gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Representation of shape in ultrasonic images with a physically-based image model (2002)

In contrast to the emphasis on shape structures that is characteristic of most image analysis research, we have emphasized the imaging physics in developing a model for representing ultrasonic images in terms of the underlying tissue shape. Ultrasound has been a major focus in image-guided surgery research for over a decade, but limited accuracy and ease-of-use issues remain prohibitive given current methodology. Toward a robust method for understanding as well as representing ultrasonic images, we have developed an image model framework that is based on a physical description of image formation. Our framework incorporates the gross surface shape, its scattering microstructure and the 3D point-spread function for the imaging system. The framework permits simulation of images, characterization of tissue via statistical images, and construction of a data likelihood for statistical inference of underlying model components. We have tested the model with cadaveric vertebrae by direct, registered comparison of simulated and actual images and by using the data likelihood to infer vertebral pose for registration. Because of its physical basis, the model could be adapted to account for other effects relevant to image-guided surgery such as attenuation- and speed-of-sound-based image distortion. As a framework, the physical description and image model are fully extendable to other applications, including adaptive image formation incorporating tissue shape.
Using multiple global motion models for improved block-based video coding (1999)

A novel motion representation and estimation scheme is presented that leads to improved coding efficiency of block-based video coders like, e.g., H.263. The proposed scheme is based on motion-compensated prediction from more than one reference frame. The reference pictures are warped or globally motion-compensated versions of the previous frame. Affine motion models are used as warping parameters approximating the motion vector field. Motion compensation is performed using standard block matching in the multiple reference frames buffer. The frame reference and the affine motion parameters are transmitted as side information. The approach is incorporated into an H.263-based video codec at minor syntax changes and embedded into a rate-constrained motion estimation and macroblock mode decision frame work. In contrast to conventional global motion compensation, where one motion model is transmitted, we show that multiple global motion models are of benefit in terms of coding efficiency. Significant coding gains in comparison to TMN-10, the test model of H.263+, are achieved that provide bit-rate savings between 20% and 35% for the various sequences tested.
Long-wavelength interminiband Fabry-Pérot and distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers (1998)

Long-wavelength infrared interminiband quantum cascade lasers operating at lambda = 11 mu m are reported. The structures consist of twenty-five superlattice active regions alternated with electron injectors, all. implemented with AllnGas/GalnAs grown lattice matched to InP by molecular beam epitaxy. Pulsed operation in Fabry-Perot devices has been achieved up to 135 K with 50 mW peak power at 90 K. Single-mode emission has been obtained with distributed feedback lasers based on loss gratings. These devices operated with a 30 dB side-mode suppression ratio and 50 mW peak power at liquid-nitrogen temperature. Temperature-tuning with a wavelength shift of 3.11 x 10(-4) nm K-1 at cryogenic temperatures was demonstrated.
Application-dependent spectrum optimization of four-package LEDs (2015)

This paper studies spectrum optimization of four-package LEDs to improve performance of light sources with respect to properties such as luminous efficacy and colour rendering as well as luminous efficacy of radiation under photopic and mesopic conditions and circadian efficacy of radiation for non-visual biological effects. For colour mixing of four-package LEDs, the proportion of each LED in the package follows a linear relationship as does luminous efficacy. For optimization of luminous efficacy of radiation and circadian efficacy of radiation, an inverse proportion function model is proposed. An example of spectrum optimization for a four-package LED shows that by using the proposed model, high performance can be achieved with different weighting coefficients for different applications.
Combined Gyroscopic and Magnetic Surveys Provide Improved Magnetic Survey Data and Enhanced Survey Quality Control (2019)

Abstract The use of advanced solid-state gyroscopic sensors has now become both a viable and practical option for high accuracy wellbore placement, with the potential to out-perform traditional mechanical gyroscopic systems. This paper describes how the contributions of the new gyroscope technology are causing service providers to reconsider current survey practices, and to examine how the new gyroscopic survey tools can be best used for wellbore surveying and real-time wellbore placement. The simultaneous application of multiple survey tools, largely made possible as a result of the unique attributes of solid-state gyroscopic sensors (including small size and significant power reduction), has clear benefits in terms of enhanced well placement, reliability and the detection of gross errors in the survey process. Further benefits accrue through the combination of different, but complimentary survey methods. This paper focuses mainly on the benefits of combining gyroscopic and magnetic measurements to reduce or remove the known errors related to the Earth's magnetic field to which magnetic survey systems are susceptible; errors in total magnetic field, declination and dip angle. In this context, the use of statistical estimation techniques based on performance models of the survey systems used is described. For post-drilling surveys (using drop survey tools or wireline-conveyed tools for example), post-run analysis of the data using least-squares estimation techniques is appropriate. Alternative methods capable of achieving real-time data correction during drilling are also described and results are presented to demonstrate the potential for enhanced magnetic survey performance. The principles described may be used when running basic magnetic measurement while drilling (MWD) systems, and for systems that employ field correction methods, such as the various in-field referencing (IFR) techniques, that are frequently used. The proposed methodology is of particular benefit in the former case, allowing enhanced magnetic surveying to be achieved without the need for expensive and complex magnetic field correction procedures. The potential also exists either to identify or to correct possible errors in the IFR data when such methods are used. This information may be of great value for the safe drilling of additional wells in the same region.
High-rate quantum key distribution using Gaussian-modulated coherent states (2004)

