gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Central Moment Discrepancy (CMD) for Domain-Invariant Representation Learning (2017)

The learning of domain-invariant representations in the context of domain adaptation with neural networks is considered. We propose a new regularization method that minimizes the discrepancy between domain-specific latent feature representations directly in the hidden activation space. Although some standard distribution matching approaches exist that can be interpreted as the matching of weighted sums of moments, e.g. Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD), an explicit order-wise matching of higher order moments has not been considered before. We propose to match the higher order central moments of probability distributions by means of order-wise moment differences. Our model does not require computationally expensive distance and kernel matrix computations. We utilize the equivalent representation of probability distributions by moment sequences to define a new distance function, called Central Moment Discrepancy (CMD). We prove that CMD is a metric on the set of probability distributions on a compact interval. We further prove that convergence of probability distributions on compact intervals w.r.t. the new metric implies convergence in distribution of the respective random variables. We test our approach on two different benchmark data sets for object recognition (Office) and sentiment analysis of product reviews (Amazon reviews). CMD achieves a new state-of-the-art performance on most domain adaptation tasks of Office and outperforms networks trained with MMD, Variational Fair Autoencoders and Domain Adversarial Neural Networks on Amazon reviews. In addition, a post-hoc parameter sensitivity analysis shows that the new approach is stable w.r.t. parameter changes in a certain interval. The source code of the experiments is publicly available.
Micro-optic devices for fiber-optic communications (1979)

Abstract A novel approach, “micro-optics”, is proposed to realize coupling/branching in fiber-optic communications. The operation is based on the beam transformation in a graded index rod (beam undulation and beam size change), in association with reflection or refraction at a graded index rod facet. Small-size couplers/dividers have been devised by inserting a semitransparent mirror between the facets of two graded index rods with a length of a quarter of the undulation period. Their best features are small size, simple structure, low insertion loss, and wide application areas. An excess insertion loss as low as 0.5 dB has been realized in a 3-dB divider with SELFOC® rods. As further applications of them, wavelength division multiplexers/demultiplexers have been developed by replacing the semitransparent mirror with a dielectric interference filter. An insertion loss of as low as 1.2 dB and isolation of more than 20 dB for wavelength separation of 20 nm have been realized. Results are also shown on the other type of micro-optic couplers/dividers.
Temperature Dependent Thermal Conductivity Increase of Aqueous Nanofluid with Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Inclusion (2012)

We investigated the thermal and electrical conductivity of water seeded with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) synthesized using the alcohol catalytic chemical vapour deposition method. Sodium deoxycholate was used as the surfactant to prepare stable nanofluids, which we then thoroughly characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic methods. Electrical conductivity measurements showed power law dependence with respect to SWCNT loading, while the thermal conductivity increase showed a linear dependence on loading. The effective thermal conductivity of the nanofluid was also found to increase with increasing temperature. Viscosity of the nanofluids showed a threefold increase compared to the thermal conductivity increase, which may play a crucial role in utilizing this fluid for practical applications. We compare experimental results with existing analytical models and discuss the critical role of thermal boundary resistance, which limits the improvement in thermal conductivity. Influence of SWCNT aggregation in the increase of effective thermal conductivity is also discussed. *Corresponding author. Tel: +81-3-5841-6421. Fax: +81-3-5800-6983. E-mail address: maruyama@photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp (S. Maruyama) 2
A Polyanionic Dendritic Fluorophore for Selective Detection of Hg<sup>2+</sup> in Triton X-100 Aqueous Media (2009)

A series of water-soluble fluorescent dendritic compounds composed of phenylene-ethynylene repeating units and anionic carboxylate or cationic ammonium peripheral groups were synthesized. The first generation fluorescent dendrimer containing nine phenylene-ethynylene units and six carboxylate peripheral groups exhibited a highly selective fluorescence quenching by Hg(2+) ions. The Stern-Volmer constant (K(sv)) was 33,700 M(-1) in aqueous media in the presence of Triton X-100 surfactant.
Face detection based on multi task learning and multi layer feature fusion (2017)

Face detection and facial feature location are two key parts of face recognition system. Usually, these two links are treated as two separate tasks, ignoring the correlation between tasks. In addition, most of the face detection algorithms based on deep convolution neural networks focus only on high-level semantic information of the image, and do not take full advantage of the underlying details of the image. In order to further improve the performance of face detection, we propose a face detection algorithm based on multi task learning and multilayer feature fusion. The proposed method integrates three tasks, namely, face classification, facial feature location, and bounding box regression, into a framework that takes full advantage of the correlation between multiple tasks and performs simultaneous learning over multiple tasks. At the same time, in order to make full use of the low-level details and high-level semantic information of the image, multi layer feature fusion technology is adopted. Finally, we test it on the face detection evaluation database FDDB. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has good performance in face detection.
Trimming of TAP-translocated peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytosol during recycling. (1994)

