gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiosensitivity in Ataxia Telangiectasia Fibroblasts Is Not Associated with Deregulated Apoptosis (1998)

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is an autosomal recessive human disorder featuring diverse clinical abnormalities including proneness to cancer and extreme sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Although cells from AT patients exhibit faulty activation of the p53 signal transduction pathway at early times after radiation exposure, it has been proposed that high levels of DNA damage persisting in AT cells may up-regulate p53 through an ATM-independent mechanism at late times after irradiation, leading to cell death by apoptosis. In this study we demonstrate that diploid skin fibroblast strains homozygous for the AT mutation fail to up-regulate p53 protein at late times (< or = 48 h) after irradiation with 60Co gamma rays. Moreover, exposure of normal and AT fibroblasts to a dose of 8 Gy does not result in a significant increase in the fraction of apoptotic cells. Since this treatment reduces the clonogenic potential of human cells by at least two orders of magnitude, we conclude that apoptosis is not the primary mechanism of cell death induced by ionizing radiation in human normal and AT fibroblast cultures. Therefore, our results are not in accordance with the current hypothesis suggesting that increased radiosensitivity of AT cells is associated with deregulated apoptosis.
Ultrafast variable optical delay technique (2003)

We have demonstrated a new technique for achieving variable optical delay. Multiple copies of a dispersed optical pulse interfere and create an interference pattern in time. The central lobe may be time shifted by changing the optical phase relationship of the multiple copies of the dispersed pulse. The tuning speed is determined by the method used to induce the optical phase changes. The magnitude of the time tunability is determined by the amount of dispersion preceding the temporal grating generator. We believe this technique will have many important application areas, including optical networking and signal processing.
Regulatable liver expression of the rabbit apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1 (APOBEC-1) in mice lacking endogenous APOBEC-1 leads to aberrant hyperediting (2003)

Apolipoprotein (apo) B mRNA editing is the deamination of C(6666) to uridine, which results in translation of the apoB-48 protein instead of the genomically encoded apoB-100. ApoB-48-containing lipoproteins are cleared more rapidly from plasma and are less atherogenic than apoB-100-containing low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). In humans, the intestine predominantly produces apoB-48 whereas the liver secretes apoB-100 only. To evaluate a potential therapeutic use for liver-induced apoB mRNA editing in humans, we investigated the efficiency and safety of transgenic expression of apoB mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1 (APOBEC-1) in the absence of endogenous editing in the mouse model. Here we show that regulatable tetO-mediated APOBEC-1 expression in the livers of gene-targeted mice lacking endogenous APOBEC-1 results in 30% apoB mRNA editing. In a time-course experiment, the expression of tetO-APOBEC-1 mRNA was suppressed within 2 days after mice were fed doxycycline and apoB mRNA editing and apoB-48 formation were suppressed within 4 days. However, tetO-APOBEC-1 expression resulted in regulatable aberrant hyperediting of several cytidines downstream of C(6666) in apoB mRNA and in novel APOBEC-1 target 1 (NAT1) mRNA. Several of the cytidines in apoB mRNA were hyperedited to a level similar to that of C(6666), although editing at C(6666) was lower than that in wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that even moderate APOBEC-1 expression can lead to hyperediting, limiting the single-gene approach for gene therapy with APOBEC-1.
72‐1: <i>Distinguished Student Paper</i> : An Integral‐imaging‐based Head Mounted Light Field Display Using a Tunable Lens and Aperture Array (2017)

A head‐mounted light field display based on integral imaging is considered as one of the promising methods that can render correct or nearly correct focus cues and address the well‐known vergence‐accommodation conflict problem in head mounted displays. Despite its great potential, it still suffers some of the same limitations of conventional integral imaging based displays such as low spatial resolution and crosstalk. In this paper, we present a prototype design using tunable lens and aperture array to render 3D scenes over a large depth range while maintaining high image quality and minimizing crosstalk. Experimental results verify and show that the proposed design could significantly improve the viewing experience.
Observer design for boom cranes with double-pendulum effect (2009)

Under certain conditions the payload oscillation inherent to all crane systems cannot be described by a single-pendulum but shows a double-pendulum like behavior. In that case anti-sway concepts have to be adapted to the new system. For the here given application case the rope angles of the double-pendulum have to be reconstructed out of gyroscope signals, in order to make the full state information available. Therefore an observer concept is proposed which considers the double-pendulum dynamics, measurement errors, and disturbances such as higher natural oscillations of the rope itself. As the observers are based on the linear payload dynamics a sufficient representation is derived applying the Euler-Lagrange formalism. The models are validated by evaluating measurements obtained form an experimental setup. The final observer concept is implemented at a LIEBHERR harbor mobile crane. The measurement results are presented and discussed to show the performance of the proposed observers.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Highly Selective Halogenation of Aromatic Compounds (2005)