A novel quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is proposed and demonstrated. It is based on the transmission of Gaussian-modulated coherent states that are laser pulses containing a few hundred photons .Shot-noise limited coherent (homodyne) detection is used, which makes it possible to achieve high secret-key rates. It remains, in principle, efficient for any value of the line transmission by use of a "reverse reconciliation" technique, which is shown to be secure against individual attacks based on entanglement and quantum memories. The basic idea is to use a reverse reconciliation protocol, that is, Alice attempts to guess what was received by Bob rather than Bob guessing what was sent by Alice. A reverse protocol always gives Alice an advantage over a potential eavesdropper Eve, regardless the line loss. In addition, a specific advantage of using quantum continuous variables is that the high dimensionality of the phase space may be exploited by modulating the field quadratures with a large dynamics, allowing the encoding of several key bits per pulse. This, together with the fact that fast modulation and detection can be achieved, results in a high-rate secret key distribution.
Multi-Degree of Freedom Tuning Fork Gyroscope Demonstrating Shock Rejection (2007)

This paper presents a z-axis MEMS tuning fork rate gyroscope with multi-degree of freedom (DOF) sense modes designed to provide structural robustness to environmental drifts. This concept combines the temperature robustness of multi-DOF sense modes with the common mode rejection capabilities of tuning fork architectures. The device consists of an antiphase actuated 2-DOF drive mode where each drive mass contains a 2-DOF sense mode, thus forming an overall 6-DOF mechanical system. The flat gain region of the 2-DOF sense mode provides immunity to both environmental variations and fabrication imperfections, while the anti-phase forcing of the drive mode induces an anti-phase Coriolis response allowing for the cancellation of common mode inputs such as ambient vibrations. Impulse responses were used to characterize the effect of acceleration loads on the device where a differential signal resulted in 14 dB of reduction in amplitude versus a single output.
Modeling the shape of cylindrically focused transducers in three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography (2014)

Image reconstruction in optoacoustics usually employs algorithms that assume ultrasonic transducers to be confined to points. This assumption deviates strongly from realistic detectors and is the cause of severe artifacts in the reconstructions. We propose two model-based image reconstruction algorithms that account for the shape of cylindrically focused ultrasonic transducers in three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography. The algorithms have been proved favorable in simulations and experiments.
Limited-perimeter vector matching fault-localisation protocol for transparent all-optical communication networks[Note 1] (2007)

A novel fault-localisation protocol is constructed based on the principles of distributed control and management mechanisms. The proposed protocol has high scalability and speed, but at the cost of increased computational complexity. To provide the maximum level of transparency, the protocol skips any optical power monitoring or spectrum analysis at the intermediate nodes of established lightpaths. Moreover, to narrow down the associated time and space complexities, it restricts the fault-localisation area to a small area called limited-perimeter. These functions are implemented by means of five phases, namely pausing, flooding, multicasting, matching, and concluding. Although the protocol has been developed to pinpoint single failures, it could track down multiple failures that occur in nonoverlapped limited-perimeters. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, time and space complexities are calculated and compared with a counterpart protocol that does not limit the fault-localisation area.
Silicon Nanowire Thermoelectrics (2008)

