gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Security controls for Android (2012)

The use of Smartphones in business has grown in the recent years bringing new ways to create and share information. Among the operating systems used by smartphones, Android has the most growing usage rate. Most recent Android versions have some security controls; however, there is a lack in the use of strong security controls for Android 2.3 (Gingerbread), which is the most spread version of this operating system. This leaves vulnerable company and user information stored in such devices. This work presents how to improve Android's security by adding more security controls to devices using the version 2.3 and by this way meet the security levels needed for the business and secure users environments. The security polices where added to Android's source code and to the data space.
Enhanced sensitivity with extended linearity in MEMS piezoresistive pressure sensor (2013)

Focused research efforts on enhancing the sensitivity of piezoresistive MEMS pressure sensors have been made in the past. Most of these techniques applied to enhance sensitivity have depended on manipulating the geometries of the diaphragm, selection of the diaphragm material and improving the piezoresistive properties. Piezoresistors change their resistance linearly proportional to the bending stresses induced in the diaphragm on application of the pressure. Therefore the successful design of a high sensitivity piezoresistive pressure sensor totally depends on the efficiency with which the induced stresses are harvested in the transduction process. Introduced is an innovative way to harvest the maximum stresses. The dual Wheatstone bridge implemented with eight piezoresistors effectively converts the XX and YY plane stresses into electrical voltage to double the sensitivity. The simulation experiment results show that the sensitivity of the 91.72 µV/V/kPa with ensured linearity over 0–14 kPa using a 5 µm‐thick diaphragm with a single bridge can now be achieved by employing a 7 µm‐thick diaphragm with double Wheatstone bridges but with excellent linearity extended over 0–54 kPa. Almost the same trend is seen between the 3 and the 5 µm‐thick diaphragms. Thus, this technique paves the way for achieving large voltage sensitivity bundled with a high level of linearity over a wide pressure range by using thick diaphragms.
Design Space Exploration for 3-D Cache (2008)

As technology scales, interconnects have become a major performance bottleneck and a major source of power consumption for sub-micro integrated circuit (IC) chips. One promising option to mitigate the interconnect challenges is 3D ICs, in which a stack of multiple device layers are put together on the same chip. In this paper, we explore the architectural design of cache memories using 3D circuits. We present a delay and energy model 3D cache delay-energy estimation tool (3D-Cacti) to explore different 3D design options of partitioning a cache. The tool allows partitioning of a cache across different device layers at various levels of granularity. The tool has been validated by comparing its results with those obtained from circuit simulation of custom 3D layouts. We also explore the effects of various cache partitioning parameters and 3D technology parameters on delay and energy to demonstrate the utility of the tool.
American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of breast cancer: update 1997 (1997)

The American Cancer Society (ACS) convened a workshop in March 1997 to consider new scientific findings related to breast cancer screening and to determine whether these findings warrant a change in the existing ACS guidelines. The meeting was timed so that participants could benefit from new data related to screening women aged 40 to 49 years. A recommendation based on the new data and subsequently approved by the ACS Board of Directors is reported.
Single-cell level co-culture platform for intercellular communication (2012)

A cell in vivo is part of a large, networked community. An individual cell's fate is strongly influenced by its interactions with neighbouring cells. While this interaction has been recognized as critical in determining cell behaviour, its complexity and heterogeneity has thus far defied characterization by currently available techniques. Herein, we present a single-cell level co-culture platform for studies of dynamic cellular interactions, which is capable of maintaining and tracking single-cell pair interactions to simplify the complexity of intercellular communication. In this platform, heterotypic pairing on a single-cell level is achieved through sequential cell trapping and dynamic variation of fluidic resistance. Individual culture chambers provide trapped cells enough space to migrate and proliferate through multiple generations. Furthermore, the semi-isolated chambers, combined with continuously refreshed medium supplement, allow a stable communication environment around the cells. To demonstrate the platform capability, we cultured and tracked stem cell-fibroblast pairs for several generations. The subsequent effects of cell-cell interactions were then easily observed, due to the addressability of each isolated chamber, and quantitatively characterized. Specifically, we found that paired cells' migration patterns were dependent on their initial distance from each other, and that heterotypic pairing led to distinct proliferation patterns from homotypic, single-cell culture. This study demonstrates the platform utility in providing a detailed and quantitative understanding of the complexity of cellular communication and its effects on cell behaviour in a variety of biological systems.
Amorphous silicon solar cells with graded low-level doped i-layers characterised by bifacial measurements (2002)

