gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of light using high temperature superconducting microstrip lines (1991)

The authors report the results of measurements of the effects of external light on the transmission of microwaves through superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta / microstrip lines. The microstrip geometries used include an asymmetric ring and a meander path. Measurements were made as a function of the microwave frequency (up to 12 GHz), temperature (above to below the superconducting transition temperature), and microwave power. The authors variations in the T/sub c/ of the superconductor, caused by locally varying microwave current densities (standing-wave component). At low microwave powers, this technique can be used to optically probe the local character of the superconducting film without having to move contacts over the film. The asymmetric ring microstrip interferometer was observed to show light-induced shifts in the null frequencies due to the kinetic inductance effect.
Scatterometer basing on a STAR GEM idea for optical measurements of microlenses (2012)

It is important to measure both reflectance (R ) and transmittance (T ) with the same accuracy. But many commercial accessories are exchanged by themselves or a sample is replaced on the other position in one accessory, when the reflection measurement is changed from the transmission measurement, so that it is impossible to measure reflectance and transmittance with the same accuracy. Accordingly the absorptance (A=1-R-T ) of the sample is not a sufficient index to evaluate the optical properties. A new scatterometer, which overcomes the defect, has been developed in AIST. It consists mainly of two ellipsoidal mirrors and a new detection system, which is composed of a hemispherical lens, a fiber optic taper and a CCD camera. These mirrors are a belt-shape and a quarter ellipsoidal mirrors with two focal points and are combined such that each focal point is a common focal point, on which the sample is placed. A rotating mirror is set on a remaining focal point of the belt-shape mirror. Each arrangement, where the rotating mirror looks at the upper or lower arm of the belt-shape mirror, is for the transmission or reflection measurement, respectively. The center of the hemispherical lens in the detection system is set on a remaining focal point of the quarter mirror, the incident plane of the fiber optic taper coincides with the image plane of the hemispherical lens and the outgoing plane of the fiber optic taper is in contact with the CCD camera. A clear image can be obtained using this detection system. The absolute values of the reflectance and transmittance and the light distributions of the reflection and transmission of the micro-ball-lenses, whose radii were 0.75, 1, 2.5 and 4.8mm, were measured. The systematic errors of our scatterometer are briefly discussed.
Improved compositions for use in battery systems (1997)

The present invention relates to a dry composition of materials to be used in a battery system. The dry composition comprises a mixture consisting of sodium hydroxide and sodium oxide. In a first reservoir in the battery system, the mixture is present in an amount sufficient to form with water a heated sodium hydroxide electrolyte solution having a 15% by weight concentration of sodium hydroxide. In a second reservoir in the battery system, the mixture is present in an amount sufficient to form with water a heated sodium hydroxide electrolyte solution having to up to about 75% by weight concentration of sodium hydroxide. The present invention also relates to a battery system and a method for generating electrical power which utilize the aforementioned dry composition of materials.
Engineering <i>De Novo</i> Assembly of Fetal Pulmonary Organoids (2014)

