gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correcting organ motion artifacts in x‐ray CT systems based on tracking of motion phase by the spatial overlap correlator. II. Experimental study (2001)

This paper presents the experimental part of an investigation on tracking and eliminating organ motion artifacts in x-ray CT cardiac applications with emphasis on imaging coronary calcification. The system methodology consists of a software implementation of the spatial overlap correlator (SSOC) concept in x-ray CT scanners to track the net amplitude and phase of organ motion during the CT data acquisition process. A coherent sinogram synthesis (CSS) method is then used to identify the repeated phases of a periodic organ motion from the information provided by the SSOC process and hence synthesize a new sinogram with no motion effects. Since the SSOC scheme is capable of tracking cardiac motion, it identifies also the projection points associated with minimum amplitude cardiac motion effects. These points are used to identify a 180 degrees plus the fan angle sinogram for image reconstruction. This leads to a retrospective gating (RG) scheme that is based on the output of the SSOC process. Performance comparison of the proposed methodology with the retrospective ECG gating using real data sets with phantoms and human patients provides a performance assessment of the merits of the proposed methods. Real results demonstrate that the new methodology eliminates the requirement for ECG gating. Moreover, the CSS and the new RG methods do not require breath holding and they can be implemented in x-ray CT scanners to image coronary calcification and the heart's ventricles.
Sensors Know When to Interrupt You in the Car (2015)

Interruptions while driving can be quite dangerous, whether these are self-interruptions or external interruptions. They increase driver workload and reduce performance on the primary driving task. Being able to identify when a driver is interruptible is critical for building systems that can mediate these interruptions. In this paper, we collect sensor and human-annotated data from 15 drivers, including vehicle motion, traffic states, physiological responses and driver motion. We demonstrate that this data can be used to build a machine learning classifier that can determine interruptibility every second with a 94% accuracy. We present both population and individual models and discuss the features that contribute to the high performance of this system. Such a classifier can be used to build systems that mediate when drivers use technology to self-interrupt and when drivers are interrupted by technology.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Closed-Loop Glucose Regulation via Control-Variability Grid Analysis (2008)

Control-variability grid analysis provides a summary of the quality of glycemic regulation for a population of subjects and is complementary to measures such as area under the curve or low/high blood glucose indices, which characterize a single glucose trajectory for a single subject.
UM171 Enhances Lentiviral Gene Transfer and Recovery of Primitive Human Hematopoietic Cells (2018)

Enhanced gene transfer efficiencies and higher yields of transplantable transduced human hematopoietic stem cells are continuing goals for improving clinical protocols that use stemcell-based gene therapies. Here, we examined the effect of the HSC agonist UM171 on these endpoints in both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> systems. Using a 22-hr transduction protocol, we found that UM171 significantly enhances both the lentivirus-mediated transduction and yield of CD34<sup>+</sup> and CD34<sup>+</sup>CD45RA<sup>-</sup> hematopoietic cells from human cord blood to give a 6-fold overall higher recovery of transduced hematopoietic stem cells, including cells with long-term lympho-myeloid repopulating activity in immunodeficient mice. The ability of UM171 to enhance gene transfer to primitive cord blood hematopoietic cells extended to multiple lentiviral pseudotypes, gamma retroviruses, and non-integrating lentiviruses and to adult bone marrow cells. UM171, thus, provides an interesting reagent for improving the <i>ex vivo</i> production of gene-modified cells and for reducing requirements of virus for a broad range of applications.
High-Throughput Biomarker Segmentation on Ovarian Cancer Tissue Microarrays via Hierarchical Normalized Cuts (2011)

We present a system for accurately quantifying the presence and extent of stain on account of a vascular biomarker on tissue microarrays. We demonstrate our flexible, robust, accurate, and high-throughput minimally supervised segmentation algorithm, termed hierarchical normalized cuts (HNCuts) for the specific problem of quantifying extent of vascular staining on ovarian cancer tissue microarrays. The high-throughput aspect of HNCut is driven by the use of a hierarchically represented data structure that allows us to merge two powerful image segmentation algorithms-a frequency weighted mean shift and the normalized cuts algorithm. HNCuts rapidly traverses a hierarchical pyramid, generated from the input image at various color resolutions, enabling the rapid analysis of large images (e.g., a 1500 × 1500 sized image under 6 s on a standard 2.8-GHz desktop PC). HNCut is easily generalizable to other problem domains and only requires specification of a few representative pixels (swatch) from the object of interest in order to segment the target class. Across ten runs, the HNCut algorithm was found to have average true positive, false positive, and false negative rates (on a per pixel basis) of 82%, 34%, and 18%, in terms of overlap, when evaluated with respect to a pathologist annotated ground truth of the target region of interest. By comparison, a popular supervised classifier (probabilistic boosting trees) was only able to marginally improve on the true positive and false negative rates (84% and 14%) at the expense of a higher false positive rate (73%), with an additional computation time of 62% compared to HNCut. We also compared our scheme against a k-means clustering approach, which both the HNCut and PBT schemes were able to outperform. Our success in accurately quantifying the extent of vascular stain on ovarian cancer TMAs suggests that HNCut could be a very powerful tool in digital pathology and bioinformatics applications where it could be used to facilitate computer-assisted prognostic predictions of disease outcome.
Development of Small Molecules that Specifically Inhibit the D-loop Activity of RAD51 (2016)

