gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, and O<sub>2</sub> on Natural Zeolites (2003)

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and temperature swing adsorption are potential techniques for removing CO2 from high-pressure fuel gas streams. Natural zeolites are suitable candidate sorbents for use in the PSA process. Studies of volumetric gas adsorption of CO2, N2, and O2 on three natural zeolites, with different major cations, were conducted at 25 °C up to a pressure of 300 psi (2 × 106 Pa). Preferential adsorption of CO2 was observed with all three zeolites. The natural zeolite with the highest sodium content and highest surface area showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity. Competitive gas adsorption studies also showed that the zeolite with the highest sodium content gave the best separation of CO2 from the gas mixtures. Contact time did not affect the extent of adsorption of the zeolites. Temperature-programmed desorption studies indicated that the majority of the physically adsorbed CO2 was desorbed at room temperature, while some strongly bound CO2 was desorbed at 115 °C.
From destination prediction to route prediction (2013)

A prediction of a vehicle's route would be useful for giving the driver advance warnings and alerts about upcoming situations and opportunities. This paper presents a new algorithm for predicting a driver's route based on a probabilistic prediction of the driver's destination. For each candidate destination, our route prediction algorithm plans a route to that destination. Roads on these routes accumulate the probabilities of their respective destinations, giving higher probabilities to roads along the way to higher probability destinations. The algorithm is based on a single parameter that characterises how efficiently a driver drives. Once this parameter is computed, it does not require storing a history of trips, and it works in places a driver has never visited. We test the algorithm on 100 routes recorded with the Global Positioning System (GPS) and show that the route prediction quickly narrows down the future route to a small fraction of the road network. We also compare our algorithm to two other algorithms to show how it performs better.
Apparatus to reduce NO/sub chi/ emissions from a fluid catalytic cracking unit (1989)

This patent describes an apparatus for reducing NO/sub chi/ in flue gas from a regenerator for regenerating a spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst stream comprising a mixture of ZSM-5 catalyst and zeolite Y catalyst particles from a fluid catalytic cracking reactor to produce regenerated catalyst. The apparatus comprising: a first regenerator riser having an inlet in a lower portion thereof for regenerating a first mixture of the spent catalyst stream, a portion of regenerated catalyst and a first oxygen-containing stream by passing the first mixture therethrough and an outlet in an upper portion of the first riser for discharging a mixture of catalyst and first flue gas from the first riser; a second regenerator riser; means for separating and discharging the first mixture from the first riser and downwardly directing catalyst from the first mixture from the first riser to a first catalyst bed; means for withdrawing from the apparatus the first flue gas stream from the discharged first mixture; means for adding a second oxygen-containing stream to the first bed; means for passing a second mixture of catalyst and gases comprising the NO/sub chi/ from the first bed into the upper portion of the second riser; an enlarged catalystmore » collecting chamber above the first catalyst bed; means for discharging the second mixture from the second riser and downwardly directing the second mixture from the second riser to a second catalyst bed; means for separating a second flue gas stream from the second mixture prior to passing the second mixture into the second bed; means for adding a third oxygen-containing gas stream to the second bed; means for recycling regenerated catalyst from the second bed to the first riser; means for withdrawing regenerated catalyst from the second bed; and means for separating a third flue gas stream from an atmosphere of the collecting chamber above the second bed.« less
GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonism for treatment of obesity (2017)

Over a relatively short period, obesity and type 2 diabetes have come to represent a large medical and economic burden to global societies. The epidemic rise in the prevalence of obesity has metabolic consequences and is paralleled by an increased occurrence of other diseases, such as diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular complications. Together, obesity and type 2 diabetes constitute one of the more preventable causes of premature death and the identification of novel, safe and effective anti-obesity drugs is of utmost importance. Pharmacological attempts to treat obesity have had limited success, with notable adverse effects, rendering bariatric surgery as the only current therapy for substantially improving body weight. Novel unimolecular, multifunctional peptides have emerged as one of the most promising medicinal approaches to enhance metabolic efficacy and restore normal body weight. In this review, we will mainly focus on the discovery and translational relevance of dual agonists that pharmacologically function at the receptors for glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1. Such peptides have advanced to clinical evaluation and inspired the pursuit of multiple related approaches to achieving polypharmacy within single molecules.
Short-gas-residence-time electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching (1994)

This paper describes short-gas-residence-time electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching for high etch rates, reduced contamination, and highly anisotropic etching. The new high-gas-flow-rate (high-flow) etching system is demonstrated with effective-pumping rate of 2500 ℓ/s. This method produces very high etch rate while maintaining high anisotropy at very low gas pressure below 1 mTorr. The high etch rate is due to the reduction of reaction products density because of the very short gas-residence time of 30 ms. This technique also dramatically reduces the contamination of reaction products. Etching of crystalline Si and n+ polycrystalline Si with the high-flow etching system is demonstrated. For crystalline Si etching with Cl2, a high etch rate up to 1 μm/min is achieved at a high gas flow rate of 90 sccm at 0.5 mTorr.
Development and Characterization of a High Frequency Actuator for Control Applications (2003)

