gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
1619-P: Trends in Severe Hypoglycemia and Mortality in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes (2020)

Background: Hypoglycemia is one of the major complications in the management of individuals with type 1 diabetes, and severe hypoglycemia increases the risk of mortality. Objective: To investigate trends and risk factors for severe hypoglycemia and mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Methods: We evaluated age- and sex-standardized annual incidence rates of severe hypoglycemia requiring hospitalization and mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes using the Korean National Health Insurance Service Database from 2002 to 2016. Results: Age- and sex-standardized incidence rates of severe hypoglycemia have increased from 2002 to 2016 in individuals with type 1 diabetes (5.79 per 1,000 in 2002-2004 to 12.57 per 1,000 in 2015-2016, P for trend &lt; 0.0001). Individuals with severe hypoglycemia had significantly lower body weight (64.8 ± 12.4 kg vs. 57.7 ± 9.5 kg; P &lt; 0.0001) and higher proportions of chronic kidney disease (2.5% vs. 5.3%, P = 0.0012) and end-stage renal disease (0.6% vs. 2.0%, P = 0.0071) compared with those without severe hypoglycemia. However, age- and sex-standardized mortality has decreased in both individuals with and without severe hypoglycemia (P for trends &lt; 0.001). The use of new-generation insulin analogs was associated with a lower risk of severe hypoglycemia and mortality. Conclusion: The incidence rates of severe hypoglycemia have significantly increased, while the mortality has significantly decreased in Korean individuals with type 1 diabetes from 2002 to 2016. Disclosure J. Bae: None. K. Kim: None. J. Kim: None. S. Kim: None. N. Kim: None.
Structure and stability of designed TPR protein superhelices: unusual crystal packing and implications for natural TPR proteins (2007)

The structure and stability of repeat proteins has been little studied in comparison to the properties of the more familiar globular proteins. Here, the structure and stability of designed tetratricopeptide-repeat (TPR) proteins is described. The TPR is a 34-amino-acid motif which adopts a helix-turn-helix structure and occurs as tandem repeats. The design of a consensus TPR motif (CTPR) has previously been described. Here, the crystal structures and stabilities of proteins that contain eight or 20 identical tandem repeats of the CTPR motif (CTPR8 and CTPR20) are presented. Both CTPR8 and CTPR20 adopt a superhelical overall structure. The structures of the different-length CTPR proteins are compared with each other and with the structures of natural TPR domains. Also, the unusual and perhaps unique crystal-packing interactions resulting in pseudo-infinite crystalline superhelices observed in the different crystal forms of CTPR8 and CTPR20 are discussed. Finally, it is shown that the thermodynamic behavior of CTPR8 and CTPR20 can be predicted from the behavior of other TPRs in this series using an Ising model-based analysis. The designed protein series CTPR2-CTPR20 covers the natural size repertoire of TPR domains and as such is an excellent model system for natural TPR proteins.
Thermodynamics of Ketone + Amine Mixtures. Part III. Volumetric and Speed of Sound Data at (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K for 2-Butanone + Aniline, + <i>N-</i>Methylaniline, or + Pyridine Systems (2010)

Densities, ρ, and speeds of sound, u, of 2-butanone + aniline, + N-methylaniline, or + pyridine systems have been measured at (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K and atmospheric pressure using a vibrating-tube densimeter and sound analyzer (Anton Paar model DSA-5000). The ρ and u values were used to calculate excess molar volumes, VE, and the excess functions at 298.15 K for the speed of sound, uE, the thermal expansion coefficient, αPE, and the isentropic compressibility, κSE. VE and κSE are both negative magnitudes and increase in the sequence: aniline < N-methylaniline < pyridine. In contrast, uE is positive and changes in the opposite way. Data suggest the existence of strong interactions between unlike molecules.
Hyperbranched fluorocopolymers by atom transfer radical self‐condensing vinyl copolymerization (2005)

