gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A multiwatt all gas-phase iodine laser (AGIL) (2003)

The demonstration and characterization of a multiwatt all gas-phase iodine laser (AGIL) are described. A 20-cm subsonic reactor was used to produce NCl (a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> Δ) for series parametric studies of the I/sup */( <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> 2/)-I( <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> 2/) small-signal gain and extracted power dependence on reactant flow rates and reaction time. The highest measured gain was 2.5×10/sup -4/ cm/sup -1/ and the highest power observed was 15 W.
ChemInform Abstract: Mercury in Organic Chemistry. Part 35. Synthesis of Vinylic Lactones from Vinylmercurials and Alkenoic Acids via Intramolecular π‐Allylpalladium Displacement. (1988)

Abstract The vinylmercurials (I) react with the unsaturated carboxylic acids (II) in the presence of a Pd(II) catalyst to give the lactones (III).
Status of the Vanadium Redox Battery Development Program (1994)

Redox flow battery systems have been under investigation for use in energy storage application for some time. The early systems had certain limitations such as electrolyte cross-contamination however; the vanadium redox flow battery system does not suffer from such limitations due to the common element in both positive and negative half-cell electrolytes. Various components of the vandium battery have been developed by methods suitable for large-scale commercialisation. A SkW/13kWh system has been installed in a solar demonstration house and its suitability for application in energy self sufficient housing is currently being evaluated. A 4kW/4kWh vanadium battery system has also been installed in a golf cart and initial vehicle trials have shown its viability in traction applications. Presently a 4kW vanadium battery system is under development for evaluation as a back-up battery in submarines.
Emerging Porous Solid Electrolytes for Hydroxide Ion Transport (2021)

Abstract Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) offer several advantages over proton exchange membrane fuel cells, such as the use of a non‐precious metal catalyst, but these cells suffer from various issues related to OH – ‐conducting electrolytes, including low conductivity and the formation of K 2 CO 3 salt. These issues need to be resolved for the widespread use of AEMFCs. Recently, many studies have focused on developing excellent ion‐conductive electrolytes using porous materials based on metal–organic and covalent organic frameworks. However, most of this research is biased toward proton‐conducting electrolytes; to the best of the authors’ knowledge, reviews addressing OH – ‐conducting electrolytes using porous materials have not been reported thus far. This review discusses OH – ‐conducting porous crystalline materials and their membranes in terms of different synthetic strategies, conduction mechanisms, and experimental modalities for the design and development of future anion conductive electrolytes in fuel cells.
Physical Basis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1982)

NMR imaging is based on the ability to induce and monitor resonance of the magnetic moment of nuclei in the presence of magnetic fields. By the use of magnetic fields whose strength varies with position, it is possible to define both the location and concentration of resonant nuclei, and, thereby to create images that reflect their distribution in tissue. Hydrogen, because it is the most sensitive of the stable nuclei to NMR and because it is also the most abundant nucleus in the body, is ideally suited for NMR imaging.
Flat Heads for High-Speed, Contact Tape Recording: Experimental Evaluation and Theoretical Analysis (1996)

Abstract We report on an investigation of the mechanics and tribology of a flat head for high-speed, contact tape recording. We found that a self-acting negative air-bearing (suction) created near the leading wrapped corner is responsible for stable low-pressure contact over a wide range of speed, wrap angle, tension and tape thickness. This suction is caused by the expansion of air into the diverging gap on the upstream side of the head-tape interface which is unique to this wrap geometry. Experiments performed on a “row-bar” of thin film disk heads where the tape is wrapped only on the edge opposite to the heads showed the gap spacing to be stable in the 0.5–8m/s speed range with less than 4nm of wear on the read elements. A bi-directional version of a flat head geometry is analyzed via a model and suggestions are made for that design.
MICRO-ENCAPSULATION FOR CORROSION DETECTION AND CONTROL (2007)

Pitting can be one of the most dangerous forms of corrosion because it is difficult to anticipate and prevent, relatively difficult to detect, occurs very rapidly, and can penetrate a metal without a significant amount of weight loss. Failures of metals by pitting can occur very suddenly and can be catastrophic. One way of preventing these failures is with a coating that can detect and heal localized corrosion. This work describes the development of a smart coating that uses micro-encapsulation technology to detect and heal pitting corrosion in the early stages. The dual function of the microcapsules is triggered by the pH changes that occur when pits begin to form on the surface of a metal. The microcapsules are designed to respond to the pH changes by breaking and releasing their contents. The contents can be a localized corrosion healing agent to terminate the corrosion process or an indicator that signals its initiation. Corrosion indicator and corrosion inhibitor containing microcapsules were formed and incorporated into representative paint systems. Test panels of selected steels and aluminum alloys were painted using these paints. Testing of compatibility between the microcapsules and the different paint systems are in progress. Initial results with the microcapsule containing paints show the presence of visible color changes at induced corrosion sites.
Dynamic adjustment for gain-clamping erbium-doped fiber amplifier using a backward-injection light (2005)

