gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virtual Reality Training System for Anytime/Anywhere Acquisition of Surgical Skills: A Pilot Study (2018)

This article presents a hardware/software simulation environment suitable for anytime/anywhere surgical skills training. It blends the advantages of physical hardware and task analogs with the flexibility of virtual environments. This is further enhanced by a web-based implementation of training feedback accessible to both trainees and trainers. Our training system provides a self-paced and interactive means to attain proficiency in basic tasks that could potentially be applied across a spectrum of trainees from first responder field medical personnel to physicians. This results in a powerful training tool for surgical skills acquisition relevant to helping injured warfighters.
Stimulation of adult chondrocyte metabolism by a thyroid‐derived factor (1990)

This paper reports the effects of adding partially purified bovine thyroid calcitonin, thyrocalcitonin, to adult bovine articular cartilage cells. Thyrocalcitonin stimulated chondrocyte proliferation fourfold under low serum (0.5%) culture conditions. In serum-free medium, thyrocalcitonin stimulated cell proliferation more than twofold. With high-density cultures in serum-free medium, chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis was stimulated 60% by thyrocalcitonin. Cell-associated radioactivity was increased twofold. In contrast to thyrocalcitonin, addition of human and salmon calcitonin peptides as well as the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 had no effect on adult cartilage cell proliferation or GAG synthesis. The data reported here suggest the existence of a thyroid-derived factor, independent of calcitonin peptides or thyroid hormones, which stimulates adult articular chondrocyte metabolism.
Acoustic energy harvesting by piezoelectric curved beams in the cavity of a sonic crystal (2010)

Acoustic energy harvesting by piezoelectric curved beams in the cavity of a sonic crystal is investigated. A resonant cavity of the sonic crystal is used to localize the acoustic wave as the acoustic waves are incident into the sonic crystal at the resonant frequency. The piezoelectric curved beam is placed in the resonant cavity and vibrated by the acoustic wave. The energy harvesting can be achieved as the acoustic waves are incident at the resonant frequency. A model for energy harvesting of the piezoelectric curved beam is also developed to predict the output voltage and power of the energy harvesting. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical.
SRv6 interoperability report (2019)

Segment Routing (SR) can be applied to the IPv6 data plane by
leveraging a new type of routing extension header, called Segment
Routing Header (SRH). An SRH contains an ordered list, or sequence, of
segments representing topological or service-based instructions, or
any combination of those. This draft provides an overview of IPv6
Segment Routing (SRv6) implementations and interoperability. It makes
an inventory of the various pieces of hardware and software that have
been demonstrated to support the processing of an SRH, and details
some interoperability scenarios that have been showcased at a public
event.
Simple Nb metal bonding structure (1995)

A simple metallic bonding structure, has been developed consisting of a pure metal Nb and an alloy containing Sn, which can be employed to bond a semiconducting laser device and/or a silicon integrated circuit die to a submount with Au–Sn solder. Differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy reveal that the Nb layer acts effectively both as an adhesion layer to SiO2 and diamond submounts and as a perfect diffusion barrier against Au–Sn solder. The metallization structure shows no indication of dewetting of the Au–Sn solder. The excellent bonding characters have been attributed to the unique metallurgical properties of Nb.
A quorum-sensing inhibitor blocks <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> virulence and biofilm formation (2013)

Quorum sensing is a chemical communication process that bacteria use to regulate collective behaviors. Disabling quorum-sensing circuits with small molecules has been proposed as a potential strategy to prevent bacterial pathogenicity. The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses quorum sensing to control virulence and biofilm formation. Here, we analyze synthetic molecules for inhibition of the two P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing receptors, LasR and RhlR. Our most effective compound, meta-bromo-thiolactone (mBTL), inhibits both the production of the virulence factor pyocyanin and biofilm formation. mBTL also protects Caenorhabditis elegans and human lung epithelial cells from killing by P. aeruginosa. Both LasR and RhlR are partially inhibited by mBTL in vivo and in vitro; however, RhlR, not LasR, is the relevant in vivo target. More potent antagonists do not exhibit superior function in impeding virulence. Because LasR and RhlR reciprocally control crucial virulence factors, appropriately tuning rather than completely inhibiting their activities appears to hold the key to blocking pathogenesis in vivo.
Development of Nanocrystalline Zeolite Materials as Environmental Catalysts (2004)

