gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of relative isotopic abundance and mass measurements in a single‐stage orbitrap mass spectrometer (2012)

Orbitrap technology offers a combination of different technical specifications which have not yet been achieved by other high-resolution mass spectrometry instrumentation. This refers to the combination of sensitivity, dynamic range, mass accuracy, resolution and speed. The high stability of the mass axis and the general ease of use made the orbitrap instrumentation attractive for routine laboratories. However, there are circumstances where significantly deviating relative isotopic abundance (RIA) and shifting accurate masses can be observed. RIA becomes biased at low ion counts. Furthermore, two adjacent, only partially resolved near-isobaric ions are detected with a deviating RIA. The presence of a very intensive mass peak does not only induce Fourier transformation related artefacts (side-lobes) but can cause mass shifts of small adjacent near-isobaric mass peaks. These effects are not as drastic as known for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance instruments. Still, users trying to identify or quantify trace level compounds should be aware about such limitations in order to avoid possible pitfalls.
Ameliorating the Interfacial Problems of Cathode and Solid‐State Electrolytes by Interface Modification of Functional Polymers (2018)

Abstract Solid‐state Li secondary batteries may become high energy density storage devices for the next generation of electric vehicles, depending on the compatibility of electrode materials and suitable solid electrolytes. Specifically, it is a great challenge to obtain a stable interface between these solid electrolytes and cathodes. Herein, this issue can be effectively addressed by constructing a poly(acrylonitrile‐ co ‐butadiene) coated layer onto the surface of LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 cathode materials. The polymer layer plays a vital role in working as a protective shell to retard side reaction and ameliorate the contact of the solid–solid interface during the cycling process. In the resultant solid‐state batteries, both rate capacity (99 mA h g −1 at 3 C) and cycling stability (75% capacity retention after 400 cycles) are improved after coating. This impressive performance highlights the great importance of layer modification in the cathode and inspires the development of solid‐state batteries toward practical applications.
Effects of Naloxone Infusions in Patients with the Pruritus of Cholestasis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial (1995)

Naloxone administration is associated with amelioration of the perception of pruritus and reduction of scratching activity in cholestatic patients. Because of the opioid receptor specificity of the action of naloxone, these findings support the hypothesis that a mechanism underlying the pruritus of cholestasis is modulated by endogenous opioids and suggest that opiate antagonists may have a role in the management of this complication of cholestasis.
Detection of high-energy compounds using photoluminescent silicon nanocrystal paper based sensors (2014)

Luminescent silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) surface functionalized with dodecyl groups were exposed to solutions of nitroaromatic compounds including nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, and dinitrotoluene. It was found that Si-NC luminescence was quenched upon exposure to nitroaromatics via an electron transfer mechanism as indicated by Stern-Volmer analysis. This quenching was exploited and a straightforward paper-based Si-NC sensor was developed. This paper motif was found to be sensitive to solution, vapor, and solid phase nitroaromatics, as well as solution borne RDX and PETN.
Central Nervous System Damage, Monocytes and Macrophages, and Neurological Disorders in AIDS (2002)

This review focuses on the role of the extended macrophage/monocyte family in the central nervous system during HIV or SIV infection. The accumulated data, buttressed by recent experimental results, suggest that these cells play a central, pathogenic role in retroviral-associated CNS disease. While the immune system is able to combat the underlying retroviral infection, the accumulation and widespread activation of macrophages, microglia, and perivascular cells in the CNS are held in check. However, with the collapse of the immune system and the disappearance of the CD4(+) T cell population, productive infection reemerges, especially in CNS macrophages. These cells, as well as noninfected macrophages, are stimulated to high levels of activation. When members of this cell group become highly activated, they elaborate a wide spectrum of deleterious substances into the neural parenchyma. In the final phases of HIV or SIV infection, this chronic, widespread, and dramatic level of macrophage/monocyte/microglial activation constitutes a self-sustaining state of macrophage dysregulation, which results in pathological alterations and the emergence of various neurological problems.
Cover Image, Volume 42, Issue 1 (2017)

