gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Allocation folding based on dominance (2014)

Memory management system performance is of increasing importance in today's managed languages. Two lingering sources of overhead are the direct costs of memory allocations and write barriers. This paper introduces it allocation folding, an optimization technique where the virtual machine automatically folds multiple memory allocation operations in optimized code together into a single, larger it allocation group. An allocation group comprises multiple objects and requires just a single bounds check in a bump-pointer style allocation, rather than a check for each individual object. More importantly, all objects allocated in a single allocation group are guaranteed to be contiguous after allocation and thus exist in the same generation, which makes it possible to statically remove write barriers for reference stores involving objects in the same allocation group. Unlike object inlining, object fusing, and object colocation, allocation folding requires no special connectivity or ownership relation between the objects in an allocation group. We present our analysis algorithm to determine when it is safe to fold allocations together and discuss our implementation in V8, an open-source, production JavaScript virtual machine. We present performance results for the Octane and Kraken benchmark suites and show that allocation folding is a strong performance improvement, even in the presence of some heap fragmentation. Additionally, we use four hand-selected benchmarks JPEGEncoder, NBody, Soft3D, and Textwriter where allocation folding has a large impact.
Design, microfabrication, and analysis of micrometer-sized cylindrical ion trap arrays (2007)

A description of the design and microfabrication of arrays of micrometer-scale cylindrical ion traps is offered. Electrical characterization and initial ion trapping experiments with a massively parallel array of 5 microm internal radius (r(0)) sized cylindrical ion traps (CITs) are also described. The ion trap, materials, and design are presented and shown to be critical in achieving minimal trapping potential while maintaining minimal power consumption. The ion traps, fabricated with metal electrodes, have inner radii of 1, 2, 5, and 10 microm and range from 5 to 24 microm in height. The electrical characteristics of packaged ion trap arrays were measured with a vector network analyzer. The testing focused on trapping toluene (C(7)H(8)), mass 91, 92, or 93 amu, in the 5 microm sized CITs. Ions were formed via electron impact ionization and were ejected by turning off the rf voltage applied to the ring electrode; a current signal was collected at this time. Optimum ionization and trapping conditions, such as a sufficient pseudopotential well and high ionization to ion loss rate ratio (as determined by simulation), proved to be difficult to establish due to the high device capacitance and the presence of exposed dielectric material in the trapping region. However, evidence was obtained suggesting the trapping of ions in 1%-15% of the traps in the array. These first tests on micrometer-scale CITs indicated the necessary materials and device design modifications for realizing ultrasmall and low power ion traps.
Subjective evaluation of tone-mapping methods on 3D images (2011)

High dynamic range (HDR) imaging provides superior picture quality to traditional 8 bit, low dynamic range (LDR), image representations. Capturing images/videos in HDR format can avoid problems with over and under exposures. Tone-mapping is a process that converts from HDR to LDR, so that HDR content can be shown on existing displays. Tone mapping has been extensively studied in the context of 2D images/video but not for 3D content. This paper addresses the problem of presenting 3D HDR content on stereoscopic LDR displays and presents a subjective psychophysical experiment that evaluates existing tone-mapping operators on 3D HDR images. The results show that 3D content derived using tone-mapping is much preferred to that is captured directly with a pair of LDR cameras. Global tone-mapping methods (which better preserve global contrast) are found to produce images with better 3D effect than local tone-mapping operators (which produce images with high amounts of detail/texture). Also, the brightness of the tone-mapped images is found to be highly collated with perceived 3D quality.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection experiments using the mouse as a model (1998)

Due to the existence of ample background information on its reproduction, embryology and genetics, the mouse is potentially an excellent animal model for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Normal fertile mouse offspring have been obtained by ICSI using not only mature (epididymal) and immature (testicular) spermatozoa, but also round spermatids and secondary spermatocytes. This suggests that genomic imprinting of male germ cells is complete before spermiogenesis. Mature mouse spermatozoa carry one or more factors that activate oocytes. This sperm-borne oocyte-activating factor is present in testicular spermatozoa, but not in round spermatids. Thus, at least in the mouse, it seems to appear (or become active) during spermiogenesis. Part of the factor seems to be associated with the perinuclear materials because, when freed from plasma and acrosomal membranes as well as all acrosome components, spermatozoa remain fully capable of activating oocytes by ICSI. Spermatozoa with grossly misshapen heads (e.g. those from the BALB/c mouse) are unable to fertilize oocytes under ordinary in-vivo and in-vitro conditions. However, by ICSI they can fertilize the oocytes, and the zygotes develop into fertile offspring. Inherently poorly motile spermatozoa (of male mice carrying two t haplotypes) are unable to fertilize, but through ICSI they can participate in normal fertilization and embryonic development. Examination of human sperm chromosomes after sperm injection into mouse oocytes revealed that spermatozoa with abnormal head morphology have a significantly higher incidence of chromosome abnormality than those with normal heads, yet the majority of the abnormal spermatozoa have normal chromosomal constitutions. These findings suggest that spermatozoa with aberrant morphology and/or motility are not necessarily genomically abnormal.
Shape-memory polymers as a technology platform for biomedical applications (2010)