Bifacial spectral response characterization of solar cells under near operating condition illumination is used in conjuncture with a novel bifacial DICE analysis to establish the collection efficiency as a function of i-layer position in p-i-n amorphous silicon solar cells. A significant portion of solar cell degradation can be explained in terms of electric field distortions which increase recombination losses. Unlike carrier lifetime reductions, the field distortions can be reduced. The numerical model is used to guide the intentional doping of the i-layer to counteract the field distortions caused by charged dangling bonds, and thus to optimize the electric field for the degraded state. Solar cells with graded low-level boron doping in the i-layer are analysed in detail. Increasing conversion efficiency during light-soaking, and enhanced stabilized n-side performance show the viability of the electric field optimization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Wavelength tunable MEMS VCSELs for OCT imaging (2018)

MEMS VCSELs are one of the most promising swept source (SS) lasers for optical coherence tomography (OCT) and one of the best candidates for future integration with endoscopes, surgical probes and achieving an integrated OCT system. However, the current MEMS-based SS are processed on the III-V wafers, which are small, expensive and challenging to work with. Furthermore, the actuating part, i.e., the MEMS, is on the top of the structure which causes a strong dependence on packaging to decrease its sensitivity to the operating environment. This work addresses these design drawbacks and proposes a novel design framework. The proposed device uses a high contrast grating mirror on a Si MEMS stage as the bottom mirror, all of which is defined in an SOI wafer. The SOI wafer is then bonded to an InP III-V wafer with the desired active layers, thereby sealing the MEMS. Finally, the top mirror, a dielectric DBR (7 pairs of TiO<sub>2</sub> - SiO<sub>2</sub>), is deposited on top. The new device is based on a silicon substrate with MEMS defined on a silicon membrane in an enclosed cavity. Thus the device is much more robust than the existing MEMS VCSELs. This design also enables either a two-way actuation on the MEMS or a smaller optical cavity (pull-away design), i.e., wider FSR (Free Spectral Range) to increase the wavelength sweep. Fabrication of the proposed device is outlined and the results of device characterization are reported.
Wrist Actigraphic Measures of Sleep in Space (1999)

Actigraphy worked well in space both as a way of detecting bedtimes and waketimes, and as an indicant of sleep restlessness.
Gene structure prediction from consensus spliced alignment of multiple ESTs matching the same genomic locus (2004)

The source code is available for download at http://bioinformatics.iastate.edu/bioinformatics2go/gs/download.html. Web servers for Arabidopsis and other plant species are accessible at http://www.plantgdb.org/cgi-bin/AtGeneSeqer.cgi and http://www.plantgdb.org/cgi-bin/GeneSeqer.cgi, respectively. For non-plant species, use http://bioinformatics.iastate.edu/cgi-bin/gs.cgi. The splice site prediction tool (SplicePredictor) is distributed with the GeneSeqer code. A SplicePredictor web server is available at http://bioinformatics.iastate.edu/cgi-bin/sp.cgi
Packaging of a MEMS based safety and arming device (2002)

Packaging of MEMS devices introduces new challenges to the package architecture. MEMS systems introduce new interfaces, processes, and materials foreign to the IC packaging industry. To build reliable MEMS systems, failure modes must be activated and understood. In addition, the metrology techniques must be developed to interrogate critical aspects of the package. The system presented in this paper is a MEMS based safety and arming device (S&A) for underwater weapons. Critical components, packaged in various hermetic and non-hermetic configurations, are cycled through a series of metrologies and environmental conditioning.
Detecting personnel in wooded areas using MIMO radar (2007)

This paper discusses the problem of detecting personnel in wooded areas using radar. Radio wave propagation at high frequencies suffers severe attenuation in forests which means low-frequency radar is required. However, stand-alone compact low-frequency radars have a poor angular resolution, which suggests use of a distributed radar system. A proposed solution to the problem is the use of multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) radar. This approach exploits the angular diversity of widely spaced transmit and receive antennas to combat dynamic range and multipath problems associated with the complex scattering environment present in the forest. We assess the feasibility of the concept through simulation of radio propagation in a forest using a simple point scatterer model and a more detailed radio frequency scattering approximation using a CAD model of a forest.
Explainability Methods for Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (2019)

With the growing use of graph convolutional neural networks (GCNNs) comes the need for explainability. In this paper, we introduce explainability methods for GCNNs. We develop the graph analogues of three prominent explainability methods for convolutional neural networks: contrastive gradient-based (CG) saliency maps, Class Activation Mapping (CAM), and Excitation Back-Propagation (EB) and their variants, gradient-weighted CAM (Grad-CAM) and contrastive EB (c-EB). We show a proof-of-concept of these methods on classification problems in two application domains: visual scene graphs and molecular graphs. To compare the methods, we identify three desirable properties of explanations: (1) their importance to classification, as measured by the impact of occlusions, (2) their contrastivity with respect to different classes, and (3) their sparseness on a graph. We call the corresponding quantitative metrics fidelity, contrastivity, and sparsity and evaluate them for each method. Lastly, we analyze the salient subgraphs obtained from explanations and report frequently occurring patterns.
Police detainee perspectives on CCTV (2017)

