gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectral Derivatives of Optical Depth for Partitioning Aerosol Type and Loading (2021)

Quantifying aerosol compositions (e.g., type, loading) from remotely sensed measurements by spaceborne, suborbital and ground-based platforms is a challenging task. In this study, the first and second-order spectral derivatives of aerosol optical depth (AOD) with respect to wavelength are explored to determine the partitions of the major components of aerosols based on the spectral dependence of their particle optical size and complex refractive index. With theoretical simulations from the Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) model, AOD spectral derivatives are characterized for collective models of aerosol types, such as mineral dust (DS) particles, biomass-burning (BB) aerosols and anthropogenic pollutants (AP), as well as stretching out to the mixtures among them. Based on the intrinsic values from normalized spectral derivatives, referenced as the Normalized Derivative Aerosol Index (NDAI), a unique pattern is clearly exhibited for bounding the major aerosol components; in turn, fractions of the total AOD (fAOD) for major aerosol components can be extracted. The subtlety of this NDAI method is examined by using measurements of typical aerosol cases identified carefully by the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun–sky spectroradiometer. The results may be highly practicable for quantifying fAOD among mixed-type aerosols by means of the normalized AOD spectral derivatives.
Application of B-Added Low Carbon Bainite Steels to X80 UOE Line Pipe for Ultra Low Temperature Usage (2010)

Demand for high strength line pipes is increasing because of the reduction in natural gas transportation costs of pipelines. Low temperature toughness is required for high strength line pipes. Reduction in manufacturing cost of high strength linepipes is also required in an environment where alloying cost is increasing. To meet these requirements, boron (B) addition is extremely useful because the addition of very small amounts of B remarkably improves the strength and low temperature toughness. B-added low carbon bainite (LCB) line pipes with American Petroleum Institute (API) grade X60 to X80 have been developed for several decades [1–2]. B-added LCB steels have excellent low temperature toughness, however, it is challenging to achieve excellent crack initiation resistance and crack arrestability for ultra low temperatures such as −60°C. In particular, it is very difficult to achieve both excellent Drop Weight Tear Test (DWTT) properties of base metal, and excellent Charpy V-Notched (CVN) properties of seam welds in heavier wall thickness of X80 UOE linepipe. Metallurgical concepts such as the optimum chemical compositions, Thermo Mechanical Control Process (TMCP) conditions and seam weld conditions of B-added LCB steels with API grade X80 for ultra low temperature have been proposed in order to achieve the excellent mechanical properties even in a low manufacturing cost. Based on this concept, excellent DWTT properties of base metal and CVN properties of the seam welds of API grade X80 line pipe with 25mm thickness down to –60°C were obtained.
Boron-Based 4-Hydroxytamoxifen Bioisosteres for Treatment of de Novo Tamoxifen Resistant Breast Cancer (2012)

Tamoxifen remains the first line therapy for estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, polymorphisms of the gene encoding P450 2D6 could result in no protein expression or no CYP2D6 enzymatic activity and may significantly reduce the benefit of the hormone therapy. To address this issue, we designed and synthesized three 4-hydroxytamoxifen bioisosteres utilizing a boron-aryl carbon bond that can be oxidized under physiological conditions to yield 4-hydroxytamoxifen. We show that the bioisosteres inhibit the growth of two ER+ breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and T47D, with potencies comparable to or greater than that of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. We further demonstrate that after incubation with breast cancer cells, the majority of the bioisosteres has been converted to 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Our study suggests that boron-based 4-hydroxytamoxifen bioisosteres may be an effective therapeutic remedy for intrinsic tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer patients deficient in CYP2D6 metabolism.
Real-time MPEG video coding with information look-ahead (2003)

