gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Successful Batch Processing of Heavy Oil Sludge at Oman (2011 to 2014) (2014)

Abstract Sludge is an intrinsic by-product of the Oil & Gas Industry, it is considered a hazardous waste and there are few technologies within the industry to process it under an environmentally sound protocol. Sludge to Oil Technology (STO) is a proprietary process utilized to break emulsions of hydrocarbons/water/solids. The process is based on a series of chemical reactions involving surfactants that interact with other reagents in releasing heat and neutralize the non-covalent forces that form the bonds between the substrate and the wetting agent. Final separation is achieved by using specific gravity differential between the different components of the de-emulsified mixture. The byproducts of the reactions are inorganic salts, water and carbon dioxide. Two different centrifuges are used to achieve a fast and accurate separation. The byproducts of the reactions are inorganic salts, water and carbon dioxide. This technology has been successfully implemented at the operator site by the contractor under a pilot project. Over the term of the contract, more than 100,000 bbl of raw sludge had been treated meeting the following KPI's: Oil &lt; 1.0% BS&W, Water &lt; 20 ppm OIW and Solids &lt; 1.0% TPH. The process has been applied in-situ where the emulsions are stored and has recovered more than 50,000 barrels of saleable crude oil. The recovered water has been sent for re-injection and the solids meet all the requirements of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs (MECA) - Oman as a treated waste under international standards. At a time when crude oil prices have reached over $100.00 USD/bbl this technique can prove to be not only environmentally sound but also an addition value to the operator's production bottom line. The STO process was applied directly in the field where the emulsions are stored and can bring great technical and economical advantages to the user. At a time when crude oil prices have hiked this technique can prove to be very economical not only for oil recovery, but for also as preventative maintenance and to mitigate from potential environmental liabilities.
Nano-scale ablation with a compact extreme ultraviolet laser (2006)

In this work we demonstrate the feasibility of directly ablating sub-100 nm holes using the focused extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength output from a compact lambda=46.9 nm capillary discharge laser. These results demonstrate the feasibility of sub-100 nm patterning of materials with a focused extreme ultraviolet laser beam, opening a path for the development of new nanoprobes and nano-machining tools
Adiponectin receptor mediated weight regulation: an inflammation‐independent mechanism? (2013)

Adiponectin (ADP), a modulator of insulin actions, recently became an attractive therapeutic tool. We present here the effect of the first‐in‐class ADP receptor agonist (ADP355) on weight gain and biomarker patterns associated with long term high fat diet (HFD). Adult Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats (n=23) were fed HFD (60% cal from fat) ad‐libitum for 15 weeks. ADP355 at 0.5mg/kg/dose, or saline was administered intraperitoneally every other day (n=3 each); weight gain, food intake, glucose (Glc) levels and blood biomarkers were assessed weekly. C‐reactive protein, glucagon, IL‐6, TNFα, amylin, insulin and leptin levels were measured by a multiplexed bead‐specific Luminex assay. The assays included 3 randomly selected matched controls. Results were assessed by student t‐test. After 15 weeks of treatment, the ADP355 group exhibited reduced weight gain (P<0.009), lower Glc levels (P=0.02), n=20, and significantly decreased glucagon (P<0.015) levels relative to control. While leptin levels increased, TNFα and amylin levels decreased significantly in the control group (P<0.002 for all). In the ADP355 group, leptin expression maintained a modestly increasing trend, however, no change was observed in the TNFα or amylin levels. In HFD fed SD rats, stimulation of the ADP receptor might be beneficial for weight gain prevention; however, our data do not support an anti‐inflammatory activity of ADP355 administration.
Coded Time-of-Flight Imaging for Calibration Free Fluorescence Lifetime Estimation (2014)

We present a novel, single-shot, calibration-free, framework within which Time-of-Flight/depth cameras can be used to estimate lifetimes of fluorescent samples. Our technique relaxes the high time resolution or the multi-frequency measurement requirements in conventional systems.
SUPC: SDN enabled Universal Policy Checking in Cloud Network (2018)

