gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural basis for the C-domain-selective angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by bradykinin-potentiating peptide b (BPPb) (2019)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc metalloprotease best known for its role in blood pressure regulation. ACE consists of two homologous catalytic domains, the N- and C-domain, that display distinct but overlapping catalytic functions <i>in vivo</i> owing to subtle differences in substrate specificity. While current generation ACE inhibitors target both ACE domains, domain-selective ACE inhibitors may be clinically advantageous, either reducing side effects or having utility in new indications. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis, an ACE chimera and X-ray crystallography to unveil the molecular basis for C-domain-selective ACE inhibition by the bradykinin-potentiating peptide b (BPPb), naturally present in Brazilian pit viper venom. We present the BPPb N-domain structure in comparison with the previously reported BPPb C-domain structure and highlight key differences in peptide interactions with the S<sub>4</sub> to S<sub>9</sub> subsites. This suggests the involvement of these subsites in conferring C-domain-selective BPPb binding, in agreement with the mutagenesis results where unique residues governing differences in active site exposure, lid structure and dynamics between the two domains were the major drivers for C-domain-selective BPPb binding. Mere disruption of BPPb interactions with unique S<sub>2</sub> and S<sub>4</sub> subsite residues, which synergistically assist in BPPb binding, was insufficient to abolish C-domain selectivity. The combination of unique S<sub>9</sub>-S<sub>4</sub> and S<sub>2</sub>' subsite C-domain residues was required for the favourable entry, orientation and thus, selective binding of the peptide. This emphasizes the need to consider factors other than direct protein-inhibitor interactions to guide the design of domain-selective ACE inhibitors, especially in the case of larger peptides.
Investigation of optical damage mechanisms in hafnia and silica thin films using pairs of subnanosecond laser pulses with variable time delay (1992)

Optical damage thresholds of submicron-thick, electron beam deposited HfO2 and SiO2 films on BK-7 substrates have been measured by monitoring the emission of neutral constituents during excitation with time-delayed pairs of 70-ps laser pulses at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The dependence of the optical damage threshold on time delay provides evidence of the optical damage mechanism. For SiO2, linear absorption is the mechanism for energy deposition into the films by the laser beams. The data for HfO2 are less definitive, although linear absorption is the most likely damage mechanism. The behavior of the single-layer films is compared to multilayer HfO2-SiO2 high-reflector coatings, for which a ‘‘conditioning’’ effect causes an increased optical damage threshold due to multiple pulse laser excitation at fluences below the single-pulse optical damage threshold.
Applying high frame-rate digital radiography and dual-energy distributed-sources for advanced tomosynthesis (2013)

Conventional radiography uses a single point x-ray source with a fan or cone beam to visualize various areas of the human body. An imager records the transmitted photons—historically film and now increasingly digital radiography (DR) flat panel detectors—followed by optional image post-processing. Some post-processing techniques of particular interest are tomosynthesis, and dual energy subtraction. Tomosynthesis adds the ability to recreate quasi-3D images from a series of 2D projections. These exposures are typically taken along an arc or other path; and, tomosynthesis reconstruction is used to form a three-dimensional representation of the area of interest. Dual-energy radiography adds the ability to enhance or “eliminate” structures based on their different attenuation of well-separated end-point energies in two exposures. These advanced capabilities come at a high cost in terms of complexity, imaging time, capital equipment, space, and potentially reduced image quality due to motion blur if acquired sequentially. Recently, the prospect of creating x-ray sources, which are composed of arrays of micro-emitters, has been put forward. These arrays offer a flat-panel geometry and may afford advantages in fabrication methodology, size and cost. They also facilitate the use of the dual energy technology. Here we examine the possibility of using such an array of x-ray sources combined with high frame-rate (~kHz) DR detectors to produce advanced medical images without the need for moving gantries or other complex motion systems. Combining the advantages of dual energy imaging with the ability to determine the relative depth location of anatomical structures or pathological findings from imaging procedures should prove to be a powerful diagnostic tool. We also present use cases that would benefit from the capabilities of this modality.
A note on the preparation and use of a selective differential medium for the isolation of <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. from clinical sources (1983)

A selective, differential medium is reported for the isolation of Acinetobacter spp. With this medium it was found that not one of 30 people carried Acinetobacter spp. in their faeces, but 2 of 40 individuals carried it on their skin.
1,3‐Dihydro‐1‐hydroxy‐3‐morpholin‐4‐yl‐2,1‐benzoxaborole: product of the reaction of <i>o</i>‐formylphenylboronic acid with morpholine (2005)

