gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallelized Bayesian inversion for three-dimensional dental X-ray imaging (2006)

Diagnostic and operational tasks based on dental radiology often require three-dimensional (3-D) information that is not available in a single X-ray projection image. Comprehensive 3-D information about tissues can be obtained by computerized tomography (CT) imaging. However, in dental imaging a conventional CT scan may not be available or practical because of high radiation dose, low-resolution or the cost of the CT scanner equipment. In this paper, we consider a novel type of 3-D imaging modality for dental radiology. We consider situations in which projection images of the teeth are taken from a few sparsely distributed projection directions using the dentist's regular (digital) X-ray equipment and the 3-D X-ray attenuation function is reconstructed. A complication in these experiments is that the reconstruction of the 3-D structure based on a few projection images becomes an ill-posed inverse problem. Bayesian inversion is a well suited framework for reconstruction from such incomplete data. In Bayesian inversion, the ill-posed reconstruction problem is formulated in a well-posed probabilistic form in which a priori information is used to compensate for the incomplete information of the projection data. In this paper we propose a Bayesian method for 3-D reconstruction in dental radiology. The method is partially based on Kolehmainen et al. 2003. The prior model for dental structures consist of a weighted l1 and total variation (TV)-prior together with the positivity prior. The inverse problem is stated as finding the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate. To make the 3-D reconstruction computationally feasible, a parallelized version of an optimization algorithm is implemented for a Beowulf cluster computer. The method is tested with projection data from dental specimens and patient data. Tomosynthetic reconstructions are given as reference for the proposed method.
Thermal Diffusion Doping of Single Crystal Diamond (2014)

With the best overall electronic and thermal properties, single-crystal diamond (SCD) is the extreme wide bandgap material that is expected to revolutionize power electronics and radio-frequency electronics in the future. However, turning SCD into useful semiconductors faces doping challenges, as conventional substitutional doping techniques, such as thermal diffusion and ion-implantation, are not easily applicable to SCD. Here we report a simple and easily accessible doping strategy demonstrating that electrically activated, substitutional boron doping in natural SCD without any phase transitions or lattice damage which can be readily realized with thermal diffusion at relatively low temperature. For the boron doping, we employ a unique dopant carrying medium: heavily doped Si nanomembranes. We further demonstrate selectively doped high-voltage diodes and half-wave rectifier circuits using such doped SCD. Our new doping strategy has established a reachable path toward using SCDs for future high-voltage power conversion systems and for other novel diamond-based electronics.
Enzyme Engineering for Nonaqueous Solvents. II. Additive Effects of Mutations on the Stability and Activity of Subtilisin E in Polar Organic Media (1991)

Single amino acid substitutions increase the activity and stability of subtilisin E in mixtures of organic solvents and water, and the effects of these mutations are additive. A variant of subtilisin E that exhibits higher activity in mixtures of dimethylformamide (DMF) and water (Q103R) was created by random mutagenesis combined with screening for improved activity (K. Chen and F. H. Arnold, in preparation). Another mutation, N218S, known to improve both the activity and stability of subtilisin BPN', also improves the activity and stability of subtilisin E in the presence of DMF. The effects of the two substitutions on transition-state stabilization are additive. Furthermore, the Q103R mutation that improves activity has no deleterious effect on subtilisin stability. The double mutant Q103R+N218S is 10 times more active than the wild-type enzyme in 20% (v/v) DMF and twice as stable in 40% DMF. Although the effects of single mutations can be impressive, a practical strategy for engineering enzymes that function in nonaqueous solvents will most likely require multiple changes in the amino acid sequence. These results demonstrate the excellent potential for engineering nonaqueous-solvent-compatible enzymes.
Preparation and Properties of Fluid Cracking Catalysts for Residual Oil Conversion (1984)

