gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical phase feed network and ultra-wideband phased array (2012)

An optically addressed phase feed network for an ultra-wideband RF phased array is proposed. The architecture leverages recent advances in the development of optical RF source generation and coherent optical system in the fiber optics. By using polarization maintaining (PM) fibers two coherent optical tones can be encoded in two orthogonal states and transmitted to a high-speed photomixer at the antenna head for RF signal transmission. The copropagation in the same fiber enables two optical signals experience same environmental impact, thereby significantly minimizing phase fluctuation. To phase the antenna array, electro-optic z-cut LiNbO3 phase modulators are used, in which phase modulation is dominated at one of the polarizations, consequently leading to electrically addressed phase shift at the mixer. In addition, dynamic polarization control is also investigated to compensate the polarization fluctuation due to bending, thermal and mechanical stresses. A 1×2 array is implemented to demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of the proposed system.
Evaluation of Liquid From the Papanicolaou Test and Other Liquid Biopsies for the Detection of Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers (2018)

(Abstracted from Sci Transl Med 2018;10:eaap8793) Although the Papanicolaou (Pap) test has dramatically decreased mortality from cervical cancer in the screened population, the test generally is unable to detect endometrial or ovarian cancers. These 2 cancers are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage when the prognosis is poor and treatment does not increase relative survival.
Ovulation prediction and detection with the CUE® Ovulation Predictor* (1988)

Predicting ovulation is useful for managing the infertile patient and when done sufficiently in advance for fertility regulation by periodic abstinence. It has been reported that ovulation could be predicted by measurement of salivary and vaginal electrical resistance (SR and VR). These data from 32 menstrual cycles of 23 women were obtained to evaluate this technique. Data of 14 cycles were from subjects receiving clomiphene citrate (CC), while the others were from spontaneously ovulating subjects. A peak in SR was seen 5-7 days before the day of the LH peak in both natural and CC cycles. A correlation coefficient (r) of 0.94 was seen for the day of the SR peak and that of the LH peak. The SR trend was similar in both natural and CC cycles. VR in spontaneous cycles declined to a periovulatory nadir and then increased. The patterns of VR in CC cycles were similar except that values were initially depressed during and shortly after the end of CC therapy. Over 90% of VR increases were on the day of the LH peak and the day following. Results indicate that the method is useful for predicting ovulation in natural and CC cycles. Since the number of days by which ovulation is predicted exceeds the expected lifespan of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract, the method also shows potential for use in natural family planning.
Compatibility of binary blends of polypropylene with ethylene-?-olefin copolymer (1996)

The compatibility for binary blends of isotactic polypropylene with rubbery ethylene-α-olefin copolymers having various α-olefin contents was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. It was found that “α-olefin rich” in ethylene-1-butene copolymers and in ethylene-1-hexene copolymers were miscible with amorphous polypropylene chains, when the α-olefin content is above 50 mol %. On the other hand, the blends with “ethylene rich” (above 50 mol % of the ethylene content) in ethylene-1-butene copolymers and ethylene-1-hexene copolymers showed a microheterogeneous morphology. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Are you talking to a machine? Dataset and methods for multilingual image question answering (2015)

In this paper, we present the mQA model, which is able to answer questions about the content of an image. The answer can be a sentence, a phrase or a single word. Our model contains four components: a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to extract the question representation, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract the visual representation, an LSTM for storing the linguistic context in an answer, and a fusing component to combine the information from the first three components and generate the answer. We construct a Freestyle Multilingual Image Question Answering (FM-IQA) dataset to train and evaluate our mQA model. It contains over 150,000 images and 310,000 freestyle Chinese question-answer pairs and their English translations. The quality of the generated answers of our mQA model on this dataset is evaluated by human judges through a Turing Test. Specifically, we mix the answers provided by humans and our model. The human judges need to distinguish our model from the human. They will also provide a score (i.e. 0, 1, 2, the larger the better) indicating the quality of the answer. We propose strategies to monitor the quality of this evaluation process. The experiments show that in 64.7% of cases, the human judges cannot distinguish our model from humans. The average score is 1.454 (1.918 for human). The details of this work, including the FM-IQA dataset, can be found on the project page: http://idl.baidu.com/FM-IQA.html.
α‐Hydroxy‐Tetrazoles as Latent Ethynyl Moieties: A Mechanistic Investigation (2018)

