gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kolbe Electrolysis of Acetic Acid in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Reactor (1998)

A polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) reactor is described for use in Kolbe electrolysis: the anodic oxidation of an alkyl carboxylic acid with subsequent decarboxylation and coupling to yield a dimer, . Platinized Nafion® 117 is the PEM and functions simultaneously as the electrolyte and separator. Results demonstrating the feasibility of Kolbe electrolysis in a PEM reactor are presented for the oxidation of gaseous acetic acid (in a nitrogen diluent) to ethane and carbon dioxide, with hydrogen evolution at the counter electrode. The investigation includes the following effects on current density, current efficiency, and product selectivity: acetic acid partial pressure (Ptotal ≈ 1 atm), cell voltage and temperature, phase of the catholyte (liquid water or humidified nitrogen) and the procedure used to prepare the membrane‐electrode assembly. Current densities from 0.06 to 0.4 A/cm2 with Kolbe current efficiencies of 10 to 90% were obtained for cell voltages ranging from 4 to 10 V. The best results were obtained using PEMs platinized by a nonequilibrium impregnation‐reduction method; a 75% current efficiency at 0.3 A/cm2 with a cell voltage of 6 V were measured at the following reaction conditions: 42°C reactor, 58 mm Hg acetic acid (50°C acetic acid dew point), and 42°C liquid water to the cathode. These initial results are encouraging for Kolbe electrolysis in a PEM cell; additional work, however, is needed to determine if the PEM strategy may be employed using a liquid‐phase reactant. In addition, optimal reaction conditions and downstream mass‐transfer separation requirements remain to be determined both of which are reactant specific.
All-optical nonlinear joint Fourier transform correlator (1994)

We present the first all-optical nonlinear joint transform correlator based on a square-law receiver in the Fourier plane. Our device uses a photorefractive limiting quadratic processor. The compressional nonlinearity associated with the transfer function of the limiting quadratic processor enables the correlator to detect signals embedded in Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise. In the limiting region this device correlates the phase-only information of the input. This is the first time to our knowledge that photorefractives or real-time holography has been used in the correlation of the phase-only information. We demonstrate the operation of this device experimentally, and we evaluate its performance throughcomputer simulation for various forms of noise.
Using Genomics to Identify High-Risk Myeloma after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (2006)

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of antibody-secreting plasma cells that expand in the bone marrow. Although high-dose therapy/autologous stem cell transplantation has become the standard of care for patients with multiple myeloma, survival is highly variable and can range from a few years to >10 years after diagnosis. Application of high-throughput genomics on a large uniformly untreated cohort of patients has revealed that activation of 1 of the 3 cyclin D genes is a universal initiating event in this disease and that acquisition of abnormalities of chromosome 1 leads to activation of CKS1B, a regulator of p27Kip1 degradation. Synergy between cyclin D2 and CKS1B, but not cyclin D1 and CKS1B, may lead to early treatment failure.
Ferroelectric polymers with large electrostriction; based on semicrystalline VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymers (2001)

Abstract This paper discusses a new ferroelectric polymer with large electrostrictive response (∼4%) at ambient temperature, which is based on a processable semicrystalline terpolymer comprising vinylidene difluoride (VDF), trifluoroethylene (TrFE), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). This VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymer was prepared by a combination of bulk polymerization process and a borane/oxygen initiator at ambient temperature. The incorporated bulky CTFE units in the terpolymer seem to reduce the crystalline domain size and move the ferroelectric-paraelectric (F-P) phase transition to near ambient temperature with a very small energy barrier. Some terpolymers exhibited common ferroelectric relaxor behaviors with a broad dielectric peak that shifted toward higher temperatures as the frequency increased, and a slim polarization hysteresis loop at near the dielectric peak (around ambient temperature) that gradually evolved into a normal ferroelectric polarization hysteresis loop with reduced temperature.
Intraoperative application of optical spectroscopy in the presence of blood (2001)

A simple but effective method of spectral processing was developed to minimize or remove the effects of the presence of superficial blood on tissue optical spectra and, hence, enhance the performance of optical-spectroscopic-based in vivo tissue diagnosis and surgical guidance. This spectral-processing algorithm was developed using the principles of absorption-induced light attenuation wherein the ratio of fluorescence intensity (F) and the hth power of diffuse reflectance intensity (Rd) at a given emission wavelength /spl lambda//sub m/ is immune to spectral distortions induced by the presence of blood on the tissue surface. Here, the exponent h is determined by the absorption coefficients of whole blood at the excitation and emission wavelengths. The theoretical basis of this spectral processing was verified using simulations and was experimentally validated. Furthermore, the optical spectra of brain tissues collected in vivo was processed using this algorithm to evaluate its impact on brain tissue differentiation using combined fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Based on the simulation, as well as experimental results, it was observed that using F/Rd/sup h/ h can effectively reduce or remove spectral distortions induced by superficial blood contamination on tissue optical spectra. Thus, optical spectroscopy can also be used intraoperatively for applications such as surgical guidance of tumor resection.
Detecting Scene-Plausible Perceptible Backdoors in Trained DNNs Without Access to the Training Set (2021)

