gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Esdextractor: a new technology-independent cad tool for arbitrary esd protection device extraction (2003)

The challenges for developing an on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit layout extractor originate from unconventional layout patterns of ESD protection devices, parasitic ESD device extraction, and device count reduction. This paper reports a new technology independent layout extractor called the ESDExtractor, which is capable of extracting arbitrary ESD protection devices and answers the demands for full-chip ESD protection design verification. The general methodology to extract both intentional and parasitic ESD protection devices, the specific algorithms, and implementation methods to enhance ESDExtractor's efficiency are presented. Finally, the capability of the new computer-aided design tool is demonstrated using application examples.
Video Guidance Sensor and Time-of-Flight Rangefinder (2007)

A proposed video guidance sensor (VGS) would be based mostly on the hardware and software of a prior Advanced VGS (AVGS), with some additions to enable it to function as a time-of-flight rangefinder (in contradistinction to a triangulation or image-processing rangefinder). It would typically be used at distances of the order of 2 or 3 kilometers, where a typical target would appear in a video image as a single blob, making it possible to extract the direction to the target (but not the orientation of the target or the distance to the target) from a video image of light reflected from the target. As described in several previous NASA Tech Briefs articles, an AVGS system is an optoelectronic system that provides guidance for automated docking of two vehicles. In the original application, the two vehicles are spacecraft, but the basic principles of design and operation of the system are applicable to aircraft, robots, objects maneuvered by cranes, or other objects that may be required to be aligned and brought together automatically or under remote control. In a prior AVGS system of the type upon which the now-proposed VGS is largely based, the tracked vehicle is equipped with one or more passive targets that reflect light from one or more continuous-wave laser diode(s) on the tracking vehicle, a video camera on the tracking vehicle acquires images of the targets in the reflected laser light, the video images are digitized, and the image data are processed to obtain the direction to the target. The design concept of the proposed VGS does not call for any memory or processor hardware beyond that already present in the prior AVGS, but does call for some additional hardware and some additional software. It also calls for assignment of some additional tasks to two subsystems that are parts of the prior VGS: a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that generates timing and control signals, and a digital signal processor (DSP) that processes the digitized video images. The additional timing and control signals generated by the FPGA would cause the VGS to alternate between an imaging (direction-finding) mode and a time-of-flight (range-finding mode) and would govern operation in the range-finding mode.
ESP Health Monitoring KPI: A Real-Time Predictive Analytics Application (2016)

Abstract The electrical submersible pump (ESP) is currently the fastest growing artificial-lift pumping technology (Bates, Cosad et al. 2004). Deployed across 15 to 20 percent of oil-wells worldwide, ESPs are an efficient and reliable option at high production volumes and greater depths (Breit and Ferrier 2008). However, ESP performance often declines without much warning and reaches the point of service interruption due to factors like high gas volumes, high temperature, and corrosive environments. The financial impact of ESP service interruption is substantial, from both lost production and replacement costs. Therefore, ESP performance in extensively monitored, and numerous workflows exist to suggest actions in case of service interruption events such as trippings or breakdowns. However, such workflows are reactive in nature, i.e. action is taken after an event occurs. Furthermore, with the emerging trend in the E&P industry of using downhole sensors for real-time surveillance of parameters impacting ESP performance, there is an opportunity to leverage real-time data obtained from sensors for predicting and preventing ESP shutdowns using data analytics. This paper presents an analytical framework towards proactive ESP health monitoring based on data-driven predictive modeling and analysis. This framework can be used to automatically identify real-time patterns and assess ESP health in real time, thus offering to engineers and field personnel early detection of impending problems well before they occur, for mitigation and prevention of ESP service interruptions.
A Decoupling Approach for Distributed Mobility Management (2012)

This paper addresses the problematic of mobility management decomposition, as a first step towards the development of decentralized mobility management architectures. We propose and evaluate an IP mobility management solution based on the decoupling of data and control plane. We have carried out simulations, showing that the proposed approach can significantly reduce packet loss and reachability time for mobile nodes.
A CMOS fluorescent-based biosensor microarray (2009)

In this paper, we present a fully integrated fluorescent-based biosensor microarray system that includes a transducer array, molecular capture probes, a fluorescent emission filter, readout circuitry, and in-pixel ADCs. This system is specifically designed, fabricated, and experimentally validated for DNA microarrays; nevertheless the achieved specifications are well suited for other biosensor applications.
A novel and direct determination of the interface traps in sub-100 nm CMOS devices with direct tunneling regime (12∼16 A) gate oxide (2003)

