gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Class of Semiconducting Polymers for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells with Exceptionally High Performance (2010)

Solar cells based on the polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) concept are an attractive class of low-cost solar energy harvesting devices. Because the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of these solar cells is still significantly lower than that of their inorganic counterparts, however, materials design and device engineering efforts are directed toward improving their output. A variety of factors limit the performance of BHJ solar cells, but the properties of the materials in the active layer are the primary determinant of their overall efficiency. The ideal polymer in a BHJ structure should exhibit the following set of physical properties: a broad absorption with high coefficient in the solar spectrum to efficiently harvest solar energy, a bicontinuous network with domain width within twice that of the exciton diffusion length, and high donor-acceptor interfacial area to favor exciton dissociation and efficient transport of separated charges to the respective electrodes. To facilitate exciton dissociation, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the donor must have a proper match with that of the acceptor to provide enough driving force for charge separation. The polymer should have a low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level to provide a large open circuit voltage (V(oc)). All of these desired properties must be synergistically integrated to maximize solar cell performance. However, it is difficult to design a polymer to fulfill all these requirements. In this Account, we summarize our recent progress in developing a new class of semiconducting polymers, which represents the first polymeric system to generate solar PCE greater than 7%. The polymer system is composed of thieno[3,4-b]thiophene and benzodithiophene alternating units. These polymers have low bandgaps and exhibit efficient absorption throughout the region of greatest photon flux in the solar spectrum (around 700 nm). The stabilization of the quinoidal structure from thieno[3,4-b]thiophene is believed to be primarily responsible for these properties. Additionally, the rigid backbone enables the polymer to form an assembly with high hole mobility. Proper side chains on the polymer backbone ensure good solubility and miscibility with fullerene acceptors. The flexibility in structural tuning on the polymer backbone provides the polymers with relatively low-lying HOMO energy levels and enhanced V(oc), short-circuit current density (J(sc)), and fill factor (FF) and, thus, enhanced PCE. All of these features indicate that the polymer system exhibits a host of properties that are indeed synergistically combined, leading to the enhancement in solar cell output. Our preliminary results demonstrate why these polymers are excellent materials for solar energy conversion and represent prime candidates for further improvements through research and development.
Tolerating some redundancy significantly speeds up clustering of large protein databases (2002)

For our previous algorithm (CD-HI), we have employed short-word filters to speed up the clustering. In this paper, we show that tolerating some redundancy makes for more efficient use of these short-word filters and increases the program's speed 100 times. Our new program implements this technique and clusters NR at 70% identity within 2 h, and at 50% identity in approximately 5 days. Although some redundancy is present after clustering, our new program's results only differ from our previous program's by less than 0.4%.
Temporal dependency based checkpoint selection for dynamic verification of fixed-time constraints in grid workflow systems (2008)

In grid workflow systems, temporal correctness is critical to assure the timely completion of grid workflow execution. To monitor and control the temporal correctness, fixed-time constraints are often assigned to a grid workflow and then verified. A checkpoint selection strategy is used to select checkpoints along grid workflow execution for verifying fixed-time constraints. The problem of existing representative strategies is that they do not differentiate fixed-time constraints as once a checkpoint is selected, they verify all fixed-time constraints. However, these checkpoints do not need to be taken for those constraints whose consistency can be deduced from others. The corresponding verification of such constraints is consequently unnecessary and can severely impact the efficiency of overall temporal verification. To address the problem, in this paper, we develop a new temporal dependency based checkpoint selection strategy which can select checkpoints according to different fixed-time constraints. With our strategy, the corresponding unnecessary verification can be avoided. The comparison and experimental simulation further demonstrate that our new strategy can improve the efficiency of overall temporal verification significantly over the existing representative strategies.
Separation of ethanol–water mixtures by liquid–liquid extraction using phosphonium-based ionic liquids (2011)

Bio-alcohols are produced from biomass by fermentation, and distillation is commonly used to separate the alcohol from the aqueous phase. This is, however, a high energy consumption process, and alternative approaches to this separation are being pursued. In this work, the use of phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) for the extraction of ethanol from fermentation broths is investigated. Ternary phase diagrams, necessary for the design and to implement an alternative liquid–liquid extraction process for the alcohol recovery, were determined for seven ionic liquids. The modelling of the equilibrium data was performed using the COSMO-RS and NRTL models; the first aiming at screening other ionic liquids not experimentally studied, and the latter aiming at designing a separation process. The gathered data indicate that phosphonium-based ionic liquids are the best yet reported to perform water–ethanol separations. Based on the most promising phase diagrams, an analysis of the alcohol and ionic liquid recovery steps was carried out and a liquid–liquid extraction stage coupled to an extractive fermentation, where the ionic liquid is continuously recycled to the fermentator and the ethanol concentration is carried out by pervaporation, is here proposed as an alternative to distillation.
Melanoma cell adhesion molecule–positive<scp>CD</scp>8<scp>T</scp>lymphocytes mediate central nervous system inflammation (2015)

