gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical properties of water‐soluble, nonionic azo compounds as initiators for emulsion polymerization (1996)

Four kinds of water-soluble, nonionic azo compounds were studied in terms of their decomposition rate and initiator efficiency in radical polymerization, and then used for emulsion polymerization. They had relatively low initiator efficiency from 0.09 to 0.46. It was attributed to the susceptibility to a cage effect, depending on their molecular size and hydrophobicity. Four azo compounds initiated emulsion polymerization but nonionic latex particles were not obtained unexpectedly. Methanol-containing medium results in the formation of a bimodal particle size distribution as well as a bimodal molecular weight distribution. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Protective Effect of Sucrose and Sodium Chloride for <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> during Sublethal and Lethal High-Pressure Treatments (2004)

The bactericidal effect of hydrostatic pressure is reduced when bacteria are suspended in media with high osmolarity. To elucidate mechanisms responsible for the baroprotective effect of ionic and nonionic solutes, Lactococcus lactis was treated with pressures ranging from 200 to 600 MPa in a low-osmolarity buffer or with buffer containing 0.5 M sucrose or 4 M NaCl. Pressure-treated cells were characterized in order to determine viability, the transmembrane difference in pH (DeltapH), and multiple-drug-resistance (MDR) transport activity. Furthermore, pressure effects on the intracellular pH and the fluidity of the membrane were determined during pressure treatment. In the presence of external sucrose and NaCl, high intracellular levels of sucrose and lactose, respectively, were accumulated by L. lactis; 4 M NaCl and, to a lesser extent, 0.5 M sucrose provided protection against pressure-induced cell death. The transmembrane DeltapH was reversibly dissipated during pressure treatment in any buffer system. Sucrose but not NaCl prevented the irreversible inactivation of enzymes involved in pH homeostasis and MDR transport activity. In the presence 0.5 M sucrose or 4 M NaCl, the fluidity of the cytoplasmic membrane was maintained even at low temperatures and high pressure. These results indicate that disaccharides protect microorganisms against pressure-induced inactivation of vital cellular components. The protective effect of ionic solutes relies on the intracellular accumulation of compatible solutes as a response to the osmotic stress. Thus, ionic solutes provide only asymmetric protection, and baroprotection with ionic solutes requires higher concentrations of the osmolytes than of disaccharides.
CD14+ cell collection in non‐cytokine‐stimulated donors with the COM.TEC cell separator (2005)

A pure CD 14+ cell product with low numbers of residual cells was obtained by the PBSC-LYM program, which could be useful for good manufacturing practice-conformed production within closed systems. The MNC program offers the collection of high CD 14+ cell yields with excellent CEs but also high residual PLT counts.
Crystal Structures of the Binary and Ternary Complexes of 7α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase from <i>Escherichia coli</i><sup>,</sup> (1996)

7 alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7 alpha-HSDH;1 EC 1.1.1.159) is an NAD+-dependent oxidoreductase belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) 1 family. It catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a hydroxyl group at position 7 of the steroid skeleton of bile acids. The crystal structure of the binary (complexed with NAD+) complex of 7 alpha-HSDH has been solved at 2.3 A resolution by the multiple isomorphous replacement method. The structure of the ternary complex [the enzyme complexed with NADH, 7-oxoglycochenodeoxycholic acid (as a reaction product), and possibly partially glycochenodeoxycholic acid (as a substrate)] has been determined by a difference Fourier method at 1.8 A resolution. The enzyme 7 alpha-HSDH is an alpha/beta doubly wound protein having a Rossmann-fold domain for NAD (H) binding. Upon substrate binding, large conformation changes occur at the substrate binding loop (between the beta F strand and alpha G helix) and the C-terminal segment (residues 250-255). The variable amino acid sequences of the substrate-binding loop appear to be responsible for the wide variety of substrate specificities observed among the enzymes of the SDR family. The crystal structure of the ternary complex of 7 alpha-HSDH, which is the only structure available as the ternary complex among the enzymes of the SDR family, indicates that the highly conserved Tyr159 and Ser146 residues most probably directly interact with the hydroxyl group of the substrates although this observation cannot be definite due to an insufficiently characterized nature of the ternary complex. The strictly conserved Lys163 is hydrogen-bonded to both the 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups of the nicotinamide ribose of NAD(H). We propose a new catalytic mechanism possibly common to all the enzymes belonging to the SDR family in which a tyrosine residue (Tyr159) acts as a catalytic base and a serine residue (Ser146) plays a subsidiary role of stabilizing substrate binding.
SDM for Power-Efficient Undersea Transmission (2017)

