gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Selective Formation of High-Value-Added Molecules: Some Chemical and Engineering Aspects (2018)

This review deals with the parameters that influence heterogeneous photocatalysis (PC) for selective synthesis of high-value chemicals by itself or in combination with other technologies. In particular, the parameters related to the photocatalysts, such as crystallinity degree, type of polymorph, surface acid–base properties, exposure of particular crystalline facets, coupling of different semiconductors, position of the valence and conduction band edge, addition of doping agents, and those related to the reaction system, such as setup configuration and reactor geometry, type of solvent, type and amount of photocatalyst, affecting the selectivity toward specific products are described and discussed. The presented results highlight that a precise evaluation of the efficiency of the process is a challenging but necessary task to be approached in order to allow real applications of photocatalytic processes.
The Related Metabolic Diseases and Treatments of Obesity (2022)

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by the abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat, affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide. Obesity is commonly associated with other metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancers. Factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overnutrition, socioeconomic status, and other environmental and genetic conditions can cause obesity. Many molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), adhesion molecules, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Commonly used strategies of obesity management and treatment include exercise and dietary change or restriction for the early stage of obesity, bariatric surgery for server obesity, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medicines such as semaglutide and liraglutide that can be used as monotherapy or as a synergistic treatment. In addition, psychological management, especially for patients with obesity and distress, is a good option. Gut microbiota plays an important role in obesity and its comorbidities, and gut microbial reprogramming by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics shows promising potential in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Many clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the therapeutic effects of different treatments. Currently, prevention and early treatment of obesity are the best options to prevent its progression to many comorbidities.
Effects of nanosized contact spots on thermal contact resistance (2008)

We investigate the effects of nanosized contact spots on the thermal contact resistance (TCR) in multiscale contacts. As the contact size decreases below the phonon mean free path, the thermal conductivity varies with the size of the contact and is not the same as its bulk counterpart. We take this into account in our model and we calculate the TCR of silicon contacted with other silicon. The TCR increases as the number of nanosized contact spots increases. However, if we do not consider the thermal conductivity reduction as the contact size decreases below the size of the phonon mean free path, there is a finite limit of the TCR. A parametric study on the effects of distance and size of the contact spots is also presented.
Atrazine-selective Polymer Prepared by Molecular Imprinting Technique (1995)

Abstract A synthetic atrazine-selective polymer was prepared by molecular imprinting technique. Liquid-chromatographic (LC) tests were performed using both the polymer imprinted against atrazine and a reference non-imprinted polymer as LC stationary phases. Atrazine was retained 13-fold longer in the imprinted polymer than in the non-imprinted polymer.
The Role of Erlotinib (Tarceva, OSI 774) in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2004)

Erlotinib (Tarceva) is a reversible and highly specific inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. Phase I studies established a fixed daily oral dose of 150 mg as the recommended dose for Phase II studies. Using this dose and schedule, the response rate in a group of 57 patients with EGFR-positive non-small cell lung cancer after failure of platinum-containing chemotherapy was 12%. The median survival was 8.4 months, and the 1-year survival was 40%. Occurrence and severity of rash were correlated with an improved survival independently of performance status. Another ongoing Phase II study in 50 patients with bronchoalveolar carcinoma has shown a response rate of 26%. Results from two Phase III front-line studies in combination with chemotherapy, TALENT and TRIBUTE, have been recently reported. The addition of erlotinib did not improve response rate, time to progression, or survival. Efforts in the continued development of erlotinib should be focused on the following: (a) investigating the reasons for the lack of relationship between EGFR expression and clinical outcome; (b) the reasons for the failure of the front-line combination trials; and (c) confirming the rash/clinical outcome relationship. Progress in these tasks will allow a better selection of patients who can benefit from this therapy, permit the development of more effective combination schedules with cytotoxics, and define whether this agent should be used at the optimal biological dose or at the maximum-tolerated dose.
Direct and facile synthesis of carbon substituted alkylhydroxy derivatives of cobalt bis(1,2-dicarbollide), versatile building blocks for synthetic purposes (2012)

