gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solvent‐Free Fabrication of polyHIPE Microspheres for Controlled Release of Growth Factors (2014)

The growth factor bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is utilized in surgical procedures to improve bone regeneration; however, current treatments deliver BMP-2 at amounts greater than 100,000 fold of physiological levels, which increases treatment costs and risk of side effects. Drug-eluting microcarriers developed to improve these therapies have faced significant commercialization challenges including particle size distributions, solvent removal, low encapsulation efficiency, and bioactivity loss. In this study, a solvent-free method is presented for fabrication of uniform polyHIPE microspheres for controlled growth factor release. Emulsion templating principles and fluid dynamics were used to fabricate uniform particles with tunable particle size (200-800 μm) and pore size (10-30 μm). The ability to independently tune particle and pore size is expected to provide excellent control of release kinetics. Overall, this solvent-free method for making porous microspheres displays strong promise for the controlled release of BMP-2 and other growth factors.
Sputtering formation of p-type SnO thin-film transistors on glass toward oxide complimentary circuits (2010)

Thin film transistors (TFTs) using polycrystalline tin oxides (SnO–SnO2) channels were formed on glass by a conventional sputtering method and subsequent annealing treatments. SnO-channel TFTs showed p-type operation with on/off current ratios of ∼102 and field-effect mobilities of 0.24 cm2 V−1 s−1. Incorporation of excess oxygen to SnO channel layers did not generate holes but did electrons, which in turn led to n-type operation. This result is explained by transformation to a local SnO2-like structure and finally to SnO2. We propose a simple method to fabricate complimentary circuits by simultaneous selective formation of p- and n-channel TFTs.
Rapid Screening of Olefin Polymerization Catalyst Libraries by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (1999)

The simultaneous screening of catalysts according to their propensity for catalyzing the polymerization of ethylene (see scheme) can be achieved with the help of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A small (eight catalysts) library of Pd(II) complexes synthesized simultaneously in a one-pot reaction has demonstrated the efficiency of this new screening technique. This method could be widened to libraries of other olefin polymerization catalysts.
Layer-by-Layer Grafting of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers via Iniferter Modified Supports (2002)

“Living” functional composite materials have been prepared by grafting of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) from dithiocarbamate-modified porous silica supports (see Figure). The living properties of the system are demonstrated by consecutive grafting of two polymer layers imprinted with chiral templates. The enantioselectivity of the first layer is reversed by grafting a second layer imprinted with the antipode.
The Low Linolenic Acid Soybean Line PI 361088B Contains a Novel <i>GmFAD3A</i> Mutation (2007)

Characterization of genetic mutations at the molecular level allows for the development of perfect genetic markers and rapid assays to detect those markers, which enables breeders to directly select for desired alleles and accelerate the breeding process. The objectives of this study were to identify genetic lesions found in the GmFAD3A gene in the low linolenic acid soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] line PI 361088B, which contains a fan allele, and to develop rapid molecular marker assays that distinguish between the wild‐type and PI 361088B alleles. The entire genomic sequence of the GmFAD3A gene was determined for PI 361088B. Two thymine nucleotides are inserted into a run of four thymines from nucleotide position 307 to 310 of the GmFAD3A coding sequence, resulting in a frameshift and the introduction of a premature stop codon at nucleotide 328. Two molecular marker assays were developed that rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the region of interest followed by restriction endonuclease digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis or melting curve analysis. A third assay is an allele‐specific PCR‐based assay that does not require any endonuclease step and requires only melting curve analysis. In conclusion, the low linolenic acid soybean line PI 361088B contains a coding mutation in GmFAD3A ; this allele can easily be distinguished from the corresponding wild‐type allele using any of three rapid molecular marker assays that were developed.
Analysis and Design of Energy Efficient Time Domain Signal Processing (2016)

Time domain signal processing (TDSP) encodes information into time rather than voltage with higher efficiency than conventional digital design. This paper performs systematical analysis on the design principle and energy efficiency of TDSP. Variation impact, which poses significant challenges to TDSP, is evaluated and a variation driven design methodology is proposed to achieve an optimum tradeoff between energy efficiency and design robustness. Several novel circuit level design techniques such as dual encoding strategy and bit-scalable design are also proposed in this work to significantly improve the energy efficiency of TDSP. Design example on a critical building block of facial recognition application was used to demonstrate the potential of the technique. The result in a 45nm technology shows 3.3X energy-delay product reduction and 34% area saving can be achieved using TDSP compared with conventional digital design technique.
Blind image watermarking via derivation and quantization of robust semi-global statistics (2002)

