gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a Sucrose Ester Microemulsion by Freeze Fracture Electron Micrograph and Small Angle Neutron Scattering Experiments (1999)

A microemulsion system, containing biodegradable sugar surfactants and a nontoxic cosurfactant for pharmaceutical purposes, is characterized in a sucrose ester/ethyl or cetyl 2-(hexylethyl)-2-hexanoate (EHEC8 or EHEC16)/diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether (DME)/water system. The phase behavior and structure of these systems are intimately linked by the nature of the amphiphiles and the chain length of the oily ester. By adjusting the nature of the oil and the composition of the surfactant mixture, Winsor IV systems containing low amounts of a nonaggressive surfactant composition and equal amounts of water and oil could be formulated. For a given surfactant + cosurfactant-to-oil ratio, a dilution line is investigated in the sucrose monolaurate + sucrose dilaurate/DME/EHEC8/water system, in which numerous systems are prepared by adding from 20 up to 40% water (Φw). Along this dilution path, the microstructure of the system is characterized by rheological, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and freeze fracture electron micrograph experiments (FFEM). The microemulsion nature of the samples is assessed by SANS. The SANS results are analyzed by means of the Teubner−Strey model, and the microemulsion nature of the three selected samples (Φw = 25, 30, and 32%) is confirmed. The investigated samples exhibit a shear thinning process related to a reorganization mechanism, which occurs under shear. However, in the samples containing more than 30% water, a second rheological transition occurs, which is related to the steep decrease of the apparent viscosity around γ = 1000 s-1. This second shear thinning is explained by the presence of two structures in these samples. The microstructures of the two samples have not yet been completely determined with the FFEM technique. The specific bicontinuous structure of one sample has been confirmed and characterized by Φw = 25%.
Role of endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Effects of a novel nonpeptide antagonist for atrial natriuretic peptide receptor. (1993)

These results suggest that endogenous ANP and BNP may be involved in the regulation of blood pressure and body fluid volume in DOCA-salt rats in which ANP and BNP secretion is augmented.
Design strategies for ESD protection in SOC (2004)

Design strategies for efficient ESD protection in system-on-chip (SOC) integrated circuits are discussed. Various options for power clamp and I/O ESD architectures are considered. Multiple ESD protection circuits with feedback triggering have been analyzed using physical mixed-mode circuit-device simulation, utilizing finite element models for MOSFETs.
Universal Model for Paraphrasing -- Using Transformation Based on a Defined Criteria -- (2001)

This paper describes a universal model for paraphrasing that transforms according to defined criteria. We showed that by using different criteria we could construct different kinds of paraphrasing systems including one for answering questions, one for compressing sentences, one for polishing up, and one for transforming written language to spoken language.
OFDM for 5G: Cyclic prefix versus zero postfix, and filtering versus windowing (2016)

Owing to its low spectral decay rate, conventional orthogonal frequency-division modulation (OFDM) is unsuitable for supporting asynchronous access, user-specific subcarrier spacing and symbol period, and spectrum aggregation, all of which are envisioned for fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks. This has spurred recent work on designing new multi-carrier waveforms for 5G. In this paper, a unified signal model for OFDM is presented, which encompasses variants employing either a cyclic prefix (CP) or a zero postfix (ZP) as the guard interval technique, and either windowing or filtering to increase the spectral decay rate of the transmitted signal; both windowing-based and filtering-based receivers are also accommodated. Sufficient conditions on the channel impulse response and any windowing/filtering are given for the avoidance of inter-symbol and intra-symbol interference. Numerical results are then presented to show that, in a multiuser system operating asynchronously and with user-specific subcarrier spacing and symbol period, filtering and windowing yield substantial and comparable rate gains over standard OFDM when implemented at both transmitter and receiver; these gains can be realized with no performance degradation relative to standard OFDM (at SNRs typically of interest) when the system operates synchronously and all users have identical subcarrier spacing and symbol period. Further, CP-OFDM and ZP-OFDM have near-identical rate-versus-SNR performance.
Resolved-acceleration control of mechanical manipulators (1980)

Position control of a manipulator involves the practical problem of solving for the correct input torques to apply to the joints for a set of specified positions, velocities, and accelerations. Since the manipulator is a nonlinear system whose joints are highly coupled, it is very difficult to control. This paper presents a technique which adopts the idea of "inverse problem" and extends the results of "resolved-motion-rate" controls. The method deals directly with the position and orientation of the hand. It differs from others in that accelerations are specified and that all the feedback control is done at the hand level. The control algorithm is shown to be asymptotically convergent. A PDP 11/45 computer is used as part of a controller which computes the input torques/forces at each sampling period for the control system using the Newton-Euler formulation of equations of motion. The program is written in floating point assembly language, and has an average execution time of less than 11.5 ms for a Stanford manipulator. This makes a sampling frequency of 87 Hz possible. The controller is verified by an example which includes a simulated manipulator.
Investigation of thermoelectric properties of chalcogenide semiconductors from first principles (2011)