Surveillance technologies have been playing an increasingly important role in crime prevention and detection, particularly with cost effective improvements in resolution and mobility. There remains mixed evidence on the effectiveness of this technology for deterrence and detection and whether use results in displacement. In this study, 899 adult police detainees were interviewed about their views and experiences of CCTV through an addendum to the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program. Police detainees tended to regard CCTV as effective in reducing crime, particularly violent crime, but a significant number felt it would not prevent any crime. Nonetheless, for some the presence of CCTV deterred them from committing crime, although detainees were more likely to carry out their intended behaviours regardless of CCTV. Detainees identified a range of simple strategies for avoiding surveillance cameras, such as covering their face or turning away from the cameras. The findings have implications for the continued use of CCTV as a crime prevention and reduction tool.
Lewis blood group-related antigen expression in normal gastric epithelium, intestinal metaplasia, gastric adenoma, and gastric carcinoma. (1993)

The expression of blood group-related antigens of the Lewis system in normal gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, gastric adenoma, and gastric carcinoma was examined. Ninety-five percent of normal foveolar epithelial samples stained positive for Lewis(b) antigen, whereas only 10.0% expressed Lewis(a) antigen. In contrast, intestinal metaplasia specimens had increased Lewis(a) antigen expression and slightly decreased Lewis(b) antigen expression. A similar pattern of Lewis(a) and Lewis(b) expression was observed in gastric adenomas and intestinal type adenocarcinomas. Lewis(x) and Lewis(y) were detected in all normal deep glands, but were not expressed in the majority of intestinal metaplasia specimens. In addition, only 20-40% of gastric adenomas and gastric carcinomas expressed Lewis(x) and Lewis(y) antigens. These changes in Lewis antigen expression in intestinal metaplasia, adenomas, and intestinal type adenocarcinomas suggest that altered expression of Lewis blood group-related antigens may correlate with cell transformation processes.
The Guanosine Monophosphate Reductase Gene Is Conserved in Rats and Its Expression Increases Rapidly in Brown Adipose Tissue during Cold Exposure (1998)

Non-shivering thermogenesis is required for survival of rodents during cold stress. Uncoupling protein-1 acts in brown adipose tissue (BAT) to transport protons, thus dissipating the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This permits respiration uncoupled from ATP synthesis. UCP-1 function is inhibited by the binding of purine nucleotides, with GTP/GDP being more potent than ATP/ADP. We used a cDNA subtraction analysis to identify cDNAs rapidly induced by cold exposure. One of these encodes rat guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMP-r). This was surprising in that previous data had suggested that this enzyme was absent in rodents. Rat GMP-r is 96% identical to human GMP-r, and its mRNA is increased 30-fold in BAT within 6 h of cold exposure. The gene is also expressed (but not cold-responsive) in muscle and kidney, but not in white fat. We speculate that the physiological function of the marked increase in BAT GMP-r during cold stress may be to deplete the brown adipocyte of guanine nucleotides, converting them to IMP, thus permitting enhanced UCP-1 function. This is a previously unrecognized regulatory aspect of thermogenesis, an essential physiological response of rodents to cold.
Direct Visualization of Laser-Driven Focusing Shock Waves (2011)

Direct real-time visualization and measurement of laser-driven shock generation, propagation, and 2D focusing in a sample are demonstrated. A substantial increase of the pressure at the convergence of the cylindrical acoustic shock front is observed experimentally and simulated numerically. Single-shot acquisitions using a streak camera reveal that at the convergence of the shock wave in water the supersonic speed reaches Mach 6, corresponding to the multiple gigapascal pressure range ∼30 GPa.
Thermosets synthesized by thermal polyesterification for tissue engineering applications (2010)

Synthetic polyesters have become an integral part of various biomedical and engineering fields, such as tissue scaffolding and therapeutic delivery. While polymer and copolymers derived from lactide, glycolide, ε-caprolactone, and p-dioxanone still dominate the biomedical industry, many new polymerization strategies and materials are being explored, including thermal polycondensation. Adjusting curing conditions and monomer feed ratios allows for easy control over the macromolecular properties of polymers resulting from thermal polyesterification. In terms of mechanical versatility, crystallinity, hydrophobicity, and biocompatibility, polyesters synthesized thermally have displayed a wide range of properties. These properties allow for materials to be tailored according to the needs of a particular application. Additionally, several natural metabolites—some endogenous to human biochemical pathways—are able to serve as precursors for a significant number of these polyester thermosets. While many starting materials have been reused and reformulated to produce novel polyesters, new small molecules are continually being introduced to the materials community as promising monomer candidates to continue the growth of this research area. To date, polyesters synthesized with thermal polycondensation have already produced a tremendous amount of in vitro and in vivo success.
Electrochemical hydrogen sulfide biosensors (2016)

