gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a Magnetic Gear for NASA's Vertical Lift Quadrotor Concept Vehicle (2019)

Magnetic gears are an attractive alternative to mechanical gears for electrified aircraft drive systems due to their ability to transmit torque without mechanical tooth contact. Consequently, magnetic gears enable electrified aircraft to take advantage of the benefits of gearing without introducing most of the contact-related reliability concerns associated with mechanical gearing. Magnetic gears however, have not been shown to match the specific torque (torque per unit mass) and efficiency of their mechanical counterparts in an aerospace application to date. In this paper, the design of a concentric magnetic gear for a NASA personal-air-transport reference vehicle is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of a magnetic gear for aerospace applications.
Matrix stiffness induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition and promotes chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells (2017)

Increased matrix rigidity associated with the fibrotic reaction is documented to stimulate intracellular signalling pathways that promote cancer cell survival and tumour growth. Pancreatic cancer is one of the stiffest of all human solid carcinomas and is characterised by a remarkable desmoplastic reaction. Here we use mouse models, genetically engineered to recapitulate human pancreatic cancer, and several pancreatic cancer cell lines as a model to investigate the effect of matrix stiffness in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and resistance to chemotherapeutics. We found that recapitulation of the fibrotic rigidities found in pancreatic cancer tissues promote elements of EMT, including increases in vimentin expression, decreases in E-cadherin expression, nuclear localisation of β-catenin, YAP and TAZ and changes in cell shape towards a mesenchymal phenotype. We also report that stiffness induces chemoresistance to paclitaxel, but not to gemcitabine, both commonly used therapeutics, suggesting that environmental rigidity underlies an aspect of chemoresistance.
Membrane Aging and Related Phenomena in Liquid Surfactant Membranes Process (1994)

Abstract The membrane aging phenomenon and its influences on the kinetics of cobalt(II) permeation by the liquid surfactant membranes (LSM) process has been studied. The experimental results showed that the emulsion formulated from the internal aqueous phase and the membrane (organic phase) of a certain age has far-reaching consequences on the kinetics of metal extraction and emulsion stability. The investigations have revealed that there exists an optimal age and composition of the membrane in which the highest extraction (synergism) and the lowest emulsion swelling are achieved. Analytical and instrumental examinations of the membrane phase during aging have shown various chemical and physical changes as a result of the surfactant decomposition, reaction products precipitation and self-association, and macroemulsion formation.
Photoluminescence of Undoped GaN Grown on c-Plane Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1995)

We report results on the 77 K photoluminescence (PL) of undoped GaN epilayers grown on c -plane sapphire substrate by electron cyclotron resonance molecular beam epitaxy (ECR-MBE). It was found that the PL properties of undoped GaN epilayers are strongly affected by the growth conditions such as nitrogen pressure, growth temperature and ECR plasma power. The intensities of the donor-to-acceptor (D-A) pair emission peak at about 3.2 eV and of the deep-level emission peak at around 2.3 eV change with the variation of these three growth conditions. Assuming that the D-A peak and deep-level emission peak are related to native defects and carbon impurities, respectively, the systematic change of the PL spectra with growth conditions can be reasonably interpreted. At the optimum growth conditions, the PL spectra at 77 K are dominated by excitonic peak at 3.47 eV and the intensity of deep-level emission peak is one order of magnitude less than that of the excitonic peak. However, since the region regarded as optimum is relatively narrow, it is important to control the growth conditions precisely.
Neural networks improve brain cancer detection with Raman spectroscopy in the presence of operating room light artifacts (2016)

Invasive brain cancer cells cannot be visualized during surgery and so they are often not removed. These residual cancer cells give rise to recurrences. In vivo Raman spectroscopy can detect these invasive cancer cells in patients with grade 2 to 4 gliomas. The robustness of this Raman signal can be dampened by spectral artifacts generated by lights in the operating room. We found that artificial neural networks (ANNs) can overcome these spectral artifacts using nonparametric and adaptive models to detect complex nonlinear spectral characteristics. Coupling ANN with Raman spectroscopy simplifies the intraoperative use of Raman spectroscopy by limiting changes required to the standard neurosurgical workflow. The ability to detect invasive brain cancer under these conditions may reduce residual cancer remaining after surgery and improve patient survival.
Three Years' Experience With Model Pile Segment Tool Tests (1985)

