gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Compact Cooling-System Model for Transient Data Center Simulations (2018)

The ability to accurately model transient events is a key consideration in the design and operation of reliable and resilient data centers. While a standard compact transient model exists for IT-equipment thermal mass and transient building-envelope models are well known, there are no existing true “black-box” modeling techniques for data center cooling systems. We propose such a compact model which can be incorporated into simple flow-network and detailed CFD models alike. The model idealizes the cooling system as a heat exchanger in series with additional mass. For most data center applications, a “quasi-steady-state” model is sufficient for the heat exchanger portion; however, we also propose a numerical (discretized) approach which may be employed for the complete range of data center (and other) applications. Finally, we perform transient measurements on a small-scale heat exchanger in order to validate the model.
Inherently safe in situ uranium recovery. (2009)

Expansion of uranium mining in the United States is a concern to some environmental groups and sovereign Native American Nations. An approach which may alleviate some problems is to develop inherently safe in situ uranium recovery ('ISR') technologies. Current ISR technology relies on chemical extraction of trace levels of uranium from aquifers that, once mined, can still contain dissolved uranium and other trace metals that are a health concern. Existing ISR operations are few in number; however, high uranium prices are driving the industry to consider expanding operations nation-wide. Environmental concerns and enforcement of the new 30 ppb uranium drinking water standard may make opening new mining operations more difficult and costly. Here we propose a technological fix: the development of inherently safe in situ recovery (ISISR) methods. The four central features of an ISISR approach are: (1) New 'green' leachants that break down predictably in the subsurface, leaving uranium, and associated trace metals, in an immobile form; (2) Post-leachant uranium/metals-immobilizing washes that provide a backup decontamination process; (3) An optimized well-field design that increases uranium recovery efficiency and minimizes excursions of contaminated water; and (4) A combined hydrologic/geochemical protocol for designing low-cost post-extraction long-term monitoring. ISISR would bring larger amounts of uranium to the surface, leave fewer toxic metals in the aquifer, and cost less to monitor safely - thus providing a 'win-win-win' solution to all stakeholders.
Automatic segmentation of the left ventricle into 17 anatomical regions in cardiac MR imaging (2015)

Analysis and characterization of anatomical segments in the left ventricle (LV) of the heart in cardiac MRI convey clinical significance. Based on the standard defined by the American Heart Association (AHA), the LV is divided into 17 anatomical segments. In this paper, we propose a novel method to automatically partition the LV into 17 segments, which allows automated analysis of these segments. Our method starts with assigning each slice with a section tag by using the papillary muscles and the LV cavity as references: basal, mid-cavity, apical and apex. It then partitions each slice into 4 or 6 segments by extracting the relevant points on the outer circle of a fitted cylinder and identifying the image orientation by using the lung as a reference. We evaluate our method on 45 patients with different cardiac conditions. The partition of mid-cavity has the best agreement with the ground truth, followed by basal and then apical sections for all groups of patients.
Na<sub>v</sub>1.1 Modulation by a Novel Triazole Compound Attenuates Epileptic Seizures in Rodents (2014)

Here, we report the discovery of a novel anticonvulsant drug with a molecular organization based on the unique scaffold of rufinamide, an anti-epileptic compound used in a clinical setting to treat severe epilepsy disorders such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Although accumulating evidence supports a working mechanism through voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels, we found that a clinically relevant rufinamide concentration inhibits human (h)Nav1.1 activation, a distinct working mechanism among anticonvulsants and a feature worth exploring for treating a growing number of debilitating disorders involving hNav1.1. Subsequent structure-activity relationship experiments with related N-benzyl triazole compounds on four brain hNav channel isoforms revealed a novel drug variant that (1) shifts hNav1.1 opening to more depolarized voltages without further alterations in the gating properties of hNav1.1, hNav1.2, hNav1.3, and hNav1.6; (2) increases the threshold to action potential initiation in hippocampal neurons; and (3) greatly reduces the frequency of seizures in three animal models. Altogether, our results provide novel molecular insights into the rational development of Nav channel-targeting molecules based on the unique rufinamide scaffold, an outcome that may be exploited to design drugs for treating disorders involving particular Nav channel isoforms while limiting adverse effects.
Metasurface-Enabled Fourier-Transform Optical Pulse Shaper (2019)

