gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Flow Rate Feedback Control in Tilting-ladle-type Pouring Robot with Direct Manipulation of Pouring Flow Rate (2019)

This paper describes the advanced control technology for the tilting-ladle-type pouring robots in the casting industry. In the pouring process in which the molten metal is poured into the pouring basin of the mold by tilting the ladle, it is difficult to pour the molten metal as desired pouring flow rate by the operator. Because the pouring flow rate is manipulated indirectly by manipulating the ladle’s angle. In order to solve this problem, in previous studies, we developed the direct manipulation system of the pouring flow rate in the pouring robots. However, the error between the desired and the actual pouring flow rate can be caused by the disturbances in the pouring condition. Therefore, in this study, we develop the pouring flow rate feedback control for improving the tracking performance. In this approach, the pouring flow rate can be estimated by using the extended Kalman filter, and the feedback controller can be constructed by the gain-scheduled PID control based on the estimated flow rate. The developed system is applied to the laboratory-type pouring robot. According to the experiments, the operator can manipulate the pouring flow rate as desired, even in the pouring condition with the disturbance.
Advances in Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Electrode Materials (2018)

Nickel rich electrodes are of interest for use in next generation electric vehicle applications. Both new-scrap from original manufacturing and old-scrap from end of life batteries may require fees for processing because such "cobalt-lite" formulations have a low value of recoverable elements. For these materials, direct recycling technologies for recovery of electrode particles are not constrained by cobalt content. Coating of cathodes with molecular barriers is a strategy to improve the safety and life for of these electrodes. Coated cathodes can be adopted not only to improve 'first-life' cell performance, but also, when coupled with direct recycling technologies, facilitate the 'next-life' of low cost lithium-ion cathodes from scrap material. This paper demonstrates direct recycling of bare NMC 622 from used cells, and direct recycling of a similar, coated material.
Recurrent intragenic rearrangement mutations in the tumor suppressor gene <i>BRCA1</i>: Prevalence results from 12,272 patients at high risk for breast and/or ovarian cancers and methods of biochemical analysis (2004)

9533 Background: Rearrangement mutations may represent 5–10% of clinically significant variants in the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene. Several of these mutations occur recurrently in unrelated families or in specific ethic groups. Previously, we described a multiplexed PCR based method that accurately and efficiently detects several of these recurrent mutations (Nielsen et al; Proc ASCO 2002). Inclusion of this assay as part of a comprehensive genetic analysis for hereditary breast cancer in 12,272 patients revealed the prevalence of five rearrangement mutations in a predominantly North American sample set. Methods: Genomic DNA, isolated from whole blood, was inoculated into a multiplexed PCR assay that detects the previously characterized deletions of BRCA1 exons 8–9, 13, 14–20, 22 and a duplication of exon 13. Results: Clinical testing identified 1,646 patients (13.4%) with clinically significant mutations, 43 (2.6%) being rearrangements detected by the assay. The duplication of exon 13 was identified in 36 patients (2.2% of mutation carriers), making this the most prevalent non-Ashkenazi BRCA1 mutation in our test population. The deletions of exon 22 and exons 14–20 were found in four and three patients, respectively. No occurrences of the deletions of exons 8–9 or exon 13 were identified in this group. Conclusions: Mutation-specific, as well as more generalized methods to detect large rearrangement mutations improve the sensitivity of clinical tests to determine breast/ovarian cancer risk. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Myriad Genetics
<i>Clostridium difficile</i>virulence factors: Insights into an anaerobic spore-forming pathogen (2014)

The worldwide emergence of epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile linked to increased disease severity and mortality has resulted in greater research efforts toward determining the virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms used by this organism to cause disease. C. difficile is an opportunist pathogen that employs many factors to infect and damage the host, often with devastating consequences. This review will focus on the role of the 2 major virulence factors, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), as well as the role of other putative virulence factors, such as binary toxin, in C. difficile-mediated infection. Consideration is given to the importance of spores in both the initiation of disease and disease recurrence and also to the role that surface proteins play in host interactions.
High-resolution restoration of images distorted by the atmosphere, based upon average atmospheric modulation transfer function (1994)

A new method of real-time high resolution imaging through the atmosphere is presented. This technique is based on the knowledge of average atmospheric MTF at the time the image is received. Atmospheric effects are modeled by a noisy spatial frequency filter including an average component described by the average atmospheric modulation transfer function, and a noisy component modeled by the atmospheric point spread function's power spectral density. Analytical results are accompanied by experimental image restoration examples, indicating significant image quality improvement based upon knowledge of average atmospheric MTF. This method can be used to help overcome the jitter characteristics of turbulence, and is capable of yielding real-time image restoration with resolution limited essentially only by the hardware itself.
Radiation dose reduction in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) by means of deep-learning-based supervised image processing (2018)

