gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of signal diffusion on x-ray phase contrast images (2011)

We discuss the problem of signal diffusion among neighbouring pixels in x-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCi) specifically for coded-aperture (CA) XPCi, but many of the discussed observations are directly transferable to other XPCi modalities. CA XPCi exploits the principle of pixel edge illumination by means of two CA masks. The first mask, placed in contact with the detector, creates insensitive regions between adjacent pixels; the second one, placed immediately before the sample, creates individual beams impinging on the boundaries between sensitive and insensitive regions on the detector, as created by the detector mask. In this way, edge illumination is achieved for all pixels of an area detector illuminated by a divergent and polychromatic beam generated by a conventional source. As the detector mask redefines the resolution properties of the detector, sample dithering can be used to effectively increase the system spatial resolution, without having to apply any post-processing procedure (e.g., deconvolution). This however creates artifacts in the form of secondary fringes (which have nothing to do with phase-related secondary fringes) if there is signal diffusion between adjacent pixels. In non-dithered images, signal diffusion between adjacent pixels causes a reduction in image contrast. This effect is investigated both theoretically and experimentally, and its direct implications on image quality are discussed. The interplay with the sample positioning with respect to the detector pixel matrix, which also has an effect on the obtained image contrast, is also discussed.
Approximating optimal spare capacity allocation by successive survivable routing (2002)

Spare capacity allocation (SCA) is an important part of a fault tolerant network design. In the spare capacity allocation problem one seeks to determine where to place spare capacity in the network and how much spare capacity must be allocated to guarantee seamless communications services survivable to a set of failure scenarios (e.g., any single link failure). Formulated as a multi-commodity flow integer programming problem, SCA is known to be NP-hard. We provide a two-pronged attack to approximate the optimal SCA solution: unravel the SCA structure and find an effective algorithm. First, a literature review on the SCA problem and its algorithms is provided. Second, a integer programming model for SCA is provided. Third, a simulated annealing algorithm using the above INP model is introduced. Next, the structure of SCA is modeled by a matrix method. The per-flow based backup path information are aggregated into a square matrix, called the spare provision matrix (SPM). The size of the SPM is the number of links. Using the SPM as the state information, a new adaptive algorithm is then developed to approximate the optimal SCA solution termed successive survivable routing (SSR). SSR routes link-disjoint backup paths for each traffic flow one at a time. Each flow keeps updating its backup path according to the current network state as long as the backup path is not carrying any traffic. In this way, SSR can be implemented by shortest path algorithms using advertised state information with complexity of O( Link/sup 2/). The analysis also shows that SSR is using a necessary condition of the optimal solution. The numerical results show that SSR has near optimal spare capacity allocation with substantial advantages in computation speed.
Enzymatic formation of a photoresponsive supramolecular hydrogel (2010)

This paper reports the first example of the use of an enzymatic reaction to generate a photoresponsive hydrogelator, which represents a convenient route to expand the scope of optically controlled molecular self-assembly in water.
The Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (2007)

A reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is a prosthesis that should be used in patients who have specific contraindications to the more conventional total shoulder prosthetic replacements. The patient and surgeon should understand that this reconstruction is technically more difficult and is associated with more complications than conventional shoulder reconstructions. The reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has been used in Europe more than in North America, and the experience in Europe is guiding its use in North America. An understanding of the mechanics of the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and the technical details of its implantation will help in understanding its role in shoulder reconstruction.
A new acoustic levitation device using the interference sound field generated from two opposed radiators (1987)

A new technique for acoustically levitating a specimen is described. The technique deviates from a previous single-axis acoustic levitation method that utilizes a single-acoustic radiator and a passive reflector to generate the interference produced sound field. The new method involves the use of two opposing focusing acoustic radiators that produce an interference field that has capabilities for the levitation and positioning of small objects or liquid drops. The theoretical predictions regarding this technique are examined and those results are compared with laboratory measurements. The nature of the apparatus and its capabilities is also addressed. [Work supported by NASA.]
Multivariant technique for multiclass pattern recognition (1980)

A technique for multiclass optical pattern recognition of different perspective views of an object is described. Each multiclass representation of an object is described as an orthonormal basis function expansion, and a single averaged matched spatial filter is then produced from a weighted linear combination of these functions. The technique is demonstrated for a terminal missile guidance application using IR tank imagery.
Isolation, Sequence, and Expression of a Human Keratin K5 Gene: Transcriptional Regulation of Keratins and Insights into Pairwise Control (1989)