Fourier-transform pulse shaping is the most widely adopted technique for optical pulse shaping, in which shaping is achieved via parallel modulation of spatially separated frequencies without requiring an ultrafast modulator [1]. Recently, dielectric metasurfaces have emerged as a powerful technology for arbitrary control over the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light in a single, compact optical element [2,3]. Here, we offer the first experimental demonstration of femtosecond pulse shaping using a centimetre-scale silicon metasurface acting as both amplitude and phase modulation mask simultaneously. Expanding metasurfaces into the realm of time-domain manipulation will amplify the already significant impact of their application as two-dimensional wavefront shapers, and open new vistas in the field of ultrafast science and technology.
Thermoelectric Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM With Fast Bidirectional Writing Using Magnonic Current (2012)

In this paper, a new genre of spin-transfer torque (STT) MRAM is proposed, in which bidirectional writing is achieved using thermoelectrically controlled magnonic current as an alternative to conventional electric current. The device uses a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), which is adjacent to a nonmagnetic metallic and a ferrite film. This film stack is heated or cooled by a Peltier element, which creates a bidirectional magnonic pulse in the ferrite film. Conversion of magnons to spin current occurs at the ferrite-metal interface, and the resulting STT is used to achieve fast ( ~ nanosecond) precessional switching of the ferromagnetic free layer in the MTJ. Compared to the electric-current-driven STT-MRAM with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), thermoelectric STT-MRAM reduces the overall magnetization switching energy by more than 40% for nanosecond switching, combined with a write error rate (WER) of less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> and a lifetime of ten years or higher. The combination of higher thermal activation energy, subnanosecond read/write speed, improved tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), and tunnel barrier reliability make thermoelectric STT-MRAM a promising choice for future nonvolatile memory applications.
In-package wireless communication with TSV-based antenna (2019)

Network-on-Chip (NoC) has been shown to be the most viable alternative to an interconnect bus for the scalability of the system [1]. On-chip antennas, implementing wireless interconnects, are introduced for improved scalability of NoCs in [2]. On-chip wireless links offer improved network performance due to long distance communication, additional bandwidth, and broadcasting capabilities of antennas. The most prominent on-chip antenna designs are the planar logperiodic and meander which have a surface-propagation of the EM waves of the antenna. The main detriment of these antennas, and surface-propagation in general, is the poor signal attenuation (i.e. path loss) even at small distances of 5mm. This work challenges the on-chip antenna design conventions, and pushes toward a Through-Silicon Via (TSV)- based antenna design called TSV_A that establishes wireless communication through the silicon substrate medium with only a 3 dB loss over a 30mm on-chip distance.
Modified Coaxial Probe Feeds for Layered Antennas (2006)

In a modified configuration of a coaxial probe feed for a layered printed-circuit antenna (e.g., a microstrip antenna), the outer conductor of the coaxial cable extends through the thickness of at least one dielectric layer and is connected to both the ground-plane conductor and a radiator-plane conductor. This modified configuration simplifies the incorporation of such radio-frequency integrated circuits as power dividers, filters, and low-noise amplifiers. It also simplifies the design and fabrication of stacked antennas with aperture feeds.
Role of interface roughness in the transport and lasing characteristics of quantum-cascade lasers (2009)

A density-matrix based theory of transport and lasing in quantum-cascade lasers reveals that large disparity between luminescent linewidth and broadening of the tunneling transition changes the design guidelines to favor strong coupling between injector and upper laser level. This conclusion is supported by the experimental evidence.
Efficient-sideband-cooling protocol for long trapped-ion chains (2020)

