gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic and structural properties of MnBi multilayered thin films (2014)

Magnetic and structural properties of MnBi films with thicknesses up to 50 nm were investigated. Thin films of the MnBi LTP (Low Temperature Phase) were fabricated onto silica-glass substrates by sputter-deposition of Bi/Mn multilayer, followed by a subsequent annealing at about 550 °C for 30 min. Coercivity of such thin films is higher than 15 kOe, even though the film thickness is about 10 nm. These thin films show the preferential growth of c-axis of the LTP along the film normal. Moreover, high resolution transmission electron microscopy indicates that the LTP regions of 30–50 nm in size are physically isolated by Bi. The magnetization reversal mechanism of such a LTP region is mainly governed by a coherent rotation mode based on the δM curve measurement.
Vitamin D status of dairy cattle: Outcomes of current practices in the dairy industry (2016)

The need for vitamin D supplementation of dairy cattle has been known for the better part of the last century and is well appreciated by dairy producers and nutritionists. Whether current recommendations and practices for supplemental vitamin D are meeting the needs of dairy cattle, however, is not well known. The vitamin D status of animals is reliably indicated by the concentration of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] metabolite in serum or plasma, with a concentration of 30ng/mL proposed as a lower threshold for sufficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the typical serum 25(OH)D concentrations of dairy cattle across various dairy operations. The serum 25(OH)D concentration of 702 samples collected from cows across various stages of lactation, housing systems, and locations in the United States was 68±22ng/mL (mean ± standard deviation), with the majority of samples between 40 and 100ng/mL. Most of the 12 herds surveyed supplemented cows with 30,000 to 50,000 IU of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>/d, and average serum 25(OH)D of cows at 100 to 300 DIM in each of those herds was near or above 70ng/mL regardless of season or housing. In contrast, average serum 25(OH)D of a herd supplementing with 20,000 IU/d was 42±15ng/mL, with 22% below 30ng/mL. Cows in early lactation (0 to 30d in milk) also had lower serum 25(OH)D than did mid- to late-lactation cows (57±17 vs. 71±20ng/mL, respectively). Serum 25(OH)D of yearling heifers receiving 11,000 to 12,000 IU of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>/d was near that of cows at 76±15ng/mL. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations of calves, on the other hand, was 15±11ng/mL at birth and remained near or below 15ng/mL through 1mo of age if they were fed pasteurized waste milk with little to no summer sun exposure. In contrast, serum 25(OH)D of calves fed milk replacer containing 6,600 and 11,000 IU of vitamin D<sub>2</sub>/kg of dry matter were 59±8 and 98±33ng/mL, respectively, at 1mo of age. Experimental data from calves similarly indicated that serum 25(OH)D achieved at approximately 1mo of age would increase 6 to 7ng/mL for every 1,000 IU of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>/kg of dry matter of milk replacer. In conclusion, vitamin D status of dairy cattle supplemented with vitamin D<sub>3</sub> according to typical practices, about 1.5 to 2.5 times the National Research Council recommendation, is sufficient as defined by serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Newborn calves and calves fed milk without supplemental vitamin D<sub>3</sub>, however, are prone to deficiency.
Real-time volume imaging using a crossed electrode array (2009)

This paper describes a unique crossed electrode array for real-time volume ultrasound imaging. By placing orthogonal linear array electrode patterns on the opposite sides of a hemispherically shaped composite transducer substrate, a 2-D array can be fabricated using a small fraction of the elements required for a traditional 2-D array. The performance of the array is investigated using a computer simulation of the radiation pattern. We show that by using a 288-element crossed electrode pattern it is possible to collect large field of view volume images (60 degrees x 60 degrees sector) at real-time frame rates (>20 volume images/s), with image contrast and resolution comparable to what can be obtained using a conventional 128-element linear phased array.
Versatile refresh (2012)

