gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Ultra Fast Short Circuit Detection Method Without Using the Desaturation Process of the Power Semiconductor (2016)

This paper presents an ultra fast short circuit detection method for hard switching faults and fault under load short circuit conditions without using the desaturation process of the power semiconductor. The detection method is based on monitoring the simultaneous behaviour of the di/dt and the gate voltage of the power semiconductor, which is significantly different under short circuit conditions. Furthermore, a comparison with different state-of-the-art short circuit detection methods is shown which allows a classification of the presented method in terms of detection time and detection current. Therefore, it will be presented that the new di/dt-gate short circuit detection method is able to detect a fault behaviour of the IGBT close to earliest possible point in time a short circuit failure could be detected at all.
A screen in Escherichia coli for nucleoside analogs that target human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase: coexpression of HIV reverse transcriptase and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (1995)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase substitutes for temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase I (Pol Its) in Escherichia coli, providing a screen for anti-HIV reverse transcriptase nucleoside analogs in bacteria. Since phosphorylation of nucleosides in E. coli is limited to thymidine and its derivatives, we coexpressed herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates a wide variety of nucleoside analogs, together with HIV reverse transcriptase. Coexpression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and HIV reverse transcriptase rendered Pol Its cells sensitive to dideoxycytidine. Studies with different nucleoside analogs indicate that this bacterial screening system is able to select and identify nucleoside analogs that specifically target HIV reverse transcriptase.
Dermal Microvascular Injury in the Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Reconstituted-Severe Combined Immunodeficient (HuPBL-SCID) Mouse/Skin Allograft Model Is T Cell Mediated and Inhibited by a Combination of Cyclosporine and Rapamycin (1998)

We have analyzed the mechanism of human endothelial injury in a human peripheral blood lymphocyte-severe combined immunodeficient (huPBL-SCID) mouse/human skin graft model of allograft injury and examined the effect of immunosuppressive drugs on this process. In this model, split-thickness human skin containing the superficial dermal microvessels was grafted onto immunodeficient C.B-17 SCID or SCID/beige mice and allowed to heal. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) allogeneic to the skin, when subsequently introduced by intraperitoneal injection, caused destruction of the human dermal microvasculature by day 16, evident as endothelial cell sloughing and thrombosis. In the same specimens, mouse microvessels that invaded the human skin graft were uninjured. Human microvascular cell injury was accompanied by a mononuclear cell infiltrate consisting of approximately equal numbers of human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, some of which contained perforin-positive granules. We found no evidence of human natural killer cells and noted occasional human, but not mouse, macrophages at a frequency indistinguishable from that resident in skin on animals not receiving human PBMCs. These human T cell infiltrates did not extend into adjacent mouse skin. Human immunoglobulin G antibody was detected in the blood and was diffusely present throughout mouse and human tissues in SCID mice receiving PBMCs. Mouse C3 was detected on human dermal vessels in both unreconstituted control animals and those that received PBMCs. Blood and tissues from mice injected with PBMCs depleted of B cells showed no human immunoglobulin, but circulating CD3+ cells were detected by flow cytometry at levels comparable with those of animals receiving whole PBMCs. Significantly, skin graft infiltration by human T cells and human dermal microvascular injury were equivalent in the B cell-depleted and whole-PBMC-reconstituted mice. Mice inoculated with PBMCs depleted of CD8+ T cells developed microvascular injury and infiltrates containing perforin-expressing CD4+ T cells. These data suggested a cytolytic T cell-dependent mechanism of microvessel injury. We then tested the ability of T cell immunosuppressants, cyclosporine and rapamycin, to attenuate vessel damage. Neither cyclosporine nor rapamycin alone effectively reduced either mononuclear cell infiltration or vascular injury. However, a combination of the two agents reduced both parameters. We conclude that the huPBL-SCID/skin allograft model may be used both to study cytolytic T cell-mediated rejection and to test the effect of immunosuppressive drug strategies in vivo in a small-animal model of human immune responses.
Controlling n-type conductivity of <i>β</i>-Ga2O3 by Nb doping (2017)

It has been confirmed that Si, Sn, and Ge are effective n-type dopants for β-Ga2O3. This letter shows that Nb doping is also a viable method for controlling the electrical resistivity and carrier density of β-Ga2O3, corresponding to the theoretical calculations about the doping of Ga2O3 with Nb [H. Peelaers and C. G. Van de Walle, Phys. Rev. B 94(19), 4 (2016)]. β-Ga2O3 single crystals with different Nb concentrations were grown by the optical floating zone method. The electrical resistivity can be varied from 3.6 × 102 Ω cm to 5.5 × 10−3 Ω cm by increasing the Nb doping concentration, and the related free carrier concentration increases from 9.55 × 1016 cm−3 to 1.8 × 1019 cm−3. The transmittance spectra and photoluminescence spectra were measured to systematically study the optical properties of Nb-doped β-Ga2O3 single crystals. The strong absorption near the IR region in the crystals is related to the increase in conductive electrons, and the decrease in blue luminescence intensity indicates a decrease in the VO concentration induced by increasing the carrier concentration.
An Analysis of Torsional Mode Quartz Crystal Resonators with Galerkin's Method and Its Application to Research of New Cuts (1996)

