gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Echo Cancelation for High Noise Environments (2006)

Acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) is highly imperative for enhanced communication in noisy environments such as a car or a conference room. In this work, we present a dual-structured AEC architecture that improves both the convergence time and misadjustment of a conventional adaptive sub-band AEC algorithm in high noise environments. In this architecture, one part performs smooth adaptation while the other part performs fast adaptation; a convergence detector is implemented to facilitate switching between the fast and smooth adaptations. We propose the momentum normalized least mean square (MNLMS) algorithm for smooth adaptation and we implement the NLMS algorithm for fast adaptation. The current architecture provides up to 3-4 dB echo reduction improvement over a conventional adaptive subband AEC algorithm and it helps minimize near-end distortion and artifacts in the post-processed AEC output
Super-Dispersive Off-Axis Meta-Lenses for High Resolution Spectroscopy (2016)

We demonstrate compact and highly efficient off-axis meta-lenses in the telecom region. Focusing at large angles, as high as 80°, while having a diffraction-limited focus spot enables resolving wavelength differences down to 200 picometers.
Ethynyl-Terminated Ester Oligomers and Polymers (1985)

Polyesters of various molecular weights terminated with ethynyl groups. As ethynyl-terminated polyesters are exposed to elevated temperatures, thermally induced reaction of ethynyl groups occurs to provide cross-linking and chain extension. Reaction raises use temperature of polymer and greatly improves resistance to solvents. New materials produced by this process potentially useful as adhesives, composite matrices, solvent-resistant coatings, membranes, and films.
NMR images by the multiple sensitive point method: application to larger biological systems (1977)

<p>Wearable self-tracking devices capture multidimensional health data and offer several advantages including new ways of facilitating research. However, they also create a conflict between individual interests of avoiding privacy harms, and collective interests of assembling and using large health data sets for public benefits. While some scholars argue for transparency and accountability mechanisms to resolve this conflict, an average user is not adequately equipped to access and process information relating to the consequences of consenting to further uses of her data. As an alternative, this paper argues for fiduciary relationships, which put deliberative demands on digital health data controllers to keep the interests of their data subjects at the forefront as well as cater to the contextual nature of privacy. These deliberative requirements ensure that users can engage in collective participation and share their health data at a lower risk of privacy harms. This paper also proposes a way to balance the flexible and open-ended nature of fiduciary law with the specific nature and scope of fiduciary duties that digital health data controllers should owe to their data subjects.</p>
THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF A UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME (E2) (1992)

The x-ray crystal structure of a recombinant ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) encoded by the UBC1 gene of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been determined with the use of multiple isomorphous replacement techniques and refined at 2.4-A resolution by simulated annealing and restrained least-squares. This E2 is an alpha/beta protein, with four alpha-helices and a four-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet. The NH2 and COOH termini, which may be important for interaction with other enzymes and substrates in the ubiquitin-conjugation pathway, are on the opposite side of the molecule from the cysteine residue that binds to the COOH terminus of ubiquitin. This structure should now allow for the rational analysis of E2 function by in vitro mutagenesis and facilitate the effective design of E2s with unique specificities or catalytic functions.
Robust linear precoding to compensate for antenna correlation in orthogonal space-time block coded systems (2005)

Antenna correlation has a critical impact on the performance of space-time block coded systems. In this paper linear precoding, which combats the effects of antenna correlation, is applied to orthogonal space-time block coded systems with two transmit antennas. The precoding technique exploits the knowledge of the long-term characteristics of the channel, namely the channel correlation matrix at the transmitter. For low antenna correlation values the proposed technique is equivalent to space-time block coding, whereas for high correlation values it is proved to be equivalent to beamforming. For intermediate antenna correlation values the proposed technique outperforms both schemes. The sensitivity of the proposed precoding technique to channel state information errors at the transmitter is also investigated and its robustness is demonstrated.
Two-dimensional capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays for a miniature integrated volumetric ultrasonic imaging system (2005)