The mitotically active basal layers of most stratified squamous epithelia express 10 to 30% of their total protein as keratin. The two keratins specifically expressed in these cells are the type II keratin K5 (58 kilodaltons) and its corresponding partner, type I keratin K14 (50 kilodaltons), both of which are essential for the formation of 8-nm filaments. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying the coordinate regulation of the two keratins is an important first step in understanding epidermal differentiation and in designing promoters that will enable delivery and expression of foreign gene products in stratified squamous epithelia, e.g., skin. Previously, we reported the sequence of the gene encoding human K14 (D. Marchuk, S. McCrohon, and E. Fuchs, Cell 39:491-498, 1984; Marchuk et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1609-1613, 1985). We have now isolated and characterized the gene encoding human K5. The sequence of the coding portion of this gene matched perfectly with that of a partial K5 cDNA sequence obtained from a cultured human epidermal library (R. Lersch and E. Fuchs, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:486-493, 1988), and gene transfection studies indicated that the gene is functional. Nuclear runoff experiments demonstrated that the K5 and K14 genes were both transcribed at dramatically higher levels in cultured human epidermal cells than in fibroblasts, indicating that at least part of the regulation of the expression of this keratin pair is at the transcriptional level. When the K5 gene was transfected transiently into NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, foreign expression of the gene caused the appearance of endogenous mouse K14 and the subsequent formation of a keratin filament array in the cells. In this case, transcriptional changes did not appear to be involved in the regulation, suggesting that there may be multiple control mechanisms underlying the pairwise expression of keratins.
Automatic speech recognition of small vocabularies within the context of unconstrained input (1988)

Speaker-independent recognition of small vocabularies, spoken over the long-distance telephone network has been demonstrated to be a viable technology. However, the algorithms tested and the tasks evaluated both assumed that user input would be restricted to only a small set of defined vocabulary words. Recently, a large scale trial of speaker-independent, isolated-word, speech-recognition technology was carried out in Hayward, California. The task chosen required that users speak, in isolation, one of five defined vocabulary words (collect, calling-card, person, third-number, and operator). Observations of customer responses during this trial, indicated that about 20% of the utterances had the desired vocabulary item along with extraneous input that ranged from nonspeech sounds to groups of words (e.g., “I want to make a collect call please”). Our current recognition algorithms have not been designed to handle this type of input. As such, a modification of the recognition algorithms had to be made to handle words embedded in speech (i.e., a form of key-word spotting). In this paper, two recognition algorithms are presented, one based on templates and the other based on hidden Markov models. Both algorithms are designed to recognize vocabulary words in the context of unconstrained speech. Currently, recognition rates of 99% for strictly isolated input (i.e., with no extraneous speech or gross artifacts) and 90% for vocabulary words spoken in unconstrained speech are being achieved.
Tuned-port twin biconical-taper fiber splitters: fabrication from dissimilar low-mode-number fibers (1985)

Fused biconical-fiber splitters have been fabricated from dissimilar low-mode-number optical fibers. Through selective etching of the cladding diameters of the two fibers forming the splitter, the amount of energy transferred between the fibers can be controlled. A tuned condition characterized by low insertion loss and strong optical coupling between modes of the fibers forming the splitter has been demonstrated. In the detuned condition an asymmetry in the coupling between fibers has been observed.
Non‐Carbonaceous Negative Electrodes in Sodium Batteries (2021)

Finding an adapted negative electrode for Na-ion batteries (NIB) is one of the critical issues for their successful development. The field of anode materials for NIB is also the one where most differences are found when compared to lithium-ion batteries. Contrary to lithium-based systems, graphite does not intercalate sodium ions with conventional electrolytes, and the alternative carbonaceous negative electrode materials that have been proposed, such as hard carbon, are characterized by relatively low specific capacities up to 300 mAh g–1 and undergo substantial irreversible capacity during the first sodiation. The materials are divided based on their reaction mechanism as insertion, alloying or conversion materials. The insertion materials include transition metal oxides, sodium titanate, lithium titanate and layered titanates. An interesting approach to obtain electrode materials from renewable resources with minimum energy consumption is using them as organic electrode materials.
Gap Structure Multilayer Piezoelectric Actuator (1991)

A new multilayer piezoelectric actuator (MPA), in which gaps were formed at the ends of the internal electrodes, was manufactured by a cofiring method. Its high endurance has been confirmed both by a 500-million-pulse driving test and by 120 VDC voltage-applying life test for 500 hours under high humidity. Large displacement was achieved in a wide temperature range up to 135°C by using newly developed piezoelectric ceramics.
Towards voltage-tunable wavelength-agile 2D material-based light-emitting transistors (2D-LETs) (2022)

