gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereomicroscopic 3D-pattern profiling of murine and human intestinal inflammation reveals unique structural phenotypes (2015)

Histology is fundamental to assess two-dimensional intestinal inflammation; however, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are often indistinguishable microscopically on the basis of mucosal biopsies. Here, we use stereomicroscopy (SM) to rapidly profile the entire intestinal topography and assess inflammation. We examine the mucosal surface of >700 mice (encompassing >16 strains and various IBD-models), create a profiling catalogue of 3D-stereomicroscopic abnormalities and demonstrate that mice with comparable histological scores display unique sub-clusters of 3D-structure-patterns of IBD pathology, which we call 3D-stereoenterotypes, and which are otherwise indiscernible histologically. We show that two ileal IBD-stereoenterotypes ('cobblestones' versus 'villous mini-aggregation') cluster separately within two distinct mouse lines of spontaneous ileitis, suggesting that host genetics drive unique and divergent inflammatory 3D-structural patterns in the gut. In humans, stereomicroscopy reveals 'liquefaction' lesions and hierarchical fistulous complexes, enriched with clostridia/segmented filamentous bacteria, running under healthy mucosa in Crohn's disease. We suggest that stereomicroscopic (3D-SMAPgut) profiling can be easily implemented and enable the comprehensive study of inflammatory 3D structures, genetics and flora in IBD.
Reciprocity-Enhanced Optical Communication Through Atmospheric Turbulence—Part II: Communication Architectures and Performance (2013)

Free-space optical (FSO) communication provides rapidly deployable, dynamic communication links that are capable of very high data rates compared with those of radio-frequency systems. As such, FSO communication is ideal for mobile platforms, for platforms that require the additional security afforded by the narrow divergence of a laser beam, and for systems that must be deployed in a relatively short time frame. In clear-weather conditions the data rate and utility of FSO communication links are primarily limited by fading caused by microscale atmospheric temperature variations that create parts-per-million refractive-index fluctuations known as atmospheric turbulence. Typical communication techniques to overcome turbulence-induced fading, such as interleavers with sophisticated codes, lose viability as the data rate is driven higher or the delay tolerance is driven lower. This paper, along with its companion [J. Opt. Commun. Netw.4, 947 (2012)], present communication systems and techniques that exploit atmospheric reciprocity to overcome turbulence that are viable for high data rate and low delay tolerance systems. Part I proves that reciprocity is exhibited under rather general conditions and derives the optimal power-transfer phase compensation for far-field operation. Part II presents capacity-achieving architectures that exploit reciprocity to overcome the complexity and delay issues that limit state-of-the-art FSO communications.
UV‐induced DNA damage and melanin content in human skin differing in racial/ethnic origin (2003)

DNA damage induced by UV radiation is a critical event in skin photocarcinogenesis. However, the role of racial/ethnic origin in determining individual UV sensitivity remains unclear. In this study, we examined the relationships between melanin content and DNA damage induced by UV exposure in situ in normal human skin of different racial/ethnic groups, phototypes, and UV sensitivities. The minimal erythema dose (MED) was established for each subject exposed to UVA/UVB radiation, and skin was biopsied before as well as 7 min, 1 day, and 1 wk after UV exposure. There was great variation among individuals in the amount of DNA damage incurred and rates of its removal. The results show that after exposure to 1 MED of UV, the skin of subjects from all groups suffered significant DNA damage, and that increasing content of constitutive melanin inversely correlated with the amount of DNA damage. It is clear from these results that measured erythemal UV sensitivity of the skin (MED) is a more useful predictor of DNA photodamage than is racial/ethnic origin or skin phototype and that rates of DNA damage removal following UV radiation may be the critical determinant of the UV sensitivity (including predisposition to cancer) of the skin.
Effects of i.v. amino acids on human splanchnic and whole body oxygen consumption, blood flow, and blood temperatures (1994)

