gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Confusing Deep Convolution Networks by Relabelling (2015)

Deep convolutional neural networks have become the gold standard for image recognition tasks, demonstrating many current state-of-the-art results and even achieving near-human level performance on some tasks. Despite this fact it has been shown that their strong generalisation qualities can be fooled to misclassify previously correctly classified natural images and give erroneous high confidence classifications to nonsense synthetic images. In this paper we extend that work, by presenting a straightforward way to perturb an image in such a way as to cause it to acquire any other label from within the dataset while leaving this perturbed image visually indistinguishable from the original.
Single-Layer ReS<sub>2</sub>: Two-Dimensional Semiconductor with Tunable In-Plane Anisotropy (2015)

Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2), the group 7 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are known to have a layered atomic structure showing an in-plane motif of diamond-shaped-chains (DS-chains) arranged in parallel. Using a combination of transmission electron microscopy and transport measurements, we demonstrate here the direct correlation of electron transport anisotropy in single-layered ReS2 with the atomic orientation of the DS-chains, as also supported by our density functional theory calculations. We further show that the direction of conducting channels in ReS2 and ReSe2 can be controlled by electron beam irradiation at elevated temperatures and follows the strain induced to the sample. Furthermore, high chalcogen deficiency can induce a structural transformation to a nonstoichiometric phase, which is again strongly direction-dependent. This tunable in-plane transport behavior opens up great avenues for creating nanoelectronic circuits in 2D materials.
Sense of community, loneliness, and satisfaction in five elder cohousing neighborhoods (2019)

Data were collected at five elder cohousing neighborhoods to understand more about who lives in these communities, their reasons for moving, their satisfaction, and to explore the intersection between loneliness and sense of community. The average age of the predominantly white, female, and well-educated sample (n = 86, 56% response rate), was 68 ± 6.573 at move-in. Respondents moved in search of a sense of community and were generally satisfied with their experiences. Prevalence of loneliness was lower than the national average, but still affected 24% of the sample. Findings suggest that senior cohousing is delivering on the promise to promote sense of community.
Need for a comparative performance standard for dry powder inhalers. (1993)

The efficacy of dry powder inhalers is dependent on the inspiratory flow rate at which they are used. The resistance to airflow through five different dry powder inhaler devices was measured. The devices were shown to vary significantly, with the Turbohaler having the highest resistance. We suggest that the performance of dry powder inhalers should be assessed at comparable pressure drops producing clinically relevant inspiratory flow rates for each device.
Thermal compensation of a cw-pumped Nd:YAG laser (1998)

Thermally induced lensing and birefringence modify the transverse laser profile and may eliminate any global polarization state in systems utilizing Nd:YAG as a gain medium. This creates fundamental difficulties in obtaining a high-power, polarized output beam. Although abundant literature exists regarding thermal lensing, only one birefringence compensation scheme is prevalent in the literature. A modification of this scheme is given that eliminates residual birefringence. Experimental data verify the model's validity. A theoretical model is then presented that modifies the birefringence-compensated amplifier as a single power-dependent lens. After showing that solutions exist for a power-independent resonator consisting of a power-dependent lens between two flat mirrors, this amplifier is inserted into the resonator solution to produce, to first order, a resonator that is insensitive to thermally induced fluctuations in the rod focal length.
Toward QoE-Assured 4K Video-on-Demand Delivery Through Mobile Edge Virtualization With Adaptive Prefetching (2017)

Internet video streaming applications have been demanding more bandwidth and higher video quality, especially with the advent of virtual reality and augmented reality appli-cations. While adaptive strea ming protocols like MPEG-DASH (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP) allows video quality to be flexibly adapted, e.g., degraded when mobile network condition deteriorates, this is not an option if the application itself requires guaranteed 4K quality at all time. On the other hand, conventional end-to-end transmission control protocol (TCP) has been struggling in supporting 4K video delivery across long-distance Internet paths containing both fixed and mobile network segments with heterogeneous characteristics. In this paper, we present a novel and practically feasible system architecture named MVP (mobile edge virtualization with adaptive prefetching), which enables content providers to embed their content intelligence as a virtual network function into the mobile network operator's infrastructure edge. Based on this architecture, we present a context-aware adaptive video prefetching scheme in order to achieve quality of experience (QoE)-assured 4K video on demand (VoD) delivery across the global Internet. Through experiments based on a real LTE-A network infrastructure, we demonstrate that our proposed scheme is able to achieve QoE-assured 4K VoD streaming, especially when the video source is located remotely in the public Internet, in which case none of the state-of-the-art solutions is able to support such an objective at global Internet scale.
Design, implementation, and experiences of the OMEGA end-point architecture (1996)

