gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of nucleotides, divalent cations and temperature on the tryptic susceptibility of myosin subfragment 1 (1984)

The kinetics of tryptic breakdown of the heavy chain of chymotryptic myosin subfragment 1 (S1) according to the following scheme (where the numbers represent approximate masses in kDa) are altered at 21 degrees C by divalent (Formula: see text) cations (Me2+) and by ATP, ADP, adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-imino]triphosphate or PPi, with or without Me2+. ATP or its analogs slow step 2 and accelerate steps 3 and 4, while Me2+ accelerates step 2. ATP and its analogs decrease the amount of a transient 27-kDa peptide [Hozumi, T. & Muhlrad, A. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 2945-2950]. We have found direct evidence for the suggestion in this reference that the 27-kDa peptide is not an obligatory precursor of the 25-kDa fragment and that ATP or ADP suppresses the formation of the larger N-terminal fragment rather than accelerates its breakdown. Cross-linking of sulfhydryl groups located in the 20-kDa fragment leads to trapping of MgADP in the N-terminal 25-kDa peptide [Wells, J.A. & Yount, R.G. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 1711-1717]; this process affects the tryptic fragmentation of S1 similarly to, but less effectively than, nucleotides. Acts-S1 formation prevents the effect of ATP on fragmentation. At 37 degrees C S1 loses ATPase activity; tryptic digestion proceeds more rapidly and the 50-kDa and 25-kDa fragments are degraded to small peptides. Nucleotides protect against the effects of higher temperature by producing conformational changes not only in the 27-kDa N-terminal portion (containing the putative nucleotide binding site) of the heavy chain of S1 but also in the 50-kDa peptide.
High-Resolution Mobility Analysis of Charge-Reduced Electrosprayed Protein Ions (2015)

Many mobility studies (IMS) of electrospray ions with charge states z reduced to unity have shown a singular ability to analyze large protein complexes and viruses, though with wide mobility peaks (fwhm ∼ 20%). Here we confirm that this limitation arises primarily when early charge reduction precedes drop evaporation (suppressing secondary atomization by the usual sequence of many Coulomb explosions). By drying before neutralizing, we achieve a protein fwhm of ∼3.7%. A positively biased electrospraying capillary is coaxial with a cylindrical charge-reduction (CR) chamber coated with radioactive Ni-63 (10 mCi) that fills the CR chamber with a bipolar ionic atmosphere. A screen interposed between the spraying capillary and the CR chamber limits penetration of the neutralizing anions into the electrospray (ES) chamber, precluding destabilization of the ES tip, even when brought very close to the grid to enhance ion transmission. As ES cations cross the grid, driven by their own space charge, they recombine with CR ions reducing their charge state as well as space charge dispersion. The setup is tested with the protein ovalbumin (MW ∼ 44.3 kDa) and its clusters up to the tetramer, by analyzing the charge-reduced ions with a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). At gas sample flow rates of ∼1 L/min, the dominant peaks are singly charged (z = 1). They are widened by clustering of involatile solution impurities, depending on spray quality and solution cleanness, with fwhm as small as 3.7% achieved in desalted and acidified solutions. When using sharp nanospray capillaries, the grid may be removed, resulting in ∼2-fold increased ion transmission. In the absence of the grid, however, spray stability and quality are often compromised, even with capillary tip diameters as small as 30 μm.
Specific Fibrinogen and Thrombin Concentrations Promote Neuronal Rather Than Glial Growth When Primary Neural Cells Are Seeded Within Plasma-Derived Fibrin Gels (2009)

Fibrin gels are attractive scaffolds useful for neural tissue engineering applications. The objective of this work was to investigate the apoptotic activity, survival, proliferation, and differentiation of a mixed population of primary neural cells composed of neurons and multipotent precursor cells when cultured in fibrin gels prepared with varying concentrations of fibrinogen (5-25 mg/mL fibrinogen) and thrombin (1-125 U/mL thrombin). Within all fibrin gel formulations tested, the level of apoptosis on day 1 was low and cell survival was equivalent to levels in monolayer culture (67%). Proliferation in gels made from 5 to 12.5 mg/mL fibrinogen was also similar to that observed in monolayer culture, though a lower proliferative response was observed in 25 mg/mL fibrinogen formulations. Relative to monolayer culture, cholinergic and dopaminergic neuronal presence was enhanced, whereas glial cell growth was reduced in fibrin gel cultures. The extent to which levels were altered depended on fibrinogen and thrombin concentration. The findings here suggest the importance of fibrinogen and thrombin concentration in differentially regulating the growth and composition of neural cell populations and are of importance for neural tissue engineering strategies focused on the development of implantable scaffolds for treating neurodegenerative disorders.
Use of Ozone in Chemical and High Yield Pulping Processes - Latest Innovations Maximizing Efficiency and Environmental Performance (2010)

