gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raman-assisted phase sensitive amplifier using a fiber Bragg grating-based tunable phase shifter (2018)

A low-loss Raman-assisted phase sensitive amplifier (PSA) with a ∼20 dB signal net gain is experimentally demonstrated. The amplitude and phase adjustment for PSA are achieved by using non-uniform Raman gain and a tunable fiber Bragg grating (FBG), respectively. The total component loss of the system is measured to be ∼8 dB. By tuning the FBG central wavelength, (1) an up to 5.6 dB signal gain improvement is obtained; and (2) a ∼4 dB receiver sensitivity enhancement is observed for 20 and 25 Gbaud quadrature phase shift keying signals and a 10 Gbaud 16-quadrature amplitude modulation signal.
Effects of dose and particle size on activated carbon treatment to sequester polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments (2005)

Recent laboratory studies show that mixing activated carbon with contaminated sediment reduces the chemical and biological availability of hydrophobic organic contaminants. In this study, we test the effects of varying the activated carbon dose and particle size in reducing the aqueous availability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the uptake of PCBs by two benthic organisms. We mixed PCB- and PAH-contaminated sediment from Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, San Francisco Bay (CA, USA), for one month with activated carbon, at doses of 0.34, 1.7, and 3.4% dry mass basis. We found that increasing the carbon dose increased the effectiveness in reducing PCB bioaccumulation. In 56-d uptake tests with the benthic organisms Neanthes arenaceodentata and Leptocheirus plumulosus, PCB bioaccumulation was reduced by 93 and 90%, respectively, with 3.4% carbon. Increasing the dose also increased the effectiveness in reducing PCB and PAH aqueous concentrations and uptake by semipermeable membrane devices and quiescent flux of PCBs to overlying water. Decreasing activated carbon particle size increased treatment effectiveness in reducing PCB aqueous concentration, and larger-sized activated carbon (400-1,700 microm) was ineffective with a contact period of one month. We invoke a numerical model based on intraparticle diffusion in sediment and activated carbon particles to help interpret our experimental results. This model was useful in explaining the trends for the effect of activated carbon dose and particle size on PCB aqueous concentrations in well-mixed systems.
IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Chimeric Protein: Context-Specific and Inflammation-Restricted Activation (2015)

Both IL-1α and IL-1β are highly inflammatory cytokines mediating a wide spectrum of diseases. A recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), which blocks IL-1R1, is broadly used to treat autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases; however, blocking IL-1 increases the risk of infection. In this study, we describe the development of a novel form of recombinant IL-1Ra, termed chimeric IL-1Ra. This molecule is a fusion of the N-terminal peptide of IL-1β and IL-1Ra, resulting in inactive IL-1Ra. Because the IL-1β N-terminal peptide contains several protease sites clustered around the caspase-1 site, local proteases at sites of inflammation can cleave chimeric IL-1Ra and turn IL-1Ra active. We demonstrate that chimeric IL-1Ra reduces IL-1-mediated inflammation in vitro and in vivo. This unique approach limits IL-1 receptor blockade to sites of inflammation, while sparing a multitude of desired IL-1-related activities, including host defense against infections and IL-1-mediated repair.
Data-Driven Multi-Stage Motion Planning of Parallel Kinematic Machines (2010)

A multistage data-driven neuro-fuzzy system is considered for the multiobjective trajectory planning of Parallel Kinematic Machines (PKMs). This system is developed in two major steps. First, an offline planning based on robot kinematic and dynamic models, including actuators, is performed to generate a large dataset of trajectories, covering most of the robot workspace and minimizing time and energy, while avoiding singularities and limits on joint angles, rates, accelerations, and torques. An augmented Lagrangian technique is implemented on a decoupled form of the PKM dynamics in order to solve the resulting nonlinear constrained optimal control problem. Then, the outcomes of the offline-planning are used to build a data-driven neuro-fuzzy inference system to learn and capture the desired dynamic behavior of the PKM. Once this system is optimized, it is used to achieve near-optimal online planning with a reasonable time complexity. Simulations proving the effectiveness of this approach on a 2-degrees-of-freedom planar PKM are given and discussed.
Imaging and timing performance of 1 cm x 1 cm position-sensitive solid-state photomultiplier (2013)

We have designed and built a large-area 1cm × 1cm position-sensitive solid-state photomultiplier (PS-SSPM) for use in detector design for medical imaging applications. Our new large-area PS-SSPM concept implements resistive network between the micro-pixels, which are photodiodes operated in Geiger mode, called Geiger Photodiodes (GPDs), to provide continuous position sensitivity. Here we present imaging and timing performance of the large-area PS-SSPM for different temperatures and operating biases to find the optimum operating parameters for the device in imaging applications. A detector module was built by coupling a polished 8×8 LYSO array, with 1×1×20 mm<sup>3</sup> elements, to a 1×1 cm<sup>2</sup> PS-SSPM. Flood images recorded at room temperature show good crystal separation as all 64 elements were separated from each other. Cooling the device at 10 °C showed significant improvement. The device optimum bias voltage was ~4.5V over breakdown voltage. The coincidence timing resolution was improved significantly by increasing the operating bias, as well as by lowering the temperature to 0 °C. Results show excellent imaging performance and good timing response with a large-area PS-SSPM device.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids—A Route for Analogue Development (2018)

