gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plenary Session 2 : PS-2-2 ; Comparative study between drug-eluting bead (DC bead®) loaded with doxorubicin (DEBDOX) and conventional transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2012)

Background: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been widely used as treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma. In order to maximize the therapeutic efficacy, Doxorubicin loaded drug eluting bead has been developed to deliver higher doses of chemotherapeutic agent and to prolong contact time with tumor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DC bead® TACE in comparison with conventional TACE. Methods: One hundred twenty nine patients who underwent TACE between Aug. 2008 and Feb. 2011 were retrospectively enrolled. We compared HCC patients (n=60) who had underwent TACE with DC bead® to controls (n=69) who had received conventional TACE. The primary endpoint was treatment response according to modified RECIST criteria, time to recurrence and overall survival. The primary safety endpoint was treatment-related liver toxicity. Results: The objective response rates of the DC bead® group were significantly better than that of conventional TACE group (81.6 vs 49.2 %, p 0.05). Conclusions: Transarterial chemoembolization with DC bead® showed better treatment response and time to progression rates compared with conventional TACE. DC bead® TACE may appear to be a feasible and promising approach in the treatment of HCC.
Identifying Thresholds for Penumbra and Irreversible Tissue Damage (2004)

Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) in combination with perfusion-weighted MRI (PWI) has become a widely accepted modality for the selection of patients amenable for acute therapy, if a mismatch between these procedures suggests viable penumbral tissue. However, DWI as well as PWI yields semiquantitative measures limiting the definitions of irreversible damage and of potentially viable penumbral tissue. These limitations of PWI/DWI may be better understood if findings in individual patients are compared with the results from measurements of blood flow, oxygen metabolism, and benzodiazepine receptor binding obtained with positron emission tomography (PET). Comparative studies with PET and MRI were performed in 3 groups of patients: (1) In 12 acute stroke patients, results from DWI (median, 6.5 hours after symptom onset) and 11C-flumazenil (FMZ) PET (median, 85 minutes between DWI and PET) were compared with infarct extension 24 to 48 hours later on T2-weighted MRI. (2) In 11 acute stroke patients, results from PWI (median, 8 hours after symptom onset) were compared with cerebral blood flow measurements obtained with [15O]H2O PET (interval, 60 minutes between PWI and PET). (3) In 10 patients with acute (n=5) or chronic stroke (n=5), results from PWI/DWI were compared with PET of cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption to detect mismatch or increased oxygen extraction fraction as surrogate markers of penumbra. Results were: (1) from regions with increased DWI intensity, decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and decreased FMZ binding probability curves were computed for eventual infarction, and 95% prediction limits were determined. These limits predicted 83.5% (FMZ), 84.7% (DWI), and 70.9% (ADC) of the final infarct volume. However, the false-positive predictions were much higher for the DWI variables (5.1 and 3.6 cm3 for DWI and ADC versus a median of 0 for FMZ). (2) The comparison of volumes generated by different time to peak (TTP) thresholds (PWI) and hypoperfusion <20 mL/100 g per minute (PET) indicates that a TTP delay of 4 to 6 seconds yields a fair estimate of hypoperfusion. (3) The PWI/DWI mismatch with TTP >4 seconds did not reliably correspond to the penumbra as assessed by PET (oxygen extraction fraction >150%). Only 6 of 10 patients with a mismatch had areas of penumbra. In these cases, the penumbra volume was overestimated by MRI. DWI correlates with FMZ results and, with a few exceptions, yields a good estimate of acute tissue damage and final infarct volume. PWI measures seem to be less reliable; the TTP prolongation of >4 seconds assessed only 83% of the volume of hypoperfusion <20 mL/100 g per minute. The mismatch volume imprecisely depicts increased oxygen extraction fraction, and, despite its clinical role for selection of patients for eventual therapy, it does not to seem to be a reliable correlate of penumbra.
Epigenetics in cancer: Targeting chromatin modifications (2009)

Posttranslational modifications to histones affect chromatin structure and function resulting in altered gene expression and changes in cell behavior. Aberrant gene expression and altered epigenomic patterns are major features of cancer. Epigenetic changes including histone acetylation, histone methylation, and DNA methylation are now thought to play important roles in the onset and progression of cancer in numerous tumor types. Indeed dysregulated epigenetic modifications, especially in early neoplastic development, may be just as significant as genetic mutations in driving cancer development and growth. The reversal of aberrant epigenetic changes has therefore emerged as a potential strategy for the treatment of cancer. A number of compounds targeting enzymes that regulate histone acetylation, histone methylation, and DNA methylation have been developed as epigenetic therapies, with some demonstrating efficacy in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. This review highlights the roles of epigenetic modifications to histones and DNA in tumorigenesis and emerging epigenetic therapies being developed for the treatment of cancer.
SfMLearner++: Learning Monocular Depth & Ego-Motion Using Meaningful Geometric Constraints (2019)