As one of the strongest oxidant available in the pulp and paper industry, ozone can be used in both chemical and mechanical pulping. By choosing ozone in their bleaching process, many pulp mills in various part of the world, producing hardwood and softwood bleach pulps, have already improved product quality, environmental and process performance. Over the three last years, significant progress has been made in the use of ozone for the emergence of Green bleaching practice favoring on-site chemicals production including complete reuse of by-products, minimizing the ecological footprint and reducing operating costs. Concerning optimization for on-site chemical production, the overall concept is based today on 100 % oxygen recycling since each oxygen molecule is used twice: First to produce ozone and in its second lifetime for other applications such oxygen delignification, white liquor oxidation and effluent treatment. Data collected on industrial scales shows and explains why the results are finally better than everybody initially expected. But Green bleaching is not only based on finding as many internal synergies as possible, it also concerns the assessment and possibility to reduce the ecological footprint of the whole process. By taking into account carbon emission for bleaching chemicals production, supply chain (transportation, storage,) and local energy requirement, it can be demonstrated that adopting Green bleaching with ozone reduces carbon emission between 40 to 60% when compared with conventional chemistry mainly based on chlorine dioxide. Finally, it is shown that adopting Green bleaching practice doesn't sacrifice pulp quality but, on the opposite, opens opportunities to develop new paper grades in a changing environment. The second field of innovation concerns the use of ozone in high yield pulping processes to significantly reduce energy requirement of TMP/CTMP processes. Based on results obtained on a large pilot scale, it can be shown that the net saving in energy requirement using ozone is about 25% whereas pulp quality (strength properties) is generally improved. This is an important benefit since energy remains the limiting factor for the long term viability of such processes. Concerning (Pressure) Groundwood pulp production, fibre availability has become a critical issue, and consequently an important focus of many pulp and paper companies. The use of ozone on an industrial scale shows that a PGW process can be switched from Spruce as raw material to 100% Pine. Ozone eliminates the pitch content of the Pine pulp, which can be sent to the paper machine without facing the conventional deposits problem using such a material. Moreover, printability tests have given positive feed-back since no build-up has been observed.
First principles study of the atomic layer deposition of alumina by TMA–H<sub>2</sub>O-process (2015)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a coating technology used to produce highly uniform thin films. Aluminiumoxide, Al2O3, is mainly deposited using trimethylaluminium (TMA) and water as precursors and is the most studied ALD-process to date. However, only few theoretical studies have been reported in the literature. The surface reaction mechanisms and energetics previously reported focus on a gibbsite-like surface model but a more realistic description of the surface can be achieved when the hydroxylation of the surface is taken into account using dissociatively adsorbed water molecules. The adsorbed water changes the structure of the surface and reaction energetics change considerably when compared to previously studied surface model. Here we have studied the TMA-H2O process using density functional theory on a hydroxylated alumina surface and reproduced the previous results for comparison. Mechanisms and energetics during both the TMA and the subsequent water pulse are presented. TMA is found to adsorb exothermically onto the surface. The reaction barriers for the ligand-exchange reactions between the TMA and the surface hydroxyl groups were found to be much lower compared to previously presented results. TMA dissociation on the surface is predicted to saturate at monomethylaluminium. Barriers for proton diffusion between surface sites are observed to be low. TMA adsorption was also found to be cooperative with the formation of methyl bridges between the adsorbants. The water pulse was studied using single water molecules reacting with the DMA and MMA surface species. Barriers for these reactions were found to reasonable in the process conditions. However, stabilizing interactions amongst water molecules were found to lower the reaction barriers and the dynamical nature of water is predicted to be of importance. It is expected that these calculations can only set an upper limit for the barriers during the water pulse.
Project CLAI: Instrumenting the Command Line as a New Environment for AI Agents (2020)

This whitepaper reports on Project CLAI (Command Line AI), which aims to bring the power of AI to the command line interface (CLI). The CLAI platform sets up the CLI as a new environment for AI researchers to conquer by surfacing the command line as a generic environment that researchers can interface to using a simple sense-act API, much like the traditional AI agent architecture. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of the platform in detail, through illustrative use cases of new end user interaction patterns enabled by this design, and through quantitative evaluation of the system footprint of a CLAI-enabled terminal. We also report on some early user feedback on CLAI's features from an internal survey.
Clinical Relevance of Two Different Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Approaches to Imaging of a Low Grade Astrocytoma (1982)

