gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prospects for Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines (2013)

African swine fever virus is a large DNA virus which can cause an acute haemorrhagic fever in pigs resulting in high mortality. No vaccine is available, limiting options for control. The virus encodes up to 165 genes and virus particles are multi-layered and contain more than 50 proteins. Pigs immunised with natural low virulence isolates or attenuated viruses produced by passage in tissue culture and by targeted gene deletions can be protected against challenge with virulent viruses. CD8+ cells are required for protection induced by attenuated strain OURT88/3. Passive transfer of antibodies from immune to naïve pigs can also induce protection. Knowledge of the genome sequences of attenuated and virulent strains and targeted gene deletions from virulent strains have identified a number of virus genes involved in virulence and immune evasion. This information can be used to produce rationally attenuated vaccine strains. Virus antigens that are targets for neutralising antibodies have been identified and immunisation with these recombinant proteins has been shown to induce partial protection. However knowledge of antigens which encode the dominant protective epitopes recognised by CD8+ T cells is lacking.
Magnesium Borohydride: From Hydrogen Storage to Magnesium Battery (2012)

Mehr als ein Wasserstoffspeicher: Die erste reversible Abscheidung/Ablösung von Magnesium auf/von einem anorganischen Salz wurde bei einem Magnesiumborhydrid-Elektrolyten beobachtet. In Dimethoxyethan als Solvens wurde eine hohe Coulomb-Effizienz bis 94 % erreicht. Dieser Mg(BH4)2-Elektrolyt wurde in einer wiederaufladbaren Magnesiumbatterie verwendet.
Joint Optimization of Power Allocation and Load Balancing for Hybrid VLC/RF Networks (2018)

In this paper, we propose and study a new joint load balancing (LB) and power allocation (PA) scheme for a hybrid visible light communication (VLC) and radio frequency (RF) system consisting of one RF access point (AP) and multiple VLC APs. An iterative algorithm is proposed to distribute users on APs and distribute the powers of the APs on their users. In the PA subproblem, an optimization problem is formulated to allocate the power of each AP to the connected users for total achievable data rate maximization. In this subproblem, we propose a new efficient algorithm that finds optimal dual variables after formulating them in terms of each other. This new algorithm provides faster convergence and better performance than the traditional subgradient method. In addition, it does not depend on the step size or the initial values of the variables, which we look for, as the subgradient does. Then, we start with the user of the minimum data rate seeking another AP that offers a higher data rate for that user. Users with lower data rates continue reconnecting from one AP to another to balance the load only if this travel increases the summation of the achievable data rates and enhances the system fairness. Two approaches are proposed to have the joint PA and LB performed: a main approach that considers the exact interference information for all users, and a suboptimal approach that aims to decrease the complexity of the first approach by considering only the approximate interference information of users. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms improve the system capacity and system fairness with fast convergence.
Low work function material development for the microminiature thermionic converter. (2004)

Thermionic energy conversion in a miniature format shows potential as a viable, high efficiency, micro to macro-scale power source. A microminiature thermionic converter (MTC) with inter-electrode spacings on the order of microns has been prototyped and evaluated at Sandia. The remaining enabling technology is the development of low work function materials and processes that can be integrated into these converters to increase power production at modest temperatures (800 - 1300 K). The electrode materials are not well understood and the electrode thermionic properties are highly sensitive to manufacturing processes. Advanced theoretical, modeling, and fabrication capabilities are required to achieve optimum performance for MTC diodes. This report describes the modeling and fabrication efforts performed to develop micro dispenser cathodes for use in the MTC.
Mixed-mode phase-locked quantum well laser arrays (1986)

The fabrication and characterization of a new type of phase-locked laser array which displays narrow, single lobe far-field patterns is reported. The new array achieves phase-locking through coupling by diffraction in a central section where the propagating eigen-modes are unguided. The light is guided in parallel-element waveguides on either side of the central mode-mixing region.
Rewritable optical-disk fabrication with an optical recording material made of naphthalocyanine and polythiophene (1995)

