gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NFAT5 in cellular adaptation to hypertonic stress – regulations and functional significance (2013)

The Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells-5 (NFAT5), also known as OREBP or TonEBP, is a member of the nuclear factors of the activated T cells family of transcription factors. It is also the only known tonicity-regulated transcription factor in mammals. NFAT5 was initially known for its role in the hypertonic kidney inner medulla for orchestrating a genetic program to restore the cellular homeostasis. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that NFAT5 might play a more diverse functional role, including a pivotal role in blood pressure regulation and the development of autoimmune diseases. Despite the growing significance of NFAT5 in physiology and diseases, our understanding of how its activity is regulated remains very limited. Furthermore, how changes in tonicities are converted into functional outputs via NFAT5 remains elusive. Therefore, this review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the functional roles of NFAT5 in osmotic stress adaptation and the signaling pathways that regulate its activity.
Fuzzy linguistic multicriteria morphological analysis in scenario planning (2013)

Companies that want to be competitive must make use of good practices to anticipate the future by analyzing the possible effects of today's decisions on their own long-term development. Scenario planning is among the most extended approaches to accomplish this. One of the techniques often used in scenario planning is Morphological Analysis, which aims to explore the space of feasible futures in a systematic way by analyzing all the combinations of the possible states of the variable that compose the system under study. Each of this combinations represent a possible future scenario. This work focuses on a particular variant known as the MORPHOL method, in which every scenario is evaluated in terms of the probability it eventually arises. This is computed using the marginal probability estimates of the hypothetical variables' states involved in the scenario, which are given by human experts. This method presents two drawbacks: first, the probabilities have to be expressed by numerical values which makes difficult its estimation by humans and does not capture its uncertainty; and second, it examines the scenarios basing only on their probability, thus it may ignore scenarios that are interesting but not the very probable. In order to ease the experts' task and capture their opinions in a better way, we introduce Computing with Words techniques. For solving the second shortcoming, we apply Multi-criteria Decision Making to uncover good scenarios according to several criteria jointly including probability. The result is a novel linguistic multi-criteria method for morphological analysis that has been successfully applied to a real problem and thus deserves further research.
Identification of calcification with MRI using susceptibility‐weighted imaging: A case study (2008)

Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) is a new MRI technique that can identify calcification by using phase images. We present a single case with a partially calcified oligodendroglioma, multiple calcified cysticercosis lesions, and multiple physiologic calcifications in the same patient. SWI phase images and computed tomography (CT) images are compared. SWI phase images showed the same calcified lesions as shown on CT and sometimes some new calcifications. Our conclusion is that SWI filtered phase images can identify calcifications as well as CT in this case.
Early clinical development of targeted anticancer agents (2017)

Van Brummelen studied the safety and preliminary signs of efficacy of several novel targeted anticancer agents in phase I trials. In her thesis, she reports the results of trials with the immunotherapies pembrolizumab and cergutuzumab-amunaleukin, and with combinations of inhibitors of the MEK and HER proteins which are involved in tumor cell growth and proliferation, specifically in patients with a KRAS mutation. In addition, she provides tools to improve early drug clinical development in oncology in the future, such as optimization of phase I trial design by using a model-based approach, the use of BRAF as a biomarker for response to anti-EGFR treatment in patients with colorectal cancer, and strategies to address anti-drug antibody formation in future clinical trials.
Compounding Variables Influencing the Reversion Process in Accelerated Curing of Natural Rubber (1982)

Abstract Reversion of natural rubber is dependent on the nature of the curing system, choice of accelerator, and the temperature and time of cure. Conventional cure systems which contain a high ratio of sulfur to accelerator have higher moduli at optimum cure, faster rates of cure, but are more vulnerable to reversion. The EV systems, which contain a low ratio of sulfur to accelerator, demonstrate good resistance to reversion but lower moduli at optimum cure and slower rates of cure. The sulfurless cure systems, which represent an extreme case, show greater reversion resistance than EV systems. Of the three accelerators tetramethyl thiuramdisulfide (TMTD), diphenylguanidine (DPG), and N-oxydiethylene benzothiazole-2-sulfenamide (MOR) studied, MOR gives the best performance, followed by DPG, then TMTD in terms of reversion resistance for the cure times studied. In the injection molding of rubber, MOR offers better performance with respect to the requirements of safe scorch times, fast rates of cure, and good reversion resistance. Whenever the conventional cure systems cannot give satisfactory performance, the EV cure system is strongly recommended. If further improvement is needed, such as higher injection and mold temperatures, compensation for the loss of modulus can be made by addition of accelerator and sulfur or simply accelerator alone. Other alternatives are consideration of blends of accelerators as well as blends of natural rubber with other rubbers.
Thoracic epidural puncture guided by an acoustic signal: clinical results (2004)