The cover image, by Yican Wu, is based on the Special Issue Paper Development of high intensity D–T fusion neutron generator HINEG, DOI: 10.1002/er.3572.
Learning to Compose Words into Sentences with Reinforcement Learning (2016)

We use reinforcement learning to learn tree-structured neural networks for computing representations of natural language sentences. In contrast with prior work on tree-structured models in which the trees are either provided as input or predicted using supervision from explicit treebank annotations, the tree structures in this work are optimized to improve performance on a downstream task. Experiments demonstrate the benefit of learning task-specific composition orders, outperforming both sequential encoders and recursive encoders based on treebank annotations. We analyze the induced trees and show that while they discover some linguistically intuitive structures (e.g., noun phrases, simple verb phrases), they are different than conventional English syntactic structures.
Infrared HgCdTe photovoltaic detectors by planar technology (1978)

Following years of intensive research and development (1) , (2) , (3) , (4), HgCdTe photovoltaic detectors (photodiodes) have found definite acceptance for infrared detection for commercial and military applications. Many infrared imaging and detection systems operating in the 8 to 12 µm wavelength region and developed during the past few years have almost exclusively incorporated this detector type. A number of infrared systems, particularly in the imaging area, will soon experience an increased development effort to respond to the various needs, in particular, for military night vision. The need for large-scale fabrication can, therefore, be foreseen in the years ahead. In order to be cost-efficient, production must lean toward integrated circuit fabrication techniques. It is, therefore, proper to consider planar technology. From among the two basic detection modes (photovoltaic and photoconductive), only the former responds to these requirements.
Novel NZ-DSF with ultra-low dispersion slope lower than 0.020 ps/nm/sup 2//km (2005)

A novel NZ-DSF with dispersion slope lower than 0.020 ps/nm/sup 2//km and /spl lambda//sub 0/ shorter than 1400 nm has designed and fabricated. The adaptability of a Raman amplifier and dispersion compensator was improved. A BER lower than 10/sup -9/ both in the C- and L-bands was obtained without dispersion compensation.
The sequences and activities of RegB endoribonucleases of T4-related bacteriophages (2004)

The RegB endoribonuclease encoded by bacteriophage T4 is a unique sequence-specific nuclease that cleaves in the middle of GGAG or, in a few cases, GGAU tetranucleotides, preferentially those found in the Shine-Dalgarno regions of early phage mRNAs. In this study, we examined the primary structures and functional properties of RegB ribonucleases encoded by T4-related bacteriophages. We show that all but one of 36 phages tested harbor the regB gene homologues and the similar signals for transcriptional and post-transcriptional autogenous regulation of regB expression. Phage RB49 in addition to gpRegB utilizes Escherichia coli endoribonuclease E for the degradation of its transcripts for gene regB. The deduced primary structure of RegB proteins of 32 phages studied is almost identical to that of T4, while the sequences of RegB encoded by phages RB69, TuIa and RB49 show substantial divergence from their T4 counterpart. Functional studies using plasmid-phage systems indicate that RegB nucleases of phages T4, RB69, TuIa and RB49 exhibit different activity towards GGAG and GGAU motifs in the specific locations. We expect that the availability of the different phylogenetic variants of RegB may help to localize the amino acid determinants that contribute to the specificity and cleavage efficiency of this processing enzyme.
Assay for UDPglucose 6-dehydrogenase in phosphate-starved cells: gene tuaD of Bacillus subtilis 168 encodes the UDPglucose 6-dehydrogenase involved in teichuronic acid synthesis (1999)

