gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Significance of Dosimetry in Photodynamic Therapy of Injured Arteries: Classification of Biological Responses (1999)

With conflicting results in the literature on the ability of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to inhibit intimal hyperplasia (IH), the present study systematically investigated the effects of drug and light dosimetry on the biologic responses in the artery wall. The rat common carotid artery was balloon-injured and pressurized with benzopor-phyrin-derivative monoacid ring (BPD). Then, PDT was performed with an external laser at different fluences and the biologic responses of the artery wall were histologically examined at 24 h and at 2 weeks. Photodynamic therapy effects on injured arteries can be classified into four stages: low-dose PDT using 0.5 (ig/mL BPD at 50 J/cm2(stage I) resulted in incomplete cell eradication and significant IH at 2 weeks. Irradiation with 100 J/cm2at the same BPD concentration (stage II) completely eradicated the cells in the artery wall at 24 h but still led to IH at 2 weeks. However, 25 (tg/mL BPD at 100 J/cm2(stage in) resulted in total cell eradication at 24 h and inhibition of IH at 2 weeks. In contrast, high-dose PDT with 25 μg/mL BPD and 200 J/cm2(stage TV) led to thrombus development and vascular occlusion at 24 h. These data, demonstrating the different stages of PDT effects on injured arteries, emphasize the critical importance of appropriate PDT dosimetry for the effective inhibition of IH.
Large scale flow calibration by capacitance measurement within a tank (1995)

The focus of this paper is to introduce a novel method for calibrating natural gas flow meters. This new method can accommodate very large flow rates and it avoids common problems associated with current techniques for meter proving. In this method, the amount of gas accumulated in a vessel of fixed volume is determined by measuring the change in capacitance of the vessel with respect to time. Because the accumulator has a fixed volume the problems inherent with the mechanical motions involved in volumetric provers such as bell provers, piston provers and ball provers are eliminated. Accurate measurements can also be made in larger vessels than would be feasible for gravimetric provers, especially for in situ calibrations. Along with avoiding the fundamental problems associated with current provers, initial studies indicate that accuracies of {plus_minus}0.1% are possible, even for flow rates in large pipelines.
Optimized Statistical Beamforming for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks (2023)

In cognitive radio (CR), cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) employs a fusion of multiple decisions from various secondary user (SU) nodes at a central fusion center (FC) to detect spectral holes not utilized by the primary user (PU). The energy detector (ED) is a well-established technique of spectrum sensing (SS). However, a major challenge in designing an energy detector-based SS is the requirement of correct knowledge for the distribution of decision statistics. Usually, the Gaussian assumption is employed for the received statistics, which is not true in real practice, particularly with a limited number of samples. Another big challenge in the CSS task is choosing an optimal fusion strategy. To tackle these issues, we have proposed a beamforming-assisted ED with a heuristic-optimized CSS technique that utilizes a more accurate distribution of decision statistics by employing the characterization of the indefinite quadratic form (IQF). Two heuristic algorithms, genetic algorithm with multi-parent crossover (GA-MPC) and constriction factor particle swarm-based optimization (CF-PSO), are developed to design optimum beamforming and optimum fusion weights that can maximize the global probability of detection pd while constraining the global probability of false alarm pf to below a required level. The simulation results are presented to validate the theoretical findings and to asses the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Active CMOS biochip for time-resolved fluorescence detection (2005)

This paper describes the design of an active CMOS biosensor array for fluorescence-based assays which enables time-gated, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The array is sensitive to photon densities as low as 1.15 /spl times/ 10/sup 8//cm/sup 2/, has a dynamic range of over 74 dB, and has sub-nanosecond timing resolution. High sensitivity is achieved through subsampling and averaging.
Enhancement of MicroRNA-200c on Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Regeneration by Targeting Sox2-Mediated Wnt Signaling and Klf4 (2019)

MicroRNA (miR)-200c functions in antitumorigenesis and mediates inflammation and osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we discovered that <i>miR-200c</i> was upregulated in human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) during osteogenic differentiation. Inhibition of endogenous <i>miR-200c</i> resulted in downregulated osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and reduced bone volume in the maxilla and mandible of a transgenic mouse model. Overexpression of <i>miR-200c</i> by transfection of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding <i>miR-200c</i> significantly promoted the biomarkers of osteogenic differentiation in hBMSCs, including alkaline phosphatase, Runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, and mineral deposition. The pDNA encoding <i>miR-200c</i> also significantly enhanced bone formation and regeneration in calvarial defects of rat models. In addition, <i>miR-200c</i> overexpression was shown to downregulate SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (<i>Sox2</i>) and Kruppel-like factor 4 by directly targeting <i>3'</i>-untranslated regions and upregulate the activity of Wnt signaling inhibited by <i>Sox2</i>. These results strongly indicated that <i>miR-200c</i> may serve as a unique osteoinductive agent applied for bone healing and regeneration.
Relay Precoder Designs for Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Systems: An Eigenmode-Selection Approach (2016)

In this paper, we present new relay precoder designs for two-way amplify-and-forward multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay systems. We first derive the mean-squared error (MSE) matrices of the received signals at two terminals, and show that their behavior strongly depends on the singular values of the effective MIMO channels of the corresponding relay system. Motivated by this property, a set of relay precoders are constructed based on the singular vector subspaces of the MIMO channels, and one of them is selected for meeting a specific design criterion. Four design criteria are investigated, including the minimum sum of MSEs, the maximum sum of capacities, and the minimum or maximum sum of condition numbers, where the condition number is defined as the ratio of the largest to the smallest singular value of a MIMO channel. Compared to the conventional iterative methods, the proposed relay precoders based on minimizing the sum of MSEs or maximizing the sum of capacities achieve close performance while requiring much lower computational complexity. In contrast, the proposed designs based on minimizing or maximizing the sum of condition numbers provide further complexity reduction, with similar performance at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) but a performance loss at low SNRs.
A systematic approach for analyzing and optimizing cell-internal signal electromigration (2014)

Electromigration (EM) in on-chip metal interconnects is a critical reliability failure mechanism in nanometer-scale technologies. This work addresses the problem of EM on signal interconnects within a standard cell. An approach for modeling and efficient characterization of cell-internal EM is developed, incorporating Joule heating effects, and is used to analyze the lifetime of large benchmark circuits. Further, a method for optimizing the circuit lifetime using minor layout modifications is proposed.
Slice as a Service (SlaaS) Optimal IoT Slice Resources Orchestration (2017)

The increasing deployment of smart devices using mobile networks is pushing operators to consider efficient ways to tailor their infrastructure to the Internet of Things (IoT) diverse requirements and traffic characteristics. A promising approach to address this need is the novel concept of network slicing, which aims at allocating portions of network resources to specific tenants, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), IoT, e-health, connected vehicles, etc. While this has been traditionally done with long-term agreements between network operators and tenants as MVNOs, in this work we focus on a new business model where network operators offer network slices as a service (SlaaS). In particular, we propose a novel system comprising an IoT Broker managing massive IoT network slices services and a Network Slice Broker that through bi-directional negotiations are able to efficiently allocate and orchestrate network resources.
Total synthesis of a <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> serotype 12F CPS repeating unit hexasaccharide (2017)

The Gram-positive bacterium <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> causes severe disease globally. Vaccines that prevent <i>S. pneumoniae</i> infections induce antibodies against epitopes within the bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS). A better immunological understanding of the epitopes that protect from bacterial infection requires defined oligosaccharides obtained by total synthesis. The key to the synthesis of the <i>S. pneumoniae</i> serotype 12F CPS hexasaccharide repeating unit that is not contained in currently used glycoconjugate vaccines is the assembly of the trisaccharide β-D-Gal<i>p</i>NAc-(1→4)-[α-D-Glc<i>p</i>-(1→3)]-β-D-Man<i>p</i>NAcA, in which the branching points are equipped with orthogonal protecting groups. A linear approach relying on the sequential assembly of monosaccharide building blocks proved superior to a convergent [3 + 3] strategy that was not successful due to steric constraints. The synthetic hexasaccharide is the starting point for further immunological investigations.
High-efficiency diode-pumped Nd:YVO_4 slab laser (1993)

Optical-to-optical conversion efficiencies of as high as 32% with a slope efficiency of 44% were obtained with a novel diode-bar, side-pumped laser cavity design. A slab geometry with a single, high-angle-of-incidence reflection was used to extract gain from near the pump face of a Nd:YVO(4) bar that absorbed strongly at the pump wavelength. Small-signal gains of greater than 8 cm(-1) and pulse energies of as much as 3.2 mJ were obtained in an almost TEM(00) mode. Aperturing effects by the laser rod were found to limit the effects of nonuniform gain on the laser mode.
5 Structural Studies of Prion Proteins (2004)

Although many aspects of prion disease biology are unorthodox, perhaps the most fundamental paradox is posed by the coexistence of inherited, sporadic, and infectious forms of these diseases. Sensible molecular mechanisms for prion propagation must explain all three forms of prion diseases in a manner that is compatible with the formidable and ever-increasing array of experimental data derived from histopathologic, biochemical, biophysical, human genetic, and transgenetic studies. In this chapter, we explore the phenomenologic constraints on models of prion replication with a specific emphasis on biophysical studies of prion protein structures. We examine how an inherited disease can also present as a sporadic or infectious illness in the context of the structural data on PrPs that are currently available. Since the first version of this chapter was written, much more has been learned about prion biology. Many ideas have been reinforced and structural models have been revised. Exciting new advances toward the treatment of prion disease have resulted. THEORY OF PRION DISEASES The inherited prion diseases include Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD), and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). These patients present with characteristic clinical and neuropathologic findings as early as their third or fourth decade of life, and their family histories are compatible with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance (Chapter 14). Molecular genetic studies argue that these diseases are caused by mutations in the prion protein (PrP) gene based on high LOD scores for 5 of the 30 known mutations (Hsiao et al. 1989; Dlouhy et al. 1992;...
Video compression for multicast environments using spatial scalability and simulcast coding (2003)

Abstract A common problem with many video transmission applications is the wide range of available bandwidths between the server and different clients. These environments require efficient multicast video service, the capability to transmit and receive the same video sequence at different resolutions. Two approaches to achieve multicast service are scalable coding (dependent bitstream coding) and simulcast coding (independent bitstream coding). One would expect scalable coding to have higher coding efficiency because a scalable coded bitstream can exploit similar information in another bitstream. This reasoning would suggest that multicast implementations should only use scalable coding for maximum coding efficiency. However, this article shows results where simulcast coding has been found to outperform spatial scalability (one type of scalable coding). In this article, methods are described to select between simulcast coding and spatial scalability for multicast video transmission. These techniques can be used to determine the proper multicast coding approach for providing service to clients with different communication links. The methodology described can also be used to construct decision regions to guide more general scenarios or adaptively switch between the two coding approaches. A number of important results were obtained that may be directly applicable to commercial multicast systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 331–340, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10065
Epitaxial Growth of 6 in. Single‐Crystalline Graphene on a Cu/Ni (111) Film at 750 °C via Chemical Vapor Deposition (2019)

The future electronic application of graphene highly relies on the production of large-area high-quality single-crystal graphene. However, the growth of single-crystal graphene on different substrates via either single nucleation or seamless stitching is carried out at a temperature of 1000 °C or higher. The usage of this high temperature generates a variety of problems, including complexity of operation, higher contamination, metal evaporation, and wrinkles owing to the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between the substrate and graphene. Here, a new approach for the fabrication of ultraflat single-crystal graphene using Cu/Ni (111)/sapphire wafers at lower temperature is reported. It is found that the temperature of epitaxial growth of graphene using Cu/Ni (111) can be reduced to 750 °C, much lower than that of earlier reports on catalytic surfaces. Devices made of graphene grown at 750 °C have a carrier mobility up to ≈9700 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> at room temperature. This work shines light on a way toward a much lower temperature growth of high-quality graphene in single crystallinity, which could benefit future electronic applications.
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of <i>N</i>-{3-[2-(4-Alkoxyphenoxy)thiazol-5-yl]-1- methylprop-2-ynyl}carboxy Derivatives as Selective Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 2 Inhibitors (2006)

A structurally novel acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor is identified from high-throughput screening. A preliminary structure-activity relationship study led to the discovery of potent dual ACC1/ACC2 and ACC2 selective inhibitors against human recombinant ACC1 and ACC2. Selective ACC2 inhibitors exhibited IC50<20 nM and >1000-fold selectivity against ACC1. (S)-Enantiomer 9p exhibited high ACC2 activity and lowered muscle malonyl-CoA dose-dependently in acute rodent studies, whereas (R)-enantiomer 9o was weak and had no effect on the malonyl-CoA level.
A crab leg suspension based dual axis MEMS accelerometer with low cross axis sensitivity (2016)

This paper reports on the design and optimization of a 2-axis, single proof mass MEMS capacitive accelerometer, using the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) platform of GlobalFoundries. The accelerometer consists of a square proof mass suspended using crab leg springs. As dual axis accelerometers are designed to work in both in-plane directions, they are prone to cross-coupling between in-plane acceleration and Z-axis acceleration. This is due to the structural design that makes them sensitive to cross-axis acceleration. Moreover, low stiffness in Z-axis causes the proof-mass to sag due to gravity. In the present paper, we address the cross-axis sensitivity issue in the context of a high-sensitivity, differential capacitive accelerometer in a small footprint of 1.5mm × 1.5 mm, with reduced in-plane cross-axis sensitivity and high frequency separation among the in-plane and Z-axis modes. Simulation results show a differential capacitive sensitivity of 59fF/g (g=9.8 m/s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) can be achieved. The device also has a mode separation of 10 kHz between in-plane and out-of-the plane modes. The average cross-axis sensitivity in XY is 1.33% and the cross-axis sensitivity due to Z-axis acceleration is zero.
Reliability of Enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs Fabricated by Fluorine Plasma Treatment (2007)

The reliability of enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs fabricated by the fluorine plasma treatment technique was investigated by applying OFF-state and ON- state long-term high-electric-field stress. A moderate negative shift (-0.25 V) was observed in the threshold voltage after 288 hours of stress. This shift, however, can be eliminated with an enhancement/depletion dual-gate configuration which effectively prevents high electric field from influencing the fluorine plasma treated area.
Hollow Core Fiber Technology for Data Transmission (2014)

We review our recent progress in developing hollow core photonic bandgap fibers for high capacity data transmission. Novel numerical and characterization tools developed to improve fiber performance and yield will be discussed.
Overwrite, nonlinear transition shift of laminated antiferromagnetically coupled media (2003)

Summary form only given. Recently, laminated antiferromagnetically coupled (LAC) media are being considered as potential candidates to extend the life of longitudinal recording. In these structures, the reduction of M/sub r//spl delta/ is achieved by the cancellation of the recording layer's moments from the thinner (bottom) layer's moment. Therefore, these structures have a larger thermal stability, even at low M/sub r//spl delta/ values. Since the LAC media are considerably different from the conventional recording media due to the presence of antiferromagnetic coupling, it is expected that the recording physics in LAC media might be different too. Therefore, in this work, we have investigated the recording performance of LAC media with two and three magnetic layers using a spin-stand. Comparison is made with the recording performance of a conventional single layered media.
Handedness in shearing auxetics creates rigid and compliant structures (2018)

In nature, repeated base units produce handed structures that selectively bond to make rigid or compliant materials. Auxetic tilings are scale-independent frameworks made from repeated unit cells that expand under tension. We discovered how to produce handedness in auxetic unit cells that shear as they expand by changing the symmetries and alignments of auxetic tilings. Using the symmetry and alignment rules that we developed, we made handed shearing auxetics that tile planes, cylinders, and spheres. By compositing the handed shearing auxetics in a manner inspired by keratin and collagen, we produce both compliant structures that expand while twisting and deployable structures that can rigidly lock. This work opens up new possibilities in designing chemical frameworks, medical devices like stents, robotic systems, and deployable engineering structures.
Architecture support for guest-transparent VM protection from untrusted hypervisor and physical attacks (2013)

The privacy and integrity of tenant's data highly rely on the infrastructure of multi-tenant cloud being secure. However, with both hardware and software being controlled by potentially curious or even malicious cloud operators, it is no surprise to see frequent reports of data leakages or abuses in cloud. Unfortunately, most prior solutions require intrusive changes to the cloud platform and none can protect a VM against adversaries controlling the physical machine. This paper analyzes the challenges of transparent VM protection against sophisticated adversaries controlling the whole software and hardware stack. Based on the analysis, this paper proposes HyperCoffer, a hardware-software framework that guards the privacy and integrity of tenant's VMs. HyperCoffer only trusts the processor chip and makes no security assumption on external memory and devices. Hyper-Coffer extends existing processor virtualization with memory encryption and integrity checking to secure data communication with off-chip memory. Unlike prior hardware-based approaches, HyperCoffer retains transparency with existing virtual machines (i.e., operating systems) and requires very few changes to the (untrusted) hypervisor. HyperCoffer introduces a mechanism called VM-Shim that runs in-between a guest VM and the hypervisor. Each VM-Shim instance for a VM runs in a separate protected context and only declassifies necessary information designated by the VM to the hypervisor and external environments (e.g., through NICs). We have implemented a prototype of HyperCoffer in a QEMU-based full-system emulator and the VM-Shim mechanism in a real machine. Performance measurement using trace-based simulation and on a real hardware platform shows that the performance overhead is small (ranging from 0.6% to 13.9% on simulated platform and 0.3% to 6.8% on real hardware for the VM-Shim mechanism).
Enhanced production of 2,3‐butanediol in pyruvate decarboxylase‐deficient <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> through optimizing ratio of glucose/galactose (2016)

Galactose and glucose are two of the most abundant monomeric sugars in hydrolysates of marine biomasses. While Saccharomyces cerevisiae can ferment galactose, its uptake is tightly controlled in the presence of glucose by catabolite repression. It is desirable to construct engineered strains capable of simultaneous utilization of glucose and galactose for producing biofuels and chemicals from marine biomass. The MTH1 gene coding for transcription factor in glucose signaling was mutated in a pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc)-deficient S. cerevisiae expressing heterologous 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) biosynthetic genes. The engineered S. cerevisiae strain consumed glucose and galactose simultaneously and produced 2,3-BD as a major product. Total sugar consumption rates increased with a low ratio of glucose/galactose, though, occurrence of the glucose depletion in a fed-batch fermentation decreased 2,3-BD production substantially. Through optimizing the profiles of sugar concentrations in a fed-batch cultivation with the engineered strain, 99.1 ± 1.7 g/L 2,3-BD was produced in 143 hours with a yield of 0.353 ± 0.022 g 2,3-BD/g sugars. This result suggests that simultaneous and efficient utilization of glucose and galactose by the engineered yeast might be applicable to the economical production of not only 2,3-BD, but also other biofuels and chemicals from marine biomass.