gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Best practices in e-assessments with a special focus on cheating prevention (2018)

In this digital age of the computer, Internet, and social media and Internet of Things, e-assessments have become an accepted method to determine if students have learned materials presented in a course. With acceptance of this electronic means of assessing students, many questions arise about this method. What should be the format of e-assessment? What amount of time? What kinds of questions should be asked (multiple choice, short answer, etc.)? These are only a few of the many different questions. In addition, educators have always had to contend with the possibility that some students might cheat on an examination. It is widely known that students are often times more technologically savvy than their professors. So how does one prevent students from cheating on an e-assessment? Understandably, given the amount of information available on e-assessments and the variety of formats to choose from, choosing to administer e-assessments over paper-based assessments can lead to confusion on the part of the professor. This paper presents helpful guidance for lecturers who want to introduce e-assessments in their class, and it provides recommendations about the technical infrastructure to implement to avoid students cheating. It is based on literature review, on an international survey that gathers insights and experiences from lecturers who are using e-assessment in their class, and on technological evaluation of e-assessment infrastructure.
MD Codes™: A Methodological Approach to Facial Aesthetic Treatment with Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Fillers (2020)

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
PKA and Sch9 control a molecular switch important for the proper adaptation to nutrient availability (2004)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PKA and Sch9 exert similar physiological roles in response to nutrient availability. However, their functional redundancy complicates to distinguish properly the target genes for both kinases. In this article, we analysed different phenotypic read-outs. The data unequivocally showed that both kinases act through separate signalling cascades. In addition, genome-wide expression analysis under conditions and with strains in which either PKA and/or Sch9 signalling was specifically affected, demonstrated that both kinases synergistically or oppositely regulate given gene targets. Unlike PKA, which negatively regulates stress-responsive element (STRE)- and post-diauxic shift (PDS)-driven gene expression, Sch9 appears to exert additional positive control on the Rim15-effector Gis1 to regulate PDS-driven gene expression. The data presented are consistent with a cyclic AMP (cAMP)-gating phenomenon recognized in higher eukaryotes consisting of a main gatekeeper, the protein kinase PKA, switching on or off the activities and signals transmitted through primary pathways such as, in case of yeast, the Sch9-controlled signalling route. This mechanism allows fine-tuning various nutritional responses in yeast cells, allowing them to adapt metabolism and growth appropriately.
Spatio‐temporal bandwidth‐based acquisition for dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (2004)

Abstract Purpose To develop a k‐space formalism that provides a rationale for the design of variable‐rate acquisition schemes for dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI). Methods and Materials The formalism, termed spatio‐temporal bandwidth‐based (STBB) analysis, is demonstrated using a priori modeling of object and enhancement characteristics typically observed in DCE‐MRI of breast tumors. A temporally enhancing lesion is considered as a two‐dimensional (2D) space‐time object that possesses a corresponding spatio‐temporal ( k y ‐ k t ) energy spectrum. The k y ‐ k t space is segmented based on a threshold such that the total spectral energy in a finite number of k‐space samples, constrained by the imaging experiment, is maximized. This thresholded map contains a set of spatial and corresponding temporal sampling prescriptions. These prescriptions are used in designing an acquisition scheme that is adequate for a range of contrast‐enhancing breast lesions. The STBB scheme is compared to an equivalent “keyhole” acquisition, in terms of quantification of enhancement rate, K trans , extracellular volume fraction, ν e , and spatial fidelity. We chose object sizes Npix = 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 pixels and enhancement rates K trans = 1.5, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 minute –1 , and ν e was held at 0.3. Results The STBB scheme results in more accurate estimation of the rate and extracellular volume fraction parameters when the object size is small (two and five pixels) and the enhancement rates are rapid (1.5 and 1 minute –1 ), compared to the keyhole acquisition. The STBB scheme provides higher spatial fidelity for very small objects. For large object and slow enhancements, the keyhole and STBB scheme perform comparably. Conclusion We have demonstrated an intuitive formalism applicable to DCE‐MRI for a set of targeted/anticipated dynamic events as well as spatial features. This formalism can be extended to any dynamic imaging condition, and a corresponding variable‐rate acquisition scheme can be designed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:129–137. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of Carbon Nanotube in Organic Solar Cells (2009)

Carbon nanotube(CNT) is an important nano-material.Discusses the application of CNT in the photoactive layer and the transparent electrode of organic solar cells.The relationship between its special structure,properties and the performance of organic photovoltaic devices is summarized.On the basis of this discussion,The improved methods of Carbon nanotube technology to develop and the research trends of CNT based organic solar cells are proposed.
A variable‐resolution rotate‐only computed tomography scanner (1994)

