gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional Hybrid Modulations for Ultrahigh-Speed Optical Transport (2011)

From Shanon's theory, we know that information capacity is a logarithmic function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) but a linear function of the number of dimensions. By increasing the number of dimensions <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$D$</tex></formula> , we can dramatically improve the spectral efficiency. At the same time, in <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$D$</tex></formula> -dimensional space <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$(D\ >\ 2)$</tex></formula> , for the same average symbol energy, we can increase the Euclidean distance between signal constellation points compared with the conventional in-phase (I)/quadrature (Q) 2-D signal space. The 4-D space, with two phase coordinates per polarization, has already been intensively studied. To satisfy the ever-increasing bandwidth demands, in this paper, we propose the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$D$</tex> </formula> -dimensional signaling <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$(D\ >\ 4)$</tex></formula> by employing all available degrees of freedom for transmission over a single carrier including amplitude, phase, polarization, and orbital angular momentum (OAM). The proposed modulation scheme can be called hybrid <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$D$</tex></formula> -dimensional modulation as it employs all available degrees of freedom. The proposed hybrid 8-D coded-modulation scheme outperforms its 4-D counterpart by 3.97 dB at a bit error rate (BER) of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$10^{-8}$</tex></formula> while outperforming its corresponding polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) iterative polar quantization (IPQ)-based counterpart by even a larger margin of 6.41 dB (at the same BER). The improvement of the proposed scheme for two amplitude levels per dimension and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$D = 8$</tex></formula> over conventional PDM 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is indeed a striking 8.28 dB at a BER of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX"> $2 \times 10^{-8}$</tex></formula> .
Plasmin Regulates the Activation of Cell-Associated Latent TGF-β1 Secreted by Rat Alveolar Macrophages After In Vivo Bleomycin Injury (1996)

Transforming growth factor beta s (TGF-beta s) are 25-kD multifunctional proteins that regulate inflammation and connective tissue synthesis. With rare exception TGF-beta 1 is secreted noncovalently bound to a latency-associated peptide (LAP) that renders the mature TGF-beta 1 biologically inactive. An important mechanism for the control of TGF-beta 1 action is the regulation of the post-translational processing that removes the LAP from the mature peptide and renders it biologically active. In a model of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis induced by the antineoplastic antibiotic, bleomycin, we have demonstrated that explanted alveolar macrophages secrete progressively increasing quantities of a biologically active form of TGF-beta 1, the secretion of which was maximal 7 days after bleomycin administration. Thereafter, there was a rapid decline in the secretion of the active form of TGF-beta 1, whereas the latent form continued to be secreted in elevated quantities. Plasmin, a serine protease, was transiently generated by the same bleomycin-activated alveolar macrophages and paralleled the rise in active TGF-beta 1. When alpha 2-antiplasmin, an inhibitor of plasmin, was added to cultures of alveolar macrophages, the post-translational activation of L-TGF-beta 1, was totally abrogated. When plasmin was added to alveolar macrophages in culture, there was complete activation of the L-TGF-beta 1 that had been secreted during the culture period. However, there was no effect of plasmin on the same alveolar macrophage-derived L-TGF-beta 1 in cell-free conditioned media. Our findings suggest that the secretion of an active form of TGF-beta 1 by alveolar macrophages is regulated by the generation of plasmin and requires that the alveolar macrophages be present. Because the diminution of active TGF-beta 1 coincides with the resolution of inflammation, this suggests that the availability of plasmin regulates the biologically active form of TGF-beta 1, and thus, the inflammation seen after bleomycin-induced lung injury.
Changes in spermatogenesis and endocrine function in the ram testis due to irradiation and active immunization against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone1,2 (2005)

Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation is a technique that has potential in livestock to enhance genetic gain and generate transgenic offspring through the male germ line. A means for depletion of endogenous germ cells in a recipient's seminiferous tubules is necessary for this technology to be applied. The objectives of this study were to evaluate several methods for depletion of endogenous germ cells in the testes of adult rams and to evaluate ultrasound-guided injections into the rete testes as a means for infusing a suspension into the seminiferous tubules. Sixteen adult rams were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 4 per group). Treatments consisted of active immunization against LHRH (IMM), localized testicular irradiation (IR), LHRH immunization + irradiation (IMM+IR), and untreated control. Serial bleedings were conducted pretreatment and monthly after treatment for 4 mo, at which time all rams were castrated. Both IMM and IMM+IR rams received exogenous gonadotropin in the form of Perganol weekly for 8 wk before castration to bypass the immunization. All rams also received an ultrasound-guided injection of PBS containing 0.4% trypan blue into the rete testis of one testicle before castration. Rams receiving IMM and IMM+IR treatments had higher (P < 0.05) average percentages of seminiferous tubule cross sections with depleted germ cells compared with controls. Serum testosterone was decreased (P < 0.05) in IMM and IMM+IR rams 1 mo after treatment and throughout the remainder of the study compared with controls and IR rams, which were not different from each other. Serum inhibin concentration was unchanged in all rams following treatment indicating that Sertoli cell function was unaltered. A greater (P < 0.05) average percentage of the total testicular area could be filled with the trypan blue solution by rete testis injection in IMM and IMM+IR rams. These data demonstrate the depletion of endogenous germ cells in adult ram testes without alteration of Sertoli cell viability and function that have potential as methods for preparing recipient animals for germ cell transplantation.
A membrane-delimited N-myristoylated CRMP2 peptide aptamer inhibits CaV2.2 trafficking and reverses inflammatory and postoperative pain behaviors (2015)