Multi-banked embedded DRAM (eDRAM) has become increasingly popular in high-performance systems. However, the data retention problem of eDRAM is exacerbated by the larger number of banks and the high-performance environment in which it is deployed: The data retention time of each memory cell decreases while the number of cells to be refreshed increases. For this, multi-bank designs offer a concurrent refresh mode, where idle banks can be refreshed concurrently during read and write operations. However, conventional techniques such as periodically scheduling refreshes---with priority given to refreshes in case of conflicts with reads or writes---have variable performance, increase read latency, and can perform poorly in worst case memory access patterns. We propose a novel refresh scheduling algorithm that is low-complexity, produces near-optimal throughput with universal guarantees, and is tolerant to bursty memory access patterns. The central idea is to decouple the scheduler into two simple-to-implement modules: one determines which cell to refresh next and the other determines when to force an idle cycle in all banks. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee data integrity for all access patterns, with any given number of banks, rows per bank, read/write ports and data retention time. Our analysis shows that there is a tradeoff between refresh overhead and burst tolerance and characterizes this tradeoff precisely. The algorithm is shown to be near-optimal and achieves, for instance, 76.6% reduction in worst-case refresh overhead from the periodic refresh algorithm for a 250MHz eDRAM with 10us retention time and 16 banks each with 128 rows. Simulations with Apex-Map synthetic benchmarks and switch lookup table traffic show that VR can almost completely hide the refresh overhead for memory accesses with moderate-to-high multiplexing across memory banks.
Silicon carbide fiber reinforced strontium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic matrix composite (1992)

A SrO-Al2O3 - 2SrO2 (SAS) glass ceramic matrix is reinforced with CVD SiC continuous fibers. This material is prepared by casting a slurry of SAS glass powder into tapes. Mats of continuous CVD-SiC fibers are alternately stacked with the matrix tapes. This tape-mat stack is warm-pressed to produce a 'green' composite. Organic constituents are burned out of the 'green' composite, and the remaining interim material is hot pressed.
Balanced Multi-Cell Modulation for Flash Memory (2021)

The cell (i.e., the storage unit) in flash memory is a floating-gate MOSFET where data is stored in the form of trapped charge into its floating gate. The flash memory die is organized into blocks where each block consists of multiple wordlines that can be individually programmed. Each wordline consists of tens of thousands of cells and is organised into log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (q) pages where q is the number of threshold voltage levels a cell has. The pages are separately encoded to enable reading them individually. A key parameter of flash memory is its random read speed where small chunks of data are read from random addresses. The disparity in random read speed across pages can be minimized by using a balanced Gray labelling (BGL) to map the binary data into threshold voltages which allows reading different pages with almost the same number of sensing operations. We provide new BGL instances whereby multi-cell modulation (MCM) is used to map binary data into threshold voltages of multiple cells. The proposed modulations are found through computer search routines and are shown to improve the flash memory reliability via numerical simulations.
Effect of Formula Containing <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i> DSM 17938 on Fecal Microbiota of Infants Born by Cesarean‐Section (2016)

Our results show that a formula containing L reuteri DSM 17938 does not essentially alter the microbiota in vaginally born infants. In C-section-delivered infants, however, this strain seems to play the role of keystone species by modulating the early development of the microbiota toward the composition found after vaginal delivery.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYCYCLIC PHOSPHOROUS TRIAMIDES (1979)

Abstract Cyclische Triaza‐Derivate (I) kondensieren m′ Tris‐dimethylamino‐phosphin (II) zu (III).
Single-Beat Estimation of End-Systolic Pressure-Volume Relation in Humans (1996)

ESPVRs can be reliably estimated in humans from single cardiac cycles by a new method that has a potential for noninvasive application.
ChemInform Abstract: AApeptides as a New Class of Antimicrobial Agents (2013)

Abstract Review: 61 refs.
Acoustic reciprocity of spatial coherence in ultrasound imaging (2015)