Multi-tenant cloud networks have various security and monitoring service functions (SFs) that constitute a service function chain (SFC) between two endpoints. SF rule ordering overlaps and policy conflicts can cause increased latency, service disruption and security breaches in cloud networks. Software Defined Network (SDN) based Network Function Virtualization (NFV) has emerged as a solution that allows dynamic SFC composition and traffic steering in a cloud network. We propose an SDN enabled Universal Policy Checking (SUPC) framework, to provide 1) Flow Composition and Ordering by translating various SF rules into the OpenFlow format. This ensures elimination of redundant rules and policy compliance in SFC. 2) Flow conflict analysis to identify conflicts in header space and actions between various SF rules. Our results show a significant reduction in SF rules on composition. Additionally, our conflict checking mechanism was able to identify several rule conflicts that pose security, efficiency, and service availability issues in the cloud network.
High‐resolution fiber Bragg grating sensor system using linear‐cavity fiber laser scheme (2002)

Abstract A high‐resolution fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor system using a linear‐cavity fiber laser scheme is proposed and numerically studied. The proposed sensor system can improve the sensing accuracy by using a discriminating FBG pair in conjunction with a fiber laser scheme. This FBG sensor system can resolve the temperature up to 0.0005°C theoretically and can be applied for strain sensing and temperature sensing with high precision. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 323–325, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10450
An integrated live interactive content insertion system for digital TV commerce (2003)

We present an advanced architecture for selectively inserting interactive content into a live TV broadcast anti tracking the usage of the inserted content by client viewers. Specifically, we propose a multi-level interactive content preview mechanism, agent-based information exchange mechanism and E-commerce enablement technology powered by an Interactive Content Creation Engine (ICCE). Also, we introduce two types of mapping lists for scheduling and for an intelligent decision maker based oil the transaction monitoring and multi-level content preview. We propose that the improved live interactive content insertion method and system will be especially useful for building interactive TV e-commerce solutions.
A Modular Framework for Building Variable-Input Length Tweakable Ciphers. (2013)

Abstract. We present the Protected-IV construction (PIV) a simple, modular method for building variable-input-length tweakable ciphers. At our level of abstraction, many interesting design opportu-nities surface. For example, an obvious pathway to building beyond birthday-bound secure tweakable ciphers with performance competitive with existing birthday-bound-limited constructions. As part of our design space exploration, we give two fully instantiated PIV constructions, TCT1 and TCT2; the latter is fast and has beyond birthday-bound security, the former is faster and has birthday-bound security. Finally, we consider a generic method for turning a VIL tweakable cipher (like PIV) into an authenticated encryption scheme that admits associated data, can withstand nonce-misuse, and allows for multiple decryption error messages. Thus, the method offers robustness even in the face of certain sidechannels, and common implementation mistakes.
Production of 2-Keto- <scp>l</scp> -Gulonic Acid from <scp>d</scp> -Glucose by Two-Stage Fermentation (1982)

A practical method for the production of calcium 2-keto-l-gulonate (an intermediate in the Reichstein synthesis of l-ascorbic acid) from d-glucose has been established by using a two-stage fermentation system. d-Glucose was first converted to calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate by a mutant strain of Erwinia sp. in a medium containing d-glucose, corn steep liquor, (NH(4))(2)HPO(4), and CaCO(3). After a 26-h cultivation, 328.6 mg of calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate per ml was obtained, with a 94.5% yield from d-glucose. This broth was used directly for the next conversion without removal of cells by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate. The stereospecific reduction of calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate to calcium 2-keto-l-gulonate was performed with a mutant strain of Corynebacterium sp. When the cell growth reached a maximum (about 16 h) in a medium containing d-glucose, corn steep liquor, NaNO(3), KH(2)PO(4), and trace elements, NaNO(3) was added to the culture, and then the calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate broth was fed over a period of about 50 h. Since the mutant strain requires a hydrogen donor for reduction, the calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate broth was mixed with d-glucose before being fed. The results of four two-stage fermentations in 10-m conventional fermentors showed that an average of 106.3 mg of calcium 2-keto-l-gulonate per ml was obtained, with a 84.6% yield from d-glucose, the starting material of calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate production. Calcium 2-keto-l-gulonate was stable in the broth. Neither 2-keto-d-gluconic acid nor 5-keto-d-gluconic acid was detected in the final broth.
Adaptive Sensitivity / Intelligent Scan Image Processor (1988)