There have been increasing market demands to develop more effective schemes for applying MPEG video coding standard to meet the challenges from the emerging applications. We present a real-time MPEG video coding system with information look-ahead for constant bit rate (CBR) applications, such as video-on-demand (VoD) over ADSL. This scheme employs two MPEG encoders. Both encoders operate at the same CBR. The second encoder has a buffer to delay the input by an amount of time relative to the first encoder to create a look-ahead window. In encoding, the first encoder collects the information of statistics and rate-quality characteristics. An on-line information processor then uses the collected information to derive the best coding strategy for the second encoder to encode the incoming frames in the look-ahead window. The second encoder uses the encoding parameters from the processor as the coding guide to execute the coding strategy and generate the final bitstream. Results on an IBM MPEG-2 encoder testing system with a 15 frame look-ahead window have shown that the scheme can obtain a 0.6 to 1.6 dB improvement in PSNR over the conventional single encoder on MPEG test video sources. Moreover, measured by the Tektronix Inc.'s picture quality analysis (PQA) system, this scheme achieved 0.87 /spl sim/ 1.35 reduction in PQA measurement. The visual quality improvement is also very evident.
Physical and Mathematical Modeling of a Wave Energy Converter Equipped with a Negative Spring Mechanism for Phase Control (2018)

A wave-energy converter has been studied through the combination of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. The converter model is a semi-submerged axi-symmetric buoy with a circular cross section with a diameter of 26 cm at the water plane. The buoy is pitching about a fixed external axis oriented such that the buoy works primarily in heave. The laboratory model is equipped with a spring mechanism referred to as WaveSpring, which works to shift the resonance period and increase the response bandwidth of the system. A controlled electric actuator was connected and programmed to provide a velocity-proportional force for power extraction. The buoy mass was varied at two levels and the experimental setup was exposed to a selection of regular and irregular waves. The power take-off (PTO) damping was set as a function of sea state. A mathematical model for global motion response was developed based on linear hydrodynamic theory and rigid-body dynamics. Comparison of laboratory measurements and numerical simulation results shows that the dominant physical effects have been well captured by the mathematical model. Overall, the study gives an experimental verification that a negative spring mechanism mounted in parallel with the power take-off machinery of a wave energy converter may be used to increase the average converted power.
Apolipoprotein E4 Forms a Molten Globule (2002)

The amino-terminal domain of apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is less susceptible to chemical and thermal denaturation than the apoE3 and apoE2 domains. We compared the urea denaturation curves of the 22-kDa amino-terminal domains of the apoE isoforms at pH 7.4 and 4.0. At pH 7.4, apoE3 and apoE4 reflected an apparent two-state denaturation. The midpoints of denaturation were 5.2 and 4.3 m urea, respectively. At pH 4.0, a pH value known to stabilize folding intermediates, apoE4 and apoE3 displayed the same order of denaturation but with distinct plateaus, suggesting the presence of a stable folding intermediate. In contrast, apoE2 proved the most stable and lacked the distinct plateau observed with the other two isoforms and could be fitted to a two-state unfolding model. Analysis of the curves with a three-state unfolding model (native, intermediate, and unfolded) showed that the apoE4 folding intermediate reached its maximal concentration ( approximately 90% of the mixture) at 3.75 m, whereas the apoE3 intermediate was maximal at 4.75 m ( approximately 80%). These results are consistent with apoE4 being more susceptible to unfolding than apoE3 and apoE2 and more prone to form a stable folding intermediate. The structure of the apoE4 folding intermediate at pH 4.0 in 3.75 m urea was characterized using pepsin proteolysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. From these studies, we conclude that the apoE4 folding intermediate is a single molecule with the characteristics of a molten globule. We propose a model of the apoE4 molten globule in which the four-helix bundle of the amino-terminal domain is partially opened, generating a slightly elongated structure and exposing the hydrophobic core. Since molten globules have been implicated in both normal and abnormal physiological function, the differential abilities of the apoE isoforms to form a molten globule may contribute to the isoform-specific effects of apoE in disease.
Fracture Behavior under Impact. Part II. (1986)