We discuss space division multiplexing as a means of increasing link capacity for power limited transmission in undersea communication. Theoretical study of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers-based space division multiplexing (SDM) transmission shows the existence of optimal values of spectral efficiency, signal-to-noise ratio, and span length that maximize power efficiency. We experimentally confirm the existence of an optimal spectral efficiency and demonstrate power efficient SDM transmission using 12-core multicore fiber. Modulation format, amplifier, and link design are discussed in connection to SDM power efficient transmission.
RAD9 enhances radioresistance of human prostate cancer cells through regulation of ITGB1 protein levels (2014)

Downregulation of RAD9 when combined with ionizing radiation results in reduction of ITGB1 protein levels in prostate cancer cells, and increased lethality.
Self-organizing reservoir computing based on spiking-timing dependent plasticity and intrinsic plasticity mechanisms (2017)

Reservoir computing (RC) framework is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) with the ability of powerful computing performance for input sequences. Unlike traditional RNNs which train the connection weights by complex procedures, RC only uses the linear regression method to train its output weights, which is also much easier to implement. However, academic research of optimization of its structure topologies and learning rules is still insufficient. In this paper, we proposed a novel approach which combines spiking-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) and intrinsic plasticity (IP) for self-organizing spiking reservoir computing. Experiments using the Mackey-Glass time series testing benchmark show that the RC model by our method can converge to a stable state in a short period of time, and is effective terms of the computational accuracy.
Epidural analgesia in children. A survey of current opinions and practices amongst UK paediatric anaesthetists (2003)

There is wide variation in the practice of paediatric epidural analgesia in the UK. Inconsistencies are likely to be related to the poor evidence base available to guide clinical decision making and the lack of a specialized paediatric acute pain service in some centres. More research is required to determine the optimal management of epidural analgesia, and suitable clinical support for paediatric pain control should be more widely available.
ChemInform Abstract: ACETYLENES AND NOBLE‐METAL COMPOUNDS. PART 13. FORMATION OF CYCLOBUTADIENEPALLADIUM COMPLEXES FROM Σ,Π‐BUTADIENYL COMPLEXES IN THE PALLADIUM DICHLORIDE INDUCED DIMERIZATION OF TERT‐BUTYL(METHYL)ACETYLENE(4,4‐DIMETHYLPENT‐2‐YNE) (1979)

Abstract Die Reaktion des Acetylens (I) mit dem Pd‐Komplex (II) führt bei 20°C zu dem ionischen Cyclobutadien‐Komplex (III), der mit Pyridin zu dem Produkt (IV) abgebaut werden kann.
Linear and nonlinear components of human electroretinogram (1984)