We introduce a new approach for blind image watermarking: We derive robust semi-global features in wavelet domain and quantize them in order to embed the watermark. Quantization of statistics is carried out by adding scaled pseudo-random sequences that are visually unnoticeable. Our algorithm exhibits increased robustness against various attacks and it withstands standard benchmark attacks of wider trange than earlier methods (e.g., Stirmark, random bending etc.) and modifications such as compression, provided they do not cause too severe visual distortions.
Affordable High-Performance Radar Networks for Homeland Security Applications (2008)

High-performance radar networks have been deployed for homeland security Applications. Having the radars on a network allows for increased coverage via multiple radars, as well as the communication of situational awareness in real time to multiple remote users. The radars and networks exploit commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology to be easily affordable for the wide-area surveillance needed for these applications. Implementing radar networks over the Internet enables the straightforward integration of operational systems. Results from a deployed three-node radar surveillance network covering western Lake Erie are presented. These results include the fusion of target tracks from the three radar nodes.
Cooperative Wireless-Based Obstacle/Object Mapping and See-Through Capabilities in Robotic Networks (2012)

In this paper, we develop a theoretical and experimental framework for the mapping of obstacles (including occluded ones), in a robotic cooperative network, based on a small number of wireless channel measurements. This would allow the robots to map an area before entering it. We consider three approaches based on coordinated space, random space, and frequency sampling, and show how the robots can exploit the sparse representation of the map in space, wavelet or spatial variations, in order to build it with minimal sensing. We then show the underlying tradeoffs of all the possible sampling, sparsity and reconstruction techniques. Our simulation and experimental results show the feasibility and performance of the proposed framework. More specifically, using our experimental robotic platform, we show preliminary results in successfully mapping a number of real obstacles and having see-through capabilities with real structures, despite the practical challenges presented by multipath fading.
Immobilization of proteins by reductive alkylation with hydrophobic aldehydes (1981)

Abstract A new method is described for the immobilization of enzymes and other proteins onto hydrophobic gels. Trypsin, for example, can be quantitatively immobilized by reaction with sodium cyanoborohydride and dodecyladehyde‐coated Octyl‐Sepharose. Noncovalent interactions between the hydrophobic gel and approximately 10 resulting dodecylamino groups in the modified enzyme bind it very strongly but do not affect its ability to hydrolyze benzolarginine ethyl ester. The same procedure can also be used to immobilize E. Coli asparaginase and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase in high yield.
Clinical Application of Objective Perimetry Using Multifocal Visual Evoked Potentials in Glaucoma Practice (2005)

Multifocal VEP is an effective method for detecting visual field loss in glaucoma. It provides a valuable aid to the clinician in categorizing patients with unreliable, variable, unconfirmed, or excessive subjective field loss.
Design of a Laboratory Hall Thruster with Magnetically Shielded Channel Walls, Phase III: Comparison of Theory with Experiment (2012)

