gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Pore Size Distribution of Naturally Porous Cigarette Paper and its Relation to Permeability and Diffusion Capacity (2015)

Summary The pore size distribution of cigarette paper determines its air permeability and diffusion capacity and thereby has a significant influence on the gas exchange of a cigarette through the cigarette paper during smoking and during smouldering. For the design of cigarettes and in particular of cigarette papers it is important to understand how the pore size distribution of the cigarette paper is affected by the paper composition and paper properties and how it influences air permeability and diffusion capacity. It was the aim of this study to investigate how the composition of the cigarette paper such as filler content, fibre type and burn additive content qualitatively influenced the pore size distribution and how the pore size distribution and, in particular, which pore size range is correlated with air permeability and diffusion capacity, respectively. To this end eight naturally porous cigarette papers were selected which differed in air permeability, diffusion capacity, fibre type, filler content and burn additive content. The pore size distributions of these papers were measured by mercury porosimetry before and after the papers had been heated to 230 °C for 30 min. The pore size distributions were investigated for qualitative differences when air permeability, fibre type and filler content of the cigarette paper are modified. Furthermore by appropriate weighting of the pore size distributions optimal correlations between a weighted pore volume and air permeability or diffusion capacity were determined. The results show a good correlation with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9 for air permeability as well as for diffusion capacity. The results indicate that large pores are better correlated with changes in air permeability, while small pores are more strongly correlated with changes in diffusion capacity and support previous theoretical results obtained from flow and diffusion models. They also demonstrate the tight relationship between pore size distribution, air permeability and diffusion capacity, which makes the pore size distribution a tool to further optimize cigarette papers, for example, with respect to carbon monoxide yields in the smoke of a cigarette. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int 26 (2015) 312-319]
Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductors: Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor of Perovskite Li<i><sub>x</sub></i>La<i><sub>y</sub></i>MO<sub>3−</sub><i><sub>δ</sub></i> toward Carbon‐Free Cathode for Reversible Lithium–Air Batteries (Adv. Energy Mater. 38/2020) (2020)

In article number 2001767, Dong-Hwa Seo and co-workers develop a new class of mixed ionic–electronic conductors (MIECs) for a carbon-free cathode (no liquid electrolyte) of a Li-air cell by combining first-principles calculations and experiments. The synthesized perovskite MIECs have both high electronic and lithium-ionic conductivities. The Li-air cell with an MIEC cathode delivers superior reversibility while avoiding the degradation associated with carbonaceous materials.
The IBM keyword search system for the DARPA RATS program (2013)

The paper describes a state-of-the-art keyword search (KWS) system in which significant improvements are obtained by using Convolutional Neural Network acoustic models, a two-step speech segmentation approach and a simplified ASR architecture optimized for KWS. The system described in this paper had the best performance in the 2013 DARPA RATS evaluation for both Levantine and Farsi.
Encoder/decoder on planar lightwave circuit for time-spreading/wavelength-hopping optical CDMA (2002)

A planar lightwave circuit-based encoder/decoder for time-spreading/wavelength-hopping optical code division multiple access (CDMA) that consists of an arrayed-waveguide grating and variable delay lines is proposed. Its flexible code assignment operation and auto-/cross-correlations at 10 Gbit/s is confirmed.
Meeting the Challenges of Real Time Production Optimization— A Parametric Model-based Approach (2008)

Abstract The challenges to achieve real-time production optimization (RTPO) of oil and gas fields lie in the integration of asset-wide operations at multiple time scales, knowledge of reservoir phenomena, and efficient data management. Traditional approaches to production optimization workflows often make simplifying assumptions and work within artificial boundaries, to lower the complexity of an all-encompassing optimization problem. While this decomposition creates manageable workflows, it does not adequately support the integration of production optimization at multiple levels. We propose a methodology to achieve hierarchical decomposition of the overall production optimization problem at different time scales, where real-time data are consistently used to identify reservoir performance and optimize production. The optimization tasks at each of these levels are organized through automated transactions of targets, constraints, and aggregate measurements. For example, strategic decisions such as long-term (e.g., yearly, monthly) injection targets, production plans etc. calculated using a full-physics reservoir model are resolved into tactical decisions for short-term (e.g., weekly, daily) production planning. A moving-horizon based parametric model is proposed to provide fast predictions for production optimization in the short-term framework. Since the model structure is based on the decomposition of a full-physics reservoir model, it is reasonable to expect that the parametric model will be robust enough to be used for extrapolation outside the range of history data, a property needed for optimization purposes. In this paper, we present an analysis of the structure of the physics-compliant empirical model, the model's range of applicability, techniques that can be used for parameter identification, and use of the model for short-term production optimization. The paper presents a number of case studies to illustrate the benefits of the proposed methodology and its application in typical workflows for closed-loop reservoir management.
<title>Experimental validation of a thermal model used to predict the image placement error of a scanned EUVL reticle</title> (2000)