The measurement of sulfide, especially hydrogen sulfide, has held the attention of the analytical community due to its unique physiological and pathophysiological roles in biological systems. Electrochemical detection offers a rapid, highly sensitive, affordable, simple, and real-time technique to measure hydrogen sulfide concentration, which has been a well-documented and reliable method. This review details up-to-date research on the electrochemical detection of hydrogen sulfide (ion selective electrodes, polarographic hydrogen sulfide sensors, etc.) in biological samples for potential therapeutic use.
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Is Up‐Regulated in the Skin of Patients With Systemic Sclerosis and Induces Profibrotic Genes and Intracellular Signaling That Overlap With Those Induced by Interleukin‐13 and Transforming Growth Factor β (2013)

TSLP is highly expressed in the skin of dcSSc patients and interacts in a complex manner with 2 other profibrotic cytokines, TGFβ and IL-13, strongly suggesting that it might promote SSc fibrosis directly or indirectly by synergistically stimulating profibrotic genes, or production of these cytokines.
Nicastrin and Notch4 drive endocrine therapy resistance and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in MCF7 breast cancer cells (2014)

ETR cells express high levels of Nicastrin and Notch4, whose activation ultimately drives invasive behaviour. Anti-Nicastrin mAbs and GSI PF03084014 attenuate expression of EMT molecules reducing cellular invasiveness. Nicastrin overexpression per se induces tamoxifen resistance linked to acquisition of EMT phenotype. Our finding suggest that targeting Nicastrin and/or Notch4 warrants further clinical evaluation as valid therapeutic strategies in endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
Location Based Predictive Handoff Algorithm for Mobile Networks (2006)

The proliferation of wireless network technologies has led to an explosion in the deployment of WiFi communications solutions. Consequently this propagation of wireless systems coupled with the frequency and familiarity of users to these systems has led to an increase in user expectation, whereby more and more mobile users are demanding the same Quality of Service (QoS) that they were accustomed to as fixed wired network users. As a result of the widespread deployment of Wi-Fi hotspots together with the expected increase in user demands for unlimited bandwidth and unrestrained network access, pressure has been placed on these wireless networks to respond to these user expectations. Most notable in this area are the complexities involved in providing the mobile user with seamless network connectivity during the traversal of a mobile cellular based network infrastructure. Fundamental to these issues is the latency and packet loss that occurs during the handoff process when a user moves between cells when traversing the wireless network as a handoff is required in order to maintain connectivity to the network, while at the same time ensuring minimum disruption to ongoing sessions. This paper presents a handoff algorithm for streaming media on mobile networks that will anticipate the handover procedure that occurs when a mobile device roams from one cell in the network to another. It proceeds to buffer packets from the anticipated 'new' access point and upon successful entry into the correctly predicted target cell will promptly 'pick up' the stream with minimal losses.
CADx of mammographic masses and clustered microcalcifications: A review (2009)

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the western world. While mammography is regarded as the most effective tool for the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, the interpretation of mammograms is a difficult and error-prone task. Hence, computer aids have been developed that assist the radiologist in the interpretation of mammograms. Computer-aided detection (CADe) systems address the problem that radiologists often miss signs of cancers that are retrospectively visible in mammograms. Furthermore, computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems have been proposed that assist the radiologist in the classification of mammographic lesions as benign or malignant. While a broad variety of approaches to both CADe and CADx systems have been published in the past two decades, an extensive survey of the state of the art is only available for CADe approaches. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the state of the art of CADx approaches is presented in this work. Besides providing a summary, the goals for this article are to identify relations, contradictions, and gaps in literature, and to suggest directions for future research. Because of the vast amount of publications on the topic, this survey is restricted to the two most important types of mammographic lesions: masses and clustered microcalcifications. Furthermore, it focuses on articles published in international journals.
Speech modelling using cepstral-time feature matrices and hidden Markov models (2002)

Conventional HMMs assume that speech spectral vectors are uncorrelated. The use of information on the temporal evolution of spectral features, within each state, can improve recognition accuracy and produce a more robust recognition system. The authors present experimental results on improvements in speech recognition using cepstral-time matrix units. Experimental evaluation using a spoken digit data base and a spoken alphabet data base, indicates that the use of cepstral-time matrix features in noisy conditions can provide an improvement in recognition of as much as 20% in comparison to a conventional spectral vector comprising of cepstral, delta cepstral and delta-delta cepstral features.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>