gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Substitution of tyrosine 293 of GLUT1 locks the transporter into an outward facing conformation (1994)

Tyrosines 292 and 293 in the mammalian glucose transporter GLUT1 have been substituted by either isoleucine or phenylalanine. Chinese hamster ovary clones that were transfected with Tyr-292-->Ile, Tyr-292-->Phe, Tyr-293-->Ile, and Tyr-293-->Phe constructs of GLUT1 were shown, by Western blotting and cell surface carbohydrate labeling, to have expression levels that were comparable with the wild type. The Vmax for 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport was markedly reduced only as a result of the Tyr-293-->Ile mutation. The ability of the Tyr-293-->Ile mutated GLUT1 to bind the exofacial ligand 2-N-4-(1-azi-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzoyl-1,3-bis-(D-mannos- 4-yloxy)-2- propylamine (ATB-BMPA) and the endofacial ligand cytochalasin B were assessed by photolabeling procedures. The ability to bind the bis-mannose compound was unimpaired, whereas the ability to bind cytochalasin B was totally abolished, and the level of labeling was lower than in the nontransfected clone. Affinities of the wild-type and Tyr-293-->Ile GLUT1 for D-glucose, the exofacial ligands (ATB-BMPA and 4,6-O-ethylidene-D-glucose), and the endofacial ligand (cytochalasin B) were assessed by the ability of these agents to displace the radioactive ATB-BMPA photolabel. These data indicated that the Tyr-293-->Ile substitution produced no change in the affinity for D-glucose, a relatively small enhancement in the affinity for exofacial ligands, but a large approximately 300-fold reduction in affinity for cytochalasin B, suggesting that the mutated GLUT1 is locked in an outward facing conformation. The observation that the Tyr-293-->Ile mutant transporter can bind nontransported C4 and C6 substituted hexose analogues but cannot catalyze transport is interpreted as indicating that Tyr-293 is involved in closing the exofacial site around C4 and C6 of D-glucose in the transport catalysis process.
Digital Television Fundamentals: Design and Installation of Video and Audio Systems (1997)

Chapter 1. Basics of Television. Chapter 2. Analog Video Fundamentals. Chapter 3. Digital Video Fundamentals. Chapter 4. Elements of Acoustics. Chapter 5. Analog Audio Fundamentals. Chapter 6. Digital Audio Fundamentals. Chapter 7. Bit-Serial Signal Distribution and Ancillary Data Multiplexing. Chapter 8. Digital Signal Compression and Distribution. Chapter 9. Computers and Television. Chapter 10. Multimedia and Television. Chapter 11. Advanced Television (ATV) Concepts. Chapter 12. Transition to DTV. Index.
Relations between intracellular ions and energy metabolism: a study with monensin in synaptosomes, neurons, and C6 glioma cells (1991)

Treatment of rat brain synaptosomes with 10 microM monensin stimulated activity of the Na/K pump, which enhanced oxygen consumption and lactate production. Glycolytic flux was also increased independently of the pump activation by a fall in [H+]i. Under such conditions, glycolysis provided 26% of ATP for the ouabain-sensitive ATPase, a value substantially greater than the 4% obtained in veratridine-treated preparations (Erecińska and Dagani, 1990). In C6 glioma cells, a glia-derived line endowed with high rates of aerobic lactate synthesis, the cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP generation contributed 50% each for the support of the pump in the presence of 10 microM monensin. The fraction of energy utilized by the pump was greater in synaptosomes than in C6 cells. Enhancement of ion movements was accompanied by changes in the levels of high-energy phosphate compounds. Measurements with ion-sensitive microelectrodes in C6 cells and cultured neurons showed that monensin caused an increase in pHi by 0.4-0.5 unit and a parallel rise in [Na+]i. The increases in [Na+]i were about twofold in both types of cells, but the absolute values attained were much higher in neurons (40-50 mM) than in C6 cells (10-12 mM). Membrane potentials transiently declined by less than 10 mV and returned to their original values after 20 min of treatment. Rises in [Ca2+]i were small in neurons as well as in C6 cells. These changes could be explained by the known mechanism and/or consequences of monensin action. In contrast, in synaptosomes monensin caused an internal alkalinization of 0.1-0.15 pH unit, a large depolarization of the plasma membrane, and massive leakage of potassium into the external medium. The decrease in plasma membrane potential was accompanied by an increase in [Ca/+]i and release of the neurotransmitter amino acids GABA, aspartate, and glutamate. The depolarization and loss of K+ were unaffected by calcium withdrawal, replacement of chloride with gluconate, and addition of 1 mM 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilebene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), but was markedly attenuated by elimination of Na+. It is proposed that in synaptosomes monensin and/or the consequences of its action open a nonspecific cation channel that allows Na+ entry and K+ exit, with a consequent decrease in membrane potential.
Thermo-optic effects in multicore fibers for high-power lasers (2020)

