gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HomeAlone: Co-residency Detection in the Cloud via Side-Channel Analysis (2011)

Security is a major barrier to enterprise adoption of cloud computing. Physical co-residency with other tenants poses a particular risk, due to pervasive virtualization in the cloud. Recent research has shown how side channels in shared hardware may enable attackers to exfiltrate sensitive data across virtual machines (VMs). In view of such risks, cloud providers may promise physically isolated resources to select tenants, but a challenge remains: Tenants still need to be able to verify physical isolation of their VMs. We introduce Home Alone, a system that lets a tenant verify its VMs' exclusive use of a physical machine. The key idea in Home Alone is to invert the usual application of side channels. Rather than exploiting a side channel as a vector of attack, Home Alone uses a side-channel (in the L2 memory cache) as a novel, defensive detection tool. By analyzing cache usage during periods in which "friendly" VMs coordinate to avoid portions of the cache, a tenant using Home Alone can detect the activity of a co-resident "foe" VM. Key technical contributions of Home Alone include classification techniques to analyze cache usage and guest operating system kernel modifications that minimize the performance impact of friendly VMs sidestepping monitored cache portions. Home Alone requires no modification of existing hyper visors and no special action or cooperation by the cloud provider.
Lithium Iodide as a Promising Electrolyte Additive for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Mechanisms of Performance Enhancement (2014)

Lithium Iodide (LiI) is reported as a promising electrolyte additive for lithium-sulfur batteries. It induces formation of Li-ion-permeable protective coatings on both positive and negative electrodes, which prevent the dissolution of polysulfides on the cathode and reduction of polysulfides on the anode. In addition to enhancing the cell cycle stability, LiI addition also decreases the cell overpotential and voltage hysteresis.
Cladding pumped erbium fibre amplifier generating femtosecond pulses with an average power of 0.26W (1995)

Femtosecond pulse amplification in a cladding pumped fiber amplifier is demonstrated for the first time. A cladding-pumped Er<sup>3+</sup> doped fiber amplifier generates 380fsec near-bandwidth-limited pulses at repetition rates up to 50MHz with an average power up to 0.26.W
The Biosynthetic Pathway of Astaxanthin in a Green Alga <italic>Haematococcus pluvialis</italic> as Indicated by Inhibition with Diphenylamine (1995)

The effect of diphenylamine on astaxanthin biosynthesis in Haematococcus pluvialis was studied. Cultures induced to produce astaxanthin accumulated rβ-carotene in the presence of the inhibitor. It was found that 30 μM diphenylamine specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of astaxanthin at the step of conversion of rβ-carotene to echinenone and canthaxanthin. The results imply that these two compounds are genuine intermediates in the pathway of astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis.
Effectiveness of Stressors in Aggressively Scaled FinFETs (2012)

The stress transfer efficiency (STE) and impact of process-induced stress on carrier mobility enhancement in aggressively scaled FinFETs are studied for different stressor technologies, substrate types, and gate-stack formation processes. TCAD simulations show that strained-source/drain STE is 1.5× larger for bulk FinFETs than for SOI FinFETs. Although a gate-last process substantially enhances longitudinal stress within the channel region, it provides very little improvement in electron mobility over that achieved with a gate-first process. Guidelines for FinFET stressor technology optimization are provided, and performance enhancement trends for future technology nodes are projected.
POLYMER MODIFIED CONCRETE. LIGHTWEIGHT POLYMER CONCRETE COMPOSITES (1987)

Lightweight polymer concrete composites have been developed with excellent insulating properties. The composites consist of lightweight aggregates such as expanded perlites, multicellular glass nodules, or hollow alumina silicate microspheres bound together with unsaturated polyester or epoxy resins. These composites, known as Insulating Polymer Concrete(IPC), have thermal conductivities from 0.09 to 0.19 Btu/hr-ft-deg F. These materials can be precast or cast-in-place on concrete substrates. An overlay application of IPC is currently under way as dike insulation at a liquid natural gas storage tank facility.
Materials and Processing Designs for High-Performance Magnesium Alloys (2005)

