gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Factor and Food Intake Pattern Influencing on the Breast Cancer Risk in Daegu${\cdot}$Gyungbuk Area, Korea (2007)

The present study examined the reproductive factors and food intake pattern which influence on the breast cancer risk in DaeguGyungbuk area. The case subjects were 103 patients newly diagnosed as breast cancer at Kyungpook National University Hospital. The control subjects were 159 healthy women selected by frequency matching of age and menopausal status in the same community. The survey was conducted by individual interviews using questionnaires which include general and reproductive characteristics, dietary habits, and food frequency. The odds ratios were calculated by using unconditional logistic regression after adjusting for confounding variables. The mean age of the subjects was 50 yrs, and mean body mass index was significantly high in the patient group than in the control. The patient group had a significantly higher familial history of breast cancer and a significantly shorter breast-feeding period compared to the control group. It has been found no significant relationship between extrinsic hormone use such as oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. In regard of food habits, a high preference for the cooking method of steaming rather than frying, panbroiling or roasting was significantly associated with lower relative risk of breast cancer. The higher intake frequencies of fruits for all subjects, and seaweeds only for postmenopausal subjects were related with a significantly lower relative risk of breast cancer. The results of the study suggest that the possible risk factors for the breast cancer occurrence include high BMI, family history, less breast feeding experience, preference for the cooking method of frying, and less consumption of fruits and seaweeds. This study provides an useful data for nutrition education to prevent breast cancer for the residents in DaeguGyungbuk area.
Clinical challenges of chronic wounds: searching for an optimal animal model to recapitulate their complexity (2014)

The efficient healing of a skin wound is something that most of us take for granted but is essential for surviving day-to-day knocks and cuts, and is absolutely relied on clinically whenever a patient receives surgical intervention. However, the management of a chronic wound - defined as a barrier defect that has not healed in 3 months - has become a major therapeutic challenge throughout the Western world, and it is a problem that will only escalate with the increasing incidence of conditions that impede wound healing, such as diabetes, obesity and vascular disorders. Despite being clinically and molecularly heterogeneous, all chronic wounds are generally assigned to one of three major clinical categories: leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers or pressure ulcers. Although we have gleaned much knowledge about the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms that underpin healthy, acute wound healing from various animal models, we have learned much less about chronic wound repair pathology from these models. This might largely be because the animal models being used in this field of research have failed to recapitulate the clinical features of chronic wounds. In this Clinical Puzzle article, we discuss the clinical complexity of chronic wounds and describe the best currently available models for investigating chronic wound pathology. We also assess how such models could be optimised to become more useful tools for uncovering pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic treatments.
Versatile Reversible Cross-Linking Strategy to Stabilize CCMV Virus Like Particles for Efficient <i>siRNA</i> Delivery (2019)

Virus like particles obtained from the Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV) represent an innovative platform for drug delivery applications. Their unique reversible self-assembly properties as well as their suitability for both cargo loading and functionalization make them a versatile scaffold for numerous purposes. One of the main drawbacks of this platform is however its limited stability at physiological conditions. Herein, we report the development of a general reversible cross-linking strategy involving the homobifunctional cross-linker DTSSP (3,3'-dithiobis (sulfosuccinimidylpropionate)) which is suitable for particle stabilization. This methodology is adaptable to different CCMV variants in the presence or absence of a stabilizing cargo without varying neither particle shape nor size thus extending the potential use of these protein cages in nanomedical applications. Cross-linked particles are stable at neutral pH and 37 °C and they are capable of protecting loaded cargo against enzymatic digestion. Furthermore, the reversible nature of the cross-linking ensures particle disassembly when they are taken up by cells. This was demonstrated via the highly effective delivery of active siRNA into cells.
Distribution and Load of Amyloid-β Pathology in Parkinson Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (2016)