Reactions of lithiated cobalt bis(1,2-dicarbollide)(1(-)) anion (1(-)) in presence of paraformaldehyde, ethylene oxide or trimethylene oxide led to the substitution of 1(-) at the C-atoms resulting in the high yield formation of monosubstituted alkylhydroxy derivatives [(1-HO(CH(2))(n)-1,2-C(2)B(9)H(10))(1',2'-C(2)B(9)H(11))-3,3'-Co(III)](-) (n = 1-3) isolated as caesium salts (Cs2, Cs3, Cs4) along with disubstituted products of general formulation [(HO(CH(2))(n)-1,2-C(2)B(9)H(10))(2)-3,3'-Co(III)](-) (n = 1-3) (Cs5, Cs6 and Cs7). Disubstituted compounds are in fact a mixture of diastereoisomers denoted as 1,1'-anti(rac-), 1,2'-syn- and in case of Cs6 and Cs7 also 1,2-vicinal-isomer, from which only the anti-isomer could be isolated in pure form in case of shorter chain compounds Cs5 and Cs6. All these alkylhydroxy derivatives can serve as versatile precursors for the generation of a variety of functional molecules. Thus, reaction of Me(3)NH4 with NaH and one equivalent of POCl(3) provided after hydrolysis the phosphorylated [(1-(HO)(2)P(O)OC(3)H(6)-1,2-C(2)B(9)H(10))(1',2'-C(2)B(9)H(11))-3,3'-Co(III)](-) derivative, isolated in the form of trimethylammonium salt, Me(3)NH8 as the main product whereas reaction with half of the equivalent produces a high yield of phosphoric acid diester (Me(3)NH)(2)9 comprising in its structure two cages connected via propyl spacers to the central part. The calcium salt Ca(10)(2) of bridged ion [μ-(HOP(O)(OC(3)H(6))(2))-(1,2-C(2)B(9)H(10))(2)-3,3'-Co(III)](-) resulted from reaction of Me(3)NH7 with NaH and one equivalent of POCl(3) followed by hydrolysis and addition of CaCl(2). All new compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and the structure of Me(3)NH3 and that of the respective salts of the pure anti-stereoisomer of dialkylhydroxy derivatives Cs5 and Me(3)NH6 were established by X-ray crystallography.
A Particle-Associated Glycoprotein Signal Peptide Essential for Virus Maturation and Infectivity (2001)

ABSTRACT Signal peptides (SP) are key determinants for targeting glycoproteins to the secretory pathway. Here we describe the involvement in particle maturation as an additional function of a viral glycoprotein SP. The SP of foamy virus (FV) envelope glycoprotein is predicted to be unusually long. Using an SP-specific antiserum, we demonstrate that its proteolytic removal occurs posttranslationally by a cellular protease and that the major N-terminal cleavage product, gp18, is found in purified viral particles. Analysis of mutants in proposed signal peptidase cleavage positions and N-glycosylation sites revealed an SP about 148 amino acids (aa) in length. FV particle release from infected cells requires the presence of cognate envelope protein and cleavage of its SP sequence. An N-terminal 15-aa SP domain with two conserved tryptophan residues was found to be essential for the egress of FV particles. While the SP N terminus was found to mediate the specificity of FV Env to interact with FV capsids, it was dispensable for Env targeting to the secretory pathway and FV envelope-mediated infectivity of murine leukemia virus pseudotypes.
Oregano and Rosemary Extracts Inhibit Oxidation of Long‐Chain n‐3 Fatty Acids in Menhaden Oil (2007)