Multi-core fibers (MCFs) are promising solutions for high power fiber based devices as they reduce nonlinearity and other unwanted detrimental effects, like transverse mode instability, by transporting, instead of a single high power beam, several low-powered ones to be coherently combined at the fiber output. This method relies on accurate evaluation of the phase differences between signals in different cores, which are significantly impacted by changes in the effective index of the propagating modes. For this to be effective, spatial heat generation must be accounted for. In particular, the heat flux from the doped cores to the external boundary causes a temperature gradient across the fiber, which affects the refractive index distribution, creating the chance for effective index change and thus dephasing of the output beams, which is harmful for beam combining. The results of in-depth numerical analysis on the performance of 9-core and 16-core MCFs under thermal effects are presented by studying the mode phase sensitivity to heat load and by introducing a coupled-mode theory model to study possible optical coupling effects. The effectively single-mode condition is also investigated by calculating the core modal overlap differences between fundamental and higher-order modes.
Communication Style, Self Efficacy, Emotional Regulation, and Ways of Coping among Nursing Students (2008)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship among communication style, self efficacy, emotional regulation, and ways of coping in nursing students. Methods: Data was collected by questionnaires from 182 nursing students in a university in Seoul, Korea. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and pearson correlation coefficients. Results: The score of tell communication style (self disclosure) showed significantly positive correlations with the score of self efficacy (r=.44, <i>p</i>=.000), emotion regulation-active type (r=.36, <i>p</i>=.000), support-seek type (r=.37, <i>p</i>=.000), active cognitive coping (r=.49, <i>p</i>=.000), and active behavioral coping (r=.36, <i>p</i>=.000). The ask communication style (feedback solicitation) showed significantly positive correlations with the score of self efficacy (r=.38, <i>p</i>=.000), emotion regulation-active type (r=.33, <i>p</i>=.000), support-seek type (r=.36, <i>p</i>=.000), active cognitive coping (r=.41, <i>p</i>=.000), and active behavioral coping (r=.34, <i>p</i>=.000). There was a positive correlation between emotion regulation and active cognitive coping (r=.45, <i>p</i>=.000), and active behavioral coping (r=.36, <i>p</i>=.000).Conclusion: This study showed that communication styles significantly correlate with self efficacy, emotion regulation, and active coping ways among nursing students.
A Diagnostic Serum Antibody Test for Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis (2015)

Measurement of the immune response against S aureus with this diagnostic tool may help guide future studies on prophylaxis and therapy in an era of personalized medicine and pathogen-specific therapies.
A novel missense mutation in ABCA1 results in altered protein trafficking and reduced phosphatidylserine translocation in a patient with Scott syndrome (2005)

Scott syndrome (SS) is a bleeding disorder characterized by a failure to expose phosphatidylserine (PS) to the outer leaflet of the platelet plasma membrane. Because the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is implicated in the exofacial translocation of PS, we assessed its role in the pathophysiology of a patient with SS. Substantially reduced levels of ABCA1 mRNA were found in the patient's leukocytes, compared with controls. The SS patient was heterozygous for a novel missense mutation c.6064G>A (ABCA1 R1925Q), absent from unaffected family members and controls. Both mutant and wild-type alleles were reduced in mRNA expression, and no causative mutation for this phenomenon was identified in the ABCA1 gene or its proximal promoter, suggesting a putative second mutation in a trans-acting regulatory gene may also be involved in the disorder in this patient. In vitro expression studies showed impaired trafficking of ABCA1 R1925Q to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of wild-type ABCA1 in SS lymphocytes complemented the Ca2+-dependent PS exposure at the cell surface. These data identify a mutation in ABCA1 that contributes to the defective PS translocation phenotype in our patient with SS.
Anacardic acid induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells (2013)

