gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
정보화시대의 빅 데이터(Big Data) 활용에 대한 윤리적 논쟁과 전망 (2016)

본 연구의 목적은 빅 데이터(Big Data) 기반 정보화시대에 발생할 수 있는 개인정보 보호와 침해, 그리고 빅 데이터의 공적 활용을 윤리적으로 검토하는데 있다. 오늘날 세계의 기업들과 국가들은 개인정보들의 거대 집합으로서 빅 데이터에 대한 공적 활용의 사회적 유용성에서 접근하고 있다. 이런 점에서 개인의 의사결정과 판단, 개인정보의 보호와 침해, 빅 데이터의 활용을 위한 공공성, 그리고 각 정보의 활용 주체의 책임과 덕의 수준을 종합적으로 고찰할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 가장 근본이 되는 네 가지 윤리 이론들을 통해 빅 데이터 활용의 문제들을 이론적으로 검토하고, 두 가지 범주에서 빅 데이터의 활용의 틀을 마련하였다. 첫째, 인격과 책무의 토대에서 의무론과 책임윤리의 적용을 검토하였다. 둘째, 개인정보의 제공과 빅 데이터 활용의 결과가 최초 의도와 일관되어야 한다는 점에서 공리주의와 덕윤리의 적용을 검토하였다. 이를 통해 다음과 같이 일곱 가지 윤리적 전망을 제시하였다. 첫째, 개인정보는 인격의 정보로서 목적 그 자체로 보호를 받아야 한다. 둘째, 個別 정보들이 수집된 빅 데이터의 활용이 어떤 인간에게도 피해를 끼쳐서는 안 된다. 셋째, 빅 데이터의 정보가 사회 전반의 행복을 증진시킬 경우에는 그 활용의 공공성을 갖는다. 넷째, 현재 사회의 모든 구성원은 기술적 진보에 대한 혜택을 누리고 있고, 이로 인해 미래 세대의 삶의 변화와 영향에 대한 책임의 주체가 된다. 다섯째, 현재 사회의 모든 구성원은 빅 데이터를 수집하고 활용하는 데 있어서 미래 세대의 권리 파괴가 일어나지 않도록 참여해야 하고 기관을 감시해야 한다. 여섯째, 빅 데이터의 활용 주체는 인간의 궁극적인 목적인 행복의 지속적인 추구를 위해 높은 수준의 덕을 갖추도록 실천해야 한다. 마지막으로, 빅 데이터의 활용 과정에서 잘못에 대해서는 반드시 공정한 처벌을 해야 하고, 이를 통해 덕의 성장을 이끌도록 해야 한다.
Analysis of the Division of Arts and Science Subjects in Ordinary High School in Late Qing Dynasty (1909-1911) (2015)

The division of Arts and Science in China originated from late Qing dynasty, when the Education Department submitted a memorial to the throne Proposal of Dividing the School Curriculum into Arts and Science in 1909. Then the two disciplines went through combinations and separations repeatedly over the past 100 years. This paper will investigate the separated education system’s evolution history in late Qing dynasty and its resulting drawbacks ever since from a historical perspective. We can not only draw some lessons from the investigation, but also acquire a clearer understanding of the division of Arts and Science subjects when facing the same or contradicting problems nowadays.
Mapping temperature-dependent conformational change in the voltage-sensing domain of an engineered heat-activated K <sup>+</sup> channel (2021)

Temperature-dependent regulation of ion channel activity is critical for a variety of physiological processes ranging from immune response to perception of noxious stimuli. Our understanding of the structural mechanisms that underlie temperature sensing remains limited, in part due to the difficulty of combining high-resolution structural analysis with temperature stimulus. Here, we use NMR to compare the temperature-dependent behavior of Shaker potassium channel voltage sensor domain (WT-VSD) to its engineered temperature sensitive (TS-VSD) variant. Further insight into the molecular basis for temperature-dependent behavior is obtained by analyzing the experimental results together with molecular dynamics simulations. Our studies reveal that the overall secondary structure of the engineered TS-VSD is identical to the wild-type channels except for local changes in backbone torsion angles near the site of substitution (V369S and F370S). Remarkably however, these structural differences result in increased hydration of the voltage-sensing arginines and the S4-S5 linker helix in the TS-VSD at higher temperatures, in contrast to the WT-VSD. These findings highlight how subtle differences in the primary structure can result in large-scale changes in solvation and thereby confer increased temperature-dependent activity beyond that predicted by linear summation of solvation energies of individual substituents.
Angiogenesis therapy in ischemic disease. (2002)

