gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines (2021)

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world's horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.
Assessment of the State of the Art of Ultra High Temperature Ceramics (2009)

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) are a family of materials that includes the borides, carbides and nitrides of hafnium-, zirconium- and titanium-based systems. UHTCs are famous for possessing some of the highest melting points of known materials. In addition, they are very hard, have good wear resistance, mechanical strength, and relatively high thermal conductivities (compared to other ceramic materials). Because of these attributes, UHTCs are ideal for thermal protection systems, especially those that require chemical and structural stability at extremely high operating temperatures. UHTCs have the potential to revolutionize the aerospace industry by enabling the development of sharp hypersonic vehicles or atmospheric entry probes capable of the most extreme entry conditions.
Monolithic two-dimensional surface-emitting strained-layer InGaAs/AlGaAs and AlInGaAs/AlGaAs diode laser arrays with over 50% differential quantum efficiencies (1991)

Monolithic two-dimensional surface-emitting arrays of strained-layer InGaAs/AlGaAs and AlInGaAs/AlGaAs diode lasers have been fabricated and operated pulsed with low-threshold current densities and differential quantum efficiencies greater than 50%. The InGaAs/AlGaAs arrays emit at 1.03 μm, while the AlInGaAs/AlGaAs arrays emit at 0.815 μm. Thus, it should be possible to fabricate monolithic arrays with comparable performance over a wide wavelength range. The individual lasers of the arrays are horizontal folded-cavity devices with two 45° internal reflectors and two top-surface facets. The design is simple to implement using optical pattern-generator masks, optical projection printing, and chlorine ion-beam-assisted etching in key fabrication steps.
Production of Bacterial Inoculants by Direct Fermentation on Nutrient-Supplemented Vermiculite (1987)

When supplemented with a nutrient source and moisture, sterile finely ground vermiculite can be used to directly ferment bacterial cultures to prepare bacterial inoculants. All tested bacterial species, including Rhizobium japonicum, R. phaseoli, R. meliloti, R. leguminosarum, Bacillus megaterium, and several Pseudomonas strains, grew at least 10,000-fold in 1 week at room temperature. The final product was stable and had no special storage or handling requirements. Due to the unique properties of vermiculite, direct fermentation of bacteria on nutrient-supplemented vermiculite offers a reliable process for manufacturing bacterial inoculants.
The Ektachem clinical chemistry slide for simultaneous determination of unconjugated and sugar-conjugated bilirubin. (1984)

Abstract Using dual-wavelength spectrometry, we have refined the mordant-based bilirubin slide method (Clin Chem 28:2366-2372, 1982) to co-detect unconjugated bilirubin (Bu) and its sugar conjugates (Bc) in 10 microL of serum. The assay is based on three principles: (a) mono- and diconjugated bilirubins behave spectrally like one fraction (Bc) when bound to the mordant, (b) Bu and Bc are spectrally distinct, and (c) B delta (the bilirubin-albumin complex) is not measured in the film. With known bilirubin mixtures, results by the assay agree with those by nuclear magnetic resonance, by a Jendrassik-Gróf method for total bilirubin, and by a liquid-chromatographic procedure. With patients' sera, the slide correlates with a liquid-chromatography-augmented Jendrassik-Gróf method, according to the following typical regression statistics (in mumol/L): for Bu, slope = 0.992, r = 0.996, intercept = -0.376, Sy X x = 5.08; for Bc, slope = 0.970, r = 0.985, intercept = -0.735, Sy X x = 8.16. The method is precise (for Bu, CV = 5.2% at an average concentration of 16.4 mumol/L, and 4.1% at 66.7 mumol/L; for Bc, CV = 6.5% at 23.4 mumol/L, and 3.8% at 151.7 mumol/L for pools of patients' sera), is relatively interference free, and has potential for extension to further applications.
Biomechanical paradigm and interpretation of female pelvic floor conditions before a treatment (2017)

