gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Arctica islandica (Linne) Larvae: Active depth regulators or passive particles? (1986)

The seasonal change in depth distribution of Arctica islandica (Linne) larvae at a station on the Southern New England Shelf for the period April-December 1981 is compared with the output of a numerical model designed to predict distribution in a scenario where active depth regulation predominates. Larvae in excess of 200 J.Lm length were present in the field in May at 1-30 m depth and, at depths of 20-40 m from late July through November. The majority of larvae captured in November were shelled veligers of 110 J.Lm length. Good agreement of the model with field data exists with respect to absence of A. islandica larvae in the warm (> 18°C) shallow (0-20 m) waters between July and early September, and the abundance of larvae throughout the depth range 20-40 m from July through October. The model predicts occurrence of larvae in June; however, they were not seen in the field . The discrepancy can be due to the combination of reduced spawning by adult A. islandica (which is not included in the model) and less than optimum conditions for larval development. The model predicts aggregation of the negatively geotactic larvae at the surface following decay of a seasonal thermocline. Such aggregations were not seen in the field indicating that vertical mixing of the water column in the fall months is sufficient to negate distribution patterns dominated by active depth regulation . Depending upon the nature, intensity and stability of stratification of the water column, it is evident that depth distribution of A. islandica larvae can be dominated by either active depth regulation or passive movement at the mercy of physical mixing. The conditions of transition from active to passively dominated dispersal and distribution are poorly defined.
InAs/AlSb type II superlattice avalanche photodiodes (Erratum) (2018)

Publisher’s Note: This paper, originally published on 5/4/2018, was replaced with a corrected/revised version on 3/7/2019. If you downloaded the original PDF but are unable to access the revision, please contact SPIE Digital Library Customer Service for assistance. Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are a promising detector technology for light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems needed for a variety of DoD and commercial applications. However, a new material that is sensitive to 1.55 μm and has low “excess noise” is needed to achieve the required signal-to-noise. The main issue for improving APD signal-to-noise is to reduce excess noise. Excess noise is inevitable in APDs because impact ionization must occur to obtain a high multiplication gain. One solution to reduce the excess noise is to develop a new material system with favorable impact ionization coefficients. The ratio of electron (α) and hole (β) impact ionization coefficients, defined as k value, is intrinsically defined by the material and is a dominant factor for the APD’s excess noise. In this work, we investigate InAs/AlSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) APD. The superlattices provide us with additional degrees of freedom to engineer the electronic band structure. Our work is building on previous, promising results with the quaternary system AlInAsSb. We have theoretically modeled an InAs/AlSb type II superlattice (T2SL) system that can provide flexibility to engineer the electronic band structure to achieve single carrier impact ionization and reduce the excess noise. The simulation of this T2SL predicts that InAs/AlSb has higher absorption and would work as an electron- APD with low k. We will discuss design, growth, fabrication and IV characterization of this photodiodes.
Transitional flow analysis in the carotid artery bifurcation by proper orthogonal decomposition and particle image velocimetry (2012)

Blood flow instabilities in the carotid artery bifurcation have been highly correlated to clot formation and mobilization resulting in ischemic stroke. In this work, PIV-measured flow velocities in normal and stenosed carotid artery bifurcation models were analyzed by means of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Through POD analysis, transition to more complex flow was visualized and quantified for increasing stenosis severity. While no evidence of transitional flow was seen in the normal model, the 50%-stenosed model started to show characteristics of transitional flow, which became highly evident in the 70% model, with greatest manifestation during the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. By means of a model comparison, we demonstrate two quantitative measures of the flow complexity through the power-law decay slope of the energy spectrum and the global entropy. The more complex flow in the 70%-stenosed model showed a flatter slope of energy decay (-0.91 compared to -1.34 for 50% stenosis) and higher entropy values (0.26 compared to 0.17). Finally, the minimum temporal resolution required for POD analysis of carotid artery flow was found to be 100 Hz when determined through a more typical energy-mode convergence test, as compared to 400 Hz based on global entropy values.
Effect of Pore Size and Film Thickness on Gold-Coated Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor (2015)

A sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering chemical sensor is demonstrated by using inexpensive gold-coated nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide substrates. To optimize the performance of the substrates for sensing by the Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, the size of the nanopores is varied from 18 nm to 150 nm and the gold film thickness is varied from 30 nm to 120 nm. The sensitivity of gold-coated nanoporous surface enhanced Raman scattering sensor is characterized by detecting low concentrations of Rhodamine 6G laser dye molecules. The morphology of the SERS substrates is characterized by atomic force microscopy. Optical properties of the nanoporous SERS substrates including transmittance, reflectance, and absorbance are also investigated. Relative signal enhancement is plotted for a range of substrate parameters and a detection limit of 10(-6) M is established.
Cable Health Monitoring in Distribution Networks using Power Line Communications (2018)

Power Line Communication (PLC) harnesses the existing infrastructure of power lines for data transmission. As one application, PLC is being used for monitoring and control in distribution networks. In this paper, we propose an autonomous technique that exploits the communication channel estimated inside legacy PLC modems to determine the health of distribution cables. In particular, we consider paper insulated lead covered (PILC) cables widely used in low and medium voltage distribution networks that are most susceptible to thermal degradations. Measurement campaigns have shown that these thermal degradations cause dielectric property changes in PILC cable insulations, which also result in changes in PLC channel conditions. However, through channel characterization of healthy and degraded cables, we demonstrate that the estimated channel frequency responses are not sufficiently distinctive for manual diagnosis. We therefore propose a machine-learning based technique that not only achieves our set target, but is also able to estimate the cable health under varying load conditions. Simulation results show that our proposed technique accurately estimates thermal degradation severities in PILC cables. We thus believe that PLC based cable health monitoring can be used as an autonomous remote diagnostics method that can be integrated into a smart-grid concept and has the promise of being more cost-effective than deploying personnel and/or dedicated equipment.
Glycine restores glutathione and protects against oxidative stress in vascular tissue from sucrose-fed rats (2013)

The attenuation of oxidative stress could be an important mechanism whereby the incidence of vascular complications in the MS (metabolic syndrome) may be diminished. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism by which glycine, supplemented to the diet of SF (sucrose-fed) rats, modulates glutathione biosynthesis and protects against oxidative stress and altered endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated aorta. Glycine reduced O2•- (superoxide anion radical) release in the presence of NADPH, and decreased protein carbonyl and lipid peroxidation. This effect of glycine could be because of the increased amount of glutathione synthetase, which may be responsible for increased glutathione (GSH) content in vascular tissue from SF rats. Moreover, glycine increased the amount of Cu,Zn-SOD (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase) and eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) in aorta from SF animals. Finally, it improved the relaxation response to ACh (acetylcholine) found impaired in aortic rings from SF rats. In the presence of NAC (N-acetylcysteine), a precursor of GSH, an improved ACh-mediated aortic relaxation of aortic rings from SF rats was observed, whereas BSO (buthionine sulfoximine), an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis, inhibited the relaxing effect of NAC in aortas from both control and SF rats. This experiment emphasizes the role of GSH in endothelial function in SF rats. The present data suggest that glycine rectifies vascular reactivity by increasing the biosynthesis of glutathione. Glutathione protects vascular tissue against oxidative stress, and enhances the availability of NO, which exerts its relaxing effect, thus contributing to the reduction of high BP (blood pressure) in the SF rats.
A Broadly Protective Vaccine against Globally Dispersed Clade 1 and Clade 2 H5N1 Influenza Viruses (2008)

Development of effective and immunogenic vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses with the potential to cause a pandemic is a public health priority. The global demand for a vaccine cannot be met in the event of an influenza pandemic because of the limited capacity to manufacture egg-derived vaccines as well as potential problems with the availability of embryonated eggs. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop alternative, egg-independent vaccines. We developed an adenoviral vector-based vaccine that contains hemagglutinin protein from clade 1 and clade 2 viruses, as well as conserved nucleoprotein, to broaden the vaccine coverage against H5N1 viruses.
Carbon-Coated Si as a Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material (2002)

Carbon-coated Si has been prepared by a thermal vapor decomposition method. Its electrochemical performance has been investigated by charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetric experiments, differential scanning calorimetry, and -nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. This kind of material demonstrates good electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The improvement in the electrochemical performance of Si is mainly attributed to the effect of carbon coating. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Thermal oxidation and stability of thin manganese films (2003)

