gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 3D summary display for reporting organ tumors and other pathologies (2006)

We describe a visualization tool for the reporting of organ tumors such as lung nodules. It provides a 3D visual summary of all the detected and segmented tumors and allows the user to navigate through the display. The detected and segmented nodules are displayed, using surface rendering to show their shapes and relative sizes. Anatomic features are used as references. In this implementation, the two lung surfaces are rendered semi-transparent as the visual reference. However, other references could be used, such as the thoracic cage, airways, or vessel trees. The display is of 3D nature, meaning that user can rotate the objects as a whole, view the display at different angles. The user can also zoom the display at will to see an enlarged view of a nodule. The 3D display is spatially synchronized with the main window that displays the volume data. A click on a nodule in the 3D display will update the main display to the corresponding slice where the nodule is located, and the nodule location will be outlined in the slice that is shown in the main widow. This is a general reporting tool that can be applied to all oncology applications using all modalities, whenever the segmentation and detection of tumors are essential. It can also be extended as a visualization tool for combinatorial reporting of all relevant pathologies.
Letter to the Editor: On the Economic Utilization of Oil Shale (2005)

A method and apparatus to conduct O2/CO2 combustion or oxygen-enriched combustion. The boiler exhaust gas passes through a Gas Primer Sector (GPS) combined with the boiler to effect heat transfer to the combustion gas in indirect counter-flow heat exchange. Sharply reduced gas flows result from using largely moisture-free CO2 as diluent for O2 in the combustion gas which allows long residence time at low velocity for maximum heat transfer from the exhaust gas to the combustion gas. Most particulate drops out and most moisture is condensed from the cooled mostly CO2 exhaust gas. The larger portion is blended with oxygen for the combustion gas and reheated and returned to the boiler through the integrated GPS; the smaller portion is cleaned and separated, the CO2 released or recovered. The complete exhaust gas-combustion gas cycle may be 30 to 90 seconds and preferably about 60 seconds. The high heat capacity of CO2 allows a much higher oxygen content in the combustion gas compared to open-cycle air combustion with a large nitrogen content of lower heat capacity. Efficiency is increased. Final exhaust gas separation and recovery is simplified. Condensate is processed to boiler feedwater or portable water quality. NO x is eliminated, mercury fume captured and CO2 output reduced.
Enhancement of Electric Conductivity of Polypyrrole by Stretching (1985)

Abstract Polypyrrole films with improved elongation at break were prepared electrochemically at low temperature. Mechanical stretching of the film gave highly oriented film with improved conductivity. Maximum conductivity was measured to be σ = 1005 S/cm. Anisotropy of conductivity was observed (σ/σ = 4.9).
Method for Rapid Assessment of Additives to Prevent Asphaltene Precipitation at Reservoir Conditions (2015)

Abstract Asphaltenes are blamed for several operational issues throughout the petroleum value chain such as: reducing volumetric production of wells, plugging of valves, pumps, tubing and pipelines during lifting, production, transportation, and storage. During refining operations, asphaltenes can cause heat exchanger and oven fouling and contributing to catalyst poisoning by coke and metal depositions. There are several techniques that can be used to deal with asphaltene precipitation issues: a) control pressure or other operational variables such as oil comingling, b) periodical cleaning (either chemical or mechanical), and c) additive injection to prevent asphaltene precipitation. Specifically, current methods for additive evaluation are time-consuming, rely exclusively on measurements at room temperature and could be very costly if they are carried out at reservoir conditions. Thus, the need for a method for rapid assessment of additives to prevent asphaltene precipitation is necessary to maintain well production and maximize economic benefits. A new analytical technique was developed for screening and selection of asphaltene dispersants at reservoir conditions (&lt;200°C). It is based on the On-Column Filtration method (Rogel 2009 and Ovalles 2015) and can quantitatively measure asphaltene dispersion activity by determining the percentage of reduction of asphaltene content versus the case without additives. It allows performing mass balances, is fast (&lt;50min), repeatable, has small human intervention and uses a small amount of sample. A nonylphenolformaldehide resin (MW = 1600 g/mol) and three commercial additives were tested using gravimetrically separated asphaltenes and a Mid-continent crude oil. Reductions in the asphaltene contents up to 56% were found for the former and 38% for the latter. The mechanism in which asphaltene inhibitors and dispersants interact with asphaltenes depends on the type of additive and asphaltene composition and concentration. Some mechanistic considerations on the action of additives to prevent asphaltene precipitation are presented.
The Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus YT1 (MENOLACTO) on Improving Menopausal Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial (2020)

