gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Novel AKT Inhibitors with Enhanced Anti-Tumor Effects in Combination with the MEK Inhibitor (2014)

Tumor cells upregulate many cell signaling pathways, with AKT being one of the key kinases to be activated in a variety of malignancies. GSK2110183 and GSK2141795 are orally bioavailable, potent inhibitors of the AKT kinases that have progressed to human clinical studies. Both compounds are selective, ATP-competitive inhibitors of AKT 1, 2 and 3. Cells treated with either compound show decreased phosphorylation of several substrates downstream of AKT. Both compounds have desirable pharmaceutical properties and daily oral dosing results in a sustained inhibition of AKT activity as well as inhibition of tumor growth in several mouse tumor models of various histologic origins. Improved kinase selectivity was associated with reduced effects on glucose homeostasis as compared to previously reported ATP-competitive AKT kinase inhibitors. In a diverse cell line proliferation screen, AKT inhibitors showed increased potency in cell lines with an activated AKT pathway (via PI3K/PTEN mutation or loss) while cell lines with activating mutations in the MAPK pathway (KRAS/BRAF) were less sensitive to AKT inhibition. Further investigation in mouse models of KRAS driven pancreatic cancer confirmed that combining the AKT inhibitor, GSK2141795 with a MEK inhibitor (GSK2110212; trametinib) resulted in an enhanced anti-tumor effect accompanied with greater reduction in phospho-S6 levels. Taken together these results support clinical evaluation of the AKT inhibitors in cancer, especially in combination with MEK inhibitor.
Efficient single-mode transmission within PBG of single-line-defect SOI photonic crystal waveguides with controlled widths (2002)

We demonstrate that a single missing-hole line defect photonic crystal (PhC) waveguide fabricated from a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate can support a single waveguiding mode within the photonic bandgap (PBG) if the waveguide width is properly tuned.
Sound localization and multi-modal steering for autonomous virtual agents (2014)

With the increasing realism of interactive applications, there is a growing need for harnessing additional sensory modalities such as hearing. While the synthesis and propagation of sounds in virtual environments has been explored, there has been little work that addresses sound localization and its integration into behaviors for autonomous virtual agents. This paper develops a framework that enables autonomous virtual agents to localize sounds in dynamic virtual environments, subject to distortion effects due to attenuation, reflection and diffraction from obstacles, as well as interference between multiple audio signals. We additionally integrate hearing into standard predictive collision avoidance techniques and couple it with vision to allow agents to react to what they see and hear, while navigating in virtual environments.
Mesoporous transition metal oxides: characterization and applications in heterogeneous catalysis (2009)

This highlight article is devoted to catalytic applications of mesoporous materials containing transition metal oxides (Ti, Nb and Ta). In general, these mesoporous molecular sieves (MMS) can be readily modified by doping with other elements, reduction or acid treatment to extend their applications in catalysis. We highlight some of the recent findings from our group focusing on the modification of existing mesoporous transition metal oxides, characterization of these new mesoporous structures and their respective surface properties, and the exploration of their potential catalytic applications in areas such as dinitrogen activation, benzylation, alkylation, and isomerization. Confinement effects and porosity are also discussed, which are known to strongly affect diffusion and catalytic properties, resulting in the existence of an optimal catalytic efficiency depending on pore size and internal surface area.
Resolution-sensitive document image analysis for document repurposing (2004)

The variety of displays used to browse and view images has created a need to adapt an image representation to the size constraints of a given display. In this paper a resolution-sensitive analysis of document images is performed that segments images into text and image regions using document layout analysis and JPEG 2000 header-based processing. Repurposing of the document for viewing on a given display is performed by automatic scaling, cropping, and rearranging of document segments to produce a pictorial document representation while maintaining readability of text and recognizability of image features.
<title>Temporal subtraction technique for detection of interval changes on digital chest radiographs by using an elastic matching technique</title> (2000)

We have been developing a temporal subtraction technique to assist radiologists in the detection of interval changes of pulmonary abnormalities on digital chest radiographs. By subtracting a previous image from a current one, a temporal subtraction image is obtained, in which the lesions can be enhanced because skeletal structures such as ribs and clavicles are eliminated. Although the quality of the subtraction images obtained with our previous technique is relatively good, minor misregistration artifacts were observed in many cases because of the use of polynomial fitting of shift values. In this study, we employed three new techniques to reduce the misregistration artifacts in the temporal subtraction images. The first was a rib edge matching technique which was used to align the rib structures approximately in the two images. The second was an increase in the number of template and search area regions of interest (ROIs) in the two images. The third was the use of an elastic matching technique for the replacement of the polynomial fitting technique employed in the previous subtraction technique. With the new techniques, the quality of subtraction images was improved significantly. In particular, the number of subtraction images with excellent quality was greatly increased from 37% to 57%.
N-arylalkyl-N-phenylhydroxylamines as novel photo-induced DNA-cleaving agents (1994)

Single-strand cleavage of DNA was accomplished by photolysis of various N-arylalkyl-N-phenylhydroxylamines under aerobic conditions for 3 h with 312 nm UV light, which functioned as the trigger to initiate the new and controllable DNA cleavage process.
Speckle photography using optically addressed multiple quantum well spatial light modulators (1998)

We demonstrate speckle photography using an optically addressed multiple quantum well spatial light modulator. An optical Fourier transform is used to allow real-time displacement measurements.
Flight tests of a clear-air turbulence alerting system (1981)

The detection of clear-air turbulence (CAT) ahead of an aircraft in real-time by an infrared (IR) radiometer is discussed. It is noted that the alter time and reliability depend on the band-pass of the IR filter used and on the altitude of the aircraft. Results of flights tests indicate that a bandpass of 20 to 40 microns appears optimal for altering the aircraft crew to CAT at times before encounter of 2 to 9 min. Alert time increases with altitude, as the atmospheric absorption determining the horizontal weighting is reduced.
Reweighted sparse source-location acoustic mapping in shallow water (2013)

Various applications for monitoring and surveillance in littoral waters rely on passive sonar for localizing acoustic sources in shallow-water environments. Although adaptive matched-field processing (MFP) has been successfully used for localization, its performance is degraded when localizing multiple sources at low signal-to-noise ratios and in the presence of model mismatch. Robust MFP using, e.g., the white-noise constraint offers an alternative to cope with the mismatch issue but remains ineffective in the multisource and low signal-to-noise ratio set-up. This work capitalizes on sparsity for constructing a source location map for shallow water environments. Sparsity naturally arises since only locations corresponding to acoustic sources are expected to appear in the map (nonzero entries), while the remaining map locations are empty (zero entries). A high-resolution map is constructed via a two-step approach that capitalizes on a model for the acoustic propagation environment while being robust to model mismatch. During the first step the robust map is obtained by solving a regularized least-squares problem. Then, the map coefficients are used to devise a modified criterion with a weighted regularizer yielding a lower-ambiguity map, facilitating detection of quiet sources in the presence of loud interferers.
Multicomponent Time-Frequency Noise Attenuation of Microseismic Data (2013)

In this paper, we introduce a novel compound filter that is suitable for multicomponent seismic data. The objective of the new filter is to enhance the data signal-to-noise ratio while preserving polarisation information. A combination of three filters is used to achieve this. The first of these filters is a polarisation filter which is applied to pre-condition the seismic data. This step is followed by the application of the second filter, which is an adaptive multicomponent block-thresholding technique. One of the advantages of this filter is that it preserves polarization, while reducing the noise in each of the recorded components. Because it operates in the time-frequency domain, this filter can benefit from the potential separation between signal and noise that can occur in such a domain. The results obtained from the application of this method are used to build the third filter, an optimal Wiener filter. We demonstrate the efficacy of our new technique on synthetic and real microseismic data. In the synthetic data examples, the signal-to-noise ratio improvement was measured in the range of 8-12 dB, while the polarisation was preserved.
Synthesis of the four stereoisomers of several 3‐(1‐aminoethyl)pyrrolidines. Important intermediates in the preparation of quinolone antibacterials (1992)

Abstract The use of S ‐α‐methylbenzyl as a chiral auxiliary at N 1 allowed separation of diastereomeric 2‐pyrrolidinones substituted with an ester, ketoester, ketone and oxime at the C 4 position. Reduction of each diastereomer of 4‐[1‐(hydroxyimino)ethyl]‐1‐(1‐phenylethyl)‐2‐pyrrolidinone, 10s and 10r , provided a pair of epimeric amines, [ 11sr and 11ss ] and [ 11rs and 11rr ], that were separated by chromatography. The four stereoisomers of 4‐(1‐aminoethyl)‐1‐(1‐phenylethyl)‐2‐pyrrolidinone, 11 , were elaborated into several stereochemically pure 3‐(1‐aminoethyl)pyrrolidines, 1 and 15‐23 . These compounds are useful intermediates (C 7 side chains) for quinolone antibacterials.
Chisel (2006)

Longest Prefix Matching (LPM) is a fundamental part of various network processing tasks. Previously proposed approaches for LPM result in prohibitive cost and power dissipation (TCAMs) or in large memory requirements and long lookup latencies (tries), when considering future line-rates, table sizes and key lengths (e.g., IPv6). Hash-based approaches appear to be an excellent candidate for LPM with the possibility of low power, compact storage, and O(1) latencies. However, there are two key problems that hinder their practical deployment as LPM solutions. First, naïve hash tables incur collisions and resolve them using chaining, adversely affecting worst-case lookup-rate guarantees that routers must provide. Second, hash functions cannot directly operate on wildcard bits, a requirement for LPM, and current solutions require either considerably complex hardware or large storage space. In this paper we propose a novel architecture which successfully addresses for the first time, both key problems in hash based LPM  making the following contributions: (1) We architect an LPM solution based upon a recently-proposed, collision-free hashing scheme called Bloomier filter, by eliminating its false positives in a storage efficient way. (2) We propose a novel scheme called prefix collapsing, which provides support for wildcard bits with small additional storage and reduced hardware complexity. (3) We exploit prefix collapsing and key characteristics found in real update traces to support fast and incremental updates, a feature generally not available in collision-free hashing schemes.
High-Resolution Photomask Phase Measurement Tool (2002)

We describe the application of a novel imaging technique to ultra-high spatial resolution measurements of photomask phase shift. An Actinix TMT-193 photomask transmission tool has been retrofitted with a breadboard Mach-Zehnder interferometer and ancillary signal detection electronics and software to demonstrate actinic phase shift measurement capability for ArF-generation photomasks. Using a simple proof-of-principle layout, we have successfully acquired high-contrast interference fringe data on ultra-high resolution (250 nm) photomask geometries. Minimum detectable feature sizes are limited only by the resolution of the imaging system. The measurement techniques are suited to both embedded-attenuator and alternating-aperture phase-shift masks, and may be directly applied to F2-generation mask tools. Engineering advances in the laser source will increase measurement precision to the 0.4° level as called for in the 2001 ITRS. We discuss the tool architecture and measurement method, and present recent results of phase scans performed on a customer-supplied MoSi EAPSM.
Flexible Holey Graphene Paper Electrodes with Enhanced Rate Capability for Energy Storage Applications (2011)

The unique combination of high surface area, high electrical conductivity and robust mechanical integrity has attracted great interest in the use of graphene sheets for future electronics applications. Their potential applications for high-power energy storage devices, however, are restricted by the accessible volume, which may be only a fraction of the physical volume, a consequence of the compact geometry of the stack and the ion mobility. Here we demonstrated that remarkably enhanced power delivery can be realized in graphene papers for the use in Li-ion batteries by controlled generation of in-plane porosity via a mechanical cavitation-chemical oxidation approach. These flexible, holey graphene papers, created via facile microscopic engineering, possess abundant ion binding sites, enhanced ion diffusion kinetics, and excellent high-rate lithium-ion storage capabilities, and are suitable for high-performance energy storage devices.
The Genome Segments of a Group D Rotavirus Possess Group A-Like Conserved Termini but Encode Group-Specific Proteins (2010)

Rotaviruses are a leading cause of viral acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals. They are grouped according to gene composition and antigenicity of VP6. Whereas group A, B, and C rotaviruses are found in humans and animals, group D rotaviruses have been exclusively detected in birds. Despite their broad distribution among chickens, no nucleotide sequence data exist so far. Here, the first complete genome sequence of a group D rotavirus (strain 05V0049) is presented, which was amplified using sequence-independent amplification strategies and degenerate primers. Open reading frames encoding homologues of rotavirus proteins VP1 to VP4, VP6, VP7, and NSP1 to NSP5 were identified. Amino acid sequence identities between the group D rotavirus and the group A, B, and C rotaviruses varied between 12.3% and 51.7%, 11.0% and 23.1%, and 9.5% and 46.9%, respectively. Segment 10 of the group D rotavirus has an additional open reading frame. Generally, phylogenetic analysis indicated a common evolution of group A, C, and D rotaviruses, separate from that of group B. However, the NSP4 sequence of group C has only very low identities in comparison with cogent sequences of all other groups. The avian group A NSP1 sequences are more closely related to those of group D than those of mammalian group A rotaviruses. Most interestingly, the nucleotide sequences at the termini of the 11 genome segments are identical between group D and group A rotaviruses. Further investigations should clarify whether these conserved structures allow an exchange of genome segments between group A and group D rotaviruses.
Universal Payment Channels: An Interoperability Platform for Digital Currencies (2021)

