gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
15.2 A 2.2GHz continuous-time ΔΣ ADC with −102dBc THD and 25MHz BW (2016)

The trend towards wideband radio front-ends (RFE) for car radio receivers allows for digital tuning and channel filtering, simultaneous reception of multiple channels and reduced interference. A filter-less RFE requires a high dynamic range and very linear analog-to-digital converter (ADC). For AM/FM, typical total harmonic distortion (THD), intermodulation distortion and spurious tone levels of the ADC must be below -100dBc. These nonlinearity levels are much lower than the required ADC noise that is necessary to maintain high reception quality of a weak wanted signal in the presence of strong unfiltered interferers. Such audio-like linearity performance has been demonstrated for low input signal frequencies up to several hundreds of kHz [1-2], but the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of ADCs with >10MHz bandwidth is typically limited to 80 to 90dB [3-4] due to static mismatches associated with multi-bit quantization and dynamic errors such as data-dependent disturbances on the DAC supply [1]. This paper presents a continuous-time (CT) ΔΣ ADC that achieves -102dB THD, -104dB IM3, >110dB SFDR and 77dB SNDR in 25MHz bandwidth over process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. Such high linearity is achieved by using a 1b feedback DAC, which is highly insensitive to process spread and mismatch, in combination with a wideband high-precision voltage regulator that is designed to mitigate dynamic errors of the 1b DAC.
Tissue-binding factor in schizophrenic sera: a clinical and genetic study. (1977)

<p>Scientists should be able to provide support for the absence of a meaningful effect. Currently, researchers often incorrectly conclude an effect is absent based a nonsignificant result. A widely recommended approach within a frequentist framework is to test for equivalence. In equivalence tests, such as the two one-sided tests (TOST) procedure discussed in this article, an upper and lower equivalence bound is specified based on the smallest effect size of interest. The TOST procedure can be used to statistically reject the presence of effects large enough to be considered worthwhile. This practical primer with accompanying spreadsheet and R package enables psychologists to easily perform equivalence tests (and power analyses) by setting equivalence bounds based on standardized effect sizes and provides recommendations to prespecify equivalence bounds. Extending your statistical tool kit with equivalence tests is an easy way to improve your statistical and theoretical inferences.</p>
Recombinant <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Elicits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope-Specific T Lymphocytes at Mucosal Sites (2007)

A successful vaccine vector for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) should induce anti-HIV-1 T-cell immune responses at mucosal sites. We have constructed recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing an HIV-1 group M consensus envelope (Env) either as a surface, intracellular, or secreted protein as an immunogen. rBCG containing HIV-1 env plasmids engineered for secretion induced optimal Env-specific T-cell gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot responses in murine spleen, female reproductive tract, and lungs. While rBCG-induced T-cell responses to HIV-1 envelope in spleen were lower than those induced by adenovirus prime/recombinant vaccinia virus (rAd-rVV) boost, rBCG induced comparable responses to rAd-rVV immunization in the female reproductive tract and lungs. T-cell responses induced by rBCG were primarily CD4(+), although rBCG alone did not induce anti-HIV-1 antibody. However, rBCG could prime for a protein boost by HIV-1 envelope protein. Thus, rBCG can serve as a vector for induction of anti-HIV-1 consensus Env cellular responses at mucosal sites.
Electrical properties and origin of deep levels in undoped InAlAs layers grown by MOCVD (2003)

Undoped InAlAs layers grown by MOCVD (metal-organic chemical vapor deposition) were studied to elucidate the background carrier behavior. The activation energies of these carriers were estimated by Hall measurements (about 140 meV). Three deep levels, A (0.5 eV), B (0.3 eV), and C (0.07 eV), were detected by deep-level transient spectroscopy. The concentrations of these deep levels rapidly increased with decreasing Ts. The concentrations of the deep levels have been found to have similar dependence with N/sub D/-N/sub A/. These results indicate that N/sub D/,-N/sub A/ originated from deep levels which act as deep donors. O impurities in undoped InAlAs layers were shown by secondary ion mass spectroscopy to be very high. O impurities are thought to form complexes with defects which act as donors in InAlAs. The electrical properties of undoped InAlAs layers grown by MOCVD are reasonably explained using this mechanism. The use of pure source materials and a leak-tight system is important in order to obtain high-quality InAlAs layers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Non‐Oxidative Vanadium‐Catalyzed CO Bond Cleavage: Application to Degradation of Lignin Model Compounds (2010)