We have designed, fabricated, and characterized two-dimensional 16x16-element capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays. The CMUT array elements have a 250-μm pitch, and when tested in immersion, have a 5 MHz center frequency and 99% fractional bandwidth. The fabrication process is based on standard silicon micromachining techniques and therefore has the advantages of high yield, low cost, and ease of integration. The transducers have a Si3N4 membrane and are fabricated on a 400-μm thick silicon substrate. A low parasitic capacitance through-wafer via connects each CMUT element to a flip-chip bond pad on the back side of the wafer. Each through wafer via is 20 μm in diameter and 400 μm deep. The interconnects form metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) junctions with the surrounding high-resistivity silicon substrate to establish isolation and to reduce parasitic capacitance. Each through-wafer via has less than 0.06 pF of parasitic capacitance. We have investigated a Au-In flip-chip bonding process to connect the 2D CMUT array to a custom integrated circuit (IC) with transmit and receive electronics. To develop this process, we fabricated fanout structures on silicon, and flip-chip bonded these test dies to a flat surface coated with gold. The average series resistance per bump is about 3 Ohms, and 100% yield is obtained for a total of 30 bumps.
The State of Norovirus Vaccines (2014)

Noroviruses represent the most important cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide; however, currently no licensed vaccine exists. Widespread vaccination that minimizes overall norovirus disease burden would benefit the entire population, but targeted vaccination of specific populations such as healthcare workers may further mitigate the risk of severe disease and death in vulnerable populations. While a few obstacles hinder the rapid development of efficacious vaccines, human trials for virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines show promise in both immune response and protection studies, with availability of vaccines being targeted over the next 5-10 years. Ongoing work including identification of important norovirus capsid antigenic sites, development of improved model systems, and continued studies in humans will allow improvement of future vaccines. In the meantime, a better understanding of norovirus disease course and transmission patterns can aid healthcare workers as they take steps to protect high-risk populations such as the elderly and immunocompromised individuals from chronic and severe disease.
On the Concept of Separate Aftercooling for Locomotive Diesel Engines (1999)

This paper describes a patented cooling system concept for a turbocharged diesel engine. In particular, it defines a cooling system having the capability of transferring some of the cooling capacity of engine jacket and engine oil cooling to cool the cylinder inlet air when more than the cooling capacity built into the system through the size of the radiators and fans is needed. This increased aftercooling will improve the engine performance and reduce emission levels. The cooling capacity of a locomotive is essentially determined by the radiator and fan size, among other factors, and is designed to cool the engine within acceptable metal temperatures at a specified maximum ambient temperature and at the maximum engine power. On the other hand, at lower ambient temperatures or engine power levels, the cooling needs of the engine will be less than this maximum cooling capacity of the cooling system. There remains some excess capacity. This paper describes the concept called the “Separate Aftercooling System” that uses some of this excess cooling capacity to cool the engine inlet air at the aftercoolers. It shows the feasibility of such a system, describes the order of magnitude of benefits that can be expected from such a system, and outlines the implementation of this concept to EMD built Locomotives.
Pulsed Cavitational Ultrasound: A Noninvasive Technology for Controlled Tissue Ablation (Histotripsy) in the Rabbit Kidney (2006)

This pulsed cavitational ultrasound system is capable of transcutaneous nonthermal destruction of renal tissue. Refinement of this technology for noninvasive ablation of small renal masses is currently under way.
Formation of Thick Porous Anodic Alumina Films and Nanowire Arrays on Silicon Wafers and Glass (2003)