Abstract o ‐Formylphenylboronic acid reacts with morpholine to form 1,3‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxy‐3‐morpholin‐4‐yl‐2,1‐benzoxaborole. The typical hydrogen‐bonded dimer motif with a planar benzoxaborole fragment has been obtained in the solid state. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Concentration Of Underwater Heavy Mineral Sands (1976)

ABSTRACT Underwater concentrating of heavy mineral sands cannot be accomplished easily by conventional open systems. Meeting this challenge, two new concentrators were designed that operate successfully in both underwater and over-the-surface operations upon recycling of the underflow products. The first, HTH - Model A design, is based on the spiral separation of the heavy mineral from the gangue. The second, HTH - Model B, is based on the difference in residence time along the separation radius. INTRODUCTION The heavy mineral sands lying beneath the water along the coasts have become attractive for exploitation by man. However, the existing technology (utilizing tables, jigs, spirals, open top cones, or flotation) does not provide a simple mineral extraction method for underwater operation under some weather conditions. The problem, therefore, is to find a method that is technically attainable, economically feasible, and environmentally acceptable. In general, a comprehensive underwater mining system is rather complex and is, at the least, composed of a lifting unit, a concentrating unit, and a turbidity control device. Figure (1) shows a diagram of such a system as envisioned by the authors. Because of the importance of the concentrating system, it is the purpose of this paper to deal with the concentrating component of the system only. In a previous study(l) conducted at the University of Wisconsin, the authors proposed using the hydrocyclone because of its simplicity and ease of handling, but the device failed in its operation. The hydrocyclone separated water from the solids fairly well but could not separate the lighter solids from the heavier ones.2,3,4,5 It was obvious that the solution to the problem required a modified hydrocyclone. Consequently, two new units were designed. Their theory and operation are as follows: THEORY In the effort to separate two minerals of different specific gravities two concepts were examined. First, when the entering mineral particles travel tangentially in a hydro cyclone body and cone section, each type of solid mineral and the liquid medium inscribes a specific path similar to a normal spiral. The top view of the spiral is represented by: (Equation available in full paper) and the behavior of the solids along the of the cone, in a downward motion, is described by (Equation available in full paper) Now that the motion of the specific mineral spiral is described in three dimensions, it is fairly easy to the desired spiral path and thus separate it from the others. Equation (1) when properly developed gives a measure of how far a side arm tube should enter into the cone section and equation (2) gives a measure of where the side arm should be placed along the wall of the cone (See Appendix). This concept resulted in a new mineral concentrator design which will be referred to hereafter as HTH-clone Model A.
The pseudopterosins: anti-inflammatory and analgesic natural products from the sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. (1986)

The Caribbean sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae (Octocorallia, Cnidaria) has been found to contain the pseudopterosins, a newly described class of natural products, which have been characterized as diterpene-pentoseglycosides. The pseudopterosins possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that exceed, in our assays, the potencies of existing drugs such as indomethacin. As anti-inflammatory agents, the pseudopterosins appear to modify the arachidonic acid cascade by an as yet undefined mechanism of pharmacological action.
A novel planar floating-gate (FG) / charge-trapping (CT) NAND device using BE-SONOS inter-poly dielectric (IPD) (2009)

Although planar floating gate (FG) device using high-K IPD has been proposed, our study indicates that out tunneling through IPD due to the high electric field is inevitable, leading to programming/erasing saturation. Moreover, charge trapping in IPD is a major concern. In this work, we propose a completely different approach - using a trapping IPD for storage. Our concept is to combine the merits of CT and FG - CT for good retention and scaling to few-electron regime and FG for edge effect immunity and faster erase. The planar “fusion” FG/CT devices are fabricated by replacing the conventional IPD ONO of a FG device by a CT BE-SONOS structure. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that most of the stored electrons are trapped inside the SiN trapping layer instead of the FG. The CT storage provides excellent retention even for a very thin tunnel oxide (≪5nm). On the other hand, the thin FG provides an equipotential channel that screens any non-uniform injection effect. Excellent memory window, scalability and reliability are demonstrated.
Determination of appropriate IELTS band score for admission into a program at a Canadian post-secondary polytechnic institution (2009)