We present on our progress in the design, fabrication, and characterization of light-emitting transistors based on twodimensional materials (2D-LETs) and top-gate dielectrics that enable voltage-controlled wavelength-agile light emission spanning from the visible (VIS) to the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum at room temperature. Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) devices (e.g. MoS<sub>2</sub>, MoSe<sub>2</sub>, WS<sub>2</sub>, WSe<sub>2</sub>) emit in the VIS-NIR range with respect to their direct bandgaps. The wavelength of the light emission from the TMD devices may be tuned to the NIR by reducing their direct bandgaps via the giant Stark Effect.
Metal Artifact Correction Algorithm for CT (2013)

The presence of high density objects leads to significant artifacts in CT images. These artifacts impact the quantitative as well as qualitative accuracy of CT images. These artifacts are caused due to factors such as beam hardening, scatter, photon starvation. The ramp filter prior to standard back-projection enhances some of the artifacts. The artifacts can be reduced by using better data acquisition such as dual energy imaging, higher kVp imaging. Several software based techniques have been proposed to reduce metal artifacts that can be classified into model-based algorithms and sinogram in-painting methods. We propose an improved metal artifact correction algorithm that belongs to the category of sinogram inpainting. In the prior art, the prior images used to generate the inpainted data is created by segmenting the original or the first pass metal artifact reduced (MAR) images. We propose a multi-band filter design to generate the prior image. The original image and the first pass MAR image possess complimentary information and are combined using a multi-band filter. The combined image is then segmented to generate the final prior image. It is shown that the new approach leads to a prior that is more consistent to the original image compared to the conventional prior and hence improved inpainted data. The proposed approach is demonstrated to be superior to the conventional approach using clinical datasets. We further compare two different inpainting algorithms to replace the original corrupted sinogram samples with the forward projection of the prior, also defined as the prior data. The first approach is based on the linear baseline shift algorithm, while in the second approach the replacement step used in the normalized metal artifact correction algorithm (NMAR) is used. Both the approaches are validated using both phantom and clinical data and is demonstrated to be superior to standard interpolation based techniques.
Fire- and Heat-Resistant Laminating Resins (1987)

Imide compounds containing phosphourus thermally polymerized. New maleimido- or citraconimido-end-capped monomers, have relatively low melting temperatures, polymerized at moderate temperatures to rigid bisimide resins without elimination of volatiles. Monomers dissolve in such as methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran, suitable and perferred as varnish solvents for composite fabrication. Low melting points of these componds allow use as adhesives without addition of solvents.
A frequency and amplitude scanned quadrupole mass filter for the analysis of high <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> ions (2014)

Quadrupole mass filters (QMFs) are usually not used to analyze high m/z ions, due to the low frequency resonant circuit that is required to drive them. Here we describe a new approach to generating waveforms for QMFs. Instead of scanning the amplitude of a sine wave to measure the m/z spectrum, the frequency of a trapezoidal wave is digitally scanned. A synchronous, narrow-range (<0.2%) amplitude scan overlays the frequency scan to improve the sampling resolution. Because the frequency is the primary quantity that is scanned, there is, in principle, no upper m/z limit. The frequency signal is constructed from a stabilized base clock using a field programmable gate array. This signal drives integrating amplifiers which generate the trapezoidal waves. For a trapezoidal wave the harmonics can be minimized by selecting the appropriate rise and fall times. To achieve a high resolving power, the digital signal has low jitter, and the trapezoidal waveform is generated with high fidelity. The QMF was characterized with cesium iodide clusters. Singly and multiply charged clusters with z up to +5 were observed. A resolving power of ∼1200 (FWHM) was demonstrated over a broad m/z range. Resolution was lost above 20,000 Th, partly because of congestion due to overlapping multiply charged clusters. Ions were observed for m/z values well in excess of 150,000 Th.
Ultraviolet InAlGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diodes (2003)

The Guest Editors of the Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Nitride Semiconductors (ICNS-5), Hiroshi Amano and Takashi Udagawa, have nominated the contributed presentation by Michael Kneissl et al. [1] as Editor's Choice of the present issue of physica status solidi (a). This paper is a report on ultraviolet InGaN, GaN and InAlGaN multiple-quantum-well (MQW) laser diodes with emission wavelengths between 368 and 378 nm, continuous-wave operation and a differential quantum efficiency of up to 4.2% which is remarkably high for these laser diodes grown directly on sapphire. The cover picture is a scheme of an InAlGaN MQW laser diode on sapphire substrate. Michael Kneissl is a Member of the Research Staff at the Palo Alto Research Center. He is responsible for device design, MOCVD growth, fabrication, and characterization of GaN-based short-wavelength laser diodes. The full Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Nitride Semiconductors (ICNS-5) are published in physica status solidi (c) – conferences and critical reviews, Vol. 0, No. 7 (November 2003) (ISBN 3-527-40489-9). Conference papers can also be found in phys. stat. sol. (b) 240, No. 2 (2003).
Epidermal electronics for noninvasive, wireless, quantitative assessment of ventricular shunt function in patients with hydrocephalus (2018)

