gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibitors of gastric acid secretion: antisecretory 2-pyridylurea derivatives (1983)

A series of aminoalkyl-substituted pyridylureas has been prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. N,N-Dimethyl-N'-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]-N'-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)urea (8g) was the most potent example of the class. Comparison of this compound with cimetidine showed it to be equipotent in dogs stimulated with gastrin tetrapeptide but approximately half as potent in dogs stimulated with histamine. Inhibition of secretion does not appear to result from antagonism of the histamine H2 receptor, since the compounds show only weak inhibition of the H2 receptor in vitro.
Fast tracking of catheters in 2D fluoroscopic images using an integrated CPU-GPU framework (2012)

Catheter tracking has become more important in recent interventional applications for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedures. It can provide real-time guidance for the physicians and be used for motion compensation by overlaying a 3D left atrium model on live 2D fluoroscopic images. To achieve that, this paper has two main contributions. We first propose a new approach to generate tracking hypotheses based on catheter electrode detection. The novelly-designed tracking hypotheses are evaluated by a Bayesian-framework that fuses learning-based detection and template matching. The second contribution is a novel integrated framework that efficiently distributes computation between a GPU (graphics processing unit) and a CPU. Our framework implements Probabilistic Boosting-Tree (PBT)-based [7] classification for object detection in 2D data on the GPU. Quantitative evaluation has been conducted on a databases of 1073 clinical fluoroscopic sequences. The new framework achieves robust performance with the median error at 0.5mm and the 95 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> percentile error at 1.0mm. The speed of tracking the coronary sinus (CS) catheter reaches more than 30 frames-per-second (fps) on most evaluation data. The achieved speed is faster than most real-time fluoroscopy frame rates.
A new concept of image imbalance correction for phase-shift mask lithography at 65 nm (2003)

As we approach the 65nm node, the impact of the image imbalance phenomenon in phase shift mask lithography is proving to have a serious impact on the robustness of the phase shift mask solution. In this work we describe a new concept for the phase shift imbalance correction. The method is based on an interference concept that allows the manipulation of the image intensity by placing sub resolution features within the zero phase regions. Rigorous 3D simulations illustrate the reduction in the intensity of the 0 degree phase regions to match the intensity of the 180 degree phase intensity, effectively correcting for the image imbalance. We show that the phase shift mask low sigma illumination conditions reduce the risk of printing these sub-resolution binary features increasing the flexibility to vary the size of the feature based on circumstances to fine tune the correction locally.
Bootstrapping (2008)

We propose a framework for improving both the scalability as well as the accuracy of pointer alias analysis, irrespective of its flow or context-sensitivities, by leveraging a three-pronged strategy that effectively combines divide and conquer, parallelization and function summarization. A key step in our approach is to first identify small subsets of pointers such that the problem of computing aliases of any pointer can be reduced to computing them in these small subsets instead of the entire program. In order to identify these subsets, we first apply a series of increasingly accurate but highly scalable (context and flow-insensitive) alias analyses in a cascaded fashion such that each analysis Ai works on the subsets generated by the previous one Ai-1. Restricting the application of Ai to subsets generated by Ai-1, instead of the entire program, improves it scalability, i.e., Ai is bootstrapped by Ai-1. Once these small subsets have been computed, in order to make our overall analysis accurate, we employ our new summarization-based flow and context-sensitive alias analysis. The small size of each subset offsets the higher computational complexity of the context-sensitive analysis. An important feature of our framework is that the analysis for each of the subsets can be carried out independently of others thereby allowing us to leverage parallelization further improving scalability.
Studies of Different Properties of Polystyrene‐Asphaltene Composites (2015)

Summary The study of thermal and viscoelastic properties of polystyrene composites with different filler loadings of asphaltenes were carried out. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the T 10 for neat polystyrene was around 365°C and it increased to 440°C with an addition of asphaltene (3 wt% loading, St3). Further addition of asphaltene also showed an increase in the T 10 value compared to the neat polystyrene. The second important parameter from TGA analysis can be seen that the neat polystyrene had a degradation maximum (T 50 ) at around 432°C and St3 composite shows the highest T 50 value of 450°C. Differential Scanning calorimetric studies of the composites shows that Tg of polystyrene was around 66°C and St2 composite showed the Tg at the maximum of 69°C, which infers that there was interaction between the filler and the matrix. St3 composite shows higher storage modulus as compared to all others. Addition of asphaltenes improved the storage modulus of polystyrene system due to the compatibility effect, which facilitated better load transfer due to the strengthening of the interphase between the filler and matrix. Loss modulus curves of the polystyrene and composites showed a higher loss modulus than the neat polymer in the whole temperature region. It was concluded that the thermal stability and viscoelastic properties of the polystyrene composites were significantly improved with the addition of asphaltene as filler.
Enzyme controlled glucose auto-delivery for high cell density cultivations in microplates and shake flasks (2008)

