gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic π-Bonding of Imidazolyl Substituent in a Formally 16-Electron Cp*Ru(κ<sup>2</sup>-<i>P</i>,<i>N</i>)<sup>+</sup> Catalyst Allows Dramatic Rate Increases in (<i>E</i>)-Selective Monoisomerization of Alkenes (2019)

Alkene isomerization can be an atom-economical approach to generating a wide range of alkene intermediates for synthesis, but fully equilibrated mixtures of disubstituted internal alkenes typically contain significant amounts of the positional as well as geometric (E and Z) isomers. Most classical catalyst systems for alkene isomerization struggle to kinetically control either positional or E/Z isomerism. We report coordinatively unsaturated, formally 16-electron Cp*Ru catalyst 5, which facilitates simultaneous regio- and stereoselective isomerization of linear 1-alkenes to their internal analogues, providing consistent yields of (E)-2-alkenes greater than 95%. Because nitrile-free catalyst 5 is more than 400 times faster than previously published nitrile-containing analogues 2 + 2a, very reasonable 0.1–0.5 mol % loadings of 5 complete ambient-temperature reactions within 15 min to 4 h. UV–vis, NMR, and computational studies depict the imidazolyl fragment on the phosphine as a hemilabile, four-electron donor in κ2-P,N coordination. For the first time, we show direct experimental evidence that the PN ligand has accepted a proton from the substrate by characterizing the intermediate Cp*Ru[η3-allyl][κ1-P)P–N+H], which highlights the essential role of the bifunctional ligand in promoting rapid and selective alkene isomerizations. Moreover, kinetic studies and computations reveal the role of alkene binding in selectivity of unsaturated catalyst 5.
Modelling foot height and foot shape-related dimensions (2008)

The application of foot anthropometry to design good-fitting footwear has been difficult due to the lack of generalised models. This study seeks to model foot dimensions so that the characteristic shapes of feet, especially in the midfoot region, can be understood. Fifty Hong Kong Chinese adults (26 males and 24 females) participated in this study. Their foot lengths, foot widths, ball girths and foot heights were measured and then evaluated using mathematical models. The results showed that there were no significant allometry (p > 0.05) effects of foot length on ball girth and foot width. Foot height showed no direct relationship with foot length. However, a normalisation with respect to foot length and foot height resulted in a significant relationship for both males and females with R(2) greater than 0.97. Due to the lack of a direct relationship between foot height and foot length, the current practice of grading shoes with a constant increase in height or proportionate scaling in response to foot length is less than ideal. The results when validated with other populations can be a significant way forward in the design of footwear that has an improved fit in the height dimension.
Automated phenotyping of permanent crops (2017)

AGERpoint is defining a new technology space for the growers’ industry by introducing novel applications for sensor technology and data analysis to growers of permanent crops. Serving data to a state-of-the-art analytics engine from a cutting edge sensor platform, a new paradigm in precision agriculture is being developed that allows growers to understand the unique needs of each tree, bush or vine in their operation. Autonomous aerial and terrestrial vehicles equipped with multiple varieties of remote sensing technologies give AGERpoint the ability to measure key morphological and spectral features of permanent crops. This work demonstrates how such phenotypic measurements combined with machine learning algorithms can be used to determine the variety of crops (e.g., almond and pecan trees). This phenotypic and varietal information represents the first step in enabling growers with the ability to tailor their management practices to individual plants and maximize their economic productivity.
Universal speech models for speaker independent single channel source separation (2013)

Supervised and semi-supervised source separation algorithms based on non-negative matrix factorization have been shown to be quite effective. However, they require isolated training examples of one or more sources, which is often difficult to obtain. This limits the practical applicability of these algorithms. We examine the problem of efficiently utilizing general training data in the absence of specific training examples. Specifically, we propose a method to learn a universal speech model from a general corpus of speech and show how to use this model to separate speech from other sound sources. This model is used in lieu of a speech model trained on speaker-dependent training examples, and thus circumvents the aforementioned problem. Our experimental results show that our method achieves nearly the same performance as when speaker-dependent training examples are used. Furthermore, we show that our method improves performance when training data of the non-speech source is available.
A storage advisor for hybrid-store databases (2012)