A proof-of-principle effort to demonstrate a technique by which erosion of the acceleration channel in Hall thrusters of the magnetic-layer type can be eliminated has been completed. The first principles of the technique, now known as shielding, were derived based on the findings of numerical simulations in 2-D axisymmetric geometry. The simulations, in turn, guided the modification of an existing 6-kW laboratory Hall thruster. This magnetically shielded (MS) thruster was then built and tested. Because neither theory nor experiment alone can validate fully the first principles of the technique, the objective of the 2-yr effort was twofold: (1) to demonstrate in the laboratory that the erosion rates can be reduced by >order of magnitude, and (2) to demonstrate that the near-wall plasma properties can be altered according to the theoretical predictions. This paper concludes the demonstration of magnetic shielding by reporting on a wide range of comparisons between results from numerical simulations and laboratory diagnostics. Collectively, we find that the comparisons validate the theory. Near the walls of the MS thruster, theory and experiment agree: (1) the plasma potential has been sustained at values near the discharge voltage, and (2) the electron temperature has been lowered by at least 2.5-3 times compared to the unshielded (US) thruster. Also, based on carbon deposition measurements, the erosion rates at the inner and outer walls of the MS thruster are found to be lower by at least 2300 and 1875 times, respectively. Erosion was so low along these walls that the rates were below the resolution of the profilometer. Using a sputtering yield model with an energy threshold of 25 V, the simulations predict a reduction of ~600 at the MS inner wall. At the outer wall ion energies are computed to be below 25 V, for which case we set the erosion to zero in the simulations. When a 50-V threshold is used the computed ion energies are below the threshold at both sides of the channel. Uncertainties, sensitivities and differences between theory and experiment are also discussed.
Activation of Immediate-Early, Early, and Late Promoters by Temperature-Sensitive and Wild-Type Forms of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Protein ICP4 (1985)

To better define the activities on herpes simplex virus type 1 gene expression of temperature-sensitive and wild-type forms of the transcriptional regulatory protein ICP4, regulatory sequences from immediate-early, early, and late herpes simplex virus genes were fused to the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). These constructs were used in trans induction and cotransfection experiments with wild-type and temperature-sensitive mutant alleles of ICP4. The ICP4 genes used in this study were cloned from the KOS strain (wild type) and two phenotypically distinct temperature-sensitive ICP4 mutants, tsB32 and tsL14 (DeLuca et al., J. Virol. 52:767-776, 1984), both alone and in conjunction with three other immediate-early genes. The latter series of plasmids was used to assess the influence of additional immediate-early gene products on gene expression in the presence of a given ICP4 allele. The results of this study demonstrate that the phenotypes of these ICP4 mutants observed in cell culture at the nonpermissive temperature were determined in part by activities associated with the mutant ICP4 polypeptides and that these activities differed from those of wild-type ICP4. Low levels of wild-type ICP4 had a marginal but reproducible stimulatory effect on immediate-early CAT gene expression, especially the pIE4/5CAT chimera. This effect was diminished with increasing quantities of ICP4, suggesting an inhibitory role for the wild-type form of the protein. The ICP4 mutants had a strong stimulatory effect on immediate-early CAT expression, consistent with their phenotypes at 39 degrees C. The mutant forms of the ICP4 polypeptide differed in their ability to induce CAT activity from an early chimeric gene. Thus, the tsL14 form of ICP4 was effective in early gene induction (i.e., ptkCAT was induced), whereas the ICP4 derived from tsB32 was slightly inhibitory. Cotransfection of tsB32 ICP4 simultaneously with other immediate-early genes resulted in a marginal increase in ptkCAT induction. This induction was enhanced when the gene for ICP4 was inactivated by restriction enzyme cleavage, substantiating the inhibitory effect of the tsB32 form of ICP4. The two mutant ICP4 genes (tsB32 and tsL14) were unable to trans-activate either of the late CAT constructs (p5CAT and pL42CAT) tested. Cotransfecting tsL14 ICP4 with the other immediate-early genes resulted in activation of p5CAT but not pL42CAT. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that (i) low levels of wild-type ICP4 have stimulatory effect on immediate-early promoters and that higher concentrations of wild-type ICP4 have an inhibitory effect on these promoters, (ii) isolated mutant form of ICP4 exhibit activities that reflect the phenotypes of the mutants from which they were isolated, and (iii) immediate-early gene products other than ICP4 are involved in determining the distinct phenotypes of the two mutants at 39 degrees Celsius.
A survey of double-talk detection schemes for echo cancellation applications (2004)

An echo canceller removes undesired echo in fullduplex speech communication.The cancellation is done by modeling the echo path impulse response with an adaptive finite impulse response filter and subtracting the echo estimate from the received signal.A typical diagram of an echo canceller is depicted in Figure 1.The signal x(n) and v(n) represent the far-end and near-end speeches respectively.The signal s(n) and y(n) represent the echo signal generated by the actual echo path h and the echo estimate produced by the adaptive filter.The signal e(n) denotes the residual error signal, which is transmitted to the far-end side and is used to update the coefficient w of the adaptive filter.x(n) Far-end Adaptive -T Echo Filter Path w h Near-end
Thiazoles and thiadiazines. The condensation of ethyl 4‐chloroacetoacetate with thiosemicarbazide (1978)

