gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Finite Alphabet Iterative Decoders, Part I: Decoding Beyond Belief\n Propagation on BSC (2012)

We introduce a new paradigm for finite precision iterative decoding on\nlow-density parity-check codes over the Binary Symmetric channel. The messages\ntake values from a finite alphabet, and unlike traditional quantized decoders\nwhich are quantized versions of the Belief propagation (BP) decoder, the\nproposed finite alphabet iterative decoders (FAIDs) do not propagate quantized\nprobabilities or log-likelihoods and the variable node update functions do not\nmimic the BP decoder. Rather, the update functions are maps designed using the\nknowledge of potentially harmful subgraphs that could be present in a given\ncode, thereby rendering these decoders capable of outperforming the BP in the\nerror floor region. On certain column-weight-three codes of practical interest,\nwe show that there exist 3-bit precision FAIDs that surpass the BP decoder in\nthe error floor. Hence, FAIDs are able to achieve a superior performance at\nmuch lower complexity. We also provide a methodology for the selection of FAIDs\nthat is not code-specific, but gives a set of candidate FAIDs containing\npotentially good decoders in the error floor region for any column-weight-three\ncode. We validate the code generality of our methodology by providing\nparticularly good three-bit precision FAIDs for a variety of codes with\ndifferent rates and lengths.\n
Circuit model for resonant cavity mode enabled wireless power transfer (2016)

Recently, a new paradigm in wireless power transfer based on cavity mode resonance has experimentally shown the ability to efficiently deliver power to multiple receivers over large 3D volumes of an enclosed metallic cavity. However, existing analytical models based on coupled mode theory and finite element simulation tools are complicated to use, relatively slow to converge, and fail to give researchers and system designers the intuition to optimize wireless power transfer performance. In this work a general circuit model for the cavity resonant wireless power system is introduced and validated against simulated and measured results. Results show an average agreement between the circuit model and measured transfer efficiency are within +/-5%. Thus, cavity mode enabled wireless power transfer can be analyzed with an equivalent circuit model allowing for fast design iteration and a better understanding of how to optimize system performance. We used the circuit model developed herein to design a simple impedance matching network for 52 LED receivers and transferred power wirelessly to all of them simultaneously with approximately 30% efficiency, by combining two cavity modes, TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">011</sub> and TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">012</sub> . However, under optimal load condition, which requires more complicated matching circuit, a minimum efficiency of 50% can easily be achieved at the same positions, we instead here we focused on a simple and fast design solution.
Design and Implementation of a Bio-Impedance Analyzer Based on the Kramers-Kronig Transform (2018)

The increasing interest in bio-impedance analysis in various fields has increased the demand for portable and low-cost impedance analyzers that can be used in the field. Simplifying the hardware is important to maintain low-cost and portability, but this is not an easy task due to the need for accurate phase and magnitude measurements. In this paper, a magnitude only hardware design is proposed and tested. The need to measure the phase is replaced by using a modified Kramers-Kronig transform to extract the phase from the magnitude information. Testing using on-shelf components, and comparisons using apple bio-impedance measurements from a professional impedance analyzer are also reported.
Hard magnetic properties of Fe-Nd-B alloys containing intergranular amorphous phase (1995)

Fe-rich Fe-Nd-B amorphous alloys containing 88 to 90 at% Fe annealed for 60-300 s at 923-1023 K have the nanostructure consisting of bcc-Fe, Fe/sub 14/Nd/sub 2/B and remaining amorphous phases, and exhibit rather good hard magnetic properties, i.e., remanence (Br) of 1.28 T, coercive field (iHc) of 252 kA/m and maximum energy product ((BH)/sub max/) of 146 kJ/m/sup 3/ for Fe/sub 89/Nd/sub 7/B/sub 4/. The nanoscale Fe/sub 14/Nd/sub 2/B particles with a size of about 30 nm are surrounded by the bcc-Fe and amorphous phases which act as a magnetic exchange-coupled medium. The nanoscale coexistence of the three ferromagnetic phases is important for the achievement of the rather good hard magnetic properties. The simultaneous achievement of the high Br and (BH)/sub max/ values and the residual existence of the amorphous phase for the Fe-rich alloys containing about 90 at% Fe has significant engineering importance because of the expectations of high deformability and low cost.
Carbon Dioxide Clathrates: An IR Spectroscopic Marker for Arthritis? (1993)

