gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-Situ Bioreduction and Removal of Ammonium Perchlorate (2006)

Abstract : The objective of the studies described in this report were to gain a better understanding of the microbiology involved in microbial perchlorate reduction with an aim of enhancing the application of this novel metabolism to the attenuation of perchlorate contaminated environments.
Physiological Function of Alcohol Dehydrogenases and Long-Chain (C <sub>30</sub> ) Fatty Acids in Alcohol Tolerance of <i>Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus</i> (2002)

A mutant strain (39E H8) of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus that displayed high (8% [vol/vol]) ethanol tolerance for growth was developed and characterized in comparison to the wild-type strain (39E), which lacks alcohol tolerance (<1.5% [vol/vol]). The mutant strain, unlike the wild type, lacked primary alcohol dehydrogenase and was able to increase the percentage of transmembrane fatty acids (i.e., long-chain C(30) fatty acids) in response to increasing levels of ethanol. The data support the hypothesis that primary alcohol dehydrogenase functions primarily in ethanol consumption, whereas secondary alcohol dehydrogenase functions in ethanol production. These results suggest that improved thermophilic ethanol fermentations at high alcohol levels can be developed by altering both cell membrane composition (e.g., increasing transmembrane fatty acids) and the metabolic machinery (e.g., altering primary alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities).
Carbon Nanotube-Based Field-Emission Displays for Large-Area and Full-Color Applications (2000)

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were applied to electron emitters of field-emission displays (FEDs). Large-area FED devices with SWNT emitters were successfully fabricated in a diode mode using screen printing to demonstrate moving color images. They revealed excellent field-emission characteristics of a threshold electric field of approximately 2 V/µm. We have also investigated triode-type FED structures to achieve a high gray scale and high brightness. It was observed that electron emission from carbon nanotube emitters was controlled by the modulation of gate voltages.
Generation and Mechanism of Action of a Potent Inhibitor of Factor XIII Function (1995)

Although known to play a critical role in thrombosis, the precise role of factor XIII in other processes like wound healing and gestation remains to be elucidated. Because a specific, potent inhibitor could help define the function of factor XIII in these processes, or determine the potential benefits of factor XIII suppression in thrombotic disease, we have derived and characterized a monoclonal antibody inhibitor of factor XIII activation. This immunoinhibitor, 9C11, reacts specifically with both plasma and platelet forms of factor XIII. When added to human plasma, either as whole immunoglobulin or as Fab fragments, 9C11 completely prevented thrombin-activated factor XIII activity with small molecular weight substrates like 14C-putrescine. In addition, when clotted with plasma, 9C11 ablated the gamma chain crosslinking of fibrin catalyzed by factor XIII and markedly accelerated the fibrinolysis of plasma clots by urokinase. Studies of the mechanism of action showed that 9C11 inhibited the cleavage and activation of factor XIII by thrombin, but did not affect the catalytic function of previously activated factor XIII. Although it inhibited thrombin activation, experiments indicated that it bound comparably to both factor XIII zymogen and the thrombin-cleaved zymogen, and did not bind to the thrombin cleavage site of the molecule. Taken together these experiments indicated that 9C11 acted as an inhibitor of the thrombin cleavage and activation of the factor XIII A-subunit. Its potency and specificity make it a useful agent for studying thrombin-activatable factor XIII function in biological systems.
A Proactive Test Based Differentiation Technique to Mitigate Low Rate DoS Attacks (2007)

