gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Mercury(II) by Quantum Dot/DNA/Gold Nanoparticle Ensemble Based Nanosensor Via Nanometal Surface Energy Transfer (2011)

An ultrasensitive fluorescent sensor based on the quantum dot/DNA/gold nanoparticle ensemble has been developed for detection of mercury(II). DNA hybridization occurs when Hg(II) ions are present in the aqueous solution containing the DNA-conjugated quantum dots (QDs) and Au nanoparticles. As a result, the QDs and the Au nanoparticles are brought into the close proximity, which enables the nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) from the QDs to the Au nanoparticles, quenching the fluorescence emission of the QDs. This nanosensor exhibits a limit of detection of 0.4 and 1.2 ppb toward Hg(II) in the buffer solution and in the river water, respectively. The sensor also shows high selectivity toward the Hg(II) ions.
Low‐noise and high‐gain wideband LNA with <i> g <sub>m</sub> </i> ‐boosting technique (2013)

A broadband low‐noise amplifier (LNA) is proposed. The active g m ‐boosting technique is utilised to reduce the common‐gate (CG) LNA noise figure and improve gain. An implemented prototype using 0.13 μm CMOS technology is evaluated using on‐wafer probing. S 11 and S 22 are below − 10 dB across 0.1–5 GHz. Measurements show a power gain of 18.3 dB with a − 3 dB bandwidth from 100 MHz to 2.1 GHz and an IIP3 of − 7 dBm at 2 GHz. The measured noise figure is better than 2.5 dB below 2.1 GHz, better than 4.5 dB below 5 GHz and at 500 MHz it obtains its minimum value 1.8 dB. The LNA consumes 14 mW from 1.5 V supply and occupies an area of 0.04 mm 2 .
Pet dander and perennial allergic rhinitis: Therapeutic options (2009)

Pet allergy may now be the most common perennial allergen in the United States based on recent skin-prick testing data. This trend corresponds with the rise (from 56 to 63%) in U.S. households having indoor pets over the past 10 years. Furthermore small, suspended, particulate animal allergens may be found in 90% of all homes and most public indoor areas. Although the most important cat and dog allergens are Fel d 1 and Can f 1, respectively, there are five well-described allergens for both cats and dogs. The effects of early life domestic pet and endotoxin exposure and subsequent clinical sensitivity remain controversial. Given that only the rare pet-allergic patient is willing to give away his/her pet, it is important to take an evidence-based approach to environmental control. Unfortunately, the benefits from changes in the environment that have been shown in research studies relate more to a reduction of allergens than symptoms. The pharmacotherapy for pet allergy will vary based on whether this is episodic or perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) and on the severity of the symptoms. A stepwise approach for management, using both mono- and combination therapy, is proposed. Allergen immunotherapy, the only disease-modifying treatment available, may be the best therapeutic recommendation for patients with moderate to severe pet-induced PAR.
Panel: Physical Design And Synthesis: Merge Or Die (2005)

As IC fabrication capabilities extend down to sub-halfmicron, the signi cance of interconnect delay and power dissipation can no longer be ignored. Existing enhancements to synthesis and physical design tools (such as nonlinear delay modeling, custom wire load models, back annotation of calculated delays, early oorplanning, post-layout re-mapping and resizing) have not been able to solve the problem. It thus remains that tradeo s in logical and physical domains must be addressed in an integrated fashion. Huge business opportunities will be lost unless more revolutionary changes to design ow are made. This panel of experts will address the current split between logic synthesis and physical design and its e ect on the design ow. It will then discuss possibilities for merging the two, or at least bringing them closer together. In particular, issues such as consistent wire load and timing models and algorithms which must be employed across the design ow, EDA standards and common databases to support the integration of layout and synthesis tools, evolving structured design styles that o er lower wiring overhead, interconnect-driven logic synthesis, and timingdriven physical design will be discussed. Finally, the panel will seek to highlight challenges and potential pitfalls that lie ahead.
Development of an anti-norovirus single-chain Fv for immunochromatographic test kit. (2013)