New direction: Changes in the ligand structure divert the reactivity of vanadium(V) oxo complexes from alcohol oxidation to a novel non-oxidative CO bond cleavage. Thus, highly functionalized aryl enones can be selectively generated from lignin model compounds by vanadium-catalyzed cleavage of the β-O-4 linkage (see scheme; N blue, O red).
How Not to Rely on Moore's Law Alone: Low-Complexity Envelope-Tracking Amplifiers (2018)

Achieving fast wireless access speeds in an already restricted bandwidth (as the frequency spectrum is a finite resource) necessitates highly spectrally efficient communications standards that combine both amplitude-modulation (AM) and phase-modulation (PM). The resulting complex modulation schemes require that the RF power amplifier (PA) be highly linear to preserve the modulation and, hence, the transmitted data (in-band linearity) and simultaneously avoid interfering with users of the rest of the spectrum (out-of-band linearity). Unfortunately, in PA design, linearity and efficiency are contradictory goals; typically, highly linear PAs demonstrate low efficiency and, hence, reduced battery life [1].
Functional Implications of the Dynamic Regulation of EpCAM during Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (2021)

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in epithelial tissues. EpCAM forms intercellular, homophilic adhesions, modulates epithelial junctional protein complex formation, and promotes epithelial tissue homeostasis. EpCAM is a target of molecular therapies and plays a prominent role in tumor biology. In this review, we focus on the dynamic regulation of EpCAM expression during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the functional implications of EpCAM expression on the regulation of EMT. EpCAM is frequently and highly expressed in epithelial cancers, while silenced in mesenchymal cancers. During EMT, EpCAM expression is downregulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and EMT transcription factors, as well as by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). The functional impact of EpCAM expression on tumor biology is frequently dependent on the cancer type and predominant oncogenic signaling pathways, suggesting that the role of EpCAM in tumor biology and EMT is multifunctional. Membrane EpCAM is cleaved in cancers and its intracellular domain (EpICD) is transported into the nucleus and binds β-catenin, FHL2, and LEF1. This stimulates gene transcription that promotes growth, cancer stem cell properties, and EMT. EpCAM is also regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and the EpCAM ectoderm (EpEX) is an EGFR ligand that affects EMT. EpCAM is expressed on circulating tumor and cancer stem cells undergoing EMT and modulates metastases and cancer treatment responses. Future research exploring EpCAM's role in EMT may reveal additional therapeutic opportunities.
COPD in the ambulatory elderly: management update. (1988)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is made up of at least three entities: asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Each has its own unique physiology, pathology, and natural history. These are reviewed, and current therapeutic options are presented, including the first-line therapy of beta 2 agonists, theophylline, and the newer anticholinergic inhalers. The role of steroids, both acute and chronic, the proper use of antibiotics and vaccinations, and the use of home oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and anxiolytics are discussed.
Antioxidant Effects of<i>Satureja hortensis</i>L. Attenuate the Anxiogenic Effect of Cisplatin in Rats (2019)

