gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Above room temperature continuous wave operation of a broad-area quantum-cascade laser (2016)

We describe the design and implementation of a broad-area (w ≈ 30 μm) quantum-cascade laser operating in a continuous wave mode up to heat-sink temperatures beyond +100 °C. The room-temperature emission wavelength is 4.6 μm. The temperature gradient in the active region of such a wide laser stripe is essentially perpendicular to the epitaxial layers and the resulting steady-state active region temperature offset scales approximately with the square of the number of cascades. With only 10 cascades in the active region, the threshold electrical power density in the current quantum-cascade laser in the continuous-wave mode is as low as Vth × Ith = 3.8 V × 0.9 kA/cm2 = 3.4 kW/cm2 at room temperature for 2 mm-long two-side high-reflectivity coated laser stripe. A 4 mm-long one-side high-reflectivity coated laser stripe delivers in continuous-wave mode above 0.6 W at +20 °C and above 1.3 W at −27 °C (cooled with a single-stage Peltier element). A 2 mm-long two-side high-reflectivity coated laser stripe demonstrates continuous-wave lasing up to at least +102 °C (375 K). The thermal conductance, Gth, ranges between 235 W/K cm2 and 140 W/K cm2 for temperatures between −33 °C and +102 °C. This demonstration opens the route for continuous-wave power scaling of quantum-cascade lasers via broad-area laser ridges.
Ammonium nitrate-magnesium propellant combustion and heat transfer mechanisms (1992)

Microthermocouples and fiber optics were used to investigate the mechanisms of heat transfer and combustion in magnesium-ammonium nitrate (AN) composite propellants. It was found that a liquid layer at 300 ± 30°C covers the surface of both the AN and binder regions during combustion. The magnesium burns near the propellant surface in a dual vapor and surface mode producing both fine smoke and large-scale MgO ash. With no magnesium, conductive heat feedback from the partially premixed AN/binder gas flame drives the combustion of the propellant. The temperature of this flame varies with space and time, ranging between 1000°C and 160()°C. The spatial and temporal variations of the local flame temperature correspond to the local concentration fluctuations of the gas mixture above the propellant, which, in turn, correlate with the macroscopic heterogeneity established by the coarse AN prills and the binder-fine-AN-fill region. Burning rate was found to increase significantly with increasing magnesium loading due to conductive and radiative heat feedback from burning magnesium particles that were retained near the propellant surface by large-scale ash and due to condensedphase heat release from magnesium oxidation.
Thermal Atomic Layer Etching of SiO<sub>2</sub> by a “Conversion-Etch” Mechanism Using Sequential Reactions of Trimethylaluminum and Hydrogen Fluoride (2017)

The thermal atomic layer etching (ALE) of SiO<sub>2</sub> was performed using sequential reactions of trimethylaluminum (TMA) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) at 300 °C. Ex situ X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements revealed that the etch rate during SiO<sub>2</sub> ALE was dependent on reactant pressure. SiO<sub>2</sub> etch rates of 0.027, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.31 Å/cycle were observed at static reactant pressures of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 4.0 Torr, respectively. Ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements were in agreement with these etch rates versus reactant pressure. In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy investigations also observed SiO<sub>2</sub> etching that was dependent on the static reactant pressures. The FTIR studies showed that the TMA and HF reactions displayed self-limiting behavior at the various reactant pressures. In addition, the FTIR spectra revealed that an Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/aluminosilicate intermediate was present after the TMA exposures. The Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/aluminosilicate intermediate is consistent with a "conversion-etch" mechanism where SiO<sub>2</sub> is converted by TMA to Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, aluminosilicates, and reduced silicon species following a family of reactions represented by 3SiO<sub>2</sub> + 4Al(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> → 2Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3Si(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirmed the reduction of silicon species after TMA exposures. Following the conversion reactions, HF can fluorinate the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and aluminosilicates to species such as AlF<sub>3</sub> and SiO<sub>x</sub>F<sub>y</sub>. Subsequently, TMA can remove the AlF<sub>3</sub> and SiO<sub>x</sub>F<sub>y</sub> species by ligand-exchange transmetalation reactions and then convert additional SiO<sub>2</sub> to Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The pressure-dependent conversion reaction of SiO<sub>2</sub> to Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and aluminosilicates by TMA is critical for thermal SiO<sub>2</sub> ALE. The "conversion-etch" mechanism may also provide pathways for additional materials to be etched using thermal ALE.
Coordinates and intervals in graph-based reference genomes (2017)

