gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Error resilient video coding by dynamic replacing of reference pictures (2002)

We show the performance of the proposed error resilient video coding system, which dynamically replaces reference pictures in inter-frame coding according to the acknowledgement signals from the decoder. Scalability to the quality of the network is a feature of the system. A poor network condition in its way results in a certain picture quality and a good network condition enhances the picture quality. Two types of signaling, ACK and NACK, are evaluated. The evaluation includes the influences of the backward channel errors as well as those of the forward channel errors. ACK signaling outperforms NACK signaling especially under the existence of the backward channel errors which are highly correlated with the forward channel errors.
Stateless Load-Aware Load Balancing in P4 (2018)

Leveraging the performance opportunities offered by programmable hardware, stateless load-balancing architectures allowing line-rate processing are appealing. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that significantly fairer load-balancing can be achieved by an architecture that considers the actual load of application instances when dispatching connection requests. Architectures which maintain per-connection state for resiliency and/or track application load state for fairness are, however, at odds with hardware-imposed memory constraints. Thus, a desirable load-balancer for programmable hardware would be both stateless and able to dispatch queries to application instances according to their current load. This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to "browse" through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.
Design and Characterization of Active Matrix LED Microdisplays With Embedded Visible Light Communication Transmitter (2016)

This paper presents the design and characterization of the first active matrix light-emitting diode (AMLED) microdisplay with an embedded visible light communication (VLC) transmitter, enabling LED digital signage for location-based applications such as information broadcasters and indoor positioning beacons. The driver system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrates four identical macro-cells, each containing a pixel driver array, a row driver, a column driver, and a first-in first-out memory, to drive a wide quarter-VGA (WQVGA) display featuring 400 × 240 blue micro-LED (μLED) pixels fabricated on a single gallium nitride (GaN) substrate. The size of each μLED pixel is 30 × 30 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . At the system level, pulse-width modulation (PWM) superimposed with on-off keying modulation is proposed to accomplish grayscale control for display and simultaneously transmit VLC signal by modulating the μLED array. At the circuit level, a pixel driver cell composed of three transistors and one capacitor (3T1C) with a novel VLC function is employed to implement the control scheme. Flip-Chip bonding is adopted to establish connections between the WQVGA microdisplay and the AMLED driver SoC. Implemented in a 0.5-μm 2P3M CMOS process, the driver SoC enables a high-resolution microdisplay module to achieve 4-bit grayscale at a 100-Hz frame rate, while supporting 1.25-Mb/s VLC for a bit error rate <;10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> up to 25-cm distance without a lens. When using optical lenses, the VLC distance is extended to >500 cm.
Gene Transfer and Expression of Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (1985)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a genetic deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). A full-length complementary DNA clone of human PAH was inserted into a eukaryotic expression vector and transferred into mouse NIH3T3 cells which do not normally express PAH. The transformed mouse cells expressed PAH messenger RNA, immunoreactive protein, and enzymatic activity that are characteristic of the normal human liver products, demonstrating that a single gene contains all of the necessary genetic information to code for functional PAH. These results support the use of the human PAH probe in prenatal diagnosis and detection of carriers, to provide new opportunities for the biochemical characterization of normal and mutant enzymes, and in the investigation of alternative genetic therapies for PKU.
Practical Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a Potent Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Isothiazoloquinolone (2007)

We report the synthesis of the new 2-sulfonylquinolone ethyl 1-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-2-methanesulfonyl-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (5). Sulfone 5 is a key intermediate used in the optimized synthesis of the isothiazoloquinolone 9-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-9H-isothiazolo[5,4-b]quinoline-3,4-dione (1), a potent broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is effective against clinically important resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Our synthetic method is free of chromatographic purification and amenable to large-scale synthesis. The molecular structures of 1, 9-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-8-methoxy-9H-isothiazolo[5,4-b]quinoline-3,4-dione (4), 5, and ethyl 2-cyclopropylamino-6,7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-4H-thiochromene-3-carboxylate (10) were established unambiguously using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
Bistable operation of a coupled-resonator vertical-cavity laser diode (2000)

Summary form only given. Coupled-resonator vertical-cavity lasers have shown a variety of interesting behavior including dual wavelength operation, picosecond pulse generation, and coupled-cavity modulation. Previous coupled-cavity structures with two active cavities have had current injection into only one cavity. We believe we have fabricated the first active-active coupled-resonator vertical-cavity laser with independent current injection into either active region. We have observed bistable operation in these devices and demonstrate that this behavior can be used as a very efficient switch to modulate the laser intensity. The devices presented in this summary will enable simple and efficient data encoding for future generations of high speed optical data links.
Innate Antifungal Immunity of Human Eosinophils Mediated by a β2 Integrin, CD11b (2008)

