gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A divide-and-merge methodology for clustering (2006)

We present a divide-and-merge methodology for clustering a set of objects that combines a top-down “divide” phase with a bottom-up “merge” phase. In contrast, previous algorithms use either top-down or bottom-up methods to construct a hierarchical clustering or produce a flat clustering using local search (e.g., k -means). For the divide phase, which produces a tree whose leaves are the elements of the set, we suggest an efficient spectral algorithm. When the data is in the form of a sparse document-term matrix, we show how to modify the algorithm so that it maintains sparsity and runs in linear space. The merge phase quickly finds the optimal partition that respects the tree for many natural objective functions, for example, k -means, min-diameter, min-sum, correlation clustering, etc. We present a thorough experimental evaluation of the methodology. We describe the implementation of a meta-search engine that uses this methodology to cluster results from web searches. We also give comparative empirical results on several real datasets.
Determinant Coding: A Novel Framework for Exact-Repair Regenerating Codes (2016)

The exact-repair regenerating codes for distributed storage system are studied in this work. A novel coding scheme is proposed for code construction for any (n, k, d = k) system. It is shown that the proposed codes are optimum, in the sense that any operating point satisfying the lower bound for the storage-bandwidth trade-off can be achieved with the proposed construction. As a consequence, the optimum linear trade-off of exact-regenerating system is fully characterized for any systems with d = k. The proposed codes are linear, and can be generated by multiplication of an encoder matrix with a so-called data matrix. The exact regenerating property is provided based on fundamental properties of matrix determinants, and in particular, generalized Laplace expansion for determinant. Thus the code is called determinant code. Importantly, the field size required for this code construction is 8(n), the total number of nodes in the system.
Learning A* underestimates: Using inference to guide inference (2007)

We present a technique for speeding up inference of structured variables using a prioritydriven search algorithm rather than the more conventional dynamic programing. A priority-driven search algorithm is guaranteed to return the optimal answer if the priority function is an underestimate of the true cost function. We introduce the notion of a probable approximate underestimate, and show that it can be used to compute a probable approximate solution to the inference problem when used as a priority function. We show that we can learn probable approximate underestimate functions which have the functional form of simpler, easy to decode models. These models can be learned from unlabeled data by solving a linear/quadratic optimization problem. As a result, we get a priority function that can be computed quickly, and results in solutions that are (provably) almost optimal most of the time. Using these ideas, discriminative classifiers such as semi-Markov CRFs and discriminative parsers can be sped up using a generalization of the A * algorithm. Further, this technique resolves one of the biggest obstacles to the use of A * as a general decoding procedure, namely that of coming up with a admissible priority function. Applying this technique results in a algorithm that is more than 3 times as fast as the Viterbi algorithm for decoding semi-Markov Conditional Markov Models. 1
P‐25: A New Driving Method for a‐Si AMOLED Displays Based on Voltage Feedback (2005)

Abstract We present a new driving technique for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode displays using amorphous silicon backplanes. The technique uses voltage feedback to compensate for threshold voltage shift of TFTs. Measurement results show less than 3.5% change in OLED current over 2700 hours of bias stress.
Detection of capsid antigen of human papillomavirus (HPV) in benign lesions of female genital tract using anti‐HPV monoclonal antibody (1992)

We established a murine monoclonal antibody (K1H8) to human papillomavirus (HPV) using alkaline-disrupted virions of HPV type 1 (HPV-1) as the immunogen. K1H8 recognized a 57 kD capsid protein of HPV-1 and detected the antigen in paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissue. With K1H8, we examined immunohistochemically 68 biopsy specimens obtained from the female genital tract. The specimens were histologically condyloma acuminatum or koilocytotic lesions with or without dysplasia and each specimen was found to harbour a single type of genital HPV, such as types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 51, 52, 56, and 58, by Southern blot hybridization analysis. The antigen was localized in the nuclei and occasionally in the cytoplasm of squamous cells showing koilocytotic changes. Eighty-four per cent of the specimens (57 cases) showed positivity for the antigen, indicating that K1H8 is a broadly-reactive antibody to various genital HPVs. The results suggest that benign mucosal lesions of the female genital tract are more frequently associated with viral production and are a potential source of transmission.
Glomerular podocytes contain neuron‐like functional synaptic vesicles (2006)

