gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acid Synthase Expression in Paget??s Disease of the Vulva (2005)

We explored the immunohistochemical expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in Paget's disease of the vulva (PDV) and its association with clinico-pathological features. FAS is a recently discovered molecule involved in energy supply of normal cells. FAS is also overexpressed in neoplastic tissues because of their increased necessity of energy. Specimens from 20 patients with PDV were immunohistochemically evaluated; increased FAS expression was observed in 7 of 8 patients with invasive PDV (87%), in 3 of 4 patients with microinvasive PDV (75%), and in 1 of 8 patients with noninvasive PDV (12%). Statistical analysis revealed that increased FAS expression was associated with invasive PDV (p = 0.04). To our knowledge, this association of FAS in PDV is the first to be reported in literature. These observations reveal that FAS is a reliable marker of aggressiveness in PDV. The knowledge of FAS statistical association in invasive PDV is an important finding that may stratify these patients in different prognostic groups and determine therapeutic approaches for patient care.
UWB communication system with pulse interleaving multiple access for active RFID (2009)

We present a UWB two-way communication system with novel PHY and MAC layers, for low-rate communications with multitude of low-cost devices in ultra low power consumption. The system features a novel multiple access protocol called interleaved impulse radio. In this simple protocol the transmission is done in short bursts of about 100 ns with large gaps between them. During the gaps other users can send their own bursts. This multiple access mechanism is easy to implement, ad-hoc (no central control needed) and provides immunity from near far problem and multipath. The wide bandwidth of the UWB provides frequency diversity and accurate ranging. Reliable & robust communication is achieved in a variety of multi-path environments. High level of reliability is provided by mesh networking the tags, i.e. using other tags to transfer information to the destination in case no direct link is possible. The system design targets Active RFID and sensor networks for wide area of applications ranging from asset management and tracking applications in industrial environments, to military and security applications. In order to achieve "Total Asset Visibility", the system can read information from devices, write information, and locate tagged objects. The single chip tag is fabricated in 0.13 um CMOS technology, and tags are able to operate for 5 years from a coin battery.
Prospects for Universal Heat Mining: from a Jules Verne vision to a 21st century reality (1994)

The extraction of heat or thermal energy from the Earth -- heat mining -- has the potential to play a major role as an energy supply technology for the 21st century. However, even if reservoir stimulation goals are achieved, the role of heat mining with today's energy prices and development costs is limited to only a small fraction of the earth's surface, specifically to geologically active regions where geothermal gradients are high. This paper examines the prospects for universal heat mining and the types of developments required to make it a reality. A generalized multi-parameter economic model was developed for optimizing the design and performance of hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal systems by linking an SQP nonlinear programming algorithm with a generalized HDR economic model. HDR system design parameters selected for optimization include well depth (or initial rock temperature), geofluid flow rate, number of fractures and injection temperature. The sensitivities of the optimized design parameters, HDR system performance, and levelized electricity price to average geothermal gradient, fractured area/volume, maximum allowable geofluid temperature, reservoir flow impedance, well deviation, and fracture separation have been investigated. Key technical and institutional obstacles to universal heat mining are discussed in a more general context. These include (1) developing methods for stimulating low permeability formations to provide sustained productivity with acceptable flow/pressure losses (2) dealing with barriers to change primary energy supply options when fossil energy resources are abundant and prices are low and (3) lowering the high drilling costs for developing the deep (>5 km) reservoirs required in low gradient areas. Advanced concepts in drilling technology that could lead to a linear as opposed to exponential relationship between cost and depth are discussed in light of their potential impact on heat mining.
Molecular Genetics of Meningioma (2016)