Introduction Nanoscale materials are promising catalysts in the broadly defined field of environmental catalysis. Environmental catalysis refers to the use of catalysts to solve environmental problems, in areas such as waste remediation, emission abatement, and environmentally benign chemical synthesis. Some of the advantages that may be achieved by improved environmental nanocatalyst materials include increased energy efficiency and conversion, reductions in chemical waste and effective waste remediation. The environmental benefits of nanocatalysts include cleaner air and water and, ultimately, a more sustainable future. Zeolites, which are widely used in applications in separations and catalysis, are aluminosilicate molecular sieves with pores of molecular dimensions. The crystal size of zeolites formed during conventional synthesis range in size from 1,000 to 10,000 nm. Recently, the synthesis of nanometer-sized zeolites has been reported by several groups.(1-12) There has been a great deal of interest in nanocrystalline zeolites because of their properties, such as improved mass
Two-step metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth of piezoelectric ZnO thin film on SiO2/Si substrate (2001)

Piezoelectric ZnO thin films deposited on semiconductor substrates are used for surface and bulk acoustic wave and devices, which offer advantages such as low power consumption, circuit miniaturization, and cost reduction by integration with microwave monolithic integrated circuit technology. Furthermore, temperature compensated surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, which are attractive for both communication and sensor technologies, may be achieved in the ZnO/SiO2/Si system as ZnO and Si have positive temperature coefficients of delay, while SiO2 has a negative one. In the present work, ZnO thin films were grown on SiO2/Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The structural properties of the films were investigated using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. A two-step growth process was developed to obtain ZnO films with both good crystalline quality and surface morphology. The SAW properties of the ZnO/SiO2/Si system were investigated through modeling and computer simulation based on the transfer matrix method. Acoustic velocity dispersion data obtained from measurement on testing structures agree well with the dispersion curves predicted by computer simulation. The results show that the ZnO/SiO2/Si system is promising for fabricating low-loss SAW devices.
Pacing During Ventricular Fibrillation: Factors Influencing the Ability to Capture (2001)

The probability of a pacing train capturing fibrillating myocardium can be influenced by the pacing protocol parameters.
A 45 nm 10T Dual-Port SRAM with Shared Bit-Line Scheme for Low Power Operation (2012)

This paper proposes a 10T bit-cell of dual-port (DP) SRAM design to improve Static Noise Margin (SNM) and solve write/read disturb issues in nano-scale CMOS technologies. In additional used the row access transistor in the bit-cell, adding Y -access MOS (column-direction access transistor) can improve dummy-read cells’ noise margin and isolate the pre-charge noise from bit-lines in synchronous or asynchronous clock operation. The paper also proposes a scheme of combining the row access transistor and sharing bit-line with an adjacent bit-cell. This scheme can reduce the bit-line number to half and mitigate the current consumption of the write/read buffer caused by precharging the bit-line to VDD. Furthermore, Y -passgate (column direction access transistor) numbers can also be reduced to half with the proposed DP 10T SRAM architecture. The result shows that write/read buffer current consumption was reduced by over 30%, compared to the conventional DP 8T structure from 1.4 V to 0.6 V VDD.
Integrated circuit digital rights management techniques using physical level characterization (2011)

Digital rights management (DRM) of integrated circuits (ICs) is a crucially important task both economically and strategically. Several IC metering techniques have been proposed, but until now their effectiveness for royalty management has not been quantified. IC auditing is an important DRM step that goes beyond metering; it not only detects that a pirated IC has been produced but also determines the quantity of pirated ICs. Our strategic objective is to create a new intrinsic passive metering technique as well as the first IC auditing technique, and to maximize and quantify their effectiveness using statistical analysis and IC characterization techniques. Our main technical innovations include physical level gate characterization, a Bayesian approach for coincidence analysis, and an adaptation of animal counting techniques for IC production estimation. We evaluate the accuracy of the IC metering and auditing approach using simulations on a set of ISCAS benchmarks.
PAWP: A Power Aware Web Proxy for Wireless LAN Clients (2005)

The relative power consumed in the WLAN interface of a mobile device is rising due to significant improvements in the energy efficiency of the other device components. The unpredictability of the incoming WLAN traffic limit the effectiveness of existing power saving techniques. This paper introduces a power aware Web proxy (PAWP) architecture designed to schedule incoming Web traffic into intervals of high and no communication. This traffic pattern allows WLAN interfaces to switch to a low power state after very short idle intervals. PAWP uses a collection of HTTP-level techniques to compensate any negative impact that traffic scheduling may have. PAWP does not require any client or Web server modifications. In this paper, we describe our initial experiences with a PAWP implementation for 802.11b WLANs. Our experiments show savings of more than 50% in the energy consumed by the WLAN interface. Finally, our experiences give us insights into possible browser improvements when power consumption is taken into account.
Effect of photocarrier spreading on the photoluminescence of double heterostructure material (1984)