Induction of morphogenesis by competent lung progenitor cells in a 3D environment is a central goal of pulmonary tissue engineering, yet little is known about the microenvironmental signals required to induce de novo assembly of alveolar-like tissue in vitro. In extending our previous reports of alveolar-like tissue formation by fetal pulmonary cells stimulated by exogenous fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), we identified some of the key endogenous mediators of FGF-driven morphogenesis (organoid assembly), for example, epithelial sacculation, endothelial network assembly, and epithelial-endothelial interfacing. Sequestration of endogenously secreted vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) potently inhibited endothelial network formation, with little or no effect on epithelial morphogenesis. Inhibition of endogenous sonic hedgehog (SHH) partially attenuated FGF-driven endothelial network formation, while the addition of exogenous SHH in the absence of FGFs was able to induce epithelial and endothelial morphogenesis, although with distinct morphological characteristics. Notably, SHH-induced endothelial networks exhibited fewer branch points, reduced sprouting behavior, and a periendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM) virtually devoid of tenascin-C (TN-C). By contrast, focal deposition of endogenous TN-C was observed in the ECM-surrounding endothelial networks of FGF-induced organoids, especially around sprouting tips. In the FGF-induced organoids, TN-C was also observed in the clefts of sacculated epithelium and at the epithelial-endothelial interface. In support of a critical role in the formation of alveolar-like tissue in vitro, TN-C blocking inhibited endothelial network formation and epithelial sacculation. Upon engraftment of in-vitro-generated pulmonary organoids beneath the renal capsule of syngeneic mice, robust neovascularization occurred in 5 days with a large contribution of patent vessels from engrafted organoids, providing proof of principle for exploring intrapulmonary engraftment of prevascularized hydrogel constructs. Expression of proSpC, VEGF-A, and TN-C following 1 week in vivo mirrored the patterns observed in vitro. Taken together, these findings advance our understanding of endogenous growth factor and ECM signals important for de novo formation of pulmonary tissue structures in vitro and demonstrate the potential of an organoid-based approach to lung tissue augmentation.
Intelligent Visual Analytics Queries (2007)

Visualizations of large multi-dimensional data sets, occurring in scientific and commercial applications, often reveal interesting local patterns. Analysts want to identify the causes and impacts of these interesting areas, and they also want to search for similar patterns occurring elsewhere in the data set. In this paper we introduce the Intelligent Visual Analytics Query (IVQuery) concept that combines visual interaction with automated analytical methods to support analysts in discovering the special properties and relations of identified patterns. The idea of IVQuery is to interactively select focus areas in the visualization. Then, according to the characteristics of the selected areas, such as the data dimensions and records, IVQuery employs analytical methods to identify the relationships to other portions of the data set. Finally, IVQuery generates visual representations for analysts to view and refine the results. IVQuery has been applied successfully to different real-world data sets, such as data warehouse performance, product sales, and sever performance analysis, and demonstrates the benefits of this technique over traditional filtering and zooming techniques. The visual analytics query technique can be used with many different types of visual representation. In this paper we show how to use IVQuery with parallel coordinates, visual maps, and scatter plots.
Synthesis of polyolefin graft copolymers by borane approach (1993)

This paper summarizes the new developments in the graft reaction of polyolefin by borane approach. It is becoming clear that the borane groups in polyolefins are valuable intermediates which not only can be quantitatively converted to a wide range of functional groups but also can be used as initiator or co-initiator for cationic or free radical polymerizations. Some interesting graft polymers, such as PP-g-PMMA, PP-g-PVA, PP-g-polycapolactone, EP-g-PMMA, and Butyl-g-PMMA, have been synthesized with controllable compositions and molecular microstructures. Most of them would be otherwise very difficult to prepare by the other existing methods. Several methods have been developed to incorporate borane groups to polyolefins, including both direct and post polymerizations. One unique feature of borane group is its excellent stability to transition metal catalysts, such as Ziegler-Natta, and good solubility in hydrocarbon solvents. These offer the possibility to prepare borane containing polyolefins with a broad range of copolymer composition and microstructure. In terms of application, graft copolymers are useful interfacial reagents in polyolefin blends and composites.
A hybrid algorithm for test point selection for scan-based BIST (1997)

We propose a new algorithm for test point selection for scan-based BIST. The new algorithm combines the advantages of both explicit-testability-calculation and gradient techniques. The test point selection is guided by a cost function which is partially based on explicit testability recalculation and partially on gradients. With an event-driven mechanism, it can quickly identify a set of nodes whose testability need to be recalculated due to a test point, and then use gradients to estimate the impact of the rest of the circuit. In addition, by incorporating timing information into the cost function, timing penalty caused by test points can be easily avoided. We present the results to illustrate that high fault coverages for both area- and timing-driven test point insertions can be obtained with a small number of test points. The results also indicate a significant reduction of computational complexity while the qualities are similar to the explicity-testability-calculation method.
Experimental Validation of GNSS Interferometric Radio Occultation (2019)