Background: Further progress in restoring a woman’s health may be possible if a patient with a damaged pelvic floor could undergo medical imaging and biomechanical diagnostic tests. The results of such tests could contribute to the analysis of multiple treatment options and suggest the optimal one for that patient. Aim: To develop a new approach for the biomechanical characterization of vaginal conditions, muscles, and connective tissues in the female pelvic floor. Methods: Vaginal tactile imaging (VTI) allows biomechanical assessment of the soft tissue along the entire length of the anterior, posterior, and lateral vaginal walls at rest, with manually applied deflection pressures and with muscle contraction, muscle relaxation, and Valsalva maneuver. VTI allows a large body of measurements to evaluate individual variations in tissue elasticity, support defects, as well as pelvic muscle function. Presuming that 1) the female pelvic floor organs are suspended by ligaments against which muscles contract to open or close the outlets and 2) damaged ligaments weaken the support and may reduce the force of muscle contraction, we made an attempt to characterize multiple pelvic floor structures from VTI data. Results: All of the 138 women enrolled in the study were successfully examined with the VTI. The study subjects have had normal pelvic support or pelvic organ prolapse (stages I–IV). The average age of this group of subjects was 60±15 years. We transposed a set of 31 VTI parameters into a quantitative characterization of pelvic muscles and ligamentous structures. Interpretation of the acquired VTI data for normal pelvic floor support and prolapse conditions is proposed based on biomechanical assessment of the functional anatomy. Conclusion: Vaginal tactile imaging allows biomechanical characterization of female pelvic floor structures and tissues in vivo, which may help to optimize treatment of the diseased conditions such as prolapse, incontinence, atrophy, and some forms of pelvic pain. Keywords: female pelvic floor, biomechanics, diagnostic, treatment, tactile imaging, tissue elasticity, pelvic muscles
FlashTrie: Beyond 100-Gb/s IP Route Lookup Using Hash-Based Prefix-Compressed Trie (2012)

It is becoming apparent that the next-generation IP route lookup architecture needs to achieve speeds of 100 Gb/s and beyond while supporting IPv4 and IPv6 with fast real-time updates to accommodate ever-growing routing tables. Some of the proposed multibit-trie-based schemes, such as TreeBitmap, have been used in today's high-end routers. However, their large data structures often require multiple external memory accesses for each route lookup. A pipelining technique is widely used to achieve high-speed lookup with the cost of using many external memory chips. Pipelining also often leads to poor memory load-balancing. In this paper, we propose a new IP route lookup architecture called FlashTrie that overcomes the shortcomings of the multibit-trie-based approaches. We use a hash-based membership query to limit off-chip memory accesses per lookup and to balance memory utilization among the memory modules. By compacting the data structure size, the lookup depth of each level can be increased. We also develop a new data structure called Prefix-Compressed Trie that reduces the size of a bitmap by more than 80%. Our simulation and implementation results show that FlashTrie can achieve 80-Gb/s worst-case throughput while simultaneously supporting 2 M prefixes for IPv4 and 318 k prefixes for IPv6 with one lookup engine and two Double-Data-Rate (DDR3) SDRAM chips. When implementing five lookup engines on a state-of-the-art field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip and using 10 DDR3 memory chips, we expect FlashTrie to achieve 1-Gpps (packet per second) throughput, equivalent to 400 Gb/s for IPv4 and 600 Gb/s for IPv6. FlashTrie also supports incremental real-time updates.
<title>Digital image watermarking by salient point modification: practical results</title> (1999)

A new watermarking method is presented for still images and video streams. The method is different from nearly all known methods for image watermarking, which are based on adding pseudo-random noise to luminance or color components of the pixels. The new method is based on biasing the geometric locations of salient points in an image. The watermark is formed by a pre-defined dense pixel pattern, such as a collection of lines. So-called 'salient points' in the image are then modified, e.g. by warping or by changing the local luminance pattern around a salient point, such that after watermarking a majority of the new salient points lies on the watermark pattern. This paper describes the details of the new watermarking method and discusses the results of a series of tests performed on watermarked images. The feasibility and robustness of the method are shown.
Water-Based Drilling Fluid for HT/HP Applications (2007)