Polymeric materials are clinically required for medical devices, as well as controlled drug delivery systems. Depending on the application, the polymer has to provide suitable functionalities, for example, mechanical functions or the capability to actively move, so that an implant can be inserted in a compact shape through key-hole incisions and unfold to its functional shape in the body. Shape-memory polymers, as described herein regarding their general principle, compositions and architectures, have developed to a technology platform that allows the tailored design of such multifunctionality. In this way, defined movements of implants triggered either directly or indirectly, tailored mechanical properties, capability for sterilization, biodegradability, biocompatibility and controlled drug release can be realized. This comprehensive review of the scientific and patent literature illustrates that this technology enables the development of novel medical devices that will be clinically evaluated in the near future.
EyeContact (2016)

Eye tracking is a technology of growing importance for mobile and wearable systems, particularly for newly emerging virtual and augmented reality applications (VR and AR). Current eye tracking solutions for wearable AR and VR headsets rely on optical tracking and achieve a typical accuracy of 0.5° to 1°. We investigate a high temporal and spatial resolution eye tracking system based on magnetic tracking using scleral search coils. This technique has historically relied on large generator coils several meters in diameter or requires a restraint for the user's head. We propose a wearable scleral search coil tracking system that allows the user to walk around, and eliminates the need for a head restraint or room-sized coils. Our technique involves a unique placement of generator coils as well as a new calibration approach that accounts for the less uniform magnetic field created by the smaller coils. Using this technique, we can estimate the orientation of the eye with a mean calibrated accuracy of 0.094°.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Al–W–Fluoride on LiCoO<sub>2</sub> Cathodes: Comparison of Particle- and Electrode-Level Coatings (2017)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of the well-known Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on a LiCoO<sub>2</sub> system is compared with that of a newly developed AlW <sub><i>x</i></sub> F <sub><i>y</i></sub> material. ALD coatings (∼1 nm thick) of both materials are shown to be effective in improving cycle life through mitigation of surface-induced capacity losses. However, the behaviors of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and AlW <sub><i>x</i></sub> F <sub><i>y</i></sub> are shown to be significantly different when coated directly on cathode particles versus deposition on a composite electrode composed of active materials, carbons, and binders. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic intermittent titration techniques, and four-point measurements suggest that electron transport is more limited in LiCoO<sub>2</sub> particles coated with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> compared with that in particles coated with AlW <sub><i>x</i></sub> F <sub><i>y</i></sub> . The results show that proper design/choice of coating materials (e.g., AlW <sub><i>x</i></sub> F <sub><i>y</i></sub> ) can improve capacity retention without sacrificing electron transport and suggest new avenues for engineering electrode-electrolyte interfaces to enable high-voltage operation of lithium-ion batteries.
Functional analysis of human T cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies. III. Regulation of helper factor production by T cell subsets. (1981)

In the present report we extended our previous studies demonstrating that obligatory T-T interactions are important in regulating human immune responses in vitro. Functionally distinct human T cell subsets were isolated by complement-mediated lysis using the monoclonal antibodies OKT4 and OKT8. Evidence was obtained that during allogeneic interactions, OKT4+, but not OKT8+, responder T cells are required to generate helper factor(s) capable of polyclonally activating human B cells independent of additional T cell help. Importantly, the alloantigen-induced helper factor(s) production and/or release was found to be suppressed by addition of graded numbers of radiosensitive OKT8+ cells. On the other hand, no evidence was obtained that supernatant derived from alloactivated OKT8+ cells could counterbalance the helper activity generated in the presence of supernatant from alloactivated OKT4+ cells. Furthermore, OKT8+ cells, known to suppress PWM-driven B cell differentiation in the presence of OKT4+ cells, do not suppress B cell differentiation induced by preformed helper factor even in the presence of OKT4+ cells. These data further underscore the importance of functional T-T interactions in immunoregulation in vitro and support the idea that the target of suppression of B cell differentiation, induced either by alloantigen-triggered helper factor or PWM, are OKT4+ cells and not B cells themselves.
Detection of GPS Spoofing Attacks on Unmanned Aerial Systems (2019)

