gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Pharmacology of α6-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Analyzed with Mutant Mice (2002)

The alpha6 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is expressed at very high levels in dopaminergic (DA) neurons. However, because of the lack of pharmacological tools selective for alpha6-containing nAChRs, the role of this subunit in the etiology of nicotine addiction remains unknown. To provide new tools to investigate this issue, we generated an alpha6 nAChR knock-out mouse. Homozygous null mutants (alpha6-/-) did not exhibit any gross neurological or behavioral deficits. A careful anatomic and molecular examination of alpha6-/- mouse brains demonstrated the absence of developmental alterations in these animals, especially in the visual and dopaminergic pathways, where the alpha6 subunit is normally expressed at the highest levels. On the other hand, receptor autoradiography revealed a decrease in [3H]nicotine, [3H]epibatidine, and [3H]cytisine high-affinity binding in the terminal fields of retinal ganglion cells of alpha6-/- animals, whereas high-affinity [125I]alpha-conotoxinMII (alphaCtxMII) binding completely disappeared in the brain. Moreover, inhibition of [3H]epibatidine binding on striatal membranes, using unlabeled alphaCtxMII or cytisine, revealed the absence of alphaCtxMII-sensitive and cytisine-resistant [3H]epibatidine binding sites in alpha6-/- mice, although the total amount of binding was unchanged. Because alphaCtxMII, a toxin formerly thought to be specific for alpha3beta2-containing nAChRs, is known to partially inhibit nicotine-induced dopamine release, these results support the conclusion that alpha6 rather than alpha3 is the partner of beta2 in the nicotinic modulation of DA neurons. They further show that alpha6-/- mice might be useful tools to understand the mechanisms of nicotine addiction, although some developmental compensation might occur in these mice.
An innovative design of wafer height and tilt sensor for lithography systems (2008)

Since lithography systems have limited depth of focus, precise and real-time measurement of wafer height is important for the image quality control. The traditional grazing incidence height sensor for lithography system consists of two basic components: a light source to illuminate the wafer surface and a detection surface to receive the reflected light beam from the wafer. Mathematical study of this type of height sensor shows that they will fail to differentiate the height difference of the wafer from the tilt of the wafer. In order to obtain the tilt information, height sensors with more complicated designs are used, and examples of these designs are briefly reviewed. A new design for a wafer height sensor is proposed here. By adding an independent detection surface, the new design is able to obtain wafer height and tilt information without using a complicated optical design, which results in easy alignment and calibration.
Conserved and essential transcription factors for cellulase gene expression in ascomycete fungi (2012)

Rational engineering of filamentous fungi for improved cellulase production is hampered by our incomplete knowledge of transcriptional regulatory networks. We therefore used the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa to search for uncharacterized transcription factors associated with cellulose deconstruction. A screen of a N. crassa transcription factor deletion collection identified two uncharacterized zinc binuclear cluster transcription factors (clr-1 and clr-2) that were required for growth and enzymatic activity on cellulose, but were not required for growth or hemicellulase activity on xylan. Transcriptional profiling with next-generation sequencing methods refined our understanding of the N. crassa transcriptional response to cellulose and demonstrated that clr-1 and clr-2 were required for the bulk of that response, including induction of all major cellulase and some major hemicellulase genes. Functional CLR-1 was necessary for expression of clr-2 and efficient cellobiose utilization. Phylogenetic analyses showed that CLR-1 and CLR-2 are conserved in the genomes of most filamentous ascomycete fungi capable of degrading cellulose. In Aspergillus nidulans, a strain carrying a deletion of the clr-2 homolog (clrB) failed to induce cellulase gene expression and lacked cellulolytic activity on Avicel. Further manipulation of this control system in industrial production strains may significantly improve yields of cellulases for cellulosic biofuel production.
Advances in Artificial Impedance Surface Conformal Antennas (2007)