Abstract Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumours in the adult central nervous system. These tumours are not normally malignant, but can cause brain invasion and lead to various motor and sensory deficits, which are dependent on tumour location. Meningiomas are normally single, sporadic tumours, but can occur as multiple meningiomas. Neurofibromatosis type 2 ( NF2 ) mutations are the most common genetic cause of meningiomas and multiple meningiomas usually occur within the context of NF2 disease. Recent studies have identified a variety of other, less common, germline and somatic mutations in meningioma disease, showing that alternative mechanisms exist for the initiation and progression of meningioma growth. These discoveries will be useful for determining individual risk and prognosis and to develop individualised therapeutic strategies based on specific meningioma subtypes. Key Concepts Meningiomas are the most common tumours in the adult central nervous system. Most meningiomas are solitary tumours. The neurofibromatosis type 2 gene is the most common cause of meningiomas. Rare non‐NF2 meningioma predisposition genes can cause hereditary meningioma disease. A range of somatic alterations in meningiomas may cause tumour development via differing cellular pathways.
Pathophysiologie der Epilepsie (2006)

Die Epilepsieforschung ist kein neues wissenschaftliches Feld - klinische und experimentelle Untersuchungen werden seit Jahrzehnten betrieben. Trotz dieser fortwährenden Bemühungen sind die Pathomechanismen der Epilepsie letztlich nicht vollständig geklärt - allerdings gelangen in den letzten Jahren auch beachtliche Fortschritte. Vor allem durch die Kombination genetischer, molekularer und funktioneller Analysen konnten wichtige Teilaspekte der Entstehungsprozesse der Epilepsie aufgeklärt werden. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel soll nach einer kurzen Erörterung der grundsätzlichen Faktoren der Erregbarkeit einzelner Zellen und des neuronalen Zellverbandes in fünf kurzen Kapiteln einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand liefern. Innerhalb der ersten drei Abschnitte werden Veränderungen spannungsabhängiger Ströme, der synaptischen Transmission und deren Modulation sowie der Expression von Gap junctions beleuchtet. Darüber hinaus widmet sich ein Abschnitt morphologischen Veränderungen. Der letzte Teil behandelt Aspekte spezifischer genetischer Syndrome.
Supporting inheritance in relational database systems (2003)

The IS-A relationship (the class-subclass relationship) is one of the most fundamental and important properties in an object-oriented (OO) language and OO database management system (OODBMS). Due to the popularity and domination of relational database management systems (RDBMSs) and the fundamental importance of inheritance, supporting IS-A relationships in a RDBMS becomes very desired, and is essential to adapt a RDBMS to more advanced applications. The authors present an extended SQL system called ESQL which facilitates IS-A relation hierarchies in a RDBMS. The proposed ESQL uses constraints to resolve data redundancy and updating abnormality problems that exist in current OO languages such as C++ and Smalltalk, and OODBMS such as GemStone, PostGres, O/sub 2/, Iris, and Orion. Features such as inheritance constraints, subrelation assertions, mappings, and automatic tuple placement into its most specific subrelation are distinct in ESQL. These features are missing in current RDBMSs, OODBMSs and OO languages.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Danger-Inequality of Resources Present: Can the Environmental Mediation Process Provide an Effective Answer (1996)

The environmental dispute resolution field has grown rapidly since its advent in 1973, when two mediators, Gerald Cormick and Jane McCarthy, undertook the first documented attempt to settle an environmental dispute.' Since this initial effort, the use of mediation in environmental disputes has grown rapidly, leading to the continual evolution and improvement of the field. Despite this progress, mediation in environmental disputes remains as it began: a hotly contested issue, with prominent and influential commentators vigorously debating whether it is an appropriate device to resolve environmental disputes
Compact optical isolator for fibers using birefringent wedges (1982)

A new type of optical isolator for fibers is proposed in this paper. A birefringent wedge used to separate and combine the polarized light is developed, giving the isolator low forward loss and high isolation. The antire-flection process at the fiber endface reduces the forward loss and reflected return. A forward loss of 0.8 dB, a backward loss of 35 dB, and a reflected return of -32 dB were obtained. These characteristics were measured from fiber to fiber using multimode fibers with 50-/microm core diam at a wavelength of 1.3 microm. Details of the design, fabrication, and characteristics of this isolator are presented.
IL-23 induces regulatory T cell plasticity with implications for inflammatory skin diseases (2019)