Parkinson disease (PD), Parkinson disease with dementia (PDD), and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) differ clinically with regard to the presence and timing of dementia. In this postmortem study, we evaluated whether the burden and distribution pattern of amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology differs among these disease entities. We assessed Aβ phases and neuritic plaque scores in 133 patients fulfilling clinical diagnostic criteria for PD, PDD, and DLB, and determined the presence and load of Aβ pathology in 5 cortical and 4 subcortical regions in a subset of patients (n = 89) using a multispectral imaging system. Aβ phases and neuritic plaque scores were higher in DLB versus PDD (both p < 0.001) and in PDD vs PD patients (p = 0.020 and 0.022, respectively). Aβ pathology was more often observed in the entorhinal cortex, amygdala and putamen in DLB versus PDD patients; Aβ load was higher in both cortical and subcortical regions. PDD patients had more frequent Aβ pathology in temporal cortex and higher Aβ load in cortical regions and striatum versus PD patients. Our findings suggest that the load and extent of Aβ pathology may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in PDD and the early-stage severe dementia in DLB.
Carbon Black and Fullerenes Part II : Precursor and Structure Identification (1999)

Several evidences of fullerenes present in the furnace carbon black formation process are reported. These fullerene structures are particularly abundant in some experimental furnace blacks. Our observations could be related to the discovery of fullerenes in soot-forming flames in the literature. It is believed that either fullerenes or fullerene precursors could play an important role in carbon black formation, especially in the inception step.
Adiabatic Theory for Fluctuation-Induced Transport on a Periodic Potential (1996)

Nonequilibrium fluctuations can provide energy to drive directed motion along a periodic surface. In this paper a model for fluctuation driven transport based on a rate theory approach is presented. Simple equations for the flow and efficiency of transport as functions of the fluctuation frequency and of the magnitude of an externally applied force are obtained.
Optimized Design of Integrated PCB-Winding Transformer for MHz LLC Converter (2019)

Intermediate bus architecture employing 48V Bus converters are widely used in power supply applications. With the rapid increase of demanded power by these load, higher efficiency and power density are driving for better performance power management solutions. In this paper, Gallium Nitride (GaN) based design of a two-stage solution is proposed. The first stage is a multi-phase buck for regulation. The second stage is an LLC converter with fixed switching frequency for isolation. The design and optimization of LLC matrix transformer are studied. A novel primary termination and via structure is proposed resulting in great loss reduction. In addition, to minimize the winding loss, an overlapped winding structure and a symmetrical winding layer scheme are proposed to reduce and balance the MMF. These efforts achieve much better current sharing and efficiency. The prototype for the two-stage converter is developed, with the peak efficiency of 96% and the power density of 680W/in3.
Sterically and Polarity‐Controlled Reactions of <i>t</i>BuLi with PCH‐NR Heterocycles: Novel Heterocyclic P‐ and P,O‐Ligands and Preliminary Tests in Transition‐Metal Catalysis (2008)

(1R)-1,3-Benzazaphospholes 1 a-c, P=CH-NR heterocycles of the indole type, react with tBuLi in two ways, depending on the steric demand of the N-substituent and the polarity of the medium. The presence of small N-alkyl groups induces CH-deprotonation in the 2-position to give hetaryllithium reagents 2 a and 2 b, whereas bulky N-substituents and nonpolar solvents change the reactivity towards addition at the P=C bond. The preferred regioselectivity is tert-butylation at phosphorus, occurring with excellent diastereoselectivity for trans-adducts 3 b and 3 c, but the inverse tert-butylation at C2 to 5 b was also observed. N-Neopentyl groups, with intermediate steric demand, give rise to formation of mixtures in ethers but allow switching either to selective CH lithiation in THF/KOtBu or to addition in pentane. Bulkier N-adamantyl groups always cause preferred addition. Protonation, silylation, and carboxylation were used to convert the P=CLi-NR, (E)-tBuP-CHLi-NR, and LiP-CH(tBu)-NR species into the corresponding sigma(2)-P or sigma(3)-P compounds 4 b and 6 a,b, 7 b,c, or 8 b-10 b with additional N and/or O donor sites. Slow diffusion-controlled air oxidation of 10 b led to the meso-diphosphine 11 b. Preferred eta(1)-P coordination was shown for an [Rh(cod)Cl] complex 12 b, and the potential of the new ligands 4 b and 7 b in catalysis was demonstrated by examples of Pd-catalyzed C-N coupling and Ni-catalyzed ethylene oligomerization (TON>6300). Crystal structures of 6 b, 11 b, and 12 b are presented.
Therapeutic silencing of fat-specific protein 27 improves glycemic control in mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance (2016)