Previously we reported on demonstrations of directive radiation from a dipole source located on a flat artificial impedance surface, radiation into the "shadow region" of a cylinder from a dipole feed, and a higher order surface impedance design approach using an iterative procedure. In this work we discuss our recent demonstrations of controlled surface wave radiation with the modulated scalar artificial impedance surface approach. The demonstrations discussed include a waveguide feed tapered modulation impedance surface antenna with 58% aperture efficiency, the redirection of plane waves around solid objects with reradiation at a prescribed angle and the realization of an impedance surface on a structure with two dimensions of curvature. Our other work on the development of tensor artificial impedance surfaces for polarization control is reported separately.
Spin filtering effect at inserted interfaces in perpendicular spin valves (2002)

Giant magnetoresistance can be enhanced by insertion of a nonmagnetic spacer in the ferromagnetic free layer of perpendicular spin valves. The enhancement and its independence of the inserted spacer thickness are argued in terms of the two-current series-resistor model, and interpreted in a simple picture that the interfaces between the inserted spacer and the parallel ferromagnetic layers act as spin filters. Magnetization of the laminated free layers behaves similarly to that of the single one; it indicates its applicability to the magnetic read head.
Construction of stable packaging cell lines for clinical lentiviral vector production (2015)

Lentiviral vectors are useful experimental tools for stable gene delivery and have been used to treat human inherited genetic disorders and hematologic malignancies with promising results. Because some of the lentiviral vector components are cytotoxic, transient plasmid transfection has been used to produce the large batches needed for clinical trials. However, this method is costly, poorly reproducible and hard to scale up. Here we describe a general method for construction of stable packaging cell lines that continuously produce lentiviral vectors. This uses Cre recombinase-mediated cassette exchange to insert a codon-optimised HIV-1 Gag-Pol expression construct in a continuously expressed locus in 293FT cells. Subsequently Rev, envelope and vector genome expression cassettes are serially transfected. Vector titers in excess of 10(6) transducing units/ml can be harvested from the final producer clones, which can be increased to 10(8) TU/ml by concentration. This method will be of use to all basic and clinical investigators who wish to produce large batches of lentiviral vectors.
Subfemtotesla radio-frequency atomic magnetometer for detection of nuclear quadrupole resonance (2006)

A radio-frequency tunable atomic magnetometer is developed for detection of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) from room temperature solids. It has a field sensitivity 0.24fT∕Hz1∕2 at the 423kHz N14 NQR frequency of ammonium nitrate. A potential application of the magnetometer is detection of nitrogen-containing explosives which is difficult with conventional tuned copper coils due to a poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) below a few megahertz. The NQR signal from 22g of powdered ammonium nitrate located 2cm away from the sensor is detected with a SNR of 9 in a 4.4-s-long multiple echo sequence, which represents an estimated order-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity over the pickup coil detection.
Gammastic: Towards a pseudo-gamma spectrometry in plastic scintillators (2013)

War against CBRN-E threats needs to continuously develop sensors with improved detection efficiency. More particularly, this topic concerns the NR controls for homeland security. A first analysis requires indeed a fast gamma spectrometry so as to detect potential special nuclear materials (SNM). To this aim, plastic scintillators could represent the best alternative for the production of large-scale, low-cost radiation portal monitors to be deployed on boarders, tolls, etc. Although they are known to be highly sensitive to gamma rays, due to their poor resolution, information relative to the nature of the SNM is tricky. Thus, only the Compton edge is obtained after interaction, and no information of the photoelectric peak is observed.
Single-Layer High-Order Miniaturized-Element Frequency-Selective Surfaces (2008)

