gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction (2023)

This volume takes an innovative approach to current scholarship by choosing Quebec and Japan as focal areas for a study of small nations. Even though Quebec’s and Japan’s contexts are different, they share a common ground, including their positions relative to the United States, the superpower with which both have long maintained political ties and tensions. Focusing on Quebec and Japan, while including chapters on Newfoundland, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Hong Kong, Black communities in the United States and Jews in Russia, this volume explores the diverse and varied experiences of being part of small groups and collectivities. Despite differences, these areas have shared a common experience of being repressed by greater powers. It re-evaluates not only the position of small nations in the studies of history and social sciences but also the process whereby these nations have cultivated their consciousness of themselves as “small,” a quality that has been unduly disregarded far too long. This book illustrates cases in which the term “universal” can be reinterpreted, especially with regard to size, power and human experiences.
ApoE4 Impairs Neuron-Astrocyte Coupling of Fatty Acid Metabolism (2021)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene ApoE4 perturbs brain lipid homeostasis and energy transduction. However, the cell-type-specific mechanism of ApoE4 in modulating brain lipid metabolism is unclear. Here, we describe a detrimental role of ApoE4 in regulating fatty acid (FA) metabolism across neuron and astrocyte in tandem with their distinctive mitochondrial phenotypes. ApoE4 disrupts neuronal function by decreasing FA sequestering in lipid droplets (LDs). FAs in neuronal LDs are exported and internalized by astrocytes, with ApoE4 diminishing the transport efficiency. Further, ApoE4 lowers FA oxidation and leads to lipid accumulation in both astrocyte and the hippocampus. Importantly, diminished capacity of ApoE4 astrocytes in eliminating neuronal lipids and degrading FAs accounts for their compromised metabolic and synaptic support to neurons. Collectively, our findings reveal a mechanism of ApoE4 disruption to brain FA and bioenergetic homeostasis that could underlie the accelerated lipid dysregulation and energy deficits and increased AD risk for ApoE4 carriers.
Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Alkynes under Reductive Conditions with Aryl Bromides and Water (2019)

An operationally simple nickel-catalyzed hydroarylation reaction for alkynes is described. This three-component coupling reaction utilizes commercially available alkynes and aryl bromides, along with water and Zn. An air-stable and easily synthesized Ni(II) precatalyst is the only entity used in the reaction that is not commercially available. This reductive cross-coupling reaction displays a fairly unusual <i>anti</i> selectivity when aryl bromides with <i>ortho</i> substituents are used. In addition to optimization data and a preliminary substrate scope, complementary experiments including deuterium labeling studies are used to provide a tentative catalytic mechanism. We believe this report should inspire and inform other Ni-catalyzed carbofunctionalization reactions.
Increased Numbers of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Expressing Neurons in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of Depressed Patients (1994)

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is known to be activated in depressed patients. Although direct evidence is lacking, this activation is hypothesized to be due to hyperactivity of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Recent immunocytochemical studies in experimental animals and in humans showed that the number of CRH-expressing neurons correlated with the activity of these neurons. In addition, colocalization of AVP in CRH neurons has been shown to be an index for the secretory activity. Therefore, we estimated the total number of CRH-immunoreactive neurons and their fraction showing colocalization with AVP in the PVN of 10 control subjects and of 6 depressed patients who were diagnosed to be suffering from a major depression or a bipolar disorder. The mean total number of CRH-expressing neurons of the 6 depressed patients was four times higher, and the number of CRH neurons co-expressing AVP was almost three times higher than those in the control group. We also determined the two activity parameters of CRH neurons in the PVN of 2 subjects with a depressive organic mood syndrome or a depressive disorder not otherwise specified. In these two 'non-major depressed' subjects, the activity parameters of CRH neurons were comparable to those of control subjects. Our observations strongly support the hypothesis that CRH neurons in the PVN are hyperactivated in major depressed patients. This hyperactivity might be causally related to at least part of the symptomatology of depression.
Rhabdomyolysis in the Intensive Care Unit (2011)

Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome defined by muscle breakdown and subsequent release of intracellular contents. There are many etiologies of rhabdomyolysis, classified here as congenital and acquired; compartment syndrome secondary to trauma with reperfusion injury is one common precipitating factor. Regardless of the underlying etiology, the pathophysiology follows a similar pathway via myocyte destruction and release of myoglobin into the systemic circulation. Rhabdomyolysis-induced renal failure is caused by the precipitation of myoglobin in the renal tubules which is enhanced under acidic conditions. A high index of clinical suspicion is required to promptly recognize rhabdomyolysis, especially in the unconscious patient. Presenting symptoms include tea-colored urine and muscle weakness or fatigue. The diagnosis is confirmed most reliably with the finding of elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Early, aggressive resuscitation with either normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution to maintain an adequate urine output is the most important intervention in preventing the development of acute renal failure. There is insufficient clinical evidence supporting the routine administration of diuretics and bicarbonate to protect against the development of acute renal failure.
Five-dimensional FRW Modified Holographic Ricci Dark Energy Cosmological Models with Hybrid Expansion Law in a Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravitation (2016)

In this paper, we consider a five dimensional FRW space-time filled with dark matter and modified holographic Ricci dark energy in a scalar-tensor theory of gravitation. To solve the field equations of the theory we have used hybrid expansion law which shows a transition from decelerated phase to an accelerated phase in a scalar-tensor cosmology. The EoS parameter, jerk parameter and average density parameter are determined. We have also studied the physical and geometrical properties of the model.
Estimation of the number of SNP genetic markers required for parentage verification (2008)

Formulae were developed to compute exclusion probabilities for parentage confirmation for any number of diallelic markers under the assumption that the minor allele frequency (MAF) varied among markers, but has a uniform distribution. Three scenarios were analysed: a progeny with (1) a single putative parent; (2) two putative parents; and (3) one actual parent and one putative parent. Exclusion probabilities were computed for minimum values for the MAFs of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, and required either one or at least two conflicts for exclusion. The numbers of markers required to obtain 99% exclusion probabilities based on a single conflict for the three minimum MAFs were 54, 45 and 39 for scenario 1; 17, 16 and 15 for scenario 2; and 28, 25 and 24 for scenario 3. The requirement of at least two conflicts for exclusion increased the number of markers required by approximately 45% for all three scenarios and all three minimum MAFs. The results obtained by the analytical formulae were very close to results obtained by simulation and to values in the literature for specific marker sets.
Conclusion (2020)

This concluding chapter steers a different course, reflecting on some of the ways that time and history have underpinned visions of Anglo-America. It outlines a discourse of racial union which was usually predicated on a specific account of both space and historical temporality. The chosen people — whether designated Aryan, Teutonic, Anglo-Saxon, or English-speaking — was imagined as superior to all others, their greatness ordained by their unique historical trajectory and extant racial characteristics. They had been, and remained, the pioneers of human progress. This historical story produced stratified global geography: the vanguard of modern humanity was concentrated in specific places, chiefly Britain and its past and present settler colonies in North America and the South Pacific. Ultimately, the chapter discusses W. E. B. Du Bois and T. E. Scholes' ideas about race and empire. While the steampunk literature renarrates the history of Anglo-modernity by erasing the primacy of the United States, Afro-modernists sought to destabilize the historical validation of racial domination, clearing the ground for imagining alternative futures.
Charting human thoracic airways by aerosols (1983)