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the experience gained over the past three years with two geotechnical tools used in situ to simulate the behavior of short segments of a foundation pile. One tool is 3 inches in diameter and the other, called the "X-probe", is 1.72 inches in diameter. The tools have been successfully tested at six onshore sites and at one offshore site from a fixed platform. Model pile segment tests also have been conducted in the laboratory using a pressurized soil drum. This equipment was developed to improve understanding of axial soil-pile load transfer behavior for offshore platform pile foundations. Direct, in situ measurement of load transfer along the shaft of a model pile segment is considered a positive alternative to conventionally used methods of applying theoretical concepts developed with no experimental background. The paper includes a description of the model pile segment tool designs and the capabilities of the equipment. A listing of the test programs conducted to date is given to document the experience with the tools. Example test results are presented. INTRODUCTION General The design of piled foundations to resist axial loading on offshore oil and gas structures has received considerable attention in the past due to the risk involved in sitting such structures. Typically, the load-displacement behavior of axially-loaded piles has been modeled using analytical methods widely ranging in degree of complexity and capabilities. Such methods range from those utilizing empirical data derived from many pile load tests (1), the Lambda method (2), the Improved Alpha methods (3), to more theoretical methods based upon concepts of consolidation and shearing resistance of soils (4,5). The more theoretical methods used for axial pile design are typically based upon very little experimental background data to calibrate the theoretical models. Consequently, such methods have been under some criticism for their lack of experimental verification. A need has existed to produce experimental data to calibrate present design models and to guide the development of more rational methods in the future. Two in situ testing tools, the 3-inch and X-probe model pile segments, have been developed to measure the geotechnical parameters required for a detailed understanding of soil-pile interaction and a rational design of axially loaded piles. The model pile segment tools have been successfully tested in the laboratory and at six onshore sites along the U.S. Gulf Coast, West Coast and in Canada, and most recently, at a site offshore Louisiana from a fixed platform. Three of the field test locations are those of major pile load tests.
Adaptive array antenna for satellite cellular and direct broadcast communications (1993)

Adaptive phased-array antennas provide cost-effective implementation of large, light weight apertures with high directivity and precise beamshape control. Adaptive self-calibration allows for relaxation of all mechanical tolerances across the aperture and electrical component tolerances, providing high performance with a low-cost, lightweight array, even in the presence of large physical distortions. Beam-shape is programmable and adaptable to changes in technical and operational requirements. Adaptive digital beam-forming eliminates uplink contention by allowing a single electronically steerable antenna to service a large number of receivers with beams which adaptively focus on one source while eliminating interference from others. A large, adaptively calibrated and fully programmable aperture can also provide precise beam shape control for power-efficient direct broadcast from space. Advanced adaptive digital beamforming technologies are described for: (1) electronic compensation of aperture distortion, (2) multiple receiver adaptive space-time processing, and (3) downlink beam-shape control. Cost considerations for space-based array applications are also discussed.
Hepatic dysfunction in primary hypothyroidism. (1984)

Twenty-seven patients with primary hypothyroidism were studied to evaluate the relationship between hepatic function and thyroid hormone deficiency in this disorder. In hypothyroidism, hypergammaglobulinemia was found in 71%, elevated glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in 48%, high lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in 58%, hypercholesteremia in 52% and low elimination rate constant of indocyanin green (KICG) in 44%. In each criterion of liver function, these patients were divided into two groups, normal level and abnormal level group, respectively. T3 and T4 in patients with abnormal levels of GOT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and 45 minutes retention rate of bromsulphalein (BSP) were not different from those in the normal level group. However, T3 and T4 in patients with abnormal levels of LDH, cholesterol, cholinesterase (ChE) and KICG were lower than those in the normal level group. The abnormal KICG group had a statistically higher cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR) than the normal group (65.7 +/- 18.8% vs 50.4 +/- 8.3%, p less than 0.05). In patients with pericardial effusion, CTR was 65.9 +/- 14.6%, while that in patients without pericardial effusion was 49.9 +/- 7.5% (p less than 0.05). These abnormalities of liver function were normalized in all cases after hormone replacement therapy. Liver biopsy in three cases disclosed normal liver in two cases and mild infiltration of monocyte into Glisson's capsule in one case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mucoadhesive Polymers for Delivery of Drugs to the Oral Cavity (2008)

Local therapy of the oral cavity is used to treat conditions such as gingivitis, oral candidosis, oral lesions, dental caries, xerostoma and oral carcinomas. Delivery systems used include mouthwashes, aerosol sprays, chewing gums, bioadhesive tablets, films, gels and pastes. There are three major problems associated with drug therapy within the oral cavity: rapid elimination of drugs due to the flushing action of saliva or the ingestion of food, the non-uniform distribution of drugs within saliva on release from a solid or semisolid delivery system and patient compliance in terms of taste. Prolonged contact time of a drug with body tissue can significantly improve the clinical performance of many agents used for treating oral disorders. These improvements range from better treatment of local pathologies to improved drug bioavailability and controlled release to enhanced patient compliance. There are abundant examples in the literature over the past 15 years of these improvements using bioadhesive polymers. This manuscript summarizes the innovations pertaining to formulation and treatments as described in recent patents.
Conversion of amides to thiol acids and isothiocyanates. Novel method for breaking of the amide bond (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConversion of amides to thiol acids and isothiocyanates. Novel method for breaking of the amide bondIsrael. Shahak and Yoel. SassonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 10, 3440–3441Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00791a092https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00791a092research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views245Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparative immunochemistry and ontogeny of two closely related coated pit proteins. The 280-kd target of teratogenic antibodies and the 330-kd target of nephritogenic antibodies. (1993)