The thermic effect of amino acid administration was examined in healthy subjects. Pulmonary and splanchnic oxygen uptake, cardiac output, splanchnic blood flow, and blood temperatures were measured in eight healthy men before and during 2.5 h of intravenous infusion of 600 kJ of a mixture of 19 amino acids. Indirect calorimetry and catheter techniques were used, including thermometry in arterial and a hepatic venous blood. During the infusion, pulmonary oxygen uptake rose progressively from a basal value of 269 +/- 6 to 321 +/- 8 ml/min after 2.5 h. The splanchnic oxygen consumption increased from a basal level of 64 +/- 4 to a peak value of 91 +/- 7 ml/min after 2 h of infusion. The 2.5 h average splanchnic proportion of the amino acid-induced whole body thermogenesis was 51 +/- 11%. Cardiac output increased from 6.2 +/- 0.3 in the basal state to 7.3 +/- 0.4 l/min, whereas the splanchnic blood flow remained unchanged during the infusion period. The arteriohepatic venous oxygen difference increased from 51 +/- 4 in the basal state to 65 +/- 5 ml/l after 2 h of amino acid infusion. The blood temperature rose by approximately 0.25 degrees C during the amino acid infusion, reflecting an increased heat accumulation in the body. It is concluded that the splanchnic tissues account for approximately one-half of the amino acid-induced whole body thermogenesis, that amino acid infusion augments blood flow in the extrasplanchnic but not in the splanchnic tissues, and stimulates the accumulation of heat in the body most likely via a resetting of the central thermosensors.
Formation of eosinophilic‐like granulocytic colonies by mouse bone marrow cells in vitro (1974)

Abstract Formation of granulocytic and macrophage colonies in agar cultures of mouse marrow or spleen cells was stimulated by the addition of medium from pokeweed mitogen‐stimulated cultures of mouse spleen cells (PKW‐CM). Approximately 5% of the colonies developing were large, dispersed granulocytic colonies (DG‐colonies) composed of cells with eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules. The capacity to stimulate DG‐colonies was shown by media conditioned by PKW‐treated lymphoid and peritoneal cells but not by other cells or organ fragments. Velocity sedimentation studies indicated that cells generating DG‐colonies were separable from cells generating regular granulocytic or macrophage colonies. DG‐colonies did not survive if transfered to cultures containing other forms of CSF. The active colony stimulating factor in pokeweed mitogen‐conditioned medium which stimulates DG‐colony formation was antigenically distinct from the factor stimulating granulocytic and macrophage colony formation, was separable electrophoretically from the latter factor and on gel filtration had an apparent molecular weight of 50,000. Although the cells in DG‐colonies have not been established to be eosinophils, DG‐colonies represent an interesting new system for analysing further aspects of the control of growth and differentiation in hemopoietic populations.
Pt/SrBi<sub>2</sub>Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>/Hf-Al-O/Si Field-Effect-Transistor with Long Retention Using Unsaturated Ferroelectric Polarization Switching (2004)

A metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor (MFIS) field-effect-transistor (FET) composed of a Pt/SrBi2Ta2O9(SBT)/Hf-Al-O/Si stack with a long data retention over 106 s was fabricated. The poling voltages to obtain the long data retention were ±6 V. The memory window in the drain current vs gate voltage (Id–Vg) curve increased monotonically with increasing gate scan-voltage amplitude (Vscan) up to Vscan=6 V. This behavior indicates that the device operation is based on unsaturated ferroelectric polarization switching. A direct cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy image of the Pt/SBT/Hf-Al-O/Si stack and the electrical properties of a Pt/Hf-Al-O/Si metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) FET used as a reference showed the existence of a 4.4-nm-thick interfacial layer between the Hf-Al-O layer and the Si substrate, which can explain the device operation with the unsaturated ferroelectric polarization. The results thus concluded that saturation of ferroelectric polarization is not essential for obtaining the long data retention.
Reactions with cyclic amidines II. The behaviour of cyclic amidines toward ethoxycarbonyl and aroyl isothiocyanates (1979)