A young patient with progressive neurological deficit of uncertain cause underwent true three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging by the inversion-recovery and by the saturation-recovery techniques. Differences between the results of the two methods helped clarify the nature of the underlying disorder and revealed an extent of neoplasia greatly exceeding that suggested by X-ray computed tomography. The NMR imaging results were instrumental in selecting the site for brain biopsy, which demonstrated a Grade II astrocytoma.
Profiling of Participants in Online-Community (2002)

Promoting interactions among participants in an onlinecommunity is catching attention of web sites&apos; managers.
High performance perfluoroalkyl ether triazine elastomers (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHigh performance perfluoroalkyl ether triazine elastomersRoger A. KorusCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1981, 20, 4, 694–696Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i300004a020https://doi.org/10.1021/i300004a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views90Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Effect of Chain Length on the Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds by means of Silicon Nanowires (2013)

Molecularly modified silicon nanowire field effect transistors (SiNW FETs) are starting to appear as promising devices for sensing various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Understanding the connection between the molecular layer structure attached to the SiNWs and VOCs is essential for the design of high performance sensors. Here, we explore the chain length influence of molecular layers on the sensing performance to polar and nonpolar VOCs. SiNW FETs were functionalized with molecular layers that have similar end (methyl) group and amide bridge bond, but differ in their alkyl chain lengths. The resulting devices were then exposed to polar and nonpolar VOCs in various concentrations. Our results showed that the sensing response to changing the threshold voltage (ΔVth) and changing the relative hole mobility (Δμh/μh-a) have a proportional relationship to the VOC concentration. On exposure to a specific VOC concentration, ΔVth response increased with the chain length of the molecular modification. In contrast, Δμh/μh-a did not exhibit any obvious reliance on the chain length of the molecular layer. Analysis of the responses with an electrostatic-based model suggests that the sensor response in ΔVth is dependent on the VOC concentration, VOC vapor pressure, VOC-molecular layer binding energy, and VOC adsorption-induced dipole moment changes of molecular layer.
Reliability of Surface‐mounted Anisotropically Conductive Adhesive Joints (1993)

The purpose of the work is to investigate the feasibility of using anisotropically conductive adhesives to join surface‐mount devices as solder replacement. The results from a literature and market survey are reported. Based on industrial demands, two anisotropically conductive adhesives were chosen for the experimental work. During the experimental work, the conductive adhesive joints were produced at various curing conditions. The joints were characterised by shear testing and electrical resistance measurement after ageing at 20, 70 and 120°C to 1000 hours. Optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise the adhesive joints. In addition to this, temperature cycling tests, humidity test and pull tensile tests were used to qualify the adhesive joint reliability and quality. From the results of the present work, it can be concluded that the anisotropically conductive adhesive A joints are stable in the 85°C/85% RH environment and therefore have better corrosion resistance than adhesive B joints. Neither of the adhesives can pass temperature cycling from −55 to 125°C for 1000 cycles according to military standard 883C.
C19MC microRNAs are processed from introns of large Pol-II, non-protein-coding transcripts (2009)

MicroRNAs are tiny RNA molecules that play important regulatory roles in a broad range of developmental, physiological or pathological processes. Despite recent progress in our understanding of miRNA processing and biological functions, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that control their expression at the transcriptional level. C19MC is the largest human microRNA gene cluster discovered to date. This 100-kb long cluster consists of 46 tandemly repeated, primate-specific pre-miRNA genes that are flanked by Alu elements (Alus) and embedded within a ∼400- to 700-nt long repeated unit. It has been proposed that C19MC miRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol-III) initiating from A and B boxes embedded in upstream Alu repeats. Here, we show that C19MC miRNAs are intron-encoded and processed by the DGCR8-Drosha (Microprocessor) complex from a previously unidentified, non-protein-coding Pol-II (and not Pol-III) transcript which is mainly, if not exclusively, expressed in the placenta.
Metabotropic actions of kainate receptors in the CNS (2007)

Kainate receptors (KARs), together with NMDA and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptors (AMPA), are typically described as ionotropic glutamate receptors. Although ionotropic functions for KARs are beginning to be characterized in multiple brain regions, both, in the pre- and post-synaptic compartments of the synapse, there is accumulating evidence that KARs mediate some of their effects without invoking ion-fluxes. Thus, since 1998, when the first metabotropic action of KARs was described in the modulation of GABA release in hippocampal interneurons, there have been increasing reports that some of the functions of KARs involve the participation of intracellular signalling cascades and depend on G protein activation. These surprising observations, attesting metabotropic actions of KARs, akin to those usually attributed to seven transmembrane region G protein-coupled receptors, make the physiological classification and description of glutamate receptors more complex. In the present review, we describe the metabotropic roles of KARs in the CNS and discuss the intriguing properties of this receptor which, structurally shows all the facets of a typical ionotropic receptor, but appears to express a metabotropic remit at some key synapses.
Low-Power Frequency Doubler in Cellulose-Based Materials for Harmonic RFID Applications (2014)

