gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleaved CRC for Polar Codes (2018)

A method of distributing CRC bits from a single CRC polynomial over a block of information bits for Polar codes via an interleaver to facilitate early termination and enhanced error correction is proposed and investigated. The interleaver is designed such that each CRC bit is placed in a decoding position as early as possible while keeping all the information bits that the CRC bit depends on in front of it in the successive decoding order. This allows the CRC bits to be used as dynamic frozen bits to assist surviving path selection during SC/SCL decoding to improve error performance. Furthermore, it allows the distributed CRC bits to be used for early error detection in the list decoding process and thus reduces the average decoding latency. Simulation results show that interleaved CRC can provide moderate benefits in improving error correction and reducing decoding latency through early error detection.
Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of potential glutathione-S-transferase inhibitors (2001)

Glutathione-S-transferase isoenzymes are involved in the process of multidrug resistance. To evaluate the role of GST in this process, in vivo active, isoenzyme selective inhibitors are of pivotal importance. Glutathione-conjugates are often good GST inhibitors but lack in vivo metabolic stability. In this study, peptidomimetic changes have been made to the glutathione backbone. These compounds are more resistant to peptidase-mediated breakdown. The influence of these structural changes on enzyme-substrate interactions was determined by molecular modelling studies and by in vitro GST inhibition studies. Also a series of (hetero) cyclic compounds was coupled to a GSH-mimic to investigate hydrophobic-binding site interactions.
An Efficient Transmission Strategy for the Multicarrier Multiuser MIMO Downlink (2013)

A new transmission strategy that consists of a spatial scheduling algorithm and two precoding algorithms is developed for multicarrier multiuser (MU) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The scheduling algorithm, which is called efficient multicarrier ProSched (EMC-ProSched), adopts a novel and effective scheduling metric for each user and can efficiently search for a suitable group of users to be served at the same time on the same frequency. Two precoding techniques are then designed to handle different antenna configurations. For the case where the number of transmit antennas at the base station (BS) is not smaller than the total number of receive antennas at the user terminals (UTs), the linear-precoding-based geometric mean decomposition (LP-GMD) algorithm is proposed. It suppresses the MU interference (MUI) and enables an effective implementation of the same modulation and coding scheme (MCS) on all spatial streams of each user. Consequently, smaller signaling overhead is required compared with the case where a different MCS is applied on each spatial stream. When the total number of receive antennas at the UTs exceeds the number of transmit antennas at the BS, we propose the low-complexity coordinated beamforming (LoCCoBF) algorithm to accomplish the goal of the MUI mitigation and to achieve a high capacity. A system-level simulator with a link-to-system interface is further developed under the framework of the IEEE 802.11ac standard to evaluate the performance of the proposed transmission strategy. The simulation results indicate that a promising performance can be achieved by employing the proposed transmission strategy.
An efficient k-means clustering algorithm (1997)

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for performing k-means clustering. It organizes all the patterns in a k-d tree structure such that one can find all the patterns which are closest to a given prototype efficiently. The main intuition behind our approach is as follows. All the prototypes are potential candidates for the closest prototype at the root level. However, for the children of the root node, we may be able to prune the candidate set by using simple geometrical constraints. This approach can be applied recursively until the size of the candidate set is one for each node. Our experimental results demonstrate that our scheme can improve the computational speed of the direct k-means algorithm by an order to two orders of magnitude in the total number of distance calculations and the overall time of computation. 1. Introduction Clustering is the process of partitioning or grouping a given set of patterns into disjoint clusters. This is done such that patterns in the same c...
Master/slave manipulator system (1973)

System capabilities are equivalent to mobility, dexterity, and strength of human arm. Arrangement of torque motor, harmonic drive, and potentiometer combination allows all power and control leads to pass through center of slave with position-transducer arrangement of master, and "stovepipe joint" is incorporated for manipulator applications.
Bioactive polycrystalline silicon (1996)