The ability of organisms to spontaneously develop collateral vessels represents an important response to vascular occlusive diseases that determines the severity of residual tissue ischemia. Neovascularization of ischemic cardiac or skeletal muscle may be sufficient to preserve tissue integrity and/or function, and may thus be considered to be therapeutic. Innovative gene technologies and advances in animal modeling have enabled research scientists to develop therapeutic angiogenesis strategies applied in animal models of limb or myocardial ischemia and in treatment of patients with peripheral vascular obstruction or coronary artery diseases. Several therapeutic strategies have been proposed and tested even at the clinical level. Recent studies have established the feasibility of using recombinant angiogenic growth factors (mainly VEGF and FGF) to enhance angiogenesis in patients with limb or myocardial ischemia. Angiogenesis therapies using cells as a support for growth factor delivery or using endothelial progenitor cells which may directly participate in the angiogenic process have also been developed. Finally, one potential alternative strategy may be the use of drugs with pro-angiogenic activity, available in an oral formulation and which are currently administered to patients for treatment of different pathologies. All strategies of angiogenesis therapy currently being tested have the potential to be effective in the treatment of ischemic disease. However, such strategies may cause harmful side effects which emphasize the need to be aware of the biological effects of each angiogenic agent proposed for clinical studies.
Secure Sketch Search for Document Similarity (2015)

Document similarity search is an important problem that has many applications especially in outsourced data. With the wide spread of cloud computing, users tend to outsource their data to remote servers which are not necessarily trusted. This leads to the problem of protecting the privacy of sensitive data. We design and implement two secure similarity search schemes for textual documents utilizing locality sensitive hashing techniques for cosine similarity. While the first one provides very fast search time results and a decent level of privacy, the second method enjoys enhanced security properties such as hiding the search and access patterns but with higher latency.
A high-power magnetically switched superconducting rectifier operating at 5 Hz (1987)

Above a certain current level, the use of a superconducting rectifier as a cryogenic current source offers advantages compared to the use of a power supply at room temperature which requires large current feed-throughs into the cryostat. In some cases, the power of such a rectifier is immaterial, for example if it is to be used as a current supply for short test samples with low inductances. Usually, however, a rectifier is intended to energize large superconducting magnets, so the maximum power available becomes an important parameter since it determines the loading time. One method of increasing the power of a rectifier is to raise the operating frequency. In this respect, magnetically controlled switches with very fast switching times are preferable to thermally controlled ones. This paper reports on the design, as well as the experimental results of a magnetically switched full-wave superconducting rectifier. Once this rectifier is brought to its design frequency of 5 Hz, the average power delivered to the cryogenic load will be 500 W.
Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for improving Gleason scoring of prostate cancer (2019)

For prostate cancer patients, the Gleason score is one of the most important prognostic factors, potentially determining treatment independent of the stage. However, Gleason scoring is based on subjective microscopic examination of tumor morphology and suffers from poor reproducibility. Here we present a deep learning system (DLS) for Gleason scoring whole-slide images of prostatectomies. Our system was developed using 112 million pathologist-annotated image patches from 1226 slides, and evaluated on an independent validation dataset of 331 slides. Compared to a reference standard provided by genitourinary pathology experts, the mean accuracy among 29 general pathologists was 0.61 on the validation set. The DLS achieved a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy of 0.70 (<i>p</i> = 0.002) and trended towards better patient risk stratification in correlations to clinical follow-up data. Our approach could improve the accuracy of Gleason scoring and subsequent therapy decisions, particularly where specialist expertise is unavailable. The DLS also goes beyond the current Gleason system to more finely characterize and quantitate tumor morphology, providing opportunities for refinement of the Gleason system itself.
A novel adaptive phase-only beamforming algorithm based on semidefinite relaxation (2013)