Eosinophils produce and release various proinflammatory mediators and also show immunomodulatory and tissue remodeling functions; thus, eosinophils may be involved in the pathophysiology of asthma and other eosinophilic disorders as well as host defense. Several major questions still remain. For example, how do human eosinophils become activated in diseased tissues or at the site of an immune response? What types of host immunity might potentially involve eosinophils? Herein, we found that human eosinophils react vigorously to a common environmental fungus, Alternaria alternata, which is implicated in the development and/or exacerbation of human asthma. Eosinophils release their cytotoxic granule proteins, such as eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and major basic protein, into the extracellular milieu and onto the surface of fungal organisms and kill the fungus in a contact-dependent manner. Eosinophils use their versatile beta(2) integrin molecule, CD11b, to adhere to a major cell wall component, beta-glucan, but eosinophils do not express other common fungal receptors, such as dectin-1 and lactosylceramide. The I-domain of CD11b is distinctively involved in the eosinophils' interaction with beta-glucan. Eosinophils do not react with another fungal cell wall component, chitin. Because human eosinophils respond to and kill certain fungal organisms, our findings identify a previously unrecognized innate immune function for eosinophils. This immune response by eosinophils may benefit the host, but, in turn, it may also play a role in the development and/or exacerbation of eosinophil-related allergic human diseases, such as asthma.
Spectrally encoded spectral imaging (2011)

Spectral imaging, i.e. the acquisition of the spectrum emitted from each sample location, is a powerful tool for a wide variety of applications in science and technology. For biomedical applications, spectral imaging is important for accurate analysis of a biological specimen and for assisting clinical diagnosis, however it could be challenging mainly due to the typically low damage thresholds and strict time constraints. Here, we present a fiber-based technique termed spectrally encoded spectral imaging (SESI), in which a fully emitted spectrum is captured from each resolvable point of a specimen using an additional lateral scanning of the spectrally encoded line. The technique is demonstrated by capturing spectral data cubes of a color print and of a green leaf, and its potential advantage in signal-to-noise ratio is theoretically discussed. Using a miniaturized grating-lens configuration, SESI could be conducted endoscopically, allowing minimally invasive color and spectral imaging in remote locations of the body.
Decoding of firing intervals in a temporal-coded spike train using a topographically mapped neural network (1990)

It is shown that firing intervals in a temporal-coded spike train can be decoded by a multilayered time-delayed neural network. The serially coded firing intervals of a spike train can be converted into a spatially distributed topographical map from which the interspike-interval and bandwidth information can be extracted. This network can be used to decode multiplexed pulse-coded signals embedded serially in the incoming spike train into parallel-distributed topographically mapped channels. The two-dimensionally distributed output neuron array can also be used to extract the variance (or inaccuracy) tolerance of the incoming firing interspike intervals. This mapping can also be used to characterize the underlying stochastic processes in the firing of the incoming spike train. Thus, the proposed network represents an implementation of a signal-processing scheme for code conversion using time for computing and coding that does not require learning
Interleukin-1 Type II Receptor: A Decoy Target for IL-1 That Is Regulated by IL-4 (1993)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) interacts with cells through two types of binding molecules, IL-1 type I receptor (IL-1R I) and IL-1R II. The function of IL-1R II is unknown. In studies using monoclonal antibodies, IL-1 prolonged the in vitro survival of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) through IL-1R I, and IL-4 antagonized the action of IL-1 by inducing expression and release of IL-1R II. Dexamethasone also induced expression and release of the IL-1R II in PMN. These results, together with the effect of antibodies to IL-1R on IL-1-induced production of cytokines in monocytes, indicate that IL-1 acts on myelomonocytic cells through IL-1R I and that IL-1R II inhibits IL-1 activity by acting as a decoy target for IL-1. The existence of multiple pathways of regulation emphasizes the need for tight control of IL-1 action.
Rescuing ESAT-6 Specific CD4 T Cells From Terminal Differentiation Is Critical for Long-Term Control of Murine Mtb Infection (2020)

