gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and characterization of a research electrohydraulic lithotripter patterned after the Dornier HM3 (2000)

An electrohydraulic lithotripter has been designed that mimics the behavior of the Dornier HM3 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter. The key mechanical and electrical properties of a clinical HM3 were measured and a design implemented to replicate these parameters. Three research lithotripters have been constructed on this design and are being used in a multi-institutional, multidisciplinary research program to determine the physical mechanisms of stone fragmentation and tissue damage in shock wave lithotripsy. The acoustic fields of the three research lithotripters and of two clinical Dornier HM3 lithotripters were measured with a PVDF membrane hydrophone. The peak positive pressure, peak negative pressure, pulse duration, and shock rise time of the focal waveforms were compared. Peak positive pressures varied from 25 MPa at a voltage setting of 12 kV to 40 MPa at 24 kV. The magnitude of the peak negative pressure varied from −7 to −12 MPa over the same voltage range. The spatial variations of the peak positive pressure and peak negative pressure were also compared. The focal region, as defined by the full width half maximum of the peak positive pressure, was 60 mm long in the axial direction and 10 mm wide in the lateral direction. The performance of the research lithotripters was found to be consistent at clinical firing rates (up to 3 Hz). The results indicated that pressure fields in the research lithotripters are equivalent to those generated by a clinical HM3 lithotripter.
Unrecognized Cognitive Impairment in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients (1988)

To determine the prevalence of unrecognized brain dysfunction accompanying chronic severe cardiac disease, we examined 20 clinically stable consecutive admissions to a cardiac rehabilitation service who were free of known stroke or dementia. Age range was 47 to 85 years (mean +/- SEM, 72.5 +/- 2.1 years), the male: female ratio was 10:10. Multiple cognitive deficits including significant memory impairment and disorientation were present in eight patients (40%), and seven of these eight patients were unable to administer their own medications reliably. An additional six patients (30%) showed milder impairments. One patient was found to be normal after neurological examination, four showed evidence of a single brain lesion, and 15 of 20 (75%) had multiple neurological abnormalities suggesting multifocal brain disease. The mechanism of cognitive deficits in cardiac patients is unclear, and it may be related to multiple infarcts, or acute or chronic hypoxic damage secondary to arrhythmias, cardiac failure, or small vessel disease of the brain. The term "circulatory dementia" is proposed to describe patients with vascular disease and non-Alzheimer type dementia. Patients with cardiac disease should undergo cognitive screening, as early identification of patients at risk of progressive intellectual loss may allow early use of preventive therapy.
Realization of a soft output Viterbi equalizer using field programmable gate arrays (2002)

The authors discuss the microelectronic realization of a Viterbi equalizer with soft decision outputs (SOVE, soft output Viterbi equalizer) using XILINX XC4000 series logic cell arrays (LCAs), a special type of field programmable gate array. LCAs are chosen because of their high flexibility and their low price. They are well suited for prototyping. The most advantageous features of the presented SOVE are real-valued signal processing in the intermediate frequency domain and flexibility due to the calculation of the metric increments by using ROM look-up tables.
Oxide Materials with Low Thermal Conductivity (2007)

A heuristic approach to identifying candidate materials with low, temperature‐independent thermal conductivity above room temperature is described. On the basis of this approach, a number of compounds with thermal conductivities lower than that of 8 mol% yttria‐stabilized zirconia and fused silica have been found. Three compounds, in particular, the Zr 3 Y 4 O 12 delta phase, the tungsten bronzes, and the La 2 Mo 2 O 9 phase, exhibit potential for low thermal conductivity applications. As each can exhibit extensive substitutional solid solution with other, high atomic mass ions, there is the prospect that many more compounds with low thermal conductivity will be discovered.
The emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (2014)

