gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in Ni(0)-Catalyzed Coupling for the Synthesis of Polythiophenes and Polyphenylenes (2004)

The effects of solvent and monomer structure on the Ni(0)-catalyzed polymerization of 2,5-dichloro-3-(2‘-thiophenecarbonyl)thiophene, 3-benzenesulfonyl-2,5-dichlorothiophene, 2,5-dichlorobenzophenone, and 2-benzenesulfonyl-1,4-dichlorobenzene were explored. Poly[3-(2‘-thiophenecarbonyl)-2,5-thiophene] with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.38 dL/g and a 10% weight loss temperature in nitrogen of 480 °C (Tg = 149 °C) was synthesized. Oligomeric material was prepared from 3-benzenesulfonyl-2,5-dichlorothiophene. Poly(2,5-benzophenone) of 58 × 103 g/mol ([η] = 1.15 dL/g) with a Tg of 180 °C and a 10% weight loss temperature in nitrogen of 576 °C was synthesized. Oligomeric materials were also obtained from the polymerization of 2-benzenesulfonyl-1,4-dichlorobenzene. It was shown that the solvent choice has drastic effects upon the catalyst system and the final polymer. The differences in the catalyst resulting from solvent choice were explored by nuclear magnetic resonance. Effects arising from the structure of the monomer are discussed in relationship to the results obtained and the proposed mechanism.
Synthesis and Micellar Characterization of Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers Based on Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and Aliphatic Polyesters (1999)

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers were synthesized based on poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOz) as a hydrophilic block and aliphatic polyesters such as poly(l-lactide) (PLA) or poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as a hydrophobic block. Their micellar characteristics in an aqueous phase were investigated by using dynamic light scattering and fluorescence techniques. The block copolymers formed micelles in the aqueous phase with critical micelle concentrations (cmcs) in the range of 1.0−8.1 mg/L. The cmc values become lower upon increasing the length of the hydrophobic block. The mean diameters of the micelles were in the range of 108−192 nm, with a narrow distribution. In general, the micelle size increased as the hydrophobic PLA or PCL block became larger. The partition equilibrium constants, Kv, of pyrene in the micellar solutions of the block copolymers were from 1.79 × 105 to 5.88 × 105. For each block copolymer system of PEtOz−PLA or PEtOz−PCL, the Kv value increased as the length of the hydrophobic block increased. The steady-state fluorescence anisotropy values (r) of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were 0.265−0.284 in PEtOz−PLA solution and 0.189−0.196 in PEtOz−PCL solution. The anisotropy values of PEtOz−PLAs were higher than those of PEtOz−PCLs. The anisotropy values were independent of the length of the hydrophobic block when the chemical structures of the hydrophobic blocks were identical. The micelles underwent hydrogen bonding at pH <3.5 with poly(acrylic acid), which produced polymer complex precipitates that could be reversibly dispersed as micelles at pH >3.8.
Digital provenance - models, systems, and applications (2014)

Data provenance refers to the history of creation and manipulation of a data object and is being widely used in various application domains including scientific experiments, grid computing, file and storage system, streaming data etc. However, existing provenance systems operate at a single layer of abstraction (workflow/process/OS) at which they record and store provenance whereas the provenance captured from different layers provide the highest benefit when integrated through a unified provenance framework. To build such a framework, a comprehensive provenance model able to represent the provenance of data objects with various semantics and granularity is the first step. In this thesis, we propose a such a comprehensive provenance model and present an abstract schema of the model. We further explore the secure provenance solutions for distributed systems, namely streaming data, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and virtualized environments. We design a customizable file provenance system with an application to the provenance infrastructure for virtualized environments. The system supports automatic collection and management of file provenance metadata, characterized by our provenance model. Based on the proposed provenance framework, we devise a mechanism for detecting data exfiltration attack in a file system. We then move to the direction of secure provenance communication in streaming environment and propose two secure provenance schemes focusing on WSNs. The basic provenance scheme is extended in order to detect packet dropping adversaries on the data flow path over a period of time. We also consider the issue of attack recovery and present an extensive incident response and prevention system specifically designed for WSNs.
Functional neuroimaging in post-traumatic stress disorder (2007)