Abstract The superior performance of invert emulsion fluids in challenging drilling operations such as HT/HP wells makes them the preferred fluid for such applications. However, there are instances such as drilling in environmentally sensitive areas, or where costs and logistics become prohibitive, where their use is undesirable. In such circumstances, a high-performance water-based drilling fluid is the only option available. A main challenge in developing a water-based fluid for such applications has been to maintain the stability of key fluid properties such as rheology and fluid loss at temperatures in excess of 130°C. Conventional additives, such as biopolymers or synthetic polymers, either become ineffective at such high temperatures or generate too high a rheology when used in quantities needed to curb fluid loss. This paper discusses a novel water-based drilling fluid system in which the synergy of the key fluid components produces a stable rheology and low fluid loss at temperatures approaching 200°C. Furthermore, by balancing the components of the novel system, fluid rheology can be controlled to meet the hydraulics and hole-cleaning demands of the drilling operation.1, 2
Polarization properties of chiral fiber gratings (2009)

Recent experiments (Kopp et al 2007 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24 A48) have demonstrated that the polarization sensitivity of chiral fiber gratings depends strongly on the grating symmetry: double-helix fibers are polarization sensitive while single-helix fibers are not. A coupled-mode perturbation theory is developed and used to explain the polarization properties of chiral fiber gratings. Features of the transmission spectrum such as multiple dips in the spectrum and circular dichroism are also derived and attributed to chiral Bragg scattering of the core modes into the cladding modes of the fiber.
The Phenomenological Behaviour of Particle Dampers (2003)

Particle dampers offer considerable potential for suppressing structural resonant conditions over a wide frequency range compared with tuned mass dampers or tuned vibration absorbers. However, they exhibit phenomenological behaviour such as fluidisation which relates to the motion of the particles that in turn is dependent on the excitation level. This paper describes some experimental results of the damping characteristics of particle damping devices and presents a prediction model for the damping characteristics which clearly show that the damping levels are dependent on the geometry of the device and the resulting motion of the particles arising from the level of the input excitation.
Phenylation of the 5,11‐diazaditwistane nucleus (1979)

Abstract A simple phenylation of the 5,11‐diazatetracyclo[6.2.2.0 2,7 0 4,9 ]dodecane system (5,11‐diazaditwistane) is described. Phenylative decarboxylation of 5,11‐biscarbethoxy‐5,11‐diazatetracyclo[6.2.2.0 2,7 .0 4,9 ]dodecane‐2,9‐dicarboxylic acid ( 3 ) with lead tetraacetate in benzene affords the 2,9‐diphenyl analogue ( 4 ). Hydrolysis yields 2,9‐diphenyl‐5,11‐diazatetracyclo‐[6.2.2.0 2,7 .0 4,9 ]dodecane ( 5 ), whereas lithium aluminum hydride affords the 5,11‐dimethyl analogue ( 6 ).
Activation of the vasoactive intestinal peptide 2 receptor modulates normal and atrophying skeletal muscle mass and force (2005)

Of the two known vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors (VPAC1R and VPAC2R), the VPAC2R is expressed in skeletal muscle. To evaluate the function of the VPAC2R in the physiological control of skeletal muscle mass, we utilized the VPAC1R selective agonist [K15,R16,L27]VIP(1-7) GRF(8-27)-NH2 and the VPAC2R selective agonist Ro-25-1553 to treat mice and rats undergoing either nerve damage-, corticosteroid-, or disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. These analyses demonstrated that activation of VPAC2R, but not VPAC1R, reduced the loss of skeletal muscle mass and force during conditions of skeletal muscle atrophy resulting from corticosteroid administration, denervation, casting-induced disuse, increased skeletal muscle mass, and force of nonatrophying muscles. These studies indicate that VPAC2R agonists may have utility for the treatment of skeletal muscle-wasting diseases.
Fiber Bragg grating sensing for indirect evaluation of corrosion in oil and gas facilities (2004)

Corrosion control in pipelines and wells is a critical issue in the oil industry. In this paper, we present an optical fiber sensing technique devoted to monitor one of the parameters involved in corrosion: the environment acidity. In the proposed technique, a transducer mechanically couples a fiber Bragg grating to a pH sensitive hydrogel. The possibility of determining pH values with resolution of 10<sup>-2</sup> in a range from 3 to 6 is evaluated and discussed.
An analysis of regulatory elements in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) gene which are responsible for its tissue-specific expression and metabolic control in transgenic mice. (1994)

Sequences in the gene for P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) which are responsible for its complex pattern of transcriptional control were determined using transgenic mice containing a chimeric PEPCK-bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene consisting of a segment of the PEPCK promoter from -460 to +73, with mutations in specific regulatory domains. A mutation in the cAMP response element (CRE) (-87 to -74), which binds CCATT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBP beta) and/or cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), resulted in a 4- and 20-fold elevation in the level of bGH mRNA in the liver and kidney of transgenic mice, respectively. Expression of the PEPCK-bGH gene in the liver was reduced 60% by a mutation in the P3 (I) region (-248 to -230), whereas expression in the kidney was increased 10-fold by the same mutation. A mutation in the P2 region (-200 to -164) greatly reduced expression of the PEPCK-bGH gene in the kidney but not in the liver. Induction of hepatic PEPCK-bGH gene expression by Bt2cAMP was eliminated by mutations in the CRE, P1, P3(I), or by a double mutation of the CRE and P3(I). Mutations in the CRE or P3(I) regions of the PEPCK promoter did not interfere with the expected induction of the PEPCK-bGH gene in the liver at birth. None of the mutations in the PEPCK promoter interfered with the induction of transcription of the PEPCK-bGH gene in the liver when mice were fed a carbohydrate-free diet or the deinduction of transcription from the PEPCK promoter caused by a diet high in carbohydrate, whereas a mutation in P2 (an HNF-1 binding domain) eliminated dietary regulation of transcription of the transgene in the kidney. A model to explain the role of the various elements in the PEPCK promoter on the control of PEPCK gene transcription in the liver and kidney is presented.
Electrical Twitch-Obtaining Intramuscular Stimulation in Lower Back Pain (2004)

ETOIMS provided significantly greater immediate and sustained myofascial lower back pain relief than muscle stimulation and skin stimulation. Although a greater percentage of pain reduction occurred with ETOIMS, it was not statistically significant.
Optimization of miniaturized silicon microphones using a two-wafer approach (2008)

A two-wafer concept is proposed for the fabrication of silicon microphones with emphasis on deep reactive ion etching and wafer bonding techniques. For miniaturized sensor structures with an air gap of 1-2 microns, the viscous damping effect dominates the dissipation mechanism, which can have an adverse influence on the microphone performance, namely frequency response characteristic and mechanical-thermal noise. Therefore, an optimum microphone performance has its origin in a well-designed backplate structure. A silicon backplate with carefully placed acoustic slots and holes is attached to a silicon nitride/metal-based diaphragm. An impediment to achieve high sensitivity is the residual stress that is presented in the diaphragms. Besides the process optimization of less stress silicon nitride layer and the introduction of corrugated diaphragm, an investigation is carried out to determine the effects of sputtering parameters of Cr/Au metal electrode film (thickness, sputtering process pressure and process power) on the residual stress of silicon nitride/metal diaphragm. Details of modeling, fabrication and experimental results will be presented.
Utilization of nonhomologous minus-strand DNA transfer to generate recombinant retroviruses (1997)