The physical behavior of cracks under impact loading is investigated. Single edge cracks or arrays of multiple cracks are considered. The specimens are loaded by time dependent tensile stress pulses moving perpendicular to the crack direction. The specimens are directly loaded by an impinging projectile or by base plate which is accelerated by a projectile. The specimens are made from a transparent model material, Araldite B, or a high strength steel, X2 NiCoMo 18 9 5. The initial crack lengths and impact velocities are varied throughout the experiments. By means of the shadow optical method of caustics in combination with high speed photography, the dynamic stress intensity factors at the tip of the crack are measured as functions of time during the impact event. In particular the critical value of the dynamic stress intensity factor at onset of rapid crack propagation, i.e. the dynamic fracture toughness KId, is determined and discussed with regard to the time tf at which the crack becomes unstable.
Plenoptic depth map in the case of occlusions (2013)

Recent realizations of hand-held plenoptic cameras have given rise to previously unexplored effects in photography. Designing a mobile phone plenoptic camera is becoming feasible with the significant increase of computing power of mobile devices and the introduction of System on a Chip. However, capturing high numbers of views is still impractical due to special requirements such as ultra-thin camera and low costs. In this paper, we analyze a mobile plenoptic camera solution with a small number of views. Such a camera can produce a refocusable high resolution final image if a depth map is generated for every pixel in the sparse set of views. With the captured multi-view images, the obstacle to recovering a high-resolution depth is occlusions. To robustly resolve these, we first analyze the behavior of pixels in such situations. We show that even under severe occlusion, one can still distinguish different depth layers based on statistics. We estimate the depth of each pixel by discretizing the space in the scene and conducting plane sweeping. Specifically, for each given depth, we gather all corresponding pixels from other views and model the in-focus pixels as a Gaussian distribution. We show how it is possible to distinguish occlusion pixels, and in-focus pixels in order to find the depths. Final depth maps are computed in real scenes captured by a mobile plenoptic camera.
Characterization of the assembly and processing of infectious laryngotracheitis virus glycoprotein B. (1997)

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an alpha-herpesvirus that causes severe upper respiratory infections in chickens. Although ten putative ILTV glycoprotein genes have been identified by sequence analysis, no ILTV glycoprotein has been extensively characterized. In order to delineate the synthesis and processing pathway of ILTV glycoprotein B (gB), rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against a Cro-gB-beta-galactosidase fusion protein. Through immunoprecipitation analysis of ILTV-infected chicken embryo liver cells it was determined that ILTV gB is initially synthesized as a 110 kDa monomeric precursor protein which rapidly assembles into homodimers composed of 100 kDa subunits. The dimer form of ILTV gB is rapidly cleaved to form two disulphide-linked species of 58 kDa. The apparent reduction in mass (from 110 to 100 kDa) of the mature form of gB during processing in the Golgi apparatus appears to be a common feature of avian herpesvirus gB proteins.
Secure Wireless Communication with Dynamic Secrets (2010)

This paper introduces a set of low-complexity algorithms that when coupled with link layer retransmission mechanisms, strengthen wireless communication security. Our basic idea is to generate a series of secrets from inevitable transmission errors and other random factors in wireless communications. Because these secrets are constantly extracted from the communication process in realtime, we call them dynamic secrets. Dynamic secrets have interesting security properties. They offer a complementary mechanism to existing security protocols. Even if the adversary exploits a vulnerability and steals the underlying system secret, security can be automatically replenished. In many scenarios, it is also possible to bootstrap a secure communication with the dynamic secrets.
Analysis and Design of Full-Order Flux Observers for Sensorless Induction Motors (2004)

This paper deals with the flux estimation for sensorless induction motor drives. The linearized model of the speed-adaptive full-order flux observer is applied to help choosing the observer gain and the speed-adaptation gains. It is shown that the linearized model reveals potential instability problems that are difficult to find by other means. An observer gain and a method to vary the speed-adaptation gains in the field-weakening region are proposed. Experimental results show stable operation in a very wide speed range.
Amorphization/templated recrystallization method for changing the orientation of single-crystal silicon: An alternative approach to hybrid orientation substrates (2005)