To reduce cumulative radiation exposure and lifetime risks for radiation-induced cancer from breast cancer screening, we developed a deep-learning-based supervised image-processing technique called neural network convolution (NNC) for radiation dose reduction in DBT. NNC employed patched-based neural network regression in a convolutional manner to convert lower-dose (LD) to higher-dose (HD) tomosynthesis images. We trained our NNC with quarter-dose (25% of the standard dose: 12 mAs at 32 kVp) raw projection images and corresponding “teaching” higher-dose (HD) images (200% of the standard dose: 99 mAs at 32 kVp) of a breast cadaver phantom acquired with a DBT system (Selenia Dimensions, Hologic, CA). Once trained, NNC no longer requires HD images. It converts new LD images to images that look like HD images; thus the term “virtual” HD (VHD) images. We reconstructed tomosynthesis slices on a research DBT system. To determine a dose reduction rate, we acquired 4 studies of another test phantom at 4 different radiation doses (1.35, 2.7, 4.04, and 5.39 mGy entrance dose). Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index was used to evaluate the image quality. For testing, we collected half-dose (50% of the standard dose: 32±14 mAs at 33±5 kVp) and full-dose (standard dose: 68±23 mAs at 33±5 kvp) images of 10 clinical cases with the DBT system at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. NNC converted half-dose DBT images of 10 clinical cases to VHD DBT images that were equivalent to full dose DBT images. Our cadaver phantom experiment demonstrated 79% dose reduction.
Hardware‐assisted estimation of entropy norm for high‐speed network traffic (2014)

The computation of the entropy of a high‐speed data stream in a one‐pass fashion is crucial to many network security applications. Motivated by the work of Lall et al. , this study examines the design trade‐off of processing speed and accuracy for estimating the entropy norm. The proposed scheme leverages the Count Sketch with constant memory access on counter update and point query operations. With a bounded relative error and a constant memory access cycle, the design can process incoming traffic with a throughput of 30 Gbit/s.
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases: Basic Research to Clinical Applications (2010)

the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland. The conference provided an opportunity to gather a diverse group of more than 200 experts from both academic ophthalmology and the ophthalmic pharmaceutical industry, including laboratory researchers and clinicians, to discuss recent advances in delivery systems that convey ocular drugs to the posterior segment and how these systems might be successfully used in commercial products.
p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl as a protecting group of guanidino function in peptide synthesis. (1976)

The p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl (MBS) group was used to protect the ω-guanidino function in arginine and was found to be more easily and completely removed by treatment with methanesulfonic acid and borontristrifluoroacetate (BTFA) than the p-toluene-sulfonyl group. In order to evaluate the usefulness of this new protecting group in peptide synthesis, bradykinin and tuftsin were prepared by using the MBS group.
An initial study of complete 2D shear wave dispersion images using a reverberant shear wave field (2019)

Within the field of elastography, a relatively new approach analyzes the limiting case of shear waves established as a reverberant field. In this framework, it is assumed that a distribution of shear waves exists, oriented across all directions in 3D and continuous in time. The simultaneous multi-frequency application of reverberant shear wave fields can be accomplished by applying an array of external sources that can be excited by multiple frequencies within a bandwidth, for example 50, 100, 150, …, 500 Hz, all contributing to the shear wave field produced in the liver or other target organ. This enables the analysis of the dispersion of shear wave speed as it increases with frequency, indicating the viscoelastic and lossy nature of the tissue under study. Furthermore, dispersion images can be created and displayed alongside the shear wave speed images. We report preliminary studies on breast and liver tissues using the multi-frequency reverberant shear wave technique, employing frequencies up to 700 Hz in breast tissue, and robust reverberant patterns of shear waves across the entire liver and kidney in obese patients. Dispersion images are shown to have contrast between tissue types and with quantitative values that align with previous studies.
Searchable symmetric encryption: optimal locality in linear space via two-dimensional balanced allocations (2016)

Searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) enables a client to store a database on an untrusted server while supporting keyword search in a secure manner. Despite the rapidly increasing interest in SSE technology, experiments indicate that the performance of the known schemes scales badly to large databases. Somewhat surprisingly, this is not due to their usage of cryptographic tools, but rather due to their poor locality (where locality is defined as the number of non-contiguous memory locations the server accesses with each query). The only known schemes that do not suffer from poor locality suffer either from an impractical space overhead or from an impractical read efficiency (where read efficiency is defined as the ratio between the number of bits the server reads with each query and the actual size of the answer).
Design of high-speed phase-only spatial light modulators with two-dimensional tunable microcavity arrays (2019)