A new fluidic actuator and its characteristics are described. The development and characterization have been carried out entirely using CFD. The device works on a novel principle of choking and un- choking a convergent divergent nozzle. The results presented show that the device is capable of delivering fluctuating pressure mass flow rate signals at user specified exit pressure, mean and rms mass flow rates, and fluctuating frequency. An analysis of the operating mechanism of the device is presented.
Phosphate removal and recovery by a novel electrolytic process (2002)

The possibility of removing and recovering phosphate from wastewater by a novel electrolytic process was investigated experimentally. In the process, ion electrodes are immersed in synthetic wastewater and direct current (DC) is applied to coagulate phosphate on the surface of the anode. Experimental results demonstrated that at electric current densities ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 mA/cm2, phosphate was removed and recovered as phosphate-rich aggregates formed on the anode surface. Decreases in phosphate concentration at bulk liquid were in fairly good agreement with the amounts of phosphate in the aggregates. Moreover, the removal rate of phosphate was increased with increasing electric current. In addition, as heavy metal anions such as Cu2+ deposit on the counter electrode (cathode), it was thought that relatively pure phosphate could be obtained by the present process.
An optimized π/2 distributed feedback laser (1985)

The effects of a periodicity interruption (phase slip) in distributed feedback lasers are investigated with attention given to the practical aspects of today's semiconductor lasers in the 1.5 μm region. We find that effects on gain threshold and mode discrimination should be large and favorable if the size and placement of a phase slip are correct.
Expression and Refolding of Truncated Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein Antigen (r56) of <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i> and Its Use in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (1998)

The variable 56-kDa major outer membrane protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi is the immunodominant antigen in human scrub typhus infections. The gene encoding this protein from Karp strain was cloned into the expression vector pET11a. The recombinant protein (r56) was expressed as a truncated nonfusion protein (amino acids 80 to 456 of the open reading frame) which formed an inclusion body when expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. Refolded r56 was purified and compared to purified whole-cell lysate of the Karp strain of O. tsutsugamushi by immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for reactivity with rabbit sera prepared against eight antigenic prototypes of O. tsutsugamushi as well as several other species of Rickettsiales and nonrickettsial antigens. Refolded r56 exhibited broad reactivity with the rabbit antisera against the Orientia prototypes, and the ELISA reactions with the r56 and Karp whole-cell lysate antigens correlated well (r = 0.81, n = 22, sensitivity compared to that of standard ELISA of 91%). Refolded r56 did not react with most antisera against other rickettsial species or control antigens (specificity = 92%, n = 13) using a positive cutoff value determined with eight uninfected rabbit sera. Refolded r56 was evaluated further by ELISA, using 128 sera obtained from patients with suspected scrub typhus from Korat, Thailand, and 74 serum specimens from healthy Thai soldiers. By using the indirect immunoperoxidase assay as the reference assay, the recombinant antigen exhibited a sensitivity and specificity of 93% or greater for detection of both IgG and IgM in the ELISA at 1:400 serum dilution. These results strongly suggest that purified r56 is a suitable candidate for replacing the density gradient-purified, rickettsia-derived, whole-cell antigen currently used in the commercial dipstick assay available in the United States.
Electrochemical cell and method of assembly. [Patent application] (1978)

A method of preparing an electrochemical cell is disclosed which permits the assembly to be accomplished in air. The cell includes a metal sulfide as the positive electrode reactant, lithium alloy as the negative electrode reactant, and an alkali metal, molten salt electrolyte. Positive electrode reactant is introduced as Li/sub 2/FeS/sub 2/, a single-phase compound produced by the reaction of Li/sub 2/S and FeS. The use of this compound permits introduction of lithium in an oxidized form. Additional lithium can be introduced in the negative electrode structure enclosed within an aluminum foil envelope between layers of porous aluminum. Molten salt electrolyte is added after assembly and evacuation of the cell by including an interelectrode separator that has been prewet with an organic solution of KCl. 2 figures, 2 tables.
Chip-scale gyroscope using silicon-nitride waveguide resonator with a Q factor of 100 million (2022)