With the SAP HANA database, SAP offers a high-performance in-memory hybrid-store database. Hybrid-store databases---that is, databases supporting row- and column-oriented data management---are getting more and more prominent. While the columnar management offers high-performance capabilities for analyzing large quantities of data, the row-oriented store can handle transactional point queries as well as inserts and updates more efficiently. To effectively take advantage of both stores at the same time the novel question whether to store the given data row- or column-oriented arises. We tackle this problem with a storage advisor tool that supports database administrators at this decision. Our proposed storage advisor recommends the optimal store based on data and query characteristics; its core is a cost model to estimate and compare query execution times for the different stores. Besides a per-table decision, our tool also considers to horizontally and vertically partition the data and manage the partitions on different stores. We evaluated the storage advisor for the use in the SAP HANA database; we show the recommendation quality as well as the benefit of having the data in the optimal store with respect to increased query performance.
Epitopes of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Their Relationship to Immunogenicity and Cross‐Reactivity of β‐Chain Mutants (1998)

Although both mutants were able to elicit antibody responses in at least some animals, the levels were less than those seen with the wild-type beta hCG DNA, and there seems still to be a residual cross-reactivity with LH. Attempts to improve the immunogenicity of the mutants and to further modify the sequence to remove the cross-reactivity are currently underway.
Fully integrated hybrid-laser welding control process (2003)

Applied Thermal Sciences, Inc is developing and validating an automated, large-scale laser-welding process that can be utilized to fabricate high-precision lightweight structural shapes for shipbuilding and other industries. Current industry practice is to purchase and then deflange or split structural, hot-rolled I-beams in order to create the required structural shape. Fabrication of structural shapes with an automated laser welding process allows the industry to utilize parts that are cost effective and optimally designed, reducing material waste during manufacture, enabling higher tolerancing of parts, enabling the use of newer higher yield strength materials, and reducing final product weight. At the heart of this laser welding process is a real-time, adaptive process control system that fully integrates process parameter controls, active seam tracking, and online weld quality monitoring. This integrated control system has sufficient bandwidth and response time for welding speeds up to 600 inches/minute. It also provides the operator with seamless communications and the capability to monitor and control all subsystems from a single user-friendly screen. This paper describes the laser welding process control system and the fully integrated prototype facility, built to demonstrate and test this approach using a 25 kW CO2 laser.
Development of Terahertz Quantum Cascade Laser Based on III-Nitride Semiconductors (2011)

This paper reviews recent progress in terahertz-quantum cascade lasers (THz-QCLs) using III-Nitride
Intra‐frame coding equipment using LSI oriented coding algorithm (1984)

Abstract Compact and low‐cost video coding equipment is indispensable for the economical realization of visual communication services such as traffic monitoring entertainment relay, etc. This paper describes an LSI oriented coding algorithm which is effective for the compact and economical realization of intra‐frame coding equipment. First, an intra‐frame combinational difference coding algorithm is proposed. the encoded picture quality obtained using this coding algorithm is sufficient even for complicated scenes of TV signals. the predictive coding circuit LSIs for realizing this coding algorithm are also developed. Moreover, the variablelength word multiplexing circuit is shown to be suitable for LSI, and LSIs for this are also developed. Furthermore, coding equipment using the coding algorithm and the LSIs were developed, and its compactness is confirmed. A coding experiment was performed by using the developed equipment and it is shown that the equipment is capable of transmitting good quality ITV signals at a 32‐Mb/s rate.
Development of a line electron focusing lens for carbon nanotube field emission based microbeam radiation device (2013)

Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is an experimental and preclinical technique with demonstrated capability of eradicating tumors while sparing normal tissues from radiation damage. We have proposed the design of a microbeam radiation device using a carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission x-ray source. The key enabling technology is the CNT based spatially distributed x-ray technology. The proposed MRT system has a unique square system geometry with the radiations shining on the targeting tumor positioned at the center of the square. A high microbeam dose rate is achieved by distributing the electron energy over multiple elongated focal tracks with a significantly larger area and therefore higher heat capacity compared to a conventional x-ray source with a point focal spot. Meanwhile the efficiency of the xray photons going through the narrow microbeam collimator, thus the dose rate, is greatly increased by making the effective width of the focal track comparable to that of the microbeam collimator opening. In order to achieve the desired focal track on the anode, a commercial software package (Opera 3D, Cobham plc) was used to simulate and design the optimal line focusing lens. The finalized design was based on a two-electrode Einzel focusing lens configuration. The simulation shows the two-stage electrostatic focusing lens is capable of providing the 100μm effective focal spot size required for the proposed microbeam x-ray with 100μm beam width. The recent focal spot size measurement performed using a testing x-ray chamber has also verified the simulation results.
Spatiotemporal multiscale vessel enhancement for coronary angiograms (2002)