Anacardic acid (AA) is a constituent of the cashew nut shell and is known as an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). We investigated the cytotoxicity of AA on cancer cells and more experiments to reveal the cell death mechanism focused on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells for our interest in lung cancer. To examine the molecular mechanism of cell death in AA treated A549 cells, we performed experiments such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blot analysis, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), genomic DNA extraction and staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). For the first time we revealed that AA induces caspase-independent apoptosis with no inhibition of cytotoxicity by pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk, in A549 cells. Our results showed the possibility of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis through the activation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and an intrinsic pathway executioner such as cytochrome c. This study will be helpful in revealing the cell death mechanisms and in developing potential drugs for lung cancer using AA.
Logic Compatible High-Performance Ferroelectric Transistor Memory (2022)

Silicon channel ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) with low-k interfacial layer (IL) between ferroelectric and silicon channel suffers from high write voltage, limited write endurance and long read-after-write latency. This is due to early IL breakdown and mobile charge injection at the ferroelectric-IL interface. Here, we demonstrate low voltage, high speed memory operation with high write endurance using an IL-free back-end-of-line (BEOL) compatible FeFET. We fabricated IL-free FeFETs with 28nm channel length (Lg) and 126nm width under a thermal budget < 400<sup>0</sup> C by integrating 5nm Hf<sub>0.5</sub>Zr<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (HZO) gate stack with amorphous Indium Tungsten Oxide (IWO) semiconductor channel. We report a voltage memory window of 1.6V with a read current window <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\textit {LVT}}{/}{I}_{\textit {HVT}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 10<sup>5</sup>, write voltage of ±1.6V with 20ns pulses, instantaneous read-after-write latency < 300ns and a record high write endurance exceeding 10<sup>11</sup> cycles. This establishes the IL-free BEOL FeFET as a promising candidate for logic-compatible high-performance last-level cache memory.
Hydroxyl radical formation in aqueous reactions (pH 3-8) of iron(II) with hydrogen peroxide: the photo-Fenton reaction (1992)

Kinetics studies of the indirect photooxidation of trace hydroxyl radical (<sup>̇</sup>OH) probes in aqueous solutions were used to evaluate the nature and formation efficiency of the transient oxidants that are generated when hydrogen peroxide reacts with Fe(II) that is produced from photoreduction of Fe(III) (λ = 436 nm). Results of studies of these "photo-Fenton reactions" under various test conditions are in good agreement with the hypothesis that Fe<sup>2+</sup> and its oxalate, citrate, and phosphate complexes react with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> efficiently to produce <sup>̇</sup>OH in water at pH values ranging from 3 to 8. Such reactions involving Fe(II) and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> provide a generally important pathway for oxidations in the environment and possibly for the treatment of contaminated waters.
Improving a statistical MT system with automatically learned rewrite patterns (2004)

Current clump-based statistical MT systems have two limitations with respect to word ordering: First, they lack a mechanism for expressing and using generalization that accounts for reorderings of linguistic phrases. Second, the ordering of target words in such systems does not respect linguistic phrase boundaries. To address these limitations, we propose to use automatically learned rewrite patterns to preprocess the source sentences so that they have a word order similar to that of the target language. Our system is a hybrid one. The basic model is statistical, but we use broad-coverage rule-based parsers in two ways - during training for learning rewrite patterns, and at runtime for reordering the source sentences. Our experiments show 10% relative improvement in Bleu measure.
Continuous annular chromatography: General characterization and application for the isolation of recombinant protein drugs (2002)