The adaptive phase-only beamforming technique is very important for conventional phased array radar to suppress interference. Similar to conventional phased array radar, for the digital array radar, the adaptive phase-only beamforming technique is also very useful and can be used to enhance the radar power by making full use of transmit module microwave power of each array element. In this paper, a phase-only algorithm based on semidefinite relaxation is proposed. It can suppress interference by minimizing the array output power and maintain the desired signal without distortion. The phase-only weighting is converted to a non-convex quadratic optimization problem, then to a convex optimization problem by the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) technique which can be solved easily. The experimental results demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Monolayer optical memory cells based on artificial trap-mediated charge storage and release (2017)

Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides are considered to be promising candidates for flexible and transparent optoelectronics applications due to their direct bandgap and strong light-matter interactions. Although several monolayer-based photodetectors have been demonstrated, single-layered optical memory devices suitable for high-quality image sensing have received little attention. Here we report a concept for monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> optoelectronic memory devices using artificially-structured charge trap layers through the functionalization of the monolayer/dielectric interfaces, leading to localized electronic states that serve as a basis for electrically-induced charge trapping and optically-mediated charge release. Our devices exhibit excellent photo-responsive memory characteristics with a large linear dynamic range of ∼4,700 (73.4 dB) coupled with a low OFF-state current (<4 pA), and a long storage lifetime of over 10<sup>4</sup> s. In addition, the multi-level detection of up to 8 optical states is successfully demonstrated. These results represent a significant step toward the development of future monolayer optoelectronic memory devices.
Pressure difference-based sensing of leaks in water distribution networks (2011)

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.
Laser diode technologies for in-process metrology (1990)

Measurement of an optical surface by a figure measuring device allows one to make an estimate of the shape
of the surface. The absolute accuracy in locating the true surface depends on the sources of error in the measurement
process - both random errors and systematic errors. Analysis procedures have been developed to extract surface figure
information from optical profiler measurements on large mirrors. Rigid-body orientation effects are important in
analyzing the shape of the off-axis ellipsoidal reflectors used as grazing incidence mirrors in soft-x-ray synchrotron
instrumentation. Knowledge of the noise level and optical aberration function of the Long Trace Profiler allow us to
place error bars smaller than lambda/100 on measurements of surfaces that are more than 500mm long.
Lanthanides as probes for calcium in biological systems (1979)

Calcium ion plays an essential role in many biological processes. The environment about Ca 2+ may be probed by substitution of tripositive lanthanide ions, Ln 3+ . Ca 2+ proteins fall into two broad classes: those that are inhibited by Ln 3+ substitution and those that are not. It is suggested that although Ca 2+ undertakes a primarily structural role in the Ln 3+ non-inhibited proteins, Ca 2+ may be near the active site or participate in the mechanism of action of Ln 3+ inhibited proteins. Ca 2+ and Ln 3+ radii are similar; most Ln 3+ are slightly larger than Ca 2+ in complexes of the same coordination number, and substitution of Ln 3+ for Ca 2+ is accommodated by a slight decrease in bond distance or by an increase in coordination number. Luminescence from Tb 3+ has been demonstrated to be a sensitive environmental probe of Ca 2+ binding sites in proteins.
Leave a Reply: An Analysis of Weblog Comments (2006)

Access to weblogs, both through commercial services and in academic studies, is usually limited to the content of the weblog posts. This overlooks an important aspect distinguishing weblogs from other web pages: the ability of weblog readers to respond to posts directly, by posting comments. In this paper we present a large-scale study of weblog comments and their relation to the posts. Using a sizable corpus of comments, we estimate the overall volume of comments in the blogosphere; analyze the relation between the weblog popularity and commenting patterns in it; and measure the contribution of comment content to various aspects of weblog access.
DREAM--a novel approach for robust, ultrafast, multislice B₁ mapping. (2012)

