gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Inhibition of Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis by Trichothecene Fungal Toxins (1974)

The 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes, a group of sesquiterpenoid fungal antibiotics, inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells but do not share a common mode of action. Trichodermin stabilizes polyribosomes, prevents their disaggregation by puromycin, and also prevents the release of nascent peptides from ribosomes by puromycin. Nivalenol, T-2 toxin, and verrucarin A cause rapid and almost quantitative breakdown of polyribosomes in H-HeLa cells, a process which is inhibited by anisomycin, cycloheximide, or trichodermin. Similar effects of trichodermin, nivalenol, and verrucarin A are also observed in yeast spheroplasts. We conclude that nivalenol, T-2 toxin, and verrucarin A are potent and highly selective inhibitors of polypeptide chain initiation in eukaryotes, whereas trichodermin inhibits chain elongation and (or) termination. We have compared the structural formulae of various trichothecenes and suggest that the presence of substituents on carbon-15 of the common trichothecene ring may be important in determining the precise modes of action of this group of compounds.
Expression of the c- <i>fos</i> Gene and of an <i>fos</i> -Related Gene Is Stimulated by Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (1984)

Complementary DNA clones of genes induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in BALB/c-3T3 cells were isolated; one such clone contains a domain having nucleotide sequence homology with the third exon of c-fos. This nucleotide sequence homology is reflected in the predicted amino acid sequences of the gene products. Under low stringency conditions, the mouse v-fos gene cross-hybridizes with the PDGF-inducible complementary DNA clone. However, the messenger RNA transcripts of mouse c-fos and the new fos-related gene can be distinguished by gel electrophoresis and by S1 nuclease analysis. Expression of the authentic c-fos gene is induced by PDGF and superinduced by the combination of PDGF and cycloheximide.
β-Diketiminate complexes of the first row transition metals: applications in catalysis (2017)

Although β-diketiminate complexes have been widely explored in stoichiometric studies, their use as catalysts is largely underdeveloped. With growing interest in the catalytic activity of complexes of the first row transition metals, primarily due to the untapped potential of such metal centers, along with the growing global focus on sustainable chemistry with earth abundant metals, this Perspective focuses on the use of β-diketiminate complexes of the first row transition metals as catalysts for the synthesis of small organic molecules.
AUDIO SCENE SEGEMENTATION USING A MICROPHONE ARRAY AND AUDITORY FEATURES (2010)

Auditory stream denotes the abstract effect a source creates in the mind of the listener. An auditory scene consists of many streams, which the listener uses to analyze and understand the environment. Computer analyses that attempt to mimic human analysis of a scene must first perform Audio Scene Segmentation (ASS). ASS find applications in surveillance, automatic speech recognition and human computer interfaces. Microphone arrays can be employed for extracting streams corresponding to spatially separated sources. However, when a source moves to a new location during a period of silence, such a system loses track of the source. This results in multiple spatially localized streams for the same source. This thesis proposes to identify local streams associated with the same source using auditory features extracted from the beamformed signal. ASS using the spatial cues is first performed. Then auditory features are extracted and segments are linked together based on similarity of the feature vector. An experiment was carried out with two simultaneous speakers. A classifier is used to classify the localized streams as belonging to one speaker or the other. The best performance was achieved when pitch appended with Gammatone Frequency Cepstral Coefficeints (GFCC) was used as the feature vector. An accuracy of 96.2% was achieved.
Efficacy of Fostera PRRS modified live virus vaccine against a Canadian heterologous virulent field strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. (2016)

Vaccination is a useful option to control infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and several modified live-PRRSV vaccines have been developed. These vaccines have shown some efficacy in reducing the incidence and severity of clinical disease as well as the duration of viremia and virus shedding but have failed to provide sterilizing immunity. The efficacy of modified live-virus (MLV) vaccines is greater against a homologous strain compared with heterologous PRRSV strains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Fostera PRRS MLV vaccine in protecting against challenge with a heterologous field strain widely circulating in the swine herds of eastern Canada. Forty-six piglets were divided into 4 groups: nonvaccinated-nonchallenged; nonvaccinated-challenged; vaccinated-challenged; and vaccinated-nonchallenged. The animals were vaccinated at 23 d of age with Fostera PRRS and challenged 23 d later with a heterologous field strain of PRRSV (FMV12-1425619). Overall, the vaccine showed some beneficial effects in the challenged animals by reducing the severity of clinical signs and the viral load. A significant difference between nonvaccinated and vaccinated animals was detected for some parameters starting 11 to 13 d after challenge, which suggested that the cell-mediated immune response or other delayed responses could be more important than pre-existing PRRSV antibodies in vaccinated animals within the context of protection against heterologous strains.
Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Aspects of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (2002)