A new miniaturized-element frequency-selective surface is presented in this paper. This frequency-selective surface is made up of a 2-D periodic array of metallic loop and a wire grid of the same period printed on either side of a very thin substrate. Unique features of the new design include localized frequency-selective properties, high-order frequency response achieved by a single substrate, lack of passband harmonics in the frequency response, and very low frequency response sensitivity to the incidence angle. High-order frequency response is accomplished through the application of a thin substrate that allows considerable couplings between the elements on the two sides of the substrate. The layers' couplings in conjunction with each layer characteristics are designed to produce a high-Q bandpass frequency response, in addition to a transmission zero. It is shown that by inserting variable capacitors in the gap between the metallic loops, the center frequency of the passband can be tuned over nearly an octave. In addition, using a cluster of loops as the unit cell and modifying the parameters of the loops within the cluster, a dual-band characteristic from a single-layer miniaturized-element frequency-selective surface can be achieved. A prototype sample of the miniaturized-element frequency-selective surface, whose unit cell can be as small as lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> /12, is fabricated to verify the design performance through a standard free-space measurement setup. The transmission characteristic of the structure is measured and compared with numerical simulation results.
Design Concepts for a Fluid-Filled Three-Phase Axial-Peg-Style Electrostatic Rotating Machine Utilizing Variable Elastance (2016)

Rotating electric machinery is usually constructed of iron/steel laminations, copper windings, and permanent magnets. This paper investigates fluid-filled, electrostatic rotating machines for the ultimate ambition of transitioning fundamental magnetic materials to dielectrics in order to reduce production costs. The study of the axial-peg-style electrostatic rotating machine focuses on basic geometric and material knowledge and the creation of design tools. An axial-peg machine possesses interdigitated pegs (cylinders) that come into, and out of, radial alignment as the machine rotates causing variable capacitance between the stator and rotor. A prototype with peak torque of 0.7 Nm and gap field strength of 15 kV/mm was constructed. The specific torque density of the machine is 0.101 Nm/kg, comparable to fractional horsepower NEMA class induction machines. This was achieved by filling the machine with a dielectric fluid, whose relative permittivity is 7.1, rather than the ultra-high vacuum typically employed in canonical electrostatics. Experimental measurements presented include angular capacitance, peak torque, and torque-per-volt under stall conditions. Construction techniques are discussed in detail.
Structure and Properties of Hydrophobically Associating Polymers (1989)

Hydrophobically associating polymers are synthetically derived water-soluble polymers containing a small number of oil-soluble or hydrophobic groups. In aqueous solution, hydrophobic associations can dominate polymer conformation and, in turn, solution rheological properties. We have studied a series of copolymers of acrylamide and N-substituted alkylacrylamides and terpolymers that contain anionically charged carboxyl groups to define the relationships between polymer structure and solution properties. Intrinsic viscosity and Huggins interaction coefficients provided information on the conformation and intramolecular aggregation behavior of these polymers in dilute solution. Viscoelastic properties above the polymer overlap concentration provided a measure of intermolecular interactions. These rheological properties were studied as functions of polymer composition, molecular weight, and solvent quality to observe the structure-property relationships in hydrophobically associating polymers.
Terahertz applications of diffractive optical networks (2021)

We introduce a physical mechanism to perform machine learning by demonstrating a Diffractive Deep Neural Network (D2NN) architecture that can all-optically implement various functions following the deep learning-based design of passive layers that work collectively. We created 3D-printed diffractive networks that implement all-optical classification of images of handwritten digits and fashion products as well as the function of an imaging lens, spectral filters and wavelength demultiplexers at terahertz part of the spectrum. This passive diffractive network framework is broadly applicable to different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and can perform at the speed of light various complex functions that computer-based neural networks can implement, and will find applications in all-optical image analysis, feature detection and object classification, also enabling new camera designs and optical components that perform unique tasks using diffractive optical networks.
Phonon-blocking electron-transmitting structures (2003)