This paper describes new cuts for torsional mode quartz crystal resonators, which are called "TT(Y)-cut". The object of this paper is to propose new cuts for torsional quartz crystal resonators with a zero temperature coefficient and to clarify their frequency constants, frequency temperature behavior and electrical equivalent circuit parameters. First, torsional rigidity Ct is derived from stress function ψ obtained by solving approximately a partial differential equation by Galerkin's method. Next, from the frequency equation numerous relationships where the first order temperature coefficient a reaches zero exist between thickness-to-width ratio Rzy and cut angle (ψ, θ). Especially, the second order temperature coefficient β has a small value of -1.25×10-8/°C2, whose absolute value is approximately one third of the flexural mode quartz crystal resonators. Finally, it is shown that torsional quartz crystal resonators of tuning fork-type are successfully obtained with a small R1 of 3.5 to 4.6 kΩ and a large Q value of 241000 to 272000 in a frequency range of about 300 to 600 kHz.
Small-signal stability assessment of a single-phase solid state transformer through PHIL experiment (2015)

Power electronic-based components (PECs) such as solid state transformers (SSTs), fault isolation devices (FIDs), power electronic-based converters, and motor drives provide highly useful features such as, load regulation, high power factor injection, and improved transient performance for power electronic-based distribution systems (PEDS). In contemporary power systems, which have high penetrations of renewable energy resources, as well as the inclusion of PECs. However, the drawback of including PECs in the system is that they can operate as negative impedances while connected to the constant power loads (CPLs) in the PEDS and CPLs are prone to small-signal instability due to their high power factor and constant-power nature in the system. Therefore, small-signal stability of the PEDS plays a prominent role in the systems analysis. In this paper, a new small-signal stability analysis method, based on d-q impedance measurement and generalised Nyquist criterion (GNC), is developed, and the stability of an SST is comprehensively investigated under various loading conditions and through power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) experimentation.
Low half-wave voltage and high electro-optic effect in hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators (2006)

The authors report on hybrid electro-optic (EO) polymer–sol-gel modulators with low half-wave voltage (Vπ) and low insertion loss. Larger EO coefficient r33 results from the high poling field achieved when EO polymer is sandwiched between sol-gel cladding layers. The reduced interelectrode distance (d) resulting from the elimination of the sol-gel core layer in the active region further reduces Vπ. Straight channel phase modulators operate with Vπ=4.2V at 1550nm using a reduced d of 11.5μm, which corresponds to an r33 of 78pm∕V, among the highest r33 reported. The authors also examine a Mach-Zehnder modulator with Vπ=3.9V using a conventional d of 15μm.
Antibody Arrays Identify Potential Diagnostic Markers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2008)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Effective treatment of HCC patients is hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic markers of HCC. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), the currently used HCC marker, misses 30%-50% of HCC patients, who therefore remain undiagnosed and untreated. In order to identify novel diagnostic markers that can be used individually or in combination with AFP, we used an antibody array platform to detect the levels of candidate proteins in the plasma of HCC patients (n = 48) and patients with chronic hepatitis B or C viral infections (n = 19) (both of which are the major risk factors of HCC). We identified 7 proteins that significantly differentiate HCC patients from hepatitis patients (p < 0.05) (AFP, CTNNB, CSF1, SELL, IGFBP6, IL6R, and VCAM1). Importantly, we also identified 8 proteins that significantly differentiate HCC patients with 'normal' levels of AFP (< 20 ng/ml) from hepatitis patients (p < 0.05) (IL1RN, IFNG, CDKN1A, RETN, CXCL14, CTNNB, FGF2, and SELL). These markers are potentially important complementary markers to AFP. Using an independent immunoassay method in an independent group of 23 HCC patients and 22 hepatitis patients, we validated that plasma levels of CTNNB were significantly higher in the HCC group (p = 0.020). In conclusion, we used an antibody array platform to identify potential circulating diagnostic markers of HCC, some of which may be valuable when used in combination with AFP. The clinical utility of these newly identified HCC diagnostic markers needs to be systematically evaluated.
Distance Restricted Scan Chain Reordering to Enhance Delay Fault Coverage (2005)