A conventional ultrasound image is formed by transmitting a focused wave into tissue, time-shifting the backscattered echoes received on an array transducer, and summing the resulting signals. The van Cittert-Zernike theorem predicts a particular similarity, or coherence, of these focused signals across the receiving array. Many groups have used an estimate of the coherence to augment or replace the B-mode image in an effort to suppress noise and stationary clutter echo signals, but this measurement requires access to individual receive channel data. Most clinical systems have efficient pipelines for producing focused and summed RF data without any direct way to individually address the receive channels. We describe a method for performing coherence measurements that is more accessible for a wide range of coherence-based imaging. The reciprocity of the transmit and receive apertures in the context of coherence is derived and equivalence of the coherence function is validated experimentally using a research scanner. The proposed method is implemented on a commercial ultrasound system and in vivo short-lag spatial coherence imaging is demonstrated using only summed RF data. The components beyond the acquisition hardware and beamformer necessary to produce a real-time ultrasound coherence imaging system are discussed.
Membrane‐based ethylene/ethane separation: The upper bound and beyond (2013)

Ethylene/ethane separation via cryogenic distillation is extremely energy‐intensive, and membrane separation may provide an attractive alternative. In this paper, ethylene/ethane separation performance using polymeric membranes is summarized, and an experimental ethylene/ethane polymeric upper bound based on literature data is presented. A theoretical prediction of the ethylene/ethane upper bound is also presented, and shows good agreement with the experimental upper bound. Further, two ways to overcome the ethylene/ethane upper bound, based on increasing the sorption or diffusion selectivity, is also discussed, and a review on advanced membrane types such as facilitated transport membranes, zeolite and metal organic framework based membranes, and carbon molecular sieve membranes is presented. Of these, carbon membranes have shown the potential to surpass the polymeric ethylene/ethane upper bound performance. Furthermore, a convenient, potentially scalable method for tailoring the performance of carbon membranes for ethylene/ethane separation based on tuning the pyrolysis conditions has also been demonstrated. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 59: 3475–3489, 2013
Large‐scale essential gene identification in <i>Candida albicans</i> and applications to antifungal drug discovery (2003)

Candida albicans is the primary fungal pathogen of humans. Despite the need for novel drugs to combat fungal infections [Sobel, J.D. (2000) Clin Infectious Dis 30: 652], antifungal drug discovery is currently limited by both the availability of suitable drug targets and assays to screen corresponding targets. A functional genomics approach based on the diploid C. albicans genome sequence, termed GRACETM (gene replacement and conditional expression), was used to assess gene essentiality through a combination of gene replacement and conditional gene expression. In a systematic application of this approach, we identify 567 essential genes in C. albicans. Interestingly, evaluating the conditional phenotype of all identifiable C. albicans homologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae essential gene set [Giaever, G., Chu, A.M., Ni, L., Connelly, C., Riles, L., Veronneau, S., et al. (2002) Nature 418: 387-391] by GRACE revealed only 61% to be essential in C. albicans, emphasizing the importance of performing such studies directly within the pathogen. Construction of this conditional mutant strain collection facilitates large-scale examination of terminal phenotypes of essential genes. This information enables preferred drug targets to be selected from the C. albicans essential gene set by phenotypic information derived both in vitro, such as cidal versus static terminal phenotypes, as well as in vivo through virulence studies using conditional strains in an animal model of infection. In addition, the combination of phenotypic and bioinformatic analyses further improves drug target selection from the C. albicans essential gene set, and their respective conditional mutant strains may be directly used as sensitive whole-cell assays for drug screening.
Tightly Coupled Inertial Navigation System With Signals of Opportunity Aiding (2021)