The novel EnBase method is robust and simple-to-apply for high cell density cultivation in shake flasks and microwell plates. The potential of the system is that the microbial growth rate and oxygen consumption can be simply controlled by the amount (and principally also by the activity) of the starch-degrading enzyme. This solves the problems of uncontrolled growth, oxygen limitation, and severe pH drop in shaken cultures. In parallel the method provides the basis for enhanced cell densities. The feasibility of the new method has been shown for 96-well plates and shake flasks and we believe that it can easily be adapted to different microwell and deepwell plate formats and shake flasks. Therefore EnBase will be a helpful tool especially in high throughput applications.
Lactobacillus Plantarum TWK10 Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Affects the Fecal Microbiota in Mice (2016)

PURPOSE: Lactobacillus plantarum is a well-known probiotics i.e. ingested microorganisms associated with beneficial effects to host. However, few studies have examined the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 (LP10) supplementation on exercise performance, physical fatigue and gut microbial profile. METHODS: Male ICR mice were divided into 3 groups to receive vehicle or LP10 by oral gavage at 0, 2.05x10^8 or 1.03x10^10 CFU/kg/day for 6 weeks. Exercise performance and anti-fatigue function were evaluated by forelimb grip strength, exhaustive swimming time, and levels of physical fatigue-associated biomarkers serum lactate, ammonia, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, and tissue damage markers such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) after physical challenge. Fecal samples were obtained from each mouse and analyzed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes for unveiling microbial community profile using a Roche 454 FLX pyrosequencer. RESULTS: LP10 supplementation dose-dependently increased grip strength and endurance swimming performance. LP10 supplementation significantly decreased lactate, CK and glucose levels after physical challenge. Moreover, the LP10 supplementation induced a shift in the gut microbiota composition such as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Barnesiella and Clostridium of specific taxa. CONCLUSIONS: LP10 supplementation may be an effective intervention for promoting health, improving exercise performance and ameliorating fatigue.
Estimating scatter in cone beam CT with striped ratio grids: A preliminary investigation (2016)

Striped ratio grids could be a simple and effective evolution of conventional antiscatter grids. Construction and validation of a physical prototype remains an important future step.
Highly Efficient Biosynthesis of the Oligosaccharide Moiety of the GD3 Ganglioside by Using Metabolically Engineered <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2005)

Express order for oligosaccharides: A microbiological process for the synthesis of the carbohydrate portion of gangliosides GD3 and GT3 is described (see structure). Lactose and sialic acid are used as exogenous precursors by a metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strain that overexpresses the bifunctional sialyltransferase cstII gene from Campylobacter jejuni. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z461507_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Evaluation and Comparison of Alternative Compliant Overrunning Clutch Designs (2002)

Compliance criteria are used to evaluate the general class of over-running clutches to determine which type is best suited to benefit from compliance. The criteria used in the evaluation include the presence and angle of rotation of revolute joints, the possibility for part count reduction, the presence of springs, possible reduction in weight, and the method of clutch engagement. Sprag, spring, roller or ball, and ratchet and pawl clutch types were evaluated, and the ratchet and pawl type of over-running clutch was demonstrated to be the most promising. Within this type of over-running clutch, different designs incorporating bending, tension, and compression loading of the pawls were explored to determine the best method for loading the pawls. The clutches were compared using the maximum output torque. It was determined that the clutch incorporating rigid pawls loaded in compression produced the largest output torque. The maximum output torque for this clutch was measured at 65.6 N-m.
Automatic generation and validation of memory test models for high performance microprocessors (2002)

Memory model generation for test has traditionally been a complex, manual process subject to the test engineer's skill and the designer's cleverness. The paper describes an automated memory model generation and validation framework for embedded memories of custom digital designs. The proposed framework allows the description of the characteristics of the memory through a GUI or a language called Memory Description Language (MDL). The framework accepts user-specified information to generate a customized memory primitive with simulation, phase-accurate, and test views. The generated memory primitive undergoes a two-step validation process to ensure its correct functionality and is then used as a library primitive to describe embedded memories.
Development of Nb/sub 3/Al multifilamentary superconductors (1995)

Nb/sub 3/Al/Cu multifilamentary strands fabricated by the Jelly-roll process, and cable-in-conduit conductors have been developed for fusion magnets. The recent strand has achieved a high critical density of 800 A/mm/sup 2/ (12 T, 4.2 K) with a feasible heat treatment condition for large coils or conductors. The improved strands have were also confirmed to good bending and tensile strain tolerance. A cable-in-conduit Nb/sub 3/Al superconductor with 1152 strands was also developed. It has a titanium conduit and center tube, conforming to the current design for ITER magnets.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cyberspace Assurance Metrics: Utilizing Models of Networks, Complex Systems Theory, Multidimensional Wavelet Analysis, and Generalized Entrophy Measures (2005)

