gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Piecewise Smooth Mumford–Shah Functional on an Arbitrary Graph (2009)

The Mumford-Shah functional has had a major impact on a variety of image analysis problems, including image segmentation and filtering, and, despite being introduced over two decades ago, it is still in widespread use. Present day optimization of the Mumford-Shah functional is predominated by active contour methods. Until recently, these formulations necessitated optimization of the contour by evolving via gradient descent, which is known for its overdependence on initialization and the tendency to produce undesirable local minima. In order to reduce these problems, we reformulate the corresponding Mumford-Shah functional on an arbitrary graph and apply the techniques of combinatorial optimization to produce a fast, low-energy solution. In contrast to traditional optimization methods, use of these combinatorial techniques necessitates consideration of the reconstructed image outside of its usual boundary, requiring additionally the inclusion of regularization for generating these values. The energy of the solution provided by this graph formulation is compared with the energy of the solution computed via traditional gradient descent-based narrow-band level set methods. This comparison demonstrates that our graph formulation and optimization produces lower energy solutions than the traditional gradient descent based contour evolution methods in significantly less time. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of the graph formulation to apply the Mumford-Shah functional to new applications such as point clustering and filtering of nonuniformly sampled images.
Intrinsic Functional Connectivity with the Subgenual Cingulate Predicts Clinical Efficacy of TMS Targets for Depression (P01.188) (2012)

Objective: To elucidate the antidepressant mechanism of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and translate this information into improved TMS targeting and clinical efficacy. Background TMS to the left DLPFC is used clinically for the treatment of depression. However the antidepressant mechanism remains unclear and its therapeutic efficacy remains limited. One problem known to contribute to limited clinical efficacy is difficulty identifying the appropriate stimulation target. Recent data suggests that some left DLPFC targets are more effective than others; however the reasons for this heterogeneity and how to capitalize on this information remain unclear. Design/Methods: Intrinsic (resting state) functional connectivity MRI was used to determine if differences in functional connectivity could account for differences in clinical efficacy across various left DLPFC TMS sites. We then utilized this information to compute ideal stimulation coordinates using connectivity-based targeting. Results: The clinical efficacy of different DLPFC stimulation sites was related to the strength of their anticorrelation with the subgenual cingulate, both through paired comparisons and on a continuous basis. Optimal left DLPFC coordinates were identified based on subgenual connectivity to be targeted in future TMS clinical trials. Conclusions: This work lends insight into the antidepressant mechanism of TMS and the role of intrinsically anticorrelated networks in depression. Further, it suggests a targeting strategy to optimize focal brain stimulation that could have broad applicability across a number of diseases and stimulation techniques. Supported by: The Brain Genomics Superstruct Project, NIH Grant R25NS065743, National Institutes of Health and National Center for Research Resources: Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (UL1 RR025758) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Disclosure: Dr. Fox has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pascual-Leone has received personal compensation for activities with Nexstim, Neuronix, Starlab Neuroscience, Allied Mind, Neosync, and Novavision.
Single Mode Optical Waveguide Design Study. (1981)

With the extremely low losses attained in optical waveguides over the past three years, it is expected that graded index multimode systems with long repeater spacing will be dispersion limited. In that case the only recourse is to use single mode waveguides. To fully utilize this potential, the single mode waveguide design has to be simultaneously optimized with respect to total loss and bandwidth of the system. Since the bandwidth of a single mode waveguide is considered sufficiently high for most telecommunication applications, the present work has concentrated on total waveguide loss as would be experienced in a real system. The objective of this study is to experimentally determine the step index single mode fiber loss dependence, by all mechanisms likely to be experienced practically, upon the key fiber design parameters, core diameter (2a) and fractional index difference (delta). Only with this systematic and comprehensive data base, will a rational choice of and/or criteria for choosing fiber design parameters optimized for a given application be obtained.
Method and apparatus for minimizing convection during crystal growth from solution (1983)

A method and apparatus are disclosed for growing in a gravitational field a microscopic crystal from a solution. The solution is held in a vertical chamber which is relatively thin, the thin being generally perpendicular to the vertical. There is a substrate crystal disposed at either the upper or lower end of the chamber and the crystal grows from this substrate crystal in one direction. The temperature conditions of the solution are controlled so that, as the crystal forms, the effects of buoyant convection within the solution are minimized. This is accomplished in two different ways depending upon whether the crystal is grown from the upper or lower end of the chamber. When grown from the upper end of the chamber, the temperature of the solution is controlled so that it remains essentially isothermal so that there is essentially no heat loss from the solution. When the crystal is grown from the lower end of the chamber, the temperature of the solution is controlled so that there is a differential in temperature throughout the solution which provides a positive thermal gradient within the chamber.
Versatile Approaches to the Polymer-Supported Synthesis of Bidentate Phosphorus-Containing Ligands (2001)