This study evaluated the efficacy of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> YT1 (MENOLACTO) for alleviating menopausal symptoms. This study was a multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving female subjects (ages: 40-60 years) with menopausal symptoms and a Kupperman index (KMI) score ≥ 20. Subjects were administered 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/day MENOLACTO or placebo, with the primary endpoint being total KMI score, and the effect of secondary endpoints on alleviating menopausal symptoms according to individual categories of the modified KMI, as well as a quality of life questionnaire (MENQOL questionnaire). After 12 weeks, total KMI scores decreased significantly, demonstrating improved menopausal symptoms relative to placebo along with improved modified KMI scores. Additionally, quality of life, according to the MENQOL questionnaire, significantly improved in all four symptoms-physical, psychosocial, vasomotor, and sexual symptoms. Moreover, we observed no significant difference between the two groups or significant changes in blood follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels or endometrial thickness. These results demonstrated that MENOLACTO alleviated menopausal symptoms without notable side effects and improved quality of life, suggesting its efficacy as an alternative supplement to alleviate menopausal symptoms in women ineligible for hormonal therapy.
Automated email activity management (2005)

Many structured activities are managed by email. For instance, a consumer purchasing an item from an e-commerce vendor may receive a message confirming the order, a warning of a delay, and then a shipment notification. Existing email clients do not understand this structure, forcing users to manage their activities by sifting through lists of messages. As a first step to developing email applications that provide high-level support for structured activities, we consider the problem of automatically learning an activity's structure. We formalize activities as finite-state automata, where states correspond to the status of the process, and transitions represent messages sent between participants. We propose several unsupervised machine learning algorithms in this context, and evaluate them on a collection of e-commerce email.
Exact Synthesis of Majority-Inverter Graphs and Its Applications (2017)

We propose effective algorithms for exact synthesis of Boolean logic networks using satisfiability modulo theories (SMTs) solvers. Since exact synthesis is a difficult problem, it can only be applied efficiently to very small functions, having up to six variables. Key in our approach is to use majority-inverter graphs (MIGs) as underlying logic representation as they are simple (homogeneous logic representation) and expressive (contain AND/OR-inverter graphs) at the same time. This has a positive impact on the problem formulation: it simplifies the encoding as SMT constraints and also allows for various techniques to break symmetries in the search space due to the regular data structure. Our algorithm optimizes with respect to the MIG's size or depth and uses different ways to encode the problem and several methods to improve solving time, with symmetry breaking techniques being the most effective ones. We discuss several applications of exact synthesis and motivate them by experiments on a set of large arithmetic benchmarks. Using the proposed techniques, we are able to improve both area and delay after lookup table (LUT)-based technology mapping beyond the current results achieved by state-of-the-art logic synthesis algorithms.
A device for micropositioning of an object [Anordning för mikropositionering av object genom användning av mekanisk tröghet] (2000)

A device for micropositioning of an object [Anordning for mikropositionering av object genom anvandning av mekanisk troghet]
An adaptive technique for accuracy enhancement of vector quantizers in nonorthogonal domains (2003)

Recently, novel vector quantization techniques in multiple nonorthogonal domains for both waveform and model-based signal characterization that give an improved qualitative and quantitative signal coding performance as compared to vector quantization in single domain have been reported. In these techniques, vectors are formed either directly from the signal waveform or from the model parameters extracted from the signal. Then, the vectors are represented in multiple nonorthogonal domains. The encoder chooses the domain that best represents the vector according to a predetermined criterion. An iterative codebook enhancement algorithm, applicable to both waveform and model-based vector quantization in nonorthogonal domains is developed and presented in this paper. In this algorithm, each set of codebooks in a given domain is retrained by the vectors that were best represented by that particular set of codebooks in the most recent iteration. The algorithm is applied successfully and extensive simulation results yield considerable performance enhancement of the vector quantization in nonorthogonal domains, for a given bit rate. Sample results are provided which demonstrate the improved performance.
Photo‐crosslinking Reveals Unique Features of the Sigma‐1 Receptor Ligand Binding Region(s) (2010)