Most geometric approaches to monocular Visual Odometry (VO) provide robust pose estimates, but sparse or semi-dense depth estimates. Off late, deep methods have shown good performance in generating dense depths and VO from monocular images by optimizing the photometric consistency between images. Despite being intuitive, a naive photometric loss does not ensure proper pixel correspondences between two views, which is the key factor for accurate depth and relative pose estimations. It is a well known fact that simply minimizing such an error is prone to failures. We propose a method using Epipolar constraints to make the learning more geometrically sound. We use the Essential matrix, obtained using Nistér's Five Point Algorithm, for enforcing meaningful geometric constraints on the loss, rather than using it as labels for training. Our method, although simplistic but more geometrically meaningful, uses lesser number of parameters to give a comparable performance to state-of-the-art methods which use complex losses and large networks showing the effectiveness of using epipolar constraints. Such a geometrically constrained learning method performs successfully even in cases where simply minimizing the photometric error would fail.
Astragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (2014)

Although Astragalus as an adjunctive treatment to conventional therapies was found to offer some promising effects in reducing proteinuria and increasing haemoglobin and serum albumin, suboptimal methodological quality and poor reporting meant that definitive conclusions could not be made based on available evidence.
Method for decoupling error correction from privacy amplification (2003)

Entanglement purification provides a unifying framework for proving the security of quantum key distribution schemes. Nonetheless, up till now, a local commutability constraint in the CSS code construction means that the error correction and privacy amplification procedures of BB84 are not fully decoupled. Here, I provide a method to decouple the two processes completely. The method requires Alice and Bob to share some initial secret string and use it to encrypt the bit-flip error syndrome using one-time-pad encryption. As an application, I prove the unconditional security of the interactive Cascade protocol, proposed by Brassard and Salvail for error correction, modified by one-time-pad encryption of the error syndrome, and followed by the random matrix protocol for privacy amplification. This is an efficient protocol in terms of both computational power and key generation rate.
Conformational Epitopes Detected by Cross‐Reactive Antibodies to Envelope 2 Glycoprotein of the Hepatitis C Virus (1999)

The prevalence of anti-E2 antibody in persons chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is high irrespective of viral genotype, and this cross-reactive antibody is thought to react with a conformational epitope. To investigate the characteristics of this anti-E2 antibody, the immunoreactivity of sera from HCV-1b-infected patients was measured against various modified forms of E2 glycoprotein derived from HCV-H (genotype 1a) by an immunofluorescence technique. Twelve of 18 patients were positive for anti-E2 antibody, and 10 of the 12 required a minimal amino acid (aa) region including aa 406-644 for strong reactivity, suggesting that the major E2 antibody has a conformational epitope in this region. Subsequent analysis using mutant E2 glycoproteins designed to lose N-glycosylation potential at varying sites revealed seven important N-glycosylation sites in this region. Four of these (aa 423, 430, 448, and 576) are indispensable for an antibody response.
Probability of Yield Response and Breaking Even for Soybean Seed Treatments (2011)

ABSTRACT Earlier soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planting coupled with increasing seed cost and commodity prices has led to an increase in the number of hectares treated with seed treatments. Ultimately, growers would like to know if applying such treatment is cost effective. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to quantify the effects of seed treatment on early season plant population and seed yield and investigate the probability that yield response covered the cost of the seed treatment. Trials were conducted in Wisconsin from 2008 to 2010 at nine locations each year to compare no seed treatment, mefenoxam + fludioxonil (ApronMaxx), and mefenoxam + fludioxonil + thiamethoxam (CruiserMaxx). Results indicated differences in early‐season plant population due to cultivar and seed treatment and that seed yield was affected by a cultivar × seed treatment interaction. At a low seed treatment price, the percentage of environments where the probability of breaking even was >50% and ranged from 56 to 67%, while it ranged from 22 to 56% at a higher price. Both ApronMaxx and CruiserMaxx had positive response ratios of 1.5 ( p = 0.030) and 2.9% ( p < 0.0001), respectively, but responses were cultivar dependent. Given annual environmental variability, a general lack of field information regarding field history of pathogens or insects, and the high turnover rate of soybean cultivars, soybean seed treatments can be a cost‐effective component to integrate into soybean production systems.
Grafting poly(ionic liquid) brushes for anti-bacterial and anti-biofouling applications (2012)

