gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Monoclonal Antibody Enhances Natural Killer (NK) Cell Cytotoxicity against Multiple Myeloma (MM): Interim Phase 1 Trial Results. (2009)

Abstract Abstract 2880 Poster Board II-856 Background: MM is increasing in incidence and remains incurable. .NK cells have modest killing activity against MM tumor cells in part because of inhibitory KIR receptors which recognize HLA class 1 antigens on MM tumor cell targets. However, experimental and clinical data in the allogeneic transplant setting suggest that NK cell stimulation by a mismatch between donor KIR and patient KIR ligand may improve outcomes for MM after a reduction of tumor burden by previously administered treatments. To mimic this effect with a pharmaceutical agent, 1-7F9/IPH2101, a fully human IgG4 anti-KIR mAb specific for KIR2DL1/2/3 (HLA-C specific KIRs) was generated (Romagne et al., Blood June, 2009). 1-7F9/IPH 2101 enhances patient NK cell cytotoxicity against autologous MM tumor cells in vitro. We present the interim results of the human phase I trial of this agent in patients with relapsed/refractory MM. Methods: An open-label, single-agent, dose-escalation, multiple dose safety and tolerability study of IPH2101 is being conducted in heavily pre-treated patients with relapsed/refractory MM. Dose escalation with IPH2101 (0.0003, 0.003, 0.015, 0.075, 0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg as IV infusion) is being studied using a 3+3 scheme. Re-dosing criteria (1/month x 4 months) are based on safety data from previous dosing. KIR occupancy, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics, effects on NK cell maturation, and biological effects of IPH 2101 are being monitored in all patients. Results: Currently, dose escalation is entering the final (3 mg/kg) cohort. Data from the first 22 treated patients are available. No Dose Limiting Toxicity (DLT) has been observed. 1 pt (at DL1) has been replaced and 3 additional pts have been enrolled (at DL4) due to an SAE an acute renal failure possibly related to drug. Related Adverse Events were seen in 4/22 patients (18%). 12/22 pts received at least 2 doses (6pts had 2, 1 pt had 3 and 5 pts had 4 cycles-median 2). KIR full occupancy (> 90%) for at least 3 weeks is reached at 1mg /kg. In accordance with the pre-clinical PK/PD model there is a clear relationship between exposure (Cmax) and KIR occupancy. No deleterious effect on NK cell maturation has been seen. IPH 2101 has been well tolerated to date. In the cohorts accrued to date, two heavily pre-treated patients, both with high-risk cytogenetics, showed evidence to suggest disease stabilization while receiving IPH-2101. Conclusions: IPH 2101 improves autologous NK cell killing of MM tumor cells by blocking inhibitory KIR. In the on-going clinical trial, the antibody appears safe and well tolerated at the doses tested. Updated study results will be presented at the time of the meeting This immunotherapeutic approach may hold promise as treatment for MM and further study is warranted. Disclosures: Squiban: Innate pharma: Employment. Marzetto:Innate Pharma: Employment. Andre:Innate Pharma: Employment. Tollier:Innate Pharma: Employment.
Bias voltage dependence of magnetic tunnel junctions comprising double barriers and amorphous NiFeSiB layers (2006)

A double-barrier magnetic tunnel junction (DMTJ) comprising an amorphous ferromagnetic NiFeSiB was investigated to reduce bias voltage dependence of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio. The typical DMTJ structures were Ta45∕Ru9.5∕IrMn10∕CoFe7∕AlOx∕free layer7∕AlOx∕CoFe7∕IrMn10∕Ru60 (in nanometers). Various free layers such as CoFe 7, NiFeSiB 7, CoFe3.5∕NiFeSiB3.5, and NiFeSiB3.5∕CoFe3.5 were prepared and compared. The NiFeSiB-used DMTJ shows a low root-mean-square surface roughness of 0.17 nm, a resistance of about 860Ω, a Vh (voltage where the TMR ratio becomes half of its nonbiased value) of 1.1 V, and a high junction breakdown voltage of 2.0 V. The DMTJ with an amorphous NiFeSiB free layer offers smooth surface roughness resulting in reduced interlayer coupling field and bias voltage dependence.
Insertion of Flexible Neural Probes Using Rigid Stiffeners Attached with Biodissolvable Adhesive (2013)