Abstract The behaviour of the aminopyrazole derivatives 1a‐c, 2‐amino‐4‐phenylthiazole (2) and 2‐amino‐5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (3) toward the action of ethoxycarbonyl and benzoyl iso‐thiocyanate is reported. The data clearly demonstrates the dependence of the nature of the products obtained from the reaction of isothiocyanates with cyclic amidines on the nature of the substituents on the heterocyclic ring.
Xist RNA Is Confined to the Nuclear Territory of the Silenced X Chromosome throughout the Cell Cycle (2008)

In mammalian female cells, one X chromosome is inactivated to prevent a dose difference in the expression of X-encoded proteins between males and females. Xist RNA, required for X chromosome inactivation, is transcribed from the future inactivated X chromosome (Xi), where it spreads in cis, to initiate silencing. We have analyzed Xist RNA transcription and localization throughout the cell cycle. It was found that Xist transcription is constant and that the mature RNA remains attached to the Xi throughout mitosis. Diploid and tetraploid cell lines with an MS2-tagged Xist gene were used to investigate spreading of Xist. Most XXXX(MS2) tetraploid mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells inactivate the X(MS2) chromosome and one other X chromosome. Analysis of cells with two Xi's indicates that Xist RNA is retained by the Xi of its origin and does not spread in trans. Also, in XX(MS2) diploid mouse ES cells with an autosomal Xist transgene, there is no trans exchange of Xist RNA from the Xi to the autosome. We propose that Xist RNA does not dissociate from the Xi of its origin, which precludes a model of diffusion-mediated trans spreading of Xist RNA.
Three dimensional reorientation of a spacecraft containing a single reaction wheel and a single movable appendage (2002)

In this paper, we consider a three dimensional reorientation problem for a multibody spacecraft containing a single reaction wheel, whose axis is fixed in the spacecraft, and a single movable appendage. If the appendage is fixed relative to the spacecraft, the spacecraft can only be rotated about the axis of the reaction wheel and it is impossible to achieve arbitrary reorientation manoeuvres. However, it is shown that when the appendage is movable, the spacecraft can be reoriented from an arbitrary initial orientation to an arbitrary final orientation with prescribed accuracy. The reorientation manoeuvre is accomplished by the reaction wheel in coordination with the periodic motions of the movable appendage. An algorithm is provided for synthesizing open loop controls that accomplish a specified reorientation manoeuvre. The algorithm can be applied to reorientation of a spacecraft in case of thruster or reaction wheel failures. Simulation results are reported.
Striping in large tape libraries (1993)

The authors evaluate the effectiveness of applying data striping concepts to large tape libraries, for randomly distributed access to the tape library. They believe such operations will be characteristic of future tertiary storage databases using large objects, such as online libraries and multimedia databases. Using an event-driven simulator, it is shown that striped large tape libraries perform poorly for this random workload because striping causes contention for the small number of readers and robot arms in these libraries. Increasing the number of readers results in better striped performance. The authors also examine how the effectiveness of striping may change as readers and robots improve in performance. They find that striping continues to be an effective technique for increasing the throughput of large accesses if reader and robot performance scale at similar rates.
Proposal of a Puzzle Authentication Method with Shoulder-surfing Attack Resistance (2014)

Recently, mobile terminals such as smartphones have come into widespread use. Most of such mobile terminals store several types of important data, such as personal information. Therefore, in order to prevent data theft, it is necessary to lock and unlock terminals using a personal authentication method such as personal identification numbers (PINs). However, most existing authentication methods have a common problem, referred to as shoulder-surfing in which authentication information is covertly obtained by peeking over the shoulder of a user as he/she completes the authentication sequence. In this paper, we propose a puzzle authentication method that is very simple and sufficiently secure, even when the authentication sequence is being watched. This method uses a grid-based authentication scheme in which a user selects four out of 16 panels, and four out of 16 positions. We also implemented the proposed method on a mobile terminal and evaluated it through experiments and questionnaire surveys.
A Novel Distributed SDN-Secured Architecture for the IoT (2016)