Cytosolic peptides are translocated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen by the transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP), where major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules associate with peptides of about 8-10 amino acids. TAP translocates peptides of 9-13 amino acids with the highest relative affinity but also longer and shorter peptides. The fate of the peptides that fail to associate with class I molecules because of incorrect sequence or length, is unknown. Here we show that the bulk of the translocated peptides are rapidly released from the ER by a mechanism that requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and that could not be inhibited by GTP gamma S. TAP does not appear to be involved in this process. Whereas free peptides are slowly trimmed in the ER lumen, they are rapidly degraded in the cytosol. A fraction of the peptides released from the ER escapes complete degradation in the cytosol and recycles back to the ER in a TAP-dependent fashion. These results suggest that peptides that are too long for binding to class I molecules in the ER can be trimmed further in the ER lumen or, alternatively, can be transported back to the cytosol where a fraction of the peptides is trimmed to a size suitable for association to MHC class I molecules and recycles back to the ER.
Low-cost polymer-based microfluidic systems (2015)

Microfluidics technology shows a wide variety of applications in multiple research areas. Up to now, most of the microfluidic devices are fabricated in the cleanroom, using the highly sophisticated instruments. With the desire to make the microfluidic systems more accessible to chemical or biological researchers, a series of low-cost fabrication technologies for polymer-based microfluidic systems will be introduced in this research. With the help of these proposed low-cost and cleanroom-free fabrication methods for polymer-based microfluidic devices, users could easily fabricate their own microfluidic devices based on their usage. These proposed low-cost fabrication technologies covered all three steps of the microfluidic systems fabrication processes, which are microchannel fabrication, microchannel sealing (bonding) and integration technologies. For microchannel fabrication, different low-cost methods such as laser ablation and deep-UV patterning will be introduced in this research. For microchannel sealing method, the thermocompression bonding technology will be investigated in detail. For integration technologies in microfluidic systems, various kinds of low-cost integration technologies for microlenses, metal electrodes and wafer dicing will be introduced. In this research, the introduced low-cost fabrication technologies for microfluidic systems are based on different polymer materials such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The fabrication, bonding and integration methods introduced in this research can be widely adapted to different polymer materials. This research offers a flexible choice of polymer materials and fabrication technologies to maximize the utility for researchers, and could be beneficial to lower the access of microfluidics technologies in chemical and biological fields.
<title>Edge-preserving smoothing using median finite impulse response (FIR) hybrid filters</title> (1995)

In image processing, one of the important problems is edge-preserving smoothing in mixed noise environment such that both Gaussian noise and impulsive noise exist. Recently, several types of the hybrid filter which is a kind of nonlinear filter have been proposed for this purpose. In this paper, a technique for edge-preserving smoothing is developed by using median finite impulse response (FIR) neural hybrid filters. This filter structure is represented by the cascade connection of median filter, FIR filter, and neural network. In this structure, the section of a median filter selects the median value among 3 points and the section of an FIR filter calculates the mean value of 3 points. The section of neural network consists of three layered structure and its inputs equal the output from the section of a median filter and the output from the section of an FIR filter. The major features of this filter are as follows: (1) This filter can adapt itself to the various noise environment through the learning of a training image. (2) Even if a priori data such a training image is unavailable, this filter can efficiently be applied to edge-preserving smoothing for the images degraded by the Gaussian and impulsive noises. Moreover, the structure of the proposed filter is very simple.
Thrombus Composition and Efficacy of Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke (2021)

Thrombi retrieved from patients with acute ischemic stroke are highly heterogeneous. Recent data suggest that thrombus composition may impact on mechanical thrombectomy, the number of recanalization manoeuvres, resistance to retrieval, and on thrombolytic potential. Our aim was to summarize evidence describing the impact of thrombus composition on efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy and thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The scoping review methodology guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute, an adaption of the Arksey and O'Malley, was followed. Comprehensive searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Articles were classified into 4 key themes: (1) composition of stroke thrombi, (2) thrombus composition and mechanical thrombectomy, (3) thrombus composition and thrombolytic therapy, and (4) novel imaging and endovascular approaches. Our search identified 698 articles published from 1987 to June 2020. Additional articles were extracted from reference lists of the selected articles. Overall, 95 topic-specific articles identified for inclusion published in 40 different journals were included. Reports showed that thrombus composition in stroke was highly heterogeneous, containing fibrin, platelets, red blood cells, VWF (von Willebrand Factor), and neutrophil extracellular traps. Thrombi could roughly be divided into fibrin- and red blood cell-rich clots. Fibrin-rich clots were associated with increased recanalization manoeuvres, longer procedure time, and less favorable clinical outcomes compared with red blood cell-rich clots. Advances in detection or treatment of thrombi that take into account clot heterogeneity may be able to improve future endovascular and thrombolytic treatment of stroke.
Enhancer Evolution across 20 Mammalian Species (2015)