Although patients with chronic renal failure are increasing worldwide, many aspects of kidney biology remain to be elucidated. Recent research has uncovered several molecular properties of the glomerular filtration barrier, in which podocytes, highly differentiated, ramified cells that enwrap the glomerular basement membrane, have been reported to be mainly responsible for filter's selectivity. We previously described that podocytes express Rab3A, a GTPase restricted to cell types that are capable of highly regulated exocytosis, such as neuronal cells. Here, we first demonstrate by a proteomic study that Rab3A in podocytes coimmmunoprecipitates with molecules once thought to be synapse specific. We then show that podocytes possess structures resembling synaptic vesicles, which contain glutamate, coexpress Rab3A and synaptotagmin 1, and undergo spontaneous and stimulated exocytosis and recycling, with glutamate release. Finally, from the results of a cDNA microarray study, we describe the presence of a series of neuron- and synapse-specific molecules in normal human glomeruli and confirm the glomerular protein expression of both metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors. These data point toward a synaptic-like mechanism of communication among glomerular cells, which perfectly fits with the molecular composition of the glomerular filter and puts in perspective several previous observations, proposing a different working hypothesis for understanding glomerular signaling dynamics.
SYNTHETIC RED BLOOD CELLS FROM LIPID ENCAPSULATED HEMOGLOBIN (1981)

Abstract Synthetic red blood cells have been formed by microencapsulating hemoglobin solutions in lipid mixtures. The synthetic cells are stable, being somewhat stronger than normal red blood cells, can be tailored to have the same electrophoretic mobilities, and are somewhat smaller than normal red cells. They exhibit essentially the same oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying characteristics as normal red cells and do not appear to interact with natural blood in-vivo. In experiments involving complete replacement of natural blood in test animals, life has been sustained and no side effects have been observed.
ACTIVE TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION FOR MICROMACHINED RESONATORS (2004)

Encapsulated micromechanical resonators have been fabricated from single crystal silicon and a method for stabilizing their resonant frequency over temperature has been demonstrated. The method uses high-frequency AC signals applied directly to the resonant structure in order to heat it. By adjusting the power of the heating signal, varying amounts of heat could be added to the resonant structure in order to compensate for the effects of changing external temperature and the variation in resonant frequency was reduced significantly. This method requires minimal changes to existing resonator designs and is applicable to any resonator with a current path through its structure. The resonators examined here exhibited temperature coefficients of resonant frequency of over 210 Hz/C (170 ppm/C) without temperature compensation. With compensation, the temperature coefficient was reduced to less than 5 Hz/C (4 ppm/C).
Metal-assisted reactions. Part 8. Selectivity in the reaction of organic halides with tetrahydroborate and the reduction of acyl halides to aldehydes (1980)

Addition of metal ions such as Cu+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ with dimethylformamide to sodium tetrahydroborate in acetonitrile affords a reducing medium in which acyl halides are converted to aldehydes but alkyl, aryl, and benzylic halides are unaffected. The inertness of these last, synthetically useful, functional groups along with the inertness of other potentially reducible groups, makes the reagent very selective for direct reduction of acyl halides to aldehydes. The reducing solution is stable, readily prepared from cheap materials, rapid in action, and easy to use, making the conversion of acids to aldehydes via acyl halides a routine synthetic procedure.
Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs via Nanocomposites: Formulation–Processing Aspects and Challenges (2018)

