gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RNA polymerase as an antiviral target of hepatitis C virus. (2001)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is emerging as one of the most prevalent viral diseases of medical significance. It afflicts approximately 100 million people worldwide. Although HCV infections are mostly clinically inapparent during the acute stage, the majority of infected patients develop chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mainly as a result of ongoing HCV epidemics, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and demands for liver transplantation have increased at a rapid pace in many countries in the last couple of decades. The current therapeutic options for HCV are limited; interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) alone or IFN plus ribavirin are the only available treatments. Unfortunately, these treatments are efficacious for only a limited number of patients. They are particularly ineffective against genotype 1 HCV, which is the most common genotype in developed countries, including most European countries, the USA and Japan. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic strategies is urgently needed, so that the progression of hepatic diseases in HCV-infected patients can be halted before serious late-stage illnesses manifest themselves. Otherwise, HCV may exact a huge toll on health care budgets and the wellbeing of societies in the ensuing decades.
Oncologic Procedures Amenable to Fluorescence-guided Surgery (2016)

The use of FGS as a surgical guide enhancement has the potential to improve survival and quality of life outcomes for patients. And, as the number of clinical trials rise each year, it is apparent that FGS has great potential for a broad range of clinical applications.
Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Invasive Isolates of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae:</i>Alaska, 1991–1998 (2000)

From January 1991 through December 1998, a total of 1046 pneumococcal isolates were received from 23 laboratories participating in the statewide surveillance system. Of these, 1037 were recovered from normally sterile sites (blood and cerebrospinal and pleural fluid) and were available for serotyping and susceptibility testing. Ninety-two percent of these isolates were serotypes represented in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Serotypes in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) were recovered from 72% of Alaska Natives and 84% of non-Native children <5 years old with invasive disease. Statewide, 7.3% and 3.2% of isolates had intermediate and high levels of resistance to penicillin, respectively; 9.2% were resistant to erythromycin (minimal inhibitory concentration, >/=1 microg/mL) and 19% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (minimal inhibitory concentration, >/=4/76 microg/mL). Twelve percent of invasive isolates were resistant to >/=2 classes of antibiotics; of these, serotype 6B accounted for 33%, and 63% were recovered from children <5 years old.
Model for simultaneous routing and scheduling using genetic alghoritm (2000)

The design of bus routes and setting frequencies on these routes are two basic decision elements that critically determine public transport system performance. Various attempts are made to solve this type of combinatorial optimisation problem involving non- linearity, non- convexity with multiple objective functions but in most of the approaches design of routes and schedules are dealt separately though they are complementary to each other. In this study a model is developed for simultaneous routing and scheduling using a robust optimization technique namely Genetic Algorithm (GA). For this model objective function is minimisation of the sum of user and operator costs. User cost is taken as combination of in-vehicle travel time, waiting time and transfer time where as operator cost is vehicle operating cost of buses. Constraints are related to load factor, fleet size and overloading of links. The model is tested for Mandl's Swiss Transit Network and Demand Matrix. It is found that the developed model gives the better-optimised values over other existing results for the same network and demand matrix.
Cavities, Layers, and Channels in the Hosting Framework of Molecular Complexes Derived From Cephradine (2001)

The cephalosporin-type antibiotics Cephradine, Cephalexin, and Cefaclor form clathrate-type complexes with a variety of naphthalene derivatives. The crystal structures of these complexes are isomorphous. Interestingly, the hosting framework formed by these cephalosporins can adapt to the guest molecule. This phenomenon of induced-fit appears to have a much larger potential, with the consequence that a series of smaller compounds (such as benzene derivatives) as well as bulkier compounds can also be hosted by Cephradine. When benzene derivatives were used as guests, pronounced deviations in the antibiotic framework were observed, and it is possible to induce deviations strikingly different from those found for the complexes with the naphthalene derivatives. Evidently, the hosting structure formed by Cephradine is highly flexible. Hosting frameworks containing layers, channels, and various other types of cavities can be obtained by selection of an appropriate guest molecule. Remarkably, a number of structural features and interactions remain unaffected in all these antibiotic frameworks. These persistent features seem to delineate the boundaries of framework formation for these antibiotics, thus defining the scope of complex formation.
Digital tooth reconstruction: An innovative approach in forensic odontology. (2019)

