gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new rabbit model for keratoconjunctivitis sicca. (1987)

The authors created a new rabbit model for keratoconjunctivitis sicca by cauterizing the lacrimal gland excretory duct and surgically removing the nictitating membrane and harderian gland. Although the slit-lamp examination findings remained normal for the first 8 wk postoperatively, tear-film osmolarity was elevated by postoperative day 1. Corneal epithelial glycogen levels declined progressively, and conjunctival goblet cell density remained decreased. Multiple controls indicated that closure of the lacrimal gland excretory duct was required for elevation of tear film osmolarity, which, in turn, was required for persistent ocular surface disease.
Direct transformation of Zernike eye aberration coefficients between scaled, rotated, and/or displaced pupils (2006)

In eye aberrometry it is often necessary to transform the aberration coefficients in order to express them in a scaled, rotated, and/or displaced pupil. This is usually done by applying to the original coefficients vector a set of matrices accounting for each elementary transformation. We describe an equivalent algebraic approach that allows us to perform this conversion in a single step and in a straightforward way. This approach can be applied to any particular definition, normalization, and ordering of the Zernike polynomials, and can handle a wide range of pupil transformations, including, but not restricted to, anisotropic scalings. It may also be used to transform the aberration coefficients between different polynomial basis sets.
Replicating poxviruses for human cancer therapy (2015)

Naturally occurring oncolytic viruses are live, replication-proficient viruses that specifically infect human cancer cells while sparing normal cell counterparts. Since the eradication of smallpox in the 1970s with the aid of vaccinia viruses, the vaccinia viruses and other genera of poxviruses have shown various degrees of safety and efficacy in pre-clinical or clinical application for human anti-cancer therapeutics. Furthermore, we have recently discovered that cellular tumor suppressor genes are important in determining poxviral oncolytic tropism. Since carcinogenesis is a multi-step process involving accumulation of both oncogene and tumor suppressor gene abnormalities, it is interesting that poxvirus can exploit abnormal cellular tumor suppressor signaling for its oncolytic specificity and efficacy. Many tumor suppressor genes such as p53, ATM, and RB are known to play important roles in genomic fidelity/maintenance. Thus, tumor suppressor gene abnormality could affect host genomic integrity and likely disrupt intact antiviral networks due to accumulation of genetic defects, which would in turn result in oncolytic virus susceptibility. This review outlines the characteristics of oncolytic poxvirus strains, including vaccinia, myxoma, and squirrelpox virus, recent progress in elucidating the molecular connection between oncogene/tumor suppressor gene abnormalities and poxviral oncolytic tropism, and the associated preclinical/clinical implications. I would also like to propose future directions in the utility of poxviruses for oncolytic virotherapy.
Metal-Catalyzed CVD Method to Synthesize Silicon Nanobelts (2008)

On the basis of the metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition method, a general route was developed to synthesize single crystal silicon nanobelts using Au, Cu, and Zn as catalysts, avoiding any template and additive. The nanobelts were characterized using electron microscopy. The silicon nanobelts, which have great length, smooth edges, flat surfaces, and tiny thicknesses, grow along the ⟨112⟩ direction with the top surface of the {111} facet. Evidence shows that the growth of the silicon nanobelt may follow the vapor−liquid−solid process. Furthermore, the growth conditions of the nanobelts were preliminarily investigated. These studies not only provide novel materials for nanodevices but also offer helpful instructions for the metal-catalyzed synthesis of other semiconductor nanobelts.
Network Processors: Origin of Species (2022)

Numerous programmable alternatives to network processing have emerged in the past few years to meet the current and future needs of network equipment. They all promise various trade-offs between performance and flexibility. In this paper we attempt to understand these new network processing alternatives. We present five major aspects of network processor architectures: approaches to parallel processing, elements of special-purpose hardware, structure of memory architectures, types of on-chip communication mechanisms, and use of peripherals. For each of these aspects, we include examples of specific network processor features.
Olaparib Monotherapy for Previously Treated Pancreatic Cancer With DNA Damage Repair Genetic Alterations Other Than Germline <i>BRCA</i> Variants (2021)

The definition of the BRCAness phenotype in PDAC may be limited to patients harboring DDR-GAs. In these 2 phase 2 nonrandomized clinical trials, olaparib was well tolerated and showed limited antitumor activity in patients with advanced, platinum-sensitive PDAC with DDR-GAs. These conclusions suggest a potential therapeutic opportunity for a subset of patients with PDAC.
Intravenous proton pump inhibitors. (2006)

Intravenous (IV) administration of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is a faster way to achieve gastric acid suppression than oral administration of the same agent. Peak suppression after IV administration occurs within hours, compared with several days later after oral administration. Thus the IV route of administration offers a faster onset of gastric suppression, achievement of intragastric pH closer to neutrality, and better bioavailability. The PPIs that have IV formulations in the United States (esomeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole) are approved for different indications; the key differences among them relate to their ability to reach specific gastric pH, time to maintain a specific gastric pH, and ease of use of the IV formulation (eg, reconstitution, requirement of inline filters, infusion times).
Sterically Controlled, Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Amination of Arenes (2013)