Abstract : The problem is addressed of developing a very general mathematical foundation for networks that permits practical application in the monitoring of large networks such as the internet for both known and unknown attacks, intrusions, worms, viruses, and generally for destructive agents and processes. The PI, under the funding of this grant, has discovered a strong connection between the topological specification of a network in the form of a connection matrix and the branches of mathematics known as continuous group theory and Markov processes. Based upon this research he has proposed that entropy metrics, and the associated cluster analysis of the network so measured by these metrics, can be useful indicators of aberrant processes and behavior. Other team members have obtained important connections using higher order Renyi entropy metrics, and complexity theory to both monitor real networks and to study networks by simulation.
Synthesis, solution properties and scale‐inhibiting behaviour of a diallylammonium/sulfur dioxide cyclocopolymer bearing phospho‐ and sulfopropyl pendents (2014)

Zwitterion (Z) monomer 3‐[diallyl{3‐(diethoxyphosphoryl)propyl}ammonio]propane‐1‐sulfonate underwent cyclocopolymerization with sulfur dioxide to give a new alternating copolymer poly(Z‐ alt ‐ SO 2 ) in excellent yield ( ca 90%). The polyzwitterion (±) ( PZ ) (i.e. poly(Z‐ alt ‐ SO 2 ), bearing a diethylphosphonate as well as a sulfonate functionality in each repeat unit, upon ester hydrolysis gave its corresponding pH ‐responsive polyzwitterionic acid (±) ( PZA ). The pH ‐induced equilibrations (+) cationic polyelectrolyte ⇌ (±) PZA ⇌ polyzwitterion/anion (± −) ( PZAN ) ⇌ polyzwitterion/dianion (± =) ( PZDAN ) permitted us to examine the effects of charge types and their densities on the interesting solubility and viscosity behaviours. The apparent protonation constants of the basic functionalities &tbond;N ± PO 3 2 − in (± =) PZDAN and &tbond;N ± PO 3 H 1 − in (± −) PZAN in salt‐free water and 0.1 mol L −1 NaCl were determined using potentiometric titrations. (±) PZA at a meagre concentration of 20 ppm was found to be an effective antiscalant to inhibit the precipitation of CaSO 4 from its supersaturated solution: after 500 and 800 min, the respective scale inhibitions of 86 and 98% indicated its potential use as an effective antiscalant in reverse osmosis plant. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Analytical design of iron golf club heads (1996)

This paper describes an analytical method for the design of iron golf club heads. The method divides the club head into the basic shape and the back-weighting. The basic shape, which consists of the club face profile, hosel and club face-hosel blend section, is configured directly from geometric specifications. An adaptive random search optimization algorithm is employed to design the back-weighting to obtain desired mass properties for the club head. The designer has control of the general configuration of the back-weighting through the method of geometric influencing. Several dynamically equivalent iron club heads are presented that were designed using this method.
<i>Escherichia coli</i>K5 heparosan fermentation and improvement by genetic engineering (2011)

N-acetyl heparosan is the precursor for the biosynthesis of the important anticoagulant drug heparin. The E. coli K5 capsular heparosan polysaccharide provides a promising precursor for in vitro chemoenzymatic production of bioengineered heparin. This article explores the improvements of heparosan production for bioengineered heparin by fermentation process engineering and genetic engineering.
Noise stochastic corrected maximum a posteriori estimator for birefringence imaging using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (2017)

This paper presents a noise-stochastic corrected maximum <i>a posteriori</i> estimator for birefringence imaging using Jones matrix optical coherence tomography. The estimator described in this paper is based on the relationship between probability distribution functions of the measured birefringence and the effective signal to noise ratio (ESNR) as well as the true birefringence and the true ESNR. The Monte Carlo method is used to numerically describe this relationship and adaptive 2D kernel density estimation provides the likelihood for <i>a posteriori</i> estimation of the true birefringence. Improved estimation is shown for the new estimator with stochastic model of ESNR in comparison to the old estimator, both based on the Jones matrix noise model. A comparison with the mean estimator is also done. Numerical simulation validates the superiority of the new estimator. The superior performance of the new estimator was also shown by <i>in vivo</i> measurement of optic nerve head.
Contrast-enhanced microwave breast imaging (2009)

Tomographic maps of the dielectric distribution of breast tissue can be made at microwave frequencies by applying nonlinear optimization techniques to the electromagnetic inverse scattering problem. There is a mismatch between the resolution of UHF band microwaves and the feature size of fibroconnective and glandular breast tissues which fundamentally limits the ability of such imaging systems to clearly resolve these structures. Tumor detection is further challenged by the small intrinsic contrast between the dielectric properties of normal and malignant glandular tissues. The use of contrast agents to preferentially alter the properties of malignant tissues is a potential approach to improving detection performance. In this paper, we explore the information available to contrast-enhanced imaging of realistic numerical breast phantoms at microwave frequencies. Differential images are produced using three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions of the dielectric profiles before and after the introduction of a contrast agent to a malignant inclusion.
Memory management during run generation in external sorting (1998)