Our data demonstrate that MCAM identifies encephalitogenic CD8(+) T lymphocytes, suggesting that MCAM could represent a biomarker of MS disease activity and a valid target for the treatment of neuroinflammatory conditions.
Laser Doppler velocimetry using powerful solid-state light sources (2006)

Opto-electronic measurement techniques are well established in fluid flow investigations. Their advantages are that they are non-intrusive, provide highly accurate measurement data and have fast response times. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) is one of the most important methods for velocity measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution. Diode lasers and diode-pumped solid-state lasers as well as glass fibres and micro-optics are employed to an increasing extent. Particularly, the development of solid-state lasers proceeds rapidly. New lasers with improved properties such as high-power fundamental-mode emission make it possible to develop enhanced LDV sensor heads. This may open up new fields of application, for example in medicine and aerospace technology. The aim of this review is to describe the present state-of-the-art in LDV and to demonstrate how new laser concepts can still contribute to the development of new, improved LDV sensors. For that purpose, solid-state lasers such as diode lasers and diode-pumped solid-state lasers are introduced, and concepts of communication engineering for accomplishing directional multi-component velocity measurements are discussed. Also, velocity measurements with high spatial resolution are reported. A conclusive overview of applications and an outlook on future challenges are outlined.
Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate Using Serum Creatinine (2017)

Featured Article: Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, Marsh J, Stevens LA, Kusek JW, Van Lente F, for Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). Expressing the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate with standardized serum creatinine values. Clin Chem 2007;53:766–72.3

Chronic kidney disease (CKD4) is now recognized as a global public health problem affecting more than 10% of adults and more than 50% in high-risk subpopulations. Twenty years ago, the rising incidence and prevalence of kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation (end-stage renal disease) had been identified as a public health threat, but difficulty in properly relating measured serum creatinine (Scr) values to the level of kidney function had hampered efforts to describe the earlier stages of the disease. The remarkable progress during these 2 decades reflects the strong team work among clinicians, epidemiologists, biostatisticians, laboratory scientists, and in vitro diagnostic (IVD) manufacturers. The 2007 article highlighted here represents a milestone in the development and implementation of equations for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for detection, evaluation, and management of CKD.

In 1999, the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study Group reported a new equation to estimate GFR from serum creatinine (eGFRcr), using more rigorous statistical methods and a more …
DNA Methylation (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The role of DNA methylation in prokaryotes Structure and mechanism of prokaryotic DNA MTases The role of DNA methylation in higher eukaryotes The role of DNA methylation in mammals Acknowledgments References
Response to UML 2.0 Request for Information (1999)

1999 3/27 syntaxes explicit and precise is likely to identify cases such as this (some of them may be quite subtle) and get them fixed.
Adenosine A<sub>2B</sub> receptor antagonist PSB603 suppresses tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting induction of regulatory T cells (2014)

Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a role in suppression of immune response, including anti-tumor immunity. We have recently reported that treatment of naïve CD4 T cells with adenosine A(2B) receptor antagonist PSB603 under Treg-skewing conditions inhibits expression of Foxp3, a marker of differentiation to Treg, without blocking IL-2 production or CD25 expression, which are activation markers, in CD4 T cells. We hypothesized that PSB603 suppresses cancer growth and metastasis by inhibiting induction of Treg, thereby facilitating anti-tumor immunity. In this study, we first examined the effect of PSB603 on tumor growth in B16 melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice. Administration of PSB603 significantly suppressed the increase of tumor volume as well as the increase of Treg population in these mice. The populations of CD4 and CD8 T cells were higher and splenic lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity towards B16 melanoma was significantly increased in PSB603-treated mice. We confirmed that PSB603 did not reduce the viability of B16 melanoma cells in vitro. Moreover, we also examined the effect of PSB603 on tumor metastasis in pulmonary metastasis model mice intravenously injected with B16 melanoma cells. The metastasis was also suppressed in PSB603-treated mice, in which the population of Treg was significantly lower. Overall, our results suggest that A(2B) receptor antagonist PSB603 enhances anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting differentiation to Treg, resulting in a delay of tumor growth and a suppression of metastasis.
Novel carrier frequency offset mitigation in IEEE802.11a/g/n systems (2009)

