gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological indicators for the identification of ionizing radiation exposure in humans (2001)

While the effects of acute high-dose irradiation are well-documented, less is known about the effects of low level chronic radiation exposure. Physical dosimetry cannot always be relied upon, so dose estimates and determination of past radiation exposure must often be based upon biological indicators. Some of the established methods used in the assessment of nuclear accidents are reviewed here, including cytogenetic analyses, mutation-based assays and electron spin resonance. As interest in research on low-level radiation exposures expands, there is an increasing need for new biomarkers that can identify exposed individuals in human populations. Developments in high-throughput gene expression profiling may enable future development of a rapid and noninvasive testing method for application to potentially exposed populations.
Vertical chip-to-chip coupling between silicon photonic integrated circuits using cantilever couplers (2011)

We demonstrate vertical chip-to-chip light coupling using silicon strip waveguide cantilever couplers. The guided-wave couplers consist of silicon strip waveguides embedded within silicon dioxide cantilevers. The cantilevers deflect 90° out-of-plane via residual stress, allowing vertical light coupling between separate chips. A chip-to-chip coupling loss of 2.5 dB per connection is measured for TE polarization and 1.1 dB for TM polarization at 1550 nm wavelength. The coupling loss varies by less than±0.8 dB within the wavelength range from 1500 nm to 1565 nm for both polarizations. The couplers enable broadband and compact system architectures involving high speed vertical data transport between photonic integrated circuits.
Syntheses of some hexacarboxylic acid derivatives of hexaazatriphenylene (1988)

Abstract Synthetic methods and product characterizations for the conversions of 1,4,5,8,9,12‐hexaazatriphenylene‐hexacarboxylic acid to the corresponding triester triacid, triamic acid, triimide, triester triacid chloride, trimethyl triethyl hexaester, trimethyl ester tri( N,N ‐dimethyrjamide, hexaamide, tri( N,N ,‐dimethyr)amide triacid, tri( N,N ‐dimethyl)amide triacid chloride, and trisphthalhydrazide derivatives are described.
Multi-source Multi-scale Counting in Extremely Dense Crowd Images (2013)

We propose to leverage multiple sources of information to compute an estimate of the number of individuals present in an extremely dense crowd visible in a single image. Due to problems including perspective, occlusion, clutter, and few pixels per person, counting by human detection in such images is almost impossible. Instead, our approach relies on multiple sources such as low confidence head detections, repetition of texture elements (using SIFT), and frequency-domain analysis to estimate counts, along with confidence associated with observing individuals, in an image region. Secondly, we employ a global consistency constraint on counts using Markov Random Field. This caters for disparity in counts in local neighborhoods and across scales. We tested our approach on a new dataset of fifty crowd images containing 64K annotated humans, with the head counts ranging from 94 to 4543. This is in stark contrast to datasets used for existing methods which contain not more than tens of individuals. We experimentally demonstrate the efficacy and reliability of the proposed approach by quantifying the counting performance.
Radiosensitizers targeted to DNA using platinum. Synthesis, characterisation, and DNA binding of cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(nitroimidazole)] (1987)

The preparation and characterisation of cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(misonidazole)] and cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(metronidazole)] is reported; these complexes bind to DNA and radiosensitize more efficiently than their analogues containing two nitroimidazole groups, and the results confirm the possibility of targeting radiosensitizing ligands to DNA by complexation with platinum.
Inferring user's preferences using ontologies (2006)

We consider recommender systems that filter information and only show the most preferred items. Good recommendations can be provided only when an accurate model of the user’s preferences is available. We propose a novel technique for filling in missing elements of a user’s preference model us-ing the knowledge captured in an ontology. Furthermore, we show through experiments on the MovieLens data set that our model achieves a high prediction accuracy and personaliza-tion level when little about the user’s preferences is known.
A system for traffic sign detection, tracking, and recognition using color, shape, and motion information (2005)

