gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Paying for QoS: an optimal distributed algorithm for pricing network resources (2002)

Network applications require certain individual performance guarantees that can be provided if enough network resources are available. Consequently, contention for the limited network resources may occur. For this reason, networks use flow control to manage network resources fairly and efficiently. This paper presents a distributed microeconomic flow control technique that models the network as competitive markets. In these markets, switches price their link bandwidth based on supply and demand, and users purchase bandwidth so as to maximize their individual quality of service (QoS). This yields a decentralized flow control method that provides a Pareto optimal bandwidth distribution and high utilization (over 90% in simulation results). Discussions about stability and the Pareto optimal distribution are given, as well as simulation results using actual MPEG-compressed video traffic.
Fluoroacetaldehyde: a precursor of both fluoroacetate and 4-fluorothreonine in Streptomyces cattleya (2000)

Fluoroacetaldehyde is converted to fluoroacetate and 4-fluorothreonine in Streptomyces cattleya indicating that it is the biosynthetic precursor of both of these secondary metabolites.
Microwave Remote Sensing of Ionized Air (2011)

We present observations of microwave scattering from ambient room air ionized with a negative ion generator. The frequency dependence of the radar cross section of ionized air was measured from 26.5 to 40 GHz (Ka-band) in a bistatic mode with an Agilent PNA-X series (model N5245A) vector network analyzer. A detailed calibration scheme is provided to minimize the effect of the stray background field and system frequency response on the target reflection. The feasibility of detecting the microwave reflection from ionized air portends many potential applications such as remote sensing of atmospheric ionization and remote detection of radioactive ionization of air.
Combining spatial domain multiplexing and orbital angular momentum of photon-based multiplexing to increase the bandwidth of optical fiber communication systems (2016)

Spatial domain multiplexing/space division multiplexing (SDM) can increase the bandwidth of existing and futuristic optical fibers by an order of magnitude or more. In the SDM technique, we launch multiple single-mode pigtail laser sources of the same wavelength into a carrier multimode fiber at different angles. The launching angles decide the output of the carrier fiber by allocating separate spatial locations for each channel. Each channel follows a helical trajectory while traversing the length of the carrier fiber, thereby allowing spatial reuse of optical frequencies. We launch light from five different single-mode pigtail laser sources (of same wavelength) at different angles (with respect to the axis of the carrier fiber) into the carrier fiber. Owing to helical propagation, five distinct concentric donut-shaped rings with negligible crosstalk at the output end of the fiber were obtained. These SDM channels also exhibit orbital angular momentum (OAM), thereby adding an extradegree of photon freedom. We present the experimental data of five spatially multiplexed channels and compare them with simulated results to show that this technique can potentially improve the data capacity of optical fibers by an order of magnitude: A factor of five using SDM and another factor of two using OAM.
Abstract 3252: Potent Aurora kinase inhibitors based on a pyrimidine scaffold: Synthesis, SAR and X-ray crystallography studies (2011)

Abstract Aurora kinases belong to the serine/threonine subclass of kinases involved in the regulation of mitosis. Out of the three isoforms of Aurora kinases; Aurora A, B and C, studies have shown Aurora A and B are up-regulated in many cancers including breast and colorectal cancers. Deregulated Aurora kinase activity has been linked to genetic instability, defects in centrosome function, spindle assembly, chromosome alignment and cytokinesis, all of which can lead to tumorigenesis. Inhibition of Aurora kinase A and B is emerging as target-based therapy in cancer treatment. HLM-8598 was identified from our in-house chemical library as a potent and highly selective inhibitor for Aurora A (IC50 value of 0.073 ± 0.002 μM) over Aurora B (IC50 = 5.4 ± 1.8 μM). HLM-8598 with pyrimidine scaffold represents 3-4 points of diversity for focused library synthesis. X-ray crystallography studies of HLM-8598 bound to Aurora A confirmed HLM-8598 is a type-1 kinase inhibitor that interacts with the ATP binding site of the enzyme. Synthetic modifications around HLM-8598 and focused library synthesis was carried out to explore structure activity relationship studies. The HLM-8598-Aurora A structure assisted the generation of new analogs with improved affinity (IC50 = 40 nM). The synthesis of HLM-8598 analogs, structure activity relationship studies along with X-ray crystallography will be discussed as a part of our efforts to identify Aurora kinase inhibitors. We will discuss the use of kinase structural elements to rationally guide compound synthesis and improve design strategy. The activity of this class of compounds in cells and animal models will be discussed as Aurora inhibitors as potential anti-cancer agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3252. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3252
gp340 Expressed on Human Genital Epithelia Binds HIV-1 Envelope Protein and Facilitates Viral Transmission (2008)

