gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE PRODUCTION OF SUPERPOZZOLAN FROM COAL FIRED UTILITY ASH PONDS (2002)

More than 1.5 billion tons of coal combustion bottom ash and fly ash are stored in landfills and ponds in the United States. These deposits are typically very heterogeneous, consisting of co-disposed bottom and fly ash often contaminated with coal char and, in some cases, pyrite and coal. The recovery of useful pozzolanic material requires that these materials be classified and the carbon and pyrite separated and concentrated. Processing technology is currently under development at the University of Kentucky to recover carbon, coarse aggregate, ultra fine fillers and highly reactive pozzolanic concrete additives. Although the overall process flow sheet is tailored to the nature of the substrate, the approach generally employs hydraulic classification, spiral concentrators, froth flotation and a final hydraulic classification step. Products with median particle sizes (D50) in the 3 to 4 um size range have successfully been produced from ash feed stocks with D50's in the range of 20 to 25 urn. This material has been shown to have excellent pozzolanic properties, with reduced water requirements and accelerated strength development compared to conventional ASTM Class F fly ash. INTRODUCTION MATERIAL PROCESSING CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
Numerical Investigation of Vortex Reducer Flows in the High Pressure Compressor of Modern Aeroengines (2002)

Modern jet engines require very high cycle temperatures for efficient operation. In turn, cooling air is needed for the turbine, since the materials are not yet capable of taking these temperatures. Air is taken from the compressor for the purpose of cooling and turbine rim sealing, bypassing the main combustion circuit. Since this affects the efficiency of the engine in a negative manner, measures are taken to reduce the amount of air to an absolute minimum. These measures include the investigation of reducing pressure losses within the involved subsystems. One of these subsystems in the BR700 aeroengine series of Rolls-Royce is the vortex reducer device, which delivers bleed air to the secondary air system of the engine. The German government has set up a research project, aiming for an overall improvement of aeroengines. This program, Engine 3E, where 3E reflects Efficiency, Economy and Environment, concentrates on the main components of gas turbines. Programmes for the high pressure turbine and for the combustion chamber have been set up. The high pressure compressor has been identified as key component as well. A new 9-stage compressor is being developed at Rolls-Royce Deutschland to adress the respective needs. From the point of view of the secondary air system, the vortex reducer in this component plays a major role with respect to the efficient use of cooling and sealing air. Rolls-Royce Deutschland has performed CFD studies on the performance of different vortex reducer geometries, which currently are considered for incorporation into the future engine. The results of these investigations wil be converted into more simple design rules for proper reflection of the behaviour of this system for future designs. The paper presents the set up of the geometries, the applied boundary conditions as well as the final results. To tackle the difference between a high pressure compressor rig and a typical two-shaft engine, a dedicated investigation to assess the difference between a pure high pressure core without an internal shaft and a realistic high/low pressure shaft configuration has been carried out and is included in the paper. Recommendations to improve the design with respect to minimized pressure losses will be shown as well.
Two-Step Matrix Application for the Enhancement and Imaging of Latent Fingermarks (2011)

Matrix deposition is a crucial aspect for successful matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) analysis. The search for more efficient protocols over the years has resulted in the devising of "dry matrix methods" in which the matrix is solely or preliminarily deposited as powder and acts in most cases as a seeding agent. Although not fully embraced by the MALDI MSI community, these methods have proven to be more efficient in terms of ion intensity, ion abundance, and ion images in the experimental circumstances they were employed. Here we report a novel two-step matrix application method, that we have named the "dry-wet" method, where the matrix is dusted onto the sample followed by solvent spray using a robotic device. The new method has been successfully applied to the detection and mapping of several analyte classes within latent fingermarks. Dusting the matrix generated the added advantage of enhancing the latent fingermarks which are invisible. This allows not only for an optical image to be taken of the fingermark in situ but also bridges the gap in the application of MALDI MSI technology in this field; with the use of the methodology reported, fingermark enhancement, recovery, and analysis from different surfaces is now compatible with subsequent MALDI MSI analysis thus allowing visual and chemical information to be obtained simultaneously.
Amorphous germanium as an electron or hole blocking contact on high-purity germanium detectors (1976)

Experiments were performed in an attempt to make thin n/sup +/ contacts on high-purity germanium by the solid phase/sup 1)/ epitaxial regrowth of arsenic doped amorphous germanium. After cleaning the crystal surface with argon sputtering and trying many combinations of layers, it was not found possible to induce recrystallization below 400/sup 0/C. However, it was found that simple thermally evaporated amorphous Ge made fairly good electron or hole blocking contacts. Excellent spectrometers have been made with amorphous Ge replacing the n/sup +/ contact. As presently produced, the amorphous Ge contact diodes show a large variation in high-voltage leakage current.
Efficient Transport Networks in a Dual Electron/Lithium-Conducting Polymeric Composite for Electrochemical Applications (2018)