In mass disasters, accidents and crime investigations, where human remains are decomposed, charred or skeletonized, teeth may dislodge due to post-mortem loss or due to mishandling of evidence during the manipulation of skeletal and dental remains. Thus, the identification process is hampered due to the loss of dental evidence. In these situations, forensic tooth reconstruction may aid in the identification process. Forensic tooth reconstruction (FTR) refers to the process that aims to reconstruct the morphology of the missing tooth from the skeletal remains from the intra-alveolar morphology of the dental socket. The study is an innovative attempt to develop a digital approach to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) printed tooth models through recording intra-alveolar morphology of empty dental sockets which simulate the teeth which are missing post-mortem. An experimental study was conducted on the human mandible, where using volumetric scanning, 3D scanning and printing techniques the tooth was reconstructed from the intra-alveolar morphology of the socket. Through metric analysis and qualitative congruency testing it was established that there was minimal discrepancy between natural tooth and 3D printed tooth. It was determined that teeth missing post-mortem do not necessarily invalidate the identification process. Digital FTR gives accurate results with minimum error.
Tonal Similarity From Audio Using A Template Based Attractor Model. (2005)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Asking Clarification Questions in Knowledge-Based Question Answering (2019)

Jingjing Xu, Yuechen Wang, Duyu Tang, Nan Duan, Pengcheng Yang, Qi Zeng, Ming Zhou, Xu Sun. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019.
Hydroxyurea increases fetal hemoglobin in cultured erythroid cells derived from normal individuals and patients with sickle cell anemia or beta-thalassemia (1993)

Hydroxyurea (HU), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, has been shown to increase fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels in patients with sickle cell anemia and in some patients with beta-thalassemia. However, until now there have not been good in vitro model systems that simulate this effect for study of the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) involved in perturbing the normal ontogeny of the globin genes. We analyzed the cellular effects of HU using a two-phase liquid culture procedure (Fibach et al: Blood 73:100, 1989) in which human peripheral blood-derived progenitor cells undergo proliferation and differentiation. HU was found to have multiple effects on these cultured cells: (1) an increase in the proportion of HbF produced; (2) a decrease in cell number due to inhibition of cell proliferation; (3) an increase in hemoglobin content per cell (mean corpuscular hemoglobin [MCH]); and (4) an increase in cell size (mean corpuscular volume). The extent of these effects was related to the HU dose and time of addition. When added to cell cultures from normal individuals, 4 days following their exposure to erythropoietin (EPO), 100 mumol/L HU caused a 1.3- to 3.5-fold increase in the proportion of HbF, from 0.4% to 5.2% (mean 1.6) in untreated to 1.5% to 8.2% (mean 3.1) in HU-treated cultures and a 45% +/- 10% increase in MCH but only a 25% +/- 7% decrease in cell number on day 13. Cultures of cells derived from five patients with sickle cell anemia have shown a twofold to fivefold increase in the percentage of Hb F following addition of HU while four patients with beta-thalassemia showed a 1.3- to 6.2-fold increase. We believe that this primary cell culture procedure should prove useful in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pharmacologic induction of HbF and might provide a valuable predictive assay system for evaluation of the response of individual patients with hemoglobinopathies to HU and similar agents.
Clinical Implications of Numeracy: Theory and Practice (2008)

Low numeracy cannot be reliably inferred on the basis of patients' education, intelligence, or other observable characteristics. Objective and subjective assessments of numeracy are available in short forms and could be used to tailor health communication. Low scorers on these assessments are subject to cognitive biases, irrelevant cues (e.g., mood), and sharper temporal discounting. Because prevention of the leading causes of death (e.g., cancer and cardiovascular disease) depends on taking action now to prevent serious consequences later, those low in numeracy are likely to require more explanation of risk to engage in prevention behaviors. Visual displays can be used to make numerical relations more transparent, and different types of displays have different effects (e.g., greater risk avoidance). Ironically, superior quantitative processing seems to be achieved by focusing on qualitative gist and affective meaning, which has important implications for empowering patients to take advantage of the evidence in evidence-based medicine.
RFI Characterization and Mitigation for the SMAP Radar (2013)

The Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission will launch in late 2014 and will carry a combined L-band radiometer/radar instrument for the retrieval of global soil moisture and surface freeze-thaw state. Radio frequency interference (RFI) is a known challenge for Earth remote sensing in the L-band portion of the spectrum. This paper addresses efforts to characterize and mitigate RFI for the SMAP radar. A model for the RFI environment due to surface-based emitters is developed, and is shown to agree well with the observations of currently operating L-band radar systems. An analysis of the environment due to space-based emitters is also presented. Techniques to mitigate RFI in the radar band are described, and are shown to perform sufficiently well to meet the stringent SMAP measurement requirements. A companion paper addresses the different issues encountered with RFI in the radiometer band.
Transformation of tenofovir into stable ProTide nanocrystals with long-acting pharmacokinetic profiles (2021)

Treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection was transformed through widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, ART has limitations in requiring life-long daily adherence. Such limitations have led to the creation of long-acting (LA) ART. While nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) remain the ART backbone, to the best of our knowledge, none have been converted into LA agents. To these ends, we transformed tenofovir (TFV) into LA surfactant stabilized aqueous prodrug nanocrystals (referred to as NM1TFV and NM2TFV), enhancing intracellular drug uptake and retention. A single intramuscular injection of NM1TFV, NM2TFV, or a nanoformulated tenofovir alafenamide (NTAF) at 75 mg/kg TFV equivalents to Sprague Dawley rats sustains active TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels ≥ four times the 90% effective dose for two months. NM1TFV, NM2TFV and NTAF elicit TFV-DP levels of 11,276, 1,651, and 397 fmol/g in rectal tissue, respectively. These results are a significant step towards a LA TFV ProTide.
Sex- and Age-Adjusted Population Analysis of Prevalence Estimates for Hidradenitis Suppurativa in the United States (2017)

Hidradenitis suppurativa is an uncommon, but not rare, disease in the United States that disproportionately affects female patients, young adults, and African American and biracial patients.
Endoluminal repair of axillary artery and vein rupture after reduction of shoulder dislocation. A case report. (2002)

A case of endoluminal repair of vein and artery axillary rupture after reduction of shoulder dislocation in an 83-year-old woman is reported. The lesions were repaired successfully with two cover stents (JOSTENT and Passager). Endovascular treatment of such vascular injuries seems to be feasible and safe, though further investigation is warranted.
Scene transition based adaptive GOP selection for increasing coding efficiency &amp; resiliency (2012)

In hybrid video coding, raw video is encoded exploiting statistical, temporal, and psycho-visual redundancy. Due to its predictive nature, error accumulates cumulatively, as exact prediction is not possible. Therefore, after a certain interval, it is required to refresh the prediction model to stop error propagation in subsequent frames. These frames can be grouped to form a Group of Pictures (GOP). In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to fix Group of Picture (GOP) size adaptively depending on the scene content. The proposed method works on the extent of difference of a frame with respect to the reference frame. The threshold adopted by us remains constant over a range of data set having different motions and adaptive decision is taken online during the encoding process. We also propose a channel coding scheme to make the compressed bit stream error resilient. Thus, our proposed method increased coding efficiency as well as the resiliency measured in terms of PSNR of the reconstructed video over fixed length GOP.
Maximizing the Benefits of Training by Example and Direct Instruction (2008)

Abstract : One major accomplishment in this project was the development of the CLUSTer Error Reduction (CLUSTER) model's formalism. The updated equations can be downloaded at http://love.psy.utexas.edu/~love/cluster.pdf. One popular approach to modeling human category learning in the face of challenging data has been to propose models containing multiple systems. These could include prototype, exemplar, or rule-based components, as well as gating mechanisms that determine how to combine the outputs from these or components. CLUSTER takes a complex approach in which systems emerge out of the learners interactions with their environment. One claim is that what appears as separate cognitive are all based on cluster representations that follow from CLUSTER's recruitment and learning rules.
An integrated FEM-ANN model for laser bending process with inverse estimation of absorptivity (2015)

Abstract Background Absorption of laser energy into the worksheet surface during laser bending process is an important and critical factor for accurate computation of the bend angle. This paper presents an integrated FEM-ANN approach to compute accurate value of bend angle during laser bending process. Methods Initially, a finite element method (FEM) based three-dimensional nonlinear transient thermo-mechanical numerical model is developed using ABAQUS package. Using FEM model and data obtained in actual experiments, the proper values of absorptivity for various sets of process conditions are computed by inverse analysis technique. Based on the proper values of absorptivity, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed for accurate and quick prediction of absorptivity for given input process conditions. The predicted absorptivity is then employed in the FEM model for accurate computation of bend angle. Results The performance of the integrated approach is verified by conducting experiments. Conclusion The verification results showed that the proposed approach is able to compute the bend angle with a very good accuracy (average prediction error of 4.14 %). The proposed approach can also be suitable for the numerical simulations of other laser based manufacturing processes.
Biofilms growing on gas permeable membranes (1994)