A novel assay permitting the detection of UDPglucose 6-dehydrogenase activity in cell-free extracts obtained from phosphate-starved cultures of Bacillus subtilis is described. The critical step, the separation of phosphate-starvation-induced exo-enzymes, phosphatases and phosphodiesterases from the cytoplasmic fraction containing the UDPglucose dehydrogenase, was achieved by protoplasting and removal of the periplasmic fraction by protoplast washing. Using this method, the following were unambiguously demonstrated: (i) the presence in the cytoplasm of an enzymic activity oxidizing UDPglucose to UDPglucuronic acid, and (ii) that detection of the activity in whole-cell-free extracts is prevented by the presence of 'periplasmic' enzymes catalysing the degradation of the sugar nucleotides. With this method, several B. subtilis 168 mutants unable to synthesize teichuronic acid were examined. Strains inactivated in gene tuaD, whose product shares homology with UDPglucose 6-dehydrogenase and GDPmannose 6-dehydrogenase from other organisms, were shown to lack UDPglucose 6-dehydrogenase activity. Anion exchange chromatography revealed that mutants deficient in tuaD lacked a cytoplasmic UDPglucuronate pool.
The Difference between two Feature Models (2007)

Computer-Aided Design and Applications is an international journal on the applications of CAD and CAM. It publishes papers in the general domain of CAD plus in emerging fields like bio-CAD, nano-CAD, soft-CAD, garment-CAD, PLM, PDM, CAD data mining, CAD and the internet, CAD education, genetic algorithms and CAD engines. The journal is aimed at all developers and users of CAD technology to ptovide CAD solutions for various stages of design and manufacturing. The journal publishes all about Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided technologies.
Morphological analysis of hair follicles in alopecia areata (1997)

This study characterizes hair follicles from early alopecia areata lesions at both the light and electron microscopic levels and describes how affected hair follicles differ from normal hair growth. The study focuses on acute and active lesions where hair follicles show greatest divergence from the normal growth pattern and are most likely to display features of primary pathology. Morphologic analysis revealed regressive changes in the hair bulbs of anagen hair follicles in alopecia areata. While tissue injury did not appear to be cell type specific, pre-cortical keratinocytes and hair bulb melanocytes were primarily affected. Three distinct patterns of cell degeneration, of variable frequency, are described including "dark cell" transformation, apoptosis, and necrosis. Abnormal melanogenesis was a common finding in this study, which may explain some of the associated pigmentary anomalies seen clinically in acute alopecia areata. Tissue damage, which was not always associated with a mononuclear cell infiltrate, may explain the premature involution of suboptimal anagen hair follicles into an early resting phase in alopecia areata. Finally, scanning electron microscopic, light microscopic, and transmission electron microscopic studies describe defective cortex differentiation in characteristic "exclamation-mark" hair shafts. These hairs may result from a transient phase of cell degeneration among pre-cortical keratinocytes.
A 320 MHz, 1.5 mW at 1.35 V CMOS PLL for microprocessor clock generation (2002)

This paper reports on the design of a phase-locked-loop (PLL) for on-chip clock generation for a high-performance microprocessor (/spl mu/P). The power consumption of the /spl mu/P has been reduced by scaling down the supply voltage. The whole system has been implemented using a 0.35/spl mu/m CMOS process that features low-threshold voltages for MOS devices to maintain the speed performance. The /spl mu/P can be set in idle mode to further reduce the overall power consumption. To allow fast recovery from the /spl mu/P idle mode, the PLL runs continuously during this mode. Therefore, the power consumption of the PLL has to be minimized. To obtain the highest performance from the /spl mu/P, the output jitter of the PLL has to be as low as possible. The power switching noise generated by the running /spl mu/P directly affects the output jitter of the on-chip PLL. In summary, the challenge was to design a PLL which combines limited jitter, low-supply voltage and low-power consumption.
Metrology target design (MTD) solution for diagonally orientated DRAM layer (2016)