A simple and efficient procedure for the halogenation of aromatic compounds with NCS, NBS, NIS and NFSI in the presence of catalytic amount of ZrCl4 is described. Chlorination, bromination, iodination and fluorination of various aromatic compounds are performed with high selectivity under mild reaction conditions.
Probabilistic calibration of a simple resist model for simulation-based scoring of mask defects (2006)

Simulation-based scoring of mask defects is useful for technology nodes of 180 nm and below since wafer shapes can be quite different from those on the mask, and therefore not every defect has printing significance. An important issue for simulation-based scoring is calibrating the resist model. Calibration data is scarce for a variety of reasons, among them, (i) the mask shop is not privy to it, and (ii) the reticle-inspection machine may not visit calibration locations. Specifically, while is relatively easy to obtain the target critical dimension (CD) - the intended value of the smallest wafer CD for that mask, the cutline position for that target CD is uncertain. This work focuses on calibrating the simplest of resist models, a threshold, using only knowledge of the target CD. It quantifies the uncertainty in target cutline position with a probabilistic treatment. This shifts the question from, "What is a good threshold?" to, "What is NOT a bad threshold?" The answer is a range of thresholds that does not print sub-resolution features, and that does not grossly distort the ratio of inspection-image CD to wafer CD. Defect dispositioning is then based on the most pessimistic printability score for that threshold range. Given the uncertainty in resist-model calibration, it is appropriate to be conservative and assume the most pessimistic resist threshold.
Toward development of selective DXP synthase inhibitors (2012)

The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential in most human pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum . The first enzyme in this pathway, 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate (DXP) synthase, catalyzes the thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)‐dependent formation of DXP from D‐glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate (GAP) and pyruvate. Selective inhibition of this ThDP‐dependent transformation is a challenging goal in the development of isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors. However, we have determined that DXP synthase follows a random sequential mechanism, distinguishing it mechanistically from other ThDP‐dependent enzymes; thus, we are pursuing it as a potential drug target for the development of new anti‐infective agents. We hypothesize that substrate specificity studies will guide the design of selective inhibitors of DXP synthase. We have utilized nitroso compounds as reactive aldehyde isosteres to investigate substrate specificity and have shown that DXP synthase catalyzes C‐N bond formation using nitroso acceptor substrates. Nitrosonaphthols show remarkably high affinity for DXP synthase as substrates, but low affinity for the related ThDP‐dependent enzyme, PDH. In contrast, these alternative substrates for DXP synthase are weak inhibitors of DXP formation, suggestive of distinct substrate and inhibitor binding modes for this compound class. Our results point to opportunities for development of naphthyl–containing inhibitors that target the unique mechanism of DXP synthase.
<title>Narcotics and explosives detection by <formula><sup><roman>14</roman></sup></formula>N pure nuclear quadrupole resonance</title> (1994)

Pure nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) of <SUP>14</SUP>N nuclei is quite promising as a method for detecting explosives such as RDX and contraband narcotics such as cocaine and heroin in quantities of interest. Pure NQR is conducted without an external applied magnetic field, so potential concerns about damage to magnetically encoded data or exposure of personnel to large magnetic fields are not relevant. Because NQR frequencies of different compounds are quite distinct, we do not encounter false alarms from the NQR signals of other benign materials. We have constructed a proof-of-concept NQR explosives detector which interrogates a volume of 300 liters (10 ft<SUP>3</SUP>). With minimal modification to the existing explosives detector, we can detect operationally relevant quantities of (free base) cocaine within the 300-liter inspection volume in 6 seconds. We are presently extending this approach to the detection of heroin base and also examining <SUP>14</SUP>N and <SUP>35,37</SUP>Cl pure NQR for detection of the hydrochloride forms of both materials. An adaptation of this NQR approach may be suitable for scanning personnel for externally carried contraband and explosives. We first outline the basics of the NQR approach, highlighting strengths and weaknesses, and then present representative results for RDX and cocaine detection. We also present a partial compendium of relevant NQR parameters measured for some materials of interest.
Multiple-Target Tracking by Spatiotemporal Monte Carlo Markov Chain Data Association (2008)

We propose a framework for tracking multiple targets, where the input is a set of candidate regions in each frame, as obtained from a state-of-the-art background segmentation module, and the goal is to recover trajectories of targets over time. Due to occlusions by targets and static objects, as also by noisy segmentation and false alarms, one foreground region may not correspond to one target faithfully. Therefore, the one-to-one assumption used in most data association algorithms is not always satisfied. Our method overcomes the one-to-one assumption by formulating the visual tracking problem in terms of finding the best spatial and temporal association of observations, which maximizes the consistency of both motion and appearance of trajectories. To avoid enumerating all possible solutions, we take a Data-Driven Markov Chain Monte Carlo (DD-MCMC) approach to sample the solution space efficiently. The sampling is driven by an informed proposal scheme controlled by a joint probability model combining motion and appearance. Comparative experiments with quantitative evaluations are provided.
Low Power TCAMs for Very Large Forwarding Tables (2008)