Numerous adverse effects of cisplatin-based therapy are usually accompanied by enhanced oxidative damage and cell apoptosis in various tissues. Even neurotoxic manifestations of cisplatin administration, such as the anxiogenic effect, appear along with the increased oxidative stress and apoptotic indicators in certain brain regions. Thirty-five Wistar albino male rats were divided into seven groups: control, cisplatin (received a single dose of cisplatin: 7.5 mg/kg), three groups with oral administration of <i>Satureja hortensis</i> L. methanolic extract (SH) (low: 50 mg/kg, middle: 100 mg/kg, and high dose: 200 mg/kg) along with cisplatin application, a group with the extract in high dose alone, and a silymarin group (cisplatin and silymarin: 100 mg/kg), in order to evaluate the antioxidant effects of SH on cisplatin-induced increase in the anxiety level. After completing 10-day pretreatments, behavioral testing was performed in the open field and the elevated plus maze, followed by an investigation of oxidative stress and apoptosis parameters in hippocampal tissue samples. Cisplatin administration resulted in anxiogenic-like behavior, increased lipid peroxidation, and proapoptotic markers accompanied by the decline in antioxidant and antiapoptotic defense. The administration of extract alone did not significantly alter any of the estimated parameters. When applied along with cisplatin, SH in a dose of 100 mg/kg induced the significant anxiolytic effect with concomitant recovery of antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity indicators, while both lower and higher doses of the extract failed to improve the adverse effects of cisplatin administration. The beneficial effects of the middle dose of SH were equivalent to the same dose of silymarin, as a "golden standard." Our results indicate that the antioxidant supplementation with SH in an optimal dose significantly improved the oxidative status and it had antiapoptotic effect in the rat hippocampus disturbed by cisplatin administration, which was accompanied with attenuation of cisplatin-induced anxiogenic effect.
Mixing of Highly Viscous Fluids, Polymers, and Pastes (2003)

Mixers for very viscous materials need to provide shearing, kneading, folding, stretching, and squeezing actions to achieve dispersion and uniform distribution of the ingredients in laminar flow regimes are reviewed. Characteristics of both batch and continuous mixers are described, with one section devoted to single and twin screw extruders.
Effect of the bite angle of diphosphine ligands on activity and selectivity in the nickel-catalysed hydrocyanation of styrene (1995)

M. Kranenburg, P. C. J. Kamer, P. W. N. M. van Leeuwen, D. Vogt and W. Keim, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2177 DOI: 10.1039/C39950002177
Optical explosives detection: from color changes to fluorescence turn-on (2009)

The detection of chemical explosives is crucial for military and civilian safety. A confluence of chemistry and engineering continues to improve the sensitivity for several classes of explosives, and holds the promise of cheap and portable sensing. Optical and fluorescence-based sensors have been extensively researched for portable applications due to their sensitivity and portability. This tutorial review discusses chemical approaches to sensing explosives based on an optical readout, and summarizes recent advances in fluorescence strategies, including fluorescence turn-on. It is of interest to researchers working in the areas of materials chemistry or forensics.
Blood glutathione in severe malnutrition in childhood (1986)

The blood glutathione (GSH) concentration was measured in 25 severely malnourished children and compared with a group of normal adults. In children with marasmus GSH (3.3 +/- 0.7 mg/gHb) was not different from normal (2.9 +/- 0.4 mg/gHb). However there was a highly significant decrease in all forms of oedematous malnutrition, kwashiorkor (1.5 +/- 0.4 mg/gHb) and marasmic kwashiorkor (1.7 +/- 0.7 mg/gHb). There was no relationship between wasting or stunting and blood GSH.
Amide linked redox-active naphthoquinones for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction (2019)

Naphthoquinones have been investigated as potential therapeutic molecules for neurodegenerative disorders, which is largely based on their anti-oxidative potential. However, a theoretical framework for the pleiotropic protective effects of naphthoquinone derivatives is largely missing. We synthesized a library of novel short chain 2,3-disubstituted naphthoquinone derivatives and measured their redox characteristics to identify a potential connection with their biological activity. Using two cell lines with different reducing potential, the compounds were tested for their inherent toxicity, acute rescue of ATP levels and cytoprotective activity. For the first time, a structure-activity-relationship for naphthoquinones has been established. Our results clearly demonstrate that it is the group on the alkyl side chain and not solely the redox characteristics of the naphthoquinone unit or lipophilicity that determines the extent of cytoprotection by individual compounds. From this, we developed a number of amide containing naphthoquinones with superior activity in ATP rescue and cell viability models compared to the clinically used benzoquinone idebenone.
ML Receiver for Pulsed UWB Signals and Partial Channel State Information (2006)

