gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Autoimmunity caused by disruption of central T cell tolerance. A murine model of drug-induced lupus. (1997)

A side effect of therapy with procainamide and numerous other medications is a lupus-like syndrome characterized by autoantibodies directed against denatured DNA and the (H2A-H2B)-DNA subunit of chromatin. We tested the possibility that an effect of lupus-inducing drugs on central T cell tolerance underlies these phenomena. Two intrathymic injections of procainamide-hydroxylamine (PAHA), a reactive metabolite of procainamide, resulted in prompt production of IgM antidenatured DNA antibodies in C57BL/6xDBA/2 F1 mice. Subsequently, IgG antichromatin antibodies began to appear in the serum 3 wk after the second injection and were sustained for several months. Specificity, inhibition and blocking studies demonstrated that the PAHA-induced antibodies showed remarkable specificity to the (H2A-H2B)-DNA complex. No evidence for polyclonal B cell activation could be detected based on enumeration of Ig-secreting B cells and serum Ig levels, suggesting that a clonally restricted autoimmune response was induced by intrathymic PAHA. The IgG isotype of the antichromatin antibodies indicated involvement of T cell help, and proliferative responses of splenocytes to oligonucleosomes increased up to 100-fold. As little as 5 microM PAHA led to a 10-fold T cell proliferative response to chromatin in short term organ culture of neonatal thymi. We suggest that PAHA interferes with self-tolerance mechanisms accompanying T cell maturation in the thymus, resulting in the emergence of chromatin-reactive T cells followed by humoral autoimmunity.
A Droplet Microfluidic-Based Sensor for Simultaneous in Situ Monitoring of Nitrate and Nitrite in Natural Waters (2019)

Microfluidic-based chemical sensors take laboratory analytical protocols and miniaturize them into field-deployable systems for in situ monitoring of water chemistry. Here, we present a prototype nitrate/nitrite sensor based on droplet microfluidics that in contrast to standard (continuous phase) microfluidic sensors, treats water samples as discrete droplets contained within a flow of oil. The new sensor device can quantify the concentrations of nitrate and nitrite within each droplet and provides high measurement frequency and low fluid consumption. Reagent consumption is at a rate of 2.8 mL/day when measuring every ten seconds, orders of magnitude more efficient than those of the current state-of-the-art sensors. The sensor's capabilities were demonstrated during a three-week deployment in a tidal river. The accurate and high frequency data (6% error relative to spot samples, measuring at 0.1 Hz) elucidated the influence of tidal variation, rain events, diurnal effects, and anthropogenic input on concentrations at the deployment site. This droplet microfluidic-based sensor is suitable for a wide range of applications such as monitoring of rivers, lakes, coastal waters, and industrial effluents.
How Generative Adversarial Networks and Their Variants Work (2019)

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have received wide attention in the machine learning field for their potential to learn high-dimensional, complex real data distribution. Specifically, they do not rely on any assumptions about the distribution and can generate real-like samples from latent space in a simple manner. This powerful property allows GANs to be applied to various applications such as image synthesis, image attribute editing, image translation, domain adaptation, and other academic fields. In this article, we discuss the details of GANs for those readers who are familiar with, but do not comprehend GANs deeply or who wish to view GANs from various perspectives. In addition, we explain how GANs operates and the fundamental meaning of various objective functions that have been suggested recently. We then focus on how the GAN can be combined with an autoencoder framework. Finally, we enumerate the GAN variants that are applied to various tasks and other fields for those who are interested in exploiting GANs for their research.
Introduction to pharmaceutical calculations (2012)

The third edition of this British book, written by pharmacy educators, is an introduction to drug dosage and other pharmaceutical calculations. Each chapter contains learning objectives, numerous worked examples, sample questions and answers. It also includes new chapters on accuracy of measurement and updated worked examples.
Principles of database buffer management (1984)

