gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Artificial Intelligence Implementations on the Blockchain. Use Cases and Future Applications (2019)

An exemplary paradigm of how an AI can be a disruptive technological paragon via the utilization of blockchain comes straight from the world of deep learning. Data scientists have long struggled to maintain the quality of a dataset for machine learning by an AI entity. Datasets can be very expensive to purchase, as, depending on both the proper selection of the elements and the homogeneity of the data contained within, constructing and maintaining the integrity of a dataset is difficult. Blockchain as a highly secure storage medium presents a technological quantum leap in maintaining data integrity. Furthermore, blockchain’s immutability constructs a fruitful environment for creating high quality, permanent and growing datasets for deep learning. The combination of AI and blockchain could impact fields like Internet of things (IoT), identity, financial markets, civil governance, smart cities, small communities, supply chains, personalized medicine and other fields, and thereby deliver benefits to many people.
Transient Acquired Blood Group B Antigen Associated with Diverticular Bowel Disease (1987)

Transient acquired B red cell antigen was found in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease. Removal of the affected portion of the bowel was associated with disappearance of the B antigen. This phenomenon has usually been recorded in association with neoplasms of the bowel, but appears to be a marker for the release of bacterial enzymes into the systemic circulation associated with breakdown of the normal bowel barrier to such materials.
Optical Properties of Au/SiO<SUB>2</SUB> Nano-Composite Films Prepared by Induction-Coil-Coupled Plasma Sputtering (2003)

Au/SiO2 nano-composite thin films with 3 to 65 vol% Au were prepared by induction-coil-coupled plasma sputtering, and the effect of heat-treatment on the nano-structure and optical property of the films were investigated. The mean diameter of the Au particles in the as-deposited films was about 8 nm and increased from 10 to 30 nm after the heat treatments at 900°C. The optical absorption was greatly improved by the heat-treatment due to the increase of Au particle sizes. At the heat-treatment of 900°C, Au/SiO2 films containing 3 to 65 vol% Au showed absorption peaks at the wavelength of 540 to 560 nm, while no absorption peak was observed in the as-deposited films containing more than 12 vol% Au. The intensity of the absorption peak for the Au/SiO2 films heat treated at 900°C increased with increasing Au content, showing a maximum value around the Au content of 37 vol%.
Active Model-Based Predictive Control and Experimental Investigation on Unmanned Helicopters in Full Flight Envelope (2012)

For the control of unmanned helicopters in full flight envelope, an active model based predictive control scheme is developed in this brief. Dynamics in full envelope is modeled, with uncertainties represented by the system model error and process noise. The model error depends on both helicopter dynamics and flight mode, and the process noise is assumed unknown but bounded. Based on the set-membership filter, an active modeling based stationary increment predictive control, based on the estimated model error and its boundary to optimally compensate the model error, as well as the aerodynamics time delay, is proposed. The proposed method has been implemented on the ServoHeli-40 unmanned helicopter platform and experimentally tested; the results have demonstrated its effectiveness.
Strongyloidiasis – the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases? (2009)

Soil-transmitted helminths of the genus Strongyloides (S. fuelleborni and the more prevalent S. stercoralis) are currently believed to infect an estimated 30-100 million people worldwide. The health consequences of S. stercoralis infections range from asymptomatic light infections to chronic symptomatic strongyloidiasis. Uncontrolled multiplication of the parasite (hyperinfection) and potentially life-threatening dissemination of larvae to all internal organs is found among individuals with compromised immune system functions. This paper provides an overview of the current state of the art in relation to diagnostic methods for detecting the infection, the morbidity caused by the infection and the recommended treatment. It further discusses some of the reasons why this infection is so neglected and the consequence of this for the estimated global prevalence. The paper finally points to the gaps in our knowledge and future research needs related to this infection. As Strongyloides infections have the potential to develop into severe disease in certain population subgroups, untreated infections could cause serious problems in the community. Therefore, we need to carefully investigate this parasite in order to develop and implement effective control programmes.
CGP 37849 and CGP 39551: novel and potent competitive N‐methyl‐<scp>d</scp>‐aspartate receptor antagonists with oral activity (1990)