In this work we derive the optimal receiver for pulsed UWB signals and partial channel state information in the form of the average power delay profile of the received pulses. A simple channel model is presented in which the average power delay profile is an explicit feature. The corresponding maximum-likelihood receiver turns out to be a noncoherent receiver which, in contrast to the noncoherent receiver without channel state information, applies an appropriate weighting to the received signal. The performance of this new receiver is evaluated by simulation and for a practical channel estimation procedure. The results show a performance improvement due to partial channel state information of up to 2 dB.
Immune synapse formation determines interaction forces between T cells and antigen-presenting cells measured by atomic force microscopy (2009)

During adaptive immune responses, T lymphocytes recognize antigenic peptides presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This recognition results in the formation of a so-called immune synapse (IS) at the T-cell/APC interface, which is crucial for T-cell activation. The molecular composition of the IS has been extensively studied, but little is known about the biophysics and interaction forces between T cells and APCs. Here, we report the measurement of interaction forces between T cells and APCs employing atomic force microscopy (AFM). For these investigations, specific T cells were selected that recognize an antigenic peptide presented by MHC-class II molecules on APCs. Dynamic analysis of T-cell/APC interaction by AFM revealed that in the presence of antigen interaction forces increased from 1 to 2 nN at early time-points to a maximum of approximately 14 nN after 30 min and decreased again after 60 min. These data correlate with the kinetics of synapse formation that also reached a maximum after 30 min, as determined by high-throughput multispectral imaging flow cytometry. Because the integrin lymphocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) and its counterpart intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) are prominent members of a mature IS, the effect of a small molecular inhibitor for LFA-1, BIRT377, was investigated. BIRT377 almost completely abolish the interaction forces, emphasizing the importance of LFA-1/ICAM-1-interactions for firm T-cell/APC adhesion. In conclusion, using biophysical measurements, this study provides precise values for the interaction forces between T cells and APCs and demonstrates that these forces develop over time and are highest when synapse formation is maximal.
Millicurrent stimulation of human articular chondrocytes cultivated in a collagen type-I gel and of human osteochondral explants (2010)

We conclude that millicurrent stimulation of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes cultivated in a 3 D collagen gel and of osteochondral explants directly influences cell metabolism.
HIV-1 vaccine candidate ineffective. (2007)

A large phase IIB clinical trial of an HIV-1 vaccine was halted last week after an interim analysis revealed that the vaccine was ineffective. The vaccine included three recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vectors expressing HIV-1 gag , pol , and nef . Unlike traditional vaccines, which are designed to generate antibody responses, this vaccine was intended to elicit HIV-1–specific cellular immune responses, in which CD8 T cells would become programmed to recognize and kill HIV-1–infected cells. In previous, smaller trials, the vaccine generated such responses in the majority of recipients and was well tolerated.

In the present trial (called the STEP study), approximately …
Design and Manufacturing of Stretchable High-Frequency Interconnects (2008)

The increasing number of biomedical applications for electronic systems have led to the need for stretchable electronics in order to significantly enhance the comfort of the user. This paper describes the design and manufacturing process of new stretchable high-frequency interconnects with meander-shaped conductors in a coplanar waveguide topology. The novel interconnects are produced based on laser-ablation of a copper foil, which is then embedded in a highly stretchable bio-compatible silicone material. Measurements on prototypes of the designed stretchable high-frequency interconnects revealed a maximal magnitude of -14 dB for the reflection coefficient and a minimal magnitude of -4 dB for the transmission coefficient in the frequency band up to 3 GHz. The influence of stretch on the performance of the high-frequency interconnects was analyzed using a stretch testing machine. The results showed that nor the magnitude, neither the phase of the transmission coefficient was influenced by elongations up to 20%.
The Circumambulation of a Phosphirane: Taking 9‐Phenyl‐9‐phosphabicyclo[6.1.0]nona‐2,4,6‐triene for a “Walk” (2004)

