gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Phase Stability of Ti3SiC2 (2008)

The thermal stability and topotactic transition of Ti3SiC2 in vacuum, argon and air have been investigated by synchrotron radiation diffraction (SRD), in-situ neutron diffraction (ND) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SMS). In the presence of a low oxygen partial pressure such as in vacuum or argon, Tl3SlC2 undergoes a surface dissociation to form non-stoichiometric TiC and/or Ti5Si3C at 1200°C. In contrast, it forms non-stoichiometric surface oxides of rutile at 1000°C and cristobalite at 1300°C when exposed to an oxygen-rich environment. Near-surface depth profiling of vacuum-treated Tl3SiC2 by SIMS has revealed a distinct gradation in phase composition and confirmed the existence of Ti5Si3C in solid solution with oxygen.
Mechanical Property Enhancement of ABA Block Copolymer-Based Elastomers by Incorporating Transient Cross-Links into Soft Middle Block (2015)

We propose a new strategy to enhance mechanical properties of ABA triblock copolymer-based elastomers by incorporating transient cross-links into the soft middle block. An ABA triblock-type copolymer, poly(4-vinylpyridine)-b-[(poly(butyl acrylate)-co-polyacrylamide]-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P–Ba–P), was synthesized via RAFT polymerization. In the molecular design, the poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P) end blocks with a high Tg formed pseudo-cross-link domains due to segregation against the soft Ba middle block, while acrylamide units on the middle block formed self-complementary hydrogen bonding, serving as transient cross-links. According to tensile tests, the Young’s modulus, elongation at break, maximum stress, and material toughness were 1.9 MPa, 200%, 2.6 MPa, and 2.8 MJ/m3, respectively. Comparison between mechanical properties of P–Ba–P and those of another triblock copolymer, poly(4-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(butyl acrylate)-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P–B–P), revealed that P–Ba–P showed larger Young’s modulus, longer elongation at break, and larger maximum tensile stress than P–B–P. Particularly, the material toughness of P–Ba–P (2.8 MJ/m3) was more than 100 times larger than that of P–B–P (0.02 MJ/m3). Rheological analysis on the basis of sticky Rouse relaxation of Ba middle block of P–Ba–P suggested that the hydrogen bonds on the middle block serve as dynamic stickers in elastic strands of elastomers under stress. Such dynamic behavior of the hydrogen bonds could prevent local concentration of applied stress for activating break/failure of the materials during elongation, leading to mechanical property enhancement of the materials. In addition, zinc chloride was blended with P–Ba–P to form metal–ligand coordination in the P end block domains, which also affected the mechanical properties of the elastomers.
A look at dental esthetics. (1994)

The surge of interest in the use of tooth-colored restorative materials and systems in recent years has been attributed partly to rapid developments in dental materials science and also to patient demand and operator interest. When overall dental appearance is considered, several factors are of significance, including tooth color, shape, and position; restoration quality; and the general arrangement of the dentition, especially of the anterior teeth. Each factor may be considered individually, but all components together act in concert to produce the final esthetic effect. However, although the clinician must be mindful of the patient's desires for a favorable cosmetic result, materials and techniques must be carefully selected, and restorations should be sufficient to withstand the forces of occlusion and mastication and provide long-term function.
Robust 3-D depth estimation using genetic algorithm in stereo image pairs (2002)

In this paper, a genetic algorithm-based optimization technique for stereo matching is proposed. Stereo matching is the essential process for recovering the three-dimensional structure of objects. The geometrical difference of left and right images, called disparity, is constructed as two-dimensional chromosomes with fitness values inversely proportional to their costs. The cost function is composed of the intensity-difference between two images and smoothness of disparity. The crossover and mutation operators in the two-dimensional chromosomes are described. The operations are affected by the disparities of neighbor pixels. The knowledge-augmented operators are shown to result in a rapid convergence and stable result. The genetic algorithm for stereo matching is tested on synthetic and natural images. Experimental results for various images show that the proposed algorithm has good performance even if the image has unfavorable conditions.
Here is a strange and bitter crop: Emmett Till and the rhetorical complications of treescape memory (2018)