In this work, an all-functional polymer material composed of the electrically conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) and lithium-conducting poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was developed to form a dual conductor for three-dimensional electrodes in electrochemical applications. The composite exhibits enhanced ionic conductivity (∼10<sup>-4</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup>) and, counterintuitively, electronic conductivity (∼45 S cm<sup>-1</sup>) with increasing PEO proportion, optimal at a monomer ratio of 20:1 PEO:PEDOT. Microscopy reveals a unique morphology, where PSS interacts favorably with PEO, destabilizing PEDOT to associate into highly branched, interconnected networks that allow for more efficient electronic transport despite relatively low concentrations. Thermal and X-ray techniques affirm that the PSS-PEO domain suppresses crystallinity, explaining the high ionic conductivity. Electrochemical experiments in lithium cell environments indicate stability as a function of cycling and improved overpotential due to dual transport characteristics despite known issues with both individual components.
Smart Hybrid Mussel Adhesive Materials for Cell and Tissue Engineering (2008)

Mussel foot protein is widely known for candidate of strong adhesive materials. Six times fp-1 decapeptide repeats and fp-5 are chosen among the various type of foot protein and fused into (MAP) fp-151. Through various cell-adhesion analyses, we previously demonstrated that fp- 151 has the potential to be used as a cell or tissue bioadhesive. In the present study, to improve the cell-adhesion properties of fp-151, it was designed a new cell-adhesive protein, fp-151-RGD, which is a fusion with the GRGDSP residues, a RGD peptide sequence that has previously been identified at the cell-attachment site of fibronectin, at the C-terminus of fp-151. Also, recombinant fp-151- RGD maintained the advantages associated with fp-151, such as a high production yield in Escherichia coli and simple purification, it showed superior spreading ability, which is important for cell proliferation under serum-free conditions, as well as better cell-adhesion ability compared with other commercially produced cell-adhesion materials such as poly-L-lysine (PLL) and the naturally extracted MAP mixture Cell-Tak. The excellent adhesion and spreading abilities of fp- 151-RGD might be due to the fact that it utilizes three types of cell-binding mechanisms: DOPA adhesion of Cell-Tak, cationic binding force of PLL, and RGD sequence-mediated adhesion of fibronectin. Therefore, the new recombinant fp-151-RGD is suitable for use as a cell-adhesion material in cell culture or tissue engineering, and in any other area where efficient cell adhesion is required.
Increased Capacity, Strong-Post Guardrail System with Reduced Offset (2007)

This paper describes the development and testing of an improved strong post guardrail system. Several features are significant in the development of this guardrail system. The W-beam rail is mounted at a height of 31 in. to provide improved interaction and stability for impacts with high center-of-gravity vehicles. The rail splices are placed at mid-span between posts to change the state of stress on the splice and effectively increase the strength of the W-beam and enable it to contain and redirect heavier vehicles. The use of a new guardrail mounting bolt facilitates release of the post from the rail and enables the rail to maintain its height during vehicle engagement and redirection. Use of a new Steel Yielding Line Post (SYLP) in combination with the new guardrail mounting bolt mitigates the severity of the snagging contact between an impacting vehicle and the post without changing the deflection characteristics of the guardrail system. Further, the use of the modified post and connection facilitates removal of the offset block from the guardrail system, which provides benefits in terms of space and cost savings. Modified NCHRP Report 350 tests 3-10 and 3-11 were performed on the new guardrail system to demonstrate its ability to contain both heavy, high center-of-gravity light trucks and light passenger cars. The vehicles used in these two tests were both heavier than those previously used in NCHRP Report 350 testing, and conform to the specifications being recommended for use in the update of NCHRP Report 350. Additionally, the standard NCHRP Report 350 test 3-10 was performed on the new strong-post W beam guardrail system to verify its crashworthiness when impacted by small passenger cars. The new W-beam guardrail performed acceptably in all tests.
Radiation induced currents in MRI RF coils: application to linac/MRI integration (2010)

