gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliable Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (2014)

Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for many applications, including disease modeling to elucidate mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis, drug screening, and ultimately regenerative medicine therapies. A frequently used starting source of cells for reprogramming has been dermal fibroblasts isolated from skin biopsies. However, numerous repositories containing lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) generated from a wide array of patients also exist in abundance. To date, this rich bioresource has been severely underused for iPSC generation. We first attempted to create iPSCs from LCLs using two existing methods but were unsuccessful. Here we report a new and more reliable method for LCL reprogramming using episomal plasmids expressing pluripotency factors and p53 shRNA in combination with small molecules. The LCL-derived iPSCs (LCL-iPSCs) exhibited identical characteristics to fibroblast-derived iPSCs (fib-iPSCs), wherein they retained their genotype, exhibited a normal pluripotency profile, and readily differentiated into all three germ-layer cell types. As expected, they also maintained rearrangement of the heavy chain immunoglobulin locus. Importantly, we also show efficient iPSC generation from LCLs of patients with spinal muscular atrophy and inflammatory bowel disease. These LCL-iPSCs retained the disease mutation and could differentiate into neurons, spinal motor neurons, and intestinal organoids, all of which were virtually indistinguishable from differentiated cells derived from fib-iPSCs. This method for reliably deriving iPSCs from patient LCLs paves the way for using invaluable worldwide LCL repositories to generate new human iPSC lines, thus providing an enormous bioresource for disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine applications.
Lignosulfonate-modified calcium hydroxide for SO/sub 2/ control during furnace injection (1989)

This patent describes a method for preparing particulate calcium hydroxide/-calcium lignosulfonate sorbent. It comprises: the steps contacting calcium oxide with water at a water to calcium oxide ratio of 2.6 with the water containing a sufficient amount of calcium lignosulfonate to result in the crystallization of calcium hydroxide/calcium lignosulfonate particles containing up to 5% by weight.
ChemInform Abstract: A Journey to the Total Synthesis of Daptomycin (2015)

Abstract Review: [30 refs.
Design and development of a radial line slot array antenna of arbitrary polarisation (2002)

A unified design of a single layer Radial Line Slot Array (RLSA) antenna of arbitrary polarisation is presented. It addresses such tasks as the electromagnetic modelling of the feed, modelling of the radiating surface, prototyping of the feed and the radiating surface, and near- and far-field testing of the developed prototype. A circularly polarised RLSA (CP RLSA) antenna inherently features a high return loss. In contrast, a standard linearly polarised RLSA (LP RLSA) antenna suffers from poor return loss. The addition of reflection cancelling slots and tilting the main beam from the broadside direction is considered as the means for improving the return loss performance of the LP RLSA. While allowing for beam tilting, beam broadening and beam shaping is considered. The developed antennas are tested in terms of return loss, uniformity of aperture illumination, gain and radiation pattern. Iterative refinements are performed when the prototype does not meet the assumed performance specifications.
The effects of membrane metallization in capacitive microfabricated ultrasonic transducers (2004)

The mechanical effects of the metal layer on the membranes of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) are analyzed in this paper by means of finite element simulations. The influence of electrode size and thickness on the electrostatic behavior of the single CMUT cell, including diaphragm displacement, cell capacitance, and collapse voltage, is explored. The effect on device sensitivity is investigated through the transformation factor of the cell, that is computed by FEM and compared with the parallel plate model prediction. It is found that for a non-negligible electrode thickness, as in the majority of fabricated devices, both the static and dynamic performance of the cell can be affected in a significant way. Thus, the effects of membrane metallization must be taken into account in CMUT design and optimization.
Unplanned Tortuosity Index: Separating Directional Drilling Performance from Planned Well Geometry (2019)