On November 17, 2014, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder presided over a tree planting ceremony at Capitol Building Park in Emmett Till’s name. Holder announced that the “tree would become a living memorial, here at the heart of the Republic.” This article examines the rhetorical milieu surrounding the Emmett Till Memorial Tree to engage the rhetorical complications surrounding what critical geographers call “treescape memory.” Trees have long been a part of memorialization in western culture. They are simultaneously physical place markers of memory (celebrating life and noting loss) and social space-signs of resilient human nature (moving from “dead” traumatized pasts to “breathing” futures). In the public discourse circulating around the Till tree, the metaphorical sycamore-as-hope clashed with a fretful sense that the corporeal sycamore itself was insufficient to commemorate such a flag individual of the Civil Rights movement. That the tree was planted against a social landscape of battered Black bodies (i.e. the events of Ferguson) only complicated the ways it was received. This essay argues that the Till tree is positioned within a “treescape memory” field that fails to resolve the question of how to remember Till and to reconcile his meaning for contemporary contexts of violence.
Synthetic Behavior Sequence Generation Using Generative Adversarial Networks (2022)

Due to the increase in life expectancy in advanced societies leading to an increase in population age, data-driven systems are receiving more attention to support the older people by monitoring their health. Intelligent sensor networks provide the ability to monitor their activities without interfering with routine life. Data collected from smart homes can be used in a variety of data-driven analyses, including behavior prediction. Due to privacy concerns and the cost and time required to collect data, synthetic data generation methods have been considered seriously by the research community. In this article, we introduce a new Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) algorithm, namely, BehavGAN , that applies GAN to the problem of behavior sequence generation. This is achieved by learning the features of a target dataset and utilizing a new application for GANs in the simulation of older people’s behaviors. We also propose an effective reward function for GAN back-propagation by incorporating n-gram-based similarity measures in the reinforcement mechanism. We evaluate our proposed algorithm by generating a dataset of human behavior sequences. Our results show that BehavGAN is more effective in generating behavior sequences compared to MLE, LeakGAN, and the original SeqGAN algorithms in terms of both similarity and diversity of generated data. Our proposed algorithm outperforms current state-of-the-art methods when it comes to generating behavior sequences consisting of limited-space sequence tokens.
Untergrund und Unterbau (1996)

Als Untergrund wird der nicht durch bautechnische Maßnahmen veränderte anstehende Boden oder Fels bezeichnet. Der Unterbau ist ein Erd- oder Kunstbauwerk, welches zwischen dem Oberbau und dem Untergrund angeordnet ist. Lastannahmen für Eisenbahnbrücken können der “Vorschrift für Eisenbahnbrücken und sonstige Ingenieurbau-werke” (DS 804) entnommen werden. Als Verkehrslast der Normalspur ist für ein- und zweigleisige Tragwerke das Lastbild UIC 71 anzuwenden. In diesem Kapitel werden Erdbauwerke und ihre Entwässerung behandelt.
TRIM5α selectively binds a restriction-sensitive retroviral capsid (2005)

TRIM5 is a potent retrovirus inhibitor that targets viruses bearing particular capsid (CA) residues. In most primate species, retroviral restriction requires the C-terminal SPRY domain unique to the alpha-isoform of TRIM5, but the mechanism by which susceptible viruses are recognized and targeted for restriction is unknown. Here we show that TRIM5alpha binds retroviral CA from detergent-stripped virions in a SPRY-dependent manner with sufficient discrimination to account for the exquisite specificity of restriction.
A Randomized Double-Blind Study of Acetohydroxamic Acid in Struvite Nephrolithiasis (1984)

We studied the effects of the bacterial urease inhibitor acetohydroxamic acid on the growth of struvite stones in the urinary tract. Eighteen patients who received acetohydroxamic acid (15 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, in divided oral doses) for a mean of 15.8 months were compared in a randomized double-blind study with 19 patients who received placebo for a mean of 19.6 months. Seven patients given placebo reached a pre-determined end point: a 100 per cent increase in the two-dimensional surface area of their stones. No patient who received acetohydroxamic acid had a doubling of stone size (P less than 0.01). Nine patients receiving the drug and one patient receiving placebo required a decrease in dosage or cessation of treatment because of adverse effects (P less than 0.01). Episodes of tremulousness (n = 5, P less than 0.05), which reversed with a decrease in drug dose, and phlebothrombosis (n = 3, P not significant) were limited to the group given acetohydroxamic acid. We conclude that acetohydroxamic acid effectively inhibits the growth of struvite stones in the short term in patients infected with urea-splitting bacteria, but the prevalence of adverse reactions appears to be high and the toxicity and effectiveness of long-term therapy for struvite nephrolithiasis remain to be defined.
Silicon exposure and vasculitis (1998)