For the first time, an improved charge pumping (CP) method has been implemented for direct determination of the interface traps in ultra-short gate length CMOS devices with ultra-thin gate oxide in the direct tunneling regime. The leakage current in a 12-16 A gate oxide can be removed from the measured CP current, which enables accurate determination of the interface traps. This method has been demonstrated successfully for various rapid thermal nitric oxide (RTNO) grown and remote plasma nitridation (RPN) treated oxide CMOS devices with very thin gate oxide. Moreover, it can be used as a good monitor of ultra-thin gate oxide process and the evaluations of device reliabilities in relating to the interface trap generation.
<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i>Strain CG8421: A Refined Model for the Study of Campylobacteriosis and Evaluation of<i>Campylobacter</i>Vaccines in Human Subjects (2009)

The C. jejuni CG8421 challenge model provides a safe and effective tool, without the risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The model demonstrates high attack rates after lower doses of challenge inoculum, provides further understanding of immunologic responses, and permits future investigation of candidate Campylobacter vaccines.
Structural basis for suppression of a host antiviral response by influenza A virus (2008)

Influenza A viruses are responsible for seasonal epidemics and high mortality pandemics. A major function of the viral NS1A protein, a virulence factor, is the inhibition of the production of IFN-β mRNA and other antiviral mRNAs. The NS1A protein of the human influenza A/Udorn/72 (Ud) virus inhibits the production of these antiviral mRNAs by binding the cellular 30-kDa subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF30), which is required for the 3′ end processing of all cellular pre-mRNAs. Here we report the 1.95-Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of the complex formed between the second and third zinc finger domain (F2F3) of CPSF30 and the C-terminal domain of the Ud NS1A protein. The complex is a tetramer, in which each of two F2F3 molecules wraps around two NS1A effector domains that interact with each other head-to-head. This structure identifies a CPSF30 binding pocket on NS1A comprised of amino acid residues that are highly conserved among human influenza A viruses. Single amino acid changes within this binding pocket eliminate CPSF30 binding, and a recombinant Ud virus expressing an NS1A protein with such a substitution is attenuated and does not inhibit IFN-β pre-mRNA processing. This binding pocket is a potential target for antiviral drug development. The crystal structure also reveals that two amino acids outside of this pocket, F103 and M106, which are highly conserved (>99%) among influenza A viruses isolated from humans, participate in key hydrophobic interactions with F2F3 that stabilize the complex.
Rational Design, Synthesis, and SAR of a Novel Thiazolopyrimidinone Series of Selective PI3K-beta Inhibitors (2012)

A novel thiazolopyrimidinone series of PI3K-beta selective inhibitors has been identified. This chemotype has provided an excellent tool compound, 18, that showed potent growth inhibition in the PTEN-deficient breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 under anchorage-independent conditions, and it also demonstrated pharmacodynamic effects and efficacy in a PTEN-deficient prostate cancer PC-3 xenograft mouse model.
Inorganic Surface Nanostructuring by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma-Induced Graft Polymerization (2007)

Surface graft polymerization of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone onto a silicon surface was accomplished by atmospheric pressure (AP) hydrogen plasma surface activation followed by graft polymerization in both N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and in an NMP/water solvent mixture. The formation of initiation sites was controlled by the plasma exposure period, radio frequency (rf) power, and adsorbed surface water. The surface number density of active sites was critically dependent on the presence of adsorbed surface water with a maximum observed at approximately a monolayer surface water coverage. The surface topology and morphology of the grafted polymer layer depended on the solvent mixture composition, initial monomer concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. Grafted polymer surfaces prepared in pure NMP resulted in a polymer feature spacing of as low as 5-10 nm (average feature diameter of about 17 nm), an rms surface roughness range of 0.18-0.72 nm, and a maximum grafted polymer layer thickness of 5.5 nm. Graft polymerization in an NMP/water solvent mixture, however, resulted in polymer feature sizes that increased up to a maximum average feature diameter of about 90 nm at [NMP] = 60% (v/v) with polymer feature spacing in the range of 10-50 nm. The surface topology of the polymer-modified silicon surfaces grafted in an NMP/water solvent mixture exhibited a bimodal feature height distribution. In constrast, graft polymerization in pure NMP resulted in a narrow feature height distribution of smaller-diameter surface features with smaller surface spacing. The results demonstrated that, with the present approach, the topology of the grafted polymer surface was tunable by adjusting the NMP/water ratio. The present surface graft polymerization method, which is carried out under AP conditions, is particularly advantageous for polymer surface structuring via radical polymerization and can, in principle, be scaled to large surfaces.
Design and Analysis of a Novel Split Sliding Variable Nozzle for Turbocharger Turbine (2017)