The newly balloted IEEE 802.11n standard uses both orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM) and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) techniques. A requirement of the new standard is backward compatibility to legacy 802.11a/g systems through the use of legacy preambles. Taking advantage of pilots in the legacy signal field (L-SIG), and in the newly added high throughput (HT) signal fields (HT-SIG), a novel carrier frequency offset (CFO) mitigation scheme is developed. With the maximum CFO (40 ppm) requirement specified by the standard, the proposed scheme provides more than 3 dB gains than conventional methods to yield a less than 1 kHz residue CFO. Simulation results also show that the performance degradation due to residual CFO is within 1.5 dB for various TGn channels, modulation and coding schemes, transmit antenna excitation schemes and OFDM MIMO transceiver configurations.
Learning composite adaptive control for a class of nonlinear systems (2004)

An adaptive composite control technique was suggested before for nonlinear adaptive control with statistical learning methods. While this original work was restricted to a simple class of nonlinear SISO systems that were linear in the inputs, in this paper we present a more general treatment of learning a composite controller for the class of nonlinear systems characterized by the form x/spl dot/ = f(x) + g(x)u. We would first examine such systems in the first order SISO framework, and present a stability proof including a parameter projection method that is needed to avoid potential singularities during adaptation. Second, we generalize our adaptive controller to higher order SISO systems, and discuss the application to MIMO problems. We evaluate our theoretical control framework in numerical simulations to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed learning adaptive controller for rapid convergence and high accuracy of control.
Tumor-Infiltrating Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Mediate CCR5-Dependent Recruitment of Regulatory T Cells Favoring Tumor Growth (2012)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells in cancer patients and tumor-bearing mice that potently inhibits T cell responses. During tumor progression, MDSCs accumulate in several organs, including the tumor tissue. So far, tumor-infiltrating MDSC subpopulations remain poorly explored. In this study, we performed global gene expression profiling of mouse tumor-infiltrating granulocytic and monocytic (MO-MDSC) subsets compared with MDSCs from peripheral blood. RMA-S lymphoma-infiltrating MO-MDSCs not only produced high levels of NO and arginase-1, but also greatly increased levels of chemokines comprising the CCR5 ligands CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5. MO-MDSCs isolated from B16 melanoma and from skin tumor-bearing ret transgenic mice also expressed high levels of CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5. Expression of CCR5 was preferentially detected on regulatory T cells (Tregs). Accordingly, tumor-infiltrating MO-MDSCs directly attracted high numbers of Tregs via CCR5 in vitro. Intratumoral injection of CCL4 or CCL5 increased tumor-infiltrating Tregs, and deficiency of CCR5 led to their profound decrease. Moreover, in CCR5-deficient mice, RMA-S and B16 tumor growth was delayed emphasizing the importance of CCR5 in the control of antitumor immune responses. Overall, our data demonstrate that chemokines secreted by tumor-infiltrating MO-MDSCs recruit high numbers of Tregs revealing a novel suppressive role of MDSCs with potential clinical implications for the development of cancer immunotherapies.
Methods for observing microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces and recovering them for isolation of culturable microorganisms (1997)

Epifluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to observe microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces. Biofilms were observed on leaves of all species sampled (spinach, lettuce, Chinese cabbage, celery, leeks, basil, parsley, and broad-leaved endive), although the epifluorescent images were clearest when pale green tissue or cuticle pieces were used. With these techniques, biofilms were observed that were about 20 (mu)m in depth and up to 1 mm in length and that contained copious exopolymeric matrices, diverse morphotypes of microorganisms, and debris. The epifluorescence techniques described here can be used to rapidly determine the abundance and localization of biofilms on leaves. An additional technique was developed to recover individual biofilms or portions of single biofilms from leaves and to disintegrate them for isolation of the culturable microorganisms they contained. Nineteen biofilms from broad-leaved endive, spinach, parsley, and olive leaves were thus isolated and characterized to illustrate the applications of this technique.
Lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. (1991)

Lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells, which arise from interleukin-2 (IL-2) activation of natural killer (NK) cells, are capable of lysing NK-resistant cell targets, including endothelial cells (EC). Since EC cytotoxicity is postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc), experiments were performed to measure LAK activity in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 10 SSc patients and 10 normal controls. SSc patients had no significant spontaneous cytotoxicity against NK-resistant cell targets, including EC. After IL-2 stimulation in vitro, SSc patients and normal controls demonstrated cytotoxicity toward NK-resistant cell targets, including EC. This LAK-mediated EC cytotoxicity was actually lower for SSc patients than for normal controls. These studies do not preclude a role for LAK-mediated EC cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of SSc, but demonstrate that LAK cells are not spontaneously present in circulating PBL.
A 17ns 4Mb BICMOS DRAM (1991)