Ternary content-addressable memories (TCAMs) may be used to obtain a simple and very fast implementation of a router's forwarding engine. The applicability of TCAMs is, however, limited by their size and high power requirement. Zane et al. (2003) proposed a method and associated algorithms to reduce the power needed to search a forwarding table using a TCAM. We improve on both the algorithms proposed by them. Additionally, we show how to couple TCAMs and high bandwidth SRAMs so as to overcome both the power and size limitations of a pure TCAM forwarding engine.
What Kind of Capsule Endoscope Is Suitable for a Controllable Self-Propelling Capsule Endoscope? Experimental Study Using a Porcine Stomach Model for Clinical Application (with Videos) (2015)

PillCamESO2 is most suitable in different three CEs for SPCE for examining lesions in detail of the stomach.
Physical properties of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide(Part 1). Study of Properties of Grinding and Wear. (1994)

Manganese Dioxide (EMD) is in general used for dry-batteries. This paper describes the physical properties of EMD, such as grinding, wear and crystal structures of BET surface area. The results obtained as follows;
Effective synchronization removal for Java (2000)

We present a new technique for removing unnecessary synchronization operations from statically compiled Java programs. Our approach improves upon current efforts based on escape analysis, as it can eliminate synchronization operations even on objects that escape their allocating threads. It makes use of a compact, equivalence-class-based representation that eliminates the need for fixed point operations during the analysis.
Retrieval of cloud base heights from passive microwave and cloud top temperature data (2000)

Water vapor profiling algorithms that treat liquid clouds explicitly yield a cloud base height as a byproduct. A single case of a water vapor profile retrieval using a combination of the SSM/T-2 on the DMSP satellite and cloud parameters from the AVHRR on the NOAA satellite retrieved a reasonable cloud base. While hardly definitive, this case is suggestive. The authors examine the cloud base signal in a combination of the SSM/1 and SSM/T-2 on the DMSP satellite from a theoretical point of view. It is shown that the signal is strong enough for a useful retrieval only over the ocean. For low altitudes, a cloud top temperature (CTT) constraint, as could be provided from an infrared radiometer, is required. While difficult with the DMSP-NOAA satellite combination, this has become much easier with the recent launch of NOAA-K with the AMSU-B and AVHRR. It is shown that the signal is acceptable over the relevant range of cloud liquid water content values. To achieve useful results, some local tuning of the algorithm will be necessary. This tuning could take the form of water vapor profile covariance matrices, climatological estimates of the cloud liquid water density, or purely empirical methods. Broken and multilayer clouds provide additional complications to the problem.
Efficient and Robust MIMO DSP Equalization in POLMUX OFDM Transmission with Direct Detection (2011)

We identify a novel efficiency-versus-robustness trade-off in POLMUX-OFDM-DD systems and present the first DSP-based switching rule that exploits it. We experimentally report 20.4% and 36.8% complexity reductions for 20km 16-QAM and 800km QPSK transmission, respectively.
Polyimide Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite Aerogels (2016)

Cellulose nanocrystals derived from tunicates (t-CNC) were used as a reinforcing nanofiller for polyimide aerogels. Two sets of polyimide aerogels, containing either 2,2′-dimethylbenzidine (DMBZ) or 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) and 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BPDA) cross-linked with 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (TAB), were studied. Total solids composition of the aerogels were kept constant at 7.5 wt %, with 0–13.33 wt % of the total solids being the carboxylic acid-functionalized t-CNC (t-CNC–COOH) filler. The incorporation of the t-CNC–COOH, with carboxylic acid content of either 560 or 920 mmol/kg, in the polyimide aerogel networks improved both physical and mechanical properties of the final materials. Isothermal aging of t-CNC–COOH aerogel composites was also conducted at 150 and 200 °C for 24 h. Higher content t-CNC–COOH/polyimide aerogels showed less change in their density and reduced shrinkage during aging, which further emphasized the effect of the t-CNC–COOH reinforcement in retaining the structural integrity of the aerogel.
Assessing Upper Extremity Motion: An Innovative Method to Identify Frailty (2015)

The suggested innovative upper extremity frailty assessment method integrates low-cost sensors, and the physical assessment is easily performed in less than 1 minute. The uniqueness of the proposed technology is its applicability in older nonambulatory individuals, such as those in emergency settings. Further improvement is warrant to make it suitable for routine clinical applications.
Time-varying sampling functions to improve dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (2003)