Capabilities of methanol extracts from oregano and rosemary in retarding oxidation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5 (EPA), in menhaden oil were investigated. The fish oils after mixing with the extracts at different concentrations were oxidized in an accelerated study by heating at 150 degrees C for 30 min or incubating at 60 degrees C for 5 d. After heating at 150 degrees C, only 15.9% of DHA and 18.5% of EPA remained in the fish oil without extract, while 38.8% to 65.9% of DHA and 44.7% to 69.0% of EPA were retained in the fish oil mixed with 1% to 5% of oregano extract. The highest retained DHA (56.9%) and EPA (58.0%) in the fish oils mixed with rosemary extract were observed at 2.5% addition. Increasing rosemary extract to 5% lowered its capability of inhibiting DHA and EPA oxidation. After incubation at 60 degrees C for 5 d, the highest inhibition capability was also found at 2.5% of added rosemary extract, and the oil retained 88.2% DHA and 88.3% EPA. However, only 18.8% DHA and 23.6% EPA were retained in the fish oil mixed with 5% of oregano extract and no DHA and EPA were detected in the fish oil without extract after 5-d incubation at 60 degrees C. Thus, antioxidant activity of the rosemary extract was greater than that of oregano extract, but was sensitive to heat. The rosemary extract also demonstrated higher DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging capability, which was approximately 3 times higher than oregano extract, although there was no significant difference in the total phenolic contents between both extracts.
IL‐4 responsive CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells specific for myelin basic protein: IL‐2 confers a prolonged postactivation refractory phase (2003)

This study compared myelin basic protein-specific T cells from Lewis rats that were derived in the presence of either rat IL-4 or IL-2. Interleukin-4 was a maintenance factor that enabled derivation of long-term T cell lines. When activated, IL-4 dependent lines were lacking in IL-2 production capacity but maintained high levels of responsiveness to IL-2 and recognized IL-2 as a dominant growth factor. Activated IL-4 dependent T cells rapidly reverted to a quiescent phenotype in the presence of IL-4 and rapidly regained myelin basic protein reactivity. In contrast, activated IL-2 dependent T cells that were propagated in IL-2 had a more persistent blastogenic phenotype and a prolonged refractory phase. Interleukin-4 dependent lines that were propagated in IL-2 up-regulated the capacity to produce IL-2 and also acquired prolonged postactivation refractoriness. Thus, IL-2 was a dominant growth factor that conferred prolonged activation-dependent non-responsiveness. The coupling of dominant growth factor activity with prolonged postactivation refractoriness may be associated with the requisite role of IL-2 in homeostatic self-tolerance.
Progranulin (2017)

Progranulin is a highly conserved secreted protein that is expressed in multiple cell types, both in the CNS and in peripheral tissues. Both directly and via its conversion to granulins, progranulin regulates cell growth, survival, repair, and inflammation. Progranulin has a major role in regulation of lysosomal function and microglial responses in the CNS. Autosomal dominant mutations of the progranulin ( GRN ) gene leading to protein haploinsufficiency are linked to familial frontotemporal dementia with neuropathologic frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) associated with accumulation of TAR-DNA binding protein of 43kDA (TDP-43) inclusions (FTLD-TDP). Homozygous GRN mutations are linked to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). These findings have stimulated interest in elucidating the normal regulation and function of progranulin and granulins and the pathomechanisms by which progranulin deficiency leads to neurodegeneration. These topics have been recently reviewed1–5 and some salient aspects are discussed here.
Synthesis and characterization of a high-temperature, low-volatility phosphate additive for aerospace applications (1991)

Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is a widely used and effective antiwear additive for a variety of lubricants used in aerospace military applications. However, for a high-temperature gas turbine engine oil (GTO) application, volatility and thermo-oxidative stability limitations preclude the use of TCP. For this GTO application, high molecular weight, and thermally and thermo-oxidatively stable groups were incorporated into a phosphate-based additive. This paper describes the synthesis of this additive and its successful performance. 3 refs.
BDNF–triggered events in the rat hippocampus are required for both short‐ and long‐term memory formation (2002)