Obesity is a component of the metabolic syndrome, mechanistically linked to diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. Proteins that regulate the metabolic fate of intracellular lipid droplets are potential therapeutic candidates to treat obesity and its related consequences. CIDEC (cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector C), also known in mice as Fsp27 (fat-specific protein 27), is a lipid droplet-associated protein that prevents lipid mobilization and promotes intracellular lipid storage. The consequences of complete loss of FSP27 on hepatic metabolism and on insulin resistance are controversial, as both healthy and deleterious lipodystrophic phenotypes have been reported in Fsp27(−/−) mice. To test whether therapeutic silencing of Fsp27 might be useful to improve obesity, fatty liver, and glycemic control, we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in both nutritional (high-fat diet) and genetic (leptin-deficient ob/ob) mouse models of obesity, hyperglycemia, and hepatosteatosis. We show that partial silencing Fsp27 in either model results in the robust decrease in visceral fat, improved insulin sensitivity and whole-body glycemic control, and tissue-specific changes in transcripts controlling lipid oxidation and synthesis. These data suggest that partial reduction of FSP27 activity (e.g., using ASOs) might be exploited therapeutically in insulin-resistant obese or overweight patients.
Role of Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans of Human T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type‐1 (HIV‐1) Infection (1996)

To investigate the role of cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), including heparan sulfate (HS), on HIV-1 infection in human T cells, HIV-1 binding and infection were determined after treatment of T-cell lines and CD4+ T cells from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with GAG-degrading enzyme or a GAG metabolic sulfation inhibitor. Heparitinase I (hep I) and sodium chlorate prevented binding of HIV-1/IIIB to MT-4 cells as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence procedures, thereby inhibiting infection. Hep I was less effective in the binding inhibition of the macrophage-tropic strain HIV-1/SF162 than that of the T-cell line-tropic strain HIV-1/IIIB. The binding of HIV-1/SF162 was about 100-fold less dependent on cell surface HS than HIV-1/IIIB. Human HTLV-I positive T-cell lines expressed more HS than HTLV-I negative T-cell lines or normal CD4+ T cells when stained with anti-HS mAbs against either native or heparitinase-treated HS. With the exception of endo-beta-galactosidase (endo-beta-gal), GAG-degrading enzymes, including hep I, chondroitinase ABC (chon ABC), chondroitinase AC II (chon AC II) and keratanase, did not prevent the binding of HIV-1/IIIB to CD4+ T cells from normal PBMC. These results indicate that the cell surface HS of human T cells participates in HIV-1 infection by facilitating HIV-1/IIIB binding to MT-4 cells. In particular, the sulfation of HS chains is critical. Since the expression of cell surface HS varies among T cells, which are not consistently sensitive to hep I treatment in HIV-1 binding inhibition, other GAG-like molecules may also be involved.
A Novel Rate Control Technique for Multiview Video Plus Depth Based 3D Video Coding (2011)

This paper presents a novel rate control technique for multiview video plus depth (MVD) based 3D video coding. In the proposed rate control technique, an image-stitching method is first utilized to simultaneously encode video and depth, and then a joint rate control algorithm for MVD is presented. The joint rate control algorithm is performed on three levels, namely view level, video/depth level and frame level. In the view level, different proportions of rates are allocated for different types of views according to the pre-statistical rate allocation. In the video/depth level, the target rates for video and depth are discriminatorily assigned to guarantee the high quality of video for the backward-compatible display. In the frame level, the hierarchical rate allocation is used to regulate the target bits for each frame. In addition to the above mentioned rate control strategies, according to the special characteristics of multiview hypothetical reference decoder (HRD), the buffer-related rate control is also considered to prevent the decoder buffer from overflow or underflow even outputting multiple views. Experimental results show that the proposed rate control technique can accurately control the bit-rate to satisfy the requirements of 3D video systems.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN HILLY AREAS OF PAKISTAN (2021)