In most cases, <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) causes life-long chronic infections, which poses unique challenges for the immune system. Most of the current tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccines incorporate immunodominant antigens and at this point, it is poorly understood how the CD4 T cell subsets recognizing these antigens are affected during long-term infection. Very little is known about the requirements for sustainable vaccine protection against TB. To explore this, we screened 62 human-recognized Mtb antigens during chronic murine Mtb infection and identified the four most immunodominant antigens in this setting (MPT70, Rv3020c, and Rv3019c and ESAT-6). Combined into a subunit vaccine, this fusion protein induced robust protection both in a standard short-term model and in a long-term infection model where immunity from BCG waned. Importantly, replacement of ESAT-6 with another ESAT-6-family antigen, Rv1198, led to similar short-term protection but a complete loss of bacterial control during chronic infection. This observation was further underscored, as the ESAT-6 containing vaccine mediated sustainable protection in a model of post-exposure vaccination, where the ESAT-6-replacement vaccine did not. An individual comparison of the CD4 T cell responses during Mtb infection revealed that ESAT-6-specific T cells were more terminally differentiated than the other immunodominant antigens and immunization with the ESAT-6 containing vaccine led to substantially greater reduction in the overall T cell differentiation status. Our data therefore associates long-term bacterial control with the ability of a vaccine to rescue infection-driven CD4T cell differentiation and future TB antigen discovery programs should focus on identifying antigens with the highest accompanying T cell differentiation, like ESAT-6. This also highlights the importance of long-term readouts in both preclinical and clinical studies with TB vaccines.
Diagnostic performance of an acoustic-based system for coronary artery disease risk stratification (2017)

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02264717; Results.
miR-ID: A novel, circularization-based platform for detection of microRNAs (2010)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and have great potential as biomarkers, prognostic indicators, and therapeutic targets. Determining the expression patterns of these molecules is essential for elucidating their biogenesis, regulation, relation to disease, and response to therapy. Although PCR-based assays are commonly used for expression profiling of miRNAs, the small size, sequence heterogeneity, and (in some cases) end modifications of miRNAs constrain the performance of existing PCR methods. Here we introduce miR-ID, a novel method that avoids these constraints while providing superior sensitivity and sequence specificity at a lower cost. It also has the unique ability to differentiate unmodified small RNAs from those carrying 2'-OMe groups at their 3'-ends while detecting both forms. miR-ID is comprised of the following steps: (1) circularization of the miRNA by a ligase; (2) reverse transcription of the circularized miRNA (RTC), producing tandem repeats of a DNA sequence complementary to the miRNA; and (3) qPCR amplification of segments of this multimeric cDNA using 5'-overlapping primers and a nonspecific dye such as SYBR Green. No chemically modified probes (e.g., TaqMan) or primers (e.g., LNA) are required. The circular RNA and multimeric cDNA templates provide unmatched flexibility in the positioning of primers, which may include straddling the boundaries between these repetitive miRNA sequences. miR-ID is based on new findings that are themselves of general interest, including reverse transcription of small RNA circles and the use of 5'-overlapping primers for detection of repetitive sequences by qPCR.
Use of low-grade iron ore for producing a nano-adsorbent and a complex fertilizer (2015)

We developed a technology that prepares magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) from a low-grade iron ore and consumes the by-product wastewater in removing phosphorus and nitrogen in water. The silica that inhibits the MNP formation and that is present in the iron ore leachate was removed by co-precipitation with Al(OH)3. From the supernatant, ferric hydroxide was allowed to be precipitated, leaving Mg2+ behind. The precipitated hydroxide was used as a starting material in preparing the MNPs of 5–15 nm in size by co-precipitation. The wastewater containing a large amount of Mg2+ generated from the ferric hydroxide precipitation stage was used to crystallize and ions in the form of struvite. This process enables the reduction of the cost of Mg2+ in water treatment and the cost of iron ore wastewater treatment. The valuable elements contained in the iron ore can be exploited to produce MNPs and struvite powder as a nano-adsorbent and a composite fertilizer, respectively. Our results suggest that low-grade iron ore or tailings can be applied to alleviate water and soil contamination.
Autophagy and Caspases: A New Cell Death Program (2004)

Autophagy is used to degrade components of the cytoplasm and functions as a cell survival mechanism during nutrient deprivation. Autophagic structures have also been observed in many types of dying cells, but experimental evidence for autophagy playing a role in the regulation of programmed cell death is limited. We have recently shown that the autophagy genes Atg7 and Beclin1 are required for the death of certain cells, thus demonstrating that this mechanism of proteolysis is involved in both survival and death. The factors that enable autophagy to regulate distinct cell survival and death responses are not clear, and future work is needed to determine the mechanism(s) that regulate autophagic cell death.
A Novel Mimetic Antigen Eliciting Protective Antibody to <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2001)

