gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electronic gears for electric vehicles with wheel motor (2005)

A novel electronic gearing is proposed in the propulsion system for an electric vehicle driven directly by a wheel motor. This electronic gearing assembles the parallel and serial connections of batteries and motor windings into four gears to accommodate various driving patterns in the permissible range of speed and torque. The objectives of this invention are to extend the speed range of constant power, as well as to improve the driving performance and efficiency of the vehicle. The proposed electronic gearing is tested on a dynamometer to simulate the ECE40 driving pattern, and the driving range is estimated by measuring the state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries, which are normally used as the power source of electric vehicles. The experimental results show that the efficiency increases in terms of the driving range of electric vehicles.
ER Stress, Hypoxia Tolerance and Tumor Progression (2006)

The development of chronic and fluctuating hypoxic regions in tumors has profound consequences for malignant progression, response to therapy and overall patient survival. Understanding the events involved in hypoxia tolerance will offer new opportunities for antitumor modalities. A universal response of tumor cells to hypoxia is a rapid and substantial decrease in the rates of macromolecular synthesis. Hypoxia induces phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha on Ser51 via activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident kinase PERK and that this modification is required for the rapid downregulation of global protein synthesis by this hypoxic stress. PERK-dependent phosphorylation of eIF2alpha is one component of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), a coordinated program that promotes cell survival under conditions of ER stress. Inactivation of PERK or eIF2alpha phosphorylation impairs cell survival under hypoxia, and transformed cells with inactivating PERK or eIF2alpha mutations form tumors in nude mice that are slower growing, and have higher levels of apoptosis in hypoxic areas compared to tumors with an intact UPR. Expression of the transcription factor ATF4, a downstream effector of eIF2alpha phosphorylation, is also upregulated by hypoxia in vitro and in human tumors and increases hypoxia tolerance. A second UPR pathway mediated by activation of IRE1 and its downstream target XBP1 is also required for hypoxia tolerance in vitro and for tumor growth. These results reveal a critical role for UPR activation for tumor cell resistance to hypoxia and tumor growth promotion and suggest that the UPR may be an attractive target for anti-tumor modalities.
A novel active real-time digital-beamforming imager for personnel screening (2012)

Personnel screening is an essential requirement nowadays for securing air traffic as well as critical infrastructures. Several passive and active imaging systems based on millimeter wave technologies were developed to address the demanded security needs. A novel active near-field imager based on two-dimensional sparse array architecture combined with digital-beamforming technique is demonstrated here. The system is fully electronic, and hence operates in real-time to deliver fully focused three-dimensional images of high dynamic range and resolution. A 2 m times 1 m imager is built and demonstrated full agreement with the theoretical design. The imaging concept, measurement technique, and various imaging results are presented.
A 14mW 2.5MS/s 14bit Sigma-Delta Modulator Using Pseudo-Differential Split-Path Cascode Amplifiers (2006)

Switched-capacitor biased pseudo-differential split-path cascode amplifiers are proposed to achieve high power efficiency and small die area for a 14-bit 2.5MS/s DeltaSigma modulator. Sufficient power supply rejection is maintained through the biasing circuit. A novel signal and reference sampling network eliminates input common-mode voltages and relaxes op-amp linearity requirements, making it possible to use short channel length transistors for speed and power efficiency. A prototype chip is fabricated in a 0.25mum CMOS technology with a core area of 0.27mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Experimental results show that 84dB dynamic range is achieved with the 1.25MHz signal bandwidth when clocked at 120MHz. The power dissipation is 14mW at 2.5V including the on-chip voltage reference buffers
Longer-than-seam-height drill development program. Report of investigations, 1978 (1978)

Under the conditions of these 2-year dermal studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate in male F344/N rats administered 50 or 100 mg/kg. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity in female F344/N rats based on a marginal increase in the incidences of renal tubule neoplasms. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatic and renal tubule neoplasms and in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatic neoplasms. These increases were associated with the concentration of free diethanolamine present as a contaminant in the diethanolamine condensate. Exposure of rats to coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate by dermal application in ethanol for 2 years resulted in epidermal hyperplasia, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and parakeratosis in males and females and ulcer in females at the site of application. There were increases in the incidences of chronic inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, and epithelial ulcer in the forestomach of female rats. The severities of nephropathy in dosed female rats were increased. Exposure of mice to coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate by dermal application for 2 years resulted in increased incidences of eosinophilic foci of the liver in males. Increased incidences of epidermal hyperplasia, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, and hyperkeratosis in males and females, ulcer in males, and parakeratosis and inflammation in females at the site of application and of follicular cell hyperplasia in the thyroid gland of males and females were chemical related.
Virus Passage through Track-Etch Membranes Modified by Salinity and a Nonionic Surfactant (1999)