Low rate DoS attacks are emerging threats to the TCP traffic, and the VoIP traffic in the Internet. They are hard to detect as they intelligently send attack traffic inside the network to evade current router based congestion control mechanisms. We propose a practical attack model in which botnets that can pose a serious threat to the Internet are considered. Under this model, an attacker can scatter bots across the Internet to launch the low rate DoS attack, thus essentially orchestrating the low rate DoS attack that uses random and continuous IP address spoofing, but with valid legitimate IP addresses. It is difficult to detect and mitigate such an attack. We propose a low rate DoS attack detection algorithm, which relies on the core characteristic of the low rate DoS attack in introducing high rate traffic for short periods, and then uses a proactive test based differentiation technique to filter the attack packets. The proactive test was originally proposed to defend DDoS attacks and low rate DoS attacks which tend to ignore the normal operation of network protocols, but it is tailored here to differentiate the legitimate traffic from the low rate DoS attack traffic instigated by botnets. It leverages on the conformity of legitimate flows, which obey the network protocols. It mainly differentiates legitimate connections by checking their responses to the proactive tests which include puzzles for distinguishing botnets from human users. We finally evaluate and demonstrate the performance of the proposed low rate DoS attack detection and mitigation algorithm on the real Internet traces.
Preparation of a Strong Gelatin–Short Linear Glucan Nanocomposite Hydrogel by an in Situ Self-Assembly Process (2017)

Gelatin hydrogels exhibit excellent biocompatibility, nonimmunogenicity, and biodegradability, but they have limited applications in the food and medical industries because of their poor mechanical properties. Herein, we first developed an in situ self-assembly process for the preparation of gelatin-short linear glucan (SLG) nanocomposite hydrogels with enhanced mechanical strength. The microstructure, dynamic viscoelasticity, compression behavior, and thermal characteristics of the gelatin-SLG nanocomposite hydrogels were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic rheological experiments, compression tests, and texture profile analysis tests. The SEM images revealed that nanoparticles were formed by the in situ self-assembly of SLG in the gelatin matrix and that the size of these nanoparticles ranged between 200 and 600 nm. The pores of the nanocomposite hydrogels were smaller than those of the pure gelatin hydrogels. Transmission electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction further confirmed the presence of SLG nanoparticles with spherical shapes and B-type structures. Compared with pure gelatin hydrogels, the nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited improved mechanical behavior. Notably, the hardness and maximum values of the compressive stress of gelatin-SLG nanocomposites containing 5% SLG increased by about 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively, compared to the corresponding values of pure gelatin hydrogels.
Efficiency Mechanisms in Porous-Media Electrospray Thrusters (2021)

The overall propulsion efficiency for ion-mode electrospray thrusters has been predicted to be as high as 90%; however, experimental measurements currently fall far short of these predictions. Further complicating this is that for passively fed electrospray thrusters, the mass flow rate, which is required to obtain the propulsion efficiency and specific impulse, is not directly controlled or measured, and so this parameter is typically estimated by assuming all mass loss is due to the emitted ion current. Presented here is a detailed investigation into the efficiencies associated with a porous-media-based electrospray thruster operated in the purely ionic regime using the ionic-liquid propellant 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate in both positive and negative ion emission modes. Measurements of performance metrics that affect thruster efficiency are discussed, including the transmission, angular, polydispersive, energy, and mass utilization efficiencies, in order to determine their impact on overall efficiency. The overall propulsion efficiency and specific impulse are also calculated using a variety of methods to better investigate how the assumptions made to estimate the mass flow rate affect these parameters. These results suggest that the efficiency of these devices may primarily be limited by the presence of additional mass loss mechanisms other than ion emission occurring during thruster operation.
Isolating and understanding concurrency errors using reconstructed execution fragments (2012)

In this paper we propose Recon, a new general approach to concurrency debugging. Recon goes beyond just detecting bugs, it also presents to the programmer short fragments of buggy execution schedules that illustrate how and why bugs happened. These fragments, called reconstructions, are inferred from inter-thread communication surrounding the root cause of a bug and significantly simplify the process of understanding bugs.
A set of two monoclonal antibodies specific for the cell surface-exposed 39K major outer membrane protein of Haemophilus influenzae type b defines all strains of this pathogen (1983)