It has been proposed that future reference genomes should be graph structures in order to better represent the sequence diversity present in a species. However, there is currently no standard method to represent genomic intervals, such as the positions of genes or transcription factor binding sites, on graph-based reference genomes. We formalize offset-based coordinate systems on graph-based reference genomes and introduce methods for representing intervals on these reference structures. We show the advantage of our methods by representing genes on a graph-based representation of the newest assembly of the human genome (GRCh38) and its alternative loci for regions that are highly variable. More complex reference genomes, containing alternative loci, require methods to represent genomic data on these structures. Our proposed notation for genomic intervals makes it possible to fully utilize the alternative loci of the GRCh38 assembly and potential future graph-based reference genomes. We have made a Python package for representing such intervals on offset-based coordinate systems, available at https://github.com/uio-cels/offsetbasedgraph . An interactive web-tool using this Python package to visualize genes on a graph created from GRCh38 is available at https://github.com/uio-cels/genomicgraphcoords .
A Study on Using RAPD in Alfalfa Salt Tolerant Breeding (2003)

The salt tolerant alfalfa Zhongmu No.1 and the salt sensitive alfalfa Atlantic ocean are used as materials for extracting DNA, and polymorphic DNA molecular markers of 280 primers are selected through RAPD technology. Thirty-seven primers of polymorphic DNA have been found: OPW5、OPW8、OPW9、OPV4、OPV5、OPV9、OPM7、OPM8、OPM14、OPM18、OPT2、OPT3、OPT9、OPT11、OPT19、OPQ3、OPQ5、OPQ10、OPQ11、OPQ19、OPZ3、OPZ6、OPZ9、OPP5、OPP8、OPP20、OPK3、OPK8、OPK14、OPL13、OPO1、OPO2、OPO6、OPO9、OPO13、OPO16、OPO20. The study establishes for the research into the salt tolerant molecular genetic marker of alfalfa.
[Factors influencing the quality of <i>Peucedanum Praeruptorum</i> Dunn and "assessment of quality based on its features"]. (2018)

The factors influencing the evaluation of the quality of <i>Peucedanum praeruptorum</i> Dunn, called "<i>Qianhu</i>" in Chinese, include the botanical origin, places of production, harvesting time and its nature of "<i>Ci Xiong</i>" (bolting and unbolting) etc. The orthodox products are derived from <i>Peucedanum praeruptorum</i> Dunn in successive dynasties, especially the unbolting one produced in Anhui and Zhejiang Provinces picked up during the Beginning of Winter. The "assessment of quality based on its features" includes the "Earthworm head" , "black skin of the root" , "gold inlaid with white jade" , "soft texture like sweet rice" and "strong fragrant smell" . Therefore, the "assessment of quality based on its features" is the summary of all its properties, including the morphology, color, flavor, and property, and it's also the background for evaluating its quality and embodying the wisdom of distinguishing experiences of ancient herbologists.
Electromyography of Superficial and Deep Neck Muscles During Isometric, Voluntary, and Reflex Contractions (2006)