Microelectrode arrays for neural interface devices that are made of biocompatible thin-film polymer are expected to have extended functional lifetime because the flexible material may minimize adverse tissue response caused by micromotion. However, their flexibility prevents them from being accurately inserted into neural tissue. This article demonstrates a method to temporarily attach a flexible microelectrode probe to a rigid stiffener using biodissolvable polyethylene glycol (PEG) to facilitate precise, surgical insertion of the probe. A unique stiffener design allows for uniform distribution of the PEG adhesive along the length of the probe. Flip-chip bonding, a common tool used in microelectronics packaging, enables accurate and repeatable alignment and attachment of the probe to the stiffener. The probe and stiffener are surgically implanted together, then the PEG is allowed to dissolve so that the stiffener can be extracted leaving the probe in place. Finally, an in vitro test method is used to evaluate stiffener extraction in an agarose gel model of brain tissue. This approach to implantation has proven particularly advantageous for longer flexible probes (>3 mm). It also provides a feasible method to implant dual-sided flexible probes. To date, the technique has been used to obtain various in vivo recording data from the rat cortex.
Topological Insulator Bi2Se3 Nanowire High Performance Field-Effect Transistors (2013)

Topological insulators are unique electronic materials with insulating interiors and robust metallic surfaces. Device applications exploiting their remarkable properties have so far been hampered by the difficulty to electrically tune the Fermi levels of both bulk and thin film samples. Here we show experimentally that single-crystal nanowires of the topological insulator Bi2Se3 can be used as the conduction channel in high-performance field effect transistor (FET), a basic circuit building block. Its current-voltage characteristics are superior to many of those reported for semiconductor nanowire transistors, including sharp turn-on, nearly zero cutoff current, very large On/Off current ratio and well-saturated output current. The metallic electron transport at the surface with good FET effective mobility can be effectively separated from the conduction of bulk Bi2Se3 and adjusted by field effect at a small gate voltage. This opens up a suite of potential applications in nanoelectronics and spintronics.
Advances in scatter correction for 3D PET/CT (2005)

We report on several significant improvements to the implementation of image-based scatter correction for 3D PET and PET/CT. Among these advances are: a new algorithm to scale the estimated scatter sinogram to the measured data, thereby largely compensating for external scatter; the ability to handle CT image truncation during this scaling; the option to iterate the scatter calculation for improved accuracy; the use of ordered subset estimation maximization (OSEM) reconstruction for the estimated emission images from which the scatter contributions are simulated; reporting of data quality parameters such as scatter and randoms fractions, and noise equivalent count rate (NECR), for each patient bed position; and extensive quality control output. Scatter correction (2 iterations, OSEM) typically requires 15-45 sec per bed. Very good agreement between the estimated scatter and measured emission data for several typical clinical scans is reported for CPS Pico-3D and HiRez LSO PET/CT systems. The data characteristics extracted during scatter correction are useful for patient specific count rate modeling and scan optimization
EIGENVALUEI'EIGENVECTOR DECOMPOSITION (1988)

A method for the suppression of coherent noise in seismic data based on the eigendecomposition of a data covariance matrix is demonstrated. Coherent noise arising from the seismic energy source is frequently a problem in seismic exploration. The resulting noise manifests itself in seismic data in a variety of forms, depending on the typeof energy source, geology, and numerous other factors. Based on the Karhunen-Loeve Transform, this procedure is useful against noise energy exhibiting spatial and temporal coherency. Applied to a record of marine seismic data containing backscattered source energy, this method suppresses the noise. The results indicate that this technique could have application to many of the coherent noise problems found in seismic data.
Hyperspectral Measurements Enable Pre-Symptomatic Detection and Differentiation of Contrasting Physiological Effects of Late Blight and Early Blight in Potato (2020)

