gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrically Small Antenna Elements Using Negative Permittivity Resonators (2006)

We show how resonators composed of negative permittivity materials can form the basis of effective small antenna elements. A quasi-static analysis of the resonant properties of a sub-wavelength negative permittivity sphere predicts that such a resonator will have a Q-factor that is only 1.5 times the Chu limit, matching the performance of other known electrically small spherical antenna designs, such as the folded spherical helix and the spherical capped dipole. Finite element simulation is used to demonstrate an impedance-matched radiating structure formed by coupling the resonator (a half-sphere above a ground plane) to a 50 ohm coaxial transmission line, where the coupling is mediated by a small conducting stub extending partially into the half-sphere. The resulting antenna has a ka<0.5, and its bandwidth and efficiency performance corresponds well to that predicted by the quasi-static analysis of the resonator.
Immune-phenotyping <i>IRF5</i> genetic risk and <i>in vivo</i> targeting of Irf5 hyper-activation in mouse models of lupus (2020)

Abstract Genetic variations within interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) associate with risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mice lacking Irf5 are protected from lupus onset and severity. Exactly how IRF5 functions in the context of SLE disease progression remains unclear. We sought to determine how IRF5 genetic risk contributes to SLE disease onset and severity, and whether targeting IRF5 with select inhibitors would alleviate disease severity and mortality. Studies were performed in blood from genotyped healthy donors, SLE patients and mouse models of murine lupus. In NZB/W F1 lupus mice, we found that Irf5 is already hyper-activated before clinical onset in a cell type-specific manner. In healthy donors carrying IRF5 genetic risk, we detected IRF5 hyper-activation in the myeloid compartment that drives a pre-symptomatic SLE immune-phenotype. In SLE patients, IRF5 hyper-activation correlates with SLEDAI and dsDNA titers. To test whether IRF5 hyper-activation is a targetable function, we developed novel inhibitors that are cell permeable, non-toxic and selectively bind to the inactive IRF5 monomer. Treatment of NZB/W F1 and MRL/lpr mice with inhibitor attenuated lupus pathology by reducing serum ANA and dsDNA titers. In NZB/W F1 mice, we detected significant reductions in the number of circulating plasma cells and age- or autoimmune-associated B cells (ABCs), which alleviated kidney pathology and improved overall survival. In ex vivo human studies, the inhibitor blocked SLE serum-induced IRF5 activation in healthy immune cells and reversed basal IRF5 hyper-activation in SLE immune cells. This study provides the first in vivo pre-clinical support for treating SLE patients with an IRF5 inhibitor.
Increasing the Scope of Implemented Shape Grammars: A Shape Grammar Interpreter for Curved Shapes (2003)

The complexity of shape grammars being produced continues to surpass the technology behind implementing them. One step towards implementing more useful shape grammars is the creation of a subshape matching technique for shapes composed of curved lines that lie in a plane. An interpreter with this ability allows for the practical implementation in general of two-dimensional grammars as well as opening the door for new applications of shape grammars. Our method for matching shapes consisting of curved lines is outlined and some examples from the Buick brand shape grammar, which was implemented by our interpreter, are shown. The emergent properties of shape grammars are also explored and considered using the new technique.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel Nonsteroidal-Specific Endothelial Cell Proliferation Inhibitor (2003)

The identification of agents with specific antiproliferative or cytostatic activity against endothelial cells has significant value for the treatment of pathologies associated with angiogenesis, including solid tumors. Here, we describe a novel substituted dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one scaffold, exemplified by structures 9a and 10, and report preliminary in vitro activity data indicating that this scaffold is a promising lead for the development of specific inhibitors of endothelial cell proliferation.
Restoration of satellite images based on atmospheric MTF (1996)