It was developed that an anti-norovirus single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody for immunochromathographic test kit by using the phage displayed technique and biopanning. To obtain the scFv having wide reactivity for several norovirus genotypes, a mixture of recombinant norovirus capsid proteins, including 11 norovirus genotypes, was used for biopanning. Then, one anti-norovirus scFv antibody that recognized both of norovirus genogroups GI and GII was identified. An immunochromatographic test strip was constructed by using the scFv and demonstrated it to detect norovirus in stool samples. The immunochromatographic strip showed similar sensitivity to a commercially available one on which several monoclonal antibodies are included.
Restriction Endonuclease Patterns and Multivariate Analysis as a Classification Tool for Lactobacillus spp. (1990)

Three Lactobacillus plantarum and seven Lactobacillus reuteri strains were studied by using restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) combined with principal-component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). Chromosomal DNAs from the strains were extracted and cleaved with restriction enzymes, and the DNA fragments were separated according to size by agarose gel electrophoresis. Band patterns were read by using a laser densitometer. The procedure to obtain reproducible digestion patterns with a suitable number of DNA fragments was optimized. Asp 718, ClaI and EcoRI were the most suitable of the 17 restriction enzymes tested, each giving 30 to 50 DNA fragments down to a molecular weight of 4.2 × 106. The digestion patterns of all three enzymes, which gave a data set for 10 strains and 80 variables, were used for classification by PCA and SIMCA. All strains were clearly separated, and the separation within each species was in general accordance with data on DNA-DNA homology found in the literature. A class model was created for L. reuteri 1073, 1068, 1063, 1048, and 1044. Closest to this model was L. reuteri DSM 20016T (T = type strain), followed by L. reuteri DSM 20015; the most distant strains were the L. plantarum strains. We concluded that restriction endonuclease analysis, combined with PCA and SIMCA, can be used for the classification of Lactobacillus spp.
The Proteasome in Modern Drug Discovery: Second Life of a Highly Valuable Drug Target (2017)

As the central figure of the cellular protein degradation machinery, the proteasome is critical for cell survival. Having been extensively targeted for inhibition, the constitutive proteasome has proven its role as a highly valuable drug target. However, recent advances in the protein homeostasis field suggest that additional chapters can be added to this successful story. For example, selective immunoproteasome inhibition promises high clinical efficacy for autoimmune disorders and inflammation, and proteasome inhibitors might serve as novel therapeutics for malaria or other microorganisms. Furthermore, utilizing the destructive force of the proteasome for selective degradation of essential drivers of human disorders has opened up a new and exciting area of drug discovery. Thus, the field of proteasome drug discovery still holds exciting questions to be answered and does not simply end with inhibiting the constitutive proteasome.
Comparison of protocols measuring diffusion and partition coefficients in the stratum corneum (2017)

Partition (K) and diffusion (D) coefficients are important to measure for the modelling of skin penetration of chemicals through the stratum corneum (SC). We compared the feasibility of three protocols for the testing of 50 chemicals in our main studies, using three cosmetics-relevant model chemicals with a wide range of logP values. Protocol 1: SC concentration-depth profile using tape-stripping (measures K<sub>SC/v</sub> and D<sub>SC</sub> /H<sub>SC</sub><sup>2</sup> , where H<sub>SC</sub> is the SC thickness); Protocol 2A: incubation of isolated SC with chemical (direct measurement of K<sub>SC/v</sub> only) and Protocol 2B: diffusion through isolated SC mounted on a Franz cell (measures K<sub>SC/v</sub> and D<sub>SC</sub> /H<sub>SC</sub><sup>2</sup> , and is based on Fick's laws). K<sub>SC/v</sub> values for caffeine and resorcinol using Protocol 1 and 2B were within 30% of each other, values using Protocol 2A were ~two-fold higher, and all values were within 10-fold of each other. Only indirect determination of K<sub>SC/v</sub> by Protocol 2B was different from the direct measurement of K<sub>SC/v</sub> by Protocol 2A and Protocol 1 for 7-EC. The variability of K<sub>SC/v</sub> for all three chemicals using Protocol 2B was higher compared to Protocol 1 and 2A. D<sub>SC</sub> /H<sub>SC</sub><sup>2</sup> values for the three chemicals were of the same order of magnitude using all three protocols. Additionally, using Protocol 1, there was very little difference between parameters measured in pig and human SC. In conclusion, K<sub>SC/v,</sub> and D<sub>SC</sub> values were comparable using different methods. Pig skin might be a good surrogate for human skin for the three chemicals tested. Copyright © 2017 The Authors Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Influence of Battery Downsizing and SOC Operating Window on Battery Pack Performance in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (2015)

