gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rejecting the attack: Source authentication for Wi-Fi management frames using CSI Information (2013)

Comparing to well protected data frames, Wi-Fi management frames (MFs) are extremely vulnerable to various attacks. Since MFs are transmitted without encryption or authentication, attackers can easily launch various attacks by forging the MFs. In a collaborative environment with many Wi-Fi sniffers, such attacks can be easily detected by sensing the anomaly RSS changes. However, it is quite difficult to identify these spoofing attacks without assistance from other nodes. By exploiting some unique characteristics (e.g., rapid spatial decorrelation, independence of Txpower, and much richer dimensions) of 802.11n Channel State Information (CSI), we design and implement CSITE, a prototype system to authenticate the Wi-Fi management frames on PHY layer merely by one station. Our system CSITE, built upon off-the-shelf hardware, achieves precise spoofing detection without collaboration and in-advance fingerprint. Several novel techniques are designed to address the challenges caused by user mobility and channel dynamics. To verify the performances of our solution, we conduct extensive evaluations in various scenarios. Our test results show that our design significantly outperforms the RSS-based method. We observe about 8 times improvement by CSITE over RSS-based method on the falsely accepted attacking frames.
Lineage Specification of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Mathematical Modeling and Biological Implications (2007)

Lineage specification of hematopoietic stem cells is considered a progressive restriction in lineage potential. This view is consistent with observations that differentiation and lineage specification is preceded by a low-level coexpression of lineage specific, potentially antagonistic genes in early progenitor cells. This coexistence, commonly referred to as priming, disappears in the course of differentiation when certain lineage-restricted genes are upregulated while others are downregulated. Based on this phenomenological description, we propose a quantitative model that describes lineage specification as a competition process between different interacting lineage propensities. The competition is governed by environmental stimuli promoting a drift from a multipotent coexpression to the dominance of one lineage. The assumption of a context-dependent intracellular differentiation control is consistently embedded into our previously proposed model of hematopoietic stem cell organization. The extended model, which comprises self-renewal and lineage specification, is verified using available data on the lineage specification potential of primary hematopoietic stem cells and on the differentiation kinetics of the FDCP-mix cell line. The model provides a number of experimentally testable predictions. From our results, we conclude that lineage specification is best described as a flexible and temporally extended process in which lineage commitment emerges as the result of a sequence of small decision steps. The proposed model provides a novel systems biological view on the functioning of lineage specification in adult tissue stem cells and its connections to the self-renewal properties of these cells. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Thousandfold improvement in the measured antiproton mass (1990)

Comparisons of antiproton and proton cyclotron frequencies yield the ratio of inertial masses M(p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{})/M(p)=0.999 999 977 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 000 042. The fractional uncertainty of 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ is 1000 times more accurate than previous measurements of this ratio using exotic atoms and is the most precise test of CPT invariance with baryons. Independent comparisons to electrons yield the mass ratios M(p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{})/M(${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$)=1836.152 660\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 083 and M(p)/M(${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) =1836.152 680\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 088. Cryogenic antiprotons (near 4 K) stored in a Penning trap for 2 months establish directly a lifetime greater than 3.4 months.
Development in lipid analysis: Some new extraction techniques and <i>in situ</i> transesterification (2000)

The development of methods for analyzing fatty acids that provide rapid and reliable results is currently in great demand. Recently, different lipid extraction procedures such as microwave or supercritical fluid extraction have heen researched. Both procedures avoid the use of large volumes of solvents and provide rapid lipid isolations. Only a few papers have reported work on microwave extraction, hut many studies ahout supercritical fluid extraction have heen carried out and have heen gaining acceptance within the scientific community. Avoiding the lipid isolation step, hy synthesizing fatty acid esters hy simultaneous lipid extraction and derivatization through in situ reactions, has also heen proposed. The saving of time and reagents is significant. Owing to the differences among the procedures, some knowledge of their characteristics is essential in order to improve methods and achieve reliable and accurate results. Clearly, results depend on factors such as the type of catalysis selected, the use of nonpolar solvents, heating applied during the synthesis, and the degree of suitability of the procedure chosen for the particular features of each sample.
Temperature compensated bulk acoustic wave resonator (BAWR) for near zero temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) (2012)

A bulk acoustic wave resonator (BAWR) is an essential component of RF filters and duplexers in wireless communication devices. The BAWR consists of a piezoelectric layer sandwiched between bottom and top electrodes. Its resonance frequency shifts as an environment temperature changes, normally ranging -25~-30 ppm/ °C, of which phenomenon is referred to temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF). When a resonator has a large TCF value the gap between adjacent bands is reduced and interference occurs. To overcome this problem, a low TCF value is required while maintaining the characteristics such as carrier bandwidth, high quality factor (Q), and high effective coupling coefficient (kt <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). In this work, a new BAWR structure with SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /SiN layers both on the top electrode and under the bottom electrode enabled TCF of -0.3~-7.8 ppm/°C, Q of 2400, and kt <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of 5.4%, respectively. This BAWR has been applied to transmission filters for LTE Band-7 and Band-25.
Advanced micromechanical prototyping in polysilicon and SOI (2000)

