gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New directions in photodetectors: from new solid-state photomultipliers to effective mass inters (1987)

Recent advances in superlattice photodetectors are reviewed. In suitably designed superlattice structures hot carriers in the barrier layers can collide with carriers confined or dynamically stored in the wells and Impact ionize them out across the band-edge discontinuity [Fig. 1(a)].1,2This phenomenon can be the basis for a new class of very low-noise avalanche photodiode and solid-state photomultiplier. Photomultiplication measurements in AlInAs/GaInAs, AlSb/GaSb, and InP/GaInAs superlattices provide strong evidence of this effect. In these structures carrier storage in the wells arises from thermal generation processes [Fig. 1(b)]. A large ionization rate ratio has been observed1 (β/α = 20). By appropriately grading the interface of the wells, the storage of electrons can be eliminated, while holes are still confined. This should maximize the ionization rate ratio by minimizing electron initiated multiplication. This structure was grown by MBE in the AlInAs/ GaInAs system and has led to the observation of near-single-carrier-type multiplication (Fig. 2).
3D‐Architected Soft Machines with Topologically Encoded Motion (2019)

Abstract The limited range of mechanical responses achievable by materials compatible with additive manufacturing hinders the 3D printing of continuum soft robots with programmed motion. This paper describes the rapid design and fabrication of low‐density, 3D‐architected soft machines (ASMs) by combining Voronoi tessellation and additive manufacturing. On tendon‐based actuation, ASMs deform according to the topologically encoded buckling of their structure to produce a wide range of motions (contraction, twisting, bending, and cyclic motion). ASMs exhibiting densities as low as 0.094 g cm −3 (≈8% of bulk polymer) can be rapidly built by the stereolithographic 3D printing of flexible photopolymers or the injection molding of elastomers. The buckling of ASMs can be programmed by inducing gradients in the thickness of their flexible beams or by the localized enlargement of the Voronoi cells to generate complex motions such as multi‐finger gripping or quadrupedal locomotion. The topological architecture of these low‐density soft robots confers them with the stiffness necessary to recover their original shape even after ultrahigh compression (400%) and extension (500%). ASMs expand the range of mechanical properties currently achievable by 3D printed or molded materials to enable the fabrication of soft machines with auxetic mechanical metamaterial properties.
Facile synthesis and fundamental properties of an <i>N</i>-methylguanidine-bridged nucleic acid (GuNA[NMe]) (2018)

An N-methylguanidine-bridged nucleic acid (GuNA[NMe]), a guanidine-bridged nucleic acid (GuNA) bearing a methyl substituent at the bridge, was successfully synthesised and incorporated into oligonucleotides. By employing an acetyl protecting group, GuNA[NMe]-modified oligonucleotides bearing acid-sensitive purine nucleobases were successfully prepared. The obtained GuNA[NMe]-modified oligonucleotides exhibit excellent binding affinity towards the complementary single-stranded RNA and DNA. Furthermore, even a single GuNA[NMe] modification provides robust enzymatic stability, similar to that achieved by the well-established phosphorothioate backbone modification. These data indicate that such a GuNA[NMe] represents a valuable modification for the development of therapeutic oligonucleotides.
Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymer Surfaces with Excellent Abrasion Resistance by a Simple Lamination Templating Method (2011)

Fabricating robust superhydrophobic surfaces for commercial applications is challenging as the fine-scale surface features, necessary to achieve superhydrophobicity, are susceptible to mechanical damage. Herein, we report a simple and inexpensive lamination templating method to create superhydrophobic polymer surfaces with excellent abrasion resistance and water pressure stability. To fabricate the surfaces, polyethylene films were laminated against woven wire mesh templates. After cooling, the mesh was peeled from the polymer creating a 3D array of ordered polymer microposts on the polymer surface. The resulting texture is monolithic with the polymer film and requires no chemical modification to exhibit superhydrophobicity. By controlling lamination parameters and mesh dimensions, polyethylene surfaces were fabricated that exhibit static contact angles of 160° and slip angles of 5°. Chemical and mechanical stability was evaluated using an array of manual tests as well as a standard reciprocating abraser test. Surfaces remained superhydrophobic after more than 5500 abrasion cycles at a pressure of 32.0 kPa. In addition, the surface remains dry after immersing into water for 5 h at 55 kPa. This method is environmental friendly, as it employs no solvents or harsh chemicals and may provide an economically viable path to manufacture large areas of mechanically robust superhydrophobic surfaces from inexpensive polymers and reusable templates.
Efficient classification of scanned media using spatial statistics (2005)

