gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave Resonator Technique for Moisture Content Determination in Single Soybean Seeds (1988)

A rectangular waveguide cavity operating in the H107 mode at 6.0 GHz was used to measure the resonant frequency Shift and the change in Q-factor caused by seeds of various dimensions and different hydration levels, located in the center of the cavity. Significant statistical correlations were found between those two parameters and the amount of water in the seeds and their dry mass. Moisture content, being a ratio of these two masses, may therefore be expressed in terms of two measured cavity parameters, regardless of the size of the seed. With this technique, the moisture content of soybeans, Glycine max L., in the range from 7 to 16 percent can be determined with an uncertainty of 0.9 percent at the 95-percent confidence level.
Phage Resistance in Streptococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis Transconjugant SLA3.2501 and Its Derivatives (1987)

Phage 18-16, which was virulent for Streptococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis SLA3.25 was used to study phage-resistant characteristics of mucoid S. lactis ssp. diacetylactis transconjugant SLA3.2501 obtained through conjugative cotransfer of pSRQ2201 (Lac-plasmid) and pSRQ2202 (Muc-plasmid) to SLA3.25 (15). Interaction of phage 18-16 with SLA3.2501 and its derivatives showed that phage resistance was not related to either the lack of phage adsorption or restriction-modification. Suppression of phage replication in SLA3.2501 and its derivatives was not completely relieved by curing of either pSRQ2201 or pSRQ2202 or both.
Actor Critic Deep Reinforcement Learning for Neural Malware Control (2020)

In addition to using signatures, antimalware products also detect malicious attacks by evaluating unknown files in an emulated environment, i.e. sandbox, prior to execution on a computer's native operating system. During emulation, a file cannot be scanned indefinitely, and antimalware engines often set the number of instructions to be executed based on a set of heuristics. These heuristics only make the decision of when to halt emulation using partial information leading to the execution of the file for either too many or too few instructions. Also this method is vulnerable if the attackers learn this set of heuristics. Recent research uses a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model employing a Deep Q-Network (DQN) to learn when to halt the emulation of a file. In this paper, we propose a new DRL-based system which instead employs a modified actor critic (AC) framework for the emulation halting task. This AC model dynamically predicts the best time to halt the file's execution based on a sequence of system API calls. Compared to the earlier models, the new model is capable of handling adversarial attacks by simulating their behaviors using the critic model. The new AC model demonstrates much better performance than both the DQN model and antimalware engine's heuristics. In terms of execution speed (evaluated by the halting decision), the new model halts the execution of unknown files by up to 2.5% earlier than the DQN model and 93.6% earlier than the heuristics. For the task of detecting malicious files, the proposed AC model increases the true positive rate by 9.9% from 69.5% to 76.4% at a false positive rate of 1% compared to the DQN model, and by 83.4% from 41.2% to 76.4% at a false positive rate of 1% compared to a recently proposed LSTM model.
Optimal segmentation of the optic nerve head from stereo retinal images (2006)

Early detection of glaucoma is essential to minimizing the risk of visual loss. It has been shown that a good predictor of glaucoma is the cup-to-disc ratio of the optic nerve head. This paper presents a highly automated method to segment the 'rim' (disc) and 'cup' from the optic nerve head in stereo images and calculate the cup-to-disc ratio. In this approach, the optic nerve head is unwrapped in polar coordinates and represented as a graph. Utilizing a novel and efficient graph searching technique for determining globally optimal closed-paths and an intelligent cost function, the rim and the cup are segmented from the stereo images. The results offer a more intuitive quantitative analysis compared to current planimetry-based techniques because the ophthalmologist can view the segmented images along with the derived cup-to-disc ratio.
Prothymosin alpha: isolation and properties of the major immunoreactive form of thymosin alpha 1 in rat thymus. (1984)

A polypeptide containing approximately equal to 112 amino acid residues, with the thymosin alpha 1 sequence at its NH2 terminus, has been isolated from rat thymus by using a radioimmunoassay with an antibody prepared against synthetic thymosin alpha 1. The new polypeptide, named "prothymosin alpha," was found to be the major substance crossreacting with thymosin alpha 1 antiserum in rat thymus extracts; peptides corresponding to thymosin alpha 1 or thymosin alpha 11 were not detected. In gel filtration at pH 2.8, prothymosin alpha emerged as a single symmetrical peak corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of 32,000, approximately 3 times larger than the minimum molecular weight calculated from its amino acid composition. On the same gel filtration columns, synthetic thymosin alpha 1 (calculated Mr = 3108) emerged at a position corresponding to a molecular weight of 10,000-11,000. Thus, both prothymosin alpha and thymosin alpha 1 appear to exist in solution as oligomers, possibly as trimers. Prothymosin alpha and synthetic thymosin alpha 1 also were separated readily in reverse-phase HPLC and in isoelectric focusing; the isoelectric point of prothymosin alpha determined by the latter procedure was found to be 3.55, consistent with an unusually high content of glutamic and aspartic acids based on amino acid analyses. Prothymosin alpha appears to represent the native polypeptide from which thymosin alpha 1 and other fragments are generated during the isolation of thymosin fraction 5.
Linearizing Nonlinear Optics (2019)