This paper provides a parametric study for (1) downsizing a battery pack (reducing the number of battery cells), potentially reducing cost and weight; and (2) lowering the nominal operating SOC to reduce degradation. The downsized pack design with shifted SOC window is evaluated in a light- duty hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) where the power demanded by the battery pack is specified prior to downsizing. A calibrated electro-thermal model and a semi-empirical capacity fade model are used to capture voltage, state-of-charge, temperature and capacity loss of the downsized battery. The capacity fade model is developed based on a novel set of experiments designed to clarify the influence of nominal operating SOC on battery degradation. The parametric study shows that the pack size could be reduced from 76 to 64 cells while shifting nominal operating SOC from 50% to 35% without experiencing battery power denials. This would result in a 20% increase in energy utilization per cell, with only a 0.4% increase in capacity fade.
High-performance sub-10-nm monolayer black phosphorene tunneling transistors (2017)

Moore’s law is approaching its physical limit. Tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) based on 2D materials provide a possible scheme to extend Moore’s lawdown to the sub-10-nm region owing to the electrostatic integrity and absence of dangling bonds in 2D materials. We report an ab initio quantum transport study on the device performance of monolayer (ML) black phosphorene (BP)TFETs in the sub-10-nm scale (6–10 nm). Under the optimal schemes, the ML BP TFETs show excellent device performance along the armchair transport direction.The on-state current, delay time, and power dissipation of the optimal sub-10-nm ML BP TFETs significantly surpass the latest International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) requirements for high-performance devices. The subthreshold swings are 56–100 mV/dec, which are much lower than those of their Schottky barrier and metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor counterparts.
Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship for Inhibition of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 by Azole Compounds – Comparison with Their Binding Affinity (2009)

Abstract Azole compounds are widely used as antifungal agents. They interact with cytochrome P450 14DM (CYP51) via coordination of the nucleophilic nitrogen of their heterocyclic ring to the heme iron in CYP51. In our previous study, we showed that the binding affinity of eighteen azole compounds for rat CYP2B and CYP3A was nicely expressed by the bilinear model of log P. In this study, the same azole compounds were examined as to their inhibitory effect on the substrates for human CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. The inhibitory activity determined was analyzed as to the molecular properties of the azole compounds. A nice correlation was found with the bilinear model of log P. These results suggested that the molecular hydrophobicity of the azole compounds plays a major role in the inhibition as well as in the binding. For the binding, HOMO was significant as an additional descriptor in the correlation equations, whereas the existence of a hydroxyl group was significant for the inhibition.
Bisulfite-Containing Propofol: Is it a Cost-Effective Alternative to Diprivan™ for Induction of Anesthesia? (2000)

Bisulfite-containing propofol and Diprivan(TM) (AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE) were similar with respect to their induction characteristics; however, the generic formulation was associated with a smaller incidence of injection pain. Assuming that the drug costs are similar, these data suggest that the bisulfite-containing formulation of propofol is a cost-effective alternative to Diprivan(TM).
Effect of single amino acid changes in the region of the adenylylation site of T4 RNA ligase (1987)

