gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multipotent and restricted precursors in the central nervous system (1999)

Acquisition of cell type-specific properties in the nervous system is likely a process of sequential restriction in developmental potential. At least two classes of pluripotent stem cells, neuroepithelial (NEP) stem cells and EGF-dependent neurosphere stem cells, have been identified in distinct spatial and temporal domains. Pluripotent stem cells likely generate central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) derivatives via the generation of intermediate lineage-restricted precursors that differ from each other and from multipotent stem cells. Neuronal precursors termed neuronal-restricted precursors (NRPs), multiple classes of glial precursors termed glial-restricted precursors (GRPs), oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocytes (O2As), astrocyte precursor cells (APCs), and PNS precursors termed neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) have been identified. Multipotent stem cells and restricted precursor cells can be isolated from embryonic stem (ES) cell cultures providing a non-fetal source of such cells. Analysis in multiple species illustrates similarities between rat, mouse, and human cell differentiation raising the possibility that similar factors and markers may be used to isolate precursor cells from human tissue or ES cells. Anat Rec (New Anat): 257:137-143, 1999.
Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-phenylacetylcarbinol – closing a gap in C–C bond formation (2016)

By the combination of biocatalyst design and reaction engineering, the so far not stereoselectively accessible (<italic>S</italic>)-phenylacetylcarbinol could be enzymatically synthesized with product concentrations >48 g L<sup>−1</sup> and an enantiomeric excess up to 97%.
Microcomputer-controlled gas-shutoff system (1984)

To prevent gas accidents such as explosions, a microcomputer-controlled gas-shutoff system has been developed. The system detects the gas flow rate through a flow sensor and the microcomputer judges whether the gas flow pattern is normal or not. If it is not normal, the computer operates to shut off the gas. Consequently, the system could prevent almost all gas accidents, including gas suicides. As the hardware is an integral unit of the gas meter, it is easy to install it to existing houses. Various components are described. By using these components, the system would operate for more than ten years with a long-life lithium battery.
A tool for rapid configuration of a river model (2009)

A tool has been developed, the River Simulation Tool (RST), that allows the configuration of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic river model based on imagery-extracted information that defines model geometry and water depth, as available. The RST contains automated shoreline processing and mesh generation capabilities for unstructured grids and accommodates user-specified forcing and parameter values. Alternatively, the RST provides synthetic bathymetry and default forcing and parameter values for those situations in which observational data or information describing the river environment is unavailable. This manuscript describes the components of the RST in detail and its application to the upper East Pearl River, MS. Solutions for water level and currents from the RST-generated river model are compared to a "truth" solution for the same region. Implementation of the RST's ensemble creation feature allows an assessment of the sensitivity of river predictions to the specification of water depth, bottom type, and upstream discharge conditions.
A noniterative method to design large‐tip‐angle multidimensional spatially‐selective radio frequency pulses for parallel transmission (2007)

Recently, theoretical and experimental work has shown that parallel transmission of RF pulses can be used to shorten the duration of multidimensional spatially-selective pulses and compensate for B(1) field inhomogeneity. However, all the existing noniterative methods can design only excitation pulses for parallel transmission with a small flip angle (e.g., 30 degrees , or at most 90 degrees ) and cannot design large-tip-angle inversion/refocusing pulses, because these methods are based on the small-tip-angle (STA) approximation of the Bloch equation. In this work, a method to design large-tip-angle multidimensional spatially-selective pulses for parallel transmission is proposed, based on an extension of the single-channel linear-class large-tip-angle (LCLTA) theory. Design examples of 2D refocusing and inversion parallel transmit pulses and magnetization profiles from Bloch equation simulations demonstrate the strength of the proposed method. A 2D spin-echo parallel transmission experiment on a slab phantom using a 180 degrees refocusing pulse with an eight-channel transmit-only array further validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Discontinuous two step flow synthesis of m-aminoacetophenone (2014)

Abstract The continuous flow nitration of acetophenone followed by reduction of the meta isomer has been demonstrated using simple tubular reactors. Because of ease of separation of the desired isomer from the first step, both steps are made continuous, but separately. The continuous flow nitration was carried out in a safe manner in a shorter reaction time than the conventional approach. The choice of micromixer was seen to affect the performance of the nitration reaction. The effect of different parameters on the yield of the desired product was studied. The reduction step with sodium sulfide was found to be economical and could be carried out efficiently at 70°C using sodium sulfide in ethanol, using a silicone tube. Both steps were demonstrated for several hours, yielding a sufficiently large quantity (∼100 g) of m-aminoacetophenone at lab scale in a single day using simple tubular reactors.
Combustion Process Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithm (2003)