A tightly coupled inertial navigation system (INS) aided by ambient signals of opportunity (SOPs) is developed. In this system, a navigating vehicle aids its onboard INS using pseudoranges drawn from terrestrial SOPs with unknown emitter positions and clock biases through an extended Kalman filter-based radio simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) framework. The SOP-aided INS uses both global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and SOP pseudoranges during GNSS availability periods and switches to using SOP pseudoranges exclusively during GNSS unavailability periods. This framework is studied through numerical simulations by varying: 1) Quantity of exploited SOPs and 2) quality of SOP-equipped oscillators. It is demonstrated that the SOP-aided INS using a consumer-grade IMU produces smaller estimation uncertainties compared to a traditional tightly coupled GNSS-aided INS using a tactical-grade IMU. In the absence of GNSS signals, over the simulation finite-time horizon, the errors produced by the SOP-aided INS appear to be bounded, while the errors produced by a traditional tightly coupled GNSS-aided INS diverge unboundedly. Moreover, the article presents experimental results demonstrating an unmanned aerial vehicle using terrestrial cellular SOPs to aid its onboard consumer-grade IMU in the absence of GNSS signals. It is demonstrated that the final position error of a traditional tightly coupled GNSS-aided INS after 30 s of GNSS cutoff was 57.30 m, while the final position error of the tightly coupled SOP-aided INS was 9.59 m.
Integrated optoelectronic oscillator (2018)

With the rapid development of the modern communication systems, radar and wireless services, microwave signal with high-frequency, high-spectral-purity and frequency tunability as well as microwave generator with light weight, compact size, power-efficient and low cost are increasingly demanded. Integrated microwave photonics (IMWP) is regarded as a prospective way to meet these demands by hybridizing the microwave circuits and the photonics circuits on chip. In this article, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an integrated optoelectronic oscillator (IOEO). All of the devices needed in the optoelectronic oscillation loop circuit are monolithically integrated on chip within size of 5×6cm<sup>2</sup>. By tuning the injection current to 44 mA, the output frequency of the proposed IOEO is located at 7.30 GHz with phase noise value of -91 dBc/Hz@1MHz. When the injection current is increased to 65 mA, the output frequency can be changed to 8.87 GHz with phase noise value of -92 dBc/Hz@1MHz. Both of the oscillation frequency can be slightly tuned within 20 MHz around the center oscillation frequency by tuning the injection current. The method about improving the performance of IOEO is carefully discussed at the end of in this article.
A universal phantom suitable for quality assurance on X-ray imaging modalities (2019)

Background Diagnostic radiology X-ray imaging modalities include general projection radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography and computed tomography (CT) scanning. Medical radiology requires quality images that allow accurate diagnosis of medical conditions. Consistent image quality is enabled using suitable phantoms. Purpose To manufacture, test, and validate a universal image quality assurance (U-QA) phantom which is compact, unique, non-modality specific, easy and quick to use, and cost-effective. Material and Methods The phantom discussed in this publication is an improved version of a previously described prototype. It was made from high density polyethylene and housed several inserts of different materials to comprehensively asses image quality. Data analysis software was developed for analysis of obtained images and a complete step-by-step user’s manual was prepared. Reproducibility testing was performed using the South African Department of Health (DoH) specified limits. Independent validation of the phantom package was performed by three independent medical physicists. Results The U-QA phantom and accompanying data analysis software produced reproducible results for all imaging modalities within the accepted DoH tolerance levels. The independent validation results proofed that the phantom package was easy to transport, of light weight, compact, easy to set-up and use, versatile, cost-effective and user-friendly. Conclusion It may be concluded that the U-QA phantom, with accompanying data analysis software and user’s manual, offers an acceptable single phantom solution for medical X-ray imaging. It is a cost and time saver and could therefore fill a gap in the existing market. The phantom could also be used by radiographers in resource-limited institutions.
IRON, FERRITIN, AND NUTRITION (2004)