1. The pharmacological properties of CGP 37849 (DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid; 4-methyl-APPA) and its carboxyethylester, CGP 39551, novel unsaturated analogues of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP5), were evaluated in rodent brain in vitro and in vivo. 2. Radioligand binding experiments demonstrated that CGP 37849 potently (Ki 220 nM) and competitively inhibited NMDA-sensitive L-[3H]-glutamate binding to postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions from rat brain. It inhibited the binding of the selective NMDA receptor antagonist, [3H]-((+/-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonate (CPP), with a Ki of 35 nM, and was 4, 5 and 7 fold more potent than the antagonists [+/-)-cis-4-phosphonomethylpiperidine-2-carboxylic acid) (CGS 19755), CPP and D-AP5, respectively. Inhibitory activity was associated exclusively with the trans configuration of the APPA molecule and with the D-stereoisomer. CGP 39551 showed weaker activity at NMDA receptor recognition sites and both compounds were weak or inactive at 18 other receptor binding sites. 3. CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 were inactive as inhibitors of L-[3H]-glutamate uptake into rat brain synaptosomes and had no effect on the release of endogenous glutamate from rat hippocampal slices evoked by electrical field stimulation. 4. In the hippocampal slice in vitro, CGP 37849 selectively and reversibly antagonized NMDA-evoked increases in CA1 pyramidal cell firing rate. In slices bathed in medium containing low Mg2+ levels, concentrations of CGP 37849 up to 10 microM suppressed burst firing evoked in CAl neurones by stimulation of Schaffer collateral-commissural fibres without affecting the magnitude of the initial population spike; CGP 39551 exerted the same effect but was weaker. In vivo, oral administration to rats of either CGP 37849 or CGP 39551 selectively blocked firing in hippocampal neurones induced by ionophoreticallyapplied NMDA, without affecting the responses to quisqualate or kainate. 5. CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 suppressed maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice with ED50 s of 21 and 4 mg kg'- p.o., respectively. 6. CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 are potent and competitive NMDA receptor antagonists which show significant central effects following oral administration to animals. As such, they may find value as tools to elucidate the roles of NMDA receptors in brain function, and potentially as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy and ischaemic brain damage in man.
Why highly expressed proteins evolve slowly (2005)

Much recent work has explored molecular and population-genetic constraints on the rate of protein sequence evolution. The best predictor of evolutionary rate is expression level, for reasons that have remained unexplained. Here, we hypothesize that selection to reduce the burden of protein misfolding will favor protein sequences with increased robustness to translational missense errors. Pressure for translational robustness increases with expression level and constrains sequence evolution. Using several sequenced yeast genomes, global expression and protein abundance data, and sets of paralogs traceable to an ancient whole-genome duplication in yeast, we rule out several confounding effects and show that expression level explains roughly half the variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein evolutionary rates. We examine causes for expression's dominant role and find that genome-wide tests favor the translational robustness explanation over existing hypotheses that invoke constraints on function or translational efficiency. Our results suggest that proteins evolve at rates largely unrelated to their functions and can explain why highly expressed proteins evolve slowly across the tree of life.
Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: 1-Benzyl-4-[(5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxoindan-2-yl)methyl]piperidine Hydrochloride and Related Compounds (1995)

