gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Catalysis and Solid Catalysts, 2. Development and Types of Solid Catalysts (2011)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Development of Solid Catalysts 2. Classification of Solid Catalysts 2.1. Unsupported (Bulk) Catalysts 2.1.1. Metal Oxides 2.1.1.1. Simple Binary Oxides 2.1.1.2. Complex Multicomponent Oxides 2.1.2. Metals and Metal Alloys 2.1.3. Carbides and Nitrides 2.1.4. Carbons 2.1.5. Ion-Exchange Resins and Ionomers 2.1.6. Molecularly Imprinted Catalysts 2.1.7. Metal – Organic Frameworks 2.1.8. Metal Salts 2.2. Supported Catalysts 2.2.1. Supports 2.2.2. Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts 2.2.3. Surface-Modified Oxides 2.2.4. Supported Metal Catalysts 2.2.5. Supported Sulfide Catalysts 2.2.6. Hybrid Catalysts 2.2.7. Ship-in-a-Bottle Catalysts 2.2.8. Polymerization Catalysts 2.3. Coated Catalysts 3. Production of Heterogeneous Catalysts 3.1. Unsupported Catalysts 3.2. Supported Catalysts 3.2.1. Supports 3.2.2. Preparation of Supported Catalysts 3.3. Unit Operations in Catalyst Production 4. Characterization of Solid Catalysts 4.1. Physical Properties 4.1.1. Surface Area and Porosity 4.1.2. Particle Size and Dispersion 4.1.3. Structure and Morphology 4.1.4. Local Environment of Elements 4.2. Chemical Properties 4.2.1. Surface Chemical Composition 4.2.2. Valence States and Redox Properties 4.2.3. Acidity and Basicity 4.3. Mechanical Properties 4.4. Characterization of Solid Catalysts under Working Conditions 4.4.1. Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP Reactor) 4.4.2. Use of Isotopes 4.4.3. Use of Substituents, Selective Feeding, and Poisoning 4.4.4. Spatially Resolved Analysis of the Fluid Phase over a Catalyst 4.4.5. Spectroscopic Techniques 5. Design and Technical Operation of Solid Catalysts 5.1. Design Criteria for Solid Catalysts 5.2. Catalytic Reactors 5.2.1. Classification of Reactors 5.2.2. Laboratory Reactors 5.2.3. Industrial Reactors 5.2.4. Special Reactor Types and Processes 5.2.5. Simulation of Catalytic Reactors 5.3. Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration 5.3.1. Different Types of Deactivation 5.3.2. Catalyst Regeneration 5.3.3. Catalyst Reworking and Disposal
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Chelating Arenes and Cycloalkanes (2008)

Alkane and arene join together: Various arenes were coupled directly with simple cycloalkanes. The reaction was catalyzed by ruthenium under oxidative conditions to give substituted cycloalkylarenes regioselectively (see scheme).
Personal Reflections on the Reliability of Jury Verdicts (2001)

The symposium presentation given by Dr. Sheppard’s son discussed the impact of the trial on his entire family, as well as the idea of a failed trial. He went through the different juries encountered by his father. He also listed his hopes for the symposium: “What would I hope to come out of a conference like this? First, selfishly, I would hope that it would help us with our new legal endeavor. Second, I hope that we can contribute to serious legal work that deals on realistic and dignified grounds on the problem, both federally and statewide, of wrongful incarceration. This problem does exist, and it is a larger problem than we think. Third, I would suggest a national and state conference in which the legal community and the scientific community come together and begin straightening out confusing vocabulary used by their fields.”
Assembly of 4-Aminoquinolines via Palladium Catalysis:  A Mild and Convenient Alternative to S<sub>N</sub>Ar Methodology (2007)

4-aminoquinolines, classically prepared via SNAr chemistry from an amine and 4-haloquinoline, are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Interest in these compounds prompted us to explore palladium catalysis as an alternative to the existing methods for their preparation. Initial results followed by an iterative screening paradigm confirmed Pd(OAc)2/DPEphos/K3PO4 as a mild and convenient alternative for the formation of the C-N bond in 4-aminoquinolines. A description of the screen and the scope of this methodology are discussed herein.
Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in Mice Following Mechanical Injury to the Synovial Joint (2017)

