gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method and apparatus for controlled size distribution of gel microspheres formed from aqueous dispersions. [Patent application] (1982)

The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for making a population of dense, closely size-controlled microspheres by sol-gel procedures wherein said microspheres are characterized by a significant percentage of said population being within a predetermined, relatively narrow size range. This is accomplished by subjecting aqueous dispersions of a sol, within a water-immiscible organic liquid to a turbulent flow. Microsphere populations thus provided are useful in vibratory-packed processes for nuclear fuels to be irradiated in LWR- and FBR-type nuclear reactors.
Pyrimidine dimers in DNA initiate systemic immunosuppression in UV-irradiated mice. (1992)

Exposing the skin of mice to UV radiation interferes with the induction of delayed and contact hypersensitivity immune responses initiated at nonirradiated sites. The identity of the molecular target in the skin for these immunosuppressive effects of UV radiation remains controversial. To test the hypothesis that DNA is the target for UV-induced systemic immunosuppression, we exposed C3H mice to UV radiation and then used liposomes to deliver a dimer-specific excision repair enzyme into the epidermis in situ. The application of T4 endonuclease V encapsulated in liposomes to UV-irradiated mouse skin decreased the number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the epidermis and prevented suppression of both delayed and contact hypersensitivity responses. Moreover, the formation of suppressor lymphoid cells was inhibited. Control, heat-inactivated endonuclease encapsulated in liposomes had no effect. These studies demonstrate that DNA is the major target of UV radiation in the generation of systemic immunosuppression and suggest that the primary molecular event mediating these types of immunosuppression by UV radiation is the formation of pyrimidine dimers. Furthermore, they illustrate that the delivery of lesion-specific DNA repair enzymes to living skin after UV irradiation is an effective tool for restoring immune function and suggest that this approach may be broadly applicable to preventing other alterations caused by DNA damage.
High conversion efficiency of Japanese cedar hydrolyzates into acetic acid by co‐culture of <i>Clostridium thermoaceticum</i> and <i>Clostridium thermocellum</i> (2015)

Abstract BACKGROUND Acetic acid is an important reagent and precursor in chemical and material industries. It is largely manufactured from fossil resources, but with increasing environmental concerns and uncertain petroleum availability, producing organic acids from renewable biomass has become a priority. Several researchers have demonstrated acetic acid production from model compounds, food products or a minor portion of lignocellulosic biomass but the simultaneous fermentation of all biomass‐derived products has not been reported yet. This work demonstrates the unique capabilities of Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium thermocellum in co‐culture to convert most products obtained from hot‐compressed water treatment of Japanese cedar into acetic acid. RESULTS Under an optimal pH found to be 6.5, most cello‐oligosaccharides and xylo‐oligosaccharides as well as the majority of monosaccharides were completely consumed after 40 h, while the lignin‐derived products, organic acids, decomposed and dehydrated compounds required 72 h to be fermented. Overall, it was found that most of the water‐soluble lignocellulosic hydrolyzates were successfully transformed into acetic acid, leading to a high carbon conversion efficiency of 84.9%. CONCLUSION Biomass‐derived compounds from hot‐compressed water treatment were efficiently converted to acetic acid, a valuable intermediate for further biotechnological production of chemicals and materials to substitute fossil‐derived ones. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Photoresponsive Liquid Marbles and Dry Water (2014)

Stimuli-responsive liquid marbles for controlled release typically rely on organic moieties that require lengthy syntheses. We report herein a facile, one-step synthesis of hydrophobic and oleophobic TiO2 nanoparticles that display photoresponsive wettability. Water liquid marbles stabilized by these photoresponsive TiO2 particles were found to be stable when shielded from ultraviolet (UV) radiation; however, they quickly collapsed after being irradiated with 302 nm UV light. Oil- and organic-solvent-based liquid marbles could also be fabricated using oleophobic TiO2 nanoparticles and show similar UV-induced collapse. Finally, we demonstrated the formation of the micronized form of water liquid marbles, also known as dry water, by homogenization of the TiO2 nanoparticles with water. The TiO2 dry water displayed a similar photoresponse, whereby the micronized liquid marbles collapsed after irradiation and the dry water turned from a free-flowing powder to a paste. Hence, by exploiting the photoresponsive wettability of TiO2, we fabricated liquid marbles and dry water that display photoresponse and studied the conditions required for their collapse.
Injection Tests as a Reliable Alternative to Conventional Well Testing: A Real Field Experience (2006)

