gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use Of A Single Size Square Serif For Variable Print Bias Compensation In Microlithography: Method, Design, And Practice (1989)

Application of serifs in microlithography helps to extend and maintain more aggressive groundrules. Furthermore, this method of mask correction can be implemented in a conventional mask making environment. It puts no new demands on lithographic printing tools, and helps to extend their useful lifetime. Images whose dimensions are near the resolution limit of the imaging system are recorded in photoresist with size and shape different than predicted by geometrical optics. This difference is referred to as print bias. For small 2-dimensional features it can be characterized as shrinking of lateral dimensions and a corner rounding effect. It results in the loss of area, perimeter, and aspect ratio of printed features and makes it difficult to simultaneously maintain a desired tolerance for all features in the design. Modelling of optical projection printers is used to characterize printability of rectangles in a wide range of sizes and aspect ratios, with printed area being the primary parameter of concern. Motivation for use of the serif-like correction of reticle shapes is examined and a simple design procedure using experimental data on printability of small squares is developed. This procedure yields a serif design which, when added to reticle features, results in the area printed more closely to the nominal value and provides an optimal compromise between the compensation of the corner rounding effect and the associated process variability. A single size square serif is shown to correct a broad range of shapes and sizes. Improvements in terms of reduced radius of corner rounding, reduced area loss, and better preservation of aspect ratio of rectangles are shown. Use of serifs is also shown to result in a larger range of focus conditions for which, given a set exposure variation, all design features print with defined tolerances, i.e., a larger common process window. SEM microphotographs of resist images illustrate the use of serifs to improve lithography of small rectangles. Experiment confirms a substantial reduction of corner rounding and compensation for the loss of area, and aspect ratio in rectangles. An example of application to a dense pattern with typical circuit characteristics is also given.
Phase 2 trial of a DNA vaccine encoding myelin basic protein for multiple sclerosis (2008)

In relapsing-remitting MS patients, treatment with the lower dose (0.5 mg) of BHT-3009 for 44 weeks nearly attained the primary end point for reduction of the rate of new enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions (p = 0.07) and achieved several secondary end points including a reduction of the rate of enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions from weeks 8 to 48 (p = 0.05). Immunological data in a preselected subgroup of patients also indicated that treatment with 0.5 mg induced antigen-specific immune tolerance. The greater dose was ineffective.
Superoxide anions mediate veratridine‐induced cytochrome <i>c</i> release and caspase activity in bovine chromaffin cells (2002)

1. Mitochondrial mechanisms involved in veratridine-induced chromaffin cell death have been explored. 2. Exposure to veratridine (30 micro M, 1 h) produces cytochrome c release to the cytoplasm that seems to be mediated by superoxide anions and that is blocked by cyclosporin A (10 micro M), MnTBAP (10 nM), catalase (100 IU ml(-1)) and vitamin E (50 micro M). 3. Following veratridine treatment, there is an increase in caspase-like activity, blocked by vitamin E (50 micro M) and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore blocker cyclosporin A (10 micro M). 4. Superoxide anions open the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in isolated mitochondria, an effect that is blocked by vitamin E (50 micro M) and cyclosporin A (10 micro M), but not by the Ca2+ uniporter blocker ruthenium red (5 micro M). 5. These results strongly suggest that under the stress situation caused by veratridine, superoxide anions become important regulators of mitochondrial function in chromaffin cells. 6. Exposure of isolated bovine chromaffin mitochondria to Ca2+ results in mitochondrial swelling. This effect was prevented by ruthenium red (5 micro M) and cyclosporin A (10 micro M), while it was not modified by vitamin E (50 micro M). 7. Veratridine (30 micro M, 1 h) markedly decreased total glutathione and GSH content in bovine chromaffin cells. 8. In conclusion, superoxide anions seem to mediate veratridine-induced cytochrome c release, decrease in total glutathione, caspase activation and cell death in bovine chromaffin cells.
고해상도 다중분광영상 제작을 위한 합성방법의 비교 (2000)

상업위성에서 공급되는 고해상도영상의 활용을 증대하기 위한 영상합성에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 합성에 사용된 고해상도 흑백영상과 저해상도 다중분광영상은 항공기탑재 다중분광주사기에 의해 촬영된 네 밴드의 영상을 이용하여 모의 제작하였다. 모의 합성된 2m 해상도의 흑백영상과 8m 해상도의 네 밴드 영상에 대하여 다섯 가지 합성방법(MWD, IHS, PCA, HPF, CN, PCA)을 적용하였다. 합성된 영상에 대해서 원래 영상들이 가지고 있던 공간해상도와 분광정보 측면의 특성을 분석하고자, 육안판독, 통계치비교, semivariogram, 분광반사특성 등을 비교하였다. MWD 변환방법에 의하여 합성된 영상이 공간해상도 및 분광정보 측면에서 모두 합성에 사용된 원래 영상과 근접한 결과를 보였다.
Basal insulin glargine (HOE 901) versus NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes on multiple daily insulin regimens. U.S. Insulin Glargine (HOE 901) Type 1 Diabetes Investigator Group. (2000)

