gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Misrepresentation and Contractual Estoppel: The Raiffeisen Clarifications - Raiffeisen Zentralbank Osterreich AG v Royal Bank of Scotland PLC [2010] EWHC 1392 (Comm) (2011)

Misrepresentation continues to be one of the most commonly pleaded vitiating factors. When such a plea is made, the representor's reply has often been that there is a contractual clause which affects the matter at hand, and the legal inquiry turns to whether the clause excludes liability for misrepresentation and, if so, whether it is reasonable. In recent times, a somewhat surprising argument has surfaced - that the clause estops any allegation of misrepresentation. Such estoppel takes two forms. The first - estoppel by representation - is a reasonably well-established doctrine. The second - contractual estoppel - is a recent and controversial concept, and has been gaining judicial support. But the application of the doctrine of contractual estoppel raises serious questions and doubts. This case note considers how and the extent to which Mr Justice Clarke's judgment in Raiffeisen Zentralbank Osterreich AG v Royal Bank of Scotland [2010] EWHC 1392 (Comm) provides the clarification much needed in this area.
Normalizing the weighted edit distance (2002)

In this paper, we discuss the weighted edit distance and two well known normalizations, one based on editing path lengths and one based on the string lengths. We investigate the limitations of these approaches as well as the restrictions on the associated weight function including the triangular inequality. As a solution to the problems pointed out, we present a modified normalized edit distance. The new approach expresses the edit distance between two strings X and Y in a more adequate and intuitive way, reflecting the human decision process during comparisons. A further advantage is that this new distance measure is efficiently computable in O(|X|/spl times/|Y|) instead of O(|X|/spl times/|Y|/spl times/min (|X|,|Y|)) for the other normalizations.
<title>Mirror Blank Manufacturing For The Emerging Market</title> (1982)

The historic market for large mirror blanks can be characterized as a "custom" market, which now appears to be evolving toward higher volumes, multiple modules, and lower mass for application in both land-based telescopes and in space systems. Corning Glass Works is currently evaluating alternatives that would evolve the manufacturing processes to keep pace with the emerging market. An overview of some of the considerations, including alternatives as to types of glass, initial glass form, glass utilization, equipment and mechanization, frit versus fusion bonding, etc. is presented.
Comparison of different plasmonic nanograting profiles for quality light absorption in nanostructured metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (2013)

We have demonstrated the possibility of quality light absorption in plasmonic nanostructured metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors with different groove shapes and analyzed the device performance by varying the physical parameters. The simulations revealed the quality light absorption for various nanogratings. The MSM photodetectors (MSM-PDs) utilizing nanostructure fabrication enable future high-speed devices to achieve high-responsivity bandwidth product. Finite difference time-domain method is used to evaluate the quality light absorption by plasmonics one dimensional nanostructures with the illumination of transverse magnetic light, since the surface plasmon polariton excitation is polarization sensitive. In our modeling, various nanograting profiles incorporated on the conventional MSM-PDs perform in different ways to improve the light absorption capacity in the subwavelength aperture region of the device. Therefore, the grooves’ shape and size are the effective parameters to enhance the light concentration below the diffraction limit. The simulation results demonstrated the light absorption enhancement of ∼33.6 times for newly introduced nonlinearly tapered (or trapezoidal) ellipse wall nanogratings with the aid of plasmonic nanogratings effects.
Developmental factor IRF6 exhibits tumor suppressor activity in squamous cell carcinomas (2011)

The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) regulates craniofacial development and epidermal proliferation. We recently showed that IRF6 is a component of a regulatory feedback loop that controls the proliferative potential of epidermal cells. IRF6 is transcriptionally activated by p63 and induces its proteasome-mediated down-regulation, thereby limiting keratinocyte proliferative potential. We hypothesized that IRF6 may also be involved in skin carcinogenesis. Hence, we analyzed IRF6 expression in a large series of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and found a strong down-regulation of IRF6 that correlated with tumor invasive and differentiation status. IRF6 down-regulation in SCC cell lines and primary tumors correlates with methylation on a CpG dinucleotide island located in its promoter region. To identify the molecular mechanisms regulating IRF6 potential tumor suppressive activity, we performed a genome-wide analysis by combining ChIP sequencing for IRF6 binding sites and gene expression profiling in primary human keratinocytes after siRNA-mediated IRF6 depletion. We observed dysregulation of cell cycle-related genes and genes involved in differentiation, cell adhesion, and cell-cell contact. Many of these genes were direct IRF6 targets. We also performed in vitro invasion assays showing that IRF6 down-regulation promotes invasive behavior and that reintroduction of IRF6 into SCC cells strongly inhibits cell growth. These results indicate a function for IRF6 in suppression of tumorigenesis in stratified epithelia.
Partial Melanism In King Penguins Aptenodytes Patagonicus (2000)