Ein einfacher Weg zu neuen Diphosphanliganden: Das Merrifield-Harz wurde verwendet, um Diphosphane der allgemeinen Formel 1 zu synthetisieren, die durch Umsetzung mit PCl3, Alkoholen oder Thioalkoholen gespalten werden konnten. Dies lieferte Liganden wie 2–4 in Lösung.
GALS Based Shared Test Architecture for Embedded Memories (2007)

Increasing memory content on SoCs, along with the shrinking technology node (resulting into newer kinds of defects), multiple clocks, and voltage domains necessitate a shared built in self test (BIST) capable of testing memories in different nooks of a chip with least routing congestion and the ability to handle different clock domains. Moreover, the BIST should be programmable so that it can cope up with upcoming defects. Hereby, we propose a shared and programmable BIST architecture based on GALS methodology to cater to the aforesaid needs
Toleration of amino acid substitutions within hepatitis B virus envelope protein epitopes established by peptide replacement set analysis. I. Region S(139-147). (1992)

B and T cell epitopes expressed on the surface of S-protein, a major constituent of the envelope of hepatitis B virus (HBV), are essential for eliciting protective immunity against HBV infection. A segment of the S-protein sequence encompassing residues S(139-147) is a portion of overlapping B and T cell epitopes. This sequence is conserved among distinct serological subtypes of HBV and has a 77.8% homology with an analogous sequence in S-proteins of nonhuman mammalian hepadnaviruses. Rare subtypes and variants of HBV having amino acid replacements within the S(139-147) sequence were discerned recently. The impact of amino acid replacements within this sequence on its immunological recognition at both the B and T cell levels was explored by peptide replacement set analysis. Results of the analysis permit discrimination between tolerated and forbidden amino acid replacements and provide a background for the development of reagents and immunogens specific for emerging HBV variants.
Principles of Faithful Execution in the implementation of trusted objects. (2003)

We begin with the following definitions: Definition: A trusted volume is the computing machinery (including communication lines) within which data is assumed to be physically protected from an adversary. A trusted volume provides both integrity and privacy. Definition: Program integrity consists of the protection necessary to enable the detection of changes in the bits comprising a program as specified by the developer, for the entire time that the program is outside a trusted volume. For ease of discussion we consider program integrity to be the aggregation of two elements: instruction integrity (detection of changes in the bits within an instruction or block of instructions), and sequence integrity (detection of changes in the locations of instructions within a program). Definition: Faithful Execution (FE) is a type of software protection that begins when the software leaves the control of the developer and ends within the trusted volume of a target processor. That is, FE provides program integrity, even while the program is in execution. (As we will show below, FE schemes are a function of trusted volume size.) FE is a necessary quality for computing. Without it we cannot trust computations. In the early days of computing FE came for free since the software never left a trusted volume. At that time the execution environment was the same as the development environment. In some circles that environment was referred to as a ''closed shop:'' all of the software that was used there was developed there. When an organization bought a large computer from a vendor the organization would run its own operating system on that computer, use only its own editors, only its own compilers, only its own debuggers, and so on. However, with the continuing maturity of computing technology, FE becomes increasingly difficult to achieve
Development and Initial Application of a Real Time Thermal Control System for Laser Tissue Welding (1994)

The ability to sense and control continuously surface temperatures of a tissue being exposed to laser radiation could standardize parameters and eliminate subjective interpretation of results during laser tissue repair. We describe the development and testing of a control system that enables the operator to maintain relatively specific tissue temperatures for the purpose of laser welding. After initial development, the infrared thermal control system combined with an argon laser was used to repair urethral defects in 45 adult male rats. Repairs were completed using various predetermined temperatures of 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90C. The integrity of each weld was quantitatively determined by measuring intraluminal bursting pressure immediately after repair. In all temperature groups bursting pressures were in excess of 85 mm. Hg. Those performed at 80C produced the strongest weld (analysis of variance p = 0.0001). However, welding temperatures above 70C sacrificed the integrity of the underlying urothelium producing obvious damage when viewed microscopically. We were able to demonstrate that temperature is an objective parameter of tissue welding that can be continuously assessed and controlled during the laser repair of tissue defects to produce effective, predictable welds.
PRL-3 expression in metastatic cancers. (2003)

