gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface Dissolution and Diffusion of Oxygen Molecules in SiO2 Glass (2004)

Surface dissolution and diffusion of oxygen molecules (O2) in SiO2 glass were studied by their photoluminescence at 1272 nm excited with a titanium sapphire laser oscillating at 765 nm. The dissolution of O2 from ambient atmosphere at both surfaces was much faster than the following diffusion of O2 into SiO2 glass, indicating that the surface dissolution is not the rate-limiting step for the saturation of SiO2 glass with O2. The time- and temperature-dependent concentration changes of O2 allow to evaluate the diffusion coefficient and the saturation solubility of O2 in SiO2 glass.
Optimal DC-Link Stabilization Design (2015)

Analytic expressions for optimal stabilization controllers for constant power loads with LC input filters are derived, directly showing the controller dependence on input filter components as well as operating conditions. The controllers are explicitly designed to stabilize the system with minimum load power modification. The minimization is done both in terms of H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</sub> norms, and power reference as well as supply voltage variations is considered. The theoretical results are verified through offline as well as hardware-in-the-loop simulations.
Abstract 234: Reduction of LpX and Improvement in Kidney Function in LCAT-KO Mice by Enzyme Replacement Therapy (2016)

Familial LCAT Deficiency (FLD) is associated with the gradual development of severe kidney dysfunction from the renal deposition of LpX, an abnormal lipoprotein that accumulates in this disorder. The aim of our study was to develop an efficient mouse model of FLD in which elevated plasma LpX and kidney dysfunction can be rapidly induced in order to test whether recombinant human LCAT (rhLCAT) injections can prevent renal disease. We used the previously described LCAT-Ko x SREBP1a transgenic mouse model (Zhu et al., 2004) with the transgene placed under control of PEPCK promoter, which can be induced by high protein diets. We demonstrate that high levels of LpX plasma particles appeared within 5-7 days after 2-3 month old mice were switched to a protein rich carbohydrate low diet (PRCL). Kidney dysfunction measured by albumin/creatinine ratio after 9 days on PRCL diet increased by 32±12 fold. On the PRCL diet, plasma VLDL-C and LDL-C fractions of LCAT-Ko x SREBP1a mice increased 2-4 fold compared to mice on a normal chow diet. Transmission electron microscopy clearly demonstrated the presence of multilamellar LpX particles in plasma and renal glomeruli, as well as robust accumulation lipid droplets in hepatocytes of mice kept on the PRCL diet for 7 days. All these changes were reversible; when mice were returned to the normal chow diet their plasma lipid characteristics and kidney function quickly returned within days to the level observed before the diet was initiated. When LCAT-Ko x SREBP1a mice were placed on PRCL diet and simultaneously treated with rhLCAT (x 3 per week IV injection 30 mg/kg for 2 weeks) plasma LpX was eliminated and a normal mouse lipoprotein profile was observed and most notably HDL-C increased from 5.6 g/dL to 54.1 mg/dL. Treatment with rhLCAT decreased the albumin/creatinine ratio 5±1 fold. Conclusions: LCAT-Ko and SREBP1a mice on a PRCL diet can be used as efficient model for investigating potential therapies for LCAT deficiency. Results show the feasibility of rhLCAT treatment for preventing renal disease in patients with FLD.
Macrophages in the embryo and beyond: Much more than just giant phagocytes (2008)

Abstract Macrophages in a “MacBlue” mouse embryo at 12 days post coitus, visualized by the expression of enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) from a bi‐partite ( Csf1r‐Gal4/UAS‐ECFP ) transgene. Macrophages are interspersed throughout the embryo, with the highest concentration in the embryonic liver; they are also abundant around the developing heart, brain and eyes. See the review by Ovchinnikov in this issue.
Changing energy efficiency (2011)

In the previous chapter we saw how business as usual scenarios lead to a rapid increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We saw how GDP per person and population combines with CO2 intensity to give the total emissions to the atmosphere. The population momentum that comes from past high fertility and the falling mortality makes it difficult for policies to have a short-term impact on population. However, there are some examples such as China, which has changed the rate of increase of its population through regulations known as the one-child policy. Population is a field not usually in the domain where engineers practice. Reducing population growth might be a cost-effective way of managing greenhouse gas, as well as addressing a number of other challenges facing the world, but we will not pursue it further. Readers are referred to Birdsall (1994) for a discussion of population momentum.
Responding to online child sexual grooming: an industry perspective (2009)