The bioactivity of a range of microstructured silicon materials should be assessed since it has been demonstrated that low porosity microporous silicon is “bioactive”. Work reported here shows that certain types of polycrystalline silicon are also bioactive, being corroded and exhibiting surface deposits of calcium phosphate (see Figure) when kept in simulated body fluids (SBF). magnified image
ChemInform Abstract: Strontium‐Doped Perovskites Rival Platinum Catalysts for Treating NO<sub>x</sub> in Simulated Diesel Exhaust. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Coherent Multiheterodyne Spectroscopy using Optical Frequency Comb Generators (2016)

Reported here are recent advances in multiheterodyne spectroscopy using phase modulator comb generators. We demonstrate the coherent acquisition of dual-comb interferograms for ≥ 2 h without mode-locked lasers or sophisticated signal processing.
Protection against group B Neisseria meningitidis disease: preparation of soluble protein and protein-polysaccharide immunogens (1982)

Although effective polysaccharide vaccines have been developed for meningococcal groups A, C, Y, and W135, the purified group B polysaccharide has proven to be nonimmunogenic. Earlier studies indicated that serotype 2 outer membrane protein vaccines induced bactericidal antibodies in animals and protected them from meningococcal challenge. However, a similar vaccine induced only low levels of antiprotein antibodies in both adults and children (C.E. Frasch et al., in J.B. Robbins et al., ed., Seminars in Infectious Disease vol. 4, p. 263-267, 1982). Methods were therefore developed to produce more immunogenic serotype 2 protein vaccines. We found that, by growing the organism for 65 to 72 h at 32 degrees C, three to four times more outer membrane protein was released into the culture medium than could be extracted from overnight-grown cells. The outer membranes were therefore purified directly from the broth by ultrafiltration followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Most of the lipopolysaccharide was selectively removed from the membranes by treatment with the nonionic detergent Brij-96. The Brij-96 was then removed and the resulting vaccine was filter sterilized. Some vaccines were prepared by combining equal parts of detergent-treated membrane protein and high-molecular-weight group B polysaccharide producing highly soluble vaccines. These new vaccines were compared by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay to an insoluble vaccine (E-06) found to be poorly immunogenic in humans. A human serum with serotype 2 specificity was used in the inhibition assay, and 5 microgram of E-06 was required for 50% inhibition, whereas less than 1 microgram of the soluble vaccines was required. Addition of group B polysaccharide slightly increased the inhibitory capacity of the protein component.
Independent Evolution of Acetolactate Synthase–inhibiting Herbicide Resistance in Weedy<i>Sorghum</i>Populations across Common Geographic Regions (2016)

Traditional breeding has been used to develop grain sorghum germplasm that is tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides (Inzen Technology, DuPont). Inzen sorghum carries a double mutation in the ALS gene (Val 560 Ile and Trp 574 Leu), which confers high level of tolerance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Overreliance on ALS-inhibiting herbicides for weed control during the 1990s resulted in the evolution of ALS inhibitor–resistant shattercane populations in Nebraska. According to a survey conducted in 2013, ALS inhibitor–resistant weedy Sorghum populations persist in Nebraska. The objectives of this research were to determine whether the ALS mutations present in Inzen sorghum were present in the ALS inhibitor–resistant shattercane and johnsongrass populations detected in Nebraska and northern Kansas, and whether these populations evolved ALS resistance independently. Primers specific to the Val 560 and Trp 574 region of the ALS gene were used to screen the populations with PCR. The Trp 574 Leu mutation was present in one ALS inhibitor–resistant johnsongrass population. The Val 560 Ile was detected in three ALS inhibitor–resistant shattercane, one susceptible shattercane, one ALS inhibitor–resistant johnsongrass, and one susceptible johnsongrass population. Moreover, Val 560 Ile was present in resistant and/or susceptible individuals within johnsongrass and shattercane populations that were segregating for ALS resistance, indicating that by itself the Val 560 Ile mutation does not confer resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. None of the populations presented both mutations simultaneously, as does Inzen sorghum. A shattercane population containing the Ser 653 Thr mutation was also detected. This research indicates that the ALS mutations present in Inzen sorghum already exist individually in weedy sorghum populations. Moreover, our results present strong evidence that ALS resistance in these populations evolved independently. Thus, widespread overreliance on ALS-inhibiting herbicides prior to adoption of glyphosate-tolerant crops in the 1990s exerted sufficient selective pressure on shattercane and johnsongrass populations for resistance to evolve multiple times in the Midwest. Finally, a survey of the 5′ portion of the ALS gene in more diverse wild and weedy Sorghum species was hampered by limited coverage in genomic resequencing surveys, suggesting that refined PCR-based methods will be needed to assess SNP variation in this gene region, which includes the Ala 122 , Pro 197 , and Ala 205 codons known to confer ALS resistance in other species.
Real-time Analysis of Ternary Complex on Particles (2004)

