gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Finding needles in the haystack: Search and candidate generation (2012)

A key phase in the DeepQA architecture is Hypothesis Generation, in which candidate system responses are generated for downstream scoring and ranking. In the IBM Watson™ system, these hypotheses are potential answers to Jeopardy!™ questions and are generated by two components: search and candidate generation. The search component retrieves content relevant to a given question from Watson's knowledge resources. The candidate generation component identifies potential answers to the question from the retrieved content. In this paper, we present strategies developed to use characteristics of Watson's different knowledge sources and to formulate effective search queries against those sources. We further discuss a suite of candidate generation strategies that use various kinds of metadata, such as document titles or anchor texts in hyperlinked documents. We demonstrate that a combination of these strategies brings the correct answer into the candidate answer pool for 87.17% of all the questions in a blind test set, facilitating high end-to-end question-answering performance.
Enhancement of immune response against Bordetella spp. by disrupting immunomodulation (2019)

Well-adapted pathogens must evade clearance by the host immune system and the study of how they do this has revealed myriad complex strategies and mechanisms. Classical bordetellae are very closely related subspecies that are known to modulate adaptive immunity in a variety of ways, permitting them to either persist for life or repeatedly infect the same host. Exploring the hypothesis that exposure to immune cells would cause bordetellae to induce expression of important immunomodulatory mechanisms, we identified a putative regulator of an immunomodulatory pathway. The deletion of btrS in B. bronchiseptica did not affect colonization or initial growth in the respiratory tract of mice, its natural host, but did increase activation of the inflammasome pathway, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. The mutant lacking btrS recruited many more B and T cells into the lungs, where they rapidly formed highly organized and distinctive Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) not induced by any wild type Bordetella species, and a much more rapid and strong antibody response than observed with any of these species. Immunity induced by the mutant was measurably more robust in all respiratory organs, providing completely sterilizing immunity that protected against challenge infections for many months. Moreover, the mutant induced sterilizing immunity against infection with other classical bordetellae, including B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, something the current vaccines do not provide. These findings reveal profound immunomodulation by bordetellae and demonstrate that by disrupting it much more robust protective immunity can be generated, providing a pathway to greatly improve vaccines and preventive treatments against these important pathogens.
Synthesis and Mechanism of Action Studies of a Series of Norindenoisoquinoline Topoisomerase I Poisons Reveal an Inhibitor with a Flipped Orientation in the Ternary DNA−Enzyme−Inhibitor Complex As Determined by X-ray Crystallographic Analysis (2005)

Several norindenoisoquinolines substituted with methoxy or methylenedioxy groups have been prepared and their anticancer properties evaluated in cancer cell cultures and in topoisomerase I inhibition assays. 2,3-Dimethoxy-8,9-methylenedioxy-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline hydrochloride (14) is a strong topoisomerase I inhibitor and also displays very high cytotoxicity in the NCI cancer cell culture screen (mean graph midpoint of 50 nM). The X-ray crystal structure of norindenoisoquinoline 14 in complex with topoisomerase I and DNA has been solved, providing insight into the structure-activity relationships within this class of new anticancer agents. The number and position of the norindenoisoquinoline substituents have a significant influence on biological activity and demonstrate that substitution on the nitrogen atom is not an absolute requirement for the antitumor effect of the indenoisoquinolines. Removal of the 11-keto group from the lead compound 1 and replacement of the N-alkyllactam with an unsubstituted pyridine ring causes the indenoisoquinoline ring system to flip over in the DNA-enzyme-inhibitor ternary complex. This allows the nitrogen atom to assume the hydrogen bond acceptor role of the 11-keto group, resulting in hydrogen bonding to Arg364.
Purification of polymeric dyes by ultrafiltration (1979)

