gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory of concentration polarization in crossflow filtration (1995)

A novel theory is developed for concentration polarization of non-interacting particles in crossflow-filtration systems. This theory reveals that the extent of concentration polarization, as well as the behaviour of the permeate flux, are characterized by an important dimensionless filtration number (NF= 4πa3pΔP/3kT). There is a critical value of the filtration number for a given suspension and operational conditions. When the filtration number is smaller than the critical value, a polarization layer exists directly over the membrane surface and the wall particle concentration is determined by the pressure and temperature. At higher filtration numbers, a cake layer of retained particles forms between the polarization layer and the membrane surface. Mathematical models are constructed for both cases and analytical solutions for the permeate flux are derived. An increase in permeate flux with increasing pressure is predicted for all operational conditions.
Proton Mediated Partial Degradation of <i>C</i><i>loso</i>-dicarbaboranes (2001)

The closo (12 vertex) to nido (11 vertex) proton-mediated transformation has been possible on 1,2-(PPh2)2-1,2-C2B10H10 via concomitant phosphorus oxide formation and H chelation. The neutral (closo species) to neutral (zwitterionic species) step occurs due to the formation of the aromatic ring on the C2B9 cluster.
The Insertion Mechanism of Lithium into Mg2Si Anode Material for Li‐Ion Batteries (1999)

The reaction mechanism of lithium insertion into was studied using various analytic techniques including electrochemical measurements, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Electrochemical tests demonstrated that 1 mol reacted with 3.9 mol Li from which the initial capacity obtained was approximately 1370 mAh/g. Ex situ XRD and AES data showed that lithium intercalated into the lattice first followed by alloying with Si and Mg. The degradation mechanism of during cycling was investigated because the materials degraded rapidly within ten cycles. The electrode material disintegrated and Li remained within the active material after ten cycles. The XRD and scanning electron microscope data suggested that the degradation mechanism of was due to the volume change during the alloying/dealloying reaction, and the volume expansion/contraction made the electrode materials electrically isolated. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Creating near-field VR using stop motion characters and a touch of light-field rendering (2015)

There is rapidly growing interest in the creation of rendered environments and content for tracked head-mounted stereoscopic displays for virtual reality. Currently, the most popular approaches include polygonal environments created with game engines, as well as 360 degree spherical cameras used to capture live action video. These tools were not originally designed to leverage the more complex visual cues available in VR when users laterally shift viewpoints, manually interact with models, and employ stereoscopic vision. There is a need for a fresh look at graphics techniques that can capitalize upon the unique affordances that make VR so compelling.
Experimental 0.25-μm-gate fully depleted CMOS/SIMOX process using a new two-step LOCOS isolation technique (1995)

This paper describes the fabrication process of quarter-micrometer-gate fully depleted CMOS/SIMOX devices, which is characterized by a new lateral isolation technique that can easily achieve 30-nm-class surface planarization and 0.2-/spl mu/m-class isolation with no degradation of device characteristics. The distinctive feature of this isolation technique is to use high-temperature two-step LOCOS oxidation. The CMOS/SIMOX devices have 50-nm-thick body regions and dual N/sup +//P/sup +/ poly-Si gates so that they can surely operate in a fully depleted mode. By applying the CMOS/SIMOX process to the fabrication of a CMOS ring oscillator, which is formed on a gate array designed with a 1.2-/spl mu/m wiring pitch, short delay times of 30 and 45 ps/stage have been achieved at supply voltages of 2 and 1 V, respectively. This result demonstrates that the present process is useful for the fabrication of a high-speed VLSI circuit operated at a low supply voltage below 2 V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A two-level SOC balance strategy for a novel hybrid energy storage topology (2015)

A novel supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage topology is proposed. It has all the advantages of modular multilevel converters but its cost is relatively lower. The paper also proposed a two-level SOC balance strategy to realize SOC balance of batteries and supercapacitors in the whole system. The method composed of the balance strategy for branches and the strategy for SOC balance between phases. And experimental results verified the advantages of the topology and the effect of the proposed equalization method.
Observation of a calcium-binding site in the γ-class carbonic anhydrase from<i>Pyrococcus horikoshii</i> (2008)