Variable geometry turbine (VGT) has been widely applied in internal combustion engines to improve the engine transient response and torque at low speed. One of the most popular variable geometry turbine is the variable nozzle turbine (VNT), in which the nozzle vanes can be rotated along the pivoting axis and thus the flow passage through the nozzle can be adjusted to match with different engine operating conditions. One disadvantage of the VNT is the turbine efficiency degradation due to the leakage flow in the nozzle endwall clearance, which is needed to allow the nozzle vanes to rotate without sticking. Especially at small nozzle open condition, there is large loading on the nozzle and high pressure gradient between the nozzle pressure and suction side. Strong leakage flow exists inside the nozzle endwall clearance from pressure side to suction side, leading to large flow loss and turbine stage efficiency degradation. In the present paper, a novel split sliding variable nozzle turbine (SSVNT) has been proposed to reduce the nozzle leakage flow and to improve turbine stage efficiency. The idea is to divide the nozzle into two parts: one part is fixed and the other part can slide along the partition surface. The mechanism of nozzle flow passage variation in SSVNT is different from that of the traditional pivoting VNT. The sliding vane and the fixed vane together form an integrated vane. The flow of the turbine is determined by the passage of the integrated vanes. When moving the sliding vane to large radius position, the nozzle flow passage opens up and the turbine has high flow capacity. When moving the sliding vane towards small radius position, the nozzle flow passage closes down and the turbine has low flow capacity. As the fixed vane doesn’t need endwall clearance, there is no leakage flow inside the fixed vane and the total leakage flow through the integrated vane can be reduced. Based on calibrated numerical modeling, the analysis results showed that there is up to 12% turbine stage efficiency improvement with the SSVNT design at small nozzle open condition while maintaining the same flow capacity and efficiency at large nozzle open condition, compared to the conventional VNT. The mechanism of efficiency improvement in the SSVNT design has also been discussed.
High-Dielectric Constant Ceramics for Base Metal Monolithic Capacitors (1981)

In order to make the monolithic ceramic capacitors with a base metal internal electrode, the ceramics of {(Ba 1- x Ca x )O} m {(Ti 1- y Zr y )O 2 } compositions were investigaed, where 0.02≦ x ≦0.22, 0< y ≦0.20 and 1.005≦ m ≦1.030. These ceramic materials are sintered in an atmosphere of low oxygen to yield a high resistivity (10 12 Ω-cm), a high dielectric constant (7,000∼9,000), and a low dissipation factor of less than 2.5%. The monolithic capacitors of these ceramics with nickel electrode are as reliable as those with precious metal electode.
Novel thermoplastic elastomers. III. Synthesis, characterization, and properties of star-block copolymers of poly(indene-b-isobutylene) arms emanating from cyclosiloxane cores (2000)

Novel thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) consisting of poly(isobutylene-b-indene) (PIB-b-PInd) arms radiating from hexamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D) cores were prepared, characterized, and their properties investigated. The syntheses of these star-blocks involved the linking by hydrosilation of PInd-b-PIBCH2CHCH2 prearms to D. The prearms were obtained by initiating the living polymerization of Ind by the cumyl chloride (CumCl)/TiCl4 or cumyl methoxide (CumOMe)/TiCl4 systems, continuing by the sequential block copolymerization of IB, and concluding the synthesis by end quenching with allyltrimethylsilane (ATMS). Dedicated experiments were carried out to develop conditions for the various synthesis steps. Select mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of TPE star-blocks having 5–18 PInd-b-PIB arms have been investigated. Because of the high Tg of the glassy PInd segment (Tg,PInd = 170–220°C), these TPEs maintained their strength at higher temperatures than those of similar polystyrene-based star blocks. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 279–290, 2000
Improving the resolution of Non-Invasive Time Domain Reflectometry (2008)

Non invasive time domain reflectometry (TDR) may be used to estimate the volumetric moisture content, thetas <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</sub> , with depth for a variety of sample materials. The forward physical model is couched in terms of a moments method where integration is performed over a discretised sample space to estimate the measured propagation time, t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> down a pair of parallel transmission lines. We show that inverse solution to this, which recovers relative permittivity and thus thetas <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</sub> , is greatly facilitated by a simplification of the system geometry via, 1) realistically modeling the prior density of the sample, 2) using this prior with the inherent system symmetry to reduce the number of required discretisation cells, and 3) determining a physically meaningful reduction operator to allow a coarse discretisation mesh to be used. The observational equation is expressed in the Bayesian paradigm with the most accurate and robust solution obtained using the conditional mean of the posterior distribution constructed via a Monte Carlo method. Results of simulation show that the method is capable of providing accurate estimates of the moisture density profile down to a depth of 100 mm with an error < 4%. Further, the reduction in the number of discretised cells required to accurately estimate these profiles means that the inversion procedure is quick enough to enable the real time application of the equipment, a fundamental requirement in the development.
Hydroxyindole Carboxylic Acid-Based Inhibitors for Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Protein Phosphatase Beta (2013)