This paper describes a computer vision based system for real-time robust traffic sign detection, tracking, and recognition. Such a framework is of major interest for driver assistance in an intelligent automotive cockpit environment. The proposed approach consists of two components. First, signs are detected using a set of Haar wavelet features obtained from AdaBoost training. Compared to previously published approaches, our solution offers a generic, joint modeling of color and shape information without the need of tuning free parameters. Once detected, objects are efficiently tracked within a temporal information propagation framework. Second, classification is performed using Bayesian generative modeling. Making use of the tracking information, hypotheses are fused over multiple frames. Experiments show high detection and recognition accuracy and a frame rate of approximately 10 frames per second on a standard PC.
FaThumb (2006)

In this paper we describe a novel approach for searching large data sets from a mobile phone. Existing interfaces for mobile search require keyword text entry and are not suited for browsing. Our alternative uses a hybrid model to de-emphasize tedious keyword entry in favor of iterative data filtering. We propose navigation and selection of hierarchical metadata (facet navigation), with incremental text entry to further narrow the results. We conducted a formative evaluation to understand the relative advantages of keyword entry versus facet navigation for both browse and search tasks on the phone. We found keyword entry to be more powerful when the name of the search target is known, while facet navigation is otherwise more effective and strongly preferred.
Chimeric antibodies with extended half‐life in ferrets (2014)

Expressing the variable region of a candidate human therapeutic antibody with ferret constant regions containing the S252Y substitution can offer long half-life and limit immunogenicity.
Ground Glass Pozzolan in Conventional, High, and Ultra-High Performance Concrete (2018)

Ground-glass pozzolan (G) obtained by grinding the mixed-waste glass to same fineness of cement can act as a supplementary-cementitious material (SCM), given that it is an amorphous and a pozzolanic material. The G showed promising performances in different concrete types such as conventional concrete (CC), high-performance concrete (HPC), and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). The current paper reports on the characteristics and performance of G in these concrete types. The use of G provides several advantages (technological, economical, and environmental). It reduces the production cost of concrete and decrease the carbon footprint of a traditional concrete structures. The rheology of fresh concrete can be improved due to the replacement of cement by non-absorptive glass particles. Strength and rigidity improvements in the concrete containing G are due to the fact that glass particles act as inclusions having a very high strength and elastic modulus that have a strengthening effect on the overall hardened matrix.
Detachable Acoustofluidic System for Particle Separation via a Traveling Surface Acoustic Wave (2016)

Components in biomedical analysis tools that have direct contact with biological samples, especially biohazardous materials, are ideally discarded after use to prevent cross-contamination. However, a conventional acoustofluidic device is typically a monolithic integration that permanently bonds acoustic transducers with microfluidic channels, increasing processing costs in single-use platforms. In this study, we demonstrate a detachable acoustofluidic system comprised of a disposable channel device and a reusable acoustic transducer for noncontact continuous particle separation via a traveling surface acoustic wave (TSAW). The channel device can be placed onto the SAW transducer with a high alignment tolerance to simplify operation, is made entirely of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and does not require any additional coupling agent. A microstructured pillar is used to couple acoustic waves into the fluid channel for noncontact particle manipulation. We demonstrate the separation of 10 and 15 μm particles at high separation efficiency above 98% in a 49.5 MHz TSAW using the developed detachable acoustofluidic system. Its disposability and ease of assembly should enable broad use of noncontact, disposable particle manipulation techniques in practical biomedical applications related to sample preparation.
Classification of Cheyne Stokes Breathing and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using ECG (2006)