This paper discusses the implementation of a database buffer manager as a component of a DBMS. The interface between calling components of higher system layers and the buffer manager is described; the principal differences between virtual memory paging and database buffer management are outlined; the notion of referencing versus addressing of database pages is introduced; and the concept of fixing pages in the buffer to prevent uncontrolled replacement is explained. Three basic tasks have to be performed by the buffer manager: buffer search, allocation of frames to concurrent transactions, and page replacement. For each of these tasks, implementation alternatives are discussed and illustrated by examples from a performance evaluation project of a CODASYL DBMS.
TLR3 ligand stimulates fully functional memory CD8+ T cells in the absence of CD4+ T-cell help (2007)

Abstract We investigated whether Toll-like receptor ligands (TLR-Ls) can bypass the requirement for CD4+ T-cell help in the induction of fully efficient memory CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTLs]). “Helpless” CTLs were induced by a synthetic CD8+ T-cell epitope administered with TLR3-L and TLR9-L, but not with TLR2/6-L, TLR4-L, or TLR7-L. The up-regulation of MHC-I and costimulatory molecules by dendritic cells following TLR stimulation was not sufficient for the priming of “helpless” CTLs, which depended essentially on the induction of a strong IFN-α/β response. The “helpless” CTLs induced by TLR-Ls differentiated into fully functional memory CTLs able to proliferate as well as their “helped” counterparts upon challenge, in the absence of CD4+ T-cell help.
Classification of Manufacturing Defects in Multicrystalline Solar Cells With Novel Feature Descriptor (2019)

The automatic defect recognition for near-infrared electroluminescence images is a challenging task, due to the random shape of the crystal grains and intensity variation in the appearance of multicrystalline solar cell. However, the automatic defect detection systems can meet the growing demand for high-quality products during the intelligent manufacture. Thus, in order to obtain more discriminable defect features under heterogeneous background disturbance, a novel feature descriptor (FD) named as center pixel gradient information to center-symmetric local binary pattern (CPICS-LBP) are proposed, which can fuse the CPICS-LBP by thresholding each pixel of the image into binary code. The defect classification in the heterogeneous background can be dramatically enhanced. Next, the feature description ability of the CPICS-LBP descriptor is analyzed by the gradient map and the experimental results. Furthermore, in order to realize robust extraction of the defect feature, a method named as bag of CPICS-LBP is presented as a global concentrated feature extraction scheme by employing the similarity analysis and clustering of the local image patch features from the image sample. Moreover, the classification accuracy and time efficiency are verified by some experimental results and analysis of solar cells' image data set. The experimental results show that the proposed methods achieve state-of-the-art classification results.
Digitally assisted discontinuous conduction mode 5V/100MHz and 10V/45MHz DC-DC boost converters with integrated Schottky diodes in standard 0.13&#x00B5;m CMOS (2010)

A 100 MHz digitally assisted 4-phase switched-inductor boost converter delivers 240 mW to load voltages of 3 to 5 V with peak efficiency of 64%, and a 45 MHz hybrid switched-inductor/capacitor boost converter delivers 20 mW over a 6 to 10V output range at peak efficiency of 37%. Implemented in a standard 1.2 V 0.13 μm CMOS, the converters use integrated schottky diode rectifiers with 10 V blocking voltages for DCM switching.
Web integration of factory communication systems using an XML framework (2002)

Web integration is an important task in factory communication systems. Since the multitude of web technologies offers a broad variety of suitable solutions, heterogeneous and incompatible implementations have to be expected. Using a concept based on context-depending XML (Extensible Markup Language) descriptions, linked together in a framework, this problem can be solved. The paper shows concepts, description methods, software tools, and migration paths in XML-based frameworks. Special focus is put on Web services.
Complete amino acid sequence of mouse pro-opiomelanocortin derived from the nucleotide sequence of pro-opiomelanocortin cDNA. (1983)