Microanalytical work shows that the main phase in thin Mn films is alpha Mn and that impurity elements O, C, and W, are found. The main compound formed by Mn and O in the films is MnO. The instability of thin Mn films is due to the transformations from elemental Mn to MnO and from MnO to Mn/sub 2/O/sub 3/ in the films. The metal resistance method is used to determine the oxidation kinetics of thin Mn films. It is determined that the oxide layers are protective and that under proper heat treatment the films could have satisfactory long-term thermal stability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using References (1996)

The principles and guidelines for writing toxicology study reports described in this book also apply to reports for developmental and reproductive toxicology studies. As is true for other reports, a developmental or reproductive toxicology report should be written to make it as easy as possible for the reader to understand the study design, results and interpretations. The author should keep in mind that the report will generally not be read cover to cover, but instead the reader will refer to the report to answer specific questions. This is why each section of the report should be as distinct and complete as possible. It should be recognized that, in most scientific writing, authors should express their point of view. The report should reflect the fact that the writer has carefully considered all the data and other information about the test compound and related test compounds and has arrived at an interpretation. The author’s job is to convince the reader of that interpretation.
Hydrogen gas sensing properties of Pt/Ta2O5 Schottky diodes based on Si and SiC substrates (2010)

In this paper, we fabricated Pt/tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) Schottky diodes for hydrogen sensing applications. Thin (4 nm) layer of Ta2O5 was deposited on silicon (Si) and silicon carbide (SiC) substrates by radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique. We compared the performance of these sensors at different elevated temperatures of 100 ∘C and 150 ∘C. At these temperatures, the sensor based on SiC exhibited a larger sensitivity while the sensor based on Si exhibited a faster response toward hydrogen gas. We discussed herein, the responses exhibited by the Pt/Ta2O5 based Schottky diodes demonstrated a promising potential for hydrogen sensing applications.
Physiological Evidence for Ionotropic and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Rat Taste Cells (1999)

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) elicits a unique taste in humans called umami. Recent molecular studies suggest that glutamate receptors similar to those in brain are present in taste cells, but their precise role in taste transduction remains to be elucidated. We used giga-seal whole cell recording to examine the effects of MSG and glutamate receptor agonists on membrane properties of taste cells from rat fungiform papillae. MSG (1 mM) induced three subsets of responses in cells voltage-clamped at -80 mV: a decrease in holding current (subset I), an increase in holding current (subset II), and a biphasic response consisting of an increase, followed by a decrease in holding current (subset III). Most subset II glutamate responses were mimicked by the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The current was potentiated by glycine and was suppressed by the NMDA receptor antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5). The group III metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) usually mimicked the subset I glutamate response. This hyperpolarizing response was suppressed by the mGluR antagonist (RS)-alpha-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG) and by 8-bromo-cAMP, suggesting a role for cAMP in the transduction pathway. In a small subset of taste cells, L-AP4 elicited an increase in holding current, resulting in taste cell depolarization under current clamp. Taken together, our results suggest that NMDA-like receptors and at least two types of group III mGluRs are present in taste receptor cells, and these may be coactivated by MSG. Further studies are required to determine which receptors are located on the apical membrane and how they contribute to the umami taste.
Corrosion of titanium: Part 2: Effects of surface treatments (2017)

Titanium is well known as one of the most corrosion-resistant metals. However, it can suffer corrosion attacks in some specific aggressive conditions. To further increase its corrosion resistance, it is possible either to modify its surface, tuning either thickness, composition, morphology or structure of the oxide that spontaneously forms on the metal, or to modify its bulk composition. Part 2 of this review is dedicated to the corrosion of titanium and focuses on possible titanium treatments that can increase corrosion resistance. Both surface treatments, such as anodization or thermal or chemical oxidation, and bulk treatments, such as alloying, are considered, highlighting the advantages of each technique.
Gate-tunable optical filter based on conducting oxide metasurface heterostructure (2019)