High cost of diagnostic studies to detect sleep disordered breathing and lack of availability of certified sleep laboratories in all inhabited areas make investigation of alternative methods of detecting sleep disordered breathing attractive. This study aimed to explore the possibility of discerning obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) from Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) using overnight electrocardiography (ECG). Polysomnographic and ECG signals were acquired from the 13 OSA and 7 CSR volunteer subjects. Two signals: R-Wave Attenuation (RWA) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) series were derived from the ECG. Using frequency domain analysis, various frequency bands in the power spectrum of RWA and HRV signals were identified that showed sensitivity to OSA and CSR events. A three-stage algorithm was developed to detect and differentiate OSA events from CSR events using RWA and HRV analysis. To test the algorithm, the ECG data was divided into fifteen minute epochs for analysis. Seventy two epochs containing OSA and 72 with CSR events were selected. 48 OSA clips and 48 CSR clips were randomly selected to form the training set. The remaining 24 clips in each category formed the test set. This method produced an average sensitivity of 95.83% and specificity of 79.16% in the training set and sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 75% in the test set.
Frequency-Swept Asynchronous-Optical-Sampling Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (2013)

We proposed frequency-swept asynchronous-optical-sampling terahertz time-domain spectroscopy to further improve the spectral resolution. The spectral resolution achieved here was 2.2 MHz, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than the mode-locked frequency.
Two-dimensional coherent noise suppression in seismic data using eigendecomposition (1991)

A method for the suppression of coherent noise in seismic data based on the eigendecomposition of a data covariance matrix is demonstrated. Based on the Karhunen-Loeve transform, the proposed procedure is useful against noise energy exhibiting both two-dimensional space and time coherencies or coherent two-dimensional patterns which are not necessarily linear and therefore cannot generally be velocity-filtered. This method trains on a region containing the undesired coherent noise; the dominant eigenvectors determined from the covariance matrix of that noise are used to reconstruct the noise in the region of interest. Subtracting the reconstruction from the original data leaves a residual in which the coherent noise has been suppressed. In the example considered, this method effectively suppresses the noise in a record of marine seismic data containing backscattered source energy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Theory of controlling stochastic resonance (2000)

The concept of controlling stochastic resonance has been recently introduced [L. Gammaitoni et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4574 (1999)] to enhance or suppress the spectral response to threshold-crossing events triggered by a time-periodic signal in background noise. Here, we develop a general theoretical framework, based on a rate equation approach. This generic two-state theory captures the essential features observed in our experiments and numerical simulations.
Tilted bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells grown by oblique angle deposition (2009)

We demonstrate small molecule bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells using oblique angle vacuum deposition. Obliquely deposited donor chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) films on indium tin oxide have surface feature sizes of ∼30 nm, resulting in ClAlPc/C60 donor-acceptor heterojunctions (HJs) with approximately twice the interface area of HJs grown at normal incidence. This results in nearly twice the external quantum efficiency in the ClAlPc absorption band compared with analogous, planar HJs. The efficiency increase is attributed to the increased surface area presented by the donor-acceptor junction to the incident illumination by ClAlPc protrusions lying obliquely to the substrate plane formed during deposition. The power conversion efficiency improves from (2.0±0.1)% to (2.8±0.1)% under 1 sun, AM 1.5G simulated solar illumination. Similarly, the power efficiency of copper phthalocyanine/C60 organic photovoltaic cells is increased from (1.3±0.1)% to (1.7±0.1)%.
Long Term Processing Using Integrated Hydropyrolysis plus Hydroconversion (IH<sup>2</sup>) for the Production of Gasoline and Diesel from Biomass (2013)