Background and objective: In previous studies we have demonstrated that it is possible and safe to identify the lumbar epidural space by an acoustic and visible signal. The use of an experimental set-up constructed for this purpose, the acoustic puncture assist device, the lumbar epidural puncture procedure became both audible and visible. In the present study we have extended the use of the device to localize the thoracic epidural space. We have also evaluated whether the device can be used as a practical tool to confirm correct catheter placement. Methods: In 100 consecutive patients a prototype of the acoustic puncture assist device was connected to the epidural needle in order to localize the epidural space. The device translates the pressure encountered by the needle tip into a corresponding acoustic and visible signal and enables the anaesthesiologist to detect the epidural space by means of the acoustic signal. After catheter insertion, local anaesthetic was administered. Subsequently the epidural block was tested. In 10 patients the device was also connected to the epidural catheter after its insertion into the epidural space. Results: In all 100 patients included in the study the epidural space was successfully located by means of the acoustic signal. The only recorded complication was intravascular catheter placement in two patients. Conclusions: It is possible to localize the thoracic epidural space guided by an acoustic signal. The method was shown to be safe, reliable and simple. Potential implications of this technique include better needle control, improved monitoring for training purposes and for clinical documentation of the thoracic epidural puncture as well as identifying correct catheter placement.
Migratory Aptitudes of Simple Alkyl Groups in the Anionotropic Rearrangement of Quaternary Chloromethyl Borate Species:  A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation (2003)

A combined experimental and theoretical investigation at the DFT and MP2 levels on the boron-to-carbon 1,2-shift in "ate species", coming from the quaternization of boranes (A) and boronate (B), is reported. To discuss the different migratory aptitudes of various alkyl groups, we have examined the migration of primary (R = Me, Et), secondary (R = i-Pr), and tertiary (R = t-Bu) alkyl groups. The effect of the counterion Li(+) and of the solvent (polarized continuous model (PCM) method) has been considered. The following results are relevant: (a) in all cases, the reaction proceeds via a concerted-type mechanism which explains the retention of configuration at the migrating group and the inversion at the migration terminus experimentally observed. (b) The trend of the migration barriers along the direction primary --> secondary --> tertiary alkyl group observed in "ate" species A is reversed in boronate species B, in agreement with the experimental evidences. (c) A simple theoretical model is proposed where the barrier trend is the result of a delicate interplay between two opposite factors: (1) a "steric effect", which favors the most sterically demanding migrating groups, and (2) a "charge effect" associated with the partial carbanionic nature of the migrating carbon atom and which favors the less substituted migrating carbons.
The determination of electron density by the dual-energy Compton scatter method (1985)

The intensity of Compton scattered photons is directly proportional to the electron density of a substance; therefore it is possible to detect changes in electron density by this noninvasive method. The source-detector geometry has been varied to study the effects of geometry on the calculated electron density values, using a 90 degrees scattering angle. The dual-energy Compton scatter method provides a determination of electron density in known samples, with an uncertainty of less than 1% for the optimal geometry. The effective linear attenuation coefficient for Compton scatter has been determined with an uncertainty of 2.1%-3.6% for the optimal geometry used. The applications of the dual-energy Compton scattering technique in radiotherapy dosimetry and skeletal bone densitometry are being investigated.
Frequency of immunoglobulin E class switching is autonomously determined and independent of prior switching to other classes. (1994)

Both, in humans and in mice, a major fraction of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-expressing B lymphocytes develops by sequential Ig class switching from IgM via IgG to IgE. This sequential class switch might have functional implications for the frequency and repertoire of IgE+ cells. Here we show that in mutant mice, in which sequential switching to IgE via IgG1 is blocked, the frequency of cells switching to IgE is not affected. Thus, sequential class switching to IgE merely reflects the simultaneous accessibility of two acceptor switch regions for switch recombination, induced by one cytokine, but with markedly distinct efficiency. Analysis of switch recombination on both IgH alleles of switched cells shows that the low frequency of switching to IgE is an inherent feature of the S epsilon switch region and its control elements.
Designing a Unified Cloud Log Analytics Platform (2016)

Cloud logs offer unprecedented opportunities to understand user behaviors in cloud applications and advance practices in engineering, user experience, and business. Currently, different stakeholders with relevant role-based questions use different tools for log analysis, but they share the goal of improving the same application and need to share log analyses to make decisions about application improvements. We propose a unified cloud log analytics platform. Designing such a platform is challenging because it needs to not only draw on concepts shared among different stakeholders, but also to support role-specific analyses. In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework for log analysis and show its usefulness. Then we present the design and evaluation of a prototype that implements the framework and applies visualizations to allow different non-technical stakeholders to perform log analytics. We conclude with lessons learned to inform future work.
Incorporating spirituality in counseling and psychotherapy: theory and technique (2003)

