gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The True Height of the Waist: Explorations of Automated Body Scanner Waist Definitions of the TC2 scanner (2014)

The waist is considered as an important measurement point for clothing and represents part of a control section from which lower body garments hang and garments are often required to fit. However, unlike many measurement sites on the body the waist has no single landmark from which to reference it for a population. The non-contact nature of body scanning further complicates this, though automated measurement systems connected to body scanning have developed methods to determine the waist relative to surface geometry. Whilst body scanning provides an opportunity to analyse large volumes of data, there is limited knowledge of how differences in waist definitions using automated systems of measurement compare to waist placement with reference to accepted upper and lower limits. This work employed content analysis methods to understand existing clothing waist definitions and developed different waist definitions within automated measurement software of a TC2 scanner. Measurement extraction using this explorative set of definitions was undertaken on a sample of 106 females whose upper and lower waist limits had been determined through measurement. The data was then analysed to establish how the definitions compared to the waist height determined as the midpoint between the upper (lowest palpable rib) and lower (highest point of the right iliac crest) limits. It was possible to establish that proportional relationships between lengths that could help in defining waist placement and provide checks in automated extraction. As a result of this study a number of suitable waist definitions are proposed for use in the automated measurement software of body scanning technology.
Cognitive Communication in Rail Transit: Awareness, Adaption, and Reasoning (2017)

Wireless communication plays a vital role in the operations of modern rail transportation. The characteristics of rapid train motion make the wireless spectrum environment unstable, discontinuous, and unpredictable. These uncertainties, coupled with inherent spectrum scarcity, result in inefficiencies in wireless communication. Applying cognitive radio in railway wireless communication systems is a cutting-edge research field. Most rail cognitive radio studies focus only on solving spectrum scarcity. The authors' improved rail cognitive radio model uses a Bayesian network with numerous channel contextual features to probabilistically infer the likelihood of spectrum accessibility. This scheme provides a completely new way to solve the problem of low spectral efficiency of cognitive radio in rail transit.
The Rationale behind Cork Properties: A Review of Structure and Chemistry (2015)

Cork is a natural cellular material of biological origin with a combination of properties that make it suited for worldwide use as a wine sealant and insulation material. Cork has low density, is buoyant, is not very permeable to fluids, has a low thermal coefficient, exhibits elasticity and deformation without fracturing under compression, and has considerable durability. Such characteristics result from the features of its cellular structure, primarily its cell dimensions and topology, and from the chemical composition of the cell wall. The characteristics of the two main chemical components (suberin and lignin, which represent 53% and 26%, respectively, of the cell wall) have been analyzed. The limits of natural variation and their impacts on cork properties are discussed and used to define the material as “cork”.
A robust 3D eye gaze tracking system using noise reduction (2008)

This paper describes a novel real-time 3D gaze estimation system. The system consists of two cameras and two IR light sources. There are three novelties in this method. First, in our system, two IR lights are mounted near the centers of the stereo cameras, respectively. Based on this specific configuration, the 3D position of the corneal center can be simply derived by the 3D reconstruction technique. Then, after extracting the 3D position of the "virtual pupil" correctly, the optical axis of the eye can be obtained directly by connecting the "virtual pupil" with the corneal center. Second, we systematically analyze the noise in our 3D gaze estimation algorithm and propose an effective constraint to reduce this noise. Third, to estimate the user-dependent parameters (i.e. the constraint parameters and the eye parameters), a simple calibration method is proposed by gazing at four positions on the screen. Experimental results show that our system can accurately estimate and track eye gaze under natural head movement.
Pandemic Influenza in Japan, 1918-19: Mortality Patterns and Official Responses (1993)

Japan's most serious peacetime disaster this century is usually assumed to be the 1923 Kanto earthquake, but in terms of human mortality this is easily surpassed by the 1918-19 pandemic of influenza, which claimed nearly twice as many lives in Japan. This major disease-disaster is a strangely neglected episode in modern Japanese history. Few textbooks or reference works notice it, and there is scarcely anything about it in English. This paper draws on official statistics, newspaper reports, and a hitherto untapped literature in Japanese medical journals to suggest possible explanations for Japan's relatively low death rate in this pandemic, one of the lowest recorded in Asia. We argue that traditional herbal medicine may have had an important effect alongside public health measures and Westernbased medical responses. While it is well known that the First World War claimed millions of lives in four years of often senseless slaughter, surprisingly few people are aware that in the closing months of that conflict the world was swept by one of the greatest disease-disasters of recorded human history, in which influenza, a familiar and usually harmless viral infection, killed 25-30 million people worldwide in little more than six months. This was not only the most virulent and lethal of known influenza pandemics, appearing as it did in three distinct waves; it was also the strangest, for while influenza normally kills only the very old, the very young, and the very weak, this epidemic did its greatest damage among seemingly healthy young adults
Of mice and menus: designing the user-friendly interface (1989)