The importance of achieving stable MEMS processes is discussed with particular reference to the DERA polysilicon sacrificial surface micromachining (SSM) and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) high aspect ratio micromachining (HARM) processes. DERA has recently made these processes available to universities through EPSRC and directly to industry. It has also formed a strategic partnership with a leading MEMS design software company, Microcosm Technologies, and is a founder member of its MEMS Services Partnership (MSP). These processes offer a route to fast, low cost prototyping and hence reduce the barriers to both small and large companies in terms of entry costs. Moreover, the ability to offer design services in qualified processes means that a lack of experience need no longer be a barrier to companies without previous experience of MEMS. (4 pages)
정보제어넷 기반 클라우드 워크플로우 모델 (2018)

본 논문에서는 클라우드 컴퓨팅 환경을 기반으로 하는 실시간 엔터프라이즈 워크플로우 관리 시스템을 구현하는데 있어서 반드시 수반되어야 하는 워크플로우 모델링 방법론으로서 정보제어넷 기반 클라우드 워크플로우 모델을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 모델은 클라우드 서비스 배치모델을 기반으로 하는 클라우드 워크플로우 아키텍처, 즉 조직 수준 클라우드 배치모델, 커뮤니티 수준 클라우드 배치모델, 공적 수준 클라우드 배치모델, 혼합형 클라우드 배치모델 등으로 분류되는 클라우드 배치모델에 따른 클라우드 워크플로우 아키텍처를 지원하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 모델은 전통적으로 엔터프라이즈 워크플로우의 대표적인 정형적 모델링 기법인 정보제어넷 모델링 방법론을 클라우드 배치모델과 연계할 수 있도록 확장시킨 수학적 그래프 모델이다. 결론적으로, 본 논문에서는 제안된 정보제어넷 기반 클라우드 워크플로우 모델을 적용할 수 있는 클라우드 워크플로우 아키텍처와 그에 따른 클라우드 워크플로우 서비스를 설계함으로써 제안된 모델의 적용가능성을 검증한다.
SA goes green : environmental feature (2008)

With more and more governments and consumers judging businesses on their environmental policies due to climate change, businesses across the globe have discovered that being green has a positive impact on a company's bottom line..
Adaptive Microservice Scaling for Elastic Applications (2020)

Today, Internet users expect Web applications to be fast, performant, and always available. With the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT), data collection and the analysis of streams have become more and more challenging. Behind the scenes, application owners and cloud service providers work to meet these expectations, yet, the problem of how to most effectively and efficiently auto-scale a Web application to optimize for performance while reducing costs and energy usage is still a challenge. In particular, this problem has new relevance due to the continued rise of IoT and microservice-based architectures. A key concern, that is often not addressed by current auto-scaling systems, is the decision on which microservice to scale in order to increase performance. Our aim is to design a prototype auto-scaling system for microservice-based Web applications that can learn from the past service experience. The contributions of the work can be divided into two parts: 1) developing a pipeline for microservice auto-scaling and 2) evaluating a hybrid sequence and supervised learning model for recommending scaling actions. The pipeline has proven to be an effective platform for exploring auto-scaling solutions, as we will demonstrate through the evaluation of our proposed hybrid model. The results of the hybrid model show the merit of using a supervised model to identify which microservices should be scaled up more.
Emission factors for asphalt‐related emissions in roofing manufacturing (2005)

Abstract The vast majority of all residential construction in the United States is roofed with asphalt shingles, and asphalt products are also used extensively for commercial roofing. These roofing products are made in roughly 100 manufacturing facilities, by processing about six million tons of asphalt per year. The Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Association (ARMA) has developed emission factors for asphalt‐related air emissions for all relevant processes in the manufacture of roofing asphalt and fiberglass based roofing products. These processes include asphalt blowing, asphalt storage, and the coating of fiberglass mat with filled asphalt. The emission factors are based on measurements in more than 20 facilities around the country. They replace old, very limited data currently available from the US EPA in their AP‐42 document. In some cases, as with particulate emissions from asphalt blowing, the new emission factors are much lower than the current AP‐42 factors. In other cases, emissions not included in AP‐42 are recognized to be significant, as with SO x emissions from asphalt blowing. Both criteria and hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions are covered in this compilation. Roofing asphalt processes are shown to be a very minor contributor to polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions. These data have been submitted to the US EPA for their consideration, and the HAP data presented here constituted the basis for the EPA MACT rulemaking for this industry. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
Optically Pumped Cesium-Beam Frequency Standard for GPS-III (2001)