Basal insulin glargine administered once daily for 4 weeks as part of a basal-bolus multiple daily insulin regimen was safe and more effective in lowering fasting plasma glucose levels than NPH in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Activation of Raf/MEK/ERK/cPLA2 Signaling Pathway Is Essential for Chlamydial Acquisition of Host Glycerophospholipids (2004)

Chlamydiae, a diverse group of obligate intracellular pathogens replicating within cytoplasmic vacuoles of eukaryotic cells, are able to acquire lipids from host cells. Here we report that activation of the host Raf-MEK-ERK-cPLA2 signaling cascade is required for the chlamydial uptake of host glycerophospholipids. Both the MAP kinase pathway (Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK) and Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) were activated in chlamydia-infected cells. The inhibition of cPLA2 activity resulted in the blockade of the chlamydial uptake of host glycerophospholipids and impairment in chlamydial growth. Blocking either c-Raf-1 or MEK1/2 activity prevented the chlamydial activation of ERK1/2, leading to the suppression of both chlamydial activation of the host cPLA2 and uptake of glycerophospholipids from the host cells. The chlamydia-induced phosphorylation of cPLA2 was also blocked by a dominant negative ERK2. Furthermore, activation of both ERK1/2 and cPLA2 was dependent on chlamydial growth and restricted within chlamydia-infected cells, suggesting an active manipulation of the host ERK-cPLA2 signaling pathway by chlamydiae.
Generating Non-Rayleigh Speckles with Tailored Intensity Statistics (2014)

We experimentally generate speckle patterns with non-Rayleigh statistics using a phase-only spatial light modulator. By introducing high order correlations to the input light fields we redistribute the intensity among the speckle grains, while preserving the granular structure of the pattern. Our method is versatile and allows for generating speckle patterns with enhanced or diminished contrast in a controlled manner.
Transient and continuous expression of NADPH diaphorase in different neuronal populations of developing rat spinal cord (1995)

Nitric oxide is a novel intercellular messenger whose role in neuronal development is not yet known. As a first step toward elucidating its developmental function, we examined the pattern of NADPH diaphorase histochemical staining, an indicator of the presence of nitric oxide synthase, in the rat spinal cord at pre and postnatal ages. Some types of neurons expressed diaphorase activity transiently during development. For example, a subset of somatic motor neurons, located in the ventrolateral corner of a few caudal segments of the cervical spinal cord, were diaphorase-positive beginning on E15, but gradually became diaphorase-negative by birth. In contrast, other spinal neurons expressed diaphorase activity continuously from development into adulthood. Preganglionic autonomic motor neurons became diaphorase-positive early in their development, as they were migrating toward their adult positions. Other spinal neurons, such as those in superficial dorsal horn, first expressed diaphorase relatively late in their development, after reaching their final location. The transient expression in some cell types, as well as the early expression in others, suggest that nitric oxide may have an important role(s) during development, which may differ from its functions in the adult nervous system.
Membranes and microfluidics: a review (2006)

The integration of mass transport control by means of membrane functionality into microfluidic devices has shown substantial growth over the last 10 years. Many different examples of mass transport control have been reported, demonstrating the versatile use of membranes. This review provides an overview of the developments in this area of research. Furthermore, it aims to bridge the fields of microfabrication and membrane science from a membrane point-of-view. First the basic terminology of membrane science will be discussed. Then the integration of membrane characteristics on-chip will be categorized based on the used fabrication method. Subsequently, applications in various fields will be reviewed. Considerations for the use of membranes will be discussed and a checklist with selection criteria will be provided that can serve as a starting point for those researchers interested in applying membrane-technology on-chip. Finally, opportunities for microfluidics based on proven membrane technology will be outlined. A special focus in this review is made on the membrane properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), since this material is frequently used nowadays in master replication.
Development of nanometric electron-beam lithography system (JBX-5D II) (1986)