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is caused by the product of the BCR-ABL oncogene, located on the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. BCR-ABL is generated as a result of a reciprocal t(9;22) chromosomal translocation. The mechanisms responsible for this illegitimate recombination event remain elusive but are presumed to require a close spatial association of the translocation partners (chromosomes 9 and 22). BCR-ABL fusion transcripts can be detected by a sensitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the leucocytes of some healthy individuals suggesting that chromosomal translocations may occur frequently in the general population. The presence of BCR-ABL fusion transcripts does not imply that the individual will inevitably develop CML since other conditions must be favourable for expansion of the abnormal clone. Breakpoints in the ABL gene occur within a 5' segment. BCR-ABL fusion transcripts lack ABL exon a1 and consist of BCR exons fused directly to ABL exon a2. The breakpoints in the BCR gene on chromosome 22 are found within three defined regions. Depending on the position of the BCR breakpoint, fusion genes are generated that encode 190-, 210- or 230-kD forms of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. Since the ABL component of the fusion gene is largely invariant, it follows that variability in disease phenotype may be due to protein sequences encoded by the translocation partner, BCR. Different disease phenotypes are associated with each of the three Bcr-Abl oncoproteins, p190(Bcr-Abl), p210(Bcr-Abl )and p230(Bcr-Abl). Mechanisms associated with malignant transformation include altered cellular adhesion, activation of mitogenic signalling pathways, inhibition of apoptosis and proteasomal degradation of physiologically important cellular proteins. CML is subject to an inexorable progression from an 'indolent' chronic phase to a terminal blast crisis. Disease progression is presumed to be associated with the phenomenon of genomic instability.
Guidebook to organic synthesis (1982)

Foreword. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Functionalisation and Interconversion of Functional Groups. 3. Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds: The Principles. 4. Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds: Reactions of Organometallic Compounds. 5. Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds: the Use of Stabilised Carbanions and Related Nucleophiles. 6. Formation of Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: the Principles. 7. Ring Closure (and Ring Opening). 8. Reduction. 9. Oxidation. 10. Protective Groups. 11. Boron Reagents. 12. Phosphorus Reagents. 13. Silicon Reagents. 14. Selenium Reagents. 15. Asymmetric Synthesis. 16. Selected Synthesis. Futher Reading. References. Index.
Prepayment advances with smart-card solutions that cover electricity, gas and water (1999)

In the progression towards deregulation, many utilities are still struggling to define their strategy towards payment methods, and as such will need to be cautious with the approach they take. The implementation of a 2-way prepayment solution allows the utility/service provider the capability of removing the difficulties associated with traditional billing system (commissioning, meter reading, billing, payment and decommissioning). The advantages of prepayment are well known in these areas, however the issues of commissioning and decommissioning service, and other technical operations still remain to be solved without any increases in operational costs. The new requirement for common standards has been solved by the use of international standards such as Windows95/sup TM/ and Oracle/sup TM/ database operations. These allow the generation of system platform that caters for electricity, water and gas applications. The architecture is designed in order to deliver the first multi-energy system in the market, and if required, a single token can also be implemented to deal with multiple energies. The increased capabilities of the smart-card make it possible to implement more than one application on a single smart-card today. Electricity and gas prepayment, a loyalty program and credit card functionality can be implemented on the same smart card.
Standardization for augmented reality (2013)

In this poster, we introduce a standard reference model for mixed and augmented reality (MAR). The reference model establishes an authoritative basis for future AR standards by exactly defining, among many things, the domain itself, standardization principles, terminologies used, required functionalities, a generic system architecture and use cases. This is an effort put forth by the ISO-IEC JTC 1 SC 24 WG 9 and with collaboration with the SC 29 WG 11 as well. We give a status report and brief introduction of the reference model, particularly to the computational, informational and engineering system architectures. Once established, it will lay a sound foundation for future AR standards (e.g. file formats or interfaces) and system/service developments.
Purification and properties of a proteolytic enzyme from the cercariae of the human trematode parasite <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> (1982)

