gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LED projection displays (2004)

In this paper a new illumination system with high power light emitting diode (LED) sources for projection displays is proposed. The prototype of a rear projection system has been developed by using red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs and three LCD panels. Four LEDs were used for each primary color. Parabola reflectors were used for collimating the LED lights and a new array style of LEDs and collimators were used. Integration rods were directly used between collimators and LCD panels without relay lens for uniform light distribution. A 40" projection display system was made with a light output about 25 lm on the screen and the projection engine was very small comparing to the original engine which uses an arc source.
Unidirectional operation in a semiconductor ring diode laser (1993)

We report the first demonstration of a unidirectional ring diode laser based on the use of an active crossover waveguide. The crossover waveguide introduces both a nonreciprocal loss and gain into the ring cavity to promote unidirectional lasing in the clockwise ring direction. Up to 95% of the continuous-wave lasing output of 3.5 mW (at 150 mA ring current) is emitted from this preferred lasing direction. Unidirectional operation of the ring diode laser is also shown to increase the linearity of the light-vs-current curves, eliminating kinks otherwise occurring from gain competition in the ring cavity.
Molecular profiling of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>identifies tuberculosinyl nucleoside products of the virulence-associated enzyme Rv3378c (2014)

To identify lipids with roles in tuberculosis disease, we systematically compared the lipid content of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the attenuated vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Comparative lipidomics analysis identified more than 1,000 molecular differences, including a previously unknown, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific lipid that is composed of a diterpene unit linked to adenosine. We established the complete structure of the natural product as 1-tuberculosinyladenosine (1-TbAd) using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. A screen for 1-TbAd mutants, complementation studies, and gene transfer identified Rv3378c as necessary for 1-TbAd biosynthesis. Whereas Rv3378c was previously thought to function as a phosphatase, these studies establish its role as a tuberculosinyl transferase and suggest a revised biosynthetic pathway for the sequential action of Rv3377c-Rv3378c. In agreement with this model, recombinant Rv3378c protein produced 1-TbAd, and its crystal structure revealed a cis-prenyl transferase fold with hydrophobic residues for isoprenoid binding and a second binding pocket suitable for the nucleoside substrate. The dual-substrate pocket distinguishes Rv3378c from classical cis-prenyl transferases, providing a unique model for the prenylation of diverse metabolites. Terpene nucleosides are rare in nature, and 1-TbAd is known only in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus, this intersection of nucleoside and terpene pathways likely arose late in the evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; 1-TbAd serves as an abundant chemical marker of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the extracellular export of this amphipathic molecule likely accounts for the known virulence-promoting effects of the Rv3378c enzyme.
Chemical composition and anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) activity of extracts from Cornus canadensis (2017)

Altogether, the results presented in this work support the antiviral activity of Cornus canadensis used in Native American traditional medicine.
Two‐dimensional immunoblot analysis of allergens of <i>Cladosporium herbarum</i> (1994)

In the present study, allergens of Cladosporium herbarum were analysed by SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblot. The SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions followed by western blotting analysis revealed 10 human IgE-binding components with molecular masses ranging from 15 to 143 kDa. Within the same molecular mass range, five components were detected under non-reduced conditions. Examination of the specificities of 10 individual sera revealed that two patients were sensitive to almost all the allergens, whereas the majority reacted with only some components. Two-dimensional immunoblot was employed to further analyse the allergens in the extract. A silver-stain of the two-dimensional gel revealed that there were more than 30 different protein components visible in the extract. Immunoblot of the proteins separated under denatured conditions disclosed that 17 spots were reactive with human atopic sera.
Catalytic Synthesis of “Super” Linear Alkenyl Arenes Using an Easily Prepared Rh(I) Catalyst (2017)

Linear alkyl benzenes (LAB) are global chemicals that are produced by acid-catalyzed reactions that involve the formation of carbocationic intermediates. One outcome of the acid-based catalysis is that 1-phenylalkanes cannot be produced. Herein, it is reported that [Rh(μ-OAc)(η<sup>2</sup>-C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> catalyzes production of 1-phenyl substituted alkene products via oxidative arene vinylation. Since C═C bonds can be used for many chemical transformations, the formation of unsaturated products provides a potential advantage over current processes that produce saturated alkyl arenes. Conditions that provide up to a 10:1 linear:branched ratio have been achieved, and catalytic turnovers >1470 have been demonstrated. In addition, electron-deficient and electron-rich substituted benzenes are successfully alkylated. The Rh catalysis provides ortho:meta:para selectivity that is opposite to traditional acid-based catalysis.
Separation Orthogonality in Temperature-Programmed Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (1996)