The production of VHSIC and microwave devices has shown that submicron lithography by e-beam, optical, or x-ray systems is rapidly becoming feasible. There is, however, a demand developing for a nanolithography tool for producing GaAs devices and for investigating the physics of scaling of silicon semiconductor devices. We have developed an electron beam lithography system, the JBX-5D II, which is effective in fabricating both submicron and nanometric devices. The system employs a high brightness single crystal (100) LaB6 cathode and an in-lens octupole deflector. The JBX-5D II is fully computer controlled which permits automatic switching of the accelerating voltage between 50 and 25 kV, of writing modes between large and small currents, and of different scanning fields. The ability to switch writing modes permits rapid writing of devices with geometries as small as 10 nm with a fine beam and a coarser beam to be used on larger geometries. The present paper deals with some of the characteristics occurring after switching between writing modes. Experimental results will also be reported on voltage stability and probe currents. The mark detection technology for nanometer writing will be presented along with experimental results for an 80 Å probe size.
Utilization of the power losses map in the design of DC/DC converters (2002)

In this paper, the authors propose a power losses map in order to optimize the design of DC/DC power converters. The power losses map is a level curves graph which shows, in advance, the theoretical power losses at the different operation-points where it is possible to design a DC/DC power converter, under the same specifications. They present the use of the power losses map especially when there are some restrictions in the design, such as the converter size, the magnetic core size, the maximum drain-source voltage, the conduction mode, when some component is imposed, etc. Finally, a comparison between both the theoretical power losses map and experimental results from flyback power converters is also presented.
Financial Market Globalization, Symmetry-Breaking, and Endogenous Inequality of Nations (2004)

This paper investigates the effects of financial market globalization on the inequality of nations. The world economy consists of inherently identical countries, which differ only in their levels of capital stock. Each country is represented by the standard overlapping generations model, modified only to incorporate credit market imperfection. An integration of financial markets affects the set of stable steady states, as it changes the balance between the equalizing force of the diminishing returns technology and the unequalizing force of the wealth-dependent borrowing constraint. The model is tractable enough to allow for a complete characterization of the stable steady states. In the absence of the international financial market, the world economy has a unique steady state, which is symmetric and stable. In the presence of the international financial market, symmetry-breaking occurs under some conditions. That is, the symmetric steady state loses its stability and stable asymmetric steady states come to exist. In the stable asymmetric steady states, the world economy is endogenously divided into the rich and poor countries; the borrowing constraints are binding in the poor but not in the rich; the world output is smaller, the rich are richer and the poor are poorer in any of the stable asymmetric steady states than in the (unstable) symmetric steady state.
Intestinal microbiota and critical conditions (2021)

The cardinal transformation of the intestinal microbiota in composition, quantity and metabolic products negatively affects the effectiveness of therapy in patients with extreme severity of the disease. Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiota is a prognostic parameter and one of the main causes of complications, infections and the development of sepsis. Currently, scales are used that assess the condition and prognosis of patients, but the microbiota is not included in this list of the studied parameters. In the last 10 years, it has become possible to study andcharacterize intestinal microorganisms in more detail. This review provides an analysis of the literature on the importance of intestinal bacteria in patients with extreme severity of the disease, information on possible complications and treatment of disorders associated with dysfunction of the intestinal microbiota.
High Efficiency Energy Absorption Olefinic Foam (1999)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The passing of the federal regulation for head impact protection for upper interior components (FMVSS 201U) has led to the use of a variety of foam materials in interior trim pillar and headliner reinforcement applications. Polyurethane foams and expanded bead foams are some of the commonly used foams in these applications. However, the low energy absorption efficiency (35% - 55%) of the current foams requires the use of 20 mm - 40 mm of packaging space to integrate the countermeasures that make it possible to meet the regulations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">A newly developed high efficiency olefin based foam is able to meet the performance requirements at a reduced packaging space. A combination of physical structure and superior mechanical properties provides the much needed higher efficiency (80% - 90%) of the olefinic foam. This paper discusses the foam architecture and performance benefits for many interior applications, such as energy absorbing countermeasures in pillar trim, headliners, and door panels. Performance comparisons with current competitive foams for head impact applications are also presented.</div></div>
New approach for model merging and transformation (2012)

Models are important artifacts in the software development life-cycle and often to produce results on which multiple developers has to work collaboratively, especially with the adoption of Model- Driven Development. If a modeling task is distributed, it will frequently be necessary to merge models developed by different team members.When multiple developers work over diagrams of modules of the same project while integrating those modules conflicts can occur and need to be resolved by merging. Existing approaches for model merging require developers to solve all conflicts manually before commit. Sometimes conflicts increases more because of manual commitment. And existing approaches while merging make assumptions about the types of model to be merged, and the nature of the relationship between them. In this paper, we propose a simple model merging approach for two different diagrams of same model. This facilitates resolution of conflicts and merging. In this paper, we describe proposed algorithm for transforming different software design models to XML and vice versa and we also describe proposed algorithm for model merging along with experimental results.
Wireless Technology in Industrial Networks (2005)