Abstract Catalytic cracking of petroleum to produce gasoline began in about 1912. The early pioneering work was carried out by Eugene Houdry [1]. Modern fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) was conceived at Exxon and commercially developed in about 1940 [2] using amorphous catalysts. Fluid catalysts are small spherical particles ranging from 40 to 150 um in diameter with acid sites capable of cracking large petroleum molecules to products boiling in the gasoline range. One advantage of the FCC process is the absence of the diffusion limitations present in conventional gas oil cracking due to the small size of the catalyst particle. Since 1964 virtually all catalysts contain faujasite, a stable, large pore, Y-type zeolite dispersed in a silica/alumina matrix [3]. The catalytic aspects of contemporary FCC processes have been reviewed by Venuto and Habib [4], Gates, Katzer, and Schuit [5], Magee and Blazek [6], and Magee [7]. A more recent update of refinery trends has been made available by Blazek [8].
Near‐Infrared Active Metasurface for Dynamic Polarization Conversion (2021)

Abstract Control of optical polarization is central to harnessing the properties of electromagnetic radiation for many applications, including 3D imaging and quantum computation. However, conventional optical polarizing components are typically bulky and static, that is, fixed in their degree of polarization control. Active metasurfaces have potential for versatile polarization control in a compact form factor by temporally modulating electromagnetic amplitudes and phase between orthogonal electric field components. Here, dynamic control of the polarization state of reflected light from an active metasurface is demonstrated. The metasurface uses indium tin oxide (ITO) as an active element in an array of aluminum nanoantennas operating in the telecom range. Applying an electrical bias between the ITO layer and the back reflector modulates the carrier concentration in ITO at the gate‐dielectric/ITO interface, resulting in complex refractive index modulation in the epsilon‐near‐zero condition. This index modulation alters the degree of excitation of plasmonic modes corresponding to the orthogonal polarization components, leading to polarization modulation. By suitably biasing the metasurface, linearly polarized incident light can be converted to cross‐polarized, circularly polarized or elliptically polarized light upon reflection. Dynamic control of the reflected polarization state has potentially wide applications in dynamic wave plates, spatial light modulators, and adaptive wavefront control.
LDP Extensions to Support Maximally Redundant Trees (2018)

This document specifies extensions to the Label Distribution Protocol
(LDP) to support the creation of Label Switched Paths (LSPs) for
Maximally Redundant Trees (MRTs). A prime use of MRTs is for unicast
and multicast IP/LDP Fast Reroute, which we will refer to as MRT-
FRR. The sole protocol extension to LDP is simply the ability to
advertise an MRT Capability. This document describes that extension
and the associated behavior expected for Label Switching Routers
(LSRs) and Label Edge Routers (LERs) advertising the MRT Capability.
MRT-FRR uses LDP multi-topology extensions, so three multi-topology
IDs have been allocated from the MPLS MT-ID space.
160-Gb/s (8 x 20 Gb/s WDM) 300-km Transmission With 50-km Amplifier Spacing and Span-by-Span Dispersion Reversal (1994)

Capacity upgrades in future lightwave systems can be accomplished either by increasing single-channel bit rates [1,2], or by wavelength multiplexing (WDM) high speed channels [3]. In this paper we report results of experiments in which eight WDM channels each operating at 20 Gb/s were transmitted through 300 km of fiber. Four-photon mixing penalties were suppressed by using fibers with finite dispersion, and chromatic dispersion penalties were avoided by reversing the sign of dispersion in adjacent amplifier spans.
Asymmetric Fc Engineering for Bispecific Antibodies with Reduced Effector Function (2017)

Asymmetric bispecific antibodies are a rapidly expanding therapeutic antibody class, designed to recognize two different target epitopes concurrently to achieve novel functions not available with normal antibodies. Many therapeutic designs require antibodies with reduced or silenced effector function. Although many solutions have been described in the literature to knockout effector function, to date all of them have involved the use of a specific antibody subtype (e.g., IgG2 or IgG4), or symmetric mutations in the lower hinge or CH2 domain of traditional homodimeric monospecific antibodies. In the context of a heterodimeric Fc, we describe novel asymmetric Fc mutations with reduced or silenced effector function in this article. These heteromultimeric designs contain asymmetric charged mutations in the lower hinge and the CH2 domain of the Fc. Surface plasmon resonance showed that the designed mutations display much reduced binding to all of the Fc gamma receptors and C1q. Ex vivo ADCC and CDC assays showed a consistent reduction in activity. Differential scanning calorimetry showed increased thermal stability for some of the designs. Finally, the asymmetric nature of the introduced charged mutations allowed for separation of homodimeric impurities by ion exchange chromatography, providing, as an added benefit, a purification strategy for the production of bispecific antibodies with reduced or silenced effector function.
Stereoselective Synthesis of MLN4924, an Inhibitor of NEDD8-Activating Enzyme (2011)