In a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph, a thermal modulator serially couples two columns containing dissimilar stationary phases. The secondary column generates a series of high-speed secondary chromatograms from the sample stream formed by the chromatogram eluting from the primary column. This series of secondary chromatograms forms a two-dimensional gas chromatogram with peaks dispersed over a retention plane rather than along a line. The method is comprehensive because the entire primary column chromatogram is transmitted through the secondary column with fidelity. One might expect that a two-dimensional separation in which both dimensions are basically the same technique, gas chromatography, would be inefficient because the two dimensions would behave similarly, generating peaks whose retentions correlate across dimensions. Applying a temperature program to the two columns, however, can tune the separation to eliminate this inefficiency. The temperature program reduces the retentive power of the secondary column as a function of progress of the primary chromatogram such that the retention mechanism of the primary column is eliminated from the second dimension. Retention of a substance in the second dimension is then determined by the difference in its interaction with the two stationary phases. Retention times in the second dimension then fall within a fixed range, and the whole retention plane is accessible. In a properly tuned comprehensive two-dimensional chromatogram, retention times in the two dimensions are independent of each other, and the two-dimensional chromatogram is orthogonal. Orthogonality is important for two reasons. First, an orthogonal separation efficiently uses the separation space and so has either greater speed or peak capacity than nonorthogonal separations. Second, retention in the two dimensions of an orthogonal chromatogram is determined by two different and independent mechanisms and so provides two independent measures of molecular properties.
Micromachined GC Columns for Fast Separation of Organophosphonate and Organosulfur Compounds (2008)

This article demonstrates how to prepare microfabricated columns (microcolumns) for organophosphonate and organosulfur compound separation that rival the performance of commercial capillary columns. Approximately 16,500 theoretical plates were generated with a 3 m long OV-5-coated microcolumn with a 0.25 microm phase thickness using helium as the carrier gas at 20 cm/s. Key to the advance was the development of deactivation procedures appropriate for silicon microcolumns with Pyrex tops. Active sites in a silicon-Pyrex microcolumn cause peak tailing and unwanted adsorption. Experimentally, we found that organosilicon hydride deactivation lowers adsorption activity in microcolumns more than silazane and silane treatments. But without further treatment, the phosphonate peaks continue to tail after the coating process. We found that heat treatment with pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMP) eliminated the phosphonate peak tailing. In contrast, conventional resilylation employing N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, hexamethyldisilazane, and 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole does not eliminate peak tailing. Column activity tests show that the PMP treatment also improves the peaks for 2,6-dimethyl aniline, 1-octanol, and 1-decanol implying a decrease in the column's hydrogen bonding sites with the PMP treatment. FT-IR analysis shows that exposure to PMP forms a bond to the stationary phase that deactivates the active sites responsible for organophosphonate peak tailing.
Transfer insensitive labeling technique (TILT): Application to multislice functional perfusion imaging (1999)

Cerebral blood flow can be studied in a multislice mode with a recently proposed perfusion sequence using inversion of water spins as an endogenous tracer without magnetization transfer artifacts. The magnetization transfer insensitive labeling technique (TILT) has been used for mapping blood flow changes at a microvascular level under motor activation in a multislice mode. In TILT, perfusion mapping is achieved by subtraction of a perfusion-sensitized image from a control image. Perfusion weighting is accomplished by proximal blood labeling using two 90° radiofrequency excitation pulses. For control preparation the labeling pulses are modified such that they have no net effect on blood water magnetization. The percentage of blood flow change, as well as its spatial extent, has been studied in single and multislice modes with varying delays between labeling and imaging. The average perfusion signal change due to activation was 36.9 ± 9.1% in the single-slice experiments and 38.1 ± 7.9% in the multislice experiments. The volume of activated brain areas amounted to 1.51 ± 0.95 cm3 in the contralateral primary motor (M1) area, 0.90 ± 0.72 cc in the ipsilateral M1 area, 1.27 ± 0.39 cm3 in the contralateral and 1.42 ± 0.75 cm3 in the ipsilateral premotor areas, and 0.71 ± 0.19 cm3 in the supplementary motor area.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;9:454–461. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Production and Prophylactic Efficacy Study of Human Papillomavirus-like Particle Expressing HPV16 L1 Capsid Protein (2002)

