gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Natural Language Processing in Radiology: A Systematic Review (2016)

Radiological reporting has generated large quantities of digital content within the electronic health record, which is potentially a valuable source of information for improving clinical care and supporting research. Although radiology reports are stored for communication and documentation of diagnostic imaging, harnessing their potential requires efficient and automated information extraction: they exist mainly as free-text clinical narrative, from which it is a major challenge to obtain structured data. Natural language processing (NLP) provides techniques that aid the conversion of text into a structured representation, and thus enables computers to derive meaning from human (ie, natural language) input. Used on radiology reports, NLP techniques enable automatic identification and extraction of information. By exploring the various purposes for their use, this review examines how radiology benefits from NLP. A systematic literature search identified 67 relevant publications describing NLP methods that support practical applications in radiology. This review takes a close look at the individual studies in terms of tasks (ie, the extracted information), the NLP methodology and tools used, and their application purpose and performance results. Additionally, limitations, future challenges, and requirements for advancing NLP in radiology will be discussed.
Optically pumped UV lasers grown on bulk AlN substrates (2012)

Abstract Sub‐300 nm optically pumped ultraviolet lasers were realized on low‐defect‐density (0001) AlN substrates fabricated from single crystalline AlN boules. The Al x Ga 1– x N/Al y Ga 1– y N hetero‐structures were grown by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy near atmospheric pressure. The high structural quality of the pseudomorphically deposited films was confirmed by X‐ray reciprocal space mappings and time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) studies of the multiple quantum well emission. The initial PL‐decay times for a sample emitting at 267 nm were 0.87 ns and 1.14 ns for T = 295 K and T = 14 K, respectively. Laser resonators with a length of about 1 mm were formed by cleaving the AlN crystal to obtain m‐plane mirror facets. Lasing was demonstrated for various wavelengths between 267 and 291 nm with the threshold power density as low as 126 kW/cm 2 for the shortest attempted wavelength. The laser emission was TE polarized for all emission wavelengths. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: changing strategies for cancer treatment (2009)

Patients with locally advanced cancer or distant metastasis frequently receive prolonged treatment with chemotherapy and/or fractionated radiotherapy (RT). Despite the initial clinical response, treatment resistance frequently develops and cure in these patients is uncommon. Developments in RT technology allow for the use of high-dose (or ablative) RT to target local tumors, with limited damage to the surrounding normal tissue. We report that reduction of tumor burden after ablative RT depends largely on T-cell responses. Ablative RT dramatically increases T-cell priming in draining lymphoid tissues, leading to reduction/eradication of the primary tumor or distant metastasis in a CD8(+) T cell-dependent fashion. We further demonstrate that ablative RT-initiated immune responses and tumor reduction are abrogated by conventional fractionated RT or adjuvant chemotherapy but greatly amplified by local immunotherapy. Our study challenges the rationale for current RT/chemotherapy strategies and highlights the importance of immune activation in preventing tumor relapse. Our findings emphasize the need for new strategies that not only reduce tumor burden but also enhance the role of antitumor immunity.
Mechanism of the Zonal Displacements of the Pacific Warm Pool: Implications for ENSO (1996)

The western equatorial Pacific warm pool is subject to strong east-west migrations on interannual time scales in phase with the Southern Oscillation Index. The dominance of surface zonal advection in this migration is demonstrated with four different current data sets and three ocean models. The eastward advection of warm and less saline water from the western Pacific together with the westward advection of cold and more saline water from the central-eastern Pacific induces a convergence of water masses at the eastern edge of the warm pool and a well-defined salinity front. The location of this convergence is zonally displaced in association with El Nino-La Nina wind-driven surface current variations. These advective processes and water-mass convergences have significant implications for understanding and simulating coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach (1996)

This overview of paediatrics for third-year medical students focuses on health rather than disease, and is divided into three main sections: the essentials of primary and preventive care; the most common signs and symptoms in children; and the health needs and long-term management of children with chronic conditions. The text is organized by body system, and presents signs and symptoms the way they are encountered in practice - in the form of complaints such as vomiting, diarrohea or constipation, rather than diseases such as gastroenteritis. Other topics covered include: well-child and preventive care; health promotion; illness prevention; family/community participation; HIV; child sexual abuse; care of children with Down's Syndrome; sleep disturbances; seizures; and fever.
Three Distinct Mechanisms for Translocation and Activation of the δ Subspecies of Protein Kinase C (1998)