Flame stabilization in a swirl-stabilized combustor occurs in an aerodynamically generated recirculation region which is a result of vortex breakdown. The characteristics of the recirculating flow are dependent on the swirl number and on axial pressure gradients. Coupling to downstream pressure pulsations is also possible. Flame stability and emission formation depend on flow and mixing properties. The mixing properties of the investigated burner can be influenced by the position and the amount of fuel injection into the burner. The fuel injection is controlled by two different setups using (a) 8 proportional valves to adjust the mass flow for each fuel injector individually or using (b) 16 digital valves to include or exclude fuel injectors along the distribution holes. The objectives are the minimization of NOx emissions and the reduction of pressure pulsations of the flame. These two objectives are conflicting, affecting the environment and the lifetime of the combustion chamber, respectively. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is applied to optimize the combustion process. Each optimization run results in an approximation of the Pareto front by a set of solutions of equal quality, each representing a different compromise between the conflicting objectives. One compromise solution is selected with NOx emissions reduced by 30%, while mainaining the pulsation level of the given standard burner design. Chemiluminescence pictures of this solution showed that a more uniform distribution of heat release in the recirculation zone was achieved. The results were confirmed in high pressure single burner tests. The suggested fuel injection pattern has been successfully implemented in engines with sufficient stability margins and good operational flexibility. This paper shows the careful development process from lab scale tests to full scale pressurized tests.
INNOVATIONS IN SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY TECHNOLOGY: UPDATES IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES (2004)

Optimization of the pulse profile and sequence of LSW can significantly improve stone comminution while simultaneously decreasing the propensity of tissue injury during in vitro SWL. This novel concept and associated technologies may be used to upgrade other existing lithotriptors and to design new shock wave lithotriptors for improved performance and safety.
Temporal Synchronization of MIMO Wireless Communication in the Presence of Interference (2009)

In wireless communications systems that potentially operate in interference, acquisition and temporal alignment of a transmitted signal by a receiver can be the most fragile component of the link. In this paper, synchronization detection in the presence of interference for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication is discussed. Here, synchronization indicates signal acquisition and timing estimation at the receiver, and is formulated as a binary statistical hypothesis test. Transmit sequences from multiple antennas are received by multiple antennas in noisy environments with spatially correlated noise (interference). Flat-fading and frequency-selective channel models for both the interference and signal of interest are considered. By applying well-known multiple antenna approaches to the MIMO synchronization problem, a number of new synchronization test statistics are introduced. These test statistics are motivated by minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) beamformers, generalized-likelihood ratio test (GLRT), least-squared (LS) channel estimation, and spatial invariance. Test statistics appropriate for orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) systems are considered, including test statistics that take advantage of cyclic prefixes and of pilot sequences within an OFDM symbol. Performances of various test statistics in terms of probability of missing detection for some probability of a false detection are shown to vary by multiple orders of magnitude in the presence of interference.
Laser-Driven Growth of Silver Nanoplates on p-Type GaAs Substrates and Their Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Activity (2009)

Contact between aqueous solutions of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and pristine surfaces of p-type gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers results in essentially no reaction at room temperature and in the dark. The galvanic reactions between the GaAs wafers and AgNO3 can be triggered under illumination of laser beams with power densities higher than a critical value (∼15 mW/cm2 for a 630 nm laser), resulting in the growth of silver (Ag) nanoplates on the GaAs surface. The density and dimensions (including both thickness and edge length) of the resulting nanoplates can be readily tuned by controlling the growth time and laser power density. The as-grown Ag nanoplates on the substrates significantly enhance Raman signals of interesting molecules and serve as a new class of promising surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates for sensitive chemical detection.
Modeling and Simulation of the Dynamic Operating Behavior of a High Solar Share Gas Turbine System (2014)