We compared electroretinographic (ERG) responses to uniform-field and a variety of pattern stimuli using both transient and steady-state analyses. Evidence is provided that for all of these stimuli, the peak at high temporal frequencies in the steady-state response corresponds to the fast wave of the transient response and that the peak at low temporal frequencies corresponds to the slow wave of the step response. A variety of contrast-modulated grating stimuli were used to demonstrate that the fast, high-frequency response can be regarded as the sum of two components, an "odd-symmetric" component, which behaves linearly and is independent of spatial frequency, and an "even-symmetric" component, which behaves nonlinearly and has a band-pass spatial-frequency dependence. The prevailing distinction that is made between pattern and uniform-field ERGs is a consequence of the fact that the uniform-field ERG is dominated by the odd-symmetric (linear) component, whereas the so-called pattern (contrast reversal) ERG reveals the even-symmetric (nonlinear) component in isolation. Since a uniform field can also drive the nonlinear component, the present dichotomy ("luminance" versus "pattern") can be better understood in terms of the linear and nonlinear components of the response rather than in terms of the stimuli that produce them.
Modeling, Simulation, and Fabrication of a Fully Integrated, Acid‐stable, Scalable Solar‐Driven Water‐Splitting System (2015)

A fully integrated solar-driven water-splitting system comprised of WO3 /FTO/p(+) n Si as the photoanode, Pt/TiO2 /Ti/n(+) p Si as the photocathode, and Nafion as the membrane separator, was simulated, assembled, operated in 1.0 M HClO4 , and evaluated for performance and safety characteristics under dual side illumination. A multi-physics model that accounted for the performance of the photoabsorbers and electrocatalysts, ion transport in the solution electrolyte, and gaseous product crossover was first used to define the optimal geometric design space for the system. The photoelectrodes and the membrane separators were then interconnected in a louvered design system configuration, for which the light-absorbing area and the solution-transport pathways were simultaneously optimized. The performance of the photocathode and the photoanode were separately evaluated in a traditional three-electrode photoelectrochemical cell configuration. The photocathode and photoanode were then assembled back-to-back in a tandem configuration to provide sufficient photovoltage to sustain solar-driven unassisted water-splitting. The current-voltage characteristics of the photoelectrodes showed that the low photocurrent density of the photoanode limited the overall solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency due to the large band gap of WO3 . A hydrogen-production rate of 0.17 mL hr(-1) and a STH conversion efficiency of 0.24 % was observed in a full cell configuration for >20 h with minimal product crossover in the fully operational, intrinsically safe, solar-driven water-splitting system. The solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency, ηSTH , calculated using the multiphysics numerical simulation was in excellent agreement with the experimental behavior of the system. The value of ηSTH was entirely limited by the performance of the photoelectrochemical assemblies employed in this study. The louvered design provides a robust platform for implementation of various types of photoelectrochemical assemblies, and can provide an approach to significantly higher solar conversion efficiencies as new and improved materials become available.
Evaluation of novel chromogenic substrates for the detection of bacterial ?-glucosidase (2006)

The data presented allow for informed decisions to be made regarding the optimal choice of beta-glucosidase substrate for detection of pathogenic and/or indicator bacteria.
Organometallic frustrated Lewis pair chemistry (2011)

Frustrated Lewis pairs are playing an increasingly important role in organometallic chemistry. Examples are presented and discussed where organometallic systems themselves serve as the Lewis base or Lewis acid components in frustrated Lewis pair chemistry, mostly through their attached functional groups. Activation of dihydrogen takes place easily in many of these systems. This may lead to the generation of novel catalyst systems but also in many cases to the occurrence of specific reactions at the periphery of the organometallic frameworks. Increasingly, FLP reactions are used to carry out functional group conversions in organometallic systems under mild reaction conditions. The limits of typical FLP reactivity are explored with selected organometallic examples, a discussion that points toward new developments, such as the discovery of facile new 1,1-carboboration reactions. Learning more and more about the broad spectrum of frustrated Lewis pair chemistry helps us to find novel reactions and applications.
Anatomical guidelines for intranasal surgery of the lacrimal drainage system. (1997)