Traumatic stress has a broad range of effects on brain function. Brain areas implicated in the stress response include the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Brain studies in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder replicated findings in animal studies by finding alterations in these brain areas. Brain areas implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder play an important role in the stress response as well as memory, highlighting the important interplay between memory and the traumatic stress response. Future studies are required to assess the relationship between recovery from traumatic stress and changes in brain function.
Chlamydial treatment failures: a persistent problem? (2001)

Human chlamydial infections remain a significant world-wide health problem, mainly due to potentially blinding ocular infections (trachoma) in large parts of the developing world, complications of genital tract infections in women (PID, tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy) and the possibility of their involvement in a variety of chronic diseases not previously thought to have an infectious aetiology (e.g. atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease). Chlamydial infections are particularly insidious as they are often difficult to identify due to the obligate intracellular nature of this bacterial pathogen. Also, on occasions, they are difficult to treat effectively, presumably due to unique aspects of their intracellular growth cycle that confers a phenotype that may not be eradicated by standard antibiotic regimens. Actively growing intracellular Chlamydiae are referred to as reticulate bodies (RB) and are effectively eliminated by antibiotics that affect protein or nucleic acid biosynthesis, so long as the antibiotic can reach the intracellular cytoplasmic vesicle (inclusion), within which the chlamydia grow and divide. Chlamydiae exhibits the capacity to respond to subtle intracellular environmental changes in ways that alter their growth potential. They seem to be able to apply a ‘replication brake’ that causes cell division to slow down. This is accompanied by other interesting changes that possibly relate to their pathogenic potential and confer a faculty for establishing a more long-term ‘chronic’ relationship within individual host cells. Chlamydiae change appearance during this ‘persistent’ phase of growth. They have been observed to morph into enlarged ‘aberrant’ forms that exhibit unique patterns of gene expression and do not progress to complete their life cycle. However, they do maintain intracellular viability, as when the environment shifts to a more growth favouring state, they can resume normal growth and replication. Bragina et al. have made some interesting morphological associations between persistent Chlamydiae and treatment failures in their cohort of male and female STD patients in Moscow. It is risky to draw too many conclusions from a study where ultrastructural morphology is the sole criterion for the identification of persistent Chlamydiae. But this study is important as it helps to shed light on possible mechanisms underlying chlamydial treatment failures. These types of in vivo correlates for well-established cell culture observations are needed to validate the full impact of the various chlamydial growth options that have been described. They provide practical information regarding the consequences of the unique relationship that Chlamydiae can establish with their host cells. It is hoped that work such as this will foster additional studies that will provide a basis for a more comprehensive understanding of the true nature of the pathogenesis of chlamydial diseases.
Toward a Multiuser Social Augmented Reality Experience: Shared pathway experiences via multichannel applications (2015)

In social media environments, users engage in multiple relationships and networks, but may not always do so with the same people at the same times. If they share too few channels of information relevant to a common goal, there may be too little mutual information about a transaction to interact and communicate well collaboratively. Future interaction design development for the user experience (UE) of augmented reality (AR) must be aimed toward people where they operate?in social, physical, and network spaces. A conceptual understanding of the global interaction context within which people experience the social mobile Web is needed, one that emerges from the aggregate of multiplexed asynchronous or synchronous data pathways of interacting individuals. Stories are a means to relate multiple individuals? pathway experiences in a collective form. At the moment, AR is based on fixed navigational pathways and single narratives without regard for broader context or history. We encourage UE development for AR to provide environments for sociability, shared stories, and shared experiences.
General illumination correction and its application to face normalization (2004)