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are central to numerous applications ranging from high-speed displays to adaptive optics, structured illumination microscopy, and holography. After decades of advances, SLM arrays based on liquid crystals can now reach large pixel counts exceeding 10<sup>6</sup> with phase-only modulation with a pixel pitch of less than 10 µm and reflectance around 75%. However, the rather slow modulation speed in such SLMs (below hundreds of Hz) presents limitations for many applications. Here we propose an SLM architecture that can achieve two-dimensional phase-only modulation at high speed in excess of GHz. The architecture consists of a tunable two-dimensional array of vertically oriented, one-sided microcavities that are tuned through an electro-optic material such as barium titanate (BTO). We calculate that the optimized microcavity design achieves a <i>π</i> phase shift under an applied bias voltage below 10 V, while maintaining nearly constant reflection amplitude. As two model applications, we consider high-speed 2D beam steering as well as beam forming. The outlined design methodology could also benefit future design of spatial light modulators with other specifications (for example amplitude modulators). This high-speed SLM architecture promises a wide range of new applications ranging from fully tunable metasurfaces to optical computing accelerators, high-speed interconnects, true 2D phased array beam steering, and quantum computing with cold atom arrays.
Feasibility of CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction from Seawater and Simultaneous Hydrogen Gas Generation Using a Novel and Robust Electrolytic Cation Exchange Module Based on Continuous Electrodeionization Technology (2014)

A novel, robust, and innovative electrolytic cation exchange process has been used to efficiently extract large quantities of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate from natural seawater, and to simultaneously produce H2 gas in quantities and ratios intended for possible future production of hydrocarbons. This indirect approach acidifies seawater by using the protons electrolytically produced by electrolysis at the anode. Electrons concurrently produced with these protons are subsequently consumed at the cathode forming hydrogen gas. The ability to degas and recover 92% [CO2]T from natural seawater was demonstrated. The potential detrimental effects of mineral deposits on the module’s electrode surfaces were successfully mitigated by cyclically changing the module electrode’s polarity. This feasibility study marks the first time that CO2 has been successfully extracted on a continuous basis from natural seawater. In addition, there is no energy or economic penalty to extract CO2 from the seawater matrix, above the energy needed to produce hydrogen.
Recent advances in continuous renal replacement therapy: citrate anticoagulated continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis. (1991)

Trisodium citrate was used as a regional anticoagulant on 24 patients on continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD), obviating the need for systemic heparinization. Principles of CAVHD, potential complications, and nursing responsibilities are addressed. Clearances, blood flow rate, ultrafiltration and filter patency compare favorably with heparin CAVHD. Citrate anticoagulated CAVHD avoids heparin-associated complications in the critically ill uremic patient.
Towards reading hidden emotions:a comparative study of spontaneous micro-expression spotting and recognition methods (2018)

Micro-expressions (MEs) are rapid, involuntary facial expressions which reveal emotions that people do not intend to show. Studying MEs is valuable as recognizing them has many important applications, particularly in forensic science and psychotherapy. However, analyzing spontaneous MEs is very challenging due to their short duration and low intensity. Automatic ME analysis includes two tasks: ME spotting and ME recognition. For ME spotting, previous studies have focused on posed rather than spontaneous videos. For ME recognition, the performance of previous studies is low. To address these challenges, we make the following contributions: (i) We propose the first method for spotting spontaneous MEs in long videos (by exploiting feature difference contrast). This method is training free and works on arbitrary unseen videos. (ii) We present an advanced ME recognition framework, which outperforms previous work by a large margin on two challenging spontaneous ME databases (SMIC and CASMEII). (iii) We propose the first automatic ME analysis system (MESR), which can spot and recognize MEs from spontaneous video data. Finally, we show our method outperforms humans in the ME recognition task by a large margin, and achieves comparable performance to humans at the very challenging task of spotting and then recognizing spontaneous MEs.
Heterocycles from substituted semicarbazides and thionyl chloride. 1‐oxo‐1, 2,3,5‐thiatriazolidin‐4‐one (1979)

Abstract Reaction of thionyl chloride and semicarbazides or thiosemicarbazides produces the novel 1‐oxo‐1,2,3,5‐thiatriazolidin‐4‐one or 4‐thione ring system.
Broad alphaherpesvirus cross-reactivity of human CD4 and CD8 T-cells (VIR4P.1014) (2014)

