gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Application of Surface Wave Sensors for Nonintrusive Power Line Fault Detection (2012)

This paper describes a novel conformal surface wave (CSW) launcher that can excite electromagnetic surface waves along unshielded power line cables nonintrusively. This CSW launcher can detect open circuit faults on power cables. Unlike conventional horn-type launchers, this CSW launcher is small, lightweight, and cost effective, and can be placed easily on a power cable. For a nonintrusive open fault detection, the error is <; 5% when the cable length is <; 10 m, which is comparable with other direct-connect fault-finding techniques. For a cable length of 15.14 m, 7.6% error is noted. Besides cable fault detection, the potential applications of the proposed launcher include broadband power line communication and high-frequency power transmission.
Automated spectral acquisition: a smart biomedical sensor technology (2005)

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for rapid, non-invasive and reagentless analysis of materials, including biological cells. In many samples of biological origin, laser illumination leads to luminescence in addition to Raman scattering. This luminescence will often dissipate after prolonged laser exposure. A common practice is to allow a sample to "photobleach" prior to acquisition of a high quality Raman spectrum. In an effort to automate data acquisition on such samples we are investigating an automated means of quantifying photobleaching and acquiring Raman spectra after photobleaching. We present results of a comparison between an automated approach to acquiring a spectrum on a sample with dynamic luminescence and a manual approach taken by a trained spectroscopist. This component of smart biomedical sensor technology will help allow high quality spectral data to be acquired reproducibly to potentially aid non-spectroscopists with application of Raman spectroscopic approaches.
Moving Regression Filtering With Battery State of Charge Feedback Control for Solar PV Firming and Ramp Rate Curtailment (2021)

The surge in energy demand needs to be met with environmentally pleasant resources to reduce the production of greenhouse gases. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) power is a widespread choice as it is accessible in plenty and is comparatively inexpensive. However, the large-scale penetration of intermittent PV power causes multiple variabilities in the grid such as frequency issues and voltage deviations. To counteract these instabilities, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is integrated into the grid as it reduces the PV fluctuations and promotes optimal operation. Nevertheless, storage systems are expensive, and thus smoothing filters are coupled with the BESS for cost reduction and power smoothing. Formerly, traditional filters such as Low Pass Filters (LPF), Moving Average (MA), and Moving Median (MM) filters have been proposed for power smoothing. However, these filters have inadequate power tracking capabilities particularly with longer window sizes (W.S) and time constants, which subsequently depreciates the storage system performance. To compensate for the delayed power tracking, larger energy storage systems are required which in turn adds to the overall operational costs. This paper proposes the Moving Regression (MR) filter combined with state of charge (SoC) feedback control for solar PV variability reduction, reduced time delay, decreased battery charging/discharging power, and ramp rate. Simulation results attest that the MR filter achieves better solar power smoothing without increasing the BESS capacity. Also, the performance of the MR filter is less affected with the increase in window sizes. Additionally, the execution of the introduced smoothing filter was found to be superior when assessed against the LPF, MA, MM, Savitsky-Golay (SG), and the Gaussian filter. In comparison to the SG (W.S = 53), the MR (W.S = 45) filter reduces the battery charging/discharging power by approximately 30.48% and as opposed to the LPF (T.C = 48), the peak SoC is reduced by 19.1%.
Functional identification of an <i>Arabidopsis</i> pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase (2006)