Abstract Wellbore tortuosity is an important metric of wellbore quality; however, it is not always an appropriate reflection of directional drilling performance. Drilling planned tortuous features will increase wellbore tortuosity, but this in itself says nothing about directional drilling performance. Not only is there a need for a metric of wellbore tortuosity, it isalso necessary to have a metric of "unplanned" wellbore tortuosity. The former provides information about wellbore quality, whereas the latteris reflective of directional drilling performance. The directional drilling literature contains metrics for both wellbore and unplanned tortuosity; however, they are largely unique and difficult to relate to one another. It is desirable for the planned and unplanned tortuosity metrics to be relatable. This would allow operators to not only quantify overall wellbore tortuosity in real time, but also to understand how much of that tortuosity is unplanned and possibly avoidable. This, then, opens up avenues for directional drilling performance improvement. In this paper, a new metric, the "Unplanned" Tortuosity Index is developed on the basis of an existing metric of wellbore tortuosity. This is done by systematically removing the effects of intended tortuous features from the wellbore tortuosity analysis, retaining only those tortuous features in the wellbore trajectory that are unplanned. The unplanned tortuosity index is then tested on two distinct sets of survey data from actual wells drilled. The results are compared between the sets and with the wellbore tortuosity metric from which the new index was derived. It is shown that thenewly developed unplanned tortuosity index canhelp operators and directional drilling companies discern their directional drilling performance, especially forwell paths with multiple, planned tortuous features.
New concepts in turbomolecular pump design (1993)

Modern turbopumps were introduced in 1958 and are now widely used in industrial and laboratory applications. At the present time, three types of turbine-type pumps are in existence: axial flow turbomolecular pumps, turbodrag pumps, and hybrid pumps combining the two types on the same axis. Recent emphasis on oil-free vacuum pumping systems has revived the interest in pumps which can tolerate higher discharge pressures. When exit pressures reach 10 mbar (or higher), the well-established molecular flow analysis cannot be used. It appears that the existing turbomolecular and turbodrag pumps, which take their basic design from historical models, are not optimized in regard to their speed and throughput performance. Following a simple concept of bulk velocity variation, which can be used for assessing the density continuum (despite the existence of molecular flow through parts of the pump) an optimized pumping speed and compression staging arrangement was developed which demonstrates a practical improvement in compression ratios of as high as 40 times for light gases (helium and hydrogen), without increasing the size and power, compared to a conventional pump. Turbine-type pumps, unlike oil-vapor jet and high-vacuum cryopumps, permit practical engineering solutions for expanding the pressure regime to almost arbitrary high pressure. This makes it possible to use oil-free backing pumps at intermediate pressures of 10–100 mbar using relatively small changes in design.
Magnetic Resonance—Electrical Impedance Tomography (2006)

Abstract Magnetic resonance‐electrical impedance tomography (MR‐EI) is a promising new imaging modality which was magnetic flux density measurements, acquired using magnetic resonance current density imaging (MRCDI) techniques, and surface potential measurements, similar to conventional electrical impedance tomography (EIT) measurements, to reconstruct high resolution images of true conductivity. Utilizing MRCDI techniques, magnetic flux density is measured throughout the field of view at very high resolution, hence significant improvement in spatial resolution and the uniformly of sensitivity can be achieved.
Reflector imaging using trial reflector and crosscorrelation: Application to fracture imaging for sonic data (2016)

ABSTRACT I have developed two high-resolution imaging methods that do not require a priori information on the structural dip. The dip information is often necessary to image complex structures using Kirchhoff migration by selecting only the constructively interfering parts of waveforms, especially for data with limited acquisition geometry. However, such dip information is not generally available. The methods that I evaluated use a trial reflector, which is defined for each image point and source-receiver pair, to search for the true geologic reflector. The coincidence of these reflectors is judged by a coherency analysis of event signals for the trial reflector using the crosscorrelations, and the coherency is converted to a weight. The weight is combined with the stacking methods of waveform samples in migration. In the first method, a waveform sample summed at an image point for a source-receiver pair is obtained by the common-depth-point stack of array data for the trial reflector. In the second method, a waveform sample of a source-receiver pair at the traveltime of the reflected ray for the trial reflector is smeared in the Fresnel zone computed for the trial reflector. My methods were applied to image fractures for sonic data, whose frequency range is centered approximately 8 kHz, and they provide higher resolution images than those given by conventional Kirchhoff migration.
Highly efficient production of [18F]fallypride with low concentration of base (2010)