Why do viruses sometimes not pass through larger pores in track-etch filters? Increasing the salinity (0.8 to 160 mM Na+) decreased phiX174 and PRD1 passage through track-etch polycarbonate membranes (sodium dodecyl sulfate coated but not polyvinylpyrrolidone coated) and PRD1 passage through polyester membranes. Undiminished passage when 0.1% Tween 80 was added implied that nonionic virus adsorption occurred and indicated that high levels of salinity decreased virus passage by decreasing electrostatic repulsion that prevented adsorption.
Thermosetting polyurethane multiwalled carbon nanotube composites (2007)

Abstract Thermosetting polyurethane (PU) multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites at loadings up to 1 wt % were prepared via an addition polymerization reaction. The morphology of the nanocomposites and degree of dispersion of the MWCNTs was studied using a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and revealed the nanotubes to be highly dispersed in the PU matrix. Addition of just 0.1 wt % MWCNTs resulted in significant enhancements in stiffness, strength and toughness. Increases in Young's modulus, % elongation at break and ultimate tensile strength of 561, 302 and 397% were measured for the nanocomposites compared to the unfilled PU. The effect of the MWCNTs on the modulus of the PU was evaluated using the Rule of Mixtures, Krenchel and Halpin‐Tsai models. Only the Halpin‐Tsai model applied to high aspect ratio nanotubes was in good agreement with the modulus values determined experimentally. Strong interfacial shear stress was found between PU chains and nanotubes, up to 439 MPa, calculated using a modified Kelly‐Tyson model. Evidence for strong interfacial interactions was obtained from the Raman spectra of both the precursor materials and nanocomposites. When the MWCNTs were added to the isophorone diisocyanate an up‐shift of 14 cm −1 and on average 40 cm −1 was obtained for the position of the carbon‐hydrogen (CH) out‐of plane bending (766 cm −1 ) and isocyanate symmetric stretch (1420 cm −1 ) modes respectively. Moreover, an up‐shift of 24 cm −1 was recorded for the nanotube tangential mode (G‐band) for the 1.0 wt % nanocomposite because of the compressive forces of the PU matrix acting on the MWCNTs. The dynamic mechanical (DMA) properties of the PU thermoset and the nanocomposites were measured as a function of temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Oxidative Decarboxylation of 2-Aryl Carboxylic Acids Using (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene for Preparation of Aryl Aldehydes, Ketones, and Nitriles (2010)

A novel synthetic application of the hypervalent iodine reagent, (diacetoxyiodo)benzene, and catalytic amount of sodium azide in acetonitrile for oxidative decarboxylation of 2-aryl carboxylic acids into corresponding aldehydes, ketones, and nitriles at room temperature is described. The advantages of this protocol are shorter reaction times and mild reaction conditions to obtain moderate to good yields
DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest: a hallmark of apoptosis induced by crocin from kashmiri saffron in a human pancreatic cancer cell line. (2010)

Our preclinical study demonstrated a pancreatic cancer cell line to be highly sensitive to crocin-mediated growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death. Although the molecular mechanisms of crocin action are not yet clearly understood, it appears to have potential as a therapeutic agent.
Central nervous system metastasis from breast carcinoma autopsy study (1983)

Central nervous system (CNS) metastasis was noted in 309 patients of 1044 autopsy cases of breast carcinoma. The brain was involved in 193 cases, and cranial dura in 167 cases. In 82 cases, the cranial dura was the sole site of CNS involvement. Metastasis to the leptomeninges was found in 59 cases, and to the spinal cord and dura in 32 cases. Metastases to the infratentorial portion of the brain was almost as frequent as to the cerebrum. Forty-two percent of the brain metastasis were single lesions, which is similar to the frequency of solitary metastasis to the brain from malignant tumors as a whole. CNS metastasis occurred more frequently in younger patients than older patients, and the clinical course of these patients was shorter than for those patients without CNS metastasis. CNS metastasis developed in the late stage of the disease, and often was not recognized clinically. Only 31% of the cases were clinically diagnosed or suspected before death. A median survival of these patients after clinical diagnosis of CNS metastasis was 33 days. However, a significant improvement was noted in the clinical diagnosis and median survival in the latter half of the study period. Eleven patients lived for more than 1 year after diagnosis of CNS metastasis. Only 14% of the 309 patients died from CNS failure.
Side collision warning systems for transit buses (2002)

Transit buses are involved in many more accidents than other vehicles. Collision warning systems (CWS) are therefore placed most efficiently on these buses. In our project, we investigate their operating environment and available technologies to develop performance specifications for such CWS. The paper discusses our findings of transit buses driving through very cluttered surroundings and being involved in many different types of accidents where currently available CWS no not work effectively. One of the focuses of our work is pedestrians around the bus and their detection.
Glycopeptide dendrimers, Part III—a review: Use of glycopeptide dendrimers in immunotherapy and diagnosis of cancer and viral diseases (2008)

