gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AWARE: Technologies for interpreting and presenting aviation weather information (1999)

NASA recently initiated a large multi-year program to develop technologies that will reduce aviation accidents and fatalities attributable to weather. Weather is a substantial contributor to many general aviation (GA) accidents. A large percentage of GA accidents are caused by non-instrument-rated pilots inadvertently flying into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), or instrument-rated pilots flying into catastrophic weather conditions such as thunderstorms, severe downdrafts, and low-level windshear. A team led by Rockwell Science Center is working on a project to facilitate weather awareness for the GA pilot. AWARE is an enhanced weather briefing and reporting tool that integrates text-based and graphical aviation weather data for superior situational awareness in the context of a mission and equipment profile. AWARE is designed to benefit GA pilots who, due to cognitive overload, may not absorb and retain all flight-critical weather information from a vast stream of data they are legally required to review.
Design and Kinematic Optimization of a Waterproof Shape-Shifting Surface (SSS) (2015)

The first objective of this paper is to take an existing design for a shape-shifting surface (SSS) and make it waterproof, making it an effective barrier to fluid flow. The second objective is to minimize internal stresses in the device during operation, by optimizing the kinematic geometry of the SSS. The first objective was achieved by adding a waterproof membrane between the layers of the SSS, where the membrane had an origami fold pattern that enables the membrane to mimic the kinematics of the SSS. The second objective was achieved by creating a two objective optimization routine, which determined the kinematic geometry of the SSS which would minimize the internal stresses due to compression/tension of the flexure portion of the SSS during operation. The resulting SSS is easier to operate due to lower stresses, and has a membrane which prevents transverse fluid flow and mimics its motion.
Question Answering For Toxicological Information Extraction (2022)

Working with large amounts of text data has become hectic and time-consuming. In order to reduce human effort, costs, and make the process more efficient, companies and organizations resort to intelligent algorithms to automate and assist the manual work. This problem is also present in the field of toxicological analysis of chemical substances, where information needs to be searched from multiple documents. That said, we propose an approach that relies on Question Answering for acquiring information from unstructured data, in our case, English PDF documents containing information about physicochemical and toxicological properties of chemical substances. Experimental results confirm that our approach achieves promising results which can be applicable in the business scenario, especially if further revised by humans.
Optimal Scheduling of Earth-Imaging Satellites with Human Collaboration via Directed Acyclic Graphs (2014)

Optimal scheduling of Earth-observing satellites is crucial to satisfying Skybox Imaging's customers with timely high-resolution imagery and HD video. The company has implemented software that automatically plans which ground targets are imaged by its satellites, maximizing overall utility while not exceeding physical limitations. The software is responsive to user interactions, e.g., additions of new targets or explicit forcing of an existing target (into or out of the schedule). The result is a real-time collaboration between autonomous scheduler and human collection manager, with the former aware of how to optimize each satellite's image collection and the latter aware of late-breaking changes affecting target desirability. The scheduler encodes the problem as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs): nodes represent imaging opportunities and edges (or lack thereof) encode agility performance of the satellite. The optimal schedule of targets is the highest weighted path through a DAG. Human actions map to addition/subtraction of edges in the DAG. This paper discusses the graph-based optimization around these human interactions, and some properties of the problem that allow for computational savings.
Nanoplasmonics enhanced terahertz sources (2014)

Arrayed hexagonal metal nanostructures are used to maximize the local current density while providing effective thermal management at the nanoscale, thereby allowing for increased emission from photoconductive terahertz (THz) sources. The THz emission field amplitude was increased by 60% above that of a commercial THz photoconductive antenna, even though the hexagonal nanostructured device had 75% of the bias voltage. The arrayed hexagonal outperforms our previously investigated strip array nanoplasmonic structure by providing stronger localization of the current density near the metal surface with an operating bandwidth of 2.6 THz. This approach is promising to achieve efficient THz sources.
Fast Fourier Color Constancy (2016)

We present Fast Fourier Color Constancy (FFCC), a color constancy algorithm which solves illuminant estimation by reducing it to a spatial localization task on a torus. By operating in the frequency domain, FFCC produces lower error rates than the previous state-of-the-art by 13-20% while being 250-3000 times faster. This unconventional approach introduces challenges regarding aliasing, directional statistics, and preconditioning, which we address. By producing a complete posterior distribution over illuminants instead of a single illuminant estimate, FFCC enables better training techniques, an effective temporal smoothing technique, and richer methods for error analysis. Our implementation of FFCC runs at ~700 frames per second on a mobile device, allowing it to be used as an accurate, real-time, temporally-coherent automatic white balance algorithm.
Synthesis of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites using spray atomization and co-deposition (1991)