A novel multislice B₁-mapping method dubbed dual refocusing echo acquisition mode is proposed, able to cover the whole transmit coil volume in only one second, which is more than an order of magnitude faster than established approaches. The dual refocusing echo acquisition mode technique employs a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) preparation sequence followed by a tailored single-shot gradient echo sequence, measuring simultaneously the stimulated echo and the free induction decay as gradient-recalled echoes, and determining the actual flip angle of the STEAM preparation radiofrequency pulses from the ratio of the two measured signals. Due to an elaborated timing scheme, the method is insensitive against susceptibility/chemical shift effects and can deliver a B₀ phase map and a transceive phase map for free. The approach has only a weak T₁ and T₂ dependence and moreover, causes only a low specific absorption rate (SAR) burden. The accuracy of the method with respect to systematic and statistical errors is investigated both, theoretically and in experiments on phantoms. In addition, the performance of the approach is demonstrated in vivo in B₁-mapping and radiofrequency shimming experiments on the abdomen, the legs, and the head on an eight-channel parallel transmit 3 T MRI system.
Block Copolymers, Polymer-Polymer Interfaces, and the Theory of Inhomogeneous Polymers (1976)

Abstract Most of the polymeric materials one encounters so widely are heterogeneous. For instance, commercial plastics may be blends of immiscible polymers; they may contain antioxidants or other modifiers which are not totally soluble; andfrequently they have added inorganic fillers. Other examples of inhomogeneity in polymer systems are composites, partially crystalline materials, surface layers, ionomers, and block and graft copolymers. In some cases the heterogeneity is the essence of the material's virtue ( e.g. , its mechanical properties). In other cases heterogeneity is an affliction. But, whether one's goal is to maximize or minimize the effect of nonuniformity, it is well to understand the factors which determine the features of inhomogeneous polymers. This we will attempt to do in a qualitative way by describing, from a simple molecular point of view, the entropy and energy terms which control the systems' physical features. Rather than dealing in generalities, however, let us focus on two particular cases : interfaces between immiscible polymers, and block copolymers. This should provide the reader with some insight into the myriad of recent developments in the field of polymer blends, composites, and microheterogeneities.
Subdivided procedures: a language extension supporting extensible programming (2002)

An extension of conventional procedures in which procedure bodies handling multiple cases can be subdivided into separate bodies handling a single case each is described. Subdivision is based on criteria specified by the programmer. Underlying call support selects the body to execute in response to each call. Subdivided procedures support a programming style in which great attention is paid to facilitating subsequent extensions. Normally, extensions have to be made by changing source code; subdivided procedures allow them to be made instead by adding new bodies. Subdivided procedures can be implemented on top of procedural languages with a preprocessor that examines just a file of definitions; it does not need to examine procedure code. A restricted version of the mechanism implemented within the RPDE/sup 3/ environment framework has been in constant use for more than two years. Experience has shown that it facilitates extensible programming at little or no cost in call-time overhead.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Flow instability and wall shear stress variation in intracranial aneurysms (2009)

We investigate the flow dynamics and oscillatory behaviour of wall shear stress (WSS) vectors in intracranial aneurysms using high resolution numerical simulations. We analyse three representative patient-specific internal carotid arteries laden with aneurysms of different characteristics: (i) a wide-necked saccular aneurysm, (ii) a narrower-necked saccular aneurysm, and (iii) a case with two adjacent saccular aneurysms. Our simulations show that the pulsatile flow in aneurysms can be subject to a hydrodynamic instability during the decelerating systolic phase resulting in a high-frequency oscillation in the range of 20-50 Hz, even when the blood flow rate in the parent vessel is as low as 150 and 250 ml min(-1) for cases (iii) and (i), respectively. The flow returns to its original laminar pulsatile state near the end of diastole. When the aneurysmal flow becomes unstable, both the magnitude and the directions of WSS vectors fluctuate at the aforementioned high frequencies. In particular, the WSS vectors around the flow impingement region exhibit significant spatio-temporal changes in direction as well as in magnitude.
Path smoothing via discrete optimization (2008)

A fundamental problem in timing-driven physical synthesis is the reduction of critical paths in a design. In this work, we propose a powerful new technique that moves (and can also resize) multiple cells simultaneously to smooth critical paths, thereby reducing delay and improving worst negative slack or a figure-of-merit. Our approach offers several key advantages over previous formulations, including the accurate modeling of objectives and constraints in the true timing model, and a guarantee of legality for all cell locations.
Maintenance of pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells cultured on a synthetic substrate in conditioned medium (2009)