Following the discovery of a new series of anti-acetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) inhibitors such as 1-benzyl-4-[2-(N-benzoylamino)ethyl]piperidine (1), we reported that its rigid analogue, 1-benzyl-4-(2-isoindolin-2-ylethyl)piperidine (5), had more potent activity. We have extended the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study for the rigid analogue and found that the 2-isoindoline moiety in compound 5 can be replaced with a indanone moiety (8) without a major loss in potency. Among the indanone derivatives, 1-benzyl-4-[(5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxoindan-2-yl)methyl]piperidine (13e) (E2020) (IC50 = 5.7 nM) was found to be one of the most potent anti-AChE inhibitors. Compound 13e showed a selective affinity 1250 times greater for AChE than for butyrylcholinesterase. In vivo studies demonstrated that 13e has a longer duration of action than physostigmine at a dose of 5 mg/kg (po) and produced a marked and significant increase in acetylcholine content in rat cerebral cortex. We report the synthesis, SAR, and a proposed hypothetical binding site of 13e (E2020).
Taste Panel Preference Correlated with Lipid Composition of Barley Dried Distillers' Grains (1984)

ABSTRACT Milled barley dried distillers' grains (DDG), bleached DDG, defatted DDG and bleached, defatted DDG were added to oatmeal cookies at 15% flour replacement levels. Sensory evaluation indicated that defatting significantly improved the acceptability of both DDG and bleached DDG. A consumer panel found oatmeal cookies and cookies containing defatted DDG to be equally accpetable followed, in decreasing order of preference, by cookies containing DDG, blanched, defatted DDG and bleached DDG. Thin‐layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography indicated that, compared to literature values for barley, DDG and bleached DDG contained increased quantities of free fatty acids (FFA) and reduced amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in both the FFA and triacylglycerol fractions.
Automated cluster-based web service performance tuning (2004)

Active harmony provides a way to automate performance tuning. We apply the Active Harmony system to improve the performance of a cluster-based web service system. The performance improvement cannot easily be achieved by tuning individual components for such a system. The experimental results show that there is no single configuration for the system that performs well for all kinds of workloads. By tuning the parameters, Active Harmony helps the system adapt to different workloads and improve the performance up to 16%. For scalability, we demonstrate how to reduce the time when tuning a large system with many tunable parameters. Finally an algorithm is proposed to automatically adjust the structure of cluster-based web systems, and the system throughput is improved up to 70% using this technique.
[Analysis of the TNF receptor in KYM cells by affinity cross-linking]. (1986)

We investigated the identity of the TNF receptor on the KYM cell membrane by cross-linking 125I-TNF and the presumed receptor site with DSS, and subjecting the TNF-receptor complex to electrophoresis. Four specific bands were observed at 145 K, 50 K, 35 K, and 17 K, and those at 50 K, 35 K and 17 K being consistent with trimers, dimers and monomers of TNF, respectively. The 145 K band disappeared after addition of excess unlabelled TNF or anti-human recombinant TNF monoclonal antibody (IV3-E), which quenched the cytotoxic activity of TNF and inhibited the TNF binding to the receptor. The molecular weight of native TNF as estimated by gel filtration was 45 K and this observation showed that native TNF existed only as the TNF trimer. These results confirmed that 95K, i.e., the difference between 145 K and 50 K, is the molecular size of the TNF receptor.
Cyclopropane ring opening of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ols in fluorosulphuric acid (1981)

Reactions of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ols with fluorosulphuric acid give rise to cyclopentenium ions by a process involving initial opening of the cyclopropane ring. The process does not put deuterium onto any single carbon atom when carried out in deuteriated acid, and it is suggested that the first step of the reaction is opening of the cyclopropane ring to yield a mixture of isomeric olefins, which then protonate, and eliminate water from the carbocations formed to give the observed cyclopentenium ions. Reactions with antimony pentafluoride involve initial ionisation of the hydroxy-group and yield the trishomocyclopropenium ion or the substituted cyclopropenium ion, except for the 3-phenyl derivative, which behaves differently in that reaction involves ionisation of the hydroxy-group as the first step, but the product is still a cyclopentenium ion. Possible reasons for this behaviour are discussed.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition protects steatotic and non-steatotic livers in partial hepatectomy under ischemia–reperfusion (2010)