Carbonic anhydrases are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Three crystal structures of gamma-class carbonic anhydrase (one of which is bound to a bicarbonate molecule) from the aerobic OT3 strain of the hyperthermophilic archeon Pyrococcus horikoshii have been solved by molecular replacement in space group F4(1)32. The asymmetric unit contains a monomer of 173 amino acids and a catalytic Zn2+ ion. The protein fold is a regular prism formed by a left-handed beta-helix, similar to previously reported structures. The active-site Zn2+ ion located at the interface between the two monomers is bound to three histidyl residues and a water molecule in a tetrahedral fashion. In addition to the 20 beta-strands comprising the beta-helix, there is also a long C-terminal alpha-helix. For the first time, Ca2+ ions have been observed in addition to the catalytic Zn2+ ion. It is hypothesized that Tyr159 (which corresponds to the catalytically important Asn202 in previously reported structures) utilizes C-H...pi interactions to fulfill its functions. This study may shed light on the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme and throw open new questions on the mechanism of product removal in carbonic anhydrases.
Wireless Power Transfer in On-Line Electric Vehicle (2022)

Wireless Power Transfer is the second edition of a well received first book, which published in 2012. It represents the state-of-the-art at the time of writing, and addresses a unique subject of great international interest in terms of research. Most of the chapters are contributed by the main author, though as in the first edition several chapters are contributed by other authors. The authors of the various chapters are experts in their own right on the specific topics within wireless energy transfer. Compared to the first edition, this new edition is more comprehensive in terms of the concepts discussed, and the range of current industrial applications which are presented, such as those of magnetic induction. From the eleven chapters of the first edtion, this second edition has expanded to twenty chapters. More chapters on the theoretical foundations and applications have been included. This new edition also contains chapters which deal with techniques for reducing power losses in wireless power transfer systems. In this regard, specific chapters discuss impedance matching methods, frequency splitting and how to deploy systems based on frequency splitting. A new chapter on multi-dimensional wireless power transfer has also been added. The design of wireless power transfer systems based on bandpass filtering approach has been included, in addition to the two techniques using couple mode theory and electronic circuits. The book has retained chapters on how to increase efficiency of power conversion and induction, and also how to control the power systems. Furthermore, detailed techniques for power relay, including applications, which were also discussed in the first edition, have been updated and kept. The book is written in a progressive manner, with a knowledge of the first chapters making it easier to understand the later chapters. Most of the underlying theories covered in the book are clearly relevant to inductive near field communications, robotic control, robotic propulsion techniques, induction heating and cooking and a range of mechatronic systems.
An Asian–Native American paternal lineage identified by <i>RPS4Y</i> resequencing and by microsatellite haplotyping (1999)

Human paternal population history was studied in 9 populations [three Native American, three Asian, two Caucasian and one African-derived sample(s)] using sequence and short tandem repeat haplotype diversity within the non-pseudoautosegmal region of the Y chromosome. Complete coding and additional flanking sequences (949 base pairs) of the RPS4Y locus were determined in 59 individuals from three of the populations, revealing a nucleotide diversity of 0.0147%, consistent with previous estimates from Y chromosome resequencing studies. One RPS4Y sequence variant, 711C > T, was polymorphic in Asian and Native American populations, but not in African and Caucasian population samples. The RPS4Y 711C > T variant, a second unique sequence variant at DYS287 and nine Y chromosome short tandem repeat (YSTR) loci were used to analyze the evolution of Y chromosome lineages. Three unambiguous lineages were defined in Asian, Native American and Jamaican populations using sequence variants at RPS4Y and DYS287. These lineages were independently supported by the haplotypes defined solely by YSTR alleles, demonstrating the haplotypes constructed from YSTRs can evaluate population diversity, admixture and phylogeny.
Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China: The spectrum of neuropathological changes in clinically defined cases (1995)