The Rotoscan is a computed tomography scanner that combines the advantages of variable geometric resolution and adjustable size of measurement diameter of translate-rotate scanners with the improved speed of rotate-only scanners. Because of the small number of only 26 detectors used for this scanner, a special data collection scheme of multiple rotations with interleaved detector positions was employed. In order to avoid angular data interpolation after reordering of the projections from the fan- to a parallel-beam geometry, the detectors were incrementally moved at a right angle to the centerline of the fan rather than rotated about the source. The measurement time of 40 s for one cross-section is comparable to that of second-generation systems. However, for longer measurement diameters, the measurement time for second-generation systems increases, whereas that of the Rotoscan remains constant.
Memory-centric system interconnect design with Hybrid Memory Cubes (2013)

Memory bandwidth has been one of the most critical system performance bottlenecks. As a result, the HMC (Hybrid Memory Cube) has recently been proposed to improve DRAM bandwidth as well as energy efficiency. In this paper, we explore different system interconnect designs with HMCs. We show that processor-centric network architectures cannot fully utilize processor bandwidth across different traffic patterns. Thus, we propose a memory-centric network in which all processor channels are connected to HMCs and not to any other processors as all communication between processors goes through intermediate HMCs. Since there are multiple HMCs per processor, we propose a distributor-based network to reduce the network diameter and achieve lower latency while properly distributing the bandwidth across different routers and providing path diversity. Memory-centric networks lead to some challenges including higher processor-to-processor latency and the need to properly exploit the path diversity. We propose a pass-through microarchitecture, which, in combination with the proper intra-HMC organization, reduces the zero-load latency while exploiting adaptive (and non-minimal) routing to load-balance across different channels. Our results show that memory-centric networks can efficiently utilize processor bandwidth for different traffic patterns and achieve higher performance by providing higher memory bandwidth and lower latency.
Strategy for Profiling and Structure Elucidation of Mucin-Type Oligosaccharides by Mass Spectrometry (2004)

A strategy combining accurate mass determination, tandem mass spectrometry, structure homology, and exoglycosidases is described that allows the structural characterization of mucin-type O-linked oligosaccharides. The method is used to profile with quantitation the O-linked oligosaccharide (both neutral and anionic) components of the only diploid Xenopus frog, Xenopus tropicalis. Collision-induced dissociation was used to determine connectivity, to identify previously characterized oligosaccharides, and to determine the presence of structural motifs in unknown oligosaccharides. Exoglycosidase digestion was used to identify the individual residues along with the linkages. The enzymes were also used to cleave larger oligosaccharides to smaller units that are similar to previously elucidated components. By using CID, isomeric structures were compared to determine whether they were identical. In this way, the exoglycosidases were more effectively used, and their use was minimized. A total of 35 oligosaccharides including neutral, sialylated, and sulfated were characterized in this way. The relative abundances of all components were also determined based on HPLC.
Integrated weed management in wheat with new molecules (2013)

A field experiment was carried out at Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat) during Rabi of 2008–09 and 2009–10. The weed free treatment recorded significant improvement in yield attributes, viz. number of effective tillers, spikelets per spike and grain weight per plant, followed by pendimethalin 0.9 kg/ha as pre-emergence followed by one hand weeding at 35–40 DAS. Integration of pendimethalin as pre-emergence with clodinafop, metsulfuron-methyl and 2,4-D amine salt as post-emergence with or without hand weeding proved effective in reducing weed density and dry weight of weeds. All the weed control treatments significantly influenced the grain and straw yield of wheat excluding unweeded control. The pre-emergence application of pendimethalin controlled monocot and dicot weeds, while clodinafop controlled monocot and metsulfuron-methyl controlled dicot weeds. Integrated weed management practices also produced increased nutrient uptake by crop and minimized nutrient due to weeds.
Nitric oxide: an ubiquitous messenger (1993)

During the last decade, a multitude of experimental arguments have led to the concept that EDRF is nitric oxide (NO), a messenger not only involved in the control of vasomotor tone but also in vascular homeostasis, neuronal and immunological functions. Regardless of its origin, endogenous NO is produced through the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline by NO-synthase (NOS) from which several isoforms have recently been isolated, purified and cloned. NOS-type I (isolated from brain) and type III (isolated from endothelial cells) are termed "constitutive-NOS" and produce picomolar levels of NO from which only a small fraction elicits physiological responses. These isoforms are regulated by Ca(2+)-calmodulin with NADPH, FAD/FMN and tetrahydrobiopterin as co-factors and reveal a high degree of homology with the amino-acid sequence of cytochrome P450 reductase within the C-terminal domain. Functionally, neuronal-NOS type I is important in neurotransmission (modulation of NMDA receptor), the central control of vascular homeostasis and possibly learning and memory. In the peripheral nervous system, NOS appears to be linked to nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) neuronal pathways. Endothelial-NOS type III is essential for the control of vascular tone in response to the release of endogenous mediators, although shear stress is the major trigger of endothelial-NOS activity under physiological conditions. NOS-type III also contributes to the prevention of abnormal platelet aggregation. NOS-types II and IV (isolated from macrophages) are Ca(2+)-calmodulin independent and are termed "inducible-NOS" since their activation is only promoted under pathophysiological situations where macrophages exert cytotoxic effects in response to cytokines. In contrast with NOS-types I and III, activation of NOS-type II in these cells induces the formation of nanomolar levels of NO which act as a defense mechanism of the immune system. Dysfunctions of the L-arginine-NO pathway have been characterized in multiple diseases (atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, sepsis, cerebral ischemia, etc) and the design of more selective activators/inhibitors of NOS isoforms is a new challenge for the understanding of their pathophysiology and treatment.
HEPATIC ALLOGRAFT PROCUREMENT FROM NON-HEART-BEATING DONORS (1997)