Increasingly complex models of the neck neuromusculature need detailed muscle and kinematic data for proper validation. The goal of this study was to measure the electromyographic activity of superficial and deep neck muscles during tasks involving isometric, voluntary, and reflexively evoked contractions of the neck muscles. Three male subjects (28-41 years) had electromyographic (EMG) fine wires inserted into the left sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae, trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and multifidus muscles. Surface electrodes were placed over the left sternohyoid muscle. Subjects then performed: (i) maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) in the eight directions (45 deg intervals) from the neutral posture; (ii) 50 N isometric contractions with a slow sweep of the force direction through 720 deg; (iii) voluntary oscillatory head movements in flexion and extension; and (iv) initially relaxed reflex muscle activations to a forward acceleration while seated on a sled. Isometric contractions were performed against an overhead load cell and movement dynamics were measured using six-axis accelerometry on the head and torso. In all three subjects, the two anterior neck muscles had similar preferred activation directions and acted synergistically in both dynamic tasks. With the exception of splenius capitis, the posterior and posterolateral neck muscles also showed consistent activation directions and acted synergistically during the voluntary motions, but not during the sled perturbations. These findings suggest that the common numerical-modeling assumption that all anterior muscles act synergistically as flexors is reasonable, but that the related assumption that all posterior muscles act synergistically as extensors is not. Despite the small number of subjects, the data presented here can be used to inform and validate a neck model at three levels of increasing neuromuscular-kinematic complexity: muscles generating forces with no movement, muscles generating forces and causing movement, and muscles generating forces in response to induced movement. These increasingly complex data sets will allow researchers to incrementally tune their neck models' muscle geometry, physiology, and feedforward/feedback neuromechanics.
Flagellar transcriptional activators FlbB and FlaI: gene sequences and 5' consensus sequences of operons under FlbB and FlaI control (1988)

The regulation of the expression of the operons in the flagella-chemotaxis regulon in Escherichia coli has been shown to be a highly ordered cascade which closely parallels the assembly of the flagellar structure and the chemotaxis machinery (T. Iino, Annu. Rev. Genet. 11:161-182, 1977; Y. Komeda, J. Bacteriol. 168: 1315-1318). The master operon, flbB, has been sequenced, and one of its gene products (FlaI) has been identified. On the basis of the deduced amino acid sequence, the FlbB protein has similarity to an alternate sigma factor which is responsible for expression of flagella in Bacillus subtilis. In addition, we have sequenced the 5' regions of a number of flagellar operons and compared these sequences with the 5' region of flagellar operons directly and indirectly under FlbB and FlaI control. We found both a consensus sequence which has been shown to be in all other flagellar operons (J. D. Helmann and M. J. Chamberlin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6422-6424) and a derivative consensus sequence, which is found only in the 5' region of operons directly under FlbB and FlaI control.
56 Gbaud Probabilistically Shaped PAM8 for Data Center Interconnects (2017)

We apply probabilistic shaping in direct detection pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) systems. We show that the achievable information rate can be increased by up to 0.19 bit/symbol over conventional PAM4 solutions. In transmission experiments we demonstrate 8.96 Gbit/s higher net bitrate.
[Immunohistochemical study of retinal Müller cell response in experimental epiretinal membrane formation]. (1998)

Experimental epiretinal membranes (ERM) composed of Müller cells were formed by injecting autologous whole blood into the vitreous cavity of rabbits. Müller cell responses at the early stages of epiretinal membrane formation were studied using immunostaining of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (for identification of the proliferating cells) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (as an appropriate marker for glial cell response), and the electron microscope in the experimental rabbit model. Three days after the injection, nuclei of Müller cells were found in the inner part of the retina and were PCNA positive. PCNA positive staining was seen from day 3 to day 7. No PCNA-positive nuclei were seen at day 14 in the retina or ERM. A GFAP-positive reaction was first seen in the inner retina at day 3. Afterwards, the retina and the ERM were GFAP-positive in the experimental period. We concluded that activation and proliferation of Müller cells began at an early stage after the blood injection. Müller cells remained active and expanded onto the retinal surface.
Effect of Ribavirin on Intracellular and Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection: Results of a Randomized Clinical Study (2005)

