gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Delay and current estimation in a CMOS inverter with an RC load (2001)

A novel and efficient method is presented for computing the delay and supply current pulse in a CMOS inverter with an RC load. The method builds on existing techniques for computing these quantities in the presence of a capacitance load. As in the work of other authors, the concept of an effective capacitance C/sub eff/ is used. However, here it captures the inverter's behavior only while the charging/discharging transistor is in saturation and, therefore, behaves like a current source to a good approximation. This capacitance is determined by means of a simple iterative procedure that uses an empirical piecewise-linear approximation to the RC circuit's output voltage, which has a normal CMOS symmetrical form. Since a C/sub eff/ defined in the above way is independent of the inverter's parameters, such as transistor size, the coefficients of the approximation have to be determined for only one reference inverter. A simple analytical method yields the inverter's output voltage outside the saturation region. The complete model has been shown to be accurate for both 0.8-/spl mu/m 5-V and 0.24-/spl mu/m 2.5-V CMOS technologies. Its speed is comparable to that of the "capacitance load" techniques that it relies on.
Computational mechanisms for action selection (1993)

Imagine a zebra in the African savannah. At each moment in time this zebra has to weigh up alternative courses of action before deciding which will be most beneficial to it. For instance, it may want to graze because it is short of food, or it may want to head towards a water hole because it is short of water, or it may want to remain motionless in order to avoid detection by the predator it can see lurking nearby. This is an example of the problem of action selection: how to choose, at each moment in time, the most appropriate out of a repertoire of possible actions. This thesis investigates action selection in a novel way and makes three main contribu¬ tions. Firstly, a description is given of a simulated environment which is an extensive and detailed simulation of the problem of action selection for animals. Secondly, this simulated environment is used to investigate the adequacy of several theories of ac¬ tion selection such as the drive model, Lorenz's hydraulic model and Maes' spreading activation network. Thirdly, a new approach to action selection is developed which determines the most appropriate action in a principled way, and which does not suffer from the inherent shortcomings found in other methods.
Enteric descending and afferent neural signaling stimulated by giant migrating contractions: essential contributing factors to visceral pain (2006)

We investigated whether strong compression of an intestinal segment by giant migrating contractions (GMCs) initiates pseudoaffective signals from the gut, similar to those initiated by its distension with a balloon. The experiments were performed on conscious dogs by using close intra-arterial infusions of test substances that affect the receptors only in the infused segment. The stimulation of GMCs by close intra-arterial infusion of CGRP or distension of an intestinal segment by balloon increased the heart rate; the increase in heart rate was greater when the balloon distension and GMCs occurred concurrently in separate intestinal segments. The suppression of contractility in the distended segment blocked the increase in heart rate. By contrast, the stimulation of rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) or their spontaneous occurrence did not increase the heart rate. The occurrence of GMCs as well as intestinal distension also produced descending inhibition. The descending inhibition was blocked by the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, but it was unaffected by the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, purinergic receptors P2X and P2Y, and muscarinic receptors M(1) and M(2). The synaptic transmission for descending inhibition was mediated primarily by nicotinic receptors and activation of nitric oxide synthase. It was unaffected by the inhibition of tachykinin receptors NK(1), NK(2), and NK(3); serotonin receptors 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2)/5-HT(1C), 5-HT(3), and 5-HT(4); and muscarinic receptors. Our findings show that GMCs, but not RPCs, initiate pseudoaffective signals from the gut. In the presence of visceral hypersensitivity or impaired descending inhibition, the GMCs may become a noxious stimulus.
Curing behavior and thermal mechanical properties of cyanate ester blends (2006)

Abstract Cyanate esters are a class of important thermally resistant polymers. To tailor their processability and thermomechanical properties, a series of cyanate ester blends based on a trifunctional novolac cyanate ester (HF‐5), a difunctional bisphenol E cyanate ester (HF‐9), and a reactive catalyst [2,2′‐diallyl bisphenol A (DBA)] were formulated. The effect of the blend composition on the rheology and curing behavior of these cyanate ester blends and the corresponding thermal and mechanical properties of the cured cyanate ester blends was studied. The results showed that HF‐5 contributed to good mechanical property retention at high temperatures because of its trifunctionality, whereas HF‐9 imparted processability by reducing the viscosity and extending the pot life of the formulated cyanate ester blends at the processing temperature. On the basis of the results, an optimal cyanate ester blend suitable for resin transfer molding was determined: the HF‐5/HF‐9/DBA weight ratio of 80 : 15 : 5 exhibited good processability and thermomechanical properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4284–4290, 2006
A facile microwave enhanced synthesis of sulfur-containing 5-membered heterocycles derived from 2-mercaptobenzothiazole over ZnCl<sub>2</sub>/DMF and antimicrobial activity evaluation (2006)