We have previously shown that monoclonal antibodies specific for a 280-kd protein (gp280) concentrated within the coated pits of renal and yolk sac brush border-induced fetal malformations, whereas antibodies specific for gp330, another coated pit protein with a similar distribution, had no deleterious effect on embryonic development. In this study, we show that gp280 and gp330 are closely related proteins, as indicated by: 1) similarities in peptide maps obtained after cyanogen bromide cleavage, 2) immunological cross-reactivity related to a minor contingent of antibodies that do not have teratogenic activity, and 3) asynchronous but related expressions during ontogenesis. During the early stages of development, the expression of the two glycoproteins was limited to (gp330) or predominant in (gp280) the clathrin-coated pits and intermicrovillar areas. In the pre-implantation embryo, gp330 was expressed by trophectodermal cells, which became negative in day-6 embryos trapped in endometrial infoldings. At this stage, gp280 and gp330 were both simultaneously detectable at the apical pole of the first entoblastic cells and remained expressed by the brush border of visceral yolk sac epithelial cells until the end of pregnancy. In addition, gp330 was expressed by amniotic cells and neurectodermal structures. During nephrogenesis, in contrast, the expression of gp280 and gp330 by the intermicrovillar areas of the proximal tubule cell was the result of a complex maturation process. gp280 and gp330 were diffusely distributed in S-shaped bodies in the presumptive areas of the glomerulus, proximal tubule, and distal tubule (gp330). During development of the nephron, the pattern of expression became progressively restricted to the proximal tubule and glomerulus (gp330), and selective localization in the intermicrovillar areas was only achieved in filtrating nephrons.
Automatic high level synthesis of partitioned busses (2002)

A high level synthesis system maps operations of the behavior specification to functional units, minimizing the number of registers, multiplexers and wires. Arranging the results by a floorplanner often leads to a rather large amount of space for interconnections. This situation can be drastically improved if partitioned busses are generated instead of individual connections. For this purpose, a parameterized and powerful target architecture is defined. A method is presented which partitions a data flow graph towards a bus oriented design. A novel allocation method is introduced for this purpose. First experiments with this approach were successful and led to very small designs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Novel CD8<sup>+</sup> Treg suppress EAE by TGF‐β‐ and IFN‐γ‐dependent mechanisms (2009)

Although CD8+ Treg-mediated suppression has been described, CD8+ Treg remain poorly characterized. Here we identify a novel subset of CD8+ Treg that express latency-associated peptide (LAP) on their cell surface (CD8+LAP+ cells) and exhibit regulatory activity in vitro and in vivo. Only a small fraction of CD8+LAP+ cells express Foxp3 or CD25, although the expression levels of Foxp3 for these cells are higher than their LAP- counterparts. In addition to TGF-beta, CD8+LAP+ cells produce IFN-gamma, and these cells suppress EAE that is dependent on both TGF-beta and IFN-gamma. In an adoptive co-transfer model, CD8+LAP+ cells suppress myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific immune responses by inducing or expanding Foxp3+ cells and by inhibiting proliferation and IFN-gamma production in vivo. Furthermore, in vivo neutralization of IFN-gamma and studies with IFN-gamma-deficient mice demonstrate an important role for IFN-gamma production in the function of CD8+LAP+ cells. Our findings identify the underlying mechanisms that account for the immunoregulatory activity of CD8+ T cells and suggest that induction or amplification of CD8+LAP+ cells may be a therapeutic strategy to help control autoimmune processes.
Laminin-111 improves muscle repair in a mouse model of merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy (2013)

Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) is a severe and fatal muscle-wasting disease with no cure. MDC1A patients and the dy(W-/-) mouse model exhibit severe muscle weakness, demyelinating neuropathy, failed muscle regeneration and premature death. We have recently shown that laminin-111, a form of laminin found in embryonic skeletal muscle, can substitute for the loss of laminin-211/221 and prevent muscle disease progression in the dy(W-/-) mouse model. What is unclear from these studies is whether laminin-111 can restore failed regeneration to laminin-α2-deficient muscle. To investigate the potential of laminin-111 protein therapy to improve muscle regeneration, laminin-111 or phosphate-buffered saline-treated laminin-α2-deficient muscle was damaged with cardiotoxin and muscle regeneration quantified. Our results show laminin-111 treatment promoted an increase in myofiber size and number, and an increased expression of α7β1 integrin, Pax7, myogenin and embryonic myosin heavy chain, indicating a restoration of the muscle regenerative program. Together, our results show laminin-111 restores muscle regeneration to laminin-α2-deficient muscle and further supports laminin-111 protein as a therapy for the treatment of MDC1A.
Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Produce IFN-γ upon IL-4 Stimulation (2005)