A novel rewritable optical disk that uses an optical recording material made of naphthalocyanine and polythiophene as the recording layer is described. In this system the complex refractive index of the recording material changes reversibly, depending on the aggregation states of naphthalocyanine induced by a conformation change of the polythiophene matrix. After recording, the imaginary part of the refractive index of the recording material increases to three times that of the unrecorded part, at a wavelength of 790 nm at which a semiconductor laser emits light. The fabricated polythiophene naphthalocyanine optical disk shows a high reflectivity of 58% and a large readout modulation amplitude (I(11)/I(top)) of 0.63. It is confirmed that the polythiophene/naphthalocyanine optical disk can be played back on conventional compact-disc players even after ten cycles of rewriting.
Ceramic Welding-Torch Extension (1988)

Simple attachment extends torch to difficult-to-reach joints. Bushing, gasket, and extender mate with gascup to form extension assembly. Extender designed and fabricated to suit particular job.
Mobile, contactless, single-shot, fingerprint capture system (2010)

In some applications such as field stations, disaster situations or similar conditions, it is desirable to have a contactless, rugged means to collect fingerprint information. The approach described in this paper enables acceleration of the capture process by eliminating an otherwise system and finger cleanup procedure, minimizes the chance of the spread of disease or contaminations, and uses an innovative optical system able to provide rolled equivalent fingerprint information desirable for reliable 2D matching against existing databases. The approach described captures highresolution fingerprints and 3D information simultaneously using a single camera. Liquid crystal polarization rotators combined with birefringent elements provides the focus shift and a depth from focus algorithm extracts the 3D data. This imaging technique does not involve any moving parts, thus reducing cost and complexity of the system as well as increasing its robustness. Data collection is expected to take less than 100 milliseconds, capturing all four-finger images simultaneously to avoid sequencing errors. This paper describes the various options considered for contactless fingerprint capture, and why the particular approach was ultimately chosen.
Development of large area thin crystalline silicon-film solar cells (1988)

The development of thin polycrystalline silicon-film solar cells on low-cost ceramic substrates for commercial power applications is presented. The silicon-film solar cell design uses light trapping to achieve increases in voltage, current, and efficiency compared to conventional thick polycrystalline solar cells. The device analysis indicates that a solar cell conversion efficiency of 19% is achievable using thin (30 mu m) polycrystalline silicon-film designs. This performance prediction exceeds that of the conventional thick (400 mu m) polycrystalline silicon solar cell. 1 cm/sup 2/, 14.2% laboratory-scale and a 78 cm/sup 2/, 8.5% commercial size solar cell are demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transaction Isolation and Lazy Commit (2007)

In order to guarantee durability of transactions (D in the ACID properties) database systems issue a synchronous log write on transaction commit. However, in many scenarios such as queue processing and personal information management systems, durability on commit is not required as the transactions rolled back due to a crash can be reprocessed using the application state. Avoiding such synchronous I/O improves system throughput and response time. Also, when the database is running on a mobile device or a laptop, reduced I/O consumes less power and increases battery life - a significant consideration for mobile users. Transactions that do not require durability can be "lazily committed", i.e. the log is not written synchronously upon commit. If another transaction reads such lazily committed data and performs an independently committed external action based on it, then an inconsistency may result if the effects of the lazily committed transaction are lost in a crash. We present a solution that provides the efficiency of lazily committed transactions and the flexibility for other transactions to read only durably committed data. We demonstrate that even in the presence of a large number of readers requesting durably committed data our approach reduces I/Os significantly.
Langmuir−Blodgett Assembly of Graphite Oxide Single Layers (2008)

Single-layer graphite oxide can be viewed as an unconventional type of soft material and has recently been recognized as a promising material for composite and electronics applications. It is of both scientific curiosity and technical importance to know how these atomically thin sheets assemble. There are two fundamental geometries of interacting single layers: edge-to-edge and face-to-face. Such interactions were studied at the air-water interface by Langmuir-Blodgett assembly. Stable monolayers of graphite oxide single layers were obtained without the need for any surfactant or stabilizing agent, due to the strong electrostatic repulsion between the 2D confined layers. Such repulsion also prevented the single layers from overlapping during compression, leading to excellent reversibility of the monolayers. In contrast to molecular and hard colloidal particle monolayers, the single layers tend to fold and wrinkle at edges to resist collapsing into multilayers. The monolayers can be transferred to a substrate, readily creating a large area of flat graphite oxide single layers. The density of such films can be continuously tuned from dilute, close-packed to overpacked monolayers of interlocking single layers. For size-mismatched single layers, face-to-face interaction caused irreversible stacking, leading to double layers. The graphite oxide monolayers can be chemically reduced to graphene for electronic applications such as transparent conducting thin films.
Stimuli-Sensitive Polymeric Micelles as Anticancer Drug Carriers (2006)