With the success of wireless technologies in consumer electronics, standard wireless technologies are envisioned for the deployment in industrial environments as well. Industrial applications involving mobile subsystems or just the desire to save cabling make wireless technologies attractive. Nevertheless, these applications often have stringent requirements on reliability and timing. In wired environments, timing and reliability are well catered for by fieldbus systems (which are a mature technology designed to enable communication between digital controllers and the sensors and actuators interfacing to a physical process). When wireless links are included, reliability and timing requirements are significantly more difficult to meet, due to the adverse properties of the radio channels. In this paper, we thus discuss some key issues coming up in wireless fieldbus and wireless industrial communication systems: 1) fundamental problems like achieving timely and reliable transmission despite channel errors; 2) the usage of existing wireless technologies for this specific field of applications; and 3) the creation of hybrid systems in which wireless stations are incorporated into existing wired systems.
Adhesion of normal and sickle erythrocytes to endothelial monolayer cultures (1979)

Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that the differences between the surfaces of erythrocytes from normal and sickle cell patients are reflected in the degree of attachment to the capillary lining. An assay was used that measured the number of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes (normal or sickle) attaching to a monolayer of endothelium cultured from calf aortas. Under these conditions, erythrocytes from sickle cell patients adhered better to the endothelium than did those from normal patients. The results suggested that the enhanced adhesion of the sickle cells to the endothelium may be partially responsible for the increased blockage of capillaries that produce the symptoms in sickle cell anemia.
A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (2016)

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive expression of families of related receptors, a broad range of related ligands and the difficulty of dealing with primary cultures of specialized endothelial cells. Here we describe a bioassay for the detection of ligands to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a key transducer of signals that promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. A cDNA encoding a fusion of the extracellular (ligand-binding) region of VEGFR-2 with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed in the factor-dependent cell line Ba/F3. This cell line grows in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and withdrawal of this factor results in death of the cells within 24 hr. Expression of the VEGFR-2/EpoR receptor fusion provides an alternative mechanism to promote survival and potentially proliferation of stably transfected Ba/F3 cells in the presence of a ligand capable of binding and cross-linking the extracellular portion of the fusion protein (i.e., one that can cross-link the VEGFR-2 extracellular region). The assay can be performed in two ways: a semi-quantitative approach in which small volumes of ligand and cells permit a rapid result in 24 hr, and a quantitative approach involving surrogate markers of a viable cell number. The assay is relatively easy to perform, is highly responsive to known VEGFR-2 ligands and can accommodate extracellular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 signaling such as monoclonal antibodies to the receptor or ligands, and soluble ligand traps.
Origins of Charge Noise in Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors (2012)

Determining the major noise sources in nanoscale field-effect transistor (nanoFET) biosensors is critical for improving bioelectronic interfaces. We use the carbon nanotube (CNT) FET biosensor platform to examine the noise generated by substrate interactions and surface adsorbates, both of which are present in current nanoFET biosensors. The charge noise model is used as a quantitative framework to show that insulating substrates and surface adsorbates are both significant contributors to the noise floor of CNT FET biosensors. Removing substrate interactions and surface adsorbates reduces the power spectral density of background voltage fluctuations by 19-fold.
Dopant diffusion model refinement and its impact on the calculation of reverse short channel effect (2002)

A couple of dopant diffusion models were examined and refined in terms of both diffusion profiles and simulation of device characteristics. The refinement included appropriate binding-energy values for dopant-defect pairs, electrical activation for arsenic, and the boundary condition for the interstitial-silicon. These are directly related to the quantitative simulation of the reverse short-channel effect (RSCE) for initially flat channel profile nMOSFETs. Source/drain implantation damage is the most crucial factor for the RSCE. For LDD devices, the calculation assuming a certain mid-range value for the coefficient representing the ratio of damage to arsenic dosage reproduced the measured threshold voltage rising quite well.
Contrast behaviors in the adsorption, diffusion, nucleation, and growth of carbon adatoms on stepped metal surfaces (2009)

To reveal the growth mechanism in the initial nucleation stage of graphene on metal surfaces, in this work we study the energetics and kinetics of carbon adatoms on three (stepped) metal surfaces: Ir(111), Ru(0001) and Cu(111) using DFT technique. Though results of single carbon atoms can hardly give any interesting physics, through the study of carbon-carbon dimers we find the competition between C-C bonding and C-metal bonding, together with different C-metal bonding types, can result in quite different behaviors. On Ir(111) and Ru(0001), two carbon atoms repel each other, while they prefer to form dimers only at the lower edge of substrate steps, which explains the initial step edge nucleation observed in experiments. In contrast, on Cu(111) two carbon atoms attract each other and prefer to form dimers on flat surface, which predicts the initial growth of graphene happens everywhere on Cu(111).