Trapped ions are a promising candidate for large scale quantum computation. Several systems have been built in both academic and industrial settings to implement modestly sized quantum algorithms. Efficient cooling of the motional degrees of freedom is a key requirement for high-fidelity quantum operations using trapped ions. Here, we present a technique whereby individual ions are used to cool individual motional modes in parallel, reducing the time required to bring an ion chain to its motional ground state. We demonstrate this technique experimentally and develop a model to understand the efficiency of our parallel-sideband-cooling technique compared to more traditional methods. This technique is applicable to any system using resolved sideband cooling of cotrapped atomic species and only requires individual addressing of the trapped particles.
Sparsely Cross-Linked “Nanogel” Matrixes as Fluid, Mechanically Stabilized Polymer Networks for High-Throughput Microchannel DNA Sequencing (2004)

We have developed sparsely cross-linked "nanogels", subcolloidal polymer structures composed of covalently linked, linear polyacrylamide chains, as novel replaceable DNA sequencing matrixes for capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Nanogels were synthesized via inverse emulsion (water-in-oil) copolymerization of acrylamide and a low percentage (approximately 10(-4) mol %) of N,N-methylene bisacrylamide (Bis). Nanogels and nanogel networks were characterized by multiangle laser light scattering and rheometry, respectively, and tested for DNA sequencing in both capillaries and chips with four-color LIF detection. Typical nanogels have an average radius of approximately 230 nm, with approximately 75% of chains incorporating a Bis cross-linker. The properties and performance of nanogel matrixes are compared here to those of a linear polyacrylamide (LPA) network, matched for both polymer weight-average molar mass (M(w)) and the extent of interchain entanglements (c/c). At sequencing concentrations, the two matrixes have similar flow characteristics, important for capillary and microchip loading. However, because of the physical network stability provided by the internally cross-linked structure of the nanogels, substantially longer average read lengths are obtained under standard conditions with the nanogel matrix at a 98.5% accuracy of base-calling (for CE: 680 bases, an 18.7% improvement over LPA, with the best reads as long as 726 bases, compared to 568 bases for the LPA matrix). We further investigated the use of the nanogel matrixes in a high-throughput microfabricated DNA sequencing device consists of 96 separation channels densely fabricated on a 6-in. glass wafer. Again, preliminary DNA sequencing results show that the nanogel matrixes are capable of delivering significantly longer average read length, compared to an LPA matrix of comparable properties. Moreover, nanogel matrixes require 30% less polymer per unit volume than LPA. The addition of a small amount of low molar mass LPA or ultrahigh molar mass LPA to the optimized nanogel sequencing matrix further improves read length as well as the reproducibility of read length (RSD < 1.6%). This is the first report of a replaceable DNA sequencing matrix that provides better performance than LPA, in a side-by-side comparison of polymer matrixes appropriately matched for molar mass and the extent of interchain entanglements. These results could have significant implications for the improvement of microchip-based DNA sequencing technology.
A Novel SiO<sub>2</sub>‐Supported Fluorine Modified Chromium–Vanadium Bimetallic Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization and Ethylene/1‐Hexene Copolymerization (2017)