Cellulosic and woody biomass can be directly converted to hydrocarbon gasoline and diesel blending components through the use of a new, economical, technology named integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH2). The IH2 gasoline and diesel blending components are fully compatible with petroleum based gasoline and diesel, contain less than 1% oxygen and have less than 1 total acid number (TAN). The IH2 gasoline is high quality and very close to a drop in fuel. The life cycle analysis (LCA) shows that the use of the IH2 process to convert wood to gasoline and diesel results in a greater than 90% reduction in greenhouse gas emission compared to that found with fossil derived fuels. The technoeconomic analysis showed the conversion of wood using the IH2 process can produce gasoline and diesel at less than $2.00/gallon. In this project, the previously reported semi-continuous small scale IH2 test results were confirmed in a continuous 50 kg/day pilot plant. The continuous IH2 pilot plant used in this project was operated round the clock for over 750 hours and showed good pilot plant operability while consistently producing 26-28 wt % yields of high quality gasoline and diesel product. The IH2 catalyst showed good stability, although more work on catalyst stability is recommended. Additional work is needed to commercialize the IH2 technology including running large particle size biomass, modeling the hydropyrolysis step, studying the effects of process variables and building and operating a 1-50 ton/day demonstration scale plant. The IH2 is a true game changing technology by utilizing U.S. domestic renewable biomass resources to create transportation fuels, sufficient in quantity and quality to substantially reduce our reliance on foreign crude oil. Thus, the IH2 technology offers a path to genuine energy independence for the U. S., along with the creation of a significant number of new U.S. jobs to plant, grow, harvest, and process biomass crops into fungible fuels.
Hepatitis C virus Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Isolated 25 Years after Spontaneous Clearance (2016)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is world-wide a major cause of liver related morbidity and mortality. No vaccine is available to prevent HCV infection. To design an effective vaccine, understanding immunity against HCV is necessary. The memory B cell repertoire was characterized from an intravenous drug user who spontaneously cleared HCV infection 25 years ago. CD27+IgG+ memory B cells were immortalized using BCL6 and Bcl-xL. These immortalized B cells were used to study antibody-mediated immunity against the HCV E1E2 glycoproteins. Five E1E2 broadly reactive antibodies were isolated: 3 antibodies showed potent neutralization of genotype 1 to 4 using HCV pseudotyped particles, whereas the other 2 antibodies neutralized genotype 1, 2 and 3 or 1 and 2 only. All antibodies recognized non-linear epitopes on E2. Finally, except for antibody AT12-011, which recognized an epitope consisting of antigenic domain C /AR2 and AR5, all other four antibodies recognized epitope II and domain B. These data show that a subject, who spontaneously cleared HCV infection 25 years ago, still has circulating memory B cells that are able to secrete broadly neutralizing antibodies. Presence of such memory B cells strengthens the argument for undertaking the development of an HCV vaccine.
Superconducting niobium thin film sputtering onto copper quarter wave resonators for heavy ion accelerators (1993)

Niobium sputtered copper quarter wave resonators (QWRs) represent an innovative and promising alternative to lead electroplated copper cavities, or to those made of niobium, both bulk and explosively bonded on copper. The authors describe the R&D efforts of the first niobium sputtered copper prototypes. The results obtained and the progressive improvements achieved test by test make Nb sputtered QWRs an intriguing possibility for the acceleration of heavy ions whenever the need for changing from Pb to Nb is encountered. A prototype with a Q-value of 7*10/sup 8/ and maximum accelerating field of 4 MV/m has been produced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Some studies on recovery of chromium from chromite ore processing residues (2003)

This work reports a methodology for near complete mobilization and recovery of chromium from chromite ore processing residues. It has been found that it is possible to mobilize chromium from the residues. Various factors which influence the extent of extraction of chromium from COPR have now been reported. An extraction using sodium peroxide enables leaching of more than 95% of chromium in COPR. The method is selective to the leaching of chromium as demonstrated by EDXRF measurements. Leaching of chromium from COPR using peroxides leads also to significant reduction in particle size. The reaction between residue and oxidant has been found to be biphasic. By combining oxidative and chelative methods, a near complete recovery of chromium and iron from COPR has been possible.
Fundamental investigation of arc interruption in gas flows. Final report (1977)

