gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Segmentation algorithms for detecting microcalcifications in mammograms (1997)

The presence of microcalcification clusters in mammograms contributes evidence for the diagnosis of early stages of breast cancer. In many cases, microcalcifications are subtle and their detection can benefit from an automated system serving as a diagnostic aid. The potential contribution of such a system may become more significant as the number of mammograms screened increases to levels that challenge the capacity of radiology clinics. Many techniques for detecting microcalcifications start with a segmentation algorithm that indicates all candidate structures for the subsequent phases. Most algorithms used to segment microcalcifications have aspects that might raise operational difficulties, such as thresholds or windows that must be selected, or parametric models of the data. We present a new segmentation algorithm and compare it to two other algorithms: the multi-tolerance region growing algorithm that operates without the aspects mentioned above, and the active contour model that has not been applied previously to segment microcalcifications. The new algorithm operates without threshold or window selection, or parametric data models, and it is more than an order of magnitude faster than the other two.
Tissue oxygenation: A novel determination using <sup>19</sup>F surface coil NMR spectroscopy of sequestered perfluorocarbon emulsion (1991)

This work examines the variation with oxygen tension (pO2) of the individual spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of the 19F resonances of the perfluorocarbon emulsion Oxypherol-ET (FC-43). A linear relationship between 1/T1 and pO2 has been confirmed for all four resonances at any specific temperature. Using a saturation recovery sequence, T1 has been successfully measured using surface coil NMR spectroscopy. This has facilitated measurement of T1 in vivo in a subcutaneous murine tumor. Mice were predosed with Oxypherol-ET emulsion: following complete vascular clearance of the perfluorocarbon, 19F signal was observed specifically from material sequestered in tissue, thus avoiding flow artifacts. Comparison of the pO2 estimated from each of the 19F resonances provided an internal consistency check. A pO2 = 0.1 +/- 2.2% was determined in a Meth-A murine tumor. When the mouse breathed carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2) no significant change in tumor pO2 was detected, whereas the pO2 in the liver showed a distinct increase.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Formation of Highly Substituted Pyrazoles Using Molecular Oxygen as the Oxidant. (2012)

Abstract The atom‐economic method for the regioselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted pyrazoles tolerates a wide range of functional groups.
Organic solid state optical switches and method for producing organic solid state optical switches (1993)

This invention consists of a light-intensity dependent molecular switch comprised of a compound which shuttles an electron or a plurality of electrons from a plurality of electron donors to an electron acceptor upon being stimulated with light of predetermined wavelengths, and a method for making said compound.
Achromatic mode-index/diffractive waveguide lens (1992)

An achromatic mode-index/diffractive waveguide lens is designed and fabricated on a Corning 7059 waveguide. The lens has a focal length of 10 mm and an F/ Hash of 5 and is designed for a nominal wavelength of 605 nm. conventional mode-index and diffractive lens elements were also fabricated for comparison. The wavelength dependence of the focal length was measured for the three lenses and was found to be in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The usable wavelength range of the achromatic lens is found to be 49 nm, as compared to 11 nm for the mode-index lens and 5 nm for the diffractive lens.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prospectus for the Development of Liquid-Crystal Waveguides. (1972)

The report considers the use of liquid crystals in integrated optical circuits. Because the orientational pattern of a given liquid-crystal state is strongly influenced by electric, magnetic, and acoustic fields, liquid crystals offer attractive alternatives to the fabrication of active integrated circuits. The different configurations that may be used to form liquid-crystal microoptic devices are discussed. A comprehensive analysis of the potential of liquid-crystal waveguide systems is presented. Also discussed are current status of technology for the modulation of light in waveguides. Liquid crystals are considered as the waveguide boundary, as the waveguide itself, and for potential uses in liquid-core fibers. Evaluation and prospects for success are presented in the summary.
Quantum Clustering (2001)