Glycopeptide dendrimers containing different types of tumor associated-carbohydrate antigens (T(N), TF, sialyl-T(N), sialyl-TF, sialyl-Le(x), sialyl-Le(a) etc.) were used in diagnosis and therapy of different sorts of cancer. These dendrimeric structures with incorporated T-cell epitopes and adjuvants can be used as antitumor vaccines. Best results were obtained with multiantigenic vaccines, containing, e.g. five or six different TAAs. The topic of TAAs and their dendrimeric forms at molecular level are reviewed, including structure, syntheses, and biological activities. Use of glycopeptide dendrimers as antiviral vaccines against HIV and influenza is also described. Their syntheses, physico-chemical properties, and biological activities are given with many examples.
All-optical wavelength conversion of short pulses and NRZ signals based on a nonlinear optical loop mirror (2000)

Wavelength conversion of short pulses at 10 GHz based on a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) is experimentally and numerically investigated for the case of small group velocity dispersion and walkoff between the control pulses and continuous lightwaves. Experimental and numerical simulation results show that the pulsewidths of the converted signals at different wavelengths are almost the same, and the pulsewidths are compressed when the peak power of the control pulse is smaller than a certain value. An RZ optical source containing eight wavelengths having a high sidemode suppression ratio, equal amplitudes and almost the same pulsewidths is obtained by using wavelength conversion in a NOLM consisting of a common dispersion shifted fiber. 10 Gb/s NRZ wavelength conversion based on the NOLM is demonstrated for the first time and certain conclusions in some of the references are confirmed by our experimental results.
Multiple domain structure in a chitinase gene (chiC) of Streptomyces lividans (1993)

One of the chitinases of Streptomyces lividans, chitinase C, was encoded by a 2 kb smaI-XhoI restriction fragment contained in the recombinant plasmid pEMJ7. DNA sequence analysis of this region revealed the presence of two open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2) which had opposite orientations. Northern analysis showed that only the mRNA complementary to ORF1 was transcribed, and that this transcription was induced by chitin and repressed by glucose. ORF1 showed a codon distribution typical of Streptomyces. A sequence identical to that of the N-terminus of mature secreted chitinase C was found from amino acid residue 31 in the deduced amino acid sequence of ORF1 (619 amino acids), implying that ORF1 encodes a pre-protein of chitinase C. The pre-protein of chitinase C consisted of four discrete domains. The 30 amino acid N-terminal sequence, domain 1, was characteristic of a signal peptide. Domain 2 consisted of 105 N-terminal amino acids of mature chitinase C, and was similar to cellulose-binding domains of several cellulases. Domain 3 (94 amino acids) showed homology with type III homology units of fibronectin. Domain 4, a C-terminal 390 amino acid sequence, is probably the catalytic domain of the chitinase, since it exhibited identity with several other chitinolytic enzymes.
Performance targets, models and innovation in interactive system design (2000)

This paper presents an approach to designing interactive systems that enables critical performance parameters to be identified and models of performance to be constructed. The methods described are intended to enable designers to improve the performance of systems, and the provision of performance targets is expected to encourage innovation in design. An example is quoted in which digital camera technology was applied to the support of authors using paper source documents, to enable them to capture source text more rapidly and thus increase their productivity, measured in terms of words per hour. A model of the capture task was constructed, and was used to set a target time for capturing short text segments. This target was presented to a design team, who responded with an innovative interface incorporating auto-completion. A prototype auto-completion tool demonstrated that the performance target could be met.
Study and Handling Methods of Power IGBT Module Failures in Power Electronic Converter Systems (2014)

Power electronics plays an important role in a wide range of applications in order to achieve high efficiency and performance. Increasing efforts are being made to improve the reliability of power electronics systems to ensure compliance with more stringent constraints on cost, safety, and availability in different applications. This paper presents an overview of the major failure mechanisms of IGBT modules and their handling methods in power converter systems improving reliability. The major failure mechanisms of IGBT modules are presented first, and methods for predicting lifetime and estimating the junction temperature of IGBT modules are then discussed. Subsequently, different methods for detecting open- and short-circuit faults are presented. Finally, fault-tolerant strategies for improving the reliability of power electronic systems under field operation are explained and compared in terms of performance and cost.
Typing on flat glass (2011)