This research project aims to determine the appropriate IELTS band score for admission to, and ideally success in, the Computer Systems Technology (CST) and Computer Information Technology (CIT) programs at a large Canadian polytechnic post-secondary institute. This was done by examining typical instances, such as course materials, activities and assignments, in which students are required to read, write, speak and listen in English and then comparing the required proficiency in English to IELTS band score descriptors. Data were collected through interviews with students, interviews with faculty members, observations of lectures and labs, and content analyses of documents used in the courses. Due to the small number of interviewees, the limited depth of content analysis and the limited resources available, the results of this study should be viewed as indicative rather than conclusive. IELTS band descriptors for Reading and Listening are not available so the Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB) were consulted. Language tasks (reading, writing, listening and speaking) that students are required to do in the CIT/CST programs were benchmarked to the CLB. Then, the CLB performance indicators were correlated to IELTS band scores based on the publicly available IELTS band descriptors for Speaking and Writing. This rough-and-ready approach allowed the researchers to extrapolate the Speaking and Writing correlations between CLB and IELTS to estimate the IELTS band score which would be required for reading and listening tasks in CST/CIT. The findings showed that the appropriate band score for entrance into CST/CIT at the institute is 6.5. This is based on the following: - a Reading score of 7 is required to manage the high-level documents required in Programming and Business classes - a Writing score of 6.5 is required to meet the standards for professionalism in Business Communication - a Speaking score of 6 is required to contribute fully in group work and in teams to complete assignments in many classes - a Listening score of 6.5 is required to understand complex and fast-paced conversations that take place among team-mates.
A denial-of-service resistant public-key authentication and key establishment protocol (2003)

Network denial-of-service attacks, which exhaust the server resources, have become a serious security threat to the Internet. Public key infrastructure (PKI) has long been introduced in various authentication protocols to verify the identities of the communicating parties. Although the use of PKI can present difficulty to the denial-of-service attackers, the underlying problem has not been resolved completely, because the use of public-key infrastructure involves computationally expensive operations such as modular exponentiation. An improper deployment of the public-key operations in a protocol allows the attacker to exhaust the server's resources. This paper presents a public-key based authentication and key establishment protocol integrated with a sophisticated client puzzle, which together provides a good solution for network denial-of-service attacks, and various other common attacks. The joint establishment of session keys by both the client and the server protects the session after the mutual authentication. The basic strategy to protect against denial of service is to impose an adjustable cost on the attacker while launching the attacks. The proposed client puzzle protocol can also be integrated with other network protocols to protect against denial-of-service attacks.
Bicistronic Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Core and Gamma Interferon DNA Vaccine Can Protect from Hepatitis but Does Not Elicit Sterilizing Antiviral Immunity (2006)

The immunity elicited against nucleocapsid of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and closely related woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) has been shown to be important in resolution of hepatitis and protection from infection. Further, activity of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), which may directly inhibit hepadnavirus replication, promotes antiviral defense and favors T helper cell type 1 (Th1) response, which is seemingly a prerequisite of HBV clearance. In this study, to enhance induction of protective immunity against hepadnavirus, healthy woodchucks were immunized with a bicistronic DNA vaccine carrying WHV core (WHc) and woodchuck IFN-gamma (wIFN-gamma) gene sequences. Three groups, each group containing three animals, were injected once or twice with 0.5 mg, 0.9 mg, or 1.5 mg per dose of this vaccine. In addition, four animals received two injections of 0.6 mg or 1 mg WHc DNA alone. All animals were challenged with WHV. The results showed that four of nine animals injected with the bicistronic vaccine and one of four immunized with WHc DNA became protected from serologically evident infection and hepatitis. This protection was not linked to induction of WHc antigen-specific antibodies or T-cell proliferative response and was not associated with enhanced transcription of Th1 cytokines or 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase. Strikingly, all animals protected from hepatitis became reactive for WHV DNA and carried low levels of replicating virus in hepatic and lymphoid tissues after challenge with WHV. This study shows that the bicistronic DNA vaccine encoding both hepadnavirus core antigen and IFN-gamma was more effective in preventing hepatitis than that encoding virus core alone, but neither of them could mount sterile immunity against the virus or prevent establishment of occult infection.
Catalyst (2017)

Content based page sharing techniques improve memory efficiency in virtualized systems by identifying and merging identical pages. Kernel Same-page Merging (KSM), a Linux kernel utility for page sharing, sequentially scans memory pages of virtual machines to deduplicate pages. Sequential scanning of pages has several undesirable side effects---wasted CPU cycles when no sharing opportunities exist, and rate of discovery of sharing being dependent on the scanning rate and corresponding CPU availability. In this work, we exploit presence of GPUs on modern systems to enable rapid memory sharing through targeted scanning of pages. Our solution, Catalyst, works in two phases, the first where pages of virtual machines are processed by the GPU to identify likely pages for sharing and a second phase that performs page-level similarity checks on a targeted set of shareable pages. Opportunistic usage of the GPU to produce sharing hints enables rapid and low-overhead duplicate detection, and sharing of memory pages in virtualization environments. We evaluate Catalyst against various benchmarks and workloads to demonstrate that Catalyst can achieve higher memory sharing in lesser time compared to different scan rate configurations of KSM, at lower or comparable compute costs.
Ethical and Legal Obligation to Avoid Long-Term Tunneled Catheter Access (2009)