Abstract Isolation of recombinant protein drugs from cell culture supernatant is usually performed in batch mode, even if the fermentation process itself is continuous. As a novel approach, continuous separation techniques like continuous annular chromatography (CAC) can be used for continuous isolation. The potential of CAC for industrial application is demonstrated by continuous isolation of rFVIII from cell culture supernatant in pilot scale (i.e., 144–288 l/day). Thirty‐fold concentration can be achieved at 94% yield, while purity is increased 3–5‐fold. For this a batch direct feed ion exchange chromatography method was adapted to a commercial preparative CAC system (P‐CAC). A headspace loading technique was used to maximize the concentration factor, while buffer incompatibility problems were addressed by a specifically modified inlet geometry. To allow sterile on‐line coupling to FVIII‐producing perfusion fermenters, an autoclavable pilot scale P‐CAC prototype was developed. General characterization of P‐CAC revealed a current limitation of the technology, i.e., variations in the outlet flow rates of up to ±20%. These flow variations are shown to be caused mainly by a nonuniform annular resin bed and in turn result in “peak wobbling,” i.e., the slight variation of peak position (up to ±4°) and shape (e.g., A s = 0.9–1.4) as a specific function of column position. Some additional peak broadening, although less significant, is caused by a “peak oscillation” effect that results from the necessary segmentation of flow into discrete outlets. Both effects are only measurable if peaks are either monitored continuously or at least measured at multiple column positions. For isolation processes, these nonideal flow phenomena mean that more outlet streams have to be collected in order to achieve maximum yield and thus the achievable concentration factor is somewhat lower than the theoretical maximum. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 559–568, 2002.
The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis (2010)

Obesity is characterised by altered gut microbiota, low-grade inflammation and increased endocannabinoid (eCB) system tone; however, a clear connection between gut microbiota and eCB signalling has yet to be confirmed. Here, we report that gut microbiota modulate the intestinal eCB system tone, which in turn regulates gut permeability and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. The impact of the increased plasma LPS levels and eCB system tone found in obesity on adipose tissue metabolism (e.g. differentiation and lipogenesis) remains unknown. By interfering with the eCB system using CB(1) agonist and antagonist in lean and obese mouse models, we found that the eCB system controls gut permeability and adipogenesis. We also show that LPS acts as a master switch to control adipose tissue metabolism both in vivo and ex vivo by blocking cannabinoid-driven adipogenesis. These data indicate that gut microbiota determine adipose tissue physiology through LPS-eCB system regulatory loops and may have critical functions in adipose tissue plasticity during obesity.
IL-33 is negatively associated with the BMI and confers a protective lipid/metabolic profile in non-diabetic but not diabetic subjects (2014)

Our data support previous findings showing a protective role for IL-33 against adiposity and atherosclerosis, and further suggest that reduced levels of IL-33 may put certain individuals at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Therefore, IL-33 may serve as a novel marker to predict those who may be at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis.
A View of the Hydrophobic Effect (2001)

Oil and water do not mix. The disaffinity of oil for water, with its unusual temperature dependence, is called the hydrophobic effect. It is important to understand the factors underlying the hydrophobic effect because they appear to play key roles in membrane and micelle formation, protein folding, ligand-protein and protein−protein binding, chromatographic retention, possibly nucleic acid interactions, and the partitioning of drugs, metabolites, and toxins throughout the environment and living systems. Here, we survey experimental and theoretical studies of nonpolar solute partitioning into water. We note that the hydrophobic effect is not just due to "water ordering" and not merely due to small size effects of water. The properties vary substantially with temperature and solute shape. Also, we discuss the limitations of using oil/water partitioning as the basis for some thermodynamic models in chemistry and biology.
Left ventricular myocardial blood flow in multivessel coronary artery disease. (1982)