We address the automatic classification of scanned input media in order to improve color calibration. Since scanner responses vary significantly according to the type of input, a media dependent color calibration for a scanner is desirable for accurately mapping scanner responses to a standard color space. To assist such media dependent calibration, we propose an efficient algorithm for automated classification of input media into four major classes corresponding to photographic, lithographic, xerographic and inkjet. Our technique exploits the strong correlation between the type of input medium and the spatial statistics of corresponding images, which may be observed in the scanned images. Adopting two spatial statistical measures of dispersion and periodicity and utilizing extensive training data, we determine well separated decision regions to classify the input medium with a high confidence level. Experimental results over an independent test data set validate the results.
Cloning, characterization, and inactivation of the Bacillus brevis lon gene (1992)

A gene of Bacillus brevis HPD31 analogous to the Escherichia coli lon gene has been cloned and characterized. The cloned gene (B. brevis lon gene) encodes a polypeptide of 779 amino acids with a molecular weight of 87,400 which resembles E. coli protease La, the lon gene product. Fifty-two percent of the amino acid residues of the two polypeptides were identical. The ATP-binding sequences found in E. coli protease La were highly conserved. The promoter of the B. brevis lon gene resembled that recognized by the major RNA polymerase of Bacillus subtilis and did not contain sequences homologous to the E. coli heat shock promoters. The B. brevis lon gene was inactivated by insertion of the neomycin resistance gene. A mutant B. brevis carrying the inactivated lon gene showed diminished ability for the degradation of abnormal polypeptides synthesized in the presence of puromycin.
Engineered t cells targeting E7 mediate regression of human papillomavirus cancers in a murine model. (2018)

e15048 Background: T-cell receptor (TCR) gene-engineered T cell therapy is a promising cancer treatment strategy. Its successful development for epithelial cancers may depend on the identification of high-avidity TCRs directed against tumor-restricted target antigens. The human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 antigen is constitutively expressed by HPV+ cancers but not by healthy tissues. Here, we report the discovery and preclinical testing of a TCR that targets HPV-16 E7. Methods: Cervix-infiltrating T-cells from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were screened for reactivity against HPV-16 E6 and E7. A T cell with HLA-A*02:01-restricted specificity for E711-19 was identified, and the TCR sequence was determined. Expression of the this TCR was optimized by TCR constant region modifications. Gene-engineered T cells expressing the E7 TCR (E7 T cells) were characterized for tumor cell targeting, functional avidity, cytokine production, cytolytic function, and cross reactivity. In vivo anti-tumor activity was assessed in a murine model of established, subcutaneous human cancer xenografts. Results: E7 T cells demonstrated recognition of cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer tumor cell lines in cytokine production and cytolysis assays. E7 T cells displayed recognition of cognate peptide at concentrations as low as 10 picomoles, which indicated high-avidity. Consistent with this finding, the E7 TCR showed function in CD4 T cells, which lack a CD8 coreceptor. Alanine scanning of the target peptide revealed positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 to provide the major contribution to recognition by E7 T cells. Cross-reactivity assays did not detect E7 T cell targeting of human peptides with potential HLA-A*02:01 anchor resides that shared residues at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 with E711-19. Finally, E7 T cells mediated regression of established human xenograft cervical cancer tumors in an immunodeficient mouse model. Anti-tumor activity was increased in some conditions by the concomitant administration of systemic interleukin-2. Conclusions: These preclinical findings support a clinical trial of E7 T cells for the treatment of patients with metastatic HPV-16+ cancers that is now active (NCT02858310).
Multicore Liquid Perfluorocarbon‐Loaded Multimodal Nanoparticles for Stable Ultrasound and <sup>19</sup>F MRI Applied to In Vivo Cell Tracking (2019)

Ultrasound is the most commonly used clinical imaging modality. However, in applications requiring cell-labeling, the large size and short active lifetime of ultrasound contrast agents limit their longitudinal use. Here, 100 nm radius, clinically applicable, polymeric nanoparticles containing a liquid perfluorocarbon, which enhance ultrasound contrast during repeated ultrasound imaging over the course of at least 48 h, are described. The perfluorocarbon enables monitoring the nanoparticles with quantitative <sup>19</sup>F magnetic resonance imaging, making these particles effective multimodal imaging agents. Unlike typical core-shell perfluorocarbon-based ultrasound contrast agents, these nanoparticles have an atypical fractal internal structure. The nonvaporizing highly hydrophobic perfluorocarbon forms multiple cores within the polymeric matrix and is, surprisingly, hydrated with water, as determined from small-angle neutron scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Finally, the nanoparticles are used to image therapeutic dendritic cells with ultrasound in vivo, as well as with <sup>19</sup>F MRI and fluorescence imaging, demonstrating their potential for long-term in vivo multimodal imaging.
Photochemical diodes (1977)

A simple new device configuration for the conversion of optical energy into chemical energy is described. The devices, designated ’’photochemical diodes’’, consist of small sandwichlike semiconductor structures. When immersed in an appropriate electrolyte and exposed to light, such devices cause redox reactions to occur, such as the decomposition of water, and the oxidation of sulfide ions to form sulfur. Certain configurations result in up-conversion of the incident photon energy and appear to represent an inorganic analog of photosynthesis.
Fast protocol validation by the combination of process inspection and global inspection (2000)

In this paper, we propose a new method for fast and efficient detection of communication protocol errors with less memory requirements and processing time when there exists an excess/deficiency of definition or deadlock in signal transmission/reception. Practically, a new method of protocol validation is presented where the protocol errors are detected by dividing the protocol inspection into two stages: one is inspection centered on the operations of each process and the second is inspection of all process operations at the same time. The characteristic of this method of validation is that in the former stage the excess/deficiency of transmission/reception is detected without enumerating the states of the whole system and in the second stage, deadlock is detected by enumerating the minimum number of system states. As a result, when the number of processes is large, the number of system states to be enumerated, can be greatly decreased as compared to the conventional methods. To evaluate the proposed method of protocol validation we present application results of various protocol examples. We show that memory requirements and processing time are greatly reduced and large-scale protocols with large number of processes which could not be fully inspected by the conventional methods, can also be validated completely. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 83(7): 26–39, 2000
Manifestations of user personality in website choice and behaviour on online social networks (2013)

Individual differences in personality affect users’ online activities as much as they do in the offline world. This work, based on a sample of over a third of a million users, examines how users’ behaviour in the online environment, captured by their website choices and Facebook profile features, relates to their personality, as measured by the standard Five Factor Model personality questionnaire. Results show that there are psychologically meaningful links between users’ personalities, their website preferences and Facebook profile features. We show how website audiences differ in terms of their personality, present the relationships between personality and Facebook profile features, and show how an individual’s personality can be predicted from Facebook profile features. We conclude that predicting a user’s personality profile can be applied to personalize content, optimize search results, and improve online advertising.
Cloning of the Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Genome as an Infectious Bacterial Artificial Chromosome in <i>Escherichia coli</i> : a New Approach for Construction of HCMV Mutants (1999)

We have recently introduced a novel procedure for the construction of herpesvirus mutants that is based on the cloning and mutagenesis of herpesvirus genomes as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) in Escherichia coli (M. Messerle, I. Crnkovic, W. Hammerschmidt, H. Ziegler, and U. H. Koszinowski, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:14759-14763, 1997). Here we describe the application of this technique to the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD169. Since it was not clear whether the terminal and internal repeat sequences of the HCMV genome would give rise to recombination, the stability of the cloned HCMV genome was examined during propagation in E. coli, during mutagenesis, and after transfection in permissive fibroblasts. Interestingly, the HCMV BACs were frozen in defined conformations in E. coli. The transfection of the HCMV BACs into human fibroblasts resulted in the reconstitution of infectious virus and isomerization of the reconstituted genomes. The power of the BAC mutagenesis procedure was exemplarily demonstrated by the disruption of the gpUL37 open reading frame. The transfection of the mutated BAC led to plaque formation, indicating that the gpUL37 gene product is dispensable for growth of HCMV in fibroblasts. The new procedure will considerably speed up the construction of HCMV mutants and facilitate genetic analysis of HCMV functions.
Optimizing throughput blocking through joint use of connection capacity (2000)

The present invention relates generally to the field of communication networks and more particularly to a common value of a junction capacitance and an assignment of a link bandwidth in such networks.
Loss of a highly conserved sterile alpha motif domain gene ( <i>WEEP</i> ) results in pendulous branch growth in peach trees (2018)

Plant shoots typically grow upward in opposition to the pull of gravity. However, exceptions exist throughout the plant kingdom. Most conspicuous are trees with weeping or pendulous branches. While such trees have long been cultivated and appreciated for their ornamental value, the molecular basis behind the weeping habit is not known. Here, we characterized a weeping tree phenotype in <i>Prunus persica</i> (peach) and identified the underlying genetic mutation using a genomic sequencing approach. Weeping peach tree shoots exhibited a downward elliptical growth pattern and did not exhibit an upward bending in response to 90° reorientation. The causative allele was found to be an uncharacterized gene, <i>Ppa013325</i>, having a 1.8-Kb deletion spanning the 5' end. This gene, dubbed <i>WEEP</i>, was predominantly expressed in phloem tissues and encodes a highly conserved 129-amino acid protein containing a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain. Silencing WEEP in the related tree species <i>Prunus domestica</i> (plum) resulted in more outward, downward, and wandering shoot orientations compared to standard trees, supporting a role for WEEP in directing lateral shoot growth in trees. This previously unknown regulator of branch orientation, which may also be a regulator of gravity perception or response, provides insights into our understanding of how tree branches grow in opposition to gravity and could serve as a critical target for manipulating tree architecture for improved tree shape in agricultural and horticulture applications.
Outcome driven persona-typing for precision oncology: Beyond a genomics centered view of individualized therapy. (2018)

4130 Background: Precision oncology is currently being defined mainly by a genomics-oriented view to tumor biology. However, a multi-omic view to tumor biology and more accurate outcome prediction is emerging. Combining this with treatment history, clinical-epidemiological data, and outcomes data may provide patient-specific descriptors that in N-dimensional space constitute population based “personas” that share common outcome destinies and identify response predictors to any given therapy. Methods: We utilized our database from 919 pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients within our ongoing registry study as a feasibility study. Commercial exome (315 genes by NGS) and proteomic data (24 proteins by IHC) as well as previous and current treatment history, epidemiological data and outcomes data were collected on every patient. Overall Survival (OS) was calculated and 10 individual outcome “personas” were created that spanned short-term survival ( < 6 months) to long term survival (32-110 months). Statistical analysis of individualized gene, protein, specific treatment type, disease stage, location, age, gender, ethnicity, was used to determine key principal components that significantly (p < 0.05) described each outcome persona to create a unique persona-type identifier. Results: Proteomic information was significantly associated with outcomes more frequently then genomic information (p = 0.02). Longest term outcome personas (OS > 32 months) were characterized by increased PD1 and decreased TS protein levels along with increased frequency of BRCA2 genomic alterations and treatment with off-label targeted therapy. Shorter term personas (OS < 6 months) were described by high TS protein levels along with genetic alterations in MYCL1, MYST3, VEGFA, ZNF703 and KEL. Conclusions: Persona-typing can be used to define and map key characteristics that associate with outcome and specific treatment. In the future, individual patients can be mapped to pre-defined personas that could more accurately describe outcome destiny and optimized/personalized therapy options.
High‐Quality Femtosecond Laser Surface Micro/Nano‐Structuring Assisted by A Thin Frost Layer (2023)

Abstract Femtosecond laser ablation has been demonstrated to be a versatile tool to produce micro/nanoscale features with high precision and accuracy. However, the use of high laser fluence to increase the ablation efficiency usually results in unwanted effects, such as redeposition of debris, formation of recast layer, and heat‐affected zone in or around the ablation craters. Here this limitation is circumvented by exploiting a thin frost layer with a thickness of tens of microns, which can be directly formed by the condensation of water vapor from the air onto the exposed surface whose temperature is below the freezing point. When the femtosecond laser beam is focused onto the target surface covered with a thin frost layer, only the local frost layer around the laser‐irradiated spot melts into water, helping to boost ablation efficiency, suppress the recast layer, and reduce the heat‐affect zone, while the remaining frost layer can prevent ablation debris from adhering to the target surface. By this frost‐assisted strategy, high‐quality surface micro/nano‐structures are successfully achieved on both plane and curved surfaces at high laser fluences, and the mechanism behind the formation of high‐spatial‐frequency (HSF) laser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) on silicon is discussed.
The Role of Selenium in Thyroid Hormone Action* (1992)

RECENT progress in the field of thyroid hormone deiodination has led to a greater understanding, not only of this critical process, but also of mechanisms more basic to protein synthesis in general. The cloning of the type I deiodinase, demonstration that this enzyme is a selenoprotein, and subsequent identification of selenocysteine insertion sequences in the noncoding portion of the gene have provided considerable insight into the mechanism of incorporation of this unusual amino acid into proteins. The purpose of this review is to discuss some of these advances and their implications. We begin by providing a brief background of the deiodination process and the discovery of the enzymes involved, followed by a discussion of some of the extensive characterization studies that have been performed on these enzymes over the years. Comprehensive reviews of these earlier studies have been published previously (1, 2). We next describe the expression cloning of the type I deiodinase and its identification as a selenoenzyme, evidence of which was provided from nutritional, biochemical, and molecular biological techniques. The latter permitted biochemical analyses of the wild type selenocysteinecontaining deiodinase and a mutant enzyme containing cysteine, providing insight into the importance of this rare amino acid in the active site of the enzyme. Evidence is reviewed which indicated that the type II deiodinase is not a selenoprotein. The discovery that selenocysteine is encoded by a UGA codon, normally a stop codon, led to the question: How is UGA encoding selenocysteine distinguished from UGA specifying termination? Studies addressing this recognition process are presented. Finally, the presence of selenium in the type I deiodinase has important clinical implications for treatment of combined selenium and iodine deficiency, and these are addressed.
On the Performance of Two-Way Relaying with Multiple-Antenna Relay Stations (2007)

This paper considers the two-hop relaying case where two nodes S1 and S2 in a wireless network can communicate with each other via an intermediate relay station (RS). Assuming that an RS can only receive and transmit on orthogonal channel resources, the required resources in oneway amplify-and-forward relaying are doubled compared to a direct communication between two nodes. Recently, two-way relaying has been introduced as a promising protocol in order to compensate for this drawback. In this paper, the two-way relaying protocol is extended to the case of nodes and RSs with multiple antennas where both nodes S1 and S2 have the same number of antennas and the number of antennas at the RS is at least twice as much. This multiple input multiple output (MIMO) two-way relaying protocol only requires channel state information (CSI) at the RS which reduces the CSI signaling overhead in the two-way relay network compared to previous work. Comparing with other relaying protocols, the performance gain in terms of sum rate of the proposed MIMO two-way relaying protocol is verified. It is shown that the sum rate may be further increased for the case of different channel qualities on the two channels to the RS.