Materials and processing designs for advanced magnesium alloys with fine microstructures and superior properties were established by the combination of the repeated plastic working and the Mg2Si synthesis in solid-state. The grain size was less than 1 μm via RPW process due to its severe plastic working on raw powder. The hot extruded magnesium alloys produced in industries showed high ultimate tensile strength, e.g. 420~450MPa, when employing Mg-Zn-Al-Ca-RE (Rare Earth) alloy coarse powder, having 0.5~2 mm diameter, as input materials.
Fish population estimation and species classification from underwater video sequences using blob counting and shape analysis (2013)

Fish population estimation and classification of fish species have been an integral part of marine science research. These tasks are important for the assessment of fish abundance, distribution and diversity in marine environments. We describe an efficient method for fish detection, counting, and species classification from underwater video sequences (UWVS) using blob counting and shape analysis. The video sequences were obtained with a moving camera resulting in rapid viewpoint changes thereby making it difficult to employ motion detection schemes in extracting fish images from background. Video preprocessing involved blackening out the corals from the underwater videos. This is done in order to effectively estimate fish count in the environment, though excluding those that are against a coral background. We then applied histogram comparison to initially blacken out the occlusions using blue and non-blue templates obtained randomly from the UWVS. We then introduced an erasure procedure to further aid in removing the coral background For fish detection, Canny edge detection was applied to extract fish contours. After the latter have been delineated, blob counting is then employed to in order to compute the fish count. Due to rapid frame changes, the average fish count per unit time is computed from the counts in each frame. For shape analysis, blob size is initially estimated and when a threshold is exceeded, Zernike moment-based shape analysis is performed on the blob for comparison with moment signatures of selected fish species stored in a database. The label of the best matching moments identifies the species of the fish blob. The shape-based classification algorithm is designed to identify the two most common species of fish found in the Tubbathaha reef in Sulu Sea, Philippines.
Simultaneous Separation of Phosphorus Sludge and Manure Solids with Polymers (2007)

In this article, we describe improvement of a manure treatment system without a lagoon through implementation of a concept of simultaneous separation of solids. The original system consisted of three basic processes in series: solid-liquid separation of raw swine manure (SM) using cationic polyacrylamide (PAM), subsequent treatment of liquid through nitrification-denitrification, and a soluble P removal unit. The P removal unit used hydrated lime to precipitate P and anionic PAM to enhance dewatering of the P-rich sludge (PS). Our objectives were to evaluate if it is technically feasible to flocculate and dewater both the PS and SM in a simultaneous operation, using the same dewatering equipment and producing only one stream of solids. The simultaneous separation concept was tested in a laboratory prototype using PS and SM materials from a first-generation version of the system without a lagoon installed in a swine farm in North Carolina. Compared with SM, the PS material had a higher pH (10.1 vs. 7.5), about 5 times more total suspended solids (TSS) (29.5 vs. 5.7 g L-1), and 9 times the total P (2.7 vs. 0.3 g L-1). We found that the PS remained as a solid when mixed with SM, and all the solids were efficiently separated (>90%) using a single polymer application (cationic PAM). The simultaneous separation process did not increase the amount of PAM that would normally be used to effectively treat SM alone. The same dosage of PAM (60 mg L-1) was effective even when the mixture contained 43% more TSS and 94% more TP as a result of PS addition (up to 150 mL L-1). PAM effectiveness in terms of TSS or TP increased with the simultaneous separation process, from 108 to 160 g TSS g-1 PAM, and from 4.7 to 11.4 g TP g-1 PAM. Mass removal efficiencies at the higher PS rate were 96.8% for TSS and 94.7% for TP. The quality of the treated liquid in terms of TSS, COD, and TP concentrations was also improved, and the P content of the separated solids was significantly increased (from 9.5% to 16.9% P2O5). Our results indicate that simultaneous separation of two contrasting sludges with PAM is technically feasible, and that the combined separation process is more efficient in terms of polymer use and equipment needs compared with a situation in which two dewatering units are used to separate the same amount of solids. Thus, its implementation can reduce installation and operational cost of the overall treatment system.
New form of liquid crystal touch switch (1982)