Abstract Phillips catalyst is one of the most significant industrial ethylene polymerization catalysts. Chemical modifications have been carried out to tune the Phillips catalyst performance and improve the polyethylene properties. After the modification of the catalyst by fluorine, the polyethylene product with higher molecular weight (MW) and narrower molecular weight distribution (MWD) is suitable for producing automobile fuel tanks. Vanadium containing Phillips catalyst enhances α‐olefin incorporation and MW regulation. In present work, fluorine modified and unmodified chromium–vanadium (Cr–V) bimetallic catalysts are prepared and explored. Compared with the fluorine‐free catalyst, the activities of F‐modified bimetallic catalysts slightly decrease with the increasing MW of the product and the hydrogen response increases slightly. Due to the synergistic effect of the chromium, vanadium and fluorine on the silica gel support, the short‐chain branch distribution (SCBD) of copolymers from F‐modified Cr–V bimetallic catalyst (Cr–V–F) 600 is more beneficial than that of Cr–V bimetallic catalyst (Cr–V) 600 and F‐modified Cr–V bimetallic catalyst (Cr–V–F) 500 . The fluorination of Cr–V bimetallic catalysts has not only preserved the high polyethylene activity of bimetallic active sites but also produced the advantage of the high MW ability from fluorine. image
Increased frequency of spontaneous skin tumors in transgenic mice which overexpress ornithine decarboxylase. (1995)

Ornithine decarboxylase, a critical regulatory enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis, is highly inducible by growth-promoting stimuli in mouse epidermis but the enzyme level is only transiently elevated due to rapid turnover of the protein. Here we report that constitutive overexpression of the enzyme in the skin of transgenic mice causes several phenotypic abnormalities. Effects observed include development of dermal follicular cysts, excessive skin wrinkling, enhanced nail growth, alopecia, and spontaneous tumor development. These results indicate that up-regulation of polyamine biosynthesis can profoundly disturb skin homeostasis and alter susceptibility to neoplastic development.
Performance enhancements with the high opacity multi-trigger resist (2020)

The development of an EUV photoresist to support high volume manufacturing remains a challenging issue. Meeting the combined resolution, sensitivity, and line width roughness (RLS) requirements has proved difficult. Furthermore, defectivity issues arising from stochastic effects are becoming increasingly critical as pitches decrease. Whilst traditional chemically amplified resists will likely be used initially, a wide range of materials options are being examined for future nodes, aiming to identify a photoresist that simultaneously meets RLS and defectivity requirements. Irresistible Materials (IM) is developing novel resist systems based on the multi-trigger concept. In a multi-trigger resist, multiple elements of the resist must be simultaneously activated to enable the catalytic reactions to proceed. In high dose areas the resist therefore behaves like a traditional CAR, whilst in low dose areas, such as line edges, the reaction is second order increasing the chemical gradient. Effectively there is a dose dependent quenching-like behaviour built in to the resist, enhancing chemical contrast and thus resolution and reducing roughness, whilst eliminating the materials stochastics impact of a separate quencher. The multi-trigger material consists of a base molecule and a crosslinker, which represent the resist matrix, together with a photoacid generator (PAG). Research has been undertaken to improve this resist, in particular focusing on improving resist opacity and crosslinking density. A non-metal atom has been incorporated into the crosslinker and the results presented here show three iterations of this high opacity crosslinker. To improve the sensitivity, a mark II high-Z crosslinker was synthesised which incorporated longer arms compared to the mark I version, to reduce steric hindrance by increasing the distance of the high opacity atom from the reaction site. The results show a dramatic 65% dose-to-size reduction when using the mark II crosslinker. Further exposures investigated the effect of PEB temperature on both the mark I and mark II crosslinkers. This showed that the dose can be reduced by over 50% when using a 90 °C PEB compared to when using no PEB for the mark I crosslinker but by only 20% for the mark II crosslinker, as would be expected if steric hinderance has been reduced. We present results with the mark II crosslinker showing 16 nm half pitch lines using a 28 nm film thickness with a 90 °C PEB which results in a dose to size of 19 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> and an LWR of 5.2 nm. A Mark III version is also presented where the chemistry of the Mark I crosslinker has been modified to improve the solubility in industry preferred solvents. We also present work aimed at improving the LWR of the high opacity resist formulation at high resolution, particularly aimed below 16 nm hp using dense lines when patterned using EUV lithography at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland. We present 13.3 nm lines on a 14 nm half pitch, with an LWR of 2.97 nm and dose of 26 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> and 14.7 nm lines on a 15 nm half pitch, with an LWR of 2.72
Control of section-asymmetry crosstalk in Δβ-reversal directional coupler switches (1986)

The crosstalk caused by a slight longitudinal misalignment of reversed-Δβ electrodes on directional coupler switches is investigated. We show that this crosstalk can be reduced or eliminated by use of independent voltage adjustment of the two electrode sections. The displacement must be maintained below 1.5% if the magnitudes of the two required voltages are not to differ by more than 10%.
Shape-Memory Probe Grasps Small Objects (1992)

Shape-memory device removes foreign objects from ear canal, nose, or throat with little risk of damage to tissue. Thin, flexible wire inserted into cavity. Once positioned, it is made to bend into hook, tweezer, or other remembered grasping configuration by heating above critical temperature.
Heterologous Expression of <i>Trichoderma reesei</i> 1,4-β-<scp>D</scp>-Glucan Cellobiohydrolase (Cel 7A) (2003)

Cellobiohydrolase I (Cel7A) from Trichoderma reesei is generally recognized as being the most important enzyme in the construction of engineered component cellulase systems designed for hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose. We previously reported that full-length T. reesei Cel7A can be expressed from E. coli or P. pastoris, however the enzyme was either produced as insoluble inclusion bodies or hyperglycosylated respectively. In this study, we report the expression of active and stable full length Cel7A from transformed A. awamori and insect cells, and additional attempts to produce active soluble enzyme in E. coli. From this and previous work, we have concluded that E. coli and P. pastoris are unsuitable for expression of full length or the catalytic domain of Cel7A for the purpose of conducting sitedirected-mutagenesis. We compare the activity kinetics and thermal denaturation properties of two forms of recombinant and the wild type T. reesei Cel7A.
Development of Quantitative PCR Assays Targeting the 16S rRNA Genes of Enterococcus spp. and Their Application to the Identification of Enterococcus Species in Environmental Samples (2012)

The detection of environmental enterococci has been determined primarily by using culture-based techniques that might exclude some enterococcal species as well as those that are nonculturable. To address this, the relative abundances of enterococci were examined by challenging fecal and water samples against a currently available genus-specific assay (Entero1). To determine the diversity of enterococcal species, 16S rRNA gene-based group-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were developed and evaluated against eight of the most common environmental enterococcal species. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of 439 presumptive environmental enterococcal strains were analyzed to study further the diversity of enterococci and to confirm the specificities of group-specific assays. The group-specific qPCR assays showed relatively high amplification rates with targeted species (>98%), although some assays cross-amplified with nontargeted species (1.3 to 6.5%). The results with the group-specific assays also showed that different enterococcal species co-occurred in most fecal samples. The most abundant enterococci in water and fecal samples were Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, although we identified more water isolates as Enterococcus casseliflavus than as any of the other species. The prevalence of the Entero1 marker was in agreement with the combined number of positive signals determined by the group-specific assays in most fecal samples, except in gull feces. On the other hand, the number of group-specific assay signals was lower in all water samples tested, suggesting that other enterococcal species are present in these samples. While the results highlight the value of genus- and group-specific assays for detecting the major enterococcal groups in environmental water samples, additional studies are needed to determine further the diversity, distributions, and relative abundances of all enterococcal species found in water.
On the Design of a Passive Orthosis to Gravity Balance Human Legs (2004)

Abstract This paper presents the design of a passive two leg orthosis to gravity balance human legs for use by subjects with both leg impairment. This design combines the use of auxiliary parallelograms to locate the center of mass along with springs to achieve balancing of each leg. The gravity balancing for all motions of the leg and pelvis is achieved by assuming the center of mass of the pelvis to be located on the line joining the two hip joints. A method for deriving the effectiveness of the gravity balancing due to practical limitations is also outlined. We illustrate the gravity balancing feature of the orthosis and examine the assumptions through computer simulations.