gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potent and Selective Inhibition of a Single α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptor Subunit by an RNA Aptamer (2011)

Inhibitors of AMPA-type glutamate ion channels are useful as biochemical probes for structure-function studies and as drug candidates for a number of neurological disorders and diseases. Here, we describe the identification of an RNA inhibitor or aptamer by an in vitro evolution approach and a characterization of its mechanism of inhibition on the sites of interaction by equilibrium binding and on the receptor channel opening rate by a laser-pulse photolysis technique. Our results show that the aptamer is a noncompetitive inhibitor that selectively inhibits the GluA2Q(flip) AMPA receptor subunit without any effect on other AMPA receptor subunits or kainate or NMDA receptors. On the GluA2 subunit, this aptamer preferentially inhibits the flip variant. Furthermore, the aptamer preferentially inhibits the closed-channel state of GluA2Q(flip) with a K(I) = 1.5 μM or by ∼15-fold over the open-channel state. The potency and selectivity of this aptamer rival those of small molecule inhibitors. Together, these properties make this aptamer a promising candidate for the development of water-soluble, highly potent, and GluA2 subunit-selective drugs.
Novel three phase seven level PWM converter (2009)

In this paper, authors propose a novel three phase seven level converter which results from a series connection of the new cascaded U cells and the neutral point clamped NPC topologies. A topological optimization of this configuration leads to the proposed scheme characterized by the use of only eight power switches per phase. Modeling, modulation and control technique of the proposed converter are performed in order to draw a nearly sinusoidal lines currents and line-to-line voltages. A method for balancing DC link output voltages is also proposed in order to protect loads, passives and actives power devices. The proposed three phase seven level converter with its control and balancing techniques were verified by simulation.
Contrast enhanced photolithography (1983)

This paper introduces a new method, contrast enhancement, which improves the imaging properties of conventional photoresist through the use of a photobleachable layer applied to the resist surface. Contrast enhancement allows high contrast photopatterns to be formed even when low contrast illumination is used. A short discussion of the theory and an experimental demonstration of the method are presented.
Emerging Family of Proline-Specific Peptidases of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> : Purification and Characterization of Serine Dipeptidyl Peptidase, a Structural and Functional Homologue of Mammalian Prolyl Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (2000)

Porphyromonas gingivalis is an asaccharolytic and anaerobic bacterium that possesses a complex proteolytic system which is essential for its growth and evasion of host defense mechanisms. In this report, we show the purification and characterization of prolyl dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) produced by this organism. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity, and its enzymatic activity and biochemical properties were investigated. P. gingivalis DPPIV, like its human counterpart, is able to cleave the N terminus of synthetic oligopeptides with sequences analogous to those of interleukins 1beta and 2. Additionally, this protease hydrolyzes biologically active peptides including substance P, fibrin inhibitory peptide, and beta-casomorphin. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from several P. gingivalis strains reveal that a single copy of the DPPIV gene was present in all strains tested.
The development of a novel anti-peptoid antibody for a peptoid-based vaccine platform (P4506) (2013)

Abstract Peptoids are synthetic molecules that share structure with peptides, but bear side groups on the backbone nitrogen. They are protease resistant and relatively cheap to synthesize. Since many amines can form peptoid side groups, peptoids are more diverse than peptides and can take on various shapes, making them good B cell epitopes or haptens. We aim to develop peptoid-based vaccines by screening on-bead peptoid libraries we have made with broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against pathogens. Resulting peptoids can be attached to carrier proteins (which provide T cell epitopes) to elicit antibodies that should mimic the screening antibody. To test the immunogenicity of peptoid haptens, we generated the first affinity-purified anti-peptoid antibody by immunizing rabbits with a peptoid linked to a carrier and adsorbed to an adjuvant, alum. Antibodies were produced against the hapten, carrier and linker. After affinity purification, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated a robust, specific response against the peptoid. This vaccine platform will now be applied using broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against West Nile and hepatitis C viruses, mouse norovirus-1 and HIV. Candidate peptoids will be tested for the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies against the pathogen. If successful, this platform could be applied to any pathogen for which a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody is available, without structural knowledge of the native epitope.
6‐Aryl‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines: Potent Inhibitors of Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3 (GSK‐3). (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Low-density tin targets for efficient extreme ultraviolet light emission from laser-produced plasmas (2006)