Due to their rapid evolution, mobile devices demand for more dynamic and flexible networking services. A major challenges of future mobile networks is the increased mobile traffic. With the recent upcoming technologies of network programmability like Software-Defined Network (SDN), it may be integrated to create a new communication platform for Internet of Things (IoT). In this work, we present how to determine the effectiveness of an approach to build a new secured network architecture based on SDN and clusters. Our proposed scheme is a starting point for some experiments providing perspective over SDN deployment in a cluster environment. With this aim in mind, we suggest a routing protocol that manages routing tasks over Cluster-SDN. By using network virtualization and OpenFlow technologies to generate virtual nodes, we simulate a prototype system controlled by SDN. With our testbed, we are able to manage 500 things. We can analyze every OpenFlow messages and we have discovered that with a particular flow, the things can exchange information unlike the routing principle.
Reliable and Early Warning of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (2021)

Lithium ion battery thermal runaway constitutes a severe inhibitor for the spread and application of electric vehicles and widespread adoption of renewable energy. Reliable and early warning of thermal runaway calls for a technique capable of detecting abnormal response well in advance of the critical event and being effective to the module when a single cell in it has safety issues. In this study, electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) dependence on cell temperature and deformation is exploited to generate a two-staged warning method with three indicators in three frequency ranges. Specifically, the first stage utilizes the high sensitivity of EIS at the intermediate-frequency range to abnormal cell internal temperature rise, which is before self-heating temperature, as an early indicator for safety issues. The second stage utilizes the abrupt changes in EIS behaviors due to cell deformation in high- and low-frequency ranges, which are more sensitive than cell voltage change, as indicators for the thermal runaway onset temperature. The potential and issues of such an EIS-based method for both reliable and early warning of thermal runaway in field application, including measurement feasibility, versatility in various scenarios and the difference between the experimental and actual situation, are discussed.
Genetic network programming with automatically generated variable size macro nodes (2004)

Genetic network programming (GNP) has directed graph structures as genes, which is extended from other evolutionary computations such as genetic algorithm (GA) and genetic programming (GP). Generally, macroinstructions are introduced as sub-routines, function localization and so on. Previously, we have introduced the structure of macroinstructions in GNP named automatically generated macro nodes (AGMs) for reducing the time of evolution efficiently, and showed that macroinstructions are useful to acquire good performances. But the AGMs have fixed number of nodes, and it is found that the effectiveness of evolution of macroinstructions depends on the main program calling them and initialized parameters. Accordingly in this paper, new AGMs are introduced to improve their performances further more by the mechanism of varying the size of AGMs, which are named variable size AGMs. This is the mechanism to add and delete nodes according to necessity. In the simulations, comparisons between GNP program only, GNP with conventional AGMs and GNP with variable size AGMs are carried out using the tile world. Simulation results show that the proposed method is better compared with conventional GNP and GNP with conventional GMs. And also it is clarified that the node transition rules obtained by new AGMs show the generalized rules able to deal with unknown environments.
All-optical FM mode-locking of fibre laser (1992)

A novel method of all-optical active mode locking which relies on the nonlinear process of crossphase modulation is described. Mode locking is achieved by using a stream of optical pulses propagating along a length of optical fibre to provide a periodic phase perturbation of the laser cavity. The technique is demonstrated using an erbium-doped fibre ring laser.
Haptic-GDraw: A Fun and Easy to Use 3D Haptically- Enhanced Sculpting Program (2004)

Abstract. We have developed a simple haptically-enhanced 3D sculpting application which utilizes Hermite spline-based primitives as building blocks to construct more complex solid models. To accomplish this, we have constructed a VR work environment which is intuitive and whose control affordances are made clear through the use of graspable handles. Haptics is used to support handle selection and provide physical constraints on handle movements consistent with their visual affordances. Our goal is to demonstrate how relatively simple haptic force constraints can combine with a visually intuitive and compelling environment to enable a program that is fun and easy to use. 1
Industry - a Vision for the Future (1999)

This paper is a speech given about the importance and working of industries. The paper also discusses the relation of futuristic developments of the nation due to industry.
Curcumin inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation by mechanisms involving post-transcriptional p27 regulation (2015)