We expressed delta subspecies of protein kinase C (delta-PKC) fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in CHO-K1 cells and observed the movement of this fusion protein in living cells after three different stimulations. The delta-PKC-GFP fusion protein had enzymological characteristics very similar to those of the native delta-PKC and was present throughout the cytoplasm in CHO-K1 cells. ATP at 1 mM caused a transient translocation of delta-PKC-GFP to the plasma membrane approximately 30 s after the stimulation and a sequent retranslocation to the cytoplasm within 3 min. A tumor-promoting phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA; 1 microM), induced a slower translocation of delta-PKC-GFP, and the translocation was unidirectional. Concomitantly, the kinase activity of delta-PKC-GFP was increased by these two stimulations, when the kinase activity of the immunoprecipitated delta-PKC-GFP was measured in vitro in the absence of PKC activators such as phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 5 mM) failed to translocate delta-PKC-GFP but increased its kinase activity more than threefold. delta-PKC-GFP was strongly tyrosine phosphorylated when treated with H2O2 but was tyrosine phosphorylated not at all by ATP stimulation and only slightly by TPA treatment. Both TPA and ATP induced the translocation of delta-PKC-GFP even after treatment with H2O2. Simultaneous treatment with TPA and H2O2 further activated delta-PKC-GFP up to more than fivefold. TPA treatment of cells overexpressing delta-PKC-GFP led to an increase in the number of cells in G2/M phase and of dikaryons, while stimulation with H2O2 increased the number of cells in S phase and induced no significant change in cell morphology. These results indicate that at least three different mechanisms are involved in the translocation and activation of delta-PKC.
Interleukin‐2‐Induced Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nuclear Factor‐κB Activity in Activated Natural Killer Cells and the Production of Interferon‐γ (2000)

We have previously shown that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was up-regulated in natural killer (NK) cells when AK-5 tumour cells were transplanted subcutaneously into syngeneic Wistar rats. This study was designed to investigate the role of interleukin (IL)-2 during the induction of iNOS and to understand the subsequent events involved in NK cell activation. There was up-regulation of iNOS expression when naïve NK cells were cultured in the presence of recombinant IL-2. These NK cells produced a higher nitrite content and possessed cytotoxic activity against YAC-1 and AK-5 tumour cells. Induction of iNOS enhanced nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB binding activity in IL-2 activated NK cells, which was confirmed using L-NAME, an NO synthesis inhibitor. Addition of L-NAME along with rIL-2 significantly blocked NF-kappaB activity and also down-regulated the production of NO and the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Furthermore, injection of anti-IL-2 antibody in subcutaneous tumour transplanted animals abrogated significantly the expression of iNOS and NF-kappaB activity, leading to reduced NO production and cytotoxic activity of NK cells against YAC-1 and AK-5 cells. In addition, the expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma by NK cells was also inhibited in anti-IL-2 antibody injected animals compared with the control animals. Finally, there was enhanced tumour growth and delayed regression in anti-IL-2 injected animals compared with control animals.
Graph-based algorithms for natural language processing and information retrieval (2006)

Graph theory is a well studied discipline, and so are the fields of natural language processing and information retrieval. However, most of the times, they are perceived as different disciplines, with different algorithms, different applications, and different potential end-users.
Culture of normal and malignant primary human mammary epithelial cells in a physiological manner simulates in vivo growth patterns and allows discrimination of cell type. (1993)

We cultured primary human mammary epithelial cells from five reduction mammoplasties and five breast carcinomas and attempted to improve culture conditions and define cell populations grown. Normal cells cultured on Matrigel basement membrane-like substance formed multicellular three-dimensional structures reminiscent of tissue ducts and alveoli, while malignant cells remained as single cells crawling through Matrigel much as malignant cells separate and invade basement membrane in vivo. This re-creation of normal and malignant breast cell morphology may facilitate studies of breast cancer cell biology and determination of malignant cell authenticity in culture. Growth of cells in a reduced oxygen concentration of 12% improved cell proliferation over room air (21%); however, cells could not proliferate in a completely physiological oxygen concentration of 6%, perhaps because of the medium used. We developed an improved medium for malignant cell growth, which lengthened their life span in culture, and a completely defined medium which supported cell proliferation for six passages. Methods to determine the epithelial nature of mammary epithelial cells are illustrated and discussed. The authenticity of malignant cells in culture was suggested by their proliferation without certain growth factors required for normal cell growth or with transforming growth factor-beta, which arrests normal cell proliferation, and by their contact independence.
Progress in the development of ferromagnetic liquids (1980)