A new type of touch switch based on the standard liquid-crystal display cell has been developed. The switch, which responds to slight finger pressure, overcomes many of the problems associated with conventional touch switches. The letter describes the operating principle, realignment due to liquid flow, and reports measurements of switch sensitivity.
3- <i>O</i> -(3′,3′-Dimethysuccinyl) Betulinic Acid Inhibits Maturation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Precursor Assembled In Vitro (2006)

3-O-(3',3'-Dimethysuccinyl) betulinic acid (PA-457) has been shown to potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in culture. In contrast to inhibitors that act upon the viral proteinase, PA-457 appears to block only the final maturational cleavage of p25CA-p2 to p24CA. However, attempts to replicate this effect in vitro using recombinant Gag have failed, leading to the hypothesis that activity is dependent upon the assembly state of Gag. Using a synthesis/assembly system for chimeric HIV type 1 Gag proteins, we have replicated the activity of PA-457 in vitro. The processing of assembled chimeric Gag can be inhibited by the addition of drug with only the final cleavage of p25CA-p2 to p24CA blocked. Consistent with our hypothesis and with previous findings, inhibition appears specific to Gag assembled into an immature capsid-like structure, since synthetic Gag that remains unassembled is properly processed in the presence of the compound. To further analyze the authenticity of the assay, PA-457 was tested in parallel with its inactive parental compound, betulinic acid. Betulinic acid had no effect upon p25 processing in this system. Analysis of a PA-457-resistant mutant, A1V, in this system pointed to more rapid cleavage as a possible mechanism for resistance. However, characterization of additional mutations at the cleavage site and in p2 suggests that resistance does not strictly correlate with the rate of cleavage. With the establishment of an in vitro assay for the detection of PA-457 activity, a more detailed characterization of its mechanism of action will be possible.
Progress toward application of bulk high-T sub c superconductors (1992)

Ag-clad wires have been fabricated from Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub x}, Bi{sub 1.8}Pb{sub 0.4}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x}, and TlBa{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} superconductors by powder- in-tube techniques. Critical current densities of 1{times}10{sup 5} A/cm{sup 2} at 4.2 K and 3{times}10{sup 4} A/cm{sup 2} at 77 K have been obtained. Additions of particulate Ag have been used to improve mechanical properties and promote partial melting during heat treatment. The processing sequences for the compounds had many common features, but also significant differences. The effects of processing on microstructure and properties will be discussed.
Engineering Aspergillus niger for galactaric acid production: elimination of galactaric acid catabolism by using RNA sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 (2016)

In the present study, we demonstrated the use of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene deletion technology in A. niger in an metabolic engineering application. As a result, a strain for the efficient production of galactaric acid from D-galacturonic acid was generated. The present study highlights the usefulness of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the metabolic engineering of filamentous fungi.
Serotype Diversity and Reassortment between Human and Animal Rotavirus Strains: Implications for Rotavirus Vaccine Programs (2005)

The development of rotavirus vaccines that are based on heterotypic or serotype-specific immunity has prompted many countries to establish programs to assess the disease burden associated with rotavirus infection and the distribution of rotavirus strains. Strain surveillance helps to determine whether the most prevalent local strains are likely to be covered by the serotype antigens found in current vaccines. After introduction of a vaccine, this surveillance could detect which strains might not be covered by the vaccine. Almost 2 decades ago, studies demonstrated that 4 globally common rotavirus serotypes (G1-G4) represent >90% of the rotavirus strains in circulation. Subsequently, these 4 serotypes were used in the development of reassortant vaccines predicated on serotype-specific immunity. More recently, the application of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction genotyping, nucleotide sequencing, and antigenic characterization methods has confirmed the importance of the 4 globally common types, but a much greater strain diversity has also been identified (we now recognize strains with at least 42 P-G combinations). These studies also identified globally (G9) or regionally (G5, G8, and P2A[6]) common serotype antigens not covered by the reassortant vaccines that have undergone efficacy trials. The enormous diversity and capacity of human rotaviruses for change suggest that rotavirus vaccines must provide good heterotypic protection to be optimally effective.
Introducing structure-switching functionality into small-molecule-binding aptamers via nuclease-directed truncation (2018)