We investigated the spectrum of lesions characteristic of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) across the knee joint in response to mechanical injury. We hypothesized that alteration in knee joint stability in mice reproduces molecular and structural features of PTOA that would suggest potential therapeutic targets in humans. The right knees of eight-week old male mice from two recombinant inbred lines (LGXSM-6 and LGXSM-33) were subjected to axial tibial compression. Three separate loading magnitudes were applied: 6N, 9N, and 12N. Left knees served as non-loaded controls. Mice were sacrificed at 5, 9, 14, 28, and 56 days post-loading and whole knee joint changes were assessed by histology, immunostaining, micro-CT, and magnetic resonance imaging. We observed that tibial compression disrupted joint stability by rupturing the anterior cruciate ligament (except for 6N) and instigated a cascade of temporal and topographical features of PTOA. These features included cartilage extracellular matrix loss without proteoglycan replacement, chondrocyte apoptosis at day 5, synovitis present at day 14, osteophytes, ectopic calcification, and meniscus pathology. These findings provide a plausible model and a whole-joint approach for how joint injury in humans leads to PTOA. Chondrocyte apoptosis, synovitis, and ectopic calcification appear to be targets for potential therapeutic intervention.
Astroglial and neuronal proteins in cerebrospinal fluid as markers of CNS involvement in Lyme neuroborreliosis (1999)

Is Lyme neuroborreliosis, even in its early phase, a parenchymatous disorder in the central nervous system (CNS), and not merely a meningitic process? We quantified cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of four nerve and glial cell marker proteins in Lyme neuroborreliosis patients with pretreatment durations of 7-240 days. All 23 patients had meningoradiculitis, and six had objective signs of encephalopathy. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp) pretreatment levels in CSF, and the light subunit of neurofilament protein (NFL) levels were related to clinical outcome and declined significantly after treatment (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). NFL was detectable in 11 out of 22 patients, and pre- and post-treatment NFL levels were associated with the duration of neurological symptoms within 100 days prior to treatment. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) concentrations also decreased after therapy (P < 0.001), while CSF levels of glial S-100 protein remained unchanged. The pretreatment duration of disease was related to postinfectious sequelae. GFAp, NSE and NFL levels in CSF are unspecific indicators of astroglial and neuronal involvement in CNS disease. The findings in the present study are in agreement with the hypothesis that early and late stages of Lyme neuroborreliosis damage the CNS parenchyma.
Flat-field postobjective polygon scanner (1995)

A general two-dimensional ray-trace analysis is presented for the motion of a geometric focal point over a flat surface provided by a postobjective rotating polygon laser beam scanner. The exact defocus equation is derived for any value of the neutral scan position deflection angle and the polygon rotation angle. The scan nonlinearity is derived for the special case of a zero neutral scan deflection angle. Geometric parameters were found that reduce the peak-to-peak defocus by more than an order of magnitude from that found in previous design approaches. Conditions were also found that reduce scan nonlinearity to less than 2 × 10(-4). Practical limitations, such as large polygons and beam obscurations, encountered in the implementation of postobjective scanning are discussed.
Magnetic Nanoplatelet‐Based Spin Memory Device Operating at Ambient Temperatures (2017)

There is an increasing demand for realizing a simple Si based universal memory device working at ambient temperatures. In principle, nonvolatile magnetic memory can operate at low power consumption and high frequencies. However, in order to compete with existing memory technology, size reduction and simplification of the used material systems are essential. In this work, the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect is used along with 30-50 nm ferromagnetic nanoplatelets in order to realize a simple magnetic memory device. The vertical memory is Si compatible, easy to fabricate, and in principle can be scaled down to a single nanoparticle size. Results show clear dual magnetization behavior with threefold enhancement between the one and zero states. The magnetization of the device is accompanied with large avalanche like noise that is ascribed to the redistribution of current densities due to spin accumulation inducing coupling effects between the different nanoplatelets.
A History of HIV Discovery (2002)

Dynamic analysis of a cytokine-enhanced viral infection model with time delays and CTL immune response,
Assessment of Acetylcholinesterase Activity Using Indoxylacetate and Comparison with the Standard Ellman’s Method (2011)

Assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity plays an important role in diagnostic, detection of pesticides and nerve agents, in vitro characterization of toxins and drugs including potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease. These experiments were done in order to determine whether indoxylacetate could be an adequate chromogenic reactant for AChE assay evaluation. Moreover, the results were compared to the standard Ellman's method. We calculated Michaelis constant Km (2.06 × 10(-4) mol/L for acetylthiocholine and 3.21 × 10(-3) mol/L for indoxylacetate) maximum reaction velocity V(max) (4.97 × 10(-7) kat for acetylcholine and 7.71 × 10(-8) kat for indoxylacetate) for electric eel AChE. In a second part, inhibition values were plotted for paraoxon, and reactivation efficacy was measured for some standard oxime reactivators: obidoxime, pralidoxime (2-PAM) and HI-6. Though indoxylacetate is split with lower turnover rate, this compound appears as a very attractive reactant since it does not show any chemical reactivity with oxime antidots and thiol used for the Ellman's method. Thus it can be advantageously used for accurate measurement of AChE activity. Suitability of assay for butyrylcholinesterase activity assessment is also discussed.
Effect of integrated weed management practices on weed growth and soil microbes of tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius) in the New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal (2017)

A field experiment was conducted during pre-kharif season of 2010 and 2011 at the C-Block Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani to find out the effect of different weed management practices on weed growth and soil microbes of jute (cv. JRO-524). The experiment was designed with eight treatments (weed management practices) and tested under Randomized Block Design with three replications. The weed management practices comprised of different doses of chemical herbicides like Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl and Quizalofop-Ethyl as post emergence spray at 30 DAS; botanical herbicides like Calotropis and Parthenium (5% raw extract) as pre emergence spray at 1 DAS in combination with hand weeding. The lowest weed density, weed dry weight was recorded in hand weeding twice at 15 and 30 DAS closely followed by Quizalofop-Ethyl @ 100 g ha-1 at 30 DAS + Hand weeding at15 DAS. In successive years also, the highest weed control efficiency and fibre yield was found in hand weeding twice at 15 and 30 DAS which was at par with Quizalofop-Ethyl @100 g ha-1 at 30 DAS + Hand weeding at15 DAS. Maximum population of soil micro flora was found in the Quizalofop-Ethyl @ 100 g ha-1 at 30 DAS + Hand weeding at 15 DAS at the harvest stage of crop. From the present experiment, it can be concluded that the spraying of Quizalofop-Ethyl @ 100 g ha-1 at 30 DAS + Hand weeding at 15 DAS would be beneficial practice to the jute farmer of West Bengal.
Determination of Synthetic Hydroxytyrosol in Rat Plasma by GC-MS (1998)

2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol (DPE), the major phenolic compound in olive oil, may contribute the antioxidative activities and other beneficial effects to olive oil. However, the lack of commercial available DPE and procedures sensitive enough to quantitatively determine DPE in body fluids have limited the bioavailability and metabolism studies on this phenolic compound. In the present study, DPE was synthesized with high yield and high purity and administered orally to rats. DPE concentration in rat plasma, after absorption, was measured using a sensitive GC-MS-SIM method. The results indicated that the highest level of DPE in plasma was detected at 5−10 min after administration. During this period, the concentration of DPE fluctuated widely with the individual. Keywords: Hydroxytyrosol; dihydroxyphenylethanol (DPE); plasma; GC-MS; metabolism
Observations regarding DNA replication sites in human cells <i>in vivo</i> following infusions of iododeoxyuridine and bromodeoxyuridine (1991)

In studies using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and/or iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) to label S phase cells in cancer patients, several unique observations were made regarding DNA replication sites and the organization of newly synthesized DNA in post-mitotic cells. While the majority of tumour specimens removed at the end of infusions demonstrated concentration of replication sites around the nuclear membrane, biopsies obtained in leukaemic patients 1 week later demonstrated several distinct patterns of labelling. For example, one, two or all lobes of granulocytes were labelled. Scavenger macrophages bearing labelled leukaemic cells in their cytoplasm were also seen. Sequential IdUrd/BrdUrd labelling of solid tumours showed various patterns of nuclear/nucleolar/membrane labelling, allowing more precise localization of early versus late replication sites.
Bad smells in design and design patterns. (2009)