Polymer brushes provide an ideal platform for studying biofouling and screening anti-biofouling materials. In the present work, high-density poly(ionic liquid) brushes based on imidazolium salts were successfully grafted to surfaces via surface-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerizations from catecholic initiator and their anti-microbial activity was evaluated. Very uniform poly(ionic liquid) coatings with thickness up to 80 nm were obtained on TiO2. Various characterization techniques including infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize poly(ionic liquid) brushes modified TiO2 nanomaterials. Subsequently, the anti-bacterial and anti-biofouling properties of poly(ionic liquid) brushes were evaluated. It was found that poly(ionic liquid) brushes can obviously resist adhesion of Chlorella spores and the counter-anions have a key impact on the anti-microbial property. The hexafluorophosphate anion poly(ionic liquid) coated TiO2 nanomaterials have excellent anti-bacterial properties compared to pristine TiO2 nanoparticles against both E. coli and S. aureus.
Lack of Association Between Excretion of Sorafenib in Sweat and Hand‐Foot Skin Reaction (2009)

Our results suggest that hand-foot skin reaction in patients receiving sorafenib is not associated with excretion of sorafenib in sweat. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of hand-foot skin reaction, a treatment-limiting adverse effect of multikinase inhibitors.
Research of System Modeling and Verification Method Combine with UML Formalization Analysis and Colored Petri Net (2009)

Because of complexity of CTCS-3 train control system, interworking testing and function evaluation could not be operated directly on the system, which means that deep research on modeling and simulation of train operation control system should be carried out. This paper proposes a modeling and verification method based on UML and colored Petri net. On the basis of analysis of advantages and disadvantages of UML modeling, colored Petri net is used as formal specification of UML modeling, which improves scalability of formal method and make up for the deficiency of UML, as lack of analysis of model and verification method. Aiming at sequence diagram, dynamic model of UML, colored Petri net is suggested as a modeling method. Sequence diagram of communication between on-board and RBC during conversion from CTCS-3 to CTCS-2 is designed and transformed into colored Petri net model. Based on information interaction between objects to each other, colored Petri net model of onboard and RBC is obtained. Using CPN tools, the model is simulated and analyzed boundedness and deadlock of model. Thus, correctness of model is verified.
Theory of thermal relaxation of electrons in metals (1987)

If electrons in a metal are heated to a temperature ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{e}}$ greater than the lattice temperature ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{L}}$, the electron-phonon interaction causes temperature relaxation ${\mathrm{dT}}_{\mathrm{e}}$/dt=${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{T}}$(${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{L}}$-${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{e}}$) which is rapid for ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{L}}$>${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{D}}$. A formula ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{T}}$=3\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\lambda}〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$〉/\ensuremath{\pi}${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{e}}}$ is derived, where \ensuremath{\lambda}〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$〉=\ensuremath{\eta}/M is an important parameter in the theory of superconductivity. Quantitative agreement with recent experiments is good.
Comparison of an optimized resistivity array with dipole-dipole soundings in karst terrain (2007)

Abstract We report the results of a field comparison of 2D resistivity data collected using both the traditional dipole-dipole array and a new computer-optimized array recently described in literature. The study was conducted at a karst site in eastern Pennsylvania. Computer simulations suggested that for a given line length, the optimal array and the dipole-dipole array would be equally effective at imaging shallow targets but the optimal array would provide better resolution at depth. Our field test results showed that the two arrays imaged karst bedrock topography equally well. When the full grid of 2D lines were combined and analyzed using 3D inversion, however, the optimal array was able to resolve a crosscutting bedrock fracture system that was not visible in the dipole-dipole data. The existence of the fracture system was confirmed by drilling. Because the optimal array requires roughly three times as many measurements per line, we conclude that the optimal array is preferable to traditional dipole-dipole soundings only when the slight improvement in resolution at depth is more important than rapid data collection.
Measurements of wall-shear-stress distribution on an NACA0018 airfoil by liquid-crystal coating and near-wall particle image velocimetry (PIV) (2009)

Measurements of wall-shear-stress distributions along curved surfaces are carried out using non-intrusive experimental methods, such as liquid-crystal coating and near-wall particle image velocimetry (PIV). The former method relies on the color change of the liquid-crystal coating sensitive to the wall shear stress, while the latter is based on the direct evaluation of shear stresses through the near-wall PIV measurement in combination with the image deformation technique. These experimental methods are applied to the measurement of wall-shear-stress distributions of air flow at a free-stream velocity of 15 m s−1 on a flat plate and an NACA0018 airfoil. The experiments are carried out at zero angle of attack for the flat plate and at 0° and ±6° angles of attack for the airfoil, and then the variations of shear-stress distribution along these surfaces are studied. These measurements in wall shear stresses agree with each other within their experimental uncertainties, suggesting the validity of experimental methods for non-intrusive shear-stress measurements. It is found that the wall-shear-stress distribution shows a small negative value upstream of the reattachment point on the NACA0018 airfoil, which is followed by an increase in shear stresses downstream due to laminar–turbulent transition of boundary layers. Such behavior of wall-shear-stress distribution is well correlated with the mean flow and turbulence characteristics along the airfoil surfaces, which are measured by PIV.
Intentionally Carbon-Doped AlGaN/GaN HEMTs: Necessity for Vertical Leakage Paths (2014)