The OMEGA architecture provides end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees for distributed applications. QoS parameters are translated between application and network requirements by the QoS broker, thus integrating media and network QoS management into a single entity. Admission control uses a schedulability test derived from application requirements. A novel task priority and precedence-based scheme is used to represent complex application requirements and ensure correct feasible schedules. A prototype of OMEGA has been implemented using workstations connected by a 155 Mb/s dedicated ATM local-area network (LAN). To simplify implementation, we assumed networked multimedia application with periodic media streams, specifically a master/slave telerobotics application. This application employs media with highly diverse QoS requirements (e.g., interarrival times, loss rate, and bandwidth) and therefore provides a good platform for testing how closely one can achieve QoS guarantees with workstation hosts and cell-switching. Experience with this implementation has helped to identify new challenges to extending these techniques to a larger domain of applications and systems, and suggests promising new research questions.
Role of monoclonal antibody therapy in the treatment of infectious disease. (1990)

The past, present, and emerging roles of immunotherapy, including the use of monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis and treatment, are discussed. Although immunotherapy has been used for more than 100 years, it became less important when antimicrobial agents came into widespread use. In the 1970s investigators began to re-examine immunotherapy for potential use in gram-negative infections. Polyclonal antiserum against the J5 mutant of Escherichia coli (gram-negative lipid A) has been shown to be effective in treating patients with bacteremia and septic shock. The discovery of monoclonal antibodies and the creation of hybridoma technology by the fusion of immortal cells with antibody-producing cells have resulted in the production of large amounts of monoclonal antibodies of desired specificities. More recently, murine monoclonal antibodies have been used clinically for immunosuppression in renal-transplant patients (OKT3 antibody) and for prevention of septic complications in patients with suspected gram-negative infection and evidence of systemic response (E5 IgM antibody). E5 antibody directed against gram-negative bacterial endotoxin has been reported to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from gram-negative sepsis and to be well tolerated. The application of new treatment modalities such as monoclonal antibodies is expected to enhance the therapeutic options available to treat infectious diseases.
Structural basis for altered activity of M‐ and H‐isozyme forms of human lactate dehydrogenase (2001)

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) interconverts pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD(+). Although crystal structures of a variety of LDH have previously been described, a notable absence has been any of the three known human forms of this glycolytic enzyme. We have now determined the crystal structures of two isoforms of human LDH-the M form, predominantly found in muscle; and the H form, found mainly in cardiac muscle. Both structures have been crystallized as ternary complexes in the presence of the NADH cofactor and oxamate, a substrate-like inhibitor. Although each of these isoforms has different kinetic properties, the domain structure, subunit association, and active-site regions are indistinguishable between the two structures. The pK(a) that governs the K(M) for pyruvate for the two isozymes is found to differ by about 0.94 pH units, consistent with variation in pK(a) of the active-site histidine. The close similarity of these crystal structures suggests the distinctive activity of these enzyme isoforms is likely to result directly from variation of charged surface residues peripheral to the active site, a hypothesis supported by electrostatic calculations based on each structure. Proteins 2001;43:175-185.
Microwave-Accelerated Surface Modification of Plasmonic Gold Thin Films with Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols (2013)

A rapid surface modification technique for the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on gold thin films using microwave heating in <10 min is reported. In this regard, SAMs of two model alkanethiols, 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUDA, to generate a hydrophilic surface) and undecanethiol (UDET, a hydrophobic surface), were successfully formed on gold thin films using selective microwave heating in (1) a semicontinuous fashion and (2) a continuous fashion at room temperature (24 h, control experiment, no microwave heating). The formation of SAMs of 11-MUDA and UDET was confirmed by contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The contact angles for water on SAMs formed by the selective microwave heating and conventional room temperature incubation technique (24 h) were measured to be similar for 11-MUDA and UDET. FT-IR spectroscopy results confirmed that the internal structures of SAMs prepared using both microwave heating and room temperature were similar. XPS results revealed that the organic and sulfate contaminants found on bare gold thin films were replaced by SAMs after the surface modification process had been conducted using both microwave heating and room temperature.
ASSESSMENT OF INSULIN SECRETION IN VITRO FROM MICROENCAPSULATED FETAL PORCINE ISLET-LIKE CELL CLUSTERS AND RAT, MOUSE, AND HUMAN PANCREATIC ISLETS1 (1997)

Pancreatic islets isolated from human, rat, and mouse donors show a glucose-stimulated insulin release in vitro after microencapsulation and repeated transports between laboratories. The insulin secretory capacity of microencapsulated human and rat islets was preserved best, whereas mouse islets and particularly fetal porcine ICC were impaired by microencapsulation.
Universal Behavior of Load Distribution in Scale-Free Networks (2001)