We demonstrate that the crystal orientation of single-crystal silicon layers may be changed in selected areas from one orientation to another by an amorphization/templated recrystallization (ATR) process, and then introduce ATR as an alternative approach for fabricating planar hybrid orientation substrates with surface regions of (100)- and (110)-oriented Si. The ATR technique, applied to a starting substrate comprising a thin (50–200 nm) overlayer of (100) or (110) Si on a (110) or (100) Si handle wafer, consists of two process steps: (i) Si+ or Ge+ ion implantation to create an amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer extending from the top of the overlayer to a depth below the overlayer/handle wafer interface, and (ii) a thermal anneal to produce the handle-wafer-templated epitaxial recrystallization of the a-Si layer. Regions exposed to the ATR process assume the orientation of the handle wafer while regions not exposed to the ATR process retain their original orientation. The practicality of this approach is demonstrated with the fabrication of a planar hybrid orientation substrate comprising (100) and (110) Si regions separated by SiO2-filled trenches.
Novel high‐temperature‐resistant metal phthalocyanine imide copolymers (1983)

Abstract New metal phthalocyanine imide copolymers with high thermal stability, based on the reaction between metal (11) 4,4′,4″,4‴‐phthalocyaninetetraamine, 4‐aminophenylether, and 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, were prepared. Infrared (IR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and viscosity measurements were used to characterize these polymers. All polymers exhibited good thermal and thermooxidative stability at polymer decomposition temperatures (PDT) greater than 500°C in air and nitrogen atmosphere. Another attractive feature is their high char yields—60–75% at 800°C in nitrogen atmosphere. The ratio of the polymer decomposition temperatures in air and nitrogen atmospheres, (PDT air )/(PDT ), varied from 0.94 to 0.98. These polymers have promising applications in heat‐stable films, fibers, and coatings.
Processor-based built-in self-test for embedded DRAM (1998)

A built-in self-test engine and test methodology have been developed for testing a family of high-bandwidth, high-density DRAM macros. The DRAM macros range in size from 256/spl times/16/spl times/128 to 2 K/spl times/16/spl times/256 (Word/spl times/Bit/spl times/Data) and are targeted for embedded applications in application-specific integrated circuit designs. The processor-based test engine, with two separate instruction storage memories, combines with flexible address, data, and clock generators to provide DRAM high-performance ac testing using a minimum of dedicated test pins. Test results are compressed through on-macro, two-dimensional, redundancy allocation logic to provide direct programming information for the fuser via a serial scan port. The design is intended for reuse on future DRAM-generation subarrays and can be adapted to any number of address or data-pin configurations.
Quality and Vaccine Efficacy of CD4+ T Cell Responses Directed to Dominant and Subdominant Epitopes in ESAT-6 from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2009)

The ESAT-6 (early secretory antigenic target) molecule is a very important target for T cell recognition during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although ESAT-6 contains numerous potential T cell epitopes, the immune response during infection is often focused toward a few immunodominant epitopes. By immunization with individual overlapping synthetic peptides in cationic liposomes (cationic adjuvant formulation, CAF01) we demonstrate that the ESAT-6 molecule contains several subdominant epitopes that are not recognized in H-2(d/b) mice either during tuberculosis infection or after immunization with ESAT-6/CAF01. Immunization with a truncated ESAT-6 molecule (Delta15ESAT-6) that lacks the immunodominant ESAT-6(1-15) epitope refocuses the response to include T cells directed to these subdominant epitopes. After aerosol infection of immunized mice, T cells directed to both dominant (ESAT-6-immunized) and subdominant epitopes (Delta15ESAT-6-immunized) proliferate and are recruited to the lung. The vaccine-promoted response consists mainly of double- (TNF-alpha and IL-2) or triple-positive (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2) polyfunctional T cells. This polyfunctional quality of the CD4(+) T cell response is maintained unchanged even during the later stages of infection, whereas the naturally occurring infection stimulates a response to the ESAT-6(1-15) epitope that consist almost exclusively of CD4(+) effector T cells. ESAT-6 and Delta15ESAT-6 both give significant protection against aerosol challenge with tuberculosis, but the most efficient protection against pulmonary infection is mediated by the subdominant T cell repertoire primed by Delta15ESAT-6.
Efficient Spectral Imaging based on Imaging Systems with Scene Adaptation Using Tunable Color Pixels (2011)

