gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Copper Pigments, Malachite and Verdigris: Making Tempera Paint (2011)

Malachite and verdigris, two copper-based pigments, are synthesized in this experiment intended for use in a general chemistry laboratory. The preparation of egg tempera paint from malachite is also described. All procedures can be done with a magnetic stir plate, standard glassware present in any first-year laboratory, and household chemicals. Yields for the synthesis of malachite are about 95% making this an ideal activity for courses emphasizing green chemistry. Typical results from students enrolled in a general chemistry course are reported. While introducing the students to the composition of artists’ paints, performing this experiment provides students an opportunity to apply concepts in topics such as stoichiometry (excess reactants and yields), solubility, precipitation, and properties of emulsions. The importance of reading the experiment before coming to the laboratory is emphasized as students must come up with timesaving strategies to finish both pigment syntheses in the time allotted.
Hyaluronan: The Jekyll and Hyde Molecule (2006)

Hyaluronan (HA) is a variable length, long-chain polysaccharide containing repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and n-acetylglucosamine. Long considered a relatively inert component of the extracellular matrix, HA is now coming under scrutiny as a potential therapeutic agent for a number of different diseases, based on its recently discovered role in modulating inflammation. The effect of HA on the inflammatory response appears to be related to its molecular size, with larger polysaccharide chains having anti-inflammatory activity and smaller ones having proinflammatory properties. This dichotomous behavior presents a challenge to investigators seeking to harness the beneficial effects of this molecule. Rapid breakdown of therapeutically administered HA into smaller fragments may conceivably cause further injury to diseased tissues. With this limitation in mind, the authors discuss their own use of HA to treat experimentally induced lung disease, then suggest possible ways of maximizing the therapeutic potential of this molecule.
Iridium/Monodentate Phosphoramidite Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of<i>N</i>-Aryl Imines (2009)

Asymmetric hydrogenation of N-aryl acetophenone imines using iridium/PipPhos leads to very high enantioselectivities up to >99% depending on the presence of electron-donating substituents in the 2-, 3-, and 5-position of the aryl ring. If the substituent is 2-methoxy, the resultant secondary amines are easily oxidatively deprotected using trichloroisocyanuric acid to give the primary amines in good yield with full retention of enantioselectivity.
The effects of oligosaccharide trimming inhibitors on glycoprotein expression and infectivity of Junin virus (1993)

The effects of specific inhibitors of glycoprotein trimming reactions on Junin virus (JV) replication were investigated. Bromoconduritol, an inhibitor of glucosidase II, significantly reduced infective virus production (DE50: 1.1 mM) and viral protein expression. Neither 1-deoxynojirimycin, an inhibitor of both glucosidases I and II, nor 1-deoxymannojirimycin and swainsonine, inhibitors of mannosidase I and II, respectively, showed any activity against JV multiplication. These results are the first evidence that the acquisition of a complex form of the envelope glycoprotein oligosaccharide chains is not essential for JV infectivity. The effect of bromoconduritol was reversible and probably due to the formation of an unstable intermediate oligosaccharide structure which may be more sensitive to degradative proteolysis.
Plasmon Resonance Enhanced Optical Absorption in Inverted Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells with Metal Nanoparticle-Doped Solution-Processable TiO<sub>2</sub> Layer (2013)

This paper investigates the effects of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in an inverted polymer/fullerene solar cell by incorporating Au and/or Ag nanoparticles (NPs) into the TiO2 buffer layer. Enhanced light harvesting via plasmonic resonance of metal NPs has been observed. It results in improved short-circuit current density (Jsc) while the corresponding open-circuit voltage (Voc) is maintained. A maximum power conversion efficiency of 7.52% is obtained in the case of introducing 30% Ag NPs into the TiO2, corresponding to a 20.7% enhancement compared with the reference device without the metal NPs. The device photovoltaic characteristics, photocurrent properties, steady-state and dynamic photoluminescences of active layer on metal NP-doped TiO2, and electric field profile in metal NP-doped TiO2 layers are systematically investigated to explore how the plasmonic effects of Au and/or Ag NPs influence the OSC performance.
Asymmetric Catalysis of Aldol Reactions with Chiral Lewis Bases (2000)

In an extension of studies both on the stereochemical course of the aldol addition and on Lewis-base-catalyzed allylation reactions, we have invented a new Lewis-base-catalyzed asymmetric aldol addition. This Account outlines the conceptual development, the identification of design criteria, and the underlying principles for such a process. The reduction of these elements to practice in the demonstration of enantioselective aldol additions of trichlorosilyl enolates catalyzed by chiral phosphoramides is also presented. From a combination of stereochemical, kinetic, and structural studies, an intruiging mechanistic hypothesis is forwarded that explains the origin of catalysis and diastereoselectivity.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of procalcitonin and phosphorus in acute mesenteric ischemia (2011)

Phosphorus and procalcitonin may be important parameters for use in the early diagnosis and prognosis of AMI.
Isolation of novel non-HLA gene fragments from the hemochromatosis region (6p21.3) by cDNA hybridization selection. (1994)

It has previously been shown that cDNA hybridization selection can identify and recover novel genes from large cloned genomic DNA such as cosmids or YACs. In an effort to identify candidate genes for hemochromatosis, this technique was applied to a 320-kb YAC containing the HLA-A gene. A short fragment cDNA library derived from human duodenum was selected with the YAC DNA. Ten novel gene fragments were isolated, characterized, and localized on the physical map of the YAC.
Compact optical module for EDFA (2002)

There is some problem to construct a small sized EDFA (Erbium doped fiber amplifier), because it contains many optical components, optical fibers and fusion-splice portions, which require large mounting space and careful quality control. To solve such problem, we have developed compact optical modules for a 1.48 /spl mu/m pumping EDFA. There are two types of modules, a forward module and a backward module, and each module is only 32/spl times/14/spl times/7 mm in size. In this paper we describe design and characteristics of these modules. Characteristics of EDFA which is packaged in 120/spl times/95/spl times/10 mm case, using these modules, a coiled EDF and a pumping laser diode module, are also described.
Biometry of the Cornea and Anterior Chamber in Chinese Eyes: An Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Study (2010)

PURPOSE. To investigate the normative data of corneal and anterior segment biometric parameters and their associations in Chinese adults, for use in preoperative assessment for corneal and anterior segment surgery. METHODS. This cross-sectional, population-based study included 750 subjects aged > or =50 years. The subjects underwent an ophthalmic examination including imaging with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Dimensions were subsequently measured with the Zhongshan Assessment Program (ZAP). Also measured was posterior corneal arc length (PCAL), a novel parameter defined as the arc distance between scleral spurs on the posterior border of the cornea. Correlations with age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), refractive sphere and cylinder, and intraocular pressure were also measured. RESULTS. The subjects' mean age was 63.3 +/- 7.9 years and 349 (46.5%) were men. Corneal parameters (mean +/- SD) included PCAL (12.924 +/- 0.544 mm), anterior chamber depth (ACD; 2.684 +/- 0.309 mm), central corneal thickness (562.39 +/- 31.85 microm), anterior chamber curvature (7.35 +/- 0.37 mm), and posterior corneal curvature (6.65 +/- 0.34 mm). A moderate correlation was observed between PCAL and ACD (R = 0.55, P < 0.001) and a poor correlation between PCAL and age, height, weight, and BMI. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between PCAL and ACD, ACC, PCC, and cylinder (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS. In this Chinese population, PCAL was found to correlate moderately with ACD. The data may be useful for corneal and anterior segment procedures such as Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).
Supramolecular Structural Constraints on Alzheimer's β-Amyloid Fibrils from Electron Microscopy and Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2002)

We describe electron microscopy (EM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements on amyloid fibrils formed by the 42-residue beta-amyloid peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease (Abeta(1)(-)(42)) and by residues 10-35 of the full-length peptide (Abeta(10)(-)(35)). These measurements place constraints on the supramolecular structure of the amyloid fibrils, especially the type of beta-sheets present in the characteristic amyloid cross-beta structural motif and the assembly of these beta-sheets into a fibril. EM images of negatively stained Abeta(10)(-)(35) fibrils and measurements of fibril mass per length (MPL) by STEM show a strong dependence of fibril morphology and MPL on pH. Abeta(10)(-)(35) fibrils formed at pH 3.7 are single "protofilaments" with MPL equal to twice the value expected for a single cross-beta layer. Abeta(10)(-)(35) fibrils formed at pH 7.4 are apparently pairs of protofilaments or higher order bundles. EM and STEM data for Abeta(1)(-)(42) fibrils indicate that protofilaments with MPL equal to twice the value expected for a single cross-beta layer are also formed by Abeta(1)(-)(42) and that these protofilaments exist singly and in pairs at pH 7.4. Solid-state NMR measurements of intermolecular distances in Abeta(10)(-)(35) fibrils, using multiple-quantum (13)C NMR, (13)C-(13)C dipolar recoupling, and (15)N-(13)C dipolar recoupling techniques, support the in-register parallel beta-sheet organization previously established by Lynn, Meredith, Botto, and co-workers [Benzinger et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 13407-13412; Benzinger et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 3491-3499] and show that this beta-sheet organization is present at pH 3.7 as well as pH 7.4 despite the differences in fibril morphology and MPL. Solid-state NMR measurements of intermolecular distances in Abeta(1)(-)(42) fibrils, which represent the first NMR data on Abeta(1)(-)(42) fibrils, also indicate an in-register parallel beta-sheet organization. These results, along with previously reported data on Abeta(1)(-)(40) fibrils, suggest that the supramolecular structures of Abeta(10)(-)(35), Abeta(1)(-)(40), and Abeta(1)(-)(42) fibrils are quite similar. A schematic structural model of these fibrils, consistent with known experimental EM, STEM, and solid-state NMR data, is presented.
Maximum power point tracking techniques for solar water pumping systems (2023)

In this paper, we present a comparative study of single sensor-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems. A conventional hill climbing algorithm is employed to find and track the MPP, using the information obtained from either a voltage sensor or a tachometer or a manometer. The results of experiment are included and explained to validate the proposed techniques.
Therapeutic Targeting of the IL-6 Trans-Signaling/Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Axis in Pulmonary Emphysema (2016)

Collectively, our data reveal that specific targeting of IL-6 trans-signaling may represent a novel treatment strategy for emphysema.
Advances in Microwave Tube CAD Technology (2002)

Recent advances in the microwave tube CAD technology,including numerical method and widely used electromagnetic softwares,as well as the modeling and simulation of microwave tubes are reviewed.The prospects for the development of microwave tube CAD technology in our country are described.
Improving DRAM Performance in 3-D ICs via Temperature Aware Refresh (2016)

The 3-D integration allows IC designs to stack DRAM directly on the top of execution units, which greatly reduces DRAM access latency and improves memory bandwidth. Unfortunately, the heat generated by the processor unit cannot be effectively dissipated. As a result, DRAM operating temperature is undesirably increased. Due to the fact that 3-D-stacked DRAM operates under a severe thermal condition manifested as escalated hot spots and large temperature gradients, conventional refresh schemes based on the peak temperature lead to high refresh rates, which introduce large performance degradation in 3-D-stacked DRAM. To address this problem, we propose the temperature aware refresh technique for 3-D-stacked DRAM. The goal is to mitigate this performance degradation by adjusting the refresh rates of DRAM banks based on their actual thermal conditions at runtime. As a result, only banks that work in the peak temperature will refresh frequently, while the rest of the banks can be refreshed at a reduced rate. This enables more read and write accesses, which improves the overall memory performance.
Robust and environmentally stable deep UV positive resist: optimization of SUCCESS ST2 (1994)

By optimization of SUCCESS ST2 an environmentally stable and robust deep UV positive resist has been derived where the generally encountered problems related to chemical amplification resists, the formation of T-tops and linewidth changes during delay have been solved. The previously reported chemistry, protected poly-p-hydroxystyrene and SUCCESS type sulfonium salts, has been proven to be insensitive to airborne contaminations. In this paper the optimization of processing conditions, based on thermal analysis is reported. With the derived conditions linewidth changes during delays could be minimized and excellent performance obtained. At the IBM lithography test center in Boblingen an integrated photosector, consisting of equipment, materials, process and control philosophy, was balanced and 0.25 micrometers pattern can routinely be resolved using an ASM-L DUV stepper (NA 0.5).
Resonant excitation of precursor molecules in improving the particle crystallinity, growth rate and optical limiting performance of carbon nano-onions (2011)

A catalyst-free and highly efficient synthetic method for growing carbon nano-onions (CNOs) in open air has been developed through the laser resonant excitation of a precursor molecule, ethylene, in a combustion process. Highly concentric CNO particles with improved crystallinity were obtained at a laser wavelength of 10.532 µm through the resonant excitation of the CH(2) wagging mode of the ethylene molecules. A higher growth rate up to 2.1 g h( - 1) was obtained, compared with that without a laser (1.3 g h( - 1)). Formation of the CNOs with ordered graphitic shells is ascribed to the decomposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into C(2) species. The optical limiting performances of the CNOs grown by the combustion processes were investigated. CNOs grown at 10.532 µm laser excitation demonstrated improved optical limiting properties due to the improved crystallinity.
Microbubble-aided water and wastewater purification: a review (2012)

Microbubble-based methods, in recent times, have been widely used for purification of water and wastewater. Microbubbles have several physicochemical properties, which make them eminently suitable for wastewater treatment. In this review, these properties have been analyzed in detail from the perspective of application. Various types of microbubble generators and their operation principles have been discussed. The transport of gas into the aqueous phase has been explained, and the correlations to predict the volumetric mass transfer coefficient have been presented. Many practical applications using ozone, oxygen and air microbubbles, some of which are currently at various stages of commercialization, have been presented. Other important uses of microbubbles for wastewater treatment, namely, removal of fine solid particulate matter and oil, have also been discussed. In addition, directions for future research of microbubble technology and their potential applications have been identified.
Claudin-low bladder tumors are immune infiltrated and actively immune suppressed (2016)

We report the discovery of a claudin-low molecular subtype of high-grade bladder cancer that shares characteristics with the homonymous subtype of breast cancer. Claudin-low bladder tumors were enriched for multiple genetic features including increased rates of <i>RB1</i>, <i>EP300</i>, and <i>NCOR1</i> mutations; increased frequency of <i>EGFR</i> amplification; decreased rates of <i>FGFR3</i>, <i>ELF3</i>, and <i>KDM6A</i> mutations; and decreased frequency of <i>PPARG</i> amplification. While claudin-low tumors showed the highest expression of immune gene signatures, they also demonstrated gene expression patterns consistent with those observed in active immunosuppression. This did not appear to be due to differences in predicted neoantigen burden, but rather was associated with broad upregulation of cytokine and chemokine levels from low <i>PPARG</i> activity, allowing unopposed <i>NFKB</i> activity. Taken together, these results define a molecular subtype of bladder cancer with distinct molecular features and an immunologic profile that would, in theory, be primed for immunotherapeutic response.
Globalizing selectively (2013)

It has become common for MPI-based applications to run on shared-memory machines. However, MPI semantics do not allow leveraging shared memory fully for communication between processes from within the MPI library. This paper presents an approach that combines compiler transformations with a specialized runtime system to achieve zero-copy communication whenever possible by proving certain properties statically and globalizing data selectively by altering the allocation and deallocation of communication buffers. The runtime system provides dynamic optimization, when such proofs are not possible statically, by copying data only when there are write-write or read-write conflicts. We implemented a prototype compiler, using ROSE, and evaluated it on several benchmarks. Our system produces code that performs better than MPI in most cases and no worse than MPI, tuned for shared memory, in all cases.
Trusted cross-domain metadata model for context aware services (2017)

Internet of Things (IoT) provides context-aware intelligent services through the various data and connected devices. Also, the Social Network Services (SNSs) accelerates the sharing information among user. In this situation, trust management is a key feature for reliable services. This paper discusses trust issues about IoT and SNSs. Also, we define the trusted cross-domain metadata model that consists of the trust model, usage model and relational model. To evaluate trust of the service entities (agent, resource), we propose the trust evaluation method that considers measurable trust properties (e.g., social relation, usage information, agent and trust profile, explicit rate, etc.). Finally, we perform simulation of the proposed trust evaluation method based on the example scenario.
Role of the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>Receptor in Self- and Other-Initiated Social Interaction in Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Induced States: A Pharmacological fMRI Study (2018)

Distortions of self-experience are critical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and have detrimental effects on social interactions. In light of the immense need for improved and targeted interventions for social impairments, it is important to better understand the neurochemical substrates of social interaction abilities. We therefore investigated the pharmacological and neural correlates of self- and other-initiated social interaction. In a double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover study 24 healthy human participants (18 males and 6 females) received either (1) placebo + placebo, (2) placebo + lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; 100 μg, p.o.), or (3) ketanserin (40 mg, p.o.) + LSD (100 μg, p.o.) on three different occasions. Participants took part in an interactive task using eye-tracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging completing trials of self- and other-initiated joint and non-joint attention. Results demonstrate first, that LSD reduced activity in brain areas important for self-processing, but also social cognition; second, that change in brain activity was linked to subjective experience; and third, that LSD decreased the efficiency of establishing joint attention. Furthermore, LSD-induced effects were blocked by the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT<sub>2A</sub>R) antagonist ketanserin, indicating that effects of LSD are attributable to 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>R stimulation. The current results demonstrate that activity in areas of the "social brain" can be modulated via the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>R thereby pointing toward this system as a potential target for the treatment of social impairments associated with psychiatric disorders.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Distortions of self-representation and, potentially related to this, dysfunctional social cognition are central hallmarks of various psychiatric disorders and critically impact disease development, progression, treatment, as well as real-world functioning. However, these deficits are insufficiently targeted by current treatment approaches. The administration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging and real-time eye-tracking offers the unique opportunity to study alterations in self-experience, their relation to social cognition, and the underlying neuropharmacology. Results demonstrate that LSD alters self-experience as well as basic social cognition processing in areas of the "social brain". Furthermore, these alterations are attributable to 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor stimulation, thereby pinpointing toward this receptor system in the development of pharmacotherapies for sociocognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders.
SmartSteg: A New Android Based Steganography Application (2013)

With the development of mobile devices the security issue migrates fromÂ the PC platform to this new technology. Securing confidential information on theÂ mobile platforms has been, is and will be a topical issue for the specialists. In thisÂ paper we propose a new solution in order to provide security of digital data that isÂ transferred through today’s available platforms for communication.Â We developed SmartSteg application that works on Android platform and it is ableÂ to hide and fast encrypt files using digital images of MB dimension as cover. LSBÂ steganography is combined with a random function and symmetric key cryptographyÂ to transfer digital information, in a secure manner between smartphones that runÂ under Android.