gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hardware/software cooperative caching for hybrid DRAM/NVM memory architectures (2017)

Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) has recently emerged for its nonvolatility, high density and energy efficiency. Hybrid memory systems composed of DRAM and NVM have the best of both worlds, because NVM can offer larger capacity and have near-zero standby power consumption while DRAM provides higher performance. Many studies have advocated to use DRAM as a cache to NVM. However, it is still an open problem on how to manage the DRAM cache effectively and efficiently. In this paper, we propose a novel Hardware/Software Cooperative Caching (HSCC) mechanism that organizes NVM and DRAM in a flat address space while logically supporting a cache/memory hierarchy. HSCC maintains the NVM- to-DRAM address mapping and tracks the access counts of NVM pages through a moderate extension to page tables and TLBs. It significantly simplifies the hardware design and offers several optimization opportunities for cache management in software layers. We thus propose utility-based cache filtering policies to improve the efficiency of DRAM cache. Experimental results show that HSCC improves system performance by up to 9.6X (77.2% on average) and reduces energy consumption by 34.3% on average, compared to a hardware-assisted DRAM/NVM memory system. HSCC also presents 15.4% and 14.5% performance improvement against a flat- addressable memory architecture and a Row Buffer Locality Aware (RBLA) caching policy for hybrid memories, respectively.
Does potassium supplementation lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of published trials (1991)

Both epidemiologic and clinical studies have suggested that an increase in potassium intake may lower blood pressure. However, the results of prospective clinical trials looking at the effect of oral potassium supplements on blood pressure have yielded conflicting results. For this reason, we reviewed 19 clinical trials examining the same end-point and involving a total of 586 participants (412 of whom had essential hypertension). Overall, the results of the trials indicate that oral potassium supplements significantly lower systolic blood pressure [-5.9 mmHg, -6.6 to -5.2 mmHg (mean, 95% confidence interval)] and diastolic blood pressure (-3.4 mmHg, -4.0 to 2.8 mmHg). The magnitude of the blood pressure lowering effect is greater in patients with high blood pressure (-8.2 mmHg, -9.1 to -7.3 mmHg for systolic and -4.5 mmHg, -5.2 to -3.8 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure) and appears to be more pronounced the longer the duration of the supplementation (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 for systolic and diastolic, respectively). Based on this analysis, an increase in potassium intake should be included in the recommendations for a non-pharmacological approach to the control of blood pressure in uncomplicated essential hypertension.
A non lithographic technique for the production of large area high density gridded field emission sources (2002)

We report a novel method for the production of high density arrays of gridded microtip field emission electron sources. The microporous structure of Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, formed by anodisation of Aluminium, is exploited to provide a high density (10/sup 9/ sites cm/sup -2/) of sites for emitter fabrication without the need for individual lithographic patterning of each emitter. The small size of the resultant emitters enables operation with only moderate extraction voltage (20-50 V). Tests of groups of /spl ap/400,000 emitters have demonstrated emission current densities suitable for display applications.
Adenovirus-mediated inhibition of survivin expression sensitizes human prostate cancer cells to paclitaxel in vitro and in vivo (2005)

Survivin mediates paclitaxel-resistance in prostate cancer cells. The inhibition of Survivin sensitizes prostate cancer cells to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis through a caspase-dependant mechanism in vitro and in vivo.
Diagnostic accuracy of pattern differentiation algorithm based on Chinese medicine theory: a stochastic simulation study (2009)

Pattern differentiation based on both explained and optimum available information (F(%) and N(%-cutoff)) is more accurate than using explained and available information without cutoff (F(%) and N(%)). Both F(%) and N(%-cutoff) should be used as PDA's objective criteria to perform Zang-fu single pattern differentiation.
On Feasibility of Inductive Conductivity Measurement of Formation Surrounding a Metal Casing (2008)