We propose a novel clustering method that is based on physical intuition derived from quantum mechanics. Starting with given data points, we construct a scale-space probability function. Viewing the latter as the lowest eigenstate of a Schrodinger equation, we use simple analytic operations to derive a potential function whose minima determine cluster centers. The method has one parameter, determining the scale over which cluster structures are searched. We demonstrate it on data analyzed in two dimensions (chosen from the eigenvectors of the correlation matrix). The method is applicable in higher dimensions by limiting the evaluation of the Schrodinger potential to the locations of data points. In this case the method may be formulated in terms of distances between data points.
Novel high-field permanent-magnet flux sources (1987)

Several compact permanent-magnet configurations are discussed which produce fields greater than the remanence of the magnetic material comprising them. For example, a field of 20 kG can be produced in a one-inch diameter spherical cavity by a NdFeB sphere of 12 kG remanence and 3.5 inch diameter. Field perturbation due to access holes in the structure are analyzed by finite element methods, and their effects on device utility are discussed.
Therapeutic and prophylactic immunization against Streptococcus iniae infection in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis) (2006)

Vaccination strategies have traditionally been used as preventative or prophylactic measures against disease (prophylactic immunization) in uninfected fish. Alternatively, therapeutic or remedial measures, such as antibiotic administration, are commonly employed to treat disease in infected fish. Vaccination as a therapeutic measure (therapeutic immunization), however, has not been adequately explored in sub-clinically infected fish. Therapeutic and prophylactic immunization with three Streptococcus iniae vaccines, formalin-killed whole S. iniae cells (FKC vaccine), concentrated S. iniae extracellular products (greater than 2 kDa) (ECP vaccine) and a combination of killed cells and extracellular products (FKC+ECP vaccine), were tested in hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops×Morone saxatilis, previously naturally infected with S. iniae. Fish (mean weight 10.0 g) were injected intraperitoneally (IP) or intramuscularly (IM) with one of each of the vaccines, tryptic soy broth (TSB-control) or non-injected (non-injected control) to evaluate therapeutic effects (Trial 1). Survivors of the natural infection and ECP and FKC+ECP vaccine immunization and another lot of non-injected control fish were immersion challenged with 1.47 × 106 CFU of S. iniae mL−1 at 44 days post-immunization to evaluate vaccine efficacy (Trial 2). Hybrid striped bass (1.0 g) were also IM injected with S. iniae ECP vaccine at an aquaculture facility and immersion challenged with 1.47 × 106 CFU of S. iniae mL−1 12 weeks post-immunization (Trial 3). The ECP and FKC+ECP vaccines, regardless of injection route, significantly (P<0.001) increased survival in asymptomatic, sub-clinically infected fish thereby providing therapeutic merit. Hybrid bass immunized IP or IM had mean per cent survival values ranging from 78 to 96 at 44 days post-immunization (Trial 1) and 69–97 post challenge (Trial 2). Survival of fish injected with TSB or immunized with FKC vaccine was significantly lowered and ranged from 12 to 13 by IP injection and 40 to 50 by IM injection and thus, the FKC vaccine had no therapeutic effect. The survival of hybrid striped bass IM immunized with S. iniae ECP vaccine in field Trial 3 was 91 and the RPS was 83. These results demonstrate that therapeutic immunization using S. iniae ECP and FKC+ECP vaccines can control a natural S. iniae infection. Furthermore, S. iniae ECP or FKC+ECP vaccines can also be used prophylacticly to protect hybrid striped bass against subsequent pathogen challenge.
Rapid reaction of MoS<sub>2</sub> nanosheets with Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>4+</sup> ions in solution (2017)