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have received a huge interest in military and civil applications. Applications of UAS are dependent on successful communications of these systems with different entities in their networks. A UAS network can include the UAS, ground control station, navigation satellite system, and automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) receiver. Through these entities, a UAS is vulnerable to different cyber-attacks such as GPS spoofing. In this attack, a malicious user transmits fake signals to the GPS receiver on the UAS. The fake signals can mislead not only the aircraft but also air traffic controllers, leading to serious problems. These problems range from aircraft hijacking to collisions and human casualties. This paper proposes a supervised machine learning method based on the artificial neural network to detect GPS spoofing signals. Different features such as pseudo range, Doppler shift, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are used to perform the classification of GPS signals. We examine and compare the efficiency of one-and two-hidden-layer neural networks with various numbers of hidden neurons. The results show that our proposed method provides a high probability of detection and a low probability of false alarm.
Pillared clays as superior catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPillared clays as superior catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with ammoniaR. T. Yang, J. P. Chen, E. S. Kikkinides, L. S. Cheng, and J. E. CichanowiczCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 31, 6, 1440–1445Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00006a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00006a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views586Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Toward Electrical Capacitance Tomography of Water-Dominated Multiphase Vertical Flows (2018)

Imaging of multiphase flows holding water as continuous phase (i.e., water-dominated flows) is very challenging for conventional electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) due to the high permittivity of water. In this paper, we introduce a new approach, based on the multi-frequency excitation of ECT sensors, for imaging and real-time monitoring of water-dominated columnar or slug vertical flows. The proposed method exploits differences between measurements obtained at distinct frequencies caused by the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect, which is present in multiphase flows with at least one conducting phase. To illustrate this new approach, several numerical simulations are carried out for two-phase and three-phase mixtures containing air, methylamine, and/or oil as dispersed phases and with water as the continuous phase. Experimental results are also provided to validate the findings.
Super-resolution imaging using spin-dependent fluorescence in bulk diamond (2013)

By modulating the fluorescence brightness of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect centers in bulk diamond, we demonstrate a ‘deterministic emitter switch microscopy’ (DESM) technique that enables super-resolution imaging with localization down to several tens of nanometers.
Verification of propylene glycol preparation from glycerol via the acetol pathway by<i>in situ</i>hydrogenolysis (2012)

Background: Propylene glycol (PG) is one value-added product that can be produced from glycerol through catalytic hydrogenolysis, which conventionally requires external supply of costly hydrogen. This study investigated PG preparation from glycerol through the acetol pathway by Raney nickel-catalyzed hydrogenolysis without an external hydrogen supply. Results: Experiments were designed to examine the glycerol conversion with specific reactant formulations. Thermodynamic analysis was also conducted on species at equilibrium to investigate the pathway from another angle. Conclusion: Acetol is the intermediate in glycerol conversion to PG and hydrogen is internally generated from reformation reactions. The reaction rate of acetol hydrogenolysis dictates the PG yield. PG would be further converted to ethanol through hydrogenolysis if the reaction time were extended.
Experimental Generation of High-Coherence Sub-Prime Comb Lines with Multiple Sub-Lines in a Kerr Frequency Comb using Dual Pumps (2016)

The generation of primary sub-comb-lines with high coherence using dual pumps in a SiN microresonator is investigated. A total capacity of 400 Gbit/s has been experimentally demonstrated in coherent communications based on the generated combs.
Generation of high-repetition-rate WDM pulse trains from an arrayed-waveguide grating (2001)

We present what we believe to be the first demonstration of femtosecond pulse train generation from an arrayed-waveguide grating. Terahertz-rate bursts of femtosecond pulses are produced with the rate determined by the arrayed-waveguide delay spacing.
Correction: Inhibition of IGF-1R Prevents Ionizing Radiation-Induced Primary Endothelial Cell Senescence (2014)