During reverse transcription, minus-strand DNA transfer connects the sequences located at the two ends of the viral RNA to generate a long terminal repeat. It is thought that the homology in the repeat (R) regions located at the two ends of the viral RNA sequences facilitate minus-strand DNA transfer. In this report, the effects of diminished R-region homology on DNA synthesis and virus titer were examined. A retrovirus vector, PY31, was constructed to contain the 5' and 3' cis-acting elements from Moloney murine sarcoma virus and spleen necrosis virus. These two viruses are genetically distinct, and the two R regions contain little homology. In one round of replication, the PY31 titer was approximately 3,000-fold lower than that of a control vector with highly homologous R regions. The molecular characteristics of the junctions of minus-strand DNA transfer were analyzed in both unintegrated DNA and integrated proviruses. Short stretches of homology were found at the transfer junctions and were likely to be used to facilitate minus-strand DNA transfer. Both minus-strand strong-stop DNA and weak-stop DNA were observed to mediate strand transfer. The ability of PY31 to complete reverse transcription indicates that minus-strand DNA transfer can be used to join sequences from two different viruses to form recombinant viruses. These results suggest the provocative possibility that genetically distinct viruses can interact through this mechanism.
Measuring massive MIMO array systems using over the air techniques (2017)

Emulation of a realistic environment is modeled in an anechoic chamber to measure the performance of a Base Station Massive MIMO Array antenna using a Spatial Channel Model. The first bounce path establishes the angles of departure and angle spreads observed by the MM array and each is produced by probes placed in the chamber. A channel emulator is utilized to model the full connection between the BS and MS. Additional probes are used to emulate additional multi-path components.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF METABOLITES OF PIROXICAM (1981)

Abstract Die Pyridincarbonsäure (Ia) wird zum Chlorid (Ib) halogeniert, das über das Hydrazid und Azid in (II) umgewandelt wird.
Controllable Fair Queuing for Service Utilities (2005)

Computing and storage utilities must control resource usage to meet contractual performance targets for hosted customers under dynamic conditions, including flash crowds and unexpected resource failures. This paper explores properties of proportional share resource schedulers that are necessary for stability and responsiveness under feedback control. It shows that the fairness properties commonly defined for proportional share schedulers using Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) are not preserved across changes to the relative weights of competing request flows. As a result, conventional WFQ schedulers are not controllable by a resource controller that adapts by adjusting the weights. The paper defines controllable fairness properties, presents an algorithm to adjust any WFQ schedule when the weights change, and proves that the algorithm results in controllable-fair WFQ schedulers. The analytic results are confirmed by experimental evaluation using a three-tier Web service and a prototype controllable-fair scheduler called C-SFQ(D) . C-SFQ(D) extends depth-controlled Start-time Fair Queuing, which supports interposed proportional sharing for complex network services with no internal support for differentiated service quality. The prototype includes an adaptive control system that adjusts the flow weights on the C-SFQ(D) scheduler to meet latency and throughput targets under a variety of conditions. Experimental results demonstrate the importance of controllablefair scheduling for feedback control of network services.
2,5-Bis[4-(<i>N</i>-alkylamidino)phenyl]furans as Anti-<i>Pneumocystis carinii</i> Agents (1998)

The syntheses of 12 new 2,5-bis[4-(N-alkylamidino)phenyl]furans are reported. The interaction of these dicationic furans with poly(dA-dT) and with the duplex oligomer d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 was determined by Tm measurements, and the effectiveness of these compounds against the immunosuppressed rat model of Pneumocystis carinii was evaluated. At the screening dose of 10 mumol/kg, 9 of the 14 N-alkylamidino furans described here are more active than the parent compound 1. Substitution of an alkyl group of the amidino nitrogen, except for in 9, 13, and 15, resulted in higher affinity for DNA than the parent compound as judged by the larger delta Tm values and suggests enhanced van der Waals interactions in the bis-amidine-DNA complex. Five of the compounds, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 12, yield cyst counts of less than 0.1% of control when administered at a dosage of 10 mumol/kg. Five compounds, 1, 6, 8, 10, and 12, show significant activity at a dosage of approximately 1 mumol/kg; 12 is the most active derivative, and it is approximately 100 times more effective than pentamidine in this animal model.