The pathology of the Guillain-Barré syndrome remains controversial, and autopsied cases available for study by contemporary techniques are uncommon. Large numbers of cases clinically diagnosed as Guillain-Barré syndrome occur in northern China. In this study we examined the neuropathological changes in 12 autopsied cases from Hebei Province, China. Eleven died early in the course of their disease. In all cases tissue was specially handled and fixed for electron microscopy and for immunocytochemistry. Three of these 12 cases had typical acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) with lymphocytic infiltration and macrophage-mediated demyelination, reproducing the pathological picture most often reported in Guillain-Barré syndrome in North America, Europe, and Australia. Six cases had predominantly axonal involvement, characterized by Wallerian-like degeneration of nerve fibres, with only minimal demyelination and with minimal inflammation in five. Three cases, even though paralysed at the time of death, had only very mild changes in the spinal roots and sciatic nerves. Within the group of six predominantly axonal cases, there were important differences both in the severity of the abnormalities and in the classes of fibres involved. Three cases had extensive Wallerian-like degeneration of sensory as well as motor fibres [acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN)], while in the other three cases the fibre degeneration affected the motor nerve fibres almost exclusively. These latter cases establish a structural basis for the clinical and electrophysiological picture termed the acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) pattern. In both the AMAN and the AMSAN patterns, a prominent feature was the presence of macrophages within the periaxonal space, surrounding or displacing the axon, and surrounded by an intact myelin sheath. These studies show that the early pathological changes in cases clinically diagnosed as the Guillain-Barré syndrome are diverse and not restricted to the well-known pattern of AIDP, and that the predominant pathological patterns may differ in different parts of the world. The differences in pathological findings between acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and the axonal patterns are likely to reflect differences in the pathogenetic mechanisms. The periaxonal macrophages in the axonal patterns suggest that an important epitope may be localized to the axolemma or periaxonal space. The mild cases indicate that severe paralysis can occur early in Guillain-Barré syndrome without prominent structural changes along the nerve, suggesting that physiological block or nerve terminal changes may be implicated.
Enhancing Embedded Processors with Specific Instruction Set Extensions for Network Applications (2005)

The bandwidth explosion of last years and its dropping cost have resulted in bandwidth-hungry and computationally intensive applications. To effectively handle current and future applications, networks will need to support new protocols that should include differentiated services, security, and various network management functions. In order to satisfy the new requirements, an application specific instruction set processor (ASIP), derived from the extension of a popular MIPS embedded processor, is proposed in this paper. An efficient instruction set extended properly for network applications is introduced. Experimental results on Netbench, a benchmarking suite for network applications, prove that the proposed instruction set presents remarkable performance and power improvements over the ARM7TDMI and MIPS processors.
Diagnosis of bladder cancer by immunocytochemical detection of minichromosome maintenance protein-2 in cells retrieved from urine (2012)

Minichromosome maintenance protein-2 ICC is a reproducible and accurate test that is suitable for both GH and CS patient groups.
Targeted Release of Tobramycin from a pH-Responsive Grafted Bilayer Challenged with <i>S. aureus</i> (2015)

A stimuli-responsive, controlled release bilayer for the prevention of bacterial infection on biomaterials is presented. Drug release is locally controlled by the pH-responsiveness of the bilayer, comprised of an inner poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) monolayer grafted to a biomaterial and cross-linked with an outer chitosan (CH) brush. Tobramycin (TOB) is loaded in the inner PAA in part to minimize bacteria resistance. Because biofilm formation causes a decrease in local pH, TOB is released from PAA and permeates through the CH, which is in contact with the biofilm. Antibiotic capacity is controlled by the PAA thickness, which depends on PAA brush length and the extent of cross-linking between CH and PAA at the bilayer interface. This TOB-loaded, pH-responsive bilayer exhibits significantly enhanced antibacterial activity relative to controls.
In vitro efficacy of disinfectants utilised for skin decolonisation and environmental decontamination during a hospital outbreak with <i>Candida auris</i> (2017)