Abstract Peptide-HLA diversity exceeds the TCR repertoire. The resultant T-cell cross-reactivity implies that prior antigen exposure could modulate the outcome of heterologous infections. The alphaherpesviruses HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV have unexplained ranges of infection severity, and the reasons for partial efficacy of therapeutic live VZV vaccination are unknown. The viruses share 60 homologous ORFs. Using whole viruses, protein sets covering the viral ORFeomes, and peptides, we studied the cross-reactivity of polyclonal and mono-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cells. Effectors were enriched from PBMC using HSV or VZV by direct or cross-presentation (J. Clin. Invest. 122:654) or with tetramers. Cross-reactivity between HSV and VZV was readily detectable. For example, VZV-driven polyclonal CD4 T-cells lines showed a mean of 31% IFN-gamma/IL-2 reactivity to whole VZV and a mean of 11% reactivity to HSV-1, implying that 35% of T-cells were cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity was confirmed at the protein and peptide levels for both CD4 and CD8 T-cells. Cross-reactive CD8 T-cells directly recognized infected target cells, including non-IFN-treated VZV-infected dermal fibroblasts, despite VZV encoding a TAP-blocking protein. We hypothesize that cross-reactive alphaherpesvirus ORFs are rational subunit vaccine candidates to cover HSV and VZV, and that heterologous infections and resulting T-cell cross-reactivity may contribute to variability in infection severity and vaccine responses.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Methodological Approach to Anthraquinone and Anthracyclinone Synthesis. (1990)

Abstract A new general methodology for the anthraquinone and anthracyclinone synthesis is developed.
Efficient Expression of the <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae PGK</i> Gene Depends on an Upstream Activation Sequence but Does Not Require TATA Sequences (1986)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) gene encodes one of the most abundant mRNA and protein species in the cell. To identify the promoter sequences required for the efficient expression of PGK, we undertook a detailed internal deletion analysis of the 5' noncoding region of the gene. Our analysis revealed that PGK has an upstream activation sequence (UASPGK) located between 402 and 479 nucleotides upstream from the initiating ATG sequence which is required for full transcriptional activity. Deletion of this sequence caused a marked reduction in the levels of PGK transcription. We showed that PGK has no requirement for TATA sequences; deletion of one or both potential TATA sequences had no effect on either the levels of PGK expression or the accuracy of transcription initiation. We also showed that the UASPGK functions as efficiently when in the inverted orientation and that it can enhance transcription when placed upstream of a TRP1-IFN fusion gene comprising the promoter of TRP1 fused to the coding region of human interferon alpha-2.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Factors Affecting Their Composition and Their Physiological Significance (2019)

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are elongations of the milk sugar lactose by galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose; and sialic acid. The HMO composition of breast milk is strongly influenced by polymorphisms of the maternal fucosyltransferases, FUT2 and FUT3, and by the stage of lactation. Clinical observational studies with breastfed infant-mother dyads associate specific HMOs with infant gut microbiota, morbidity, infectious diarrhea, and allergies. Observational and basic research data suggest that HMOs influence the establishment of early-life microbiota and mucosal immunity and inhibit pathogens, thereby contributing to protection from infections. Clinical intervention trials with infant formula supplemented with the single HMO, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), or with 2 HMOs, 2'FL and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), demonstrated that they allow for age-appropriate growth and are well tolerated. A priori defined exploratory outcomes related feeding an infant formula with 2 HMOs to fewer reported illnesses of the lower respiratory tract and reduced need for antibiotics during the first year of life compared to feeding a control formula. In parallel, early-life microbiota composition shifted towards that of breastfed infants. Together, HMOs likely contribute to immune protection in part through their effect on early-life gut microbiota, findings that warrant further clinical research to improve our understanding of HMO biology and significance for infant nutrition.
Frequency-Domain Block Turbo-Equalization for Single-Carrier Transmission Over MIMO Broadband Wireless Channel (2006)

This paper presents a new class of block turbo-equalizers for single-carrier transmission over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadband wireless channels. The key underlying idea consists in equalizing (nonoverlapping) groups of symbols and detecting their individual space-time components in a disjoint and iterative fashion. This functional split naturally induces new design options that have been accurately listed and described, i.e., choice of distinct criteria for intergroup interference (IGI) equalization and intragroup components detection, yielding hybrid structures, multiple iterative loops, and related scheduling variants. Selected algorithms in the proposed class are compared in terms of performance under various transmission scenarios. For all of them, minimum mean square error IGI equalization certainly occupies a central role (at least for the first iteration) and may be identified as the computational bottleneck. Fortunately, block spread transmission together with cyclic prefix operations make the channel matrix block circulant, thus allowing low-complexity inversion in the Fourier domain
Correlation of thermally stimulated luminescence with radio frequency surface resistance of high-temperature superconductors (1989)

We recently demonstrated that insulating surface impurity phases in high-temperature superconductors can be detected by thermally stimulated luminescence. Moreover, we suggested that the intensity of luminescence is related to the magnitude of the rf surface resistance. In this work we show that a quantitative correlation exists between these two quantities, and that luminescence can be a very useful technique for estimating rf surface resistance.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—H Bond Stannylation: A New Regioselective Pathway to C—Sn Bonds via C—H Bond Functionalization. (2011)

Abstract A variety of fluorinated arenes and pyridine is undergoing a stannylation reaction not via the expected C—F activation but rather provides the products of the C—H activation.