To investigate the tolerance to warm ischemia of liver grafts from non-heart-beating donors, porcine orthotopic liver transplantation was performed using grafts obtained at various periods after cardiac arrest. Graft viability was investigated in relation to changes in hepatic adenine nucleotide metabolism. In donors, livers were divided into four groups according to warm ischemic time after cardiac arrest (group 1: 0 min, n=3; group 2: 30 min, n=3; group 3: 60 min, n=5; group 4: 90 min, n=4). Thereafter, the livers were flushed and preserved for 4 hr using 4 degrees C Euro-Collins solution. After surgery, all of the recipients in groups 1, 2, and 3 survived more than 4 days, except for one pig in group 3 that died of bleeding from an arterial catheter on day 2. By contrast, all of the recipients in group 4 died within 12 hr. The serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase concentration at 4 hr after reperfusion of the graft was significantly higher in group 4 (mean+/-SE, 2563+/-556 IU/L) than in groups 1, 2, and 3 (298+/-29 IU/L, 1226+/-222 IU/L, and 1181+/-174 IU/L, respectively). The adenylate energy charge of the liver graft recovered at 1 hr after reperfusion of the graft to 0.852+/-0.013, 0.845+/-0.003, and 0.842+/-0.003 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The recovery was significantly suppressed in group 4 (0.796+/-0.011). The hepatic adenosine triphosphate concentration also was significantly lower in group 4 compared with the other groups. The present study suggests that liver allografts can be used from non-heart-beating donors subjected to warm ischemia for less than 60 min. Postoperative survival is associated with prompt recovery of the adenylate energy charge of the liver graft.
Vascular endothelial growth factors and vascular permeability (2010)

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are key regulators of permeability. The principal evidence behind how they increase vascular permeability in vivo and in vitro and the consequences of that increase are addressed here. Detailed analysis of the published literature has shown that in vivo and in vitro VEGF-mediated permeability differs in its time course, but has common involvement of many specific signalling pathways, in particular VEGF receptor-2 activation, calcium influx through transient receptor potential channels, activation of phospholipase C gamma and downstream activation of nitric oxide synthase. Pathways downstream of endothelial nitric oxide synthase appear to involve the guanylyl cyclase-mediated activation of the Rho-Rac pathway and subsequent involvement of junctional signalling proteins such as vascular endothelial cadherin and the tight junctional proteins zona occludens and occludin linked to the actin cytoskeleton. The signalling appears to be co-ordinated through spatial organization of the cascade into a signalplex, and arguments for why this may be important are considered. Many proteins have been identified to be involved in the regulation of vascular permeability by VEGF, but still the mechanisms through which these are thought to interact to control permeability are dependent on the experimental system, and a synthesis of existing data reveals that in intact vessels the co-ordination of the pathways is still not understood.
Fibroblast growth factor receptors in breast cancer (2017)

Fibroblast growth factor receptors are growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, exerting their roles in embryogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and development of breast cancer. Recent genetic studies have identified some subtypes of fibroblast growth factor receptors as strong genetic loci associated with breast cancer. In this article, we review the recent epidemiological findings and experiment results of fibroblast growth factor receptors in breast cancer. First, we summarized the structure and physiological function of fibroblast growth factor receptors in humans. Then, we discussed the common genetic variations in fibroblast growth factor receptors that affect breast cancer risk. In addition, we also introduced the potential roles of each fibroblast growth factor receptors isoform in breast cancer. Finally, we explored the potential therapeutics targeting fibroblast growth factor receptors for breast cancer. Based on the biological mechanisms of fibroblast growth factor receptors leading to the pathogenesis in breast cancer, targeting fibroblast growth factor receptors may provide new opportunities for breast cancer therapeutic strategies.
Synapsin-1 and tau reciprocal O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation sites in mouse brain synaptosomes (2013)