To perform the prophylactic study of a vaccine derived from human papillomavirus (HPV) using Balb/c mice, we produced virus like particles consisting of HPV capsid protein L1 which has been reported to induce significant humoral and cellular immunity using various animal model systems. In order to produce HPV16 VLPs, the cDNA of L1 capsid protein in HPV type 16, obtained by polymerase chain reaction, was inserted into yeast expression vector, YEGα-HIR525 under the control of GAL10 promoter. The transformation of YEGα-HPV16 L1 was performed into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2805 by the lithium acetate method and the yeast clone expressing the highest level of L1 capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 16 was selected by Western blot analysis using anti-HPV16 L1 antibody. The purification of HPV16 VLP has been performed by the ultracentrifugation and gel-filtration methods. To validate the vaccine efficacy of the purified HPV16 VLPs and investigate the properties of HPV16 VLPs to induce humoral immunity, ELISA assay was performed. A significantly increased production of anti-HPV16 VLP antibodies was observed in sera from immunized mice. The neutralization activity of antibodies in the sera from the vaccinated mice was demonstrated by a rapid and simple assay to detect hemagglutihation inhibition activity.
A geometric approach to monitoring threshold functions over distributed data streams (2006)

Monitoring data streams in a distributed system is the focus of much research in recent years. Most of the proposed schemes, however, deal with monitoring simple aggregated values, such as the frequency of appearance of items in the streams. More involved challenges, such as the important task of feature selection (e.g., by monitoring the information gain of various features), still require very high communication overhead using naive, centralized algorithms. We present a novel geometric approach by which an arbitrary global monitoring task can be split into a set of constraints applied locally on each of the streams. The constraints are used to locally filter out data increments that do not affect the monitoring outcome, thus avoiding unnecessary communication. As a result, our approach enables monitoring of arbitrary threshold functions over distributed data streams in an efficient manner. We present experimental results on real-world data which demonstrate that our algorithms are highly scalable, and considerably reduce communication load in comparison to centralized algorithms.
Probabilistic quantum logic operations using polarizing beam splitters (2001)

It has previously been shown that probabilistic quantum logic operations may be performed using linear optical elements, additional photons (ancilla), and post-selection based on the output of single-photon detectors. Here we describe the operation of several quantum logic operations of an elementary nature, including a quantum parity check and a quantum encoder, and we show how they may be combined to implement a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate. All of these gates may be constructed using polarizing beam splitters that completely transmit one state of polarization and totally reflect the orthogonal state of polarization, which allows a simple explanation of each operation. We also describe a polarizing beam splitter implementation of a CNOT gate that is closely analogous to the quantum teleportation technique previously suggested by Gottesman and Chuang [Nature 402, 390 (1999)]. Finally, our approach has the interesting feature that it makes practical use of a quantum-eraser technique.
Dynamic control of 3D chemical profiles with a single 2D microfluidic platform (2011)

Dynamic control of three-dimensional (3D) chemical patterns with both high precision and high speed is important in a range of applications from chemical synthesis, flow cytometry, and multi-scale biological manipulation approaches. A central challenge in controlling 3D chemical patterns is the inability to create rapidly tunable 3D profiles with simple and direct approaches that avoid complicated microfabrication. Here, we present the ability to rapidly and precisely create 3D chemical patterns using a single two-dimensional (2D) microfluidic platform. We are not only able to create these 3D patterns, but can rapidly switch from one mode to another (e.g. from a focused to a defocused pattern in less than 1 second) via simple changes in inlet pressures. A feedback control scheme with a pressure modulation mechanism controls the pressure changes. In addition to experiments, we conducted computational simulations for guiding the optimum design of the channels as well as revealing the sensitivity of the patterns to the channel dimensions; these simulations have high experimental correlations. We also show that microvortices play an important role in creating these tunable 3D patterns in this microfluidic platform. We quantitatively determine the degrees of the focused patterns in 2D cross-sections using a focus index with a 2D Gaussian function. Our integrated approach combining feedback control with simple microfluidics will be useful for researchers in diverse disciplines including chemistry, engineering, physics, and biology.
Vector tomographic X-ray phase contrast velocimetry utilizing dynamic blood speckle (2010)

We present a time-resolved tomographic reconstruction of the velocity field associated with pulsatile blood flow through a rotationally-symmetric stenotic vessel model. The in-vitro sample was imaged using propagation-based phase contrast with monochromated X-rays from a synchrotron undulator source, and a fast shutter-synchronized detector with high-resolution used to acquire frames of the resulting dynamic speckle pattern. Having used phase retrieval to decode the phase contrast from the speckle patterns, the resulting projected-density maps were analysed using the statistical correlation methods of particle image velocimetry (PIV). This yields the probability density functions of blood-cell displacement within the vessel. The axial velocity-field component of the rotationally-symmetric flow was reconstructed using an inverse-Abel transform. A modified inverse-Abel transform was used to reconstruct the radial component. This vector tomographic phase-retrieval velocimetry was performed over the full pumping cycle, to completely characterize the velocity field of the pulsatile blood flow in both space and time.
Double-Jet Ejection of Cooling Air for Improved Film Cooling (2006)

