gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Staphylococcal Fibronectin Receptor: Evidence for Its Importance in Invasive Infections (1987)

Fibronectin binds specifically and irreversibly to Staphylococcus aureus. The expression of fibronectin-binding sites correlates with the invasiveness of the isolate. It has been suggested that the fibronectin receptor of S. aureus is either a protein or a carbohydrate that localizes at the surface of the bacterium, permitting interactions of the bacteria with the fibronectin of the host. Sites at which S. aureus typically initiates infection are rich in fibronectin, e.g., blood clots and subendothelium; the cells of the luminal surface of intact endothelium are among the few cell types that are relatively devoid of fibronectin. Removal of fibronectin receptors from S. aureus by mechanical means or by growing the bacteria in an antibiotic-containing medium decreases their ability to adhere. Thus, the fibronectin receptor appears to play a role in the initiation of S. aureus infections. These findings offer hope for the development of a vaccine that will prevent invasive disease-if the S. aureus fibronectin receptor(s) can be purified, proves to be immunogenic, and inhibits bacterial adherence to host tissues.
Concise Syntheses of Δ<sup>12</sup>-Prostaglandin J Natural Products via Stereoretentive Metathesis (2018)

Δ<sup>12</sup>-Prostaglandin J family is recently discovered and has potent anticancer activity. Concise syntheses of four Δ<sup>12</sup>-prostaglandin J natural products (7-8 steps in the longest linear sequences) are reported, enabled by convergent stereoretentive cross-metathesis. Exceptional control of alkene geometry was achieved through stereoretention.
Restoration of atmospherically blurred images using weather-predicted atmospheric modulation transfer function (MFT) (1996)

Restoration for actual atmospherically blurred images is performed using a Wiener filter which corrects simultaneously for both turbulence and aerosol blur by enhancing the image spectrum primarily at those high frequencies least affected by the jitter or randomness in turbulence MTF. Correction is based upon predicted rather than measured atmospheric MTF. Both turbulence and aerosol MTFs are predicted using meteorological parameters measured with standard weather stations at the time and location where the image was recorded. A variety of weather conditions are considered. Past results have shown good correlation between measured and predicted atmospheric MTFs. Corrections are shown here for turbulence blur alone, for aerosol blur alone, and for both together. Since recorded images suffer frequently from poor contrast because of atmospheric path radiance, a simple image contrast improvement is also considered for the clarity of the atmospheric deblurring effect.
New parallel stimulation strategies revisited: Effect of synchronous multi electrode stimulation on rate discrimination in cochlear implant users (2012)

The results in a subgroup of this study indicate that, compared with single-electrode stimulation, synchronous multi-electrode stimulation of three adjacent electrodes shows improvement rate discrimination in 17 of 24 test runs (binomial and χ(2) test, P = 0.05) but did not result in statistically better JNDRs (best averaged improvement 19.8% at base rate 400 pps).
Liquid Crystal Matrix Image Source for Helmet Mounted Displays (HMDs). (1988)

Abstract : The Liquid Crystal Matrix Image Source for Helmet Mounted Displays program was started in September 1982, with the dual objectives of, first, demonstrating the status of miniature liquid crystal light modulating devices and, second, developing a very high brightness image source for experimentation with helmet mounted display optical concepts. This image source was desired for experiments with helmet mounted display configurations in which an off-helmet image source is coupled to the on-helmet optical system through a coherent fiber optic bundle. The approach taken was to project a high brightness image from a miniature reflective liquid crystal display device which was being developed under Tri-Service sponsorship and refined under company sponsorship. Substantial problems were encountered during the development of the liquid crystal devices, including excessive element and line defects, nonuniform contrast ratio, low contrast ratio, and short life. These problems were only partly resolved when the hardware was delivered on this program. The hardware delivered on this program is comprised of an illuminator Unit containing a high intensity arc lamp light source, an Arc Lamp Power Supply unit, and two identical Display Units. Except for the previously described problems with the development of the liquid crystal devices, the rest of the hardware generally meets the contract objectives. The results of this program demonstrate that a liquid crystal approach can provide an extremely high brightness (>40,000 fL) replacement for the 1-inch CRTs commonly used in Helmet Mounted Displays.
Jogger: models for context-sensitive reminding (2011)

We describe research on principles of context-sensitive reminding that show promise for serving in systems that work to jog peoples' memories about information that they may forget. The methods center on the construction and use of a set of distinct probabilistic models that predict (1) items that may be forgotten, (2) the expected relevance of the items in a situation, and (3) the cost of interruption associated with alerting about a reminder. We describe the use of this set of models in the Jogger prototype that employs predictions and decision-theoretic optimization to compute the value of reminders about meetings.
A Two-Write and Two-Read Multi-Port SRAM with Shared Write Bit-Line Scheme and Selective Read Path for Low Power Operation (2013)