A practical synthetic approach to Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (1) and cannabidiol (2) that provides scalable access to these natural products and should enable the generation of novel synthetic analogues is reported.
Molecular basis for surface antigen size polymorphisms and conservation of a neutralization-sensitive epitope in Anaplasma marginale. (1990)

Anaplasmosis is one of several tick-borne diseases severely constraining cattle production and usage in many parts of the world. Cattle can be protected from anaplasmosis by immunization with major surface protein 1, a surface protein of Anaplasma marginale carrying a neutralization-sensitive epitope. Marked size polymorphisms exist among different isolates of A. marginale in the AmF105 subunit of major surface protein 1, yet all isolates still contain the neutralization-sensitive epitope. To clarify the basis for these observations, the mspl alpha gene encoding AmF105 was cloned from four isolates and sequenced. The encoded polypeptides share a high degree of overall homology between isolates but contain a domain with various numbers of tandemly repeated sequences and three regions of clustered amino acid substitutions outside the repeat domain. The polypeptide size differences are completely explained by the variations in the numbers of tandem repeat units. We have mapped the neutralization-sensitive epitope to a sequence that is present within each repeat unit. These results identify a basis for size polymorphisms of the surface polypeptide antigen concomitant with B-cell epitope conservation in rickettsiae.
Wandering Spur Suppression in a 4.9-GHz Fractional-<i>N</i> Frequency Synthesizer (2022)

Fractional- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> frequency synthesizers that use a digital <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> modulator (DDSM) to control the feedback divider can exhibit spurious tones that move about in the frequency domain; these are known colloquially as “walking” or wandering spurs. Building upon a theoretical explanation of the origin of wandering spurs, this article presents two methods to suppress them. It describes a 4.9-GHz 180-nm SiGe BiCMOS charge-pump phase-locked loop (CP-PLL) fractional- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> frequency synthesizer platform with a divider controller that can function as: 1) a standard MASH 1-1-1; 2) a MASH 1-1-1 with high-amplitude dither; and 3) a MASH 1-1-1 with a modified third stage. Measurements confirm the effectiveness of the wandering spur suppression strategies.
Elimination of Secondary Neutrons from Laser Proton-Boron Fusion (2021)

For low carbon energy generation, a very large exchange of electricity generators is existentially vital within the next number of years by power stations preferably at considerably low cost than the present installations. When considering the million times higher nuclear energy per reaction than chemical, the usual hydrogen fusion with abundant boron fuel is used for environmentally clean electricity generators. Instead of usually needed ignition temperatures of hundreds of million degrees Celsius, it is possible to use nonthermal ignition pressures from now available CPA laser pulses. In this non-LTE scheme, there is no need for high compression, the medium of hydrogen-boron-11 temperatures is low, and therefore the bremsstrahlung losses practically do not exist. The neutron, created by secondary reactions, elimination device includes tin and is arranged such that the neutrons are brought to nuclear reactions with the tin. We suggest adding the tin that has proven to be particularly advantageous because of its high effective cross section, and the neutron reactions with tin transform the tin nuclei into stable nuclei with a higher atomic weight.
The design and performance of a simultaneous transmission and emission tomography system (1998)

A commercial three-detector single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system that enables simultaneous acquisition of transmission and emission data without increasing patient scanning time has been designed and manufactured. This system produces a reconstructed attenuation coefficient distribution that can be used to correct for photon attenuation in the emission reconstruction. The three detectors with fan-beam collimators are mounted to the gantry in a triangular arrangement. A transmission line source assembly was mounted at the focal line of one of the detectors and controlled to move in synchrony with the opposing fan-beam collimator. Data from transmission and emission sources at different energies were acquired in one detector, while the other two simultaneously acquired emission data. A transmission source of /sup 153/Gd was used with /sup 99m/Tc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, and /sup 57/Co was used with /sup 201/Tl. Algorithms were developed to subtract crosstalk between transmission and emission energy windows in all three detectors. A transmission maximum-likelihood iterative algorithm was used to reconstruct the attenuation distribution, which was used in combination with an iterative maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization algorithm to compensate for the attenuation of the projection of the emission distribution. The results in phantom studies displayed greater uniformity of activity with attenuation-corrected reconstruction. This was demonstrated visually and quantitatively by using anterior-to-inferior ratios close to one and low spatial %rms error as a measure of improved uniformity.
Trans: a reliable broadcast protocol (1993)

