gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proportional bandwidth spectrum analysis in a synthetic instrument (2010)

Spectrum analyzers used in communication systems are traditionally modeled by a bank of filters with equally spaced frequency centers and bandwidths. This type of spectrum analyzer decomposes the input signal into basis functions that share common features such as time extent and bandwidth. Another important class of spectrum analyzers is the proportional bandwidth spectrum analyzer modeled by a bank of filters where the spacing between spectral centers and bandwidths increase as a function of the frequency of interest. The filter spacing and bandwidth are seen to have equally spaced centers and equal bandwidths on a logarithmic scale. This type of spectrum analyzer decomposes the input signal into basis functions that share a scaled range of features such as varied time duration and varied bandwidths. Analysis of mechanical systems such as vibrating beams, acoustic resonators, cochlear of the human ear, whale and dolphin sounds, harmonic-rich FM waveforms, and image features are best performed by proportional bandwidth analyzers. This paper presents and analyzes the performance of an extremely efficient implementation of a proportional bandwidth filter bank.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) system for remote detection of explosives, chemicals, and special nuclear materials (2012)

This paper describes a practical photoacoustic spectroscopy technique applied to remote sensing of chemicals in an open environment. A laboratory system that consists of a high-power CO<sub>2</sub> laser and an open-field acoustic resonator is described. The acoustic resonator is a combination of a parabolic reflector and a narrow-band cylindrical acoustic resonator that resonates at the laser modulation frequency. The performance of the resonator is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified. Significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio has been achieved. Detection of gas-phase photoacoustic signals was demonstrated at a remote distance of several meters from the target. Potential applications to the detection of condensed-phase chemicals are discussed; the detection of the photoacoustic spectrum of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in an open environment is presented.
A Microactuation and Sensing Platform With Active Lockdown for <italic>In Situ</italic> Calibration of Scale Factor Drifts in Dual-Axis Gyroscopes (2014)

This paper presents the design and experimental results of a microvibratory actuation and sensing platform to provide on-chip physical stimulus for in situ calibration of long-term scale factor drifts in multiaxis microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors. The platform consists of a three degrees-of-freedom micromotion stage that can provide piezoelectric actuation for X/Y-tilting reference stimuli, compensation of undesired off-axis motion, integrated sensing of applied periodic stimulus, and electrostatic position lock-down for shock protection. A dual-axis MEMS gyroscope is mounted on top of the microplatform, and its electrical interconnects are provided through microfabricated highly flexible parylene cables with virtually zero-loading. The piezoelectric stage is measured to provide up to 280°/s angular ac excitation to a 25-mg inertial sensor payload at an expense of <;100 μW, while providing an analog sensing signal (11 mV/°/s) to determine the applied rate with a precision of 1.2 °/s. The estimated scale factor has <; 0.8% deviation from rate-table characterized values on the same-model gyroscope samples. With further improvements in control precision and angular velocity estimation, the introduced platform is expected enable on-chip self-calibration of long-term scale-factor drifts to <; 100 ppm.
Pathophysiology of Premature Skin Aging Induced by Ultraviolet Light (1997)

Multiple exposures to ultraviolet irradiation lead to sustained elevations of matrix metalloproteinases that degrade skin collagen and may contribute to photoaging. Treatment with topical tretinoin inhibits irradiation-induced matrix metalloproteinases but not their endogenous inhibitor.
Design Parameters Modulating Intracellular Drug Delivery: Anchoring to Specific Cellular Epitopes, Carrier Geometry, and Use of Auxiliary Pharmacological Agents (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction: Intracellular Delivery of Drug Carriers Vesicular Endocytic Pathways: Natural Gateways for Intracellular Transport and Delivery Of Drugs CAM - Mediated Endocytosis: An Inducible Pathway for Intracellular Delivery of a Wide Range of Drug Carriers Examples of Intracellular Drug Delivery Via CAM Endocytosis: Antioxidant and Lysosome Replacement Enzymes Optimization of Intracellular Drug Delivery Via CAM - Mediated Endocytosis using Pharmacological agents, Selection of the Epitope, and Carrier Geometry Conclusion Acknowledgments References
Intelligent Dynamic Simulation of Mechanisms (1992)