The relationship between resting left ventricular (LV) myocardial blood flow (MBF) and hemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption was investigated in 15 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) and in 10 patients with normal coronary arteriograms. Mean LV MBF per unit mass of tissue was measured with a multicrystal scintillation camera from the regional clearance rates of xenon-133 injected into the left main coronary artery. Peak LV wall stress, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf), rate of ejection during the first third of systole (1/3 SV), LV ejection fraction (EF), and the ratio of peak LV systolic pressure to LV end-systolic volume were measured by contrast left ventriculography. Mean LV MBF per unit mass was significantly reduced (48 +/- 11 vs 67 +/- 12 ml/100 g.min; p less than 0.01) in patients with multivessel CAD. However, none of the patients with CAD experienced chest pain or had electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia during the resting MBF measurements. Ejection phase indexes were lower in the patients with CAD: LVEF (56 +/- 10% vs 64 +/- 7%, p less than 0.05); 1/3 SV (35 +/- 3 vs 44 +/- 4%, p less than 0.05); and mean Vcf (1.05 +/- 0.30 vs 1.19 +/- 0.27 circ/sec, NS). LV wall thickness (9.8 +/- 1.9 vs 7.5 +/- 1.4 mm, p less than 0.01) and LV mass index (94 +/- 32 vs 64 +/- 17 g/m2, p less than 0.05) were significantly increased in the patients with CAD, accounting for the reduction in peak LV wall stress (276 +/- 73 vs 373 +/- 91 dyn-cm-2 x 10(-3), p less than 0.05) observed in these patients. Multiple regression analysis indicated that indexes of three of the major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption explained 65% of the variation in MBF in patients with CAD: peak LV stress, mean Vcf and heart rate. After adjustment for these three indexes, the average LV MBF rates were not significantly different in the two patient groups (54.8 +/- 1.8 vs 57.6 +/- 2.3 ml/100 g.min). In both groups, resting LV MBF/beat correlated most highly with peak LV wall stress (r = 0.79). Thus, the reduction in LV MBF per unit mass observed in patients with multivessel CAD at rest is related to lower levels of hemodynamic variables that determine myocardial oxygen consumption. Peak LV wall stress is the most important hemodynamic variable determining the level of resting MBF in patients with and without CAD.
A TRPA1 inhibitor suppresses neurogenic inflammation and airway contraction for asthma treatment (2021)

Despite the development of effective therapies, a substantial proportion of asthmatics continue to have uncontrolled symptoms, airflow limitation, and exacerbations. Transient receptor potential cation channel member A1 (TRPA1) agonists are elevated in human asthmatic airways, and in rodents, TRPA1 is involved in the induction of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Here, the discovery and early clinical development of GDC-0334, a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TRPA1 antagonist, is described. GDC-0334 inhibited TRPA1 function on airway smooth muscle and sensory neurons, decreasing edema, dermal blood flow (DBF), cough, and allergic airway inflammation in several preclinical species. In a healthy volunteer Phase 1 study, treatment with GDC-0334 reduced TRPA1 agonist-induced DBF, pain, and itch, demonstrating GDC-0334 target engagement in humans. These data provide therapeutic rationale for evaluating TRPA1 inhibition as a clinical therapy for asthma.
Computational analysis of open loop handwriting movements in Parkinson's disease: A rapid method to detect dopamimetic effects (1996)

We used a computational analysis of open loop handwriting movements and a clinical rating scale for monitoring the effect of apomorphine in 16 patients with early untreated parkinsonism [subsequently L-DOPA responsive, probable Parkinson's disease (PD)], six patients with long-standing PD with L-DOPA associated motor fluctuations, and seven patients with known L-DOPA unresponsive parkinsonism. Subjects were instructed to write fluently concentric circles of approximately 12 mm in diameter. Movements were recorded for two periods of 3 s each, using a digitizing tablet. Mean peak velocity (Vmax) and mean peak acceleration (Amax) were determined. In addition, two sensitive indices describing the degree of automation of handwriting were derived: (a) NCV, calculated as the mean Number of Changes in direction of Velocity per half circle, and (b) NCA, the mean Number of Changes in the direction of Acceleration. Clinical rating was performed according to the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS III). After apomorphine injection, the patients with early untreated probable PD showed significant improvement of Vmax, Amax, NCV, NCA, and UPDRS III scores. Likewise, the patients with long-standing PD improved significantly in all kinematic parameters and UPDRS III scores. Patients with L-DOPA unresponsive parkinsonism failed to change significantly in any of the parameters tested. These observations suggest that the computer-assisted analysis of automated handwriting movements can be used as an objective quick method for quantifying dopamimetic effects on the kinematics of handwriting movements in parkinsonian patients.