Fourier nonlinear optics merges the simplicity of linear optics with the power of nonlinear optics to achieve a decoupling of frequencies, amplitudes and phases in nonlinear processes - enabling first deep UV shaping at 207nm.
Polyamine Pools and Cancer Prevention (2006)

Polyamine contents increase during epithelial carcinogenesis in both rodents and humans. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first enzyme in polyamine synthesis in mammals, is increased in epithelial cancers, and ODC has become a target for cancer chemoprevention. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a specific inhibitor of ODC and is under evaluation in clinical trials for prevention of epithelial cancers, including those of the colon, prostate, and skin. Tissue, serum, and other bodily fluid endpoints have been used to monitor effects of DFMO in human clinical chemoprevention trials. Cell and tissue polyamine contents are regulated by mechanisms influencing synthesis, catabolism, uptake, and efflux. These regulatory mechanisms include both transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. Tissue measurements of ODC enzyme activity have often failed to be reliable measures of either carcinogenesis or response to DFMO. Levels of target tissue polyamines are less subject to measurement variability than are measures of ODC enzyme activity, and are closely associated with administered DFMO dose in randomized clinical chemoprevention trials in humans. Target tissue polyamine contents are validated biomarkers for the biochemical efficacy of DFMO in clinical cancer chemoprevention trials. There is a need for new predictive biomarkers of agents that affect polyamine metabolism that could be measured in sources other than target tissues.
Structural Basis of Neutralization of the Major Toxic Component from the Scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann by a Human-derived Single-chain Antibody Fragment (2011)

It has previously been reported that several single-chain antibody fragments of human origin (scFv) neutralize the effects of two different scorpion venoms through interactions with the primary toxins of Centruroides noxius Hoffmann (Cn2) and Centruroides suffusus suffusus (Css2). Here we present the crystal structure of the complex formed between one scFv (9004G) and the Cn2 toxin, determined in two crystal forms at 2.5 and 1.9 Å resolution. A 15-residue span of the toxin is recognized by the antibody through a cleft formed by residues from five of the complementarity-determining regions of the scFv. Analysis of the interface of the complex reveals three features. First, the epitope of toxin Cn2 overlaps with essential residues for the binding of β-toxins to its Na(+) channel receptor site. Second, the putative recognition of Css2 involves mainly residues that are present in both Cn2 and Css2 toxins. Finally, the effect on the increase of affinity of previously reported key residues during the maturation process of different scFvs can be inferred from the structure. Taken together, these results provide the structural basis that explain the mechanism of the 9004G neutralizing activity and give insight into the process of directed evolution that gave rise to this family of neutralizing scFvs.
Single‐Molecule Mechanochemical Sensing Using DNA Origami Nanostructures (2014)

While single-molecule sensing offers the ultimate detection limit, its throughput is often restricted as sensing events are carried out one at a time in most cases. 2D and 3D DNA origami nanostructures are used as expanded single-molecule platforms in a new mechanochemical sensing strategy. As a proof of concept, six sensing probes are incorporated in a 7-tile DNA origami nanoassembly, wherein binding of a target molecule to any of these probes leads to mechanochemical rearrangement of the origami nanostructure, which is monitored in real time by optical tweezers. Using these platforms, 10 pM platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are detected within 10 minutes, while demonstrating multiplex sensing of the PDGF and a target DNA in the same solution. By tapping into the rapid development of versatile DNA origami nanostructures, this mechanochemical platform is anticipated to offer a long sought solution for single-molecule sensing with improved throughput.
Learning approximate neural estimators for wireless channel state information (2017)

Estimation is a critical component of synchronization in wireless and signal processing systems. There is a rich body of work on estimator derivation, optimization, and statistical characterization from analytic system models which are used pervasively today. We explore an alternative approach to building estimators which relies principally on approximate regression using large datasets and large computationally efficient artificial neural network models capable of learning non-linear function mappings which provide compact and accurate estimates. For single carrier PSK modulation, we explore the accuracy and computational complexity of such estimators compared with the current gold-standard analytically derived alternatives. We compare performance in various wireless operating conditions and consider the trade offs between the two different classes of systems. Our results show the learned estimators can provide improvements in areas such as short-time estimation and estimation under non-trivial real world channel conditions such as fading or other non-linear hardware or propagation effects.
Antigens of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III/Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus (1985)