Abstract By varying the acidity, solvent polarity, and temperature when thiosemicarbazide reacted with ethyl 4‐chloroacetoacetate, ethyl 2‐amino‐6 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine‐5‐acetate hydrochloride, ethyl 2‐hydrazinothiazole‐4‐acetate, and ethyl 2‐imino‐3‐aminothiazoline‐4‐acetate hydrochloride were prepared selectively. Double bond migration occurred after neutralizing the thiadiazine and thiazoline hydrochlorides to form the α,β‐unsaturated esters: 2‐amino‐5‐carbethoxymethylidene‐4,5‐dihydro‐6 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine and 2‐imino‐3‐amino‐4‐carbethoxymethylidenethiazolidine. Pmr studies revealed that an equilibrium existed in solution between the imine and enamine tautomers of the thiadiazine free base. In the enamine structure, a 6‐membered hydrogen bonded ring system promotes stability. The thiadiazine contracted in acidic aqueous acetone to ethyl 2‐isopropylidenehydrazonothiazole‐4‐acetate. Monobenzoylation at the primary amine of the thiadiazine yielded ethyl 2‐benzamido‐6 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine‐5‐acetate without disruption of the hydrogen bonded ring, but benzoylating the imino functionality of the thiazolidine caused deconjugation of the α,β‐unsaturated ester by double bond migration back into the ring, and ethyl 2‐benzimido‐3‐aminothiazoline‐4‐acetate was produced, dehydration yielded ethyl 2‐phenylthiazolo[3,2‐ b ]‐ s ‐triazole‐5‐acetate. This compound was also obtained by reacting 3‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐thiol with ethyl 4‐chloroacetoacetate, while the monobenzoylated derivative of the hydrazinothiazole, ethyl 2‐(2‐benzoylhydrazino)thiazole‐4‐acetate underwent a dehydrative cyclization to ethyl 3‐phenyl‐thiazolo [2,3‐ c ]‐ s ‐triazole‐5‐acetate. In chloroform solvent, the second site of benzoylation on the thiadiazine was ring nitrogen 3 while in ethanol or acetonitrile‐pyridine ring nitrogen 4 was benzoylated instead. Benzoylation at ring nitrogen 3 resulted in deconjugation of the α,β‐unsaturated ester moiety and formed the endocyclic imine, ethyl 2‐benzimido‐3‐benzoyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐6 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine‐5‐acetate. However, deconjugation of the unsaturated ester did not occur after benzoylation at ring nitrogen 4; the product was trans ‐2‐benzamido‐4‐benzoyl‐5‐carbethoxymethylidene‐4,5‐dihydro‐6 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine. The hydrogen bonded oximes, syn ‐2‐amino‐5‐ethyloxalyl‐6 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine oxime, 3,3‐dimethyl‐5‐ethyloxalyl‐2 H ‐1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐ b ]thiazole oxime, and 2‐(2‐benzoylhydrazino)‐4‐ethyloxalylthiazole oxime were synthesized by nitrosation. 2‐Amino‐5‐ethyloxalyl‐6 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine oxime benzoate, 2‐benzamido‐5‐ethyloxalyl‐6 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine oxime dibenzoate, and the tribenzoylated derivatives, 2‐benzimido‐3‐benzoyl‐5‐ethyloxalyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐6 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine oxime benzoate and 2‐benzamido‐4‐benzoyl‐5‐ethyl‐oxalyl‐4 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine oxime benzoate, of the thiadiazine oxime werè prepared. The oxime benzoylated first, the primary amine second, and the number 3 and 4 ring nitrogens last.
Transparent, High‐Charge Capacity Metal Mesh Electrode for Reversible Metal Electrodeposition Dynamic Windows with Dark‐State Transmission <0.1% (Adv. Energy Mater. 32/2022) (2022)