The use of user-friendly interface design is reviewed, focusing on the four ingredients-mice, windows, icons, and menus-that are designed to be easy to grasp, simple to use, and straightforward to describe. (The mouse is a pointer. Windows divide up the screen. Icons symbolize application programs and data. Menus list choices of action.) Highlighted are sketchpad (1962), the first computer with a windowing interface; the development of the mouse; the bit-block transfer procedure, known as BitBlt, which made it easier to write programs to scroll a window, resize it, and drag a window (move it from one location to another on-screen); the evolution of menus; and the use of icons by the developers of Star. Lawsuits engendered by the widespread use of such interfaces are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A new concept for online surge testing for the detection of winding insulation deterioration (2010)

A breakdown of the electrical insulation system causes catastrophic failure of the electrical machine and brings large process downtime losses. Preventive maintenance and online monitoring are some of the methods to improve reliability and reduce unscheduled downtime. One of the main reasons for failure is the breakdown of the stator insulation. The offline surge test is the most commonly used offline test to assess the condition of the turn insulation. There is no online monitoring method that is applicable to low voltage machines and has the same capabilities as the surge test. This paper introduces new concepts to implement an online surge test. The possibilities and limitations of the online surge test are presented as well as simulation and experimental results to validate the concepts.
Geometric overpass extraction from vector road data and DSMs (2011)

We present a method to extract elevated road structures, typically overpassing other roads, transit lines, and watercourses. The technique uses a digital surface model (DSM) and roughly aligned vector road data and outputs geometry approximating the shape and elevation of the elevated road deck. Our method is robust against noise in DSM elevations and can recover elevated roads partially obscured by trees and other overpasses. We demonstrate our method parallelized over city-wide DSMs, and formulate a confidence metric ranking the fidelity of the reconstruction.
<i>EGF</i> rs11568835 G/A polymorphism is associated with increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis (2014)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune rheumatological disease thought to have substantial genetic contributions. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) can activate DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation. Early RA synovial fluid was characterized by significantly elevated levels stromal cell and macrophage-related cytokines including EGF. We therefore hypothesized that EGF polymorphisms may contribute to RA susceptibility in the Chinese population. We studied EGF rs11568835 G/A and EGF rs3756261 T/C polymorphisms in 520 patients with RA and 520 controls in a Chinese population. When the EGF rs11568835 GG homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the AA genotype was associated with an increased risk for RA (AA versus GG, odds ratio [OR] = 3.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19-11.17, p = 0.024), the GA or GA/AA genotype was not associated with the risk for RA (GA versus GG, OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.75-1.31, p = 0.931; GA + AA versus GG, OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.81-1.40, p = 0.659). EGF rs3756261 T/C was not associated with susceptibility to RA. These results provide the first positive evidence for an association between EGF rs11568835 G/A polymorphism and RA.
Changes in heat production by mature cows after changes in feeding level1,2 (2006)

We hypothesized that adaptation of heat production in the realimented cow would occur over an extended period, and the length of time would be influenced by the level of feed. Our objectives were to quantify the changes in heat production of cows after feed restriction and to quantify the effect of level of realimentation on the dynamics of heat production in lightweight cows. Forty 4-yr-old nonpregnant, nonlacting cows (4-breed composite: 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Angus, 1/4 Red Poll, and 1/4 Pinzgauer) were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 levels of a common alfalfa hay source. All cows were feed-restricted [50.0 g of DM/metabolic body size (MBS, kg of BW(0.75)); period 1], and individual fed heat production measurements were taken 0, 7, 13, 28, 56, and 91 d after feed restriction (period 1). In period 2, cows were fed their assigned feed level for their treatment after d 91 of restriction: 50.0 (T50.0), 58.5 (T58.5), 67.0 (T67.0), and 75.5 (T75.5) g of DM/MBS. Measures were taken at 7, 13, 28, 42, 56, 91, 119, and 175 d. In period 3, all cows were fed 75.5 g of DM/MBS after their 175-d measurement, and measures were taken at 7, 14, 28, 56, and 112 d later. In period 1, heat production decreased rapidly during the first 7 d of feed restriction, and heat production continued to decrease during the 91-d restriction. Heat production increased rapidly within the first 7 d, but chronic adaptation continued for T75.5 and T67.0 cows. In period 3, heat production increased rapidly during the first 7 d. Heat production scaled for metabolic body size tended to differ among treatments (P = 0.11). Daily heat production increased by 2.5 kcal/d. These data suggest that there is not a lag in heat production during realimentation and that increased recovered energy is associated with a rapid increase in heat production.
Changes in hair growth characteristics following the wounding of vibrissa follicles in the hooded rat (1984)

