < 0.0001). Two of the patients discontinued the medication, one due to clinical ineffectiveness and one due to apparent overactivation. The findings suggest that guanfacine may be a useful agent in the management of a number of the core features of ADHD. Further studies with a double-blinded placebo-controlled design appear indicated.
Statin Treatment in Hypercholesterolemic Pregnant Mice Reduces Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Their Offspring (2008)

Increasing evidence suggests that hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy initiates pathogenic events in the fetus leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease in the adult offspring. In this study we examined in mice whether pharmacological intervention using statins in late pregnancy could alleviate the detrimental effects of a high-fat, high-cholesterol (45% fat) maternal diet on the health of the dams and their offspring. Pregnant C57 mice on high-fat, high-cholesterol diet were given the 3hydroxy3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin in the drinking water (5 mg/kg of body weight per day) in the second half of pregnancy and during lactation to lower cholesterol and improve postweaning maternal blood pressure. Weaned offspring were then fed the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet until adulthood (generating dam/offspring dietary groups high-fat, high-cholesterol/high-fat, high-cholesterol and high-fat, high-cholesterol plus pravastatin during the second half of pregnancy and lactation/high-fat, high-cholesterol). These groups were compared with offspring from mothers fed standard chow (control), which were then fed control diet to adulthood (control/control). Compared with high-fat, high-cholesterol, high-fat, high-cholesterol plus pravastatin during second half of pregnancy and lactation dams showed significantly reduced total cholesterol concentrations and reduced systolic blood pressure. The high-fat, high-cholesterol plus pravastatin during second half of pregnancy and lactation/high-fat, high-cholesterol offspring were significantly lighter, less hypertensive, and more active compared with the high-fat, high-cholesterol/high-fat, high-cholesterol group. Total serum and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were raised in high-fat, high-cholesterol plus pravastatin during the second half of pregnancy and lactation/high-fat, high-cholesterol offspring, compared with the high-fat, high-cholesterol/high-fat, high-cholesterol group. The control/control offspring showed the lowest blood pressure and cholesterol levels. These findings indicate that the cholesterol-lowering effect of statins in pregnant dams consuming a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet leads to reduced cardiovascular risk factors in offspring that are sustained into adulthood.
Analysis of Tuning Cables for Reduction of Fluidborne Noise in Automotive Power Steering Hydraulic Lines (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A distributed parameter mathematical model of a complete power steering hydraulic transmission circuit has been developed and implemented on a personal computer to analyze the effect of tuning cables on the attenuation of pressure waves generated by the pump. Tuning cables, flexible tubes positioned coaxially inside a length of hose placed at a convenient location in the circuit, reduce fluidborne noise primarily by destructive interference and viscous damping. The model uses a transfer matrix approach that includes two-dimensional viscous flow and three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction. It can be used for sizing and positioning tuning cable devices in power steering as well as other hydraulic systems prior to verification testing of the circuit.</div>
Site-specific DNA binding of nuclear factor I: analyses of cellular binding sites. (1985)

Nuclear factor I is a cellular site-specific DNA-binding protein required for the efficient in vitro replication of adenovirus DNA. We have characterized human DNA sequences to which nuclear factor I binds. Three nuclear factor I binding sites (FIB sites), isolated from HeLa cell DNA, each contain the sequence TGG(N)6-7GCCAA. Comparison with other known and putative FIB sites suggests that this sequence is important for the binding of nuclear factor I. Nuclear factor I protects a 25- to 30-base-pair region surrounding this sequence from digestion by DNase I. Methylation protection studies suggest that nuclear factor I interacts with guanine residues within the TGG(N)6-7GCCAA consensus sequence. One binding site (FIB-2) contained a restriction endonuclease HaeIII cleavage site (GGCC) at the 5' end of the GCCAA motif. Digestion of FIB-2 with HaeIII abolished the binding of nuclear factor I. Southern blot analyses indicate that the cellular FIB sites described here are present within single-copy DNA in the HeLa cell genome.
Serotonin-prefrontal cortical circuitry in anxiety and depression phenotypes: pivotal role of pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor expression (2014)