1502 Objectives [18F]Fallypride exhibits an effective radiotracer for the study of dopamine D2/D3 receptor occupancy, neuropsychiatric disorders and aging in humans. However, automated labeling efficiency showed moderate radiochemical yields about 5-40% with relatively long incorporation time of fluorine-18, preceded high temperatures (150-165 °C) or involved the use of an unusual microwave system in automatic devices. In present study, we describe an automated radiochemical synthesis of [18F]fallypride in different base concentration and incorporation time of fluorine-18 for potentially utilizable in routine production sites. Methods To minimization of base concentration of phase-transfer catalyst, [18F]fluoride was extracted with different concentrations of tetrabutylammonium bicarbonate (TBAHCO3) or Kryptofix 2.2.2./K2CO3 in organic solvent such as CH3CN/H2O or MeOH/H2O from 18O-enriched water trapped on the activated ion exchange cartridge (Chromafix® PS-HCO3). After azeotropic drying, the labeling reaction proceeded in CH3CN at 100 °C for 10 or 30 min. The desired product, [18F]fallypride, was purified by reverse phase HPLC and collected solution was exchanged for 10% ethanol in saline using tC18 Sep-Pak for clinical research. Results The radiochemical yield was increased according to decreasing amounts of base concentration. The labeling condition of [18F]fallypride was optimized that 2 mg of tosyl-fallypride in acetonitrile (1 mL) was heated at 100 °C for 10 min with 40% TBAHCO3 (10 μL). [18F]Fallypride was obtained with high radiochemical yield about 68 ± 1.6% (decay-corrected, n = 8) within 51 ± 1.2 min including HPLC purification and solid-phase purification. The specific activity showed about 140-192 GBq/μmol. Conclusions [18F]Fallypride was prepared with a significantly improved radiochemical yield with high specific activity and shorten synthetic time. This automated procedure for [18F]fallypride production could facilitate its routine clinical use in dopamine D2/D3 studies
Outdoor measurement of SAR in a full‐sized human model exposed to 29.9 MHz in the near field (1989)

Localized and averaged specific absorption rates (SARs) were obtained in a full-size muscle-equivalent human model exposed to near-field 29.9 MHz irradiation at an outdoor facility. The model was positioned erect on a metallic groundplane 1.22 m (4 ft) from the base of a 10.8-m (35 ft) whip antenna with an input power of 1.0 kW. For whole-body SAR, a mean value of 0.83 W/kg was determined using two gradient-layer calorimeters in a twin-well configuration. The localized SARs at 12 body locations were measured using nonperturbing temperature probes and were highest in the ankle region. We conclude that averaged SAR measurements in a full-size phantom are feasible using a twin-calorimeter approach; measurements in the field are practical when human-size (183 x 61 x 46 cm) calorimeters are used.
Identification, characterization and utilization of tumor cell selectin ligands in the design of colon cancer diagnostics (2009)

The efficiency of secondary tumor establishment is controlled by the ability of tumor cells to withstand a barrage of mechanical and immunological stresses during their passage through the circulatory system. Accumulating evidence suggests that the selectin-dependent interactions of circulating tumor cells with host cells promote their survival and extravasation from the vasculature, therefore representing a critical checkpoint for colonization of distant organs. These observations have motivated the identification and biochemical characterization of functional selectin ligands such as CD44 variant isoforms, carcinoembryonic antigen and podocalyxin-like protein, present on the surface of metastatic colon carcinoma cells. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of selectin-ligand interactions involved in heterotypic tumor cell-host cell adhesion events may provide guidelines for developing novel cancer diagnostics. Recent advancements in diagnostic device fabrication and design integrated with novel biomarkers exploiting the tissue specific biochemistry of malignant versus normal tissue-expressed selectin ligands may hold promise in providing effective alternatives to current cancer diagnostic technologies.
Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme–Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering (2010)