The effect on hair growth of wounding the lower region of whisker follicles, and in particular the dermal papilla, with sharply pointed tungsten needles was studied in adult hooded rats. Following injury hair growth ceased, but was subsequently resumed. While it might have been anticipated that follicle wounding would have a negative effect on whisker length, regular postoperative length measurements revealed that in follicles where cellular material was not displaced from the follicle by the original manipulation, 50% of the subsequent hairs produced were longer than their counterparts on the opposite side of the face, with 25% shorter and 25% with their length unchanged. In every case increased hair length was achieved by a prolongation of the growing period of the hair. Growth rate, when altered, was reduced. These results suggest that the factors which control the duration of the hair cycle and fibre growth rate are independent in vibrissa follicles. Since removal of most of the epidermal component by plucking of the hair just prior to injury produced equivalent hair length increases, this implicated the proximal dermal components as being mainly responsible for the observed changes.
LabVIEW modeling and simulation, of the digital filters (2015)

In order to study digital filters using virtual instrumentation a simulation program specifically designed for this purpose has been developed. To implement this program means to use the following facilities: studying digital Butterworth filters, Cebyshev, Bessel and Median and change their parameters: bandwidth, order, rank and slope; possibility of changing the input parameters: amplitude, offset and frequency; overlay over the input signal, to one of the types of noise such as white noise, Gaussian white noise and Poisson noise; choosing a type of digital filters: low pass, high pass, band-pass and band stop; waveforms graphical representation of the input and output signals; graphical representation of the harmonics spectrum contained in the filtered signal.
STING-Dependent Signaling Underlies IL-10 Controlled Inflammatory Colitis (2017)

Intestinal immune homeostasis is preserved by commensal bacteria interacting with the host to generate a balanced array of cytokines that are essential for wound repair and for combatting infection. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which can lead to colitis-associated cancer (CAC), is thought to involve chronic microbial irritation following a breach of the mucosal intestinal epithelium. However, the innate immune pathways responsible for regulating these inflammatory processes remain to be fully clarified. Here, we show that commensal bacteria influence STING signaling predominantly in mononuclear phagocytes to produce both pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as anti-inflammatory IL-10. Enterocolitis, manifested through loss of IL-10, was completely abrogated in the absence of STING. Intestinal inflammation was less severe in the absence of cGAS, possibly suggesting a role for cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) indirectly regulating STING signaling. Our data shed insight into the causes of inflammation and provide a potential therapeutic target for prevention of IBD.
Wavy Channel TFT-Based Digital Circuits (2016)

We report a wavy channel (WC) architecture thin-film transistor-based digital circuitry using ZnO as a channel material. The novel architecture allows for extending device width by integrating vertical finlike substrate corrugations giving rise to 50% larger device width, without occupying extra chip area. The enhancement in the output drive current is 100%, when compared with conventional planar architecture for devices occupying the same chip area. The current increase is attributed to both the extra device width and 50% enhancement in field-effect mobility due to electrostatic gating effects. Fabricated inverters show that WC inverters can achieve two times the peak-to-peak output voltage for the same input when compared with planar devices. In addition, WC inverters show 30% faster rise and fall times, and can operate up to around two times frequency of the planar inverters for the same peak-to-peak output voltage. WC NOR circuits have shown 70% higher peak-to-peak output voltage, over their planar counterparts, and WC pass transistor logic multiplexer circuit has shown more than five times faster high-to-low propagation delay compared with its planar counterpart at a similar peak-to-peak output voltage.
FlashProfile: Interactive Synthesis of Syntactic Profiles. (2017)

We address the problem of learning comprehensive syntactic profiles for a set of strings.Real-world datasets, typically curated from multiple sources, often contain data in various formats.Thus any data processing task is preceded by the critical step of data format identification.However, manual inspection of data to identify various formats is infeasible in standard big-data scenarios.We present a technique for generating comprehensive syntactic profiles in terms of user-defined patterns that also allows for interactive refinement.We define a syntactic profile as a set of succinct patterns that describe the entire dataset.Our approach efficiently learns such profiles, and allows refinement by exposing a desired number of patterns.Our implementation, FlashProfile, shows a median profiling time of 0.7 s over 142 tasks on 74 real datasets.We also show that access to the generated data profiles allow for more accurate synthesis of programs, using fewer examples in programming-by-example workflows.
Cell death and its suppression in human ovarian tissue culture (2002)