Abstract Ultrafiltration has been evaluated as a method for the purification of of polymeric dyes. Transport data for solvent and solutes were obtained for several polymer‐impurity mixtures and different membrane types. Relatively low molecular weight impurities were found to be significantly rejected by these membranes. A critical concentration of sodium chloride or sodium hydroxide was found to be necessary to effect efficient transport of these species. Gel permeation chromatography was used to monitor these separations and characterize the purity of the polymeric dyes produced. Impurity concentrations in the final product were typically less than 500 ppm.
The Fugue protocol checker: Is your software Baroque? (2004)

Even in a safe programming language, such as C# or Java, disobeying the rules for using an interface can cause exceptions at run time. Such rules govern how system resources are managed,...
Structure and Activity in the Relaxin Family of Peptides (2009)

The availability of improved peptide synthesis procedures, convenient and sensitive assays for receptor binding and activation, together with advances in methods for structural characterization, has enabled the key structural features of the relaxin family of peptides responsible for biological activity to be defined. Not surprisingly, despite the similarities in primary amino acid sequences, different structural domains and residues are involved in the binding and activation at the four known relaxin family peptide receptors (RXFP1 to -4). Most of our knowledge on structure and function relates to the relaxin-RXFP1, insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3)-RXFP2, and relaxin-3-RXFP3 systems, with information accumulating not only on the critical ligand structures but also the domains and residues on the receptor itself that are required for specificity and activation. These studies provide the framework for the design of small-molecule mimetics. While the B-chain cassette R-X-X-X-R-X-X-I, defined by Büllesbach and Schwabe, is essential for binding and activation of RXFP1, it is now recognized that the A chain, particularly the N-terminal domain, is also critical for receptor specificity. Studies of the various endogenous ligand-receptor pairs have led to the design of potent and specific agonists and antagonists. The relaxin-3 A chain-INSL5 B chain chimeric peptide and analogs with C-terminal truncations of the B chain, developed by Liu and colleagues at Johnson & Johnson, have provided selective agonist and antagonist peptides that are proving invaluable for in vivo studies of the relaxin-3-RXFP3 system.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF C‐2‐C‐3‐TRICYCLIC CEPHALOSPORINS (1973)

Abstract Verschiedene tricyclische Cephalosporine werden aus (I) entsprechend dem Fo melschema dargestellt.
3D-Printed Polypyrrole Microneedle Arrays for Electronically Controlled Transdural Drug Release (2022)

After the spinal cord injury, inflammation and cytotoxicity cause further damage to neural cells. The progression of this secondary injury might be reduced by the administration of anti-inflammatory drugs. To allow the local delivery of such drugs while minimizing dural opening, we have created a polypyrrole (PPy)-coated microneedle array using a microscale three-dimensional (3D) printing technology that facilitates electronically controlled encapsulation and the transdural release of drugs. PPy microneedles demonstrated an electronically controlled release of steroid dexamethasone (Dexa) in a novel in vitro transdural model and in vivo. The biological activity of the device was then tested by the electronic release of Dexa into an in vitro model of neuroinflammation, using activated microglia. Following electrically activated Dexa release, inflammation was reduced, as demonstrated by a decrease in nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines Il-6 and MCP-1. These results demonstrate the feasibility of PPy-coated microneedles for the transdural delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the central nervous system.
Design and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot With Interchangeable Custom Springs for Evaluating Lower Leg Trajectory Error, an Optimization Metric for Prosthetic Feet (2018)

An experimental prosthetic foot intended for evaluating a novel design objective is presented. This objective, called the lower leg trajectory error (LLTE), enables the optimization of passive prosthetic feet by modeling the trajectory of the shank during single support for a given prosthetic foot and selecting design variables that minimize the error between this trajectory and able-bodied kinematics. A light-weight, fully characterized test foot with variable ankle joint stiffness was designed to evaluate the LLTE. The test foot can replicate the range of motion of a physiological ankle over a range of different ankle joint stiffnesses. The test foot consists of a rotational ankle joint machined from acetal resin, interchangeable U-shaped nylon springs that range from 1.5 N · m/deg to 24 N · m/deg, and a flexible nylon forefoot with a bending stiffness of 16 N · m2. The U-shaped springs were designed to support a constant moment along their length to maximize strain energy density; this feature was critical in creating a high-stiffness and high-range of motion ankle. The design performed as predicted during mechanical and in vivo testing, and its modularity allowed us to rapidly vary the ankle joint stiffness. Qualitative feedback from preliminary testing showed that this design is ready for use in large scale clinical trials to further evaluate the use of the LLTE as an optimization objective for passive prosthetic feet.
Effect of chemical composition on corrosion resistance of zircaloy fuel cladding tube for BWR. (1990)