Abstract Hyperbranched fluorocopolymers were synthesized by the atom transfer radical self‐condensing vinyl copolymerization (ATR–SCVCP) of an inimer, either p ‐chloromethylstyrene (CMS) or p ‐bromomethylstyrene (BMS), with 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorostyrene (PFS), with 2,2′‐bipyridine together with CuCl or CuBr as the ligand/catalyst system. The reaction conditions were studied to provide for control over the copolymer compositions, molecular weights, degrees of branching, and properties, as characterized by 1 H, 13 C, and 19 F NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and solubility tests. Copolymers having number‐average molecular weights from 2.9 to 260 kDa and polydispersities (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight) from 1.8 to 4.8 were obtained. The molar fractions of PFS units increased with increases in the feed ratio of PFS to the inimer. The degrees of branching were typically about 30% with the feed of 1.0 or 2.0 equiv of PFS with respect to the inimer, although slight variations could be achieved through the variation of the inimer composition. Under similar reaction conditions with CuCl as the catalyst, ATR–SCVCP of BMS with PFS led to higher degrees of branching than ATR–SCVCP of CMS with PFS. Solubility tests indicated that the polymers prepared under conditions that avoided extensive biradical coupling were soluble in a broad range of organic solvents. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4754–4770, 2005
Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) Validation Reconsidered (2018)

This document specifies an alternative to the certificate validation
procedure specified in RFC 6487 that reduces aspects of operational
fragility in the management of certificates in the Resource Public Key
Infrastructure (RPKI), while retaining essential security features.
The procedure specified in RFC 6487 requires that Resource
Certificates are rejected entirely if they are found to overclaim any
resources not contained on the issuing certificate, whereas the
validation process defined here allows an issuing Certification
Authority (CA) to chose to communicate that such Resource Certificates
should be accepted for the intersection of their resources and the
issuing certificate. It should be noted that the validation process
defined here considers validation under a single trust anchor (TA)
only. In particular, concerns regarding overclaims where multiple
configured TAs claim overlapping resources are considered out of scope
for this document. This choice is signaled by a set of alternative
Object (OIDs) per X.509 Extensions for IP Addresses and
AS Identifiers (RFC 3779) and Policy (CP) for the
Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) (RFC 6484). It should be
noted that in case these OIDs are not used for any certificate under a
trust anchor, the validation procedure defined here has the same
outcome as the procedure defined in RFC 6487. Furthermore, this
document provides an alternative to Route Origin Authorization (ROA)
(RFC 6482) and BGPsec Router Certificate (BGPsec PKI Profiles --
publication requested) validation.
Energy efficient sleep scheduling based on moving directions in target tracking sensor network (2008)

This paper presents a target direction-based sleep scheduling algorithm (TDSS) for target tracking surveillance sensor networks. TDSS reduces the number of the proactively awakened sensor nodes and schedules their sleep pattern to enhance energy efficiency but suffer little performance loss. Both approaches are based on two probabilistic distribution models of target moving directions, normal distribution and linear distribution. We compare TDSS with the two models against the legacy circle-based proactively waking up scheme (Circle) and a working node reducing algorithm - MCTA. The evaluation result shows that TDSS achieves better energy efficiency but with less performance loss in terms of detection probability and detection delay.
The Lipophilicity, Pharmacokinetics, and Cellular Uptake of Different Chemically-Modified Tetracyclines (CMTs) (2001)

CMTs are analogs of tetracyclines, which are chemically modified to eliminate their antimicrobial efficacy but which retain their inhibitory activity against matrix metalloproteinases. These compounds have been found to inhibit connective tissue breakdown in animal models of diseases such as periodontitis, arthritis and cancer. Because CMTs exhibit different in vivo efficacy in these various models of disease, the current study compared their pharmacokinetics and other properties as follows: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered by oral gavage a single dose of 5mg of different CMTs suspended in 1 ml 2% carboxymethyl-cellulose, and blood samples were collected from 1-48 hours after dosing. The sera were extracted, then analyzed by HPLC using a C-18 reverse-phase column. The results showed that the peak concentrations (C(max)) in rat sera 1-12 hours after oral administration of CMTs -1, -2,-3, -4,-5,-6,-7,-8 and doxycycline were 5.5, 0.7, 4.6, 6.2, 0.8, 0.7, 9.0 (note: the 3 peaks detected for CMT-7 were combined), 15.0 and 0.9 microg/ml, respectively. Their in vivo half-lives (t(1/2)) were 11, 5, 22, 11, 32, 15, 37, 38, and 17 hours, respectively. Of the anticollagenase CMTs tested, CMT-8 showed the greatest C(max) and t(1/2)values, followed by CMTs-3, -1, -4, and perhaps -7; CMTs-2, -5, and -6 exhibited much lower levels in serum. The relative lipophilicities of the 8 CMTs and doxycycline were tested by examining their extractability in octanol. The results showed that CMT-2, -5, and -6 had the lowest partition coefficients using this organic solvent, while CMT-3 was the most lipophilic. The lipophilicity of the different CMTs was also positively correlated (r(2)=0.767, P<0.05) to peak serum concentrations (C(max)), but not to their serum half-lives (r(2)=0.25,P=0.49). This property of the different CMTs was also found to be positively correlated to their ability to enter into human whole blood cells in vitro (r2=0.95, P<0.001). Since CMT-8, as well as CMTs-3 and -1, consistently exhibited the greatest in vivo efficacy in animal models of tissue breakdown, this may reflect, at least in part, their favorable pharmacokinetics and tissue uptake.
Mapping DNA Target Sites of Chromatin Proteins In Vivo by Formaldehyde Crosslinking (2003)