Skin penetration by the cercarial stage of the human trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni is mediated by the secretion of proteolytic enzymes able to digest components of mammalian connective tissues. In the present study the purification of these proteinases from cercarial homogenates is reported. The major proteinase species has a mol. wt. of approx. 25 000 and exists in monomeric form as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. This proteinase has an isoelectric point of 6.0. Studies presented here, with a variety of substrates and inhibitors, confirm previous claims that these proteinases belong to the serine class, and, in addition, suggest that they resemble the vertebrate chymotrypsins rather than trypsins or elastases. However, the amino acid composition of the cercarial proteinase differs significantly from bovine chymotrypsin and from the human leucocyte chymotrypsin-like cathepsin G. The amino-acid-composition differences between these proteinases are consistent with their differences in isoelectric point. In order to obtain an insight into the role of the proteinase in skin penetration, its activity on cartilage proteoglycan monomers and on the isolated peptide backbone of proteoglycan was studied. The results of the present study indicate that the cercarial enzyme catalyses a limited specific digestion of the peptide core.
Consolidated Bioprocessing of AFEX-Pretreated Corn Stover to Ethanol and Hydrogen in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell (2012)

The consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of corn stover pretreated via ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX-CS) into ethanol was investigated in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) driven by the exoelectrogen Geobacter sulfurreducens and the CBP bacterium Cellulomonas uda. C. uda was identified in a screening for its ethanologenic potential from AFEX-CS and for producing electron donors for G. sulfurreducens fermentatively. C. uda produced ethanol from AFEX-CS in MECs inoculated simultaneously or sequentially, with the concomitant conversion of the fermentation byproducts into electricity by G. sulfurreducens. The fermentation and electrical conversion efficiencies were high, but much of the AFEX-CS remained unhydrolyzed as nitrogen availability limited the growth of the CBP partner. Nitrogen supplementation stimulated the growth of C. uda, AFEX-CS hydrolysis and ethanologenesis. As a result, the synergistic activities of the CBP and exoelectrogen catalysts resulted in substantial energy recoveries from ethanologenesis alone (ca. 56%). The cogeneration of cathodic H(2) in the MEC further increased the energy recoveries to ca. 73%. This and the potential to optimize the activities of the microbial catalysts via culturing approaches and genetic engineering or adaptive evolution, make this platform attractive for the processing of agricultural wastes.
Integrated ISDN D-server for intelligent networking (2003)

It is shown how a D-server used in the private networking environment can be used to increase the value of a private network by routing excess traffic (incremental peak traffic) via the public ISDN (integrated service digital network) and paying only for the time used. It is shown how a D-server can be used to increase the availability of the private network through bandwidth restoral and how a D-server provides the feature enhancements to non-ISDN PBXs by acting as the surrogate for the PBX in the ISDN environment. Thus, an integrated ISDN D-server can be used on an intelligent node multiplexer in a private T1 network to form a hybrid network, providing enhanced connection, capabilities for increased reliability, accessing ISDN services, and reducing costs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phage Display of Combinatorial Peptide Libraries: Application to Antiviral Research (2011)

Given the growing number of diseases caused by emerging or endemic viruses, original strategies are urgently required: (1) for the identification of new drugs active against new viruses and (2) to deal with viral mutants in which resistance to existing antiviral molecules has been selected. In this context, antiviral peptides constitute a promising area for disease prevention and treatment. The identification and development of these inhibitory peptides require the high-throughput screening of combinatorial libraries. Phage-display is a powerful technique for selecting unique molecules with selective affinity for a specific target from highly diverse combinatorial libraries. In the last 15 years, the use of this technique for antiviral purposes and for the isolation of candidate inhibitory peptides in drug discovery has been explored. We present here a review of the use of phage display in antiviral research and drug discovery, with a discussion of optimized strategies combining the strong screening potential of this technique with complementary rational approaches for identification of the best target. By combining such approaches, it should be possible to maximize the selection of molecules with strong antiviral potential.
Reactive Nitrogen Species Inhibit Alveolar Epithelial Fluid Transport After Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats (2001)