We report a broadly applicable enzyme digestion strategy for introducing structure-switching functionality into small-molecule-binding aptamers. This procedure is based on our discovery that exonuclease III (Exo III) digestion of aptamers is greatly inhibited by target binding. As a demonstration, we perform Exo III digestion of a pre-folded three-way-junction (TWJ)-structured cocaine-binding aptamer and a stem-loop-structured ATP-binding aptamer. In the absence of target, Exo III catalyzes 3'-to-5' digestion of both aptamers to form short, single-stranded products. Upon addition of target, Exo III digestion is halted four bases prior to the target-binding domain, forming a major target-bound aptamer digestion product. We demonstrated that target-binding is crucial for Exo III inhibition. We then determine that the resulting digestion products of both aptamers exhibit a target-induced structure-switching functionality that is absent in the parent aptamer, while still retaining high target-binding affinity. We confirm that these truncated aptamers have this functionality by using an exonuclease I-based digestion assay and further evaluate this characteristic in an electrochemical aptamer-based cocaine sensor and a fluorophore-quencher ATP assay. We believe our Exo III-digestion method should be applicable for the generation of structure-switching aptamers from other TWJ- or stem-loop-containing small-molecule-binding aptamers, greatly simplifying the generation of functionalized sensor elements for folding-based aptasensors.
4-Methoxy-2,6-dimethylbenzenesulphonyl (Mds): a new protecting group of the guanidino function in peptide synthesis (1980)

The 4-methoxy-2,6-dimethylbenzenesulphonyl (Mds) group for the protectiono of the guanidino function, which is readily removed with trifluoroacetic acid–thioanisole but is resistant to hydrogenolysis or treatment with dilute hydrogen chloride, can be used in the solution synthesis of arginine-containing peptides; this protecting group was effectively used in the synthesis of substance P and two LH–RH analogues.
An integrative genomics approach to the reconstruction of gene networks in segregating populations (2004)

The reconstruction of genetic networks in mammalian systems is one of the primary goals in biological research, especially as such reconstructions relate to elucidating not only common, polygenic human diseases, but living systems more generally. Here we propose a novel gene network reconstruction algorithm, derived from classic Bayesian network methods, that utilizes naturally occurring genetic variations as a source of perturbations to elucidate the network. This algorithm incorporates relative transcript abundance and genotypic data from segregating populations by employing a generalized scoring function of maximum likelihood commonly used in Bayesian network reconstruction problems. The utility of this novel algorithm is demonstrated via application to liver gene expression data from a segregating mouse population. We demonstrate that the network derived from these data using our novel network reconstruction algorithm is able to capture causal associations between genes that result in increased predictive power, compared to more classically reconstructed networks derived from the same data.
PTZ camera calibration for Augmented Virtual Environments (2009)

Augmented Virtual Environments (AVE) are very effective in the application of surveillance, in which multiple video streams are projected onto a 3D urban model for better visualization and comprehension of the dynamic scenes. One of the key issues in creating such systems is to estimate the parameters of each camera including the intrinsic parameters and its pose relative to the 3D model. Nowadays, PTZ cameras are popular in this kind of applications. How to rapidly calibrate them at an arbitrary PTZ setting is not clear in the literature. We propose an efficient approach with two steps. In the first step, panoramic images are generated at a set of zooms. The images composing these panoramas are calibrated and stored in a database. In the second step, an image is acquired at an arbitrary PTZ setting. Its best matching image in the database is found by using an efficient local feature recognition technique. Based on this image, the camera parameters at the new PTZ setting can be estimated.
Target-driven smoke animation (2004)