Influence of initial density of tin (Sn) targets has been quantitatively investigated for efficient extreme ultraviolet light emission from laser-produced plasmas. With a decrease in the initial density, conversion efficiency (CE) from incident laser energy to output 13.5nm light energy in a 2% bandwidth increases; 2.2% of the peak CE was attained with use of 7% low-density SnO2 targets (0.49g∕cm3) irradiated with a Nd:YAG laser, of which wavelength, pulse duration, and intensity are, respectively, 1.064μm, 10ns, and 5×1010W∕cm2. The peak CE is 1.7 times higher than that obtained with the use of solid density Sn targets. Experimental results may be attributed to the influence of the initial density and/or microstructure of the targets on expansion dynamics of the plasmas.
Amplification of ultra-short optical pulses in a two-pump fiber optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (2013)

We demonstrate with realistic numerical simulations that fiber optical parametric chirped pulse amplification is able to amplify ultra-short optical pulses. Such amplifiers driven by two-pump waves can amplify pulse bandwidth twice as large as the one of a single pump configuration. We show that pulses as short as 50 fs can be directly amplified. In addition, we take benefit from the saturation regime to achieve spectral broadening which makes possible to reduce pulse duration down to 15 fs.
Molecular Cloning and Immunologic Reactivity of a Novel Low Molecular Mass Antigen of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (1998)

Polypeptide Ags present in the culture filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were purified and evaluated for their ability to stimulate PBMC from purified protein derivative (PPD)-positive healthy donors. One such Ag, which elicited strong proliferation and IFN-gamma production, was further characterized. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this polypeptide was determined and used to design oligonucleotides for screening a recombinant M. tuberculosis genomic DNA library. The gene (Mtb 8.4) corresponding to the identified polypeptide was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The predicted m.w. of the recombinant protein without its signal peptide was 8.4 kDa. By Southern analysis, the DNA encoding this mycobacterial protein was found in the M. tuberculosis substrains H37Rv, H37Ra, Erdman, and "C" strain, as well as in certain other mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium bovis BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin, Pasteur). The Mtb 8.4 gene appears to be absent from the environmental mycobacterial species examined thus far, including Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Recombinant Mtb 8.4 Ag induced significant proliferation as well as production of IFN-gamma, IL-10, and TNF-alpha, but not IL-5, from human PBMC isolated from PPD-positive healthy donors. Mtb 8.4 did not stimulate PBMC from PPD-negative donors. Furthermore, immunogenicity studies in mice indicate that Mtb 8.4 elicits a Th1 cytokine profile, which is considered important for protective immunity to tuberculosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Mtb 8.4 is an immunodominant T cell Ag of M. tuberculosis.
Instantaneous phase-shift point-diffraction interferometer (2004)

We demonstrate a phase-shifting, point diffraction interferometer that achieves high accuracy and is capable of measuring a single pulse of light. The measurement system utilizes a polarizing point diffraction plate to generate a synthetic reference beam that is orthogonally polarized to the transmitted test beam. The plate has very high polarization contrast, works over an extremely broad angular and spectral range, and is only 100 nanometers thick. The unique features of the polarizing element make the system amenable to measuring strongly convergent light from high numerical aperture optics without the need to use a point reference source to calibrate the system. Results of measuring optics with numerical apertures as high as NA 0.8 are presented.
Polarization‐multiplexed, dual‐beam swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (2017)

A polarization-multiplexed, dual-beam setup is proposed to expand the field of view (FOV) for a swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) system. This method used a Wollaston prism to split sample path light into 2 orthogonal-polarized beams. This allowed 2 beams to shine on the cornea at an angle separation of ~14°, which led to a separation of ~4.2 mm on the retina. A 3-mm glass plate was inserted into one of the beam paths to set a constant path length difference between the 2 polarized beams so the interferogram from the 2 beams are coded at different frequency bands. The resulting OCTA images from the 2 beams were coded with a depth separation of ~2 mm. A total of 5 × 5 mm<sup>2</sup> angiograms from the 2 beams were obtained simultaneously in 4 seconds. The 2 angiograms then were montaged to get a wider FOV of ~5 × 9.2 mm<sup>2</sup> .
Evaluation of thermotolerant yeasts in controlled simultaneous saccharifications and fermentations of cellulose to ethanol (1989)

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) experiments were performed at selected temperatures (37, 41, and 43 degrees C) to obtain comprehensive material balance and performance data for several promising strains of thermotolerant yeast. Parameters measured were ethanol concentration, yeast cell density, and residual sugar and cellulose concentrations. The three yeasts Saccharomyces uvarum, Candida brassicae, and C. lusitaniae and two mixed cultures of Brettanomyces clausenii with S. cerevisiae (mixed culture I) and C. Iusitaniae with S. uvarum (mixed culture II) exhibited rapid rates of fermentation, high ethanol yields, strong viability, or high cellobiase activity. Overall, mixed culture II at 41 degrees C performed better than either component yeast by themselves because it combined a cellobiose fermenting capability with the high ethanol tolerance and rapid glucose fermentation of conventional industrial yeasts. Thus, the mixed cultures provide good initial rates by preventing buildup of cellobiose (a strong inhibitor of enzyme activity) while attaining high ultimate yields of ethanol for high cellulase concentrations. However, C. brassicae and S. uvarum gave similar results to mixed culture II at 37 degrees C.
Potent Inhibition of Influenza Sialidase by a Benzoic Acid Containing a 2-Pyrrolidinone Substituent (1999)