Bypassing hydrocarbon-layers when casing the borehole can result in recovering of only small part of estimated original oil in place. The inductive measurement of subsurface rocks (formation) conductivity through casing is required in order to successfully reevaluate existing wells and detect bypassed oil. The main problem in the cased- hole inductive measurement is strong signal attenuation and high variations in the properties of the steel casing. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of the inductive measurement in the presence of steel casings with realistic electromagnetic properties. We discuss the method for cancellation of the casing effect and inadequacy of the casing factor for the same purpose. We analyze effects of the excitation frequency and mutual separation of a transmitter-receiver coil pair on the expected measurement sensitivity.
Nothing is perfect, not even the local lymph node assay: a commentary and the implications for REACH (2009)

For many regulatory authorities, the local lymph node assay (LLNA) is the preferred assay for the predictive identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals. It is the initial requirement for sensitization testing within the new REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical substances) regulations in the European Union. The primary reasons for the preferment of the LLNA are the animal welfare benefits it provides compared with traditional guinea-pig methods (refinement and reduction of animal usage) and the general performance characteristics of the assay with regard to overall reliability, accuracy, and interpretation. Moreover, a substantial published literature on the LLNA is available making it appropriate for use as a benchmark against which new approaches, including in vitro alternatives, can be evaluated and validated. There is, therefore, a view that the LLNA represents the 'gold standard' for skin sensitization testing. However, although this is probably correct, it is important to recognize and acknowledge that in common with all other predictive tests (whether they be validated or not), the LLNA has limitations, in addition to strengths, some of which were mentioned above. Arguably, it is the limitations (e.g., the occurrence of false positive and false negative results) of test methods that are most important to understand. With respect to the LLNA, these limitations are similar to those associated with guinea-pig skin sensitization methods. Among these are the occurrence of false positive and false negative results, susceptibility of results to changes in vehicle, and the possibility that interspecies differences may confound interpretation. In this commentary, these issues are reviewed and their impact on the utility of the LLNA for identification, classification, and potency assessment of skin sensitizers are considered. In addition, their relevance for the future development and validation of novel in vitro and in silico alternatives is explored.
Which Dengue Vaccine Approach Is the Most Promising, and Should We Be Concerned about Enhanced Disease after Vaccination? (2017)

Dengue is a still-growing public health concern in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The development and implementation of an effective dengue vaccine in these regions is a high priority. This insight focuses on the expected characteristics of a safe and efficacious vaccine, referring to the clinical experience obtained during the development of the first tetravalent dengue vaccine from Sanofi Pasteur, now licensed in several endemic countries. Safety and efficacy data from both short- and long-term follow-up of large-scale efficacy studies will be discussed, as well as the next steps following vaccine introduction.
Tradeoffs in buffering speculative memory state for thread-level speculation in multiprocessors (2005)

Thread-Level Speculation (TLS) provides architectural support to aggressively run hard-to-analyze code in parallel. As speculative tasks run concurrently, they generate unsafe or speculative memory state that needs to be separately buffered and managed in the presence of distributed caches and buffers. Such a state may contain multiple versions of the same variable. In this paper, we introduce a novel taxonomy of approaches to buffer and manage multiversion speculative memory state in multiprocessors. We also present a detailed complexity-benefit tradeoff analysis of the different approaches. Finally, we use numerical applications to evaluate the performance of the approaches under a single architectural framework. Our key insights are that support for buffering the state of multiple speculative tasks and versions per processor is more complexity-effective than support for lazily merging the state of tasks with main memory. Moreover, both supports can be gainfully combined and, in large machines, their effect is nearly fully additive. Finally, the more complex support for storing future state in the main memory can boost performance when buffers are under pressure, but hurts performance when squashes are frequent.
Design and development of stimulated Raman spectroscopy apparatus using a femtosecond laser system (2008)

We present the design and development of a stimulated\nRaman scattering (SRS) experimental set-up using a femtosecond laser system. The set-up involves the\ngeneration of (i) a picosecond (ps) narrow-bandwidth\n(5–20 cm–1) Raman pump, and (ii) a femtosecond (fs)\nbroadband continuum Raman probe pulse (800– 1050 nm) providing the Stokes field, covering vibrations\nin the range 300–2500 cm–1. When the two fields\ninteract with the system simultaneously, gain features\nare observed on top of the probe beam at frequency\ncorresponding to the characteristic molecular vibration\nfrequency of the system. The ratio of the probe spectrum\nwith and without the Raman pump provides a background-free gain spectrum. We present initial studies on some standard systems, viz. benzene, cyclohexane and β-carotene in CCl4/benzene. These studies indicate that this technique provides a better signal with improved signal-to-noise ratio even for a low acquisition time in comparison with normal Raman spectroscopy.
解讀“周秀娜”現像 : 香港科技大學理學院 “知識無限” 演講撮要 (2009)