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers ~EDFAs! have been intensively studied for wavelength-division-multiplexing ~WDM! communication systems. The stabilization of the amplifier gain against the input signal-power variation is one of the key issues for WDM networks. The gainstabilizing technique using a passive optical feedback device, such as a bandpass filter or a fiber Bragg grating, has been reported. The gain medium, in conjunction with the
InP- and GaAs-based quantum cascade lasers (2003)

We report quantum cascade lasers grown on InP and GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy. On InP, lattice matched structures exceeding 80 mW of pulsed optical power at room temperature are electrically tunable from 10.2 to 10.5 /spl mu/m. Strain compensated heterostructures emitting at 4.9 /spl mu/m operate almost up to room temperature. The first lasing AlGaAs/GaAs quantum cascade laser emitting at 9.4 /spl mu/m and operating up to 160 K is also presented.
Polarization modulation errors in all-fiber depolarized gyroscopes (1994)

Polarization modulation errors in all-fiber depolarized gyros having imperfect depolarization are examined. As in the case of PM fiber gyros, birefringence modulation is shown to give rise to quadrature errors. In addition, we demonstrate the existence of a small time lag between the modulation of the two linear polarization states of a fiber-wound PZT modulator by correlating this effect with an associated signal channel error. Proper frequency operation and/or good depolarization of the light act to reduce both types of errors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Refractive lenses for coherent x-ray sources (2001)

Incoherent x rays in the wavelength interval from approximately 0.5-2 A have been focused with refractive lenses. A single lens would have a long focal length because the refractive index of any material is close to unity; but with a stack of N lens elements the focal length is reduced by the factor N, and such a lens is termed a compound refractive lens (CRL). Misalignment of the parabolic lens elements does not alter the focusing properties and results in only a small reduction in transmission. Based on the principle of spontaneous emission amplification in a FEL wiggler, coherent x-ray sources are being developed with wavelengths of 1-1.5 A and source diameters of 50-80 mum; and the CRL can be used to provide a small, intense image. Chromatic aberration increases the image size by an amount comparable with the diffraction-limited size, and so chromatic correction is important. Pulse broadening through the lens that is due to material dispersion is negligible. The performance of a CRL used in conjunction with a coherent source is analyzed by means of the Kirchhoff integral. For typical parameters, intensity gain is 10(5)-10(6), where gain is defined as the intensity ratio in an image plane with and without the lens in place. (There may be some confusion concerning the usage of the word intensity. As employed in this manuscript, intensity, also called irradiance, refers to power per unit area. This is a commonly accepted usage for intensity, although there are places in the literature where the term radiant incidence is reserved for this definition and intensity refers to power per unit solid angle.) The image intensity is maximized when the CRL is placed 100-200 m from the source, and the diameter of the diffraction-limited spot is approximately 0.12 mum.
Micro-Concentrators for a Microsystems-Enabled Photovoltaic System (2013)

A 100× magnification, ±3° field of view micro-concentrating optical array has been developed with better than 90% transmission for a microsystems-enabled photovoltaic (MEPV) prototype module using 250 µm diameter multi-junction “stacked” PV cells.
Triple-phase boundary and power density enhancement in thin solid oxide fuel cells by controlled etching of the nickel anode (2014)

Fabrication of microporous structures for the anode of a thin film solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC(s)) using controlled etching process has led us to increased power density and increased cell robustness. Micropores were etched in the nickel anode by both wet and electrochemical etching processes. The samples etched electrochemically showed incomplete etching of the nickel leaving linked nickel islands inside the pores. Samples which were wet- etched showed clean pores with no nickel island residues. Moreover, the sample with linked nickel islands in the anode pores showed higher output power density as compared to the sample with clean pores. This enhancement is related to the enlargement of the surface of contact between the fuel-anode-electrolyte (the triple-phase boundary).
Characterization and evaluation of the antitumour activity of a dual-targeting monoclonal antibody against claudin-3 and claudin-4. (2010)

A dual-targeting monoclonal antibody against CLDN3 and CLDN4 is a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
Clinical dosimetry for implementation of a multileaf collimator (1992)

