gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Aqueous Emulsion Route to Synthesize Mesoporous Carbon Vesicles and Their Nanocomposites (2009)

Onionlike mesoporous carbon and carbon–silica nanocomposites with multilayer vesicle structures can be synthesized by an organic–inorganic co-assembly method under hydrothermal conditions in an aqueous emulsion solution (see figure). The nanocomposite vesicles have ordered lamellar mesostructures with about 3–9 layers and carbon pillars are located between the neighboring shells. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Précis de Recherche Opérationnelle (2000)

6 ème édition
Electronic licence plate technology: automatic vehicle location and identification (1988)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the current level of technology in automatic vehicle identification (AVI). The technology is often referred to as electronic licence plate technology, due to the use of unique vehicle identity transponders (electronic licence plates) affixed to particular highway vehicles. Interrogator or roadside receiver units placed at strategic locations or nodes on a highway network can locate and identify the particular vehicle.The main thrust of the paper is on the different types of AVI systems and the technologies employed. The discussion includes the widespread applications for AVI from both a highway administrator and road transport industry point of view. Finally, the paper discusses two AVI demonstration projects. These projects are the urban system implemented in Hong Kong and the highway system in the United States and parts of Canada known as the Heavy Vehicle and Electronic Licence Plate Project (HELP). Key words: automatic vehicle identification, electronic licence plate, road pricing, automatic vehicle classification, weigh-in-motion, commercial transportation, vehicular traffic control, pavement, Heavy Truck and Electronic Licence Plate Project.
High Altitude Router and Relay for Over-the-Horizon Networks (2006)

The US Naval Research Laboratory has been working on testing processing and transponded payload configurations for the high altitude router and relay (HARR) project to achieve a viable long range end-to-end mobile ad-hoc wireless network in a tactical environment. HARR has the potential to provide closed network communications and other tactical capabilities between nodes separated by over 200 miles, and at a relatively reduced cost. The system has at least one re-useable relay payload and at least two ground nodes. The relay payloads have the capability to send and receive signals to and from ground nodes as well as to other relay stations. The ground nodes have apparatus for acquiring, tracking, and determining the location of relay stations that are aloft. Our paper describes the integration of various commercial off the shelf (COTS) systems to construct this network, as well as an analysis of collected test data using unicast and multicast transport protocols in an IP based environment
Isolated Polar Amino Acid Residues Modulate Lipid Binding in the Large Hydrophobic Cavity of CD1d (2016)

The CD1d protein is a nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like protein that controls the activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells through the presentation of self- and foreign-lipid ligands, glycolipids, or phospholipids, leading to the secretion of various cytokines. The CD1d contains a large hydrophobic lipid binding pocket: the A' pocket of CD1d, which recognizes hydrophobic moieties of the ligands, such as long fatty acyl chains. Although lipid-protein interactions typically rely on hydrophobic interactions between lipid chains and the hydrophobic sites of proteins, we showed that the small polar regions located deep inside the hydrophobic A' pocket could be used for the modulation of the lipid binding. A series of the ligands, α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer) derivatives containing polar groups in the acyl chain, was synthesized, and the structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that simple modification from a methylene to an amide group in the long fatty acyl chain, when introduced at optimal positions, enhanced the CD1d recognition of the glycolipid ligands. Formation of hydrogen bonds between the amide group and the polar residues was supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and WaterMap calculations. The computational studies suggest that localized hydrating water molecules may play an important role in the ligand recognition. Here, the results showed that confined polar residues in the large hydrophobic lipid binding pockets of the proteins could be potential targets to modulate the affinity for its ligands.
Integrated microphone with CMOS circuits on a single chip (2003)

Summary form only given. The first integration of a microphone together with CMOS circuits on a single chip has been demonstrated. It was found that the processes needed to make the microphone can be articulated with a commercial CMOS fabrication line. The microphones, squares 2 mm on a side, were fabricated by combining micromachining procedures (to produce a thin silicon-nitride diaphragm) with ZnO thin-film layers which are used as piezoelectric transducers. The circuits integrated with the microphones consist mainly of several configurations of analog standard cells that were designed and proven for building-block applications. The frequency responses of the integrated microphones are plotted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extracellular volume decreases while cell volume is maintained by ion uptake in rat brain during acute hypernatremia. (1991)