Foxp3<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a major fraction of skin resident T cells. Although normally protective, Tregs have been shown to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in human diseases, including psoriasis. A significant hurdle in the Treg field has been the identification, or development, of model systems to study this Treg plasticity. To overcome this gap, we analyzed skin resident Tregs in a mouse model of IL-23 mediated psoriasiform dermatitis. Our results demonstrate that IL-23 drove the accumulation of Tregs; including a subpopulation that co-expressed RORγt and produced IL-17A. Genesis of this population was attenuated by a RORγt inverse agonist compound and clinically relevant therapeutics. In vitro, IL-23 drove the generation of CD4<sup>+</sup>Foxp3<sup>+</sup>RORγt<sup>+</sup>IL-17A<sup>+</sup> cells from Treg cells. Collectively, our data shows that IL-23 drives Treg plasticity by inducing a population of CD4<sup>+</sup>Foxp3<sup>+</sup>RORγt<sup>+</sup>IL-17A<sup>+</sup> cells that could play a role in the disease pathogenesis. Through this work, we define an in vitro system and a pre-clinical in vivo mouse model that can be used to further study Treg homeostasis and plasticity in the context of psoriasis.
Pathological Effects in Lymphoid Tissues of the Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and Peyer’s Patches in Cyclosporin-Treated Cynomolgus Monkeys (2012)

Germinal center/lymphoid follicle area ratio and CD3/CD20-positive area ratio were calculated for the spleen, submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches in cynomolgus monkeys treated orally with cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressant which blocks Ca(2+)/NFAT signaling. A difference in hypocellularity between lymphoid organs was observed after CsA administration in a dose-dependent manner. Regarding drug efficacy, the highest susceptibility to CsA tended to be shown in the Peyer's patches, and susceptibility then descended in the order of the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and submandibular lymph nodes. It was shown in the present study that decreases in germinal center area and CD3-positive area were sensitive indicators of the efficacy of CsA for lymphoid organs and tissue in cynomolgus monkeys.
Cardiologist-Level Arrhythmia Detection with Convolutional Neural Networks (2017)

We develop an algorithm which exceeds the performance of board certified cardiologists in detecting a wide range of heart arrhythmias from electrocardiograms recorded with a single-lead wearable monitor. We build a dataset with more than 500 times the number of unique patients than previously studied corpora. On this dataset, we train a 34-layer convolutional neural network which maps a sequence of ECG samples to a sequence of rhythm classes. Committees of board-certified cardiologists annotate a gold standard test set on which we compare the performance of our model to that of 6 other individual cardiologists. We exceed the average cardiologist performance in both recall (sensitivity) and precision (positive predictive value).
Cytotoxicity of Tacrine and Velnacrine Metabolites in Cultured Rat, Dog and Human Hepatocytes (1993)

Clinical trials with tacrine (THA) and its principal (1-OH) metabolite (velnacrine) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease have been hampered by adverse hepatic events that were undetected in preclinical studies. As part of integrated in vivo/in vitro efforts to characterize the role of metabolites in these events, cultured cells were evaluated for their suitability for further mechanistic studies. The relative cytotoxic potentials of THA, three monohydroxy metabolites of THA (including velnacrine, a racemate), the two velnacrine enantiomers, and several known and suspected dihydroxy velnacrine metabolites were determined. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in 24-hour cultures by morphology and by the Neutral Red Uptake Assay. All test articles were evaluated in primary rat hepatocytes and in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). THA and velnacrine were also tested in a rat hepatoma cell line (H4) and in primary dog hepatocytes. The metabolic competency of each cell type was determined. Sensitivity to THA and velnacrine was greatest in H4 cells, followed by primary rat and HepG2 cells; dog cells were least sensitive. In HepG2 cells, THA was clearly more cytotoxic (LC50:54 micrograms/ml) than its monohydroxy metabolites (LC50 values: 84 to 190 micrograms/ml); dihydroxy velnacrine metabolites were the least cytotoxic (LC50 values:251 to 434 micrograms/ml); the relative order was comparable in primary rat hepatocytes. Roles for reactive metabolites and/or altered metabolic capabilities of Alzheimer's patients are suggested.
Effects of Seasonal Fire Applications on Northern Bobwhite Brood Habitat and Hunting Success (2017)