Abstract A method for the fabrication of thick films of porous anodic alumina on rigid substrates is described. The anodic alumina film was generated by the anodization of an aluminum film evaporated on the substrate. The morphology of the barrier layer between the porous film and the substrate was different from that of anodic films grown on aluminum substrates. The removal of the barrier layer and the electrochemical growth of nanowires within the ordered pores were accomplished without the need to remove the anodic film from the substrate. We fabricated porous anodic alumina samples over large areas (up to 70 cm 2 ), and deposited in them nanowire arrays of various materials. Long nanowires were obtained with lengths of at least 9 μm and aspect ratios as high as 300. Due to their mechanical robustness and the built‐in contact between the conducting substrate and the nanowires, the structures were useful for electrical transport measurements on the arrays. The method was also demonstrated on patterned and non‐planar substrates, further expanding the range of applications of these porous alumina and nanowire assemblies.
Fluorescence Microscopy Image Processing and Visualization for Analyzing Cell Kinematics, Proliferation and Attachment in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Culture (2016)

We present an automatic image processing and visualization method to quantitatively analyze kinematics, proliferation and attachment of mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells using time-series confocal time-lapse fluorescence microscopy images. An automatic method is presented to determine the 3D boundary of each cell nucleus in each cell colony. The cells and colonies are then tracked among the time-series images to determine the kinematics, proliferation and attachment of the cells and colonies. The cells and colonies are visualized through a 3D interface, and the kinematics, proliferation and attachment are illustrated in tree structures. The information of cell kinematics, proliferation and attachment indicates how the culturing conditions and cell positions affect the kinematics, proliferation and attachment. The implementation results show that the automatic method can successfully analyze the cell kinematics, proliferation and attachment, thereby yield a potential tool for helping mES cell culture.
Novel Antibodies Directed Against the Extracellular Domain of the Human VEGF-Receptor Type II (1997)

Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of angiogenesis by binding to its cognate receptor molecule type II (VEGFr-II, KDR). VEGFr-II is an endothelial cell-specific transmembrane tyrosine kinase important for vascular endothelial cell development and differentiation during embryogenesis, angiogenic processes under physiological conditions, and various diseases. An increasing number of reports indicate that VEGF/VEGFr-II also play a fundamental role for tumor angiogenesis. We present the generation and in vitro characterization of the monoclonal antibodies 2-7-9 and 2-10-1. Both antibodies are highly specific for VEGFr-II as demonstrated by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation. MAbs 2-10-1 and 2-7-9 bind to a disulphide bridge-stabilized epitope within domains 6 and 7 of the human VEGFr-II with an affinity of 8 and 80 nM, respectively. Furthermore, the antibodies are suitable for immunohistochemistry and ELISA techniques. Because both antibodies recognize their epitope on living cells, they also have the potential for drug targeting and diagnostic purposes.
Improved scatter correction for x-ray conebeam CT using primary modulation (2007)

Recently, we proposed a scatter correction method for x-ray imaging using primary modulation. A primary modulator with spatially variant attenuating materials is inserted between the x-ray source and the object to make the scatter and part of the primary distributions strongly separate in the Fourier domain. Linear filtering and demodulation techniques suffice to extract and correct the scatter for this modified system. The method has been verified by computer simulations and preliminary experimental results on a simple object. In this work, we improve performance by using a new primary modulator with a higher modulation frequency and by refining the algorithm. The improved method is evaluated experimentally using a pelvis phantom. The imaging parameters are chosen to match the Varian Acuity CT simulator, where scatter correction has been shown to be challenging due to complicated artifact patterns. The results using our approach are compared with those without scatter correction, and with scatter estimated and corrected using a slit measurement as a pre-scan. The comparison shows that the primary modulation method greatly reduces the scatter artifacts and improves image contrast. Using only one single scan, this method achieves CT HU accuracy comparable to that obtained using a slit measurement as a pre-scan.
Effective stream-based and execution-based data prefetching (2004)