1. Regulation of brain extracellular and intracellular water content, regarded as volume, and electrolytes in response to 90 min of hypernatremia has been studied in the cerebral cortex of rats under urethane anaesthetic. 2. Total tissue electrolytes and water were partitioned between extracellular and intracellular compartments based on measurements made in two series of experiments. In one, tissue samples were collected and analysed for total water, Na+, K+ and Cl-. In the other, tissue extracellular volume fraction, [Na+] and [K+] were measured in situ using ion-selective microelectrodes. 3. Osmotically induced water loss from cerebral cortex was less than that predicted for ideal osmotic behaviour, revealing a degree of volume regulation, and this regulation was associated with net tissue uptake of Na+, Cl- and K+. 4. Total water content was 3.77 g H2O (g dry weight)-1 in control cortex and this decreased by 7% after 30 min of hypernatremia and then remained relatively stable at this value. Control extracellular water content, based on an extracellular volume fraction of 0.18, was 0.88 g H2O (g dry weight)-1. Control intracellular water content, estimated as the difference between total and extracellular water contents, was 2.89 g H2O (g dry weight)-1. After 30 min of hypernatremia, extracellular water content decreased by an average of 27% but intracellular water did not change. This indicates selective regulation of cell volume. By 90 min the extracellular water content had decreased by 47% and the loss in extracellular water content appeared to be accompanied by a roughly equivalent increase in intracellular water content. The intracellular volume increase, however, was not statistically significant. The tortuosity of the extracellular space averaged 1.57 and increased to 1.65 during the hypernatremia. 5. Brain extracellular fluid and plasma [Na+] were roughly equal in control tissue. Both increased by 30 mu equiv (g H2O)-1 as a result of the hypernatremia, although extracellular [Na+] lagged behind the plasma value during much of the first 60 min of hypernatremia. Extracellular [K+] was homeostatically regulated at 3 mu equiv (g H2O)-1 independent of changes in plasma electrolytes. 6. Estimates of extracellular and intracellular ion content (mu equiv (g dry weight)-1) indicate that extracellular Na+, Cl- and K+ content decreased during hypernatremia, by 32, 21 and 42% respectively, whereas intracellular ion content increased by 100, 169 and 5% respectively. 7. It is concluded that during acute hypernatremia the extracellular space decreases in volume through the loss of water and electrolytes while the intracellular compartment maintains its water content and gains electrolytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
HIF-1α inhibition by siRNA or chetomin in human malignant glioma cells: effects on hypoxic radioresistance and monitoring via CA9 expression (2010)

Hypoxia induces activation of the HIF-1 pathway and is an essential characteristic of malignant gliomas. Hypoxia has been linked to tumor progression, therapy resistance and poor prognosis. However, little is known about the impact of HIF-1α inhibition on radioresistance of malignant glioma. In this study, we investigated the effects of the inhibition of HIF-1α on cell survival and radiosensitivity in U251MG and U343MG glioma cells, using two different strategies. HIF-1α inhibition was achieved by siRNA targeting of HIF-1α or via chetomin, a disruptor of interactions between HIF-1α and p300. The inhibition of the HIF-1 pathway was monitored by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses of the expression levels of HIF-1α and CA9. CA9 expression was investigated as a potential indicator of the efficacy of HIF-1 inhibition and the resulting radiosensitivity of malignant glioma cell lines was determined by clonogenic assay after irradiation under normoxic (2-10 Gy) or hypoxic (2-15 Gy) conditions. Although siRNA and chetomin show distinct modes of action, both attenuated the hypoxia-induced radioresistance of malignant glioma cell lines U251MG (DMF10: 1.35 and 1.18) and U343MG (DMF10: 1.78 and 1.48). However, siRNA and chetomin showed diverse effects on radiosensitivity under normoxic conditions in U251MG (DMF10: 0.86 and 1.35) and U343MG (DMF10: 1.33 and 1.02) cells. Results from this in vitro study suggest that inhibition of HIF-1α is a promising strategy to sensitize human malignant gliomas to radiotherapy and that CA9 could serve as an indicator of effective HIF-1-related radiosensitization.
Enhanced Visible Activities of α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> by Coupling N-Doped Graphene and Mechanism Insight (2014)