Effects of Fe and Ni contents on nodular corrosion susceptibility and hydrogen pick-up of Zircaloy were investigated. Total number of 31 Zr alloys having different chemical compositions; five Zr-Sn-Fe-Cr alloys, eight Zr-Sn-Fe-Ni alloys and eighteen Zr-Sn-Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, were melted and processed to thin plates for the corrosion tests in the environments of a high temperature (510°C) steam and a high temperature (288°C) water.In addition, four 450kg ingots of Zr-Sn-Fe-Ni-Cr alloys were industrially melted and BWR fuel cladding tubes were manufactured through a current material processing sequence to study their producibility, tensile properties and corrosion resistance.Nodular corrosion susceptibility decreased with increasing Fe and Ni contents of Zircaloys. It was seen that the improved Zircaloys having Fe and Ni contents in the range of 0.30[Ni]+0.15[Fe]≥0.045 (w/0) showed no susceptibility to nodular corrosion.An increase of Fe content resulted in a decrease of hydrogen pick-up fraction in both steam and water environments. An increase of Fe and Ni content of Zircaloys in the range of Fe≤0.25w/0 and Ni≤0.1w/0 did not cause the changes in tensile properties and fabricabilities of fuel cladding tube. The fuel cladding tube of improved Zircaloy, containing more amount of Fe and Ni than the upper limit of Zircaloy-2 specification showed no susceptibility to nodular corrosion even in the 530°C steam test.
Design of simplified receiver for space-time bit-interleaved coded modulation systems (2004)

In this paper, we study a new family of bandwidth efficient flexible space-time coding schemes which combine bit-interleaved coded modulation with multiple transmit and receive antennas in a narrow band flat fading channel. We address receiver complexity for a large number of transmit antennas and higher order modulation constellations. Simplified receivers utilizing tentative decisions are proposed and evaluated by means of simulations. Tradeoffs between complexity reduction and performance loss are presented. A system with 4 transmits antennas with an 8 fold complexity reduction and a performance loss of about 1 dB is demonstrated.
Automatic classification of images of an angiography sequence using modified shape context-based spatial pyramid kernels (2011)

Coronary angiography is routinely used to screen patients both prior to and during angioplasty. Each angiography study results in a collection of video sequences or “runs” that depict coronary arteries from different viewpoints. A key problem to be addressed in the automatic interpretation of coronary angiography videos is the identification of images depicting coronary arteries in these sequences. In this paper we present a classification approach to distinguish between the coronary arteries and background images using the shape context descriptor and the learning framework of spatial pyramid kernels. Specifically, we extract centerlines of coronary arteries and represent their intensity distributions and layouts using a Mercer kernel formed from the histograms of intensity and shape context. A multi-class support vector machine is then used to classify a new image depicting coronary arteries. Experimental results are presented that show a high degree of accuracy in artery classification using our approach even under variation in appearance due to viewpoint, coronary anatomy differences, disease-specific variations and changes in imaging conditions.
Automated Synthesis of Polysaccharides (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
350 Biometric Authentication System using Tactile Infomiation (2004)

In recent years, the security problems have been concerned in well-developed information society. Although authentication methods such as password and key systems are used widely, various problems are pointed out. Therefore, biometric authentication using the information of the personal characteristics have been highly paid attention to. In the present study, a biometric authentication system using finger-friction is proposed. This system utilizes tactile information which has not established recording and playing technologies. Moreover, it is using both physical characteristics related to the way of rubbing and behavioral characteristics related to the 3-D shapes of fingerprints.
Predicting link travel times from floating car data (2013)