We describe an optically pumped cesium-beam frequency standard under development for deployment on the GPS-III satellite constellation. The objective of the project is to demonstrate the feasibility of a space qualified optically pumped cesium-beam frequency standard exhibiting a short-term stability of sigma y (Tau) <6 x 10(exp-12) tau (exp -1/2) with lifetime and reliability comparable to that of the current GPS-IIF cesium standards. In this paper, we report on the architecture and development progress of a prototype instrument that meets these goals with a minimal introduction of unproven technology. in particular, we discuss the design choices that have been made with particular emphasis on optical pumping and interrogation techniques, laser and optical technologies, and the realization of the prototype frequency standard. Preliminary performance data are presented.
Simple analytical model for the magnetophoretic separation of superparamagnetic dispersions in a uniform magnetic gradient (2011)

Magnetophoresis--the motion of magnetic particles under applied magnetic gradient--is a process of great interest in novel applications of magnetic nanoparticles and colloids. In general, there are two main different types of magnetophoresis processes: cooperative magnetophoresis (a fast process enhanced by particle-particle interactions) and noncooperative magnetophoresis (driven by the motion of individual particles in magnetic fields). In the case of noncooperative magnetophoresis, we have obtained a simple analytical solution which allows the prediction of the magnetophoresis kinetics from particle characterization data (size and magnetization). Our comparison with new experimental results shows good quantitative agreement. In addition, we show the existence of a universal curve onto which all experimental results should collapse after proper rescaling. The range of applicability of the analytical solution is discussed in light of the predictions of a magnetic aggregation model [Soft Matter 7, 2336 (2011)].
Determining phycoerythrin and phycocyanin concentrations in aqueous crude extracts of red algae (1985)

The following equations are proposed for correct calculations of pigment concentrations (E, phycoerythrin; C, phycocyanin, mg ml-1 in red algal crude extracts, from absorption measurements: E=[(A564 - A592) - (A455-A592) 0.20] 0.12, C=[A618 - A645) - (A592-A645) 0.15] 0.15 These equations are shown to yield results that are not affected by the concentration of interfering components. Fluorometry is also shown to be suitable for phycoerythrin measurements (with much higher sensitivity) in the same type of extracts.
An attention-based BiLSTM-CRF approach to document-level chemical named entity recognition (2017)

Abstract Motivation In biomedical research, chemical is an important class of entities, and chemical named entity recognition (NER) is an important task in the field of biomedical information extraction. However, most popular chemical NER methods are based on traditional machine learning and their performances are heavily dependent on the feature engineering. Moreover, these methods are sentence-level ones which have the tagging inconsistency problem. Results In this paper, we propose a neural network approach, i.e. attention-based bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory with a conditional random field layer (Att-BiLSTM-CRF), to document-level chemical NER. The approach leverages document-level global information obtained by attention mechanism to enforce tagging consistency across multiple instances of the same token in a document. It achieves better performances with little feature engineering than other state-of-the-art methods on the BioCreative IV chemical compound and drug name recognition (CHEMDNER) corpus and the BioCreative V chemical-disease relation (CDR) task corpus (the F-scores of 91.14 and 92.57%, respectively). Availability and implementation Data and code are available at https://github.com/lingluodlut/Att-ChemdNER. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Resin-modified glass-ionomer cements. (1991)

The recently developed dual-setting resin glass-ionomer cements are discussed, and the question of whether they are the true glass-ionomer cements is addressed. Their chemistry and properties are examined and compared with conventional glass-ionomer cements. Resin-modified glass-ionomer cements have the advantage of a long working time combined with a rapid set and higher early strength. They are also easily bonded to resins. They have the strength properties comparable to conventional glass-ionomer cements rather than composite resins, but they share with composite resins the disadvantage of containing free monomers and therefore may not be as biocompatible as conventional glass-ionomer cements.
System performance of a 4-channel PHASAR WDM receiver operating at 1.2 Gbit/s (2005)

Phased arrays are important key components in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems. We have realized a 4-channel WDM receiver combining a phased array with photodetectors on InP with a Si bipolar transimpedance amplifier. The channels are spaced at 2.0 nm with a 1.0-nm flat passband. On chip loss was 6-7 dB and detector efficiency was better than 90%. The optical cross talk remains below -20 dB. The electrical bandwidth per channel was 1 GHz. The electrical cross talk at 1 GHz after detection is below -25 dB. We have tested this receiver in a full 4-channel system.
Targeting new anticancer drugs within signalling pathways regulated by the Ras GTPase superfamily (Review) (2001)