Introduction Historical Development Western Religions Eastern Religions Theoretical Integration with Cultural Implications Counseling Focus Integration Ethical Issues Specific Techniques
Alterations in Nonhuman Primate ( <i>M. Nemestrina</i> ) Lung Proteoglycans during Normal Development and Acute Hyaline Membrane Disease (1993)

Proteoglycans (PGs) and lung hyaluronan (HA) are important components of the lung matrix both during normal development and in response to injury. We combined morphologic and biochemical techniques to study changes in PG and HA in a developmental series of Macaca nemestrina lungs ranging from 62% gestation to 3 mo post-term (n = 16), in adult lungs (n = 6), and from prematurely delivered, mechanically ventilated monkeys with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) (n = 7). Three groups of cuprolinic blue-positive (CuB) precipitates, identified by size, location, and susceptibility to enzyme digestion were found in lungs from all animals. Immature alveolar interstitium is characterized by loosely woven collagen bundles and an abundance of large (100 to 200 nm) stained filaments representing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). As maturation proceeds, the interstitial matrix appears increasingly organized, with large collagen bundles associated with 20 nm CuB-stained deposits (dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, DSPGs), and fewer large CSPGs. Fetal alveolar basement membrane contains CuB-stained heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) (10 nm) scattered throughout. Lung matrix from animals with HMD appeared to have a disruption of the collagen-DSPG relationship, in addition to an enrichment in large CSPG. Complementary biochemical analysis of lung PGs and HA was done. Minced lung parenchyma was cultured with [3H]-glucosamine and [35S]-sulfate for 24 h; PGs and HA were extracted and analyzed. While PG synthesis during development tended to be highest at 80% gestation, animals with HMD showed greatly increased synthesis, approximately 2.5-fold higher than comparable fetal animals. In the developmental series, [3H]-glucosamine incorporation into HA was maximal at term, falling abruptly thereafter. HMD animals, however, showed a 2.3-fold increase over controls in net HA synthesis. Extracted PGs were separated according to buoyant density by dissociative cesium chloride density gradient ultracentrifugation. Two peaks of 35S-labeled PGs were separated from each density gradient fraction by chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B. A large CSPG was the principal PG eluting in the voiding volume, while the second broad peak (K(av) = 0.42) contained a mixed population of CSPG, DSPG, and HSPGs, the proportions of which varied with age. Both ultrastructural and biochemical analyses indicate that production of a large, high buoyant density CSPG predominates in fetal lung tissue, and diminishes with developmental age. Synthesis of large CSPG is greatly increased in lung explants from prematurely delivered animals with HMD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Immediate postmortem cultures in an intensive care nursery (1984)

The results of several published studies suggest that bacterial infection plays an important role in the mortality of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) patients. To evaluate more thoroughly this role we have routinely performed postmortem cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluid on all infants who die in our NICU. During a 5-year review period 25.9% of infants who died had one or both cultures positive for an organism considered to be pathogenic in the neonate. The organisms most commonly cultured were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Group B Streptococcus. Of those infants who had positive postmortem cultures and who had an autopsy, 95% had histologic evidence of infection. Forty-three percent of our infants with positive postmortem cultures were not suspected of having a serious infection and had not received antibiotics before death. Postmortem cultures appeared to be helpful in identifying NICU patients in whom serious infection may have played a role in mortality. Unsuspected serious infection is a common finding in infants who die in a neonatal intensive care setting.
In multiple myeloma, circulating hyperdiploid B cells have clonotypic immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangements and may mediate spread of disease. (2000)