We present the concept of phonon-blocking electron-transmitting structures, desirable for high-performance thermoelectric devices, with the measured properties of p-type Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3//Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ superlattice materials. Transmission electron microscopy data indicate that these superlattices are structurally nearly ideal; this is also supported by the in-plane carrier transport measurements which suggest that superlattices offer higher mobilities compared to alloy films. The cross-plane carrier transport has been evaluated by a transmission line model technique, adapted to measure the electrical conductivities normal to the plane of the thin films. From a phonon-transport point of view, the superlattices offer significantly reduced lattice thermal conductivities compared to that of alloys. Prototypal thermoelements have been prepared with these superlattice films and other reference materials. Peltier-effect differential temperatures in the range of 2 to 4K are inferred across the thermoelements during quasi-steady state current flow. Figure of merit (ZT), from isothermal cross-plane electrical resistivities and adiabatic Peltier voltages, in bulk, thin-film alloys, and superlattice thermoelements were /spl sim/1, /spl sim/0.4, and 1.6 to 3, respectively.
Enhancing AQM to combat wireless losses (2012)

In order to maintain a small, stable backlog at the router buffer, active queue management (AQM) algorithms drop packets probabilistically at the onset of congestion, leading to backoffs by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) flows. However, wireless losses may be misinterpreted as congestive losses and induce spurious backoffs. In this paper, we raise the basic question: Can AQM maintain a stable, small backlog under wireless losses? We find that the representative AQM, random early detection (RED), fails to maintain a stable backlog under time-varying wireless losses. We find that the key to resolving the problem is to robustly track the backlog to a preset reference level, and apply the control-theoretic vehicle, internal model principle, to realize such tracking. We further devise the integral controller (IC) as an embodiment of the principle. Our simulation results show that IC is robust against time-varying wireless losses under various network scenarios.
<title>Edge breakdown suppression in planar avalanche photodiodes: the joint opening effect avalanche photodiode</title> (2001)

We present a discussion of a new edge breakdown suppression scheme for use in planar avalanche photodiodes called the joint opening effect avalanche photodiode, JOE-APD. The JOE-APD utilizes a single growth process that achieves center breakdown dominance without the use of guard rings, partial charge sheets or surface etches. Edge breakdown suppression is achieved within the JOE-APD by partially insulating the electric field growth in the active region from the geometry of the primary well. This design methodology allows for the fabrication of a thin multiplication region, which is necessary, for APDs used in Gb/s applications. In addition the electric fields at the surface of the joint opening effect APD are reduced. An advanced drift-diffusion simulation is used to demonstrate the workings of the JOE-APD.
New approaches to cryo- and room-temperature crystallography (2006)

Despite the enormous success of cryocrystallographic techniques, there has been surprisingly little understanding of the fundamental mechanisms relevant to their successful application. I will describe a variety of experiments designed to provide a quantitative, rational basis for cryoprotection and flash cooling [1]. These experiments have resulted in a new approach to cryopreserving protein crystals. Both the cryoprotectant concentrations required to inhibit hexagonal ice formation and the mosaicities of frozen crystals are dramatically reduced over current best practices, simplifying cryoprotectant screening and yielding higher resolution structural information. At the same time, there are many excellent reasons to collect diffraction data at room temperature. Room temperature screening can diagnose problems in as-grown crystal order and in cryoprotective procedures, allowing problem crystals to be weeded out early in the diffraction pipeline. Room temperature may also yield higher resolution structures that more faithfully represent the biologically relevant conformation. I will describe a simple technology [2] that makes room temperature data collection as easy as at low temperatures, and that can be implemented in a high-throughput environment.
<i>meso</i>-Tetrakis(<i>p</i>-sulfonatophenyl)N-Confused Porphyrin Tetrasodium Salt: A Potential Sensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy (2012)

A water-soluble derivative of N-confused porphyrin (NCP) was synthesized, and the photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) application was investigated by photophysical and in vitro studies. High singlet oxygen quantum yield in water at longer wavelength and promising IC(50) values in a panel of cancer cell lines ensure the potential candidacy of the sensitizer as a PDT drug. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation on PDT in MDA-MB 231 cells and the apoptotic pathway of cell death was illustrated using different techniques.
Conductive and stable polyphenylene/CNT composite membrane for electrically enhanced membrane fouling mitigation (2023)