Candida auris has caused nosocomial infections and transmissions within hospital settings. As little is known about the efficacy of skin and environmental decontamination products to kill C. auris, this study investigated the in vitro activity of chlorine, chlorhexidine, iodine povidone and vaporised hydrogen peroxide products against C. auris. H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> vapour showed 96.6%-100% effective killing of C. auris. All isolates were inhibited by chlorhexidine gluconate concentrations at 0.125%-1.5% and for iodinated povidone at 0.07%-1.25%. Other species of Candida were also killed at 1000 ppm chlorine except C. parapsilosis which failed to be killed at 3 minutes contact time. We conclude that chlorhexidine gluconate, iodinated povidone, chlorine and H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> vapour demonstrate effective killing activity against C. auris at concentrations used in clinical practice.
Immunization Against Oxidized Elastin Exacerbates Structural and Functional Damage in Mouse Model of Smoke-Induced Ocular Injury (2020)

These data demonstrate that SIOP mice generate elastin-specific antibodies and that immunization with ox-elastin exacerbates ocular pathology. Elastin antibodies represented complement fixing isotypes that, together with the increased presence of complement activation seen in immunized mice, suggest that elastin antibodies exert pathogenic effects through mediating complement activation.
Direct Characteristic-Function Tomography of Quantum States of the Trapped-Ion Motional Oscillator (2020)

We implement direct readout of the symmetric characteristic function of quantum states of the motional oscillation of a trapped calcium ion. Suitably chosen internal state rotations combined with internal state-dependent displacements, based on bichromatic laser fields, map the expectation value of the real or imaginary part of the displacement operator to the internal states, which are subsequently read out. Combining these results provides full information about the symmetric characteristic function. We characterize the technique by applying it to a range of archetypal quantum oscillator states, including displaced and squeezed Gaussian states as well as two and three component superpositions of displaced squeezed states. For each, we discuss relevant features of the characteristic function and Wigner phase-space quasiprobability distribution. The direct reconstruction of these highly nonclassical oscillator states using a reduced number of measurements is an essential tool for understanding and optimizing the control of oscillator systems for quantum sensing and quantum information applications.
[Sustaining effect of gene-transferring hepatic stellate cell strain CFSC/HGF on hepatocytes development]. (2005)

Gene-transferring hepatic stellate cell strain CFSC/HGF exhibited a remarkable sustaining effect on the hepatocytes development. The up-regulation of c-Met expressed on the surfaces of the hepatocytes induced by CFSC/HGF might play some part in this function.
Excitation field synthesis as a means for obtaining enhanced axial resolution in fluorescence microscopes (1993)

For fundamental reasons, fluorescence microscopes are more limited in axial, as opposed to transverse, resolution. By giving the excitation field a particular axial structure, this limitation can be partially alleviated, as in confocal scanning or two-photon scanning, or even in optical sectioning microscopy in cases where the object occupies only a small part of the field of view. Standing-wave fluorescence microscopy (SWFM) is a direct imaging method in which the specimen is excited by a 3-D field of planar interference fringes oriented parallel to the object focal plane of the microscope. By shifting the position of the nodal planes of this field relative to the specimen, structures that are normally obscured under uniform excitation become resolved. We demonstrate that, in very thin biological specimens, this optical subsectioning increases axial resolution by an order of magnitude, to 0.04 μm. In comparison to confocal scanning, SWFM resolves fine axial structure with more than 10-fold greater speed, and with similarly-reduced photobleaching. We also discuss the more general case of excitation field synthesis (EFS), in which standing wave fields differing in node spacing can be overlapped or time-multiplexed in the specimen so that the average field is non-periodic and peaked at the object focal plane. A transfer function model is given to show that for weakly-refractive specimens of arbitrary thickness, such as single cells or cell monolayers, EFS should lead to a fivefold improvement in axial resolution.
Uni‐Directional Transportation on Peristome‐Mimetic Surfaces for Completely Wetting Liquids (2016)