Drug nanoparticles embedded in a dispersant matrix as a secondary phase, i.e., drug-laden nanocomposites, offer a versatile delivery platform for enhancing the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Drug nanoparticles are prepared by top-down, bottom-up, or combinative approaches in the form of nanosuspensions, which are subsequently dried to prepare drug-laden nanocomposites. In this comprehensive review paper, the term “nanocomposites” is used in a broad context to cover drug nanoparticle-laden intermediate products in the form of powders, cakes, and extrudates, which can be incorporated into final oral solid dosages via standard pharmaceutical unit operations, as well as drug nanoparticle-laden strip films. The objective of this paper is to review studies from 2012⁻2017 in the field of drug-laden nanocomposites. After a brief overview of the various approaches used for preparing drug nanoparticles, the review covers drying processes and dispersant formulations used for the production of drug-laden nanocomposites, as well as various characterization methods including quiescent and agitated redispersion tests. Traditional dispersants such as soluble polymers, surfactants, other water-soluble dispersants, and water-insoluble dispersants, as well as novel dispersants such as wet-milled superdisintegrants, are covered. They exhibit various functionalities such as drug nanoparticle stabilization, mitigation of aggregation, formation of nanocomposite matrix⁻film, wettability enhancement, and matrix erosion/disintegration. Major challenges such as nanoparticle aggregation and poor redispersibility that cause inferior dissolution performance of the drug-laden nanocomposites are highlighted. Literature data are analyzed in terms of usage frequency of various drying processes and dispersant classes. We provide some engineering considerations in comparing drying processes, which could account for some of the diverging trends in academia vs. industrial practice. Overall, this review provides rationale and guidance for drying process selection and robust nanocomposite formulation development, with insights into the roles of various classes of dispersants.
<title>Stereoscopic liquid crystal display I (general description)</title> (1994)

Stereoscopic liquid crystal displays are described that permit the observation of a stereo pair by several persons simultaneously without the use of special glasses. One of the systems is composed of a right eye system, a left eye system, and a special infrared illuminating system. In the right eye system, a transparent type color liquid crystal plate is used with a special back light unit. The back light unit consists of a monochrome 2D display and a large format convex lens. The unit distributes the light to the viewers' right eye only. The right eye system is combined with a left eye system by a half mirror in order to function as a time-parallel stereoscopic system. Another system consists of a large format convex lens, a polarizer and liquid crystal plate, and a color 2D display. The color 2D display superposes left eye and right eye perspectives on the display as polarized images that are polarized 90 degrees to each other. The polarized images are distributed to the viewers' correct eyes because the polarizer and liquid crystal plate occludes the incorrect eye. These systems are applicable not only to stereoscopic receivers for domestic use but also medical devices for stereoscopic purposes.
Graphene-Based Systems for Energy Storage (2016)

Development of graphene-based energy storage devices based on the Laser Scribe system developed by the University of California Los Angeles. These devices These graphene-based devices store charge on graphene sheets and take advantage of the large accessible surface area of graphene (2,600 m2g) to increase the electrical energy that can be stored. The proposed devices should have the electrical storage capacity of thin-film-ion batteries but with much shorter charge discharge cycle times as well as longer lives The proposed devices will be carbon-based and so will not have the same issues with flammability or toxicity as the standard lithium-based storage cells.
Fabrication of a ring nanoelectrode in an AFM tip: novel approach towards simultaneous electrochemical and topographical imaging (2002)

Abstract We present a novel approach for the fabrication of a ring nanoelectrode integrated in a standard atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip. The discussed procedure enables the integration of an electroactive area in an exactly defined distance above the apex of a scanning probe tip and the subsequent remodelling and sharpening of the original AFM tip using a focused ion beam technique. This approach is a novel concept towards enhancing the functionality of AFM in order to obtain laterally resolved electrochemical information. Hence, entirely separated topographical and electrochemical information can be obtained simultaneously. The presented technique also demonstrates an alternative approach towards electrochemical imaging using nanometer electrodes with a well‐defined geometry, as shown with the development of the first integrated ring nanoelectrode in an AFM cantilever. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TRPC5 Channel Inhibition Protects Podocytes in Puromycin-Aminonucleoside Induced Nephrosis Models (2021)

