gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia induces gefitinib resistance in non‐small‐cell lung cancer with both mutant and wild‐type epidermal growth factor receptors (2012)

Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, such as exon 19 deletion mutations, are important factors in determining therapeutic responses to gefitinib in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, some patients have activating mutations in EGFR and show poor responses to gefitinib. In this study, we examined three NSCLC cell lines, HCC827, PC9, and HCC2935, that expressed an EGFR exon 19 deletion mutation. All cells expressed mutant EGFR, but the PC9 and HCC2935 cells also expressed wild-type EGFR. The HCC827 cells were highly sensitive to gefitinib under both normoxia and hypoxia. However, the PC9 and HCC2935 cells were more resistant to gefitinib under hypoxic conditions compared to normoxia. Phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK was suppressed with gefitinib treatment to a lesser extent under hypoxia. The expression of transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) was dramatically upregulated under hypoxia, and the knockdown of TGFα or hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) reversed the resistance to gefitinib in hypoxic PC9 and HCC2935 cells. Finally, introduction of the wild-type EGFR gene into the HCC827 cells caused resistance to gefitinib under hypoxia. This phenomenon was also reversed by the knockdown of TGFα or HIF1α. Our results indicate that hypoxia causes gefitinib resistance in EGFR-mutant NSCLC through the activation of wild-type EGFR mediated by the upregulation of TGFα. The presence of wild-type and mutant EGFR along with tumor hypoxia are important factors that should be considered when treating NSCLC patients with gefitinib.
Active networking on a programmable networking platform (2002)

Current active networks research projects are mainly realized in software-based host systems since commercial network devices lack required networking programmability. This paper studies the active networking approach using the Openet programmable networking platform. Openet comprises ORE (Oplet Runtime Environment) and hierarchical services from low-level systems to high-level applications, and provides a neutral service-based programmability to network devices. Moreover, Openet can have customer network services including active networks based services deployed on current commercial network platforms. We demonstrate the active networking with commercial network devices by deploying the active network service ANTS onto the Accelar routing switches. The performance of active network communication is examined by the experiment in an Accelar-routed active net and compared with regular non-active network communication. The experimental result reveals that Java network I/O is a bottleneck of enhancing capsule processing capability and ends up a look at what active network services are applicable to current commercial network platforms. Finally we present observations and future works about active networking through the Openet platform.
Studies of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in breast cancer. (2001)

Until recently, there has been little knowledge on the growth control of oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast cancer. The recent development of DCIS models, such as transgenic mice, cell-line xenograft models and, importantly, in vivo human DCIS xenograft models has facilitated the investigation and understanding of the control of growth of early pre-invasive breast lesions. Recent studies have shown that ER-negative DCIS, unlike ER-positive DCIS, is hormone independent and does not respond to anti-oestrogen treatment. Moreover, DCIS of the comedo type utilises type I tyrosine kinase growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c-erbB-2, in receptor signalling for growth. New data underscore the importance of EGFR as the major modulating growth factor receptor in the control of proliferation in the breast. Pre-clinical studies performed on human DCIS xenografts in nude mice suggest a potential role for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). More specifically, ZD1839, a novel orally active and selective EGFR-TKI, has been shown to produce a response in DCIS through a decrease in epithelial proliferation. These findings have enhanced our knowledge of signal transduction pathways in cancer and indicate that tyrosine kinase blockade of EGFR has potential for the treatment and chemoprevention of DCIS. It is hoped that further advances in this area and evaluation of EGFR-TKIs in Phase II/III clinical trials will allow their therapeutic potential as anticancer agents to be appreciated.
A hierarchical lossless/lossy coding system for high quality audio up to 192 kHz sampling 24 bit format (2003)

We present a flexible audio coding system for use in the continuous transmission of high-quality (192-kHz sampling rate, up to 24-bit digitization) stereo-audio data streams, either live or recorded. The system provides both lossless and variable-level lossy quality; quality is selectable to suit a full range of wide- and narrow-band IP networks. As input signals for transmission at the server PC, less than nine PCM sound files in different formats are simultaneously encodable, and the efficiency of simultaneous compression is very high. The system is realized by software that runs on a typical PC. This gives everyone on an IP network the ability to transmit high-quality sound anywhere within the network. An MPEG-4 audio codec provides the core of the lossy coding module.
Palladium (II) catalyized polymerization of norbornene and acrylates (2023)

Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylates, homopolymers or copolymers of norbornenes, and copolymers of acrylates with norbornenes, may be prepared by contacting acrylate and/or norbornene monomer reactant under polymerization conditions and in the presence of a solvent with a catalyst system consisting essentially of a Pd(II) dimer component having the formula: [(L)Pd(R)(X)].sub.2, where L is a monodentate phosphorus or nitrogen ligand, X is an anionic group, and R is an alkyl or aryl group.
Intracellular cyclic AMP not calcium, determines the direction of vesicle movement in melanophores: direct measurement by fluorescence ratio imaging (1992)

Intracellular movement of vesiculated pigment granules in angelfish melanophores is regulated by a signalling pathway that triggers kinesin and dyneinlike microtubule motor proteins. We have tested the relative importance of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) vs cAMP ([cAMP]i) in the control of such motility by adrenergic agonists, using fluorescence ratio imaging and many ways to artificially stimulate or suppress signals in these pathways. Fura-2 imaging reported a [Ca2+]i elevation accompanying pigment aggregation, but this increase was not essential since movement was not induced with the calcium ionophore, ionomycin, nor was movement blocked when the increases were suppressed by withdrawal of extracellular Ca2+ or loading of intracellular BAPTA. The phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, blocked aggregation and induced dispersion at concentrations that suggested that the protein phosphatase PP-1 or PP-2A was continuously turning phosphate over during intracellular motility. cAMP was monitored dynamically in single living cells by microinjecting cAMP-dependent kinase in which the catalytic and regulatory subunits were labeled with fluorescein and rhodamine respectively (Adams et al., 1991. Nature (Lond.). 349:694-697). Ratio imaging of F1CRhR showed that the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated aggregation was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in [cAMP]i. The decrease in [cAMP]i was both necessary and sufficient for aggregation, since cAMP analogs or microinjected free catalytic subunit of A kinase-blocked aggregation or caused dispersal, whereas the cAMP antagonist RpcAMPs or the microinjection of the specific kinase inhibitor PKI5-24 amide induced aggregation. Our conclusion that cAMP, not calcium, controls bidirectional microtubule dependent motility in melanophores might be relevant to other instances of non-muscle cell motility.
Ultra-large single-layer graphene obtained from solution chemical reduction and its electrical properties (2010)

Graphene is a promising candidate for making next-generation nanoelectronic devices. Developing methods to produce large sized graphene with high yield is the key for graphene applications. Here, we report a simple method for large-scale production of ultra-large single-layer graphene sheet (up to 50 microm) reduced from graphene oxides by hydrazine in the presence of aromatic tetrasodium 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid (TPA) which efficiently disperse the resulting graphene sheet in aqueous solutions. Field-effect transistors can be readily fabricated using such large reduced graphene oxide sheets. It was found that the mobility of the reduced graphene oxide increases with the temperature of subsequent thermal reduction and reaches 3.5 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) after reduction at 1000 degrees C. Such solution-processable method is of great potential in printable fabrication of graphene-based devices.
Tropical Cyclones (2003)

Tropical cyclones encompass virtually every subdiscipline of geophysical fluid dynamics, including cumulus convection, boundary layers, thermodynamic cycles, surface wave dynamics, upper ocean wind-driven circulations, barotropic instability, Rossby waves, and air-sea interaction. After briefly reviewing what is known about the structure, behavior, and climatology of these fascinating storms, the author provides an overview of their physics, focusing on the unique and poorly understood nature of the air-sea interface, and discusses several of the most interesting avenues of ongoing research.
New Innovative Top-Side Solutions To Provide Beneficial Offshore Well Intervention (2011)

Abstract Oil reserves being more and more expensive to develop, which makes it more and more important and beneficial increasing oil recovery on existing fields. To do so, drilling of new wells and side tracks are done, but taking care of existing wells, keeping them healthy and optimum producing, is often the most beneficial method for increased oil recovery. This paper will focus on what can be done to increase benefit by doing cost efficient well interventions, at the same time as HSE measures are improved, on offshore installations and vessels. The paper will highlight the IOR issue, the potential for increased well intervention work, and focus on what we can do to make this happen. The paper will present solutions for well intervention from existing well head platforms with or without drilling rigs, and for subsea wells. For existing platforms with drilling rigs, the potential for working in parallel will be described. For subsea wells, main focus will be the increasing need and the limited number of floating rigs, and how we can sort this out in a cost-efficient manner. Traditional thinking have more or less been: what can we do with what we have - now it must be changed to: what do we need to achieve best results? Main intention with this paper will be to engage oil- and service- companies to innovative IOR thinking, and for inspiration the paper will include some examples of what has been both possible and beneficial.
Blockchain Technology: A Revolutionary Bitcoin Technology (2017)

