gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Performance of a High Spatial Resolution, Time-of-Flight PET Detector (2014)

This paper describes the design and performance of a high spatial resolution PET detector with time-of-flight capabilities. With an emphasis on high spatial resolution and sensitivity, we initially evaluated the performance of several 1.5 × 1.5 and 2.0 × 2.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and 12-15 mm long LYSO crystals read out by several appropriately sized PMTs. Experiments to evaluate the impact of reflector on detector performance were performed and the final detector consisted of a 32 × 32 array of 1.5 × 1.5 × 15 mm<sup>3</sup> LYSO crystals packed with a diffuse reflector and read out by a single Hamamatsu 64 channel multi-anode PMT. Such a design made it compact, modular and offered a cost-effective solution to obtaining excellent energy and timing resolution. To minimize the number of readout signals, a compact front-end readout electronics that summed anode signals along each of the orthogonal directions was also developed. Experimental evaluation of detector performance demonstrates clear discrimination of the crystals within the detector. An average energy resolution (FWHM) of 12.7 ± 2.6% and average coincidence timing resolution (FWHM) of 348 ps was measured, demonstrating suitability for use in the development of a high spatial resolution time-of-flight scanner for dedicated breast PET imaging.
Impact of structural distortions on the performance of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers (2014)

We present a generic model for studying numerically the performance of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers (HC-PBGFs) with arbitrary cross-sectional distortions. Fully vectorial finite element simulations reveal that distortions beyond the second ring of air holes have an impact on the leakage loss and bandwidth of the fiber, but do not significantly alter its surface scattering loss which remains the dominant contribution to the overall fiber loss (providing that a sufficient number of rings of air holes (≥ 5) are used). We have found that while most types of distortions in the first two rings are generally detrimental, enlarging the core defect while keeping equidistant and on a circular boundary the glass nodes surrounding the core may produce losses half those compared to "idealized" fiber designs and with no penalty in terms of the transmission bandwidth.
Low-cost fibre-optic gyroscope (1990)

A fibre-optic concept different from the standard concept is presented. The combination of a 3 × 3 coupler, unpolarised light and a contrast-insensitive signal recovery scheme (CIS) offers the potential for low-cost fibre-optic gyroscopes with low to medium performance. First measurements show a bias uncertainty <8°/h and a scale factor accuracy <0.1%.
Synthesis of a diamond and metal mixture by the chemical vapor deposition process (1992)

A mixture of diamond and metal film was synthesized by a hybrid process combining plasma-jet chemical vapor deposition and a plasma-spray process. Sprayed molybdenum and tungsten were changed to Mo2C and tungsten carbide, respectively, and the lattice constants of Ni, Fe, and Co were increased by carbon-plasma spraying. Adhesion of film to the substrate was improved using the hybrid process to form a layer 50 to 150 μm thick of mixed metal and diamond between the substrate and pure diamond film.
PD-1 restraint of regulatory T cell suppressive activity is critical for immune tolerance (2020)

Inhibitory signals through the PD-1 pathway regulate T cell activation, T cell tolerance, and T cell exhaustion. Studies of PD-1 function have focused primarily on effector T cells. Far less is known about PD-1 function in regulatory T (T reg) cells. To study the role of PD-1 in T reg cells, we generated mice that selectively lack PD-1 in T reg cells. PD-1-deficient T reg cells exhibit an activated phenotype and enhanced immunosuppressive function. The in vivo significance of the potent suppressive capacity of PD-1-deficient T reg cells is illustrated by ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and protection from diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice lacking PD-1 selectively in T reg cells. We identified reduced signaling through the PI3K-AKT pathway as a mechanism underlying the enhanced suppressive capacity of PD-1-deficient T reg cells. Our findings demonstrate that cell-intrinsic PD-1 restraint of T reg cells is a significant mechanism by which PD-1 inhibitory signals regulate T cell tolerance and autoimmunity.
Introduction of a Methyl Group Curbs Metabolism of Pyrido[3,4-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine Monopolar Spindle 1 (MPS1) Inhibitors and Enables the Discovery of the Phase 1 Clinical Candidate <i>N</i><sup>2</sup>-(2-Ethoxy-4-(4-methyl-4<i>H</i>-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl)-6-methyl-<i>N</i><sup>8</sup>-neopentylpyrido[3,4-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine-2,8-diamine (BOS172722) (2018)

Monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1) occupies a central role in mitosis and is one of the main components of the spindle assembly checkpoint. The MPS1 kinase is an attractive cancer target, and herein, we report the discovery of the clinical candidate BOS172722. The starting point for our work was a series of pyrido[3,4- d]pyrimidine inhibitors that demonstrated excellent potency and kinase selectivity but suffered from rapid turnover in human liver microsomes (HLM). Optimizing HLM stability proved challenging since it was not possible to identify a consistent site of metabolism and lowering lipophilicity proved unsuccessful. Key to overcoming this problem was the finding that introduction of a methyl group at the 6-position of the pyrido[3,4- d]pyrimidine core significantly improved HLM stability. Met ID studies suggested that the methyl group suppressed metabolism at the distant aniline portion of the molecule, likely by blocking the preferred pharmacophore through which P450 recognized the compound. This work ultimately led to the discovery of BOS172722 as a Phase 1 clinical candidate.
Identification of an Aurora Kinase Inhibitor Specific for the Aurora B Isoform (2012)

Aurora kinases play an important role in chromosome alignment, segregation, and cytokinesis during mitosis. In the present study, we used a ligand docking method to explore the novel scaffold of potential Aurora B inhibitors. One thousand compounds from our in-house compound library were screened against the Aurora B structure and one compound, (E)-3-((E)-4-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-oxobut-3-en-1-ylidene)indolin-2-one (designated herein as HOI-07) was selected for further study. HOI-07 potently inhibited in vitro Aurora B kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, without obvious inhibition of another 49 kinases, including Aurora A. This compound suppressed Aurora B kinase activity in lung cancer cells, evidenced by the inhibition of the phosphorylation of histone H3 on Ser10 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This inhibition resulted in apoptosis induction, G(2)-M arrest, polyploidy cells, and attenuation of cancer cell anchorage-independent growth. Moreover, knocking down the expression of Aurora B effectively reduced the sensitivity of cancer cells to HOI-07. Results of an in vivo xenograft mouse study showed that HOI-07 treatment effectively suppressed the growth of A549 xenografts, without affecting the body weight of mice. The expression of phospho-histone H3, phospho-Aurora B, and Ki-67 was also suppressed in the HOI-07 treatment group. Taken together, we identified HOI-07 as a specific Aurora B inhibitor, which deserves further investigation.
Verifying hardware in its software context (1997)

We describe a method for verifying hardware whose correct behavior depends upon its software interface. It is presumed that the hardware is presented as a synchronous RTL model whereas the software is presented as an asynchronous abstraction. Our methodology incorporates partial order reduction on the software side, and localization reduction, to deal with the computational complexity of the verification. The partial order reduction is implemented as a constraint on the transition relation of a synchronous transformation of the software model. The reduced transformed model then may be verified using a verification algorithm whose scope is purely synchronous models, without modification. Thus, independent of the interface verification problem, this gives a general method for combining partial order reduction with symbolic model-checking.
Minnealloy: a new magnetic material with high saturation flux density and low magnetic anisotropy (2017)

We are reporting a new soft magnetic material with high saturation magnetic flux density, and low magnetic anisotropy. The new material is a compound of iron, nitrogen and carbon, α'-Fe8(NC), which has saturation flux density of 2.8 ± 0.15 T and magnetic anisotropy of 46 kJ m−3. The saturation flux density is 27% higher than pure iron, a widely used soft magnetic material. Soft magnetic materials are very important building blocks of motors, generators, inductors, transformers, sensors and write heads of hard disk. The new material will help in the miniaturization and efficiency increment of the next generation of electronic devices.
ChemInform Abstract: A Trifunctional Catalyst for the Synthesis of Chiral Diols. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Instruction set extensions for photonic synchronous coalesced accesses (2013)

Microprocessors have evolved over the last forty-plus years from purely sequential single operation machines, to pipelined super-scalar, to threaded and SIMD, and finally to multi-core and massive multi-core/thread machines. Despite these advances, the conceptual model programmers use to program them is still that of a single threaded register file bound math unit that can only be loosely synchronized with other such processors. This lack of explicit synchrony, caused by limitations of metal interconnect, limits parallel efficiency. Recent advances in silicon photonic-enabled architectures [1, 5, 7] promise to greatly enable high synchrony over long distances (centimeters or more). In this paper, it is shown that global synchrony changes the way computers can be programmed by introducing a new class of ISA level instruction: the globally-synchronous load-store. In the context of multiple load-store machines, the globally synchronous load-store architecture allows the programmer to think about a collection of independent load-store machines as a single load-store machine. This operation is described, and its ISA implications explored in the context of the distributed matrix transpose, which exhibits a high degree of data non-locality, and is difficult to efficiently parallelize on modern architectures.
Head automata for speech translation (2002)

Presents statistical language and translation models based on collections of small finite-state machines that we call "head automata". The models are intended to capture the lexical sensitivity of N-gram models and direct statistical translation models, while at the same time taking account of the hierarchical phrasal structure of language. Two types of head automata are defined: relational head automata, which are suitable for translation by the transfer of dependency trees, and head transducers, which are suitable for direct recursive lexical translation.
Grip Force and 3D Push-Pull Force Estimation Based on sEMG and GRNN (2017)

