gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Marine vibrators: the new phase of seismic exploration (2018)

ABSTRACT Marine seismic vibrators are generally considered to be less intrusive than airguns from an environmental perspective. This is because they emit their energy spread out in time, rather than in a single, high‐intensity pulse. There are also significant geophysical benefits associated with marine vibrators, and they stem from the ability to specify in detail the output acoustic waveform. The phase can be specified independently at each frequency. Such detailed control cannot be achieved with conventional airgun sources, where the phase can only be modified using simple overall time delays. The vibrator phase can be employed in several different ways: it can be applied to the overall source phase in a sequence so that it varies from one source point to the next; it can be applied to the individual vibrators within the source array so the source directivity is changed; it can be applied to the overall source phase of each source in a simultaneous source acquisition. Carefully designed phase sequences can attenuate the residual source noise, and this in turn allows extra source points to be interleaved between the conventional ones. For these extra source points, the relative phase of the vibrators within the array can be chosen to create a transverse gradient source, which illuminates the earth predominantly in directions out of the plane of the sail line without left/right ambiguity. If seismic vibrator data are acquired using interleaved conventional and transverse gradient sweeps, more information is collected per kilometre of vessel travel than is the case in conventional acquisition. This richer data acquisition leads to the possibility of acquiring all the necessary seismic data in a shorter time. Three‐dimensional reconstruction techniques are used to recover the same image quality that would have been obtained using the conventional, more time‐consuming acquisition. For a marine vibrator to be suitable for these techniques it must, in general terms, have ‘high fidelity’. The precise device specifications are defined through realistic end‐to‐end simulations of the physical systems and the processing. The specifications are somewhat more onerous than for a conventional vibrator, but they are achievable. A prototype vibrator that satisfies these requirements has been built. In a simulated case study of a three‐dimensional deep‐water ocean bottom node survey, the seismic data could have been acquired using marine vibrators in one third of the time that it would have taken using airguns.
Compact method for modeling and simulation of memristor devices: ion conductor chalcogenide-based memristor devices (2010)

A compact model and simulation methodology for chalcogenide based memristor devices is proposed. From a microprocessor design view point, it is important to be able to simulate large numbers of devices within the integrated circuit architecture in order to speed up reliably the development process. Ideally, device models would accurately describe the characteristic device behavior and would be represented by single-valued equations without requiring the need for recursive or numerically intensive solutions. With this in mind, we have developed an empirical chalcogenide compact memristor model that accurately describes all regions of operations of memristor devices employing single-valued equations.
Modulated infrared laser with two coupled cavities. [Patent application] (1982)

The intracavity modulated laser includes a main cavity and an adjacent coupled cavity with a gain cell in the main cavity and an electro-optic modulator in the coupled cavity, the cavities being coupled in such a way that the energy level in the coupled cavity during laser operation is much lower than that in the main cavity, and whereby the modulator can selectively affect the polarization of energy in accordance with a voltage applied there-to to selectively couple energy out of both cavities in a desired manner.
Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated with Recombinant Poliovirus (2018)

Intratumoral infusion of PVSRIPO in patients with recurrent WHO grade IV malignant glioma confirmed the absence of neurovirulent potential. The survival rate among patients who received PVSRIPO immunotherapy was higher at 24 and 36 months than the rate among historical controls. (Funded by the Brain Tumor Research Charity and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01491893 .).
Graphene-based plasmonic nano-transceiver for terahertz band communication (2014)