We study a problem of data packet transport in scale-free networks whose degree distribution follows a power law with the exponent gamma. Load, or "betweenness centrality," of a vertex is the accumulated total number of data packets passing through that vertex when every pair of vertices sends and receives a data packet along the shortest path connecting the pair. It is found that the load distribution follows a power law with the exponent delta approximately 2.2(1), insensitive to different values of gamma in the range, 2 < gamma < or = 3, and different mean degrees, which is valid for both undirected and directed cases. Thus, we conjecture that the load exponent is a universal quantity to characterize scale-free networks.
Loop closure detection based on generative adversarial networks for simultaneous localization and mapping systems (2017)

Loop closure detection is important in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) systems. In this paper, Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), an unsupervised deep architecture is employed to detect the loop closure for vision-based SLAM systems. Instead of extracting handcrafted features like SIFT, SURF or ORB. Generative Adversarial Networks are based on image features. Similar to the task about judging whether a loop closure is real or fake, the discriminator in DCGAN is used to judge whether the input image is real or fake. Therefore, the detection model based on DCGAN is suitable for the task. Experimental results show that compared to traditional methods like BoW (Bag of Words), DCGAN is more effective to detect the loop closure in outdoor environments.
Robust Helical Edge Transport in Gated<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>InAs</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>GaSb</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>Bilayers (2015)

We have engineered electron-hole bilayers of inverted InAs/GaSb quantum wells, using dilute silicon impurity doping to suppress residual bulk conductance. We have observed robust helical edge states with wide conductance plateaus precisely quantized to 2e^{2}/h in mesoscopic Hall samples. On the other hand, in larger samples the edge conductance is found to be inversely proportional to the edge length. These characteristics persist in a wide temperature range and show essentially no temperature dependence. The quantized plateaus persist to a 12 T applied in-plane field; the conductance increases from 2e^{2}/h in strong perpendicular fields manifesting chiral edge transport. Our study presents a compelling case for exotic properties of a one-dimensional helical liquid on the edge of InAs/GaSb bilayers.
ION TRANSPORT THROUGH LIQUID MEMBRANE DRIVEN BY REDOX POTENTIAL. MULTI-COMPONENT ION CARRIER AS A MEDIATOR (1980)

Abstract A new-type of ion transport system driven by redox potential was presented. Nickel bisdithiolene complex, which undergoes the redox reaction of (1-Ni0)\ightleftharpoons (1-Ni−), transported anions through a diphenyl ether liquid membrane by use of a lipophilic cation as a co-carrier.
Program decomposition for pointer aliasing (1996)

Pointer aliasing analysis is crucial to compile-time analyses for languages with general-purpose pointer usage (such as C), but many aliasing methods have proven quite costly. We present a technique that partitions the statements of a program to allow separate, and therefore possibly different, pointer aliasing analysis methods to be used on independent parts of the program. This decomposition enables exploration of tradeoff between algorithm efficiency and precision. We also present a new, efficient flow-insensitive pointer aliasing algorithm, which is used together with an existing flow-sensitive aliasing algorithm in our experiments. We demonstrate our technique in the context of determining side effects and variable fetches through names containing pointer dereferences (Thru-deref MOD/REF). Initial empirical results using a combination of a flow-sensitive and a flow-insensitive aliasing analysis on the same program, demonstrate that the resulting analysis is much faster than solely using the flow-sensitive method, and obtains similar precision for the Thru-deref MOD/REF problems.
A NAM-based Edge Detection Algorithm (2018)

This paper proposes an edge detection algorithm based on the non-symmetry and anti-packing pattern representation model (NAM). First, divide the image into homogeneous blocks according to the NAM method. Then obtain the information of each block. The algorithm scans the top boundary and the left boundary of each block according to the position information of the image block to obtain relative positions with other blocks and judge whether the current point is a border point of all blocks or not. In the experimental processing of binary images, the efficiency of the NAM-based edge detection algorithm is slightly better than that of Canny edge detection algorithm. Compared with the IBR edge detection algorithm, the efficiency of the NAM edge detection algorithm is significantly higher because the number of NAM blocks is much smaller than that of IBR blocks.
Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Silylamines. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improving flow-insensitive solutions for non-separable dataflow problems (2008)

Flow-insensitive solutions to dataflow problems have been known to be highly scalable; however also hugely imprecise. For non-separable dataflow problems this solution is further degraded due to spurious facts generated as a result of dependence among the dataflow facts. We propose an improvement to the standard flow-insensitive analysis by creating a generalized version of the dominator relation that reduces the number of spurious facts generated. In addition, the solution obtained contains extra information to facilitate the extraction of a better solution at any program point, very close to the flow-sensitive solution. To improve the solution further, we propose the use of an intra-block variable renaming scheme. We illustrate these concepts using two classic non-separable dataflow problems --- points-to analysis and constant propagation.
Mass Production of Biocompatible Graphene Using Silk Nanofibers (2018)