Dynamic simulation involves solving sets of equations that represent kinematic (or geometric) and kinetic (or force related) constraints. The kinematic equations are highly nonlinear algebraic equations, and the kinetic equations are coupled differential equations that must be integrated over time. In most simulators, the algebraic and differential equations are solved simultaneously in an iterative manner using sparse matrix techiques and stiff integration schemes. This is not particularly efficient, and can also lead to numerical stability problems. I propose an alternative formulation, based directly on the work of Euler and Lagrange, which allows more efficient solution of dynamics problems at interactive rates. This paper describes the use of a geometric constraint engine based on degrees of freedom analysis (developed for the kinematic simulator TLA), with extensions to incorporate reasoning about dynamics. I present a method for calculating velocity ratios, formulated as a problem in geometry. These calculations, in conjunction with the kinematic solution, allow determination of all kinetic and potential energy terms required for dynamic simulation. The constructed system of dynamics equations are pure differential equations in terms of a minimal set of generalized coordinates. The formulation results in small, dense matrices, rather than large, sparse ones. In principle, large time-steps may be used for coarse dynamic behavior, with smaller time-steps yielding better approximations to the true behavior, at the cost of more computation time.
Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Activity in Ovarian Cancer Models of New Phosphanegold(I)-N-heterocyclic Carbene Complexes (2022)

A new series of seven gold(I) complexes (<b>1</b>-<b>7</b>) containing 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) and phosphane ligands (L1-L7) were synthesized and evaluated for antitumor activity in ovarian cancer (OvCa) models. The synthesized complexes were characterized by IR, mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, and complex <b>6</b> was characterized by XRD crystallography. The antiproliferative effect of the new complexes (<b>1</b>-<b>7</b>) was found to be higher than cisplatin and auranofin in OvCa cells sensitive and resistant to cisplatin. The anticancer activity of the most active complex <b>6</b> was investigated using OvCa <i>in vitro</i> models, including three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids and <i>in vivo</i> tumor xenografts. Both cisplatin and auranofin were used for comparative purposes. Complex <b>6</b> induced apoptosis, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and DNA damage; caused a G1 phase cell cycle arrest, inhibited proteasome activity, and cell migration; modified actin polymerization; and significantly inhibited OvCa murine xenografts. These promising results suggest further preclinical testing of these complexes for future applications.
Using a patient image archive to diagnose retinopathy (2008)

Diabetes has become an epidemic that is expected to impact 365 million people worldwide by 2025. Consequently, diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in the industrialized world today. If detected early, treatments can preserve vision and significantly reduce debilitating blindness. Through this research we are developing and testing a method for automating the diagnosis of retinopathy in a screening environment using a patient archive and digital fundus imagery. We present an overview of our content-based image retrieval (CBIR) approach and provide performance results for a dataset of 98 images from a study in Canada when compared to an archive of 1,355 patients from a study in the Netherlands. An aggregate performance of 89% correct diagnosis is achieved, demonstrating the potential of automated, web-based diagnosis for a broad range of imagery collected under different conditions and with different cameras.
Molecular contrast in optical coherence tomography by use of a pump–probe technique (2003)

We describe a novel technique for contrast enhancement in optical coherence tomography (OCT) that makes possible molecular-specific imaging for what is believed to be the first time. A pump-probe technique is employed in which a pulsed pump laser is tuned to ground-state absorption in a molecule of interest. The location of the target molecule population is derived from the resulting transient absorption of OCT sample-arm light acting as probe light. A signal processing technique for three-dimensional localization of the transient absorption signal is described, and preliminary results exhibiting OCT contrast from methylene blue dye in multilayer and scattering phantoms are presented.
A generalized IC engine propulsion method and corresponding transmission design for improving vehicle fuel efficiency (2013)

Based on the analysis of the working profiles of internal combustion (IC) engines, a case-emphasized propulsion method is generalized to improve vehicle fuel efficiency. With this method, the ratio of the most-used speed to the most-desired speed of an IC engine is employed to control the engine to always run at its optimal working state with an efficient single-stage gear transmission. Examples of the propulsion method with different brands of IC engines in the market place demonstrate the potential that this method could reduce engine fuel consumption up to 5 ~ 39 %. A conceptual design of n-ratio automatic single-stage gear transmission is then developed to implement the case-emphasized propulsion method in a general way. Not only can such a design execute the proposed propulsion method well as an almost continuous variable transmission, but it can also increase the propulsion efficiency about 8 ~ 18 % if it is applied to replace the traditional automatic transmissions or continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) in vehicle drivetrains.
Production and Immunogenicity of Soluble Plant-Produced HIV-1 Subtype C Envelope gp140 Immunogens (2019)