This 0.8μm 4Mb BiCMOS DRAM achieves 17ns chip enable. BiCMOS technology is employed because it enhances DRAM performance, as shown in previous reports of a 23ns 1Mb BICMOS SRAM. Access time is improved by use of circuits, such as a dynamic pull-down address buffer, noise-immune cascode amplifier, and an offset-cross output circuit, which enables the level converter to drive the output transistor directly. Figure 1 shows a comparison of access time of the 23ns 1Mb BiCMOS DRAM and this chip.
Negative T cell costimulation and islet tolerance (2003)

Activation of self-reactive T cells that specifically destroy the pancreatic beta-cells is one of the hallmarks in the development of type 1 diabetes. Thus, for prevention and treatment of this autoimmune disease, approaches to induce and maintain T cell tolerance toward the beta-cells, especially in islet transplantation, have been actively pursued. Noticeably, many of the recent protocols for inducing transplant tolerance involve blockade of positive T cell costimulation extrinsically. Though highly effective in prolonging graft survival, these strategies alone might not be universally sufficient to achieve true tolerance. As the mystery of the suppressive and regulatory T cells unfolds, it is becoming appreciated that exploiting the intrinsic molecular and cellular mechanisms that turn off an immune response would perhaps facilitate the current protocols in establishing T cell tolerance. In this perspective, here we summarize the recent findings on the negative costimulation pathways, in particular, the newly identified PD-1 : PD-L interactions. On the basis of these observations, we propose a new principle of curtailing pathogenic T cell response in which blockade of positive T cell costimulation is reinforced by concurrent engagement of the negative costimulation machinery. Such a strategy may hold greater hope for therapeutic intervention of transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases.
Tight Coordination of Protein Translation and HSF1 Activation Supports the Anabolic Malignant State (2013)

The ribosome is centrally situated to sense metabolic states, but whether its activity, in turn, coherently rewires transcriptional responses is unknown. Here, through integrated chemical-genetic analyses, we found that a dominant transcriptional effect of blocking protein translation in cancer cells was inactivation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), a multifaceted transcriptional regulator of the heat-shock response and many other cellular processes essential for anabolic metabolism, cellular proliferation, and tumorigenesis. These analyses linked translational flux to the regulation of HSF1 transcriptional activity and to the modulation of energy metabolism. Targeting this link with translation initiation inhibitors such as rocaglates deprived cancer cells of their energy and chaperone armamentarium and selectively impaired the proliferation of both malignant and premalignant cells with early-stage oncogenic lesions.
On the complexity of edge traversing (1976)

It is shown that the Chinese Postman Problem, although tractable in the totally directed and the totally undirected cases, is NP-complete in the mixed case. A simpler version of the same problem is shown algorithmically equivalent to the max-flow problem with unit edge capacities.
Inhibition of FAS/FAS ligand-mediated apoptotic cell death of lymphocytes in vitro by circulating anti-FAS ligand autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (1998)

These results suggest that anti-FasL autoantibodies that inhibit Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis are involved, at least in part, in immune abnormalities and may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.
L'administration de l'atelier monétaire à Thasos au IVe s (1987)

Picard Olivier. L'administration de l'atelier monétaire à Thasos au IVe s. In: Revue numismatique, 6e série - Tome 29, année 1987 pp. 7-14.
Complex conductivity tensor of anisotropic hydrocarbon-bearing shales and mudrocks (2013)

ABSTRACT A model was recently introduced to describe the complex electrical conductivity and high-frequency dielectric constant of isotropic clayey porous materials. We generalized that approach to the case of anisotropic and tight hydrocarbon-bearing shales and mudrocks by introducing tensorial versions of formation factor and tortuosity. In-phase and quadrature conductivity tensors have common eigenvectors, but the eigenvectors of the dielectric tensor may be different due to influence of the solid phase at high frequencies. In-phase and quadrature contributions to complex electrical conductivity depend on saturation, salinity, porosity, temperature, and cation exchange capacity (alternatively, specific surface area) of the porous material. Kerogen is likely to have a negligible contribution to the cation exchange capacity of the material because all exchangeable sites in the functional groups of organic matter may have been polymerized during diagenesis. An anisotropic experiment is performed to validate some of the properties described by the proposed model, especially to verify that the electrical anisotropy factor is the same for in-phase and quadrature conductivities. We used two samples from the Bakken formation. Experimental data confirm the validity of the model. Also, the range of values for cation exchange capacity determined when implementing the new model with experimental data agree with the known range of cation exchange capacity for the Bakken shale. Measurements indicate that the bulk-space tortuosity in the direction normal to bedding plane can be higher than 100.