During partial hepatectomy, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is commonly applied in clinical practice to reduce blood flow. Steatotic livers show impaired regenerative response and reduced tolerance to hepatic injury. We examined the effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) in steatotic and non-steatotic livers during partial hepatectomy under I/R (PH+I/R). Their effects on the induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were also evaluated. We report that PBA, and especially TUDCA, reduced inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis, and improved liver regeneration in both liver types. Both compounds, especially TUDCA, protected both liver types against ER damage, as they reduced the activation of two of the three pathways of UPR (namely inositol-requiring enzyme and PKR-like ER kinase) and their target molecules caspase 12, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and C/EBP homologous protein-10. Only TUDCA, possibly mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase upregulation, inactivated glycogen synthase kinase-3β. This is turn, inactivated mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, reduced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and caspase 9 activation and protected both liver types against mitochondrial damage. These findings indicate that chemical chaperones, especially TUDCA, could protect steatotic and non-steatotic livers against injury and regeneration failure after PH+I/R.
The protection by ascorbate and glutathione against microsomal lipid peroxidation is dependent on vitamin E (1988)

Lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomal fractions was monitored by its low-level chemiluminescence in preparations from controls and vitamin-E-deficient animals. Measurements were made (a) of the duration of the lag phase tau0 after initiation with NADPH/iron-ADP and (b) of the slope of the chemiluminescence increase. In microsomes with normal vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) level the lag phase tau0 was substantially increased by ascorbate; in contrast, even an enhanced peroxidation was observed with ascorbate in vitamin-E-deficient microsomes. Therefore, the ascorbate-mediated protection of microsomal membranes against lipid peroxidation is dependent on vitamin E in the membrane. In vitamin E deficiency the pro-oxidant effect of ascorbate was abolished when glutathione (GSH) was present. Likewise, GSH does not prolong the lag phase tau0 in vitamin E deficiency. However, GSH (but not cysteine) exerts an antioxidant effect both in controls and in vitamin E deficiency by decreasing the slope of the chemiluminescence increase during lipid peroxidation. The involvement of GSH in an enzyme-dependent mechanism is suggested.
Novelty detection methodology based on multi-modal one-class support vector machine (2015)

The lack of information of complicated industrial systems represents one of the main limitation to implement condition monitoring and diagnosis systems. Novelty detection framework plays an essential role for monitoring systems in which the information about the different operation conditions or fault scenarios is unavailable or limited. In this context, this work presents a novelty detection approach applied to a main rotatory element of an industrial packaging machine, a camshaft. The developed novelty detection method begins with the assumption that only data corresponding to a healthy operation of the machine is available, and the objective is to detect anomalies in the behavior of the machine. To monitor the packing machine, first, the current signals acquired from the main motor are processed by means of a normalized time-frequency map. Next, a set of features are calculated from the frequency maps. Then a set of novelty models are trained. When abnormal data is detected, an alarm will be activated to be confirmed by the user. The proposed methodology includes the re-training of the novelty detection models to include such behaviors. The proposed methodology shows a good performance to identify abnormal behavior on the machine and successfully incorporate novel scenarios.
Serological characteristics of peanut allergy (1998)

This study highlights the diversity of peanut allergens. Diagnostic extracts containing a high proportion of the 15 kDa component may aid in diagnosis.
Involvement of caspase-like proteinases in apoptosis of neuronal PC12 cells and primary cultured microglia induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (1998)