Stoddard, E; Cannon, G; Ni, H; Karikó, K; Capodici, J; Malamud, D; Weissman, D Author Information
Method for producing hydrocarbon and alcohol mixtures. [Patent application] (1980)

It is an object of this invention to provide an efficient process for extracting alcohols and ketones from an aqueous solution containing the same into hydrocarbon fuel mixtures, such as gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil. Another object of the invention is to provide a mixture consisting of hydrocarbon, alcohols or ketones, polyoxyalkylene polymer and water which can be directly added to fuels or further purified. The above stated objects are achieved in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention by contacting an aqueous fermentation liquor with a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture containing carbon compounds having 5 to 18 carbon atoms, which may include gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. The hydrocarbon-aqueous alcohol solution is mixed in the presence or one or more of a group of polyoxyalkylene polymers described in detail hereinafter; the fermentation alcohol being extracted into the hydrocarbon fuel-polyoxyalkylene polymer mixture.
Carry Estimation for Two's Complement Fixed-Width Multipliers (2006)

An n-bit fixed-width multiplier keeps the input-width and output-width the same by truncating the n least significant output bits. In order to reduce the complexity, direct-truncation multipliers omit the half of the partial products corresponding to the truncated part. However, a large truncation error will be introduced. Thus, error compensation, which equals to estimating the carry bits, is required. In this paper, three carry estimation schemes based on the dependency among the partial products and the inputs are proposed. Not only this dependency is investigated, statistical analysis for these estimation approaches is provided. Applying the proposed schemes, at least 84% the truncation error can be reduced
Regression Optimization for System-level Production Control (2021)

We propose a novel generalized prediction-optimization framework to optimize set point controls for a network of processes in a production plant, wherein a regression model is used to capture the physical representation of each process's behavior and the relationship between its inputs and outputs. We introduce a nonlinear optimization problem to model the optimal set-point problem. For piece-wise linear regressors, we reformulate the problem into a mixed-integer linear program. For highly nonlinear models such as deep neural networks, we propose a decomposition primal-dual algorithm for solving it. Using a real-world use case of oil sands processing, we show the benefit of our approach by the ability to efficiently identify a set of feasible control variables, while giving a high production output.
An intelligent, interactive tool for exploration and visualization of time-oriented security data (2006)

The detection of known and unknown attacks usually requires the interpretation and presentation of very large amounts of time-oriented security data. Using regular means for displaying the data, such as text or tables, is often ineffective. Furthermore, displaying only raw data is not sufficient, because the security expert is still required to derive meaningful conclusions from large amounts of data. In addition, in many cases (e.g., for detecting a virus spreading in the network), an aggregated view of multiple network devices is more effective than a view of each individual device. In this paper we propose an intelligent interface used by a distributed architecture that was described in our previous work, specific to the tasks of knowledge-based interpretation, summarization, query, visualization and interactive exploration of large numbers of time-oriented data. In order to support the interpretation and computation process, we provide automated mechanisms that perform derivation of context-specific, interval-based abstract interpretations (also known as Temporal Abstractions) from raw time-stamped security data, by using a domain-specific knowledge-base (e.g., a period of 5 hours, during the night, of a high number of FTP connections within the context of No User Activity, which might indicate the existence of a Trojan in the computer). The proposed visualization tool includes several functionalities for querying, visualization and exploration of both raw and abstracted time-oriented security data regarding single and multiple network devices.
DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme from Thermus thermophilus Identification, Expression, Purification of Components, and Use to Reconstitute a Processive Replicase (2002)