Lateral spreading of photoexcited carriers can suppress the photoluminescence signal from double heterostructure wafers containing a p-n junction independently from saturable defects in the material. Experimental results are presented and a theory is derived to show that in any double heterostructure with a p-n junction the photoluminescence is suppressed if the power of the excitation source does not exceed a threshold value. The threshold power has been calculated in terms of material parameters, in excellent agreement with experimental results. This effect is the basis of a novel technique used for a nondestructive optical determination of the p-clad layer sheet conductance as well as junction misplacement in double heterostructures, both of which are important parameters for injection lasers.
Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Based Live-Attenuated Vaccines Confer Durable Protective Immunity against Influenza A Viruses in a Preclinical Ferret Model (2021)

Epidemic or pandemic influenza can annually cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. We developed novel chimeric hemagglutinin (cHA)-based universal influenza virus vaccines, which contain a conserved HA stalk domain from a 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) strain combined with globular head domains from avian influenza A viruses. Our previous reports demonstrated that prime-boost sequential immunizations induced robust antibody responses directed toward the conserved HA stalk domain in ferrets. Herein, we further followed vaccinated animals for one year to compare the efficacy and durability of these vaccines in the preclinical ferret model of influenza. Although all cHA-based immunization regimens induced durable HA stalk-specific and heterosubtypic antibody responses in ferrets, sequential immunization with live-attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIV-LAIV) conferred the best protection against upper respiratory tract infection by a pH1N1 influenza A virus. The findings from this study suggest that our sequential immunization strategy for a cHA-based universal influenza virus vaccine provides durable protective humoral and cellular immunity against influenza virus infection.
Bu-2313, a new antibiotic complex active against anaerobes. II. Structure determination of Bu-2313 A and B. (1980)

The structures of Bu-2313 A and B have been determined. They are dienoyltetramic acid-containing antibiotics structurally related to streptolydigin and tirandamycin.
Complex conjugate resolved heterodyne swept source optical coherence tomography using coherence revival (2012)

We describe a simple and low-cost technique for resolving the complex conjugate ambiguity in Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) that is applicable to many swept source OCT (SSOCT) systems. First, we review the principles of coherence revival, wherein an interferometer illuminated by an external cavity tunable laser (ECTL) exhibits interference fringes when the two arms of the interferometer are mismatched by an integer multiple of the laser cavity length. Second, we report observations that the spectral interferogram obtained from SSOCT systems employing certain ECTLs are automatically phase modulated when the arm lengths are mismatched this way. This phase modulation results in a frequency-shifted interferogram, effectively creating an extended-depth heterodyne SSOCT system without the use of acousto-optic or electro-optic modulators. We suggest that this phase modulation may be caused by the ECTL cavity optical pathlength varying slightly over the laser sweep, and support this hypothesis with numerical simulations. We also report on the successful implementation of this technique with two commercial swept source lasers operating at 840nm and 1040nm, with sweep rates of 8kHz and 100kHz respectively. The extended imaging depth afforded by this technique was demonstrated by measuring the sensitivity fall-off profiles of each laser with matched and mismatched interferometer arms. The feasibility of this technique for clinical systems is demonstrated by imaging the ocular anterior segments of healthy human volunteers.
Photoelectric detection of electron spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond (2015)

The readout of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre electron spins is essential for applications in quantum computation, metrology and sensing. Conventional readout protocols are based on the detection of photons emitted from nitrogen-vacancy centres, a process limited by the efficiency of photon collection. We report on an alternative principle for detecting the magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centres, allowing the direct photoelectric readout of nitrogen-vacancy centres spin state in an all-diamond device. The photocurrent detection of magnetic resonance scheme is based on the detection of charge carriers promoted to the conduction band of diamond by two-photon ionization of nitrogen-vacancy centres. The optical and photoelectric detection of magnetic resonance are compared, by performing both types of measurements simultaneously. The minima detected in the measured photocurrent at resonant microwave frequencies are attributed to the spin-dependent ionization dynamics of nitrogen-vacancy, originating from spin-selective non-radiative transitions to the metastable singlet state.
Last hop topology sensitive multicasting key managment (2005)

In this paper we study multicast key management. We illustrate the important role that the features of the last hop play in the context of multicast key management. We then propose several schemes to distribute the keys while focusing on the topology of the last hop. We also show the importance of these schemes when considering last hop wireless networks such as 3G networks. Towards this we have also considered the current proposal for multicasting in 3G networks and shown the advantages that would ensue by considering the proposed last hop sensitive key management schemes in such bandwidth constrained networks.
Soy-based medium for ethanol production byEscherichia coli KO11 (1996)