Targeting proteins within the N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV2.2) complex has proven to be an effective strategy for developing novel pain therapeutics. We describe a novel peptide aptamer derived from the collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), a CaV2.2-regulatory protein. Addition of a 14-carbon myristate group to the peptide (myr-tat-CBD3) tethered it to the membrane of primary sensory neurons near surface CaV2.2. Pull-down studies demonstrated that myr-tat-CBD3 peptide interfered with the CRMP2-CaV2.2 interaction. Quantitative confocal immunofluorescence revealed a pronounced reduction of CaV2.2 trafficking after myr-tat-CBD3 treatment and increased efficiency in disrupting CRMP2-CaV2.2 colocalization compared with peptide tat-CBD3. Consequently, myr-tat-CBD3 inhibited depolarization-induced calcium influx in sensory neurons. Voltage clamp electrophysiology experiments revealed a reduction of Ca, but not Na, currents in sensory neurons after myr-tat-CBD3 exposure. Current clamp electrophysiology experiments demonstrated a reduction in excitability of small-diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons after exposure to myr-tat-CBD3. Myr-tat-CBD3 was effective in significantly attenuating carrageenan-induced thermal hypersensitivity and reversing thermal hypersensitivity induced by a surgical incision of the plantar surface of the rat hind paw, a model of postoperative pain. These effects are compared with those of tat-CBD3-the nonmyristoylated tat-conjugated CRMP2 peptide as well as scrambled versions of CBD3 and CBD3-lacking control peptides. Our results demonstrate that the myristoyl tag enhances intracellular delivery and local concentration of the CRMP2 peptide aptamer near membrane-delimited calcium channels resulting in pronounced interference with the calcium channel complex, superior suppression of calcium influx, and better antinociceptive potential.
Multifrequency radar signals (2002)

A multifrequency radar signal is considered. It employs M subcarriers simultaneously. The subcarriers are phase modulated by different sequences that constitute a complementary set. Such a set can be constructed, for example, from the M cyclic shifts of a perfect phase-coded sequence of length M (e.g., P4). The subcarriers are separated by the inverse of the duration of a phase element by yielding orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), well known in communications. The signal exhibits a thumbtack ambiguity function with delay resolution of t/sub h//M. The power spectrum is relatively flat, with width of M/t/sub h/. The signal can be constructed by power combining M fixed-amplitude signals. The resulting signal, however, is of variable amplitude.
500oC Electronics for Harsh Environments (2005)

Solid state vacuum devices (SSVDs) are a relatively new class of electronic devices. Innosys is a leading producer of high frequency SSVDs for a number of applications, including RF communications. SSVDs combine features inherent to both solid state and vacuum transistors. Electron transport can be by solid state or vacuum or both. The focus of this talk is on thermionic SSVDs, in which the primary vacuum transport is by thermionically liberated electron emission. SSVDs can be fabricated on a number of substrates (e.g., silicon, silicon carbide, silicon on insulator, sapphire, alumina, etc.). SSVDs are compatible and can be integrated with most other semiconductor process and device technologies. SSVDs can be used as high voltage/high power devices (from DC to well into the GHz range) or as small analog or mixed signal circuits. Examples of such SSVD circuits include operational amplifiers (op amps) and eventually digital to analog converters
Bi-flyback single-stage PFC converter with valley switching technique (2003)

Valley switching technique can reduce the turn-on switching losses in flyback topology by discharging the MOSFET capacitor before the switch is turned on. In this paper, valley switching technique is applied to single-stage power factor correction (PFC) converters to achieve improved performance. Detailed operation principle, simulation results and experimental data are included.
Cytoskeletal Tropomyosin as a Biomarker in <i>Clostridium difficile</i> Infection (2019)

Tpm has a potential role as a CDI biomarker in combination with <i>C. difficile</i> PCR and an appropriate clinical evaluation. However, non-muscle Tpm, as a biomarker for CDI, suffers from a low sensitivity in our study. Therefore further investigation using larger cohorts is needed.
Controlled Encapsulation of a Hydrophilic Drug Simulant in Nano-Liposomes using Continuous Flow Microfluidics (2008)