Dynamic Windows In article number 2200854, Michael D. McGehee and co-workers discuss the metal mesh electrode design principles for dynamic windows based on reversible metal electrodeposition that electronically tint from a clear state to a color-neutral privacy state (<0.1% transmission). A durable design is developed using an inert core (stainless steel), a thin electrodeposited Au layer, then an electrodeposited Cu-Bi outer layer. Cover designed by Ehsan Faridi and Ehsan Keshavarzi - Inmywork Studio.
Microneedles Integrated with Pancreatic Cells and Synthetic Glucose‐Signal Amplifiers for Smart Insulin Delivery (2016)

An innovative microneedle (MN)-based cell therapy is developed for glucose-responsive regulation of the insulin secretion from exogenous pancreatic β-cells without implantation. One MN patch can quickly reduce the blood-sugar levels (BGLs) of chemically induced type-1 diabetic mice and stabilize BGLs at a reduced level for over 10 h.
Linearization conditions for two and four stage circuit topologies including third order nonlinearities (2009)

Recently, a novel set of simple conditions were presented for canceling third order nonlinearity in a two-stage amplifier topology. In the present work, detailed linearization conditions are developed for a four-stage topology, expanding upon a prior brief outline of the method. The proposed four-stage topology offers potential advantages in integrated circuit implementation of feedforward linearization, where bulky passive couplers can be replaced by well-matched active circuits. Although the primary focus is on elimination of third order nonlinearities, the approach is readily extended to other order nonlinearities and alternative circuit topologies. In the development, linearization conditions are derived in terms of the gains, intercept points, and coupling coefficients of the devices. The approach provides a more straightforward treatment than more common polynomial-based analysis. In essence, the present methods take a spectral viewpoint, where nonlinear components generated in the frequency spectrum are considered throughout the system and cancelled at the final output. For the two-stage and four-stage topologies, an uncomplicated set of linearization conditions are provided in terms of device characteristics.
Serological Detection of Grapevine Associated Closteroviruses in Infected Grapevine Cultivars (1997)

Western blot immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different monoclonal antibodies (MAb) and polyclonal antisera (PA) revealed mixed infections of serologically related and unrelated grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaVs) and grapevine corky bark associated virus (GCBaV) in symptomatic grapevines. A PA designated rootstock-scion incompatibility (RSI)-24 kDa, grapevine corky bark PA, and GLRaV-2b MAb reacted to polypeptides of approximately 24 kDa isolated from grapevines exhibiting rootstock-scion incompatibility, leafroll, and corky bark disease symptoms, suggesting that these isolates are infected with closely related viruses. A PA designated GLRaV-2 US detected virus specific polypeptides of 38, 37, 36, and 24 kDa, while a polyclonal antiserum designated GLRaV-2 FR detected a single virus-specific polypeptide of approximately 24 kDa. The reactivity of GLRaV-2 US to various polypeptides suggests that the immunogen used to produce this antiserum was a mixture of viruses. Apical meristems were excised and cultured to eliminate the infection of viruses in the grapevines showing RSI symptoms and in the cultivar French Colombard infected with GLRaV-1. The elimination of these viruses was confirmed by Western blot assay. These studies show that the Western blot assay can be used to detect and differentiate grapevine disease-associated closteroviruses.
Enhanced temperature stability in 〈111〉 textured tetragonal Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics (2015)

Two different templates (〈001〉 Ba6Ti17O40 and 〈111〉 BaTiO3) were used for synthesizing 〈111〉 textured tetragonal 0.6Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.4PbTiO3(PMN-40PT) ceramics. It was found that a texture degree of 95% along 〈111〉 direction can be achieved by using only 1 vol. % 〈111〉 BaTiO3 template due to its high chemical stability in the PMN-40PT matrix. The textured PMN-40PT ceramics with tetragonal structure exhibited an excellent temperature stability of piezoelectric properties due to the absence of intermediate phase transitions between room temperature and the Curie temperature. Unlike the single crystal counterpart, the effect of 〈111〉 grain orientation in the textured PMN-40PT ceramic on enhancing the macroscopic piezoelectric response was not significant in spite of its giant local piezoresponse. We provide detailed discussions on the nature of piezoelectric response in the 〈111〉 textured tetragonal PMN-40PT ceramic with “3T” engineered domain configuration and resultant strategy to realize high performance piezoelectric ceramics.