Previous reports from our lab have shown that Skp2 is necessary for p27 degradation and cell cycle progression during adipocyte differentiation. Data presented here demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity phytochemical curcumin blocked Skp2 protein accumulation during early adipocyte hyperplasia. In addition, curcumin dose-dependently induced p27 protein accumulation and G1 arrest of synchronously replicating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Of note, p27 protein accumulation occurred in the presence of decreased p27 mRNA suggesting a role for post-transcriptional regulation. In support of this hypothesis, curcumin markedly increased p27 protein half-life as well as attenuated ubiquitin proteasome activity suggesting that inhibition of targeted p27 proteolysis occurred through curcumin-mediated attenuation of Skp2 and 26S proteasome activity. While we observed no cytotoxic effects for curcumin at doses less than 20 µM, it is important to note an increase in apoptotic signaling at concentrations greater than 30 µM. Finally, data presented here demonstrate that the anti-proliferative effect of curcumin was critical for the suppression of adipocyte differentiation and the development of the mature adipocyte. Collectively, our data demonstrate that curcumin-mediated post-transcriptional accumulation of p27 accounts in part for the anti-proliferative effect observed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
Gallbladder pressure-volume response to gastrointestinal hormones (1976)

The pressure-volume (PV) response of the opossum gallbladder was studied under basal conditions and after the continuous intravenous infusion of gastrin I, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK). The hormone effects were examined individually and in combination. The unstimulated gallbladder was capable of accommodating increases in intraluminal volume with only slight changes in intraluminal pressure. Cholecystokinin significantly increased the pressure recorded from the gallbladder. The pressure generated depended on the concentration of CCK and the intraluminal volume. Gastrin I had no independent effect on the PV response of the gallbladder but reduced the stimulatory affect of CCK. Secretin, alone, decreased the PV response of the gallbladder. Secretin also antagonized the stimulatory response to CCK. These findings suggest that the regulation of gallbaldder motor function and pressure generation exclusive of neural input, may depend on the interaction of CCK with gastrin and secretin and the intraluminal volume of the organ at the time of stimulation.
The Dithianyl Group as a Synthon in Porphyrin Chemistry:  Condensation Reactions and Preparation of Formylporphyrins under Basic Conditions (2004)

Vilsmeier formylation is one of the most widely used substitution reactions for the functionalization of porphyrins. However, its utility is limited by the electrophilic/acidic reaction conditions, deactivation of the aromatic system and regiochemical problems, the requirement for metal complexes and necessity for subsequent demetalation under harsh conditions, and low functional group tolerance. To overcome these limitations, the dithianyl group has been utilized as a latent formyl synthon in porphyrin chemistry. 2-Formyl-1,3-dithiane can be used directly in pyrrole condensation reactions to regioselectively yield porphyrins with up to four dithianyl residues. Likewise, 5-dithianyldipyrromethane could be prepared quantitatively as a key building block for various porphyrin condensation reactions yielding the respective free base formylporphyrins after deprotection. Additionally, dithianyllithium can be used as a reagent for the direct aromatic substitution of metallo- and free base porphyrins under nucleophilic conditions.
Middle Devonian Transverse Group in Charlevoix and Emmet counties, Michigan (1987)

Abstract The Middle Devonian Traverse Group is a sequence of carbonates and shales randomly exposed as shoreline bluffs, roadcuts, river gorges, and quarries in the northern portion of Michigan’s Southern Peninsula. Some of the most accessible of these outcrops are in Charlevoix and Emmet counties, where large sections of the group are exposed and are easily viewed bytraveling U.S. 31 north along the Lake Michigan shoreline (Fig. 1). The route defined in this chapter can be followed on the Charlevoix, Bayshore, and Petoskey, Michigan 15-minute quadrangles. Most locations described are situated on public lands. Visitors are urged to obtain permission quadrangles. Most locations described are situated on public lands. Visitors are urged to obtain permission prior to entering sites on private property.
The ambient spotlight: Personal meeting capture with a microphone array (2011)

We present the Ambient Spotlight system for personal meeting capture based on a portable USB microphone array and a laptop. The system combined distant speech recognition and content linking with personal productivity tools, and enables recognised meeting recordings to be integrated with desktop search, calender, and email.