IL-4 plays a key role in inducing IL-4 production in CD4+ T cells, functioning as an important determinant for Th2 cell differentiation. We show here that IL-4 induces IFN-gamma production in B220+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs). By searching for cell populations that produce IFN-gamma upon IL-4 stimulation, we found that PDCs were a major IFN-gamma-producing cell upon IL-4 stimulation in wild-type and Rag-2-/- splenocytes. Isolated PDCs, but not CD11b+ DCs or CD8+ DCs, produced IFN-gamma upon IL-4 stimulation. In vivo, the depletion of PDCs by anti-Ly6G/C Ab prevented IFN-gamma production induced by IL-4 administration. We also found that IL-4 induced IFN-gamma production, but not IL-12 or IFN-alpha production, in PDCs and also strongly enhanced CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-induced IFN-gamma production, but not CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-induced IL-12 or IFN-alpha production. However, IL-4 did not induce IFN-gamma production in Stat6-/- PDCs. Moreover, IL-4 induced Stat4 expression in PDCs through a Stat6-dependent mechanism, and only the Stat4-expressing PDCs produced IFN-gamma. Furthermore, IL-4 did not induce IFN-gamma production in Stat4-/- PDCs. These results indicate that PDCs preferentially produce IFN-gamma upon IL-4 stimulation by Stat6- and Stat4-dependent mechanisms.
Alternative Approaches to Optical Sensing of the Redox State (2014)

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions are of extreme importance for all organisms from bacteria to mammals, regulating cellular processes and providing cells with energy and building blocks. In order to maintain various cellular functions, redox statuses in a cell are kept balanced by a set of mechanisms, in which pyridine nucleotides and thiol redox buer systems are the key players. Pyridine nucleotides, reduced and oxidized forms of both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH/NAD+) and its phosphate (NADPH/NADP+), are essential in the redox reactions of various metabolites. NAD+ receives electrons to form NADH during the oxidation of various nutrients, such as sugars and fats; NADH is then oxidized by the electron transfer chain associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (see Chapter 1). NADPH provides the reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions of anabolic pathways and antioxidant defense in the control of cellular oxidative stress. Finally, appropriate redox state of proteins is maintained by thiols via the redox buer system comprised of glutathione and thioredoxin (Trx). Glutathione is the most abundant free thiol in cells and the major player in redox homeostasis and function of cellular proteins through interaction with redox proteins (e.g., Trx, glutaredoxin, peroxiredoxin, and protein disulde isomerase). It also serves as the reducing substrate for antioxidant enzymes,8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................179 8.2 Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensors ....................................181 8.3 Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensors for NADH ................182
Bis-Chelated Palladium(II) Complexes with Nitrogen-Donor Chelating Ligands Are Efficient Catalyst Precursors for the CO/Styrene Copolymerization Reaction (1997)

A series of dicationic bis-chelated palladium(II) complexes [Pd(N-N)2][X]2 (N-N = 2,2‘-bipyridine (bipy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and their substituted derivatives; X = PF6-, BF4-, OTf-, OTs-) has been synthesized and completely characterized both in the solid state and in solution. The synthetic procedure involves a simple one-pot reaction between Pd(MeCOO)2 and [(N-N)H][X]. These compounds are very active precatalysts for the CO/styrene copolymerization yielding perfectly alternating polyketones. The crystal structures of some complexes of the series provide evidence that a distorsion from the ideal square planar geometry toward a twist conformation occurs. In DMSO solution, one of the two nitrogen-donor ligands is involved in a dissociative equilibrium yielding a monochelated complex with two cis coordination sites available for the copolymerization catalytic process. The catalytically active species is very stable in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, where its activity was found unaltered for at least 48 h of reaction without apparent decomposition to palladium metal. The addition of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) to the catalytic system has a strong influence on the yield and, above all, on the molecular weight of polyketones. The zerovalent palladium complexes [Pd(N-N)(BQ)], which might be formed during the copolymerization process, have been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure of [Pd(bipy)(BQ)] shows that benzoquinone acts as a mono-olefinic ligand to Pd. In the presence of protons, the Pd(0) complexes are readily oxidized to Pd(II) with the reduction of benzoquinone to hydroquinone. When [(N-N)H][X] is used as the source of protons, the resulting Pd(II) species is the precatalyst and can immediately re-enter the catalytic cycle.