The appearance of an object can be severely affected by illumination. Thus, illumination correction is necessary both for human perception and machine recognition. The paper reports on a general approach for fast illumination correction. The approach has been tested for application in face normalization as a preprocessing step in face recognition. The basic idea of the algorithm is to normalize the image contrast locally using an affine transformation lighting model based on local estimation of background and gain. The background is estimated via an efficient multi-resolution low-pass filter and the gain is estimated via homomorphic filtering. This is followed by normalizing the data with the help of a clipped histogram. Experiments on images with different lighting conditions produce results that are better than those from using several popular illumination correction methods.
Analytical model for predicting noise and vibration in permanent magnet synchronous motors (2009)

This paper analyzes the noise and vibration in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). Electromagnetic forces have been identified as the main cause of noise and vibration in these machines rather than the torque ripple and cogging torque. A procedure for calculating the magnetic forces on the stator teeth based on the 2D finite element (FE) method is presented first. An analytical model is then developed to predict the radial displacement along the stator teeth. The displacement calculations from analytical model are validated with structural FEA and experimental data. Finally, the radial displacement is converted into sound power level. Four different PMSM topologies suitable for electric power steering application are compared for their performances with regards to noise and vibration.
Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against the Outer Membrane Protein of <i>Bordetella avium</i> (2013)

Bordetella avium is the etiologic agent of coryza and rhinotracheitis in poultry. This respiratory disease is responsible for substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of B. avium isolated from diseased chickens. BALB/c mice were immunized with the extracted B. avium OMPs. Then the splenocytes from immunized mice and SP2/0 myeloma cells were fused using PEG 4000. Three stable hybridoma clones (designated as 3G₁₀, 4A₃, and 4E₈) were produced via indirect ELISA and three rounds of subcloning. The MAbs were classified as IgG1, and can recognize the 58 kDa OMP band by Western blot assays. No MAb cross-reactivity with chicken Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella was observed. A double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) was developed using the rabbit polyclonal antibodies as the capture antibody and MAb 4A₃ as the detection antibody. Under the DAS-ELISA, the minimum detectable concentration of B. avium was 1 × 10(4) CFU/mL, and no cross-reactivity occurred with chicken Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. Results showed that the DAS-ELISA has good sensitivity and specificity. Clinical application showed the DAS-ELISA was more sensitive than the plate agglutination test. This study may be used to develop a quick and specific diagnostic kit, analyze epitopes, and establish systems for typing B. avium.
The extent of crystallization resulting from submicrosecond optical pulses on Te-based memory materials (1973)

Thermal profiles resulting from a laser-induced melt-quench cycle of a Te-based chalcogenide film on Mylar have been determined. These data are combined with experimentally obtained crystallization rates of Weiser et al. to determine the extent of crystallization that may occur in regions adjacent to the laser-produced amorphous region. A maximum fractional crystallization of less than 10−2 is found which indicates that no crystalline halo is expected to surround such an amorphous region. Thus, the extent to which photocrystallization plays a role in these alloy materials appears still to be an unanswered question.
RailTec system: extending the life of bolted rail (2003)

The author identifies the recent developments in the technology of fatigue enhancement of rail joints and summarizes the industry's testing results. Particular attention is given to the Railroad Cold Expansion System (RailTec). After years of testing, the split sleeve cold expansion system has been proven to enhance the life of bolted rail by minimizing bolt hole fatigue cracking. Using this process, there is an elimination or significant reduction of fatigue crack growth in the bolt hole region of the rail web. It is concluded that the RailTec system substantially reduces a major cause of rail failure and minimizes track inspection and maintenance costs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hydrogen sensors based on palladium electroplated fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) (1999)

The response of a new hydrogen sensor based on palladium electroplated Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) in 0.6% hydrogen at 95°C is reported. A heat treatment at 150°C in air is critical to fast sensor response.
Pathophysiology of Emphysema and Implications (2016)