This article focuses on the dehydration of α‐hydroxy‐tetrazoles, leading to tetraazafulvenes and then to vinylic carbenes that rearrange into ethynyl moieties through the Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement. Each step of this sequence was scrutinized, either by examination of the substrate and/or dehydrating agent scope, or through AM1 calculations, in order to understand the limiting step of this process. This underrated transformation appears to be a viable alternative to existing methods used for transforming aldehydes into alkynes.
Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2‐<i>b</i>]cinnolines (1988)

Abstract The synthesis of the pyrrolo[1,2‐ b ]cinnoline analogs 2 and 4–13 is described. The key step of this synthesis involves an intramolecular aromatic halide displacement on [2‐(2‐halobenzoyl)pyrrol‐1‐yl]carbamic acid esters. Several reactions of these cinnoline analogs with electrophilic reagents have been investigated.
Iris liveness detection for next generation smartphones (2016)

This paper presents a novel liveness detection method that exploits the acquisition workflow for iris biometrics on smartphones using a hybrid visible (RGB)/near infra-red (NIR) sensor. These devices are able to capture both RGB and NIR images of the eye and iris region in synchronization. This multi-spectral information is mapped into a discrete feature space. An intermediate classifier which uses a distance metric close to Jenson-Shannon divergence is employed to classify the incoming image. Further, a fast, multi-frame pupil localization technique using one-dimensional processing of the eye region is proposed and evaluated. This is used to analyze the pupil characteristics of the images classified as 'live' in the previous stage. It is shown that such an analysis could detect presentation attacks, even with a 3-D face model made of materials that has properties similar to human skin and the ocular region <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Potentiated Gene Delivery to Tumors Using Herpes Simplex Virus/Epstein-Barr Virus/RV Tribrid Amplicon Vectors (2003)

The development and use of gene transfer techniques creates an opportunity to achieve better treatment modalities for numerous disease entities. Promising results for treatment in tumor cells in culture and in small animal models have been reported. Nevertheless, the lack of widespread vector distribution throughout tumor tissue is one of the current limitations for successful clinical application of gene therapy paradigms. The use of migratory tumor cells themselves as vector delivery vehicles may allow wider vector distribution in tumors. In addition, continuous release of retrovirus vectors on-site could generate a high local virion concentration over an extended time period with consequent increases in transduction efficiency. In this paper, we present in culture and in vivo data of a herpes simplex virus-Epstein-Barr virus hybrid amplicon vector containing retrovirus vector components (tribrid vector) that allows conversion of tumor cells into retroviral producer cells. With this method, we were able to achieve a local fourfold amplification of stable transgene expression in tumors. The application of this system, which can integrate a transgene cassette into tumors with therapeutic bystander effects, could increase the local amplification effect to a level of clinical relevance.
Design of In-Line Filters With Strongly Coupled Resonator Triplet (2018)

This paper presents a complete design procedure for in-line evanescent mode filters using an innovative pseudoelliptic structure, namely, the strongly coupled resonator triplet (SCRT). The SCRT can be seen as the combination of a strongly coupled resonator pair (SCRP) and a third resonator next to the pair. Compared to the SCRP, which at the passband frequencies generates a pole and a transmission zero, the new SCRT is capable of generating an additional passband pole, thus leading to the design of more compact in-line filters. Similar to the SCRP, the basic structure for filter design purposes is obtained by embedding the SCRT between two outer resonators. The coupling mechanisms and functional properties of this basic structure are explained. A suitable circuit model for the SCRT is introduced, thus allowing the synthesis of a low-pass prototype as well as the evaluation of the coupling coefficients and resonating frequencies to assign to the physical filtering structure. The proposed design procedure is validated by means of several examples, one of which including the detailed dimensions and experimental results of a manufactured prototype.
<title>Self-injection locking technique</title> (1992)