Understanding the chemical changes happening to nanostructures during a process is vital in selecting them for applications. Here, we investigated the difference in the reactivity of the bulk and nanoscale forms of molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) in solution with lead ions (Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>4+</sup>) as probes, at room temperature. While the bulk form did not show any reactivity in the experimental timescale, the two-dimensional (2D) nanoscale form showed not only reactivity but also quite rapid kinetics that resulted in the formation of distinct products, principally PbMoO<sub>4</sub> with anion substitution, in a few seconds. Depending on the charge state of the cation, and the pH of the reaction mixture, two different kinds of morphologies of the same reaction product were formed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this unusual reactivity of the MoS<sub>2</sub> nanosheets (NSs) was retained in its supported form and hence, such supported materials can be effective for the abstraction of toxic lead from water, with fast kinetics.
Solid-State Ring Laser Gyro with similar level of performance as its Helium-Neon Counterpart (2010)

Thanks to fast vibration of its gain medium, a solid-state ring laser gyro is shown to have a frequency behaviour similar to Helium-Neon commercial products, with potentially equivalent level of angular random walk.
Tunable performance metrics for acoustic liners (2022)

In the development of automated design tools for acoustic liners customized to mitigate specific noise spectral characteristics, it is often beneficial to have a unified quantitative metric to discriminate between candidate designs. Such metrics are especially useful when optimizing the packing of 3D folded cavities into a prescribed liner volume. We devise tunable performance metrics (TPM) that account for absorption parameters such as the peak absorption and the frequency at which it occurs, the bandwidth of appreciable absorption and its lower bound among others. Metrics are tuned by varying the weight functions for these absorption parameters in order to address the specific priorities for the liner’s design. A numerical study is conducted using a procedure based on the Zwikker–Kosten Transmission Line (ZKTL) theory to demonstrate the application of TPMs for the selection of acoustic liner designs for various scenarios. When liners with complex core geometries are used to enhance acoustic performance, TPMs that also include structural parameters related to mass, volume, stiffness or strength could be utilized to provide a more comprehensive means of evaluation.
Quantifiler® Duo DNA Quantification Kit: A Guiding Tool for Short Tandem Repeat Genotyping of Forensic Samples (2011)

Forensic analysts routinely encounter samples containing mixtures of DNA from male and female contributors and PCR inhibitors due to exposure to environmental insults. In order to select the appropriate STR analysis methodology for such samples and obtain optimal results at first pass, it is desirable to determine the relative quantities of male and female DNA and to detect the presence of PCR inhibitors at an early stage in the sample processing workflow. Here we describe a multiplex real-time PCR assay that can provide the desired information in a single reaction. Briefly, the simultaneous quantification of human and human male DNA is achieved by measuring the RPPH1 human target and the SRY male-specific target. At the same time a synthetic sequence is co-amplified as an Internal PCR Control (IPC) to detect the presence of PCR inhibitors. The assay has a good dynamic range (0.023-50 ng/L) and can detect 25 pg/L of human male DNA in the presence of ten thousand-fold excess of human female DNA. In addition, the ability of the assay to predict PCR inhibition was demonstrated by shifted IPC C T values in the presence of increasing quantities of hematin. All the real-time PCR results showed a good correlation with the downstream STR profiles obtained from a large set of various sample types therefore demonstrating that this assay can be considered a guiding tool to predict the performance of the STR genotyping kits with forensic samples.
Interactive protocols for distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS) (2020)

This paper proposes a novel approach to designing technical and financial protocols needed to support the penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs). It first formulates a complex, hard‐to‐implement, centralized decision‐making objective for providing end‐to‐end electricity service. It then introduces a new taxonomy of an end‐to‐end interactive operations planning framework. The taxonomy rests on the dynamic monitoring and decisions systems (DyMoNDS) principles for supporting interactive protocols of (i) end‐to‐end interactions within a complex, multilayered multi‐voltage power system; (ii) dynamic energy resource management system (DERMS) interactions with their DERs as well as with the bulk power system (BPS) operators; and (iii) DERs interactions with DERMS. The distributed model predictive control for creating physically implementable cost functions is essential. Also, the minimal coordination of different layers utilizes an AC optimal power flow that is essential for ensuring power flow delivery. We next provide a proof‐of‐concept illustration on the IEEE 14 bus system augmented by two standardized microgrids of the proposed interactive protocols, and their potential use for enhancing dynamic host capacity (DHC). While novel, this approach is a natural outgrowth of the existing industry operations: It only requires enhancing decision‐making tools by the stakeholders, and carefully‐defined protocols for implementing their interactions.
Cationic Tc-99m complexes as potential myocardial imaging agents. (1981)