In coronary angiography, coronaries are imaged filled by a contrast medium which is injected through a catheter. To increase vessel visibility relative to surrounding structures, a background-less, subtraction-like appearance of the angiograms may be desired. This paper describes algorithms to increase vessel contrast and to attenuate background. Due to the strong motion in coronary angiograms, direct subtraction of a mask image acquired initially without contrast agent cannot be applied. We therefore distinguish vessels from background by their contrast, their size and their motion. These criteria are evaluated on a multiscale structure. Enhancement is then applied at locations which are likely to contain vessels. To avoid unacceptable noise boosting, we integrate a multiscale noise reduction filter into this concept. Both performance and computational simplicity make our algorithms attractive.
Body surface area measurement and soft clustering for PASI area assessment (2012)

Psoriasis is a common skin disorder with a prevalence of 0.6 - 4.8% around the world. The most common is plaques psoriasis and it appears as red scaling plaques. Psoriasis is incurable but treatable in a long term treatment. Although PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) scoring is recognised as gold standard for psoriasis assessment, this method is still influenced by inter and intra-rater variation. An imaging and analysis system called α-PASI is developed to perform PASI scoring objectively. Percentage of lesion area to the body surface area is one of PASI parameter. In this paper, enhanced imaging methods are developed to improve the determination of body surface area (BSA) and lesion area. BSA determination method has been validated on medical mannequin. BSA accuracies obtained at four body regions are 97.80% (lower limb), 92.41% (trunk), 87.72% (upper limb), and 83.82% (head). By applying fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, the membership functions of lesions area for PASI area scoring have been determined. Performance of scoring result has been tested with double assessment by α-PASI area algorithm on body region images from 46 patients. Kappa coefficients for α-PASI system are greater than or equal to 0.72 for all body regions (Head - 0.76, Upper limb - 0.81, Trunk - 0.85, Lower limb - 0.72). The overall kappa coefficient for the α-PASI area is 0.80 that can be categorised as substantial agreement. This shows that the α-PASI area system has a high reliability and can be used in psoriasis area assessment.
Development of T-cell immunotherapy for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients at risk of leukemia relapse (2017)

Leukemia relapse remains the major cause of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) failure, and the prognosis for patients with post-HCT relapse is poor. There is compelling evidence that potent selective antileukemic effects can be delivered by donor T cells specific for particular minor histocompatibility (H) antigens. Thus, T-cell receptors (TCRs) isolated from minor H antigen-specific T cells represent an untapped resource for developing targeted T-cell immunotherapy to manage post-HCT leukemic relapse. Recognizing that several elements may be crucial to the efficacy and safety of engineered T-cell immunotherapy, we developed a therapeutic transgene with 4 components: (1) a TCR specific for the hematopoietic-restricted, leukemia-associated minor H antigen, HA-1; (2) a CD8 coreceptor to promote function of the class I-restricted TCR in CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells; (3) an inducible caspase 9 safety switch to enable elimination of the HA-1 TCR T cells in case of toxicity; and (4) a CD34-CD20 epitope to facilitate selection of the engineered cell product and tracking of transferred HA-1 TCR T cells. The T-cell product includes HA-1 TCR CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells to augment the persistence and function of the HA-1 TCR CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and includes only memory T cells; naive T cells are excluded to limit the potential for alloreactivity mediated by native TCR coexpressed by HA-1 TCR T cells. We describe the development of this unique immunotherapy and demonstrate functional responses to primary leukemia by CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells transduced with a lentiviral vector incorporating the HA-1 TCR transgene construct.
Sensing Side Impacts (1994)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Now that airbags are the accepted solution for protecting occupants in frontal impacts, and now that safety sells cars, it is natural to look closely at the second largest killer of automobile occupants, side impacts. This paper develops the theory of sensing side impacts based on the assumption that airbags will soon be used for side impact protection. The trade-offs between the various sensor technologies are discussed including electronic and mechanical sensors. For mechanical sensors, fluid damped, undamped and crush sensing switches are compared. Finally, the requirements for a successful predictive sensor will be presented.</div>
4D electron microscopy: Developments and applications (2015)

Over the past decade, the development of 4D electron microscopy-with all-variant techniques-has provided\nnumerous applications in the fields of chem., materials science and dynamical biol. In this lecture, we will\noverview these developments, some of the different applications, and explore the potential for future\nextensions. It is with immense pride that Professor Sir John Thomas has been awarded this Prize; his vision for\nthe field is well-documented and will be highlighted in the lecture.
Simulations of Microlens Arrays Formed by Pattern-Photopolymerization-Induced Phase Separation of Liquid Crystal/Monomer Mixtures (2001)