RAD51 is the central protein in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and represents a therapeutic target in oncology. Herein we report a novel class of RAD51 inhibitors that were identified by high throughput screening. In contrast to many previously reported RAD51 inhibitors, our lead compound 1 is capable of blocking RAD51-mediated D-loop formation (IC50 21.3 ± 7.8 μM) at concentrations that do not influence RAD51 binding to ssDNA. In human cells, 1 inhibits HR (IC50 13.1 ± 1.6 μM) without blocking RAD51's ability to assemble into subnuclear foci at sites of DNA damage. We determined that the active constituent of 1 is actually an oxidized derivative (termed RI(dl)-1 or 8) of the original screening compound. Our SAR campaign also yielded RI(dl)-2 (hereafter termed 9h), which effectively blocks RAD51's D-loop activity in biochemical systems (IC50 11.1 ± 1.3 μM) and inhibits HR activity in human cells (IC50 3.0 ± 1.8 μM).
Brillouin selective sideband amplification of microwave photonic signals (1998)

We introduce a powerful Brillouin selective side-band amplification technique and demonstrate an important application for achieving gain in photonic signal up- and down-conversions in microwave photonic systems, We show that systems employing such a scheme is also automatically immune to the fiber dispersion effect.
Micro-reaction chamber electrodes for neural stimulation and recording (2011)

Biocompatible electrodes with smaller geometric area are preferred to improve the selectivity of the neural recording and stimulation applications. We introduce the concept of a micro-reaction chamber (μRC) in which a volume within the electrode back plane is used to confine and sequester the electrochemical reactions used for charge passage. The URC electrode design helps decrease impedance and improves the charge storage capacity without altering the geometry of the active site. Here we demonstrate that μRC electrodes fabricated from 50 μm diameter microwire have significantly improved charge storage capacity and lowered impedance at physiologically relevant frequencies in phosphate buffered saline solution compared with other designs.
Fall detection of elderly through floor vibrations and sound (2008)

Falls are very prevalent among the elderly especially in their home. The statistics show that approximately one in every three adults 65 years old or older falls each year. Almost 30% of those falls result in serious injuries. Studies have shown that the medical outcome of a fall is largely dependent upon the response and rescue time. Therefore, reliable and immediate fall detection system is important so that adequate medical support could be delivered. We have developed a unique and inexpensive solution that does not require subjects to wear anything. The solution is based on floor vibration and acoustic sensing, and uses a pattern recognition algorithm to discriminate between human or inanimate object fall events. Using the proposed system we can detect human falls with a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 95%.
<title>Single-element and linear-array transducer design for ultrasound biomicroscopy</title> (1998)

Ceramic ultrasonic transducers with a frequency response <50MHz using lead zirconate titanate (PZT) layers in the 5-4Otm range have been difficult to achieve by bulk or thin film techniques. Advances in the production of small sized PZT ceramic powder allow the development ofthinner ceramic layers for this application. Sol gel composite thin film technology also provides a new technique for producing ceramic coatings of a thickness that successfully bridges the gap between traditional thin film and bulk techniques. So! gel composite PZT layers of 5-7Om have been coated on substrates (aluminum, platinized silicon, stainless steel, .. .) that can withstand the thermal processing of the ceramic. The thickness mode response of a thin piezoelectric layer supported by a thick substrate has been modeled from first principles using complex material constants. The LevenbergMarquart non linear regression technique has been used to extract the thickness mode elastic stiffness, dielectric constant and piezoelectric constant of the PZT, and the elastic stiffness of the substrate from the layered structure. This non-destructive technique allows for a reliable assessment of the quality of a coating prior to the fabrication of a transducer. The elastic stiffness of the substrate is not lossy enough for the required broadband response of an imaging transducer. However, aluminum can be preferentially etched, releasing the ceramic coating. Therefore it is possible to transfer the PZT film to a more suitable backing material. A processing sequence for single element PZT transducers in the frequency range of 50-200MHz has been developed. Characterization of transducers has been performed using pulse-echo techniques and by creating real time B-scan images of agar phantoms and biological tissue. Methods for patterning the PZT composite coatings are being developed with the intent to fabricate a linear array in the 40-60 MHz frequency range. Due to the very fine patterning and high concentration of cuts required for a high aspect ratio linear array, the limits of conventional etching techniques are surpassed. Laser micromachining using a frequency doubled Nd:YAG and a KrF excimer laser have the ability to pattern the array structure. In both cases, laser cuts <1Om wide have been achieved.
A Study of Stored Charge Interference and Fringing Field Effects in Sub-30nm Charge-Trapping NAND Flash (2009)