Galacturonosyltransferases (GalATs) are required for the synthesis of pectin, a family of complex polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all land plants. We report the identification of a pectin GalAT (GAUT1) using peptide sequences obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana proteins partially purified for homogalacturonan (HG) alpha-1,4-GalAT activity. Transient expression of GAUT1 cDNA in the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 yielded uridine diphosphogalacturonic acid:GalAT activity. Polyclonal antibodies generated against GAUT1 immunoabsorbed HG alpha-1,4-GalAT activity from Arabidopsis solubilized membrane proteins. blast analysis of the Arabidopsis genome identified a family of 25 genes with high sequence similarity to GAUT1 and homologous genes in other dicots, in rice, and in Physcomitrella. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic Bayesian analysis of the Arabidopsis GAUT1-related gene family separates them into four related clades of GAUT and GAUT-like genes that are distinct from the other Arabidopsis members of glycosyltransferase family 8. The identification of GAUT1 as a HG GalAT and of the GAUT1-related gene family provides the genetic and biochemical tools required to study the function of these genes in pectin synthesis.
Antimicrobial activity and Chemical analyses of oil constituents of Medicinal Plant Costus speciosus (Koen.) (2017)

Costus speciosus is a unique Indian ornamental plant species in the genus Costus that has used in traditional medicine where exhibited high importance to multi-purpose pharmacological applications. Essential oil was first obtained from Costus speciosus dried roots, ethanolic extract containing diosgenine was isolated and epoxidized by using m-chloroperbenzoic acid to yield diosgenine epoxide, then analyzed them by using IR, NMR and GC-MS methods. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil, organic extracts of the dried roots of Costus speciosus were scored on the basis of the change in the general shape of the fungal spores SEM analysis. The results showed that in vitro treatment of fungi by the essential oil led to hyphae disruptions and changes in the fungal spore shapes. The studies on the antimicrobial activity showed high growth inhibition for Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus when challenged with concentrated oil extract. Methanol and ethanol extracts of the oil exhibited an inhibitory effect on the fungi, yeast and bacteria, while the constituent diosgenin epoxide ingredient in the oil showed higher in vitro growth inhibitory activity than diosgenin against M. gypseum, C. albicans and C. tropicalis.
4227-nm atomic filter with superior solar background rejection (1990)

A novel atomic resonance filter with powerful solar background rejection is proposed. The filter wavelength matches the g Fraunhofer line at 422.7 nm. Atomic filtering occurs within the singlet manifold of neutral calcium. Superior sunlight discrimination arises mainly from two factors: overlay with an intense Fraunhofer line and signal levels devoid of fine and hyperfine structures. The new filter should exhibit high throughput and low noise.
Improvement of Injection Rate Measurement Accuracy of a Gaseous Fuel Injector (2008)

Accuracy of an injection rate measurement of a gaseous fuel injector was improved by modification of equations and static pressure correction. A production gaseous fuel injector for an NGV (Natural gas vehicle) was used, which is for an intake port fuel injection. The injection pressure was set at 255 kPa (g), and the injection duration was varied from 5 to 20 ms. Nitrogen gas was used as the test gas. The test gas was injected into a pipe from the injector, and the static pressure history was acquired with a piezoelectronic pressure transducer. One-dimensional, compressible, inviscid, adiabatic flow was assumed, and the instantaneous mass flow rate inside the pipe was estimated using newly modified equations. The pressure gradient due to pipe friction was corrected using Darcy-Weisbach equation. By integrating the injection rate during the injection duration, the total amount of mass flow per one stroke was calculated. The data obtained by the injection rate meter are compared to that of the calibration test, and it is shown that the injection rate measurement was carried out within the error of 2 to 3%
Fluorescence-enhancement microscopy at 10 nm resolution (2003)

The historical importance of optical microscopy to biological study is difficult to overstate. Optical techniques are relatively non-invasive and minimally perturbative both during sample preparation and measurement, enabling temporally resolved imaging of dynamically evolving samples in vivo or at near physiological conditions. Spectroscopic contrast provided by fluorescence and Raman imaging, in particular, provides superior molecular addressability and chemical differentiability. Although spectroscopic techniques are widely utilized in molecular and cellular biology, typically the spatial resolution is limited by light diffraction to 200 – 500 nm, well above the length scale where individual molecules or complexes interact (<10 nm). Alternate microscopy techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, high-resolution nuclear-magnetic-resonance tomography, electron microscopy, scanning-tunneling microscopy, and atomic-force microscopy (AFM), can provide exquisite, sub-nm spatial resolution but do so at the price of chemical differentiability and/or temporal resolution. This gap in imaging functionality has been addressed by scanning near-field optical techniques and recently 25-30 nm resolution for fluorescence [1] and Raman [2] microscopy has been demonstrated using so-called apertureless approaches which rely on enhancement of the optical signal near a sharp (metal) probe. Although this resolution is well below the diffraction limit, it is only incrementally better than what can be obtained with standard near-field techniques where an apertured illumination source (or detection region) is scanned in close proximity to the sample.
Effects of bulk and surface conductivity on the performance of CdZnTe pixel detectors (2002)