Spray deposition processes have received considerable attention for the synthesis of discontinuously reinforced Metal Matrix Composites. This particular processing methodology involves the mixing of reinforcements and matrix in a regime of the phase diagram where the matrix contains both solid and liquid phases. in principle, such an approach will inherently avoid the extreme thermal excursions, with concomitant degradation in interfacial properties and extensive macrosegregation, normally associated with casting processes. Furthermore, this approach also eliminates the need to handle fine reactive particulates, normally associated with powder metallurgical processes. Hence, the objective of the present paper is to discuss recent developments in the area of spray deposition processing of discontinuously reinforced MMCs, with particular emphasis on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties.
A bioassay based on recombinant DNA technology for determining selenium concentration (1994)

The trace element selenium has recently attracted attention, particularly because (i) selenocysteine is involved in the active site of various prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes, some of which have a role in human health; (ii) selenocysteine incorporation into these proteins is coded by UGA codons; and (iii) as a result, selenocysteine is now considered to be the 21st amino acid in an expanded genetic code. Here, we built recombinant DNA constructs in which expression of the lac'Z gene is driven in Escherichia coli by UGA-directed selenocysteine incorporation. In this system, levels of beta-galactosidase activity are proportionally and specifically related to the presence and concentrations of several specific simple selenium derivatives. The system can thus be used as a sensitive bioassay for their determination. This bioassay is one of a few using recombinant DNA technology to provide a reporter for simple detection of a chemical trace element.
Granadaene Photobleaching Reduces the Virulence and Increases Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> (2021)

Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is increasingly recognized as a major cause of soft tissue and invasive diseases in the elderly and diabetic populations. Antibiotics like penicillin are used with great frequency to treat these infections, although antimicrobial resistance is increasing among GBS strains and underlines a need for alternative methods not reliant on traditional antibiotics. GBS granadaene pigment is related to the hemolysin/cytolysin of GBS, which is critical for the pathogenesis of GBS diseases. Here, we show that photobleaching granadaene dampens the hemolytic activity of GBS. Furthermore, photobleaching of this antioxidant was found to increase GBS susceptibility to killing by reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with light was also shown to affect GBS membrane permeability and contribute to increased susceptibility to the cell membrane-targeting antibiotic daptomycin. Overall, our study demonstrates dual effects of photobleaching on the virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of GBS and suggests a novel approach for the treatment of GBS infection.
Robust Unipolar Electron Conduction Using an Ambipolar Polymer Semiconductor with Solution-Processable Blends (2020)

Ambipolar polymer semiconductors are among the most ubiquitous semiconductors used for high-mobility organic field-effect transistors. However, since ambipolar polymer semiconductors are capable of conducting both holes and electrons in typical organic-field effect transistor architectures, these devices never reach a well-defined off-state, limiting wide use in low-power complementary devices. By using solution-processable tetrabenzoporphyrin derivatives that block hole conduction, we show that it is possible to improve on/off ratios by 3–4 orders of magnitude for an ambipolar polymer semiconductor. The ability to block hole conduction is dependent on processing conditions, namely, thermal annealing. An in-depth study of device architectures and morphology using grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and electron microscopy suggests that morphology plays a key role in the ability of the additional component to block hole conduction, and tetrabenzoporphyin derivatives can be sensitive to thermal annealing conditions. By using alkylated tetrabenzoporphyrins, high on/off ratios that are resilient to thermal annealing are possible. This study presents a widely applicable route to high mobility n-channel organic field-effect transistors, which are required for efficient logic circuits.
High image quality segmented scintillators for high energy X-rays (2003)

Real-time, position sensitive detectors for X-rays and /spl gamma/-rays are of increasing importance in numerous medical and industrial areas. An important application of high energy X-rays is for dense-object radiography where high quality images of large volume objects have to be acquired in short time intervals. When compared to semiconductor detectors and Anger cameras, scintillators can be grown very thick enabling detection of high energy X-rays and /spl gamma/-rays. As compared to single crystal scintillators, segmented scintillators have several potential advantages. Segmented scintillators allow smaller pixel size and have the potential to optimize the stopping power and spatial resolution, all of which are required for imaging high energy X-rays. We have developed a new approach to fabricate thick segmented scintillators with small pixel size using an injection process into a metal matrix to produce high stopping power and spatial resolution. This resulted in an increased light output (48% as compared to the bulk material) and a submillimeter resolution. This approach has potential to fabricate large area (>400 cm/sup 2/) segmented scintillators and operate over a wide energy range.
A low‐energy solvent separation method (1983)