Six murine plasma cell hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against the 39,000-molecular-weight (39K) major outer membrane protein of Haemophilus influenzae type b were employed in the antigenic analysis of the 39K protein. The initial characterization of the mabs by radioimmunoprecipitation analysis showed that four of these mabs reacted with antigenic determinants of the 39K protein that are exposed on the bacterial cell surface and accessible to antibody. The other two mabs reacted with antigenic determinants of the 39K protein that are either not exposed on the H. influenzae type b cell surface or not accessible to antibody (internal determinants). A total of 126 clinical isolates of H. influenzae type b obtained from pediatric research centers throughout the United States were examined for reactivity with the six mabs by using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay in which bacterial colony growth from agar plates was placed on filter paper and used as antigen. The reactivities of these strains with two of the mabs recognizing cell surface-exposed antigenic determinants of the 39K protein were used to divide the 126 strains into four different groups. Group 1 strains reacted with mab 12D9, group 2 strains reacted with mab 4C4, group 3 strains reacted with both mabs 12D9 and 4C4, and group 4 strains (only one was found) did not react with either mab. The reactivities of two other mabs recognizing cell surface-exposed antigenic determinants of the 39K protein were used to further divide the four groups into eight subgroups. A single mab recognizing an internal antigenic determinant of the 39K protein reacted with every H. influenzae type b strain examined in this study. These data indicate that only limited antigenic heterogeneity exists among the cell surface-exposed antigenic determinants of the 39K outer membrane proteins among H. influenzae type b strains and that at least one internal antigenic determinant of the 39K protein is universally present in all H. influenzae type b strains. Radioimmunoprecipitation analysis also demonstrated that H. influenzae type b strains which lacked a 39K major outer membrane protein possessed a 38K major outer membrane protein which reacted with the anti-39K mabs, indicating that the 38K and 39K outer membrane proteins of different H. influenzae type b strains are antigenically related.
Low Threshold, High Peak Power Organic Semiconductor Lasers (1997)

Lasing action is conclusively demonstrated for the first time in an optically pumped, vacuum deposited thin organic film consisting of DCM doped Alq3. Carrier transport properties of organics, combined with a low lasing threshold (1.5 µJ/cm2) open the door to an entirely new generation of diode lasers employing organic thin films.
Generic Image Hallucination with Primal Sketch Prior (2003)

In this paper, we propose a Bayesian approach to image hallucination. Given a generic low resolution image, we hallucinate a high resolution image using a set of training images. Our work is inspired by recent progress on natural image statistics that the priors of image primitives can be well represented by examples. Specifically, primal sketch priors (e.g., edges, ridges and corners) are constructed and used to enhance the quality of the hallucinated high resolution image. Moreover, a contour smoothness constraint enforces consistency of primitives in the hallucinated image by a Markov-chain based inference algorithm. A reconstruction constraint is also applied to further improve the quality of the hallucinated image. Experiments demonstrate that our approach can hallucinate high quality super- resolution images.
New Approaches towards ex vivo and in vivo Gene Therapy (2000)

A number of hurdles have to be overcome for efficient and specific gene therapy approaches. Here, we report on two different strategies that should lead to an improvement of current protocols. A strategy is presented to tag unique chromosomal integration sites by means of retroviral infection, which can be reused for exchange with the gene of interest by action of site-specific recombinases. Targeting exchange is achieved in one step with 100% efficiency by a stringent positive selection, which makes further screening superfluous. With this strategy a predictable gene expression is obtained for foreign genes integrated into a predefined chromatin structure. A second approach aims at the stabilization of mouse retroviruses towards human serum which is a prerequisite for in vivo gene therapy protocols. To stabilize murine leukemia virus-based retroviruses against human serum, complement regulatory proteins were fused to the retroviral ENV proteins. This resulted in infectious and human complement-protected particles.
A 17pJ/bit broadband mixed-signal demodulator in 90nm CMOS (2010)