Factors affecting the stability of suspensions of ferromagnetic particles in non-conducting and metallic liquids are discussed. The preparation and properties of suspensions of Fe <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> particles and metallic particles in various liquids are discussed and the progress in the development of new ferromagnetic liquids reviewed.
Applications of delegation schemes for securing future reconfigurable terminals (2004)

The main goal of this paper is to address applications of secure mobile delegation for future reconfigurable terminals. Additionally, a general overview will be given on distributed reconfigurable mobile terminals in a personal area network (PAN) context. The PAN may include a number of mobile devices, which need to exchange information with each other and with their users; technologies such as Bluetooth, IrDA and WLAN could be employed. Thus, secure data transfer will be needed for properties such as confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation of data. However, the ability of a device to reconfigure raises a number of security issues that will need to be addressed in order to realize the potential of the reconfigurable domain. A highly distributed environment suggests the requirement for security delegation techniques. Additionally, threats increase from malicious software such as viruses, Trojan horses and worms. One can employ secure mobile delegation for securing software upgrades in reconfigurable terminals, from high-level applications and system software, such as ring tones, down to lower-layer baseband modules. With our novel delegation schemes we show that it is possible to maintain end-to-end accountability and at the same time have compact and lightweight cascade characteristics. This has been further enhanced with our innovative security mechanism that can be automatically optimized in various environments These characteristics make our protocols suitable for ubiquitous environment as well as for diverse personalized services and future reconfigurable terminals.
Impact of monocytic cells on recovery of uncultivable bacteria from atherosclerotic lesions (2011)

These results indicate that viable previously uncultivable bacterial species are present within atheromas. Our results suggest revisiting the hypothesis that infections may have a causative role in atherosclerotic inflammation and have implications for research regarding novel diagnostics and treatments for cardiovascular disease.
Chemical nanoprinting: a novel method for fabricating DNA microchips (2001)

We have developed a novel cost-effective procedure, namely 'chemical nanoprinting', for oligonucleotide or cDNA chips manufacture. In this thermo-controlled process, the oligonucleotides, covalently attached to a highly loaded 'master-chip' through disulfide bonds, are chemically transferred to the acrylamide layer mounted on a 'print-chip'. It is demonstrated here that multiple identical print-chips can be produced from a single master-chip. This duplication process is a few hundreds of times faster than any existing methods and the speed of process and cost incurred are independent of the scale of the DNA chips.
Filtering Spam in Social Tagging System with Dynamic Behavior Analysis (2009)

Spam in social tagging systems introduced by some malicious participants has become a serious problem for its global popularizing. Some studies which can be deduced to static user data analysis have been presented to combat tag spam, but either they do not give an exact evaluation or the algorithms' performances are not good enough. In this paper, we proposed a novel method based on analysis of dynamic user behavior data for the notion that users' behaviors in social tagging system can reflect the quality of tags more accurately. Through modeling the different categories of participants' behaviors, we extract tag-associated actions which can be used to estimate whether tag is spam, and then present our algorithm that can filter the tag spam in the results of social search. The experiment results show that our method indeed outperforms the existing methods based on static data and effectively defends against the tag spam in various spam attacks.
Scanning beam collimation method for measuring dynamic angle variations using an acousto‐optic deflector (1996)

A scanning beam collimation (SBC) method is developed for measuring dynamic angle variations in which an acousto-optic deflector is used as a diffractive scanner to compensate the angle variation in real time, and a position sensor is used to detect the position of the beam that is reflected from the reflector (i.e., object) to be measured. The angle variation can be measured at high speed due to the very high scanning speed available in the acousto-optic deflector. There was good agreement between the angle variation measured using the SBC method and that using a conventional electronic autocollimator. The repeatability, resolution, and linearity of the scanning beam collimation method were determined using a piezo translator to generate tilt angle; the results show that high accuracy also can be achieved in dynamic angle variation measurement. The SBC method was applied to measure the tilt angle variation caused by the beating force of a dragonfly attached to one end of a gauge block. The results confirmed the effectiveness of this new method.
Significance of porosity for stratigraphy and textural composition in subsurface, coarse fluvial deposits: Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (2004)