The mammalian radiation has corresponded with rapid changes in noncoding regions of the genome, but we lack a comprehensive understanding of regulatory evolution in mammals. Here, we track the evolution of promoters and enhancers active in liver across 20 mammalian species from six diverse orders by profiling genomic enrichment of H3K27 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation. We report that rapid evolution of enhancers is a universal feature of mammalian genomes. Most of the recently evolved enhancers arise from ancestral DNA exaptation, rather than lineage-specific expansions of repeat elements. In contrast, almost all liver promoters are partially or fully conserved across these species. Our data further reveal that recently evolved enhancers can be associated with genes under positive selection, demonstrating the power of this approach for annotating regulatory adaptations in genomic sequences. These results provide important insight into the functional genetics underpinning mammalian regulatory evolution.
Chain Growth Polycondensation as a Polymer Generating Reaction in the Synthesis of Oligo(<i>p</i>‐phenyleneethynylene)s with Low Polydispersity (2005)

Abstract Summary: The polycondensation of 1‐ethynyl‐2,5‐dihexyl‐4‐iodobenzene in the presence of 1‐ethynyl‐2,5‐dihexyl‐4‐(2‐phenylethynyl)benzene proceeds according to the mechanism of initiated chain growth polycondensation. It has allowed the synthesis of oligomers with a desired molecular weight and a narrow molecular weight distribution. The reasons for the side reaction leading to the formation of diyne compounds are revealed and the presumed mechanism is given. This opens prospects for the preparation of defectless poly( p ‐phenyleneethynylene)s with required molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. magnified image
Formation of focal contacts by osteoblasts cultured on orthopedic biomaterials (1992)

The nature of the contact sites formed during the adhesion of osteoblasts to orthopedic implant materials was investigated by fluorescence microscopy. More specifically, the cytoskeletal organization of and the focal contact formation by neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts attaching to and spreading on 316L stainless steel, Ti-6Al-4V, Co-Cr-Mo, Synamel (hydroxyapatite), alumina, and borosilicate glass were examined. Focal contacts are regions where the plasma membrane approaches the substrate to within 10-15 nm and where bundles of cytoskeletal microfilaments terminate. Fluorescent-labeling of F-actin-containing microfilaments demonstrated a typical sequence of events as rounded, suspended osteoblasts spread onto the substrates. Immunofluorescent-labeling of the protein vinculin, which is found at the cytoplasmic face of focal contacts, initially showed the formation of streak-like focal patches. On the biomaterials, the vinculin staining subsequently extended up and along, but ventral to, the microfilament bundles. The fibrillar patterns observed at later times may evidence the formation of extracellular matrix contacts.
A Generic System for the Expression and Purification of Soluble and Stable Influenza Neuraminidase (2011)

The influenza surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) is essential for the efficient spread of the virus. Antiviral drugs such as Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir) that inhibit NA enzyme activity have been shown to be effective in the treatment of influenza infections. The recent 'swine flu' pandemic and world-wide emergence of Tamiflu-resistant seasonal human influenza A(H1N1) H(274)Y have highlighted the need for the ongoing development of new anti-virals, efficient production of vaccine proteins and novel diagnostic tools. Each of these goals could benefit from the production of large quantities of highly pure and stable NA. This publication describes a generic expression system for NAs in a baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) that is capable of expressing milligram amounts of recombinant NA. To construct NAs with increased stability, the natural influenza NA stalk was replaced by two different artificial tetramerization domains that drive the formation of catalytically active NA homotetramers: GCN4-pLI from yeast or the Tetrabrachion tetramerization domain from Staphylothermus marinus. Both recombinant NAs are secreted as FLAG-tagged proteins to allow for rapid and simple purification. The Tetrabrachion-based NA showed good solubility, increased stability and biochemical properties closer to the original viral NA than the GCN4-pLI based construct. The expressed quantities and high quality of the purified recombinant NA suggest that this expression system is capable of producing recombinant NA for a broad range of applications including high-throughput drug screening, protein crystallisation, or vaccine development.
In vitro large diameter bowel anastomosis using a temperature controlled laser tissue soldering system and albumin stent (2009)

This report describes the in vitro LTB anastomosis of a large diameter cylindrical organ. The immediate bond strength, as estimated by burst pressure measurements, was double compared to sutured anastomosis.
Drying of paper: A review 2000–2018 (2019)