MLN4924 (1), which is in clinical trials as an anticancer agent, was stereoselectively synthesized from d-ribose via a route involving stereoselective reduction, regioselective cleavage of an isopropylidene moiety, and selective displacement of a cyclic sulfate moiety as key steps.
Rapid Magnetic Bead Based Sample Preparation for Automated and High Throughput N-Glycan Analysis of Therapeutic Antibodies (2014)

Full automation to enable high throughput N-glycosylation profiling and sequencing with good reproducibility is vital to fulfill the contemporary needs of the biopharmaceutical industry and requirements of national regulatory agencies. The most prevalently used glycoanalytical methods of capillary electrophoresis and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, while very efficient, both necessitate extensive sample preparation and cleanup, including glycoprotein capture, N-glycan release, fluorescent derivatization, purification, and preconcentration steps during the process. Currently used protocols to fulfill these tasks require multiple centrifugation and vacuum-centrifugation steps, making liquid handling robot mediated automated sample preparation difficult and expensive. In this paper we report on a rapid magnetic bead based sample preparation approach that enables full automation including all the process phases just in a couple of hours without requiring any centrifugation and/or vacuum centrifugation steps. This novel protocol has been compared to conventional glycan sample preparation strategies using standard glycoproteins (IgG, fetuin, and RNase B) and featured rapid processing time, high release and labeling efficiency, good reproducibility, and the potential of easy automation.
Computing phase noise eigenfunctions directly from steady-state Jacobian matrices (2000)

The main effort in oscillator phase noise calculation lies in computing a vector function called the Perturbation Projection Vector (PPV). Current techniques for PAVE calculation use time domain numerics to generate the system's monodromy matrix, followed by full or partial eigenanalysis. We present a superior method that finds the PPV using only a single linear solution of the oscillator's time- or frequency-domain steady-state Jacobian matrix. The new method is better suited for existing tools with fast harmonic balance or shooting capabilities, and also more accurate than explicit eigenanalysis. A key advantage is that it dispenses with the need to select the correct one-eigenfunction from amongst a potentially large set of choices, an issue that explicit eigencalculation based methods have to face.
Multiple error-correcting WOM-codes (2010)

A Write Once Memory (WOM) is a storage medium with binary memory elements, called cells, that can change from the zero state to the one state only once. Examples of WOMs are punch cards, optical disks, and more recently flash memories. WOM-codes were first presented by Rivest and Shamir and are designed for efficiently storing and updating data in the WOM. A WC[n, k, t] WOM-Code C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</sub> is a coding scheme for storing k information bits in n cells t times. At each write, the state of each cell can be changed, provided that the cell is changed from the zero state to the one state. The WOM-Rate of C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</sub> , defined to be R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sup> (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</sub> ) = kt/n, indicates the total amount of information that is possible to store in a cell in t writes. Two WOM-code constructions that can correct a single cell-error were presented by Zémor and Cohen. In this paper, we present another construction of a single-error-correcting WOM-codes with a better WOM-rate. Our construction can be adjusted also for single-error-detection, double-error-correction, and triple-error-correction. For the latter case, we use triple-error-correcting BCH-like codes, which were showed by Kasami and more recently described again by Bracken and Helleseth.
Geometrically optimized, Labr3: Ce scintillation sensor array for enhanced stand-off direction finding of gamma radiation sources (2007)