Hydrocephalus is a common and costly neurological condition caused by the overproduction and/or impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The current standard of care, ventricular catheters (shunts), is prone to failure, which can result in nonspecific symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Current diagnostic tools for shunt failure such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radionuclide shunt patency studies (RSPSs), and ice pack-mediated thermodilution have disadvantages including high cost, poor accuracy, inconvenience, and safety concerns. Here, we developed and tested a noninvasive, skin-mounted, wearable measurement platform that incorporates arrays of thermal sensors and actuators for precise, continuous, or intermittent measurements of flow through subdermal shunts, without the drawbacks of other methods. Systematic theoretical and experimental benchtop studies demonstrate high performance across a range of practical operating conditions. Advanced electronics designs serve as the basis of a wireless embodiment for continuous monitoring based on rechargeable batteries and data transmission using Bluetooth protocols. Clinical studies involving five patients validate the sensor's ability to detect the presence of CSF flow (<i>P</i> = 0.012) and further distinguish between baseline flow, diminished flow, and distal shunt failure. Last, we demonstrate processing algorithms to translate measured data into quantitative flow rate. The sensor designs, fabrication schemes, wireless architectures, and patient trials reported here represent an advance in hydrocephalus diagnostics with ability to visualize flow in a simple, user-friendly mode, accessible to the physician and patient alike.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationships of New Arylfluoronaphthyridine Antibacterial Agents. (1987)

Abstract Starting with the pyridine (I), the naphthyridinecarboxylic acids (V) are prepared as shown in the reaction scheme.
Peptide Inhibitors Disrupt the Serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>Receptor Interaction with Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog to Allosterically Modulate Cellular Signaling and Behavior (2013)

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) signaling through the 5-HT(2C) receptor (5-HT(2C)R) is essential in normal physiology, whereas aberrant 5-HT(2C)R function is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple neural disorders. The 5-HT(2C)R interacts with specific protein partners, but the impact of such interactions on 5-HT(2C)R function is poorly understood. Here, we report convergent cellular and behavioral data that the interaction between the 5-HT(2C)R and protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) serves as a regulatory mechanism to control 5-HT(2C)R-mediated biology but not that of the closely homologous 5-HT(2A)R. A peptide derived from the third intracellular loop of the human 5-HT(2C)R [3L4F (third loop, fourth fragment)] disrupted the association, allosterically augmented 5-HT(2C)R-mediated signaling in live cells, and acted as a positive allosteric modulator in rats in vivo. We identified the critical residues within an 8 aa fragment of the 3L4F peptide that maintained efficacy (within the picomolar range) in live cells similar to that of the 3L4F peptide. Last, molecular modeling identified key structural features and potential interaction sites of the active 3L4F peptides against PTEN. These compelling data demonstrate the specificity and importance of this protein assembly in cellular events and behaviors mediated by 5-HT(2C)R signaling and provide a chemical guidepost to the future development of drug-like peptide or small-molecule inhibitors as neuroprobes to study 5-HT(2C)R allostery and therapeutics for 5-HT(2C)R-mediated disorders.
Preparation of a Bacteriophage T4-based Prokaryotic-eukaryotic Hybrid Viral Vector for Delivery of Large Cargos of Genes and Proteins into Human Cells (2020)

A viral vector that can safely and efficiently deliver large and diverse molecular cargos into cells is the holy grail of curing many human diseases. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been extensively used but has a very small capacity. The prokaryotic virus T4 has a large capacity but lacks natural mechanisms to enter mammalian cells. Here, we created a hybrid vector by combining T4 and AAV into one nanoparticle that possesses the advantages of both. The small 25 nm AAV particles are attached to the large 120 nm x 86 nm T4 head through avidin-biotin cross-bridges using the phage decoration proteins Soc (small outer capsid protein) and Hoc (highly antigenic outer capsid protein). AAV thus "piggy-backed" on T4 capsid, by virtue of its natural ability to enter many types of human cells efficiently acts as a "driver" to deliver large cargos associated with the T4 head. This unique T4-AAV hybrid vector approach could pave the way for the development of novel therapeutics in the future.