Solar gas turbine (GT) systems provide the opportunity to utilize solar heat at a much higher temperature than solar thermal power plants based on steam turbine cycles. Therefore gas turbine technology has the potential to improve the efficiency of future solar thermal power plants. Nevertheless, to achieve mature technology for commercial application, further development steps are required. Knowledge of the operational behavior of the solar GT system is the basis for the development of the systems control architecture and safety concept. The paper addresses dynamic simulation of high solar share GT systems, which are characterized by primary input of solar heat to the gas turbine. To analyze the dynamic operating behavior, a model with parallel arrangement of the combustion chamber and the solar receiver was set up. By using the Heaviside step function, the system dynamics were translated into transfer functions which are used to develop controllers for the particular system configuration. Two operating conditions were simulated to test the controller performance. The first case is the slow increase and decrease of solar heat flow, as part of a regular operation. The second case is an assumed rapid change of solar heat flow, which can be caused by clouds. For all cases time plots of critical system parameters are shown and analyzed. The simulation results show much more complex system behavior compared to conventional GT systems. This is due to the additional solar heat source, large volumes and stored thermal energy as well as the time delay of energy transportation caused by the piping system.
Synthesis of a color image display using birefringent filters (2002)

A new method of generating color in liquid crystal displays using birefringent filters is shown. This method has the benefit of high light transmission and color saturation compared to traditional spatial or temporal multiplexing methods, which include highly absorptive color filters. We discuss the design and optimization of a double-layer supertwisted nematic color display based on polarization interference filters. The viewing angle of such a device is also modeled and improvements are shown. The device is capable of high light transmission (90% that of parallel polarizers) while retaining color saturation.
LyricSynchronizer: Automatic Synchronization System Between Musical Audio Signals and Lyrics (2011)

This paper describes a system that can automatically synchronize polyphonic musical audio signals with their corresponding lyrics. Although methods for synchronizing monophonic speech signals and corresponding text transcriptions by using Viterbi alignment techniques have been proposed, these methods cannot be applied to vocals in CD recordings because vocals are often overlapped by accompaniment sounds. In addition to a conventional method for reducing the influence of the accompaniment sounds, we therefore developed four methods to overcome this problem: a method for detecting vocal sections, a method for constructing robust phoneme networks, a method for detecting fricative sounds, and a method for adapting a speech-recognizer phone model to segregated vocal signals. We then report experimental results for each of these methods and also describe our music playback interface that utilizes our system for synchronizing music and lyrics.
Global and locally adaptive warped motion compensation in video compression (2017)

Real motion is often complex, and cannot always be sufficiently described by a translational model for the purpose of video coding. Translational motion models can only map a rectangular to a rectangular of the same size in a reference frame, but real motion observed in videos often go beyond that. For example, motion due to camera shake, panning and zoom might require transformations that support shearing, scaling, rotation and changes in aspect ratio. In order to handle these instances adequately for video encoding, we introduce two coding modes - a global motion mode and a locally adaptive warped motion mode, that make use of affine and/or homographic projections to more accurately describe and predict complex motion. These warped modes respectively capture global motion computed at the frame level, or local motion computed at the block level based on local motion statistics. We pay special attention to efficient SIMD friendly decoder-side warping operations to make these tools practically useful. Together, these techniques prove to yield considerable coding gains on standard test sets.
Adaptive Feature Abstraction for Translating Video to Language (2016)

Previous models for video captioning often use the output from a specific layer of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) as video features. However, the variable context-dependent semantics in the video may make it more appropriate to adaptively select features from the multiple CNN layers. We propose a new approach for generating adaptive spatiotemporal representations of videos for the captioning task. A novel attention mechanism is developed, that adaptively and sequentially focuses on different layers of CNN features (levels of feature abstraction), as well as local spatiotemporal regions of the feature maps at each layer. The proposed approach is evaluated on three benchmark datasets: YouTube2Text, M-VAD and MSR-VTT. Along with visualizing the results and how the model works, these experiments quantitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive spatiotemporal feature abstraction for translating videos to sentences with rich semantics.
Error Analysis Of Phase Resolution Methods For Elimination Of Quenching Effects In Luminescence Spectroscopy (1988)

Earlier we described two methods of reducing quenching effects in analytical luminescence measurements based on phase resolved spectroscopy (PRS). These methods are a form of time resolution based on the amplitudes and the phase shifts of modulated signals. In Method 1 the signal is modulated at a high frequency, and the ac signal is essentially independent of the degree of sample quenching. Method 2 simultaneously measures the modulated amplitude and the phase shift between the emission and the excitation; from these data one can correct the signal to that of the unquenched sample. A procedure is given for calculating the precision and accuracy of both methods for different noise levels and degrees of sample quenching. The merits of both methods are discussed. Method 1 is shown to have a lower noise level than Method 2, but suffers from systematic errors especially at low modulation frequencies. Method 2 is superior if lower modulation frequencies must be used and computational complexity and speed of response are less critical.
TEA: A Test Generation Algorithm for Designs with Timing Exceptions (2019)