Susceptibility to nonsyndromic stuttering is associated with variations in genes governing lysosomal metabolism.
Insulin-like growth factor receptor type I as a target for cancer therapy (2012)

After more than 20 years of extensive work, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-IR) is still an attractive target for drug development. Due to its close homology to insulin receptor, IGF-IR is of interest for antibody design while antibody great specificity allows to discriminate between the two receptors. Major efforts from a large number of pharmaceutical companies are invested to evaluate the efficacy of such molecules in human without so far an obvious success. Discovery of biomarkers associated with efficacy and patient selection is one of the main challenges that we will have to deal with in order to target the appropriate patient population that will most benefit anti-IGF-IR monoclonal antibody (Mab) and combined treatments. This review will provide an overview of the current knowledge on IGF-IR axis for development of novel therapeutics in Oncology.
<i>Smad7</i> gene delivery prevents muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia in mice (2016)

Patients with advanced cancer often succumb to complications arising from striated muscle wasting associated with cachexia. Excessive activation of the type IIB activin receptor (ActRIIB) is considered an important mechanism underlying this wasting, where circulating procachectic factors bind ActRIIB and ultimately lead to the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3. Therapeutics that antagonize the binding of ActRIIB ligands are in clinical development, but concerns exist about achieving efficacy without off-target effects. To protect striated muscle from harmful ActRIIB signaling, and to reduce the risk of off-target effects, we developed an intervention using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV vectors) that increase expression of Smad7 in skeletal and cardiac muscles. SMAD7 acts as an intracellular negative regulator that prevents SMAD2/3 activation and promotes degradation of ActRIIB complexes. In mouse models of cachexia, rAAV:Smad7 prevented wasting of skeletal muscles and the heart independent of tumor burden and serum levels of procachectic ligands. Mechanistically, rAAV:Smad7 administration abolished SMAD2/3 signaling downstream of ActRIIB and inhibited expression of the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx. These findings identify muscle-directed Smad7 gene delivery as a potential approach for preventing muscle wasting under conditions where excessive ActRIIB signaling occurs, such as cancer cachexia.
Specificity of Growth Inhibitors and their Cooperative Effects in Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystallization (2013)

The molecular recognition and interactions governing site-specific adsorption of growth inhibitors on crystal surfaces can be tailored in order to control the anisotropic growth rates and physical properties of crystalline materials. Here we examine this phenomenon in calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystallization, a model system of calcification with specific relevance for pathological mineralization. We analyzed the effect of three putative growth inhibitors--chondroitin sulfate, serum albumin, and transferrin--using analytical techniques capable of resolving inhibitor-crystal interactions from interfacial to bulk scales. We observed that each inhibitor alters surface growth by adsorbing on to distinct steps emanating from screw dislocations on COM surfaces. Binding of inhibitors to different crystallographic faces produced morphological modifications that are consistent with classical mechanisms of layer-by-layer crystal growth inhibition. The site-specific adsorption of inhibitors on COM surfaces was confirmed by bulk crystallization, fluorescent confocal microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Kinetic studies of COM growth at varying inhibitor concentrations revealed marked differences in their efficacy and potency. Systematic analysis of inhibitor combinations, quantified via the combination index, identified various binary pairings capable of producing synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects. Collectively, our investigation of physiologically relevant biomolecules suggests potential roles of COM inhibitors in pathological crystallization and provides guiding principles for biomimetic design of molecular modifiers for applications in crystal engineering.
Development of optimised model for polyethylene infrastructure monitoring using mobile laser scanning technique (2011)