This paper proposes a two-write and two-read (2W2R) bit-cell for a multi-port (MP) SRAM design to improve the static noise margin (SNM) and solve the write-disturb issues of nanoscale CMOS technologies. Using an additional Y -access MOS (column-direction access transistor), the 2W2R MP SRAM adopts a scheme of combining the row access transistor and sharing write bit-line with an adjacent bit cell. This scheme halves the write bit-line number and mitigates the write current consumption caused by pre-charging the bit-line to VDD. This paper also proposes a selective read path structure for read operation. Replacing the ground connection in the read port with a virtual VSS controlled by a Y -select signal reduces read-port current consumption. Results show that the proposed design reduces both the write current and read current consumption by 30%, compared to the conventional MP structure, from 1.3 V to 0.6 V VDD. The proposed 8 Kb 2W2R MP SRAM was fabricated on the test chip using TSMC 40 nm CMOS technology.
THE SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH METHANE OVER NONZEOLITIC CATALYSTS (2001)

This article deals with recent progress in the development of nonzeolitic catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) with methane. Although metal-exchanged zeolitic catalysts exhibit high activities for this reaction, most of these metastable structures suffer from deactivation problems when exposed to wet exhaust streams at elevated temperatures. Nonzeolitic oxide catalysts have the potential for improved durability because many of these are thermodynamically stable structures. The NO x reduction activity and poisoning resistance of lanthanide oxides, Group IIA oxides, Group IIIB oxides, as well as gallium-, tin-, and palladium-based catalysts are reviewed. Current opinions on mechanistic aspects of the SCR reaction are discussed in relation to the development of more active catalytic systems. A detailed experimental study of the SCR of NO x over rare earth oxides has also been performed. The role of absorbed oxygen in the activation of CH4 and consumption of CH3 radicals is discussed and related to the catalytic properties of the rare earth oxides. The presence of highly basic centers is shown to promote catalytic activity, and the presence of weakly absorbed oxygen species is found to be detrimental to catalytic selectivity. Oxides with lower electronic conductivities are found to be more selective than catalysts with higher conductivities. The selectivities of rare earth oxides for the SCR of NO x with methane and the oxidative coupling of methane are also compared and contrasted.
A wavelet coder for masked images (2002)

This paper presents an algorithm for the compression of images that have "don't care" regions within them. Such regions are specified by an additional binary image, the mask, which we assume is available at both the coder and the encoder (it is transmitted separately and without loss). Unlike previous approaches, which typically fill in the masked pixels with values geared toward good compression of the image, we use a special wavelet transform which is a function of the mask, but which can be computed efficiently. We compare our method with the previous approaches by measuring the compression for a given PSNR on the valid pixels. Our algorithm is both faster and yields compression improvements of up to 18% over the current state-of-the-art coders.
Self-doping contacts to silicon using silver coated with a dopant source [for solar cells] (2002)

A contact system for silicon solar cells is described in which silver is coated with a layer of dopant and alloyed with silicon, thereby simultaneously doping the silicon substrate and forming a low-resistance ohmic contact to it. The concept has been demonstrated using evaporated silver with commercially available phosphorus and boron liquid dopants. Silicon surface topography, along with I-V and SIMS analyses all indicate that the Ag-Si eutectic temperature (835/spl deg/C) must be exceeded and the dopant coating must be present for the contact to be self-doping. The concept has also been implemented in the form of screen-printable silver pastes with phosphorus. A fritless version of the paste exhibited only 3 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ contact resistance directly to 7 /spl Omega/-cm n-type dendritic web silicon. For contacting lightly-doped n/sup +/ layers (<100 /spl Omega///spl square/) through SiN/sub x/, a fritted version is used. The resultant contact metal is highly conductive (3 /spl mu//spl Omega/-cm) and solderable. No carrier lifetime degradation associated with the alloying process has been observed in dendritic web silicon solar cells.
A unifying framework for detecting outliers and change points from non-stationary time series data (2002)

We are concerned with the issues of outlier detection and change point detection from a data stream. In the area of data mining, there have been increased interest in these issues since the former is related to fraud detection, rare event discovery, etc., while the latter is related to event/trend by change detection, activity monitoring, etc. Specifically, it is important to consider the situation where the data source is non-stationary, since the nature of data source may change over time in real applications. Although in most previous work outlier detection and change point detection have not been related explicitly, this paper presents a unifying framework for dealing with both of them on the basis of the theory of on-line learning of non-stationary time series. In this framework a probabilistic model of the data source is incrementally learned using an on-line discounting learning algorithm, which can track the changing data source adaptively by forgetting the effect of past data gradually. Then the score for any given data is calculated to measure its deviation from the learned model, with a higher score indicating a high possibility of being an outlier. Further change points in a data stream are detected by applying this scoring method into a time series of moving averaged losses for prediction using the learned model. Specifically we develop an efficient algorithms for on-line discounting learning of auto-regression models from time series data, and demonstrate the validity of our framework through simulation and experimental applications to stock market data analysis.
Enhancement of<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>Cry3Aa and Cry3Bb Toxicities to Coleopteran Larvae by a Toxin-Binding Fragment of an Insect Cadherin (2009)