An efficient and extremely fast procedure for the synthesis of 4-thiazolidinones 4a–j by the reaction of arylidene-[(2-benzothiazolylthio)-acetamidyl] 3a–j with thioglycolic acid in DMF in the presence of a catalytic amount of anhydrous ZnCl 2 under microwave irradiation is described. A considerable increase in the reaction rate has been observed with better yield in microwave technique. All the compounds have been screened for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC-64550), Candida krusei (ATCC-14243) and Candida parapsilosis (ATCC-22019) and antibacterial activity against Escherchia coli (Gram−ve) (ATCC-8739), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+ve) (ATCC-6538) and Bacillus substilis (Gram+ve) (ATCC-6633). The structures of the synthesised compounds 4a–j have been characterized on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data.
Kinetics and Mechanism in the Homogeneous Oxidation of Hexenes Catalyzed by Palladium Acetate (1974)

1-Hexene (I) reacts with Pd(OAc)2 in HOAc at 25°C yielding first Pd3(1,2,3-h3-C6H11)2(OAc)4 and then Pd2(1,2,3-h3-C6H11)2(OAc)2. cis-2-Hexene(II) forms similar complexes. 1-Hexene I reduces Pd3(OAc)6 with formation of 1-hexen-2-yl acetate, 2-hexanone, etc. and isomerizes to 2-hexenes. With Pd3(OAc)6, I is oxidized by O2 to esters as before. Small amounts of hexenols and hexenones are formed by free radical reactions. Under conditions of catalytic oxidation the yield of 2-hexenes is 1.4 times that of oxidized products suggesting sequential reactions. 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene is similarly oxidized by O2 to 3,3-dimethyl-1-buten-2-yl acetate. The yield is 50% of that expected on O2 consumption. Palladium acetate also catalyzes the oxidation of II to hexenols and allylic esters, etc. Oxidation of II is slow and inhibited by quinol. Empirical rate laws are given.
Through a Glass Darkly: The Case against Pilkington plc. under the New U.S. Department of Justice International Enforcement Policy (1996)

An inquiry into subject matter jurisdiction under the 1995 Guidelines and in U.S. v. Pilkington, plc. requires a brief examination of the history of extraterritorial enforcement policy since the mid-1970s. This is set forth in section II. Next, in section III, the comment analyzes the ebb and flow of judicial approaches to U.S. antitrust subject matter jurisdiction, focusing on the pre- and post-FTAIA eras. Section IV looks specifically at the 1995 Guideline and the Justice Department's grounds for asserting U.S. subject matter jurisdiction against Pilkington. In doing so, the comment suggests that in an interdependent global economy, an aggressive jurisdictional philosophy risks embroiling U.S. courts in disputes involving the competitive structure of transnational and foreign markets. While guarding U.S. domestic commerce from the direct spillover effects of international trade is a well accepted justification for aggressive antitrust enforcement, defending U.S. export opportunities has a "more ambiguous position in antitrust theory" and seems closer to competition policy and less like legal theory.19 Finally, in section V, the comment concludes that if U.S. international antitrust enforcement policy continues on its present course, it risks becoming a tool of strategic trade policy rather than a compliable body of public law.
Electrical conductivity and major mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotube‐filled polyurethane foams (2011)

Abstract The carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/rigid polyurethane (PU) foam composites with a low percolation threshold of ∼ 1.2 wt % were prepared by constructing effective conductive paths with homogeneous dispersion of the CNTs in both the cell walls and struts of the PU foam. The conductive foam presented excellent electrical stability under various temperature fields, highlighting the potential applications for a long‐term use over a wide temperature range from 20 to 180°C. Compression measurements and dynamical mechanical analysis indicated 31% improvement in compression properties and 50% increase in storage modulus at room temperature in the presence of CNTs (2.0 wt %). Additionally, the incorporation of only 0.5 wt % CNTs induced remarkable thermal stabilization of the matrix, with the degradation temperature increasing from 450 to 499°C at the 50% weight loss. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Aspect Ratio and Loading Effects of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Epoxy for Electrically Conductive Adhesives (2008)

Isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs) filled with metal particles are commercially available as alternatives to solder joining in electronic packaging. Replacing metal fillers with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) offers the potential benefits of being corrosion resistant, high strength and lightweight. Traditional metal filled ICAs require high metal loading to ensure electrical conductivity, which may cause problems with respect to reliability and strength to weight ratio. The ultra-high aspect ratio and surface area of multiwall carbon nanotubes induce a low percolation threshold of less than 0.25 wt% in epoxy. MWCNTs dispersed in epoxy increase the thermal diffusivity of the polymer by a factor of 2 to 3 and decrease the volume resitivity to less than 10 Ω cm for loadings up to 12 wt%. Lap shear strength decreases with increased MWCNT loading. The dependences of electrical, thermal and mechanical properties on loading and aspect ratio of MWCNTs are reported, and the electrical conduction mechanism is discussed.
Development of a miniature ultrasonic motor using a helical coil as a stator (2006)