Ferritin, a major form of endogenous iron in food legumes such as soybeans, is a novel and natural alternative for iron supplementation strategies where effectiveness is limited by acceptability, cost, or undesirable side effects. A member of the nonheme iron group of dietary iron sources, ferritin is a complex with Fe3+ iron in a mineral (thousands of iron atoms inside a protein cage) protected from complexation. Ferritin illustrates the wide range of chemical and biological properties among nonheme iron sources. The wide range of nonheme iron receptors matched to the structure of the iron complexes that occurs in microorganisms may, by analogy, exist in humans. An understanding of the chemistry and biology of each type of dietary iron source (ferritin, heme, Fe2+ ion, etc.), and of the interactions dependent on food sources, genes, and gender, is required to design diets that will eradicate global iron deficiency in the twenty-first century.
Directed Evolution of Multivalent Glycopeptides Tightly Recognized by HIV Antibody 2G12 (2014)

Herein, we report a method for in vitro selection of multivalent glycopeptides, combining mRNA display with incorporation of unnatural amino acids and "click" chemistry. We have demonstrated the use of this method to design potential glycopeptide vaccines against HIV. From libraries of ~10(13) glycopeptides containing multiple Man9 glycan(s), we selected variants that bind to HIV broadly neutralizing antibody 2G12 with picomolar to low nanomolar affinity. This is comparable to the strength of the natural 2G12-gp120 interaction, and is the strongest affinity achieved to date with constructs containing 3-5 glycans. These glycopeptides are therefore of great interest in HIV vaccine design.
Network-Coded Multiple Access II: Toward Real-Time Operation With Improved Performance (2014)

This paper presents a first real-time network-coded multiple access (NCMA) system that jointly exploits physical (PHY)-layer network coding (PNC) and multiuser decoding (MUD) to boost the throughput of a wireless local area network (WLAN). NCMA is a new design paradigm for multipacket reception wireless networks, in which the access point can receive and decode several packets simultaneously transmitted by multiple users. Conventionally, multipacket reception is realized using MUD only, whereas the key idea of NCMA is to use PNC together with MUD to realize multipacket reception. Although the feasibility of NCMA has previously been studied by the authors, our previous NCMA prototype was a version with offline signal processing. In addition, our previous investigation left open a number of theoretical and implementation issues, the resolution of which is critical to the adoption of NCMA in real practice. The current investigation makes the following state-of-the-art contributions toward NCMA: 1) we demonstrate a first NCMA system with integrated real-time PHY and MAC-layer decoding; 2) we construct a new unified framework for MAC-layer decoding that yields higher throughput with faster decoding-the faster decoding is one of the key enablers of our real-time implementation; and 3) we design new PHY-layer decoding techniques that overcome the poor performance of the first-generation NCMA prototype at low SNR. Experimental results show that, compared with the previous NCMA prototype, our new NCMA prototype improves real-time throughput by more than 100% at medium-high SNR (≥ 8 dB).
Microfluidic Molecular Assay Platform for the Detection of miRNAs, mRNAs, Proteins, and Posttranslational Modifications at Single-Cell Resolution (2014)

Cell signaling is a dynamic and complex process. A typical signaling pathway may begin with activation of cell surface receptors, leading to activation of a kinase cascade that culminates in induction of messenger RNA (mRNA) and noncoding microRNA (miRNA) production in the nucleus, followed by modulation of mRNA expression by miRNAs in the cytosol, and end with production of proteins in response to the signaling pathway. Signaling pathways involve proteins, miRNA, and mRNAs, along with various forms of transient posttranslational modifications, and detecting each type of signaling molecule requires categorically different sample preparation methods such as Western blotting for proteins, PCR for nucleic acids, and flow cytometry for posttranslational modifications. Since we know that cells in populations behave heterogeneously,(1) especially in the cases of stem cells, cancer, and hematopoiesis, there is need for a new technology that provides capability to detect and quantify multiple categories of signaling molecules in intact single cells to provide a comprehensive view of the cell's physiological state. In this Technology Brief, we describe our automated microfluidic platform with a portfolio of customized molecular assays that can detect nucleic acids, proteins, and posttranslational modifications in single intact cells with >95% reduction in reagent requirement in under 8 h.