In this paper, a plasmonic nano-transceiver for wireless communication in the Terahertz Band (0.1-10 THz) is proposed, modeled and analyzed. The nano-transceiver is based on a High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) built with a III-V semiconductor and enhanced with graphene. In transmission, when a voltage is applied between the HEMT drain and source, electrons are accelerated at the HEMT channel. This movement of electrons results in the excitation of a plasma wave which, on its turn, induces a Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) wave on the graphene-based gate. The reciprocal behavior is achieved in reception. The performance of the proposed nano-transceiver is analytically investigated in transmission by coupling the hydrodynamic equations that govern the generation of plasma waves in the HEMT, with the dynamic complex conductivity of graphene and the Maxwell's equations. Numerical results show that the proposed nano-transceiver can effectively generate the necessary SPP wave to drive a plasmonic nano-antenna at Terahertz Band frequencies. Moreover, the utilization of the same nanomaterial as in the plasmonic nano-antennas is expected to ease the transceiver-antenna integration and opens the door to tunable compact nano-transceivers for Terahertz Band communication.
Fatty Liver Disease: MR Imaging Techniques for the Detection and Quantification of Liver Steatosis (2009)

Fatty liver disease is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States. Noninvasive detection and quantification of fat is becoming more and more important clinically, due in large part to the growing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Steatosis, the accumulation of fat-containing vacuoles within hepatocytes, is a key histologic feature of fatty liver disease. Liver biopsy, the current standard of reference for the assessment of steatosis, is invasive, has sampling errors, and is not appropriate in some settings. Several magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-based techniques--including chemical shift imaging, frequency-selective imaging, and MR spectroscopy--are currently in clinical use for the detection and quantification of fat-water admixtures, with each technique having important advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. These techniques permit the breakdown of the net MR signal into fat and water signal components, allowing the quantification of fat in liver tissue, and are increasingly being used in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of fatty liver disease.
Proton-implanted optical waveguide detectors in GaAs (1973)

Defect levels introduced by implanting GaAs with high-energy protons give rise to optical absorption at wavelengths greater than that of the normal absorption edge at 0.9 μ. Optical waveguide detectors may be fabricated by taking advantage of this absorption mechanism in the presence of a Schottky barrier depletion layer. Detector response times less than 200 ns and external quantum efficiencies of 16% have been observed.
A compressive phase-locked loop (2012)

We develop a new method for tracking narrowband signals acquired via compressive sensing. The compressive sensing phase-locked loop (CS-PLL) enables one to track oscillating signals in very large bandwidths using sub-Nyquist sampling. A key feature of the approach is the fact that we perform the frequency tracking directly on the compressive measurements without ever recovering the signal. The CS-PLL has a wide variety of potential applications, including communications, phase tracking, and robust control.
90nm toggle MRAM array with 0.29μm/sup 2/ cells (2005)

A 90nm magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) based on the toggle switching mode has been successfully demonstrated for the first time in a 90nm CMOS process. The MRAM memory cell is based on a 1-transistor 1-magnetic tunnel junction (1T1MTJ) with 0.29/spl mu/m/sup 2/bit cell. The results of the 4k bit array demonstrate scalability of MRAM to 90nm technology.
A single motor actuated miniature steerable jumping robot (2012)

This paper together with the accompanied video presents our improved single motor actuated miniature jumping robot. The robot has a maximum size 6.5 centimeter and a mass 23.5 gram. It can jump towards a desired direction and jump continuously. With a take-off angle 75°, the average jumping height is 0.9 meter. In the video, the detailed robot design is illustrated, and experiments in various situations are presented. These scenarios suggest potential applications of such miniature jumping robots such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, or locomotion in environments with obstacles.
Electron field emission from diamond grown by a multiple pulsed laser process (1998)

Among wide-band-gap materials, diamond has been tested extensively in many laboratories for its applicability as an electron emission material. The results are encouraging but also point out the necessity of modifying the diamond films with respect to their chemical composition and/or atomic structure. This article reports on electron emission measurements conducted on diamond coatings deposited on WC/Co alloy by a multiple pulsed laser process. The electron emission has been measured in a diode configuration with a diamond surface–anode spacing of 20 and 50 μm in vacuum at P=10−7 Torr. Current densities of 6 mA/cm2 have been calculated at an applied voltage of 3000 V (for 20 μm). We propose an explanation for electron emission.
1.3μm fluoride fibre laser (1988)