To give a consistent and more valuable property on models, model-driven processes should be able to reuse the expert knowledge generally expressed in terms of patterns. We focus our work on the design stage and on the systematically use of design patterns. Choose a good design pattern and ensure the correct integration of the chosen pattern are non trivial for a designer who wants to use them. To help designers, we propose design inspection in order to detect "bad smells in design" and models reworking through use of design patterns. The automatic detection and the explanation of the misconceptions are performed thanks to spoiled patterns. A "spoiled pattern" is a pattern which allows to instantiate inadequate solutions for a given problem: requirements are respected, but architecture is improvable.
Updating the H‐antigen classification of<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (1999)

The classification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains has been revised and updated based on flagellar antigens which have been in use for many years. Sixty-nine serotypes and 13 sub-antigenic groups have now been identified, giving 82 serovars among the 3500 B. thuringiensis isolates of the IEBC Collection. The number of serovars has gradually increased with the total number of strains. The biochemical characters used have also been investigated and their value assessed for identification of B. thuringiensis at the subspecies level. A crystal analysis was carried out in terms of morphology, delta-endotoxin profiles and larvicidal activity for the newly identified serovars. It was found that atypical crystals, some with novel components, are becoming more common. No insect susceptible to these serovars has been discovered among known target species. The number of cross-reacting H-antigens among B. cereus strains is increasing and may be of biological significance.
A modified resonant converter for wireless capacitive power transfer systems used in battery charging applications (2016)

The paper outlines a capacitive power transfer (CPT) system for higher power applications. The paper summarizes the operating principle, power electronics requirement and modeling of a basic CPT system. The high frequency converter is the drive force of the contactless system. The high frequency converters found in literature are discussed with their advantages and their drawbacks. With the knowledge of the converters used, an existing topology is modified to fit the capacitive interface of the capacitive power transfer system. The modified LLC resonant converters has several advantages over the traditional converters used for contactless CPT .The converter has a very high power density and can be used for very high power applications. One of the greatest advantages the modified LLC resonant converter is the ability to work off resonance and the inherent ability to buck or boost as per its gain plot. The converter exhibits efficiencies greater than 90%. The design of the proposed topology along with its advantages over the existing topologies for small distance applications are listed.
Sumoylation of EKLF Promotes Transcriptional Repression and Is Involved in Inhibition of Megakaryopoiesis (2007)

Erythroid Krüppel-like factor (EKLF [KLF1]) is a transcriptional regulator that plays a critical role within a specific subset of hematopoietic cells, particularly in the erythroid lineage and its immediate precursor, the megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP). We find that EKLF is posttranslationally modified by sumoylation at a single site near its amino terminus and that PIAS1 plays a critical role in this process. Mutation of this site has little effect on EKLF's ability to function as a transcriptional activator; however, it has a dramatic effect on its repressive abilities. The mechanism of repression likely involves a novel small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-dependent EKLF interaction with the Mi-2beta component of the NuRD repression complex. Mutated EKLF is attenuated in its ability to repress megakaryocyte differentiation, implicating EKLF sumoylation status in differentiative decisions emanating from the MEP. These studies demonstrate a novel mechanism by which transcription factor sumoylation can alter protein-protein interactions and bipotential lineage decisions.
The Shallow End: Empowering Shallower Deep-Convolutional Networks through Auxiliary Outputs (2016)

Depth is one of the key factors behind the success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Since ResNet, we are able to train very deep CNNs as the gradient vanishing issue has been largely addressed by the introduction of skip connections. However, we observe that, when the depth is very large, the intermediate layers (especially shallow layers) may fail to receive sufficient supervision from the loss due to the severe transformation through a long backpropagation path. As a result, the representation power of intermediate layers can be very weak and the model becomes very redundant with limited performance. In this paper, we first investigate the supervision vanishing issue in existing backpropagation (BP) methods. And then, we propose to address it via an effective method, called Multi-way BP (MW-BP), which relies on multiple auxiliary losses added to the intermediate layers of the network. The proposed MW-BP method can be applied to most deep architectures with slight modifications, such as ResNet and MobileNet. Our method often gives rise to much more compact models (denoted by "Mw+Architecture") than existing methods. For example, MwResNet-44 with 44 layers performs better than ResNet-110 with 110 layers on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100. More critically, the resultant models even outperform the light models obtained by state-of-the-art model compression methods. Last, our method inherently produces multiple compact models with different depths at the same time, which is helpful for model selection.
Ultrafast Rotary PCR system for multiple influenza viral RNA detection (2012)