In this paper we present a new method for efficiently controlling animated smoke. Given a sequence of target smoke states, our method generates a smoke simulation in which the smoke is driven towards each of these targets in turn, while exhibiting natural-looking interesting smoke-like behavior. This control is made possible by two new terms that we add to the standard flow equations: (i) a driving force term that causes the fluid to carry the smoke towards a particular target, and (ii) a smoke gathering term that prevents the smoke from diffusing too much. These terms are explicitly defined by the instantaneous state of the system at each simulation timestep. Thus, no expensive optimization is required, allowing complex smoke animations to be generated with very little additional cost compared to ordinary flow simulations.
In Situ Validation of a Correction for Time-Lag and Bias Errors in Vaisala RS80-H Radiosonde Humidity Measurements (2003)

Radiosonde relative humidity (RH) measurements are fundamentally important to Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program goals because they are used in a wide variety of both operational and research applications, including initialization of numerical models and evaluation of model results, validation of remote-sensor water vapor retrievals, construction of water vapor climatologies and studies of climate trends, parameterization of cloud processes, and as input to radiative transfer calculations. A systematic dry bias in Vaisala radiosonde humidity measurements has been noted in comparison to Raman lidar measurements (Ferrare et al. 1995) and satellite water vapor retrievals (Soden and Lanzante 1996), and in underpredicting clouds and precipitation in a numerical weather prediction model (Lorenc et al. 1996). Direct observations of bias error in Vaisala radiosonde humidity measurements have also been reported: dual-radiosonde launches at the Oklahoma ARM site showed offsets between radiosondes from different calibration batches that measured the same air (Lesht 1998); unrealistically dry tropical boundary layers were frequently observed during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere-Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response (TOGA-COARE) experiment (Zipser and Johnson 1998); and humidities far below ice-saturation were measured in cirrus clouds when simultaneous measurements of detailed ice crystal characteristics indicated that the crystals were pristine and therefore actively growing in an ice-supersaturated environment (Miloshevich et al. 2001a).
Densification and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Diboride with Silicon Nitride as a Sintering Aid (1999)

Titanium diboride (TiB 2 ) was hot‐pressed at a temperature of 1800°C, and silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) was added as a sintering aid. The amount of Si 3 N 4 that was added had a significant influence on the sinterability and mechanical properties of the TiB 2 . When a small amount (2.5 wt%) of Si 3 N 4 was added, the Si 3 N 4 reacted with titania (TiO 2 ) that was present on the surface of the TiB 2 powder to form titanium nitride (TiN), boron nitride (BN), and amorphous silica (SiO 2 ). The elimination of TiO 2 suppressed the grain growth effectively, which led to an improvement in the densification of TiB 2 . The formation of SiO 2 also was deemed beneficial for densification. The mechanical properties‐especially, the flexural strength‐were enhanced remarkably through these improvements in the sinterability and microstructure. On the other hand, when a large amount (greaterthan equal to5 wt%) of Si 3 N 4 was added, the mechanical properties were not improved much, presumably because of the extensive formation of a glassy Si‐Ti‐O‐N phase at the grain boundaries.
Design and characterization of porphyrin sensitizers with a push-pull framework for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (2010)

Novel porphyrin dyes YD14–YD17 with a push-pull framework were synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC); their spectral, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties were investigated. The absorption bands of these porphyrin dyes are broadened and red-shifted upon introduction of electron-donating groups (EDG) to the meso-positions via extension of π-conjugation. Electrochemical tests show that the first oxidation for these porphyrins occurs at a potential greater than that of the I−/I3− redox couple, and attachment of EDGs to the periphery of the porphyrin facilitates electron abstraction. The photovoltaic measurements show that YD14 and YD17 have a power conversion efficiency of ∼7%. Introduction of EDGs to various meso-positions is demonstrated to be achievable, and porphyrin dyes with appropriate EDGs are promising candidates for highly efficient DSSCs.