To facilitate identification of the nasolacrimal duct during intranasal surgery, we have determined the distances between the lacrimal drainage system and certain anatomical structures on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. A total of 15 adult cadaver skulls were bisected mid-sagittally and evaluated morphometrically. In our specimens, the average distance from the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus to the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) was only 5.5 mm. This rather small distance should be taken into consideration, in order to prevent trauma of the NLD during surgical enlargement of the ostium of the maxillary sinus. The distances from NLD to the anterior surface of the bulla ethmoidalis, the free edge of the uncinate process and the attachment point of the middle turbinate on the lateral nasal wall were found to be 10.2 mm, 8.8 mm and 5.4 mm, respectively. Taking these distances into account, easy identification of the NLD during endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy surgery will be possible.
Defective Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8 <sup>+</sup> T-Cell Polyfunctionality, Proliferation, and Cytotoxicity Are Not Restored by Antiretroviral Therapy (2009)

Identifying the functions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8+ T cells that are not merely modulated by the level of virus but clearly distinguish patients with immune control from those without such control is of paramount importance. Features of the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in antiretroviral-treated patients (designated Rx <50) and untreated patients (long-term nonprogressors [LTNP]) matched for very low HIV RNA levels were comprehensively examined. The proliferative capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells was not restored in Rx <50 to the level observed in LTNP, even though HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation in the two patient groups was comparable. This diminished HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation in Rx <50 was primarily due to a smaller fraction of antigen-specific cells recruited to divide and not to the numbers of divisions that proliferating cells had undergone. Exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced proliferating cells to divide further but did not rescue the majority of antigen-specific cells with defective proliferation. In addition, differences in HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation could not be attributed to differences in cellular subsets bearing a memory phenotype, IL-2 production, or PD-1 expression. Although polyfunctionality of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in Rx <50 was not restored to the levels observed in LTNP despite prolonged suppression of HIV RNA levels, per-cell cytotoxic capacity was the functional feature that most clearly distinguished the cells of LTNP from those of Rx <50. Taken together, these data suggest that there are selective qualitative abnormalities within the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell compartment that persist under conditions of low levels of antigen.
Old tricks, new dogs: ethology and interactive creatures (1997)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Media Arts & Sciences, 1997.
The Influence of Sizings on the Durability of High-Temperature Polymer Composites (2003)

To increase performance and durability of high-temperature composites for potential rocket engine components, it is necessary to optimize wetting and interfacial bonding between high-modulus carbon fibers and high-temperature polyimide resins. Sizings commercially supplied on most carbon fibers are not compatible with polyimides. In this study, the chemistry of sizings on two high-modulus carbon fibers (M40J and M60J, Toray) was characterized as was the chemistry of PMR-II-50 fluorinated polyimide resin. The carbon fibers were characterized using single filament wetting, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements. The polyimide matrix resins were coated onto glass filaments for characterization by wetting measurements. Surface energy components were obtained by wetting with nondispersive (methylene iodide), acidic (ethylene glycol), and basic (formamide) probes. A continuous desizing system that uses an environmentally friendly chemical-mechanical process was developed for tow level fiber. Composites were fabricated with fibers containing the manufacturer's sizing, desized, and further treated with a reactive finish. Results of room temperature tests after thermal aging show that the reactive finish produces a higher strength and more durable interface compared to the manufacturer's sizing. When exposed to moisture blistering tests, however, the better-bonded composite displayed a tendency to delaminate, presumably due to trapping of volatiles.
Mobilization of pesticides on an agricultural landscape flooded by a torrential storm (2004)