Decreased serotonergic activity has been implicated in anxiety and major depression, and antidepressants directly or indirectly increase the long-term activity of the serotonin system. A key component of serotonin circuitry is the 5-HT1A autoreceptor, which functions as the major somatodendritic autoreceptor to negatively regulate the "gain" of the serotonin system. In addition, 5-HT1A heteroreceptors are abundantly expressed post-synaptically in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and hippocampus to mediate serotonin actions on fear, anxiety, stress, and cognition. Importantly, in the PFC 5-HT1A heteroreceptors are expressed on at least two antagonist neuronal populations: excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Rodent models implicate the 5-HT1A receptor in anxiety- and depression-like phenotypes with distinct roles for pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors. In this review, we present a model of serotonin-PFC circuitry that integrates evidence from mouse genetic models of anxiety and depression involving knockout, suppression, over-expression, or mutation of genes of the serotonin system including 5-HT1A receptors. The model postulates that behavioral phenotype shifts as serotonin activity increases from none (depressed/aggressive not anxious) to low (anxious/depressed) to high (anxious, not depressed). We identify a set of conserved transcription factors including Deaf1, Freud-1/CC2D1A, Freud-2/CC2D1B and glucocorticoid receptors that may confer deleterious regional changes in 5-HT1A receptors in depression, and how future treatments could target these mechanisms. Further studies to specifically test the roles and regulation of pyramidal vs. interneuronal populations of 5-HT receptors are needed better understand the role of serotonin in anxiety and depression and to devise more effective targeted therapeutic approaches.
Carbody tilting – technologies and benefits (2009)

Carbody tilting is today a mature and inexpensive technology allowing higher speeds in curves and thus reduced travel time. The technology is accepted by many train operators. Today more than 5000 tilting vehicles, defined as tilting carbodies, have been produced world-wide by different suppliers. Tilting trains can be divided into naturally tilted trains and actively tilted trains. However, also natural tilting will often include actuation to ensure satisfactory dynamic performance. The mechanical solutions for tilting involving pendulums or rollers are well proven. They have also become compact enough to avoid passenger area intrusion. The proportion of the lateral acceleration compensated by tilt has decreased over the years. In the early days of tilting train development, it was often assumed that the compensation should be 100%. Compensation of 50–70% are typically used in today's actively tilting trains, while natural tilting ones still retain compensation close to 100%. Recent developments in control have provided the market with more clever systems erasing the former problem with time delays. The result is beneficial for both ride comfort and low risk of motion sickness. As an example, running time simulations on the Swedish mainline Stockholm–Gothenburg have shown that the running time benefit for a tilting train vs. a non-tilting train, both with a top speed 275 km/h, is about 10%.
Thermal ablation for asthma: current status and technique (2017)

Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) is a novel technique used in the treatment of severe asthma. A catheter is advanced through the bronchoscope and directed radiofrequency waves are applied to the segmental bronchi to reduce airway smooth muscle mass. Several randomized clinical trials demonstrate improvement in quality of life and reduction in exacerbation rates after treatment. BT is a safe and cost effective treatment option for severe asthma which is refractory to medical treatment. Further studies are needed in order to better describe the mechanism of action and the asthma subphenotype that was best benefit from this treatment.
Flowing Rock, Dancing around Trees (2022)

Rocks and trees are often central to the lives of human communities: their role is far more complex and meaningful than supplying resources, status, or symbolism. In a convivial landscape, rocks, trees, and people are deeply connected, showing elaborate and powerful interdependencies. In this article I explore the idea of conviviality through a series of examples from Archaic to early twentieth-century Cyprus. The Acropolis cliffs of Kourion show the fluidity of rock, constantly changing because of the effects of water, weather, and humanity. In the northern Troodos Mountains, trees and people have been highly interconnected: when human activities are relatively diverse and small-scale, the ensuing relationships are resilient and healthy for the whole socioecological community. Human societies can recognize and celebrate this conviviality through stories that grow up around particular rocks and trees, or through rituals focused on sacred stones or enacted by dancing around trees.
Very short integrated-optic Fabry-Perot cavity-coupler switch for DC and high bandwidth operation (1992)

A novel integrated-optic coupling configuration if proposed. The device operation is based on the confinement of the coupling zone to the length of a very short Fabry-Perot cavity. The cavity is electrooptically coupled with a parallel outcoupling guide. By employing accurate lithographic techniques for the fabrication of milled integrated mirrors, with total lengths of the order of 5-10 mu m, devices 100 to 200 mu m long can be considered. These can perform full coupling operation at bandwidths in the range of many tens of gigahertz with typically a 12-15-dB extinction ratio. The same configuration can also be used for low-frequency switching, where an extinction ratio of >20 dB is expected. Calculated results are based on the parameters of Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides supporting 1.53- mu m wavelength TM mode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A noise reference input to an adaptive filter algorithm for signal processing in a wearable pulse oximeter (2007)