DNA aneuploidy characterizes a proportion of malignant bone marrow (BM)-localized plasma cells in multiple myeloma (MM). This analysis shows that for most MM patients, circulating clonotypic B cells in MM are also hyperdiploid. Although all normal B cells and some malignant B cells are diploid, hyperdiploidy is likely to be exclusive to those that are malignant. Hyperdiploid MM B cells express CD34 and have clonotypic IgH transcripts, confirming them as part of the malignant clone. For MM, 92% (70/76) of patients had a DNA hyperdiploid subset [5-30% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)] of CD19+ B cells. All CD19+ PBMCs in MM expressed CD19 and IgH variable diversity joining (VDJ) transcripts, confirming them as B cells. DNA aneuploid cells were undetectable in T or B lymphocytes from normal blood, spleen or thymus, or in blood from patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In MM, untreated patients had the highest DNA index (1.12). DNA hyperdiploid PBMCs were most frequent among untreated patients and were significantly reduced after chemotherapy. Diploid B cells were significantly more frequent after chemotherapy than at diagnosis. Of the hyperdiploid PBMCs, 81 +/- 3% expressed CD34 and CD19. In contrast to circulating CD34+ B cells, CD34- B cells in MM are diploid. In MM, unlike hyperdiploid PBMC B cells, hyperdiploid BM plasma cells lack both CD34 and CD19, suggesting that loss of CD34 correlates with differentiation and BM anchoring. In situ reverse transcription-PCR of the CD34+ (hyperdiploid) and CD34- (diploid) PBMC B-cell subsets was performed using patient-specific primers to amplify clonotypic IgH VDJ transcripts. Confirming previous work, CD34+ hyperdiploid MM PBMCs were clonotypic (86 +/- 5%). In contrast, CD34- diploid MM PBMCs had few monoclonal cells (4.8 +/- 2%). The lack of hyperdiploidy, together with the relative absence of cells having clonotypic transcripts, suggests these polyclonal CD34- B cells are normal. After culture in colchicine to arrest mitosis, hyperdiploid B cells were reduced and MM B cells accumulated in a diploid G2-M, suggesting that hyperdiploid in MM may represent a transient S-phase arrest rather than an aneuploid G0 phase. The DNA hyperdiploidy of CD34+ clonotypic B cells suggests these cells may be clinically important constituents of the myeloma clone and that they may play a direct role in the spread of myeloma.
Mechanisms of Ischemic Neuroprotection by Acetyl-l-carnitine (2005)

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring substance that, when administered at supraphysiologic concentrations, is neuroprotective in several animal models of global and focal cerebral ischemia.Three primary mechanisms of action are supported by neurochemical outcome measures performed with these models and with in vitro models of acute neuronal cell death.The metabolic hypothesis is based on the oxidative metabolism of the acetyl component of acetyl-L-carnitine and is a simple explanation for the reduction in postischemic brain lactate levels and elevation of ATP seen with drug administration.The antioxidant mechanism is supported by reduction of oxidative stress markers, for example, protein oxidation, in both brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid.The relatively uncharacterized mechanism of inhibiting excitotoxicity could be extremely important in both acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.New experiments performed with primary cultures of rat cortical neurons indicate that the presence of acetyl-L-carnitine significantly inhibits both acute and delayed cell death following exposure to NMDA, an excitotoxic glutamate antagonist.Finally, several other mechanisms of action are possible, including a neurotrophic effect of acetyl-L-carnitine and inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition.While the multiple potential mechanisms of neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine limit an accurate designation of the most important mode of action, they are compatible with the concept that several brain injury pathways must be inhibited to optimize therapeutic efficacy.
Suture Anchor Suspension and Fascia Lata Interposition Arthroplasty for Basal Joint Arthritis of the Thumb (2008)

Thumb basal joint arthroplasty using suture anchor suspension and fascia lata interposition is a reliable, effective, and expeditious technique. It obviates the need for tendon harvest and manipulation while treating the underlying pathomechanics of the disorder.
Stability of natural colourants (annatto, beet, paprika, turmeric) during extrusion cooking. (1990)

Commercial annatto (bixin and norbixin) beet, paprika and turmeric colour extracts were blended with rice flour and extruded in a Brabender single screw laboratory extruder at dough temperatures of 125 and 155°C. Resulting colour stability was measured and changes in spectrophotometric and thin layer chromatography. Spectrophotometric and TLC data showed that all colourants underwent some degree of alteration during extrusion with high temperature extrusion resulting in the appearance of more degradation products
Crystallization of a soluble form of the Kexlp serine carboxypeptidase from <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1996)

A soluble form of the killer factor and prohormone-processing carboxypeptidase, "Kex1 delta p," from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been crystallized in 17-22% poly(enthylene glycol) methyl ether (average M(r) = 5,000), 100 mM ammonium acetate, 5% glycerol, pH 6.5, at 20 degrees C. A native data set (2.8 A resolution) and four derivative data sets (3.0-3.2 A resolution) were collected at the Photon Factory (lambda = 1.0 A). The crystals belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a =56.6 A, b = 84.0 A, c = 111.8 A. Freezing a Kex1 delta p crystal has facilitated the collection of a 2.4-A data set using a rotating anode source (lambda = 1.5418 A). Molecular replacement models have been built based on the structures of wheat serine carboxypeptidase (CPDW-II; Liao DI et al., 1992, Biochemistry 31:9796-9812) and yeast carboxypeptidase Y.
Mercator—Independent rover localization using stereophotoclinometry and panoramic images (2016)

Abstract We present a navigation technique for a lunar vehicle based upon matching horizon imagery with a database of synthetic panoramas generated from ultrahigh‐resolution topographic models created by stereophotoclinometry. We conducted two tests, one with lunar topography and fully synthetic panoramas, and another using Earth‐based data and actual panoramic images. We have shown that the horizon‐matching technique can search a wide area for a vehicle's location and determine that location to within 6 m using readily available imagery.