Abstract Environmental constraints and high costs, especially offshore, are making conventional well testing less and less feasible and accepted by the public Administration. New options were thoroughly evaluated to find a viable alternative to standard production tests for characterizing the well productivity without surface production. An accurate investigation demonstrated that injection tests could provide all the information needed to calculate the well productivity at reasonably low costs and with a good degree of reliability. Based on the results of laboratory and field pilot tests it was proved that injectivity tests could be successfully applied in a real sour oil field. Laboratory tests proved that brine could be a suitable injection fluid because there were no compatibility problems with the oil and the reservoir rock. It was verified that the interpretation of the pressure transients should be referred to the fall-off period rather than to the injection phase. The formation permeability thickness product (kh) could be correctly identified from the pressure derivative analysis only if multiphase-flow was assumed. The total skin value could also be obtained from the test interpretation. The total skin comprises two components, a mechanical component due to permeability damage, and a bi-phase component due to fluid interaction in the reservoir. The biphase skin could only be evaluated with numerical well testing, provided that the fluid relative permeability curves were available. It was also demonstrated that the bi-phase component mainly depends on the injection rate, but is independent from the formation permeability. Then, the well-known transient equation was applied to determine the well productivity index (PI) based on the kh and the mechanical skin. PI values calculated from injection tests compared satisfactorily with PI values measured from 6 DST tests performed on appraisal wells.
Decoupled Range and Orientation Sensing in Long-Range Magnetoquasistatic Positioning (2014)

A technique using magnetoquasistatic fields has been shown to enable accurate ranging in non-line-of-sight environments. Due to the nonlinear field coupling equations, the technique suffers when extended to 2-D and 3-D due to the coupling of range and orientation errors combined with the nonlinear convergence of the solution. Using a 2-axis transmit-receive concept, a theory is presented to decouple range and orientation. The results are linear orientation-invariant ranging and linear range-invariant orientation sensing. Measurements inverted using the decoupled equations demonstrate peak orientation-invariant range errors of 0.2-0.4 m for a range of up to over 40 m, and peak range-invariant orientation errors of 1°-7°.
Cracking Energy Density as a Predictor of Fatigue Life under Multiaxial Conditions (2002)

Abstract Rubber parts in service often experience complex strain histories that can cause mechanical failure. The ability to predict the effects of complex strain histories on fatigue life is therefore a critical need. This paper presents recent results of cyclic, combined tension/torsion fatigue experiments, and compares them with predictions based on a new parameter, the Cracking Energy Density. The Cracking Energy Density is the stored elastic energy density that is available to a crack on a given material plane, and can be calculated for an arbitrarily complex strain history. The ability of Cracking Energy Density to predict the fatigue life and cracking plane is evaluated for both in-phase and out-of-phase histories of combined axial and shear strain.
A Simple Preparative Procedure to Extract and Purify Protein G from Group G Streptococci (1991)

A rapid method for the solubilization of the bacterial type III Fc binding protein, protein G, from a group G streptococcus is described. Treatment of intact bacteria with cyanogen bromide results in the solubilization of a homogeneous Mr approximately 50,000 protein which retains IgG and human serum albumin binding properties. The solubilized protein could be purified to homogeneity by molecular sieving chromatography and retained all of the functional properties of the native protein.
Combined Effects of Surface Charge and Pore Size on Co-Enhanced Permeability and Ion Selectivity through RGO-OCNT Nanofiltration Membranes (2018)

Nanofiltration (NF) has received much attention for wastewater treatment and desalination. However, NF membranes generally suffer from the trade-off between permeability and selectivity. In this work, the coenhancement of permeability and ion selectivity was achieved through tuning the surface charge and pore size of oxidized carbon nanotube (OCNT) intercalated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) membranes. With the increase of OCNT content from 0 to 83%, the surface charge and the pore size were increased. The permeability increased to 10.6 L m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> bar<sup>-1</sup> and rejection rate reached 78.1% for Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> filtration at a transmembrane pressure of 2 bar, which were 11.8 and 1.3 times higher than those of pristine RGO membrane. The composite membrane also showed 11.1 times higher permeability (11.1 L m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> bar<sup>-1</sup>) and 2.9 times higher rejection rate (35.3%) for NaCl filtration. The analyses based on Donnan steric pore model suggest that the increased permeability is attributed to the combined effects of enlarged pore size and increased surface charge, while the enhanced ion selectivity is mainly dependent on the electrostatic interaction between the membrane and target ions. This finding provides a new insight for the development of high-performance NF membranes in water treatment and desalination.
Successful histocompatible myoblast transplantation in dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse despite the production of antibodies against dystrophin. (1995)