Conventional spectral imaging systems use a set of pre-determined filters to capture multi-band images. Liquid crystal tunable filters (LCTF) and active illumination allow reconfiguration of spectral sensitivities but these techniques have shortcomings such as latency due to multiple captures and the fact that the same filtering or illumination is applied to the whole frame of the image. There are emerging device technologies that allow independent adjustment of the filtering for each region or even at a pixel level of the imaging frame. The operation of such imaging systems is controlled by adapting to the scene based on scene analysis. Experiments were run by simulating a spectral imaging system which adjusts pixel sensitivities based on color information from the scene. As a result this new system exhibits superior performance compared to traditional spectral imaging systems in terms of color accuracy and imaging capture efficiency.
Voltage-driven class E amplifier and applications (2005)

A voltage-driven class E power amplifier topology is presented. The operating principle of the circuit is explained, and measurement results for a MIC implementation using an OMMIC ED02AH 6×50 μm pHEMT as the active device are given. At the nominal operating frequency of 870 MHz, the MIC achieves 18 dB maximum gain, produces 18 dBm output power, and a maximum power added efficiency of 93%.
Highly Efficient Distributed Feedback Brillouin Fiber Laser (2012)

An efficient single frequency distributed feedback (DFB) Brillouin fiber laser producing 22mW of Stokes output, using 81mW of pump from a semiconductor DFB laser, is shown. The laser operated for a pump frequency detuning >1GHz.
Abnormal overexpression of p53 is a predictive molecular biomarker of Advexin (adenoviral p53) efficacy in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) (2006)

B52 The p53 signaling pathway integrates diverse environmental stimuli and serves as the nodal point for regulation of cell proliferation or cell death via apoptosis. This pathway is disrupted or dysfunctional in >50% of human tumors. In squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), overexpression of p53 protein (p53 + ) is associated with poor patient outcome and poor tumor response to therapy. With the goal of evaluating p53 pathway markers, we have used immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to evaluate tumor samples from 64 individuals with SCCHN. Overexpression of p53 protein (p53 + ) was found in 47/64 (73.4%) samples examined, as defined by ≥20% of cells positive for nuclear staining using the monoclonal DO7 antibody. Additional p53 pathway proteins were also examined, including HDM2, Bcl-2, p14 ARF , and survivin. Utilizing ≥20% of cells positive as criteria for expression, 47.6% (30/63) of tumors analyzed expressed HDM2, 27.0% (17/63) Bcl-2, 21.9% (14/64) p14 ARF , and 74.6% (44/59) survivin. A subset of the individuals with recurrent SCCHN was treated in Phase II clinical trials using p53 gene therapy (Advexin; Adenovirus-p53). In order to determine whether any of these proteins could potentially be used as a predictive biomarker for p53 gene therapy efficacy, analysis was carried out on the subset of patients treated with Advexin for whom clinical outcome information was available (n=18). Of the markers evaluated, only p53 protein overexpression had a statistically significant correlation with locoregional tumor disease control (CR, PR, or SD, all of >3 months duration) and increased median survival following Advexin treatment. 72.7% of patients with p53 + tumors demonstrated locoregional disease control, compared to only 14% of patients with p53 - tumors (p=0.05). In addition, the median survival of patients with tumors overexpressing p53 protein (p53 + ) was 11.0 months (95% CI 6.5-16.0), compared to only 3.0 months (95% CI 1.5-3.5) in patients whose tumors were p53 - (p