In women with premature ovarian failure, fertility may be preserved by ovarian tissue culture in vitro. However, techniques for tissue culture and follicle maturation have remained suboptimal. Our aim was to characterize ovarian tissue degeneration in cultures and to establish a model for cell death research in cultured ovarian tissue. Precise knowledge on the process resulting in cell death in cultured ovarian tissue will ultimately facilitate work aimed at improving long-term culture conditions. Ovarian tissue apoptosis was studied in a serum-free culture model in which nuclear DNA fragmentation was shown to occur within 24 h of the start of the culture. Activation of caspase-3 was detected in some stromal cells and a few oocytes. Since not all of the tissue exhibited signs of apoptosis and since DNA fragmentation increased over time, the tissue probably gradually dies by apoptosis. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC; 25, 50 and 100 mmol/l) was found to inhibit this apoptosis. Thus, apoptosis appears to play a critical role in the degeneration of human ovarian cortical tissue cultures, and this cell death can be suppressed by NAC. The present tissue culture model can be used for identifying components capable of inhibiting cell death in vitro.
A technique for reducing complexity of recursive motion estimation algorithms (2004)

The recursive search motion estimation algorithm offers smooth and accurate motion vector fields. Computationally, the most expensive part of the motion estimator is the evaluation of the various motion vector candidates. Evaluation is performed by comparing blocks in two consecutive frames indicated by motion vector candidates. The paper addresses the issue of reducing the already extremely low number of motion vector evaluations. We apply preprocessing techniques to reduce the number of motion vector candidates from 7 to 5, i.e. 30%, without sacrificing quality. We exemplify the above findings through experimental results obtained using the 3D recursive search motion estimation algorithm. The required preprocessing overhead is negligible.
Characterization of the small open reading frame on genome segment A of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (1995)

The genome of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is composed of two segments of dsRNA. The larger segment contains a small ORF partly overlapping the 5' end of the polyprotein reading frame. Yet very little is known about this possible new gene, which presumably codes for a 17 kDa polypeptide (VP5). The region of the viral genome which encompasses the small ORF was reverse-transcribed and amplified by PCR before cloning and sequencing. Analysis of the sequences obtained from five different virus strains revealed that the small ORF is not found on one of them, and that it is truncated on two others. Moreover, the deduced amino acid sequences did not appear to be well conserved. Despite the large variations between IPNV strains at the genomic level, all predicted VP5 are arginine-rich basic polypeptides. To verify whether the small ORF is translated into protein in fish cells, the 17 kDa polypeptide of the VR-299 strain was expressed as fusion protein in a prokaryotic expression vector and used to produce a specific antiserum. This antiserum reacted with concentrated virus in an immunodot assay indicating that VP5 is synthesized in infected cells, but probably only in small quantities. When tested with 12 other IPNV strains, results were less conclusive than those obtained with strain VR-299. Nevertheless, three of the 12 viruses gave a clearly negative signal in the immunodot assay, suggesting that possibly more than one viral strain lacks the small ORF.
Fourier analysis of the focused plenoptic camera (2013)

The focused plenoptic camera is a recently developed approach to lightfield capture that uses the microlens array as an imaging system focused on the focal plane of the main camera lens. Since lightfields can be captured with significantly higher spatial resolution than with the traditional approach, images can be rendered at resolutions that meet the expectations of modern photographers. The focused plenoptic camera captures lightfields with a different tradeoff between spatial and angular information than with the traditional approach. To more rigorously characterize these tradeoffs, including the limits of this new approach, this paper presents a Fourier analysis of the focused plenoptic camera. Based on this analysis, we also present an extended Fourier-slice rendering algorithm that can be used to render high-resolution images from lightfields.
Regional Assessment of Population and Warming of a Tropical Country, Nigeria, from 2006 to 2036 (2019)

This research assessed population variability and prediction of heat island in a tropical country, Nigeria, from 2006 to 2036. Data for heat island were generated from records of the National Population Commission (NPC) using the population mathematical model. With national population growth rate of 2.67 %, Nigeria recorded average heat island of 6.1 with variation of 0.1 per decade indicating that heat island is on the increase. The North Central region had heat island variation of 0.3 per decade; North East had heat island of 0.1 , North West 0.1 , South East 0.1 , South-South 0.2 and South West 0.2 respectively. The six regions had heat island of 5.4 to 5.6 greater than 0.5-2.5 recommended standard indicating that human comfort has been compromised in Nigeria. Results show that heat island across the regions differ significantly. Also, population density is not associate variable that causes heat island in the regional landmass of Nigeria. It therefore recommends national planners and development practitioners to implement population control and tree planting strategies. The research has contributed to the interactive roles of population and landmass in heat island effects. Therefore, a control of population growth lowers the effect of heat island in Nigeria.