Nineteen cationic Tc-99m complexes, based upon four different ligand series, have been synthesized under "no carrier added" conditions and qualitatively evaluated as myocardial imaging agents in a dog model. Of these complexes, the four halogen derivatives of the diars series [diars = o-phenylenebis(dimethylarsine)] successfully concentrate in the myocardium. These Tc-99m diars complexes are shown by thin-layer chromatography to be identical to the Tc-99 analogs that have been fully characterized as trans octahedral complexes of Tc(III) by classical chemical techniques. Tissue distribution studies in rats show a definite difference in the biodistributions of [99mTc(diars)2Cl2]+ and [99mTc(diars)2Br2]+, despite the similar size, shape, charge, and lipophilicity of these two complexes. A tissue distribution study in resting beagle dogs shows that [99mTc(diars)2Br2]+ accumulates in the normal myocardium about half as well as TI-201 (0.022 compared with 0.038% dose/g).
Independent component analysis of pulse oximetry signals (2005)

This paper describes the application of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to signals from a pulse oximeter, an instrument that measures arterial blood oxygen content. ICA uses estimates of the second- and higher-order joint statistics of the input signals to separate the signal and interference. For time-derivative pulse oximetry signals, the skew of the arterial pulse component is generally much greater than that of the interference, and this can be used to aid the separation. This paper shows an example of ICA used on pulse oximetry signals and then presents simulations to demonstrate that, for pulse oximetry signals, ICA based on third-order statistics of the derivative is indeed superior to fourth-order ICA.
High-Resolution Differential Ion Mobility Separations Using Planar Analyzers at Elevated Dispersion Fields (2010)

The ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) methods are grouped into conventional IMS, based on the absolute ion mobility, and differential or field asymmetric waveform IMS (FAIMS), based on mobility differences between strong and weak electric fields. A key attraction of FAIMS is substantial orthogonality to mass spectrometry (MS). Although several FAIMS/MS platforms were commercialized, their utility was limited by FAIMS resolving power, typically ∼10-20. Recently, gas mixtures comprising up to 75% He have enabled resolving power >100 that permits separation of numerous heretofore "coeluting" isomers. This performance opens major new proteomic and other biological applications. Here, we show that raising the separation field by ∼35% over the previous 21 kV/cm provides similar or better resolution (with resolving powers of >200 for multiply charged peptides) using only 50% He, which avoids problems due to elevated pressure and He content in the mass spectrometer. The heating of ions by the separation field in this regime exceeds that at higher He content but weaker field, inducing greater isomerization of labile species.
Single Well Cyclic Method for Determining in Situ Chemical Retention (1980)

Abstract Reliable data on chemical retention in the reservoir is vital for designing chemical floods. A multiwell pilot can provide the needed information; however, such a project is expensive and time-consuming. Experience has shown that a chemical flood pilot can fall short of the predicted performance using the laboratory data and mathematical model studies. An alternative approach for obtaining retention under the reservoir condition is from a short duration, low cost field test using only a single well. The proposed technique entails multiple cycles of injection of a tertiary chemical solution containing a non-adsorbing tracer, soaking and production from the same well. The concept initially was verified by tests conducted in laboratory core cells. A mathematical model also was developed for simulating the cyclic test. Finally, a field test was carried out in a well in the Manvel Field, Brazoria County, Texas, where a pilot chemical flood was underway. This paper presents the results of the aforementioned investigation. It is concluded that the single well cyclic test is a potentially viable, short term, low cost technique for determining chemical retention in situ. The test may bridge the gap between the laboratory and pilot floods. Data obtained from such a test could yield scale-up criteria for designing and implementing a full scale pilot, or in determining the feasibility of even undertaking a project.
The Embedded Genetic Allocator-a system to automatically optimize the use of memory resources in high performance, scalable computing systems (2002)