Amphiphilic block copolymers often form core-shell type micelles by self-organization of the blocks in an aqueous medium or under specific experimental conditions. Polymeric micelles constructed from these polymers that contain a segment whose physical or chemical properties respond to small changes in environmental conditions are collectively called 'stimuli-sensitive' micelles. This class of nano-scaled constructs has been investigated as a promising anti-cancer drug carrier because the micelles are able to utilize small environmental changes and modify drug release kinetics, biodistribution and the interactions with tissues and cells. This review summarizes the recent progress in stimuli-sensitive micelles for tumor chemotherapy, particularly for those responding to hyperthermic conditions, tumor pH and endosomal/lysosomal pH.
A new human chromogranin A (CgA) immunoradiometric assay involving monoclonal antibodies raised against the unprocessed central domain (145-245) (1998)

Chromogranin A (CgA), a major protein of chromaffin granules, has been described as a potential marker for neuroendocrine tumours. Because of an extensive proteolysis which leads to a large heterogeneity of circulating fragments, its presence in blood has been assessed in most cases either by competitive immunoassays or with polyclonal antibodies. In the present study, 24 monoclonal antibodies were raised against native or recombinant human CgA. Their mapping with proteolytic peptides showed that they defined eight distinct epitopic groups which spanned two-thirds of the C-terminal part of human CgA. All monoclonal antibodies were tested by pair and compared with a reference radioimmunoassay (RIA) involving CGS06, one of the monoclonal antibodies against the 198-245 sequence. It appears that CgA C-terminal end seems to be highly affected by proteolysis and the association of C-terminal and median-part monoclonal antibodies is inadequate for total CgA assessment. Our new immunoradiometric assay involves two monoclonal antibodies, whose contiguous epitopes lie within the median 145-245 sequence. This assay allows a sensitive detection of total human CgA and correlates well with RIA because dibasic cleavage sites present in the central domain do not seem to be affected by degradation. It has been proved to be efficient in measuring CgA levels in patients with neuroendocrine tumours.
Enhanced Efficacies of Ginsenoside Compound K conjugated with Polymers in cancer cells (2015)

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although numerous anticancer drugs are available, their lack of tumor-targeting and low water-solubility are major drawbacks to use in cancer treatment. Conjugation of anticancer drugs with water-soluble polymers has been exhibited increased water-solubility of hydrophobic drugs, reduced normal cell cytotoxicity, increased accumulation in tumor tissues by passive targeting, and enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. This study, we used ginsenoside compound K (CK) which is triterpenoid found in oriental medical plant- Panax ginseng Meyer. CK is one of the major metabolite after oral administration of crude extracts, reaches systemic circulation and reported for various pharmacological activities. However, solubility and targeted delivery is the major drawback to use of CK in clinical trials. We attempted to developed polymer CK conjugates to enhance its solubility and targeted delivery. To this, hydrophobic CK was covalently conjugated to the hydrophilic glycol chitosan (GC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) through an acid-labile ester linkage. The resulting GC-CK and PEG-CK conjugates were characterized by H NMR and FTIR. It formed self-assembled spherical shape nanoparticles in water. The conjugates were greatly increased solubility of CK. From in vitro release experiment, release of CK was enhanced under pH 5, whereas it was dramatically decreased under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) is similar to what would be expected in extracellular solid tumor tissues and intracellular endosomes and lysosomes. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that conjugates exhibited higher cytotoxicity in HT29, HepG2, and HT22 cell lines and maintained good cell viability in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that these conjugates may be potentially useful as a tumor-specific delivery vehicle which may enhance the overall efficacy of CK.
A new MRI method for monitoring thermal coagulation (2006)