These studies establish an unexpected and unprecedented specificity in metastatic gene expression profiles: PRL-3 is apparently expressed in CRC metastases to any organ but is not expressed in metastases of other cancers to the same organs or in nonmetastatic CRCs. PRL-3 is also expressed in tumor vasculature, regardless of the tumor source. These data raise intriguing questions about the role of protein phosphorylation in angiogenesis and cell-type-specific metastatic processes.
Monoclonal Antibodies to the Human Interferon-γ Receptor: Blocking of the Biological Activities of Interferon-γ and Purification of the Receptor (1989)

Monoclonal antibodies against the human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) receptor were developed by injecting mice with a preparation of receptor that was purified from solubilized placental membranes by ligand affinity chromatography. Three antibodies were identified by their ability to block the binding of 125I-labeled IFN-gamma to its receptor on HeLa cells at 4 degrees C. One of these antibodies blocked several biological activities of IFN-gamma, including its antiviral activity, its ability to induce HLA-DR surface antigens, and its ability to protect cells from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This antibody exhibited higher binding capacity to cells at 37 degrees C and was significantly less displaceable by an excess of IFN-gamma as compared with the other two antibodies. Immunoaffinity chromatography of solubilized crude placental membrane preparation yielded a purified receptor that exhibited a molecular weight of 88,000. The purified receptor retained its ability to bind 125I-labeled IFN-gamma in solution.
VoIP protection and performance improvement (2004)

A lot of ongoing work is geared towards improving the reliability, performance and QoS characteristics of service provider IP networks. In contrast, we propose novel enterprise-based techniques that exploit the fact that many enterprises are multi/dual-homed. Certain (e.g., VoIP) packets are duplicated and sent over multiple service providers. After traversing the service provider networks, only the first-to-arrive packets are kept and the later-arriving copies are discarded. In so doing, the result is not only better protection against node and link failures, and packet losses and errors, but also better QoS performance under normal (fault-free) operation. The packet-duplication process can be policy-based and take into account costs, bandwidth, and priority issues, permitting the system to behave like a simple "smart router" that automatically and continually makes use of the best (lowest-delay) service provider.
Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave vector measurements (1998)

After a brief presentation of the first vector measurements ever performed up to the THz with coherent sources, which were using BWOs and an interferometric technique, the possibility to use solid-state components is described. It involves frequency multiplication in Schottky harmonic generators as sources, and frequency downconversion in Schottky harmonic mixers as detectors. Instead of an interferometric setup, or instead of a second detection in a reference branch parallel to the DUT (Device Under Test) branch, like it is operated in classical millimeter network analyzers, the phase acquisition is purely electronic, which presents several advantages. The configurations of the analyzer without extensions are described. This section contains the choice of the harmonic order, the crosstalk effects and how to cancel them, and the dual-sense detection configuration, in which the microwave propagates, at the same time, in two directions. The interest of the latest configuration is when testing a given Schottky device in both harmonic generation (source) and harmonic mixing (detection) roles at the same time. The 4S-parameter configuration is shown. The 2S-parameter configuration is a simplified arrangement. The principle of phase acquisition does not involve any absolute frequency stabilization, since it is only the difference between two microwave sources which is stabilized. However some experiments need very stable and pure microwaves, which can be done. The analyzer can work at two frequencies at the same time. A description of several possible extensions of the analyzer is included. When a very large dynamic range is needed, one can associate with the analyzer a source which can remain free-running. When associating a Gunn oscillator feeding a multiharmonic harmonic generator, one can cover the frequencies up to 500 GHz. When associating two Gunn oscillators, the first followed by a multiharmonic harmonic generator, the second feeding a harmonic mixer, one can cover frequencies up to 1000 GHz. This setup can also work at two frequencies at the same time.
CHAPTER 2. Non-aqueous Electrolytes for Mg Batteries (2019)

Battery electrolytes are the medium that link the battery anode and the cathode. As such, they need to simultaneously satisfy a myriad of requirements that make the development of electrolytes a challenging endeavor. That is, at the very minimum, they need to possess a sufficient electrochemical stability window together with acceptable ionic transport. To become practical, other physical and chemical properties such as low volatility, non-flammability, inertness and high thermal stability are also desirable. The development of electrolytes for rechargeable magnesium batteries was previously challenged by the absence of practical electrolytes that are compatible with Mg metal. Over the past decade, rapid new developments have generated new ideas and designs that are altering the landscape of magnesium electrolytes. In this chapter, we discuss these new advancements and explain how they are changing our previous perceived image of a competent Mg electrolyte.
Mounting of molded AFM probes by soldering (2000)