Abstract Nanocarbon-based conductive membranes, especially carbon nanotube (CNT)-based membranes, have tremendous potential for wastewater treatment and water purification because of their excellent water permeability and selectivity, as well as their electrochemically enhanced performance (e.g., improved antifouling ability). However, it remains challenging to prepare CNT membranes with high structural stability and high electrical conductivity. In this study, a highly electroconductive and structurally stable polyphenylene/CNT (PP/CNT) composite membrane was prepared by electropolymerizing biphenyl on a CNT hollow fiber membrane. The PP/CNT membrane showed 3.4 and 5.0 times higher electrical conductivity than pure CNT and poly(vinyl alcohol)/CNT (PVA/CNT) membranes, respectively. The structural stability of the membrane was superior to that of the pure CNT membrane and comparable to that of the PVA/CNT membrane. The membrane fouling was significantly alleviated under an electrical assistance of − V, with a flux loss of only 11.7% after 5 h filtration of humic acid, which is significantly lower than those of PP/CNT membranes without electro-assistance (56.8%) and commercial polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (64.1%). Additionally, the rejection of negatively charged pollutants (humic acid and sodium alginate) was improved by the enhanced electrostatic repulsion. After four consecutive filtration-cleaning cycle tests, the flux recovery rate after backwashing reached 97.2%, which was much higher than those of electricity-free PP/CNT membranes (67.0%) and commercial PVDF membranes (61.1%). This study offers insights into the preparation of stable conductive membranes for membrane fouling control in potential water treatment applications.
Monitoring the State‐of‐Charge of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with the Acoustic Attenuation Coefficient: An In Operando Noninvasive Method (2019)

Abstract Redox flow battery technology has been increasingly recognized as a promising option for large‐scale grid energy storage. Access to high‐fidelity information on the health status of the electrolyte, including the state‐of‐charge (SOC), is vital to maintaining optimal and economical battery operation. In this study, an ultrasonic probing cell that can be used to measure SOC in real time is designed. This unprecedented, new measurement approach overcomes the influence of varying temperatures by measuring the acoustic attenuation coefficient of the redox flow battery electrolyte online and noninvasively. The new approach is used to estimate the SOC of a vanadium redox flow battery in operando from measured acoustic properties. The accuracy of the SOC estimated from the acoustic properties is validated against SOC calculated by the titration method. The results show that the acoustic attenuation coefficient is a robust parameter for SOC monitoring, with a maximum error of 4.8% and extremely low sensitivity to temperature, while sound speed appears to be less accurate in the benchmark‐inference method, with a maximum error of 22.5% and high sensitivity to temperature. The acoustic measurement approach has great potential for inexpensive real‐time SOC monitoring of redox flow battery operations.
Bladder Surface Glycosaminoglycan Layer: Efficient Mechanism of Environmental Adaptation (1986)

A series of experiments has indicated that the bladder surface is lined with a sulfated polysaccharide that is capable of acting as a nonspecific antiadherence factor. It is capable of preventing the interaction of the transitional cells with many substances in urine, including bacteria, calcium, protein, and potential carcinogens. This interface of urine and transitional epithelium may be clinically important in many urologic disease states, since a malfunction of this layer could be involved in a spectrum of urologic diseases that includes irritable bladder syndromes (e.g., detrusor instability, interstitial cystitis, urethritis, radiation cystitis, cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis), carcinoma in situ, calculus disease, infections, and even carcinogenesis. It is important to point out that these investigations have shown that the natural surface mucus can be replaced by any of several substitutes that are as capable of preventing adherence as the natural glycosaminoglycans. One such substance, pentosanpolysulfate, is available in an oral form that is excreted in urine. To date, it has been used to successfully treat one disease of the urinary bladder, interstitial cystitis.