Trans is a novel reliable broadcast protocol for the data-link layer of the ISO protocol hierarchy. The protocol exploits the broadcast nature of the physical communication media typically used in local-area networks. A combination of positive and negative acknowledgment strategies with transitivity of positive acknowledgments provides reliable operation without requiring a separate acknowledgment from every recipient of a message frame. Trans achieves reliable communication despite a noisy communication medium and processor fail-stop, omission and timing faults. Multicast, rather than fully broadcast, communication is readily obtained by operating several subnetworks over the same local-area network or, alternatively, by including a destination address list in the header of each broadcast frame.
Magic-T Junction using Microstrip/Slotline Transitions (2008)

An improved broadband planar magic-T junction that incorporates microstrip/slotline transitions has been developed. In comparison with a prior broadband magic-T junction incorporating microstrip/slotline transitions, this junction offers superior broadband performance. In addition, because this junction is geometrically simpler and its performance is less affected by fabrication tolerances, the benefits of the improved design can be realized at lower fabrication cost. There are potential uses for junctions like this one in commercial microwave communication receivers, radar and polarimeter systems, and industrial microwave instrumentation. A magic-T junction is a four-port waveguide junction consisting of a combination of an H-type and an E-type junction. An E-type junction is so named because it includes a junction arm that extends from a main waveguide in the same direction as that of the electric (E) field in the waveguide. An H-type junction is so named because it includes a junction arm parallel to the magnetic (H) field in a main waveguide. A magic-T junction includes two input ports (here labeled 1 and 2, respectively) and two output ports (here labeled E and H, respectively). In an ideal case, (1) a magic-T junction is lossless, (2) the input signals add (that is, they combine in phase with each other) at port H, and (3) the input signals subtract (that is, they combine in opposite phase) at port E. The prior junction over which the present junction is an improvement affords in-phase-combining characterized by a broadband frequency response, and features a small slotline area to minimize in-band loss. However, with respect to isolation between ports 1 and 2 and return loss at port E, it exhibits narrowband frequency responses. In addition, its performance is sensitive to misalignment of microstrip and slotline components: this sensitivity is attributable to a limited number of quarter-wavelength (lambda/4) transmission-line sections for matching impedances among all four ports, and to strong parasitic couplings at the microstrip/slotline T junction, where four microstrip lines and a slotline are combined. The present improved broadband magic-T junction (see figure) includes a microstrip ring structure and two microstrip- to-slotline transitions. One of the microstrip/slotline transitions is a small T junction between the ring and a slotline; the other microstrip/slotline transition effects coupling between the slotline and port E. The smallness of the T junction and the use of minimum-size slotline terminations help to minimize radiation loss. An impedance-transformation network that includes multiple quarter-wavelength sections is used to increase the operating bandwidth and minimize the parasitic coupling around the microstrip/slotline T junction. As a result, the improved junction has greater bandwidth and lower phase imbalance at the sum and difference ports than did the prior junction.
Two-Piece Screens for Decontaminating Granular Material (2009)

Two-piece screens have been designed specifically for use in filtering a granular material to remove contaminant particles that are significantly wider or longer than are the desired granules. In the original application for which the twopiece screens were conceived, the granular material is ammonium perchlorate and the contaminant particles tend to be wires and other relatively long, rigid strands. The basic design of the twopiece screens can be adapted to other granular materials and contaminants by modifying critical dimensions to accommodate different grain and contaminant- particle sizes. A two-piece screen of this type consists mainly of (1) a top flat plate perforated with circular holes arranged in a hexagonal pattern and (2) a bottom plate that is also perforated with circular holes (but not in a pure hexagonal pattern) and is folded into an accordion structure. Fabrication of the bottom plate begins with drilling circular holes into a flat plate in a hexagonal pattern that is interrupted, at regular intervals, by parallel gaps. The plate is then folded into the accordion structure along the gaps. Because the folds are along the gaps, there are no holes at the peaks and valleys of the accordion screen. The top flat plate and the bottom accordion plate are secured within a metal frame. The resulting two-piece screen is placed at the bottom opening of a feed hopper containing the granular material to be filtered. Tests have shown that such long, rigid contaminant strands as wires readily can pass through a filter consisting of the flat screen alone and that the addition of the accordion screen below the flat screen greatly increases the effectiveness of removal of wires and other contaminant strands. Part of the reason for increased effectiveness is in the presentation of the contaminant to the filter surface. Testing has shown that wire type contamination will readily align itself parallel to the material direction flow. Since this direction of flow is nearly always perpendicular to the filter surface holes, the contamination is automatically aligned to pass through. The two-filter configuration reduces the likelihood that a given contaminant strand will be aligned with the flow of material by eliminating the perpendicular presentation angle. Thus, for wires of a certain diameter, a two-piece screen is 20 percent more effective than is the corresponding flat perforated plate alone, even if the holes in the flat plate are narrower. An accordion screen alone is similarly effective in catching contaminants, but lumps of agglomerated granules of the desired material often collect in the valleys and clog the screen. The addition of a flat screen above the accordion screen prevents clogging of the accordion screen. Flat wire screens have often been used to remove contaminants from granular materials, and are about as effective as are the corresponding perforated flat plates used alone.
Therapeutic uses of retinoic acid receptor antagonists and inverse agonists (2000)