Mass production of high-quality graphene dispersions under mild conditions impacts the utility of the material for biomedical applications. Various proteins have been used to prepare graphene dispersions, rare sources, and expensive prices for these proteins restrict their large-scale utility for the production of graphene. Here, inexpensive silk proteins as an abundant resource in nature were used for graphene exfoliation. The silk proteins were assembled into hydrophobic nanofibers with negative charge, and then optimized for the production of graphene. Significantly higher concentrations (>8 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) and yields (>30%) of graphene dispersions under ambient aqueous conditions were achieved compared with previous protein-assisted exfoliation systems. The exfoliated graphene exhibited excellent stability in water and fetal bovine serum solution, cytocompatibility, and conductivity, suggesting a promising future in biomedical and bioengineering applications.
Delivery of Benzoporphyrin Derivative, a Photosensitizer, into Atherosclerotic Plaque of Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits and Balloon‐Injured New Zealand Rabbits (1997)

In this study we compared the plasma distribution and arterial accumulation of a photosensitizer, benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), in two models of atherosclerosis: the spontaneous lesions of the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit and induced lesions of the balloon-injured, cholesterol-fed New Zealand white (NZW) rabbit. Selective uptake and retention of a photosensitizer by the abnormal portion of a vessel is a necessity in order for photodynamic therapy to become a successful modality for inhibition of intimal hyperplasia, selective removal of atherosclerotic tissue or imaging of diseased arteries. Liposome-based formulations were compared to freshly isolated native low density lipoprotein (LDL) and acetylated-LDL (Ac-LDL) as delivery vehicles for BPD. Plasma distribution of the photosensitizer was analyzed by KBr density gradient ultracentrifugation. Although the delivery vehicle influenced plasma distribution immediately postinjection, BPD subsequently partitioned according to the plasma concentration of the lipoproteins. Photosensitizer level in plaque and normal artery specimens was determined by ethyl acetate extraction and spectrofluorometric measurement. The measurement of BPD in normal and atherosclerotic arterial tissue demonstrated a selective accumulation in atherosclerotic tissue. Preassociation with LDL and Ac-LDL enhanced accumulation of BPD in atherosclerotic tissue when compared with normal artery (mean ratios of 2.8 and 4.1 were achieved, respectively). These results indicate that the preferential uptake of BPD by atherosclerotic plaque can be enhanced by preassociation with plasma lipoproteins, suggesting that light activation could lead to a highly selective destruction of diseased vascular tissue.
Competitive Adsorption of Cations onto the Silicon Surface: The Role of the Ammonium Ion in Ammonia‐Peroxide Solution (1999)

Study of metal ion adsorption in aqueous solutions using a spin‐contamination method has shown that can effectively prevent adsorption onto the hydrophilic, oxidized silicon surface. In ammonia‐hydrogen peroxide‐water solution (APM) the relatively low adsorption on the wet oxidized silicon surface can be explained by its competition for adsorption sites with , which is the dominant cation in APM. prevents adsorption onto the oxidized silicon surface, by an ion‐exchange mechanism analogous to that of in acidic solutions. The equilibrium constant governing the adsorption of is comparable to, or larger than, that of , meaning that is at least as effective as in removing metals from the oxidized silicon surface and in keeping metal ions off the surface. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Trends in airline passenger trip delays (2007 &#x2013; 2009) (2010)

Delays in arrival of airline passengers should be the on-time performance metric of the airline passenger transportation system (not flight delays). A passenger trip can experience arrival delays, relative to the ticketed arrival time, as a result of a delayed flight, as well as a diverted flight, cancelled flight, denied boarding, and/or missed connection. This paper describes the results of analysis of annual passenger trip delays for U.S. domestic airline flights from 2007 to 2009. These results are based on estimated itineraries and load factors, and actual airline (flight) on-time performance data available from government websites. From 2007 to 2009, there has been a 32% decline in annual passenger trips. The airlines have responded by cutting back flights by 14% and reducing seat capacity. Total passenger trip delay dropped 43% during this period in part due to fewer trips and in part due to reduced congestion. Cancelled flights accounted for 39% of the total trip delays, delayed flights contributed 44% of the total, and missed connections contributed 16%. Despite the reduction in total trip delays, the passenger experience did not improve. In 2009, 18 out of 100 passengers experienced a trip disruption of, on average, 105 minutes. In contrast, in 2007, 22 out of 100 passengers experienced a trip disruption of, on average, 116 minutes. Passengers on cancelled flights, dependent on load factors and frequency of service for rebooking, experienced the highest average trip delays of approximately 10 hours. The continued poor passenger trip performance is indicative of the limitations of the design of the transportation system that relies on reserve capacity to compensate for poor reliability in flight performance. The implications of this limitation are discussed.