Preparation and analysis of a series of mutants of bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase that carry single amino acid changes at or near the site of covalent reaction with ATP (adenylylation) are described. The mutant proteins were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis of the gene for T4 RNA ligase (g63) cloned in M13 vectors, transfer of the mutant genes into a lambda pL-containing expression plasmid, and subsequent expression in Escherichia coli. The results give further evidence that Lys-99 is the adenylylation site and that the residue is also important to step 3 in the RNA ligase mechanism (ligation between acceptor and adenylylated donor). Mutations at Glu-100 or Asp-101 have no effect on adenylylation, but Asp-101 is shown to be crucial to both step 2 (transfer of adenylyl to donor) and step 3.
Multi-Input Convolutional Neural Network for Flower Grading (2017)

Flower grading is a significant task because it is extremely convenient for managing the flowers in greenhouse and market. With the development of computer vision, flower grading has become an interdisciplinary focus in both botany and computer vision. A new dataset named BjfuGloxinia contains three quality grades; each grade consists of 107 samples and 321 images. A multi-input convolutional neural network is designed for large scale flower grading. Multi-input CNN achieves a satisfactory accuracy of 89.6% on the BjfuGloxinia after data augmentation. Compared with a single-input CNN, the accuracy of multi-input CNN is increased by 5% on average, demonstrating that multi-input convolutional neural network is a promising model for flower grading. Although data augmentation contributes to the model, the accuracy is still limited by lack of samples diversity. Majority of misclassification is derived from the medium class. The image processing based bud detection is useful for reducing the misclassification, increasing the accuracy of flower grading to approximately 93.9%.
Predictive risk assessment using cooperation concept for collision avoidance of side crash in autonomous lane change systems (2017)

We present an innovative approach to risk assessment using cooperation concept for collision avoidance of side crash for autonomous lane change system. The cooperation concept is proposed to check an available space in the target lane for lane change in a short period of the future. Before moving to the target lane, the ego vehicle needs to check whether the object vehicle is cooperative or not for the lane change. The object vehicles are indexed as cooperative driver (CD) or non-cooperative driver (NCD) through the conditions based on the relative longitudinal acceleration and the collision free time. If the object vehicle is CD, the ego vehicle moves toward the target lane within the original lane for the preparation of the lane change. The ego vehicle should keep its lateral position within the original lane until the situation for the lane change becomes safe. As soon as the risk assessment becomes safe, the lane change is performed. Therefore, lane change can be started in advance compared to the conventional methods. The proposed method was validated via computational simulation and experimental results.
<b>TRANSGLUTAMINASE AND CALCIUM-PROTEASE ACTIVITIES IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE </b><b>BRAIN </b> (1989)

The activity levels in the transglutaminase and calcium-dependent neutral protease (CANP) system were determined in control and A1zheimer's disease brains. Little perturbation in the CANP system (,uCANP, mCANP and CANP inhibitor) was found in A1zheimer's brain, but the transglutaminase activity was much diminished in Alzheim er's brain when compared with that in control brain. No age-re1ated change in transglutaminase activity was found in rat brain. From these results, it is speculated that the reduced transglutaminase activity is one of the characteristic features of Alzheimer's brain reflecting exhausted transglutaminase activity resulting from crosslinking of neuronal proteins under increased Ca" concentration.
The anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (2019)