The integration of medical linear accelerators (linac) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems is advancing the current state of image-guided radiotherapy. The MRI in these integrated units will provide real-time, accurate tumor locations for radiotherapy treatment, thus decreasing geometric margins around tumors and reducing normal tissue damage. In the real-time operation of these integrated systems, the radiofrequency (RF) coils of MRI will be irradiated with radiation pulses from the linac. The effect of pulsed radiation on MRI radio frequency (RF) coils is not known and must be studied. The instantaneous radiation induced current (RIC) in two different MRI RF coils were measured and presented. The frequency spectra of the induced currents were calculated. Some basic characterization of the RIC was also done: isolation of the RF coil component responsible for RIC, dependence of RIC on dose rate, and effect of wax buildup placed on coil on RIC. Both the time and frequency characteristics of the RIC were seen to vary with the MRI RF coil used. The copper windings of the RF coils were isolated as the main source of RIC. A linear dependence on dose rate was seen. The RIC was decreased with wax buildup, suggesting an electronic disequilibrium as the cause of RIC. This study shows a measurable RIC present in MRI RF coils. This unwanted current could be possibly detrimental to the signal to noise ratio in MRI and produce image artifacts.
Characterizing non‐gaussian diffusion by using generalized diffusion tensors (2004)

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is known to have a limited capability of resolving multiple fiber orientations within one voxel. This is mainly because the probability density function (PDF) for random spin displacement is non-Gaussian in the confining environment of biological tissues and, thus, the modeling of self-diffusion by a second-order tensor breaks down. The statistical property of a non-Gaussian diffusion process is characterized via the higher-order tensor (HOT) coefficients by reconstructing the PDF of the random spin displacement. Those HOT coefficients can be determined by combining a series of complex diffusion-weighted measurements. The signal equation for an MR diffusion experiment was investigated theoretically by generalizing Fick's law to a higher-order partial differential equation (PDE) obtained via Kramers-Moyal expansion. A relationship has been derived between the HOT coefficients of the PDE and the higher-order cumulants of the random spin displacement. Monte-Carlo simulations of diffusion in a restricted environment with different geometrical shapes were performed, and the strengths and weaknesses of both HOT and established diffusion analysis techniques were investigated. The generalized diffusion tensor formalism is capable of accurately resolving the underlying spin displacement for complex geometrical structures, of which neither conventional DTI nor diffusion-weighted imaging at high angular resolution (HARD) is capable. The HOT method helps illuminate some of the restrictions that are characteristic of these other methods. Furthermore, a direct relationship between HOT and q-space is also established.
Amplitude-modulated continuous-wave radar in the terahertz band using a resonant-tunneling-diode oscillator (2019)

We present a terahertz-wave radar based on a resonant-tunneling-diode (RTD) oscillator, capable to measure absolute distances with high precision. The RTD emits a continuous wave in the terahertz range and its output power can be easily modulated. By using two modulation frequencies and measuring the phase of the wave returning from the target with a lock-in technique, we achieved a precise distance measurement, with an error of 0.063 mm.
A Machine Learning-Based Analysis of Game Data for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Assessment (2013)

This represents a promising new approach to screening tools for ADHD.
Aberrations in stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy (2017)

Like all methods of super-resolution microscopy, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy can suffer from the effects of aberrations. The most important aspect of a STED microscope is that the depletion focus maintains a minimum, ideally zero, intensity point that is surrounded by a region of higher intensity. It follows that aberrations that cause a non-zero value of this minimum intensity are the most detrimental, as they inhibit fluorescence emission even at the centre of the depletion focus. We present analysis that elucidates the nature of these effects in terms of the different polarisation components at the focus for two-dimensional and three-dimensional STED resolution enhancement. It is found that only certain low-order aberration modes can affect the minimum intensity at the Gaussian focus. This has important consequences for the design of adaptive optics aberration correction systems.
Human cytomegalovirus US2 destabilizes major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains (1997)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection causes down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains. We determined previously that there are two HCMV loci which encode functions responsible for that phenotype and that US11 is one of these loci (T. R. Jones, L. A. Hanson, L. Sun, J. S. Slater, R. M. Stenberg, and A. E. Campbell, J. Virol. 69:4830-4841, 1995). Through the construction and analysis of defined viral mutants and stably transfected cell lines, we identify US2 as the other locus. US2 is expressed from very early through late times postinfection, with its predominant product being a relatively unstable 24-kDa endoglycosidase H-resistant glycoprotein. In cell lines constitutively expressing US2, free class I heavy chains are proximal targets for US2-induced degradation, shortly after their synthesis. Both US2 and US11 can function in concert with US3 to down-regulate class I. Beta-2-microglobulin-associated heavy chains which are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum as a result of binding to the US3 glycoprotein are susceptible to destabilization caused by both US2 and US11 gene products. Thus, three HCMV genes which affect either the stability or the transport of class I heavy chains have been identified. The observation that each of these proteins is most abundant early in the replicative cycle suggests that they may play an important immunomodulatory role in vivo prior to productive infection, either during the latent or persistent phase or during reactivation.
Adaptive ultrasound clutter rejection through spatial eigenvector filtering (2017)