We report the Pd-catalyzed amination of arenes to form N-aryl phthalimides with regioselectivity controlled predominantly by steric effects. Mono-, di-, and trisubstituted arenes lacking a directing group undergo amination reactions with moderate to high yields and high regioselectivities from sequential addition of PhI(OAc)2 as an oxidant in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 as catalyst. This sterically derived selectivity contrasts that for analogous arene acetoxylation.
Concepts for Multi-Speed Rotorcraft Drive System - Status of Design and Testing at NASA GRC (2015)

In several studies and on-going developments for advanced rotorcraft, the need for variable/multi-speed capable rotors has been raised. Speed changes of up to 50% have been proposed for future rotorcraft to improve vehicle performance. A rotor speed change during operation not only requires a rotor that can perform effectively over the operating speed/load range, but also requires a propulsion system possessing these same capabilities. A study was completed investigating possible drive system arrangements that can accommodate up to a 50% speed change. Key drivers were identified from which simplicity and weight were judged as central. This paper presents the current status of two gear train concepts coupled with the first of two clutch types developed and tested thus far with focus on design lessons learned and areas requiring development. Also, a third concept is presented, a dual input planetary differential as leveraged from a simple planetary with fixed carrier.
Analysis of Online Classes in Physical Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)

Background and objectives: This study analyzed the effectiveness of the online practical classes (OPC) in physical education (PE) in compliance with the ADDIE model during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Participants had no prior experience in OPC and total 75 participants were enrolled in this study. This study selected 15 universities in consideration of regional equality and randomly selected two professors and three students from each university. Results: (1) The learning interventions were not feasible for team projects. (2) In the implementation phase, most learners felt that errors persisted. (3) In the evaluation phase, educators reported unenthusiastic involvement of students and the learners were merely submitting assignments. (4) An appropriate level of the effectiveness through OPC showed significantly different between educators and learners. Conclusions: The findings indicate that timely and quality feedback should be provided for the successful execution of OPC in PE; the educators should prepare ahead and reduce technical errors and motivate learners continuously. Lastly, to prepare for the new normal after COVID-19, universities should provide enough time for educators to make OPC-videos and teach students in real time to ensure consistent feedback.
High voltage semiconductor devices and methods of making the devices (2023)

A multi-cell MOSFET device including a MOSFET cell with an integrated Schottky diode is provided. The MOSFET includes n-type source regions formed in p-type well regions which are formed in an n-type drift layer. A p-type body contact region is formed on the periphery of the MOSFET. The source metallization of the device forms a Schottky contact with an n-type semiconductor region adjacent the p-type body contact region of the device. Vias can be formed through a dielectric material covering the source ohmic contacts and/or Schottky region of the device and the source metallization can be formed in the vias. The n-type semiconductor region forming the Schottky contact and/or the n-type source regions can be a single continuous region or a plurality of discontinuous regions alternating with discontinuous p-type body contact regions. The device can be a SiC device. Methods of making the device are also provided.
Isoflurane and Pentobarbital Reduce the Frequency of Transient Ischemic Depolarizations During Focal Ischemia in Rats (1998)

Repetitive transient ischemic depolarizations (IDs) during focal cerebral ischemia are thought to contribute to ischemic damage.Isoflurane and pentobarbital reduce injury (versus the nonanesthetized state) after focal cerebral ischemia. The mechanism by which these drugs reduce injury is not known. This protective effect might be mediated by a reduction in the number of IDs. We measured the frequency of IDs during focal cerebral ischemia in animals anesthetized with isoflurane or pentobarbital and compared it with that in N2 O/fentanyl anesthetized animals and in animals in which the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK801 (dizocilpine) was given. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for a period of 2 h. Cortical infarct volumes were determined after 3 h of reperfusion by image analysis of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium-stained coronal brain sections. The infarct volume was significantly greater in the N2 O/fentanyl group than in the other three groups. Infarct volumes in the isoflurane, pentobarbital, and MK801 groups were similar. The frequency of IDs was significantly greater in the N2 O/fentanyl group than in the other three groups, and was the least in the MK801 group. There was a direct correlation between the number of IDs and the volume of tissue injury. The data indicate that the protective effect of isoflurane and pentobarbital might, in part, be determined by their ability to reduce IDs during focal ischemia. However, the observation that the infarct volume was similar in the MK801, isoflurane, and pentobarbital groups, despite a greater frequency of IDs in the latter two groups, suggests that mechanisms other than a simple reduction in the number of IDs probably also play a role in anesthetic-mediated cerebral protection. Implications: Transient ischemic depolarizations during focal ischemia contribute to brain injury. Both isoflurane and pentobarbital reduced the frequency of these depolarizations. Isoflurane- and pentobarbital-mediated reduction in the frequency of depolarizations might, in part, mediate the previously documented neuroprotective effect of these drugs. (Anesth Analg 1998;86:773-80)
Mutational analysis of tobacco etch virus polyprotein processing: cis and trans proteolytic activities of polyproteins containing the 49-kilodalton proteinase (1988)