A self-injection locking system was disclosed in United States Patent #4,982,406 dated Jan. 1, 1991. The device internally narrows a prepulse of a laser cavity before it is replicated as the laser output. This system contains two quarter wave plates, an air spaced etalon, and a polarizing beam splitter. The air spaced etalon separates the off-center frequency signals from the center frequency signals. This is done by inducing a phase shift. Following this, the polarizing beam splitter impedes the off-center frequency signals by a power loss of about ten percent. The center frequency signals are unaffected. In operation, this can cause the off- center frequency signals to fail to reach the threshold at which stimulated emission takes place. The result is that the laser replicates only the center frequency signals as the laser output.
A PDE-constrained SQP algorithm for optical tomography based on the frequency-domain equation of radiative transfer (2008)

It is well acknowledged that transport-theory-based reconstruction algorithm can provide the most accurate reconstruction results especially when small tissue volumes or high absorbing media are considered. However, these codes have a high computational burden and are often only slowly converging. Therefore, methods that accelerate the computation are highly desirable. To this end, we introduce in this work a partial-differential-equation (PDE) constrained approach to optical tomography that makes use of an all-at-once reduced Hessian sequential quadratic programming (rSQP) scheme. The proposed scheme treats the forward and inverse variables independently, which makes it possible to update the radiation intensities and the optical coefficients simultaneously by solving the forward and inverse problems, all at once. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme with numerical and experimental data, and find that the rSQP scheme can reduce the computation time by a factor of 10–25, as compared to the commonly employed limited memory BFGS method. At the same time accuracy and robustness even in the presence of noise are not compromised.
Monoclonal antibodies specific and inhibitory to human cytochromes P450 2C8, 2C9, and 2C19. (2001)

Hybridomas were isolated that produce 13 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are specific and highly inhibitory to members of the human P450 2C subfamily, 2C8, 2C9, 2C9*2, and 2C19. Many of the mAbs to P450 2C8, 2C9, and 2C19 are specific and exhibit potent inhibitory activity (85-95%). mAb 281-1-1 specifically binds, immunoblots, and strongly inhibits the activity of P450 2C8. mAb 763-15-5 specifically binds and strongly inhibits the activity of P450 2C9. mAb 1-7-4-8 specifically binds and strongly inhibits the activity of P450 2C19. The other mAbs bind and inhibit sets and subsets of the P450 2C family. The single and the combinatorial use of the mAbs can "reaction phenotype", i.e., determine the metabolic contribution and interindividual variation of a P450 isoform for the metabolism of a drug or nondrug xenobiotic in human liver microsomes. The utility of the mAb-based analytic system was examined with the model substrates Taxol (paclitaxel), diazepam, tolbutamide, diclofenac, mephenytoin, and imipramine. The mAb system can identify drugs metabolized by a common P450 or several P450s and polymorphic P450s. The mAb system identifies drugs or drug metabolic pathways that are catalyzed by a single P450 and thus may be used for in vivo phenotyping. The mAb system can identify whether a particular drug is metabolized by a single P450 that may exhibit polymorphic expression in humans. The mAb system offers large potential for studies of cytochrome P450 function useful in drug discovery and reduces the possibility of adverse drug reactions due to polymorphisms and drug interactions.
FOXP3 over-expression inhibits melanoma tumorigenesis via effects on proliferation and apoptosis. (2013)

The Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor is the key driver of regulatory T cell (Treg cells) differentiation and immunosuppressive function. In addition, FOXP3 has been reported to be expressed in many tumors, including melanoma. However, its role in tumorigenesis is conflicting, with both tumor suppressive and tumor promoting functions described. The aim of the current study was to characterize the expression and function of FOXP3 in melanoma. FOXP3 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 12% (18/146) of stage III and IV melanomas. However expression was confined to fewer than 1% of cells in these tumors. Stable over-expression of FOXP3 in the SK-MEL-28 melanoma cell line reduced cell proliferation and clonogenicity in vitro, and reduced xenograft growth in vivo. FOXP3 over-expression also increased pigmentation and the rate of apoptosis of SK-MEL-28 cells. Based on its infrequent expression in human melanoma, and its growth inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effect in over-expressing melanoma cells, we conclude that FOXP3 is not likely to be a key tumor suppressor or promoter in melanoma.
Monolithic Attenuator/Limiter Using Nonlinear Resistors (2018)

A novel attenuator/limiter circuit that uses nonlinear GaN epitaxial resistors is presented. The circuit is small, broadband as it does not use any reactive elements, does not use DC bias, and can be integrated on GaN or GaAs with other microwave elements and/or circuits. GaN epitaxial resistors have a saturation current limit which provides a limiting function. Resistive T-and Pi-network attenuators are implemented using GaN epitaxial resistors to limit the total power through the attenuator. A first-order equation of the trade-off between attenuation and flat leakage power is derived. Fabricated circuits show flat leakage powers 0.4 - 10 W with input powers , No noticeable spike-leakage is observed. The limiting attenuator is implemented at the input of an S-band 32 W PA for radar applications, and is shown to protect the input from overdrive while delivering consistent output power after limiter saturation.
Analog Placement Based on Symmetry-Island Formulation (2009)

To reduce the effect of parasitic mismatches and circuit sensitivity to thermal gradients or process variations for analog circuits, some pairs of modules need to be placed symmetrically with respect to a common axis, and the symmetric modules are preferred to be placed at closest proximity for better electrical properties. Most previous works handle the problem with symmetry constraints by imposing symmetric-feasible conditions in floorplan representations and using cost functions to minimize the distance between symmetric modules. Such approaches are inefficient due to the large search space and cannot guarantee the closest proximity of symmetry modules. In this paper, we present the first linear-time-packing algorithm for the placement with symmetry constraints using the topological floorplan representations. We first introduce the concept of a symmetry island which is formed by modules of the same symmetry group in a single connected placement. Based on this concept and the B*-tree representation, we propose automatically symmetric-feasible (ASF) B*-trees to directly model the placement of a symmetry island. We then present hierarchical B*-trees (HB*-trees) which can simultaneously optimize the placement with both symmetry islands and nonsymmetric modules. Unlike the previous works, our approach can place the symmetry modules in a symmetry group in close proximity and significantly reduce the search space based on the symmetry-island formulation. In particular, the packing time for an ASF-B*-tree or an HB*-tree is the same as that for a plain B*-tree (only linear) and much faster than previous works. Experimental results show that our approach achieves the best-published quality and runtime efficiency for analog placement.
Fault Alignment Exclusion for Memory Using Address Permutation (1984)

A significant improvement in memory fault tolerance, beyond what is already provided by the use of an appropriate error-correcting code (ECC), can be achieved by electronic chip swapping, without any compromise of data integrity as large numbers of faults are allowed to accumulate. Since most large and medium-sized semiconductor memories are organized so that each bit position of the system word (ECC codeword) is fed from a different chip, and quite often from a different array card, or at least from distinct partitions of an array card, the various bit positions have separate address circuitry on the array cards. This fact is important, and can be exploited to provide effective address permutation capability, which allows the realignment of faults which would otherwise have caused an uncorrectable multiple error in an ECC codeword. When faults occur in a codeword to produce an uncorrectable error (UE), the addressing within one of the error bit position array cards can be altered using simple EX-OR circuitry and storage latches. The content of the latches is computed using a fault map of the memory together with an algorithm. These techniques are referred to as Fault Alignment Exclusion (FAE) using address permutation. Practical considerations as to the complexity of the fault map, the number of storage latches per bit position, and the overall effectiveness of the permutation to disperse the expected numbers of errors are presented in this paper.
A new thread-aware birthmark for plagiarism detection of multithreaded programs (2016)