A gate-tunable plasmonic optical filter incorporating a subwavelength patterned metal-insulator-metal metasurface heterostructure is proposed. An additional thin transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer is embedded in the insulator layer to form a double metal-oxide-semiconductor configuration. Heavily n-doped indium tin oxide (ITO) is employed as the TCO material, whose optical property can be electrically tuned by the formation of a thin active epsilon-near-zero layer at the ITO-oxide interfaces. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations show that amplitude modulation and shift of transmission peak are achievable with 3-5 V applied bias, depending on the application. Moreover, the modulation strength and transmission peak shift increase with a thinner ITO layer. This work is an essential step toward a realization of next-generation compact photonic/plasmonic integrated devices.
Broadband active acoustic absorbing coating with an adaptive digital controller (1993)

A modified active acoustic coating system using an adaptive digital controller has been developed for absorbing the sound incident on an underwater object. The redesigned control system, featuring a digital delay-line feedforward scheme, is predicted theoretically and verified experimentally to have a broader control bandwidth than the analog phase-shifter system which was developed previously. Another significant improvement to the system is the use of a multichannel delay-line network to achieve on-board monitoring of sound reflection from the coating, so that the system performance can be self-evaluated and the optimized by adjusting its control parameters. The adaptive adjustment function is realized through software on a personal computer interfaced with the digital delay-line network. This adaptive digital controller design enables the active absorbing coating to achieve a high echo reduction over a wide frequency band.
Molecularly Evolved Thymidylate Synthase Inhibits 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine Toxicity in Human Hematopoietic Cells (2009)

Thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), are amongst the most frequently used chemotherapeutic drugs available, although their efficacy is often limited by myelotoxicity. An emerging strategy for overcoming bone marrow toxicity involves ex vivo genetic transfer of drug resistance to autologous hematopoietic progenitor cells, followed by reimplantation of the transfected cells before chemotherapy. Here we establish that expression of mutant TS genes, selected from millions of engineered variants, renders human hematopoietic cells resistant to 5-FUdR, and identify the most efficacious variant for gene therapeutic rescue of drug-induced myelosuppression.
A Parallel Architecture of Age Adversarial Convolutional Neural Network for Cross-Age Face Recognition (2020)

Cross-Age Face Recognition (CAFR) remains one of the most challenging tasks in the field of face recognition, as the aging process significantly affects the facial appearance. Another limitation is the insufficient special datasets that cover a wide range of ages. The key to tackle this problem is to separate the variations caused by aging process from facial features and obtain stable person-specific features. Specifically, we proposed a novel end-to-end CNN method called Age Adversarial Convolutional Neural Network (AA-CNN) with parallel network architecture. By adversarial training in Age Discrimination Network (ADN), the features extracted by AA-CNN are invariant to age variation, while remaining identity discriminative via joint training in Identity Recognition Network (IRN). Furthermore, we adopt a pyramid architecture of feature fusion to assist the ADN in adversarial training to obtain effective age-related information. The training datasets of AA-CNN are labeled by identity or age, and there is no need to search for the datasets with both identity and age labels. Extensive experiments have been conducted on the challenging aging face datasets, including FG-NET dataset, MORPH Album 2 dataset, Cross-Age Celebrity dataset, and Cross-Age LFW dataset, which demonstrates the superiority and effectiveness of the AA-CNN model.
An adaptive pursuit strategy for allocating operator probabilities (2005)

Learning the optimal probabilities of applying an exploration operator from a set of alternatives can be done by self-adaptation or by adaptive allocation rules. In this paper we consider the latter option. The allocation strategies discussed in the literature basically belong to the class of probability matching algorithms. These strategies adapt the operator probabilities in such a way that they match the reward distribution. In this paper we introduce an alternative adaptive allocation strategy, called the adaptive pursuit method. We compare this method with the probability matching approach in a non-stationary environment. Calculations and experimental results show the superior performance of the adaptive pursuit algorithm. If the reward distributions stay stationary for some time, the adaptive pursuit method converges rapidly and accurately to an operator probability distribution that results in a much higher probability of selecting the current optimal operator and a much higher average reward than with the probability matching strategy. Yet most importantly, the adaptive pursuit scheme remains sensitive to changes in the reward distributions, and reacts swiftly to non-stationary shifts in the environment.