The method described here is based on a technique developed to analyze the chromatin structure of the SV40 origin of replication, and also alterations in nucleosomal structures in the hsp70 promoter of Drosophila after heat shock (1,2). It relies on the ability of formaldehyde to crosslink proteins and nucleic acids in living cells, from which chromatin can be isolated and protein-DNA interactions probed by immunoprecipitation using specific antibodies.
Filler injections with the blunt-tip microcannula. (2012)

Using the blunt-tip microcannula as an alternative to the hypodermic needles has simplified filler injections and produced less bruising, echymosis, and pain with faster recovery.
Carbohydrate Chemistry (2014)

Volume 40 of Carbohydrate Chemistry: Chemical and Biological Approaches demonstrates the importance of the glycosciences for innovation and societal progress. Carbohydrates are molecules with essential roles in biology and also serve as renewable resources for the generation of new chemicals and materials. Honouring Professor André Lubineau’s memory, this volume resembles a special collection of contributions in the fields of green and low-carbon chemistry, innovative synthetic methodology and design of carbohydrate architectures for medicinal and biological chemistry. Green methodology is illustrated by accounts on the industrial development of water-promoted reactions (C-glycosylation, cycloadditions) and the design of green processes and synthons towards sugar-based surfactants and materials. The especially challenging transformations at the anomeric center are presented in several contributions on glycosylation methodologies using iron or gold catalysis, electrochemical or enzymatic (thio)glycosylation, exo-glycal chemistry and bioengineering of carbohydrate synthases. Then, synthesis and structure of multivalent and supramolecular oligosaccharide architectures are discussed and related to their physical properties and application potential, e.g. for deepening our understanding of biological processes, such as enzymatic pathways or bacterial adhesion, and design of antibacterial, antifungal and innovative anticancer vaccines or drugs.
Auroral Double Layer (2011)

Theoretical models of double layers for the potential structures along auroral field lines are reviewed. The role of the backscattered and the trapped electrons in the formation of the auroral double layers is stressed. The importance of treating the auroral double layer as an integral part of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling system is also emphasized. Finally, the formation of discrete auroras due to an enhanced magnetospheric convection is demonstrated.
333. Simultaneous Disruption of Five SerpinA1 Genes in Mice Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Generate the First Animal Model of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (2015)