With the innovation of distributed ledger technology (DLT), often known as blockchain technology, there has been significant growth of digital tokens in the form of cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, and central bank digital currencies. As the number of DLT networks increases, each with varying design characteristics, the likelihood that transacting parties are on the same network decreases. Thus, it is crucial to facilitate payments that are universal across networks, scalable to massive loads, and highly available. We envision a future payment network that may be built on top of DLT networks without being subject to their limitations on interoperability, scalability, and availability faced by DLT payment solutions today. Specifically, we propose a hub-and-spoke payment route, referred to here as Universal Payment Channels (UPC), that can be used to support digital token transfers of funds across different networks through payment channels. We further discuss the potential use cases of the UPC technology to support, and not complicate, an already robust digital payment ecosystem. Finally, through the paper, we share some future directions of the UPC technology.
A Reduced Order Code Spectrum TransformusingAuto-Regression (ROCSTAR) for Fast, Low FAR CDMA Forward Link Code Estimation (2006)

In the CDMA synchronous forward link, the mobile only has knowledge of its own spreading code; therefore, blind interference suppression (IS) algorithms are required to mitigate the multiple access interference (MAI). In this paper, an algorithm using reduced rank auto-regression (AR) methods is introduced to allow the mobile to determine all of the codes that the base station is transmitting. The full rank AR technique is based on computing an orthogonal "code spectrum", analogous to the traditional Fourier spectrum for frequency analysis. The reduced rank technique, called reduced order code spectrum transform using auto-regression (ROCSTAR), greatly improves performance by eliminating spurious peaks in the code spectrum and is based on the multistage Wiener filter (MWF). It is shown that this technique is more efficient, provides better probability of detection and lower false alarm rate, and operates with fewer samples than the full rank solution. This robust method of code estimation allows interference cancellation (IC) to be performed under severe channel conditions typical of dense urban environments where existing IS methods fail. Performance of an MWF based IC algorithm using ROCSTAR is evaluated and compared to the conventional minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver and blind MWF receiver, which has previously been shown to outperform all other receivers. It is shown that with few samples, at least 10 dB gains over the blind MWF and the MMSE receiver is achieved. This opens the door to the development of new algorithms for channel estimation and IC. This technique is expected to have tremendous impact on the performance and capacity of future CDMA systems
An image analysis system for dietary assessment and evaluation (2010)

There is a growing concern about chronic diseases and other health problems related to diet including obesity and cancer. Dietary intake provides valuable insights for mounting intervention programs for prevention of chronic diseases. Measuring accurate dietary intake is considered to be an open research problem in the nutrition and health fields. In this paper, we describe a novel mobile telephone food record that provides a measure of daily food and nutrient intake. Our approach includes the use of image analysis tools for identification and quantification of food that is consumed at a meal. Images obtained before and after foods are eaten are used to estimate the amount and type of food consumed. The mobile device provides a unique vehicle for collecting dietary information that reduces the burden on respondents that are obtained using more classical approaches for dietary assessment. We describe our approach to image analysis that includes the segmentation of food items, features used to identify foods, a method for automatic portion estimation, and our overall system architecture for collecting the food intake information.
Autoantibodies against platelet GPIIb/IIIa in chronic ITP react with different epitopes* (1987)

Some patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura have autoantibodies to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) complex. To determine whether these autoantibodies are directed towards the same or different epitopes, we evaluated the ability of four murine monoclonal anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies specific for different epitopes to block autoantibody binding. We noted a variation in blocking patterns among autoantibodies from patients with chronic ITP. In addition, we were able to map the relative epitope locations of both the autoantibodies and the monoclonal antibodies. These data show that the anti-GPIIb/IIIa monoclonal autoantibodies in chronic ITP are directed towards different epitopes.
Integrated production of nano-fibrillated cellulose and cellulosic biofuel (ethanol) by enzymatic fractionation of wood fibers (2011)

This study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating the production of nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC), a potentially highly valuable biomaterial, with sugar/biofuel (ethanol) from wood fibers. Commercial cellulase enzymes were used to fractionate the less recalcitrant amorphous cellulose from a bleached Kraft eucalyptus pulp, resulting in a highly crystalline and recalcitrant cellulose (RC). The RC is difficult to hydrolyze to sugars but very suitable for producing biobased nanomaterials through mechanical homogenization. A range of fractionation yields of RC from 10–70% can be achieved by varying fractionation duration and enzyme dosage. The crystallinity of the RC was found to be as much as 24% higher than that of the original bleached pulp. The cellulase fractionation process facilitated mechanical homogenization by significantly reducing the degree of polymerization (DP) to about 400 and the length of the fibers to about 200 μm. The hydrolyzed sugars were found to be easily converted to ethanol through yeast fermentation with excellent efficiency of 92%. Films made from nano-fibrillated cellulose were found to be optically transparent, with opacity as low as 12%. The NFC films were mechanically strong and stiff, with tensile strengths and moduli approximately 10 and 6 times higher than film made from fibers that had not been nano-fibrillated.