The array of end organ innervations of the vagus nerve, coupled with increased basic science evidence, has led to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) being explored as a management option in a number of clinical disorders, such as heart failure, migraine and inflammatory bowel disease. Both invasive (surgically implanted) and non-invasive (transcutaneous) techniques of VNS exist. Transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) delivery systems rely on the cutaneous distribution of vagal afferents, either at the external ear (auricular branch of the vagus nerve) or at the neck (cervical branch of the vagus nerve), thus obviating the need for surgical implantation of a VNS delivery device and facilitating further investigations across a wide range of uses. The concept of electrically stimulating the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN), which provides somatosensory innervation to several aspects of the external ear, is relatively more recent compared with cervical VNS; thus, there is a relative paucity of literature surrounding its operation and functionality. Despite the increasing body of research exploring the therapeutic uses of auricular transcutaneous VNS (tVNS), a comprehensive review of the cutaneous, intracranial and central distribution of ABVN fibres has not been conducted to date. A review of the literature exploring the neuroanatomical basis of this neuromodulatory therapy is therefore timely. Our review article explores the neuroanatomy of the ABVN with reference to (1) clinical surveys examining Arnold's reflex, (2) cadaveric studies, (3) fMRI studies, (4) electrophysiological studies, (5) acupuncture studies, (6) retrograde tracing studies and (7) studies measuring changes in autonomic (cardiovascular) parameters in response to auricular tVNS. We also provide an overview of the fibre composition of the ABVN and the effects of auricular tVNS on the central nervous system. Cadaveric studies, of which a limited number exist in the literature, would be the 'gold-standard' approach to studying the cutaneous map of the ABVN; thus, there is a need for more such studies to be conducted. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) represents a useful surrogate modality for discerning the auricular sites most likely innervated by the ABVN and the most promising locations for auricular tVNS. However, given the heterogeneity in the results of such investigations and the various limitations of using fMRI, the current literature lacks a clear consensus on the auricular sites that are most densely innervated by the ABVN and whether the brain regions secondarily activated by electrical auricular tVNS depend on specific parameters. At present, it is reasonable to surmise that the concha and inner tragus are suitable locations for vagal modulation. Given the therapeutic potential of auricular tVNS, there remains a need for the cutaneous map of the ABVN to be further refined and the effects of various stimulation parameters and stimulation sites to be determined.
<i>Beta</i>-adrenergic modulation of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst is dependent upon the mechanism of cell activation. (1987)

Although inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation by beta-adrenoceptor agonists has been recognized for over a decade, effects have only been observed at high drug concentrations and in the presence of theophylline. In this study, catecholamine and prostaglandin modulation of the respiratory burst was evaluated with respect to the mechanism of polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation. Very low concentrations of isoproterenol and prostaglandin E2 inhibited the respiratory burst when induced by chemotactic peptide (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) or calcium ionophore (A23187, ionomycin), but not when initiated by synthetic diacylglycerol. Because formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and ionophore mobilize calcium and arachidonic acid generation follows an increase in intracellular calcium, the arachidonic acid metabolite leukotriene B4 was studied. Isoproterenol at a very low (0.1 nM) concentration also rapidly inhibited leukotriene B4 generation. Since cyclic AMP was increased by isoproterenol regardless of the means of cell activation, modulation of intracellular calcium was evaluated with the fluorescent probe indo-1. A transient increase in calcium after formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or ionophore (but not oleoyl acetylglycerol) cell activation was inhibited by isoproterenol or prostaglandin E2. These results suggest that adrenergic agonists specifically modulate calcium-dependent polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. Because marked inhibition was observed at very low drug concentrations, cyclic AMP-dependent effects may be important in both homeostatic and therapeutic modulation of inflammatory response.
Polymeric worm micelles as nano-carriers for drug delivery (2005)

Nanoscale carriers of active compounds, especially drugs, need not be spherical in shape. Worm micelles as blends of degradable polylactic acid (PLA) and inert block copolymer amphiphiles were prepared for controlled release and initial study of carrier transport through nano-porous media. The loading capacity of a typical hydrophobic drug, Triamterene, and the release of hydrophobic dyes were evaluated together with morphological changes of the micelles. Degradation of PLA by hydrolysis led to the self-shortening of worms and a clear transition towards spherical micelles, correlating with the release of hydrophobic dyes. Perhaps equally important for application is the flexibility of worm micelles, which we show allows them to penetrate nanoporous gels where 100 nm sized vesicles cannot enter. Such gels have served as tissue models, and so the results here collectively suggest a new class of hydrophobic drug nano-carriers that are capable of tissue permeation as well as controlled release.