In recent years, thermoelectric (TE) materials have attracted increasing interest due to their potential use in energy harvesting and conserving applications. A particular research effort has been focused on developing new materials with high ZT values, which are essential for TEs to be commercially applicable in refrigeration and waste heat recovery. Several promising bulk semiconductors have been reported by researchers so far. However, no satisfactorily high ZT value has been obtained. In a recent publication, [E. J. Skoug et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 181905 (2010)] reported very low lattice thermal conductivity on chalcogenide semiconductors and pointed out their potential for thermoelectricity. Following their findings, transport properties of these materials and some other promising bulk semiconductors, Bi2Te3, SrTiO3, and Cu2ZnSnSe4, were systematically analyzed using density functional and Boltzmann transport theories. In order to assess their capacity as thermoelectrics, a simple measure: ‘maximum’ thermoelectric figure of merit, ZTm, was predicted at experimentally amenable doping levels. Results with higher ZTm values were obtained when compared to the current state of bulk thermoelectric materials. However, it is also found that reaching required ZT values for commonplace device applications with either these chalcogenides or the other semiconductors reported in our study is highly unlikely.
Dephasing of coherent phonons by lattice defects in bismuth films (2000)

We have studied the effect of point defects on coherent optical phonons in ion-implanted bismuth polycrystalline films. Ultrafast dynamics of coherent phonons and photogenerated carriers in the femtosecond time domain have been investigated by means of pump-probe reflectivity measurements. The dephasing rate of the A1g phonon increases linearly with increasing ion dose, which is explained by the additional dephasing process of the coherent phonon originated from scattering of phonons by the defects. Carrier dynamics are also found to be affected by additional scattering process mediated by point defects.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Optical Purity and Configuration of the Enantiomers of Flecainide. (1986)

Abstract The enantiomers of the title compound (Ia) are separated (yields of 38‐42%, e.e.
Subband equaliser for chromatic dispersion of optical fibre (2009)

An oversampled subband equaliser is designed for chromatic dispersion of singlemode optical fibre. The signal of each subband is equalised individually and delayed to align with other subbands. From simulation, the overall number of equaliser taps is approximately reduced by the upsampling ratio.
Addition, Suppression, and Inhibition in the Electrophoretic Deposition of Nanocrystal Mixture Films for CdSe Nanocrystals with γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Au Nanocrystals (2003)

Electrophoretic deposition from mixtures of CdSe and γ-Fe2O3 nanocrystals forms identical films on the positive and negative electrodes composed of both types of nanocrystals. In contrast, the electrophoretic deposition from mixtures of CdSe and Au nanocrystals forms films composed of only CdSe nanocrystals, and these films form only on the positive electrode. As the density of charged Au dots is decreased below that of charged CdSe dots, the suppression of CdSe dot film formation on the negative electrode lessens, and films composed of CdSe nanocrystals form on both electrodes.
The Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University (1999)

The addition of fine titania powders increases the sintered density of carbonyl iron compacts from 6·91 to 7·28 g cm-3 when the compacts were sintered at 1200°C for 1 h in hydrogen. Analysis of dilatometric curves and microstructures indicated that titania inhibited the early stage sintering owing to the blocking of the diffusion path of iron atoms. However, the titania powders helped prevent the exaggerated grain growth that usually occurs during the α → γ phase transformation. As the compact reached 950°C, a small part of the titania was reduced by hydrogen, and the reduced titanium dissolved into the iron matrix and enhanced sintering. Meanwhile, the remaining titania coarsened, and its effect on sintering inhibition diminished. The retardation of the grain growth, coarsening of the titania at high temperatures, and the diffusion rates enhanced by the reduced titanium resulted in improved final sintered densities of carbonyl iron compacts.
Selection of Energy Conservation Measures for Building Energy Retrofit (2016)

Purpose: Quasi-steady state simulations have played a pivoting role to expand the user group of simulation to design engineers and architects in Korea. Initially they are introduced in the market as a building energy performance rating tool. In domestic practice, however, quasi-steady state simulations seem to be regarded as a de facto simulation only available for energy retrofit. Selection of ECMs and economic feasibility analysis are being decided through these tools, which implies that running these tools has become a norm step of the Investment-grade Audit. Method: This study aims at identifying issues and problems with the current practice via test cases, analyzing the reasons and opportunities, and then eventually suggesting proper uses of quasi-steady state and dynamic simulations. Result: The functionality of quasi-steady state simulations is more optimized to the rating. If they are to used for energy retrofits, their off-the-shelf functions also need to be expanded for customization and detailed reports. Yet their roles may be limited only to the go/no go decision; because their algorithms are still weak at precisely estimating energy and load savings that are required for making investment decisions compared to detailed simulations.
Going wild: what a global small-animal tracking system could do for experimental biologists (2007)