The recently developed atmospheric Wiener filter, which corrects for turbulence and aerosol blur and path radiance simultaneously, is implemented in digital restoration of AVHRR imagery over the five wavelength bands of the satellite instrumentation. Restoration is most impressive for higher optical depth situations, with improvement with regard to both smallness of size of resolvable detail and contrast Turbulence modulation transfer function (MTF) is calculated from meteorological data. Aerosol MTF is calculated from optical depth, measured with a sun-photometer. The product of the two yields atmospheric MiT which is implemented in the atmospheric Wiener filter. Image restorations with accompanying atmospheric MTF curves are presented. However, restoration results using a simple inverse MTF filter were quite similar. This indicates the satellite images were characterized by very low noise and that turbulence jitter was very limited which, in turn, indicates that the twbulencc MTFs integrated upwards over the path length were small compared to aerosol MTFs.
On <i>B</i><sub>1</sub> inhomogeneity correction of in vivo human brain glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer contrast at 7T (2012)

The effects of radio frequency field (B(1)) inhomogeneity on measured in vivo human brain glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer contrast maps are normally confounded with contributions from chemical exchange saturation transfer, direct saturation and magnetization transfer effects. Consequently, the chemical exchange saturation transfer effect variation with B(1) follows a complicated function and depends on the tissue types as well. In this work, we developed and tested a novel approach for B(1) inhomogeneity correction based on acquiring calibration data at a coarsely sampled B(1) values in conjunction with the measured B(1) maps. With this approach, different calibration curves are derived for gray matter and white matter instead of a simple linear scaling based on local B(1) values. Potential extensions of this approach to study chemical exchange saturation transfer contrast from other metabolites and tissue types are discussed.
Fatty Acid–Based Formulations for Wood Protection against Mold and Sapstain (2010)

Safer, highly effective biocides providing long-term protection of mold growth on wood-based materials is of interest to the wood protection industry. Moldicide formulations containing synergistic combinations of ingredients derived from natural sources are commonly recognized as a promising approach for the next generation of wood protectants. Although fatty acid (FA)–based chemistry has had some development in food sanitation and agriculture, little exploration relating to new mold inhibitors for wood and wood products has occurred. Low molecular weight, saturated monocarboxylic acids combined with selected adjuvants can effectively inhibit mold spore germination. Specifically, formulations containing valeric or pentanoic (C5), hexanoic or caproic (C6), heptanoic (C7), caprylic or octanoic (C8), pelargonic or nonanoic (C9), and/or decanoic or capric (C10) saturated acid demonstrated efficacy against mold growth for up to 12 weeks in the ASTM D4445 standard laboratory test for mold. Pressure-treated wood was more resistant to mold growth than wood dip treated with FA formulations.
Coil and Circuit Design of Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer System for Portable Device Application (2018)

The omnidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT) system has been studied recently due to its better user experience compared with the directional WPT system in consumer electronics application. Wireless charging bowl concept to allow misalignment between transmitter and receiver coil is adopted in this paper. The efficiency of WPT power transmission is related to the magnetic coupling condition and the coil quality factor. Therefore the coil design methodology to achieve high coupling condition and high coil quality factor is proposed. Besides, LCCL-LC resonant converter is a promising topology for omnidirectional WPT application due to coupling and load independent resonant frequency. The parameter design of resonant tank of LCCL-LC resonant converter is focused to achieve three objectives: I. Operating at resonant frequency II. Satisfying output voltage requirement, III. Zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn on. Finally, 6.78MHz omnidirectional WPT system is built and 75~85% (mostly 80%+) system efficiency at 5W output is achieved for smart phone size receiver in the setup.
Enabling STT-MRAM in High Volume Manufacturing for LLC Applications (2019)