An optimized soy-based medium was developed for ethanol production by Escherichia coli KO11. The medium consists of mineral salts, vitamins, crude enzymatic hydrolysate of soy and fermentable sugar. Ethanol produced after 24 h was used as an endpoint in bioassays to optimize hydrolysate preparation. Although longer fermentation times were required with soy medium than with LB medium, similar final ethanol concentrations were achieved (44-45 g ethanol L-1 from 100 g glucose L-1). The cost of materials for soy medium (excluding sugar) was estimated to be $0.003 L-1 broth, $0.06 L-1 ethanol.
The magneto-seismic method in geoscience (2021)

Abstract Key concepts and potential applications associated with a phenomenon hitherto unexplored by the geoscience community, which we have named the magneto-seismic effect, are introduced. The method is based on the simple principle that when an electric charge moves in the presence of an external magnetic field, the charge carrier experiences an instantaneous force, which is equal to the vector cross product of the current it carries and the magnetic field that is present. This “Lorentz force” can create both compressional and shear sound waves in electrical conductors by passing an alternating current through them via an electromagnetic source. In laboratory settings, this magneto-seismic effect can produce readily detectable rock frame displacements. This opens up the possibility of developing new experimental methods to interrogate elastic and poroelastic response of rocks in a broad frequency range from subhertz to megahertz, potentially closing the frequency gap between traditional ultrasonic characterization and properties of interest in the seismic frequency band. In exploration settings, electric current dipole/bipole sources, or novel rotating magnetic dipole sources, can be used to generate electric currents at depth. These currents produce seismic waves at interfaces (or boundaries) where conductivity abruptly changes. The amplitude and propagation directions of these generated seismic waves depend on the relative orientation of the interfaces (or boundaries) with respect to the earth's magnetic field. These seismic waves can then be recorded by receivers at the surface and, in principle, might be processed to yield a resistivity map with seismic resolution. It is shown that processing to obtain a signal from deep targets is significantly limited by seismic background noise. However, an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio might be achieved for shallower targets. The difference between the magneto-seismic response and the previously well-studied electro-seismic response will be discussed.
Gratings with an aperiodic basis: single-mode emission in multi-wavelength lasers (2011)

We propose a new class of gratings having multiple spatial frequencies. Their design relies on the use of small aperiodic grating sequences as unit cells whose repetition forms a superlattice. The superlattice provides well-defined Fourier components, while the choice of the unit cell structure enables the selection, modulation or suppression of certain Fourier components. Using these gratings to provide distributed feedback in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers, we demonstrate simultaneous lasing on multiple well-defined and isolated longitudinal modes, each one having a sidemode suppression ratio of about 20 dB.
Reinforcement Learning When All Actions Are Not Always Available (2020)

The Markov decision process (MDP) formulation used to model many real-world sequential decision making problems does not efficiently capture the setting where the set of available decisions (actions) at each time step is stochastic. Recently, the stochastic action set Markov decision process (SAS-MDP) formulation has been proposed, which better captures the concept of a stochastic action set. In this paper we argue that existing RL algorithms for SAS-MDPs can suffer from potential divergence issues, and present new policy gradient algorithms for SAS-MDPs that incorporate variance reduction techniques unique to this setting, and provide conditions for their convergence. We conclude with experiments that demonstrate the practicality of our approaches on tasks inspired by real-life use cases wherein the action set is stochastic.
Universal Microcarriers for Microfluidic Assays (2007)

Bead and cell suspension based flow-through assays are popular for high throughput biological analysis. Several technologies incorporate a tagging scheme with beads to enable multiplexing. Modern flow-through systems such as flow cytometers and cell sorters are large, bulky and expensive; consequently, much research has been performed using microfluidics to miniaturize these systems. However, several problems remain with these systems, notably it remains difficult to perform manipulations on the beads (or cells), and in the case of multiplexed systems, it remains difficult to read the tags quickly. In this paper, we present a micromachined micro-carrier, referred to as a ‘micropallet’, designed to move through a microfluidic device, which helps to solve several of these problems. Micropallets are small carrier structures, micromachined out of plastic or other materials, that are used to carry attached biological or chemical samples through a microfluidic system (e.g., DNA, RNA, proteins, antibodies, adherent cells, organisms). Similar to conventional factory pallets that carry a product through an automated manufacturing line, micropallets are engineered to carry their cargo through a micro-scale system. Thus micropallets may contain shapes, structures and materials designed to interact with and work in a microfluidic system, such as for docking, sorting, manipulation and readout. Additionally, micropallets may include bar codes or other markings, and be engineered to optimally suit the cargo they carry (for example, a micropallet might contain 3-D structures and treated sections for cells, molecules or organisms to attach). Results are presented for the use of micropallets in cell assays, DNA assays and antibody assays. Micropallets may be designed to carry a sample through a microfluidic system or for use in a static assay system, enabling versatile customisation of the micropallets and flow system for design of a programmable system that interacts with the micropallets for detection, control and manipulation.