The development of effective vaccines is urgently needed to curb the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). A major focal point of current HIV vaccine research is the production of soluble envelope (Env) glycoproteins which reproduce the structure of the native gp160 trimer. These antigens are produced in mammalian cells, which requires a sophisticated infrastructure for manufacture that is mostly absent in developing countries. The production of recombinant proteins in plants is an attractive alternative for the potentially cheap and scalable production of vaccine antigens, especially for developing countries. In this study, we developed a transient expression system in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> for the production of soluble HIV Env gp140 antigens based on two rationally selected virus isolates (CAP256 SU and Du151). The scalability of the platform was demonstrated and both affinity and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were explored for recovery of the recombinant antigens. Rabbits immunized with lectin affinity-purified antigens developed high titres of binding antibodies, including against the V1V2 loop region, and neutralizing antibodies against Tier 1 viruses. The removal of aggregated Env species by gel filtration resulted in the elicitation of superior binding and neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, a heterologous prime-boost regimen employing a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) vaccine, followed by boosts with the SEC-purified protein, significantly improved the immunogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the immunogenicity of a near-full length plant-derived Env vaccine immunogen.
Adaptive coherent power combiner (2016)

This paper summarizes advances in liquid-crystal technology for use as tunable phase-delay lines. The amount of phase delay through the liquid crystal is adaptively tuned, in order to coherently combine two signals, regardless of their phase differences. By adaptively adjusting the phase delays in the two signal paths, maximum coherent power combining is ensured. This ability to coherently combine the power of two signals regardless of their initial phase differences can greatly simplify antenna-diversity techniques used in MIMO applications.
In vitro antifungal activity of luliconazole against nondermatophytic moulds (2019)

In vitro antifungal activity of luliconazole against nondermatophytic moulds causing superficial infections was compared with that of five classes of 12 topical and systemic drugs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drugs against the genera of Neoscytalidium, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Scedosporium, and Alternaria was measured via modified microdilution method. In results, the nondermatophytic moulds were found to be less susceptible to drugs to which Neoscytalidium spp. and Fusarium spp. were typically drug resistant. However, luliconazole was effective against all the genera tested, including afore-mentioned two species, and had the lowest MICs among the drugs tested.
Improved design of a CRLH leaky-wave antenna and its application for DoA estimation (2013)

In this paper, we propose a composite right/left handed two port leaky-wave antenna (CRLH-LWA) having reduced size and enhanced beam steering capabilities. The antenna is made of a cascade of metamaterial CRLH unit cells, populated with varactor diodes. By properly designing the CRLH unit cell, the propagation constant has been optimized within the radiated zone achieving maximum beam steering and keeping a nearly constant gain for all of the beam configurations. Through a modified multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm, we employed the antenna for direction of arrival (DoA) estimation. Validation of the algorithm along with the proposed CRLH-LWA has been conducted in an anechoic chamber and the estimated DoA results are in good agreement with the predicted angles.
Image formation principles in coded-aperture based x-ray phase contrast imaging (2008)

A novel x-ray phase contrast imaging technique based on coded apertures was recently developed at University College London. This technique removes most limitations of previous phase contrast methods and provides image improvements comparable to those obtained with synchrotron radiation with conventional x-ray sources. Unlike other phase contrast approaches, the technique does not impose restrictive wavelength and/or angular filtering on the beam emitted by the source, meaning that the beam can be exploited in full thus minimizing exposure times. As a consequence, the method provides, for the first time, a concrete opportunity to transfer x-ray phase contrast imaging into real medical applications. This paper discusses the image formation principles, analyses the shape and nature of the phase contrast profiles obtained and draws a significant conclusion on the role of convolution integrals in the acquisition of phase contrast patterns, applicable also to other phase contrast imaging approaches.
Bonding Optimization on Composite Surfaces using Atmospheric Plasma Treatment (2012)

The effect of atmospheric plasma treatment (APT) on the bonding performance of a cyanate ester and an epoxy carbon fiber reinforced composite fabricated with a polyester peel ply was evaluated. A room temperature (RT) cured epoxy, an elevated temperature cured epoxy, and a cyanate ester resin, were used as the bonding adhesives. Only small increases in the carboxyl species concentration were observed for both composite systems as a function of increasing plasma treatment. Lap shear (LS) tests of the bonded composites showed that the APT resulted in a 30% strength improvement for the RT cured epoxy bonded specimens while the cyanate ester composite exhibited negligible increases due to the formation of a highly oxidized, weakly bonded ash. Contact angle measurements indicated that the temperature exposure associated with the curing of the elevated temperature adhesives also reduced the efficacy of APT. Modifications of the bonding surface of these composites by the incorporation of a plasma responsive (PR) layer resulted in significant LS improvements. After incorporating the PR layer, the improvement in adhesive strength was over 225% that of an untreated specimen and approximately 190% that of the equivalently treated unmodified system. Bond strengths correlated with corresponding increases in carboxyl concentrations after APT.
Comparative genome analysis of an avirulent and two virulent strains of avian Pasteurella multocida reveals candidate genes involved in fitness and pathogenicity (2013)