Abstract As antimicrobial resistance increases, understanding the current epidemiology of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients is essential to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy. We therefore reviewed microbial etiologies, timing and outcomes of BSIs in patients who were transplanted from September 2007 to December 2011. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were the most common pathogens in allogeneic HSCT recipients and the fourth most common after autologous transplant. VRE did not cause any of 101 BSIs in neutropenic patients who were not receiving antibacterials, but caused 32 (55%) of 58 BSIs in neutropenic patients receiving a broad-spectrum β-lactam agent (p < 0.001). Rates of septic shock and 7-day mortality were 5% and 0% for streptococcal bacteremia, 12% and 18% for VRE bacteremia, and 20% and 14% for Gram-negative bacteremia. In conclusion, VRE bacteremia was the most common BSI in allogeneic HSCT recipients, occurred primarily in neutropenic patients receiving broad-spectrum β-lactams and was associated with poor outcomes.
Trends in Tattooing (1996)

SMITH, LCDR STACY R. MC, USNR; MATHESON, LCDR BRETT K. MC, USNR; RIFFENBURGH, ROBERT H. PHDAuthor Information
Dynamic spectrum aggregation for future 5G communications (2015)

We discuss dynamic spectrum aggregation methods, opportunities, and issues for future 5G communication in cognitive cellular networks. We focus on multicarrier technologies, which have been recognized as capable of flexible utilization of fragmented spectrum opportunities in unlicensed frequency bands, such as enhanced NC-OFDM and NC-FBMC. These techniques can be applied to shape the signal spectrum so that it is concentrated within used frequency bands, and the out-of-band transmitted power and associated interference generated to the incumbent coexisting systems are limited. We present key issues associated with spectrum aggregation that are recognized at the transmitter and the receiver. We also discuss solutions of these issues that can make spectrum aggregation viable for 5G systems.
Neuropeptide Y, Y<sub>1</sub>, Y<sub>2</sub> and Y<sub>4</sub> receptors mediate Y agonist responses in isolated human colon mucosa (2002)

1. The aim of this study was to provide a pharmacological characterization of the Y receptor types responsible for neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) effects upon electrogenic ion transport in isolated human colonic mucosa. 2. Preparations of descending colon were voltage-clamped at 0 mV in Ussing chambers and changes in short-circuit current (I(sc)) continuously recorded. Basolateral PYY, NPY, human PP (hPP), PYY(3 - 36), [Leu(31), Pro(34)]PYY (Pro(34)PYY) and [Leu(31), Pro(34)]-NPY (Pro(34)NPY) all reduced basal I(sc) in untreated colon. Of all the Y agonists tested PYY(3 - 36) responses were most sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX) pretreatment, indicating that Y(2)-receptors are located on intrinsic neurones as well as epithelia in this tissue. 3. The EC(50) values for Pro(34)PYY, PYY(3 - 36) and hPP were 9.7 nM (4.0 - 23.5), 11.4 nM (7.6 - 17.0) and 14.5 nM (10.2 - 20.5) and response curves exhibited similar efficacies. The novel Y(5) agonist [Ala(31), Aib(32)]-NPY had no effect at 100 nM. 4. Y(1) receptor antagonists, BIBP3226 and BIBO3304 both increased basal I(sc) levels per se and inhibited subsequent PYY and Pro(34)PYY but not hPP or PYY(3 - 36) responses. The Y(2) antagonist, BIIE0246 also raised basal I(sc) levels and attenuated subsequent PYY(3 - 36) but not Pro(34)PYY or hPP responses. 5. We conclude that Y(1) and Y(2) receptor-mediated inhibitory tone exists in human colon mucosa. PYY and NPY exert their effects via both Y(1) and Y(2) receptors, but the insensitivity of hPP responses to either Y(1) or Y(2) antagonism, or to TTX, indicates that Y(4) receptors are involved and that they are predominantly post-junctional in human colon.
Microwave Photonics Parallel Quantum Key Distribution (2012)

The incorporation of multiplexing techniques used in microwave photonics to quantum key distribution (QKD) systems brings important advantages by enabling the simultaneous and parallel delivery of multiple keys between a central station and different end-users in the context of multipoint access and metropolitan networks, or by providing higher key distribution rates in point to point links by suitably linking the parallel distributed keys. It also allows the coexistence of classical information and QKD channels over a single optical fiber infrastructure. In this paper, we show, for the first time to our knowledge, the successful operation of a two-domain (subcarrier and wavelength division) multiplexed strong reference BB84 QKD system. A four-independent channel QKD system featuring a sifted key rate of 10 kb/s/channel over an 11-km link with quantum bit error rate (QBER) <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$<$</tex></formula> 2% is reported. These results open the way for multi-QKD over optical fiber networks.
Silicon substituted hydroxyapatites. A method to upgrade calcium phosphate based implants (2005)