Laser action has been achieved in the 1.33–1.34μm range using an Nd3+-doped fluorozirconate glass multimode fibre. These operating wavelengths are the closest to the important telecommunications channel at 1.3μm of any reported for glass laser.
Polarization-independent liquid crystal lens with four liquid crystal layers (2006)

A polarization-independent liquid crystal (LC) lens is reported. There are four LC layers in the LC cell. Two LC layers focus one polarization component of an incident light wave, and the other two LC layers focus the other polarization components. The former two layers are placed interlacedly with the later two layers, so that the inherent position difference between the foci of the two polarization components may become very short. The lens properties are shown experimentally
Compression of Bayer-Pattern Video Sequences Using Adjusted Chroma Subsampling (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Most consumer digital color cameras are equipped with a single chip. Such cameras capture only one color component per pixel (e.g., Bayer pattern) instead of an RGB triple. Conventionally, missing color components at each pixel are interpolated from its neighboring pixels, so that full color images are constructed. This process is typically referred to as demosaicing. After demosaicing, the full resolution RGB video frames are converted into YUV color space. U and V are then typically subsampled by a factor of four and the resulting video data in the 4:2:0 format become the input for the video encoder. In this letter, we look into the weakness of the conventional scheme and propose a novel solution for compressing Bayer-pattern video data. The novelty of our work lies largely in the chroma subsampling. We properly choose the locations to calculate the chroma pixels U and V according to the positions of B and R pixels in the Bayer pattern and this leads to higher quality of the reconstructed images. In our experiments, we have observed an improvement in composite peak-signal-to-noise ratio performance of up to 1.5 dB at the same encoding rate. Based on this highly efficient approach, we propose also a low-complexity method which saves almost half of the computation at the expense of a small loss in coding efficiency. </para>
The Aging of Resonators and Oscillators Under Various Test Conditions (1987)

During measurement of the aging of resonators and oscillators, it has been customary to minimize the effects of all frequencydetermining parameters other than time. It is important to perform the experiments at constant temperature, drive level, etc. in order to be sure that the frequency changes measured are due to aging, and not to some other changing parameter. In many real-world applications, however, the oscillators' aging occurs simultaneously with exposure to changing environments. Aging experiments on oscillators indicate that power on-off cycling and temperature cycling of the oscillators during aging does not worsen the total frequency change during the aging period, in most cases. Changing the resonator drive level in discrete steps did not affect the aging rates of precision SC-cut oscillators, up to 2.5 ma of drive current. The aging of precision SC-cut resonators did not improve significantly when the aging was performed at temperatures about 100°C lower than the temperatures at which ovenized oscillators are usually operated.
Novel Zinc Porphyrin Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Synthesis and Spectral, Electrochemical, and Photovoltaic Properties (2008)

Novel meso- or beta-derivatized porphyrins with a carboxyl group have been designed and synthesized for use as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The position and nature of a bridge connecting the porphyrin ring and carboxylic acid group show significant influences on the spectral, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of these sensitizers. Absorption spectra of porphyrins with a phenylethynyl bridge show that both Soret and Q bands are red-shifted with respect to those of porphyrin 6. This phenomenon is more pronounced for porphyrins 3 and 4, which have a pi-conjugated electron-donating group at the meso position opposite the anchoring group. Upon introduction of an ethynylene group at the meso position, the potential at the first oxidation alters only slightly whereas that for the first reduction is significantly shifted to the positive, thus indicating a decreased HOMO-LUMO gap. Quantum-chemical (DFT) results support the spectroelectrochemical data for a delocalization of charge between the porphyrin ring and the amino group in the first oxidative state of diarylamino-substituted porphyrin 5, which exhibits the best photovoltaic performance among all the porphyrins under investigation. From a comparison of the cell performance based on the same TiO(2) films, the devices made of porphyrin 5 coadsorbed with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on TiO(2) in ratios [5]/[CDCA] = 1:1 and 1:2 have efficiencies of power conversion similar to that of an N3-based DSSC, which makes this green dye a promising candidate for colorful DSSC applications.
Colorimetric Determination of Grain Damage (1976)