一貫主流社會的認知之中﹐文化有高低之分、藝術有嚴肅與流行之分。在戲劇大師鍾景輝的美學觀點中﹐好些詹瑞文的劇場表演恐怕就夠不上是真正的戲劇藝術。在一些“超模”和“名模”眼中﹐一眾其實跟她們同樣是以 “色” 作為商品銷售的“女孩”﹐例如周秀娜﹑Lavina 之輩﹐就大概只算是不入流之女流﹐在傳媒和坊間中﹐也就有人創製了“0靚模”和“靚界女神”等的稱謂﹐以資識別不同類型、不同級數的模特兒行業裡的人。\n以高/低文化對立這種看法﹐作類比伸延﹐去理解目前的“0靚模”現像﹐我們看到﹐(1) 這可以是一個精英與普及、中產與基層的權力抗衡的問題 ﹔ (2) 也可以看成是一個在科技文化飛躍中 ﹐文化民主化 、 文化商品化 、 商品的生產與消費急速加劇的生活現像。 (3) 更廣泛引起大眾關注的是“0靚模”現像中的元素--“性” 及其連帶的道德、價值、教育等問題 ﹐從這角度來看﹐這更是一個情色 (eroticism) 的文化政治課題。(4) 積極一點來看﹐在當下“0靚模”熱的潮流消費中﹐是不是也有辦法﹐在其中挖掘那怕只是一點點的抗衡主流價值主宰的可能呢﹖那我們就嘗試把“0靚模”理解為一個普及文化生產與消費中的一種文化游擊戰﹐即是﹕庶民可以怎樣逾越規範﹐並在消費生活中為自己帶來一些創新的﹑有意義東西﹐又獲取抗衡的愉悅。
Vertex data compression for triangular meshes (2002)

In the field of geometry compression, two main compression targets exist. One is triangle connectivity data and the other is vertex position data. The authors propose a novel algorithm to compress the vertex data. A fundamentally different approach taken in the paper is to transform the vertex positions to the model space, a coordinate system formed by the three previously processed vertices. Once all the vertices are transformed, we found that the result shows a strong tendency to cluster around three points. We exploit such a tendency during the vector quantization steps to increase the compression ratio. According to the experiments performed on 12 models, the average compression performance of our algorithm is 6.7 bits/vertex, which is a clear improvement over previous methods.
Multiple Interactions of FbsA, a Surface Protein from <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>, with Fibrinogen:  Affinity, Stoichiometry, and Structural Characterization (2006)

Streptococcus agalactiae is an etiological agent of several infective diseases in humans. We previously demonstrated that FbsA, a fibrinogen-binding protein expressed by this bacterium, elicits a fibrinogen-dependent aggregation of platelets. In the present communication, we show that the binding of FbsA to fibrinogen is specific and saturable, and that the FbsA-binding site resides in the D region of fibrinogen. In accordance with the repetitive nature of the protein, we found that FbsA contains multiple binding sites for fibrinogen. By using several biophysical methods, we provide evidence that the addition of FbsA induces extensive fibrinogen aggregation and has noticeable effects on thrombin-catalyzed fibrin clot formation. Fibrinogen aggregation was also found to depend on FbsA concentration and on the number of FbsA repeat units. Scanning electron microscopy evidentiated that, while fibrin clot is made of a fine fibrillar network, FbsA-induced Fbg aggregates consist of thicker fibers organized in a cage-like structure. The structural difference of the two structures was further indicated by the diverse immunological reactivity and capability to bind tissue-type plasminogen activator or plasminogen. The mechanisms of FbsA-induced fibrinogen aggregation and fibrin polymerization followed distinct pathways since Fbg assembly was not inhibited by GPRP, a specific inhibitor of fibrin polymerization. This finding was supported by the different sensitivity of the aggregates to the disruptive effects of urea and guanidine hydrochloride. We suggest that FbsA and fibrinogen play complementary roles in contributing to thrombogenesis associated with S. agalactiae infection.
The weak link (1991)