The estimation of the grip force and the 3D push-pull force (push and pull force in the three dimension space) from the electromyogram (EMG) signal is of great importance in the dexterous control of the EMG prosthetic hand. In this paper, an action force estimation method which is based on the eight channels of the surface EMG (sEMG) and the Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) is proposed to meet the requirements of the force control of the intelligent EMG prosthetic hand. Firstly, the experimental platform, the acquisition of the sEMG, the feature extraction of the sEMG and the construction of GRNN are described. Then, the multi-channels of the sEMG when the hand is moving are captured by the EMG sensors attached on eight different positions of the arm skin surface. Meanwhile, a grip force sensor and a three dimension force sensor are adopted to measure the output force of the human's hand. The characteristic matrix of the sEMG and the force signals are used to construct the GRNN. The mean absolute value and the root mean square of the estimation errors, the correlation coefficients between the actual force and the estimated force are employed to assess the accuracy of the estimation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also employed to test the difference of the force estimation. The experiments are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method and the results show that the output force of the human's hand can be correctly estimated by using sEMG and GRNN method.
Phosphorus-containing inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of a series of substituted pyridines containing a hydroxyphosphinyl moiety (1991)

A series of 2,3,4,(5),6-substituted pyridines containing a hydroxyphosphinyl functionally have been prepared and were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Systematic substitution of both R1-R4 and X-Y led to compounds of type 3-6 with in vitro potency greater than that of mevinolin (Na salt).
RAN-aware content delivery, proxy optimizations, and offload in cellular wireless networks (2014)

In most service provider networks today, performance enhancing proxies (PEPs), or optimization platforms, are used to improve performance through content caching, compression, application acceleration etc. PEPs are commonly deployed in wireline network ISPs and mobile networks between the core and Internet access point. This paper describes an alternative approach, which is to deploy content caches and other PEP functions deep into mobile radio access networks (RANs), such as UMTS, LTE, and CDMA networks. We discuss the architecture required to support this type of RAN-proxy deployment, as well as the overall benefits such as backhaul savings, better subscriber quality of experience (QoE), etc. We explore various locations within the RAN for such proxy, and the tradeoffs. We describe how operators can use RAN-proxies to selectively offload content to a local content delivery network (CDN), and to deliver content based on device type, location, and access network congestion. The challenges of a RAN-proxy deployment relative to charging, mobility, content filtering and lawful intercept are also discussed. We conclude by presenting the results/benefits of an experimental RAN-proxy deployment in a Tier-1 operator network.
Dispersion compensating fibers for non-zero dispersion fibers (2002)

We have for the first time to our knowledge demonstrated a single mode dispersion compensating fiber with low PMD, low loss and high Raman gain. The fiber can compensate the dispersion as well as the dispersion slope of the high slope NZDF with RDS of 0.018 nm/sup -1/. The importance of matching not only the dispersion and dispersion slope but also the dispersion curvature has been demonstrated with a new dispersion compensating fiber for low slope NZDF with RDS of 0.018 nm/sup -1/. The residual dispersion is measured to /spl plusmn/0.02 ps/(nm km) in a wide band from 1520 to 1580 nm facilitating 40 Gbit/s transmission for more than 3000 km with no individual channel dispersion correction.
Organic Semiconductors: Carrier‐Selective Traps: A New Approach for Fabricating Circuit Elements with Ambipolar Organic Semiconductors (Adv. Electron. Mater. 3/2017) (2017)

In article number 1600537, M. J. Ford et al. show that ambipolar polymer semiconductors can be solution processed with molecular additives to control their charge transport properties. The addititives act as carrier-selective traps, and the researchers show that selecting materials with the appropriate energy level offset can result in either n- or p-type transport from a single ambipolar polymer. Using this discovery, the fabricate efficient complementary inverters with high gain.
Implementation of a Scalable Next Generation Sequencing Business Cloud Platform--An Experience Report (2011)

Life science industry is looking towards new and cost-effective ways to manage and analyze huge amount of genomic data for faster innovation in drug or biologics discovery. To that effect, various alliances among competitive organizations are getting formed, such as the Pistoia Alliance, to collaborate and share a pool of genomic data and build useful search and analysis techniques for the alliance partners. In order to make the development, and management of data and applications cost-effective, a secure cloud computing based platforms are being considered. In this paper we describe an experience report of building such a collaborative platform on Amazon cloud platform. In order to build a scalable genome sequence alignment solution, we have adopted the well-known BLAST framework on Hadoop platform. A major challenge here is that the BLAST executable requires to be ported as it is, and yet the execution needs to scale, as the number of jobs increases, by elastically growing the Hadoop infrastructure. In this paper we proposed a BLAST database partitioning solution to achieve optimal scalability. Our controlled experiment is encouraging, the empirical result shows that the job execution scales with the number of jobs, if the partition sizes are chosen appropriately.
Circuit architecture for low-power race-free programmable logic arrays (2006)