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a common autosomal co-dominant genetic disorder. This condition affects up to 1:2500 individuals of European ancestry, leading to the development of lung and in certain cases liver disease. AAT, as a member of the serpin family, is a protease inhibitor predominantly synthesized in the liver. Upon secretion into the blood stream, AAT's principle physiological role occurs in the lungs where it inactivates excess neutrophil elastase, thereby preventing potential damage to the alveoli. In humans, a glutamate to lysine change at position 342 of the protein, known as a PiZ mutation, accounts for over 90% of cases. This and other mutations lead to reduced serum levels of AAT in addition to reduced protein function. With time, the decreased levels of AAT allows for unopposed neutrophil elastase activity, causing the eventual breakdown of alveolar elastin thus resulting in emphysema. Currently, a serum deficient genetic animal model simulating the lung condition does not exist, which severely limits the development of innovative therapeutics. Our goal is to use CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate an AAT knock-out mouse to study the pulmonary disease. Unlike humans, mice have five highly conserved tandem copies of the serpinA1 gene. This phenomenon has made it difficult to create knockout mice using traditional approaches. With the advent of novel genome editing techniques, this problem has reached a feasible threshold. To this end, we designed four guide RNA (gRNA) constructs to target conserved regions within all 5 copies of the serpinA genes. The gRNA constructs were initially evaluated using a single strand annealing assay. By co-transfecting a gRNA/Cas9 complex with appropriate reporters, the intensity of resulting GFP measured target efficiency. Afterwards, embryonic stem cell transfection and zygote microinjection were used to deliver the genome editing complex for in vitro and in vivo studies. During the screening process, 200 embryonic stem cell samples and 40 transgenic mice were evaluated by quantifying AAT serum levels and sequencing specific target regions within the genome. Upon completion, several knock-outs were identified and founder lines were established. Ongoing studies aim to determine the susceptibility of developing emphysema after challenging the knockout mice with porcine pancreatic elastase. We expect the mice will display a distinguishable pulmonary phenotype, aside from decreased levels of AAT as determined by ELISA, which will allow for the characterization of airway pathophysiology. This mouse model is of particular clinical significance as it presents the first opportunity to test current and novel therapeutics aimed at augmenting serum levels of AAT.
Gas to Particle Conversion-Gas Exchange Technique for Direct Analysis of Metal Carbonyl Gas by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (2014)

A novel gas to particle conversion-gas exchange technique for the direct analysis of metal carbonyl gas by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) was proposed and demonstrated in the present study. The technique is based on a transfer of gas into particle, which can be directly analyzed by ICPMS. Particles from metal carbonyl gases such as Cr(CO)6, Mo(CO)6, and W(CO)6 are formed by reaction with ozone (O3) and ammonium (NH3) gases within a newly developed gas to particle conversion device (GPD). The reaction mechanism of the gas to particle conversion is based on either oxidation of metal carbonyl gas by O3 or agglomeration of metal oxide with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) which is generated by the reaction of O3 and NH3. To separate the reaction gases (remaining O3 and NH3) from the formed particles, a previously reported gas exchange device (GED) was used and the in argon stabilized analyte particles were directly introduced and measured by ICPMS. This new technique provided limits of detection (LOD) of 0.15 pL L(-1) (0.32 ng m(-3)), 0.02 pL L(-1) (0.07 ng m(-3)), and 0.01 pL L(-1) (0.07 ng m(-3)) for Cr(CO)6, Mo(CO)6, and W(CO)6, respectively, which were 4-5 orders of magnitude lower than those conventional applied for detecting these gases, e.g., gas chromatography with electron captured detector (GC-ECD) as well as Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The achieved LODs were also similar or slightly better than those for ICPMS coupled to GC. Since the gas to particle conversion technique can achieve the direct measurement of metal carbonyl gases as well as the removal of reaction and ambient gases from metal carbonyl gases, the technique is considered to be well suited to monitor gas quality in semiconductor industry, engine exhaust gases, and or waste incineration products.
Enzyme modified soy flour adhesives (2009)

vi CHAPTER 1. General Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2. Hydrolyzed soy flour and protein isolate in medium density fiberboard applications 28 CHAPTER 3. Effects of degree of protein hydrolysis on soy flour/phenol formaldehyde adhesives 45 CHAPTER 4. Effects of degree of hydrolysis on soy flour and polyamideepichlorohydrin bond strength and stability 60 CHAPTER 5. Urea enhanced soy flour/polyamide-epichlorohydrin Adhesives 77 CHAPTER 6. Summary 96 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 99
A highly dispersed and anti-coking Ni–La2O3/SiO2 catalyst for syngas production from dry carbon dioxide reforming of methane (2014)

Syngas production from dry carbon dioxide reforming of methane was studied on a Ni/SiO2 doped with La2O3 catalyst prepared via an in situ self-assembled core–shell precursor route. Highly dispersed nickel of particle size <3.0 nm on the Ni–La2O3/SiO2 catalyst was successfully achieved. The addition of La2O3 enhanced the interaction between NiO and the silica support to form a more stable nickel silicate. The resulting Ni–La2O3/SiO2 catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity and stability without any coking behaviour even after 100 hours of reaction on stream. In contrast, the Ni–La2O3/SiO2 catalyst prepared using a conventional incipient wetness impregnation method exhibited poor catalytic activity and a high coke formation rate.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Chemistry of the Active Copper Species Derived from CuI×PBu3, CuI×PPh3, and CuCN×nLiX Complexes. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ru-doped semi-insulating buried heterostructure laser operating up to 100°C for 10-Gbit/s direct modulation (2005)