DNA replication in bacteria is performed by a specialized multicomponent replicase, the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, that consist of three essential components: a polymerase, the beta sliding clamp processivity factor, and the DnaX complex clamp-loader. We report here the assembly of the minimal functional holoenzyme from Thermus thermophilus (Tth), an extreme thermophile. The minimal holoenzyme consists of alpha (pol III catalytic subunit), beta (sliding clamp processivity factor), and the essential DnaX (tau/gamma), delta and delta' components of the DnaX complex. We show with purified recombinant proteins that these five components are required for rapid and processive DNA synthesis on long single-stranded DNA templates. Subunit interactions known to occur in DNA polymerase III holoenzyme from mesophilic bacteria including delta-delta' interaction, deltadelta'-tau/gamma complex formation, and alpha-tau interaction, also occur within the Tth enzyme. As in mesophilic holoenzymes, in the presence of a primed DNA template, these subunits assemble into a stable initiation complex in an ATP-dependent manner. However, in contrast to replicative polymerases from mesophilic bacteria, Tth holoenzyme is efficient only at temperatures above 50 degrees C, both with regard to initiation complex formation and processive DNA synthesis. The minimal Tth DNA polymerase III holoenzyme displays an elongation rate of 350 bp/s at 72 degrees C and a processivity of greater than 8.6 kilobases, the length of the template that is fully replicated after a single association event.
A compression test for adhesion evaluation of diamond coatings (1995)

A key requirement of an effective coating is its adequate adhesion to the substrate. Thus, reliable test methods to evaluate coating adhesion and to characterize the deposition parameters affecting it are necessary for the systematic development of such coatings. The conventional technique for measuring diamond coating adhesion, the scratch test, is unreliable because of wear of the stylus and influences of the substrate. Thus, a noncontact technique (compression test) of evaluating the adhesion of diamond coatings on brittle substrates was modelled and developed. This method utilizes the differences in Young's modulus between the coating and the substrate via application of an external load in order to generate interfacial stresses and debond the coating. An innovative three-dimensional numerical model, based on combining the variational and boundary integral approaches, was utilized to link the indirect (i.e. load) to the direct (i.e. debond shear stress or elastic energy of delamination) characteristics of adhesion. Factors affecting the adhesion strength of the diamond coatings are discussed in relation to the process parameters. This test offers an excellent alternative to conventional techniques for measuring the adhesion strength of diamond coatings on brittle substrates.
The Role of the Cholecystokinin-B/Gastrin Receptor Transmembrane Domains in Determining Affinity for Subtype-selective Ligands(∗) (1995)

We have examined the role of transmembrane domain amino acids in conferring subtype-selective ligand affinity to the human cholecystokinin-B (CCK-B)/gastrin receptor. Fifty-eight residues were sequentially replaced by the corresponding amino acids from the pharmacologically distinct CCK-A receptor subtype. 125I-CCK-8 competition binding experiments were performed to compare all mutant CCK-B/gastrin receptor constructs with the wild type control. Affinities for the nonselective agonist, CCK-8, as well as the subtype-selective peptide (gastrin), peptide-derived (PD135,158), and nonpeptide (L365,260) and L364,718) ligands were assessed. All of the mutants retained relatively high affinity for CCK-8, suggesting that the tertiary structure of these receptors was well maintained. Only eight of the amino acid substitutions had a significant effect on subtype selective binding. When compared with the wild type, single point mutations in the CCK-B/gastrin receptor decreased affinity for gastrin, L365,260, and PD135,158 up to 17-,23-, and 61-fold, respectively. In contrast, the affinity for L364,718 increased up to 63-fold. None of the single amino acid substitutions, however, was sufficient to fully account for the subtype selectivity of any tested compound. Rather, CCK-B/gastrin receptor affinity appears to be influenced by multiple residues acting in concert. The 8 pharmacologically important amino acids cluster in the portion of the transmembrane domains adjacent to the cell surface. The spatial orientation of these residues was analyzed with a rhodopsin-based three-dimensional model of G-protein coupled receptor structure (Baldwin, J.M. (1993) EMBO J. 12, 1693-1703). This model predicts that the 8 crucial residues project into a putative ligand pocket, similar to the one which is well established for biogenic amine receptors (Caron, M. G., and Lefkowitz, R.J. (1993) Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 48, 277-290; Strader, C.D., Sigal, I.S., and Dixon, R.A. (1989) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10, Dec. Suppl., 26-30).
Fabrication, characterization, and physics of III&#x2013;V heterojunction tunneling Field Effect Transistors (H-TFET) for steep sub-threshold swing (2011)