We developed a novel and generalized approach to investigate G protein-coupled receptor molecular assemblies. We solubilized a fusion protein consisting of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor and green fluorescent protein (GFP) for bead-based flow cytometric analysis. beta(2)-Adrenergic receptor GFP bound to dihydroalprenolol-conjugated beads, providing a K(d) for the fusion protein and, in competition with beta(2)-adrenergic receptor ligands, K(d) values for agonists and antagonists. Beads displaying chelated nickel bound purified hexahistidine-tagged G protein heterotrimers and, subsequently, the binary complex of agonist with beta(2)-adrenergic receptor GFP. The dose-response curves of ternary complex formation revealed maximal assembly for ligands previously classified as full agonists and reduced assembly for ligands previously classified as partial agonists. Guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate-induced dissociation rates of the ternary complex were the same for full and partial agonists. Soluble G protein, competing with ternary complexes on beads provided an affinity estimate of agonist-receptor complexes to G protein. When performed simultaneously, the two assemblies discriminated between agonist, antagonist or inactive molecule in a manner appropriate for high throughput, small volume drug discovery. The assemblies can be further generalized to other G protein coupled receptor protein-protein interactions.
Evaluation of maternal serum dimeric inhibin a as a first‐trimester marker of down's syndrome (1995)

While second-trimester prenatal screening programmes for Down's syndrome have become established in prenatal care, it would be advantageous to be able to offer screening in earlier pregnancy. To this end, we have evaluated a new potential maternal serum marker, dimeric inhibin A, as a possible first-trimester marker. Dimeric inhibin A was measured in prospectively collected maternal serum from 23 cases of Down's syndrome and matched chromosomally normal controls, at 11-13 weeks' gestation. Levels of this protein were significantly elevated in the Down's pregnancies compared with the control pregnancies. The median multiple of the normal median (MOM) for the Down's samples was 2.46 (95 per cent confidence interval: 2.11-3.26, P < 0.0001 vs. controls). These results suggest that dimeric inhibin A is a useful discriminator of Down's-affected pregnancies from normal pregnancies in the first trimester and that sensitive screening in combination with maternal age and other possible markers may be practicable in the first trimester.
Use of aromatase inhibitors in gynecology (2010)

The third-generation aromatase inhibitor group includes letrozole, and anastrozole and exemestane have both been approved for suppression of estrogen in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. It seems scientifically plausible that various gynecological disorders that are estrogen dependent would benefit from estrogen suppression by aromatase inhibitors. When an aromatase inhibitor is used in premenopausal women, blocking an endogenous rise of gonadotropins by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs or sex steroids is mandatory to achieve adequate estrogen suppression. The two most frequently investigated gynecological conditions for the use of aromatase inhibitors include infertility and endometriosis. Available evidence strongly supports the success of aromatase inhibitors for the induction of ovulation, and reducing the pain associated with endometriosis. Preliminary evidence of success in managing other gynecological disorders, such as uterine leiomyomas, exists. Bone loss and dyslipidemia are potential risks caused by hypoestrogenism associated with aromatase inhibitor use. However, those risks seem to be more theoretical than real. The short-term use of aromatase inhibitors and the judicial use of the add-back concept of hormone replacement by estrogen and/or progesterone may minimize those risks.
Structure-Guided Design and Initial Studies of a Bifunctional MEK/PI3K Inhibitor (ST-168) (2017)