A radiation source identification and targeting (RadSITEtrade) innovation has been conceptually demonstrated that remotely detects and identifies one or more localized gamma sources simultaneously and also provides azimuth Directions of each source. The innovation exploits the superior energy resolution of cerium doped lanthanum bromide (LaBr3:Ce) Scintillators to select only photons emanating directly from the localized source(s). Laboratory bench testing provided physical confirmation that an array of unique, elongated geometry, LaBr3:Ce sensors performed as predicted by MCNP modeling to resolve source azimuth direction. The response of each sensor element is anisotropic providing a response dependent on the azimuth of the source relative to the sensor, while the integrated response of the entire array is isotropic, providing a source strength-distance indicator to act as a reference for an original software algorithm that processes each isotope response to determine azimuth. Laboratory tests have confirmed that an array of four (4) sensors would be sufficient to provide plusmn5deg azimuth determination over a 360deg field of view. The approach accommodates a large volume of scintillation material with minimal shielding <20% compared to about 50% for Coded Aperture approaches to provide a high sensitivity and a wide (360deg) field of view. This patent pending innovation has been integrated with an iRobot ATRV robotic platform and autonomous approach to isotopic sources in a field environment has been demonstrated.
Local dip transformation for fast seismic horizon reconstruction (2013)

We propose a fast method to reconstruct a seismic horizon with respect to a set of picked input points. The reconstruction domain is subdivided in quadrilateral domains which are determined from input points while the entire horizon is obtained part-by-part by juxtaposing independent partial reconstructions. Each quadrilateral domain is mapped onto a rectangular domain on which a non-linear partial derivative equation relied on local dip is solved by an iterative process based on a Poisson equation. The key point is the transformation of the local dip, which allows to carry out a direct Fourier method with a low computational cost.
Non-peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists. 41. The synthesis of [3H]L-756,568 (1999)

The synthesis of [3H]L-756,568, an orally active fibrinogen receptor antagonist, is described. Two synthetic pathways were developed using either bromoindoles 2a/2b or bromoaryl sufonamide 11 as the precursor. Use of the bromoaryl sulfonamide precursor led to [3H]L-756,568 with higher radiochemical purity, higher radiochemical yield, and slightly higher specific activity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low-temperature Sintered Y-type Hexagonal Ferrites with High Permeability (2004)

Low-temperature sintering Y-type hexagonal femtes were made by the ceramics method. The temperature obtaining a single phase shifted lower with the CuO content. In Ba2Co1.0Cu1.0Fe12O22, a single phase was obtained at 950°C calcination. At the same time, the shrinkage curve shifts to the low temperature, and the firing temperature that is able to get over 95% of the theoretical density has lowered from 1200°C to 1000°C by the CuO substitution. Further more, Bi2O3 addition shifted the shrinkage curve to the low temperature. Exact sintered body with 900°C sintering was obtained by 5 wt% addition. The permeability and resonance frequency were 2.3 and 5.7 GHz respectively. The permeability was improved by divalent metal substitution, Ba2Me1.0Cu1.0Fe12O22 (Me: Ni, Mg, Zn), and the highest permeability was achieved by Zn substitution. The permeability and resonance frequency were 9.7 and 1.0 GHz respectively. It is found that Ba2ZnxCu2-xFe12O22 with Bi2O3 addition show high performance as magnetic material for chip inductors.
Polymer optical fiber amplifier (1993)

Polymer optical fiber amplifiers (POFA) of graded-index (GI) type, which have a gain in visible region, were successfully prepared by the interfacial-gel polymerization technique. The gain of 27 dB was observed at 591 nm signal wavelength with 690 W launched pump power at 532 nm in a GI POFA with 0.5 m length.
Bacterial Biodegradation of Extractives and Patterns of Bordered Pit Membrane Attack in Pine Wood (2000)

Wood extractives, commonly referred to as pitch, cause major problems in the manufacturing of pulp and paper. Treatment of nonsterile southern yellow pine chips for 14 days with Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas sp., Xanthomonas campestris, and Serratia marcescens reduced wood extractives by as much as 40%. Control treatments receiving only water lost 11% of extractives due to the growth of naturally occurring microorganisms. Control treatments were visually discolored after the 14-day incubation, whereas bacterium-treated wood chips were free of dark staining. Investigations using P. fluorescens NRRL B21432 showed that all individual resin and fatty acid components of the pine wood extractives were substantially reduced. Micromorphological observations showed that bacteria were able to colonize resin canals, ray parenchyma cells, and tracheids. Tracheid pit membranes within bordered pit chambers were degraded after treatment with P. fluorescens NRRL B21432. P. fluorescens and the other bacteria tested appear to have the potential for biological processing to substantially reduce wood extractives in pine wood chips prior to the paper making process so that problems associated with pitch in pulp mills can be controlled.
A Neural-Network Approach to Better Diagnosis of Defect Pattern in Wafer Bin Map (2020)