Myoblast transplantation has been considered a potential treatment for some muscular disorders. It has proven very successful, however, only in immunodeficient or immunosuppressed mice. In this study, myoblasts from C57BL10J +/+ mice were transplanted, with no immunosuppressive treatment, in the tibialis anterior of fully histocompatible but dystrophin-deficient C57BL10J mdx/mdx mice. One to 9 months after transplantation, the success of the graft was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. All the transplanted mice (n = 24) developed dystrophin-positive fibers following transplantation. Depending on myoblast cultures, transplantations, and time of analysis, the mice presented 15 to 80% of dystrophin-positive fibers in transplanted muscles. These fibers were correctly oriented and they were either from donor or hybrid origin. The dystrophin-positive fibers remained stable up to 9 months. Possible humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated after grafting. Antibodies directed against dystrophin and/or muscle membrane were developed by 58% of the mice as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Despite the presence of these antibodies, dystrophin-positive fibers were still present in grafted muscles 9 months after transplantation. Moreover, the muscles did not show massive infiltration by CD4 cells, CD8 cells, or macrophages, as already described in myoblast allotransplantations. This lack of rejection was attributed to the sequestrated nature of dystrophin after fiber formation. These results indicate that myoblast transplantation leads to fiber formation when immunocompetent but fully histocompatible donors and recipients are used and that dystrophin incompatibility alone is not sufficient to induce an immunological rejection reaction.
Searching for the optimal materials for phase change random access memories (2012)

This paper discusses several key items needed to be considered for phase change random access memory applications from material selection points of view, which include data retention, write speed, cycling endurance, and fabrication process. Various characterization skills were used to probe the properties of the materials, which help to evaluate the feasibility for applying them in future products.
Terahertz plasmon polariton formed in a Fabry–Pérot cavity and a grating-coupled two-dimensional electron gas (2013)

Localized plasmon modes are excited and probed in a large-area grating-gate GaN/AlGaN high-electron-mobility transistor structure embedded in a Fabry-Pérot cavity using a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) at cryogenic temperature. Determined by the length of grating finger and the electron concentration, the frequency of localized plasmon modes can be continuously tuned by the gate voltage in the spectral range from 0.1 THz to 1.5 THz. When the plasmon frequency is tuned to be in resonance with the terahertz Fabry-Pérot cavity mode, a strong coupling between the plasmon mode and the cavity mode is observed and the terahertz plasmon-polaritons are formed in such a cavity-coupled two-dimensional electron system. The electromagnetic simulations have confirmed the strong coupling between them.
Non-contrast peripheral angiography at 3T using QISS: improving venous suppression (2014)

Background Quiescent Interval Single Shot (QISS) has emerged as a robust technique for non-enhanced angiography of peripheral arteries (1). It has been clinically validated with contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) (2,3). Both of these validation studies were performed at 1.5T field strength. Although the initial experience with QISS at 3T using similar imaging parameters as those at 1.5T were promising, venous suppression was inadequate in the thigh and pelvic regions of some patients (4,5). In this work, we present a strategy to improve venous signal suppression with the QISS sequence at 3T. Methods The imaging parameters were similar to those reported earlier for QISS at 1.5T (2) with the following exception: the tracking saturation pulse for venous signal attenuation was replaced with an adiabatic inversion pulse (hyperbolic secant). This enables a more homogenous venous suppression at 3T than is possible with regular sinc pulse due to B1 inhomogeneity. The prototype sequence was tested in three volunteers in a 3T system (MAGNETOM Skyra, Siemens Healthcare). Results
Power output enhancement of a laser-produced Cd plasma recombination laser by plasma confinement (1980)

Enhancements of over a factor of 22 in power output and a factor of 130 in energy output of a laser-produced Cd plasma recombination laser have been achieved by using guides to confine and elongate the plasma and control its cooling. Such techniques may prove useful in increasing the efficiency of recombination lasers and also in enhancing the prospects of scaling these devices to shorter wavelengths.
A Study of Linear Joint and Tool Models in Spindle-Holder-Tool Receptance Coupling (2005)