Backdoor data poisoning attacks add mislabeled examples to the training set, with an embedded backdoor pattern, so that the classifier learns to classify to a target class whenever the backdoor pattern is present in a test sample. Here, we address posttraining detection of scene-plausible perceptible backdoors, a type of backdoor attack that can be relatively easily fashioned, particularly against DNN image classifiers. A post-training defender does not have access to the potentially poisoned training set, only to the trained classifier, as well as some unpoisoned examples that need not be training samples. Without the poisoned training set, the only information about a backdoor pattern is encoded in the DNN's trained weights. This detection scenario is of great import considering legacy and proprietary systems, cell phone apps, as well as training outsourcing, where the user of the classifier will not have access to the entire training set. We identify two important properties of scene-plausible perceptible backdoor patterns, spatial invariance and robustness, based on which we propose a novel detector using the maximum achievable misclassification fraction (MAMF) statistic. We detect whether the trained DNN has been backdoor-attacked and infer the source and target classes. Our detector outperforms existing detectors and, coupled with an imperceptible backdoor detector, helps achieve posttraining detection of most evasive backdoors of interest.
Adenovirus-Mediated Delivery of an Anti-V Antigen Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against a Lethal <i>Yersinia pestis</i> Challenge (2009)

Pneumonic plague, caused by inhalation of Yersinia pestis, represents a major bioterrorism threat for which no vaccine is available. Based on the knowledge that genetic delivery of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vectors results in rapid, high-level antibody expression, we evaluated the hypothesis that Ad-mediated delivery of a neutralizing antibody directed against the Y. pestis V antigen would protect mice against a Y. pestis challenge. MAbs specific for the Y. pestis V antigen were generated, and the most effective in protecting mice against a lethal intranasal Y. pestis challenge was chosen for further study. The coding sequences for the heavy and light chains were isolated from the corresponding hybridoma and inserted into a replication-defective serotype 5 human Ad gene transfer vector (AdalphaV). Western analysis of AdalphaV-infected cell supernatants demonstrated completely assembled antibodies reactive with V antigen. Following AdalphaV administration to mice, high levels of anti-V antigen antibody titers were detectable as early as 1 day postadministration, peaked by day 3, and remained detectable through a 12-week time course. When animals that received AdalphaV were challenged with Y. pestis at day 4 post-AdalphaV administration, 80% of the animals were protected, while 0% of control animals survived (P < 0.01). Ad-mediated delivery of a V antigen-neutralizing antibody is an effective therapy against plague in experimental animals and could be developed as a rapidly acting antiplague therapeutic.
Anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, anti‐microbial properties of human milk derived peptides (2010)

Human milk (HM) digested and derived peptides (100 ug/mL) and tryptophan (Trp 50 ug/mL) were evaluated using MQ cells for NO assay, cell proliferation and cytotoxicity; cell viability and cytokines in MQ and Caco 2 cells and antioxidant properties with ORAC using standard protocols. Peptides ORAC Values (X±SD) TNFα (pg/ml) IL‐6 (pg/ml) NO (μM) Medium ‐ 781 976 35 Medium+LPS ‐ 6156 1136 90 23‐1 114±10 7684* 114* 60 23‐2 ‐ 5059 1068 150* 23‐3 ‐ 3952 1085 50 23‐4 3940±623 4188 1885 80 23‐5 3462±560 5259 1098 60 23‐6 3380±592 5590 1127 120* 23‐7 8205±552* 4933 1121 45 23‐8 6372±354* 4407 1055 55 Trp 50μg/ml 23563±317* 4869 1137 70 Trp showed the highest ORAC value. Peptide 23‐7 (YGYTGA) and peptide 23‐8 (ISELGW) with a single Trp gave higher ORAC values. All peptides excluding peptide 23‐1 significantly inhibited the production of TNFα in LPS stimulated mouse macrophage cells. The profile of IL‐1 β was similar to that of TNF α. Peptides 23‐2 and 23‐6 enhanced the production of NO. Peptides 23‐7 and peptide 23‐8 produced relatively low quantities of vasodilator molecule NO. These peptides appear to be anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory due to their unique structure. The MTT assay showed all peptides did not affect the viability of mouse macrophage cells but induced a moderate degree of growth proliferation in Caco 2 cells. 23‐8 (ISELGW) also exhibited strong anti‐microbial properties. This specific peptide may be suitable as additives to infant formulas to reduce inflammation and oxidation in vulnerable infants. Supported by AFMNet and MICH.
Phthalocyanine Tetraamine Epoxy-Curing Agents (1986)