With processor speeds continuing to outpace the memory subsystem, cache missing memory operations continue to become increasingly important to application performance. In response to this continuing trend, most modern processors now support hardware (HW) prefetchers, which act to reduce the missing loads observed by an application.This paper analyzes the behavior of cache-missing loads in SPEC CPU2000 and highlights the inability of unit and single non-unit stride prefetchers to correctly prefetch for some commonly occurring streams. In response to this analysis, a novel multi-stride prefetcher, that supports streams with up to four distinct strides, is proposed. Performance analysis for SPEC CPU2000 illustrates that the proposed multi-stride prefetcher can outperform current stride prefetchers on several benchmarks; most notably on mcf, lucas and facerec, where it achieves an additional performance gain of up to 57%. Performance of the strided HW prefetchers is also contrasted with another recently proposed prefetch scheme, runahead execution (RAE), and the synergy between the schemes is investigated.
An Analog VLSI Chip for Finding Edges from Zero-crossings (1990)

We have designed and tested a one-dimensional 64 pixel, analog CMOS VLSI chip which localizes intensity edges in real-time. This device exploits on-chip photoreceptors and the natural filtering properties of resistive networks to implement a scheme similar to and motivated by the Difference of Gaussians (DOG) operator proposed by Marr and Hildreth (1980). Our chip computes the zero-crossings associated with the difference of two exponential weighting functions. If the derivative across this zero-crossing is above a threshold, an edge is reported. Simulations indicate that this technique will extend well to two dimensions. 1 INTRODUCTION The zero-crossings of the Laplacian of the Gaussian,r 2 G, are often used for detecting edges. Marr and Hildreth (1980) argued that the Mexican-hat shape of the r 2 G operator can be approximated by the difference of two Gaussians (DOG). In this spirit, we have built a chip that takes the difference of two resistive-network smoothings of photorece...
Developing novel treatments for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) by investigating molecular pathomechanisms (2016)

A small percentage of those infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) develop HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a debilitating neurodegenerative disease. This disease impacts essential bodily functions, and since currently available treatments are considered to be poorly effective, there is a dire need to develop a truly effective treatment to suppress disease progression. Recently, the authors and others have determined that HTLV-1 in HAM/TSP patients primarily infects T cells expressing the chemokine receptor CCR4. The authors postulated that HTLV-1 causes these T cells to develop Th1-like functions that are critical for the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. They described an inflammatory positive feedback loop in which cross-talk between these abnormal Th1-like cells and astrocytes produce and maintain spinal cord lesions in HAM/TSP patients. When an anti-CCR4 antibody was tested against cells from HAM/TSP patients, the antibody instigated the destruction of the CCR4-positive cells, reducing the number of infected cells and the amount of inflammatory activity. Thus, the anti-CCR4 antibody is expected to become a fundamentally new treatment for HAM/TSP that directly targets infected cells. The treatment is currently being tested in clinical trials.
The Capillary Force Actuator: Design, fabrication and characterization (2012)

We report the experimental demonstration of a new class of microactuator that harnesses the Laplace pressure inherent in the curved surface of a liquid drop: the Capillary Force Actuator. Such actuators can deliver significantly greater forces and longer actuation strokes than comparably sized electrostatic actuators. The prototype actuator examined achieves 5 μm displacement and 200 μN of actuation force with 40 V applied. For comparison, with the same area and electrode gap, a parallel plate electrostatic actuator would achieve only 3 μN at this voltage level.
Regularization design and control of change admission in prior-image-based reconstruction (2014)