In this work, we present experimental results on the interferometric radio occultation (iRO) signal processing techniques, and compare the performance to the closed-loop and open-loop processing used in conventional radio occultation measurements. We also discuss the effects of antenna beam width to mitigate inter-satellite interferences, as well as how the local oscillator stability affects the obtained Doppler estimates. The required signal processing resources are less stringent for the iRO than for conventional RO techniques. In addition, the zenith iRO has a comparable performance to the well-established RO techniques.
Ultra-Fast High-Resolution Agarose Electrophoresis of DNA and RNA using Low-Molarity Conductive Media (2004)

Current DNA electrophoretic solutions employ high ionic concentrations and require long electrophoretic run times. Here we demonstrate that high and low molecular weight double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and RNA can be separated rapidly in agarose-based low-molarity conductive media. Separation of small DNA fragments was optimized by substituting 1-mM solutions of alkali metals or a nonbiological amine that distributed voltage with a minute current. These ultra-dilute solutions can separate DNA at least 15-fold faster Low-molarity media at 5-10 mM adequately separated RNA and larger DNA fragments as well. These novel media reduce the Joule heating of the electrophoretic system and allow for easy-to-use, ultra-fast separation of DNA fragments.
Control methods utilizing energy optimizing schemes in refrigeration systems (2003)

The potential energy savings in refrigeration systems using energy optimal control has been proved to be substantial. This however requires an intelligent control that drives the refrigeration system towards the energy optimal state. This paper proposes an approach for a control, which drives the condenser pressure towards an optimal state. The objective of this is to present a feasible method that can be used for energy optimizing control. A simulation model of a simple refrigeration system will be used as basis for testing the control method.
Safety of MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination in the Elderly: Results of a Comparative Study of MF59-Adjuvanted Vaccine Versus Nonadjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Northern Italy (2013)

MF59-adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy) has been shown to be more effective than nonadjuvanted vaccine in the elderly population. Here we present results from a large-scale, observational, noninterventional, prospective postlicensure study that evaluated the safety of MF59-adjuvanted vaccine in elderly subjects aged 65 years or more. The study was performed in 5 northern Italian health districts during the 2006-2007, 2007-2008, and 2008-2009 influenza seasons. The choice of vaccine-either adjuvanted vaccine or a nonadjuvanted influenza vaccine-was determined by individual providers on the basis of local influenza vaccination policy. Hospitalizations for potential adverse events of special interest (AESIs) were identified from hospital databases and then reviewed against recognized case definitions to identify confirmed cases of AESI. Cumulative incidences were calculated for AESIs in predefined biologically plausible time windows, as well as in a 6-month window following vaccination. During the 3-year study period, 170,988 vaccine doses were administered to a total of 107,661 persons. Despite the large study size, cases of AESI resulting in hospitalization were rare, and risks of AESI were similar in both the MF59-adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted vaccination groups. In conclusion, similar safety profiles were observed for both nonadjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines in elderly recipients.
UV Raman Spectral Intensities of E. Coli and Other Bacteria Excited at 228.9, 244.0, and 248.2 nm (2001)

Resonance Raman spectral intensities per average bacterial cell have been measured quantitatively for Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, and Enterobacter aerogenes, as well as Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Spectra have been obtained from cultures in the lag, log, and stationary growth phases excited in turn by 228.9, 244.0, and 248.2 nm light. Although Raman spectral peak positions (cm(-1)) excited by a given wavelength are very similar for all five bacterial species, the organisms are characterized by significantly different spectral intensity values. Intensity changes are associated with growth phase changes in all of the species as well. A comparison of measured with estimated average intensities has been made for spectra of log-phase E. coli. It is possible to compare measured intensities with intensities estimated for log-phase E. coli on the basis of the knowledge of its known average cellular molecular composition. A significant degree of hypochromism is observed in E. coli nucleic acid spectra. In contrast, strong average hyperchromism characterizes all aromatic amino acid peaks belonging to the same E. coli cells. Results suggest that knowledge of spectral intensity values will enhance significantly the capability to identify bacteria by means of their UV resonance Raman spectra.
A Photonic RF Jamming Avoidance Response System bio-inspired by Eigenmannia (2016)