Antigens encoded by the gag and env genes of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) include a p55 gag polyprotein that yields p24 as the major virus core protein, and an env gene polyprotein, gp 160, that produces gp 120, the most immunogenic protein in humans, at the amino terminus. Although its use is limited to research laboratories due to the cost and specialized procedures involved, the analysis of sera by radioimmunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is the test providing the optimal balance of specificity and sensitivity. Because the gp 120 represents the external virus protein, it would be the most appropriate antigen for vaccine development. Also viruses serologically related to HTLV-III/LAV were detected recently in two species of Old World monkeys. Because about half the healthy African green monkeys appear to have been exposed to simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-III), a related agent of the species, a characterization of the STLV-III gp 120 and immune response of the host may provide additional information for vaccine development.
A dual-specific macrophage colony-stimulating factor antagonist of c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin for osteoporosis therapy (2018)

There is currently a demand for new highly efficient and specific drugs to treat osteoporosis, a chronic bone disease affecting millions of people worldwide. We have developed a combinatorial strategy for engineering bispecific inhibitors that simultaneously target the unique combination of c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin, which act in concert to facilitate bone resorption by osteoclasts. Using functional fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based screening assays of random mutagenesis macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) libraries against c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin, we engineered dual-specific M-CSF mutants with high affinity to both receptors. These bispecific mutants act as functional antagonists of c-FMS and αvβ3 integrin activation and hence of osteoclast differentiation in vitro and osteoclast activity in vivo. This study thus introduces a versatile platform for the creation of new-generation therapeutics with high efficacy and specificity for osteoporosis and other bone diseases. It also provides new tools for studying molecular mechanisms and the cell signaling pathways that mediate osteoclast differentiation and function.
An on-line method for self-organized learning and extraction of fuzzy rules from high dimensional data (2005)

In this paper we present an approach that is capable of online learning and automatic generation of a fuzzy expert system for high dimensional classification problems. The novel part of our system is a new online learning rule. Unlike other learning systems, this learning rule makes our system scale robustly with input space dimensions and thus suitable for high dimensional data. The algorithm is also able to extract knowledge in an online fashion in the form of fuzzy rules that are comprehensible, compact, and accurate.
Surface modification of carbon nanotubes with copper oxide nanoparticles for heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids (2018)

Over the last few years, nanoparticles have been used as thermal enhancement agents in many heat transfer based fluids to improve the thermal conductivity of the fluids. Recently, many experiments have been carried out to prepare different types of nanofluids (NFs) showing a tremendous increase in thermal conductivity of the base fluids with the addition of a small amount of nanoparticles. However, little experimental work has been proposed to calculate the flow behaviour and heat transfer of nanofluids and the exact mechanism for the increase in effective thermal conductivity in heat exchangers. This study mainly focuses on the development of nanomaterial composites by incorporating copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO) onto the surfaces of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNT-CuO nanocomposite was used to prepare water-based heat transfer NFs. The morphological surfaces and loading contents of the CNT-CuO nanocomposite were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) while the physical and thermal properties of the water-based nanofluids were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the Mathis TCi system and a viscosity meter for measuring the heat capacity, thermal conductivity and viscosity of the synthesized NFs, respectively. The heat transfer and the pressure drop studies of the NFs were conducted by a horizontal steel tube counter-flow heat exchanger under turbulent flow conditions. The experimental results showed that the developed NFs with different concentrations of modified CNTs (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 wt%) have yielded a significant increase in specific heat capacity (102% higher than pure water) and thermal conductivity (26% higher than pure water) even at low concentration. The results also revealed that the heat rate of the NF was higher than that of the base liquid (water) and increased with increasing the concentration of nanoparticles. Furthermore, no significant effect of the nanoparticles on the pressure drop of the system was observed.
Passive Wireless Strain Sensors Using Microfabricated Magnetoelastic Beam Elements (2014)