Novel image processor architectures are presented. The architectures are designed to take advantage of the advanced concepts of Adaptive Sensitivity and Intelligent Scan, and, in particular, of the new sensors described in the companion paper. The processors are capable of manipulating selective visual data sets, which are generated by Intelligent Scan sensors. They are organized in feedback adaptive forms, exhibiting performance superior to conventional, feedforward architectures.
ChemInform Abstract: AZAPROSTANOIC ACID DERIVATIVES. INHIBITORS OF ARACHIDONIC ACID INDUCED PLATELET AGGREGATION (1979)

Abstract Durch Alkylierung des Cyclopentanons (I) entsteht der Dicarbon‐ säureester (III), der in den Monoester (IV) umgewandelt wird.
Selective page-addressable fixing of volume holograms in Sr_075Ba_025Nb_2O_6 crystals (1993)

We demonstrate selective fixing of volume holograms in photorefractive media. Each holographic page may be fixed individually and overwritten without destroying the other fixed pages. We present experimental results describing this process in Cr-doped Sr(0.75)Ba(0.25)Nb(2)O(6) at room temperature, with hologram lifetimes exceeding 100 days during continuous readout with an intense beam (1 W/cm(2)).
High-Yield Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of High-Quality Large-Area AB-Stacked Bilayer Graphene (2012)

Bernal-stacked (AB-stacked) bilayer graphene is of significant interest for functional electronic and photonic devices due to the feasibility to continuously tune its band gap with a vertical electric field. Mechanical exfoliation can be used to produce AB-stacked bilayer graphene flakes but typically with the sizes limited to a few micrometers. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been recently explored for the synthesis of bilayer graphene but usually with limited coverage and a mixture of AB- and randomly stacked structures. Herein we report a rational approach to produce large-area high-quality AB-stacked bilayer graphene. We show that the self-limiting effect of graphene growth on Cu foil can be broken by using a high H(2)/CH(4) ratio in a low-pressure CVD process to enable the continued growth of bilayer graphene. A high-temperature and low-pressure nucleation step is found to be critical for the formation of bilayer graphene nuclei with high AB stacking ratio. A rational design of a two-step CVD process is developed for the growth of bilayer graphene with high AB stacking ratio (up to 90%) and high coverage (up to 99%). The electrical transport studies demonstrate that devices made of the as-grown bilayer graphene exhibit typical characteristics of AB-stacked bilayer graphene with the highest carrier mobility exceeding 4000 cm(2)/V · s at room temperature, comparable to that of the exfoliated bilayer graphene.
Polymer Modification on the NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Hole Transport Layer Boosts Open-Circuit Voltage to 1.19 V for Perovskite Solar Cells (2020)

Inverted-structure perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) applying NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> as the hole transport layer (HTL) have attracted increasing attention. It is still a challenge to optimize the contact between NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> and the perovskite layer and to suppress energy loss at the interface. In this study, interface engineering was carried out by modifying the NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> layer with different polymers such as polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), or poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) to improve the surface contact between NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> and the perovskite, to decrease the defect states, and to make the energy level alignment better. The NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/PMMA-based device presents a <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> as high as 1.19 V because of the improved interfacial contact and the interaction of the carbonyl and methoxy group with Pb<sup>2+</sup>. The NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/PTAA-based device with the structure ITO/NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/PTAA/(MAPbI<sub>3</sub>)<sub>0.95</sub>(MAPbBr<sub>2</sub>Cl)<sub>0.05</sub>/PCBM/BCP/Ag exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency of 21.56% with a high <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> of 1.19 V. The enhanced performance can be attributed to the deepened highest occupied molecular orbital level of NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/PTAA, which matched well with that of the perovskite and suppressed interface energy loss as well. This work provides a facile approach for efficiently improving the <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> of NiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-based PVSCs.
Two independent retrons with highly diverse reverse transcriptases in Myxococcus xanthus. (1990)