This paper presents a new technique to improve the delay fault coverage by re-ordering flip-flops in a scan chain. Unlike prior techniques where scan flip-flops can be reordered arbitrarily to form a new scan chain order, we restrict the distance by which a scan flip-flop can be moved to create the new scan chain order. The distance restriction makes it practical to make post-synthesis, local layout modifications to accommodate the new scan chain order. It also minimizes the routing overhead required for the new scan chain order. Given a post-synthesis scan chain order, we re-order flip-flops to minimize the number of undetectable faults due to test pattern dependency. Although the distance restriction limits the number of possible new scan chain orders, the fault coverage achieved by using our new local scan chain re-ordering method is comparable or even higher than prior methods. Moreover the scan order obtained with our method also improves the coverage of stuck-open faults. Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve delay fault coverage by up to 21.8% for ISCAS 89 circuits.
Overcoming Spectral Stagnation in Supercontinuum Generation (2019)

We present a new approach that increases bandwidth of supercontinuum generation by alternating the sign of dispersion along the interaction length, bypassing mechanisms that limit bandwidth in typical approaches. The method should be particularly suited for fiber and integrated optical waveguides. © 2019 The Author(s)
Lightweight security scheme for IoT applications using CoAP (2014)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study lightweight security scheme for Internet of Things (IoT) applications using Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Resource-constrained characteristics of IoT systems have ushered in compelling requirements for lightweight application protocol and security suites. CoAP has already been established as the candidate protocol for IoT systems. However, low overhead security scheme for CoAP is still an open problem. Existing security solutions like Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is not suitable, particularly due to its expensive handshaking, public key infrastructure (PKI)-based authentication and lengthy ciphersuite agreement process. Design/methodology/approach – This paper proposes a lightweight security scheme in CoAP using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 symmetric key algorithm. The paper presents an object security (payload embedded)-based robust authentication mechanism with integrated key management. The paper introduces few unique modifications to CoAP header to optimize security operation and minimize communication cost. Findings – It is resilient to number of security attacks like replay attack, meet-in-the-middle attack and secure under chosen plaintext attack. This scheme is generic in nature, applicable for gamut of IoT applications. The paper proves efficacy of our proposed scheme for vehicle tracking application in emulated laboratory setup. Specifically, it compares with DTLS-enabled CoAP to establish the lightweight feature of our proposed solution. Research limitations/implications – This paper mainly focuses on implementing in-vehicle tracking systems as an IoT application and used CoAP as the application protocol. Practical implications – Such a lightweight security scheme would provide immense benefit in IoT systems so that resource constraint-sensing devices and nodes can be made secure. This would impact IoT eco systems to a large extent. Originality/value – Such kind of security suite that provides both robustness and lightweight feature is hitherto not known to the authors, particularly in CoAP for IoT applications.
Crowdsourcing for Chromosome Segmentation and Deep Classification (2017)

Metaphase chromosome analysis is one of the primary techniques utilized in cytogenetics. Observations of chromosomal segments or translocations during metaphase can indicate structural changes in the cell genome, and is often used for diagnostic purposes. Karyotyping of the chromosomes micro-photographed under metaphase is done by characterizing the individual chromosomes in cell spread images. Currently, considerable effort and time is spent to manually segment out chromosomes from cell images, and classifying the segmented chromosomes into one of the 24 types, or for diseased cells to one of the known translocated types. Segmenting out the chromosomes in such images can be especially laborious and is often done manually, if there are overlapping chromosomes in the image which are not easily separable by image processing techniques. Many techniques have been proposed to automate the segmentation and classification of chromosomes from spread images with reasonable accuracy, but given the criticality of the domain, a human in the loop is often still required. In this paper, we present a method to segment out and classify chromosomes for healthy patients using a combination of crowdsourcing, preprocessing and deep learning, wherein the non-expert crowd from CrowdFlower is utilized to segment out the chromosomes from the cell image, which are then straightened and fed into a (hierarchical) deep neural network for classification. Experiments are performed on 400 real healthy patient images obtained from a hospital. Results are encouraging and promise to significantly reduce the cognitive burden of segmenting and karyotyping chromosomes.
Distributed Sensing of Signals Under a Sparse Filtering Model (2009)

We consider the task of recovering correlated vectors at a central decoder based on fixed linear measurements obtained by distributed sensors. Two different scenarios are considered: In the case of universal reconstruction, we look for a sensing and recovery mechanism that works for all possible signals, whereas in the case of almost sure reconstruction, we allow to have a small set (with measure zero) of unrecoverable signals. We provide achievability bounds on the number of samples needed for both scenarios. The bounds show that only in the almost sure setup can we effectively exploit the signal correlations to achieve effective gains in sampling efficiency. In addition, we propose an efficient and robust distributed sensing and reconstruction algorithm based on annihilating filters.
The Suture‐weave Technique: A Method of Reloading a Deployed Unloaded Suture Anchor (2006)