Simulations are presented for microlens arrays prepared via photopolymerization-induced phase separation in liquid crystal/monomer mixtures based on four-wave mixing, viz., interference of two horizontal waves and two vertical waves. The microlens forming process has been simulated on the basis of a pattern-photopolymerization technique in which the spatially modulated reaction rate has been coupled with the time-dependent Ginzburg−Landau (TDGL) equations via incorporation of the free energies pertaining to isotropic mixing, nematic ordering, and network elasticity. The simulation suggests that the LC microlens arrays are similar to compound eyes found in various insects such as flies, ants, and wasps.
Smart Shoes With Adaptive Sampling for Outpatient Daily Health Monitoring (2019)

This paper proposes an adaptive sampling algorithm for a pair of smart shoes for patients to use as a daily health monitoring device. The main hardware of the smart shoes features four pneumatic pressure sensors that measure ground contact forces (GCFs) and a global positioning system (GPS) to track the location of the user. The sampling rate of the pressure sensors and the GPS are changed based on the activity, either walking or sitting, detected from the user’s GCFs. An outdoor test was conducted to validate the adaptive sampling algorithm. The result was a 95% reduction in data size compared to sampling with the highest settings from all components. Collected GPS information from a subject’s morning activities was displayed onto a map to demonstrate how it could be used as contextual data for daily monitoring.
A Problem of a Displacement Calculation of Tissue Surface in Non-Contact Photoacoustic Tomography (2017)

Background. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a relatively new imaging modality,which allows e.g. visualizing the vascular network in biological tissue noninvasively. This tomographic method has an advantage in comparison to pure optical/acoustical methods due to high optical contrast and low acoustic scattering in deep tissue. The common PAT methodology, based on measurements of the acoustic pressure by piezoelectric sensors placed on the tissue surface, limits its practical versatility. A novel, completely non-contact and full-field PAT system is described. In noncontact PAT the measurement of surface displacement induced by the acoustic pressure at the tissue/air border is researched.Objective. To solve a simulation problem of the displacement calculation based on the medium pressure, which consists in deriving a formula for recalculating the pressure in the surface displacement based on the momentum conservation law, developing a simulation technique, and comparing the error of the proposed technique with the earlier used one.Methods. Comparing the experimental data with simulated pressure data in the k-Wave toolbox. The criterion of comparison is the relative quadratic error.Results. The simulation results of the displacement based on a new approach are more consistent with the experimental data than previous. The quadratic error numerical value of the new approach is 18 % and the previous is 71 %.Conclusions. The theoretical features of the surface displacement simulation are investigated and the solution of this problem is proposed based on momentum conservation law. The implementation of the proposed methodology has a four times smaller simulation error compared to the previous technique, so it can be implemented in the non-contact PAT. The residual error can be caused by the properties of the tissue, which are not taken into account in the model, which requires further research.
Microsensors and Nanosensors (2006)

Abstract Sensors are systems or devices that provide signals, which are correlated to some physical, chemical, or biological condition in their neighborhood. The signals can be transformed, by use of a calibration curve, into information about the environment of a sensor. There are two classes of sensors, point sensors that provide information only from their immediate surroundings and volume sensors (imagers or cameras) that can give information on conditions in an extended region. Sensors are old, but recent advances in miniaturization technologies have been leading to very small and capable sensors. Micromachining processes, which grew out of the microelectronics industry, have been used for about two decades to make microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) that are relative cheap and extraordinarily reliable. Microsensors for pressure and acceleration are now sold by the tens of millions annually. In the past decade, processes have been developed to grow nano‐materials, which have structures on the scale of molecules. They are proving to be very useful for small sensors, especially for chemical and biological applications. Two‐dimensional arrays of bio‐sensors, based on DNA or antibodies to recognize the target molecules in a sample, are especially important. They, and other small sensors, enable almost immediate diagnostics at the point of care, rather than sending samples to a central laboratory. Small sensors make it possible to put diagnostic equipment inside the body. They are expected to have an increasing impact on biomedical engineering and clinical medicine.
Quantum cascade lasers based on guided modes at a metal-semiconductor interface (1998)

Summary form only given. Planar waveguides for long-wavelength quantum cascade (QC) lasers require thick cladding layers. This prolongs and complicates the growth and processing procedures of these lasers. In this paper we demonstrate that optical waveguiding for a laser in this wavelength range can also be achieved using electromagnetic surface waves at a metal-semiconductor interface directly above the active region of the laser. No cladding layer is needed. The interface-guided modes are transverse-magnetic modes existing at the interface between a metal and a semiconductor, which have dielectric constants opposite in sign. Therefore, the metal layer, which is usually deposited on the top surface of a semiconductor laser for the purpose of an electric contact, can be also exploited to provide the waveguide interface.