We report the high-temperature characteristics of 1.3-μm InGaAsP directly modulated lasers with a simple buried structure using Ru-doped semi-insulating InP. Clear eye openings under 10-Gbit/s direct modulations were obtained from 0°C to 100°C. (2 pages)
α-Substituted organic peroxides: synthetic strategies for a biologically important class of gem-dihydroperoxide and perketal derivatives (2007)

In this paper we review the recent developments in the synthesis of alpha-substituted hydroperoxides. Alpha-substituted hydroperoxides are interesting compounds due to their chemistry and bioactivity and as intermediates for the synthesis of other peroxides, of which cyclic peroxides are of major importance. Although the emphasis of this report will be on the derivatives of gem-dihydroperoxides, perketals, as well as the less studied nitrogen and sulfur derivatives, will also be covered.
Two-Photon Microscopy for Non-Invasive, Quantitative Monitoring of Stem Cell Differentiation (2010)

In this study we demonstrate that it is possible to monitor the metabolic activity, morphology, ECM production and oxidative stress of hMSCs in a non-invasive manner. This is accomplished using generally available multiphoton microscopy equipment and simple data analysis techniques, such that the method can widely adopted by laboratories with a diversity of comparable equipment. This method therefore represents a powerful tool, which enables researchers to monitor engineered tissues and optimize culture conditions in a near real time manner.
Enhancement of Mechanical Strength Using Nano Aluminum Reinforced Matrix for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (2012)

용융탄산염 연료전지 상용화를 위해서 40,000 시간이상 장기 운전이 가능해야 한다. 장기운전을 위해 크랙 발생이 적고 기계적 강도가 높은 강화 매트릭스의 개발이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 <TEX>$LiAlO_2$</TEX>에 알루미늄 나노입자를 첨가하여 매트릭스의 기계적 강도를 향상시키는 연구를 수행하였다. 나노 알루미늄 첨가 <TEX>$LiAlO_2$</TEX> 그린 시트를 수소 분위기에서 열처리한 결과, 공기 분위기에서 열처리한 매트릭스에 비해 기계적 강도가 1.5배 증가함을 확인하였다. 이는 환원분위기에서 열처리를 할 경우, 알루미늄의 입자간의 소결으로 인한 neck이 형성 되어 <TEX>$LiAlO_2$</TEX> 입자 간에 다리를 만들어주는 효과가 나타나 매트릭스의 기계적 강도가 크게 증진되었으리라 판단된다.
Abnormal neuronal metabolism and storage in mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux–Lamy) disease (2005)

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type VI, also known as Maroteaux-Lamy disease, is an inherited disorder of glycosaminoglycan catabolism caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal hydrolase, N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulphatase (4S). A variety of prominent visceral and skeletal defects are characteristic, but primary neurological involvement has generally been considered absent. We report here that the feline model of MPS VI exhibits abnormal lysosomal storage in occasional neurones and glia distributed throughout the cerebral cortex. Abnormal lysosomal inclusions were pleiomorphic with some resembling zebra bodies and dense core inclusions typical of other MPS diseases or the membranous storage bodies characteristic of the gangliosidoses. Pyramidal neurones were shown to contain abnormal amounts of GM2 and GM3 gangliosides by immunocytochemical staining and unesterified cholesterol by histochemical (filipin) staining. Further, Golgi staining of pyramidal neurones revealed that some possessed ectopic axon hillock neurites and meganeurites similar to those described in Tay-Sachs and other neuronal storage diseases with ganglioside storage. Some animals evaluated in this study also received allogeneic bone marrow transplants, but no significant differences in neuronal storage were noted between treated and untreated individuals. These studies demonstrate that deficiency of 4S activity can lead to metabolic abnormalities in the neurones of central nervous system in cats, and that these changes may not be readily amenable to correction by bone marrow transplantation. Given the close pathological and biochemical similarities between feline and human MPS VI, it is conceivable that children with this disease have similar neuronal involvement.
Comparative genomics and metabolic profiling of the genus Lysobacter (2015)

Our work shows that mining the genomes of Lysobacter species in combination with metabolic profiling provides novel insights into the genomic and metabolic potential of this widely distributed but understudied and versatile bacterial genus.