In order to initiate the use of a multileaf collimator (MLC) in the clinic, a set of technical procedures needs to be available sufficient to create MLC leaf settings and to deliver an accurate dose of radiation through the MLC-shaped field. Dosimetry data for clinical use of the MLC were measured. Dosimetric characteristics included central axis percent depth dose, output factors, and penumbra. In this paper, it has been concluded that a dose control monitor unit calculation procedure that has been applied to the use of conventional secondary field-shaping blocks can be applied to the multileaf collimator dosimetry. The multileaf collimator penumbra (20% to 80%) is only slightly wider (1-3 mm) than the penumbra of the conventional collimator jaws. Beam's-eye-view comparisons made between the isodose curves in fields shaped by conventional Cerrobend blocks and isodose curves in fields shaped by the multileaf collimator demonstrated that the 50% isodose line at 10-cm depth exhibited the discrete steps of the multileaf collimator leaves, but that the 90% and 10% isodose curves of the multileaf were close to those shaped by Cerrobend blocks.
A Physician Attribution Computational Model for Inpatient Care (2014)

This paper describes a computational model that utilizes clinical information from a patient's EHR (Electronic Health Record) to retrospectively identify the physician most responsible for the patient's care in the hospital. Physician attribution provides an important data point for research on delivery of cost-effective and high quality patient care in hospitals. In contrast to extant attribution methods that require expensive human-centered knowledge engineering to encode the attribution logic, the unique and novel aspect of our work is that this logic is automatically learned from a manually created small example set consisting of physicians attributed to patients. This approach makes our model highly scalable across hospitals and specialties within them. Furthermore the precision of attribution achieved by our model is over 97%. A web based system based on our attribution model has been deployed at Stony Brook Medicine (SBM). The application works in real time off a daily data feed of EHRs of discharged patients.
Erbium-Doped Fibers Improvement For Optical Amplifier Modules (1990)

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) are very attractive for all optical long span transimissions in the third telecommunication spectral window. Recently, over 2000km repeaterless transmission experiments have been performed with EDFA [1]. Two pump wavelengths appear truly excellent because of their very high performances and laser diode pumping feasibility : 1.48μm and 0.98μm, each of them having its own specificity [2]. Today’s best reported pump efficiency are 2.6dB/mW for color center laser pumping near 1.48μm [3] and 4.9dB/mW for a 0.98μm laser diode pumped amplifier [4]. The increase of the last year published EDFA performances clearly demonstrate that we may be far from optimized fibers.
Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with DEP-FFF (2011)

A process using a modified dielectrophoresis device separates single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) according to their polarizability in electric fields. This depends on the size and dielectric constant of individual nanotubes and easily separates metallic from semiconducting nanotubes. Separation by length has also been demonstrated. Partial separation (enrichment) according to bandgap (which is linked to polarizability) has also been shown and can be improved to full separation of individual types of semiconducting SWNTs with better control over operational parameters and the length of SWNT starting material. This process and device can be scaled affordably to generate useful amounts of semiconducting SWNTs for electronic device development and production. In this study, a flow injection dielectrophoresis technique was used with a modified dielectrophoresis device. The length, width, and height of the modified chamber were 28, 2.5, and 0.025 cm, respectively. On the bottom of the chamber, there are two arrays of 50-m-wide, 2-m-thick gold electrodes, which are connected to an AC voltage generator and are alternately arranged so that every electrode is adjacent to two electrodes of the opposite polar. There is an additional plate electrode on the top of the chamber that is negatively biased. During the experiment, a syringe pump constantly pumps in the mobile phase, 1-percent sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) solution, into the chamber. The frequency and voltage are set to 1 MHz and 10 V peak-to-peak, respectively. About 150 micro-L of SWNTs in 1- percent SDBS decanted solution are injected to the mobile phase through a septum near the entrance of the chamber. The flow rate of the mobile phase is set to 0.02 cu cm/min. The injected SWNTs sample flows through the chamber before it is lead into a fluorescence flow-through cell and collected for further analysis. The flow-through cell has three windows, thus allowing the fluorometer to collect fluorescence spectrum and visible absorption spectrums simultaneously. Dielectrophoresis field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF) generally depends on interaction of a sedimentation force and DEP force for particle separation, and SWNTs are neutrally buoyant in water. In this innovation, the third electrode was added to create a sedimentation force based on DC electrophoresis. This makes this particular device applicable to separations on any neutrally buoyant particles in solution and a more general process for a broad range of nanomaterials sorting and separations.
Synthesis of 6,9,12,15,18‐Pentamethyl‐1,6,9,12,15,18‐Hexahydro( <scp>C</scp> <sub>60</sub> ‐ <scp> <i>I</i> </scp> <sub>h</sub> )[5,6]Fullerene (2006)

Abstract [60]Fullerene
Of snowstorms and bushy trees (2014)