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) represents a key regulatory post-translational modification (PTM) that is reversible and often reciprocal with phosphorylation of serine and threonine at the same or nearby residues. Although recent technical advances in O-GlcNAc site-mapping methods combined with mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have facilitated study of the fundamental roles of O-GlcNAcylation in cellular processes, an efficient technique for examining the dynamic, reciprocal relationships between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation is needed to provide greater insights into the regulatory functions of O-GlcNAcylation. Here, we describe a strategy for selectively identifying both O-GlcNAc- and phospho-modified sites. This strategy involves metal affinity separation of O-GlcNAcylated and phosphorylated peptides, β-elimination of O-GlcNAcyl or phosphoryl functional groups from the separated peptides followed by dithiothreitol (DTT) conjugation (BEMAD), affinity purification of DTT-conjugated peptides using thiol affinity chromatography, and identification of formerly O-GlcNAcylated or phosphorylated peptides by MS. The combined metal affinity separation and BEMAD approach allows selective enrichment of O-GlcNAcylated peptides over phosphorylated counterparts. Using this approach with mouse brain synaptosomes, we identified the serine residue at 605 of the synapsin-1 peptide, 603QASQAGPGPR612, and the serine residue at 692 of the tau peptide, 688SPVVSGDTSPR698, which were found to be potential reciprocal O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation sites. These results demonstrate that our strategy enables mapping of the reciprocal site occupancy of O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of proteins, which permits the assessment of cross-talk between these two PTMs and their regulatory roles.
Low Spring Index NiTi Coil Actuators for Use in Active Compression Garments (2014)

This paper describes the modeling, development, and testing of low spring index nickel titanium (NiTi) coil actuators designed for use in wearable compression garments, and presents a prototype tourniquet system using these actuators. NiTi coil actuators produce both large forces (>1 N) and large recoverable displacements (>100% length) that are well suited for compression garment design. Thermomechanical coil models are presented that describe temperature and force as a function of nondimensionalized coil geometry, extensional strain, and applied voltage. These models suggest that low spring index coils maximize activation force, and an analytical model is presented to predict garment counter-pressure based on actuator architecture. Several low spring index (C= 3.08) coils were manufactured, annealed, and tested to assess their detwinning and activation characteristics. Results suggest both annealing and applied stress affect activation thresholds. Actuator force increases both with extensional strain and applied voltage up to 7.24 N. A first-generation compression tourniquet system using integrated actuators with direct voltage control of applied pressure is presented, demonstrating >70% increase in applied pressure during activation. This approach enables new, dynamic garments with controllable activation and low effort donning and doffing, with applications ranging from healthcare solutions to advanced space suit design.
Pretherapy Ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI to Predict Response to Liposomal Irinotecan in Metastatic Breast Cancer (2023)

Purpose To investigate ferumoxytol (FMX)-enhanced MRI as a pretreatment predictor of response to liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) for thoracoabdominal and brain metastases in women with metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Materials and Methods In this phase 1 expansion trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01770353; 27 participants), 49 thoracoabdominal (19 participants; mean age, 48 years ± 11 [SD]) and 19 brain (seven participants; mean age, 54 years ± 8) metastases were analyzed on MR images acquired before, 1-4 hours after, and 16-24 hours after FMX administration. In thoracoabdominal metastases, tumor transverse relaxation rate (R*<sub>2</sub>) was normalized to the mean R*<sub>2</sub> in the spleen (rR*<sub>2</sub>), and the tumor histogram metric rR*<sub>2,N</sub>, representing the average of rR*<sub>2</sub> in voxels above the <i>n</i>th percentile, was computed. In brain metastases, a novel compartmentation index was derived by applying the MRI signal equation to phantom-calibrated coregistered FMX-enhanced MRI brain scans acquired before, 1-4 hours after, and 16-24 hours after FMX administration. The fraction of voxels with an FMX compartmentation index greater than 1 was computed over the whole tumor (FCIGT1) and from voxels above the 90th percentile R*<sub>2</sub> (FCIGT1 R*<sub>2,90</sub>). Results rR*<sub>2,90</sub> computed from pretherapy MRI performed 16-24 hours after FMX administration, without reference to calibration phantoms, predicted response to nal-IRI in thoracoabdominal metastases (accuracy, 74%). rR*<sub>2,90</sub> performance was robust to the inclusion of some peritumoral tissue within the tumor region of interest. FCIGT1 R*<sub>2,90</sub> provided 79% accuracy on cross-validation in prediction of response in brain metastases. Conclusion This first in-human study focused on mBC suggests that FMX-enhanced MRI biologic markers can be useful for pretherapy prediction of response to nal-IRI in patients with mBC. <b>Keywords:</b> MRI Contrast Agent, MRI, Breast, Head/Neck, Tumor Response, Experimental Investigations, Brain/Brain Stem Clinical trial registration no. NCT01770353 <i>Supplemental material is available for this article.</i> © RSNA, 2023 See also commentary by Daldrup-Link in this issue.