Polyadenylated RNA was isolated from a mouse pituitary tumor cell line (AtT-20/D16v) which synthesizes and secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta-endorphin. The RNA was used to construct a cDNA library by a double linker technique and the library was screened for pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) sequences. One recombinant plasmid, pMKSU16, contained a 923-base pair insert comprising the entire POMC-coding sequence as well as 98 bases of 5' noncoding and 5 bases of 3' noncoding sequence. The protein sequence predicted by the cDNA shows mouse POMC to consist of 235 amino acids with seven potential tryptic cleavage sites consisting of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Comparison with the previously published bovine POMC sequence suggests certain regions of POMC are highly conserved between the two species, particularly the regions corresponding to the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormones.
FcγRIIa (CD32): A Potential Marker Defining Susceptibility to Localized Juvenile Periodontitis (1996)

Epidemiologic studies indicate that blacks are at greater risk for development of localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) than other ethnic groups. It has also been observed that, despite the relatively uncommon nature of this form of early-onset periodontitis, LJP often tends to cluster within families, which suggests that susceptibility to this disease may be inherited. Immunologic studies of a predominantly black population of LJP subjects have revealed that many of these patients mount a strong IgG response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. A substantial proportion of this response is comprised of antibodies of the IgG2 subclass. IgG antibodies are required for efficient phagocytosis and killing of A. actinomycetemcomitans by human neutrophils. Recognition of bacteria coated with IgG antibodies is a process which is mediated by IgG Fc receptors (FcγR) expressed on mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes. A major class of FcγR found on neutrophils is a transmembrane receptor (FCγRII, or CD32) which binds IgG with low affinity. Recently, a genetically determined biallelic polymorphism has been described for this receptor. One allotype, termed H131, binds human IgG2 efficiently, whereas the alternative form, R131, does not. Neutrophils expressing the H131 allotype of FCγRII readily ingest and destroy IgG2-coated A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas neutrophils bearing the R131 allotype do not. We hypothesize that the increased risk among blacks for development of LJP may be due to a combination of two factors, which include: 1) a tendency toward preferential synthesis of IgG2 antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans; and 2) an increased frequency of the R131 allele of FcγRIIa in this subject population. J Periodontol 1996;67:323-331.
A simple, accurate method to calculate spread spectrum multiple access error probabilities (2002)

A simple-to-use approximation for the bit error probability is given. The accuracy should be acceptable in most engineering studies. In fact, although the standard approximation may be inaccurate, it is actually sufficient in many cases. Even in those cases, the approach presented can be used with greater confidence with insignificant additional complexity, or it can be used as a quick indicator of the sufficiency of the standard approximation. The approach naturally leads to the identification of key parameters for analysis. The approach is more generally applicable and its applicability and accuracy are being studied for other SSMA (spread spectrum multiple access) problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Supramolecular Gelation of Rigid Triangular Macrocycles through Rings of Multiple C–H···O Interactions Acting Cooperatively (2016)

When equimolar solutions of the enantiomeric naphthalenediimide-based highly rigid triangles R-Δ and S-Δ in ClCH2CH2Cl are mixed, the racemate rac-Δ forms an organogel that is composed of interwoven fibers, resulting from the columnar stacking of the triangles in an alternating R-Δ/S-Δ fashion. Under identical conditions, the pure enantiomers do not form organogels. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the racemic RS dimer is more stable than the RR dimer as a result of the enantiomeric relationship between R-Δ and S-Δ, allowing them to act as two complementary rings comprised of 12 [C-H···O] interactions with an unprecedented and uninterrupted circular ADDAADDAADDA·DAADDAADDAAD alignment of hydrogen bond donors (D) and acceptors (A), in contrast with the square-wave manner in which the RR dimer forms a complementary yet interrupted ADADAD·DADADA circular sequence of six longer [C-H···O] hydrogen bonds. It follows that gelation is favored by weak interactions acting cooperatively in rings under precise stereoelectronic control.
New current-mode biquad filter (1992)

A new current conveyor-(CC-)based active biquadratic filter configuration is proposed. The proposed structure offers the following advantageous features in contrast to the previously known CC-based current mode filters: (i) the realization of all the five generic filter functions (namely, low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, notch and all-pass) from the same configuration without requiring critical matching conditions/cancellation constraints; (ii) use of only two grounded capacitors; (iii) availability of non-interacting tunability of the parameters of the realized filters through grounded resistors; (iv) employment of all grounded RC elements; (v) easy conversion into a voltage mode biquad; and (vi) suitability for IC implementation. The workability of the proposed structure has been demonstrated by the results of SPICE simulations based upon translinear CC implementations.
Expression of m1-m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor proteins in rat hippocampus and regulation by cholinergic innervation (1995)