If replacement selection is used in an external mergesort to generate initial runs, individual records are deleted and inserted in the sort operation's workspace. Variable-length records introduce the need for possibly complex memory management and extra copying of records. As a result, few systems employ replacement selection, even though it produces longer runs than commonly used algorithms. We experimentally compared several algorithms and variants for managing this workspace. We found that the simple best fit algorithm achieves memory utilization of 90% or better and run lengths over 1.8 times workspace size, with no extra copying of records and very little other overhead, for widely varying record sizes and for a wide range of memory sizes. Thus, replacement selection is a viable algorithm for commercial database systems, even for variable-length records. Efficient memory management also enables an external sort algorithm that degrades gracefully when its input is only slightly larger than or a small multiple of the available memory size. This is not the case with the usual implementations of external sorting, which incur I/O for the entire input even if it is as little as one record larger than memory. Thus, in some cases, our techniques may reduce I/O volume by a factor 10 compared to traditional database sort algorithms. Moreover, the gradual rather than abrupt growth in I/O volume for increasing input sizes significantly eases design and implementation of intra-query memory management policies.
CORRELATION OF HIGH LEVELS OF ANTIBODIES TO MULTIPLE PRE-ERYTHROCYTIC PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ANTIGENS AND PROTECTION FROM INFECTION (2005)

High levels of antibodies to multiple antigens may be more strongly associated with protection from infection than antibodies to a single antigen. Antibody-associated protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection was assessed in a cohort of 68 adults living in an area of holoendemic malaria in Kenya. Antibodies to the pre-erythrocytic antigens circumsporozoite protein (CSP), liver-stage antigen-1 (LSA-1), thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP), and blood-stage antigens apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1), erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (EBA-175), and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) were tested. Peptides were used for CSP (NANP repeat) and LSA-1 (central repeat), and recombinant antigens were used for TRAP (aa D(48)-K(394)), AMA-1 (ectodomain, non-glycosylated), EBA-175 (non-glycosylated), and MSP-1 (MSP-1(19)). Weekly microscopy testing for P. falciparum infection was performed over a 12-week period after drug-mediated clearance of P. falciparum parasitemia. Individuals with high levels of IgG antibodies (> 2 arbitrary units) to CSP, LSA-1, and TRAP had a 57% decrease in the risk of infection (95% confidence interval = 20-77%, P = 0.016). This decreased risk remained significant after adjustment for age, prior parasitemia, bed net use, sickle cell trait, and village of residence. In contrast, protection against infection did not correlate with high levels of IgG antibodies to blood-stage antigens or IgM antibodies to pre-erythrocytic or blood-stage antigens. High levels of IgG antibodies to CSP, LSA-1, and TRAP may be useful immune correlates of protection against P. falciparum infection in malaria-endemic populations.
von Willebrand factor bound to glycoprotein Ib is cleared from the platelet surface after platelet activation by thrombin (1992)

We recently reported that after activation of human platelets by thrombin, glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX complexes are translocated to the surface-connected canalicular system (SCCS) (Blood 76:1503, 1990). As GPIb is a major receptor for von Willebrand factor (vWF) in platelet adhesion, we have now examined the consequences of thrombin activation on the organization of vWF bound to GPIb on the platelet surface. Studies were performed using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies in either immunogold staining and electron microscopy (Au-EM) or in flow cytometry. When unstirred platelet-rich plasma was incubated with ristocetin, bound vWF was located by Au-EM as discrete masses regularly distributed over the cell surface. Platelets from a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, lacking GPIIb-IIIa complexes, gave a similar pattern, confirming that this represented binding to GPIb. That ristocetin was not precipitating vWF before their binding to the platelets was shown by the detection of similar masses on the surface of platelets of a patient with type IIB von Willebrand disease. Experiments were continued using washed normal platelets incubated in Tyrode-EDTA, the purpose of the EDTA being to limit the surface expression of endogenous vWF after platelet stimulation. Under these conditions, platelets were treated with ristocetin for 5 minutes at 37 degrees C in the presence of increasing amounts of purified vWF. This was followed by incubation with thrombin (0.5 U/mL) for periods of up to 10 minutes. Flow cytometry showed a time-dependent loss in the surface expression of vWF bound to GPIb and these changes were confirmed by Au-EM. In particular, immunogold staining performed on ultrathin sections showed that the bulk of the vWF was being cleared to internal membrane systems. Surface clearance of vWF during thrombin-induced platelet activation is a potential mechanism for regulating platelet adhesivity.