We present a novel metrology target design framework using the scanner exit pupil wavefront analysis together with Zernike sensitivity analysis (ZSA) based on the Monte-Carlo technique. The proposed method enables the design of robust metrology targets that maximize target process window (PW) while minimizing placement error discrepancies with device features in the presence of spatial and temporal variation of the aberration characteristics of an exposure tool. Knowing the limitations of lithography systems, design constraints, and detailed lithography information including illumination, mask type, etc., we can successfully design an optimal metrology target. We have validated our new metrology target design (MTD) method for one of the challenging DRAM active layer consisting of diagonal line and space patterns illuminated by a rotated extreme dipole source. We find that an optimal MTD target gives the maximized PW and the strong device correlation, resulting in the dramatic improvement of overall overlay performance. The proposed target design framework is completely general and can be used to optimize targets for different lithography conditions. The results from our analysis are both physically sensible and in good agreement with experimental results.
Expression of reciprocal hybrid transcripts of HMGIC and FHIT in a pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland. (1997)

The developmentally regulated HMGIC gene, which encodes an architectural transcription factor, has recently been linked to the pathogenesis of benign solid tumors with chromosome aberrations involving 12q13-15. Among these tumors are pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands, lipoma, uterine leiomyoma, hamartomas of the breast and lung, fibroadenoma of the breast, angiomyxoma, and endometrial polyps. For most tumor types, however, the translocation partners are variable. At present, no translocation partner genes of HMGIC are known for pleomorphic adenomas. Here, we report that in a primary pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland, the FHIT gene, which spans the chromosome 3p14.2 fragile site FRA3B, and is frequently disrupted in tumors, acts as a fusion partner of HMGIC. In addition to normal HMGIC and FHIT transcripts, an HMGIC/FHIT hybrid transcript as well as its reciprocal counterpart, FHIT/HMGIC, were found to be expressed by reverse transcription-PCR. The results establish the concurrent disruption of two tumor-associated genes in a benign tumor.
Rotation of Cells in an Alternating Electric Field: the Occurrence of a Resonance Frequency (1981)

Cells suspended in a low-conducting medium were exposed to an alternating electric field whose frequency was altered between 1 kHz and 2 MHz. A resonance frequency was observed at which all suspended cells rotated about an axis normal to the field lines (when the electric field strength was larger than a threshold value of about 400 V/cm). This resonance frequency varied from species to species of cells (mesophyll protoplasts of Avena sativa = 20-40 kHz, human erythrocytes and ghost cells = 80-100 kHz, yeast cells = 140-180 kHz, Friend cells = 30-40 kHz, at room temperature). The resonance frequency of cell rotation was observed only under specific experimental conditions which excluded interference by reversible electrical breakdown of cell membranes and by gravitational forces. Glutardialdehyde fixed and heated cells exhibited no rotation in the frequency and field range investigated. The phenomenon of rotation is discussed in terms of dipole orientation within the membrane.
Superlens-cloaking of small dielectric bodies in the quasistatic regime (2007)

It has been conjectured that, in the quasistatic regime, dielectric bodies of finite size could be perfectly cloaked by certain cylindrical arrangements of materials of positive and negative permittivities known as superlenses. We show that, although they do not cloak perfectly dielectrics objects of any size, cylindrical superlenses do cloak, to a significant extent, dielectric bodies of small size.
Deficient orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia revealed by brain activation patterns (2006)

Reduced activation in these regions suggests that children with dyslexia have deficient orthographic representations in ventral temporal cortex as well as deficits in mapping between orthographic and phonological representations in inferior parietal cortex. The greater activation for the controls in inferior frontal gyrus could reflect more effective top-down modulation of posterior representations.
An Advanced NCRF Linac Concept for a High Energy e$^+$e$^-$ Linear Collider (2018)

We have explored a concept for an advanced Normal-Conducting Radio-Frequency (NCRF) C-band linear accelerator (linac) structure to achieve a high gradient, high power e$^+$e$^-$ linear collider in the TeV class. This design study represents the first comprehensive investigation for an emerging class of distributed coupling accelerator topology exploring nominal cavity geometries, frequency and temperature of operation. The structure features internal manifolds for distributing RF power separately to each cell, permitting the full structure geometry to be designed for high shunt impedance and low breakdown. Optimized within operational constraints, we find that it is advantageous for the structure to be cooled directly by liquid nitrogen (LN), further increasing the shunt impedance. A crucial part of this design process has been cost optimization, which is largely driven by the cost of peak RF power. The first operation of a distributed coupling structure at cryogenic temperatures and the nominal operating gradient 120 MeV/m is also presented, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving high-gradient performance with a cryogenically-cooled normal-conducting accelerating structure.
Middleware Support for RDMA-based Data Transfer in Cloud Computing (2012)