The structure-based design of a new single entity, MEK/PI3K bifunctional inhibitor (<b>7</b>, <b>ST-168</b>), which displays improved MEK1 and PI3K isoform inhibition, is described. <b>ST-168</b> demonstrated a 2.2-fold improvement in MEK1 inhibition and a 2.8-, 2.7-, 23-, and 2.5-fold improved inhibition toward the PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ isoforms, respectively, as compared to a previous lead compound (<b>4</b>; <b>ST-162</b>) in <i>in vitro</i> enzymatic inhibition assays. <b>ST-168</b> demonstrated superior tumoricidal efficacy over <b>ST-162</b> in an A375 melanoma spheroid tumor model. <b>ST-168</b> was comparatively more effective than <b>ST-162</b> in promoting tumor control when administrated orally in a tumor therapy study conducted in an A375 melanoma mouse model confirming its bioavailability and efficacy toward combined <i>in vivo</i> MEK1/PI3K inhibition.
A 23bp Insertion in the Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR) Gene Impairs EPCR Function (2001)

EPCR is a type I transmembrane protein, highly expressed on the endothelium of large vessels, that binds protein C and augments its activation. In this study, a 23bp insertion in the EPCR gene was found in 4/198 survivors of myocardial infarction and 3/194 patients with deep vein thrombosis. The EPCR gene with the insertion predicts a protein that lacks part of the extracellular domain, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Expression studies showed that the truncated protein is not localized on the cell surface, cannot be secreted in the culture medium, and does not bind activated protein C. Since protein C activation depends on the concentration of EPCR, patients with the EPCR insertion could have a diminished protein C activation capacity. Further clinical studies of adequate samples size are necessary to establish whether or not the EPCR insertion predisposes to the development of thrombotic events.
Roles of exosomes in cardioprotection (2016)

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin which have emerged as key mediators of intercellular communication. All major cardiac cell types-including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts-release exosomes that modulate cellular functions. Exosomes released from human cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) are cardioprotective and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction to an extent comparable with that achieved by their parent cells. Cardiac progenitor cell-derived exosomes are enriched in cardioprotective microRNAs, particularly miR-146a-3p. Circulating exosomes mediate remote ischaemic preconditioning. Moreover, they currently are being investigated as diagnostic markers. The discovery that cell-derived extracellular signalling organelles mediate the paracrine effects of stem cells suggests that cell-free strategies could supplant cell transplantation. This review discusses emerging roles of exosomes in cardiovascular physiology, with a focus on cardioprotective activities of CPC-derived exosomes.
Purification and characterization of sortase, the transpeptidase that cleaves surface proteins of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> at the LPXTG motif (1999)

Surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus are linked to the bacterial cell wall by sortase, an enzyme that cleaves polypeptides at the threonine of the LPXTG motif. Surface proteins can be released from staphylococci by treatment with hydroxylamine, resulting in the formation of threonine hydroxamate. Staphylococcal extracts, as well as purified sortase, catalyze the hydroxylaminolysis of peptides bearing an LPXTG motif, a reaction that can be inhibited with sulfhydryl-modifying reagents. Replacement of the single conserved cysteine at position 184 of sortase with alanine abolishes enzyme activity. Thus, sortase appears to catalyze surface-protein anchoring by means of a transpeptidation reaction that captures cleaved polypeptides as thioester enzyme intermediates.
Asymmetric Fragile Watermarking Using a Number Theoretic Transform (2009)

We propose an asymmetric fragile watermarking technique that uses a number theoretic transform (NTT). Signature data is extracted from a watermarked image by determining correlation functions that are computed using the NTT. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by simulated detection of altering.
A comparison of ANR headset performance for loopshaping and <i>H</i>∞ control system design (1998)