Off-axis clutter is a significant cause of image degradation in ultrasound. Adaptive weighting methods based on signal coherence, and adaptive beamforming approaches based on signal direction of arrival, have been proposed to address this problem. Clutter removal is also an important component of pre-processing prior to flow estimation, and adaptive clutter filters based on singular value decomposition (SVD) to separate clutter from signal have been successfully developed in this context. In this study, we implement SVD clutter suppression with similar principles as those used in flow imaging, and apply it for beamforming: in flow, the goal is to remove low temporal frequency components (clutter moves slowly), while in beamforming, the goal is to remove high spatial frequency components (clutter comes from off-axis). In both, decomposition of the data matrix into singular vectors is expected to maximize separation between real signal and clutter.
Automated synthesis of complex analog circuits (2007)

CMOS technology is evolving deeper and deeper into the nanometer era, which makes the integration of entire systems possible, many of which are mixed-signal in nature, including analog and/or RF parts. This demands for efficient automated synthesis techniques for these analog circuits that include the variability of the circuit parameters. A technique is presented for the efficient yield optimization of analog circuits based on evolution-generated yield models. A hierarchical optimization method is described that optimizes complex circuits based on combining Pareto-optimal performance models in a bottom-up way. Finally, an evolution-based method for the true architectural synthesis of analog systems is presented. This is illustrated with several examples.
Concise Syntheses of Insect Pheromones Using <i>Z</i>‐Selective Cross Metathesis (2012)

Sehr kurze Syntheserouten zu neun Pheromonen mit cis-Olefingruppen und verschiedensten Funktionalitäten wie unkonjugierten (E,Z)-Dienen werden vorgestellt (siehe Schema). Zum Einsatz kam eine Ruthenium-basierte Z-selektive Kreuzmetathese. Die synthetisierten Lepidopteran-Pheromone werden in großen Mengen in der Schädlingsbekämpfung genutzt.
An Overview of Version 0.9.5 Proposed SCSI Device Locks. (2000)

Symmetric shared disks file systems are functional, versatile, and just plain cool. For these file systems to work, they require a global lock space, acessable to all clients. This paper describes a proposal for the implementation of the SCSI device lock command which provides a global lock space on storage devices. This paper details how Dlocks behave. This paper is a condensed overview of the 0.9.5 version of the proposed SCSI device locks specification. The full paper includes a thorough description of Dlock implementation, optional features of Dlocks, and a discussion of how Dlocks are used by the Global File System. For a postscript version of the full 0.9.5 Dlock specification, please visit our web site http://www.globalfilesystem.org . This paper is an evolution of the 0.9.4 Specification of SCSI Device Locks, which can also be found at the GFS web site. 1 Dlock Concepts 1.1 Expiration In a shared disk environment, a failed client may not be allowed to indefinitely hold whatever locks it held when it failed. Therefore, each holder must continually update a timer on the disc. If this timer expires, other lock holders may begin error recovery functions to eventually free the lock. Expiration is alternately refered to as ’timing-out’, and the act of updating the timer is often refered to as ’heartbeating’. 1.2 Client IDs The Client ID is a unique identifier for each client. The client id is completely opaque to the Dlock device. In GFS the client ID is used both as an identifier and to store the IP address of the client, allowing inter-machine communication. The Client ID can be any arbitrary 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a machine. 1.3 Version Numbers Associated with every lock is a version number. Whenever the data associated with a lock is changed, the version number is incremented. Clients may use cached data instead of re-reading from the disk as long as the version number on the dlock is unchanged since the data was read. This is reported by the lock device, so that the clients know not to use cached data. 1.4 Conversion Locks The conversion lock is a simplesingle stage queue used to prevent writer starvation. There is an awkward case where one client is trying to acquire an exclusive lock and can’t because other clients are constantly acquiring and dropping the lock shared. If there is never a gap where no client is holding the lock shared, the
Dual‐tracked mobile robot for motion in challenging terrains (2011)

Abstract In this paper we present a novel design for a dual‐tracked mobile robot. The robot is designed for safe, stable, and reliable motion in challenging terrains, tunnels, and confined spaces. It consists of two tracked platforms connected with a semipassive mechanism. Sensors attached to the connecting mechanism provide redundant localization data that improve the vehicle's autonomous dead reckoning. Each tracked platform mechanically backs up the other platform, resulting in a more robust and reliable operation. The load share between the platforms enables a high payload‐to‐weight ratio even on soft and slippery terrains. The robot's configurations make it suitable for motion in confined spaces such as underground tunnels, collapsed structures, pipes, and caves. The paper presents the mechanical design of the robot, its kinematic model, stability analysis, and a motion planner. Experimental results conducted on prototype models in various types of environments verify the robot capabilities to operate successfully on challenging terrains. The dual‐tracked robot is capable of climbing slopes 50% steeper than a single robot can. Moreover, the improved odometry system shows high accuracy with 2% error of the total travel distance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.