Recognition and quantitative characterization of subsurface stratigraphic units in coarse unconsolidated fluvial deposits are difficult because large grain size and the large scale of sedimentary structures make direct interpretation from core difficult or impossible. In this paper, we use porosity data from well logs and grain-size distribution (GSD) data from core to investigate four pebble- and cobble-dominated units that have been identified in porosity logs in deposits at a research well field (Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site). Lacking direct observation at an appropriate scale, questions about distribution of parameters and textural composition in these units are analyzed with statistical tests. The four pebble- and cobble-dominated “porosity stratigraphic” units may be grouped into two types: (1) Units 1 and 3 have low porosity (mean ∼0.17–0.18) and low porosity variance; and (2) Units 2 and 4 have higher porosity (mean ∼ 0.23–0.24) and higher porosity variance. Based on GSD data, core samples are subdivided into five lithotypes. The five lithotypes occur in different proportions and have different vertical transition probability characteristics in the two types of units: (1) Units 1 and 3 have only framework-gravel–dominated lithotypes and have random vertical transition probability between these two lithotypes; and (2) Units 2 and 4 consist of both framework-gravel–dominated and sand- or matrix-dominated lithotypes and have structured vertical transition probability. The two framework-gravel–dominated lithotypes occur in all four stratigraphic units but have distinctly lower porosity in Units 1 and 3 (i.e., tighter packing) than in Units 2 and 4 (looser packing). Considering the repeated stratigraphic occurrence of (and the statistical significance of differences between) the two types of units, both the individual unit distinctions and the two unit groupings appear to be valid. It is reasonable to interpret that the observed packing differences associated with Units 1 and 3 compared with Units 2 and 4 are related to different sedimentary processes that produce different bedforms or grain fabrics, perhaps under different bedload transport rates.
Semantic query formulation and evaluation for XML databases (2003)

A semantic query attempts to help a user obtain or manipulate data in a database without knowing its detailed syntactic structure. Formulation and evaluation of semantic queries require schematic and other constraint information as well as general domain knowledge. A new approach to the formulation and evaluation of semantic queries for XML databases is proposed. It employs XML Declarative Description (XDD) - XML based knowledge representation - to model the databases together with the schemata of their XML elements and to represent domain knowledge resulting in a uniform representation of all the required information. Equivalent transformation (ET) - a new computation paradigm which transforms a representation into another while preserving their meanings - is used to optimize and evaluate the queries.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Antivirulent Potential of Essential Oils Isolated from Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. macrocarpa Aerial Parts (2022)

As a consequence of the worsening situation with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and a disparity in the commercialization of novel antimicrobial agents, scientists have been prompted to seek out new compounds with antimicrobial activity from a wide range of sources, including medicinal plants. In the present study, the antibacterial, antifungal, anti-virulence, and resistance-modulating properties of the essential oil from the Sardinian endemic <i>Juniperus oxycedrus</i> L. ssp. <i>macrocarpa</i> aerial parts were evaluated. The GC/MS analysis showed that the main compounds in the oil were α-pinene (56.63 ± 0.24%), limonene (14.66 ± 0.11%), and β-pinene (13.42 ± 0.09%). The essential oil showed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (0.25-2 <i>v/v</i>%) and <i>Salmonella</i> spp. (4 <i>v/v</i>%). The strongest fungicidal activity was recorded against <i>Candida auris</i> sessile cells (median FICI was 0.088) but not against <i>C. albicans</i> biofilms (median FICI was 1). The oil showed potent efflux pump inhibitory properties in the case of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The therapeutic potential of Juniperus may be promising for future more extensive research and in vivo tests to develop new drugs against antibiotic and antifungal resistance.
Application of phospholipases in the edible oil industry (1998)

Microbial hydrolytic enzymes with phospholipase activites were found in Aspergillus strains, suitable for the hydrolysis of phospholipids in soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower oil during the enzymatic degumming of edible oils. The microbial enzyme is significantly different from pancreatic phospholipase. Calcium is not essential, but enhances the activity. Einsatz von Phospholipasen in der Lebensmittelindustrie Hydrolytisch spaltende Enzyme mit Phospholipaseaktivität wurden im Kulturüberstand von Aspergillus entdeckt. Diese Enzyme eignen sich für die Hydrolyse der Phospholipide in Soja-, Raps- und Sonnenblumenöl während des enzymatisch katalysierten Entschleimungsschrittes bei der Herstellung von Speiseölen. Das mikrobielle Enzym unterscheidet sich signifikant von der Phospholipase aus Schweinepankreas. Es benötigt kein Calcium für seine Aktivität. Diese wird aber durch den Zusatz an Calcium gesteigert.