Preliminary results for the development of a miniature ultrasonic motor that operates as a traveling wave type ultrasonic motor without the need for a preload spring are presented. The newly developed motor consists of a rotor and a stator that is a helical coil wound inside or outside of the rotor. The coil is constructed using an acoustic waveguide of SUS. An ultrasonic transducer was attached at the end of the waveguide, and the obtained experimental results verify the basic principle of the motor. The torque and revolution speed for a typical motor having a diameter of 2 mm and a length of 5 mm were 60 µN⋅m and 5,000 - 9,000 r.p.m., respectively.
Encapsulated transgene cells attenuate hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and enhance renal function in Goldblatt hypertensive rats (2004)

This study demonstrates the usefulness of encapsulated ANP gene transfected cells as a new tool for ANP gene delivery in studying renovascular hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, our results may have important implications for clinical use of transgene cells as therapeutic agents in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of<b><i>Acronychia pedunculata</i></b>(L.) Miq. from Vietnam (2008)

The chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil isolated from aerial parts of Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. from Vietnam are reported. Analysis was carried out by GC (RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR. Thirty-four compounds were identified, accounting for 92.8% of the oil. The major constituents were alpha-pinene (57.4%) and (E)-beta-caryophyllene (13.6%). The essential oil of A. pedunculata was shown to possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against various bacteria, particularly Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Biogenesis and Biomimetic Chemistry: Can Complex Natural Products Be Assembled Spontaneously? (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1/2008) (2007)

Abstract The cover picture shows three representative structures of complex natural products. They exemplify the main topic discussed in the Microreview by E. Gravel and E. Poupon on p. 27 ff: To what extent can natural substances be assembled spontaneously in nature? The modular architecture of the Pompidou Centre for modern art and creation in Paris has been chosen as a background. Indeed, this masterpiece of architectural design has obvious references to the complexity of living systems.
Genetic interactions between KAR2 and SEC63, encoding eukaryotic homologues of DnaK and DnaJ in the endoplasmic reticulum. (1993)

KAR2 encodes the yeast homologue of mammalian BiP, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident member of the HSP70 family. Kar2p has been shown to be required for the translocation of proteins across the ER membrane as well as nuclear fusion. Sec63, an ER integral membrane protein that shares homology with the Escherichia coli DnaJ protein, is also required for translocation. In this paper we describe several specific genetic interactions between these two proteins, Kar2p and Sec63p. First, temperature-sensitive mutations in KAR2 and SEC63 form synthetic lethal combinations. Second, dominant mutations in KAR2 are allele-specific suppressors for the temperature-sensitive growth and translocation defect of sec63-1. Third, the sec63-1, unlike other translocation defective mutations, results in the induction of KAR2 mRNA levels. Taken together, these genetic interactions suggest that Kar2p and Sec63p interact in vivo in a manner similar to that of the E. coli HSP70, DnaK, and DnaJ. We propose that the interaction between these two proteins is critical to their function in protein translocation.
Analysis of Automated Aircraft Conflict Resolution and Weather Avoidance (2009)

This paper describes an analysis of using trajectory-based automation to resolve both aircraft and weather constraints for near-term air traffic management decision making. The auto resolution algorithm developed and tested at NASA-Ames to resolve aircraft to aircraft conflicts has been modified to mitigate convective weather constraints. Modifications include adding information about the size of a gap between weather constraints to the routing solution. Routes that traverse gaps that are smaller than a specific size are not used. An evaluation of the performance of the modified autoresolver to resolve both conflicts with aircraft and weather was performed. Integration with the Center-TRACON Traffic Management System was completed to evaluate the effect of weather routing on schedule delays.
Heat Transfer Study on A Bioaerosol Sampling Cyclone (2008)

Computational fluid dynamics, supplemented by theoretical analyses, is used to study turbulent heat transfer in a wetted wall bioaerosol sampling cyclone. The cyclone is designed to operate at temperatures as low as -20ºC so heat must be applied to prevent the liquid (water) from freezing. For the particular application of interest, which is a cyclone with a flow rate of 1250 L/min, the electrical power for heating is limited to 350 W and the local temperature of the heated wall must be properly controlled. The inner wall of the cyclone has a liquid film, which is formed from impact of droplets that are created from atomization of the liquid upstream of the cyclone body. Calculations showed that the mean diameter of the droplets was about 42 μm and they would not freeze in air at temperatures as low as -40ºC. A commercially available CFD package, Fluent, was used in the numerical simulations to predict the turbulent heat transfer coefficients at the cyclone surface, to design heaters, and to study the temperature response of the cyclone wall. A skimmer, which is used to separate the collection liquid from the air stream, was re-designed based on CFD findings. Compared with an earlier cyclone, the power consumption for heating is significantly reduced, yet the new system can be operated at lower temperatures with higher air flow rates. CFD predictions were experimentally tested and good agreement was obtained.
HOPCTP: A Robust Channel Categorization Data Preservation Scheme for Industrial Healthcare Internet of Things (2022)