This work demonstrates the steepest subthreshold swing (SS <; 60mV/decade) ever reported in a III-V Tunneling Field Effect Transistor (TFET) by using thin gate oxide, heterojunction engineering and high source doping. Owing to a lower source-to-channel tunnel barrier height, heterojunction III-V TFETs demonstrate steeper subthreshold swing (SS) at a given drain current (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> ) and improved drive current compared to the homojunction III-V TFETs. Electrical oxide thickness (EOT) scaling and increased source doping in tandem with tunnel barrier height reduction are shown to greatly improve the SS of the III-V TFETs and increase I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> by more than 20X.
Adaptive Multiscale Finite-Volume Method for Multiphase Flow and Transport in Porous Media (2004)

We present a multiscale finite-volume (MSFV) method for multiphase flow and transport in heterogeneous porous media. The approach extends our recently developed MSFV method for single-phase flow. We use a sequential scheme that deals with flow (i.e., pressure and total velocity) and transport (i.e., saturation) separately and differently. For the flow problem, we employ two different sets of basis functions for the reconstruction of a conservative fine-scale total velocity field. Our basis functions are designed to have local support, and that allows for adaptive computation of the flow field. We use a criterion based on the time change of the total mobility field to decide when and where to recompute our basis functions. We show that at a given time step, only a small fraction of the basis functions needs to be recomputed. Numerical experiments of difficult two-dimensional and three-dimensional test cases demonstrate the accuracy, computational efficiency, and overall scalability of the method.
Energy Storage: Application of Redox Non‐Innocent Ligands to Non‐Aqueous Flow Battery Electrolytes (Adv. Energy Mater. 1/2014) (2014)

Increasing the stability and energy density are key factors in the development and eventual acceptance of redox flow batteries for grid-scale energy storage. In article 1300566, Travis M. Anderson, Mitchell R. Anstey, and co-workers demonstrate that electrolytes comprising redox “non-innocent” ligands, which store equivalents of charge separate from the metal center, are a new avenue for electrical energy storage.
Epidemiologic Patterns of Wild-Type Hepatitis A Virus Determined by Genetic Variation (1991)

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolates from different parts of the world are a single serotype. However, genetic analysis of the VP1 genome region of published HAV sequences suggested that distinct genotypes of HAV could be defined based upon the geographic source of the original isolates. To circumvent the process of cell culture adaptation or animal passage, a 247-bp segment within the VP1 genome region of wild-type HAV was amplified by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification in the presence of negative- and positive-sense primers. From the sequences obtained from 22 epidemiologically distinct HAV isolates, three genetic groups of HAV could be delineated. Two of the groups differed by 10%, while the third group differed from other isolates by approximately 20%. These investigations indicate that HAV isolates from different parts of the world can be differentiated genetically, which will facilitate studies of epidemiologic transmission.
Human Monoclonal Antibodies againstGroup A Red Blood Cells (1985)