The interference and fringing field effects beyond sub-30 nm node charge-trapping(CT) NAND Flash are studied critically using 3D simulation. Due to the relatively large EOT (>15 nm) compared to the device dimension (F), the most severe interference comes from adjacent pass-gate WL bias disturb through the edge fringing field effect. On the other hand, the program charges in adjacent devices generate only minor interference effect (<200 mV) down to 25 nm node. Low-K spacer between WL's is very effective in suppressing the pass-gate interference due to the suppressed fringing field effect. For the first time we propose that low-K spacer can improve the short-channel effect as well as program/erase characteristics. The physical reason is that low-K spacer can confine the electrical field inside the channel thus improve the device performances. By suitably engineering the low-K spacer, p-well/junction and EOT we suggest that scaling of CT NAND Flash beyond 15 nm is quite feasible.
Advanced thermocompression flip chip bonding (2014)

Advancements in electronic device performance and cost have historically been driven by higher integration primarily provided by fab node shrinks that have followed the well-known Moore's law. However, technological challenges and the continuously increasing cost of building new fabs have brought the performance/cost improvements achieved via node shrinks to come nearly to a halt. This leaves packaging innovation as the main vehicle for achieving future cost-performance improvements. Advanced packages which employ ultra-fine pitch flip chip technology for the first level interconnect for chip-to-substrate, chip-to-chip, or chip-to-interposer have been developed as an answer to obtaining higher performance. However, the relatively low throughput of the first generation thermocompression flip chip bonders has limited the wide-scale adoption of this technology. In this paper we shiw innovative bonder technology that can improve throughput and yield to make thermocompression bonding economically attractive. High throughput is achieved by carefully optimizing each aspect of the bonding cycle not just individually, but also from a system-level perspective. At the core of the bonder is the bondhead with a heating and cooling capability in excess of 200 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> C/sec and 100 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> C/sec, respectively, while maintaining thermal uniformity below +-5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> C over the die surface and maintaining the error between commanded and actual temperature below 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> C as well. The bonding results show that Z accuracy of the bondlines is controlled to about +-1μm, even while undergoing nearly 200 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> C temperature excursions at 200 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> C /sec.
A fast intense pumping system for generation of vacuum ultraviolet laser emission from solid state crystals (1982)

Abstract : A solid state vacuum ultraviolet laser. The laser includes a cylindrical laser rod which is surrounded by a pumping gas. The pumping gas is excited by a fast electron beam to emit vacuum ultraviolet radiations which is concentrated onto the laser rod by a parabolic reflector. The laser rod is thus stimulated. Vacuum ultraviolet radiation emitted by the laser rod is collected and fed back into the laser rod via a resonant laser cavity in optical alignment with the laser rod. (Author)
Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Functionally Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonists that Modulate ERK 1/2 Phosphorylation While Preserving G Protein Over βArrestin2 Signaling Bias (2015)

Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) modulation is a promising target for drug discovery efforts due to KOR involvement in pain, depression, and addiction behaviors. We recently reported a new class of triazole KOR agonists that displays significant bias toward G protein signaling over βarrestin2 recruitment; interestingly, these compounds also induce less activation of ERK1/2 map kinases than the balanced agonist, U69,593. We have identified structure-activity relationships around the triazole scaffold that allows for decreasing the bias for G protein signaling over ERK1/2 activation while maintaining the bias for G protein signaling over βarrestin2 recruitment. The development of novel compounds, with different downstream signaling outcomes, independent of G protein/βarrestin2 bias, provides a more diverse pharmacological toolset for use in defining complex KOR signaling and elucidating the significance of KOR-mediated signaling.
New hybrid remote sensing method using HPM illumination/IR detection for mine detection (1998)

A new hybrid remote-sensing method using active high-power microwave (HPM) illumination and passive infrared (IR) detection is presented for the detection of shallow buried landmines. A 2.45 GHz, 5 kW microwave source was used for illumination. The thermal signature of the mine at the soil surface was detected in the 8 - 12 micrometer region both in near real-time as well as after a brief time-delay following illumination. The thermal signature at the soil surface is primarily made up of two components. A thermal signature occurs at the soil surface in near real-time due to the interference of the incident beam and the beam reflected by the mine. A second thermal signature is generated when the variations in heating due to differential microwave absorption by the mine and the surrounding soil is conducted upwards from the mine location to the surface. Both signatures are dependent on the complex dielectric constants of the mine and the soil. Results will be presented from laboratory experiments and field trials with different types of metallic and non-metallic mine surrogates, dummy mines without explosives and live mines with explosives but without fuses.
Use of High Surface Area Electrodes for Safe Delivery of Direct Current for Nerve Conduction Block (2013)