A wearable battery-operated pulse oximeter has been developed for rapid field triage applications. The wearable system comprises three units: a small (Phi = 22 mm) and lightweight (4.5 g) reflectance-mode optical sensor module (SM), a receiver module (RM), and personal digital assistant (PDA). The information acquired by the forehead-mounted SM is transmitted wirelessly via a RF link to the waist-worn RM which processes the data and transmits it wirelessly to the PDA. Since photoplethysmographic (PPG)-based measurements, which are used by the pulse oximeter to determine arterial oxygen saturation (SpO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) and heart rate (HR), can be degraded significantly during motion, the implementation of a reliable pulse oximeter for field applications requires sophisticated noise rejection algorithms. To minimize the effects of motion artifacts, which can lead to measurement dropouts, inaccurate readings and false alarms, a 16"'-order, least-mean squares (LMS), adaptive noise canceling (ANC) algorithm was implemented off-line in Matlab to process the PPG signals. This algorithm was selected because its computational requirement is comparable to a finite impulse response filter. Filter parameters were optimized for computational speed and measurement accuracy. A tri-axial MEMS accelerometer (ACC) served as a noise reference input to the ANC algorithm.
Histoculture drug response assay, a possible examination system for predicting the antitumor effect of aromatase inhibitors in patients with breast cancer. (1998)

Histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) systems have been used in evaluating the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents for many kinds of advanced cancers. We have adapted the HDRA system to estimate the antitumor effect of aromatase (estrogen synthetase) inhibitors on breast cancer. Small pieces of breast cancer tissue specimens were placed onto a collagen-matrix filled with medium containing testosterone (a substrate for aromatase) or testosterone plus an aromatase inhibitor. At the end of culture, [3H]-thymidine incorporation was measured in aliquots of the histocultured specimens after 10 days culture. The increment of thymidine incorporation in testosterone-treated specimens to that of control provides an index of existence of aromatase and estrogen-dependency, since converted estradiol from added testosterone by aromatase stimulates the incorporation. The decrease in the index of "testosterone + aromatase inhibitor"/"testosterone" indicates the antitumor effect of the aromatase inhibitor on breast cancer. Twenty-one 25 breast cancer surgical specimens were successfully cultured, and 6 showed the increased incorporation of [3H]-thymidine by testosterone. Aromatase inhibitor blocked this stimulation in these 6 specimens. These results suggested that this antitumor effect is related to the inhibition of aromatase and the aromatase inhibitor would be effective for individual patients with breast cancer which responds to testosterone in this histoculture assay system. The histoculture technique we used here is therefore expected to be useful in predicting the efficacy of aromatase inhibitors for individual patients with breast cancer.
Development of Haptic Device "DELTA-4" using Parallel Mechanism (2009)

In this paper, a new haptic device “DELTA-4” within a high force feedback capability and operability is proposed. DELTA-4 realizes 3 degrees of freedom of translational motions by a novel redundant parallel link mechanism. These benefits can be obtained by DELTA-4 comparing with conventional parallel mechanisms: wider working area, smaller footprint and easier access to the wide range of working area from operators. In this paper, kinematics and its analysis of DELTA-4 are introduced. In addition, an evaluation experiment of force display is presented.
Silicon Mach-Zehnder Modulator of Extinction Ratio beyond 10dB at 10.0-12.5Gbps (2011)

Silicon Mach-Zehnder modulators with reduced series resistance in lateral PN junction rib-waveguide phase shifters are characterized in eye-diagram measurements. The modulators reveal extinction ratio beyond 10dB at 10.0-12.5Gbps, approaching lithium-niobate modulators in high-speed performance.
Highly Stable Operation of Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by the Formation of a Transient High‐Concentration Electrolyte Layer (2016)

Lithium (Li) metal has been extensively investigated as an anode for rechargeable battery applications due to its ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity and the lowest redox potential. However, significant challenges including dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency are still hindering the practical applications of rechargeable Li metal batteries. It is demonstrated that long‐term cycling of Li metal batteries can be realized by the formation of a transient high‐concentration electrolyte layer near the surface of Li metal anode during high rate discharge process. The highly concentrated Li + ions in this transient layer will immediately be solvated by the available solvent molecules and facilitate the formation of a stable and flexible solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer composed of a poly(ethylene carbonate) framework integrated with other organic/inorganic lithium salts. This SEI layer largely suppresses the corrosion of Li metal anode attacked by free organic solvents and enables the long‐term operation of Li metal batteries. The fundamental findings in this work provide a new direction for the development of Li metal batteries that could be operated at high current densities for a wide range of applications.
A novel trench-isolated buried N<sup>+</sup>FAMOS Transistor suitable for high-density EPROM's (1987)