Work on the problem of early, or thermal, recovery of gas blast interrupters is reported. The objective of this work is to obtain a quantitative understanding of the physical and aerodynamic processes important for the optimization of such apparatus. In investigations of model testing techniques, recovery speed (RRRV) was found to be completely independent of power frequency over a wide range as long as nozzle blocking and metallic electrode vapor contamination effects are avoided. In investigations of nozzle and electrode geometry, a sharply defined optimal position was found for the upstream electrode with respect to the nozzle throat. Correlations were established between RRRV and features of the flow field at various electrode positions. A diffuse arc section, contributing very little to the recovery speed, was found at the downstream end of nozzles in which large divergence angles and/or low nozzle pressure ratios led to separation of the flow from the wall and associated internal shock waves. Gases and gas mixtures which have thermal recovery speeds nearly as fast as that of SF/sub 6/ were identified. Such gas mixtures, particularly those with SF/sub 6/, permit gaining an advantage over pure SF/sub 6/ by operation at higher total pressure. A simple theory which indicates the relative recovery speed of gases based on explicit properties of the gas molecular structure was developed. Collectively, the new information holds promise for significant improvements in the thermal interruption speed of gas blast interrupters.
Functionalized Cycloolefin Polymer Capillaries for Open Tubular Ion Chromatography (2016)

We describe novel cycloolefin polymer (COP)-based open tubular capillary ion exchange columns. COP capillaries (inner diameter of 19-28 μm) were successfully sulfonated at room temperature using a cocktail of ClSO<sub>3</sub>H (85-95% w/w) and HOAc or H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. The cation exchange capacity is controlled by the sulfonation time and the sulfonation solution composition and can be as high as 300 pequiv/mm<sup>2</sup>. Following sulfonation, the capillaries were coated with 65-nm-diameter anion exchanger (AEX) latex nanoparticles that attach electrostatically. The typical anion exchange capacities were ∼20 pequiv/mm<sup>2</sup>. The chromatographic behavior of the AEX latex-coated COP capillaries are greatly dependent on the degree of sulfonation. When the base is heavily sulfonated, neutrals elute after the anions. The position of the water dip varies with the degree of sulfonation; the elution order is normal (water dip appear before anions) only with lightly sulfonated columns. On silica (-SiOH) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (-COOH) surfaces, AEX latex attachment is not stable over long periods in significant concentrations of strong base (e.g., ≥10 mM NaOH). Latex attachment on sulfonated COP surfaces are much stronger; several types show sufficient binding to be used over long periods at practical eluent concentrations, paving the way for suppressed hydroxide eluent ion chromatography (IC), which is discussed in a companion paper. Another interesting feature of COP capillaries lies in their flexibility. If softened at modestly elevated temperatures (e.g., boiling water), they can be coiled down to <1 mm coil radii, revealing, for the first time, the beneficial effects, albeit small, of centrifugal force on mass transfer in open tubular columns.
A Prospective Analysis of Clinical Variables, Serologic Factors, and Outcome of Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis in Patients With Backwash Ileitis (2010)

There was a significantly higher incidence of pancolitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and high-level perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody expression in backwash ileitis-positive patients than in backwash ileitis-negative patients. The incidence of acute pouchitis, chronic pouchitis, and de novo Crohn's disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis does not differ significantly between backwash ileitis-positive and backwash ileitis-negative patients.
3D Tomographic Image Reconstruction for Multistatic Ground Penetrating Radar (2019)

Multistatic GPR has the advantages of reducing survey time and leverages more comprehensive data collection. Traditionally in multistatic GPR data processing, the 2D B-scan image obtained from each receive antenna are simply stacked for 3D image reconstructions. However, such approach is typically inadequate as the multistatic GPR receivers are mounted with spatial offsets, causing back-scattering signals from the same target to have differing time of arrivals. For proper fusion of multistatic GPR data, migration methods that consider the transmitters and receivers spatial offset and data variations among different receiving antennas may be employed. In this study, the back-projection algorithm (BPA) is investigated. The algorithm consists of determining the wave travel path and associated travel time, and projecting the corresponding signal value back into space domain. Furthermore, antenna radiation pattern is incorporated. The BPA enables scatter shape reconstruction and is prone to parallel computing. For validation, multistatic GPR 3D tomographic image reconstruction is successfully applied to laboratory data.