On the basis of the lead compound 4-(N-acetylamino)-3-guanidinobenzoic acid (BANA 113), which inhibits influenza A sialidase with a Ki of 2.5 microM, several novel aromatic inhibitors of influenza sialidases were designed. In this study the N-acetyl group of BANA 113 was replaced with a 2-pyrrolidinone ring, which was designed in part to offer opportunities for introduction of spatially directed side chains that could potentially interact with the 4-, 5-, and/or 6-subsites of sialidase. While the parent structure 1-(4-carboxy-2-guanidinophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (8) was only a modest inhibitor of sialidase, the introduction of a hydroxymethyl or bis(hydroxymethyl) substituent at the C5' position of the 2-pyrrolidinone ring resulted in inhibitors (9 and 12, respectively) with low micromolar activity. Crystal structures of these inhibitors in complex with sialidase demonstrated that the substituents at the 5'-position of the 2-pyrrolidinone ring interact in the 4- and/or 5-subsites of the enzyme. Replacement of the guanidine in 12 with a hydrophobic 3-pentylamino group resulted in a large enhancement in binding to produce an inhibitor (14) with an IC50 of about 50 nM against influenza A sialidase, although the inhibition of influenza B sialidase was 2000-fold less. This represents the first reported example of a simple, achiral benzoic acid with potent (low nanomolar) activity as an inhibitor of influenza sialidase.
Urea‐Melt Solubilization of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2006)

Water-soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes are readily prepared by treating oxidatively purified nanotubes with molten urea. Evidence is provided for appended amido and ureido groups in the product (see figure), which can be further modified by condensation reactions if p-anisaldehyde is added during the process.
Next Generation Extractants for Cesium Separation from High-Level Waste: From Fundamental Concepts to Site Implementation (2001)

This project seeks a fundamental understanding and major improvement in cesium separation from high-level waste by cesium-selective calixcrown extractants. Systems of particular interest involve novel solvent-extraction systems containing specific members of the calix[4]arene-crown-6 family, alcohol solvating agents, and alkylamines. Questions being addressed bear upon cesium binding strength, extraction selectivity, cesium stripping, and extractant solubility. Enhanced properties in this regard will specifically benefit applied projects funded by the USDOE Office of Environmental Management to clean up sites such as the Savannah River Site (SRS), Hanford, and the Idaho National Environmental and Engineering Laboratory. The most direct beneficiary will be the SRS Salt Processing Project, which has recently identified the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) process employing a calixcrown as its preferred technology for cesium removal from SRS high-level tank waste.
Circulating microRNAs as Biomarkers of Radiation Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2019)

Circulating miRNAs reflect the impact of ionizing radiation irrespective of the studied species, often in a dose-dependent manner. This makes circulating miRNAs promising biomarkers of radiation exposure.
In Vivo Determination of the Molecular Composition of Artery Wall by Intravascular Raman Spectroscopy (2000)

Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability is suggested to be determined by its chemical composition. However, at present there are no in vivo techniques available that can adequately type atherosclerotic plaques in terms of chemical composition. Previous in vitro experiments have shown that Raman spectroscopy can provide such information in great detail. Here we present the results of in vitro and in vivo intravascular Raman spectroscopic experiments, in which dedicated, miniaturized fiber-optic probes were used to illuminate the blood vessel wall and to collect Raman scattered light. The results make clear that an important hurdle to clinical application of Raman spectroscopy in atherosclerosis has been overcome, namely, the ability to obtain in vivo intravascular Raman spectra of high quality. Of equal importance is the finding that the in vivo intravascular Raman signal obtained from a blood vessel is a simple summation of signal contributions of the blood vessel wall and of blood. It means that detailed information about the chemical composition of a blood vessel wall can be obtained by adapting a multiple least-squares fitting method, which was developed previously for the analysis of in vitro spectra, to account for signal contributions of blood.
Strains of <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> with Different Lysine Productivities May Have Different Lysine Excretion Systems (1993)