Abstract This paper presents a new low‐energy method to separate solvents from polymers. The method is based upon the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), a phenomenon exhibited by all nonpolar polymer‐solvent systems. Three key issues concerning this new separation method are discussed for the specific system of high cis polybutadiene in a commercial grade n‐hexane. The first issue, energy cost, is greatly reduced from present commercial separation processes by avoiding the liquid‐vapor phase transition for more than half of the solvent. The predicted energy cost for the new method (not including inefficiencies) is about 15 percent of the present energy cost (including inefficiencies). The second issue, recycling of the dilute phase with terminator, is shown not to be a serious problem, and a solution is suggested based upon available methods. The third issue discussed, and perhaps the most difficult, is the physical separation of the two phases. This is solved by inducing spinodal decomposition, which leads to rapid gravity separation. Several alternative separation scenarios based upon this idea are presented at the end of the article.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF OXAZOLIN‐5‐ONE ANIONS, VIII. α‐SUBSTITUTED α‐AMINO ACIDS VIA ALKYLATION OF OXAZOLIN‐5‐ONES (1979)

Abstract Alkylierung der Oxazolinone (I) mit den Halogeniden (II) in Gegenwart von Ethyl‐diisopropylamin in dipolar aprotischen Lösungsmitteln (DMF, DMSO) (Reaktionszeit beträgt bei 20°C mehrere Tage, bei 100°C einige h) ergibt die 4,4‐disubstituierten Oxazo1inone(III).
Adaptive Compensation of Sensor Runout for Magnetic Bearings With Uncertain Parameters: Theory and Experiments (1999)

The problem of sensor runout in magnetic bearing systems has been largely overlooked due to similarities with mass unbalance in creating periodic disturbances. While the effect of mass unbalance can be significantly reduced, if not eliminated, through rotor balancing, sensor runout disturbance is unavoidable since it originates from physical nonconcentricity between rotor and stator. Sensor runout is also caused by nonuniform electrical and magnetic properties around the sensing surface. To improve performance of magnetic bearings, we present an adaptive algorithm for sensor runout compensation. It guarantees asymptotic stability of the rotor geometric center and on-line feedforward cancellation of runout disturbances using persistent excitation. Some of the advantages of our algorithm include simplicity of design and implementation, stability, and robustness to plant parameter uncertainties. The stability and robustness properties are derived from passivity of the closed-loop system. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate efficacy of the algorithm and experimental results confirm stability and robustness for large variation in plant parameters.
Active metasurfaces for time modulation and reconfigurable wavefront control (2021)

I will discuss the status and outlook for electronically tunable and reconfigurable dielectric and plasmonic metasurfaces whose elements are arbitrarily reprogrammable, enabling a wide array of functions, including steering, focusing, and frequency multiplexing of scattered radiation.
Inactivation of hepatitis B virus by three methods: Treatment with pepsin, urea, or formalin (1983)

Dilutions of human sera containing between 10(3) and 10(5) chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus per ml, subtype adr or ayw, were treated with either 1 microgram/ml pepsin at pH 2.0 for 18 hours, 8 M urea for four hours, or 1:4,000 formalin for 72 hours. One ml of the serum containing hepatitis B virus subjected to each of the procedures was inoculated intravenously into one or two susceptible chimpanzees (total of eight chimpanzees). No evidence of hepatitis B infection was detected in weekly serum samples from the chimpanzees during six months of observation. These three procedures are currently applied during manufacture to inactivate HBV which might be present in the hepatitis B vaccine licensed in the United States. The data from this study combined with data documenting that the physical purification of the vaccine is capable of removing hepatitis B virus provide assurance that there is no residual live hepatitis B virus in the vaccine.
Spread spectrum clock generator with delay cell array to reduce the EMI from a high-speed digital system (2004)

In high-speed digital systems, most of the EMI from the system is caused by high-speed digital clock drivers and synchronized circuits. In order to reduce the EMI from the system clocks, spread spectrum clock (SSC) techniques that modulate the system clock frequency have been proposed. A conventional spread spectrum clock generator with a phase locked loop (SSCG-PLL) has been implemented by controlling period jitter. However, the conventional SSCG-PLL becomes more difficult to implement at higher clock frequencies, in the GHz range, because of the random period jitter of the PLL. Furthermore, the attenuation of EMI is decreased due to the random period jitter of the PLL. To overcome these problems associated with the random period jitter, we propose a spread spectrum clock generator with a delay cell array (SSCG-DCA), which controls the position of clock transitions. Measurement and simulation have demonstrated that the proposed SSCG-DCA is easier to implement and attenuating the EMI is more effective compared with the conventional SSCG-PLL. The proposed SSCG-DCA was implemented on a chip using a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process and a 9 dB attenuation of the EMI was achieved at 390 MHz.
A chemical route to sub-wavelength hole arrays in metallic films (2009)