A dynamic equilibrium or is responsible for the proper function of a living organism. Physiological events regulating proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and cell arrest, modulates the correct homeostasis and functionality of all tissues. Cancer is a consequence of a disorder in these sequential events, which results in the alteration of the ratio between cell death, cell differentiation and cell proliferation that ultimately leads to an increase in the number of dysregulated cells. Most of the processes which control the are regulated by signalling pathways, whose components are currently being explored as potential targets for the design of antitumoral drugs. Many in vivo studies have shown that Ras and Rho proteins are key modulators of mitogenic signalling, and are involved in the carcinogenesis of several human tumors. The development of recent drugs that elicit antitumoral activity by blocking some of the Ras and/or Rho effects, is discussed in this review.
Assessing Potential Circadian, Diurnal, and Ultradian Variations in Skin Biophysical Properties (2021)

A variety of skin measurements are routinely made in various clinical and research settings to evaluate the skin's biophysical properties for diagnostic and research purposes. Such measurements include transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin pH, sebum, skin blood flow (SBF), and tissue dielectric constant (TDC) as a measure of skin water. Given the various reported circadian, diurnal, and possible ultradian and other temporal variations in skin physiological processes, it is of value to have clarity as to possible temporal variations in skin's biophysical properties associated with such processes. It was thus the purpose of this investigation to review and detail key elements of what is currently known regarding such variations and to provide a characterization that will permit informed judgments as to the sensitivity of the timing of measurements to optimize measurement reproducibility. Understanding these variations and their possible oscillatory effects on skin biophysical properties may aid physicians in providing optimal treatment timing for dermatological conditions and offer researchers insight into optimal measurement timing. The major findings of the present investigation that systematically searched multiple databases and critically examined pertinent findings, revealed that of the several skin parameters reviewed, which included TEWL, pH, sebum, SBF, TDC, and thickness, each had at least one study describing a statistically significant within-a-day temporal change. The magnitude of these changes varied and may be large enough to be seriously considered when assessing these parameters in clinical and research settings. However, inconsistencies in reported temporal variations suggest that further systematic research is well warranted especially with respect to temporal within-a-day and day-to-day variabilities of TEWL, TDC, and mechanical properties. At present, the impact of this type of confounding variability on reported values for skin biophysical parameters is unclear and worthy of further clarification.
A Foveal Inset for Large Display Environments (2006)

We introduce a system that adds a foveal inset to large-scale projection displays. The effective resolution of the foveal inset projection is higher than the original display resolution, allowing the user to see more details and finer features in large data sets. The foveal inset is generated by projecting a high-resolution image onto a mirror mounted on a pan-tilt unit (PTU) that is controlled by the user with a laser pointer. Our implementation is based on Chromium and supports many OpenGL applications without modifications.
A latency compensation technique based on game characteristics to mitigate the influence of delay on cloud gaming quality of experience (2020)

Cloud Gaming (CG) is an immersive multimedia service that promises many benefits. In CG, the games are rendered in a cloud server, and the resulted scenes are streamed as a video sequence to the client. Using CG users are not forced to update their gaming hardware frequently, and available games can be played on any operating system or suitable device. However, cloud gaming requires a reliable and low-latency network, which makes it a very challenging service. Transmission latency strongly affects the playability of a cloud game and consequently reduces the users' Quality of Experience (QoE). In this paper, we propose a latency compensation technique using game adaptation that mitigates the influence of delay on QoE. This technique uses five game characteristics for the adaptation. These characteristics, in addition to an Aim-assistance technique, were implemented in four games for evaluation. A subjective study using 194 participants was conducted using a crowdsourcing approach. The results showed that the majority of the proposed adaptation techniques lead to significant improvements in the cloud gaming QoE.
50-Mb/s diffuse infrared free-space link using on-off keying with decision-feedback equalization (1994)

We report an experimental 50-Mb/s free-space infrared link for indoor wireless communication, which achieves low bit-error rates (BERs) in the presence of multipath distortion, shadowing, and ambient natural and artificial lighting. The eye-safe 806 nm transmitter, directed at the ceiling, emits an on-off-keyed signal having 475-mW average power. The receiver employs a 1-cm/sup 2/ Si p-i-n photodiode coupled to a high-index hemispherical concentrator, which is covered by an optical bandpass filter of 30-nm bandwidth. A decision-feedback equalizer mitigates the effect of multipath ISI. In the presence of bright skylight, the link achieves a range of 2.9 m at 10/sup -7/ BER.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cold comfort: plant antifreeze proteins (2006)

This chapter begins with a historical review of the scientific contributions to plant antifreeze protein biology made by Dr. Marilyn Griffith. Then the current state of knowledge on this topic is outlined, focusing on recent advances in understanding the roles of these proteins as modulators of freezing and ice recrystallization, and the mechanisms by which they function at the molecular level. The goal of this chapter is to highlight a fascinating series of achievements over a too brief career and to set the framework for other investigators who wish to take this up this area of research.