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has widely been used to elicit neural activity to activate muscle for functional outcomes. But there are many diseases which result from undesirable neural activity which are equally debilitating. A localized, reversible, electrical nerve conduction block is an attractive way of addressing these conditions. High frequency alternating current (HFAC) has also been shown to generate a complete conduction block. But HFAC generates an "onset response" consisting of a short, but intense burst of firing at the start of the HFAC. This onset response can be eliminated by applying direct current (DC) briefly during onset duration. However, DC has been shown to cause nerve damage when applied for long durations. High surface area electrodes show promise in delivering DC without nerve damage.
miR‐153‐3p And miR‐205‐5p Target Key Regulatory Pathways in Neuronal Cells (2015)

MicroRNAs are key regulators associated with a spectrum of diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In non-neuronal HEK293 cells and primary cultured cortical neurons, miR-153-3p and miR-205-5p down-regulate a-synuclein (SNCA) and Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), two key proteins involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study we have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and mass spectrometry to identify a spectrum of miR-153-3p and miR-205-5p targets in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. We overexpressed and inhibited both microRNAs in SH-SY5Y cellsand through comparative proteomics profiling we quantified ~240 protein spots from each analysis. Combined, thirty-three protein spots were identified showing significant (p-value < 0.05) changes in abundance. In response to altered levels of miR-153-3p seven proteins were up-regulated and eight proteins were down-regulated. In response to miR-205-5p modulation twelve proteins were up-regulated whilst six proteins showed decreased abundance. Several of the proteins identified, including peroxiredoxin-2, peroxiredoxin-4, cofilin-1, prefoldin 2, alpha-enolase, human nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (Nm23) and 14-3-3 protein epsilon are associated with neuronal processes and are involved in diverse pathways including metabolism, neurotrophin signaling, actin cytoskeletal regulation, HIF-1 signaling and the proteasome. Collectively, this demonstrates that miR-153-3p and miR-205-5p are associated with the regulation of a wide variety of biological processes in neurons.
One-Pot Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Aldehydes, Sulfur Ylide, and CO2 (2013)

Treatment of aldehydes with sulfur ylide (CH<sub>2</sub>=SOMe<sub>2</sub> or CH<sub>2</sub>=SMe<sub>2</sub>), in the presence of CO<sub>2</sub> (1 atm) bubbled sequentially under mild conditions, produces cyclic carbonates in preparative yields. Sodium iodide formed in situ promotes the reaction between epoxide as intermediate and CO<sub>2</sub> at ambient conditions, thus constituting a powerful metal-free synthesis of organic cyclic carbonates directly from aldehydes.
A Novel Nano Cellulose Preparation Method and Size Fraction by Cross Flow Ultra- Filtration (2012)

A novel energy-efficient method called nanopulping (patent pending) to produce nanocellulose from chemical pulp, and a novel cross-flow ultra-filtration method to separate nanofibrils fractions of different size were applied in this study. Pretreatment with endoglucanase or 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation seems to enhance the nanopulping process. Results were evaluated with atomic force microscope and ultrafiltration. The nanopulping produced a relatively inhomogeneous material with larger particles/ fibers in addition to nanofibers. However, by ultrafiltration of the material it was possible to obtain more homogeneous material in different dimensions with methods industrially acceptable. Keywords: Cross flow ultra-filtration, Endoglucanase pretreatment, Microfibrillated cellulose, Nanocellulose, Nanopulping, TEMPO pretreatment.
Learning Semantic String Transformations from Examples (2012)

We address the problem of performing semantic transformations on strings, which may represent a variety of data types (or their combination) such as a column in a relational table, time, date, currency, etc. Unlike syntactic transformations, which are based on regular expressions and which interpret a string as a sequence of characters, semantic transformations additionally require exploiting the semantics of the data type represented by the string, which may be encoded as a database of relational tables. Manually performing such transformations on a large collection of strings is error prone and cumbersome, while programmatic solutions are beyond the skill-set of end-users. We present a programming by example technology that allows end-users to automate such repetitive tasks. We describe an expressive transformation language for semantic manipulation that combines table lookup operations and syntactic manipulations. We then present a synthesis algorithm that can learn all transformations in the language that are consistent with the user-provided set of input-output examples. We have implemented this technology as an add-in for the Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet system and have evaluated it successfully over several benchmarks picked from various Excel help-forums.