Many workloads for analytical processing in commercial RDBMSs are dominated by snowstorm queries, which are characterized by references to multiple large fact tables and their associated smaller dimension tables. This paper describes a technique for bushy join tree optimization for snowstorm queries in Oracle database system. This technique generates bushy join trees containing subtrees that produce substantially reduced sets of rows and, therefore, their joins with other subtrees are generally much more efficient than joins in the left-deep trees. The generation of bushy join trees within an existing commercial physical optimizer requires extensive changes to the optimizer. Further, the optimizer will have to consider a large join permutation search space to generate efficient bushy join trees. The novelty of the approach is that bushy join trees can be generated outside the physical optimizer using logical query transformation that explores a considerably pruned search space. The paper describes an algorithm for generating optimal bushy join trees for snowstorm queries using an existing query transformation framework. It also presents performance results for this optimization, which show significant execution time improvements.
WaveFlow: A Compact Flow-based Model for Raw Audio (2020)

In this work, we propose WaveFlow, a small-footprint generative flow for raw audio, which is directly trained with maximum likelihood. It handles the long-range structure of 1-D waveform with a dilated 2-D convolutional architecture, while modeling the local variations using expressive autoregressive functions. WaveFlow provides a unified view of likelihood-based models for 1-D data, including WaveNet and WaveGlow as special cases. It generates high-fidelity speech as WaveNet, while synthesizing several orders of magnitude faster as it only requires a few sequential steps to generate very long waveforms with hundreds of thousands of time-steps. Furthermore, it can significantly reduce the likelihood gap that has existed between autoregressive models and flow-based models for efficient synthesis. Finally, our small-footprint WaveFlow has only 5.91M parameters, which is 15$\times$ smaller than WaveGlow. It can generate 22.05 kHz high-fidelity audio 42.6$\times$ faster than real-time (at a rate of 939.3 kHz) on a V100 GPU without engineered inference kernels.
Reduction of aliasing artifacts in tomographic images (2009)

Refining the sampling geometry of a CT scanner is a standard approach used for reduction of aliasing artifacts in CT images. Although this leads to reduction of the artifacts, the principal problem of aliasing streaks artifacts remains unsolved. A different approach is proposed, which in some special cases can solve the problem very efficiently. It is shown that under certain specific conditions, the sum of images reconstructed from the data collected within different sampling geometries is free of aliasing. These conditions are studied and practical situations where they can be realized are discussed.
Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production - Final Report (2004)

The scope of this photoelectrochemical hydrogen research project is defined by multijunction photoelectrode concepts for solar-powered water splitting, with the goal of efficient, stable, and economic operation. From an initial selection of several planar photoelectrode designs, the Hybrid Photoelectrode (HPE) has been identified as the most promising candidate technology. This photoelectrode consists of a photoelectrochemical (PEC) junction and a solid-state photovoltaic (PV) junction. Immersed in aqueous electrolyte and exposed to sunlight, these two junctions provide the necessary voltage to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. The efficiency of the conversion process is determined by the performance of the PEC- and the PV-junctions and on their spectral match. Based on their stability and cost effectiveness, iron oxide (Fe2O3) and tungsten oxide (WO3) films have been studied and developed as candidate semiconductor materials for the PEC junction (photoanode). High-temperature synthesis methods, as reported for some high-performance metal oxides, have been found incompatible with multijunction device fabrication. A low-temperature reactive sputtering process has been developed instead. In the parameter space investigated so far, the optoelectronic properties of WO3 films were superior to those of Fe2O3 films, which showed high recombination of photo-generated carriers. For the PV-junction, amorphous-silicon-based multijunction devices have been studied. Tandem junctions were preferred over triple junctions for better stability and spectral matching with the PEC junction. Based on a tandem a-SiGe/a-SiGe device and a tungsten trioxide film, a prototype hybrid photoelectrode has been demonstrated at 0.7% solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency. The PEC junction performance has been identified as the most critical element for higher-efficiency devices. Research into sputter-deposited tungsten trioxide films has yielded samples with higher photocurrents of up to 1.3 mA/cm2. An improved a-Si/aSi tandem device has been demonstrated that would provide a better voltage match to the recently improved WO3 films. For a hybrid photoelectrode based on these component devices the projected STH efficiency is 1.3%. For significant efficiency enhancements, metal oxide films with increased optical absorption, thus lower bandgap, are necessary. Initial experiments were successful in lowering the WO3 bandgap by nitrogen doping, from 3.0 eV to 2.1 eV. Optimizing the electronic properties of these compounds, or other reduced-bandgap materials such as Fe2O3, is the most immediate challenge. As the photocurrent levels of the PEC junction are improved, increasing attention will have to be paid to the matching PV junction.