Blockchain is a decentralized transaction and data management technology developed first for Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The interest in Blockchain technology has been increasing since the idea was coined in 2008. The reason for the interest in Blockchain is its central attributes that provide security, anonymity and data integrity without any third party organization in control of the transactions, and therefore it creates interesting research areas, especially from the perspective of technical challenges and limitations. This paper highlights the architecture, benefits and applications of Blockchain Technology.
Abstract 2578: Efficacy of anti-CD22 antibody drug-conjugates in Ramos and Raji tumor xenograft models (2010)

Abstract CD22 is a well-validated target for immunotherapy on B cell tumors. CD22 is a B lymphoid lineage-specific differentiation antigen, and its cell surface expression coincides with IgD expression in human. CD22 expression is upregulated on mature B cells, and is lost upon terminal differentiation to plasma cells. CD22 is also highly expressed on B cell tumors including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Antibodies to CD22 rapidly internalize, making it an ideal target for an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) therapeutic approach. Human antibodies to CD22 have been generated. The antibodies bind B cells with high affinity and are rapidly internalized upon binding. Anti-CD22 conjugates linked to highly potent synthetic DNA minor-groove binding alkylating (MGBA) agents have been prepared and tested in vivo for the treatment of established Ramos and Raji subcutaneous tumor xenografts. Anti-tumor efficacy of the anti-CD22 conjugate was highly specific in comparison with the isotype control conjugate. The anti-CD22 conjugate at a single dose of 0.3 µmole/kg resulted in regression of established subcutaneous tumors with less than 5% body weight loss and no clinical signs of toxicity. The anti-CD22 conjugate at a single dose of 0.1 µmole/kg was more efficacious than Rituximab treatment on Ramos tumors. The anti-CD22 conjugate also had better tumor growth inhibition than an anti-CD19 conjugate. In summary, anti-CD22-ADCs have been prepared which show superior in vivo efficacy to Rituximab and to anti-CD19-ADCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2578.
Vascular endothelial–cadherin is an important determinant of microvascular integrity<i>in</i><i>vivo</i> (1999)

In the present paper, we characterize an antibody, mAb BV13, directed to mouse vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, a major adhesive protein of interendothelial adherens junctions. When added to cultured endothelial cells, BV13 induces a redistribution of VE-cadherin from intercellular junctions. VE-cadherin redistribution did not change the localization of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule or tight junction markers such as zonula occludens 1, cingulin, and junctional adhesion molecule. Intravenous administration of mAb BV13 induced a concentration- and time-dependent increase in vascular permeability in heart and lungs. By electron microscopy, interstitial edema and accumulation of mixed types of inflammatory cells in heart and lungs were observed. Injection of (rhodamine-labeled) Ricinus communis I lectin showed focal spots of exposed basement membrane in the alveolar capillaries and in some larger pulmonary vessels. These data indicate that VE-cadherin is required for vascular integrity and normal organ functions.
Sensitivity of glycopeptide conformation to carbohydrate chain length. (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSensitivity of glycopeptide conformation to carbohydrate chain length.Rui Liang, Amy Hamilton Andreotti, and Daniel KahneCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 41, 10395–10396Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00146a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00146a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views197Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A novel blink detection system for user monitoring (2013)

As the amount of time that the average person spends interacting with computing devices increases, it becomes important for the devices to be able to adjust to the user's state. Blinks are known to be indicative of the emotional state of a person and detecting blink patterns of a computer user can lead to devices that comprehend the user's state and adjust their characteristics accordingly. In this paper we propose a method to reliably detect blinks by analysing the motion vectors in the face and eye regions. It consists of three main steps: detecting the face and eye regions in the image, calculating the motion field in the face region and finally, exploiting the level of similarity between the vectors in the eye and face regions to distinguish images containing blinks from those that do not. Our algorithm is able to detect blinks even in images where the head is tilted or is moving — conditions that are very important for practical applications. We have achieved an accuracy of 96.9% in our experiments.
Screening for bacterialâfungal associations in a south-eastern US salt marsh using pre-established fungal monocultures (2005)