In dynamic MRI, extra information can be obtained by changing the sampling function from time frame to time frame. The method "unaliasing by Fourier-encoding the overlaps using the temporal dimension" (UNFOLD) provides a way to obtain such extra information, and convert it into desirable features (e.g. increase in temporal resolution, artifact suppression). This paper focuses on UNFOLD and its applications. Compared to the original presentation of the method, the description has been broadened here to account for recently proposed applications. A cardiac example is presented where UNFOLD is merged with the parallel imaging method "sensitivity encoding" (SENSE) to substantially reduce the artifact level.
Hierarchical and Interpretable Skill Acquisition in Multi-task Reinforcement Learning (2017)

Learning policies for complex tasks that require multiple different skills is a major challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). It is also a requirement for its deployment in real-world scenarios. This paper proposes a novel framework for efficient multi-task reinforcement learning. Our framework trains agents to employ hierarchical policies that decide when to use a previously learned policy and when to learn a new skill. This enables agents to continually acquire new skills during different stages of training. Each learned task corresponds to a human language description. Because agents can only access previously learned skills through these descriptions, the agent can always provide a human-interpretable description of its choices. In order to help the agent learn the complex temporal dependencies necessary for the hierarchical policy, we provide it with a stochastic temporal grammar that modulates when to rely on previously learned skills and when to execute new skills. We validate our approach on Minecraft games designed to explicitly test the ability to reuse previously learned skills while simultaneously learning new skills.
Treatment and Prophylaxis of Disseminated Infection Due to Candida albicans in Mice with Liposome-Encapsulated Amphotericin B (1983)

The toxicology of liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B in mice and its efficacy in the treatment and prophylaxis of systemic candidiasis in these animals were studied. The toxicology studies indicated that the maximal tolerated dose of free amphotericin B was 0.8 mg/kg of body weight and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was reached at 1.2 mg/kg, while neither the maximal tolerated dose nor the LD50 for the liposomal amphotericin B was reached at a dose of 12 mg/kg. No abnormalities in blood chemistry or histology were observed in the animals injected with encapsulated amphotericin B, while the administration of free amphotericin B was associated with nephrocalcinosis and renal parenchymal edema. The encapsulated drug was as effective as the free drug when used in similar concentrations, while the animals treated with higher concentrations of liposomal amphotericin B (4 mg/kg) had a longer survival time. Thus, an improved therapeutic index resulted by encapsulating amphotericin B in liposomes.
Electronically-Scanned Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (1984)

Instrument efficient, lightweight, and stable. Fourier-transform spectrometer configuration uses electronic, instead of mechanical, scanning. Configuration insensitive to vibration-induced sampling errors introduced into mechanically scanned systems.
Magneto acoustic emission apparatus for testing materials for embrittlement (1991)

A method and apparatus for testing steel components for temper embrittlement uses magneto-acoustic emission to nondestructively evaluate the component. Acoustic emission signals occur more frequently at higher levels in embrittled components. A pair of electromagnets are used to create magnetic induction in the test component. Magneto-acoustic emission signals may be generated by applying an ac current to the electromagnets. The acoustic emission signals are analyzed to provide a comparison between a component known to be unembrittled and a test component. Magnetic remanence is determined by applying a dc current to the electromagnets, then turning the magnets off and observing the residual magnetic induction.
Diverse Psychotomimetics Act Through a Common Signaling Pathway (2003)

Three distinct classes of drugs: dopaminergic agonists (such as D-amphetamine), serotonergic agonists (such as LSD), and glutamatergic antagonists (such as PCP) all induce psychotomimetic states in experimental animals that closely resemble schizophrenia symptoms in humans. Here we implicate a common signaling pathway in mediating these effects. In this pathway, dopamine- and an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phospho-protein of 32 kilodaltons (DARPP-32) is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at three sites, in a pattern predicted to cause a synergistic inhibition of protein phosphatase-1 and concomitant regulation of its downstream effector proteins glycogen synthesis kinase-3 (GSK-3), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and c-Fos. In mice with a genetic deletion of DARPP-32 or with point mutations in phosphorylation sites of DARPP-32, the effects of D-amphetamine, LSD, and PCP on two behavioral parameters-sensorimotor gating and repetitive movements-were strongly attenuated.
The Quantum Metal Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistor (2014)

It has recently been suggested that ferroelectric (FE) negative capacitance effects can be used to achieve steep subthreshold slope field-effect transistors, which are greatly desired for reducing energy consumption in modern digital electronics. Here, we propose that this concept can be improved by the introduction of a very thin metal or metal-like layer (a quantum metal) between the FE and the semiconductor channel. We show how to design this layer so that it attenuates the polarization charge of the FE, applying an appropriate charge to the semiconductor, while at the same time presenting a relatively constant capacitance to the FE layer, as is needed to stabilize the negative capacitance regime. For homogeneous polarization, we estimate that this device (a QMFeFET) can have extremely steep subthreshold characteristics (2 mV/decade over 11 decades) and that its energy and delay performance are advantageous.