Realizing the potential clinical and industrial applications of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is limited by the need for costly, labile, or undefined growth substrates. Here we demonstrate that trypsin passaging of the hESC lines, HUES7 and NOTT1, on oxygen plasma etched tissue culture polystyrene (PE-TCPS) in conditioned medium is compatible with pluripotency. This synthetic culture surface is stable at room temperature for at least a year and is readily prepared by placing polystyrene substrates in a radio frequency oxygen plasma generator for 5 min. Modification of the polystyrene surface chemistry by plasma etching was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), which identified elemental and molecular changes as a result of the treatment. Pluripotency of hESCs cultured on PE-TCPS was gauged by consistent proliferation during serial passage, expression of stem cell markers (OCT4, TRA1-60, and SSEA-4), stable karyotype and multi-germlayer differentiation in vitro, including to pharmacologically responsive cardiomyocytes. Generation of cost-effective, easy-to-handle synthetic, defined, stable surfaces for hESC culture will expedite stem cell use in biomedical applications.
Pore‐size evaluation and gas transport behaviors of microporous membranes: An experimental and theoretical study (2015)

A modified gas‐translation (GT) model based on a GT mechanism was successfully applied to the pore‐size evaluation and gas transport behavior analysis of microporous membranes with different pore‐size distributions. Based on the gas permeation results of three microporous membranes derived from different alkoxides, the effects of activation energy and the selection of a standard gas on the pore‐size evaluation were discussed in a comparative study. The presence of nano‐sized defects had an important influence on the gas permeation performance of microporous membranes, depending largely on the original pore size of the membrane in question. Moreover, the gas‐separation effect of the pore‐size distribution in a silica membrane was theoretically studied and revealed a significant increase in gas permeance for relatively large gas species but not for small ones. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2268–2279, 2015
Generating artificial force for feedback control of teleoperated mobile robots (2003)

One of the most important issues in the teleoperation is to provide the sense of telepresence so as to conduct the task more reliably. In particular, teleoperated mobile robots need to have some kind of backup system when the operator is blind to the remote situation owing to failure of the vision system. In Hong S-G et al. (see Mechatronics), the idea of artificial force reflection was proposed to enhance the reliability of operation when the mobile robot travels over plain ground. We extend these results to help the teleoperator even when the robot climbs stairs. The extended artificial force reflection method has two modes: traveling on plain ground and climbing stairs. When traveling over plain ground, the force information is artificially generated using range data from the environment while generating the impulse force when climbing stairs. To verify the validity of our algorithm, we develop a simulator which consists of a joystick and visual display system. Through experiments using this system, we confirm the validity and effectiveness of our new artificial force reflection in teleoperated mobile robots.
Glucocorticoids Can Induce PTSD-Like Memory Impairments in Mice (2012)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by a hypermnesia of the trauma and by a memory impairment that decreases the ability to restrict fear to the appropriate context. Infusion of glucocorticoids in the hippocampus after fear conditioning induces PTSD-like memory impairments and an altered pattern of neural activation in the hippocampal-amygdalar circuit. Mice become unable to identify the context as the correct predictor of the threat and show fear responses to a discrete cue not predicting the threat in normal conditions. These data demonstrate PTSD-like memory impairments in rodents and identify a potential pathophysiological mechanism of this condition.
Efficient S<sub>N</sub>2 Fluorination of Primary and Secondary Alkyl Bromides by Copper(I) Fluoride Complexes (2013)

Copper(I) fluoride complexes ligated by phenanthroline derivatives have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. These complexes adopt as either ionic or neutral forms in the solid state, depending on the steric bulkiness of the substituent groups on the phenanthroline ligands. These complexes react with primary and secondary alkyl bromides to produce the corresponding alkyl fluorides in modest to good yields. This new method is compatible with a variety of important functional groups such as ether, thioether, amide, nitrile, methoxyl, hydroxyl, ketone, ester, and heterocycle moieties.
A comparison of plasma glutamine concentration in athletes from different sports (1998)

These data suggest that resting plasma glutamine concentration may vary between sports, possibly due to metabolic demands of the different sports; dietary factors may also affect plasma glutamine concentration.