A photonic system capable of mimicking the neuronal processing algorithm of a electrolocating fish — Eigenmannia, is designed and demonstrated, providing a potential solution to jamming issue due to spectral scarcity in wireless communication systems.
Coupling Specificity between Somatostatin Receptor sst2A and G Proteins: Isolation of the Receptor-G Protein Complex with a Receptor Antibody (1997)

Somatostatin initiates its actions via a family of seven-transmembrane domain receptors. Of the five somatostatin receptor genes cloned, sst2 exists as two splice variants with the sst2A isoform being predominantly expressed. This receptor is widely distributed in endocrine, exocrine, and neuronal cells, as well as in hormonally responsive tumors, and leads to inhibition of secretion, electrical excitability, and cell proliferation. To investigate the specificity of signal transduction by the sst2A receptor, we developed antibodies against two overlapping peptides located within the C terminus of the receptor protein: peptide 2C(SG), containing amino acids 334-348, and peptide 2C(ER), containing amino acids 339-359. Although antibodies to both peptides bound the inducing antigen with high affinity, only the antibodies against peptide 2C(ER) precipitated the receptor. The best antibody, R2-88, precipitated about 80% of the sst2A receptor-ligand complex solubilized from transfected CHO cells and was specific for the sst2A receptor isotype. Addition of GTPgammaS (10 microM) to the immunoprecipitated ligand-sst2A receptor complex markedly accelerated ligand dissociation, indicating that G proteins remained functionally associated with the receptor in the immunoprecipitate. Analysis of the G proteins coprecipitated with the sst2A receptor by immunoblotting with G protein antibodies showed that both G(alpha) and G(beta) subunits were bound to the hormone-receptor complex. Immunoprecipitation of the receptor was not affected by the presence of bound ligand. However, G protein subunits were coprecipitated only with the hormone-occupied receptor. Thus, the unoccupied receptor has low affinity for G proteins, and hormone binding stabilizes the receptor-G protein complex. Use of subtype-specific G protein antisera further showed that G alpha(i1), G alpha(i2), and G alpha(i3) were complexed with the sst2A receptor whereas Galpha(o), G alpha(z), and G alpha(q) were not. Together, these studies demonstrate that the sst2A receptor interacts selectively with G alpha(i) proteins in a hormone-dependent manner. The finding that this receptor couples to all three G alpha(i) subunits may help explain how somatostatin can regulate multiple signaling pathways.
Size-Dependent Trapping Effect in Nano-Dot Non-Volatile Memory (2011)

We report a flash memory using deep traps nano-dot formed in ZrON charge trapping layers by As+ implantation to improve the device performance of MONOS CTF device. The TaN-[SiO2-LaAlO3]-[As+-implanted ZrON]-[LaAlO3-SiO2]-Si device shows a 6 nm ENT, a large initial memory window of 9.8 V, a 10-year extrapolated retention window of 3.6 V at 85oC, and an endurance window of 5.1 V after 105 cycles under fast 100 μs and low μ16 V program/erase. The performance of As+-implanted ZrON is significantly better than that of stacked Si3N4/Ir-dot/HfON device with poor thickness scaling due to excess Ir metal dot.
Cooperative Concatenated Coding for Improved Distance Spectrum and Diversity in Wireless Systems (2011)