Providing high-speed data transfer is vital to various data-intensive applications in cloud computing systems. We design a middleware layer of high-speed communication based on Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) that serves as the common substrate to accelerate various data transfer applications in cloud computing, such as FTP, HTTP, file copy, sync and remote file I/O. This middleware offers higher end-to-end bandwidth than the traditional TCP-based alternatives, while it hides the heterogeneity of the underlying high-speed architecture. In this paper, we describe the design of this middleware, including resource abstraction, and task synchronization and scheduling. We provide a reference implementation of the file-transfer protocol over this RDMA based middleware. Our experimental results show that it outperforms several TCP-based FTP tools, such as GridFTP, while maintaining very low CPU consumption on a variety of platforms. Furthermore, these results confirm that our middleware achieves near line-speed performance in both LAN and MAN, and scales consistently from 10Gbps Ethernet to 40Gbps Ethernet and InfiniBand environments.
A Performance Comparison of Five Algorithms for Graph Isomorphism (2001)

Despite the significant number of isomorphism algorithms presented in the literature, till now no efforts have been done for characterizing their performance. Consequently, it is not clear how the behavior of those algorithms varies as the type and the size of the graphs to be matched varies in case of real applications. In this paper we present a benchmarking activity for characterizing the performance of a bunch of algorithms for exact graph isomorphism. To this purpose we use a large database containing 10,000 couples of isomorphic graphs with different topologies (regular graphs, randomly connected graphs, bounded valence graph), enriched with suitably modified versions of them for simulating distortions occurring in real cases. The size of the considered graphs ranges from a few nodes to about 1000 nodes. 1.
Planar bio/magnetic bead separator with microfluidic channel (1998)

A new micromachined planar bio/magnetic bead separator that can separate magnetic beads from suspended liquid solutions has been realized on a silicon wafer as a bio-sampling component for miniaturized biological detection systems. The requisite magnetic field gradients are generated by an embedded serpentine conductor coil and electromagnet under the bottom of a microfluidic channel, which yields several advantages in design flexibility, compactness, electrical and optical monitoring, and integration feasibility. Applying 10 approximately 35 mA of DC current, the fabricated device has been successfully tested for magnetic beads separation on the top of the inductive components. The maximum flow rate and fluid velocity in which the DC current can hold the beads without losing them has been also measured. The realized bio/magnetic bead separator can hold the separated beads in the fluid flow whose average velocity is up to 1 mm/s when a 30 mA of DC current is applied. The separated magnetic beads are also easily released when the applied current is removed, achieving the primary purpose of a separator. The test results show that the microfabricated bio/magnetic bead separator has a high potential in biological or biomedical applications, especially in separating or manipulating small amounts of cells, enzymes, or DNA that are marked with magnetic beads.
Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy (2019)

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and is characterized by degeneration of retinal neurons and neoangiogenesis, causing a severe threat to vision. Nowadays, the principal treatment options for DR are laser photocoagulation, vitreoretinal surgery, or intravitreal injection of drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor. However, these treatments only act at advanced stages of DR, have short term efficacy, and cause side effects. Treatment with nutraceuticals (foods providing medical or health benefits) at early stages of DR may represent a reasonable alternative to act upstream of the disease, preventing its progression. In particular, in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that a variety of nutraceuticals have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may inhibit the early diabetes-driven molecular mechanisms that induce DR, reducing both the neural and vascular damage typical of DR. Although most studies are limited to animal models and there is the problem of low bioavailability for many nutraceuticals, the use of these compounds may represent a natural alternative method to standard DR treatments.