Nearly all reconstruction methods are controlled through various parameter selections. Traditionally, such parameters are used to specify a particular noise and resolution trade-off in the reconstructed image volumes. The introduction of reconstruction methods that incorporate prior image information has demonstrated dramatic improvements in dose utilization and image quality, but has complicated the selection of reconstruction parameters including those associated with balancing information used from prior images with that of the measurement data. While a noise-resolution tradeoff still exists, other potentially detrimental effects are possible with poor prior image parameter values including the possible introduction of false features and the failure to incorporate sufficient prior information to gain any improvements. Traditional parameter selection methods such as heuristics based on similar imaging scenarios are subject to error and suboptimal solutions while exhaustive searches can involve a large number of time-consuming iterative reconstructions. We propose a novel approach that prospectively determines optimal prior image regularization strength to accurately admit specific anatomical changes without performing full iterative reconstructions. This approach leverages analytical approximations to the implicitly defined prior image-based reconstruction solution and predictive metrics used to estimate imaging performance. The proposed method is investigated in phantom experiments and the shift-variance and data-dependence of optimal prior strength is explored. Optimal regularization based on the predictive approach is shown to agree well with traditional exhaustive reconstruction searches, while yielding substantial reductions in computation time. This suggests great potential of the proposed methodology in allowing for prospective patient-, data-, and change-specific customization of prior-image penalty strength to ensure accurate reconstruction of specific anatomical changes.
Phase formation and stability of Ni silicide contacts - scaling to ultra-thin films (2010)

We discuss the effect of scaling of the Ni thickness on the formation and stability of nickel silicide contacts. When scaling the Ni thickness from 15nm down to 5nm, the start of the agglomeration of the resulting NiSi layer is gradually shifted towards lower temperature. The influence of the microstructure of the polycrystalline NiSi layer on the agglomeration behavior, and methods to stabilize the NiSi film will be discussed. For an as deposited Ni film with a thickness less than 5nm, a completely different behavior is observed, where annealing results in the formation of a Ni silicide phase that exhibits an epitaxial orientation with respect to the Si substrate. Based on sheet resistance measurements and scanning electron microscopy, this ultra-thin film is surprisingly stable during post-annealing at high temperatures.
The PDL1-PD1 Axis Converts Human T <sub>H</sub> 1 Cells into Regulatory T Cells (2011)

Immune surveillance by T helper type 1 (T(H)1) cells is not only critical for the host response to tumors and infection, but also contributes to autoimmunity and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after transplantation. The inhibitory molecule programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) has been shown to anergize human T(H)1 cells, but other mechanisms of PDL1-mediated T(H)1 inhibition such as the conversion of T(H)1 cells to a regulatory phenotype have not been well characterized. We hypothesized that PDL1 may cause T(H)1 cells to manifest differentiation plasticity. Conventional T cells or irradiated K562 myeloid tumor cells overexpressing PDL1 converted TBET(+) T(H)1 cells into FOXP3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells in vivo, thereby preventing human-into-mouse xenogeneic GVHD (xGVHD). Either blocking PD1 expression on T(H)1 cells by small interfering RNA targeting or abrogation of PD1 signaling by SHP1/2 pharmacologic inhibition stabilized T(H)1 cell differentiation during PDL1 challenge and restored the capacity of T(H)1 cells to mediate lethal xGVHD. PD1 signaling therefore induces human T(H)1 cells to manifest in vivo plasticity, resulting in a T(reg) phenotype that severely impairs cell-mediated immunity. Converting human T(H)1 cells to a regulatory phenotype with PD1 signaling provides a potential way to block GVHD after transplantation. Moreover, because this conversion can be prevented by blocking PD1 expression or pharmacologically inhibiting SHP1/2, this pathway provides a new therapeutic direction for enhancing T cell immunity to cancer and infection.
SEROTONERGIC MECHANISMS IN EMESIS (1988)

The observation that the cerebrospinal fluid of cats which are susceptible to motion sickness contained lower baseline levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, among other constituents, led to the hypothesis that serotonin inhibits emesis. The hypothesis was tested by administration of the serotonin-1A agonists buspirone and 8-OH-DPAT before motion testing in cats susceptible to motion sickness. Both drugs blocked motion sickness in a dose-dependent fashion. To determine if these drugs blocked emesis elicited by other stimuli, they were administered before subcutaneous administration of the alpha-2 noradrenergic agonist, xylazine. Both drugs also blocked xylazine-induced emesis. It was concluded that the stimulation of serotonin-1A receptors inhibits emesis elicited by the two stimuli and that this mechanism may exert a general antiemetic effect.