ABSTRACT EVALUATION of mechanical Jti damage has always been one of the most elusive problems associated with the harvesting, handling, and marketing of grains. A standard method to describe the quality of grain from the standpoint of physical or mechanical damage has not yet been developed. And without a standard measure, the equipment manufactur-er cannot determine when he has developed an improved harvesting machine, the farmer cannot determine when he is harvesting a better quality of grain, and the grain industries cannot determine when they are processing a better quality of product. Hence, there has always been a need to develop a fast and efficient technique for the accurate determina-tion of quality of grain. The desired technique has to be simple so that everyone can use it, and, on the other hand, it has to be a bulk method (for statistically sound results), by which each and every kernel would be equally checked for a consistent evaluation of qualitative, as well as quantitative, damage in the sample. And finally, the result should be presented on a continuous scale because mechanical damage occurs on a continuous scale from hairline cracks and tiny spots of pericarp missing to complete breakage and fines.
Paradoxical effect of the signal‐to‐noise ratio of GRAPPA calibration lines: A quantitative study (2014)

Noise has a similar effect to Tikhonov regularization. Without appropriate regularization, a GRAPPA kernel estimated from ACS lines with higher SNR amplifies random noise in the GRAPPA reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 74:231-239, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Split trehalase as a versatile reporter for a wide range of biological analytes (2018)

In health care, biosensors are envisioned as universal diagnostic devices with AAAA characteristics (i.e., available for anything, anywhere, anytime, to anyone). Despite numerous attempts to develop such a diagnostic device, none have managed to fulfill all four criteria and be commercialized. Glucometers, the most successful class of biosensor currently marketed monitor blood glucose concentrations. Their performance in clinical samples, including sensitivity and specificity, has been optimized and they are small and relatively inexpensive. We aimed to develop a technology that uses this existing biosensor, but adds versatility in detection of a wide range of analytes. Herein, we report the periplasmic trehalase of E. coli as a novel split enzyme reporter capable of converting a wide variety of analytes into glucose. Conditional complementation of trehalase fragments induced by detection of analytes, resulting in trehalose hydrolysis and glucose production, was used to detect antibodies and bacterial cells. We also demonstrated retention of split TreA activity in undiluted clinical samples. In conclusion, a trehalase-based biosensor platform offers a versatile and convenient method for point-of-care applications as it does not require sample preparation or handling and can be integrated with existing glucometers or sensors.
An image sharpness metric for image processing applications using feedback (2007)

Some image processing applications require an image to meet a quality metric before performing processing on it. If an image is too degraded such that it is difficult or impossible to reconstruct, the input image may be discarded. When conditions do not exhibit time-invariant image degradations, it is necessary to determine how sharp an image is. In this paper, we present a metric that measures the relative sharpness with respect to a reference image frame. The reference image frame may be a previous input image or even an output frame from the image processor. The sharpness metric is based on analyzing edges. The assumption of this problem is that input images are similar to each other in terms of observation angle and time. Although the input images are similar, it cannot be assumed that all input images are the same, because they are collected at different time samples.
Oncolytic Adenoviruses: Strategies for Improved Targeting and Specificity (2020)

Cancer is a major health problem. Most of the treatments exhibit systemic toxicity, as they are not targeted or specific to cancerous cells and tumors. Adenoviruses are very promising gene delivery vectors and have immense potential to deliver targeted therapy. Here, we review a wide range of strategies that have been tried, tested, and demonstrated to enhance the specificity of oncolytic viruses towards specific cancer cells. A combination of these strategies and other conventional therapies may be more effective than any of those strategies alone.
Combined Endoscopic Ultrasound and Stimulated Biliary Drainage in Cholecystitis and Microlithiasis - Diagnoses and Outcomes (1995)