Tracking animals over large temporal and spatial scales has revealed invaluable and spectacular biological information, particularly when the paths and fates of individuals can be monitored on a global scale. However, only large animals (greater than approximately 300 g) currently can be followed globally because of power and size constraints on the tracking devices. And yet the vast majority of animals is small. Tracking small animals is important because they are often part of evolutionary and ecological experiments, they provide important ecosystem services and they are of conservation concern or pose harm to human health. Here, we propose a small-animal satellite tracking system that would enable the global monitoring of animals down to the size of the smallest birds, mammals (bats), marine life and eventually large insects. To create the scientific framework necessary for such a global project, we formed the ICARUS initiative (www.IcarusInitiative.org), the International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space. ICARUS also highlights how small-animal tracking could address some of the ;Grand Challenges in Environmental Sciences' identified by the US National Academy of Sciences, such as the spread of infectious diseases or the relationship between biological diversity and ecosystem functioning. Small-animal tracking would allow the quantitative assessment of dispersal and migration in natural populations and thus help solve enigmas regarding population dynamics, extinctions and invasions. Experimental biologists may find a global small-animal tracking system helpful in testing, validating and expanding laboratory-derived discoveries in wild, natural populations. We suggest that the relatively modest investment into a global small-animal tracking system will pay off by providing unprecedented insights into both basic and applied nature. Tracking small animals over large spatial and temporal scales could prove to be one of the most powerful techniques of the early 21st century, offering potential solutions to a wide range of biological and societal questions that date back two millennia to the Greek philosopher Aristotle's enigma about songbird migration. Several of the more recent Grand Challenges in Environmental Sciences, such as the regulation and functional consequences of biological diversity or the surveillance of the population ecology of zoonotic hosts, pathogens or vectors, could also be addressed by a global small-animal tracking system. Our discussion is intended to contribute to an emerging groundswell of scientific support to make such a new technological system happen.
Role of myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment (2022)

The dynamic interplay between tumor cells and immune cells in the microenvironment plays a crucial role in determining disease severity and therapeutic outcome in cancer. Myeloid cells are the most abundantly available cell population in the tumor microenvironment. Myeloid cells have been shown to exist in diverse phenotypes and play both antitumoral and protumoral roles in cancer. Understanding the biology of myeloid cells can lay the foundation for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing the antitumoral role of myeloid cells. This article presents an overview of the role of myeloid cells in tumor development and various mechanisms by which myeloid cells aid tumor progression. Existing drugs against cancer that utilize myeloid cells and the role of myeloid cells in drug resistance are also discussed.
A faster optimal register allocator (2002)

Recently researchers have proposed modeling register allocation as an integer linear programming (IP) problem and solving it optimally for general purpose processors [17, 20] and for dedicated embedded systems [23]. Compared with traditional graph-coloring approaches, the IP-based allocators can improve a program's performance. However, the solution times are much slower.This paper presents an lP-based optimal register allocator which is much faster than previous work. We present several local and global reduction techniques to identify locations in a program's control-flow graph where spill decisions and register deallocation decisions are unnecessary for optimal register allocation. We propose a hierarchical reduction approach to efficiently remove the corresponding redundant decisions and constraints from the IP model. This allocator is built into the Gnu C Compiler and is evaluated experimentally using the SPEC921NT benchmarks. The results show that the improved IP model is much simpler. The number of constraints produced is almost linear with the function size. The optimal allocation time is much faster, with a speedup factor of about 150 for hard allocation problems.
Experimental results obtained with the 1 MA resonant series counterpulse opening switch system, developed at TNO (2002)

At the Pulse Physics Laboratory', Netherlands, research is being performed to develop a counterpulse technique for the controlled interruption of very high currents in inductive storage pulsed power systems. Presently, a repetitive mechanical high current opening switch is applied to commutate current to an inductive load (for example a rail accelerator) from a storage inductor charged by a homopolar generator. To increase the current level, the mechanical switch is able to interrupt the application of a counterpulse technique and a separate closing switch looks promising. Otherwise, the arc that would occur between the contacts of the switch during opening and closing at high currents (mega-ampere level), would severely damage the contacts. To prevent the damage caused by arcing, the current must be reduced to zero or a low level before opening the switch. To be able to achieve this, a resonant series counterpulse circuit has been proposed. The circuit incorporates units consisting of a capacitor bank of electrolytic capacitors with parallel connected diodes and a thyristor connected in series. Upon command, these units will create a resonant counterpulse current through the opening switch. The current through the switch then reduces to zero and the switch is opened without damaging the contacts. The units have been designed to generate currents up to 50 kA. By placing several units in parallel, higher counterpulse currents can be generated. This paper presents experimental results of the parallel operation of eight units.
Alkamide Levels in Echinacea purpurea: Effects of Processing, Drying and Storage (2000)