This article serves as a CME-available, enduring material summary of the following COPD9<sub>USA</sub> presentations: "Overview of Lung Injury in COPD: Types and Key Questions" <i>Presenter:</i> Caroline Owen, MD, PhD Emphysema as a Disease of Deficient Tissue Repair/Maintenance" <i>Presenter</i>: Rubin Tuder, MD.
A new model of care for a clear direction (1998)

Cliff Prior, the National Schizophrenia Fellowship’s new chief executive, sets out an agenda for restoring public confidence in mental health services
Inverse kinematics of redundant robots using genetic algorithms (2003)

Genetic algorithms, which are robust general-purpose optimization techniques, have been used to solve the inverse kinematics problem for redundant robots. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to position a robot at a target location while minimizing the largest joint displacement from the initial position. As currently implemented, GAs are suitable for offline programming of a redundant robot in point-to-point positioning tasks. The GA solution needs only the forward kinematic equations (which are easily developed) and does not require any artificial constraints on the joint angles. The joint rotation limits which are present in any feasible robot design are handled directly; so any solution determined by the GA is physically realizable. Finally, the GA works with joint angles represented as digital values (not continuous real numbers), which is more representative for computer-controlled robot systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibitors of topoisomerases do not block the passage of human lymphocyte chromosomes through mitosis (1992)

Cultured human lymphocytes have been treated with a number of topoisomerase inhibitors, to see whether topoisomerase II is involved in the process of chromosome segregation at anaphase. Results were assessed by examination of cytogenetical preparations of spread chromosomes. Four effects were observed, although no inhibitor produced all four effects. These effects were: inhibition of entry into mitosis; chromosome breakage and rearrangement; inhibition of chromosome condensation; and inhibition of chromosome segregation. Evidence for the last was ambiguous. Although there was evidence that separation of chromatids was affected when cells were treated with colchicine as well as topoisomerase II inhibitors (most notably with nalidixic acid, which resulted in complete fusion of the chromatids), no evidence was obtained to show that, in the absence of colchicine, cells treated with inhibitors could not proceed through anaphase normally. The topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin, differed from the topoisomerase II inhibitors in not showing any effect on chromosome condensation or any significant effect on segregation.
The importance of TSLP in allergic disease and its role as a potential therapeutic target (2014)

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial-derived cytokine similar to IL- 7, whose gene is located on chromosome 5q22.1 and it exerts its biological function through the TSLP-Receptor (TSLP-R). TSLP is expressed primarily by epithelial cells at barrier surfaces such as the skin, gut and lung in response to danger signals. Since it was cloned in 1994, there has been accumulating evidence that TSLP is crucial for the maturation of antigen presenting cells and hematopoietic cells. TSLP genetic variants and its dysregulated expression have been linked to atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis and eosinophilic esophagitis.
The temporal course of masking and the auditory filter shape (1987)

Recent experiments have shown that frequency selectivity measured in tone-on-tone simultaneous masking improves with increasing delay of a brief signal relative to the onset of a longer duration gated masker. To determine whether a similar improvement occurs for a notched-noise masker, threshold was measured for a 20-ms signal presented at the beginning, the temporal center, or the end of the 400-ms masker (simultaneous masking), or immediately following the masker (forward masking). The notch width was varied systematically and the notch was placed both symmetrically and asymmetrically about the 1-kHz signal frequency. Growth-of-masking functions were determined for each temporal condition, for a noise masker without a spectral notch. These functions were used to express the thresholds from the notched-noise experiment in terms of the level of a flat-spectrum noise which would produce the same threshold. In simultaneous masking the auditory filter shapes derived from the transformed data did not change significantly with signal delay, suggesting that the selectivity of the auditory filter does not develop over time. In forward masking the auditory filter shapes were sharper than those for simultaneous masking, particularly on the high-frequency side, which was attributed to suppression.
Phase Sensitive Degenerate Parametric Amplification Using Highly Efficient PPLN Ridge Waveguides (2011)