Lithographic masks must maintain dimensional stability during exposure in a lithographic tool to minimize subsequent overlay errors. In extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), multilayer coatings are deposited on a mask substrate to make the mask surface reflective at EUV wavelengths. About 40% of the incident EUV light is absorbed by the multilayer coating which leads to a temperature rise. The choice of mask substrate material and absorber affects the magnitude of thermal distortion. Finite element modeling has been used to investigate potential mask materials and to explore the efficiency of various thermal management strategies. An experimental program was conducted to validate the thermal models used to predict the performance of EUV reticles. The experiments closely resembled actual conditions expected within the EUV tool. A reticle instrumented with temperature sensors was mounted on a scanning stage with an electrostatic chuck. An actively cooled isolation plate was mounted in front of the reticle for thermal management. Experimental power levels at the reticle corresponding to production throughput levels were utilized in the experiments. Both silicon and low expansion glass reticles were tested. Temperatures were measured a several locations on the reticle and tracked over time as the illuminated reticle was scanned. The experimental results coupled with the predictive modeling capability validates that the assertion that the use of a low expansion glass will satisfy image placement error requirements down to the 30 nm lithographic node.
Wavelet-based neural network with fuzzy-logic adaptivity for nuclear image restoration (1996)

A novel wavelet-based neural network with fuzzy-logic adaptivity (WNNFA) is proposed for image restoration using a nuclear medicine gamma camera based on the measured system point spread function. The objective is to restore image degradation due to photon scattering and collimator photon penetration with the gamma camera and allow improved quantitative external measurements of radionuclides in vivo. The specific clinical model proposed is the imaging of bremsstrahlung radiation using /sup 32/P and /sup 90/Y. The theoretical basis for four-channel multiresolution wavelet decomposition of the nuclear image into different subimages is developed with the objective of isolating the signal from noise. A fuzzy rule is generated to train a membership function using least mean squares to obtain an optimal balance between image restoration and the stability of the neural network, while maintaining a linear response for the camera to radioactivity dose. A multichannel modified Hopfield neural network architecture is then proposed for multichannel image restoration using the dominant signal subimages.
Spiral Countercurrent Chromatography (2013)

For many years, high-speed countercurrent chromatography conducted in open tubing coils has been widely used for the separation of natural and synthetic compounds. In this method, the retention of the stationary phase is solely provided by the Archimedean screw effect by rotating the coiled column in the centrifugal force field. However, the system fails to retain enough of the stationary phase for polar solvent systems such as the aqueous-aqueous polymer phase systems. To address this problem, the geometry of the coiled channel was modified to a spiral configuration so that the system could utilize the radially acting centrifugal force. This successfully improved the retention of the stationary phase. Two different types of spiral columns were fabricated: the spiral disk assembly, made by stacking multiple plastic disks with single or four interwoven spiral channels connected in series, and the spiral tube assembly, made by inserting the tetrafluoroethylene tubing into a spiral frame (spiral tube support). The capabilities of these column assemblies were successfully demonstrated by separations of peptides and proteins with polar two-phase solvent systems whose stationary phases had not been well retained in the earlier multilayer coil separation column for high-speed countercurrent chromatography.
Dual-rotor, radial-flux, toroidally wound, permanent-magnet machines (2003)

A novel machine family-dual-rotor, radial-flux, toroidally wound, permanent-magnet (RFTPM) machines-is proposed in order to substantially improve machine torque density and efficiency. After the principles of operation, configurations, and features are discussed, the machine design and optimization guidelines are given. A prototype has been designed, built, and tested. The measured torque density of the prototype, which well matches the design value, is almost three times of that of the induction machine with the same power of 3 hp and speed. Meanwhile the efficiency is still kept high and the material cost is kept low by using ferrite magnets. Three novel approaches are proposed to reduce the cogging torque in the RFTPM machines, whose validity is verified by finite-element analysis results and experimental measurements.
Base-Anchored Model for Highly Scalable and Accessible Compression of Multiview Imagery (2019)