Abstract Public network reliability has become a mandatory issue. In the second quarter of 1991 alone, there were 331 switch‐related outages, which affected more than 3.5 million phone lines and lasted an average of 45 minutes each. The carriers are trying but they still represent the ‘Weak Link’ in data and voice communications. There will be improvements but will they be enough?
Application of spectral surface plasmon resonance to gas pressure sensing (2005)

An optical sensor to be used for gas pressure detection is described. The device is based on the spectral response associated with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) occurring on a 50-nm gold surface. The operation of the device relies on the fact that the refractive index of a gas changes with pressure, which leads to a shift in the resonance wavelength dip SPR in the SPR curve. Experiments performed on nitrogen gas at room temperature demonstrated the sensor resolution of 4.4×10–5 RUI, which corresponds to a pressure resolution of 16 kPa. The new device offers the benefits of wide dynamic range, no moving parts, and possibly 2-D imaging of pressure distribution. Further development of the device may lead to a new type of optical pressure sensors.
Comparison of Serological Assays for Detection of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> Antibodies in Different Groups of Obstetrical and Gynecological Patients (2003)

New serological enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) were compared with microimmunofluorescence (MIF) as a "gold standard" to detect Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in different groups of obstetrical, gynecological, and subfertile patients. There were no significant differences in seroprevalence rates, except for the group of C. trachomatis-positive patients (P < 0.01). Test characteristics were calculated for Chlamydia-EIA (Biologische Analysensystem GmbH, Lich, Germany) and pELISA (Medac, Wedel, Germany). pELISA seems to be a good alternative to MIF. It has high specificity and is easier to perform.
On College Teaching (1993)

A survey of 2800 teachers from 33 two- and four-year colleges shows markedly different perceptions of teaching goals and roles. The most significant differences occurred across fields of study. For example, whereas 55 percent of the science teachers said they were primarily concerned about teaching students the facts and principles of their subject matter, only 17 percent of the English teachers saw mastery of subject matter as their primary goal. These and other findings are related to research on college teaching, and suggestions are offered for applying findings to classroom teaching.
Integrating Interactive Visualizations of Automatic Debugging Techniques on an Integrated Development Environment (2012)

Automated debugging techniques based on statistical analysis of historical test executions data have recently received considerable attention due to their diagnostic capabilities. However, the tools that materialize such techniques suffer from a common, rather important shortcoming: the lack of effective diagnostic reports’ visualizations. This limitation prevents the wide adoption of such tools, as it is difficult to understand the diagnostic reports yielded by them. To fill this gap, the authors propose a framework for integrating interactive visualizations of automatic debugging reports in a popular development environment (namely, the Eclipse integrated development environment). The framework, coined GZoltar, provides several important features to aid the developer’s efficiency to find the root cause of observed failures quickly, such as direct links to the source code editor. Furthermore, the authors report on the results of a user study conducted to assess GZoltar‘s effectiveness.
Targeted Inactivation of the <i>mecB</i> Gene, Encoding Cystathionine-γ-Lyase, Shows that the Reverse Transsulfuration Pathway Is Required for High-Level Cephalosporin Biosynthesis in <i>Acremonium chrysogenum</i> C10 but Not for Methionine Induction of the Cephalosporin Genes (2001)