This letter presents the design of a Schottky diode frequency doubler suitable for harmonic RFID tags. A microwave frequency doubler is implemented in a cellulose-based (paper) substrate, i.e., an ultra-low cost, recyclable and biodegradable material. The circuit exploits a distributed microstrip structure that is fabricated using a copper adhesive laminate to have low conductor losses. The measurements show a conversion loss of 13.4 dB at the output frequency of 2.08 GHz. This is achieved with an available input power of -10 dBm only. Finally a harmonic RFID experiment proves a reading range of 50 cm, obtained by transmitting 0 dBm and receiving a second harmonic of -60 dBm, i.e., well above the sensitivity of a typical microwave receiver.
Cyclohaliclonamines A−E:  Dimeric, Trimeric, Tetrameric, Pentameric, and Hexameric 3-Alkyl Pyridinium Alkaloids from a Marine Sponge <i>Haliclona</i> sp. (2005)

A mixture of cyclohaliclonamines A-E (1-5), novel dimeric, trimeric, tetrameric, pentameric, and hexameric 3-alkylpyridinium alkaloids, was obtained from an Okinawan sponge Haliclona sp. Cyclohaliclonamines C-E are the first tetrameric, pentameric, and hexameric 3-alkylpyridinium alkaloids from natural sources. The structure determination of cyclohaliclonamines is discussed in detail.
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Lizards through Microinjection of Unfertilized Oocytes (2019)

CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing has enabled the direct manipulation of gene function in many species. However, the reproductive biology of reptiles presents unique barriers for the use of this technology, and there are no reptiles with effective methods for targeted mutagenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the microinjection of immature oocytes within the ovaries of Anolis sagrei females enables the production of CRISPR-Cas9-induced mutations. This method is capable of producing F0 embryos and hatchlings with monoallelic or biallelic mutations. We demonstrate that these mutations can be transmitted through the germline to establish genetically modified strains of lizards. Direct tests of gene function can now be performed in Anolis lizards, an important model for studies of reptile evolution and development.
Discriminative Hallucination for Multi-Modal Few-Shot Learning (2018)

State-of-the-art deep learning algorithms yield remarkable results in many visual recognition tasks. However, they still catastrophically struggle in low data scenarios. To a certain extent, the lack of visual data can be compensated by multimodal information. Information missing in one modality (e.g. image) due to the limited data can be included in the other modality (e.g. text). In this paper, we propose a benchmark for few-shot learning with multi-modal data which can be used by other researchers. We also introduced a method for few-shot fine-grained recognition, utilizing textual descriptions of the visual data. We developed a two-stage framework built upon the idea of cross-modal data hallucination. For each visual category, we first generate a set of images by conditioning on the textual description of the category using StackGANs. Next, we rank the generated images based on their class-discriminativeness and only pick the most discriminative images to extend the dataset. Lastly, a classifier invariant to our framework can be trained using an extended training set. We show the results of our proposed discriminative hallucinated method for 1-, 2-, and 5-shot learning on the CUB dataset, where the accuracy is improved by employing the multi-modal data.
Generalized Brewster Angle Effect in Thin-Film Optical\nAbsorbers and Its Application for Graphene Hydrogen Sensing (2019)

Generalized Brewster angle (GBA) is the incidence angle at which polarization\nby reflection for p- and s-polarized light takes place. Realizing\ns-polarization Brewster effect requires a material with magnetic response which\nis challenging at optical frequencies since the magnetic response of materials\nat these frequencies is extremely weak. Here, we experimentally realize GBA\neffect in the visible using a thin-film absorber system consisting of a\ndielectric film on an absorbing substrate. Polarization by reflection is\nrealized for both p- and s- polarized light at different angles of incidence\nand multiple wavelengths. We provide a theoretical framework for the\ngeneralized Brewster effect in thin-film light absorbers. We demonstrate\nhydrogen gas sensing using a single layer graphene film transferred on a\nthin-film absorber at the GBA with ~1 fg/mm2 aerial mass sensitivity. The\nultrahigh sensitivity stems from the strong phase sensitivity near point of\ndarkness, particularly at the GBA, and the strong light-matter interaction in\nplanar nanocavities. These findings depart from the traditional domain of\nthin-films as mere interference optical coatings and highlight its many\npotential applications including gas sensing and biosensing.\n