Dynamic on -resistance <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$(R_{\rm ON})$</tex></formula> in heavily carbon-doped AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors is shown to be associated with the semi-insulating carbon-doped buffer region. Using transient substrate bias, differences in <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$R_{\rm ON}$</tex></formula> dispersion between transistors fabricated on nominally identical epilayer structures were found to be due to the band-to-band leakage resistance between the buffer and the 2-DEG. Contrary to normal expectations, suppression of dynamic <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$R_{\rm ON}$</tex></formula> dispersion in these devices requires a high density of active defects to increase reverse leakage current through the depletion region allowing the floating weakly p-type buffer to remain in equilibrium with the 2-DEG.
Multiple Sequence Alignment (2003)

The alignment of protein sequences is the most powerful computational tool available to the molecular biologist. Where one sequence is of unknown structure and function, its alignment with another sequence that is well characterized in both structure and function immediately reveals the structure and function of the first sequence. This ideal transfer of information is, unfortunately, not always attained and can fail either because the two sequences are equally uncharacterized (although they might align quite well) or because the alignment is too poor to be trusted. Both these situations can be helped if the analysis is extended to incorporate more sequences. In the former case, the addition of further sequences can reveal portions of the protein that are important in structure and function (even if that structure or function is unknown), whereas in the latter, the revelation of conserved patterns can help add confidence in the alignment.
Peptide Mediated Brain Delivery of Nano- and Submicroparticles: A Synergistic Approach (2018)

The brain is a complex, regulated organ with a highly controlled access mechanism: The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The selectivity of this barrier is a double-edged sword, being both its greatest strength and weakness. This weakness is evident when trying to target therapeutics against diseases within the brain. Diseases such as metastatic brain cancer have extremely poor prognosis due to the poor permeability of many therapeutics across the BBB. Peptides can be designed to target BBB receptors and gain access to the brain by transcytosis. These peptides (known as BBB-shuttles) can carry compounds, usually excluded from the brain, across the BBB. BBB-shuttles are limited by poor loading of therapeutics and degradation of the peptide and cargo. Likewise, nano- submicro- and microparticles can be fine-tuned to limit their degradation and with high loading of therapeutics. However, most nano- and microparticles' core materials completely lack efficient targeting, with a few selected materials able to cross the BBB passively. Combining the selectivity of peptides with the high loading potential of nano-, microparticles offers an exciting strategy to develop novel, targeted therapeutics towards many brain disorders and diseases. Nevertheless, at present the field is diverse, in both scope and nomenclature, often with competing or contradictory names. In this review, we will try to address some of these issues and evaluate the current state of peptide mediated nano,-microparticle transport to the brain, analyzing delivery vehicle type and peptide design, the two key components that must act synergistically for optimal therapeutic impact.
Performance of Repeaters in 3GPP LTE (2009)

Repeater communication is one promising candidate solution in future cellular networks because of its ability to increase throughput, data rate and coverage. It is also considered as one candidate technology feature in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) Advanced. Traditionally repeaters have been active continuously and perform blind forwarding without knowing the signal. However the repeater in LTE Advanced is likely to include some advanced functionalities such as frequency selectivity, gain controllability, multi antenna ability, advanced antenna processing, optimum power control algorithm, etc. In this thesis, on-frequency repeaters with frequency selectivity and gain controllability are analyzed and it is shown that the performance of repeater is highly dependent on the environment. It is necessary that the composite path gain (two-hop link) must be better than direct path gain (direct link) and the interference is attenuated in order to use the repeaters. The repeater directional donor antenna can be employed to further improve these two-hop links. And finally the benefit of advanced repeater functionalities is larger for uplink than downlink especially in heavy interference scenario however power limitation is often a bottleneck in uplink.
Low-latency Distributed Computation Offloading for Pervasive Environments (2019)

Future pervasive applications, like mobile augmented reality, have huge bandwidth and computation demands and very stringent delay constraints. Edge computing has been proposed to cope with such challenging requirements, since it shortens significantly the distance between the end users and the servers. On the other hand, serverless computing is emerging among cloud technologies to respond to the need of highly scalable event-driven execution of stateless tasks. In this paper, we investigate the convergence of the two to enable very low-latency execution of short-lived stateless tasks whose computation is offloaded from the user terminal to servers hosted by or close to edge devices in mobile pervasive environments. We realized a proof-of-concept implementation to delve into the specific issue of efficient dispatching of tasks in a distributed manner to achieve high scalability. We evaluated our proposed algorithm with experiments in a large-scale emulated network environment, showing that our solution achieves similar or better delay performance than a centralized solution, with far less network utilization.