In developing countries like Pakistan, affordability to own a decent house is a critical issue for middle to low income households as the cost of plot and construction has increased enormously over the last couple of years as compared to household income. It affects the socio-economic environment of the country and the households. Hence to provide affordable housing not only is it required to lower the cost of the house but a range of social and economic determinants need to be addressed. This paper examines these social indicators, like household size (HH), marital status, education, unit/plot size, location and economic determinants (income, expenditures, unit cost) of affordable housing and its relationship to affordability. The paper presents findings from household questionnaire survey in Murree urban area. Findings show that lack of affordable housing has resulted in overcrowded low quality housing with substandard infrastructures that have highly affected the socio-economic status and well being of the households. The majority of the respondents demanded small size unit and plot as per their affordability. In spite of lower income the respondents preferred to own their houses. Keywords: Affordable housing, socio-economic status, location, low-income housing, hilly area, Pakistan
Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during pregnancy: relationship of viral titer to mother-to-child transmission and stability of viral load. (1994)

To develop strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), it is important to define the factors determining it. We examined the relationship between maternal HIV-1 titer and the occurrence of mother-to-child transmission. In addition, we quantitated HIV-1 longitudinally in mothers during pregnancy, at delivery, and up to 1 year postpartum. To examine transmission, we prospectively studied 19 mother-child pairs; in 5 pairs, HIV-1 transmission occurred. We used endpoint dilution culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to determine maternal viral titer and found that although 4 of 6 (67%) women with viral titers of > or = 125 HIV-1 infectious units per 10(6) cells transmitted HIV-1 to their infants, only 1 of 13 (7.6%) women with lower viral titers transmitted (P = 0.01). Twelve of the 19 mothers had HIV-1 loads determined serially 3-8 times over periods ranging from 18 to 65 weeks. Viral titers varied greatly between the 12 women, but the viral load in each woman remained stable over time. In this cohort, HIV-1 viral load remained stable during pregnancy and the greater the maternal viral burden, the more likely that transmission occurred. These two related findings suggest that determination of HIV-1 titers early in pregnancy may predict which women are at high risk of transmitting to their infants and may be used to counsel HIV-1-infected women of childbearing age. These data identify maternal viral titer as a major determinant of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission and thereby provide the scientific rationale for therapeutic strategies designed to interrupt transmission by lowering viral load.
Bringing "No Ceiling" to Scratch: Can One Language Serve Kids and Computer Scientists? (2010)

Scratch (http://scratch.mit.edu) is a computer programming language for children, with a graphical drag-and-drop user interface. It is a descendent of Logo, developed at the MIT Media Lab. A small but growing trend among universities is to develop computer science courses for non-majors using Scratch as the programming environment, because it isn’t threatening―the same reason it works for kids. Also, the visible use of multiple threads in Scratch provide a simple introduction to parallelism. One such course was piloted this year at the University of California, Berkeley: “The Beauty and Joy of Computing.”
The Swelling of Clay: II. Montmorillonites (1980)

Abstract The water content at equilibrium was determined as a function of applied pressure for 35 different Na‐saturated montmorillonites by means of a miniature pressure membrane apparatus. Then the data were used to develop a general, empirical equation in which the swelling pressure of the montmorillonite depends exponentially on the water content. The parameters in this equation were shown to be functions of the cation exchange capacity and specific surface area of the montmorillonite. The data were also used to develop semiempirical equations in which the swelling pressure depends exponentially on the distance between the superimposed layers of the montmorillonite. Depending on the assumptions used in their development, the latter equations involve constant coefficients or coefficients that depend on the surface charge density of the montmorillonite. Analysis of these equations indicated that swelling is due primarily to interaction between the layer surfaces and water.
Hardening Web browsers against man-in-the-middle and eavesdropping attacks (2005)