Accelerated senescence is a primary response to cellular stresses including DNA damaging agents (e.g., ionizing radiation) and is widely believed to be caused by continuous proliferative signaling in the presence of cell cycle arrest. Studies of signal transduction pathways leading to accelerated senescence have revealed that inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by rapamycin rescues cells from senescence. However, the molecular mechanisms upstream of mTOR following ionizing radiation (IR) are not well defined. We investigated signal transduction leading to IR-induced accelerated senescence in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC). Exposure of HPAEC to X-rays (10 Gy, 2.4 Gy/min) upregulated senescence markers including p53, p21/waf1, and senescence-associated beta galactosidase (SA--gal). Ly294002 (a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase [PI3K] inhibitor) or rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) blocked the induction of cellular senescence markers suggesting roles for PI3K and mTOR. Pathway-directed microarrays revealed increased transcription of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), a modulator of cell growth and proliferation upstream of mTOR. qRT-PCR confirmed that both IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNA were increased in response to X-rays, and ELISA showed increased secretion of IGF-1 protein into the medium of irradiated HPAEC. Consistent with upregulation of these ligands, we found that X-ray exposure led to hyperphosphorylation of IGF-1R, the receptor for IGF-1 and -2. Treatment with AG1024, an IGF-1R inhibitor, suppressed IR-induced upregulation of p53, p21/waf1, and SA--gal. Together these findings suggest that IGF-1R is a key regulator of IR-induced accelerated senescence in a pathway that requires intact mTOR activity upstream of both p53 and p21/waf1.
Thymus-Derived Peptides in the Treatment of Viral Chronic Hepatitis (1996)

The immune system plays a crucial role in the control and eventual clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Immune mechanisms are now believed to participate in the pathogenesis of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to account perhaps for the high frequency of progression from acute to chronic disease. Although IFN-alpha has been proven effective in the treatment of viral chronic hepatitis B and C, response rates are low, reactivation of disease is appreciable and side effects of treatment are frequent. Both antiviral and immune modulatory activity have been ascribed to IFN-alpha and are believed to account for its therapeutic effect. Immune-active peptides including those derived from the thymus have also been evaluated over the past 15 years for the treatment of viral chronic hepatitis. This review summarizes clinical studies and experimental observations which provide the rationale for the use of these agents in the treatment of chronic hepatitis associated with HBV and HCV. Primary attention is focused on thymosin-alpha (T alpha 1), a synthetic peptide, which has been evaluated in clinical trials. T alpha 1 has in vivo and in vitro immune-modulatory activity on lymphoid populations as well as the potential of more direct antiviral activity. Preliminary results of clinical trials utilizing combinations of T alpha 1 with various IFN preparations are also reviewed.
The Many Faces of IpaB (2016)

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is Shigella's most important virulence factor. The T3SS apparatus (T3SA) is comprised of an envelope-spanning basal body and an external needle topped by a tip complex protein called IpaD. This nanomachine is used to deliver effector proteins into host cells to promote pathogen entry. A key component of the matured T3SS needle tip complex is the translocator protein IpaB. IpaB can exist in multiple states when prepared as a recombinant protein, however, it has also been described as having additional roles in Shigella pathogenesis. This mini-review will briefly describe some of the features of IpaB as a T3SS needle tip protein, as a pore-forming translocator protein and as an effector protein. Reflection on the potential importance of the different in vitro states of IpaB on its function and importance in serotype-independent vaccines is also provided.
Application of ultrasound for targeted nanotherapy of malignant tumors (2009)

The article describes the study of targeted chemotherapeutic intervention on solid tumors by means of ultrasound and doxorubicin- or paclitaxel-loaded perfluoropentane nanoemulsions. Nanodroplets of the emulsions accumulated in a tumor by passive targeting. Under the action of a tumor-directed therapeutic ultrasound, the nanodroplets converted into vapor microbubbles. In vivo, the nanodroplets strongly retained the loaded drugs; yet, under ultrasound-mediated vaporization they released the drugs into the tumor tissue, thereby implementing effective targeting into the tumor. The tumors subjected to this treatment regressed effectively; however, after some time they recurred. The recurring tumors were more resistant to the repeated therapy than the primary ones. At present, the causes of of the resistance development and methods for its elimination are unclear and they are under investigation.
Compensation of higher order polarization-mode dispersion using phase modulation and polarization control in the transmitter (2002)

We demonstrate a higher order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) compensation scheme using a polarization controller and a phase modulator in the transmitter, as well as a traditional first-order compensator in the receiver. The effectiveness of this approach is experimentally demonstrated for a 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) transmission over a link with an average PMD of 50 ps. Under this large PMD condition, the system power penalty can be reduced from /spl sim/4 dB that is achieved with a first-order compensator to 1 dB using the proposed technique. According to a reasonable outage criterion, simulation results show that the tolerance to average PMD for the 40-Gb/s NRZ system is improved to /spl sim/10 ps, as compared to the 7-ps value using only first-order PMD compensation. Such improvement may double the PMD-limited transmission distance.
Phase-sensitive imaging and phase tomography using X-ray interferometers (2003)

X-ray interferometry for imaging applications is discussed with a review of X-ray interferometric imaging activities reported to date. Phase measurement and phase tomography based on X-ray interferometry are also presented. Finally the advantage of X-ray interferometric imaging in comparison with other phase-sensitive X-ray imaging methods is discussed.