As the internet and other forms of information and communications technology advances, opportunities for child sexual offenders and other financially-motivated cybercriminals to sexually exploit children will increase. Official statistics here and overseas indicate the number of investigations and prosecutions remain small but are increasing rapidly. This paper discusses non-legislative measures to address the issue of online child exploitation, particularly child grooming. Using knowledge of offending patterns and encouraging effective coordination and collaboration by government and private-sector entities enables law enforcement to develop strategies to address the problem. Social-networking sites are currently working with law enforcement agencies to protect children through the removal of known offenders from their websites. The financial services industry is assisting to eliminate offenders’ access to financial-payment systems. These types of joint and transnational initiatives reduce opportunities for, and the detection of, online child exploitations. Although it is well recognized that educational preventative strategies are required to raise awareness amongst young people and children, it is less clear what would be effective in encouraging them to report suspicious or explicit contact or material to parents and authorities.
Laser Pointer Tracking in Projector-Augmented Architectural Environments (2007)

We present a system that employs a custom-built pan-tilt-zoom camera for laser pointer tracking in arbitrary real environments. Once placed in a room, it carries out a fully automatic self-registration, registrations of projectors, and sampling of surface parameters, such as geometry and reflectivity. After these steps, it can be used for tracking a laser spot on the surface as well as an LED marker in 3D space, using inter-playing fish-eye context and controllable detail cameras. The captured surface information can be used for masking out areas that are problematic for laser pointer tracking, and for guiding geometric and radiometric image correction techniques that enable a projector-based augmentation on arbitrary surfaces. We describe a distributed software framework that couples laser pointer tracking for interaction, projector-based AR as well as video see-through AR for visualizations, with the domain specific functionality of existing desktop tools for architectural planning, simulation and building surveying.
Energy expenditure of trans-tibial amputees during ambulation at self-selected pace (1994)

The purpose of this investigation was two-fold: 1) to compare the metabolic cost (VO2), heart rate (HR), and self-selected speed of ambulation of trans-tibial amputees (TTAs) with those of non-amputee subjects; and 2) to determine whether a correlation exists between either stump length or prosthesis mass and the energy cost of ambulation at the self-selected ambulation pace of TTAs. Subjects were thirty-nine healthy male non-vascular TTAs between the ages of 22 and 75 years (mean +/- sd = 47 +/- 16). All had regularly used their prosthesis for longer than six months and were independent of assistive ambulation devices. Twenty-one healthy non-amputee males aged 27-47 years (31 +/- 6) served as controls. Subjects ambulated at a self-selected pace over an indoor course, with steady-state VO2, HR, and ambulation speed averaged across minutes seven, eight and nine of walking. Results showed that HR and VO2 for TTAs were 16% greater, and the ambulation pace 11% slower than the non-amputee controls. Significant correlations were not observed between stump length or prosthesis mass, and the energy cost of ambulation. However, when the TTA subject pool was stratified on the basis of long and short stump length, the former sustained significantly lower steady-state VO2 and HR than the latter while walking at comparable pace. These data indicate that stump length may influence the metabolic cost of ambulation in TTAs.
In vivo Neurogenesis (2013)

This protocol shows how to characterize the dynamics of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult mouse by describing preparation of brain tissue, immunofluorescence of brain sections and confocal stereotactic cell counting.
Electron-hole pair generation in SiC high-temperature alpha particle detectors (2013)

We demonstrate alpha-particle detection in an n-type 4H-SiC Schottky diode detector up to a temperature of 500 °C using an Am-241 disc source. The measured spectra were used to calculate the electron-hole pair creation energy in 4H-SiC and its non-bandgap contribution, which are both found to decrease with increasing temperature. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the measured alpha-energy peaks was found to increase exponentially with temperature due to an exponential increase of leakage current. For our measurement system, above 300 °C, where the leakage current was 10−6 A, this increase exceeded the FWHM at room temperature.
Gigantic electric-field-induced second harmonic generation from an organic conjugated polymer enhanced by a band-edge effect (2019)

Electric-field-induced second harmonic generation (EFISH), a third-order nonlinear process, arises from the interaction between the electric field of an external bias and that of two incident photons. EFISH can be used to dynamically control the nonlinear optical response of materials and is therefore promising for active nonlinear devices. However, it has been challenging to achieve a strong modulation with EFISH in conventional nonlinear materials. Here, we report a large tunability of an EFISH signal from a subwavelength-thick polymer film sandwiched between a transparent electrode and a metallic mirror. By exploiting the band-edge-enhanced third-order nonlinear susceptibility of the organic conjugated polymer, we successfully demonstrate a gigantic EFISH effect with a modulation ratio up to 422% V<sup>-</sup> <sup>1</sup> at a pumping wavelength of 840 nm. The band-edge-enhanced EFISH opens new avenues for modulating the intensity of SHG signals and for controlling nonlinear electro-optic interactions in nanophotonic devices.
Resolving Conflict Across Languages (2001)