Silicon substituted hydroxyapatites (SiHA) are among the most interesting bioceramics in the field of bioactive bone implants. Silicon incorporation into the apatite structure results in materials with comparable biocompatibility and mechanical properties, but with improved bioactive behaviour. The higher bioactivity promotes the reaction between bone and implant, leading to excellent osteointegration and ensuring the implant success. The improved properties of SiHA compared to pure HA have been demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo tests. In this feature article, the main synthesis methods and results are reviewed for different SiHA. Finally, the role of Si is considered from the point of view of materials science at the crystallographic, micro structural and surface chemistry levels.
B Vitamins, Cognition, and Aging: A Review (2001)

Recent research has highlighted the potential impact of nutritional factors and individual micronutrients on the brain and on cognitive performance, especially in older adults. The B vitamins, folate, B12, and B6, are of particular interest because even subclinical deficiencies in these vitamins are thought to be relatively common in the general population and in older adults in particular. Recent cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have provided evidence for an association between these B vitamins and many aspects of cognitive performance and have raised the possibility that even subclinical differences in nutritional status may have a subtle influence on aspects of cognitive performance, especially in older adults and in clinical populations. Preliminary evidence also indicates the effectiveness of supplementation in enhancing cognitive performance in older adults. Important considerations for future research include the use of placebo-controlled intervention studies, sensitive outcome measures of cognitive performance, and exploration of bioavailability and dose-response relationships.
Topoisomerase II: A specific marker for cell proliferation. (1986)

We have used an antibody probe to measure the levels of topoisomerase II in several transformed and developmentally regulated normal cell types. Transformed cells contain roughly 1 X 10(6) copies of the enzyme. During erythropoiesis in chicken embryos the enzyme level drops from 7.8 X 10(4) copies per erythroblast to less than 300 copies per erythrocyte concomitant with the cessation of mitosis in the blood. Cultured myoblasts also lose topoisomerase II upon fusion into nonproliferating myotubes. When peripheral blood lymphocytes (which lack detectable topoisomerase II) commence proliferation, they express topoisomerase II de novo. Appearance of the enzyme exactly parallels the onset of DNA replication. These results suggest that topoisomerase II is not required for transcription in higher eukaryotes, but that it may function during DNA replication. Furthermore, topoisomerase II is a sensitive and specific marker for proliferating cells.
The VR Factory: Discrete Event Simulation Implemented in a Virtual Environment (1998)

Abstract Virtual reality (VR) refers to an immersive, interactive, multi-sensory, viewer-centered, three-dimensional (3D) computer generated environment and the combination of technologies required to build such an environment (Cruz-Neira, 1993). Related to problems of engineering design and manufacturing, this new technology offers engineers the ability to work with computer models in a three-dimensional, immersive environment. This paper describes a virtual reality application where the results of a discrete event simulation of a manufacturing cell are integrated with a virtual model of the cell to produce a virtual environment. The program described in this paper, the VR Factory, allows the user to investigate how various changes to the manufacturing cell affect part production. This investigation is performed while immersed in a computer generated three-dimensional representation of the cell. This paper describes the creation of the VR model of the manufacturing cell, the animation of the environment and the implementation of the results of the discrete event simulation.
Faster-Than-Nyquist Signaling (1975)

The degradation suffered when pulses satisfying the Nyguist criterion are used to transmit binary data in noise at supraconventional rates is studied. Optimum processing of the received waveforms is assumed, and attention is focused on the minimum distance between signal points as a performance criterion. An upper bound on this distance is given as a function of signaling speed. In particular, the pulse energy seems to be the minimum distance up to rates of transmission 25 percent faster than the Nyguist rate, but not beyond. Some mathematical aspects related to the above problem are also considered. In particular, the minimum distance is rigorously shown to be nonzero for all transmission rates. This is tantamount to showing that, in the singular case of linear prediction, perfect prediction cannot be approached with bounded prediction coefficients.
Transdermally administered fentanyl for pain management. (1992)