A human monoclonal antibody with anti-A specificity was generated by Epstein-Barr virus transformation of lymphocytes isolated from splenic tissue after in vitro stimulation with group A red blood cells. This antibody is of the IgM class and directly agglutinates group A red blood cells. Type A(1), A(2), A(int), A3, A(x), A(end) and A(5) cells were agglutinated by the reagent indicating a single determinant is shared by these A subgroups.
Partially Decoupled Aisle Method for Estimating Rack-Cooling Performance in Near-Real Time (2007)

The Partially Decoupled Aisle (PDA) method facilitates a near-real-time cooling-performance analysis of a single cluster of racks and, potentially, coolers, bounding a common hot or cold aisle in a data center. With the PDA method, the airflow patterns and related variables need be computed only within an isolated cold or hot aisle “on the fly” through CFD analysis or other means. The analysis is fast because the much larger surrounding room environment is not directly modeled; its effect enters the model through the boundary conditions applied to the top and ends of the isolated aisle. The proper boundary conditions in turn may be estimated from an empirical model determined in advance (“offline”) from the study of a large number of CFD simulations of varying equipment layouts and room environments. A software tool based on the PDA method, which uses a full CFD engine to solve the aisle airflow within the isolated aisle, can analyze a typical cluster of racks and coolers in 10–30 seconds and requires no special user skills. This paper formally introduces the general PDA method and shows several examples of its application with comparisons to corresponding whole-room CFD analyses.
Towards a General Rule for Identifying Deceptive Opinion Spam (2014)

Consumers' purchase decisions are increasingly influenced by user-generated online reviews. Accordingly, there has been growing concern about the potential for posting deceptive opinion spamfictitious reviews that have been deliberately written to sound authentic, to deceive the reader. In this paper, we explore generalized approaches for identifying online deceptive opinion spam based on a new gold standard dataset, which is comprised of data from three different domains (i.e. Hotel, Restaurant, Doctor), each of which contains three types of reviews, i.e. customer generated truthful reviews, Turker generated deceptive reviews and employee (domain-expert) generated deceptive reviews. Our approach tries to capture the general difference of language usage between deceptive and truthful reviews, which we hope will help customers when making purchase decisions and review portal operators, such as TripAdvisor or Yelp, investigate possible fraudulent activity on their sites. 1
Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA)-Modified Dinucleotide mRNA Cap Analogue: Synthesis, Enzymatic Incorporation, and Utilization (2009)

There has been considerable therapeutic interest in the development of human vaccines against cancers and infectious diseases such as HIV and biowarfare agents by using transfected mRNAs for antigenic proteins of interest. The highest expression levels of these proteins are obtained when the transfected mRNA contains 5'-capped ends. In the present study, the locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified cap analogue 3, m(7(LNA))G[5']ppp[5']G, has been synthesized and its biological properties were examined. The LNA-modified cap analogue was an efficient substrate for T7 RNA polymerase, and the mRNA transcribed, with a poly(A) tail, was efficiently utilized in an in vitro translation process. The RNA with the 5'-LNA-modified cap was found to be approximately 1.61- and 1.28-fold more stable than the RNA with the 5'-standard 4 and ARCA cap, respectively, and approximately 4.23-fold more stable than the uncapped control RNA. The RNA capped with the m(7(LNA))G[5']ppp[5']G 3 cap analogue was translated the most efficiently, with approximately 3.2-fold more activity than the standard cap, m(7)G[5']ppp[5']G 4. Furthermore, we have developed a nonradioactive analytical HPLC assay to determine that the LNA-modified 3 cap analogue was incorporated solely into the forward orientation. Molecular modeling of the m(7(LNA))G[5']ppp[5']G 3 cap analogue with the cap binding protein elF4E complex indicates that the LNA-modified cap-protein complex is more stable by 47.28 kcal/mol as compared to the standard mCAP-protein complex. These findings suggest that the new antireverse cap analogue m(7(LNA))G[5']ppp[5']G 3 is a potential candidate for RNA-based therapeutic vaccine production as well as studying biochemical processes.