This paper describes an innovative use of trench isolation to achieve high programmability and improved isolation in a high-density electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM) cell. This cell, with a 13.5-µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> area at 1.5-µm design rules, was fabricated by using a novel cross-point structure with buried N+ (BN+) bit lines as source and drain of the floating-gate avalanche injection MOS (FAMOS) transistor. Programming efficiency and bit-line isolation were enhanced by a novel positioning of the trench isolation between bit-lines and between the double-polysilicon FAMOS transistors. Trench isolation should permit scaling of the bit-line spacing to below 1 µm.
Genome “Surgery”? (2018)

When Kai Kupferschmidt writes about CRISPR-based gene editing in German, he faces an obstacle: there's no exact translation for "editing" that has the same connotations as it has in English. Instead, as he explained last fall at The Hastings Center's preconference symposium on new genetic technologies at the World Conference of Science Journalists, he draws on a variety of phrases, including "genome surgery," which conveys precision in Kupferschmidt's assessment, and "gene scissors," which communicates CRISPR's mechanistic nature. But in any language, explaining CRISPR is difficult. It's a challenge I face at The Hastings Center, where I write about biotechnology for a public audience.
Ultrafast spontaneous emission of copper-doped silicon enhanced by an optical nanocavity (2014)

Dopants in silicon (Si) have attracted attention in the fields of photonics and quantum optics. However, the optical characteristics are limited by the small spontaneous emission rate of dopants in Si. This study demonstrates a large increase in the spontaneous emission rate of copper isoelectronic centres (Cu-IECs) doped into Si photonic crystal nanocavities. In a cavity with a quality factor (Q) of ~16,000, the photoluminescence (PL) lifetime of the Cu-IECs is 1.1 ns, which is 30 times shorter than the lifetime of a sample without a cavity. The PL decay rate is increased in proportion to Q/Vc (Vc is the cavity mode volume), which indicates the Purcell effect. This is the first demonstration of a cavity-enhanced ultrafast spontaneous emission from dopants in Si, and it may lead to the development of fast and efficient Si light emitters and Si quantum optical devices based on dopants with efficient optical access.
Contrail and cirrus cloud avoidance technology (2007)

Civil aviation, providing transport to connect people, cultures and economies, is\nsituated at the heart of globalisation. Since its earliest days, it has grown along\nwith every other part of the industrialised society and experienced growth rates exceeding\nthat of global GDP. Projections suggest that future air traffic emissions will\nplay an increasingly important role in the contribution to global warming, which is\nregarded to be a serious threat to earth’s socio-ecological systems.\nAir traffic contributes to the overall anthropogenic radiative forcing, a metric denoting\nperturbations in the earth’s radiation budget, by the emission of greenhouse\ngases and aerosols, and also by the generation of high ice clouds, commonly known\nas contrails. Recent studies suggest that the radiative forcing resulting from contrails\nis potentially higher than that of all other air-traffic pollutants combined.\nIn light of this, contrail avoidance is attracting increasing interest from the aeronautical\ncommunity. An important contribution to the understanding of the problem in\na wider context is made in this thesis, alongside proposals for short, mid and long\nterm strategies for contrail avoidance. These are in particular the optimisation of\nthe aircraft for contrail avoidance, the application of remotely induced heat to suppress\ncontrail formation, and a novel engine concept that exhibits the potential for\na reduction of all emissions simultaneously. Aircraft optimisation deals with the\nadaptation of existing technology for more environmentally compatible air transport,\nwhereas the latter two approaches are breakthrough technologies of a more\ndisruptive character covered by several patents resulting from this research.\nShort and mid term strategies are accompanied by an increase in carbon dioxide\nemissions. A study examining the long-term impact of aviation carbon dioxide\nemissions relative to that of contrails suggests that in order to achieve more sustainable\nair transport, the avoidance of contrails is inevitable. However, as the\nshort-term impact of contrails is less severe, postponing contrail avoidance until\nthe associated increase in carbon dioxide emissions is less significant could be a\nbetter way to deal with the problem.