The intracellular triphosphorylation and plasma pharmacokinetics of lamivudine (3TC), stavudine (d4T), and zidovudine (ZDV) were assessed in a pharmacokinetic substudy, in 56 human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus (HIV-HCV) coinfected patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) 180 microg/week plus either placebo or ribavirin (RBV) 800 mg/day in the AIDS PEGASYS Ribavirin International Coinfection Trial. There were no significant differences between patients treated with RBV and placebo in plasma pharmacokinetics parameters for the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) at steady state (weeks 8 to 12): ratios of least squares mean of area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-12 h)) were 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.51) for 3TC, 1.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.58 to 3.60) for d4T and 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.50 to 1.45) for ZDV, and ratios of least squares mean plasma C(max) were 1.33 (95% confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.78), 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 1.65), and 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.46 to 1.53), respectively. Concentrations of NRTI triphosphate (TP) metabolites in relation to those of the triphosphates of endogenous deoxythymidine-triphosphate (dTTP) and deoxcytidine-triphosphate (dCTP) were similar in the RBV and placebo groups. Differences (RBV to placebo) in least squares mean ratios of AUC(0-12 h) at steady state were 0.274 (95% confidence interval, -0.37 to 0.91) for 3TC-TP:dCTP, 0.009 (95% confidence interval, -0.06 to 0.08) for d4T-TP:dTTP, and -0.081 (95% confidence interval, -0.40 to 0.24) for ZDV-TP:dTTP. RBV did not adversely affect HIV-1 replication. In summary, RBV 800 mg/day administered in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) does not significantly affect the intracellular phosphorylation or plasma pharmacokinetics of 3TC, d4T, and ZDV in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients.
A Proposal for a Serology-Based Approach to Membranous Nephropathy (2016)

Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is an autoimmune disease mainly caused by autoantibodies against the recently discovered podocyte antigens: the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R) and thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A). Assays for quantitative assessment of anti-PLA2R antibodies are commercially available, but a semiquantitative test to detect anti-THSD7A antibodies has been only recently developed. The presence or absence of anti-PLA2R and anti-THSD7A antibodies adds important information to clinical and immunopathologic data in discriminating between primary and secondary MN. Levels of anti-PLA2R antibodies and possibly, anti-THSD7A antibodies tightly correlate with disease activity. Low baseline and decreasing anti-PLA2R antibody levels strongly predict spontaneous remission, thus favoring conservative therapy. Conversely, high baseline or increasing anti-PLA2R antibody levels associate with nephrotic syndrome and progressive loss of kidney function, thereby encouraging prompt initiation of immunosuppressive therapy. Serum anti-PLA2R antibody profiles reliably predict response to therapy, and levels at completion of therapy may forecast long-term outcome. Re-emergence of or increase in antibody titers precedes a clinical relapse. Persistence or reappearance of anti-PLA2R antibodies after kidney transplant predicts development of recurrent disease. We propose that an individualized serology-based approach to MN, used to complement and refine the traditional proteinuria-driven approach, will improve the outcome in this disease.
Reliability Improvement of Power Devices for Electric Vehicle Traction (2021)

Power electronics converters in the power drive train of the electrical vehicles (EVs) are more prone to failure under different operating and loading conditions. Hence, it is necessary to improve the reliability of the power semiconductor device which in-turn reduce the thermal swing and improve the performance of EV. This paper proposes an inverter reliability improvement approach in which junction temperature profile of the power modules are taken into consideration. The thermal and power loss modeling are done at different ambient temperatures ranging from 25°C to 100°C and then rain-flow algorithm is used to estimate the stress during multiple cycles at the junction of power module. Further, a closed loop controller with adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is developed to reduce the fatigue cycles at the junction which will decrease the stress or degradation on power modules and improves the lifetime of the converter. The result shows that with closed loop ANFIS control, variation in temperature stress cycles is minimized up-to a large extent.
A definition of “uncomplicated bone metastases” based on previous bone metastases radiation trials comparing single-fraction and multi-fraction radiation therapy (2015)