Recent breakthroughs in silicon photonics technology may soon lead to mass-producible chip-scale tactical-grade (or better) gyroscopes by using a CMOS-compatible fabrication process to print highly integrated high-sensitivity optical gyroscopes. This paper reports our progress on designing and building an optical gyro out of an SiN racetrack resonator of 37-mm perimeter with 1270 finesse (10<sup>8</sup> intrinsic quality factor) using off-the-shelf fiber components (circulators, splitters, and modulators) and a semiconductor laser to achieve an angular random walk (ARW) of 80 deg/h/Hz, or 1.3 deg/h. To our knowledge, it is a record by a factor of 2 for the ARW per footprint area of a Sagnac-effect-based gyroscope on a chip. A balanced-detection scheme is employed to cancel 18 dB of gyroscope noise caused by laser phase noise converted into amplitude noise by residual backscatterers in the resonator. The backscattering coefficient was found to be very sensitive to wavelength, and therefore to the resonance used to probe the resonator. The lowest backscattering coefficient was measured to be more than 1,000 times lower than the mean. The use of this resonance, as well as an asymmetric phase-modulation scheme, greatly reduced the gyroscope’s backscattering noise. Achieving this gyro’s theoretical minimum ARW of 16 deg/h/Hz will likely require a lower backscattering coefficient or better means of cancelling backscattering noise. Further improvements to tactical-grade performance (and better) will likely require a larger resonator area, further reduction of backscattering, and/or a laser with reduced frequency noise.
Nonlinear modeling as a metrology tool to characterize high intensity focused ultrasound fields (2012)

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a rapidly growing medical technology with many clinical applications. The safety and efficacy of these applications require accurate characterization of ultrasound fields produced by HIFU systems. Current nonlinear numerical models based on the KZK and Westervelt wave equations have been shown to serve as quantitatively accurate tools for HIFU metrology. One of the critical parts of the modeling is to set a boundary condition at the source. In previous studies we proposed using measurements of low-amplitude fields to determine the source parameters. In this paper, two approaches of setting the boundary condition are reviewed: The acoustic holography method utilizes two-dimensional scanning of pressure amplitude and phase and numerical back-propagation to the transducer surface. An equivalent source method utilizes one-dimensional pressure measurements on the beam axis and in the focal plane. The dimensions and surface velocity of a uniformly vibrating transducer then are determined to match the one-dimensional measurements in the focal region. Nonlinear simulations are performed for increasing pressure levels at the source for both approaches. Several examples showing the accuracy and capabilities of the proposed methods are presented for typical HIFU transducers with different geometries. [Work supported by NIH EB007643.]
Discovery of FDA-Approved Drugs as Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 Using Molecular Docking Screening (2014)

We first identified fluorescein, ketazolam, antrafenine, darifenacin, fosaprepitant, paliperidone, risperidone, pimozide, trovafloxacin, and levofloxacin as inhibitors of fatty acid binding protein 4 using molecular docking screening from FDA-approved drugs. Subsequently, the biochemical characterizations showed that levofloxacin directly inhibited FABP4 activity in both the in vitro ligand displacement assay and cell-based function assay. Furthermore, levofloxacin did not induce adipogenesis in adipocytes, which is the major adverse effect of FABP4 inhibitors.
Constrained wavelet packets for tree-structured video coding algorithms (1999)

Traditional wavelet packet (WP) optimization techniques neglect information about the structure of the lossy part of the compression scheme. Such information, however, can help guide the optimization procedure so as to result in efficient WP structures. We propose a wavelet packet algorithm with a constrained rate-distortion optimization which makes it suited to subsequent tree-structured coding such as with the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPMT) algorithm. The (octave-band) wavelet transform lends itself to simple and coherent tree-shaped spatial relations which can then be used to define zero-trees. Yet, input images have different frequency distributions and an adaptive transform such as WP is bound to be more efficient on an image-by-image basis. With WP algorithms, the coefficients in the WP domain can be rearranged to produce what resembles (or simulates) the normal wavelet transform structure. This stage is usually performed to simplify the coding stage. However, an unconstrained optimization can result in a transformed image with complicated or incoherent tree-shaped spatial relations. This work aims to show that the efficiency of embedded coders such as SPMT and Shapiro's Zerotrees strongly depends on WP structures with coherent spatial tree relationships.
A multi-source label-correcting algorithm for the all-pairs shortest paths problem (2010)

The All-Pairs Shortest Paths (APSP) problem seeks the shortest path distances between all pairs of vertices, and is one of the most fundamental graph problems. In this paper, a fast algorithm with a small working space for the APSP problem on sparse graphs is presented, which first divides the vertices into sets of vertices with each set having a constant number of vertices and then solves the multi-source shortest paths (MSSP) problem for each set in parallel. For solving the MSSP problems, we give a multi-source label-correcting algorithm, as an extension of a label-correcting algorithm for the single-source shortest path problem. Our algorithm uses fewer operations on the priority queue than an implementation based on Dijkstra's algorithm. Our experiments showed that an implementation of our algorithm with SIMD instructions achieves an order of magnitude speedup for real-world geometric graphs compared to an implementation based on Dijkstra's algorithm.
Automated external defibrillators: design considerations. (1997)