The design of programmable logic arrays using NAND-NOR gates for the AND and OR logic planes, respectively, instead of the conventional NOR-NOR planes is described. The circuit architecture uses a hierarchical tree of four input domino NAND gates to implement the AND plane. The OR plane is split in two for increased speed and robustness. The circuits as well as timing and power advantages are described. Simulations on a foundry 130 nm process show nearly 50% power savings at less than 10% delay cost, primarily due to lower AND plane activity factor and reduced clock loading.
Developmental Expression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and its Receptor in the Human Placenta (1988)

To investigate the role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) during human placental development, expression of the genes encoding PDGF, the PDGF-receptor (PDGF-R) and the c-fos protooncogene was measured. Messenger RNAs for these genes were detected throughout pregnancy and peaked coordinately during the second trimester. An identical pattern of PDGF-R protein expression was confirmed by immunoblotting using a specific PDGF-R antiserum, measurement of PDGF-R kinase activity, and [125I]PDGF binding. These findings show that the components of the PDGF pathway are expressed in a concerted fashion throughout human pregnancy and are present at especially high levels during the midtrimester. Our observations suggest that through autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms, PDGF is likely to play an important role in placental homeostasis.
ChemInform Abstract: Designer Aminoglycosides: The Race to Develop Improved Antibiotics and Compounds for the Treatment of Human Genetic Diseases. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fischer–Tropsch Process (2013)

Abstract A Fischer–Tropsch process always forms part of a larger indirect liquefaction facility, which consists of three processing steps. The first step is to convert a carbon source, such as coal, natural gas, biomass, or organic waste, into synthesis gas (syngas). Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and it is the feed material for a Fischer–Tropsch process, which is the second step in the indirect liquefaction process. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is the catalytic polymerization and hydrogenation of CO, which produces a synthetic crude oil (syncrude). The syncrude is a multiphase mixture of hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and water. The third step is the refining of the syncrude to products that are traditionally produced from conventional crude oil, such as transportation fuels and petrochemicals. The current contribution deals only with the Fischer–Tropsch process; the generation of syngas and the refining of Fischer–Tropsch syncrude are not discussed in any detail. A Fischer–Tropsch process has three main elements: catalyst, reactor, and gas loop. Fischer–Tropsch catalysis is described to explain the relationship among the different catalyst types, operating conditions, and products. A description of the main syncrude types and their compositions is also provided. Fischer–Tropsch technologies are discussed, with an explanation of the relationship between catalyst and reactor, the tradeoffs involved in different catalyst–reactor combinations, as well as guidelines for technology selection. The role of the Fischer–Tropsch gas loop is outlined, with a discussion of the key elements of the gas loop and how they affect the overall performance of a Fischer–Tropsch process.
Highly Stereoselective Formal Synthesis of Rosuvastatin and Pitavastatin Through Julia–Kocienski Olefination Using the Lactonized Statin Side-Chain Precursor (2014)

An expedient and simple synthetic approach to pitava­statin and rosuvastatin final intermediates is described. The presented approach consists of completely stereoselective Julia–Kocienski olefination step (<i>E</i>/<i>Z</i> up to 300:1) between lactonized statin side-chain precursor and sulfone derivative of the corresponding pyrimidine and quinoline heterocyclic cores. The desired <i>O</i>-TBS protected statin lactones were isolated in 66–71% yield and high >97% purity (HPLC).
Construction of the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway in a methanotrophic bacterium Methylomonas sp. strain 16a (2007)

Methylomonas sp. strain 16a is an obligate methanotrophic bacterium that uses methane or methanol as the sole carbon source. An effort was made to engineer this organism for astaxanthin production. Upon expressing the canthaxanthin gene cluster under the control of the native hps promoter in the chromosome, canthaxanthin was produced as the main carotenoid. Further conversion to astaxanthin was carried out by expressing different combinations of crtW and crtZ genes encoding the beta-carotenoid ketolase and hydroxylase. The carotenoid intermediate profile was influenced by the copy number of these two genes under the control of the hps promoter. Expression of two copies of crtZ and one copy of crtW led to the accumulation of a large amount of the mono-ketolated product adonixanthin. On the other hand, expression of two copies of crtW and one copy of crtZ resulted in the presence of non-hydroxylated carotenoid canthaxanthin and the mono-hydroxylated adonirubin. Production of astaxanthin as the predominant carotenoid was obtained in a strain containing two complete sets of carotenoid biosynthetic genes. This strain had an astaxanthin titer ranging from 1 to 2.4 mg g(-1) of dry cell biomass depending on the growth conditions. More than 90% of the total carotenoid was astaxanthin, of which the majority was in the form of E-isomer. This result indicates that it is possible to produce astaxanthin with desirable properties in methanotrophs through genetic engineering.