This paper presents the first fully integrated mixed-signal demodulator incorporating ultra low-power 3mW 3Gsps 3-bit ADCs and a 2mW high-speed real-time digital signal processing in 90nm CMOS that requires neither external synchronization controls nor processing to demodulate up to 3.5Gbps binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulated signal. The demodulator is integrated with IQ mixers, 13GHz QVCO, frequency synthesizers and baseband AGC, for an overall power consumption of 60mW from a 1V supply. The entire demodulator chip occupies 1.275×1.19mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and enables error free demodulation up to 2.5Gbps and BER of 1E-09 up to 3Gbps. To the best of authors' knowledge, this demonstrates the maximum throughput at minimum power budget among all types of CMOS multi-gigabit demodulators.
The Perth endoluminal bifurcated graft system - development and early experience (1996)

The study aim was to develop a reliable endoluminal graft system that would enable the deployment of a bifurcated graft for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. A life-size plastic model was made of an abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, with a 50-mm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. This model was used to develop and test self-expanding graft systems, based on a barbed Gianturco stent and series of stainless-steel 'Z' stents within a woven Dacron graft. The bifurcated system developed involves a trouser graft with one long leg and one short. This graft-system is delivered through one femoral artery with deployment of the proximal aortic end infrarenally and the longer trouser leg within the ipsilateral common iliac artery. The short trouser leg is left hanging free within the distal end of the aneurysm cavity, just above the bifurcation. It is held open by a self-expanding stent and is cannulated from the contralateral femoral artery with a guide wire. A simple straight self-expanding stented graft is then deployed to extend this short trouser leg down into the common iliac artery, effectively creating an extension to the short leg. The graft system has been deployed in 21 patients with satisfactory exclusion of the aneurysm in 17 (81%). There has been one mortality and no conversion to open repair. All 17 aneurysms remain excluded at median follow-up of 30 (range 4-60) weeks. None of the four graft stents that leaked (two proximal and two distal) sealed spontaneously. Deployment of the uncovered Gianturco stent across the renal artery origins in 18 cases (85%) has not been associated with renal artery occlusion or deterioration in renal function at a median follow-up of 30 (range 4-60) weeks. The ability to deploy a bifurcated system increases the potential for endoluminal treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Presentation Priority and Modality Conversion in MPEG-21 DIA (2003)

The Part 7 of MPEG-21, called Digital Item Adaptation, aims at an interoperable transparent access of multimedia contents in heterogeneous environments. This standard facilitates the development of Universal Multimedia Access (UMA) systems, which adapt the rich multimedia contents to provide user the best possible presentation under the constraints of various terminals and network connections. Content adaptation has two major aspects: one is modality conversion that converts content from one modality (e.g. video) to different modalities (e.g. image) the other is content scaling that changes the titrates (or qualities) of the contents without converting their modalities. At the output of adaptation process, the highly-subjective qualities of adapted contents nay vary widely with respect to point-of-views of different providers and different users. So, user should have some control on the adaptation process. In this paper, we describe two description tools of user characteristics, the presentation priority preference and the modality conversion preference, which allow user to have flexible choices on the qualities and modalities of output contents. We also present a systematic approach to integrate these user preferences into the adaptation process. These description tools are developed in the process of MPEG-21 standardization.
Measurement of cerebral blood volume using angiographic C-arm systems (2009)

While perfusion imaging is a well established diagnostic imaging technique, until now, it could not be performed using angiographic equipment. The ability to assess information about tissue perfusion in the angiographic suite should help to optimize management of patients with neurovascular diseases. We present a technique to measure cerebral blood volume (CBV) for the entire brain using an angiographic C-arm system. Combining a rotational acquisition protocol similar to that used for standard three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D DSA) in conjunction with a modified injection protocol providing a steady state of tissue contrast during the acquisition the data necessary to calculate CBV is acquired. The three-dimensional (3D) CBV maps are generated using a special reconstruction scheme which includes the automated detection of an arterial input function and several correction steps. For evaluation we compared this technique with standard perfusion CT (PCT) measurements in five healthy canines. Qualitative comparison of the CBV maps as well as quantitative comparison using 12 ROIs for each map showed a good correlation between the new technique and traditional PCT. In addition we evaluated the technique in a stroke model in canines. The presented technique provides the first step toward providing information about tissue perfusion available during the treatment of neurovascular diseases in the angiographic suite.
FFlClENT SILICON SOLAR CELLS (1994)