Information storage in the brain is a temporally graded process involving different memory types or phases. It has been assumed for over a century that one or more short-term memory (STM) processes are involved in processing new information while long-term memory (LTM) is being formed. Because brain-derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) modulates both short-term synaptic function and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the adult hippocampus, we examined the role of BDNF in STM and LTM formation of a hippocampal-dependent one-trial fear-motivated learning task in rats. Using a competitive RT-PCR quantitation method, we found that inhibitory avoidance training is associated with a rapid and transient increase in BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Bilateral infusions of function-blocking anti-BDNF antibody into the CA, region of the dorsal hippocampus decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) activation and impaired STM retention scores. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation by PD098059 produced similar effects. In contrast, intrahippocampal administration of recombinant human BDNF increased ERK1/2 activation and facilitated STM. The infusion of anti-BDNF antibody impaired LTM when given 15 min before or 1 and 4 hr after training, but not at 0 or 6 hr posttraining, indicating that two hippocampal BDNF-sensitive time windows are critical for LTM formation. At the same time points, PD098059 produced no LTM deficits. Thus, our results indicate that endogenous BDNF is required for both STM and LTM formation of an inhibitory avoidance learning. Additionally, they suggest that this requirement involves ERK1/2-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Adaptive shaping and filtering of laser beams using photorefractive elements (2001)

Summary form only given. Two interfering beams inside a photorefractive crystal record a dynamic index grating. For a single mode laser, diffraction of the recording beams onto the induced grating leads to the well known two beam coupling phenomenon: energy is transferred from one beam to the other one. If the laser runs on several longitudinal modes, the energy exchange differs from mode to mode. The photorefractive crystal thus acts as a frequency filter whose spectral transmission depends on the spectral modal structure. We describe the main characteristics of several photorefractive self-adaptive filters based on either two or four wave mixings. We also show how such filters can modify the laser transverse structure.
Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality and its implications on prevention strategies (2017)

With maternal and infant vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in development, it is timely to consider how the deployment of these vaccines might vary according to local RSV disease seasonality. In temperate regions RSV infection is predictably limited to a period of 3 to 5 months, while in tropical regions disease seasonality is often both more variable and more prolonged. Accordingly, in tropical regions a year-round immunisation schedule for both maternal and infant immunisation might be appropriate. In contrast, in temperate regions the benefit of year-round maternal immunisation would be heavily dependent on the duration of protection this provided, potentially necessitating a strategy directed at children due to be born in the months immediately prior to the RSV season. This review will consider the impact of seasonality on maternal and infant immunisation strategies against RSV, and the potential of an alternative approach of passive immunisation for all infants immediately prior to the RSV season.
An IC process compatible nonvolatile magnetic RAM (2002)

This paper presents the characteristics of a silicon IC process compatible, nonvolatile memory. The basic storage element is a thin-film stripe that consists of a pair of 9-nm ferromagnetic (NiFe) layers spaced with 2.2-2.5 nm of non-magnetic Cu film. The magnetization, M, of one of the layers is pinned along the longitudinal direction of the stripe with an antiferromagnetic material (FeMn), while the M of the other layer is free to rotate. This structure is known as a spin valve. When the Ms of the pair are in the same (parallel) direction, the resistance is lower than when they are in the opposite (anti-parallel) direction by 5-8%. This property is well known as the giant magneto-resistive effect. The memory cell is made up of a storage resistor stripe and the x/y select wires, typically 100 nm thick. The current pulses in the select wires generate a vector sum of magnetic field that switches the cell state. The switching field in the longitudinal direction is lowered when a transverse field is applied. The memory cells were fabricated on thermal oxide on silicon wafers. The sputter deposition and etch process of the spin valve does not affect the leakage nor does it alter the Vt of FETs, and thus may be integrated into the metallization steps of the silicon wafer processing.
Keylogging-Resistant Visual Authentication Protocols (2014)