The effects of processing, drying, and storage time and temperature on alkamide levels in Echinacea purpurea roots are described. Chopping altered the levels of some alkamides slightly, whereas drying had no effect. Levels of all alkamides fell by over 80% during storage at 24 degrees C for 64 weeks. Alkamide levels also dropped significantly during storage at -18 degrees C.
Automatic model generation from documentation for Java API functions (2016)

Modern software systems are becoming increasingly complex, relying on a lot of third-party library support. Library behaviors are hence an integral part of software behaviors. Analyzing them is as important as analyzing the software itself. However, analyzing libraries is highly challenging due to the lack of source code, implementation in different languages, and complex optimizations. We observe that many Java library functions provide excellent documentation, which concisely describes the functionalities of the functions. We develop a novel technique that can construct models for Java API functions by analyzing the documentation. These models are simpler implementations in Java compared to the original ones and hence easier to analyze. More importantly, they provide the same functionalities as the original functions. Our technique successfully models 326 functions from 14 widely used Java classes. We also use these models in static taint analysis on Android apps and dynamic slicing for Java programs, demonstrating the effectiveness and efficiency of our models.
A framework for call graph construction algorithms (2001)

A large number of call graph construction algorithms for object-oriented and functional languages have been proposed, each embodying different tradeoffs between analysis cost and call graph precision. In this article we present a unifying framework for understanding call graph construction algorithms and an empirical comparison of a representative set of algorithms. We first present a general parameterized algorithm that encompasses many well-known and novel call graph construction algorithms. We have implemented this general algorithm in the Vortex compiler infrastructure, a mature, multilanguage, optimizing compiler. The Vortex implementation provides a "level playing field" for meaningful cross-algorithm performance comparisons. The costs and benefits of a number of call graph construction algorithms are empirically assessed by applying their Vortex implementation to a suite of sizeable (5,000 to 50,000 lines of code) Cecil and Java programs. For many of these applications, interprocedural analysis enabled substantial speed-ups over an already highly optimized baseline. Furthermore, a significant fraction of these speed-ups can be obtained through the use of a scalable, near-linear time call graph construction algorithm.
Distributed Memory Auction Algorithms for the Linear Assignment Problem. (2002)

Liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1) prevents lipotoxicity of free fatty acids and regulates fatty acid trafficking and partition. Our objective is to investigate the transcription factors controlling the human FABP1 gene and their regulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Adenovirus-mediated expression of multiple transcription factors in HepG2 cells and cultured human hepatocytes demonstrated that FOXA1 and PPARα are among the most effective activators of human FABP1, whereas C/EBPα is a major dominant repressor. Moreover, FOXA1 and PPARα induced re-distribution of FABP1 protein and increased cytoplasmic expression. Reporter assays demonstrated that the major basal activity of the human FABP1 promoter locates between -96 and -229bp, where C/EBPα binds to a composite DR1-C/EBP element. Mutation of this element at -123bp diminished basal reporter activity, abolished repression by C/EBPα and reduced transactivation by HNF4α. Moreover, HNF4α gene silencing by shRNA in HepG2 cells caused a significant down-regulation of FABP1 mRNA expression. FOXA1 activated the FABP1 promoter through binding to a cluster of elements between -229 and -592bp, whereas PPARα operated through a conserved proximal element at -59bp. Finally, FABP1, FOXA1 and PPARα were concomitantly repressed in animal models of NAFLD and in human nonalcoholic fatty livers, whereas C/EBPα was induced or did not change. We conclude that human FABP1 has a complex mechanism of regulation where C/EBPα displaces HNF4α and hampers activation by FOXA1 and PPARα. Alteration of expression of these transcription factors in NAFLD leads to FABP1 gen repression and could exacerbate lipotoxicity and disease progression.
Joint Inference for Knowledge Extraction from Biomedical Literature (2010)

Knowledge extraction from online repositories such as PubMed holds the promise of dramatically speeding up biomedical research and drug design. After initially focusing on recognizing proteins and binary interactions, the community has recently shifted their attention to the more ambitious task of recognizing complex, nested event structures. State-ofthe-art systems use a pipeline architecture in which the candidate events are identified first, and subsequently the arguments. This fails to leverage joint inference among events and arguments for mutual disambiguation. Some joint approaches have been proposed, but they still lag much behind in accuracy. In this paper, we present the first joint approach for bioevent extraction that obtains state-of-the-art results. Our system is based on Markov logic and adopts a novel formulation by jointly predicting events and arguments, as well as individual dependency edges that compose the argument paths. On the BioNLP’09 Shared Task dataset, it reduced F1 errors by more than 10% compared to the previous best joint approach. 1