This paper reports significant progress in silicon solar cell performance, taking confirmed efficiency beyond 24% for the first time. This progress has been achieved by a combination of several mechanisms. One is the reduction of recombination at the cell front surface by improved passivation of the silicon/silicon dioxide interface. Resistive losses in the cell have been reduced by a double-plating process which increases the thickness for the coarse cell metallization features. Finally, reflective losses have been reduced by the application of a double layer anti-reflection (DLAR) coating. Another advantage of DLAR coating is that it will give further 3% higher current density than the SiO, single layer antireflection (SLAR) coated cells when encapsulated into modules. The cells display a monochromatic light energy conversion efficiency of 46.3% for 1.04 pm wavelength light, also the highest ever for a silicon device.
Exhaustive extraction of cyclopeptides from <i>Amanita phalloides</i>: Guidelines for working with complex mixtures of secondary metabolites (2020)

Understanding plant-insect interactions is an active area of research in both ecology and evolution. Much attention has been focused on the impact of secondary metabolites in the host plant or fungi on these interactions. Plants and fungi contain a variety of biologically active compounds, and the secondary metabolite profile can vary significantly between individual samples. However, many experiments characterize the biological effects of only a single secondary metabolite or a subset of these compounds.Here, we develop an exhaustive extraction protocol using an accelerated solvent extraction protocol to recover the complete suite of cyclopeptides and other secondary metabolites found in <i>Amanita phalloides</i> (death cap mushrooms) and compare its efficacy to the "Classic" extraction method used in earlier works.We demonstrate that our extraction protocol recovers the full suite of cyclopeptides and other secondary metabolites in <i>A. phalloides</i> unlike the "Classic" method that favors polar cyclopeptides.Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for how to optimize protocols to ensure exhaustive extracts and also the best practices when using natural extracts in ecological experiments.
Joint mechanism of flux-free brazing using Al–Si–Mg filler alloys (2015)

The mechanism of Flux-free brazing using Al–Si–Mg filler alloys under inert gas atmosphere at ordinary pressure has been investigated. In the wide lap joining test under controlled atmosphere with low oxygen concentration, equal or higher joint rate than CAB (Controlled Atmosphere Brazing) method using fluoride flux was obtained by the addition of 1 mass% or more of Mg in the brazing filler alloy. In the bonding of aluminum, the metallic bond is formed by the destruction of Al2O3 layer of molten brazing filler and base material surface. In the case of stable joining state at joined interface, the oxide layer was broken and fine MgAl2O4 oxide had been dispersed. In the heating process of brazing, the oxide layer was decomposed into MgAl2O4 by Al2O3 layer reacting with Mg in the molten brazing filler. In addition, it was considered that the oxide layer was divided into fine pieces with the flow of the molten brazing filler. On the other hand, as the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere increased, MgO layer on the surface of Al–Si–Mg filler alloy grew thicker. Because MgO layer is not decomposed by Mg at the bonded interface, joining rate decreased significantly.
RED SAND SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES: CHARACTERIZATION AND THEIR BIOMEDICAL POTENTIAL (2020)

Since the ability of bacteria to acquire resistance is increasing, it is important to find alternative therapeutics. One possible way to deal with this problem is the use of nanoparticles as possible alternatives to antibiotic therapy. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are viewed as a novel type of antibacterial agents. AgNPs can be synthesized using raw materials, such as red sand that found in nature. Characterization of the AgNPs was achieved using variety spectroscopic and microscopic devises. AgNPs showed antibacterial activity and large effect when combined with different antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris.