gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Field Vaccination against Hemorrhagic Enteritis of Turkeys by a Cell-Culture Live-Virus Vaccine (1985)

A cell-culture-propagated (CC) live-virus hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) vaccine was evaluated for efficacy and safety in two field trials conducted in North Carolina (NC) and Minnesota (MN). At 4 or 5 1/2 weeks of age, 9,839 poults in NC and 15,857 poults in MN were vaccinated with a CC HE vaccine administered via the drinking water. A comparable number of poults were maintained as unvaccinated controls. Vaccinated and unvaccinated poults were compared for seroconversion, response to laboratory challenge with a virulent HE virus at 3 weeks postvaccination, livability, percentage graded A, and average weight at marketing. In both trials, vaccination with the CC HE vaccine resulted in immunity against HE as indicated by seroconversion and by resistance to HE lesions following laboratory challenge with virulent HE virus. Compared with unvaccinated groups, vaccinated groups had a significantly higher percentage of turkeys graded A in the NC trial and in two of three flocks in the MN trial (P less than 0.005). Further, in the NC trial, livability was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) in vaccinated turkeys than in unvaccinated turkeys. These data indicate that the CC HE vaccine is efficacious and safe to use in the field.
Precise analysis of frequency domain photon migration measurement for characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions (2002)

Frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) is a new method for characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions using multiply scattered light. The ability of FDPM to determine size and interaction characteristics of the particulate phase of colloidal suspensions depends largely upon the accuracy and precision of FDPM-measured optical properties. In this work, FDPM measurements at multiple modulation frequencies and multiple source-to-detector distances are systematically analyzed for obtaining accurate and precise scattering properties of colloidal suspensions. Two different data analysis methods, multifrequency (MF) nonlinear regression and multidistance (MD) linear regression, and corresponding various strategies for fitting to the optical diffusion equation are investigated. The accuracy and precision of estimated scattering coefficients by different approaches are compared. Results show that MD linear regression with simultaneous regression of average intensity and phase shift or amplitude and phase shift data provides the best data analysis method since it provides not only accurate estimated parameters but also an accurate estimation of their uncertainties. Finally, an important criterion, derived from the photon diffusion model, is proposed for checking the consistency of measurement data and optimizing experimental conditions for FDPM characterization of multiply scattering materials.
Widely tunable, aluminum-free, GaSb-based, mid-infrared semiconductor lasers (2003)

An external cavity tuning range of 0.3 µm, at a center wavelength of 3.8 µm, is demonstrated from an optically pumped, aluminum-free semiconductor laser grown on a GaSb substrate, with a peak single-facet output power of 0.65 W.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrazine—trans‐cyclooctene Ligation for the Rapid Construction of <sup>18</sup>F Labeled Probes. (2011)

Abstract A radiolabeling method for bioconjugation based on the Diels‐Alder reaction between 2,6‐diaryl‐tetrazines, such as (III), and a 18 F‐labeled trans‐cyclooctene analogue of (II) is described.
Identification and Synthesis of a Male-Produced Pheromone for the Neotropical Root Weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (2012)

An unsaturated hydroxy-ester pheromone was isolated from the headspace and feces of male Diaprepes abbreviatus, identified, and synthesized. The pheromone, methyl (E)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-2-pentenoate, was discovered by gas chromatography-coupled electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD), and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The synthesis yielded an 86:14 mixture of methyl (E)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-2-pentenoate (active) and methyl (Z)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-2-pentenoate (inactive), along with a lactone breakdown product. The activity of the synthetic E-isomer was confirmed by GC-EAD, GC-MS, NMR, and bioassays. No antennal response was observed to the Z-isomer or the lactone. In a two-choice olfactometer bioassay, female D. abbreviatus moved upwind towards the synthetic pheromone or natural pheromone more often compared with clean air. Males showed no clear preference for the synthetic pheromone. This pheromone, alone or in combination with plant volatiles, may play a role in the location of males by female D. abbreviatus.
A Novel Method for Preparing Anode Cermets for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (1999)

A new method for fabrication of metal‐cermet anodes in solid‐oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has been developed. Highly porous, yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films were prepared using a mixture of zircon fibers (YSZp, Si‐stabilized, and <0.3% Si) and normal YSZ powders (YSZd). The films remained highly porous following calcination up to 1550°C, after which either Cu or Ni could be incorporated by impregnation with the nitrate salts. For Cu cermets, the performance increased with metal loading to at least 40% Cu. At 800°C using as the fuel and a 230 μm, YSZ electrolyte, the current‐voltage (I-V) curves for either a Cu‐ or Ni‐cermet anode formed using this new method were found to be identical to the I-V curve for a Ni cermet formed using traditional methods. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the anode films remained porous even with addition of Cu, so that additional modification was possible. Tests of this concept through the addition of ceria by impregnation with the led to an additional increase in the cell performance. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
EXTREMELY THIN DIELECTRIC METASURFACE FOR CARPET CLOAKING (2015)

We demonstrate a novel and simple geometrical approach to cloaking a scatterer on a ground plane. We use an extremely thin dielectric metasurface to reshape the wavefronts distorted by a scatterer in order to mimic the reflection pattern of a flat ground plane. To achieve such carpet cloaking, the reflection angle has to be equal to the incident angle everywhere on the scatterer. We use a graded metasurface and calculate the required phase gradient to achieve cloaking. Our metasurface locally provides additional phase to the wavefronts to compensate for the phase difference amongst light paths induced by the geometrical distortion. We design our metasurface in the microwave range using highly sub-wavelength dielectric resonators. We verify our design by full-wave time-domain simulations using micro-structured resonators and show that results match theory very well. This approach can be applied to hide any scatterer under a metasurface of class C 1 (first derivative continuous) on a ground plane not only in the microwave regime, but also at higher frequencies up to the visible.
Long-range alpha detector (LRAD) (1991)

The general health questionnaire (GHQ) is a self-reporting psychiatric screening questionnaire which has been tested and validated in a number of languages and cultural settings. The translated and validated 30 item GHQ was given to a selected sample of women between 15 and 49 years attending a suburban general practice, as a part of a study on emotional disorder. The acceptance of the questionnaire was high with a compliance of 91.5% from those who were invited to participate. The majority of respondents showed much interest and willingness in filling in the questionnaire.
Silencing of Oncogenic KRAS by Mutant-Selective Small Interfering RNA (2021)

Oncogenic mutations in the <i>KRAS</i> gene are well-established drivers of cancer. While the recently developed KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> inhibitors offer a targeted KRAS therapy and have shown success in the clinic, KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> represents only 11% of all KRAS mutations. Current therapeutic approaches for all other KRAS mutations are both indirect and nonmutant-selective, largely focusing on inhibition of downstream KRAS effectors such as MAP kinases. Inhibition of KRAS downstream signaling results in a system-wide down-modulation of the respective targets, raising concerns about systemic cell toxicity. Here, we describe a custom short interfering RNA oligonucleotide (EFTX-D1) designed to preferentially bind mRNA of the most commonly occurring KRAS missense mutations in codons 12 and 13. We determined that EFTX-D1 preferentially reduced the mutant KRAS sequence versus wild-type at the levels of both transcription and translation and reversed oncogenic KRAS-induced morphologic and growth transformation. Furthermore, EFTX-D1 significantly impaired the proliferation of several KRAS mutant cancer cell lines in 2-D as well as 3-D assays. Taken together, our data indicate a novel use of RNA interference to target oncogenic KRAS-driven cancers specifically.
Deep Inductive Graph Representation Learning (2018)

This paper presents a general inductive graph representation learning framework called <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{DeepGL}$</tex-math></inline-formula> for learning deep node <i>and</i> edge features that generalize across-networks. In particular, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{DeepGL}$</tex-math></inline-formula> begins by deriving a set of base features from the graph (e.g., graphlet features) and automatically learns a multi-layered hierarchical graph representation where each successive layer leverages the output from the previous layer to learn features of a higher-order. Contrary to previous work, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{DeepGL}$</tex-math></inline-formula> learns <i>relational functions</i> (each representing a feature) that naturally generalize across-networks and are therefore useful for graph-based transfer learning tasks. Moreover, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{DeepGL}$</tex-math></inline-formula> naturally supports attributed graphs, learns interpretable inductive graph representations, and is space-efficient (by learning sparse feature vectors). In addition, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{DeepGL}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is expressive, flexible with many interchangeable components, efficient with a time complexity of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {O}(|E|)$</tex-math></inline-formula> , and scalable for large networks via an efficient parallel implementation. Compared with recent methods, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{DeepGL}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is (1) <i>effective</i> for across-network transfer learning tasks <i>and</i> large (attributed) graphs, (2) <i>space-efficient</i> requiring up to 6x less memory, (3) <i>fast</i> with up to 106x speedup in runtime performance, and (4) <i>accurate</i> with an average improvement in AUC of 20 percent or more on many learning tasks and across a wide variety of networks.
Class hierarchy specialization (1997)

Class libraries are generally designed with an emphasis on versatility and extensibility. Applications that use a library typically exercise only part of the library's functionality. As a result, objects created by the application may contain unused members. We present an algorithm that specializes a class hierarchy with respect to its usage in a program P. That is, the algorithm analyzes the member access patterns for P's variables, and creates distinct classes for variables that access different members. Class hierarchy specialization reduces object size, and is hence primarily a space optimization. However, execution time may also be reduced through reduced object creation/destruction time, and caching/paging effects.
Possible role of cytotoxic T cells in acute liver injury in hepatitis C virus cDNA transgenic mice mediated by Cre/loxP system (2000)

A line of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transgenic mice was established previously that was mediated by Cre/loxP system using HCV cDNA, including core, E1, E2 and NS2 genes. Intravenous infection of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses Cre DNA recombinase (AxCANCre) induced HCV structural protein expression in the liver of transgenic mice. HCV core protein production and transgene recombination in the mouse liver were serially evaluated after AxCANCre infusion. Core proteins were expressed efficiently and transgene was almost completely recombined in the liver of mice after 3 days and then the levels of both core protein production and transgene recombination decreased continuously for 28 days. However, 30.6% of the transgene recombination remained at 28 days and only 2.7% of core production remained at 28 days after infection. Compared with nontransgenic controls, the serum alanine aminotransferase levels in transgenic mice were significantly higher 10, 14, and 21 days after adenovirus infection. Histological scoring also indicated severe pathological changes in the liver of transgenic mice after adenovirus infection. AxCANCre infusion increased CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration into the liver of transgenic mice compared with that of non-transgenic controls. Furthermore, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) isolated from transgenic mice during liver injury were specific for the HCV proteins. These results suggest that HCV structural proteins expressed in the liver of transgenic mice enhanced liver injury. HCV-specific CTLs may be to enhance hepatitis. Thus, the present HCV transgenic mouse model provides a useful model of liver injury due to HCV, and the host immune response may play a pivotal role(s) in the pathogenesis of HCV.
The SDMA/TDD base station for PHS mobile communication (2003)

Space division multiple access (SDMA) is a multiple access scheme for mobile communications that improves system capacity. We developed the SDMA base station (BS) and carried out several tests. We describe the configuration of the SDMA BS and the results of the tests. The result of the indoor measurement indicates that the SDMA BS has sufficient interference suppression performance. The results of the field test indicate that the traffic capacity is several times greater than existing systems and interference emitted from the SDMA BS is decreased. Therefore, it is confirmed that the SDMA BS achieves substantial improvements in spectrum efficiency without any degradation.
Discovery of 5′′‐Chloro‐<i>N</i>‐[(5,6‐dimethoxypyridin‐2‐yl)methyl]‐2,2′:5′,3′′‐terpyridine‐3′‐carboxamide (MK‐1064): A Selective Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonist (2‐SORA) for the Treatment of Insomnia (2013)

The field of small-molecule orexin antagonist research has evolved rapidly in the last 15 years from the discovery of the orexin peptides to clinical proof-of-concept for the treatment of insomnia. Clinical programs have focused on the development of antagonists that reversibly block the action of endogenous peptides at both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors (OX1 R and OX2 R), termed dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), affording late-stage development candidates including Merck's suvorexant (new drug application filed 2012). Full characterization of the pharmacology associated with antagonism of either OX1 R or OX2 R alone has been hampered by the dearth of suitable subtype-selective, orally bioavailable ligands. Herein, we report the development of a selective orexin 2 antagonist (2-SORA) series to afford a potent, orally bioavailable 2-SORA ligand. Several challenging medicinal chemistry issues were identified and overcome during the development of these 2,5-disubstituted nicotinamides, including reversible CYP inhibition, physiochemical properties, P-glycoprotein efflux and bioactivation. This article highlights structural modifications the team utilized to drive compound design, as well as in vivo characterization of our 2-SORA clinical candidate, 5''-chloro-N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2':5',3''-terpyridine-3'-carboxamide (MK-1064), in mouse, rat, dog, and rhesus sleep models.
Discovery of a Novel A<sub>2B</sub>Adenosine Receptor Antagonist as a Clinical Candidate for Chronic Inflammatory Airway Diseases (2008)

Recently, we have reported a series of new 1,3-symmetrically (R 1 = R 3) substituted xanthines ( 3 and 4) which have high affinity and selectivity for the human adenosine A 2B receptors (hA(2B)-AdoR). Unfortunately, this class of compounds had poor pharmacokinetic properties. This prompted us to investigate the effect of differential alkyl substitution at the N-1 and N-3 positions ( N 1-R not equal to N 3-R) on A(2B)-AdoR affinity and selectivity; we had the dual objectives of enhancing affinity and selectivity for the A(2B)-AdoR, as well as improving oral bioavailability. This effort has led to the discovery of compound 62, that displayed high affinity and selectivity for the hA(2B)-AdoR (K(i) = 22 nM). In addition, compound 62 showed high functional potency in inhibiting the accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate induced by 5'- N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine in HEK-A(2B)-AdoR and NIH3T3 cells with K(B) values of 6 and 2 nM, respectively. In a single ascending-dose phase I clinical study, compound 62 had no serious adverse events and was well tolerated.
ChemInform Abstract: CuCN‐Mediated Cascade Cyclization of 4‐(2‐Bromophenyl)‐2‐butenoates: A High‐Yield Synthesis of Substituted Naphthalene Amino Esters. (2013)

Abstract The title reaction allows a new and efficient access to synthetically important naphthalene amino esters and related compounds.
Identification of a very early promoter of insect Hz-1 virus using a novel dual-expression shuttle vector (1995)

Very early promoters of viruses control the proper cascade expression of viral genes and are essential for completion of virus life cycles. These promoters are usually rare and weak and do not encode structural proteins. As a result, they are difficult to identify. In order to identify and clone the very early promoters of a large eukaryotic DNA virus, the Hz-1 virus, a novel cloning strategy was applied. This strategy is based on a dual-expression shuttle vector containing a promoter-less lacZ gene. Insertion of eukaryotic promoters upstream permits the efficient expression of LacZ in bacteria cells. The function of the putative promoters was then confirmed by their proper expression in insect cells. The first two productive infection-specific promoters of Hz-1 virus, contained within the shuttle vectors pTSV-2-129 and pTSV-2-49, were cloned from the HindIII-K and HindIII-A fragments of the Hz-1 viral genome, respectively. By primer extension analysis, an immediate and constitutive expression of the promoter in clone pTSV-2-129 was detected after viral infection. Identification of the productive infection-specific promoters has laid down important groundwork for future studies on the molecular mechanism of the transcriptional switch between productive and persistent infections of Hz-1 virus.
Synthesis of polymeric models of elastin: Polyhexapeptides and an insoluble, hybrid cross‐linked polypeptide (1978)

Abstract The polymer of the hexapeptide sequence, Val‐Ala‐Pro‐Gly‐Glu‐Gly, was synthesized and demostrated of exhibit a reversible, pH‐dependent coacervation in low‐pH aqueous solution. In addition, the synthesis of an insoluble, hybrid, cross‐linked polypeptide matrix is described. The cross‐linking was achieved in the coacervate state during flow orientation of the polymers. The chemical means of covalent cross‐linking was intermolecular primary amide bond formation between the lysyl side chains in one polypentapeptide unit and the glutamyl side chains in another polyhexapeptide unit. The carboxyl activating reagent was a water‐soluble carbodiimide. The key intermediates in the syntheses, the hexamers and their high polymers, were analyzed by carbon‐13 magnetic resonance to verify the correctness of synthesis and to obtain information on conformation.
Differentiation of Human Non-Salivary, Non-Pancreatic ∝-Amylase from Salivary and Pancreatic ∝Amylases by Use of FG5P1 (1990)

Human non-salivary, non-pancreatic alpha-amylase (yHXA) is the gene product of a newly found human alpha-amylase gene expressed in yeast. Its mode of action on a fluorogenic derivative of p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltopentaoside, FG5P (FG-G-G-G-G-P), was examined at various pH values to elucidate the difference between yHXA and pancreatic or salivary alpha-amylase. The product analysis of the digests by HPLC showed that the enzyme hydrolyzed FG5P to FG3 (FG-G-G) and p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltoside (G-G-P) and to FG4(FG-G-G-G) and p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside (G-P), and the ratio of the two reactions changed with pH. The three enzymes differed from each other in the mode of action at pH 5.5. The molar ratio of FG4 to FG3 in the digest with yHXA was the largest. This suggested that the expression of the new gene in human can be detected by the use of FG5P as the substrate in the alpha-amylase assay.
Highly Porous Electrospun Nanofibers Enhanced by Ultrasonication for Improved Cellular Infiltration (2011)

A significant problem that affects tissue-engineered electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds is poor infiltration of cells into the three-dimensional (3D) structure. Physical manipulation can enhance cellular infiltration into electrospun scaffolds. The porosity of electrospun nanofibers was highly enlarged by ultrasonication in an aqueous solution. The porosity and related property changes on a series of nanofibers were observed to be dependent on ultrasonication time and energy. To evaluate cell infiltration into the scaffold, fibroblasts were seeded onto these nanofibers and cultured for different lengths of time. The penetration levels of these cells into the scaffold were monitored using confocal lazer scanning microscopy. The cell infiltration potential was greatly increased with regard to an increase in pore size and porosity. These 3D nanofibrous scaffolds fabricated by an ultrasonication process allowed cells to infiltrate easily into the scaffold. This approach shows great promise for design of cell permeable nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications.
Utility of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Analysis of Antigen Receptor Rearrangement in Staging and Predicting Prognosis in Dogs with Lymphoma (2006)

In lymphoid neoplasia, molecular assays to confirm clonality rely on the fact that lymphoid cells normally contain DNA regions with unique sequences, resulting from recombination of the V, D, and J genes. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) for molecular staging and predicting prognosis in canine lymphoma. We hypothesized that the PARR assay would offer a sensitive method for detecting neoplastic cells in blood, and that the presence of such cells would be a negative prognostic finding compared with dogs with no detectable circulating tumor cells. Eighty-six patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed lymphoma were studied from initial diagnosis until death or euthanasia. All patients had PARR assays of a representative tumor-infiltrated lymph node and peripheral whole blood. Sixty-two patients had clonal rearrangements detected in the lymph node and were able to be staged by PARR. Seventeen patients (27%) had no detectable tumor in their blood and 45 (73%) were blood positive. Our findings showed that (1) PARR correlated with clinical stage in that the PARR assay was more likely to detect tumor cells in blood in stage 5 lymphomas, (2) PARR was more sensitive for detecting circulating tumor cells than visual assessment of blood or bone marrow because 80% of stage 3 lymphomas were blood-PARR-positive, and (3) PCR stage was not prognostic for disease-free interval (DFI) or survival.