In-vivo foliar spectroscopy, also known as contact hyperspectral reflectance, enables rapid and non-destructive characterization of plant physiological status. This can be used to assess pathogen impact on plant condition both prior to and after visual symptoms appear. Challenging this capacity is the fact that dead tissue yields relatively consistent changes in leaf optical properties, negatively impacting our ability to distinguish causal pathogen identity. Here, we used in-situ spectroscopy to detect and differentiate Phytophthora infestans (late blight) and Alternaria solani (early blight) on potato foliage over the course of disease development and explored non-destructive characterization of contrasting disease physiology. Phytophthora infestans, a hemibiotrophic pathogen, undergoes an obligate latent period of two–seven days before disease symptoms appear. In contrast, A. solani, a necrotrophic pathogen, causes symptoms to appear almost immediately when environmental conditions are conducive. We found that respective patterns of spectral change can be related to these differences in underlying disease physiology and their contrasting pathogen lifestyles. Hyperspectral measurements could distinguish both P. infestans-infected and A. solani-infected plants with greater than 80% accuracy two–four days before visible symptoms appeared. Individual disease development stages for each pathogen could be differentiated from respective controls with 89–95% accuracy. Notably, we could distinguish latent P. infestans infection from both latent and symptomatic A. solani infection with greater than 75% accuracy. Spectral features important for late blight detection shifted over the course of infection, whereas spectral features important for early blight detection remained consistent, reflecting their different respective pathogen biologies. Shortwave infrared wavelengths were important for differentiation between healthy and diseased, and between pathogen infections, both pre- and post-symptomatically. This proof-of-concept work supports the use of spectroscopic systems as precision agriculture tools for rapid and early disease detection and differentiation tools, and highlights the importance of careful consideration of underlying pathogen biology and disease physiology for crop disease remote sensing.
A synchronized rotating crystal x-ray beam chopper (2002)

A new x-ray beam chopper has been designed and tested at the Advanced Photon Source. This beam chopper uses the diffractive properties of a rotating crystal to produce transmission window times as short as about 10 ns from a single diffracting face for 10 keV radiation. Precision control of the crystal rotation allows phase locking with the orbital frequency of the synchrotron storage ring; hence, the transmission of short x-ray pulses, corresponding to the 50 ps full width at half maximum charge bunch length, is possible with any fill pattern presently used at the Advanced Photon Source storage ring.
Cold atmospheric plasma in cancer therapy (2013)

Recent progress in atmospheric plasmas has led to the creation of cold plasmas with ion temperature close to room temperature. This paper outlines recent progress in understanding of cold plasma physics as well as application of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in cancer therapy. Varieties of novel plasma diagnostic techniques were developed recently in a quest to understand physics of CAP. It was established that the streamer head charge is about 108 electrons, the electrical field in the head vicinity is about 107 V/m, and the electron density of the streamer column is about 1019 m−3. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies of CAP action on cancer were performed. It was shown that the cold plasma application selectively eradicates cancer cells in-vitro without damaging normal cells and significantly reduces tumor size in-vivo. Studies indicate that the mechanism of action of cold plasma on cancer cells is related to generation of reactive oxygen species with possible induction of the apoptosis pathway. It is also shown that the cancer cells are more susceptible to the effects of CAP because a greater percentage of cells are in the S phase of the cell cycle.
A Size‐Selective Intracellular Delivery Platform (2016)

Identifying and separating a subpopulation of cells from a heterogeneous mixture are essential elements of biological research. Current approaches require detailed knowledge of unique cell surface properties of the target cell population. A method is described that exploits size differences of cells to facilitate selective intracellular delivery using a high throughput microfluidic device. Cells traversing a constriction within this device undergo a transient disruption of the cell membrane that allows for cytoplasmic delivery of cargo. Unique constriction widths allow for optimization of delivery to cells of different sizes. For example, a 4 μm wide constriction is effective for delivery of cargo to primary human T-cells that have an average diameter of 6.7 μm. In contrast, a 6 or 7 μm wide constriction is best for large pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPc3 (10.8 μm) and PANC-1 (12.3 μm). These small differences in cell diameter are sufficient to allow for selective delivery of cargo to pancreatic cancer cells within a heterogeneous mixture containing T-cells. The application of this approach is demonstrated by selectively delivering dextran-conjugated fluorophores to circulating tumor cells in patient blood allowing for their subsequent isolation and genomic characterization.
A method for mass candidate detection and an application to liver lesion detection (2011)