We present a compression scheme for multiview imagery that facilitates high scalability and accessibility of the compressed content. Our scheme relies upon constructing at a single base view, a disparity model for a group of views, and then utilizing this base-anchored model to infer disparity at all views belonging to the group. We employ a hierarchical disparity-compensated inter-view transform where the corresponding analysis and synthesis filters are applied along the geometric flows defined by the base-anchored disparity model. The output of this inter-view transform along with the disparity information is subjected to spatial wavelet transforms and embedded block-based coding. Rate-distortion results reveal superior performance to the x.265 anchor chosen by the JPEG Pleno standards activity for the coding of multiview imagery captured by high-density camera arrays.
A theoretical framework for quantifying blood volume flow rate from dynamic angiographic data and application to vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling MRI (2013)

Angiographic methods can provide valuable information on vessel morphology and hemodynamics, but are often qualitative in nature, somewhat limiting their ability for comparison across arteries and subjects. In this work we present a method for quantifying absolute blood volume flow rates within large vessels using dynamic angiographic data. First, a kinetic model incorporating relative blood volume, bolus dispersion and signal attenuation is fitted to the data. A self-calibration method is also described for both 2D and 3D data sets to convert the relative blood volume parameter into absolute units. The parameter values are then used to simulate the signal arising from a very short bolus, in the absence of signal attenuation, which can be readily encompassed within a vessel mask of interest. The volume flow rate can then be determined by calculating the resultant blood volume within the vessel mask divided by the simulated bolus duration. This method is applied to non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging data from a flow phantom and also to the cerebral arteries of healthy volunteers acquired using a 2D vessel-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling pulse sequence. This allows the quantitative flow contribution in downstream vessels to be determined from each major brain-feeding artery. Excellent agreement was found between the actual and estimated flow rates in the phantom, particularly below 4.5 ml/s, typical of the cerebral vasculature. Flow rates measured in healthy volunteers were generally consistent with values found in the literature. This method is likely to be of use in patients with a variety of cerebrovascular diseases, such as the assessment of collateral flow in patients with steno-occlusive disease or the evaluation of arteriovenous malformations.
Transparent heat-mirror films of TiO2/Ag/TiO2 for solar energy collection and radiation insulation (1974)

Transparent heat-mirror films of TiO2/Ag/TiO2 on glass with a visible transmission of 84% (at 0.5 μm) and an infrared reflectivity of 98–99% (at 10 μm) have been fabricated by rf sputtering. Initial tests indicate that the films are thermally stable in air at 200°C and inert to water attack. Because of their excellent optical properties and apparent stability, these transparent heat-mirror films offer great promise for use in solar-thermal power conversion and as transparent thermal insulators.
Efficient, Nonintrusive Outcoupling in Organic Light Emitting Devices Using Embedded Microlens Arrays (2018)

We demonstrate efficient light extraction from the active region of bottom-emitting organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) using a high refractive index, nondiffractive hemispherical microlens array located between the transparent anode and embedded in the low refractive index glass substrate (n = 1.5). The subelectrode microlens array (SEMLA) results in a maximum external quantum efficiency of 70 ± 4% for green phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs). Furthermore, the wavelength- and viewing-angle-independent light extraction structure results in white PHOLED external efficiencies of 50 ± 3%. The SEMLA light extraction structure is nonintrusive; that is, it lies completely outside of the OLED structure. Since this design has no effect on the image resolution, it is compatible with applications for both displays and white light illumination, with no dependence on molecular transition dipole orientation and the active organic layers (and hence diode electrical characteristics) used in the PHOLED. Finally, due to the micrometer-scale feature size of the SEMLA, it is achieved using conventional photolithography prior to the OLED array deposition.
Pyrimidines. 14. Novel pyrimidine to pyrimidine transformation reactions and their application to C-nucleoside conversions. A facile synthesis of pseudoisocytidine (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPyrimidines. 14. Novel pyrimidine to pyrimidine transformation reactions and their application to C-nucleoside conversions. A facile synthesis of pseudoisocytidineKosaku Hirota, Kyoichi A. Watanabe, and Jack J. FoxCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 6, 1193–1197Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00400a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00400a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views490Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparative Molecular Moment Analysis (CoMMA):  3D-QSAR without Molecular Superposition (1996)