A novel method is described for the development of bioavailable PTP inhibitors that utilizes bicyclic salicylic acid to anchor the inhibitors to the active site and peripheral site interactions to enhance binding affinity and selectivity.
Adjustable hybrid diffractive/refractive achromatic lens (2011)

We demonstrate a variable focal length achromatic lens that consists of a flat liquid crystal diffractive lens and a pressure-controlled fluidic refractive lens. The diffractive lens is composed of a flat binary Fresnel zone structure and a thin liquid crystal layer, producing high efficiency and millisecond switching times while applying a low ac voltage input. The focusing power of the diffractive lens is adjusted by electrically modifying the sub-zones and re-establishing phase wrapping points. The refractive lens includes a fluid chamber with a flat glass surface and an opposing elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane surface. Inserting fluid volume through a pump system into the clear aperture region alters the membrane curvature and adjusts the refractive lens' focal position. Primary chromatic aberration is remarkably reduced through the coupling of the fluidic and diffractive lenses at selected focal lengths. Potential applications include miniature color imaging systems, medical and ophthalmic devices, or any design that utilizes variable focal length achromats.
Use of collagen-hydroxyethylmethacrylate hydrogels for cell growth. (1980)

Collagen-hydroxyethylmethacrylate hydrogels were prepared by polymerizing monomeric hydroxyethylmethacrylate in the presence of various concentrations of soluble native collagen. The resulting transparent hydrogels were evaluated as substrata for growth of IMR-90 human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Without collagen no significant growth occurred, whereas a dose-response curve expressing maximal cell growth against collagen concentration could be constructed quite readily by the use of appropriate hydrogels. The method allows for quantification of the collagen contribution to cell growth and, in a more general sense, provides the foundation for a relatively easy procedure to probe mechanisms of cell adhesion and cell differentiation.
Miniature 100-kV explosively driven prime power sources based on transverse shock-wave depolarization of Pb(Zr<inf>0.95</inf>Ti<inf>0.05</inf>)O<inf>3</inf> ferroelectric ceramics (2011)

Our previous efforts [1-7] were focused on designing, constructing and investigating miniature shock wave ferroelectric generators (FEGs) based on Pb(Zr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.52</sub> Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.48</sub> )O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (PZT 52/48) poled ferroelectric ceramics (that is widely used in modern technology). In this paper, we extended our efforts to development of FEGs utilizing different type of ferroelectric materials, i.e. Pb(Zr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.95</sub> Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.05</sub> )O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (PZT 95/5). The design of autonomous ultrahigh-voltage FEGs based on transverse explosive shock depolarization of poled PZT 95/5 ferroelectric ceramics was explored and studied. As a result of this work, miniature generators (diameter 38 mm) that are capable of producing output voltage pulses with amplitudes exceeding 120 kV and pulse widths of 3 μs were developed.
Mixed-Metal Pt Monolayer Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Kinetics (2005)

We have synthesized a new class of electrocatalysts for the O2 reduction reaction, consisting of a mixed monolayer of Pt and another late transition metal (Ir, Ru, Rh, Re, or Os) deposited on a Pd(111) single crystal or on carbon-supported Pd nanoparticles. Several of these mixed monolayer electrocatalysts exhibited very high activity and increased stability of Pt against oxidation, as well as a 20-fold increase in a Pt mass-specific activity, compared with state-of-the-art all-Pt electrocatalysts. Their superior activity and stability reflect a low OH coverage on Pt, caused by the lateral repulsion between the OH adsorbed on Pt and the OH or O adsorbed on neighboring, other than Pt, late transition metal atoms. The origin of this effect was identified through a combination of experimental and theoretical methods, employing electrochemical techniques, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and periodic, self-consistent density functional theory calculations. This new class of electrocatalysts promises to alleviate some major problems of existing fuel cell technology by simultaneously decreasing materials cost and enhancing performance. Our studies suggest a new way of synthesizing improved ORR catalysts through the modification and control of the surface reactivity of Pt-based mixed monolayers supported on transition metals other than Pt. In addition to improving the ORR catalysts, co-depositing oxophilic metals may be a promising possibility for improving a variety of other catalysts.