The IR spectra of dry films of synovial fluid from normal and arthritic joints are presented. The spectra suggest the existence of CO 2 clathrates in these fluids which are of remarkable stability in comparison to well-known CO 2 clathrate hydrates. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the formation of CO 2 clathrates in biological media. The proportion of CO 2 clathrates found in synovial fluid appears to vary with the state of health of joints and thus may be of use in the clinical diagnosis of arthritis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Thromboxane A2. (1986)

Abstract On treatment with tin hydrides, the bromide (Ia) does not give the expected methyl ester (Ib) of the ti tle compound but the radical cyclization product (Ic).
A large air-gap capacitive power transfer system with a 4-plate capacitive coupler structure for electric vehicle charging applications (2016)

This paper proposes a compact 4-plate capacitive coupler structure for large-air-gap capacitive power transfer (CPT). An LCL-compensated circuit topology is applied at both the primary and secondary sides to resonate with the power transmitting plates. The resonance boosts the voltage on the plates to kV levels to increase the power capacity of the CPT system. On each side, the two plates are aligned vertically with a small distance between them to provide a large coupling capacitance, which can eliminate the need for an external capacitor. An equivalent circuit model of the 4-plate coupler is presented to simplify the design process of the system parameters. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to determine the coupler capacitance. The leakage electric field is also simulated at high power to demonstrate the potential safety issues. A 2.2kW input power CPT system is designed and implemented, which can achieve a dc-dc efficiency of 85.87% at a 150 mm air-gap distance. This study demonstrates that the CPT system is also a solution to electric vehicle charging applications.
IP header compression: a study of context establishment (2004)

The use of bandwidth constrained links in wireless networks necessitates the use of bandwidth saving header compression schemes. In these schemes, a compressor and a decompressor collaborate to encode bulky IP headers into streamlined compressed headers. Intuitively, the gain from compression is the average compressed header length divided by the uncompressed header size. In this paper, we show that this is not true in many situations: this does not account for the cost introduced by the variability of the header sizes during compression context initialization. First, we provide analytical basis for cost of compression context creation and compare the relative costs of establishing contexts with an optimistic approach and with an acknowledgement-based approach. We conclude that the optimistic approach can be used as an upper bound in our analytical model. Second, we evaluate the impact of header compression on traffic patterns in terms of bandwidth allocation, in order to accommodate the burst introduced by compression context initialization. We compute the actual compression ratio, that is the actual number of users of IP header compression that can be multiplexed onto a given link. We show this number is significantly different from the one computed by dividing the link bandwidth by the average rate of a compressed flow. Our results provide a formal basis for context management especially during handovers in mobile networks. For example, our result indicates that there is significant benefit to relocate compression contexts (from one network node to another) rather than to re-establish them each time during handovers.
Evaluating a Targeted Cancer Therapy Approach Mediated by RNA trans-Splicing In Vitro and in a Xenograft Model for Epidermolysis Bullosa-Associated Skin Cancer (2022)