Touch screen surfaces large enough for ten-finger input have become increasingly popular, yet typing on touch screens pales in comparison to physical keyboards. We examine typing patterns that emerge when expert users of physical keyboards touch-type on a flat surface. Our aim is to inform future designs of touch screen keyboards, with the ultimate goal of supporting touch-typing with limited tactile feedback. To study the issues inherent to flat-glass typing, we asked 20 expert typists to enter text under three conditions: (1) with no visual keyboard and no feedback on input errors, then (2) with and (3) without a visual keyboard, but with some feedback. We analyzed touch contact points and hand contours, looking at attributes such as natural finger positioning, the spread of hits among individual keys, and the pattern of non-finger touches. We also show that expert typists exhibit spatially consistent key press distributions within an individual, which provides evidence that eyes-free touch-typing may be possible on touch surfaces and points to the role of personalization in such a solution. We conclude with implications for design.
Mutations of the RNase H C Helix of the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase Reveal Defects in Polypurine Tract Recognition (2002)

Both the RNase H domain of Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) reverse transcriptase (RT) and Escherichia coli RNase H possess a positively charged alpha-helix (C helix) and a loop that are not present in the RNase H domains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RT or avian sarcoma virus RT. Although a mutant Mo-MLV RT lacking the C helix (DeltaC RT) retains DNA polymerase activity on homopolymeric substrates and partial RNase H activity, reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome in vivo is defective. To identify the essential features of the C helix, a panel of Mo-MLV RT mutants was generated. Analyses of these mutant viruses revealed the importance of residues H594, I597, R601, and G602. The mutants were tested for their ability to synthesize viral DNA after acute infections and to form proper 5' and 3' viral DNA ends. The mutant RTs were tested in vitro for exogenous RT activity, minus-strand strong-stop DNA synthesis in endogenous RT reactions, nonspecific RNase H activity, and finally, proper cleavage at the polypurine tract-U3 junction. The R601A mutant was the most defective mutant both in vivo and in vitro and possessed very little RNase H activity. The H594A, I597A, and G602A mutants had significant reductions in RNase H activity and in their rates of viral replication. Many of the mutants formed improper viral DNA ends and were less efficient in PPT-U3 recognition and cleavage in vitro. The data show that the C helix plays a crucial role for overall RNase H cleavage activity. The data also suggest that the C helix may play an important role in polypurine tract recognition and proper formation of the plus-strand DNA's 5' end.
Zur Übersetzung grundlegender Konzepte von A.T. Still: Soul (2006)

In Stills Schriften gibt es keine entfaltete Seelenlehre oder Psychologie. Das steht im Kontrast zu Bereitwilligkeit vieler Osteopathen psychotechnische Interventionen in die Behandlung einzubeziehen. Gab es für Still Ansätze einer osteo-pathischen Psychologie oder gilt sein Interesse vielmehr einer religös-spirituellen Seelenerkenntnis?
Building Larger YACs by Recombination (1995)

Despite the relatively large cloning capacity of YACs, many genomic regions or individual genes are not cloned intact, but are represented as a collection of overlapping clones or contigs. Fortunately, the relatively high frequency and fidelity of homologous recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used to reconstruct intact genes within a single clone by splicing together overlapping DNA segments. This unit describes two protocols for carrying out such homologous recombination; one relies on the meiotic phase of the yeast cycle, while the other utilizes the mitotic phase of the yeast life cycle. Despite the relatively large cloning capacity of YACs, many genomic regions or individual genes are not cloned intact.
Implementation of OpenVG 1.0 using OpenGL ES (2007)

OpenVG 1.0 is a 2D vector graphics standard and its API (Application Programming Interface) was released by the Khronos Group. In this paper, we introduce our OpenVG 1.0 implementation, accelerated by OpenGL ES 1.x hardware. Our implementation is an efficient and cost-effective way of accelerating OpenVG, fully utilizing the existing hardware in current embedded systems. Conclusively, our OpenVG implementation shows dramatically outstanding performance with low power consumption.
Phase behaviour and structure of polymer surfactants in aqueous solution. The occurrence of lyotropic nematic phases (1985)

Abstract The binary phase diagrams are analyzed in aqueous solutions of monomeric, non‐ionic surfactants and the corresponding polysiloxanes having attached the surfactants as side chains via the hydrophobic parts of the amphiphiles. In contrast to common surfactants these hydrophobic parts additionally contain a rigid, mesogenic biphenyl moiety. While the polymeric surfactants exhibit hexagonal and lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline phases, similarly to the low‐molar‐mass surfactants, two important results have to be emphasized: (i) The liquid crystalline phase regions are markedly extended with respect to concentration and temperature compared with the corresponding monomers, as shown in a similar way for thermotropic polymer liquid crystals. (ii) The phase sequence of the polymorphic liquid crystalline phases can be changed by polymerization. While for the systems under investigation the monomeric surfactant exhibits a cubic phase, the polymeric surfactant shows no cubic but a nematic phase in front of the hexagonal phase at low surfactant concentration. The nematic phase of the polymeric surfactant is the first example for a nematic phase, which is formed for binary mixtures of non‐ionic surfactants and water.