We studied the effects of bulk and surface conductivity on the performance of high-resistivity CdZnTe (CZT) pixel detectors with Pt contacts. We emphasize the difference in mechanisms of the bulk and surface conductivity as indicated by their different temperature behaviors. In addition, the existence of a thin (10-100 /spl Aring/) oxide layer on the surface of CZT, formed during the fabrication process, affects both bulk and surface leakage currents. We demonstrate that the measured I-V dependencies of bulk current can be explained by considering the CZT detector as a metal-semiconductor-metal system with two back-to-back Schottky-barrier contacts. The high-surface leakage current is apparently due to the presence of a low-resistivity surface layer that has characteristics that differ considerably from those of the bulk material. This surface layer has a profound effect on the charge-collection efficiency in detectors with multicontact geometry; some fraction of the electric field lines that originated on the cathode intersects the surface areas between the pixel contacts where the charge produced by an ionizing particle gets trapped. To overcome this effect, we place a grid of thin electrodes between the pixel contacts. When the grid is negatively biased, the strong electric field in the gaps between the pixels forces the electrons landing on the surface to move toward the contacts, preventing the charge loss. We have investigated these effects by using CZT pixel detectors indium bump-bonded to a custom-built VLSI readout chip.
Towards Automatic Construction of Cell-Lineage of C. elegans from Nomarski DIC Microscope Images. (1999)

This study aims at automatic construction of a cell lineage from 4D (multi-focal, time-lapse) images, which are taken using a Nomarski DIC (differential-interference contrast) microscope. A system with such abilities would be a powerful tool for studying embryo genesis and gene function based on mutants, whose cell lineage may differ from that of wild types. We have designed and implemented a system for this purpose, and examined its ability through computational experiments. The procedure of our system consists of two parts: (1) Image processing which detect the positions of the nuclei from each 2D microscope image, and (2) Constructing a hypothetical cell lineage based on the information obtained in (1). We have also developed a tool which allows a human expert to easily filter out erroneous nuclei candidates generated in (1). We present computational results and also discuss other ideas which may improve the performance of our system.
Adenosine and anergy (2007)

T cells must integrate multiple environmental cues when deciding whether to mount an immunogenic or tolerogenic response. Since not all self-reactive T cells are eliminated during thymic development, mechanisms of peripheral tolerance such as T cell anergy contribute to preventing autoimmunity. Recent studies have implicated extracellular adenosine and the adenosine A(2A) receptor as playing an important role in inhibiting T cell effector function. Herein, we review the current literature regarding T cell anergy and the emerging literature implicating the A(2A) receptor as critical regulator of immune activation. Finally, we present evidence to suggest a possible role for adenosine A(2A) receptor signaling in T cell anergy.
Citrate modified β-cyclodextrin functionalized magnetite nanoparticles: a biocompatible platform for hydrophobic drug delivery (2015)

Water dispersible, β-cyclodextrin functionalized, magnetite nanoparticles are shown to be suitable for the delivery of the hydrophobic drug curcumin, with possible multifunctional applications.
A procedure for divorce settlements (1996)