Abstract English is increasingly used as an indispensable interlanguage, the common third language of non-native speakers, in international negotiations. In technical or commercial talks, where interlocutors share a stock of expert knowledge, semantic problems are relatively easily overcome. In emotive and complex negotiations to resolve protracted international conflict, however, intriguing problems of interpretation arise. Though interlocutors speak in English, they are unlikely to think or work in English. Back home the political debate is conducted in the mother tongue. Thus the semantic fields, the full range of meanings and connotations, of key abstract concepts at the heart of the negotiation may not be conveyed in translation. The ill-fated Syrian-Israeli peace talks are drawn upon to exemplify the argument.
Survival and recurrence patterns of multifocal glioblastoma after radiation therapy (2018)

Multifocality is an independent predictor of survival in GBM. Concomitant temozolomide treatment improved OS of patients with mGBM and uGBM. Both disease types showed similar patterns of progression. Current target volume concepts seem to be adequate in both unifocal and multifocal GBMs. GBM, the most common primary brain tumor in adults, is associated with poor survival. We show herein that multifocality is an independent prognostic factor for survival. We also illustrate that the progression patterns of both unifocal and multifocal GBM are similar.
Energy cost during ambulation in transfemoral amputees: a knee joint with a mechanical swing phase control vs a knee joint with a pneumatic swing phase control (1995)

The aim of the study was (i) to evaluate the preference of transfemoral amputees for a 4-bar linked knee joint with either a mechanical swing phase control or a pneumatic swing phase control, and (ii) to compare the energy expenditure in transfemoral amputees using a prosthesis with a mechanical swing phase control with that of the same amputees using a prosthesis with a pneumatic swing phase control. The study included 28 unilateral transfemoral amputees amputated for reasons other than chronic vascular disease. All patients had a prosthesis with a knee joint with mechanical swing phase control (the Otto Bock 3R20) before entering the study. The amputees changed their knee joint to one with pneumatic swing phase control (the Tehlin knee joint) at random either after the first or second assessment. The amputees were asked for their preference at the second and third assessments. The energy expenditure while walking at speeds of 2 and 3 km/h was measured at each assessment. After having tried both knee joints, 19 patients preferred the Tehlin knee, 6 patients preferred the Otto Bock 3R20, and 3 patients had no preference. The energy expenditure measurement showed that walking with the Tehlin knee required more energy than walking with Otto Bock 3R20. Because of the limited number of patients included in the study and the fact that a double-blind design was impossible to achieve, conclusions should be drawn with caution.
VELO: A Novel Communication Engine for Ultra-Low Latency Message Transfers (2008)

This paper presents a novel stateless, virtualized communication engine for sub-microsecond latency. Using a field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) based prototype we show a latency of 970 ns between two machines with our virtualized engine for low overhead (VELO). The FPGA device is directly connected to the CPUs by a hypertransport link. The described hardware architecture is optimized for small messages and avoids the overhead typically found with direct-memory access (DMA) controlled transfers. The stateless approach allows to use the hardware unit directly from many threads and processes simultaneously. It provides a secure user level communication with an extremely optimized start-up phase. Micro benchmarks results are reported both based on proprietary API and OpenMPI basis.
Auxetic Cellular Materials and Structures (2005)

Auxetic materials and structures exhibit the very unusual property of becoming wider when stretched and narrower when squashed (i.e. they have a negative ‘Poisson’s ratio’). This property results in many beneficial effects in the characteristics of the system that make auxetics superior to conventional systems in many practical and high tech applications, including aeronautics where, for example, auxetics are being proposed as potential components for the production of better quality lifting devices such as helicopter rotor blades or airplane wings. This work reviews and discusses the behaviour of known and novel cellular systems, which exhibit this unusual but highly desirable property.
Atmospheric pressure methane–hydrogen dc micro-glow discharge for thin film deposition (2008)

Atmospheric pressure methane–hydrogen dc micro-plasmas were studied for thin film deposition. Numerical simulations were performed using a hybrid model. The model contained detailed reaction mechanisms for the gas-phase discharge and the surface reactions to predict the species densities in the discharge and the deposition characteristics and its growth rate. Twenty-three species and an eighty-one step reaction mechanism were considered for the gas-phase methane–hydrogen discharge. The surface chemistry consisted of eighteen species and eighty-four reaction steps. The simulations were carried out for a dc parallel plate electrode configuration with an inter-electrode gap of 200 µm. An external circuit was also considered along with the discharge model and surface reactions. Basic plasma properties such as electron and species density, electric field, electron temperature and gas temperature were studied. Special attention was devoted to study the influence of discharge current and methane mass fraction on the plasma characteristics and the deposition characteristics and its rate. The , and concentrations were found to be the dominant hydrogen and hydrocarbon ions, respectively. It was found that in atmospheric pressure methane–hydrogen micro-plasmas, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4 and C2H2 are also present at high densities. CH2 and CH3 were found to be the main radicals, which are prominent growth species for diamond-like-carbon deposition. The simulations indicated significant gas heating in the entire regime of operation. Ion Joule heating was found to be dominant in the sheath whereas Franck–Condon heating and heavy particle reaction induced heating was dominant in the volume. A strong dependence of soot formation on gas temperature was observed. At higher discharge current and methane mass fraction the deposited film was predicted to have higher soot content. Mass spectrometry experiments were conducted to measure the methane conversion factor (cf) and the C2H2 density for different discharge currents. Both the methane cf and C2H2 density showed an increase with increasing discharge current. Predictions from simulations agreed favourably with the mass spectrometry measurements.
Role of mucosal prostaglandins and DNA synthesis in gastric cytoprotection by luminal epidermal growth factor. (1981)