Tough fire- and chemical-resistant epoxies produced by using metalphthalocyanine tetraamines (MPT's) of copper, cobalt, or nickel as curing agents. Synthesis of MPT's commercially realizable and gives pure compounds with almost 90-percent yield. Synthesis applicable for metals with atomic radii of about 1.35 angstroms, including Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Fe, Pt, Al, and V. Possible to use metal phthalocyanines to cure epoxy resins in homogeneous reaction.
Microfluidic Mixing and the Formation of Nanoscale Lipid Vesicles (2010)

We investigate the formation of unilamellar lipid vesicles (liposomes) with diameters of tens of nanometers by controlled microfluidic mixing and nanoparticle determination (COMMAND). Our study includes liposome synthesis experiments and numerical modeling of our microfluidic implementation of the batch solvent injection method. We consider microfluidic liposome formation from the perspective of fluid interfaces and convective-diffusive mixing, as we find that bulk fluid flow parameters including hydrodynamically focused alcohol stream width, final alcohol concentration, and shear stress do not primarily determine the vesicle formation process. Microfluidic device geometry in conjunction with hydrodynamic flow focusing strongly influences vesicle size distributions, providing a coarse method to control liposome size, while total flow rate allows fine-tuning the vesicle size in certain focusing regimes. Although microfluidic liposome synthesis is relatively simple to implement experimentally, numerical simulations of the mixing process reveal a complex system of fluid flow and mass transfer determining the formation of nonequilibrium vesicles. These results expand our understanding of the microfluidic environment that controls liposome self-assembly and yield several technological advances for the on-chip synthesis of nanoscale lipid vesicles.
A Rate Integrating Fiber Optic Gyro (1991)

In the past, fiber optic gyros have generally been viewed as angular rate sensors. However, for inertial navigation purposes, a “rate integrating” gyro characteristic is desired. The distinction is subtle, but important. A rate gyro's output represents an estimate of instantaneous angular rate. The system attitude is determined by sampling the rate and integrating numerically to angular displacement. On the other hand, a rate integrating gyro provides the change in rotation angle rather than instantaneous rate. The system accumulates the angular increments obtained from the gyro to determine rotation angle and, hence, attitude. A ring laser gyro is a good example of a rate integrating sensor. Its output consists of pulses that represent fixed angle increments. It is shown that an interferometric fiber optic gyro can also be configured as a rate integrating gyro. The paper discusses the theory and application of this concept.
Assessing the Quality of VoIP Transmission Affected by Playout Buffer Scheme (2005)

Delay, echo, encoding scheme, and packet loss all influence perceived quality of conversational speech transmitted over packet networks. Therefore, the choice of a buffer algorithm cannot be solely based on statistical loss/delay trade-off metrics. Also subjective “listening tests” or the newer ITU-T PESQ method, which don’t consider the effect of mouth-to-ear delay are inappropriate. We proposed a method for assessing VoIP call quality by extending the ITU-T E-model concept. This method provides a direct link to perceived conversational speech quality by estimating user satisfaction from the combined effect of information loss, delay and echo.
Salient object detection by composition (2011)

Conventional saliency analysis methods measure the saliency of individual pixels. The resulting saliency map inevitably loses information in the original image and finding salient objects in it is difficult. We propose to detect salient objects by directly measuring the saliency of an image window in the original image and adopt the well established sliding window based object detection paradigm. We present a simple definition for window saliency, i.e., the cost of composing the window using the remaining parts of the image. The definition uses the entire image as the context and agrees with human intuition. It no longer relies on idealistic assumptions usually used before (e.g., "back- ground is homogenous") and generalizes well to complex objects and backgrounds in real world images. To realize the definition, we illustrate how to incorporate different cues such as appearance, position, and size. Based on a segment-based representation, the window composition cost function can be efficiently evaluated by a greedy optimization algorithm. Extensive evaluation on challenging object detection datasets verifies better efficacy and efficiency of the proposed method comparing to the state-of-the-art, making it a good pre-processing tool for subsequent applications. Moreover, we hope to stimulate further work towards the challenging yet important problem of generic salient object detection.
Delivery systems for biological control agents to manage aflatoxin contamination of pre-harvest maize (2009)