Molecular mimetic Ags are of considerable interest as vaccine candidates. Yet there are few examples of mimetic Ags that elicit protective Ab against a pathogen, and the functional activity of anti-mimetic Abs has not been studied in detail. As part of the Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B genome sequencing project, a large number of novel proteins were identified. Herein, we provide evidence that genome-derived Ag 33 (GNA33), a lipoprotein with homology to Escherichia coli murein transglycosylase, elicits protective Ab to meningococci as a result of mimicking an epitope on loop 4 of porin A (PorA) in strains with serosubtype P1.2. Epitope mapping of a bactericidal anti-GNA33 mAb using overlapping peptides shows that the mAb recognizes peptides from GNA33 and PorA that share a QTP sequence that is necessary but not sufficient for binding. By flow cytometry, mouse antisera prepared against rGNA33 and the anti-GNA33 mAb bind as well as an anti-PorA P1.2 mAb to the surface of eight of nine N. meningitidis serogroup B strains tested with the P1.2 serosubtype. Anti-GNA33 Abs also are bactericidal for most P1.2 strains and, for susceptible strains, the activity of an anti-GNA33 mAb is similar to that of an anticapsular mAb but less active than an anti-P1.2 mAb. Anti-GNA Abs also confer passive protection against bacteremia in infant rats challenged with P1.2 strains. Thus, GNA33 represents one of the most effective immunogenic mimetics yet described. These results demonstrate that molecular mimetics have potential as meningococcal vaccine candidates.
Cloning and Heterologous Expression of the Gene Encoding a Family 7 Glycosyl Hydrolase from <i>Penicillium funiculosum</i> (2004)

The gene encoding for a family 7 glycosyl hydrolase, designated cel7a, from the filamentous fungus Penicillium funiculosum was cloned from genomic DNA and expressed in Aspergillus awamori under the control of the A. niger glucoamylase promoter using the E. coli/Aspergillus shuttle vector pFE2. Characteristics of the recombinant enzyme were compared to those of the native enzyme and to the Cel7A enzyme from Trichoderma reesei. Unexpectedly, the glycosyl hydrolase isolated from the filamentous fungus Penicillium funiculosum broth demonstrated performance superior to that of Trichoderma reesei Cel7A when tested as part of a twocellulase mixture with Acidothermus cellulolyticus El endoglucanase in the saccharification of pretreated corn stover. The mature enzyme consists of a 504 residue glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 52,436 Daltons. In pursuit of the goal of increasing the heterologous production of this enzyme, the endogenous signal peptide was replaced genetically with the signal peptides from T. reesei Cel7A, P. funiculosum Cel7A and A. niger GA.
Cutting Edge: Human Regulatory T Cells Require IL-35 To Mediate Suppression and Infectious Tolerance (2011)

Human regulatory T cells (T(reg)) are essential for the maintenance of immune tolerance. However, the mechanisms they use to mediate suppression remain controversial. Although IL-35 has been shown to play an important role in T(reg)-mediated suppression in mice, recent studies have questioned its relevance in human T(reg). In this study, we show that human T(reg) express and require IL-35 for maximal suppressive capacity. Substantial upregulation of EBI3 and IL12A, but not IL10 and TGFB, was observed in activated human T(reg) compared with conventional T cells (T(conv)). Contact-independent T(reg)-mediated suppression was IL-35 dependent and did not require IL-10 or TGF-β. Lastly, human T(reg)-mediated suppression led to the conversion of the suppressed T(conv) into iTr35 cells, an IL-35-induced T(reg) population, in an IL-35-dependent manner. Thus, IL-35 contributes to human T(reg)-mediated suppression, and its conversion of suppressed target T(conv) into IL-35-induced T(reg) may contribute to infectious tolerance.
Electroactive polymer (EAP) mobility device (2013)

Ionomeric polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are a class of electroactive polymers (EAPs) that silently bend and exert force in response to an applied voltage. In this work, a unique design is presented where IPMCs are used to accomplish rotary motion. A novel feature is that EAP actuation is used in conjunction with gravity to cause rotation. This idea could be used to create a self-driven roller device. Such a roller could resemble a wheel with a circular or cylindrical geometry, or a sphere capable of rolling in all directions. Numerical simulations were performed that show a two dimensional roller device can accomplish rolling motion as a result of IPMC actuation. Experimental data on the deformation performance of fabricated IPMCs was used to drive the numerical simulations of the device. A possible application of this mechanism could be a mobility device on the centimeter scale that can transport a payload silently to a target destination.
A new method to improve accuracy of parasitics extraction considering sub-wavelength lithography effects (2010)

Modern nanometer integrated circuits are patterned by sub-wavelength lithography with significant shape deviation from drawn layouts. Full-chip parasitics extraction faces new challenges since shape distortions such as line end rounding and corner rounding cannot be accurately characterized by existing layout parameter extraction (LPE) techniques which assume perfect polygons. A new LPE method and efficient shape approximation algorithms are proposed to account for the shape distortions. Preliminary results verified by field solver simulations indicate that accuracy of parasitics extraction can be significantly improved.
<title>Temporal integration using the photorefractive square-law converter</title> (1990)

A modified real-time holographic technique for obtaining high fidelity integration of coherent or incoherent signals is described. The technique maintains the sensitivity, resolution, and incoherent addressability of a photorefractive incoherent to coherent optical converter and resolves the conflict between uniformity and dynamic range. The response of the resulting optical integrator is characterized in terms of the transfer function, dynamic range, and temporal tunability.