There is a growing interest in using Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory (STT-MRAM) technology for SRAM replacement, particularly for Last Level Cache (LLC) applications. Besides LLC requirements of high performance of the MRAM cell, and array patterning, MRAM remains challenging for high volume manufacturing (HVM) because of the process complexity: deposition and growth of up to 50 layers with sub-Ångstrom precision required to optimize device performance. In this paper, we demonstrate systematic process monitoring and optimization of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) stack, pattering unit-processes, and fabrication hardware and capabilities to address these challenges. We present our novel solution for precision process control required for HVM: On-board Metrology (OBM™), which is integrated into the Applied Materials Fndura® PVD System used for MTJ stack deposition. OBM technology, for the first time, truly enables volume production of STT-MRAM by providing commercial in-vacuum monitoring of MTJ film properties on product wafers in real-time. OBM is a novel optical technique, which demonstrates <;0.2Å sensitivity and repeatability on the key MRAM layers without impacting process throughput. OBM helps to accelerate learning in R&D and provide precise process control in HVM. We also present a study of perpendicular MTJ (pMTJs) with resistance-area product (RA) of less than 3 Ohm- μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , having world-class tunneling magnetoresistance with stable RA, TMR, and magnetic properties post 400°C anneal. We present our most recent device data with patterned MTJ diameter below 40 nm and pitch, down to 88 nm, with well-behaved switching distributions for write pulses as short as 5 ns and with excellent device stability against 400°C back-end-of-line (BEOL) baking up to 3hr.
Distinguishing Text from Graphics in On-Line Handwritten Ink (2004)

We present a system that separates text from graphics strokes in handwritten digital ink. It utilizes not just the characteristics of the strokes, but also the information provided by the gaps between the strokes, as well as the temporal characteristics of the stroke sequence. It is built using machine learning techniques that infer the internal parameters of the system from real digital ink, collected using a tablet PC.
A hardware obfuscation technique for manufacturing a secure 3D IC (2018)

3D Integrated Circuit (3D-IC) is an emerging technology that can address many challenging problems threatening the security of the chip by split manufacturing [1]. One of the disadvantages of split manufacturing is the uncertainty in the reliability of the last foundry that is responsible for the complete bonding of tiers. In this work, we present an innovative approach that safeguard the outsourcing of the entire 3D IC manufacturing including the last bonding stage. The proposed technique not only obfuscates the design functionality but immunes the IC against Trojan insertion.
Postchemical‐Mechanical Planarization Cleanup Process for Interlayer Dielectric Films (1995)

This paper details postchemical‐mechanical planarization cleanup process development for interlayer dielectric films. The scope of the paper includes defining a base line polish process and developing a post‐CMP cleanup process using 150 mm wafers. The efficiency of the cleaning process was evaluated by the number of (≥0.2 μm) particles remaining on the wafer surface. The cleanup strategy included use of wet wafer transfer, postpolish buffing and rinse, basic chemistry, surfactants, HF, megasonics, and double‐sided scrubbers. Postpolish buffing and rinsing were performed on the polisher. The optimized megasonic process used dilute as the cleaning chemistry. To optimize the mechanical work done on the wafer surface during scrubbing, brush rotation speed, wafer rotation speed, brush height (force), and cleaning time were varied on both the scrubbers. Basic chemistry was used only in the OnTrak scrubber. Dilute and DI water were chosen for the optimized OnTrak and Dai Nippon Screen (DNS) processes, respectively. All the HF work was performed on the DNS scrubber. The overall conclusion is that the polisher plays a major role in achieving low particle levels. Postpolish buffing and high pressure DI water spindle rinse at high spindle rotation after polish are critical for particle reduction. Optimized cleaning processes using either of the double‐sided scrubbers or using the batch megasonic cleanup followed by either of the double‐sided scrubbers provided comparable particle performance. HF was effective in the removal of ionic and metallic contaminants, but further investigation is required to check possible improvement in particle performance.
Conversion of Arabian Light Crude Oil to Light Olefins via Catalytic and Thermal Cracking (2018)