Conventional anti-cancer therapies based on chemo- and/or radiotherapy represent highly effective means to kill cancer cells but lack tumor specificity and, therefore, result in a wide range of iatrogenic effects. A promising approach to overcome this obstacle is spliceosome-mediated RNA <i>trans</i>-splicing (SMaRT), which can be leveraged to target tumor cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. Notably, a previously established RNA <i>trans</i>-splicing molecule (RTM44) showed efficacy and specificity in exchanging the coding sequence of a cancer target gene (Ct-SLCO1B3) with the suicide gene HSV1-thymidine kinase in a colorectal cancer model, thereby rendering tumor cells sensitive to the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV). In the present work, we expand the application of this approach, using the same RTM44 in aggressive skin cancer arising in the rare genetic skin disease recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). Stable expression of RTM44, but not a splicing-deficient control (NC), in RDEB-SCC cells resulted in expression of the expected fusion product at the mRNA and protein level. Importantly, systemic GCV treatment of mice bearing RTM44-expressing cancer cells resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume and weight compared with controls. Thus, our results demonstrate the applicability of RTM44-mediated targeting of the cancer gene Ct-SLCO1B3 in a different malignancy.
Phenotypic conversion of drug-resistant bacteria to drug sensitivity (1997)

Plasmids that contain synthetic genes coding for small oligoribonucleotides called external guide sequences (EGSs) have been introduced into strains of Escherichia coli harboring antibiotic resistance genes. The EGSs direct RNase P to cleave the mRNAs transcribed from these genes thereby converting the phenotype of drug-resistant cells to drug sensitivity. Increasing the EGS-to-target mRNA ratio by changing gene copy number or the number of EGSs complementary to different target sites enhances the efficiency of the conversion process. We demonstrate a general method for the efficient phenotypic conversion of drug-resistant bacterial cultures.
Solution Processable MOF Yellow Phosphor with Exceptionally High Quantum Efficiency (2014)

An important aspect in the research and development of white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) is the discovery of highly efficient phosphors free of rare-earth (RE) elements. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a new type of RE-free, blue-excitable yellow phosphor, obtained by combining a strongly emissive molecular fluorophore with a bandgap modulating co-ligand, in a three-dimensional metal organic framework. [Zn6(btc)4(tppe)2(DMA)2] (btc = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate, tppe = 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethene, DMA = dimethylacetamide) crystallizes in a new structure type and emits bright yellow light when excited by a blue light source. It possesses the highest internal quantum yield among all RE-free, blue-excitable yellow phosphors reported to date, with a value as high as 90.7% (λex = 400 nm). In addition to its high internal quantum yield, the new yellow phosphor also demonstrates high external quantum yield, luminescent and moisture stability, solution processability, and color tunability, making it a promising material for use in phosphor conversion WLEDs.
Sequence determination of actagardine, a novel lantibiotic, by homonuclear 2D NMR spectroscopy. (1990)

By combination of several 1H NMR techniques, the sequence of actagardine has been elucidated. It has been shown that it is a tetracyclic 19-residue peptide antibiotic. It differs from the previously described lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotics belonging to the lantibiotic class.
Electrochemical Biosensor of Nanocube-Augmented Carbon Nanotube Networks (2009)

Networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) decorated with Au-coated Pd (Au/Pd) nanocubes are employed as electrochemical biosensors that exhibit excellent sensitivity (2.6 mA mM(-1) cm(-2)) and a low estimated detection limit (2.3 nM) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 (S/N = 3) in the amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide. Biofunctionalization of the Au/Pd nanocube-SWCNT biosensor is demonstrated with the selective immobilization of fluorescently labeled streptavidin on the nanocube surfaces via thiol linking. Similarly, glucose oxidase (GOx) is linked to the surface of the nanocubes for amperometric glucose sensing. The exhibited glucose detection limit of 1.3 muM (S/N = 3) and linear range spanning from 10 muM to 50 mM substantially surpass similar CNT-based biosensors. These results, combined with the structure's compatibility with a wide range of biofunctionalization procedures, would make the nanocube-SWCNT biosensor exceptionally useful for glucose detection in diabetic patients and well suited for a wide range of amperometric detection schemes for clinically important biomarkers.
Quasi-pushout cell discarding (1997)

In asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switching networks, buffers are required to accommodate traffic fluctuations due to statistical multiplexing. However, cell discarding takes place when the buffer space of a network node is used up during a traffic surge. Though pushout cell discarding was found to achieve fair buffer utilization and good cell loss performance, it is difficult to implement because of the large number of queue length comparisons. We propose quasi-pushout cell discarding which reduces the number of queue length comparisons by employing the concept of quasi-longest queue. Simulation results under bursty and imbalanced traffic conditions show that quasi-pushout can achieve comparable cell loss performance as pushout at a much lower complexity.
Novel block ionomers. I. Synthesis and characterization of polyisobutylene‐based block anionomers (2002)

Abstract A series of novel block anionomers consisting of polyisobutylene (PIB) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) segments were prepared and characterized. The specific targets were various molecular weight diblocks (PIB‐ b ‐PMAA − ), triblocks (PMAA − ‐ b ‐PIB‐ b ‐PMAA − ), and three‐arm star blocks [Φ(PIB‐ b ‐PMAA − ) 3 ] consisting of rubbery PIB blocks with a number‐average degree of polymerization of 50–1000 (number‐average molecular weight = 3000–54,000 g/mol) connected to blocks of PMAA − anions with a number‐average degree of polymerization of 5–20. The overall strategy for the synthesis of these constructs consisted of four steps: (1) synthesis by living cationic polymerization of t ‐chloro‐monotelechelic, t ‐chloro‐ditelechelic, and t ‐chloro‐tritelechelic PIBs; (2) site transformation to obtain PIBs fitted with termini capable of mediating the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of tert ‐butyl methacrylate ( t BMA); (3) ATRP of t BMA, and (4) hydrolysis of poly( tert ‐butyl methacrylate) to PMAA − . The architectures created and the synthesis steps employed are summarized. Kinetic and model experiments greatly assisted in the development of convenient synthesis methods. The microarchitectures of the various block anionomers were confirmed by spectroscopy and other techniques. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3662–3678, 2002
Modification of microelectrode arrays: New microelectrochemical devices for sensor applications (1986)

Microelectrode arrays consisting of two or eight closely spaced (approx. 1 micron) Au or Pt microelectrodes (approx. 2 micron wide x approx. micron long x 0.1 micron high) can be modified with a variety of redox active materials in a way that leads to microelectrochemical devices that may be useful as sensors. In general, a pair of microelectrodes connected by a redox active material represents a device, because the current, I sub D, passing from one microelectrode (source) to the other (drain) at a fixed potential between them, V sub D, can be modulated by electrically- or chemically-induced changes in the state of charge of the redox material. The fundamental issues associated with pH-sensitive devices based on poly(3-methylthiophene), poly(4-vinylpyridine), a viologen-quinone redox polymer, and WO3 are described to illustrate generic concepts that underlie the development of microelectrochemical sensors. (Author)
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Thio-oligosaccharides (1999)

No protecting groups are present in the highly reactive polymer-bound sugar 1-thiolates 1, which undergo reactions with sugar triflates 2 to give thio-oligosaccharides 3 in high yield. Tr=trityl=triphenylmethyl, Tf=trifluoromethylsulfonyl, Bz=benzoyl.
Sources and Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2013)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the developing embryo. hESCs culture as cell lines in vitro and possess great potential in such research fields as developmental biology and cell-based therapy, as well as such industrial purposes as drug screening and toxicology. When ESCs were first derived by Thomson and colleagues, traditional methods of immunostaining and culturing, using primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts and medium supplemented by serum were used. Considerable efforts have since led to improved methods for isolating new lines in defined and reproducible conditions. This chapter discusses sources for embryos for ESC isolation, commonly used methods for deriving hESC lines, and a number of possible culture systems.
Mechanism of Vibrio cholerae Autoinducer-1 Biosynthesis (2011)

Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the disease cholera, uses a cell to cell communication process called quorum sensing to control biofilm formation and virulence factor production. The major V. cholerae quorum-sensing signal CAI-1 has been identified as (S)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one, and the CqsA protein is required for CAI-1 production. However, the biosynthetic route to CAI-1 remains unclear. Here we report that (S)-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is one of the two biosynthetic substrates for CqsA. CqsA couples SAM and decanoyl-coenzyme A to produce a previously unknown but potent quorum-sensing molecule, 3-aminotridec-2-en-4-one (Ea-CAI-1). The CqsA mechanism is unique; it combines two enzymatic transformations, a β,γ-elimination of SAM and an acyltransferase reaction into a single PLP-dependent catalytic process. Ea-CAI-1 is subsequently converted to CAI-1, presumably through the intermediate tridecane-3,4-dione (DK-CAI-1). We propose that the Ea-CAI-1 to DK-CAI-1 conversion occurs spontaneously, and we identify the enzyme responsible for the subsequent step: conversion of DK-CAI-1 into CAI-1. SAM is the substrate for the synthesis of at least three different classes of quorum-sensing signal molecules, indicating that bacteria have evolved a strategy to leverage an abundant substrate for multiple signaling purposes.
Development of a cell line system susceptible to infection with vaccine strains of MDV. (2000)

Despite reliance on the need to continually prepare fresh cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) to make Marek's disease (MD) vaccines, MD vaccines are the most widely used vaccines in the poultry industry. Preparation of CEF's accounts for approximately 40% of the costs associated with producing MD vaccines. A significant reduction in MD vaccine production costs could be realized if a continuous cell lines were available for MD vaccine production. Recently, we reported development and characterization of a cell line system (OCL) that supports growth and replication of oncogenic serotype 1 Marek's disease virus (MDV). Here we report development of three cell line systems for production of MD vaccine. These cell lines support the growth and replication of attenuated serotype 1 MDV (CVI-OCL), serotype 2 MDV (SB1-OCL) and serotype 3 MDV (HVT-OCL). MDV is maintained in a stable state in the OCL cells and the infected cells can be continuously grown. The vaccines made from these cell lines are safe and protect White Leghorn chickens against challenge with very virulent serotype 1 MDV, similar to traditional vaccines made from CEF cells. These cell line systems can significantly reduce the costs associated with MD vaccine production. Furthermore, the increased stability of MDV and the potential for positive selection of recombinant MDV suggest that OCL will be ideal for production of more effective MDV vaccines using recombinant DNA technology.
Radiation produced by femtosecond laser–plasma interaction during dielectric breakdown (2005)

Optical breakdown by femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses in transparent dielectrics produces an ionized region of dense plasma confined within the bulk of the material. This ionized region is responsible for broadband radiation that accompanies the breakdown process. Spectroscopic measurements of the accompanying light have been used to show that, depending on the laser parameters, the spectra may originate from plasma-induced second-harmonic generation, supercontinuum generation, or thermal emission by the plasma. By monitoring the emission from the ionized region, one can ascertain the predominant breakdown mechanism and the morphology of the damage region.
Azetidine Based Transition State Analogue Inhibitors of <i>N</i>-Ribosyl Hydrolases and Phosphorylases (2008)

N-ribosyl phosphorylases and hydrolases catalyze nucleophilic displacement reactions by migration of the cationic ribooxacarbenium carbon from the fixed purine to phosphate and water nucleophiles, respectively. As the lysis reaction progresses along the reaction coordinate, the distance between the purine and carbocation increases and the distance between carbocation and nucleophile decreases. Immucillin-H and DADMe-immucillin-H have been shown previously to be potent inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylases and lie more toward the reactant and products side of this reaction coordinate, respectively. Both these enzyme inhibitors, which are currently in human clinical trials for different indications, are chiral and expensive to manufacture. We now report the synthesis of azetidine analogues of the DADMe-immucillins, which, despite their lack of stereochemical complexity, remain potent inhibitors (equilibrium dissociation constants as low as 229 pM) of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), and methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (MTAN), with potential utility as drug candidates.
Synthesis of myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate and myo-inositol 1,3-bisphosphate (1987)

myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate, myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate, and myo-inositol 4-phosphate have been prepared via routes in which a key step is a novel, highly regioselective monoalkylation of myo-inositol orthoformate.