We constructed the first CW pumped degenerate parametric amplifier based on PPLN waveguides. We successfully demonstrated an in-phase gain of +11 dB and the phase sensitive amplification of a modulated signal.
Synthesis, Properties, Structure and Reactivity of Sodium 2,3,4,5-Tetra- tert -butylcyclopentaphosphanide (2002)

The reaction between Na, t BuPCl 2 , and PCl 3 in thf gives Na[ cyclo -( t Bu 4 P 5 )] ( 1 ). 1 reacts with PCl 3 to yield ( cyclo - t Bu 3 P 4 ) t BuPCl ( 2 ), and with a proton source, such as HCl, NH 4 Cl, or t BuCl, to give cyclo - t Bu 4 P 5 H ( 3 ). The reaction of 1 with [MCl 2 (PRR' 2 ) 2 ] (M = Ni; R = R' = Et; M = Pd, Pt, R = Ph, R' = Me) gives [Ni{ cyclo -( t Bu 3 P 5 )}(PEt 3 ) 2 ] ( 4 ), [Pd{ cyclo -( t Bu 4 P 5 )} 2 ] ( 5 ), and [PtCl{ cyclo -( t Bu 3 P 4 ) t BuP}(PPhMe 2 )] ( 6 ). 1-6 were characterized by 31 P{ 1 H} NMR spectroscopy, and 1 and 4-6 were also characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization (2013)

Porous carbon electrodes have significant potential for energy-efficient water desalination using a promising technology called Capacitive Deionization (CDI). In CDI, salt ions are removed from brackish water upon applying an electrical voltage difference between two porous electrodes, in which the ions will be temporarily immobilized. These electrodes are made of porous carbons optimized for salt storage capacity and ion and electron transport. We review the science and technology of CDI and describe the range of possible electrode materials and the various approaches to the testing of materials and devices. We summarize the range of options for CDI-designs and possible operational modes, and describe the various theoretical–conceptual approaches to understand the phenomenon of CDI.
<i>In situ</i> topography measurement in the SEM (1992)

Abstract An automatic technique for measuring heights in situ in the SEM based on a combination of stereo‐metric and focusing methods has been developed. A pair of images of a surface element on the specimen is obtained by tilting the beam electrically in a manner such that the plane containing the tilt axis is coincident with the focal plane of the final lens. Cross‐correlation is used to determine the parallax between the image pair which is then used to iteratively correct the height of the tilt axis by changing the lens focus. As a result, the lens focus tracks the specimen topography. With an appropriate specimen surface containing high resolution features for image correlation, the technique is capable of maintaining both its lateral and vertical resolutions over several decades of height displacement up to 100 μm. In an experimental system based on a commercial electron‐optical column, spot, line profile, and three‐dimensional measurements have been demonstrated.
Optically Transparent and Refractive Index-Tunable ZrO<sub>2</sub>/Photopolymer Composites Designed for Ultraviolet Nanoimprinting (2011)

Epoxy-based, acrylate-based, and urethane-based ultraviolet (UV)-curable resins containing acrylate-modified zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2-NPs) were prepared. UV-cured composite films fabricated using an acrylate-based resin and an epoxy-based resin exhibited a high transmittance >90% at visible and near-infrared wavelengths until the weight fraction of ZrO2-NPs having an average zirconia core diameter of 4.0 nm reached 0.66. Their refractive indices at 633 nm were widely controllable between 1.515 and 1.659 for the acrylate-based composite films and between 1.589 and 1.679 for the epoxy-based composite films. Thin films of the UV-curable composite resins could be transformed by UV nanoimprinting in pentafluoropropane using a fluorinated silica mold. Among the composite resins, the acrylate-based UV-curable composite resins showed facile workability by UV nanoimprinting. The epoxy-based UV-curable composite resins formed pattern shapes independent of the weight fraction of ZrO2-NPs. These results indicated that the acrylate-based and epoxy-based composite films with optical transparency, refractive index controllability, and workability had potential as optical materials of optical devices and as resist materials for dry etching.