Walking rings: At room temperature, the P-R entity of a bicyclic phosphirane (see picture) “walks” along the perimeter of the larger ring. Although this concerted rearrangement is similar to that of its hydrocarbon analogue, the additional 1,5-sigmatropic shift follows a different mechanism. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z51855_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Generation of peptide radical dications via low-energy collision-induced dissociation of [Cu<sup>II</sup>(terpy)(M + H)]<sup>·3+</sup> (2005)

The first example of the formation of hydrogen-deficient radical cations of the type [M + H](.2+) is demonstrated to occur through a one-electron-transfer mechanism upon low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) of gas-phase triply charged [Cu(II)(terpy)(M + H)](.3+) complex ions (where M is an angiotensin III or enkephalin derivative; terpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine). The collision-induced dissociation of doubly charged [M + H](.2+) radical cations generates similar product ions to those prepared through hot electron capture dissociation (HECD). Isomeric isoleucine and leucine residues were distinguished by observing the mass differences between [z(n) + H](.+) and w(n)(+) ions (having the same residue number, n) of the Xle residues. The product ion spectrum of [z(n) + H](.+) reveals that the w(n)(+) ions are formed possibly from consecutive fragmentations of [z(n) + H](.+) ions. Although only the first few [M + H](.2+) species have been observed using this approach, these hydrogen-deficient radical cations produce fragment ions that have more structure-informative patterns and are very different from those formed during the low-energy tandem mass spectrometry of protonated peptides.
Mechanical phenotyping of primary human skeletal stem cells in heterogeneous populations by real-time deformability cytometry (2016)

Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) are a sub-population of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) present in bone marrow with multipotent differentiation potential. A current unmet challenge hampering their clinical translation remains the isolation of homogeneous populations of SSCs, in vitro, with consistent regeneration and differentiation capacities. Cell stiffness has been shown to play an important role in cell separation using microfluidic techniques such as inertial focusing or deterministic lateral displacement. Here we report that the mechanical properties of SSCs, and of a surrogate human osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63), differ significantly from other cell populations found in the bone marrow. Using real-time deformability cytometry, a recently introduced method for cell mechanical characterization, we demonstrate that both MG-63 and SSCs are stiffer than the three primary leukocyte lineages (lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes) and also stiffer than HL-60, a human leukemic progenitor cell line. In addition, we show that SSCs form a mechanically distinct sub-population of MSCs. These results represent an important step towards finding the bio-physical fingerprint of human SSCs that will allow their label-free separation from bone marrow with significant physiological and therapeutic implications.
Gabor Transform, SPWVD, Gabor-Wigner Transform and Wavelet Transform - Tools For Power Quality Monitoring (2010)

The one-dimension frequency analysis based on DFT (Discrete FT ) is sufficient in many cases in detecting power disturbances and evaluating power quality (PQ). To illustrate in a more comprehensive manner the character of the signal, time-frequency analyses are p erformed. The most common known time-frequency representations (TFR) are spectrogram (SPEC) and Gabor Transform (GT). However, the method has a relatively low time-frequency resolution. The other TF R: Discreet Dyadic Wavelet Transform (DDWT), Smoothed Pseudo Wigner-Ville Distribution (SPWVD) and new Gabor-Wigner Transform (GWT) are described in the paper. The main features of the transforms, on the basis of testing signals, are presented.
Alteration of selectivity in rhodamine based probes for Fe(iii) and Hg(ii) ion induced dual mode signalling responses (2012)

The probes for metal ion induced chromo- and fluorogenic signalling responses alter their selectivity depending upon the nature of substituent as well as a function of solvent medium. 2 has shown selectivity towards Fe(III) ion, 4 towards Hg(II) ion while 3 is responsive towards both Fe(III) and Hg(II) ions.