A non-invasive method is described which permits the estimation of average airway calibre as a function of the volumetric depth in the human respiratory tract. It is based upon the measurement of gravitational particle losses during breath-holding from boli of monodisperse aerosols inspired to different depths in the respiratory tract. Aerosol boli comprising particles of 1.5 microns aerodynamic diameter and 45 microns settling velocity were inspired to depths between 80 and 820 cm3. The number of particles recovered decreased exponentially with the period of breath-holding, and an average airway radius was calculated for each lung depth from the slope of these exponential functions. The average airway radius changes rapidly with depth. Among six subjects it varies between 630 and 1400 microns at 120 cm3 lung depth and between 165 and 280 microns at 600 cm3 lung depth. The average airway radii evaluated in this study are within the range covered by current lung models.
A Common Cognitive Profile in Elderly Fallers and in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: The Prominence of Impaired Executive Function and Attention (2006)

The present study examined the cognitive profile of elderly fallers relative to healthy elderly controls and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), a positive-control group, using a computerized battery. Fallers performed more poorly than controls on executive function, attention, and motor skills, but performed comparably on memory, information processing and the Mini-Mental State Examination. A similar profile was evident for PD patients. However, unlike PD patients, fallers were abnormally inconsistent in their reaction times. These findings indicate that elderly fallers may have a unique cognitive processing deficit (i.e., variability of response timing) and underscore the importance of executive function and attention as potential targets for fall risk screening and interventions.
An experimental study on distributed virtual environment for integrated training system on machine maintenance (2002)

A distributed virtual environment (DVE) has been applied to the development of an integrated training system for machine maintenance work by multiple users. The training system gives two types of training: simultaneous training of an instructor and trainees with multi-modal communication through a computer network (synchronous system); and a monitoring and recording system both for the purpose of pre-training rehearsal and post-training analysis (asynchronous system). It has been experimentally confirmed that the training in the DVE system with multi-modal communication would provide a new type of effective training environment.
Photoelectron Transport Across Phospholipid Liposomes Pigmented by Anthracene and Naphthalene Derivatives (1986)

In order to investigate effective solar energy conversion system, the light-induced electron transfer reactions have been examined across single-lamellar liposomes incorporated organic photosensitizers such as anthracene and naphthalene derivatives. We have observed photosensitized reduction of methyl viologen (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-) dissolved in the exterior aqueous phase of the pigmented phospholipid liposomes when EDTA, as electron donor, is dissolved in the enclosed aqueous phase of the liposomes. The anthroyl stearic acid incorporated in the hydrophobic bilayer of liposomes leads to much less quantum yield for the photosensitized reduction of than the anthracene carboxylate incorporated in the outer hydrophilic layer. However, -carotene with anthroyl stearic acid incorporated into the bilayer enhances the quantum yield significantly (${\Phi}{\simeq}0.2-0.3$), preventing the reverse reaction of electron transfer () so that it might be useful for solar energy conversion into chemical energy. A naphthalene derivative, octadecyl naphthylamine sulfonic acid incorporated into the outer layer of liposomes results in less efficiency of reduction than anthroyl stearic acid. These results have been also tested with respect to lipid components of liposomes.
Secure I/O device sharing among virtual machines on multiple hosts (2013)

Virtualization allows flexible mappings between physical resources and virtual entities, and improves allocation efficiency and agility. Unfortunately, most existing virtualization technologies are limited to resources in a single host. This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a multi-host I/O device virtualization system called Ladon, which enables I/O devices to be shared among virtual machines running on multiple hosts in a secure and efficient way. Specifically, Ladon uses a PCIe network to connect multiple servers with PCIe devices and allows VMs running on these servers to directly interact with these PCIe devices without interfering with one another. Through an evaluation of a fully operational Ladon prototype, we show that there is no throughput and latency penalty of the multi-host I/O virtualization enabled by Ladon compared to those of the existing single-host I/O virtualization technology.
High-Voltage and High- $I_{\text {ON}}/I_{\text {OFF}}$ Vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky Barrier Diode With Nitridation-Based Termination (2018)