D. Carasso, G. Navon School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Introduction An image with a good contrast between coagulated and non-coagulated tissue can assist in improving the accuracy and the reliability of thermal ablation of tumors and of uterine fibroids. As was recently reported (1), the rate of magnetization exchange between macromolecules and water in the tissue depends on the degree of coagulation of the tissue. Here we report the application of this finding in the form of a new MRI method for following the degree of thermal coagulation. The method was tested for porcine liver and muscle. Methods Figure 1 illustrates the magnetization exchange imaging sequence (MEXI). The result of the first two pulses is the elimination of the protein magnetization, leaving only the longitudinal magnetization of water. During tzq magnetization exchange occurs between water and the protein. Starting with the slice selective pulse any MRI sequence can be used. A gradient echo method is given in Figure 1. The obtained image is weighted by magnetization exchange. When the applied pulses are very short, the optimal duration of the interval τ is about 400μs in which there is a complete decay of protein magnetization. However, for clinical scanners, where short pulses are not feasible, the protein relaxation occurs during the long pulses. It was found that the signal could be maximized for an angle of rotation (φ in figure 1) larger than 90 for the first two pulses. For pulses of 200μs the pulses used were in the range 180 -270, with τ = 20μs. The sequence is repeated twice with two values of tzq. One value long enough for magnetization exchange to occur and a second value in which there is no magnetization exchange. The two values were 40ms and 10μs respectively in the examples shown in figures 2b and 2d. The two images are subtracted from each other, resulting in an image, which shows a signal resulting only from magnetization exchange between water and macromolecules. Results Samples containing two layers of porcine liver or of porcine muscle were prepared. At the bottom of the tube a layer of the tissue after immersion in hot water (65C) for 15 minutes, separated by a thin Teflon disk from the upper layer of nontreated fresh tissue. The samples were immersed in Fluorinated oil in order to improve homogeneity. Images taken with the MEXI method are presented in plots b and d in figure 2. In plots a and c on the same figure, which were obtained with a conventional gradient echo, the two layers of liver and muscle respectively are observed. In plots b and d only the treated tissue (65C for 15 minutes) is observed. Discussion An imaging method, which shows directly the result of a thermal treatment, could improve enormously the quality of the treatment. As the magnetization exchange time was found to be insensitive to temperature (1), the MEXI method can be used throughout the treatment, without effects of temperature fluctuations. Another important advantage is the absence of a contrast agent.
Application of photoimageable epoxy as an acoustic absorber for IF surface wave filter (2009)

It is a well recognized practice to apply some sort of acoustic absorber material at the ends of the piezoelectric surface and also on certain portions of the metal transducers as well as the multi-strip coupler of an IF SAW filter. By absorbing undesired modes of the surface acoustic wave, this technique significantly enhances both the frequency response of the filter as well as the sidelobes and the rejection of various time spurious responses such as edge reflections. In this paper a different type of material, Photo-Imageable-Epoxy (PIE), is used which belongs to a family of epoxies, which are commonly used in the semiconductor industry for IC and MEMS devices. Several PIE test patterns are examined for 3 SAW filters of differing IF frequencies. The performance of the SAW filters employing the PIE patters are compared with devices employing Screened Absorber (SA). Results of both types of acoustic absorbers when implemented on a high performance IF SAW filter centered at 144 MHz, are also presented.
Thermal energy production by in situ combustion of coal. [12 claims] (1977)

This specification discloses a method of recovering thermal energy from a coal formation having a preferred vertical fracture orientation. An injection well and a production well are provided to extend into the coal formation and a vertical fracture is formed by hydraulic fracturing techniques and propagated into the coal formation to communicate with both the wells. The vertical fracture is propped in the lower portion only. A combustion-supporting gas is injected into the propped portion of the fracture and the coal is ignited. Injection of the combustion-supporting gas is continued to propagate a combustion zone along the propped portion of the fracture and hot product gases generated at the combustion zone are produced to recover the heat or thermal energy of the coal. Water may also be injected into the fracture to transport the heat resulting from the combustion of the coal to the production well for recovery. 12 claims, 3 figures.
Singularity and Dexterity Analysis of the Carpal Wrist (1996)

Abstract This paper further explores the potential advantages of a symmetric, parallel-actuated pointing device known as the “Carpal wrist.” Much like its natural counterpart, the Carpal wrist has eight primary links, corresponding to the eight carpal bones of the human wrist, a parallel actuation scheme, similar to the flexor and extensor carpi muscles along the forearm, and an open interior passage, which forms a protected tunnel for routing hoses and electrical cables. The Carpal wrist also has the significant advantages of possessing closed form forward and inverse kinematic solutions and a large, dexterous workspace that is free of interior singularities (either considered separately or as part of a manipulator arm). As a result of its symmetric, parallel architecture, the wrist has a large payload capacity and can easily be adapted to a variety of actuation schemes. One embodiment of the Carpal wrist is shown in Fig. 1.