Timing exceptions are commonly used to indicate that the timing of certain paths have been relaxed so as to enable the design to meet timing closure. Generating scan-based test patterns without considering timing exceptions can lead to invalid test responses, resulting in unpredictable test quality impact. The existing simulation-based solution masks out unreliable signals after a test pattern is generated. If the signals required for detecting the target fault are unreliable and masked out, the generated test pattern fails to detect the target fault, and it is discarded. To achieve an acceptable test coverage, several iterations of test generation with a randomized decision-making process are typically required where different tests are generated for target faults. In this paper, an innovative deterministic ATPG algorithm called TEA (Timing Exception ATPG) is proposed to prevent the generated test patterns from being impacted by timing exceptions. The deterministic algorithm is compatible with the existing simulation-based approach. In this simulation environment, TEA is complete such that for a target fault, the test pattern generated is guaranteed to detect it. If a test pattern cannot be generated using TEA, the target fault is untestable given the timing exception paths in the design and the existing simulation environment. Compared to the existing simulation-based approach, using TEA can generate a more effective test set, improving test coverage, test pattern count, and the total ATPG run time significantly.
Induction of a primary human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against a novel conserved epitope in a functional sequence of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (1995)

The method used to screen proteins sequences for potential CTL epitopes, test selected peptides for binding to MHC class I and induction of an in vitro primary response against optimal binding peptides resulted in the identification of at least one novel conserved CTL epitope. The novel epitope is located in an area crucial for RT activity. This study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying highly conserved HIV-1-derived peptides capable of eliciting novel anti-HIV-1 CTL responses.
Development of a New Variable Venturi Carburetor (1983)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A new variable venturi carburetor has been developed, in order to achieve high metering accuracy, fuel economy, higher power and good driveability of the vehicle. This carburetor is a down-draft-type, and has better characteristics compared with the fixed venturi carburetor, such as better fuel atomization, lower cycle-to-cycle variation of combustion in lean mixture, faster response, and higher power. For this carburetor, a new type venturi and a new cold enrichment system has been developed. This venturi type has an exponential-profile with a nearly constant increasing rate of venturi opening area to the suction piston stroke. The new cold enrichment system controls the airfuel ratio in all conditions by changing air bleed quantities using the thermo-wax. With this system, cold drive-ability is improved greatly.</div>
Thromboxane Receptor Blockade with SQ 30,741 Improves Post-Ischemic Myocardial Function in Anesthetized Dogs (1989)

This study was conducted to determine whether the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist SQ 30,741 can improve post-ischemic recovery of cardiac function in anesthetized dogs. Saline or SQ 30,741 was infused throughout a 15-min coronary occlusion and 5 hr of reperfusion. Ischemic regional cardiac function was determined using subendocardial ultrasonic crystals. Despite no differences in collateral blood flow or reperfusion flow, SQ 30,741 significantly improved ventricular segmental shortening at all times measured during reperfusion. At 5 hr after the initiation of reperfusion, segmental shortening was 3 +/- 16 and 44 +/- 10% of baseline values for saline and SQ 30,741 groups, respectively. These results implicate thromboxane receptor activation in the pathogenesis of myocardial stunning, and thromboxane antagonists may be useful in mitigating this functional deficit.
Autonomous tracking of a ground vehicle by a UAV (2008)

We propose a generally applicable method for the tracking of ground vehicles by aerial vehicles. The method does not require any modifications to the guidance and control of the UAV. It only requires the capability to follow waypoint commands. Sensing of ground vehicle position with significant time delays is assumed. The delays model the time of image processing, and the communication delays involved in sending data to a ground station, performing the computations and receiving the results on the UAV. Variants of the method have been tested successfully on the field and may see widespread deployment.
Optical properties of chemically reduced photochromic glasses (1988)

Photochromic glasses subjected to reducing treatments at elevated temperatures develop a colored layer through the reduction of the silver halide phase. The nature of this process is investigated with respect to the temperature and time of the reduction treatment. An explanation of the color development is offered based on the comparison to an alternate way of producing the reduced silver absorption. In addition, the optical bleaching that is observed is discussed and a mechanism is proposed.