This study compares the effect of epidermal growth factor and prostaglandins (PGE2 or PGI2), applied topically to gastric mucosa, on gastric secretion and formation of ASA-induced gastric ulcerations in rats. Epidermal growth factor given topically in non-antisecretory doses prevented dose-dependently the formation of ASA-induced ulcers without affecting prostaglandin generation but with a significant rise in DNA synthesis in the oxyntic mucosa. The anti-ulcer effect of topical prostaglandins was also accompanied by an increase in DNA synthesis. This study indicates that topical epidermal growth factor, like PGE2 or PGI2, is cytoprotective and that this cytoprotection is not mediated by the inhibition of gastric secretion or prostaglandin formation but related to the increase in DNA synthesis in oxyntic mucosa.
Efficacy of Oral Famotidine and 2 Omeprazole Formulations for the Control of Intragastric pH in Dogs (2010)

Oral omeprazole tablet and RP provide superior gastric acid suppression to famotidine, and should therefore be considered more effective for the treatment of acid related disorders in dogs.
Sample correction for digitally controlled boost PFC converters operating in both CCM and DCM (2003)

PFC converters for the higher power range are commonly designed for continuous conduction mode. Nevertheless, at light load, DCM will appear close to the crossover of the line voltage, causing the converter to switch between CCM and DCM. As a result of this switching during a line period, the converter dynamics change abruptly, yielding input current distortion. Moreover, if digital control is applied, another source of input current distortion is posed by the sampling algorithm. After all, the sampling algorithm is only designed to produce samples of the averaged input current in CCM. In this paper, after a study of the input current distortion caused by the sampling algorithm, a correction factor is derived to compensate for the error on the input current samples. The theoretical results are verified experimentally by using a digitally controlled boost PFC converter.
Bone formation around immediately loaded and submerged dental implants with a modified sandblasted and acid-etched surface after 4 and 8 weeks: a human histologic and histomorphometric analysis. (2010)

Very high BICs were present after 4 and 8 weeks around both submerged and IL implants, with the latter showing a higher quantity of bone. IL did not impede bone formation in the early healing periods.
THE USE OF CO<sub>2</sub> IN PACKAGING OF FRESH RED MEATS AND ITS EFFECT ON CHEMICAL QUALITY CHANGES IN THE MEAT: A REVIEW (2002)

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial effect of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is well documented but comparison of the large number of often contradictory studies investigating the effect of CO 2 on chemical quality changes is lacking. The amount of absorbed CO 2 varies from 0 ‐ 1.79 L CO 2 /kg meat depending on the applied packaging and storage conditions, which clearly demonstrates the necessity of optimizing these conditions with respect to the required amount of CO 2 . Absorption of large amounts of CO 2 in meat tissue can cause a minor decrease in pH due to the dissociation of the produced carbonic acid to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. A decrease in pH might affect other chemical quality parameters but this is not observed to be the case in the reviewed studies and general detrimental effects of CO 2 cannot be found for color, weight loss or lipid oxidation. However, elevated CO 2 levels can cause pore formation in cooked meat.
Quantification of low-level genetically modified (GM) seed presence in large seed lots: a case study of GM seed in Canadian flax breeder seed lots (2011)

Abstract The detection and quantification of the prevalence of genetically modified organism (GM) contamination in seed exports is a critical element of regulatory compliance. While the procedures to reliably detect high levels of GM contamination are well understood, no comparable statistical approaches are available for the quantification of levels of GM prevalence below the established detection rate of standard tests. We present a simple statistical approach based on simulation modelling for the quantification of low levels of GM contamination. The approach can be modified to match any sampling regime and can account for rates of false positive and negative assay results. The application of this method is demonstrated using the low level of contamination in Canadian flax breeder seed lots by the GM flax variety ‘Triffid’. We show that GM contamination is likely present in seed lots at rates between two GM seeds per million and six seeds per hundred thousand. We also show that this low level of presumed contamination is indistinguishable from the number of positive tests expected from a clean seed lot given the potential rates of false positive tests.