Abstract Adjusted Winner (AW), a dispute‐resolution procedure applicable to two‐party negotiations over the division of multiple items, is described and applied to divorce cases. AW involves the parties' allocating 100 points over the items to be divided, with a referee or mediator assigning them to each party after an “equitability adjustment,” which may involve splitting or sharing one item. AW can reduce posturing in disputes and lead to a more satisfying outcome for both parties. AW leaves lawyers and mediators with important roles to play in advising their clients on how best to use the procedure.
Coplanar-grid CdZnTe detectors for gamma-ray spectroscopy and imaging (1998)

CdZnTe is a relatively new semiconductor that is being developed for use as a nuclear radiation detector. Its highly atomic numbers provide good detection efficiency for gamma rays, while its wide bandgap allows operation at room temperature. The biggest drawback of this material is its poor charge transport characteristics, especially for the holes. The coplanar-grid charge-sensing technique has been developed over the past several years as a method to circumvent this problem so that detectors with good energy resolution can be realized. The technique is based on the use of two coplanar, interdigitated anodes (grids) to sense the collection of carriers in a detector. During detector operation, a voltage is applied between the two grids so that electrons are collected only to one of the grids. The signals induced on the collecting and noncollecting grids as a result of charge collection are subtracted to give a net output signal. By adjusting the relative gain of the two signals before subtraction, the output signal can be made insensitive to the effects of both hole trapping and electron trapping. The coplanar-grid technique has been successfully applied to CdZnTe detectors, and good energy resolution ({approximately}2% full-width at half-maximum for 662-keV gamma rays) combinedmore » with high efficiency has been obtained for detectors with volumes up to 2.2 cm{sup 3}. A single-electrode readout method has also been developed in which only the collecting anode signal is processed and signal subtraction is not used. In this case, the optimization of detector response is accomplished by adjusting the relative areas of the two anodes. An attractive feature of the coplanar-grid technique, whether employing signal subtraction or single-electrode readout, is that only simple readout electronics is needed. This enables the fabrication of small, low-power detector systems that are particularly well suited for field use. The authors are currently developing coplanar-grid CdZnTe gamma-ray detectors for use in environmental remediation and nuclear safe-guards applications.« less
Application of Tandem System to high-efficiency refrigerator/freezer (1995)

The Tandem System, a new approach for using two evaporators in a refrigerator/freezer system, has been developed. The system configuration, with two evaporators connected in series and appropriate controls, takes advantage of the transient operation to save energy. This system was applied to a commercial 18 ft{sup 3} (509.7 L) unit and a high-efficiency sample unit in which the thick insulation and energy-saving valve were used. The daily energy consumptions for both units were reduced by 18% as compared to the baseline unit. In addition, a new defrost method without using an electrical resistance heater was introduced, and the test was performed experimentally. This internal defrost method, using the thermosiphon phenomenon between two evaporators, showed the potential of superior characteristics over the conventional approach. Taking advantage of control techniques, the Tandem System allowed independent temperature control for each compartment. Finally, a capability test showed that the Tandem System operated reliably at very different operating conditions.
Self‐Assembly of a Trithioorthoformate‐Capped Cyclophane and Its Endohedral Inclusion of a Methine Group (2019)

An unusual trithioorthoformate-capped cyclophane cage was assembled via antimony-activated iodine oxidation of thiols as confirmed by <sup>1</sup> H-NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The disulfide bridges can undergo desulfurization with hexamethylphosphorous triamide (HMPT) at ambient temperature to capture a trithioether cyclophane cage capped by the trithioorthoformate. In both cages a methine proton points directly into the small cavity. This unexpected structure is hypothesized to have formed as a result of haloform insertion during oxidation.
High contrast three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging through scattering media by localized optical fluence enhancement (2013)

We demonstrate enhanced three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging behind a scattering material by increasing the fluence in the ultrasound transducer focus. We enhance the optical intensity using wavefront shaping before the scatterer. The photoacoustic signal induced by an object placed behind the scattering medium serves as feedback to optimize the wavefront, enabling one order of magnitude enhancement of the photoacoustic amplitude. Using the enhanced optical intensity, we scan the object in two-dimensions before post-processing of the data to reconstruct the image. The temporal profile of the photoacoustic signal provides the information used to reconstruct the third dimension.
Oxysulfides Ln<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> as Stable Photocatalysts for Water Oxidation and Reduction under Visible‐Light Irradiation. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Feasibility of a Conical Piled Monopod in Multiyear Ice (2012)

This paper describes the results of a ConocoPhillips sponsored study examining the feasibility of a Conical Piled Monopod (CPM), Figure 1, in about 30m water depth in a multi year ice environment. The CPM concept considered is a standalone pile supported drilling and production structure. It was concluded that the CPM concept is feasible in a multi-year ice environment and offers cost and time saving advantages by eliminating need for solid ballast and seafloor preparation where soft soils are present at the seafloor. In addition, the CPM has large enclosed volume, which could accommodate a potentially significant amount of oil storage. ConocoPhillips has patent pending on the CPM concept.
Self-calibrated fiber optic transflection probe for NO 2 detection (2004)

The paper describes an optical fiber based sensor (FOS) for the detection of the pollutant gas, NO<sub>2</sub>, in a mixture of gases. The design comprises of a fiber optic transflection probe with a sensor element placed at one end. In the present FOS, the transducing component is prepared by sol-gel process. An equal quantity of a diazotizing reagent together with a coupling reagent is immobilized in the sol-gel matrix, which forms an azo dye in the presence of NO2. The sensor relies on the coloration reaction occurring at the micropores of this sol-gel film in the NO<sub>2</sub> environment and offers a consequent variation in the optical absorption at a specific wavelength. The current sensor design gives more than 85% of variation in the output intensity at a NO<sub>2</sub> concentration of few parts per million in air sample.
Magnetically levitated nano-robots: an application to visualization of nerve cells injuries. (2007)

This paper proposes a swarm of magnetically levitated nano-robots with high sensitivity nano-sensors as a mean to detect chemical sources, specifically the chemical signals released by injured nervous cells. In the aftermath of the process, further observation by these nano-robots would be used to monitor the healing process and assess the amount of regeneration, if any, or even the repair, of the injured nervous cells.
Transmission-line metamaterials: Theory and applications (2009)

The fundamental theory of transmission-line metamaterials exhibiting a negative index of refraction along with some of their microwave and antenna applications are reviewed.
M-Type Phospholipase A <sub>2</sub> Receptor as Target Antigen in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (2009)

A majority of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy have antibodies against a conformation-dependent epitope in PLA(2)R. PLA(2)R is present in normal podocytes and in immune deposits in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy, indicating that PLA(2)R is a major antigen in this disease.
Phase I study of an antitumor vaccination using α(1,3) galactosyltransferase expressing allogeneic tumor cells in patients (Pts) with refractory or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (2005)

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Biomarkers of Acute Stroke Etiology (BASE) Study Methodology (2017)

Acute ischemic stroke affects over 800,000 US adults annually, with hundreds of thousands more experiencing a transient ischemic attack. Emergent evaluation, prompt acute treatment, and identification of stroke or TIA (transient ischemic attack) etiology for specific secondary prevention are critical for decreasing further morbidity and mortality of cerebrovascular disease. The Biomarkers of Acute Stroke Etiology (BASE) study is a multicenter observational study to identify serum markers defining the etiology of acute ischemic stroke. Observational trial of patients presenting to the hospital within 24 h of stroke onset. Blood samples are collected at arrival, 24, and 48 h later, and RNA gene expression is utilized to identify stroke etiology marker candidates. The BASE study began January 2014. At the time of writing, there are 22 recruiting sites. Enrollment is ongoing, expected to hit 1000 patients by March 2017. The BASE study could potentially aid in focusing the initial diagnostic evaluation to determine stroke etiology, with more rapidly initiated targeted evaluations and secondary prevention strategies.Clinical Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02014896 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02014896?term=biomarkers+of+acute+stroke+etiology&rank=1.