In this article, we present a robust channel categorization scheme to fix data privacy and preservation problems in an Industrial Healthcare Internet of Things (IHC-IoT) network. The proposed model categorizes the transmission bandwidth into four independent channels for each device by defining triggering rules with respect to time for reception and transmission of data. Besides, our developed prototype, which is known as high optimal path channel triggering protocol (HOPCTP) ensures data privacy and preservation utilizing minimal network resources in an IHC-IoT network. Furthermore, the HOPCTP prototype enables client-side devices to transmit and receive data with four different independent communication channels following the triggering mechanism to avoid adversary device anticipation in the network. The categorized channels are triggered with a defined time period to change their transmission and reception functionality, which triggers the transmitted data between different channels. Same data transmission via four different channels ensures the confidentiality and integrity of data because if an attacker captures one channel of data, he will not be able to understand the full message. The convalescent communication infrastructure is developed among patient wearable devices followed by cluster heads, micro base station, and macro base station to ensure data privacy and preservation with better communication metrics. In addition, the objective of the HOPCTP prototype is to resolve the data privacy issues in delay-sensitive applications, i.e., IHC-IoT networks. To achieve this, the HOPCTP prototype promotes data preservation and communication in terms of authenticity, congestion, throughput, communication cost, and packet loss ratio. The result statistics of the proposed scheme demonstrate remarkable improvement over the existing schemes for aforementioned comparative metrics.
Honokiol traverses the blood-brain barrier and induces apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells via an intrinsic bax-mitochondrion-cytochrome c-caspase protease pathway (2012)

Neuroblastomas, an embryonic cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, often occur in young children. Honokiol, a small-molecule polyphenol, has multiple therapeutic effects and pharmacological activities. This study was designed to evaluate whether honokiol could pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induce death of neuroblastoma cells and its possible mechanisms. Primary cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) prepared from mouse brain capillaries were cultured at a high density for 4 days, and these cells formed compact morphologies and expressed the ZO-1 tight-junction protein. A permeability assay showed that the CEC-constructed barrier obstructed the passing of FITC-dextran. Analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography and the UV spectrum revealed that honokiol could traverse the CEC-built junction barrier and the BBB of ICR mice. Exposure of neuroblastoma neuro-2a cells and NB41A3 cells to honokiolinduced cell shrinkage and decreased cell viability. In parallel, honokiol selectively induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis rather than cell necrosis. Sequential treatment of neuro-2a cells with honokiol increased the expression of the proapoptotic Bax protein and its translocation from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. Honokiol successively decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential but increased the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Consequently, honokiol induced cascade activation of caspases-9, -3, and -6. In comparison, reducing caspase-6 activity by Z-VEID-FMK, an inhibitor of caspase-6, simultaneously attenuated honokiol-induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Taken together, this study showed that honokiol can pass through the BBB and induce apoptotic insults to neuroblastoma cells through a Bax-mitochondrion-cytochrome c-caspase protease pathway. Therefore, honokiol may be a potential candidate drug for treating brain tumors.
The Evolution and Expression Pattern of Human Overlapping lncRNA and Protein-coding Gene Pairs (2017)

Long non-coding RNA overlapping with protein-coding gene (lncRNA-coding pair) is a special type of overlapping genes. Protein-coding overlapping genes have been well studied and increasing attention has been paid to lncRNAs. By studying lncRNA-coding pairs in human genome, we showed that lncRNA-coding pairs were more likely to be generated by overprinting and retaining genes in lncRNA-coding pairs were given higher priority than non-overlapping genes. Besides, the preference of overlapping configurations preserved during evolution was based on the origin of lncRNA-coding pairs. Further investigations showed that lncRNAs promoting the splicing of their embedded protein-coding partners was a unilateral interaction, but the existence of overlapping partners improving the gene expression was bidirectional and the effect was decreased with the increased evolutionary age of genes. Additionally, the expression of lncRNA-coding pairs showed an overall positive correlation and the expression correlation was associated with their overlapping configurations, local genomic environment and evolutionary age of genes. Comparison of the expression correlation of lncRNA-coding pairs between normal and cancer samples found that the lineage-specific pairs including old protein-coding genes may play an important role in tumorigenesis. This work presents a systematically comprehensive understanding of the evolution and the expression pattern of human lncRNA-coding pairs.