In this work, we first have prepared graphene doped with different amounts of N through a one-pot ammonia-modified hydrothermal process and then successfully coupled them with nanocrystalline α-Fe2O3 by a common wet-chemical method. On the basis of the atmosphere-controlled surface photovoltage spectra, time-resolved surface photovoltage responses, and photoinduced hydroxyl radical amount measurements, it is confirmed that the photogenerated charge separation of α-Fe2O3 could be enhanced in N2 or in air atmosphere after coupling with a certain ratio of graphene. It is especially obvious with the graphene doped with a proper amount of nitrogen. This is responsible for the obviously improved visible activities of α-Fe2O3 for photoelectrochemical water oxidation to produce O2 and photocatalytic degradation of gas-phase acetaldehyde and liquid-phase phenol after coupling graphene doped with a proper amount of N species. It is suggested for the first time, mainly by means of N1s XPS data, electrochemical impedance spectra, O2 temperature-programmed desorption curves, surface acidity-related pyridine-adsorbed FT-IR spectra, and electrochemical O2 reduction measurements, that the increased amount of doped quaternary-type N would be quite favorable for photogenerated charge transfer and transportation and for O2 adsorption. As a result, photogenerated charge separation of the resulting N-doped graphene–Fe2O3 nanocomposite is greatly promoted. In addition, the enhanced O2 adsorption of α-Fe2O3 results mainly from the increased surface acidity after coupling with graphene, especially with quaternary-type N-doped graphene. This work would help us to better understand the important roles of doped N in graphene in the fabricated nanocomposites and also provide us with a feasible route to improve visible photocatalytic activities of α-Fe2O3 greatly.
Respiratory viruses on personal protective equipment and bodies of healthcare workers (2019)

Healthcare workers are routinely contaminated with respiratory viruses after patient care, indicating the need to ensure that HCWs complete hand hygiene and use other PPE to prevent dissemination of virus to other areas of the hospital. Modifying self-contact behaviors may decrease the presence of virus on HCWs.
Molecular analysis of bacterial flora associated with chronically inflamed maxillary sinuses (2003)

Chronic maxillary sinusitis is a chronic inflammatory condition in which the role of microbial infection remains undefined. Bacteria have been isolated from chronically inflamed sinuses; however, their role in the chronicity of inflammation is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether bacteria are present in clinical samples from chronic maxillary sinusitis and to assess the diversity of the flora present. Washes and/or tissue samples from endoscopic sinus surgery on 11 patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis were subjected to PCR amplification of bacterial 16S rDNA using three universal primer pairs, followed by cloning and sequencing. The samples were also assessed for the presence of bacteria and fungi by conventional culture methods. Viable bacteria and/or bacterial 16S rDNA were detected from maxillary sinus samples of five of the 11 patients examined (45 %). Three sinus samples were positive by both PCR and culture methods, one was positive only by PCR, and one only by culture. Thirteen bacterial species were identified: Abiotrophia defectiva, Enterococcus avium, Eubacterium sp., Granulicatella elegans, Neisseria sp., Prevotella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis/Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus sp. Fungi were not detected. In one patient Streptococcus mitis/Streptococcus oralis, and in another patient Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were detected from both the sinus and the oral cavity using species-specific PCR primers. These results suggest that both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be detected in nearly half of chronic maxillary sinusitis cases.
External Mass and Heat Transfer Limitations of the Partial Oxidation of Methane over a Pt/MgO CatalystConsequences for Adiabatic Reactor Operation (1997)

A kinetic model for the partial oxidation of methane to syngas over a highly active Pt/MgO catalyst was developed using hyperbolic rate equations. The formation of syngas was derived to occur via primary methane combustion to CO2 and H2O and secondary steam and CO2 reforming of methane to CO and H2. On the basis of this kinetic model the performance of an adiabatic reactor was simulated. A sensitivity analysis with respect to radiation and heat conductivity of the catalyst bed on axial temperature and concentration profiles was performed assuming Tinlet = 873 K and ureactor,873K = 3 m s-1. A hot-spot temperature on the surface of ca. 1700 K at 1 bar and 2600 K at 25 bar and large gradients between surface and gas-phase temperature were calculated. No significant contribution of radiation to the heat transfer was predicted. The effective heat conductivity of the catalyst bed is an important factor to decrease hot-spot temperatures. The maximum temperature amounts to 1380 K (1 bar) and 2100 K (25 bar), assuming a heat conductivity of the catalyst bed of 0.15 J s-1 m-1 K-1. Equilibrium conversion and selectivity is obtained with a bed of less than 1 mm length.
Power Electronics and Motor Drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2008)

With the requirements for reducing emissions and improving fuel economy, automotive companies are developing electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Power electronics is an enabling technology for the development of these environmentally friendlier vehicles and implementing the advanced electrical architectures to meet the demands for increased electric loads. In this paper, a brief review of the current trends and future vehicle strategies and the function of power electronic subsystems are described. The requirements of power electronic components and electric motor drives for the successful development of these vehicles are also presented.
Unsupervised Corpus Aware Language Model Pre-training for Dense Passage Retrieval (2022)