In a Membrane Biofilm Reactor (MBR) gas permeable membranes are used as a substratum for bacteria to grow in. The membrane separates an oxygen containing gas space from a compartment through which wastewater is pumped. Biofilms attached to the membrane are supported with oxygen from the adhesion site, and with substrates from the bulk liquid. The MBR is a promising tool for the aerobic treatment of industrial wastewaters. Volatile organics are kept from getting stripped into the atmosphere. Bacteria with special metabolic properties can be immobilized and exploited under controlled process conditions. By using porous membranes the bacteria are allowed to colonize not only the membrane surface but also its pores. By that, a starter culture is maintained and used as an inoculum in case biofilm gets lost through erosion, abrasion, grazing or sloughing. Experiments have been conducted to study structure and functions of membrane bound biofilms. Visualisation of biofilms by scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the pores of the membranes get densely colonized. In situ identification of microorganisms by genetic probes in cross sections of a biofilm could successfully be carried out. Oxygen concentration profiles measured by means of microelectrodes demonstrated the efficiency of the oxygen partial pressure as a parameter to control oxygen supply of membrane bound biofilms.
Metallic microstructures fabricated using photosensitive polyimide electroplating molds (1993)

A polyiimide-based process for the fabrication of thick (1-150 mu m), sharp-sidewall, high-aspect-ratio electroplated microstructures is presented. This process is a low-cost alternative to the LIGA process for microstructure fabrication. Although this process cannot match the performance of the LIGA process, it uses ordinary optical masks and ultraviolet light exposure, resulting in simple and inexpensive equipment requirements. Using this technology, structures made of a variety of electroplated metals can be fabricated. Vertically integrated structures that exploit the multilayer ability of the polyimides used can also be realized. Surface micromachining with this process can be used to fabricate movable electroplated microactuators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of stray capacitance in the Kelvin method (1991)

We present a theoretical analysis of the Kelvin probe circuit taking into account both the parallel capacity induced by the connecting cables and fringing fields. We demonstrate a simple explicit solution for low modulation index ε and suggest an optimized detection method for ε close to unity. We extend the analysis to include stray capacitance terms for both the static- and vibrating-plate earthed (spe, vpe) configurations and examine the variation in apparent contact potential difference Vapp as a function of the Kelvin probe mean spacing. This analysis is primarily intended for UHV applications where shielding problems, due either to connecting cables within the system or nonideal system configurations, e.g., imposed by sample mounting constraints, are nontrivial. Using a specially developed computer-steered Kelvin probe and shield potential Vs coupled to a data acquisition system (DAS) we have tested the above model. We find Vapp to be linear with Vs and varies quadratically with mean spacing in both spe and vpe configurations. In the latter case the effect was much smaller; however, it must be taken into account for sub-meV operation.
Semiconductor interfacial carrier dynamics via photoinduced electric fields (2015)

Solar photoconversion in semiconductors is driven by charge separation at the interface of the semiconductor and contacting layers. Here we demonstrate that time-resolved photoinduced reflectance from a semiconductor captures interfacial carrier dynamics. We applied this transient photoreflectance method to study charge transfer at p-type gallium-indium phosphide (p-GaInP2) interfaces critically important to solar-driven water splitting. We monitored the formation and decay of transient electric fields that form upon photoexcitation within bare p-GaInP2, p-GaInP2/platinum (Pt), and p-GaInP2/amorphous titania (TiO2) interfaces. The data show that a field at both the p-GaInP2/Pt and p-GaInP2/TiO2 interfaces drives charge separation. Additionally, the charge recombination rate at the p-GaInP2/TiO2 interface is greatly reduced owing to its p-n nature, compared with the Schottky nature of the p-GaInP2/Pt interface.
Emerging Biological Functions of IL-17A: A New Target in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? (2021)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes high rates of disability and mortality worldwide because of severe progressive and irreversible symptoms. During the period of COPD initiation and progression, the immune system triggers the activation of various immune cells, including Regulatory T cells (Tregs), dendritic cells (DCs) and Th17 cells, and also the release of many different cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-17A and TGF-β. In recent years, studies have focused on the role of IL-17A in chronic inflammation process, which was found to play a highly critical role in facilitating COPD. Specially, IL-17A and its downstream regulators are potential therapeutic targets for COPD. We mainly focused on the possibility of IL-17A signaling pathways that involved in the progression of COPD; for instance, how IL-17A promotes airway remodeling in COPD? How IL-17A facilitates neutrophil inflammation in COPD? How IL-17A induces the expression of TSLP to promote the progression of COPD? Whether the mature DCs and Tregs participate in this process and how they cooperate with IL-17A to accelerate the development of COPD? And above associated studies could benefit clinical application of therapeutic targets of the disease. Moreover, four novel efficient therapies targeting IL-17A and other molecules for COPD are also concluded, such as Bufei Yishen formula (BYF), a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and curcumin, a natural polyphenol extracted from the root of <i>Curcuma longa</i>.