The lysine excretion systems of three different lysine-producing strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum were characterized in intact cells. Two strains (DG 52-5 and MH 20-22B) are lysine producers of different efficiency. They were bred by classical mutagenesis and have a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase. The third strain (KK 25) was constructed from the wild type by introducing the feedback-resistant aspartate kinase gene of strain MH 20-22B into its genome. The three strains were shown to possess different excretion systems. Export in strain KK 25 is much slower than in the two mutants. The differences between the two lysine-producing strains are more subtle. K(m) and V(max) are similar, but pH dependence and membrane potential dependence reveal differences in the intrinsic properties of the carrier system.
Comparison of the Effect of Coil Configuration and the Variability of Anatomical Structure on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (2020)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that uses transient magnetic field generated from electromagnetic coils in inducing electric field to stimulate the neurons of the brain. Various researchers have proposed coil designs for TMS aimed at achieving high focality and increased penetration depth of the induced electric field in the brain. In this article, the authors compare the figure of eight (FOE) coil, quadruple butterfly coil (QBC), and triple halo coil (THC) on different head models to confirm the effect of coil configuration on the induced electric field. Finite element simulations were conducted with Sim4life software to determine the maximum electric field intensity, E-Max (V/m) and the stimulated volume of the brain, V-Half (m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ). The coils were positioned on the head model and at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) location of the head model, and the E-Max and V-Half values were compared for the different head models to confirm the effect of coil configuration and the variability of the anatomical structure.
Optically-addressed two-terminal multicolor photodetector (2010)

A two-terminal multicolor photodetector that is most advantageous for greater than two bands is proposed. This two-terminal design is particularly significant for focal plane arrays as it maximizes the fill factor and simplifies the readout integrated circuits. Individual color detection is realized with appropriate optical biasing. This concept is demonstrated experimentally using a three-color photodetector and biasing light emitting diodes. The measured linear dynamic range is greater than four orders of magnitude, making it a practical device for a broad range of applications.
An algebraic-summation-based Phase-Locked Loop with aerospace applications (2009)

A Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) based on an algebraic-summation rather than the four-quadrant-multiplier phase detection, and operated in both continuous and discrete time domain, is described and performance results are presented, demonstrating its ability to estimate phase and frequency of the input signal in aerospace applications in which a Unity Vector (UV) production and Frequency-to-Voltage (F/V) conversion is performed.
An Experimental Study on Externally Pressurized Supersonic Gas Thrust Bearings (1985)

Externally pressurized supersonic gas thrust bearings whose generation of load capacity is substantially independent of the viscosity of working fluids, have been proposed and analyzed by the authors. This report presents the experimental results of the static characteristics of this new type of bearings. The experimental results including load capacity, stiffness, mass flow rate, and pressure distributions in the bearing clearance, generally show a good agreement with the theoretical predictions and verify the validity of this new bearing. The effect of an orifice to improve the stiffness is also examined. Some problems which should be solved to put the bearing in practical use are pointed out.
Rapid communication: Metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis to produce nutritionally important DHA in seed oil (2005)

Abstract. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are nutritionally important long-chain(≥C 20 ) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) currently obtained mainly from marine sources. Aset of genes encoding the fatty acid chain elongation and desaturation enzymes required for the synthesis of LC-PUFA from their C 18 PUFA precursors was expressed seed-speciﬁcally in Arabidopsis thaliana . This resulted inthe synthesis of DHA, the most nutritionally important ω3 LC-PUFA, for the ﬁrst time in seed oils, along withits precursor EPA and the ω6 LC-PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA). The assembled pathway utilised 5 and 6desaturases that operate on acyl-CoA substrates and led to higher levels of synthesis of LC-PUFA than previouslyreported with acyl-PC desaturases. This demonstrates the potential for development of land plants as alternativesources of DHA and other LC-PUFA to meet the growing demand for these nutrients. Keywords : desaturase, DHA, elongase, EPA, genetic engineering, omega-3 fatty acid, seed oil.
Rapid fat‐suppressed isotropic steady‐state free precession imaging using true 3D multiple‐half‐echo projection reconstruction (2005)

Three-dimensional projection reconstruction (3D PR)-based techniques are advantageous for steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging for several reasons, including the capability to achieve short repetition times (TRs). In this paper, a multi-half-echo technique is presented that dramatically improves the data-sampling efficiency of 3D PR sequences while it retains this short-TR capability. The k-space trajectory deviations are measured quickly and corrected on a per-sample point basis. A two-pass RF cycling technique is then applied to the dual-half-echo implementation to generate fat/water-separated images. The resultant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was demonstrated in volunteer studies. Volumetric images with excellent spatial resolution, coverage, and contrast were obtained with high speed. The non-contrast-enhanced SSFP studies show that this technique has promising potential for MR angiography (MRA).
Instantaneous phase-shift, point-diffraction interferometer (2003)

We demonstrate a phase-shift, point diffraction interferometer that achieves high accuracy and is capable of measuring a single pulse of light. Results of measuring transient phenomena and numerical apertures as high as NA 0.8 are presented. The operational limits and accuracies of the technique are discussed.