The Cry3Aa and Cry3Bb insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis are used in biopesticides and transgenic crops to control larvae of leaf-feeding beetles and rootworms. Cadherins localized in the midgut epithelium are identified as receptors for Cry toxins in lepidopteran and dipteran larvae. Previously, we discovered that a peptide of a toxin-binding cadherin expressed in Escherichia coli functions as a synergist for Cry1A toxicity against lepidopteran larvae and Cry4 toxicity against dipteran larvae. Here we report that the fragment containing the three most C-terminal cadherin repeats (CR) from the cadherin of the western corn rootworm binds toxin and enhances Cry3 toxicity to larvae of naturally susceptible species. The cadherin fragment (CR8 to CR10 [CR8-10]) of western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera was expressed in E. coli as an inclusion body. By an enzyme-linked immunosorbent microplate assay, we demonstrated that the CR8-10 peptide binds alpha-chymotrypsin-treated Cry3Aa and Cry3Bb toxins at high affinity (11.8 nM and 1.4 nM, respectively). Coleopteran larvae ingesting CR8-10 inclusions had increased susceptibility to Cry3Aa or Cry3Bb toxin. The Cry3 toxin-enhancing effect of CR8-10 was demonstrated for Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, southern corn rootworm Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, and western corn rootworm. The extent of Cry3 toxin enhancement, which ranged from 3- to 13-fold, may have practical applications for insect control. Cry3-containing biopesticides that include a cadherin fragment could be more efficacious. And Bt corn (i.e., corn treated with B. thuringiensis to make it resistant to pests) coexpressing Cry3Bb and CR8-10 could increase the functional dose level of the insect toxic activity, reducing the overall resistance risk.
Process For The Production Of Δ5-unsaturated Fatty Acids In Transgenic Organisms (Patent US 7723574 B2) (2010)

A process for the production of Δ5-unsaturated fatty acids in transgenic organisms comprises transforming an organism with nucleic acid encoding a Δ5-desaturase.
P‐11: A New Image Quality Analysis Method by using the Fractal Dimension (2002)

Abstract In this paper, we propose a new analysis method to determine the image quality level. The method uses the fractal dimension algorithm with 2D luminance & chromaticity data. In this study, fractal dimension data mean the level of the test panel complexity. As the analysis result, it as distributed to 0.293 from 0.3652 in each test sample. Therefore, this analysis method can helps to find objective image quality level. We knew that the evaluation results from fractal dimension analysis were similar to those from subjective measurement result.
The packaging capacity of adeno‐associated virus (AAV) and the potential for <i>wild‐type‐plus</i> AAV gene therapy vectors (1997)

Because of its ability to integrate chromosomally and its non-pathogenic nature, adeno-associated virus (AAV) has significant potential as a human gene therapy vector. Here we investigate the maximum amount of DNA which can be inserted into the AAV genome and still allow efficient packaging into an infectious virus particle. Altered wild-type AAV genomes were constructed with inserts, which increased in size by 100 bp, ligated at map unit 96. These large wild-type-plus genomes were able to replicate and produce infectious virus, at levels slightly reduced but comparable to normal sized wild type, until the insert size reached 1 kb. These data indicate that the maximum effective packaging capacity of AAV is approximately 900 bp larger than wild type, or 119%. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that these large AAV genomes are able to latently infect cells by chromosomal integration as does wild-type AAV. These data suggest that therapy vectors carrying a foreign gene of 900 bp or less can be generated from AAV, by ligation into non-essential locations, and result in a recombinant AAV virus with a fully wild-type phenotype. Such wild-type-plus AAV vectors will have both advantages and disadvantages over defective recombinant AAV virus - the most important advantages being the ease in which high titers of infectious virus can be generated and the ability to specifically integrate within chromosome 19. Once the concern subsides over the presence of wild-type AAV in clinical applications, wild-type AAV vectors may find specific application niches for use in human gene therapy.
Preparation of 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(2-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane derivatives and antitumor pharmaceuticals containing them (1986)