While soil application of a competitive non-toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains is successful in reducing aflatoxin contamination in certain crops, direct application to aerial reproductive structures could be more effective for maize. A sprayable, clay-based water-dispersible granule formulation was developed to deliver non-toxigenic A. flavus strain K49 directly to maize ears. The efficacy of the K49 water-dispersible granule in mitigating aflatoxin in maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated. Field studies were conducted to compare K49 colonization and effectiveness in reducing aflatoxin contamination when applied either as a soil inoculant or as a directed spray in plots infested with toxigenic strain F3W4. Fifty percent of non-toxigenic A. flavus was recovered from non-treated controls and from plots soil inoculated with K49 on wheat. In spray treatments with formulated or unformulated K49 conidia, over 90% of A. flavus recovered was non-toxigenic. Soil-applied K49 reduced aflatoxin contamination by 65% and spray applications reduced contamination by 97%. These findings suggest direct spray application of non-toxigenic A. flavus strains may be better than soil inoculation at controlling maize aflatoxin contamination and that a water-dispersible granule is a viable delivery system for maintaining viability and efficacy of the biological control agent, K49.
Development of a fiber optic current sensor for power systems (1992)

A description is presented of an all-fiber optic current sensor. A method for producing highly stable sensing coils and techniques for interfacing these coils with novel polarizing fiber are described. The performance of a fully functional prototype device is discussed. Theoretical limits and preliminary characterization data are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rapid NMR Cardiography with a Half-Echo M-Mode Method (1991)

A real-time NMR cardiac profiling pulse sequence has been developed that incorporates two-dimensional (2D) selective excitation and a half-echo readout. The time resolution has been improved by a factor of two relative to the previous flow-compensated, full-echo version. The technique produces a 2D plot of "beam"-axis position versus time, analogous to M-mode echocardiography. In human subjects, details of valve leaflet motion, intracardiac flow, wall motion, and wall thickening may be observed along optimal lines of sight selected interactively. The pulse sequence uses a low-tip-angle 2D selective-excitation pulse derived from a spiral k-space trajectory to excite a narrow cylinder of magnetization, followed by a half-echo readout gradient oriented along the axis of the cylinder. One-dimensional Fourier transformation of the acquired signal results in a magnetization profile along the length of the cylinder, or beam. The pulse sequence is effectively flow compensated without any additional gradient lobes, because the rapid oscillation in the gradient wave forms of the 2D excitation pulse produces relatively small net gradient moments, and the shortened readout gradient has minimal first-order moment relative to center echo. The signal from moving blood can alternatively be velocity encoded by the addition of bipolar gradients along any of the three axes, producing Doppler-like traces of intracardiac blood flow.
A New Approach to Vessel Enhancement in Angiography Images (2007)

Conventional vessel enhancement approaches used in literature are Hessian-based filters, which are sensitive to noise and sometimes give discontinued vessels due to junction suppression. In this paper, we propose a new approach incorporating the use of linear directional features of vessels to get more precise estimates of the Hessian eigenvalues in noisy environment. The directional features are extracted from a set of directional images which are obtained by decomposing the input image using a Directional Filter Bank. In addition, the directional image decomposition helps to avoid junction suppression, which in turn, yields continuous vessel tree. Experimental results show that the proposed filter generates better performance in comparison against conventional Hessian-based approaches.
Probe Module for Wafer-Level Testing of Gigascale Chips With Electrical and Optical I/O Interconnects (2005)

The bandwidth provided by optical interconnects makes them an attractive solution for chip-to-package and chip-to-chip communications. In such systems, chips will have optical I/O interconnects fabricated alongside their conventional electrical counterparts. Virtually no work has been previously reported relating to the testing of such chips at the wafer-level. The requirements for probe hardware needed to achieve this are identified, and probe module configurations based on these requirements are presented. A high-density micro-opto-electro-mechanical-systems (MOEMS)-based probe substrate prototype for interfacing with chips having electrical and optical polymer pillar-based I/Os has been designed, and built using microfabrication techniques. Successful probing of an array of polymer pillar-based optical I/Os is reported.
Discriminating mortar launch/impact events utilizing acoustic sensors (2006)

Feature extraction methods based on the discrete wavelet transform and multiresolution analysis facilitate the development of a robust classification algorithm that reliably discriminates between launch and impact mortar events via acoustic signals produced during these events. Distinct characteristics arise within the different explosive events because impact events emphasize concussive and shrapnel effects, while launch events result from explosion that expel and propel a mortar round from a gun. The ensuing blast waves are readily characterized by variations in the corresponding peak pressure and rise time of the waveform, differences in the ratio of positive pressure amplitude to the negative amplitude, variations in the prominent frequencies associated with the varying blast events and variations in the overall duration of the resulting waveform. Unique attributes can also be identified that depend upon the properties of the gun tube, projectile speed at the muzzle, and the explosive/concussive properties associated with the events. In this work, the discrete wavelet transform is used to extract the predominant components of these characteristics from the acoustic signatures of the event at ranges of 1km. Highly reliable discrimination is achieved with a feedforward neural network classifier trained on a feature space derived from the distribution of wavelet coefficients and higher frequency details found within different levels of the multiresolution decomposition. We show that the algorithms provide a reliable discrimination (>84%) between launch and impact events using data collecting during several separate field test experiments.