We study the problem of predicting travel times for links (road segments) using floating car data. We present four different methods for predicting travel times and discuss the differences in predicting on congested and uncongested roads. We show that estimates of the current travel time are mainly useful for prediction on links that get congested. Then we examine the problem of predicting link travel times when no recent probe car data is available for estimating current travel times. This is a serious problem that arises when using probe car data for prediction. Our solution, which we call geospatial inference, uses floating car data from nearby links to predict travel times on the desired link. We show that geospatial inference leads to improved travel time estimates for congested links compared to standard methods.
Summary of NASA Research on Thermal-Barrier Coatings (1977)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper summarizes the work conducted at the NASA Lewis Research Center to evolve and evaluate a two-layer, thermal-barrier coating system. A durable, two-layer, plasma-sprayed coating consisting of a ceramic layer over a metallic layer was developed that has the potential of insulating hot engine parts and thereby reducing metal temperatures and coolant flow requirements and/or permitting use of less costly and complex cooling configurations and materials. The investigations evaluated the reflective and insulative capability, microstructure, and durability of several coating materials on flat metal specimens, a combustor liner, and turbine vanes and blades. In addition, the effect on the aerodynamic performance of a coated turbine vane was measured. The tests were conducted in furnaces, cascades, hot-gas rigs, an engine combustor, and a research turbojet engine. Included also are summaries of current research related to the coating and potential applications for the coating.</div>
A Novel Framework and Training Algorithm for Variable-Parameter Hidden Markov Models (2009)

We propose a new framework and the associated maximum-likelihood and discriminative training algorithms for the variable-parameter hidden Markov model (VPHMM) whose mean and variance parameters vary as functions of additional environment-dependent conditioning parameters. Our framework differs from the VPHMM proposed by Cui and Gong (2007) in that piecewise spline interpolation instead of global polynomial regression is used to represent the dependency of the HMM parameters on the conditioning parameters, and a more effective functional form is used to model the variances. Our framework unifies and extends the conventional discrete VPHMM. It no longer requires quantization in estimating the model parameters and can support both parameter sharing and instantaneous conditioning parameters naturally. We investigate the strengths and weaknesses of the model on the Aurora-3 corpus. We show that under the well-matched condition the proposed discriminatively trained VPHMM outperforms the conventional HMM trained in the same way with relative word error rate (WER) reduction of 19% and 15%, respectively, when only mean is updated and when both mean and variances are updated.
Synthesis and Application of New Amphiphilic Asphaltene Ionic Liquid Polymers to Demulsify Arabic Heavy Petroleum Crude Oil Emulsions (2020)

Asphaltenes are heavy petroleum crude oil components which limit the production of petroleum crude oil due to their aggregation and their stabilization for all petroleum crude oil water emulsions. The present study aimed to modify the chemical structures of isolated asphaltenes by converting them into amphiphilic polymers containing ionic liquid moieties (PILs) to demulsify the emulsion and replace the asphaltene layers surrounding the oil or water droplets in petroleum crude oil emulsions. The literature survey indicated that no modification occurred to produce the PILs from the asphaltenes. In this respect, the asphaltenes were modified via oxidation of the lower aliphatic chain through carboxylation followed by conversion to asphaltene acid chloride that reacted with ethoxylated N-alkyl pyridinium derivatives. Moreover, the carboxylation of asphaltenes was carried out through the Diels-Alder reaction with maleic anhydride that was linked with ethoxylated N-alkyl pyridinium derivatives to produce amphiphilic asphaltene PILs. The produced PILs from asphaltenes acid chloride and maleic anhydride were designated as AIL and AIL-2. The chemical structure and thermal stability of the polymeric asphaltene ionic liquids were evaluated. The modified structure of asphaltenes AIL and AIL-2 exhibited different thermal characteristics involving glass transition temperatures (T<sub>g</sub>) at -68 °C and -45 °C, respectively. The new asphaltenes ionic liquids were adsorbed at the asphaltenes surfaces to demulsify the heavy petroleum crude emulsions. The demulsification data indicated that the mixing of AIL and AIL-2 100 at different ratios with ethoxylated N-alkyl pyridinium were demulsified with 100% of the water from different compositions of O:W emulsions 50:50, 90:10, and 10:90. The demulsification times for the 50:50, 90:10, and 10:90 O:W emulsions were 120, 120, and 60 min, respectively. The interaction of the PILs with asphaltene and mechanism of demulsification was also investigated.
Preparation and Characterisation of Electrically Conductive Thermoplastic Vulcanisate Based on Natural Rubber and Polypropylene Blends with Polyaniline (2016)