Mobilization of pesticides into surface waters of flooded agricultural landscapes following extreme precipitation events has not been previously investigated. After receiving 96 mm of rain in the previous 45 d, the Vanguard area of southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, was subjected to a torrential storm on July 3, 2000, that produced as much as 375 mm of rain in 8 h. The majority of herbicides, but no insecticides, would have been applied to crops in the Vanguard area during the four weeks preceding the storm. After the storm, 19 herbicides and insecticides were detected in flooded wetlands, with 14 of them detected in 50% or more of wetlands. Average concentrations ranged from 0.43 ng/L (endosulfan) to 362 ng/L (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacedic acid). The pesticides probably were from long-range transport, followed by deposition in rain, and from herbicides applied to crops within the area subjected to the storm (1,700 km2). In the following year, when only 62 mm of rain fell in the same 45 d, only five pesticides were detected in 50% or more of wetlands. We estimated that for the 1,700-km2 storm zone, 278 kg of herbicide were mobilized into rain and by runoff into surface waters, and 105 kg were removed from the Vanguard area by discharge into Notukeu Creek. Significant quantities of herbicides are mobilized to aquatic environments when prairie agricultural landscapes are subjected to torrential storms. In these circumstances, flooded wells and small municipal reservoirs used as sources of drinking water may be compromised by 10 or more pesticides, some at relatively high concentrations.
Sural and medial plantar nerve conduction study in the diagnosis of subclinical diabetic neuropathy (2021)

Background and Aim Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is one of the most challenging complications of diabetes mellitus. A large number of patients have subclinical neuropathy at the time of detection of diabetes. Proper detection of subclinical diabetic neuropathy is important to prevent more complications. When the symptoms start, there are not many effective therapeutic treatments. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are known to be sensitive, reliable, noninvasive, and easy to perform to study diabetic neuropathy. Study of the medial plantar and sural nerves can test the most distal parts of the nerves and can be considered an alternative method for the diagnosis of polyneuropathy in the early stages. The aim of this work is to study the utility of both medial plantar and sural nerve conduction in the early diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy. Patients and methods Twenty diabetic asymptomatic patients and 20 healthy volunteers of both sexes were included. Their ages ranged between 26 and 44 years and 24 and 46 years, respectively. NCS of the medial plantar and sural nerves for all the patients and control groups is performed using the antidromic method of stimulation for sural nerve and orthodromic stimulation for the medial plantar nerve. Results There were significant changes in the sensory study of both medial plantar and sural nerves of neurologically asymptomatic diabetic patients compared with the control. Conclusion NCS of both medial plantar and sural nerves aids in the detection of subclinical diabetic polyneuropathy.
Advances in engineering CRISPR-Cas9 as a molecular Swiss Army knife (2020)

The RNA-guided endonuclease system CRISPR-Cas9 has been extensively modified since its discovery, allowing its capabilities to extend far beyond double-stranded cleavage to high fidelity insertions, deletions and single base edits. Such innovations have been possible due to the modular architecture of CRISPR-Cas9 and the robustness of its component parts to modifications and the fusion of new functional elements. Here, we review the broad toolkit of CRISPR-Cas9-based systems now available for diverse genome-editing tasks. We provide an overview of their core molecular structure and mechanism and distil the design principles used to engineer their diverse functionalities. We end by looking beyond the biochemistry and toward the societal and ethical challenges that these CRISPR-Cas9 systems face if their transformative capabilities are to be deployed in a safe and acceptable manner.
Efficient garbage collection policy and block management method for NAND flash memory (2010)

Recently NAND flash memories are widely used as storage alternatives to hard disks in embedded systems. Different characteristics of NAND flash memories from hard disks include: a limited block erase count, the impossibility of in-place update, and asymmetry in operation granularity. Thus various garbage collection techniques for the NAND flash memories have been proposed. However, existing garbage collection techniques impede block wear leveling because they use the same method for both hot and cold data. In this paper, we propose efficient garbage collection and block management methods to improve block wear leveling and garbage collection speed. First of all, data are classified into three types according to modification frequency--hot data, cold data, and warm data--and different types of data are stored in different blocks. The erase cost is calculated considering data type, and then garbage collection is performed for the blocks whose erase costs exceed the threshold value. In addition, different block lists are created in RAM by data type, and the blocks are arranged in the order of their erase cost. In experiment results, the proposed methods show that the deviation value of block erase count is sharply reduced in comparison with other algorithms. The average time of the garbage collection decreases by up to 22.1% compares to the Greedy algorithm and up to 19.5% compares to the PCP algorithm.