We have recently found that endogenous sphingolipids including sphingosine and sphinganine interact with the sigma‐1 receptor. To study the interaction of these lipid molecules with the receptor, we used a series N ‐alkylamines and their phenylpropyl‐ as well as nitrophenylpropyl‐ derivatives as surrogates for sphingosine. Surprisingly, N ‐(3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)propyl)‐N‐alkylamines, revealed a unique property of the sigma‐1 receptor whereby upon UV irradiation of the receptor in the presence of excess compounds, two sigma‐1 receptor populations were generated. The first population migrated as a 26 kDa and the second as 23 kDa on an SDS polyacrylamide gel with a ratio of 1:1. Using anti‐sigma‐1 receptor antibody, we also detected this phenomenon in both guinea pig liver membranes and COS‐7 cells overexpressing the sigma‐1 receptor. Generation of these two sigma‐1 receptor populations was dependent on photolysis of N ‐alkylamine derivatives of 12 carbons or longer and was protectable by haloperidol. The 23 kDa population was not formed as a result of photo‐chemical cleavage of the sigma‐1 receptor since both of the N‐ and C‐termini are presence as confirmed by N‐terminal sequencing and western analysis using an anti‐C‐term hexahistidine antibody. Sequence specific antibodies against amino acids 143 – 169 of the sigma‐1 receptor showed that in the 23 kDa, the N‐alkylamine photoprobe blocked the antibody epitope of this region. Additionallly, MALDI‐TOF results showed that there is a 318 Da shift of the peptide corresponding to amino acids 143 – 175, suggesting a covalent cross‐linking of photoprobe to the pure protein. Together, these data reveal unique features of the sigma‐1 receptor binding region(s).
Isotropic 3D silicon hall sensor (2015)

This paper reports the first three-dimensional (3D) Hall sensor with isotropic sensitivity for the three spatial components of the magnetic field. The silicon device has the shape of a hexagonal prism with symmetric sets of three contacts on its top and bottom surfaces. Sending currents obliquely across the device allows one to operate it as three mutually crossing, identical, and effectively orthogonal Hall sensors. The sensitivity vectors of these Hall sensors are easily converted into sensitivities in the Cartesian coordinate system xyz. We demonstrate a design achieving sensitivities of S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> = 33.0 mV/VT, S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> = 33.9 mV/VT and S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</sub> = 33.3 mV/VT.
A high boost ratio bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter for wide range low voltage high current applications (2012)

This paper introduces a high boost ratio, bidirectional, isolated, dc/dc converter designed as an interface between low voltage, high current dc sources and 24 V dc systems. This converter realizes bidirectional power flow with two main switches and operates under a wide input voltage range, from 1.5 V to 12 V, with an input current as high as 300 A. An active snubber circuit is utilized to recycle the energy stored in the leakage inductor of transformer and realize zero voltage switching (ZVS) off for one main switch. The zero current switching (ZCS) on of this switch is achieved by using transformer leakage inductor, thus no additional components are needed. Furthermore, the power loss of another main switch is minimized by operating it in the Synchronous Rectification mode. Complete circuit description and operation principles are provided in this paper. A 1.2 kW lab prototype has been built and tested with full power rating. Both simulation results and experimental results are presented to verify proposed functions.
Gyroless line-of-sight stabilization for pointing and tracking systems (1994)

A new platform stabilization approach is described where miniature, low-cost, linear accelerometers are used (instead of gyroscopes) for line-of-sight (LOS) stabilization. This is accomplished by placing the accelerometers at strategic locations and combining their outputs so that angular motion is determined from linear acceleration measurements. The control system uses the sensed angular accelerations to generate movement commands for the gimbal servomotors in the stabilization platform. This counterrotates the imaging device to stabilize its LOS. The use of accelerometers allows the servo system to operate in an acceleration control mode, which is more desirable than position or velocity control modes, typical of gyro-based systems, since this increases stabilization bandwidth. Substituting gyros with accelerometers provides the additional benefits of lower sensor cost, weight, and power consumption, better temperature characteristics, more robustness, and higher shock resistance.
Accurate Strain Distribution Measurement Based on the Sampling Moiré Method (2016)

To obtain accurate measurement of non-uniform strains over the entire surface of materials or structures, in this study, the sampling moiré method is applied to two-dimensional measurement of in-plane displacement and strain distributions. The two-dimensional displacement distribution is obtained by detecting the phase difference of the moiré fringes, and the strain distribution is determined by measuring the change of grating pitches on the specimen in vertical and horizontal directions before and after deformations. A compensation technique of fringe order is proposed to eliminate the pitch error of fabricated grating. In addition, a spatial filtering procedure in phase distribution is suggested to reduce the random measurement error. The deformations of an aluminum specimen with a through hole under different tensile loads were measured by the proposed method. Experimental results indicated that the measurement accuracy of strain distribution can be dramatically improved by combination the above-mentioned two techniques. This method is useful to evaluate mechanical properties of various materials under tension/compression or heating/cooling testing.
Li-Ion Cells Employing Electrolytes With Methyl Propionate and Ethyl Butyrate Co-Solvents (2011)