A combination of risk factors are involved in susceptibility to a primary or secondary form of vasculitis. Most forms of vasculitis are probably genetically based but environmentally triggered. This review discusses currently available evidence for a pathophysiologic role of one possible environmental trigger, silica. Since 1960, several patients with pulmonary silicosis have been described that developed pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis, i.e., with either completely negative immunofluorescence findings or nonspecific granular IgM or C3 deposits along the capillary wall. Recently it was reported that these patients have antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) that are in most cases directed to myeloperoxidase. Further, patients with pulmonary silicosis may develop microscopic polyangiitis, the syndrome of lung hemorrhage and nephritis, or Wegener's granulomatosis. To further substantiate the relation between silicon exposure and renal failure or vasculitis, several case-control studies have been reported. Exposure to silicon-containing compounds was found to be related to chronic renal failure (odds ratio, 1.7:2.5) or vasculitis (odds ratio, 6.5:14.0). The mechanisms by which silica may induce ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis or vasculitis are not well known. Silicon-containing compounds have a pronounced adjuvant effect on immune responses, and silica particles are potent stimulators of lymphocytes and monocytes or macrophages. Further, silica may induce apoptosis of monocytes or macrophages and possibly neutrophils. In conclusion, at present there is ample evidence that occupational exposure to silicon-containing compounds is related to the development of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis and vasculitis, and silica is one of the first well-documented environmental triggers in these diseases.
sStream: Peer-to-Peer Live Streaming with Efficient User Authentication and Key Management (2007)

Recent development of peer-to-peer (P2P) based media streaming technique brings unprecedented new momentum to the Internet streaming, which has been shown to be cost effective, scalable and easy to deploy. However, before these applications can be successfully and commercially deployed, it is very significant to achieve efficient access control mechanisms. Based our earlier research of secure streaming architecture of TrustStream, this work continues in-depth study on how to ensure that only the authorized users can access the correct media in p2p live streaming systems by adopting proposed user authentication and key management schemes. The main properties of presented secure systems include: i) the management server issues each authorized user a unique public- key certificate for other participant verifying its legal identity; ii) the lifetime of issued certificate is based upon media content instead of host's system time; iii) one-way hash-chain technique is employed to extend the certificate's lifetime; iv) the media is encrypted by the session key (SK) and then delivered to the communication group members; v) the SK is updated periodically and irrespective of clients' behaviors; vi) the re- keying messages are selectively distributed to legitimate users via the p2p overlay network. Moreover, the analysis shows the efficiency, scalability and robustness of given schemes in p2p live streaming systems, named "sStream".
Aldose Reductase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy (2008)

It has been more than 30 years since the first aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) was tested in diabetic and galactosemic rats and found to control the polyol accumulation. Since then, a considerable number of ARIs have been tested in experimental and human diabetes. Despite the initial encouraging results from tests that were conducted for the past 20 years, ARIs have not been established for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy yet. The main reasons for this are inconsistent results and the unacceptable high rate of side-effects associated with the initially tested compounds. The lack of well-defined end points and the inability to produce an inhibitor that achieves satisfactory tissue penetration and enzyme inhibition are other major contributing factors for this failure. This chapter focuses on the clinical trials that have examined the effect of all tested ARIs on human diabetic neuropathy.
Peripheral CD103+ dendritic cells form a unified subset developmentally related to CD8α+ conventional dendritic cells (2010)

Although CD103-expressing dendritic cells (DCs) are widely present in nonlymphoid tissues, the transcription factors controlling their development and their relationship to other DC subsets remain unclear. Mice lacking the transcription factor Batf3 have a defect in the development of CD8alpha+ conventional DCs (cDCs) within lymphoid tissues. We demonstrate that Batf3(-/-) mice also lack CD103+CD11b- DCs in the lung, intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), dermis, and skin-draining lymph nodes. Notably, Batf3(-/-) mice displayed reduced priming of CD8 T cells after pulmonary Sendai virus infection, with increased pulmonary inflammation. In the MLNs and intestine, Batf3 deficiency resulted in the specific lack of CD103+CD11b- DCs, with the population of CD103+CD11b+ DCs remaining intact. Batf3(-/-) mice showed no evidence of spontaneous gastrointestinal inflammation and had a normal contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response, despite previous suggestions that CD103+ DCs were required for immune homeostasis in the gut and CHS. The relationship between CD8alpha+ cDCs and nonlymphoid CD103+ DCs implied by their shared dependence on Batf3 was further supported by similar patterns of gene expression and their shared developmental dependence on the transcription factor Irf8. These data provide evidence for a developmental relationship between lymphoid organ-resident CD8alpha+ cDCs and nonlymphoid CD103+ DCs.
Plasma-processed positive and negative resist behavior of obliquely deposited amorphous P–Se films (1985)