Detection and segmentation of abnormal masses within organs in Computed Tomography (CT) images of patients is of practical importance in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), treatment planning, and analysis of normal as well as pathological regions. For intervention planning e.g. in radiotherapy the detection of abnormal masses is essential for patient diagnosis, personalized treatment choice and follow-up. The unpredictable nature of disease often makes the detection of the presence, appearance, shape, size and number of abnormal masses a challenging task, which is particularly tedious when performed by hand. Moreover, in cases in which the imaging protocol specifies the administration of a contrast agent, the contrast agent phases at which the patient images are acquired have a dramatic influence on the shape and appearance of the diseased masses. In this paper we propose a method to automatically detect candidate lesions (CLs) in 3D CTs of liver lesions. We introduce a novel multilevel candidate generation method that proves clearly advantageous in a comparative study with a state of the art approach. A learning-based selection module and a candidate fusion module are then introduced to reduce both redundancy and the false positive rate. The proposed workflow is applied to the detection of both hyperdense and hypodense hepatic lesions in all contrast agent phases, with resulting sensitivities of 89.7% and 92% and positive predictive values of 82.6% and 87.6% respectively.
Particle size analysis of turbid media with a single optical fiber in contact with the medium to deliver and detect white light (2001)

Wavelength-dependent elastic-scattering spectra of highly scattering media measured with only a single fiber for both light delivery and collection are presented. White light is used as a source, and oscillations of the detected light intensities are seen as a function of wavelength. The maximum and minimum of the oscillations can be used to determine scatterer size for monodisperse distributions of spheres when the refractive indices are known. In addition, several properties of the probe relevant to tissue diagnosis are examined and discussed including the effects of absorption, a broad distribution of scatterers, and the depth probed.
A Marek's Disease Virus vIL-8 Deletion Mutant Has Attenuated Virulence and Confers Protection Against Challenge with a Very Virulent Plus Strain (2005)

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an alpha-herpesvirus that causes rapid development of T-cell lymphomas in chickens. MDV-encoded vIL-8 is homologous to the cellular IL-8 gene, and its function in MDV pathogenesis has yet to be determined. Using overlapping cosmid clone-based technology, we have generated an MDV vIL-8 deletion mutant virus, rMd5/delta vIL-8. In vivo experiments with this mutant virus demonstrated that deletion of vIL-8 results in attenuation of the virus and induction of significantly less gross tumor, both in viscera and nerves, when compared to the parental virus. Reintroduction of the vIL-8 gene in the genome of the mutant virus restored the virulence of the virus to the wild-type levels, indicating that vIL-8 plays a role in MDV-induced pathogenesis. In this study, we show that there is a significant difference in the reduction of B cells and activation of T cells in the spleen cells of chickens inoculated with parental rMd5 and vIL-8 deletion mutant virus. These results indicate that vIL-8 is involved in the early phase of pathogenesis, presumably by attracting target cells to the initial site of infection. In addition, protection studies with the vIL-8 mutant virus showed that this mildly virulent virus protects susceptible maternal antibody-positive viruses at a higher level than the commonly used serotype 1 CVI988 vaccine. These results confirm the potential of partially attenuated viruses as vaccines against very virulent plus strains and the usefulness of recombinant DNA technology to generate the next generation of MDV vaccines.
Enhancement of Fast Neutron Beams with Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A mechanism for achieving a selective, concomitant tumor boost (1994)