Activation of proteolytic enzymes, including the caspase family of proteinases, is a feature characteristic of the apoptotic program. In the present study, we examined a potential role of intracellular proteinases in the death of neuronal PC12 and primary cultured rat microglial cells induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In both neuronal PC12 and microglial cells, 6-OHDA (10-200 microM) induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as judged by the DNA break. The 6-OHDA was ineffective in Bcl-2-overexpressing neuronal PC12 cells. Pretreatment of these cells with two caspase inhibitors, acetyl-Try-Val-Ala-Asp-aldehyde and acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde, prevented the 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis. Pepstatin A and leupeptin, potent inhibitors of aspartic and cysteine proteinases, respectively, partly inhibited the apoptosis of microglia but not neuronal PC12 cells. In contrast, GBR12935, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, significantly inhibited the apoptotic death of neuronal PC12 cells but not microglia. These results suggest that mechanisms by which 6-OHDA induces apoptosis in these two cell types are distinct; 6-OHDA incorporated into neuronal PC12 cells and its metabolites may activate the caspase-like enzymes, whereas oxidative metabolites of the agent produced extracellularly may activate the caspase and the endosomal/lysosomal proteolytic systems in microglia.
Modularization of mobile shopping assistance systems (2013)

A customer shopping process consists of several essential and optional tasks like payment or information retrieval. This paper presents an overview of the possible solutions in the field of Mobile Interaction that can be applied in order to perform these tasks in future applications based on current and upcoming communication and interaction technologies. The tasks are represented by several modules, like shopping list management, shopping basket management and payment. These modules conceptually describe the available opportunities to realize specific parts of a customer shopping process based on several technologies and customer behavior. In particular, a deep insight into solutions based on Near Field Communication (NFC) is provided. For the first time, the modularization of shopping assistance systems has been considered. It is a substantial advantage for the retailer as it enables the analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of technologies and services. Furthermore, it allows the investigation independent from basic technologies like RFID and barcodes. Regardless of the used technology, the modules can be linked with each other which allows a simple integration of several modules in a retailer's infrastructure. Depending on the usage context, several combinations of modules are more applicable than others. Exemplarily, two implemented prototypes are described illustrating how modules can be combined to handle the specific needs of a market.
Synergistic Transcriptional Activation of the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 Promoter via Functional Interaction of AP-1 and Ets-1 Transcription Factors (1996)

The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is an inhibitor of the extracellular matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. We characterized response elements that control TIMP-1 gene expression. One contains a binding site that selectively binds c-Fos and c-Jun in vitro and confers a response to multiple AP-1 family members in vivo. Adjacent to this is a binding site for Ets domain proteins. Although c-Ets-1 alone did not activate transcription from this element, it enhanced transcription synergistically with AP-1 either in the context of the natural promoter or when the sequence was linked upstream of a heterologous promoter. Furthermore, a complex of c-Jun and c-Fos interacted with c-Ets-1 in vitro. These results suggest that AP-1 tethers c-Ets-1 to the TIMP-1 promoter via protein-protein interaction to achieve Ets-dependent transcriptional regulation. Collectively, our results indicate that TIMP-1 expression is controlled by several DNA response elements that respond to variations in the level and activity of AP-1 and Ets transcriptional regulatory proteins.
Nucleic Acid-Targeting Pathways Promote Inflammation in Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance (2016)

Obesity-related inflammation of metabolic tissues, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver, are key factors in the development of insulin resistance (IR), though many of the contributing mechanisms remain unclear. We show that nucleic-acid-targeting pathways downstream of extracellular trap (ET) formation, unmethylated CpG DNA, or ribonucleic acids drive inflammation in IR. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice show increased release of ETs in VAT, decreased systemic clearance of ETs, and increased autoantibodies against conserved nuclear antigens. In HFD-fed mice, this excess of nucleic acids and related protein antigens worsens metabolic parameters through a number of mechanisms, including activation of VAT macrophages and expansion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in the liver. Consistently, HFD-fed mice lacking critical responders of nucleic acid pathways, Toll-like receptors (TLR)7 and TLR9, show reduced metabolic inflammation and improved glucose homeostasis. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with inhibitors of ET formation or a TLR7/9 antagonist improves metabolic disease. These findings reveal a pathogenic role for nucleic acid targeting as a driver of metabolic inflammation in IR.