We report a high-performance vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky barrier diode (SBD) with a planar nitridation-based termination (NT) technique. The developed NT-SBD with nearly ideal Schottky contact exhibits a forward current density over kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , current swing over 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> , and differential specific ON-resistance of 1.2 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The breakdown voltage is boosted from 335 V for unterminated-SBD to 995 V after termination, whereas a high ON/OFF current ratio (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> at -600 V) of ~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> is realized in the NT-SBD. It has been verified that the NT technique can favorably modify GaN surface condition, leading to suppressed leakage current at the junction edge and enhanced breakdown voltage.
Chemical Method for Improving Both the Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Yarn via Intramolecular Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling (2013)

Chemical post-treatment of the carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) was carried out via intramolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling (ICDC) with FeCl3 at room temperature. The Raman intensity ratio of the G band to the D band (IG/ID ratio) of CNT fiber increased from 2.3 to 4.6 after ICDC reaction. From the XPS measurements, the AC═C/AC-C ratio of the CNT fiber increased from 3.6 to 4.8. It is of keen interest that both the electrical conductivity and tensile strength of CNT yarn improved to 3.5 × 10(3) S/cm and 420 MPa, which is 180 and 200% higher than that of neat CNT yarn.
Phosphorescent Side-Chain Functionalized Poly(norbornene)s Containing Iridium Complexes (2005)

Norbornenes containing phosphorescent iridium complexes based on Ir(ppy)3 and Ir(ppy)2(bpy)(PF6) were synthesized and copolymerized with alkylnorbornenes via ring-opening metathesis polymerization in nonpolar solvents using ruthenium initiators. The luminescent properties of the resulting polymers both in solution and in the solid state were tested. The polymers were found to retain the optical properties of the phosphorescent small molecule analogues with emission maxima in the yellow/green, quantum yields from 0.23 to 0.24 for Ir(ppy)2(bpy)(PF6) analogues, 0.02 to 0.03 for mer-Ir(ppy)3 analogues, and 0.20 to 0.24 for fac-Ir(ppy)3 analogues, and lifetimes of 0.41 to 0.55 μs for Ir(ppy)2(bpy)(PF6) analogues, 0.22 to 0.62 μs for mer-Ir(ppy)3 analogues, and 1.28 to 1.48 μs for fac-Ir(ppy)3 analogues. By combining the phosphorescent properties of these emissive molecules with the solution processability and ease of synthesis of polynorbornene backbones, these materials might be highly useful in the field of light-emitting devices and emissive display technology.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping identifies inflammation in a subset of chronic multiple sclerosis lesions (2018)

Chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions, characterized by a hyperintense rim of iron-enriched, activated microglia and macrophages, have been linked to greater tissue damage. Post-mortem studies have determined that chronic active lesions are primarily related to the later stages of multiple sclerosis; however, the occurrence of these lesions, and their relationship to earlier disease stages may be greatly underestimated. Detection of chronic active lesions across the patient spectrum of multiple sclerosis requires a validated imaging tool to accurately identify lesions with persistent inflammation. Quantitative susceptibility mapping provides efficient in vivo quantification of susceptibility changes related to iron deposition and the potential to identify lesions harbouring iron-laden inflammatory cells. The PET tracer 11C-PK11195 targets the translocator protein expressed by activated microglia and infiltrating macrophages. Accordingly, this study aimed to validate that lesions with a hyperintense rim on quantitative susceptibility mapping from both relapsing and progressive patients demonstrate a higher level of innate immune activation as measured on 11C-PK11195 PET. Thirty patients were enrolled in this study, 24 patients had relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, six had progressive multiple sclerosis, and all patients had concomitant MRI with a gradient echo sequence and PET with 11C-PK11195. A total of 406 chronic lesions were detected, and 43 chronic lesions with a hyperintense rim on quantitative susceptibility mapping were identified as rim+ lesions. Susceptibility (relative to CSF) was higher in rim+ (2.42 ± 17.45 ppb) compared to rim- lesions (-14.6 ± 19.3 ppb, P < 0.0001). Among rim+ lesions, susceptibility within the rim (20.04 ± 14.28 ppb) was significantly higher compared to the core (-5.49 ± 14.44 ppb, P < 0.0001), consistent with the presence of iron. In a mixed-effects model, 11C-PK11195 uptake, representing activated microglia/macrophages, was higher in rim+ lesions compared to rim- lesions (P = 0.015). Validating our in vivo imaging results, multiple sclerosis brain slabs were imaged with quantitative susceptibility mapping and processed for immunohistochemistry. These results showed a positive translocator protein signal throughout the expansive hyperintense border of rim+ lesions, which co-localized with iron containing CD68+ microglia and macrophages. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that suggests that a hyperintense rim on quantitative susceptibility measure within a chronic lesion is a correlate for persistent inflammatory activity and that these lesions can be identified in the relapsing patients. Utilizing quantitative susceptibility measure to differentiate chronic multiple sclerosis lesion subtypes, especially chronic active lesions, would provide a method to assess the impact of these lesions on disease progression.
The properties of rice bran as a foodstuff (1990)