The most recent systematic review of randomized trials in patients with bone metastases has shown equal efficacy of single fraction (SF) and multiple fraction (MF) palliative radiation therapy in pain relief. It is important to determine the patient population to which the evidence applies. This study aims to examine the eligibility criteria of the studies included in the systematic review to define characteristics of "uncomplicated" bone metastases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria of 21 studies included in the systematic review were compared. Common eligibility criteria were documented in hopes of defining the specific features of a common patient population representative of those in the studies. More than half of the studies included patients with cytological or histological evidence of malignancy. Patients with impending and/or existing pathological fracture, spinal cord compression or cauda equina compression were excluded in most studies. Most studies also excluded patients receiving retreatment to the same site. "Uncomplicated" bone metastases can be defined as: presence of painful bone metastases unassociated with impending or existing pathologic fracture or existing spinal cord or cauda equina compression. Therefore, MF and SF have equal efficacy in patients with such bone metastases.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Borophenes: Anisotropic, Two‐Dimensional Boron Polymorphs. (2016)

Abstract Atomically thin crystalline boron sheets (i.e.
Effects of a quaternary bupivacaine derivative on delayed rectifier K<sup>+</sup> currents (2000)

Block of hKv1.5 channels by R-bupivacaine has been attributed to the interaction of the charged form of the drug with an intracellular receptor. However, bupivacaine is present as a mixture of neutral and charged forms both extra- and intracellularly. We have studied the effects produced by the R(+) enantiomer of a quaternary bupivacaine derivative, N-methyl-bupivacaine, (RB(+)1C) on hKv1.5 channels stably expressed in Ltk(-) cells using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. When applied from the intracellular side of the membrane, RB(+)1C induced a time- and voltage-dependent block similar to that induced by R-bupivacaine. External application of 50 microM RB(+)1C reduced the current at +60 mV by 24+/-2% (n=10), but this block displayed neither time- nor voltage-dependence. External RB(+)1C partially relieved block induced by R-bupivacaine (61+/-2% vs 56+/-3%, n=4, P<0.05), but it did not relieve block induced by internal RB(+)1C. In addition, it did not induce use-dependent block, but when applied in combination with internal RB(+)1C a use-dependent block that increased with pulse duration was observed. These results indicate that RB(+)1C induces different effects on hKv1.5 channels when applied from the intra or the extracellular side of the membrane, suggesting that the actions of bupivacaine are the resulting of those induced on the external and the internal side of hKv1.5 channels.
BOREALIS: Building Block for Sealed Bid Auctions on Blockchains (2020)

We focus on securely computing the ranks of sealed integers distributed among n parties. For example, we securely compute the largest or smallest integer, the median, or in general the kth-ranked integer. Such computations are a useful building block to securely implement a variety of sealed-bid auctions. Our objective is efficiency, specifically low interactivity between parties to support blockchains or other scenarios where multiple rounds are time-consuming. Hence, we dismiss powerful, yet highly-interactive MPC frameworks and propose BOREALIS, a special-purpose protocol for secure computation of ranks among integers. BOREALIS uses additively homomorphic encryption to implement core comparisons, but computes under distinct keys, chosen by each party to optimize the number of rounds. By carefully combining cryptographic primitives, such as ECC Elgamal encryption, encrypted comparisons, ciphertext blinding, secret sharing, and shuffling, BOREALIS sets up systems of multi-scalar equations which we efficiently prove with Groth-Sahai ZK proofs. Therewith, BOREALIS implements a multi-party computation of pairwise comparisons and rank zero-knowledge proofs secure against malicious adversaries. BOREALIS completes in at most 4 rounds which is constant in both bit length l of integers and the number of parties n. This is not only asymptotically optimal, but surpasses generic constant-round secure multi-party computation protocols, even those based on shared-key fully homomorphic encryption. Furthermore, our implementation shows that BOREALIS is very practical. Its main bottleneck, ZK proof computations, is small in practice. Even for a large number of parties (n=200) and high-precision integers (l=32), computation time of all proofs is less than a single Bitcoin block interval.
Basics of Interferometry (1992)

This book is for those who have some knowledge of optics, but little or no previous experience in interferometry. Accordingly, the carefully designed presentation helps readers easily find and assimilate the interferometric techniques they need for precision measurements. Mathematics is held to a minimum, and the topics covered are also summarized in capsule overviews at the beginning and end of each chapter. Each chapter also contains a set of worked problems that give a feel for numbers.<br>The first five chapters present a clear tutorial review of fundamentals. Chapters six and seven discus