The physicochemical properties, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, serum concentrations and clinical effects, adverse effects and contraindications, and dosage of transdermally administered fentanyl are described, and clinical studies evaluating the use of a transdermal fentanyl system in the treatment of postoperative pain and chronic cancer-associated pain are reviewed. After application of a transdermal system, fentanyl is absorbed into the skin beneath the patch, where a depot forms in the upper skin layers. Plasma fentanyl concentrations are barely detectable for about two hours after patch placement. Eight to 12 hours after patch placement, concentrations approximate those achieved with equivalent i.v. doses of fentanyl. Some studies comparing transdermally administered fentanyl with placebo in postoperative patients showed that the patients who received fentanyl required fewer supplementary analgesics and reported less pain than the patients who received placebo. However, the overall efficacy and safety of the transdermal fentanyl system for the treatment of postoperative pain have not been adequately evaluated. Studies of cancer patients showed that transdermally administered fentanyl appears to be effective in the management of chronic, cancer-related pain. Dermatological reactions to the fentanyl patch are generally transient and mild. Other adverse effects are those that are commonly associated with narcotic analgesics. The 25-micrograms/hr patch should be used for initial treatment in patients not previously treated with narcotics. The dosage may be gradually increased until effective analgesia is obtained. Although experience with the product is limited, transdermally administered fentanyl appears to be effective for the long-term management of cancer-related pain.
On Key Points of Financial Cost Management in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (2010)

Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), accounting for 99.3% of all Chinese corporations, createenormous economic fortune and employment opportunity. However, most of SMEs are lack of capital, withsimple equipments and improper management, so they are incapable to withstand risks and easy to be involvedin difficulty. Therefore, we should properly guide SMEs to enhance financing, investment management and themanagement of other value chain activities, which will contribute to their survival, development, strength, andincreasing improvement of market competitiveness.
Iron and carbon monoxide enhance coagulation and attenuate fibrinolysis by different mechanisms (2014)

Two parallel lines of investigation elucidating novel mechanisms by which iron (scanning electron microscopy-based) and carbon monoxide (viscoelastic-based) enhance coagulation and diminish fibrinolysis have emerged over the past few years. However, a multimodal approach to ascertain the effects of iron and carbon monoxide remained to be performed. Such investigation could be important, as iron and carbon monoxide are two of the products of heme catabolism via heme oxygenase-1, an enzyme upregulated in a variety of disease states associated with thrombophilia. Human plasma was exposed to ferric chloride, carbon monoxide derived from carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2, or their combination. Viscoelastic studies demonstrated ferric chloride and carbon monoxide mediated enhancement of velocity of growth, and final clot strength, with the combination of the two molecules noted to have all the prothrombotic kinetic effects of either separately. Parallel ultrastructural studies demonstrated separate types of fibrin polymer cross-linking and matting in plasma exposed to ferric chloride and carbon monoxide, with the combination sharing features of each molecule. In conclusion, we present the first evidence that iron and carbon monoxide interact with key coagulation and fibrinolytic processes, resulting in thrombi that begin to form more quickly, grow faster, become stronger, and are more resistant to lysis.
Adversarial Training of Word2Vec for Basket Completion (2018)

In recent years, the Word2Vec model trained with the Negative Sampling loss function has shown state-of-the-art results in a number of machine learning tasks, including language modeling tasks, such as word analogy and word similarity, and in recommendation tasks, through Prod2Vec, an extension that applies to modeling user shopping activity and user preferences. Several methods that aim to improve upon the standard Negative Sampling loss have been proposed. In our paper we pursue more sophisticated Negative Sampling, by leveraging ideas from the field of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and propose Adversarial Negative Sampling. We build upon the recent progress made in stabilizing the training objective of GANs in the discrete data setting, and introduce a new GAN-Word2Vec model.We evaluate our model on the task of basket completion, and show significant improvements in performance over Word2Vec trained using standard loss functions, including Noise Contrastive Estimation and Negative Sampling.
ChemInform Abstract: A CAVEAT REGARDING CHIROPTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHIRAL ANTHRACYCLINONES (1985)