3d-QSAR procedures utilize descriptors that characterize molecular shape and charge distributions responsible for the steric and electrostatic nonbonding interactions intimately involved in ligand-receptor binding. Comparative molecular moment analysis (CoMMA) utilizes moments of the molecular mass and charge distributions up to and including second order in the development of molecular similarity descriptors. As a consequence, two Cartesian reference frames are then defined with respect to each molecular structure. One frame is the principal inertial axes calculated with respect to the center-of-mass. For neutrally charged molecular species, the other reference frame is the principal quadrupolar axes calculated with respect to the molecular "center-of-dipole." QSAR descriptors include quantities that characterize shape and charge independently as well as quantities that characterize their relationship. 3D-QSAR partial least squares (PLS) cross-validation procedures are utilized to predict the activity of several training sets of molecules previously investigated. This is the first time that molecular electrostatic quadrupolar moments have been utilized in a 3D-QSAR analysis, and it is shown that descriptors involving the quadrupolar moments and related quantities are required for the significant cross-validated predictive r2's obtained. CoMMA requires no superposition step, i.e., no step requiring a comparison between two molecules at any stage of the 3D-QSAR calculation.
Design rules for performing water-sensitive ring-opening polymerizations in an aqueous dispersion (2022)

The droplet viscosity, surface tension, and hydrophobicity is tuned to explore the parameters that enable successful ring-opening polymerization in an aqueous dispersion.
Cylindrical Conduction Mode Basis Functions for Modeling of Inductive Couplings in System-in-Package (SiP) (2007)

PEEC method with global basis functions on the cylindrical coordinates is presented for efficient modeling of bond wires in system-in-package. Combination of a few basis functions accurately describes high-frequency effects of closely located wires with shorter simulation time compared to the conventional PEEC method. Simplified equivalent circuit from the proposed method is also favorable for modeling of large coupling structures.
Building Tunable Planar Defects into Photonic Crystals Using Polyelectrolyte Multilayers (2005)

Chemically active polyelectrolyte planar defects (see Figure) are embedded into colloidal photonic crystals using both direct-coating and transfer-printing techniques. These planar defects introduce a transmitting state within the photonic stop band, which is dynamically adjusted with nanometer precision by pressure-controlled selective vapor sorption.
A Novel PON Architecture Based on OAM Multiplexing for Efficient Bandwidth Utilization (2014)

In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrated a novel passive optical network access architecture based on orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. Multiple data channels are multiplexed by orthogonal OAM modes on the same wavelength to achieve efficient utilization of bandwidth resources. Twenty OAM modes, with each mode carrying 10-Gb/s on-off keying signal, are transmitted over 0.4-m free-space optics link. The bit error ratio (BER) performances of all data channels can be under a 3.8 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> enhanced forward error correction limit. The experimental results show the potentiality of the proposed architecture for providing user access with flexibility and bandwidth efficiency in future ultrahigh-capacity passive optical networks.
Snoring sounds variability as a signature of obstructive sleep apnea (2012)

Snoring sounds vary significantly within and between snorers. In this study, the variation of snoring sounds and its association with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are quantified. Snoring sounds of 42 snorers with different degrees of obstructive sleep apnea and 15 non-OSA snorers were analyzed. The sounds were recorded by a microphone placed over the suprasternal notch of trachea, simultaneously with polysomnography (PSG) data over the entire night. We hypothesize that snoring sounds vary significantly within a subject depending on the level of obstruction, and thus the level of airflow. We also hypothesize that this variability is associated with the severity of OSA. For each individual, we extracted snoring sound segments from the respiratory recordings, and divided them into three classes: non-apneic, hypopneic, and post-apneic using their PSG information. Several features were extracted from the snoring sound segments, and compared using a nonparametric statistical test. The results show significant shift in the median of features among the snoring sound classes (p<0.00001) of an individual. In contrast to hypopneic and post-apneic classes, the characteristics of snoring sounds did not vary significantly over time in non-apneic class. Therefore, we used the total variation norm of each subject to classify the participants as OSA and non-OSA snorers. The results showed 92.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity and 96.4% accuracy.