Drying of paper during 2000–2018 is reviewed. The review includes new drying processes, multi-cylinder dryers, tissue and impingement drying, TAD-drying, infrared drying and energy use for drying of paper. It includes general aspects of infrared dryers but not drying of coated papers. Paper quality aspects, paper shrinkage and paper isotherms are not included. Impingement drying has been the most successful new technology with several applications while others such as impulse drying has not been commercialized mainly due to problems with paper quality parameters. One promising development is the introduction of steel instead of cast iron cylinders with increased heat transfer reducing the number of cylinders. Future research should focus on modeling the internal transport phenomena and to couple these phenomena to paper shrinkage and quality parameters. The influence of the fabric for the drying process needs more attention, understanding the drying process for new components such as microfibrillar cellulose in the stock and reducing energy use and increasing the amount of renewable energies for drying of paper.
Failure Recovery in Robot–Human Object Handover (2018)

Object handover is a common physical interaction between humans. It is thus also of significant interest for human-robot interaction. In this paper, we are focused on robot-to-human object handover. The main challenge in this case is how to reduce the failure rate, i.e., to ensure that the object does not fall (object safety), while at the same time allowing the human to easily acquire the object (smoothness). To endow the robot with a failure recovery mechanism, we investigated how humans detect failure during the transfer phase of the handover. We conducted a human study that showed that a human giver primarily relies on vision rather than haptic sensing to detect the fall of the object. Motivated by this study, a robotic handover system is proposed that consists of a motion sensor attached to the robot's gripper, a force sensor at the base of the gripper, and a controller that is capable of regrasping the object if it starts falling. The proposed system is implemented on a Baxter robot and is shown to achieve a smooth and safe handover.
Crash repair in the UK: reusing salvaged parts in car repair centres (2010)

The reuse of salvaged parts from vehicles deemed to be at the end of their life is viewed as an opportunity by insurers and crash repair firms to reduce rectification costs and improve service to policy holders. This research investigates the opportunities and challenges that confront an important but under-researched part of the automotive supply chain in establishing a reverse logistics flow of salvaged parts. The aim of this paper is to explore why the development of a reverse logistics system for the reuse of salvaged parts has not been successful in the UK yet flourishes in North America and Europe. Through answering this question, the paper seeks to provide a framework for managing the development of a partial closed-loop reverse logistics system for salvaged parts. Economic and ecological benefits are identified as potential outcomes. The implications for practice and further research are discussed.
Football Action Recognition Using Hierarchical LSTM (2017)

We present a hierarchical recurrent network for understanding team sports activity in image and location sequences. In the hierarchical model, we integrate proposed multiple person-centered features over a temporal sequence based on LSTM's outputs. To achieve this scheme, we introduce the Keeping state in LSTM as one of externally controllable states, and extend the Hierarchical LSTMs to include mechanism for the integration. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed framework involving hierarchical LSTM and person-centered feature. In this study, we demonstrate improvement over the reference model. Specifically, by incorporating the person-centered feature with meta-information (e.g., location data) in our proposed late fusion framework, we also demonstrate increased discriminability of action categories and enhanced robustness against fluctuation in the number of observed players.
In the balance: silver tsunami or longevity dividend? (2009)

While still early in the 21st century, nations are experiencing an unprecedented rise in people living into their 80s, 90s, and even longer. Many national leaders view with alarm a possible tidal wave of chronic age-related disease and disability. Competing scenarios predict insurmountable social and economic stress; or alternatively, a future in which older people continue to function and contribute during extended healthy years of life made possible by scientific and medical advances. The latter vision, termed the 'longevity dividend', is discussed in terms of strategies for achieving this goal.
Axial Attention in Multidimensional Transformers (2019)

We propose Axial Transformers, a self-attention-based autoregressive model for images and other data organized as high dimensional tensors. Existing autoregressive models either suffer from excessively large computational resource requirements for high dimensional data, or make compromises in terms of distribution expressiveness or ease of implementation in order to decrease resource requirements. Our architecture, by contrast, maintains both full expressiveness over joint distributions over data and ease of implementation with standard deep learning frameworks, while requiring reasonable memory and computation and achieving state-of-the-art results on standard generative modeling benchmarks. Our models are based on axial attention, a simple generalization of self-attention that naturally aligns with the multiple dimensions of the tensors in both the encoding and the decoding settings. Notably the proposed structure of the layers allows for the vast majority of the context to be computed in parallel during decoding without introducing any independence assumptions. This semi-parallel structure goes a long way to making decoding from even a very large Axial Transformer broadly applicable. We demonstrate state-of-the-art results for the Axial Transformer on the ImageNet-32 and ImageNet-64 image benchmarks as well as on the BAIR Robotic Pushing video benchmark. We open source the implementation of Axial Transformers.