The title compds. [I; R1, R2 = H, (di)(alkyl)aminocarbonyl, PO(OH)2, (halo)alkanoyl, alkenoyl] are prepd. as antiestrogens, and are useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor-pos. tumors (no data). Thus, 2-(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanol (II; prepn. given) was stirred with TiCl3 in dry dimethoxyethane, followed by the addn. of LiAlH4 and more II, to give I (R1 = R2 = OMe), which was treated sequentially with BBr3 in CH2Cl2 at -60 Deg and NaOH-MeOH, to give I (R1 = R2 = OH)(III). A mixt. of 10 g III, 106.7 g CaHPO4, 2.3 g gelatin, 1 g Polysorbate, and 20.7 g water was granulated. The granules were mixed with 20 g corn starch and encapsulated.
Adaptive Temperature Profile Control of a Multizone Crystal Growth Furnace (1991)

This paper presents an intelligent adaptive control system for the control of a solid-liquid interface of a crystal while it is growing via directional solidification inside a multizone transparent furnace. The task of the process controller is to establish a user specified axial temperature profile and to maintain a desirable interface shape. Both single input single output and multi input multi output adaptive pole placement algorithms have been used to control the temperature. We also describe an intelligent measurement system to assess the shape of the crystal while it is growing inside a multizone transparent furnace. A color video imaging system observes the crystal in real time, and determines the position and the shape of the interface. This information is used to evaluate the crystal growth rate, and to analyze the effects of translational velocity and temperature profiles on the shape of the interface. Creation of this knowledge base is the first step to incorporate image processing into furnace control.
Analytical Determination of the Surface Area of a Threaded Fastener (2007)

Abstract Accurate determination of corrosion rates for threaded fasteners hinges on the ability to determine the surface area on which corrosion is occurring. Currently, no general analytical expression of surface area exists for the threaded fastener types. A recent voluntary withdrawal of chromated copper arsenate as the primary, long-standing preservative treatment for wood resulted in the need to determine the corrosion rates of threaded fasteners. This paper developed general analytical surface area equations for a wedge-shaped thread and the area between the threads for three cases: (1) an increasing thread root and crest diameter, (2) constant thread root and crest diameters, and (3) a constant thread root but a decreasing thread crest diameter. The expressions are applied, numerically verified, and compared to simplified models for a No. 10–2.54 cm (1-in.) long wood screw.
Abstract 3590: Resistance mechanisms to ALK inhibitors (2015)

Abstract Purpose: ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was first reported in 2007. Approximately 3-5% of NSCLCs harbor an ALK gene rearrangement. The first-generation ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib is a standard therapy for patients with advanced ALK-rearranged NSCLC. Several next-generation ALK-TKIs have entered the clinic and have shown promising antitumor activity in crizotinib-resistant patients. As patients still relapse even on these next-generation ALK-TKIs, we examined mechanisms of resistance to one next-generation ALK-TKI - alectinib - and potential strategies to overcome this resistance. Experimental Procedure: We established a cell line model of alectinib resistance, and analyzed resistant tumor specimens from patients who had relapsed on alectinib. Cell lines were also established under an IRB-approved protocol when there was sufficient fresh tumor tissue. We established Ba/F3 cells expressing EML4-ALK and performed ENU mutagenesis to compare potential crizotinib or alectinib-resistance mutations. In addition, we developed Ba/F3 models harboring ALK resistance mutations and evaluated the potency of multiple next-generation ALK-TKIs including 3rd generation ALK inhibitor in these models and in vivo. To elucidate structure-activity-relationships of ALK resistance mutations, we performed computational thermodynamic simulation with MP-CAFEE. Results: We identified multiple resistance mutations, including ALK I1171N, I1171S, and V1180L, from the ENU mutagenesis screen and the cell line model. In addition we found secondary mutations at the I1171 residue from the Japanese patients who developed resistance to alectinib or crizotinib. Both ALK mutations (V1180L and I1171 mutations) conferred resistance to alectinib as well as to crizotinib, but were sensitive to ceritinib and other next-generation ALK-TKIs. Based on thermodynamics simulation, each resistance mutation is predicted to lead to distinct structural alterations that decrease the binding affinity of ALK-TKIs for ALK. Conclusions: We have identified multiple alectinib-resistance mutations from the cell line model, patient derived cell lines, and tumor tissues, and ENU mutagenesis. ALK secondary mutations arising after alectinib exposure are sensitive to other next generation ALK-TKIs. These findings suggest a potential role for sequential therapy with multiple next-generation ALK-TKIs in patients with advanced, ALK-rearranged cancers. Citation Format: Ryohei Katayama, Noriko Yanagitani, Sumie Koike, Takuya Sakashita, Satoru Kitazono, Makoto Nishio, Yasushi Okuno, Jeffrey A. Engelman, Alice T. Shaw, Naoya Fujita. Resistance mechanisms to ALK inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3590. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3590