Recent research demonstrates the effectiveness of using fine-tuned language models (LM) for dense retrieval. However, dense retrievers are hard to train, typically requiring heavily engineered fine-tuning pipelines to realize their full potential. In this paper, we identify and address two underlying problems of dense retrievers: i) fragility to training data noise and ii) requiring large batches to robustly learn the embedding space. We use the recently proposed Condenser pre-training architecture, which learns to condense information into the dense vector through LM pre-training. On top of it, we propose coCondenser, which adds an unsupervised corpus-level contrastive loss to warm up the passage embedding space. Experiments on MS-MARCO, Natural Question, and Trivia QA datasets show that coCondenser removes the need for heavy data engineering such as augmentation, synthesis, or filtering, and the need for large batch training. It shows comparable performance to RocketQA, a state-of-the-art, heavily engineered system, using simple small batch fine-tuning. 1
Curriculum and course materials for a forensic DNA biology course (2014)

The Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC) requires accredited programs offer a "coherent curriculum" to ensure each student gains a "thorough grounding of the natural…sciences." Part of this curriculum includes completion of a minimum of 15 semester-hours forensic science coursework, nine of which can involve a class in forensic DNA biology. Departments that have obtained or are pursuing FEPAC accreditation can meet this requirement by offering a stand-alone forensic DNA biology course; however, materials necessary to instruct students are often homegrown and not standardized; in addition, until recently, the community lacked commercially available books, lab manuals, and teaching materials, and many of the best pedagogical resources were scattered across various peer-reviewed journals. The curriculum discussed below is an attempt to synthesize this disparate information, and although certainly not the only acceptable methodology, the below discussion represents "a way" for synthesizing and aggregating this information into a cohesive, comprehensive whole.
VISO: Characterizing Malicious Behaviors of Virtual Machines with Unsupervised Clustering (2015)

Cloud computing has become one of the most dominant computation platforms in recent years. Security threats could be one of the major stunning blocks on this evolution road. While system vendors and cloud tenants benefit much from sharing resources in the cloud environment, security breaches can cause more significant damages of the cloud ecosystem than personal computers. Virtualization techniques facilitate the movement of intrusion detection system to cloud-host operating systems with virtual machine management by observing behaviors of virtual machines (VMs). However, a VM-based detection system inherits the semantic gap problem: it is needed the ability to reveal (malicious) behaviors of VMs from observed data. We propose an automatic and systematic analysis framework for charactering malware behaviors using unsupervised clustering. This framework consists of three phases: (1) unsupervised clustering on behaviors of VMs, (2) supervised classification rule derivation, and (3) online system detection. Specifically, we collect and cluster system call distributions of VMs within a small period as samples, identify clusters that contain only samples from malicious VMs, and derive detection rules by extracting features of these malicious clusters. VMs that have been observed their system call distributions falling into a malicious cluster are considered to be malicious. We have integrated the presented framework with OpenStack and develop a prototype online monitoring system, called VISO. We conduct several experiments against common attacks, showing the effectiveness of VISO on clustering, classifying and detecting malicious behaviors of VMs.
Achieving Subnanometer Precision in a MEMS-Based Storage Device During Self-Servo Write Process (2008)

In probe-based data storage devices, microelectromechanical system-based microscanners are typically used to position the storage medium relative to the read/write probes. Global position sensors are employed to provide position information across the full scan range of these microscanners. However, to achieve repeatable positioning, it is also necessary to have medium-derived position information. Dedicated storage fields known as servo fields are employed to obtain this medium-derived position information. The servo-patterns on these servo fields have to be written using the global position sensors prior to the regular operation of the storage device by employing a scheme known as ldquoself-servo writerdquo process. During this process, subnanometer positioning resolutions, well below that provided by the global position sensors, are desirable. Such precise positioning at acceptable bandwidth requires the directed design of the closed-loop noise sensitivity transfer function so as to minimize the impact of sensing noise. This paper describes control architectures in which the impact of measurement noise on positioning is minimal while providing satisfactory tracking performance. It is estimated that the positioning error due to sensing noise is a remarkably low 0.25 nm. Experimental results are also presented that show error-free operation of the device at high densities.
Statistical Design of Quantitative Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Experiments (2009)

We review the fundamental principles of statistical experimental design, and their application to quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics. We focus on class comparison using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and discuss how randomization, replication and blocking help avoid systematic biases due to the experimental procedure, and help optimize our ability to detect true quantitative changes between groups. We also discuss the issues of pooling multiple biological specimens for a single mass analysis, and calculation of the number of replicates in a future study. When applicable, we emphasize the parallels between designing quantitative proteomic experiments and experiments with gene expression microarrays, and give examples from that area of research. We illustrate the discussion using theoretical considerations, and using real-data examples of profiling of disease.