A reverse transcriptase (RT) was recently found in Myxococcus xanthus, a Gram-negative soil bacterium. This RT has been shown to be associated with a chromosomal region designated a retron responsible for the synthesis of a peculiar extrachromosomal DNA called msDNA (multicopy single-stranded DNA). We demonstrate that M. xanthus contains two independent, unlinked retrons, one for the synthesis of msDNA-Mx162 and the other for msDNA-Mx65. The structural analysis of the retron for msDNA-Mx65 revealed that the coding regions for msdRNA (msr) and msDNA (msd), and an open reading frame (ORF) downstream of msr are arranged in the same manner as found for the Mx162 retron. The ORF encodes a polypeptide of 427 amino acid residues. The amino-terminal domain (residues 1-138) shows no striking similarity to these proteins presently available in the data bases including the msDNA-Mx162 ORF, while the sequence from residues 139-394 can be aligned with various known RT sequences and has 47% identity with the RT domain of the msDNA-Mx162 ORF. On the basis of these findings, possible origins of two highly diverse retrons on the M. xanthus chromosome are discussed.
Rotary encoding for intravascular ultrasonic imaging systems (2000)

Images produced with an intravascular ultrasound system (IVUS) can be distorted because of uncertainty in the instantaneous angular position of a rotating ultrasonic transducer. A rotary encoder placed in proximity to the transducer is required to detect the problem; however, size constraints make a conventional electromechanical or optomechanical encoder difficult to implement. Measurements that test the feasibility of a software-derived encoder, based of the rate of decorrelation of ultrasonic RF lines with angle, are reported. Provided that the instantaneous angular velocity of the transducer can be measured, adjustments can be made to the pulse rate of the transducer, which would eliminate the image distortion.
Lossless and Near-Lossless Audio Compression Using Integer-Reversible Modulated Lapped Transforms (2007)

We present a simple lossless audio codec, composed of an integer-reversible modulated lapped transform (MLT) followed by a backward-adaptive run-length/Golomb-Rice (RLGR) encoder. Its compression performance matches those of state-of-the-art predictive codecs, and it has the advantage that its compressed bitstream contains frequency-domain data that can be used for applications such as search, identification, and visualization. Its compression gain can be improved through a novel data model based on cross-block smoothed spectral magnitude estimates. Its bitstream can be transcoded into a lossy format, for transfers to portable players, at about twice the speed of other codecs. The codec also supports a near-lossless mode, which allows for an extra factor of two in compression without noticeable distortions
Iridium‐Catalyzed<scp>C</scp>‐<scp>H</scp>Borylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes: 1‐Chloro‐3‐iodo‐5‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)benzene and 2‐(4,4,5,5,‐Tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)indole (2005)

Abstract Bis(η 4 ‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene)‐di μ‐methoxy‐diiridium(1) 4,4′‐Di‐ tert‐ butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine Bis(pinacolato)diboron 1‐Chloro‐3‐iodobenzene Pinacolborane Indole
Efficient Hg Vapor Capture with Polysulfide Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides (2014)