There exist multiple classes of energy conversion materials and devices - including electrochemical cells, photovoltaics, and thermoelectrics. In all systems, heat dissipation can be a limiting factor in determining overall efficiency. In this talk, I will discuss thermoelectric materials (TEs), which are materials that interconvert thermal gradients and electric fields for power generation or for refrigeration. TEs find only niche applications because of their limited efficiency, which is measured by the dimensionless parameter ZT=S2σT/κ. Here S is the Seebeck coefficient, or thermoelectric power (measured in Volts-K−1), and σ and κ are the electrical and thermal conductivities, respectively. Maximizing ZT is challenging because optimizing one physical parameter often adversely affects another - for example, the Weidemann-Franz law limits the ratio of σ/κ to be a constant for metallic systems. Several groups have achieved significant improvements in ZT through multi-component nanostructured TEs (5-7), such as Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 thin film superlattices, or embedded PbSeTe quantum dot superlattices. We recently reported efficient TE performance from the single component system of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) for cross-sectional areas of 10nm × 20nm and 20nm × 20nm. By varying the nanowire size and impurity doping levels, ZT values representing an approximately 100-fold improvement over bulk Si are achieved over a broad temperature range, including a ZT ~ 1 at 200K. Independent measurements of S, a, and K, combined with theory, indicate that the improved efficiency originates from phonon effects. For the smallest width nanowires, the thermal conductivity was observed to be below the Slack-limit for silicon, implying that fundamentally new physics is being observed in these materials. In addition, phonon drag appears to make important, positive contributions to the nanowires thermopower. These results are expected to apply to other classes of semiconductor nanomaterials, as well as nanostructured bulk materials, and I will discuss some of our recent work that is aimed toward exploring these ideas. Finally, from a practical point of view, thermoelectric or thermocooling applications require both p- and n-type conductors. For Si NWs, both p- and n-type NWs can exhibit a high thermoelectric efficiency, although there are differences between the two materials.
Dynamic collimator trajectory algorithm for multiple metastases dynamic conformal arc treatment planning (2017)

Dynamic collimator trajectories have the potential to improve DCA deliveries through increased efficiency, especially in the treatment of multiple cranial metastases. Implementation of this technology should not be hindered by mechanical safety considerations as collimator motions do not modify or introduce any new risks of collisions with patients.
Capturability-based analysis and control of legged locomotion, Part 2: Application to M2V2, a lower-body humanoid (2012)

This two-part paper discusses the analysis and control of legged locomotion in terms of N-step capturability: the ability of a legged system to come to a stop without falling by taking N or fewer steps. We consider this ability to be crucial to legged locomotion and a useful, yet not overly restrictive criterion for stability. Part 1 introduced the N-step capturability framework and showed how to obtain capture regions and control sequences for simplified gait models. In Part 2, we describe an algorithm that uses these results as approximations to control a humanoid robot. The main contributions of this part are (1) step location adjustment using the 1-step capture region, (2) novel instantaneous capture point control strategies, and 3) an experimental evaluation of the 1-step capturability margin. The presented algorithm was tested using M2V2, a 3D force-controlled bipedal robot with 12 actuated degrees of freedom in the legs, both in simulation and in physical experiments. The physical robot was able to recover from forward and sideways pushes of up to 21 Ns while balancing on one leg and stepping to regain balance. The simulated robot was able to recover from sideways pushes of up to 15 Ns while walking, and walked across randomly placed stepping stones.
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (2019)

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that infects T lymphocytes. HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is an intractable neurodegenerative disease caused by HTLV-1 infection just like adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is, developing in a fraction of infected individuals. Here, we review the update information about the new drug development and therapeutic algorithm of HAM/TSP based on the resent research achievement in molecular pathogenesis and biomarkers.
Design and analysis of ring oscillator based Design-for-Trust technique (2011)

Due to the increasing opportunities for malicious inclusions in hardware, Design-for-Trust (DFTr) is emerging as an important IC design methodology. In order to incorporate the DFTr techniques into the IC development cycle, they have to be practical in terms of their Trojan detection capabilities, hardware overhead, and test cost. We propose a non-invasive DFTr technique, which can detect Trojans in the presence of process variations and measurement errors. This technique can detect Trojans that are inserted in all or a subset of the ICs. It is applicable to both ASICs and FPGA implementations. Circuit paths in a design are reconfigured into ring oscillators (ROs) by adding a small amount of logic. Trojans are detected by observing the changes in the frequency of the ROs. An algorithm is provided to secure all the gates, while reducing the hardware overhead. We analyzed the coverage, area and test time overhead of the proposed DFTr technique. To demonstrate its effectiveness in the real world, the proposed technique had been validated by a red-team blue-team approach.
Half-a-month stable 0.2 degree-per-hour mode-matched MEMS gyroscope (2017)

We experimentally demonstrate a mode-matched MEMS gyroscope capable of measuring rates as low as 0.2 °/hr stable on a time scale of half-a-month without ovenization or stress isolation - a long-term performance unprecedented for traditional micromachined sensors. The offset stability is attributed to the active mode-matching loop reducing adverse effects of real-world environment by maintaining zero frequency split, resulting in an almost two orders of magnitude improvement to in-run bias instability. We explore and compare the ability of electrostatic spring softening and mechanical hardening effects to tune frequencies for active mode-matching. The presented approach may enable commercialization of mode-matched MEMS gyroscopes.
Unusually high thermal conductivity in diamond films (1992)

Chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) polycrystalline diamond films have recently been reported with a thermal conductivity that is only 25% less than that of high quality single-crystal natural diamond. By studying a series of such films of various thicknesses grown under virtually identical conditions, we have discovered a significant (factor of four) through the thickness gradient in thermal conductivity. The observed gradient is attributed mainly to phonon scattering by the roughly cone-shaped columnar microstructure. For 350 μm films, the material near the top (growth) surface has a conductivity of at least 21 W/cm °C, i.e., comparable to the best single crystals. This remarkable dependence of thermal conductivity on microstructure has important implications for thermal management of microelectronic devices using CVD diamond.
Abstract 1582: The coupling of MDSCs with a computational neural network (NN) to detect solid tumors (2018)

Abstract The goal of this study was to create a non-invasive cancer detection assay that analyzes flow cytometry data in an objective method. By using an artificial neural network (NN), we were able to distinguish between cancer patients (CPs) and benign/healthy donors (HDs) based upon the flow cytometry profiles of MDSCs and other leukocytes. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are known to be key contributors in supporting tumor progression and tumor escape through their ability to suppress anti-tumor responses mediated through T cell and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Several studies have demonstrated their utility as indicators of tumor progression and possible predictors of clinical outcomes, but there is significant overlap with healthy individuals preventing discrete and accurate calls. We used standard multiparametric flow cytometry techniques to immunophenotype MDSCs and other leukocytes found in the peripheral blood of 65 biopsy-confirmed CPs with solid tumors and 84 HDs. A series of NNs utilizing pattern recognition computational algorithms are then created using three data sets: 1) the training set - this ‘teaches' the two output categories of cancer and not cancer, 2) the validation set - this uses backpropagation to improve the accuracy of the trained networks, and 3) the testing set - this is used to rank the trained networks against each other. Finally, a naïve testing set is then used to determine the overall sensitivity and specificity for the top-ranking networks. Using traditional flow cytometry gating methods to analyze MDSCs as a biomarker for cancer detection, it is difficult to achieve high sensitivity and specificity due to the substantial overlap with healthy individuals. Here, we incorporated a standard 12 marker flow cytometry assay with NN technology to achieve a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 89%. Pairing the advanced analytical capabilities of our NN with surface biomarker based analysis of MDSCs and certain leukocytes measured in peripheral blood has enabled us the ability to objectively identify patterns indicative for the existence of a solid tumor. Citation Format: George A. Dominguez, Kristen Maslar, Alexander Polo, Cyrus Sholevar, Anthony Campisi, John Roop, Dmitry Gabrilovich, Frank Rauscher, Amit Kumar. The coupling of MDSCs with a computational neural network (NN) to detect solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1582.
Multimodal full-field optical coherence tomography on biological tissue: toward all optical digital pathology (2012)

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an efficient technique for in-depth optical biopsy of biological tissues, relying on interferometric selection of ballistic photons. Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography (FF-OCT) is an alternative approach to Fourier-domain OCT (spectral or swept-source), allowing parallel acquisition of en-face optical sections. Using medium numerical aperture objective, it is possible to reach an isotropic resolution of about 1x1x1 ìm. After stitching a grid of acquired images, FF-OCT gives access to the architecture of the tissue, for both macroscopic and microscopic structures, in a non-invasive process, which makes the technique particularly suitable for applications in pathology. Here we report a multimodal approach to FF-OCT, combining two Full-Field techniques for collecting a backscattered endogeneous OCT image and a fluorescence exogeneous image in parallel. Considering pathological diagnosis of cancer, visualization of cell nuclei is of paramount importance. OCT images, even for the highest resolution, usually fail to identify individual nuclei due to the nature of the optical contrast used. We have built a multimodal optical microscope based on the combination of FF-OCT and Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM). We used x30 immersion objectives, with a numerical aperture of 1.05, allowing for sub-micron transverse resolution. Fluorescent staining of nuclei was obtained using specific fluorescent dyes such as acridine orange. We present multimodal images of healthy and pathological skin tissue at various scales. This instrumental development paves the way for improvements of standard pathology procedures, as a faster, non sacrificial, operator independent digital optical method compared to frozen sections.
Taiwanofungus camphoratus Combined With Amphotericin B for Metastatic Cancer Patients Unresponsive to or Unwilling to Undergo Chemotherapy: A Pilot Study. (2020)

For patients whose metastatic cancer did not respond to multiline chemotherapy or who were unwilling to receive chemotherapy, the use of TCEE as an adjuvant therapy to AmB resulted in tumor suppression and a delay in time to disease progression. The preliminary results reported here can be used to guide a future, more extensive clinical study of the combination.