Pasteurella multocida is the etiologic agent of fowl cholera, a highly contagious and severe disease of poultry causing significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world. All types of poultry are susceptible to fowl cholera. Turkeys are most susceptible to the peracute/acute forms of the disease while chickens are most susceptible to the acute and chronic forms of the disease. The whole genome of the Pm70 strain of P. multocida was sequenced and annotated in 2001. The Pm70 strain is not virulent to chickens and turkeys. In contrast, strains X73 and P1059 are highly virulent to turkeys, chickens, and other poultry species. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of P. multocida strains X73 and P1059 and undertook a detailed comparative genome analysis with the avirulent Pm70 strain. The goal of this study was to identify candidate genes in the virulent strains that may be involved in pathogenicity of fowl cholera disease. Comparison of virulent versus avirulent avian P. multocida genomes revealed 336 unique genes among the P1059 and/or X73 genomes compared to strain Pm70. Genes of interest within this subset included those encoding an L-fucose transport and utilization system, several novel sugar transport systems, and several novel hemagglutinins including one designated PfhB4. Additionally, substantial amino acid variation was observed in many core outer membrane proteins and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis confirmed a higher dN/dS ratio within proteins localized to the outer membrane. Comparative analyses of highly virulent versus avirulent avian P. multocida identified a number of genomic differences that may shed light on the ability of highly virulent strains to cause disease in the avian host, including those that could be associated with enhanced virulence or fitness.
A hybrid dielectric slab-beam waveguide for the sub-millimeter wave region (1993)

A hybrid dielectric-slab-beam waveguide is suggested which should be well suited as a transmission medium for the design of planar quasi-optical integrated circuits and devices operating in the millimeter- and sub-millimeter-wave regions. The guide consists of a grounded dielectric slab in which a sequence of equally spaced cylindrical lenses is fabricated. The center line of the slab guide is the axis of the lenses. The structure uses two distinct waveguiding principles in conjunction to guide electromagnetic waves. In the direction normal to the slab surface, the guided fields behave as surface waves of the slab guide; their energy is largely confined to the interior of the dielectric and they are guided by total reflection at the slab surface. In the lateral direction the waves behave as Gauss-Hermite-beam modes that are guided by the lenses, which periodically reconstitute their cross sectional phase distribution, resulting in a wave beam that is iterated with the lens spacing. The guided fields are in effect TE and TM modes. The analysis of the new guiding structure is analyzed, the mode spectrum is calculated, and the iteration loss due to the finite size of the lenses is estimated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Diastereoselective Microbial Hydroxylation of Milbemycin Derivatives (1989)

The diastereoselective hydroxylation of milbemycin A4 (1) at the 13/f-position (-*2) was performed by cultures of Streptomyces violascens (ATCC 31560). 14,15-epoxymilbemycin A4 (3) was formed via a parallel reaction as a byproduct. The conversion and the product ratio, 2/3, were improved by the addition of organic solvents. The best results, i.e., 91 % conversion with 92 % 2 and 8 % 3, were obtained by adding 2.5% DMSO to the culture broth. Oxime 7 was also hydroxylated at the 13β-position by S. violascens under similar conditions. In the case of milbemycin A3 (9) and D (10), the main products after treatment with S. violascens were the corresponding 14,15-epoxides, 13 and 14, respectively.
Synthesis and antiviral activity of 2'-substituted 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine analogs (1993)

A series of 2'-substituted derivatives of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine (PMEG, 1) have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity in the XTT assay and for anti-herpes activity in the plaque reduction assay. It has been observed that the anti-HIV activity of these derivatives depends on the size and the nature of the substituent as well as the chirality at the 2'-position of PMEG. In addition, these compounds generally demonstrated greater activity against HIV than herpes viruses. The most interesting analogues which emerged from these studies are (R)-2'-(azidomethyl)-PMEG [(R)-5] and (R)-2'-vinyl-PMEG [(R)-11]. The former showed anti-HIV activity with an IC50 of 5 microM and a cytotoxicity (CC50) greater than 1.4 mM in CEM cells. The latter has an IC50 of 13 microM for anti-HIV activity and a CC50 of greater than 1.6 mM. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that replacement of the guanine base of these 2'-substituted PMEG analogues with cytosine drastically reduces anti-HIV and anti-herpes activity.