Thermoplastic vulcanisates [TPVs] based on natural rubber, polypropylene and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-doped polyaniline [PAni.DBSA] with useful electrical conductivities (up to about 1.2 S cm −1 ) were produced by using an internal mixer. A very low electrical percolation threshold (about 2.0 wt.%/1.13 volume % of PAni.DBSA) was achieved for TPVs prepared via this method. All the TPVs exhibited useful physical properties and also a reasonable good electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness [EMI SE]. The TPVs could be recycled up to 4 times without significant loss of their EMI SE, electrical and physical properties.
Compact Galvanically Isolated Architectures for Low-Power DC-DC Converters with Data Transmission (2021)

This paper reviews state-of-the-art architectures for galvanically isolated DC-DC converters with data transmission for low-power applications. Such applications do not have stringent requirements, in terms of power efficiency, but ask for very compact, highly integrated implementations. To this aim, architecture simplicity is crucial, especially when data transmission and/or output power regulation are required. Since the bottleneck of galvanically isolated systems is the isolation device (i.e., typically a stacked thick oxide or polyimide transformer), the reduction of the number of isolated links, while preserving both power and data functionalities, is the more effective strategy to increase the level of integration, reduce the form factor, and have a lower cost per channel. Specifically, this review compares the pros and cons of different architectures that address this challenge differently from traditional solutions.
Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 5. Synthesis of water-soluble nitroaniline mustards with selective cytotoxicity for hypoxic mammalian cells (1992)

Nitroaniline mustards have potential as hypoxia-selective cytotoxic agents, with reductive metabolism activating the nitrogen mustard by converting the electron-withdrawing nitro group to an electron-donating hydroxylamine or amine. However, the parent compounds have poor aqueous solubility, and their potencies are limited by low reduction potentials (E1/2 ca. -600 mV versus the normal hydrogen electrode) and corresponding slow rates of nitro reduction. To address these limitations, a series of 4-nitroaniline mustards bearing hydrophilic side chains attached via an electron-withdrawing carboxamide group was prepared and evaluated for hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity against Chinese hamster cell lines. The N-[(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl]carboxamide derivatives proved to have excellent aqueous solubility and improved cytotoxic potency, but their reduction potentials, while higher than the non-carboxamide compounds, were still low and little selectivity for hypoxic cells were observed. A series of carboxamides of 2,4-dinitroaniline mustard was also prepared. These compounds had reduction potentials in the desired range (E1/2 ca. -450 mV by cyclic voltammetry) and were more toxic to hypoxic than aerobic UV4 cells. The most selective compounds were 5-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (20, SN 23862) and its water-soluble N-[(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl]carboxamide analogue. These showed selectivities of 60- to 70-fold for hypoxic UV4 cells. The selectivity of 20 was much superior to that of its aziridine analogue (23, CB 1954), which was only 3.6-fold more toxic to hypoxic than oxic cells in the same system. Compound 20 is a much less efficient substrate than CB 1954 for the major aerobic nitroreductase from rat Walker tumor cells, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (DT diaphorase). Lack of aerobic bioactivation of 20 by DT diaphorases may be responsible for its higher hypoxic selectivity than that of 23.