Both bacteria and fungi play critical roles in decomposition processes in many natural environments, yet only rarely have they been studied as an integrated community. We examined whether physical associations exist between individual bacterial and fungal species that co-occur on decaying smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, in a south-eastern US salt marsh. Fungal-pervaded decaying Spartina was used as "bait" for potential bacterial associates. The bundles (infiltrated with one of three dominant fungal members of the decomposer assemblage, or an autoclaved control) were placed in a salt marsh and collected biweekly for 6 weeks during the first experiment (late summer 2002), and weekly for 3 weeks during the second experiment (early summer 2003). Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA genes was used to track colonization by bacterial taxa in association with the established fungal species. T-RFLP analysis of 18S-to-28S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions was used to monitor changes in fungal communities once bundles had been placed in the field. Results from both years were nearly identical, and showed that invasion by fungi other than the bait species was slow, resulting in a virtual fungal monoculture for several weeks into the experiments. Surprisingly, bacterial communities were unaffected by the identity of the fungal bait. Regardless of the fungal species, and even in the absence of prior fungal colonization, bacterial 16S rRNA profiles were remarkably similar. These results suggest that few species-specific associations, either positive or negative, exist between bacterial and fungal members of the Spartina decomposer community during initial colonization.
Liver Tissue Engineering: A Role for Co-culture Systems in Modifying Hepatocyte Function and Viability (2001)

A major limitation in the construction of a functional engineered liver is the short-term survival and rapid de-differentiation of hepatocytes in culture. Heterotypic cell-cell interactions may have a role to play in modulating long-term hepatocyte behavior in engineered tissues. We describe the potential of 3T3 fibroblast cells in a co-culture system to modulate function and viability of primary isolated rat hepatocytes. Over an 18-day period after isolation, hepatocytes in pure culture rapidly declined in viability, displayed sparse bile canaliculi, and lost two function markers, the secretion of albumin and ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) activity. In comparison, the hepatocytes within the co-cultures maintained viability, possessed well-formed canalicular systems, and displayed both functional markers. Fixed 3T3 cells or 3T3 cell conditioned medium did not substitute for the viable 3T3 cell co-culture system in preserving hepatocyte viability and functionality.
Motion management with phase-adapted 4D-optimization (2010)

Cancer treatment with ionizing radiation is often compromised by organ motion, in particular for lung cases. Motion uncertainties can significantly degrade an otherwise optimized treatment plan. We present a spatiotemporal optimization method, which takes into account all phases of breathing via the corresponding 4D-CTs and provides a 4D-optimal plan that can be delivered throughout all breathing phases. Monte Carlo dose calculations are employed to warrant for highest dosimetric accuracy, as pertinent to study motion effects in lung. We demonstrate the performance of this optimization method with clinical lung cancer cases and compare the outcomes to conventional gating techniques. We report significant improvements in target coverage and in healthy tissue sparing at a comparable computational expense. Furthermore, we show that the phase-adapted 4D-optimized plans are robust against irregular breathing, as opposed to gating. This technique has the potential to yield a higher delivery efficiency and a decisively shorter delivery time.
Clinical effects of intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin, mitomycin C, leucovorin and 5-flourouracil for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. (2004)

Continuous IAIC with cisplatin, mitomycin-C, leucovorin, and 5-FU is effective for patients with severe advanced HCC. Absence of main vessel thrombosis, and AFP reduction percentage > 50% following treatment were good predictors of treatment response in our study. All side effects were mild and tolerable.
Computational modelling of low-energy electron-induced DNA damage by early physical and chemical events (1997)

Modelling and calculations are presented as a first step towards mechanistic interpretation and prediction of radiation effects based on the spectrum of initial DNA damage produced by low energy electrons (100 eV-4.5 keV) that can be compared with experimental information. Relative yields of single and clustered strand breaks are presented in terms of complexity and source of damage, either by direct energy deposition or by reaction of OH radicals, and dependence on the activation probability of OH radicals and the amount of energy required to give a single strand break (ssb). Data show that the majority of interactions in DNA do not lead to damage in the form of strand breaks and when they do occur, they are most frequently simple ssb. However, for double-strand breaks (dsb), a high proportion (approximately 30%) are of more complex forms, even without considering additional complexity from base damage. The greater contribution is from direct interactions in the DNA but reactions of OH radicals add substantially to this, both in terms of the total number of breaks and in increasing the complexity within a cluster. It has been shown that the lengths of damaged segments of DNA from individual electron tracks tend to be short, indicating that consequent deletion length (simply by loss of a fragment between nearby dsb) would be short, very seldom exceeding a few tens of base pairs.
The quinoline‐3‐carboxamide anti‐angiogenic agent, tasquinimod, enhances the anti‐prostate cancer efficacy of androgen ablation and taxotere without effecting serum PSA directly in human xenografts (2007)

These results documented that differences in serum PSA in tasquinimod-treated hosts are related to inhibition in tumor growth. This suggests that in clinical trials, changes in PSA slope or doubling time are indicative of therapeutic response to tasquinimod.