Biphasic defibrillation waveforms are now the standard of care in clinical use for defibrillation with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), due to the superior performance demonstrated over that of comparable monophasic waveforms. To better understand these significantly different outcomes, ICD research has developed cardiac cell response models to defibrillation. Waveform design criteria have been derived from these first principles and have been applied to monophasic and biphasic waveforms to optimize their parameters. These principles-based design criteria have produced significant improvements over the current art of waveforms. Monophasic defibrillation waveforms remain the standard of care in clinical use for transthoracic defibrillation. Waveform design has not yet been influenced by the important gains made in ICD research. The limitations of present transthoracic waveforms may be due in part to a lack of application of these design principles to determine optimal waveform characteristics. To overcome these limitations, design principles based on cell response have recently been developed for external defibrillation waveforms. The transthoracic model incorporates elements into a cell response model that extends it to external defibrillation. External waveform design principles demonstrate reductions in capacitance, voltage, duration, and delivered energy. Therefore, design principles based on cardiac electrophysiology may provide a means to significantly reduce the energy required for safe and efficacious external defibrillation. Footnotes, formulae, and figures augment this presentation in order to clarify the defibrillation waveform theory.
Overexpression and surface localization of the <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> major outer membrane protein in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1992)

The Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein (MOMP) is the quantitatively predominant surface protein which has important functional, structural and antigenic properties. We have cloned and overexpressed the MOMP in Escherichia coli. The MOMP is surface exposed in C. trachomatis and capable of eliciting protective antibodies in infected hosts, and therefore has potential as a candidate vaccine to prevent infection with this significant human pathogen. The recombinant MOMP clone, L2rMOMP, contained the entire MOMP gene including the encoded leader sequence. Large quantities of chlamydial MOMP were expressed, some of which was processed and translocated to the E. coli surface. Surface localization of the MOMP was demonstrated by the binding of anti-MOMP monoclonal antibodies to the surface of the induced clone, and was visualized by fluorescence and electron microscopy. The induction of MOMP expression had a rapidly lethal effect on the L2rMOMP E. coli clone. Although no genetic system exists for Chlamydia, development of a stable, inducible E. coli clone which overexpresses the chlamydial MOMP permits a study of the biological properties of the MOMP, including the contribution of the MOMP variable segments to the topographical interactions which determine the antigenic structure responsible for human immune response.
A minimum speech distortion multichannel algorithm for noise reduction (2008)

Noise reduction using multiple microphones remains a challenging and crucial research problem. This paper presents a new multichannel noise-reduction algorithm based on spatio-temporal prediction. Unlike many multichannel techniques that attempt to achieve both speech dereverberation and noise reduction at the same time, this new approach puts aside speech dereverberation and formulates the problem as one of estimating the speech component received at one microphone using the observations from all the available microphones. In comparison with the existing techniques such as beamforming, this new multichannel approach has many appealing properties: it does not require the knowledge of the source location or the channel impulse responses; the multiple microphones do not have to be arranged into a specific array geometry; it works the same for both the far-field and near-field cases; and most importantly, it can produce very good noise reduction with minimum speech distortion in real acoustic environments.
Modular Code Generation from Triggered and Timed Block Diagrams (2008)

In previous work we have shown how modular code can be automatically generated from a synchronous block diagram notation where all blocks fire at all times. Here, we extend this work to triggered and timed diagrams, where some blocks fire only when their trigger is true, or at statically specified times. We show that, although triggers can be eliminated, this is not desirable since it destroys modularity and may also result in rejecting some diagrams that could be accepted. To avoid this we propose a modular code generation method that directly accounts for triggers. We also propose methods specialized to timed diagrams. Although timed diagrams are special cases of triggered diagrams, treating them directly allows us to obtain efficient code. We achieve this by enriching the interface of a macro block with firing time information and using this information to avoid firing the block unnecessarily. Existing firing time representations are generally conservative, in the sense that they cannot represent the exact set of firing times of a macro block, but a super-set. To remedy this, we devise a novel and accurate (exact) representation. This representation uses finite automata and is amenable to algebraic manipulation and generation of efficient code.
Auto-write strategy system for optical disc recording (2007)

Optical disc recording technology using many types of write strategy (WS) has been developed for optical discs. The optimum WS for each disc is determined based on the material of recordable layer, recording speed, specification of the optical heads and so on. Parameters of WS should be determined by accurate tuning for each optical disc. It has been strongly desired to develop an actual auto-write strategy (AWS) technology to reduce the time for preparing WSs. A new AWS system to optimize the WS for 2times-speed recording on DVD-R discs was developed. This system can detect the pulse widths and signal level of RF signals, and can get better parameters of WS by calculation. As a result, optimum WS can be obtained for optical discs. In this paper, we introduce our new AWS system along with the experimental result of the effectiveness of this system for the optical discs in the actual market.