Since the early part of the 20th century, land managers have used prescribed fire during February and March to maintain and enhance habitat for northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in southern pine forests. During the past 2 decades, some managers have started to shift their use of fire to mimic more "natural" lightning-season (April to August) ignitions because these fires encourage flowering of plants in intact native ground cover, and are potentially more effective at hardwood control than winter fires. Therefore, we designed a short-term pilot study to evaluate whether seasonal applications of prescribed fire had any effect on bobwhite brood habitat (as measured by vegetation composition and arthropod biomass) or bobwhite abundance (as measured by hunting success) during the subsequent fall. During the first two years of our study (1994 and 1995), results showed that arthropod biomass and bobwhite hunting success were slightly greater on the shooting course burned during lightning-season (May) than the one burned during February and March. These results indicate that applications of lightning-season fire can be used, at least on a small scale (i.e., management blocks <250 >ha) in southern pine forests for hardwood control, and possibly enhancement of native ground cover without short-term negative impacts on northern bobwhites.
A True Cholesteric Columnar Liquid Crystal (1988)

A pure columnar cholesterogen based on the octasubstituted phthalocyanine , S-(+)-2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24-octakis[5-(dodecyloxy)-2-oxa-pentyl]-phthalocy anine(1a), is described. To evaluate a cholesteric character of 1a, the corresponding achiral 1b and the copper complex of chiral 1a (CuPc), S-(+)-2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis[4-(dodecyloxy)- 2-oxapentyl]-phthalocyanine(2a) were also prepared. The chiral 1a exhibited a typical cholesteric texture change in which the transition of platelet (blue phase) to fan-shape texture was observed (K－M－I), whereas the corresponding achiral 1b showed only a focal conic texture (K－ M－I). This is the first instance of a pure columnar cholesterogen observed with discotic liquid crystal systems.
Paraphrase Lattice for Statistical Machine Translation (2011)

Lattice decoding in statistical machine translation (SMT) is useful in speech translation and in the translation of German because it can handle input ambiguities such as speech recognition ambiguities and German word segmentation ambiguities. In this paper, we show that lattice decoding is also useful for handling input variations. “Input variations” refers to the differences in input texts with the same meaning. Given an input sentence, we build a lattice which represents paraphrases of the input sentence. We call this a paraphrase lattice. Then, we give the paraphrase lattice as an input to a lattice decoder. The lattice decoder searches for the best path of the paraphrase lattice and outputs the best translation. Experimental results using the IWSLT dataset and the Europarl dataset show that our proposed method obtains significant gains in BLEU scores.
Radio-Frequency Coils in Implantable Devices: Misalignment Analysis and Design Procedure (1987)

Radio-frequency (RF) coils are used extensively in the design of implantable devices for transdermal power and data transmission. The practical issues of coil misalignments and configurations have not been investigated, and this paper presents a detailed theoretical analysis of misalignment effects in RF coil systems, including lateral and angular misalignments. Formulas are derived for the mutual inductance and, whenever possible, simplified upper bounds and lower bounds of the coupling coefficient are provided. A design procedure is established to maximize coil coupling for a given configuration, and a companion paper [1] discusses a circuit design technique to reduce the effects of misalignment on transmission efficiency.
TREATMENT OF EQUINE PHYCOMYCOSIS BY IMMUNOTHERAPY AND SURGERY (1981)

Treatment of equine phycomycosis with a vaccine derived from ultrasonicated hyphae of Hyphomyces destruens was attempted in 30 cases of clinical hyphomycosis, 10 cases of hyphomycosis following unsuccessful surgery and 5 cases of basidiobolomycosis. Approximately 53% of animals with clinical hyphomycosis were cured after vaccination, while a further 33% clinically improved. All horses with hyphomycosis treated within 2 weeks of unsuccessful surgery were cured. There was no response to vaccination with a Hyphomyces preparation in horses with basidiobolomyucosis, while surgery alone resulted in a cure of approximately 69%. Animals tolerated the vaccination procedures well. In all cases there was a moderate to severe reaction at the site of subcutaneous injection which subsided within 96 hours. In approximately 30% of injections a sterile abscess formed at the site but responded promptly to treatment. Response to vaccination at the site of the lesion was observed within 7 to 10 days of first injection. There was progressive reduction of pruritus, drying of the surface of the lesion, expulsion of kunkers, fibrosis of the granuloma, and eventually complete epithelialisation.
An automatic clarifier for s.s.b. speech communication (1976)