Dynamic birthmarking used to be an effective approach to detecting software plagiarism. Yet the new trend towards multithreaded programming renders existing algorithms almost useless, due to the fact that thread scheduling nondeterminism severely perturbs birthmark generation and comparison. In this paper, we design a birthmark based on thread-related system calls. Such a birthmark is less susceptible to thread scheduling. The empirical study conducted on an open benchmark shows that the new birthmark is superior to existing birthmarks and is resilient against most state-of-the-art obfuscation techniques.
Interferometric measurement of rotationally symmetric aspheric surfaces (2009)

The measurement of aspheric surfaces in a Fizeau interferometer implies a sometimes dramatic increase in dynamic range, in terms of acceptable slope and departure, which can run the risk of introducing substantial measurement errors. Common approaches to relaxing the dynamic range requirement include reducing the area of the surface measured in a single measurement and stitching together the partial results, or using compensation techniques with the help of additional components like null-lenses or computer generated holograms. This paper reviews these methods, with special attention to the questions of degrees of freedom for misalignment. These considerations lead to a proposed method that uses the inherent symmetry of the problem to scan along the optical axis, gathering measurements at zones of normal incidence. These measurements are independent from each other; their ensemble represents directly the surface-deviation in normal direction to the surface and the result is in the object coordinates of the design surface. Using an absolutely calibrated spherical reference surface, the result is absolute. It is shown that this is very different from the technique of stitching of zones, even when Intrinsic Coma is preserved through partially overlapping measurement regions.
Development of zinc phosphating conversion process at normal temperature. (1988)

A new process for phosphate conversion (“normal-temperature zinc phosphate conversion process”) has been developed and applied for the paint pretreatment processes of auto parts etc. The conventional zinc phosphate conversion process was generally performed in a bath heated to 40°C or more. Such a heated bath high temperature bath. However posed problems such (1) difficult process control and (2) large energy consumption. We determined the zinc phosphate conversion reaction to be an electrochemical reaction and then developed a new chemical conversion treatment which can be automatically controlled at normal temperature.
Improving Escherichia coli Alkaline Phosphatase Efficacy by Additional Mutations inside and outside the Catalytic Pocket (2001)

We describe a strategy that allowed us to confer on a bacterial (E. coli) alkaline phosphatase (AP) the high catalytic activity of the mammalian enzyme while maintaining its high thermostability. First, we identified mutations, at positions other than those occupied by essential catalytic residues, which inactivate the bacterial enzyme without destroying its overall conformation. We transferred concomitantly into the bacterial enzyme four residues of the mammalian enzyme, two being in the catalytic pocket and two being outside. Second, the gene encoding the inactive mutant was submitted to random mutagenesis. Enzyme activity was restored upon the single mutation D330N, at a position that is 12 Å away from the center of the catalytic pocket. Third, this mutation was combined with other mutations previously reported to increase AP activity slightly in the presence of magnesium. As a result, at pH 10.0 the phosphatase activity of both mutants D330N/D153H and D330N/D153G was 17-fold higher than that of the wild-type AP. Strikingly, although the two individual mutations D153H and D153G destabilize the enzyme, the double mutant D330N/D153G remained highly stable (Tm=87 °C). Moreover, when combining the phosphatase and transferase activities, the catalytic activity of the mutant D330N/D153G increased 40-fold (kcat=3200 s−1) relative to that of the wild-type enzyme (kcat=80 s−1). Due to the simultaneous increase in Km, the resulting kcat/Km value was only increased by a factor of two. Therefore, a single mutation occurring outside a catalytic pocket can dramatically control not only the activity of an enzyme, but also its thermostability. Preliminary crystallographic data of a covalent D330N/D153G enzyme–phosphate complex show that the phosphate group has significantly moved away from the catalytic pocket, relative to its position in the structure of another mutant previously reported.