A family of muscarinic ACh receptor genes are expressed in hippocampus, but little is known about the localization of the encoded proteins and their regulation by cholinergic innervation. Subtype-specific antibodies were used to localize m1-m4 proteins in the hippocampal formation by immunocytochemistry and to determine the alterations in the subtypes following deafferentation. Each of the receptors is differentially localized in Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus, with highly complementary distributions. m1 is widely expressed in somata and dendrites of pyramidal neurons and granule cells in dentate gyrus. m2 immunoreactivity is expressed mostly in nonpyramidal neurons, and in several discrete bands of fibers and puncta surrounding pyramidal neurons and other layers. m3 is enriched in pyramidal neurons, the neuropil in stratum lacunosum-moleculare and the outer third of the molecular layer of dentate gyrus. m4 is enriched in nonpyramidal neurons, in fiber pathways (alveus, fimbria, and hippocampal commissure), and in the inner third of the molecular layer. Fimbria-fornix lesions decreased ipsilateral m2- and m4-immunoreactive axons in the fimbria, with no apparent changes in the distribution of any of the receptors in hippocampus. 192-IgG immunotoxin lesions of the cholinergic septohippocampal projections, which spare noncholinergic projections, produced a small decrease in m2-immunoreactive fibers in the fimbria with no other major changes in the distribution of subtypes. Immunoprecipitation studies at 3-28 d following fimbria-fornix lesions revealed a 25% loss of m2 at 3 d in hippocampus, and upregulation of both m1 (20-29% at 7-14 d) and m4 (44% at 28 d). Thus, the vast majority of muscarinic receptor subtypes are intrinsic to the hippocampal formation and/or nonseptal hippocampal afferents. A subset of m2 and m4 are presynaptically localized, with m2 in cholinergic axons and m2 and m4 possibly in noncholinergic axons that comprise the septohippocampal pathway. The unique laminar and regional distributions of m1-m4 in the hippocampus reflect differential cellular and subcellular distributions of the subtypes and/or selective association of receptor subtypes with certain afferent and intrinsic connections. These results indicate that each subtype likely has a different role in cholinergic modulation of excitatory and inhibitory hippocampal circuits.
Analysis of new and existing methods of reducing intercarrier interference due to carrier frequency offset in OFDM (1999)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is very sensitive to frequency errors caused by frequency differences between transmitter and receiver local oscillators. This sensitivity is analyzed in terms of the complex weighting coefficients which give the contribution of each transmitter subcarrier to each demodulated subcarrier. Previously described windowing and self intercarrier interference (ICI) cancellation methods are analyzed in terms of these weighting coefficients. New ICI cancellation schemes with very much improved performance are described. A condition for orthogonality of windowing schemes is derived in terms of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the windowing function.
GaaS-X: Graph Analytics Accelerator Supporting Sparse Data Representation using Crossbar Architectures (2020)

Graph analytics applications are ubiquitous in this era of a connected world. These applications have very low compute to byte-transferred ratios and exhibit poor locality, which limits their computational efficiency on general purpose computing systems. Conventional hardware accelerators employ custom dataflow and memory hierarchy organization to overcome these challenges. Processing-in-memory (PIM) accelerators leverage massively parallel compute capable memory arrays to perform the in-situ operations on graph data or employ custom compute elements near the memory to leverage larger internal bandwidths. In this work, we present GaaS-X, a graph analytics accelerator that inherently supports the sparse graph data representations using an in-situ compute-enabled crossbar memory architectures. We alleviate the overheads of redundant writes, sparse to dense conversions, and redundant computations on the invalid edges that are present in the state of the art crossbar-based PIM accelerators. GaaS-X achieves 7.7× and 2.4× performance and 22× and 5.7×, energy savings, respectively, over two state-of-the-art crossbar accelerators and offers orders of magnitude improvements over GPU and CPU solutions.
On-line sensing for healthier FPGA systems (2010)