Despite recent national initiatives promoting the arteriovenous fistula as the initial, primary, and sole vascular access to be used by hemodialysis patients and recommending a decrease in the prevalence of tunneled cuffed catheters to less than 10%, the prevalence of tunneled cuffed catheters as hemodialysis access is increasing. This study describes the risks of tunneled cuffed catheters, explores the reasons why they remain prevalent, and presents the stance that nephrologists have an obligation to offer tunneled cuffed catheters only for temporary use and not as an acceptable alternative for long-term vascular access to patients for whom a properly functioning arteriovenous fistula or graft is possible. Recommendations for tunneled cuffed catheter use were based on dialysis clinical practice guidelines and the medical evidence regarding outcomes of use of arteriovenous fistulas and tunneled cuffed catheters. The authors found that compared with dialysis with arteriovenous fistulas, long-term dialysis with tunneled cuffed catheters is associated with (1) two to threefold increased risk of death, (2) a five to 10-fold increased risk of serious infection, (3) increased hospitalization, (4) a decreased likelihood of adequate dialysis, and (5) an increased number of vascular access procedures. To adequately inform patients about access options, nephrologists are ethically obligated to systematically explain to patients the harms of tunneled cuffed catheters. If catheters must be used to initiate dialysis, nephrologists should present catheters only as "temporary" measures and "unsafe for long-term use."
The preparation and characterization of [<sup>3</sup>H] histamine.2HCl at high specific activity<sup>1</sup> (1987)

Abstract [ 3 H] Histamine.2HCl will continue to play a key role in establishing the neurotransmitter status of histamine.2HCl. To more consistently achieve high specific activity in the preparation of the radioligand and incorporate as much tritium into the stable side chain positions as possible, we explored the use of alternative tritiation precursors. Imidazole 4‐acetonitrile ( 5 ) and 2,5‐diiodoimidazole‐4‐acetonitrile ( 6 ) were catalytically reduced with tritium gas and the radiolabeling specificity of the resulting [ 3 H] histamine.2HCl produced was confirmed by 3 H NMR.
Cobalt-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions (2010)

2 - Review
Design and Implementation of a Magnetic Press System for Creating Magnetically Oriented Barium Hexaferrite Pucks (2019)

We present initial magnetic and structural characterization results of pressing barium hexaferrite pucks under the influence of a magnetic field using a custom-built uniaxial press. The press can be operated up to 500 pounds of load inside a 30 kG axially uniform magnetic field. We present details on the system specifications and operation procedures as well as results of pressing pucks in the system in a 0, 25, or 30 kG field. We find that the pucks pressed under a 25 or 30 kG field show similar properties but are significantly magnetically and crystallographically textured along the magnetic field direction used during pressing compared to the no-field pucks. For the 30 kG pressed pucks, we find a squareness value of 0.6, a saturation magnetization of 2.7 kG, a coercivity of 3.4 kOe, and a magnetic texture of 0.74. We also characterize the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) behavior up to 66 GHz and find an anisotropy field of 21 kOe and zero-field FMR of 42 GHz.
Modulation of Immune Response to Chlamydia muridarum by Host miR-135a (2021)

Previously, our laboratory established the role of small, noncoding RNA species<i>, i.e.</i>, microRNA (miRNA) including miR-135a in anti-chlamydial immunity in infected hosts. We report here chlamydial infection results in decreased miR-135a expression in mouse genital tissue and a fibroblast cell line. Several chemokine and chemokine receptor genes (including CXCL10, CCR5) associated with chlamydial pathogenesis were identified <i>in silico</i> to contain putative miR-135a binding sequence(s) in the 3' untranslated region. The role of miR-135a in the host immune response was investigated using exogenous miR-135a mimic to restore the immune phenotype associated with decreased miR-135a following <i>Chlamydia muridarum</i> (Cm) infection. We observed miR-135a regulation of Cm-primed bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) <i>via</i> activation of Cm-immune CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells for clonal expansion and CCR5 expression. Using a transwell cell migration assay, we explore the role of miR-135a in regulation of genital tract CXCL10 expression and recruitment of CXCR3<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells <i>via</i> the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis. Collectively, data reported here support miR-135a affecting multiple cellular processes in response to chlamydial infection.