Our recent experimental work demonstrated that a neutrophil-dependent inflammatory response in the lung prevented the normal up-regulation of alveolar fluid clearance by catecholamines following hemorrhagic shock. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the release of NO within the airspaces of the lung was responsible for the shock-mediated failure of the alveolar epithelium to respond to catecholamines in rats. Hemorrhagic shock was associated with an inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-dependent increase in the lung production of NO and a failure of the alveolar epithelium to up-regulate vectorial fluid transport in response to beta-adrenergic agonists. Inhibition of iNOS restored the normal catecholamine-mediated up-regulation of alveolar liquid clearance. Airspace instillation of dibutyryl cAMP, a stable analog of cAMP, restored the normal fluid transport capacity of the alveolar epithelium after prolonged hemorrhagic shock, whereas direct stimulation of adenyl cyclase by forskolin had no effect. Pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or sulfasalazine attenuated the iNOS-dependent production of NO in the lung and restored the normal up-regulation of alveolar fluid clearance by catecholamines after prolonged hemorrhagic shock. Based on in vitro studies with an alveolar epithelial cell line, A549 cells, the effect of sulfasalazine appeared to be mediated in part by inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, and the protective effect was mediated by the inhibition of IkappaBalpha protein degradation. In summary, these results provide the first in vivo evidence that NO, released within the airspaces of the lung probably secondary to the NF-kappaB-dependent activation of iNOS, is a major proximal inflammatory mediator that limits the rate of alveolar epithelial transport after prolonged hemorrhagic shock by directly impairing the function of membrane proteins involved in the beta-adrenergic receptor-cAMP signaling pathway in alveolar epithelium.
Leukotriene generation (2001)

Leukotriene modifier drugs do not cause bronchodilation in normal subjects, so the efficacy of therapy with leukotriene synthesis inhibitors (LTSI) and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) in asthmatic patients is a function of excessive leukotriene production and the responsiveness of asthmatic airways to these mediators. Clinical trials of LT modifier drugs in challenge models of asthma show that cys-LT synthesis represents a final common pathway for acute bronchoconstriction in response to allergic and nonallergic stimuli [1]. Increasingly, evidence suggests that in addition to these acute mast cell-dependent responses, chronic cys-LT production in asthma depends on infiltrating inflammatory cells including eosinophils, and even that cys-LT production by structural airway cells including bronchial epithelium, airway smooth muscle and vascular endothelium may contribute to airway remodelling. This review will focus on clinical, genetic and immunopathological studies that throw light on the mechanisms and cellular sources of excess cys-LT synthesis in the asthmatic lung.
A heat-loss-compensated calorimeter: theory, design, and performance (1974)

A new type of 3-body calorimeter for measuring absorbed dose produced by ionizing radiation is described in detail. All three bodies rise in temperature during irradiation, and the heat absorbed by the central core is measured by standard means. Only the central core is heated during electrical calibration, but the increased heat losses are compensated by measuring most of the heat lost to the surrounding jacket and automatically adding it to the heat retained by the core. The third body is a massive, thermally-floating shield, whose presence reduces the heat losses during irradiation, with a consequent increase in sensitivity and stability. A mathematical description of the calorimeter behavior is presented, along with a discussion of control and operation technique. In particular, it is shown how this 3-body calorimeter can be calibrated as a 1-body calorimeter, with large heat losses, or as a 2-body calorimeter, in the quasi-adiabatic mode. This calorimeter design decreases the effects of thermal gradients and at the same time provides the means to test for these effects. The results of these tests show that for this particular model, systematic errors caused by thermal gradients, during electrical measurements, are no larger than 0.1 percent. Errors in comparing an electrical run with an irradiation may be somewhat larger because of different temperature gradients within the system. It is also pointed out that the general design of this calorimeter is not restricted to measuring absorbed dose but can be applied to calorimetry in general.
Indirect rapid prototyping of antibacterial acid anhydride copolymer microneedles (2012)

Microneedles are needle-like projections with microscale features that may be used for transdermal delivery of a variety of pharmacologic agents, including antibacterial agents. In the study described in this paper, an indirect rapid prototyping approach involving a combination of visible light dynamic mask micro-stereolithography and micromolding was used to prepare microneedle arrays out of a biodegradable acid anhydride copolymer, Gantrez(®) AN 169 BF. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry and nanoindentation studies were performed to evaluate the chemical and mechanical properties of the Gantrez(®) AN 169 BF material. Agar plating studies were used to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial performance of these arrays against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Large zones of growth inhibition were noted for Escherichia coli, S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and B. subtilis. The performance of Gantrez(®) AN 169 BF against several bacteria suggests that biodegradable acid anhydride copolymer microneedle arrays prepared using visible light dynamic mask micro-stereolithography micromolding may be useful for treating a variety of skin infections.
Tilsiter‐Aroma (1985)

Abstract Isobuttersäure, Isovaleriansäuren und Isocapronsäuren wurden als die Schlüsselverbindungen des Tilsiter‐Aromas identifiziert. Aus den Substanzklassen der Fettsäuren, α‐Ketosäuren, Amine, Ester, Ketone, Aldehyde, Alkohole wurden insgesamt über 60 Verbindungen nachgewiesen, deren Vorkommen in Tilsiter‐Aroma bisher unbekannt war. Die Resultate werden diskutiert und in einem Aromagramm dargestellt.