Podocyte injury and the appearance of proteinuria are key features of several progressive kidney diseases. Genetic deletion or selective inhibition of TRPC5 channels with small-molecule inhibitors protects podocytes in rodent models of kidney disease, but less is known about the human relevance and translatability of TRPC5 inhibition. Here, we investigate the effect of TRPC5 inhibition in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-treated rats, human iPSC-derived podocytes, and kidney organoids. We first established that systemic administration of the TRPC5 inhibitor AC1903 was sufficient to protect podocyte cytoskeletal proteins and suppress proteinuria in PAN-induced nephrosis rats, an established model of podocyte injury. TRPC5 current was recorded in the human iPSC-derived podocytes and was blocked by AC1903. PAN treatment caused podocyte injury in human iPSC-derived podocytes and kidney organoids. Inhibition of TRPC5 channels reversed the effects of PAN-induced injury in human podocytes in both 2D and 3D culture systems. Taken together, these results revealed the relevance of TRPC5 channel inhibition in puromycin-aminonucleoside induced nephrosis models, highlighting the potential of this therapeutic strategy for patients.
Phosphate-bonded ceramics as candidate final-waste-form materials (1994)

Room-temperature setting phosphate-bonded ceramics were studied as candidate materials for stabilization of DOE low-level problem mixed wastes which cannot be treated by other established stabilization techniques. Phosphates of Mg, Mg-Na, Al and Zr were studied to stabilize ash surrogate waste containing RCRA metals as nitrates and RCRA organics. We show that for a typical loading of 35 wt.% of the ash waste, the phosphate ceramics pass the TCLP test. The waste forms have high compression strength exceeding ASTM recommendations for final waste forms. Detailed X-ray diffraction studies and differential thermal analyses of the waste forms show evidence of chemical reaction of the waste with phosphoric acid and the host matrix. The SEM studies show evidence of physical bonding. The excellent performance in the leaching tests is attributed to a chemical solidification and physical as well as chemical bonding of ash wastes in these phosphate ceramics.
<title>Table analysis for multiline cell identification</title> (2000)

A table in a document is a rectilinear arrangement of cells where each cell contains a sequence of words. Several lines of text may compose one cell. Cells may be delimited by horizontal or vertical lines, but often this is not the case. A table analysis system is described which reconstructs table formatting information from table images whether or not the cells are explicitly delimited. Inputs to the system are word bounding boxes and any horizontal and vertical lines that delimit cells. Using a sequence of carefully-crafted rules, multi-line cells and their interrelationships are found even though no explicit delimiters are visible. This robust system is a component of a commercial document recognition system.
A Characterization of Ultrasonic Power Spectrum by Fractal Analysis–Imaging by Fractal Dimension– (1990)

The shape of the power spectrum of scattering wave is affected by position distribution of the scatterers (mean spacing and irregularity) constructing the medium. Fractal analysis is an appropriate tool for estimating this shape and gives us much information on the internal structures of the medium. This paper describes imaging experiments and an image obtained by the fractal dimension of the power spectrum. In the images obtained by this method it is easier to discriminate the different internal structures than in those obtained by conventional intensity imaging.
Variable reflectance vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (2007)

Singlemode operation in 850 nm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers is reported. The singlemode behaviour results from a radially-varying number of periods in the top distributed Bragg reflector mirror. At the centre of the device there are six additional quarter-wave layers (three periods) as compared to the edge. This provides higher mirror reflectivity to the fundamental mode without adding loss. Thus the top mirror geometry promotes singlemode operation of the laser from threshold to rollover.
Experimental Evaluation of Colloidal Nanosilica for Improving Bitumen Recovery From Mined Oil-Sand Ore (2018)