We report detailed studies showing that the novel layered polysulfide compounds Sx-LDH (Sx2–, polysulfides, x = 2, 4, 5; LDH, Mg–Al layered double hydroxides) can capture efficiently large quantities of mercury (Hg0) vapor. During the adsorption process, the interlayer polysulfides [Sx]2– react with Hg0 through their S–S bond to produce HgS. The structure of Sx-LDH before and after Hg-adsorption was characterized with X-ray diffraction, vibration spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of adsorbed Hg was verified by weight gain, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Despite their relatively low surface areas, the S2-LDH, S4-LDH, and S5-LDH samples show excellent Hg capture capacities of 4.9 × 105, 7.4 × 105, and 1.0 × 106 μg/g, respectively, corresponding to 50–100% adsorption rates by weight, highlighting the potential of these materials in natural gas purification. The Hg-capture efficiency and mechanism in Sx-LDH are supported by control experiments with K2S4, S8, LDH-NO3-CoS4, and MgAl-NO3-LDH.
Cleavage and activation of proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 on human neutrophils by gingipain‐R from <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> (1998)

Gingipain-R, the major arginine-specific proteinase from Porphyromonas gingivalis, a causative agent of adult periodontal disease, was found to cleave a model peptide representing the cleavage site of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), a G-protein-coupled receptor found on the surface of neutrophils. The bacterial proteinase was also shown to induce an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration of enzyme-treated neutrophils, most probably due to PAR-2 activation. This response by neutrophils to gingipain-R may be a mechanism for the development of inflammation associated with periodontal disease.
A New Field-Effect Transistor with Selectively Doped GaAs/n-Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>As Heterojunctions (1980)

Studies of field-effect control of the high mobility electrons in MBE-grown selectively doped GaAs/n-Al x Ga 1- x As heterojunctions are described. Successful fabrication of a new field-effect transistor, called a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), with extremely high-speed microwave capabilities is reported.
High resolution infrared diode laser spectroscopy for isotope analysis—Measurement of isotopic carbon monoxide (1986)

A tunable infrared diode laser spectroscopic system for stable isotope analysis has been developed. The system uses (1) a tunable single mode PbTe/PbEuSeTe diode laser and (2) a sample cell with dual path length matched to the expected order of relative isotopic spectral intensities. Because of the unique features of such a system, isotopic molecules with similar mass and vastly different concentrations can readily be detected and measured. The principle and operation of the system are described, and the relative abundance of isotopic carbon monoxide 12C16O, 12C17O, 12C18O has been measured for the first time by a tunable diode laser system.
<title>Optimum error-diffusion kernel design</title> (1997)

The quality of typical error diffused images can be improved by designing an error diffusion filter that minimizes a frequency weighted mean squared error between the continuous tone input and the halftone output. Previous approaches to this design are typically based on an assumption that the binary quantizer error is a white noise source. We propose in this paper an iterative method for designing an optimum error diffusion kernel without such an assumption on the spectral characteristics of the binary quantizer error.In particular, we use a set of training images, and iterate the two steps of designing the error diffusion filter and evaluating the spectrum of the quantizer error. Experimental results are shown for error diffusion filters designed using this iterative method.
Plant immunity triggered by engineered in vivo release of oligogalacturonides, damage-associated molecular patterns (2015)

Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are fragments of pectin that activate plant innate immunity by functioning as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). We set out to test the hypothesis that OGs are generated in planta by partial inhibition of pathogen-encoded polygalacturonases (PGs). A gene encoding a fungal PG was fused with a gene encoding a plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) and expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. We show that expression of the PGIP-PG chimera results in the in vivo production of OGs that can be detected by mass spectrometric analysis. Transgenic plants expressing the chimera under control of a pathogen-inducible promoter are more resistant to the phytopathogens Botrytis cinerea, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Pseudomonas syringae. These data provide strong evidence for the hypothesis that OGs released in vivo act as a DAMP signal to trigger plant immunity and suggest that controlled release of these molecules upon infection may be a valuable tool to protect plants against infectious diseases. On the other hand, elevated levels of expression of the chimera cause the accumulation of salicylic acid, reduced growth, and eventually lead to plant death, consistent with the current notion that trade-off occurs between growth and defense.