Wafer bin map (WBM) represents specific defect patterns that provide information for diagnosing root causes of low yield in semiconductor manufacturing. In practice, most semiconductor engineers use subjective and time-consuming eyeball analysis to assess defect patterns. Given shrinking feature sizes, various types of WBMs with different defect patterns occur; therefore, relying on human vision to judge defect patterns become more complicated, inconsistent, and unreliable. To bridge the gap, a system is proposed to facilitating WBM patterns extraction and assisting engineer to recognize defect patterns efficiently. We propose an individual classification model which is trained by Deep Belief Network (DBN) to diagnose the patterns on wafer bin maps. By setting up six single classifiers with different thresholds, the individual classifiers were combined for both single and mixed-type patterns recognition. The numerical results showed that the single classifiers outperform MLP method both on single and mix-type patterns. Simultaneously, the results have shown the validity and practical viability of the proposed combined classifiers.
Mechanical Properties of Mg2Si/Mg Composites via Powder Metallurgy Process (2003)

The mechanical properties of the Mg2Si/Mg composites solid-state synthesized from the mixed Mg-Si powders have been investigated. The macro-hardness (HRE) and the tensile strength of the composites increase with increasing the Si content and decreasing the Si size. The particle size of the synthesized Mg2Si depends on the initial Si size; the mechanical properties of the Mg2Si/Mg composite are remarkably improved by using fine Si particles or by decreasing the grain size of Mg matrix grains when the powder mixture was prepared via bulk mechanical alloying process.
ISOLATION and CHARACTERIZATION of PECTINACEOUS SUBSTANCES FROM SOYBEAN BYPRODUCTS (2000)

A novel method was developed to extract pectinaceous materials from a commercial mixture of soy hulls and hypocotyls. Two ambient temperature water washings of the material improved the purity of the pectin. A water and acid soak at pH 2.4 significantly increased the yield of pectin by expanding the cellular matrix. the pectinaceous materials were then extracted at pH 1.8 and 90C for 45 min. Laboratory extraction methods were scaled up using a solid-bowl, continuous centrifuge. After extraction and precipitation and washing in 2-propanol, a 3–6% yield of dry pectin was obtained. Chemical analysis revealed the pectinaceous substances were mainly a rhamnogalacturonic and xylogalacturonic backbone with −32% neutral sugars. These pectinaceous materials had an UA of 41%, a DE of 30%, a DA of 27% and a MW of 21 kD. These results demonstrate that a commercial mixture of soy hulls and hypocotyls are a potential source of pectin that has unique properties significantly different from citrus pectin.
Broadband fiber access: A fiber-to-the-customer access architecture (2002)

The proliferation of high-bandwidth applications such as high-speed Internet access and telecommuting has created among network providers a growing interest in upgrading their networks to deliver broadband services to homes and small businesses. This paper describes broadband fiber access (BFA), a fiber-to-the-customer access architecture based on Lucent Technologies' broadband AnyMedia™ interface platform (AIP). The BFA architecture provides asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) connection to customer premises equipment (CPE) and supports full quality-of-service (QoS) and traffic management functions defined by the ATM Forum. The BFA line card, or application pack (AP), is designed to support the concentration of traffic from CPE at the OC-3c/STM-1 rate (155.52 Mb/s). It supports the use of single-fiber drop to CPE using bidirectional coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM). A hardware-based flow-control mechanism, which is applied to low-priority traffic originated from the CPE, allows for fast response to congestion at the feeder multiplexer. This fast response to congestion allows fair and efficient utilization of the feeder bandwidth.