Active noise reduction (ANR) has been widely accepted as a critical component in circumaural hearing protectors and communication headsets for many commercial and military applications. That is because ANR headsets provide the end-user with at-ear noise suppression that is more effective than passive configurations alone can offer. In the past few years, there have been significant advances in this technology area. These are largely related to attempts to transition from traditional analog control hardware to digital implementations. One benefit of digital controller design is the ease of constructing optimal and robust compensators. The traditional approach in designing feedback ANR headsets is usually ‘‘loopshaping,’’ which is a somewhat heuristic design method. The desire for further improvements in feedback ANR headset performance is leading engineers toward more analytical approaches for controller design, including the robust techniques of H∞. This presentation compares and contrasts loopshaping and optimal controller design for the single-input, single-output disturbance rejection problem. A controls engineer experienced in loopshaping design techniques and a controls engineer experienced in optimal controller design techniques compare results for an ANR headset design. Constraints are placed on bandwidth, actuator force, and system design. It is shown that the loopshaping design can perform as good as or better than the optimal control solution for the given constraints.
Extracting the phylogenetic dimension of coevolution reveals hidden functional signal (2020)

Abstract Despite the structural and functional information contained in the statistical coupling between pairs of residues in a protein, coevolution associated with function is often obscured by artifactual signals such as genetic drift, which shapes a protein’s phylogenetic history and gives rise to concurrent variation between protein sequences that is not driven by selection for function. Here, we introduce a method for explicitly defining a phylogenetic dimension of coevolution signal, and demonstrate that coevolution can occur on multiple phylogenetic timescales within a single protein. Our method, Nested Coevolution (NC), can be applied as an extension to any coevolution metric. We use NC to demonstrate that poorly conserved residues can nonetheless have important roles in protein function. Moreover, NC improved structural-contact prediction over gold-standard coevolution-based methods, particularly in subsampled alignments with fewer sequences. NC also lowered the noise in detecting functional sectors of collectively coevolving residues. Sectors of coevolving residues identified after NC correction were more spatially compact and phylogenetically distinct from the rest of the protein, and strongly enriched for mutations that disrupt protein activity. Our conceptualization of the phylogenetic separation of coevolution represents an advance from previous pragmatic attempts to reduce phylogenetic artifacts in measurements of coevolution. Application of NC broadens the application of protein coevolution measurements, particularly to eukaryotic proteins with fewer naturally available sequences, and further elucidates relationships among protein evolution and genetic diseases.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROARENE FUSED BENZODIAZEPINES. PART 1. SYNTHESIS OF THIENO(2,3‐B)(1,5)‐, ‐(3,2‐B)(1,5)‐, AND ‐(3,4‐B)(1,5)BENZODIAZEPINES (1978)

Abstract Bei Zugabe der auf ‐20 bis ‐40°C gekühlten lithiierten Aminoester (II) zu einer Lösung der Benzole (I) in THF bei 20‐40°C entstehen die Verbindungen (III).
Design of a parallel photonic FFT processor (2002)

We present the design of a parallel high-performance chipset for computing 1-D complex fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). The chipset is composed of two chips-a photonic FFT processing engine (PFFT) and a photonic data storage element (PRAM). Using this chipset, a number of high-speed systems can be created. The chipset is compatible with a number of available interconnect technologies, such as free-space optical interconnection schemes involving the flip-chip integration of submicron CMOS ICs with GaAs chips containing 2-D arrays of multiple quantum well diode optical receivers and transmitters.
868. Novel Strategies To Inhibit Ocular Neovascularization Based on Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Blockade (2006)

Ocular neovascularization is the major landmark of several common retinal and choroidal blinding diseases including proliferative diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, for which no effective therapy is currently available. Recently we have observed that the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway is activated in animal models of retinal and choroidal neovascularization and that its pharmacological inhibition results in significant reduction of neovascularization in both models, suggesting this pathway as a new molecular target for treatment of ocular neovascular diseases.