The thermal and catalytic cracking of Arabian Light crude oil, which has a density of 34° API, were evaluated in a fixed-bed microactivity test (MAT) unit between 550 and 650 °C. For the catalytic cracking, two catalysts were used, a steamed commercial MFI catalyst (M-cat) and an equilibrium FCC catalyst (E-cat). Thermal and catalytic cracking were compared at the same conversion, 34%, at 650 °C. For both, as the temperature increased, the yields of light olefins, LPG, dry gas, and coke increased, associated with a consistent decrease in heavy ends (LCO and HCO). The naphtha yield for catalytic cracking decreased as temperature increased; however, for thermal cracking, it was nearly constant. The superiority of catalytic cracking over thermal cracking for the propylene yield was interpreted in terms of mechanisms of free radicals and carbenium ions. Thermal cracking gave a higher yield of ethylene. At high temperature (650 °C) and catalyst to oil (C/O) ratio of 4, the olefins yield decreased in the order of M-cat (32.7 wt %) > E-cat (30.3 wt %) > thermal cracking (22.8 wt %). The highest yields of ethylene and propylene (10.9 and 15.7 wt %), achieved over M-cat at 650 °C, are attributed to shape selectivity and higher acidity. The naphtha yield for E-cat was much higher than for M-cat; for instance, at 550 °C it was 48.3 wt % for E-cat and 24.4 wt % for M-cat. This was attributed to diffusion limitations for M-cat. The effect of the C/O ratio on conversion and yields was also inspected, and the analysis showed that after a C/O ratio of 4, further increases had only a minor effect. Lastly, the effect of mixing E-cat and M-cat at different percentages was evaluated, and the investigation showed an optimum point at 58% M-cat, with the corresponding yields of ethylene and propylene at 10.7 and 19.2 wt %, respectively.
Delivery of growth factor to wounds using a genetically engineered biological bandage (1993)

Increasing the rate of wound healing of acute wounds and promoting the closure of chronic ulcers is an important goal in wound therapy. Growth factors have been shown to facilitate this process; however, the systems described for growth factor delivery are not ideal. In the present report we demonstrate the feasibility of a new method of delivering growth factors to the wound site using a genetically engineered biological bandage. The bandage consists of keratinocytes (SCC-13 cells) that are engineered by gene transfer to produce high levels of bovine growth hormone (bGH). bGH was selected for these studies because it can be easily distinguished from rat and human growth hormone in wound fluids and culture medium. The bGH-producing cells are contained and maintained in serum-free medium inside an envelope composed of a low protein binding, 0.2 micron pore size, polysulfone membrane. The genetically engineered cells cannot escape from the bandage, but the bGH is freely released into the surrounding culture medium. When placed onto a full-thickness, surgically generated wound on rats, the cells within the bandage continue to produce and release bGH into the wound for at least 3 days. This system is a safe and reliable way of providing real-time delivery of any desired biomolecule into the wound site.
Grandisoic Acid, a Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone from the Plum Curculio, <i>Conotrachelus </i><i>nenuphar</i> (1996)

(+)-(1R,2S)-1-Methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)cyclobutaneacetic acid (1A) was isolated from male plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), feeding on plums and apples. Its structure was determined using achiral and chiral GLC, EIMS, optical rotation, and 1H and 13C NMR and was confirmed by synthesis. The racemic acid (a synthetic mixture of 1A and its enantiomer) attracted both female and male plum curculios when used to bait traps placed in several species of fruit trees. It is suggested that 1A is the major component of an aggregation pheromone of the plum curculio, and the trivial name, grandisoic acid, is proposed. Potential uses for grandisoic acid as well as possible ways to increase its effectiveness are discussed.
Quantitative Insulin Analysis Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry in a High-Throughput Clinical Laboratory (2013)

A simple, high-throughput, quantitative LC-MS/MS insulin assay traceable to the NIBSC standard has been successfully developed and validated.
Metamaterials based on intersubband polaritons (2013)

We will discuss metasurfaces based on strong coupling of quantum-engineered electron states in multi-quantum-well semiconductor structures and electromagnetic modes in plasmonic nanostructures. This concept allows for creating active, reconfigurable, and highly nonlinear polaritonic metamaterials. Experimental results on voltage-tunable spectral response and nonlinear optical response in these structures will be presented.
A Homogeneous/Agglomerate Model for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Cathodes (1984)

A molten carbonate fuel cell cathode model was developed which enables the estimation of performance as a function of cathode electrolyte content. This model is neither a thin film nor a conventional agglomerate model, but involves the calculation of the effective agglomerate diameter, porosity, tortuosity, and number based on knowledge of the electrode's pore spectrum and electrolyte content. Calculated electrode performance and experimental results are compared for cathodes of different pore spectra over a range of electrolyte contents.
Effect of CaO Addition on High Temperature Tensile Properties of Mg Casting Alloys (2009)

The microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of Mg-3Al, Mg-3Al-1.2Ca(AX31), Mg-3Al-1.2CaO(AO31), Mg-9Al, Mg-9Al-1.2Ca(AX91) and Mg-9Al-1.2CaO(AO91) alloys were investigated to identify the effect of CaO addition compared with Ca addition. The results show that the alloy element CaO has a good effect on high temperature tensile properties and CaO added alloys have superior high temperature performance compared with Ca added alloys. Addition of CaO results in the precipitation of Al2Ca phase (C15 phase) on the grain boundaries. This phase precipitated by the reduction of CaO leads to the refinement of a microstructure and improvement of tensile properties at elevated temperature similar to the Ca added Mg alloys. When added into molten Mg Ca makes solid solution in the Mg matrix up to 0.8wt %. But in case of CaO addition the thermally stable compound is precipitated directly without making solid solution with Mg matrix. Therefore, the high temperature tensile properties of CaO added Mg casting alloys are better than Ca added one at the same adding contents (1.2wt.%).
298. Characterization of a Novel Anti-Sense Promoter Element in Adeno-Associated Virus: Implications for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2016)

We have discovered a novel anti-sense promoter element in nucleotides proximal to the right ITR of AAV serotype 2. Presence of the element was initially detected using vector derived from psub201, a widely-used plasmid for AAV vectorization which carries an infectious wtAAV2 clone engineered such that the left ITR is replaced with the right ITR and 46 nucleotides (nt) of proximal AAV2 sequence. While preliminary studies using the psub201-derived vector showed promoter activity originated from a sequence containing 46-nt of wtAAV2 and 59-nt of poly-linker sequence, further investigation demonstrated 105 nucleotides proximal to the right wtAAV2 ITR to be optimal for activity, which was further enhanced by presence of ITR sequence. Demonstration of similar promoter activity in a phylogenetically-related AAV serotype (AAV7) but not a more distantly related serotype (AAV5) indicates potential conservation of the activity amongst related AAV, which may be important for the virus cycle. Activity of the element is restricted to cells of hepatic origin but also operates in a lung sarcoma cell line (A549). Our findings take on new significance in light of a recent study by Nault and colleagues (Nault et al. 2015 Nature Genetics) who have associated genomic integration of AAV with HCC in 11/193 patients. Cloncal expansion of AAV integration events occurred in known drivers of carcinogenesis leading to gene dysregulation at the site of integration. A striking feature of the study is that only a fragment of the AAV genome was integrated in the tumor genome with one patient showing a 1442 bp fragment spanning the rep-cap junction while the remaining 10/11 tumors contained fragments (201-1975 bp) from the 3’ genome of which all contained the 105-nt element described in the current report. Conclusions drawn from the Nault study that AAV is involved in insertional mutagenesis have caused some contention in the field prompting two editorials with alternative interpretation of the data (Buning and Manfred 2015 Mol. Ther.; Berns et al. 2015 Human Gene Therapy). While the Nault report requires further scrutiny and confirmation, the nature of the findings may have implications for AAV gene therapy, especially in the liver over the longer term. Our findings delineating cell-restricted transcriptional activity from the 3’ promoter element in AAV is of general interest to the fields of AAV biology and vectorology but, more importantly, are of specific significance to the HCC controversy and may provide insight and resolution over the matter of AAV-associated HCC.
Inflatable Icons: Diffusion-Based Interactive Extrusion of 2D Images into 3D Models (2005)

There are many applications, such as rapid prototyping, simulations, and presentations, where nonprofessional computer end-users could benefit from the ability to create simple three-dimensional models. Existing tools are geared toward the creation of production quality three-dimensional models by professional users with sufficient background, time, and motivation to overcome steep learning curves. Inflatable Icons combine diffusion-based image extrusion with a number of interactively controllable parameters to allow end-users to efficiently design threedimensional objects. Early user testing has indicated that it takes end-users, even kids, just minutes to draw icons and then use the Inflatable Icons approach to create three-dimensional models which they can use to build video games.