We presented a novel platform for an ultrafast PCR system, called the Rotary PCR Genetic Analyzer, which incorporates a thermal block and resistive temperature detector (RTD) for thermal cycling control, a disposable PCR microchip, and a stepper motor. The influenza viral RNAs from H3N2, H5N1, and H1N1 were simultaneously identified with high sensitivity and speed.
Producing durable pellets from barley straw subjected to radio frequency-alkaline and steam explosion pretreatments (2014)

Pelletization, a form of densification, increases bulk density and improves the convenience and accessibility of biomass feedstock due to the uniform shape and size. Pretreatment of biomass enhances the breakdown and accessibility of the cross-linking lignin, which acts as a binding agent. In this study, pelletization of radio frequency-alkaline and steam explosion pretreated barley straw was performed. Three levels of temperature (70oC, 80oC, and 90oC), five levels of the mass ratio of biomass to NaOH solution (1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, and 1:8), one hour equilibration time, biomass screen size of 1.6 mm, 1% NaOH concentration, and 20 min residence time in the radio frequency chamber were used for the radio frequency-alkaline pretreatment. Three levels of steam temperature (140oC, 160oC, and 180oC), three levels of moisture content of 8%, 30%, and 50% (mass fraction of total mass), and 5 min and 10 min exposure to steam were tested for the steam explosion pretreatment. The effects of both pretreatment methods were evaluated by pelletizing the pretreated and non-pretreated barley straw samples in a single pelleting unit. The pellet density, tensile strength, durability, dimensional stability, and color of the pellets were determined. Radio frequency-alkaline pretreatment with the use of 1% NaOH solution and a ratio of biomass: NaOH solution of 1:8 has significant effect (P<0.05) on the breakdown of the lignified matrix, resulting in pellets with superior physical characteristics. The steam exploded samples pretreated at higher temperatures (180oC) and retention time of 10 min resulted into pellets with good physical qualities.
Keywords: radio frequency, steam explosion, densification, biomass pellets, and alkaline pretreatment
DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20140703.009

Citation: Kingsley L. Iroba, Lope G. Tabil, Shahab Sokhansanj, Venkatesh Meda. Producing durable pellets from barley straw subjected to radio frequency-alkaline and steam explosion pretreatments. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(3): 68－82.
A Practical Synthetic Pathway to Polysubstituted Tetrahydropyridines via Multicomponent Reactions Catalyzed by BF<sub>3</sub>·OEt<sub>2</sub> (2005)

BF3·OEt2-catalyzed solvent-free synthesis of tetrahydropyridines has been developed through a one-pot multicomponent reaction of aldehydes, anilines and Brassard’s diene under mild reaction conditions. A gram scale synthesis was achieved in 62% yield. A two-step condensation pathway (firstly aldol and then aza Diels-Alder condensation) was proposed.
Neuroanatomic observations of the brain in autism: a review and future directions (2005)

Infantile autism is a behaviorally defined disorder associated with characteristic cognitive, language and behavioral features. Several postmortem studies have highlighted areas of anatomic abnormality in the autistic brain. Consistent findings have been observed in the limbic system, cerebellum and related inferior olive. In the limbic system, the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex have shown small cell size and increased cell packing density at all ages, suggesting a pattern consistent with development curtailment. Findings in the cerebellum have included significantly reduced numbers of Purkinje cells, primarily in the posterior inferior regions of the hemispheres. A different pattern of change has been noted in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of broca, cerebellar nuclei and inferior olive with plentiful and abnormally enlarged neurons in the brains of young autistic subjects, and in adult autistic brains, small, pale neurons that are reduced in number. These findings combined with reported age-related changes in brain weight and volume, have raised the possibility that the neuropathology of autism may represent an on-going process.