The author, a research leader at USDA's Western Regional research Center in california, discusses all aspects of rice bran marketed as a dietary fiber ingredient
Label-free imaging of immune cell dynamics in the living retina using adaptive optics (2020)

Our recent work characterized the movement of single blood cells within the retinal vasculature (Joseph et al. 2019) using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy. Here, we apply this technique to the context of acute inflammation and discover both infiltrating and tissue-resident immune cells to be visible without any labeling in the living mouse retina using near-infrared light alone. Intravital imaging of immune cells can be negatively impacted by surgical manipulation, exogenous dyes, transgenic manipulation and phototoxicity. These confounds are now overcome, using phase contrast and time-lapse videography to reveal the dynamic behavior of myeloid cells as they interact, extravasate and survey the mouse retina. Cellular motility and differential vascular responses were measured noninvasively and in vivo across hours to months at the same retinal location, from initiation to the resolution of inflammation. As comparable systems are already available for clinical research, this approach could be readily translated to human application.
<i>α</i> <sub>1</sub> -Antitrypsin Gene Therapy Modulates Cellular Immunity and Efficiently Prevents Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice (2006)

An imbalance of the immune-regulatory pathways plays an important role in the development of type 1 diabetes. Therefore, immunoregulatory and antiinflammatory strategies hold great potential for the prevention of this autoimmune disease. Studies have demonstrated that two serine proteinase inhibitors, alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) and elafin, act as potent antiinflammatory agents. In the present study, we sought to develop an efficient gene therapy approach to prevent type 1 diabetes. Cohorts of 4-week-old female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were injected intramuscularly with rAAV1-CB-hAAT, rAAV1-CB-hElafin, or saline. AAV1 vector mediated sustained high levels of transgene expression, sufficient to overcome a humoral immune response against hAAT. AAT gene therapy, contrary to elafin and saline, was remarkably effective in preventing type 1 diabetes. T cell receptor spectratyping indicated that AAT gene therapy altered T cell repertoire diversity in splenocytes from NOD mice. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that AAT gene therapy attenuated cellular immunity associated with beta cell destruction. This study demonstrates that AAT gene therapy attenuates cell-mediated autoimmunity, alters the T cell receptor repertoire, and efficiently prevents type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model. These results strongly suggest that rAAV1-mediated AAT gene therapy may be useful as a novel approach to prevent type 1 diabetes.
High-Density 3D-Boron Nitride and 3D-Graphene for High-Performance Nano–Thermal Interface Material (2017)

Compression studies on three-dimensional foam-like graphene and h-BN (3D-C and 3D-BN) revealed their high cross-plane thermal conductivity (62-86 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>) and excellent surface conformity, characteristics essential for thermal management needs. Comparative studies to state-of-the-art materials and other materials currently under research for heat dissipation revealed 3D-foam's improved performance (20-30% improved cooling, temperature decrease by ΔT of 44-24 °C).