Film cooling in gas turbines leads to aerodynamic mixing losses and reduced temperatures of the gas flow. Improvements of the gas turbine thermal efficiency can be achieved by reducing the cooling fluid amount and by establishing a more equal distribution of the cooling fluid along the surface. It is well known that vortex systems in the cooling jets are the origin of reduced film-cooling effectiveness. For the streamwise ejection case, kidney vortices result in a liftoff of the cooling jets; for the lateral ejection case, usually only one dominating vortex remains, leading to hot gas flow underneath the jet from one side. Based on the results of numerical analyses, a new cooling technology has been introduced by the authors, which reaches high film-cooling effectiveness as a result of a well-designed cooling hole arrangement for interaction of two neighboring cooling jets (double-jet film cooling (DJFC)). The results show that configurations exist, where an improved film-cooling effectiveness can be reached because an anti-kidney vortex pair is established in the double-jet. The paper aims at the following major contributions: (1) to introduce the DJFC as an alternative film-cooling technology to conventional film-cooling design; (2) to explain the major phenomena, which leads to the improvement of the film-cooling effectiveness by application of the DJFC; and (3) to prove basic applicability of the DJFC to a realistic blade cooling configuration and present the first test results under machine operating conditions.
Design and synthesis of bifunctional isothiocyanate analogs of sulforaphane: correlation between structure and potency as inducers of anticarcinogenic detoxication enzymes (1994)

Thirty-five bifunctional isothiocyanates were synthesized as structural analogs of sulforaphane [(-)-1-isothiocyanato-4(R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane] that was recently isolated from broccoli as the principal and very potent inducer of detoxication (phase 2) enzymes in mouse tissues and murine hepatoma cells (Hepa 1c1c7) in culture (Zhang, Y.; Talalay, P.; Cho, C.-G.; Posner, G.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89, 2399-2403). Determination of the potency of each analog in inducing NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, a phase 2 detoxication enzyme, has allowed generalizations concerning the relation of structure and activity. The most potent analogs were bifunctional derivatives in which the isothiocyanate group was separated from a methylsulfonyl or an acetyl group by three or four carbon atoms, and in some of which these groups were conformationally restricted. Among these analogs, the bicyclic ketoisothiocyanate (+/-)-exo-2-acetyl-6-isothiocyanatonorbornane (30) was a very potent inducer (comparable to sulforaphane) of quinone reductase in hepatoma cells, and it also induced both quinone reductase and glutathione transferases in several mouse organs in vivo. This and related bicyclic ketoisothiocyanates represent potent phase 2 enzyme inducers that are relatively easily synthesized and that may be more stable metabolically than the natural sulfoxide sulforaphane.
Acoustically Targeted Chemogenetics for Noninvasive Control of Neural Circuits (2018)

ABSTRACT Neurological and psychiatric diseases often involve the dysfunction of specific neural circuits in particular regions of the brain. Existing treatments, including drugs and implantable brain stimulators, aim to modulate the activity of these circuits, but are typically not cell type-specific, lack spatial targeting or require invasive procedures. Here, we introduce an approach to modulating neural circuits noninvasively with spatial, cell-type and temporal specificity. This approach, called acoustically targeted chemogenetics, or ATAC, uses transient ultrasonic opening of the blood brain barrier to transduce neurons at specific locations in the brain with virally-encoded engineered G-protein-coupled receptors, which subsequently respond to systemically administered bio-inert compounds to activate or inhibit the activity of these neurons. We demonstrate this concept in mice by using ATAC to noninvasively modify and subsequently activate or inhibit excitatory neurons within the hippocampus, showing that this enables pharmacological control of memory formation. This technology allows a brief, noninvasive procedure to make one or more specific brain regions capable of being selectively modulated using orally bioavailable compounds, thereby overcoming some of the key limitations of conventional brain therapies.
RNA-binding proteins as targets for pain therapeutics (2018)

RNA-protein interactions permeate biology. Transcription, translation, processing, and mRNA decay all hinge on widespread use of regulatory information decoded by RNA-binding proteins. The final committed step of protein synthesis, translation, is intimately linked to nociceptor excitability. Understanding the factors that control translation is essential as nociceptor plasticity is a hallmark of persistent pain. Here, we review the growing body of evidence for widespread involvement of RNA-binding proteins in pain. Many of the relevant factors have been implicated in post-transcriptional and translational mechanisms of mRNA control. We propose that recent advances in the development of RNA-based therapeutics provide a potential means to exploit our current understanding of liaisons between RNAs and proteins for therapeutic purposes.
Effect of Dapagliflozin on Total Heart Failure Events in Patients With Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction (2023)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03619213.