Targeted gene disruption efficiency in Acremonium chrysogenum was increased 10-fold by applying the double-marker enrichment technique to this filamentous fungus. Disruption of the mecB gene by the double-marker technique was achieved in 5% of the transformants screened. Mutants T6 and T24, obtained by gene replacement, showed an inactive mecB gene by Southern blot analysis and no cystathionine-gamma-lyase activity. These mutants exhibited lower cephalosporin production than that of the control strain, A. chrysogenum C10, in MDFA medium supplemented with methionine. However, there was no difference in cephalosporin production between parental strain A. chrysogenum C10 and the mutants T6 and T24 in Shen's defined fermentation medium (MDFA) without methionine. These results indicate that the supply of cysteine through the transsulfuration pathway is required for high-level cephalosporin biosynthesis but not for low-level production of this antibiotic in methionine-unsupplemented medium. Therefore, cysteine for cephalosporin biosynthesis in A. chrysogenum derives from the autotrophic (SH(2)) and the reverse transsulfuration pathways. Levels of methionine induction of the cephalosporin biosynthesis gene pcbC were identical in the parental strain and the mecB mutants, indicating that the induction effect is not mediated by cystathionine-gamma-lyase.
Hydrophobic, Antireflective, Self-Cleaning, and Antifogging Sol−Gel Coatings: An Example of Multifunctional Nanostructured Materials for Photovoltaic Cells (2010)

Antireflective, photocatalytic (self-cleaning), water repellent, and high water-wetting (anti fogging) properties were combined for the first time into a sol−gel coating deposited onto glass substrates. Such an original multifunctional coating was obtained by sol−gel liquid deposition of two successive oxide layers. The first coating is composed of a hybrid methyl-functionalized nanoporous SiO2 material that exhibits high transparency, high water resistance, close to null water adsorption, and fairly high mechanical stability (transversal Young Modulus: 1.5 GPa). Thickness and refractive index can be controlled by selecting proper chemical and processing conditions so as to adjust the antireflectivity properties. The second layer is an ultrathin crystalline TiO2 nanoperforated layer that was deposited on top of the previous antireflective layer. Its thickness and refractive index were adjusted around 12 nm and n ≈ 1.8 respectively. This hard TiO2 top layer acts as a protecting barrier toward mechanical aggressions and assures high water wetting (antifogging) and photocatalysis (self-cleaning) at the surface. Indeed, this bilayer system shows an excellent capability to photodecompose organic species that were adsorbed into the Anti-Reflective (AR) layer porosity. We show that the decomposition of model pollutants takes place inside and on the surface of the layer, which is likely due to diffusion of the pollutants toward TiO2 and/or diffusion of the radical species toward the pollutants. These systems are easy to produce on a large scale at low cost and exhibit high mechanical and chemical durability. They are thus serious candidates to be used as antireflective, self-cleaning coatings for photovoltaic cells.
A Spatial Image Separator For Color Scanning (1987)

This paper describes an optical system which separates an image into separate discrete scan lines. The system, combined with diffraction optics is the major component of an experimental color scanner using a single TDI CCD imager (ref. 1).
Health Technology Assessment (2015)

The term health technology refers to drugs, devices, and programs that can improve and extend quality of life. As decision-makers struggle to find ways to reduce costs while improving health care delivery, health technology assessments (HTA) provide the evidence required to make better-informed decisions.This is the first book that focuses on the s
Antiviral Potential of Nanoparticles—Can Nanoparticles Fight Against Coronaviruses? (2020)

Infectious diseases account for more than 20% of global mortality and viruses are responsible for about one-third of these deaths. Highly infectious viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are emerging more frequently and their worldwide spread poses a serious threat to human health and the global economy. The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of 27 July 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 16 million people and led to the death of more than 652,434 individuals as on 27 July 2020 while also causing significant economic losses. To date, there are no vaccines or specific antiviral drugs to prevent or treat COVID-19. Hence, it is necessary to accelerate the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines to help mitigate this pandemic. Non-Conventional antiviral agents must also be considered and exploited. In this regard, nanoparticles can be used as antiviral agents for the treatment of various viral infections. The use of nanoparticles provides an interesting opportunity for the development of novel antiviral therapies with a low probability of developing drug resistance compared to conventional chemical-based antiviral therapies. In this review, we first discuss viral mechanisms of entry into host cells and then we detail the major and important types of nanomaterials that could be used as antiviral agents. These nanomaterials include silver, gold, quantum dots, organic nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers and polymers. Further, we consider antiviral mechanisms, the effects of nanoparticles on coronaviruses and therapeutic approaches of nanoparticles. Finally, we provide our perspective on the future of nanoparticles in the fight against viral infections.