Liquid uni-directional transport on solid surface without energy input would advance a variety of applications, such as in bio-fluidic devices, self-lubrication, and high-resolution printing. Inspired by the liquid uni-directional transportation on the peristome surface of Nepenthes alata, here, we fabricated a peristome-mimicking surface through high-resolution stereo-lithography and demonstrated the detailed uni-directional transportation mechanism from a micro-scaled view visualized through X-ray microscopy. Significantly, an overflow-controlled liquid uni-directional transportation mechanism is proposed and demonstrated. Unlike the canonical predictions for completely wetting liquids spreading symmetrically on a high-energy surface, liquids with varied surface tensions and viscosities can spontaneously propagate in a single preferred direction and pin in all others. The fundamental understanding gained from this robust system enabled us to tailor advanced micro-computerized tomography scanning and stereo-lithography fabrication to mimic natural creatures and construct a wide variety of fluidic machines out of traditional materials.
Continued use of antipsychotic drugs increased long-term mortality in patients with Alzheimer disease (2009)

### Design:

randomised placebo-controlled trial (DART-AD). ISRCTN33368770.

### Allocation:

concealed.*

### Blinding:

blinded {patients, caregivers and relatives, clinicians, people administering trial drugs, and outcome assessors}†.*

### Setting:

nursing or residential care facilities in the UK.

### Patients:

165 patients (mean age 85 y, 76% women) who lived in nursing or residential homes, had possible or probable Alzheimer disease (AD, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria) and a Mini-Mental State Examination score >6 or Severe Impairment Battery score >30, and were taking antipsychotic drugs (APDs) for ⩾3 months for behavioural or psychiatric disturbance (risperidone, ⩾0.5 mg/d or ⩾10 mg of chlorpromazine or equivalent of thioridazine, haloperidol, or trifluoperazine). Exclusion criteria were inability to take capsules or complete baseline …
Ultrasonic<i>versus</i>jet nebulization of iloprost in severe pulmonary hypertension (2001)

Inhalation of iloprost, a stable prostacyclin analogue, is a promising perspective in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. In initial clinical studies, a conventional jet nebulizer system was successfully used to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure, requiring however, up to twelve inhalations of 12-15 min per day. The aim of this study was to investigate if the application of an equal dose of iloprost at a drastically reduced duration of inhalation with the use of a more efficient ultrasonic nebulizer, leads to comparable haemodynamic effects, without escalation of side effects. The physical features of the jet nebulizer system (Ilo-Neb) and the ultrasonic nebulizer (Multisonic Compact) were characterized by laser diffractometry and a Tc99m-tracer technique. Mass median aerodynamic diameters were 3.2 microm for the jet and 3.9 microm for the ultrasonic nebulizer. Total output (mean+/-SD) was 60+/-7 microL.min(-1) (jet) and 163+/-15 microL.min(-1)(ultrasonic), and efficiency of the devices was 39+/-3% (jet) and 86+/-5% (ultrasonic). Based on these data, a total inhalative dose of 2.8 microg iloprost was delivered by jet nebulization within 12 min and by ultrasonic nebulization within 4 min, in 18 patients with severe primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension (New York Heart Association class III and IV), in a randomized crossover design. Haemodynamics were assessed by right heart catheterization. Inhalation with the ultrasonic device and jet nebulizer, reduced mean+/-SEM pulmonary artery pressure from 54.3+/-2.1 to 47.1+/-2.0 and from 53.5+/-2.2 to 47.0+/-2.2 mmHg, respectively, and mean+/-SEM pulmonary vascular resistance from 1,073+/-109 to 804+/-87 and from 1,069+/-125 to 810+/-83 dyn.s.cm(-5), respectively. Both modes of aerosolization were well tolerated. In conclusion, due to the markedly higher efficiency and output of the ultrasonic device, wastage of drug is largely avoided and the duration of inhalation can be shortened to one-third, with comparable haemodynamic effects and without enforcing side effects.