The dynamics of a spindle-holder-tool (SHT) system during high-speed machining is sensitive to changes in tool overhang length. A well-known method for predicting the limiting depth of cut for avoidance of tool chatter requires a good estimate of the tool-point frequency response (FRF) of the combined system, which depends upon the tool length. In earlier work, a combined analytical and experimental method has been discussed, that uses receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) for the rapid prediction of the combined spindle-holder-tool FRF. The basic idea of the method is to combine the measured direct displacement vs. force receptance (i.e., frequency response) at the free end of the spindle-holder (SH) system with calculated expressions for the tool receptances based on analytical models. The tool was modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli (EB) beam, the other three spindle-holder receptances were set equal to zero, and the model for the connection with the tool led to a diagonal matrix. The main conclusion of the earlier work was that there was an exponential trend in the dominant connection parameter, which enabled interpolation between tip receptance data for the longest and shortest tools in the combined SHT system. Thus, a considerable savings in time and effort could be realized for the particular SHT system. A question left open in the earlier work was: how general is this observed exponential trend? Here, to explore this question further, an analytical EB model is used for the SH system, so that all four of its end receptances are available, and the tool is again modeled as a free-free EB beam that is connected to the SH by a specified connection matrix, that includes nonzero off-diagonal terms. This serves as the “exact” solution. The approximate solution is once again formed by setting all but one SH receptance equal to zero, and the connection parameters are determined using nonlinear least squares software. Both diagonal and full connection matrices are investigated. The main result is that, for this system, in the case of a diagonal connecting matrix, there is no apparent trend in the dominant connecting spring stiffness with tool overhang length. However, in the full connecting matrix case, a general constant trend is observed, with some interesting exceptions.
Intracavity optical bistability due to thermally induced changes in absorption and refraction (1985)

Optical bistability in the presence of an optically induced absorption is observed when a thin 13 μm CdS sample is inserted between two mirrors of 90 percent reflectivity. In our experiment, a modulated CW laser of about 15 mW peak power is tuned on each side of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</tex> free exciton resonance in CdS, and the transmission characteristics are studied. A theoretical calculation is presented and good agreement is obtained.
<i>AtALMT1</i> , which encodes a malate transporter, is identified as one of several genes critical for aluminum tolerance in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2006)

Aluminum (Al) tolerance in Arabidopsis is a genetically complex trait, yet it is mediated by a single physiological mechanism based on Al-activated root malate efflux. We investigated a possible molecular determinant for Al tolerance involving a homolog of the wheat Al-activated malate transporter, ALMT1. This gene, named AtALMT1 (At1g08430), was the best candidate from the 14-member AtALMT family to be involved with Al tolerance based on expression patterns and genomic location. Physiological analysis of a transferred DNA knockout mutant for AtALMT1 as well as electrophysiological examination of the protein expressed in Xenopus oocytes showed that AtALMT1 is critical for Arabidopsis Al tolerance and encodes the Al-activated root malate efflux transporter associated with tolerance. However, gene expression and sequence analysis of AtALMT1 alleles from tolerant Columbia (Col), sensitive Landsberg erecta (Ler), and other ecotypes that varied in Al tolerance suggested that variation observed at AtALMT1 is not correlated with the differences observed in Al tolerance among these ecotypes. Genetic complementation experiments indicated that the Ler allele of AtALMT1 is equally effective as the Col allele in conferring Al tolerance and Al-activated malate release. Finally, fine-scale mapping of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for Al tolerance on chromosome 1 indicated that AtALMT1 is located proximal to this QTL. These results indicate that AtALMT1 is an essential factor for Al tolerance in Arabidopsis but does not represent the major Al tolerance QTL also found on chromosome 1.
Increased Internal Noise Cannot Account for Motion Coherence Processing Deficits in Migraine (2011)

Individuals with migraine, in-between migraine events, have previously exhibited higher coherence thresholds for global motion tasks than headache-free controls. The underlying mechanism is unclear. Studies have proposed that the visual cortex of migraineurs is hyperexcitable either through reduced inhibitory function or increased neuronal excitation either of which may result in increased internal (neuronal) noise. In this study, we examine whether increased internal noise can explain motion processing differences in migraine. The amount of internal noise was estimated using an N-Pass method which requires several runs, or passes, of identical stimuli to be completed by the participant with responses correlated across runs. Internal noise results in inconsistent responses to identical stimuli across different runs. Thirteen participants who experienced migraine (4 migraine with aura, 9 migraine without aura aged: 19–40) and 15 headache-free controls (aged: 24–34) participated in the current study. Participants completed three psychophysical tasks: 1) detecting coherence in a global-motion stimulus, 2) discriminating the spiral angle in a glass pattern and 3) discriminating the spiral angle in a global-motion stimulus. Inclusion of spiral tasks allowed a comparison of the precision of spiral angle coding in both form and motion stimuli. The method of constant stimuli was used to obtain thresholds estimates. There were two levels of external noise (0 and noise sufficient to double threshold) added to the stimuli in the spiral motion and form tasks. Consistent with previous research, migraineurs had significantly higher motion coherence thresholds than controls (t(25) = 2.36, p < .05) but there were no significant threshold differences between the same groups on the spiral global-motion and global-form tasks. Internal noise estimates were also equivalent across groups in all of the tasks, suggesting that differences in internal noise levels is not the mechanism driving higher motion coherence thresholds in migraine.