Electrical probes consisting of cantilever beams with integrated pyramidal metal or diamond tips have to be mounted to small holder chips before they can be used in electrical atomic force microscopy (AFM). Gluing procedures have been developed for this step but such a connection suffers mainly from low electrical conductivity and often also from low mechanical stability. Furthermore, it is not very suitable for massfabrication. Soldering is a well-established mounting method in microelectronics (e.g. surface mounted devices (SMD)) and could overcome these problems. Therefore, we have developed a soldering procedure for moulded AFM probes. This paper presents the optimized soldering procedure and demonstartes its use for probe mounting. Excellent results were obtained using a metallization system of Ti:W+Ni+Au and a SnBi58 solder paste in combination with a hotplate for the soldering step. The soldered probes are highly conductive and the mechanical connection between probe and holder chip is very rigid. They show clear resonance peaks in tapping mode AFM which we could not obtain with our glued probes before.
MO-SAM-BRB-01: Principles and Clinical Application of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (2010)

Intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT), first proposed by C. Yu in 1995, is a multiple arc technique in which the aperture defined by the multileaf collimator (MLC) of a conventional accelerator changes dynamically while gantry rotation speed and dose rate remain constant. IMAT was shown to deliver highly conformal dose distributions in times comparable to other conformal techniques; however, widespread adoption of IMAT was limited by the lack of commercial systems. Recently, volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), in which gantry speed and dose rate are modulated in addition to MLC aperture, has been demonstrated and become commercially available. Commercial VMAT delivery systems are available from Elekta AB (Stockholm, Sweden) and Varian Medical Systems, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA). Although the dose distributions produced by VMAT are similar to those produced by fixed gantry intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), VMAT is a distinct delivery technique with unique clinical considerations. We will describe the clinical implementation of VMAT, including commissioning, treatment planning, and patient and machine specific quality assurance. We will also review the elements of starting a VMAT program. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). 2. Survey VMAT treatment planning systems and planning techniques. 3. Describe commissioning of a VMAT delivery system. 4. Review patient- and machine-specific VMAT quality assurance. 5. Summarize the key elements of starting a VMAT program. Conflict of Interest (only if applicable): Richard Popple and Cedric Yu each have a sponsored research agreement with Varian. David Shepard has a sponsored research agreement with Elekta.
Quantization in perceptual audio coders with correction for synthesis filter bank noise spreading (2002)

Perceptual transform and subband audio coding systems using analysis/synthesis filter banks introduce noise by quantizing subband signals or transform coefficients. Historically, systems have been designed under the assumption that the quantization noise power spectra at the synthesis filter bank input and output are equal. In general, the power spectra will have different shapes since the synthesis convolution leads to quantization noise spreading. In this paper, a theoretical framework for deriving an optimum noise allocation that accounts for spreading by the synthesis filter bank is described. In concept, the problem of finding an optimal noise allocation can be expressed as a constrained optimization problem. A simplified algorithm derived from the theoretical framework is discussed that was found to improve subjective audio quality while using only modest computational resources.
Directional coupler for multimode optical fibers (1976)

A simple directional coupler using induced mode conversion has been built. The fraction of energy extracted from the fiber can easily be varied from −10 to −3 dB with an insertion loss close to the theoretical limit. This coupler can also be removed from the fiber if the derivation is no longer desired and appears then as a versatile clip-on coupler for temporary extraction of the light travelling in the fiber.
<i>INSM1</i> Promoter-Driven Adenoviral Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Cancer Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (2009)

The INSM1 gene encodes a developmentally regulated zinc finger transcription factor. INSM1 expression is normally absent in adult tissues, but is reactivated in neuroendocrine tumor cells. In the present study, we analyzed the therapeutic potential of an adenoviral INSM1 promoter-driven herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) construct in primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). We constructed an adenoviral INSM1 promoter-driven HSV-tk gene for therapy in PNETs. The PNET-specific adeno-INSM1 promoter HSV-tk construct was tested both in vitro and in vivo in a nude mouse tumor model. Northern blot analysis and transient transfection of an INSM1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter gene indicated that the INSM1 promoter was active in neuroblastoma (IMR-32), retinoblastoma (Y79), and medulloblastoma (D283 Med) cells, but not in glioblastoma (U-87 MG) cells. After Ad-INSM1p-HSV-tk infection, the levels of HSV-tk protein expression were consistent with INSM1 promoter activities. Furthermore, in vitro multiplicity of infection and ganciclovir (GCV) sensitivity studies indicated that the INSM1 promoter could mediate specific expression of the HSV-tk gene and selective killing of INSM1-positive PNETs. In vivo intratumoral adenoviral delivery demonstrated that the INSM1 promoter could direct HSV-tk gene expression in a nude mouse tumor model and effectively repressed tumor growth in response to GCV treatment. Taken together, our data show that the INSM1 promoter is specific and effective for targeted cancer gene therapy in PNETs.