Describes an approach to the problem of optimizing memory resource use in high-performance scalable computing systems. The approach is automatic and applicable to a wide variety of system architectures. It consists of a hybrid genetic algorithm optimizer (the Embedded Genetic Allocator or EGA), coupled with a high-precision software performance monitoring system. EGA requires no programmer knowledge of the underlying non-uniform memory access (NUMA) architecture of the target hardware; the programmer simply specifies the data buffers to be allocated and requires that certain groups of buffers share the same performance quality. EGA minimizes the execution time of time-critical portions of the target system by allocating target program data buffers to various memory banks in the NUMA architecture. These trial allocations are loaded and evaluated directly on the target hardware. Measurements of process execution time are derived from synchronized event logging of multiple processors performed by BBN TraceMaker/sup TM/. The timing data provides the information for an optimizer cost function which the genetic algorithm uses when selecting from amongst competing allocations. Thus, EGA automates the trial-and-error method of hand optimization. We have demonstrated EGA performing memory allocation optimizations on a typical VME-based multiprocessor DSP system and completed a set of optimization experiments. The results demonstrate that EGA can be used to optimize the memory allocation on a DSP with real-world code, and that the resulting optimizations can rival those generated manually by a skilled programmer.
Self-healing inside a scratch of oxetane-substituted chitosan-polyurethane (OXE-CHI-PUR) networks (2011)

These studies elucidate the origin of molecular and macroscopic processes of oxetane-substituted chitosan-polyurethane (OXE-CHI-PUR) crosslinked networks that occur inside a mechanically generated scratch during UV-initiated self-repair. The role of each network component, OXE, CHI, PUR, and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), inside the scratch of the OXE-CHI-PUR damaged network is determined using chemical and thermo-mechanical imaging probes. These studies show that the presence of controlled acidic environments determines whether self-healing will occur or not. The network remodeling during UV initiated repair involves activation of dormant oxonium ions that react with accessible and reactive macromolecular ends resulting from mechanical damage. Precisely controlled stoichiometry of the individual components giving pH = 6.8 induce cationic OXE ring opening as well as polyurea-to-polyurethane (PUA-to-PUR) conversions driven by a free radical process. This is accompanied by chair-to-boat conformational changes of glycosine units of CHI moieties. These orchestrated events trigger intra- and intermolecular crosslinking reactions resulting in self-repair via –C–O–C– bond formation. Deviations towards higher acidity will have adverse effects, and instead of repair, expansion of the scratch will occur. Upon mechanical damage, the glass transition temperature (Tg) inside the surface of the scratch diminishes, but upon repair a scar is formed, and the Tg is recovered. The scratch recovery during self-repair reactions is initiated at the lowest point of the scratch that exhibits the highest surface energy, thus forcing fragmented network components to flow to the top to form a scar. These studies show that minute localized chemical changes within a network have a tremendous impact on network rearrangements during repair processes.
Exclusion of familial dysautonomia from more than 60% of the genome. (1993)

Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a recessive neurological disorder that affects the development of the sensory and autonomic nervous system. The gene defect appears to be limited to the Ashkenazi Jewish population, where the carrier frequency is 1 in 30. One hundred and ninety-one marker loci representing all autosomes were tested for linkage with the FD genetic defect in 23 families. A combination of pairwise and multipoint analyses excluded the FD gene from at least 60% of the autosomal genome. The program EXCLUDE predicted regions of chromosomes 2, 4, 5q, 9, or 10 as the most promising locations for future analyses.