Many suture anchors hold 2 sutures per anchor. Occasionally during a procedure, 1 of these sutures may be inadvertently pulled out of the anchor eyelet. We describe the technique of rethreading a deployed suture anchor in the event that 1 of the sutures is inadvertently unloaded from the anchor eyelet. We have evaluated its effectiveness in vivo. The basic steps of the "suture-weave" technique are as follows. If 1 strand remains threaded through the anchor eyelet, it is tensioned so that there is 1 long end and 1 short end. The free suture is threaded into the eye of a graft preparation needle and this needle is then used to pierce the braids of the long end of the threaded suture. The free suture is interwoven through the braids of the threaded suture. The short end of the threaded suture is then pulled while visualizing the anchor eyelet arthroscopically. The free suture passes through the eyelet as the intersection of the 2 woven sutures traverses the eyelet. During this process, 3 suture strands are traversing the eyelet. Finally, the intersecting suture limbs are pulled free from each other such that there are 2 separate suture strands that slide independently and pass through the anchor eyelet once again. This procedure has been successfully used in vivo without complications. It is important to note that this procedure will only work in an anchor eyelet that will allow for the passage of 3 suture strands.
Thermal and plasma-assisted nitridation of GaAs(100) using NH3 (1995)

The thermal and plasma-assisted nitridation of GaAs(100) using NH3 has been examined employing x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy to characterize the nitrided films. All thermally nitrided films were composed of a mixture of hexagonal and cubic GaN, whereas the addition of plasma excitation produced films purely of the cubic structure. Thicknesses of the thermally nitrided films, up to 7000 Å, increased with both increasing temperature and nitridation time. The plasma-assisted process holds promise for the formation of templates for homoepitaxial growth of cubic GaN.
Three-Dimensional Image Sensing, Visualization, and Processing Using Integral Imaging (2006)

Three dimensional (3-D) imaging and display have been subjects of much research due to their diverse benefits and applications. However, due to the necessity to capture, record, process, and display an enormous amount of optical data for producing high-quality 3-D images, the developed 3-D imaging techniques were forced to compromise their performances (e.g., gave up the continuous parallax, restricting to a fixed viewing point) or to use special devices and technology (such as coherent illuminations, special spectacles) which is inconvenient for most practical implementation. Today's rapid progress of digital capture and display technology opened the possibility to proceed toward noncompromising, easy-to-use 3-D imaging techniques. This technology progress prompted the revival of the integral imaging (II)technique based on a technique proposed almost one century ago. II is a type of multiview 3-D imaging system that uses an array of diffractive or refractive elements to capture the 3-D optical data. It has attracted great attention recently, since it produces autostereoscopic images without special illumination requirements. However, with a conventional II system it is not possible to produce 3-D images that have both high resolution, large depth-of-field, and large viewing angle. This paper provides an overview of the approaches and techniques developed during the last decade to overcome these limitations. By combining these techniques with upcoming technology it is to be expected that II-based 3-D imaging systems will reach practical applicability in various fields.
Recent developments in Cr2+-doped II-VI compound lasers (1996)

Transition-metal-doped zinc chalcogenide crystals have recently been investigated as potential mid-IR lasers (L. D. DeLoach et al., IEEE J. Quantum Electron., accepted for publication.) Tetrahedrally-coordinated Cr2+ ions are especially attractive as lasants on account of high luminescence quantum yields for emission in the 2000 - 3000 nm range. 5E radiative lifetimes and emission cross sections are respectively ~10 psec and ~10−18 cm2. The associated absorption band peaked at -1800 nm enables laser-diode pumping of the Cr2+ systems. Laser demonstrations with ZnS:Cr and ZnSe:Cr (using a MgF2:Co2+ laser pump source) gave slope efficiencies up to 30%. Excited-state-absorption losses appear small, and passive losses dominate. Tuning experiments with a birefringent filter evidence a tuning range covering at least 2280 - 2530 nm. Cr-doped laser samples can be produced by Bridgman growth, seeded physical vapor transport, or diffusion doping.
Wafer-level MEMS packaging via thermally released metal-organic membranes (2006)

This paper reports on the design, implementation and characterization of wafer-level packaging technology for a wide range of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices. The encapsulation technique is based on thermal decomposition of a sacrificial polymer through a polymer overcoat to form a released thin-film organic membrane with scalable height on top of the active part of the MEMS. Hermiticity and vacuum operation are obtained by thin-film deposition of a metal such as chromium, aluminum or gold. The thickness of the overcoat can be optimized according to the size of the device and differential pressure to package a wide variety of MEMS such as resonators, accelerometers and gyroscopes. The key performance metrics of several batches of packaged devices do not degrade as a result of residues from the sacrificial polymer. A Q factor of 5000 at a resonant frequency of 2.5 MHz for the packaged resonator, and a static sensitivity of 2 pF g−1 for the packaged accelerometer were obtained. Cavities as small as 0.000 15 mm3 for the resonator and as large as 1 mm3 for the accelerometer have been made by this method.