A new method to tailor the size and size distribution of nanometer scale liposomes and control loading of liposomes with a model drug in a continuous-flow microfluidic design is presented. Size and size dispersion are determined with tandem Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation (AF 4 ) and Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (MALLS). Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) combined with Fluorescence Cumulant Analyis (FCA) allow for determining the number of encapsulated molecules [1]. Results show that this system allows for control of loading efficiency as well as minimization of encapsulant consumption.
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators And Their Applications (1990)

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are fundamental component in most optoelectronic computing architectures. They function as two-dimensional input-output data displays, spatial filters, incoherent-coherent light converters, smart detector/emitters, and as neuron planes and connection weights in neural networks. In this paper, we discuss recent advances in the electrical and optical addressing of ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) SLMs, and their application to optical neural networks, optical correlators and early vision processing.
Identification and Localization of the Gene Cluster Encoding Biosynthesis of the Antitumor Macrolactam Leinamycin in <i>Streptomyces atroolivaceus</i> S-140 (2002)

Leinamycin (LNM), produced by Streptomyces atroolivaceus, is a thiazole-containing hybrid peptide-polyketide natural product structurally characterized with an unprecedented 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety that is spiro-fused to a 18-member macrolactam ring. LNM exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial and antitumor activities, most significantly against tumors that are resistant to clinically important anticancer drugs, resulting from its DNA cleavage activity in the presence of a reducing agent. Using a PCR approach to clone a thiazole-forming nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) as a probe, we localized a 172-kb DNA region from S. atroolivaceus S-140 that harbors the lnm biosynthetic gene cluster. Sequence analysis of 11-kb DNA revealed three genes, lnmG, lnmH, and lnmI, and the deduced product of lnmI is characterized by domains characteristic to both NRPS and polyketide synthase (PKS). The involvement of the cloned gene cluster in LNM biosynthesis was confirmed by disrupting the lnmI gene to generate non-LNM-producing mutants and by characterizing LnmI as a hybrid NRPS-PKS megasynthetase, the NRPS module of which specifies for L-Cys and catalyzes thiazole formation. These results have now set the stage for full investigations of LNM biosynthesis and for generation of novel LNM analogs by combinatorial biosynthesis.
Production of high specific activity silicon-32 (1998)

This is the final report of a three-year, Laboratory Directed Research and Development Project (LDRD) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). There were two primary objectives for the work performed under this project. The first was to take advantage of capabilities and facilities at Los Alamos to produce the radionuclide {sup 32}Si in unusually high specific activity. The second was to combine the radioanalytical expertise at Los Alamos with the expertise at the University of California to develop methods for the application of {sup 32}Si in biological oceanographic research related to global climate modeling. The first objective was met by developing targetry for proton spallation production of {sup 32}Si in KCl targets and chemistry for its recovery in very high specific activity. The second objective was met by developing a validated field-useable, radioanalytical technique, based upon gas-flow proportional counting, to measure the dynamics of silicon uptake by naturally occurring diatoms.
<title>Investigation into the origin of microbridging in chemically amplified negative-tone photoresists</title> (1995)

Microbridge formation in a CAMN photoresist we have developed is dependent on the ratio of dose to print (DTP) to dose to gel (DTG) as well as resist contrast. Photoresists formulated with poly(p-hydroxystyrene) (PHS) have a very high tendency to form microbridges when developed in 2.38 wt% TMAH due to high contrast and high DTP/DTG ratio. When photoresists formulated from PHS were developed in 1.2 wt% TMAH contrast and DTP/DTG ratio were reduced resulting in microbridging being nearly eliminated. Using this observation we developed an I-line CAMN photoresist with PHS type thermal stability and high resolution capabilities which can be developed in industry standard 2.38 wt% TMAH.
Insulin Signaling in the Pancreatic β-Cell (2008)

The appropriate function of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells is crucial for the regulation of glucose homeostasis, and its impairment leads to diabetes mellitus, the most common metabolic disorder in man. In addition to glucose, the major nutrient factor, inputs from the nervous system, humoral components, and cell-cell communication within the islet of Langerhans act together to guarantee the release of appropriate amounts of insulin in response to changes in blood glucose levels. Data obtained within the past decade in several laboratories have revitalized controversy over the autocrine feedback action of secreted insulin on beta-cell function. Although insulin historically has been suggested to exert a negative effect on beta-cells, recent data provide evidence for a positive role of insulin in transcription, translation, ion flux, insulin secretion, proliferation, and beta-cell survival. Current insights on the role of insulin on pancreatic beta-cell function are discussed.
Convenient access to the anhydrous thorium tetrachloride complexes ThCl4(DME)2, ThCl4(1,4-dioxane)2 and ThCl4(THF)3.5 using commercially available and inexpensive starting materials (2010)