The genome of tobacco etch virus contains a single open reading frame with the potential to encode a 346-kilodalton (kDa) polyprotein. The large polyprotein is cleaved at several positions by a tobacco etch virus genome-encoded, 49-kDa proteinase. The locations of the 49-kDa proteinase-mediated cleavage sites flanking the 71-kDa cytoplasmic pinwheel inclusion protein, 6-kDa protein, 49-kDa proteinase, and 58-kDa putative polymerase have been determined by using cell-free expression, proteolytic processing, and site-directed mutagenesis systems. Each of these sites is characterized by the conserved sequence motif Glu-Xaa-Xaa-Tyr-Xaa-Gln-Ser or Gly (in which cleavage occurs after the Gln residue). The amino acid residue (Gln) predicted to occupy the -1 position relative to the scissile bond has been substituted, by mutagenesis of cloned cDNA, at each of four cleavage sites. The altered sites were not cleaved by the 49-kDa proteinase. A series of synthetic polyproteins that contained the 49-kDa proteinase linked to adjoining proteins via defective cleavage sites were expressed, and their proteolytic activities were analyzed. As part of a polyprotein, the proteinase was found to exhibit cis (intramolecular) and trans (intermolecular) activity.
Leaf protein and its by-products in human and animal nutrition (1987)

Introduction List of abbreviations 1. Historical and anatomical background 2. Prelude to production 3. Choice of crops and yields of extractable protein from them 4. Separation, purification, composition and fractionation 5. Preservation, storage and modification 6. Digestibility in vitro and nutritive value in animals 7. Human trials and experiments 8. The value of the extracted fibre and the 'whey' 9. The role of fodder fractionation in practice Appendix: Hilaire Marin Rouelle (1718-79) References Author index Subject index.
Neuroendocrine mechanisms responsible for gonadotropin release. (1975)

Regulation of the ovulatory cycle involves the interdependence of the adenohypophysis, the ovaries, the CNS, and the external environment. Several distinctions in brain functions and the overlapping control of several neuro-endocrine systems are pointed out. Important neuro-anatomical relationships between basomedial hypothalamus and other brain regions are noted. The anatomical structure is correlated with the control of gonadotropin secretion. Reflexive ovulation is considered as a special instance of external environmental influence. Data suggests that both lower mammals and human primates may show reflexive as well as spontaneous ovulation.
Improving Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids (2007)

Previously we showed that CO2 could be used to extract organic molecules from ionic liquids without contamination of the ionic liquid. Consequently a number of other groups demonstrated that ionic liquid/CO2 biphasic systems could be used for homogeneously catalyzed reactions. Large differences in the solubility of various gases in ionic liquids present the possibility of using them for gas separations. More recently we and others have shown that the presence of CO2 increases the solubility of other gases that are poorly soluble in the ionic liquid phase. Therefore, a knowledge and understanding of the phase behavior of these ionic liquid/CO2 systems is important. With the aim of finding ionic liquids that improve CO2 solubility and gaining more information to help us understand how to design CO2-philic ionic liquids, we present the low- and high-pressure measurements of CO2 solubility in a range of ionic liquids possessing structures likely to increase the solubility of CO2. We examined the CO2 solubility in a number of ionic liquids with systematic increases in fluorination. We also studied nonfluorinated ionic liquids that have structural features known to improve CO2 solubility in other compounds such as polymers, for example, carbonyl groups and long alkyl chains with branching or ether linkages. Results show that ionic liquids containing increased fluoroalkyl chains on either the cation or anion do improve CO2 solubility when compared to less fluorinated ionic liquids previously studied. It was also found that it was possible to obtain similar, high levels of CO2 solubility in nonfluorous ionic liquids. In agreement with our previous results, we found that the anion frequently plays a key role in determining CO2 solubility in ionic liquids.
Injection and Transport of High Current Density over 1000 A/cm<sup>2</sup> in Organic Light Emitting Diodes under Pulse Excitation (2005)