Combined endoscopic ultrasound and stimulated biliary drainage (EUS/SBD) had a high sensitivity of 92.4% and a positive predictive value of 100% in the diagnosis of cholecystitis when transabdominal ultrasound was negative. A significant majority (90.5%) of patients with positive EUS/SBD who underwent cholecystectomy had resolution of their biliary pain.
Bifocal sampling for skew-resistant join size estimation (1996)

This paper introduces bifocal sampling, a new technique for estimating the size of an equi-join of two relations. Bifocal sampling classifies tuples in each relation into two groups, sparse and dense, based on the number of tuples with the same join value. Distinct estimation procedures are employed that focus on various combinations for joining tuples (e.g., for estimating the number of joining tuples that are dense in both relations). This combination of estimation procedures overcomes some well-known problems in previous schemes, enabling good estimates with no a priori knowledge about the data distribution. The estimate obtained by the bifocal sampling algorithm is proven to lie with high probability within a small constant factor of the actual join size, regardless of the skew, as long as the join size is &Omega;( n lg n ), for relations consisting of n tuples. The algorithm requires a sample of size at most O (&radic; n lg n ). By contrast, previous algorithms using a sample of similar size may require the join size to be &Omega;( n &radic; n ) to guarantee an accurate estimate. Experimental results support the theoretical claims and show that bifocal sampling is practical and effective.
Production of clinically useful positron emitter beams during carbon ion deceleration (2011)

In external beam radiation therapy, radioactive beams offer the best clinical solution to simultaneously treat and in vivo monitor the dose delivery and tumor response using PET or PET-CT imaging. However, difficulties mainly linked to the low production efficiency have so far limited their use. This study is devoted to the analysis of the production of high energy (11)C fragments, preferably by projectile fragmentation of a stable monodirectional and monoenergetic primary (12)C beam in different absorbing materials (decelerators) in order to identify the optimal elemental composition. The study was performed using the Monte Carlo code SHIELD-HIT07. The track length and fluence of generated secondary particles were scored in a uniform absorber of 300 cm length and 10 cm radius, divided into slices of 1 cm thickness. The (11)C fluence build-up and mean energy variation with increasing decelerator depth are presented. Furthermore, the fluence of the secondary (11)C beam was studied as a function of its mean energy and the corresponding remaining range in water. It is shown that the maximum (11)C fluence build-up is high in compounds where the fraction by weight of hydrogen is high, being the highest in liquid hydrogen. Furthermore, a cost effective alternative solution to the single medium initially envisaged is presented: a two-media decelerator that comprises a first liquid hydrogen section followed by a second decelerating section made of a hydrogen-rich material, such as polyethylene (C(2)H(4)). The purpose of the first section is to achieve a fast initial (11)C fluence build-up, while the second section is primarily designed to modulate the mean energy of the generated (11)C beam in order to reach the tumor depth. Finally, it was demonstrated that, if the intensity of the primary (12)C beam can be increased by an order of magnitude, a sufficient intensity of the secondary (11)C beam is achieved for therapy and subsequent therapeutic PET imaging sessions. Such an increase in the intensity might be easily achieved with a superconducting cyclotron.
Optical Tissue Biodiagnostics Using Fluorescence Lifetime (1996)

THE AUTHORS BRIEFLY HIGHLIGHT OPTICAL TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FOR BIODIAGNOSTICS, DESCRIBE THE DIFFICULTY OF TISSUE SCATTERING WHICH LIMITS THEIR APPLICATION TO TISSUES, AND FINALLY DESCRIBE ONE APPROACH THAT CIRCUMVENTS THIS DIFFICULTY: FLUORESCENCE LIFETIME OF ENDOGENOUS (NATIVE) OR EXOGENOUS (ARTIFICIALLY INTRODUCED) COMPOUNDS FOR METABOLIC MONITORING.