The design of secure authentication protocols is quite challenging, considering that various kinds of root kits reside in Personal Computers (PCs) to observe user's behavior and to make PCs untrusted devices. Involving human in authentication protocols, while promising, is not easy because of their limited capability of computation and memorization. Therefore, relying on users to enhance security necessarily degrades the usability. On the other hand, relaxing assumptions and rigorous security design to improve the user experience can lead to security breaches that can harm the users' trust. In this paper, we demonstrate how careful visualization design can enhance not only the security but also the usability of authentication. To that end, we propose two visual authentication protocols: one is a one-time-password protocol, and the other is a password-based authentication protocol. Through rigorous analysis, we verify that our protocols are immune to many of the challenging authentication attacks applicable in the literature. Furthermore, using an extensive case study on a prototype of our protocols, we highlight the potential of our approach for real-world deployment: we were able to achieve a high level of usability while satisfying stringent security requirements.
A CLINICAL STUDY OF MALIGNANT MAXILLARY SINUS TUMORS (2004)

1993年5月より2001年12月までに当科に入院した上顎洞悪性腫瘍64例について臨床的検討を行った。男性49例, 女性15例, 平均年齢63 (39-93) 歳, 根治治療例47例, 姑息治療17例, 一次治療50例, 二次治療14例, 扁平上皮癌52 (81%) 例であった。Kaplan-Meier 法による全体の5年生存率は44%, 根治治療例は59% (n=47), 一次根治例は55% (n=42), 扁平上皮癌の一次根治例は60% (n=36) であった。リンパ節転移の有無, 既往治療, 根治度で有意差を認めた。
The Mature Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup A Envelope Glycoprotein Is Metastable, and Refolding Induced by the Synergistic Effects of Receptor Binding and Low pH Is Coupled to Infection (2004)

The spring-loaded model stipulates that influenza virus infection is coupled to the transition of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) from a metastable conformation to a highly stable conformation at low pH. The properties of retrovirus envelope glycoproteins indicate that infection is coupled to an analogous conformational change. As a test of this hypothesis, the requirements for avian leukosis virus A (ALV-A) infection were examined. These studies indicate that, like HA, the conformation of the mature ALV-A envelope glycoprotein is metastable and that infection is linked to refolding at low pH. However, unlike HA, low-pH activation is only observed after priming by receptor. Therefore, ALV-A infection is dependent on the synergistic effects of receptor binding and low pH, suggesting that receptor binding superimposes an additional constraint on activation of ALV-A fusion that proceeds by a mechanism comparable to that of influenza virus.
Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines (2008)

The escalating use of aircraft in the 21st century demands a thorough understanding of engine propulsion concepts, including the performance of aero engines. Among other critical activities,gas turbines play an extensive role in electric power generation, and marine propulsion for naval vessels and cargo ships. In the most exhaustive volume to date
FET active slotline notch antennas for quasi-optical power combining (1993)

A new active antenna structure with applications in quasi-optical power combining is described. The active antenna combines a slotline FET oscillator with a notch antenna. The new structure was successfully used to create both E-plane and H-plane linear arrays as well as a 2D array. Preliminary results of radiation patterns and the power combining efficiencies of the arrays are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Impulse-Based Dynamic Simulation of Articulated Rigid Bodies with Aerodynamics (2006)

We propose a physically-based modeling approach to generate effect of aerodynamics. We take the impulse-based method that allows us to treat, articulation, contact, collision in a unified manner. We use the concept of dynamic pressure which is the pressure related to the relative wind velocity, and is frequently adopted in flight simulation and wing design. Moreover, we calculate the aerodynamics according to their shapes, simply in a unified and physically-based approach without tuning too many parameters. A freezing algorithm is also proposed for speed up the simulation. This approach is designed for the use in interactive systems such as VR motion simulator, computer games, and general purpose interactive environments. We demonstrate our approach in an interactive simulation environment with a helicopter levitating with its propeller to show the effect of lift and drag. We also demonstrate the Magnus effect with a ball demo.