Sub-wavelength hole arrays in gold films showing extraordinary transmission of light are prepared by solely chemical methods. Hydrogel microspheres self-assemble into a highly ordered array of discs with defined spacing which is used as a mask for the deposition of a gold film by electroless plating.
Genetic reshuffling reconstitutes functional expression cassettes in retroviral vectors (2001)

This facile and convenient system should allow production of retroviral vectors encoding potentially toxic proteins, cell cycle inhibitors or inducers of apoptosis, all of which would interfere with vector production if expressed in the retroviral packaging cell.
A differentially pumped secondary electron detector for low‐vacuum scanning electron microscopy (2003)

A new design of secondary electron (SE) detector is described for use in low-vacuum scanning electron microscopes. Its distinguishing feature is a separate detector chamber, which can be maintained at a pressure independent of the pressure in the specimen chamber. The two chambers are separated by a perforated membrane or mesh across which an electric field is applied, making it relatively transparent to low-energy electrons but considerably less so to the gas molecules. The benefits of this arrangement are discussed. The final means of detecting the electrons can be a conventional scintillator and photomultiplier arrangement or any of the methods using the ambient gas as an amplifying medium. Images obtained with the detector show good SE contrast and low backscattered electron contribution.
Variable view imaging system with decoupling design (2008)

Insufficient vision information such as occlusion, low resolvability, and a small field of view (FOV) represent important issues in microassembly and micromanipulation. In previous research, an active optical system was designed to supply a compact flexible view. However the complex kinematics makes the system operation and calibration much difficult. In this paper, a decoupling design for the variable view image system with a telecentric lens group is proposed to decouple the view angle and scanning mirror angle. The proposed design increases the range of zenith angle. The forward kinematics is analyzed with the help of vector diffraction theory. The singularity of Jacobin is analysis and the singularity configurations are identified. In order to verify the proposed system, a prototype system is built up. A series of experiments on the prototype system shows the validity of the new design.
Clostridioides difficile Infection Induces an Inferior IgG Response to That Induced by Immunization and Is Associated with a Lack of T Follicular Helper Cell and Memory B Cell Expansion (2019)

The intracellularly active bacterial toxin TcdB is a major <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> virulence factor that contributes to inflammation and tissue damage during disease. Immunization with an inactive TcdB fragment prevents <i>C. difficile</i> infection (CDI)-associated pathology. The protective immune response against inactive TcdB involves development of antigen-specific memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells that encode TcdB-neutralizing antibodies. Unlike the response to inactive TcdB, very little is known about the host humoral immune response to <i>C. difficile</i> and TcdB during primary and recurrent infection. Here, we used a murine model of <i>C. difficile</i> disease recurrence to demonstrate that an initial infection induced a serum IgM and mucosal IgA response against the toxin, but a low serum IgG response, which is associated with a lack of protection against disease during reinfection. Infection induced a partial expansion of the T follicular helper cell compartment, essential for B cell memory responses, and, consistent with that, failed to significantly expand the memory B cell compartment. Further, infection failed to stimulate the memory B cell compartment in preimmunized mice, although they were protected against associated disease. These results delineate the key humoral immune events that follow primary and recurrent <i>C. difficile</i> infection and provide a compelling inverse correlation between B cell memory and disease recurrence.
Cloning and characterization of murine p16INK4a and p15INK4b genes. (1995)

Progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle is regulated in part by the D-type cyclin-dependent kinases, cdk4 and cdk6. Genes encoding two specific inhibitors of these kinases, human p16(INK4a/MTS1) and p15(INK4b/MTS2), map to a region of common cytogenetic abnormalities on chromosome 9p21. The murine cognates of these genes were isolated and identified as mouse p16INK4a and p15INK4b based on their homology to their human counterparts and their selective transcriptional induction by SV40T-antigen and TGF-beta, respectively. Both genes map to position C3-C6 on mouse chromosome 4, in a region syntenic with human chromosome 9p. Amplification of polyadenylated mRNA by polymerase chain reactions revealed no expression of mouse p16INK4a in many normal tissues, whereas p15INK4b was expressed ubiquitously. Like human p16INK4a, mouse p16INK4a binds specifically to cdk4 and cdk6 in vitro and inhibits the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, pRb, by each of these cyclin D-dependent kinases. In mouse MEL erythroleukemia cells, p16INK4a associates preferentially with cdk6 under conditions where cdk4 and cdk6 are coexpressed at equivalent levels. Expression vectors encoding human or mouse p16INK4a caused G1 phase arrest in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, and cyclin D1- and cdk4-dependent pRb kinase activities were inhibited in the p16INK4a-arrested cells.