Both fast neutron radiotherapy and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) have been utilized to treat malignant disease. Herein we discuss the potential of combining these treatments to enhance the effectiveness of fast neutron therapy through a concomitant BNCT boost. Using a fast neutron beam generated from a 50 MeV proton on beryllium reaction, we have determined that 0.1% of the beam per microgram of boron-10 per gram of tissue (microgram/g) can be deposited via BNCT. Our mathematical modeling predicts that BNCT enhancement of our beam will lead to an additional 1-2 logs of tumor cell kill for boron-10 concentrations of 30-50 micrograms/g. We have validated this via V-79 cell line in vitro measurements. A Poisson model estimation of how this additional cell kill will influence local tumor control, predicts that BNCT enhancement of fast neutron radiation will lead to a clinically significant improvement in outcome.
Sequence Rearrangements in the Upstream Regulatory Region of Human Papillomavirus Type 6: are these Involved in Malignant Transition? (1994)

Human papillomavirus type 6 (HPV-6) was isolated from a tongue papilloma which subsequently progressed to an invasive carcinoma. Three biopsies were taken from the same patient at different intervals during the tumour development. The HPV-6 genome in all three biopsies contained a GT-rich 94 bp insertion at nucleotide 7350 in the upstream regulatory region (URR). In comparison to previously published HPV-6 DNA isolates, this insertion seems to be the most prevalent and constant modification, not present in the prototype HPV-6b, and allows an improved alignment with the sequence of the HPV-11 genome. The possible biological significance of these GT-rich clusterings at the beginning of the URR, present not only in these HPV-6 isolates but observed in all other 'genital' HPVs also, is discussed.
High-efficiency top-emitting organic light-emitting devices (2002)

Based on theoretical arguments that top-emitting organic light-emitting devices (TOLEDs) can be more efficient than equivalent bottom-emitting devices, we fabricated TOLEDs comprising reflective anodes and transparent compound cathodes that emit 20.8% more photons in the forward 120° cone than equivalent bottom-emitting OLEDs. Device optimization by tuning the thickness of the top indium–tin–oxide layer according to a microcavity model is also reported.
Characterization of Sulfur and Nanostructured Sulfur Battery Cathodes in Electron Microscopy Without Sublimation Artifacts (2017)

Lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries have the potential to provide higher energy storage density at lower cost than conventional lithium ion batteries. A key challenge for Li-S batteries is the loss of sulfur to the electrolyte during cycling. This loss can be mitigated by sequestering the sulfur in nanostructured carbon-sulfur composites. The nanoscale characterization of the sulfur distribution within these complex nanostructured electrodes is normally performed by electron microscopy, but sulfur sublimates and redistributes in the high-vacuum conditions of conventional electron microscopes. The resulting sublimation artifacts render characterization of sulfur in conventional electron microscopes problematic and unreliable. Here, we demonstrate two techniques, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and scanning electron microscopy in air (airSEM), that enable the reliable characterization of sulfur across multiple length scales by suppressing sulfur sublimation. We use cryo-TEM and airSEM to examine carbon-sulfur composites synthesized for use as Li-S battery cathodes, noting several cases where the commonly employed sulfur melt infusion method is highly inefficient at infiltrating sulfur into porous carbon hosts.
The osmolyte xylitol reduces the salt concentration of airway surface liquid and may enhance bacterial killing (2000)

The thin layer of airway surface liquid (ASL) contains antimicrobial substances that kill the small numbers of bacteria that are constantly being deposited in the lungs. An increase in ASL salt concentration inhibits the activity of airway antimicrobial factors and may partially explain the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF). We tested the hypothesis that an osmolyte with a low transepithelial permeability may lower the ASL salt concentration, thereby enhancing innate immunity. We found that the five-carbon sugar xylitol has a low transepithelial permeability, is poorly metabolized by several bacteria, and can lower the ASL salt concentration in both CF and non-CF airway epithelia in vitro. Furthermore, in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, xylitol sprayed for 4 days into each nostril of normal volunteers significantly decreased the number of nasal coagulase-negative Staphylococcus compared with saline control. Xylitol may be of value in decreasing ASL salt concentration and enhancing the innate antimicrobial defense at the airway surface.