A generalized multiuser cooperative concatenated coding framework is theoretically developed for not only cooperative diversity but also enhanced distance spectra. Novel schemes are proposed featuring flexible cooperation group, variable-size messages, and other practical concerns. In particular, users failing to detect their partners messages are allowed to cooperate without incurring error propagation.
Effect of magnetic field on flow, temperature and inclusion removal in shallow tundishes. (1989)

A mathematical representation has been developed to describe the three-dimensional velocity and temperature fields in shallow tundishes to be used in novel continuous casting systems. Particular attention has been paid to the effect of externally imposed magnetic fields in modifying the flow. It was found that the imposition of vertical or horizontal fields may play an important role in minimizing flow non-uniformities and hence variations in the temperature of the stream entering the mold of the caster. In the absence of (magnetic) flow control arrangements, serious flow and temperature maldistribution may occur, especially in the production of wide strip or thin slabs. The effect of magnetic fields on inclusion removal has also been investigated, but the inclusion removal efficiency of shallow tundishes is thought to be low in any case.
Novel soil profile sensing to monitor organic C stocks and condition (2017)

Soil information is needed for environmental monitoring to address current concerns over food, water and energy securities, land degradation and climate change. To address that need, we developed the Soil Condition ANalyses System (SCANS). It integrates an automated rapid soil core sensing systems with statistically sound mathematics and statistics to enable the characterisation of soil organic carbon stocks and a range of other important soil properties that define soil condition across the landscape and to depth. SCANS provides quantitative soil information with a level of detail that is difficult to obtain with other approaches. Measurements are rapid, precise, inexpensive and spatially explicit, thus enabling the monitoring of soil and environmental condition, function and productivity. The SCANS provides much needed scientific and technological advance to soil analyses and characterisation. The information gained will effectively deepen our understanding of soil and call attention to the central role soil plays in our environment.
Cloning of two related genes encoding the 56‐kDa and 123‐kDa subunits of trehalose synthase from the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1993)

Preparations of intact trehalose synthase contain three polypeptides with molecular masses of 56, 102 and 123 kDa. We have cloned the genes TSSI and TSLI coding for the 56‐ and 123‐kDa subunits, respectively. These genes are located on chromosomes II ( TSS1 ) and XIII ( TSLI ). The TSS1 gene was found to be identical with CIF1 , a gene required for normal growth on glucose. The product of the entire TSS1 gene exibits 37% identity with a 502‐amino‐acid stretch from the middle of the TSL1 product. Disruption of the TSS1 gene in yeast eliminates both trehalose 6‐phosphate synthase (Tre6 P synthase) and trehalose 6‐phosphate phosphatase (Tre6 P ase) activities, and reintroduction of this gene restores these activities. Transformation of Escherichia coli with TSS1 increases its Tre6 P synthase activity. Specific proteolytic degradation of the 123‐kDa polypeptide from the N‐terminus greatly influences the Tre6 P synthase activity, decreasing its inhibition by phosphate and activatability by fructose 6‐phosphate but has little effect on the Tre6 P ase activity. These results suggest that this N‐terminal part confers regulatory properties upon the Tre6 P synthase activity.
Direct Generation of Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs in a Poled Fiber (2012)

We experimentally demonstrate the direct generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in an optical fiber at room temperature by exploiting type-II phase-matched spontaneous parametric down-conversion. A second-order nonlinearity is artificially induced in the 17-cm-long weakly birefringent step-index fiber through the process of thermal poling, and quasi-phase-matching allows for the generation of entangled photons in the 1.5-micron telecom band when the fiber is pumped at 775 nm. A greater-than $80\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1$ coincidence-to-accidental ratio is achieved, limited mainly by multiphoton pair generation. Without the need to subtract accidentals or to compensate for walk-off, the raw two-photon interference visibility is found to be better than $95%$, and violation of Bell's inequality is observed by more than 18 standard deviations. This makes for a truly alignment-free, plug-and-play source of polarization-entangled photon pairs.