The daily infrastructure networks’ updates are very huge due to frequent new installations, replacements and enforcements which are subject to maintenance and operation on a frequent basis. The efficiency of the maintenance and operation workflow is strongly related to the geographical location of these infrastructure networks. Due to the huge daily updates of the infrastructure networks, the ability of collecting the updated locations using the current geospatial monitoring techniques is very difficult. This research brought forward a more efficient geospatial data updating technique for the infrastructure networks. The monitoring is needed to geospatially locate and update the physical infrastructure development which significantly enhances the performance of managing and maintaining the infrastructure assets. The research concentrates on the polyethylene infrastructure materials, where power, water and communication networks are either covered or protected by polyethylene materials. The research conducted a technical comparison between the current geospatial data collection techniques and developed an overall performance evaluation in the sense of coverage capacity, objects extraction, data formats, time initialization of the systems and post processing time consumption. The use of mobile laser scanning technology had achieved the best evaluation performance. The evaluations were based on conducting a detailed data analysis, data collection, modelling and interpretation. Prior conducting the performance evaluation, the research investigates the mobile laser behaviour and recognition capabilities with respect to polyethylene infrastructure materials. Each material has different characteristics and accordingly has a different response (reflections and absorptions) to laser pulses, where this response is constant and only material dependent. The mobile laser pulses response constant for the polyethylene infrastructure materials has been concluded after analysing the pulses behaviour and its correlations with the mission ground speed and exposed scanned surface. The obtained mobile laser scanning constant for the polyethylene infrastructure material is 726 pulses/cm when the system ground speed is 16.49 km/h. The concluded mobile laser pulses constant were used to develop a mathematical method for re-planning the mobile laser scanning missions to obtain the best model for updating the polyethylene infrastructure networks. Mobile laser scanning using the improved planning missions can detect 97% of the polyethylene infrastructure networks in a very good performance.
Multi-core fibers and their crosstalk characteristics (2012)

Inter-core crosstalk of multi-core fibers is stochastic and heavily dependent on various perturbations such as bend and twist, and of course on fiber structures. Characteristics of the crosstalk are described from theoretical and experimental results.
UI X-Ray (2017)

User Interface/eXperience (UI/UX) significantly affects the lifetime of any software program, particularly mobile apps. A bad UX can undermine the success of a mobile app even if that app enables sophisticated capabilities. A good UX, however, needs to be supported of a highly functional and user friendly UI design. In spite of the importance of building mobile apps based on solid UI designs, UI discrepancies---inconsistencies between UI design and implementation---are among the most numerous and expensive defects encountered during testing. This paper presents UI X-Ray, an interactive UI testing system that integrates computer-vision methods to facilitate the correction of UI discrepancies---such as inconsistent positions, sizes and colors of objects and fonts. Using UI X-Ray does not require any programming experience; therefore, UI X-Ray can be used even by non-programmers---particularly designers---which significantly reduces the overhead involved in writing tests. With the feature of interactive interface, UI testers can quickly generate defect reports and revision instructions---which would otherwise be done manually. We verified our UI X-Ray on 4 developed mobile apps of which the entire development history was saved. UI X-Ray achieved a 99.03% true-positive rate, which significantly surpassed the 20.92% true-positive rate obtained via manual analysis. Furthermore, evaluating the results of our automated analysis can be completed quickly (< 1 minute per view on average) compared to hours of manual work required by UI testers. On the other hand, UI X-Ray received the appreciations from skilled designers and UI X-Ray improves their current work flow to generate UI defect reports and revision instructions. The proposed system, UI X-Ray, presented in this paper has recently become part of a commercial product.
Rapid spectral domain multiplex localization (2013)

We present a method to dynamically image structures at nanometer spatial resolution with far-field instruments. We propose the use of engineered nanoprobes with distinguishable spectral responses and the measurement of coherent scattering, rather than fluorescence.