Existing Web browsers handle security errors in a manner that often confuses users. In particular, when a user visits a secure site whose certificate the browser cannot verify, the browser typically allows the user to view and install the certificate and connect to the site despite the verification failure. However, few users understand the risk of man-in-the-middle attacks and the principles behind certificate-based authentication. We propose context-sensitive certificate verification (CSCV), whereby the browser interrogates the user about the context in which a certificate verification error occurs. Considering the context, the browser then guides the user in handling and possibly overcoming the security error. We also propose specific password warnings (SPW) when users are about to send passwords in a form vulnerable to eavesdropping. We performed user studies to evaluate CSCV and SPW. Our results suggest that CSCV and SPW can greatly improve Web browsing security and are easy to use even without training. Moreover, CSCV had greater impact than did staged security training.
Early-Stage Heat- And Discharge-Induced Transformations in a Lithium-Ion Cell Monitored by an Advanced Battery Management System (2022)

Processes at the graphitic anode in lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells affect the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) even when the anode temperature (T a ) is at or below 75 °C. Normal discharge may not raise T a above 50 °C due to endothermic heat absorption by the anode. Under fast (>3C) discharge, exothermic reactions between the anode and the electrolyte increase T a above 75 °C, even though surface-mounted temperature sensors do not measure it. Increase of T a above 75 °C, even for one fast discharge cycle, permanently changes the cell impedance similarly to 15 months of calendar aging. In both cases, impedance measurements suggest loss of lithium ions from the electrolyte during the anode-electrolyte exothermic reaction that contributes to the growth of the SEI layer. Most battery management systems (BMS) monitor only the cell’s surface temperature (T surf ). During fast discharge, most BMS register T surf < 75 °C, providing a false sense of safety, while the anode experiences unimpeded damage from reactions that may affect the SEI. An advanced Battery Internal Temperature Sensor-based—BMS (BITS-BMS) described in this work successfully monitors T a and other intrinsic cell parameters in real time, and records heat- and discharge-induced events affecting the anode and the SEI.
Sampling of RF signals with LTG-GaAs based MSM structures (2007)

In this work, we study photoconductive sampling of RF signals using metal semiconductor metal structures with low-temperature grown GaAs (LTG-GaAs) as active media. The sampler is a photos witch (PS) embedded in a microwave coplanar waveguide (CPW) and it is triggered by ultra short optical pulses. Both the design of the electrodes and the semiconductor (SC) characteristics are optimized to ensure high RF isolation in the dark state, large electrical bandwidth and a short response-time to optical exciting pulses. We present here a complete set of results concerning device characterization and demonstrate sampling operation. DC electrical characterization, optoelectronical impulse response and sampling of synchronized RF signals are obtained. From these data, we derive important SC material parameters such as electron mobility and lifetime. Finally we also investigate and explain through a phenomenological model the nonlinearities observed in the optoelectronical response of the sampler.
Assembly of the κ PreB Receptor Requires a Vκ-like Protein Encoded by a Germline Transcript (2005)

By confining germline transcription as a byproduct of the mechanisms inherent to genetic rearrangements, the translation of respective mRNAs and their biological relevance might have been overlooked. Here we report the identification, cloning, and biochemical characterization of a human Vkappa-like protein that is encoded by a germline transcript. This surrogate protein assembles with the immunoglobulin mu heavy chain at the surface of B cell progenitors and precursors to form a kappa-like antigen receptor. These findings support the notion that germline transcription is not futile and stress the flexibility in eukaryotic gene usage and expression. In addition, the present study confirms the co-existence of surrogate lambda and kappa receptors that are proposed to work in concert to promote B lymphocyte maturation.