This paper describes resonant wireless strain sensors fabricated from magnetoelastic alloys. The transduction mechanism is the ΔE effect-the change in stiffness of magnetoelastic materials with applied strain or magnetic field. This is measured as a shift in the resonant frequency and is detected wirelessly using pick-up coils utilizing the magnetoelastic coupling of these materials. The sensors are fabricated from a 28-μm-thick foil of Metglas 2826 MB (Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">40</sub> Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">38</sub> Mo <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sub> ), a ferromagnetic magnetoelastic alloy, using microelectrodischarge machining. Two sensor types are described-single and differential. The single sensor has an active area of 7 × 2 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , excluding the anchors. At 23°C, it operates at a resonant frequency of 230.8 kHz and has a sensitivity of 13 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ppm/mstrain; the dynamic range is 0.05-1.05 mstrain. The differential sensor includes a strain independent reference resonator of area 2 × 0.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in addition to a sensing element of area 2.5 × 0.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> that is divided into two segments. The sensor resonance is at 266.4 kHz and reference resonance is at 492.75 kHz. The differential sensor provides a dynamic range for 0-1.85 mstrain with a sensitivity of 12.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ppm/mstrain at 23°C. The reference resonator of the differential sensor is used to compensate for the temperature dependence of the Young's modulus of Metglas 2826 MB, which is experimentally estimated to be -524 ppm/°C. For an increment of 35°C, uncompensated sensors exhibit a resonant frequency shift of up to 42% of the dynamic range for the single sensor and 30% of the dynamic range of the differential sensor, underscoring the necessity of temperature compensation. The geometry of both types of sensors can be modified to accommodate a variety of sensitivity and dynamic range requirements.
Evidence for disruption of sphingolipid metabolism as a contributing factor in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of fumonisins (1996)

Fumonisins are inhibitors of the biosynthesis of sphingosine and more complex sphingolipids. In eucaryotic cells, fumonisin inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis is a result of inhibition of the enzyme ceramide synthase. Large increase in free sphinganine concentration in plant and animal cells are observed within a few hours after exposure to fumonisins and/or Alternaria toxins (AAL-toxins). Some of the sphinganine is metabolized to other bioactive intermediates, and some is released from cells. In animals, free sphinganine accumulates in tissues and quickly appears in blood and urine. Free sphingoid bases are toxic to most cells, and complex sphingolipids are essential for normal cell growth. Fumonisin B1 stimulates sphinganine-dependent DNA synthesis in Swiss 3T3 cells, but is mitoinhibitory in other cell types. In cultured cells the accumulation of bioactive long-chain sphingoid bases and depletion of complex sphingolipids are clearly contributing factors in growth inhibition, increased cell death, and (in Swiss 3T3 cells) mitogenicity of fumonisins. While disruption of sphingolipid metabolism directly affects cells, it may indirectly affect some tissues. For example, fumonisin B1 impairs the barrier function of endothelial cells in vitro. Adverse effects on endothelial cells could indirectly contribute to the neurotoxicity and pulmonary edema caused by fumonisins. It is hypothesized that fumonisin-induced changes in the sphingolipid composition of target tissues could directly or indirectly contribute to all Fusarium moniliforme-associated diseases.
Interaction of GM-CSF and IL-3 with the common β-chain of their receptors (1995)

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL-3) are cytokines active in both normal and abnormal hemopoiesis, inflammation, and immunity. Their biological activity is mediated via receptors that comprise a ligand-specific alpha chain and a beta chain that is common to the GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 receptors. To understand the mechanism of action of GM-CSF and IL-3 in both normal and pathological conditions, we are seeking to define the structural elements required for ligand/receptor and receptor/receptor contact and their role in cellular activation. To this end we have identified a conserved motif in the first helix of GM-CSF, Glu21 that is critical for high affinity binding and biological activity. Charge-reversal mutagenesis of this residue generates a GM-CSF analogue that is devoid of biological activity and can antagonize the activity of wild-type GM-CSF. This probably results from the selective deficiency in interaction with the beta chain of the receptor and suggests that similar antagonists for IL-3 and IL-5 are also feasible. Complementary mutagenesis studies on the receptor beta chain have identified the putative B'-C' loop in the membrane-proximal domain as being critical for the high affinity binding of GM-CSF but not IL-3. Characterization of the specificity of sites of interaction between the ligands and receptors may permit the design of specific or genetic antagonists that may have important therapeutic implications.
Continuous time &#x03A3;&#x0394; modulator, challenges &amp; possibilities (2012)

Single-bit SDM is not very suitable for wide bandwidth and high dynamic range applications even though they are the perfect choice in deep submicron digital process. This paper describes few novel approaches which achieves close to multi-bit modulator performance without losing the advantage of the single-bit modulator.
Notice of Removal: 3D myocardial mechanical wave measurements using high frame rate ultrasound imaging and Clutter filter wave imaging: Towards a 3D myocardial elasticity mapping (2017)

Removed.