Anhydrous thorium tetrachloride complexes ThCl(4)(DME)(2), ThCl(4)(1,4-dioxane)(2), and ThCl(4)(THF)(3.5) have been easily accessed from inexpensive, commercially available reagents under mild conditions and serve as excellent precursors to a variety of thorium(iv) halide, alkoxide, amide and organometallic compounds.
Wound Healing (2001)

This paper focuses on the use of commercial fibrin sealant (FS) in specific wound healing applications. This review is not intended to be all inclusive, but to examine in vitro and in vivo models, as well as select clinical conditions that are representative of specific wound healing applications of FS.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Resting Trap: A Novel Device for Collecting Resting Mosquitoes (2011)

Commercially available wood-fiber pots used to collect resting mosquitoes were modified to improve sampling efficiency. The modified traps, called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention resting traps, collected 16.0 and 5.2 times more adult Culex pipiens and Cx. tarsalis than the conventional wood-fiber pots. The resting trap increases the mean number of resting mosquitoes collected per trap-night and is useful for collecting blood-engorged mosquitoes.
Thermochromic transducer optical fiber thermometer (1986)

A new dielectric thermometer based on multimode optical fibers for light transmission and on a thermochromic solution transducer for temperature sensing is presented. The working principle of the transducer, technical data of the optoelectronic system, and experimental results are described and discussed.
Structure and expression of TMPRSS2-ERG splice variants in prostate cancer (2008)

A44 Purpose: The expression of the ETS-related gene (ERG) is low or undetectable in benign prostate epithelial cells. High prevalence of ERG overexpression in prostate cancer cells due to TMPRSS2-ERG fusions suggest causal roles of ERG protein in the neoplastic process. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion junctions have been extensively studied in prostate cancer. However, virtually nothing is known about the nature of full-length transcripts and encoded proteins. This study focuses on qualitative and quantitative features of full-length TMPRSS2-ERG transcripts in prostate cancer.  Experimental Design : Full-length TMPRSS2-ERG transcripts were cloned and sequenced from a cDNA library generated from pooled RNA of sixTMPRSS2-ERG fusion positive prostate tumors.The encoded ERG proteins were analyzed in HEK293 cells. Copy numbers of TMPRSS2-ERG splice variants were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in laser capture microdissected prostate cancer cells.  Results: Two types ofTMPRSS2-ERG cDNAs were identified: type I, which encodes full-length prototypical ERG protein (ERG1, ERG2, ERG3), and type II, encoding truncated ERG proteins lacking the ETS domain (ERG8 and a new variant,TEPC). In microdissected prostate tumor cells from122 patients, relative abundance of these variants was in the following order: ERG8 > TEPC > ERG 3 > ERG1/2 with combined overexpression rate of 62.3% in prostate cancer. Increased ratio of type I over type II splice forms showed a trend of correlation with less favorable pathology and outcome.  Conclusions: Qualitative and quantitative features of specific ERG splice variants defined herepromise to enhance the utility of ERG as a biomarker and therapeutic target in prostate cancer
Characterization of a new wheat food allergen (2011)

DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.
Efficacy of milnacipran in patients with fibromyalgia. (2005)

In this Phase II study, milnacipran led to statistically significant improvements in pain and other symptoms of FM. The effect sizes were equal to those previously found with TCA, and the drug was generally well tolerated.
A QoS management framework for 3G wireless networks (2003)

The wireless access is expected to be one of the key access technologies for providing IP services to the user, end-to-end seamlessly. The wireless network, as the "last hop" of the wireline IP network has its own unique set of complex characteristics. To improve the behavior of the wireless link susceptible to frequent error bursts (due to fading, shadowing etc.), various low layer (physical/link layer) techniques have to be used to map the service associated network level QoS parameters such as delay, jitter, BER and throughput to meet end-to-end IP performance. The motivation of this paper is two-fold: (i) to present some of the unique characteristics of the radio link and show what kind of flexibility of resource management and mapping techniques required to guarantee QoS over the wireless, and (ii) propose a framework for a wireless QoS agent. The wireless QoS agent, in a nutshell, will be responsible for mapping multimedia IP QoS requirements to radio link specific requirements. The wireless QoS agent will interwork with the IP QoS Manager framework within IETF such as diff-serv in core networks.
Total synthesis of enterobactin via an organotin template (1983)

A novel synthesis of the natural iron carrier enterobactin, based on a single step conversion of the tritylated serine β-lactone (1b) into the enterobactin skeleton (3)via the use of a cyclic organotin compound as a template, is described