Abstract Es wird gezeigt, daß polaren Sauerstoff enthaltende Lösungsmittelzusätze in Chloroform für die Messung der spezifischen Drehung von chiralen Anthracyclinonen, z.B. (I) ‐,‐ (III), die gemessenen optischen Drehwerte in beiden denkbaren Richtungen sehr stark verändern können.
Fluorinated single-wall carbon nanotubes (2001)

Fluorinated armchair (10,10) and zigzag (18,0) single-wall carbon nanotubes (F-SWNT) of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}\mathrm{F}$ stoichiometry with five different fluorine atom decorations are studied using density-functional theory and periodic boundary conditions. The most stable armchair F-SWNT isomers $(1a$ and $5a)$ are metallic and have $\ensuremath{\pi}$ bond chains parallel to the tube axis. Isomer $5a$ carries every second fluorine atom inside the tube and is $5 {\mathrm{kcal}\mathrm{}\mathrm{mol}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ more stable than $1a.$ Fluorinated zigzag tubes are not metallic. The isomer with helical zigzag conjugated $\ensuremath{\pi}$ bonds is the most stable zigzag F-SWNT, but is less stable than $1a.$ Depending on the fluorination pattern and the tube chirality, the band gaps of the F-SWNT's vary from 2.7 to 0 eV.
A Novel Mouse Model for Acute and Long-Lasting Consequences of Early Life Stress (2008)

Chronic early-life stress (ES) exerts profound acute and long-lasting effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, with relevance to cognitive function and affective disorders. Our ability to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects should benefit greatly from appropriate mouse models because these would enable use of powerful transgenic methods. Therefore, we have characterized a mouse model of chronic ES, which was provoked in mouse pups by abnormal, fragmented interactions with the dam. Dam-pup interaction was disrupted by limiting the nesting and bedding material in the cages, a manipulation that affected this parameter in a dose-dependent manner. At the end of their week-long rearing in the limited-nesting cages, mouse pups were stressed, as apparent from elevated basal plasma corticosterone levels. In addition, steady-state mRNA levels of CRH in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of ES-experiencing pups were reduced, without significant change in mRNA levels of arginine vasopressin. Rearing mouse pups in this stress-provoking cage environment resulted in enduring effects: basal plasma corticosterone levels were still increased, and CRH mRNA levels in paraventricular nucleus remained reduced in adult ES mice, compared with those of controls. In addition, hippocampus-dependent learning and memory functions were impaired in 4- to 8-month-old ES mice. In summary, this novel, robust model of chronic early life stress in the mouse results in acute and enduring neuroendocrine and cognitive abnormalities. This model should facilitate the examination of the specific genes and molecules involved in the generation of this stress as well as in its consequences.
DNA triplexes and Friedreich ataxia (2008)

Friedreich ataxia, the most common inherited ataxia, is caused by the transcriptional silencing of the FXN gene, which codes for the 210 amino acid frataxin, a mitochondrial protein involved in iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. The expansion of the GAA x TTC tract in intron 1 to as many as 1700 repeats elicits the transcriptional silencing by the formation of non-B DNA structures (triplexes or sticky DNA), the formation of a persistent DNA x RNA hybrid, or heterochromatin formation. The triplex (sticky DNA) adopted by the long repeat sequence also elicits profound mutagenic, genetic instability, and recombination behaviors. Early stage therapeutic investigations involving polyamides or histone deacetylase inhibitors are being pursued. Friedreich ataxia may be one of the most thoroughly studied hereditary neurological disease from a pathophysiological standpoint.
300°C clamp-on ultrasonic transducers for measuring water flow and level (2002)

A waveguide that resembles a thin hockey stick has been developed to convey shear waves without dispersion over paths of 10 to 50 cm. This waveguide can be clamped or welded to hot pipes to measure the flow of superheated water. Clamp-on results from the first field trials at 260/spl deg/C are presented.