Summary Oil-sand ore flotation is a primary method of bitumen recovery from mined Athabasca tar sands. In bitumen flotation, suspended biwettable ore fines, such as clays, tend to migrate to oil/water interfaces, creating a slime coating on liberated bitumen droplets. Slime coating significantly reduces the efficiency of the flotation process and overall oil recovery. Ultradispersed hydrophilic silica nanoparticles were found to stabilize biwettable ore fines in an aqueous phase by adsorbing onto fines surfaces, even at concentrations as low as 50 ppm. As a result, fine solids move away from oil/water interfaces, reducing the slime coating and increasing bitumen recovery during flotation of low-grade ore by more than 5%. The addition of nanoparticles has no negative effect on froth quality or oil, water, and solid separation in naphthenic and paraffinic froth-treatment processes. The study demonstrated that colloidal nanoparticles affect many stages of the bitumen-extraction process—from bitumen separation to clay-wettability alteration.
ChemInform Abstract: From Antenna to Assay: Lessons Learned in Lanthanide Luminescence (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Abstract 50: A Novel Method for Quantification of Brain Edema in Ischemic Stroke (2012)

Background: Measurement of final infarct volumes are typically done on MRI or CT scans obtained at 30 or 90 days after symptom onset. At these delayed time points, true infarct volume is often underestimated because of atrophy. Moreover, late imaging leads to a high percentage of missing data due to early mortality and poor compliance with late imaging. Obtaining an early assessment of infarct volume avoids these limitations; however, it overestimates the true infarct volume because of vasogenic edema. The aim of this study was to develop a novel approach to quantify brain edema so that final infarct volumes can be approximated on day 5 scans. Method: We analyzed MRI scans from 15 acute stroke patients enrolled in the DEFUSE 2 study. The edema volume was determined by comparing spatially-coregistered ADC maps obtained at baseline and at day 5. Edema displaces CSF from the sulci and the ventricles. We therefore estimated the edema volume as the change in CSF volume between baseline and follow-up. CSF displacement was determined by analyzing ADC maps; a voxel by voxel comparison was performed and voxels with ADC values that shifted from the CSF range (2.0-4.4 x 10 -3 mm 2 /s) to the parenchymal range (0.60-1.05 x 10 -3 mm 2 /s) were considered to represent edema (yellow region in figure ). The analysis was performed on 5 control patients with no or very small lesions (2.4±2.0 mL on FLAIR) and 10 patients with large lesions (240±115 mL on FLAIR). Results: The mean volume of CSF displacement in the control group was 1.6±2.4 mL. CSF displacement (edema volume) in the large infarct group ranged from 33 to 152 mL. The estimated edema volume, as a percentage of the overall day 5 FLAIR lesion volume, ranged from 15% to 52%. Linear regression analysis performed between day 5 FLAIR lesion volumes and the estimated edema volumes produced a correlation coefficient (r)of 0.78 (P< 0.01) with a slope of 0.31. Conclusion: Vasogenic edema can be measured based on assessment of CSF displacement. Using this novel technique we determined that the day 5 FLAIR lesion volume, on average, overestimates the final infarct volume by 31%. These findings suggest that the final infarct volume can be accurately estimated from an MRI scan obtained during the vasogenic edema phase. Validation of this technique, using data sets that have infarct volume determinations at multiple time points, is in progress and results will be presented.
High-temperature CW mid-infrared interband cascade lasers (2007)

The ICL performance has improved dramatically in recent years, with maximum cw operating temperatures of 264 and 269 K being reported by the groups at JPL and NRL, respectively. Narrow ridges were quite recently fabricated from the latest ICL wafers, using epitaxial-side-up mounting topped by Au-electroplating to enhance the heat removal. The longer-wavelength ICL operated cw to 229 K, which is considerably higher than for any earlier interband laser emitting at such long. The ridge was generated over 80 mW of cw power at 78 K, where the lasing threshold was only 4.7 A/cm.