We succeeded in injecting and transporting a maximum high current density of J =1163 A/cm 2 in organic light-emitting diodes using short-pulse excitation combined with a highly thermally conductive silicon substrate (thermal conductivity: 148 W m -1 K -1 ) and a small cathode configuration (cathode radius r =50 µm). A maximum current density almost 20 times higher than that associated with direct current (DC) operation was observed by driving an OLED with a short pulse voltage. With short-pulse excitation, the decrease in external quantum efficiency (η ext ) obeyed a typical singlet–singlet exciton annihilation model well, indicating that the generation of Joule heat in OLEDs can be suppressed under pulse operation.
Maintenance Management of Wind Power Systems Using Condition Monitoring Systems—Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Two Case Studies (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The large growth in the wind power industry in the past years mainly focuses on a growing market and the development of large turbines and offshore farms. The high technical availability of wind turbines comes with a greater need for frequent maintenance. Current maintenance planning is not optimized, and it is possible to make maintenance more efficient. Condition monitoring systems (CMS) could resolve the growing wind power industry's need for better maintenance management and increased reliability. Such systems are commonly used in other industries. CMS could continuously monitor the performance of the wind turbine parts and could help determine specific maintenance timing. This paper presents a life cycle cost (LCC) analysis with strategies where CMS improved maintenance planning for a single wind turbine onshore and a wind farm offshore. Case studies are based on real data from <emphasis emphasistype="italic">Olsvenne2</emphasis> at Näsudden (Gotland, Sweden) and <emphasis emphasistype="italic">Kentish Flats</emphasis>, in the U.K. The main conclusion is that CMS benefits maintenance management of wind power systems. Improvements can be especially shown for offshore wind farm maintenance planning. </para>
Realgar-mediated growth inhibition on HaCaT human keratinocytes is associated with induction of apoptosis (2009)

Traditional Chinese medicine has long been used to treat a variety of ailments including skin diseases. Our previous study has revealed the ethanolic extract of realgar, a common ingredient used in psoriasis treatment in Chinese medicine, to possess potent anti-proliferative action on cultured HaCaT cells of human keratinocyte origin. In the present study, the mechanisms of action of the observed growth inhibitory action of realgar were investigated. Several bioassay methods were employed to elucidate whether cellular apoptosis is involved in the realgar-induced growth inhibition of the skin cells. Morphologically, nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation were observed when HaCaT cells were exposed to the realgar extract. DNA fragmentation induced by the treatment of realgar was also evident as detected by gel electrophoresis and the TUNEL method. Cell cycle analysis by propidium iodide (PI) staining demonstrated the appearance of sub-G1 peak and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase upon realgar treatment. Quantitative analysis by annexin V-PI staining revealed that the realgar-induced apoptotic event was dose-dependent. Furthermore, realgar was able to activate caspase-3 expression when examined by Western blot analysis. Our experimental data unambiguously confirm that induction of cellular apoptosis is mainly responsible for the observed growth inhibition brought about by realgar on the HaCaT keratinocytes, and this finding helps place the traditional use of this mineral for psoriasis treatment on a scientific footing.
Rapid Detection of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria in the Water of Oilfield (2010)

通过大量实验研制出的硫酸盐还原菌新型培养基配方能使硫酸盐还原菌繁殖迅速,缩短了阳性反应的时间,可将检测所需时间由14 d缩短到7 d.硫酸盐还原菌快速检测技术具有生长指示明显,操作简单,检测周期短的优点,其检测结果与石油行业硫酸盐还原菌标准方法无差异,适用于油田水驱、聚合物驱及三元复合驱采出水中硫酸盐还原菌含量的检测.
Ultra-Compact Subwavelength-Grating-Assisted Polarization-Independent Directional Coupler (2019)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an ultra-compact, low-loss polarization-independent directional coupler on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. By exploiting subwavelength gratings in the directional coupler, the coupling strength could be made equal for both transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarizations. The demonstrated polarization-independent directional coupler has a device length of only 4.5 μm and achieves complete cross-coupling with a low excess loss of <;1 dB over a bandwidth of ~65 nm. The reported devices also demonstrate robust fabrication tolerance.
Temperature‐Sensitive Core–Shell Microgel Particles with Dense Shell (2006)

Cores and effect: Using different temperature-sensitive polymers a core–shell microgel is prepared, which at intermediate temperatures has a shell with a higher segment density Φ than the core (see radial density profiles: core (red), shell (blue)). More detailed information is obtained from small-angle neutron scattering. A new form-factor model describes the experimental scattering curves at different temperatures.
Genetic improvement for root growth angle to enhance crop production (2015)

The root system is an essential organ for taking up water and nutrients and anchoring shoots to the ground. On the other hand, the root system has rarely been regarded as breeding target, possibly because it is more laborious and time-consuming to evaluate roots (which require excavation) in a large number of plants than aboveground tissues. The root growth angle (RGA), which determines the direction of root elongation in the soil, affects the area in which roots capture water and nutrients. In this review, we describe the significance of RGA as a potential trait to improve crop production, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms that regulate RGA. We discuss the prospects for breeding to improve RGA based on current knowledge of quantitative trait loci for RGA in rice.