Although uncommon, abnormal colouration is not unknown in penguins. Full or partial leucism (absence of pigmentation in the plumage) has been documented for at least seven species (Falla 1937, vanWyk 1995, Valencia et al. 1997). Melanism, or abnormally dark plumage, is caused by an increase in the amount of eumelanin present in the feathers and has been reported in Adelie Pygoscelis adeliae and Royal Eudyptes schlegeli Penguins (Falla 1937). It has also been observed in Gentoo P. papua, Macaroni E. chrysolophus and Chinstrap P. antarctica Penguins (Valencia et al. 1997, O.A.W. Huyser in litt., D.A. Croll in litt.).
Convergence and finite-time behavior of simulated annealing (1985)

Simulated Annealing is a randomized algorithm which has been proposed for finding globally optimum least-cost configurations in large NP-complete problems with cost functions which may have many local minima. A theoretical analysis of Simulated Annealing based on its precise model, a time-inhomogeneous Markov chain, is presented. An annealing schedule is given for which the Markov chain is strongly ergodic and the algorithm converges to a global optimum. The finite-time behavior of Simulated Annealing is also analyzed and a bound obtained on the departure of the probability distribution of the state at finite time from the optimum. This bound gives an estimate of the rate of convergence and insights into the conditions on the annealing schedule which gives optimum performance.
Rate enhancement of the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley-Oppenauer reaction in the presence of proton acids (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRate enhancement of the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley-Oppenauer reaction in the presence of proton acidsRonald Kow, Robert Nygren, and Michael W. RathkeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 5, 826–827Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00425a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00425a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views550Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An organisation ontology for enterprise modelling: preliminary concepts for linking structure and behaviour (2002)

The paper presents our preliminary exploration into an organisation ontology for the TOVE enterprise model. The ontology puts forward a number of conceptualizations for modeling organisations: agents, roles, positions, goals, communication, authority, commitment. Its primary focus has been in linking structure and behaviour through the concept of empowerment. Empowerment is the right of an organisation agent to perform status changing actions. This linkage is critical to the unification of enterprise models and their executability.
Programming wireless sensor networks with logical neighborhoods (2007)

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) involving actuation are increasingly envisioned in a range of fields. For instance, there is considerable interest in leveraging off WSNs to improve safety in road tunnels [3]. Researchers are envisioning tunnels equipped with WSN nodes that gather physical readings (e.g., light), monitor the structural integrity of the tunnel, and sense the presence of vehicles to detect a possible traffic congestion. Based on sensed data, the system operates a variety of devices, such as ventilation fans inside the tunnel, and traffic lights at the entrances. For instance, when a sensor detects the presence of a fire in a sector, the fans in the same sector are activated, and the traffic lights are turned red to prevent further vehicles from entering the tunnel.
Fabrication of Highly Antireflective Silicon Surfaces with Superhydrophobicity (2006)

Highly antireflective porous silicon surfaces with superhydrophobicity were obtained by means of chemical etching and fluoroalkylsilane self-assembly. The results show that wettability and reflectivity of these surfaces strongly depend on the etching method and the resultant surface morphology. All of the four resultant porous silicon surfaces by alkaline etching, acidic etching, thick Pt-assisted acidic etching, and thin Pt-assisted acidic etching can reduce reflectance, but the efficiency differs greatly. Except for the alkaline etching, the porous silicon surfaces produced by the other three etching methods can reach superhydrophobicity after fluoroalkylsilane modification. These differences are due to the different surface morphology and roughness. Moreover, the porous silicon surface produced by thin Pt-assisted acidic etching presents abundant holes and particles with diameters ranging from nanometers to submicrometers. This morphology enables the porous silicon surface to own a very low reflectance value that is averaged to be about 3% over the whole experimental photon wavelength spanning 300-800 nm.
Nucleating Efficiency of Organic Phosphates in Polypropylene (2003)

Organic phosphates used as nucleating agents can remarkably promote the stiffness and crystallization rate of polypropylene homopolymer and ethylene–propylene copolymer. In this article, the nucleating activity of 2,2′-methylene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphoric acid and its derivatives for isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarized light microscope (PLM), and their influence on mechanical properties of polypropylene was also studied. The results showed that the sodium salt (NA7) and the glyceride ester (NA8) of the organic phosphoric acid were of high nucleating efficiency. If 0.4 wt% of NA7 or NA8 was added to PP, the crystallization peak temperature of PP was raised 15°C or 11°C, respectively, the amount of crystallinity was increased by 3 to 6%, and the crystallization rate was enhanced significantly. The nucleating activity is thermally stable when the mixture of iPP and a nucleating agent was melted and crystallized repeatedly in the DSC. The nucleating agents mentioned above could increase the modulus of the polymer by 20 to about 30% and could increase the flexural strength by 10 to about 20%. However, a number of other organic phosphates tested have little nucleating effect.
Effects of Frozen Soil on Snowmelt Runoff and Soil Water Storage at a Continental Scale (2006)