Retinoic acid receptors (RARs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, are transcription factors which mediate changes in gene expression in a ligand regulated manner. Ligands which bind to, and activate, the RARs (i.e. agonists) have proven useful in the treatment of a variety of dermatological disorders such as acne [1] and psoriasis [2] as well the treatment of photo-damaged skin [3]. RAR agonists have also been successful in the treatment of neoplastic disorders such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [4] and promyelocytic leukemia [5]. Further, an extensive amount of pre-clinical data suggest the possibility that RAR agonists may also be useful in treating disorders such as breast cancer [6 7] and emphysema [8]. Agonists of the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which function as heterodimeric partners with RARs as well as other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, have also been demonstrated to have promise as therapeutic agents in metabolic disease [9]. While antagonists of other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, such as the estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, have found significant applications in clinical medicine [10 11], the utility of RAR antagonists is only now being considered. Formal possibilities might include pathogenic states caused either by inordinately high levels of retinoid signalling or which are dependent on endogenous retinoids for their maintenance. Progress in this area is now possible as potent and effective RAR antagonists have recently become available. Further, the recent identification of nuclear receptor cofactor proteins which interact with the RAR in an agonist or antagonist dependent manner, together with the description of a spectrum of RAR ligand activities from agonist to neutral antagonist to inverse agonist, now offers the possibility that ligand-regulated movement of these cofactors between the network of receptors which utilize them may offer a productive avenue for drug discovery.
A scheme for cancelling intercarrier interference using conjugate transmission in multicarrier communication systems (2007)

To mitigate intercarrier interference (ICI), a two-path algorithm is developed for multicarrier communication systems, including orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The first path employs the regular OFDM algorithm. The second path uses the conjugate transmission of the first path. The combination of both paths forms a conjugate ICI cancellation scheme at the receiver. This conjugate cancellation (CC) scheme provides (1) a high signal to interference power ratio (SIR) in the presence of small frequency offsets (50 dB and 33 dB higher than that of the regular OFDM and linear self-cancellation algorithms (Y. Zhao and S.-G. Haggman, 2001), (J. Armstrong, 1999), respectively, at DeltafT = 0.1% of subcarrier frequency spacing); (2) better bit error rate (BER) performance in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels; (3) backward compatibility with the existing OFDM system; (4) no channel equalization is needed for reducing ICI, a simple low cost receiver without increasing system complexity. Although the two-path transmission reduces bandwidth efficiency, the disadvantage can be balanced by increasing signal alphabet sizes
The development of a multi-stage learning scheme using new tissue descriptors for automatic grading of prostatic carcinoma (2014)

This paper introduces a new system for the automated classification of prostatic carcinomas from biopsy images. The important components of the proposed system are (1) the new features for tissue description based on hyper-complex wavelet analysis, quaternion color ratios, and modified local binary patterns; and (2) a new framework for multi-stage learning that integrates both multi-class and binary classifiers. The system performance is estimated by employing Hold-out cross-validation in a dataset of 71 prostate cancer biopsy images with different Gleason grades. Simulation results show that the presented technique is able to correctly classify images in 98.89% of the test cases. Furthermore, the system is robust in terms of sensitivity (0.9833) and specificity (0.9917). We have demonstrated the efficacy of our system in distinguishing between Gleason grades 3, 4 and 5.
Total Synthesis of Ciguatoxin and 51-HydroxyCTX3C (2006)

Ciguatoxins, the principal causative toxins of ciguatera seafood poisoning, are large ladder-like polycyclic ethers with the 13 ether rings ranging from five- to nine-membered. In this paper, we describe the total synthesis of the two most toxic members of the ciguatoxin family, ciguatoxin 1 and 51-hydroxyCTX3C 2, based on a unified synthetic strategy. The key features in our syntheses were (i) direct construction of the O,S-acetal from the corresponding left and right wing fragments (3, 4, 14); (ii) stereo- and chemoselective radical reaction of the alpha-oxyradical with pentafluorophenyl acrylate to achieve cyclization of the seven-membered G-ring; (iii) ring-closing metathesis reaction to build the nine-membered F-ring; and (iv) an efficient protective group strategy using the oxidatively removable 2-naphthylmethyl groups.