Electronic systems increasingly suffer from component variation, thermal hotspots, uneven wearout, and other subtle physical phenomena. Systems based on FPGAs have unique opportunities for adapting to such effects. Required, however, is a low-cost, fine-grained method for sensing physical parameters. This paper presents an approach to on-line sensing that includes a compact multi-use sensor implemented in reconfigurable logic, methods for instrumenting an application, and enhanced measurement procedures. The sensor utilizes a highly-efficient counter and improved ring oscillator, and requires just 8 LUTs. We describe how to measure variations in delay, static power, dynamic power, and temperature. We demonstrate the proposed approach with an experimental system based on a Virtex-5. The system is instrumented with over 100 sensors with a total overhead of only 1.3%. Results from thermally-controlled experiments provide some surprising insights and illustrate the power of the approach. On-line sensing can help open the door to physically-adaptive computing, including fine-grained power, reliability, and health management schemes for FPGA-based systems.
Dynamic Stripes: Exploiting the Dynamic Precision Requirements of Activation Values in Neural Networks (2017)

Stripes is a Deep Neural Network (DNN) accelerator that uses bit-serial computation to offer performance that is proportional to the fixed-point precision of the activation values. The fixed-point precisions are determined a priori using profiling and are selected at a per layer granularity. This paper presents Dynamic Stripes, an extension to Stripes that detects precision variance at runtime and at a finer granularity. This extra level of precision reduction increases performance by 41% over Stripes.
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Designed for Electronic Nonlinear Optical Applications (1991)

The first ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) designed specifically for electronic second order nonlinear optics (NLO) applications, and possessing |deff| > 0.074 pm/V for frequency doubling from 1.064 μm Nd:YAG laser light, is described. This value (a conservative lower limit) is about 7 times larger than deff of the commercial FLC mixture SCE9, until now the FLC material with the largest measured second order susceptibility. Our approach to the design of FLCs for NLO, a description of the polar order expected for the C* phase for the newly designed materials, and data on the macroscopic spontaneous electric polarization exhibited by these materials is given in addition to the NLO data.
Anesthesia with Dexmedetomidine and Low-dose Isoflurane Increases Solute Transport via the Glymphatic Pathway in Rat Brain When Compared with High-dose Isoflurane (2017)

We propose that anesthetics affect the glymphatic pathway transport not simply by inducing unconsciousness but also by additional mechanisms, one of which is the repression of norepinephrine release.
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA IN AGRICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY: DIVERSITY, MECHANISM AND THEIR ROLE IN PLANT GROWTH AND CROP YIELD. (2016)

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient second only after nitrogen for plant growth and development. Its adequate amount is present in the soil but nonutilizable by the plants because it is complexed with inorganic metal ions or organic compounds. On an average in different soils its amount varies between 400-1200 mg kg -1 . To overcome the P nutrition requirement farmers use chemical fertilizers which are again ineffective due to the precipitation of a larger proportion of soluble P and also it raises the question of environmental consideration. In such situation, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can bring out locked P into plant assimilable form in an ecofriendly fashion. PSB solubilize inorganic P primarily with the secretion of organic acids while organic P is mineralized by secreted phosphatases and phytase enzymes. Several PSB have been isolated, characterized and identified. Among these, the most powerful strains were denominated from the genus Bacillus, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Rhizobium and Serratia. However, the performance of such isolates is dependent on the soil physicochemical properties and climatic factors. Therefore, it is desirable to isolate, identify and characterize the efficient PSB in relation to soil physicochemical and environmental conditions for the development of soil specific bio-inoculants. Now a day's recombinant biotechnology is seen as a solution for any problem, only the major goal is the identification and isolation of a concerned gene. Thus, the best P solubilizing genes/ consortium of genes may be screened and stably incorporated into the genome of indigenous plant growth promoting bacteria which were adapted to a specific soil and climatic characteristic