By introducing certain inaudible distortion into the audio wave-forms used to modulate an s.s.b. transmitter it becomes possible to detect any frequency translations in the system. Audio frequency circuits in the receiver generate an a.f.c. voltage proportional to any such translation, and and this is used automatically to correct the frequency of the local carrier generator without the need for pilot tones or carrier. At present the system has a lock-in range in excess of ± 200 Hz, and a locked-in error of a few hertz. It may make practicable s.s.b. operation at v.h.f, as well as simplifying the operation of h.f. equipment.
The genome of the heartworm, <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> , reveals drug and vaccine targets (2012)

The heartworm Dirofilaria immitis is an important parasite of dogs. Transmitted by mosquitoes in warmer climatic zones, it is spreading across southern Europe and the Americas at an alarming pace. There is no vaccine, and chemotherapy is prone to complications. To learn more about this parasite, we have sequenced the genomes of D. immitis and its endosymbiont Wolbachia. We predict 10,179 protein coding genes in the 84.2 Mb of the nuclear genome, and 823 genes in the 0.9‐Mb Wolbachia genome. The D. immitis genome harbors neither DNA transposons nor active retrotransposons, and there is very little genetic variation between two sequenced isolates from Europe and the United States. The differential presence of anabolic pathways such as heme and nucleotide biosynthesis hints at the intricate metabolic interrelationship between the heartworm and Wolbachia. Comparing the proteome of D. immitis with other nematodes and with mammalian hosts, we identify families of potential drug targets, immune modulators, and vaccine candidates. This genome sequence will support the development of new tools against dirofilariasis and aid efforts to combat related human pathogens, the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis and river blindness.—Godel, C., Kumar, S., Koutsovoulos, G., Ludin, P., Nilsson, D., Comandatore, F., Wrobel, N., Thompson, M., Schmid, C. D., Goto, S., Bringaud, F., Wolstenholme, A., Bandi, C., Epe, C., Kaminsky, R., Blaxter, M., Mäser, P. The genome of the heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis , reveals drug and vaccine targets. FASEB J. 26, 4650–4661 (2012). www.fasebj.org
IL-5 Increases Expression of 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein and Translocates 5-Lipoxygenase to the Nucleus in Human Blood Eosinophils (1999)

Cysteinyl-leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictor mediators synthesized by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Eosinophilopoietic cytokines such as IL-5 enhance cysteinyl-leukotriene synthesis in eosinophils in vitro, mimicking changes in eosinophils from asthmatic patients, but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that IL-5 induces the expression of 5-LO and/or its activating protein FLAP in eosinophils, and that this might be modulated by anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. Compared with control cultures, IL-5 increased the proportion of normal blood eosinophils immunostaining for FLAP (65 +/- 4 vs 34 +/- 4%; p < 0.0001), enhanced immunoblot levels of FLAP by 51 +/- 14% (p = 0.03), and quadrupled ionophore-stimulated leukotriene C4 synthesis from 5.7 to 20.8 ng/106 cells (p < 0.02). IL-5 effects persisted for 24 h and were abolished by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. The proportion of FLAP+ eosinophils was also increased by dexamethasone (p < 0.0001). Neither IL-5 nor dexamethasone altered 5-LO expression, but IL-5 significantly increased 5-LO immunofluorescence localizing to eosinophil nuclei. Compared with normal subjects, allergic asthmatic patients had a greater proportion of circulating FLAP+ eosinophils (46 +/- 6 vs 27 +/- 3%; p < 0.03) and a smaller IL-5-induced increase in FLAP immunoreactivity (p < 0.05). Thus, IL-5 increases FLAP expression and translocates 5-LO to the nucleus in normal blood eosinophils in vitro. This is associated with an enhanced capacity for cysteinyl-leukotriene synthesis and mimics in vivo increases in FLAP expression in eosinophils from allergic asthmatics.