Abstract The presence of ice in soil dramatically alters soil hydrologic and thermal properties. Despite this important role, many recent studies show that explicitly including the hydrologic effects of soil ice in land surface models degrades the simulation of runoff in cold regions. This paper addresses this dilemma by employing the Community Land Model version 2.0 (CLM2.0) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and a simple TOPMODEL-based runoff scheme (SIMTOP). CLM2.0/SIMTOP explicitly computes soil ice content and its modifications to soil hydrologic and thermal properties. However, the frozen soil scheme has a tendency to produce a completely frozen soil (100% ice content) whenever the soil temperature is below 0°C. The frozen ground prevents infiltration of snowmelt or rainfall, thereby resulting in earlier- and higher-than-observed springtime runoff. This paper presents modifications to the above-mentioned frozen soil scheme that produce more accurate magnitude and seasonality of runoff and soil water storage. These modifications include 1) allowing liquid water to coexist with ice in the soil over a wide range of temperatures below 0°C by using the freezing-point depression equation, 2) computing the vertical water fluxes by introducing the concept of a fractional permeable area, which partitions the model grid into an impermeable part (no vertical water flow) and a permeable part, and 3) using the total soil moisture (liquid water and ice) to calculate the soil matric potential and hydraulic conductivity. The performance of CLM2.0/SIMTOP with these changes has been tested using observed data in cold-region river basins of various spatial scales. Compared to the CLM2.0/SIMTOP frozen soil scheme, the modified scheme produces monthly runoff that compares more favorably with that estimated by the University of New Hampshire–Global Runoff Data Center and a terrestrial water storage change that is in closer agreement with that measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites.
Performance analysis of clustering algorithms for information retrieval in image databases (2002)

In image databases, a good indexing method makes nearest-neighbor retrieval of images accurate and efficient. Since existing alphanumeric indexing methods are not particularly suitable in image databases, researchers have proposed new methods for indexing by clustering methods. In this paper, we analyze the performance of two unsupervised neural network clustering algorithms, the competitive learning (CL) and rival penalized competitive learning (RPCL), together with k-means and VP-tree for image database indexing. We present some performance experiments to measure their accuracy and efficiency. Based on the experimental results, we concluded that RPCL and CL are good information retrieval in image database.
Reconfigurable array antenna using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators (2002)

The paper demonstrates a patch antenna integrated with a novel microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuator for reconfiguring the operating frequency. Experimental results demonstrate that the center frequency can be reconfigured by as much as 1.6 percent of the nominal operating frequency at K-band. In addition, a novel on-wafer antenna pattern measurement technique is demonstrated.
Physiological Roles of the cyAbrB Transcriptional Regulator Pair Sll0822 and Sll0359 in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (2011)

All known cyanobacterial genomes possess multiple copies of genes encoding AbrB-like transcriptional regulators, known as cyAbrBs, which are distinct from those conserved among other bacterial species. In this study, we addressed the physiological roles of Sll0822 and Sll0359, the two cyAbrBs in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, under nonstress conditions (20 μmol of photons m⁻² s⁻¹ in ambient CO₂). When the sll0822 gene was disrupted, the expression levels of nitrogen-related genes such as urtA, amt1, and glnB significantly decreased compared with those in the wild-type cells. Possibly due to the increase of the cellular carbon/nitrogen ratio in the sll0822-disrupted cells, a decrease in pigment contents, downregulation of carbon-uptake related genes, and aberrant accumulation of glycogen took place. Moreover, the mutant exhibited the decrease in the expression level of cytokinesis-related genes such as ftsZ and ftsQ, resulting in the defect in cell division and significant increase in cell size. The pleiotrophic phenotype of the mutant was efficiently suppressed by the introduction of Sll0822 and also partially suppressed by the introduction of Sll0359. When His-tagged cyAbrBs were purified from overexpression strains, Sll0359 and Sll0822 were copurified with each other. The cyAbrBs in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 seem to interact with each other and regulate carbon and nitrogen metabolism as well as the cell division process under nonstress conditions.
Precise modeling of complex SAW structures using a perturbation method hybridized with a finite element analysis (1998)