Future NASA missions aimed at exploring Mars and the outer planets require rechargeable batteries that can operate at low temperatures to satisfy the requirements of such applications as landers, rovers, and penetrators. A number of terrestrial applications, such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) also require energy storage devices that can operate over a wide temperature range (i.e., -40 to +70 C), while still providing high power capability and long life. Currently, the state-of-the-art lithium-ion system has been demonstrated to operate over a wide range of temperatures (-30 to +40 C); however, the rate capability at the lower temperatures is very poor. These limitations at very low temperatures are due to poor electrolyte conductivity, poor lithium intercalation kinetics over the electrode surface layers, and poor ionic diffusion in the electrode bulk. Two wide-operating-temperature-range electrolytes have been developed based on advances involving lithium hexafluorophosphate-based solutions in carbonate and carbonate + ester solvent blends, which have been further optimized in the context of the technology and targeted applications. The approaches employed include further optimization of electrolytes containing methyl propionate (MP) and ethyl butyrate (EB), which are effective co-solvents, to widen the operating temperature range beyond the baseline systems. Attention was focused on further optimizing ester-based electrolyte formulations that have exhibited the best performance at temperatures ranging from -60 to +60 C, with an emphasis upon improving the rate capability at -20 to -40 C. This was accomplished by increasing electrolyte salt concentration to 1.20M and increasing the ester content to 60 percent by volume to increase the ionic conductivity at low temperatures. Two JPL-developed electrolytes 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MP (20:20:60 v/v %) and 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+EB (20:20:60 v/v %) operate effectively over a wide temperature range in MCMB-LiNiCoAlO2 and Li4Ti5O12-LiNi-CoAlO2 prototype cells. These electrolytes have enabled high rate performance at low temperature (i.e., up to 2.0C rates at -50 C and 5.0C rates at -40 C), and good cycling performance over a wide temperature range (i.e., from -40 to +70 C). Current efforts are focused upon improving the high temperature resilience of the methyl propionatebased system through the use of electrolyte additives, which are envisioned to improve the nature of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers.
Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Population without Power during Extreme Weather Events (2010)

One challenge in emergency preparedness and response during extreme weather events such as hurricanes and ice storms is estimating how many people may be without power and how long they could be without power. In this presentation, we will discuss a method for estimating the spatial distribution of people without power during extreme weather events. The method is based on a directional nearest-neighbor approach in which grid cells representing substation locations acquire other grid cells representing customers/population demand with respect to the capacity of each substation. We also present a method for estimating restoration time in case of an outage. The application of these methods during the 2008 hurricane season will also be discussed.
Cortical lesions, central vein sign, and paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis: Emerging machine learning techniques and future avenues (2022)

The current diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) lack specificity, and this may lead to misdiagnosis, which remains an issue in present-day clinical practice. In addition, conventional biomarkers only moderately correlate with MS disease progression. Recently, some MS lesional imaging biomarkers such as cortical lesions (CL), the central vein sign (CVS), and paramagnetic rim lesions (PRL), visible in specialized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, have shown higher specificity in differential diagnosis. Moreover, studies have shown that CL and PRL are potential prognostic biomarkers, the former correlating with cognitive impairments and the latter with early disability progression. As machine learning-based methods have achieved extraordinary performance in the assessment of conventional imaging biomarkers, such as white matter lesion segmentation, several automated or semi-automated methods have been proposed as well for CL, PRL, and CVS. In the present review, we first introduce these MS biomarkers and their imaging methods. Subsequently, we describe the corresponding machine learning-based methods that were proposed to tackle these clinical questions, putting them into context with respect to the challenges they are facing, including non-standardized MRI protocols, limited datasets, and moderate inter-rater variability. We conclude by presenting the current limitations that prevent their broader deployment and suggesting future research directions.
Watermark screening in networked environment (2011)

Audio watermark has been found to be an attractive technology for automated identification and protection of copyrighted works against unauthorized use in high-resolution optical media formats, such as Blu-ray Disc and DVD-Audio. Previous systems have been designed to operate in standalone devices without any dependence on local or wide area network connectivity. As newer generations of secure media devices include greater availability of network functionality, opportunities are emerging for more improved watermark-based content protection architectures. This paper describes screening architecture and protocols that enable efficient and secure operation in networked environment, including concepts such as cooperative watermark extraction, delegated screening, background screening combined with content authentication, secure exchange of extraction records, mosaic attack prevention, etc.
Full-duplex Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) compatible Backscatter communication system for mobile devices (2017)

We present the first demonstration of a monostatic full-duplex backscatter system having a carrier source co-located with a commercial Bluetooth chipset. The system permits the co-location and simultaneous operation of a commercial Bluetooth chipset with a carrier source, enabling the use of specially designed BLE-Backscatter tags to send data to the commercial Bluetooth chipset with no software modifications. This demonstration shows the potential for reusing the wireless chipsets in future full-duplex devices as readers for backscatter tags and other backscatter-based devices. Using a directional coupler-based carrier cancellation implementation, we achieve carrier suppression of 50 dB. In an over-the-air experiment using a dipole antenna with 2.1 dBi gain, we observe a read range of 3 meters with an 88% packet success rate at a carrier power of +33.9 dBm.