Thin films of amorphous phosphorus decaselenide (P4Se10) have been explored for lithographic applications. Depending on the substrate temperature during plasma etching in CF4 gas, either positive or negative resist behavior is observed. The effects of substrate temperature and exposure time on etching characteristics are discussed. Contrast values of 2.5 and 2.9 for positive and negative resist, respectively, have been obtained.
Metamaterials for wireless power transfer (2012)

Recently, metamaterials have been developed for wireless power transfer applications. It has been shown that the near-field electromagnetic coupling between two resonant coils can be enhanced by a slab of metamaterial. With the assist of the metamaterial, the efficiency of wireless power transfer between the resonant coils can be greatly improved. In this paper, recent progress in this area will be presented: theoretical development of enhanced coil coupling with metamaterial will be briefly discussed; the design of metamaterial slabs for near-field wireless power transfer will be shown; recent experimental results on wireless power transfer efficiency improvement with metamaterial will also be presented.
Rational Tailoring of Substrate and Inhibitor Affinity via ATRP Polymer-Based Protein Engineering (2014)

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)-based protein engineering of chymotrypsin with a cationic polymer was used to tune the substrate specificity and inhibitor binding. Poly(quaternary ammonium) was grown from the surface of the enzyme using ATRP after covalent attachment of a protein reactive, water-soluble ATRP-initiator. This "grafting from" conjugation approach generated a high density of cationic ammonium ions around the biocatalytic core. Modification increased the surface area of the protein over 40-fold, and the density of modification on the protein surface was approximately one chain per 4 nm(2). After modification, bioactivity was increased at low pH relative to the activity of the native enzyme. In addition, the affinity of the enzyme for a peptide substrate was increased over a wide pH range. The massively cationic chymotrypsin, which included up to 2000 additional positive charges per molecule of enzyme, was also more stable at extremes of temperature and pH. Most interestingly, we were able to rationally control the binding of two oppositely charged polypeptide protease inhibitors, aprotinin and the Bowman-Birk trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor from Glycine max, to the cationic derivative of chymotrypsin. This study expands upon our efforts to use polymer-based protein engineering to predictably engineer enzyme properties without the need for molecular biology.
Human-like movements of robotic arms with redundant DOFs: virtual spring-damper hypothesis to tackle the Bernstein problem (2006)

A natural control method for resolving the ill-posedness of inverse kinematics of multi-joint reaching movements under redundancy of degrees-of-freedom (DOF) is proposed, which need neither introduce any artificial performance index to determine the inverse kinematics uniquely nor calculate the pseudo-inverse of the Jacobian of task coordinates with respect to joint coordinates. The control signal is composed of a linear superposition of three terms 1) damping shaping, 2) task-space position-error feedback with a single stiffness parameter, and 3) gravity compensation by means of estimation of uncertainty in the potential energy. It is shown through computer simulation and theoretical analysis that the signal can generate smooth reaching motions provided that a set of damping factors and the stiffness parameter are selected in a synergistic way. A physical meaning of each term of the control signal is discussed from the viewpoints of Newtonian mechanics and neuro-physiology. It can be concluded from those illustrative examples that mechanical robots with redundant DOFs can be endowed by synergistic adjustments of damping factors and a stiffness parameter with ability of generating human-like skilled motions
Systems consequences of amplicon formation in human breast cancer (2014)

Chromosomal structural variations play an important role in determining the transcriptional landscape of human breast cancers. To assess the nature of these structural variations, we analyzed eight breast tumor samples with a focus on regions of gene amplification using mate-pair sequencing of long-insert genomic DNA with matched transcriptome profiling. We found that tandem duplications appear to be early events in tumor evolution, especially in the genesis of amplicons. In a detailed reconstruction of events on chromosome 17, we found large unpaired inversions and deletions connect a tandemly duplicated ERBB2 with neighboring 17q21.3 amplicons while simultaneously deleting the intervening BRCA1 tumor suppressor locus. This series of events appeared to be unusually common when examined in larger genomic data sets of breast cancers albeit using approaches with lesser resolution. Using siRNAs in breast cancer cell lines, we showed that the 17q21.3 amplicon harbored a significant number of weak oncogenes that appeared consistently coamplified in primary tumors. Down-regulation of BRCA1 expression augmented the cell proliferation in ERBB2-transfected human normal mammary epithelial cells. Coamplification of other functionally tested oncogenic elements in other breast tumors examined, such as RIPK2 and MYC on chromosome 8, also parallel these findings. Our analyses suggest that structural variations efficiently orchestrate the gain and loss of cancer gene cassettes that engage many oncogenic pathways simultaneously and that such oncogenic cassettes are favored during the evolution of a cancer.