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices used in high stability oscillators or filters are generally designed to exhibit a low sensitivity to thermal and mechanical perturbations. Theoretical developments based on variational equations have been proposed to model these phenomena. Mechanical perturbations applied to simple geometries of the propagation substrate can be analytically considered using this approach. However, because of the strong dependence of mechanical effects on the geometry of the substrate, analytical models cannot provide realistic predictions on complex SAW structures subject to external stresses, vibrations, or accelerations. In this paper, an adaptation of the Tiersten-Sinha perturbation method is proposed, which combines the finite element analysis (for a precise prediction of quasi-static perturbations) and analytical variational equations of SAW propagation. Comparison of results obtained using simple analytical model and the proposed approach shows a very good agreement in the case of symmetrical radial in-plane compression on circular plates and monoaxial bending moments applied on rectangular substrates. This validation enables the consideration of more complicated configurations and allows using special stress-compensated SAW quartz cuts.
Improving prediction accuracy of hard-to-predict branches using data value correlation (2013)

Performance of modern pipelined processor depends on steady flow of useful instructions for processing.Branch instruction disrupts sequential flow of instructions by presenting multiple paths through which a program can proceed.By predicting branch outcome early, branch predictors allow processor to continue fetching instructions from the predicted path.History-based dynamic branch predictors have shown to reach high prediction accuracy, yet certain branch types continue to mispredict.These are multitarget indirect branches and data-dependent direct and indirect branches.These are hardto-predict branches since their outcome do not always exhibit repeatable patterns.This thesis describes branch prediction schemes for improving prediction accuracy of hard-to-predict branches using data value correlation.In these schemes, instead of relying on branch history information, compiler identifies program instructions whose output value strongly correlates with branch outcome.These correlated instructions are tracked at run-time, and their output is used for making branch predictions.Specifically, this thesis proposes following two branch prediction schemes: vii (i) Value-based BTB indexing (VBBI) is a low cost, compiler-guided scheme for predicting multi-target indirect branches.For every indirect branch, compiler identifies an instruction whose output strongly correlates with targets taken by the indirect branch.At run-time, multiple branch targets are stored and subsequently accessed from BTB using index formed by hashing indirect branch PC with output of the correlated instruction.(ii) Store-Load-Branch (SLB) predictor is a compiler-assisted branch prediction scheme for data-dependent branches.Typically, data-dependent branches are associated with program data structures such as arrays, linked list etc., and follow store-load-branch execution sequence.A set of memory locations is written at an earlier point in a program.Later, these locations are read, and used for evaluating branch condition.Branch outcome depends on values stored in data structure, which, normally do not have repeatable patterns.In SLB scheme, compiler identifies all program points where data structure associated with a data-dependent branch is modified.These marked store instructions are tracked at run-time, and stored values are used for computing branch flags ahead of time.Later, when branch instruction is fetched, pre-computed flags are read, and used for making predictions.This thesis introduces new branch prediction schemes, describes hardware structures and compiler analysis for implementing these schemes, evaluates their performance impact, and estimates their area, power and timing overhead.
Preparation of Benzolactams by Pd(OAc)<sub>2</sub>-Catalyzed Direct Aromatic Carbonylation (2004)

We developed a new method for Pd(II)-catalyzed direct aromatic carbonylation in a phosphine-free catalytic system using Pd(OAc)2 and Cu(OAc)2 in an atmosphere of CO gas containing air. The carbonylation proceeded with ortho-palladation, inducing a remarkable site selectivity to afford a variety of five- or six-membered benzolactams from secondary omega-arylalkylamines, such as N-alkylbenzylamines or N-alkylphenethylamines.
The effect of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium on aerobic and anaerobic microbicidal activities of human neutrophils (1988)

NADPH-dependent superoxide production by intact human neutrophils is inhibited by DPI (diphenyleneiodonium), when stimulated by either FMLP (N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) or PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Addition of 10 microM-DPI abolished the reduction of both the FAD and the cytochrome b components of the NADPH oxidase. DPI inhibition of the oxidase was associated with defective aerobic killing of staphylococci by human neutrophils. Anaerobic killing, phagocytosis, chemotaxis and motility were relatively unaffected by 10 microM-DPI. Degranulation of the azurophil and specific granules, induced by the soluble stimuli FMLP or PMA, and by particulate stimuli was decreased by the presence of DPI. The above effects of DPI on human neutrophils are similar to those found in chronic granulomatous disease.
Implications for signalling network development of automatic focused overload control (1993)

Discusses the effects of focused overloads with reference to application resources, restrictive control methods, and system and signalling network level controls. Two performance measures can be used to access the effectiveness of a control scheme. These are efficiency and fairness. >