gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patterning, mask life, throughput and overlay improvements for high volume semiconductor manufacturing using nanoimprint lithography (2019)

Imprint lithography is an effective and well-known technique for replication of nano-scale features. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) manufacturing equipment utilizes a patterning technology that involves the field-by-field deposition and exposure of a low viscosity resist deposited by jetting technology onto the substrate. The patterned mask is lowered into the fluid which then quickly flows into the relief patterns in the mask by capillary action. Following this filling step, the resist is crosslinked under UV radiation, and then the mask is removed, leaving a patterned resist on the substrate. The technology faithfully reproduces patterns with a higher resolution and greater uniformity compared to those produced by photolithography equipment. Additionally, as this technology does not require an array of wide-diameter lenses and the expensive light sources necessary for advanced photolithography equipment, NIL equipment achieves a simpler, more compact design, allowing for multiple units to be clustered together for increased productivity. Previous studies have demonstrated NIL resolution better than 10nm, making the technology suitable for the printing of several generations of critical memory levels with a single mask. In addition, resist is applied only where necessary, thereby eliminating material waste. Given that there are no complicated optics in the imprint system, the reduction in the cost of the tool, when combined with simple single level processing and zero waste leads to a cost model that is very compelling for semiconductor memory applications. Any new lithographic technology to be introduced into manufacturing must deliver either a performance advantage or a cost advantage. Key technical attributes include alignment, overlay and throughput. In previous papers, overlay and throughput results have been reported on test wafers. In this work, we review progress on pattern capability, throughput, mask life and overlay. To minimize distortion and improve overlay, a Drop Pattern Compensation (DPC) method has been implemented to minimize the added overlay distortion terms. In this paper we describe the origins of the out of plane errors, and describe the method used to correct these errors along with some examples. Improvements to both cross matched machine overlay (XMMO) and imprint mix and match overlay (IMMO) are presented.
Integrated phased array transducer for on-board structural health monitoring (2012)

Permanently bonded onto a structure, an integrated Phased Array (PhA II) transducer that can provide reliable electromechanical connection with corresponding sophisticated miniaturized ?all in one? SHM electronic device installed directly above it, without need for any interface cabling, during all aerospace structure lifecycle phases and for a huge variety of real harsh service environments of structures to be monitored is presented. This integrated PhA II transducer [1], as a key component of the PAMELA SHM? (Phased Array Monitoring for Enhanced Life Assessment) system, has two principal tasks at the same time, reliably transceive elastic waves in real aerospace service environments and serves as a reliable sole carrier or support for associated integrated on-board SHM electronic device attached above. The PhA II transducer successfully accomplished both required task throughout extensive test campaigns which included low to high temperature tests, temperature cycling, mechanical loading, combined thermo- mechanical loading and vibration resistance, etc. both with and without SHM device attached above due to RTCA DO-160F.
SURTRAC: Scalable Urban Traffic Control (2018)

This paper defines and evaluates a pilot implementation of a recently developed approach to realtime, adaptive traffic signal control. The pilot system, which is called SURTRAC (Scalable Urban Traffic Control), integrates concepts from traffic control theory with recent work in the field of multi-agent planning and has several important distinguishing characteristics. First, to promote scalability and reliability, SURTRAC operates in a totally decentralized manner; each intersection independently and asynchronously allocates its green time, based on current incoming vehicle flows. Second, SURTRAC aims at managing urban (grid-like) road networks with multiple (competing) traffic flows; network-level coordination is accomplished by communicating projected outflows to downstream neighbors, which gives these intersections a more informed basis for locally balancing competing inflows while simultaneously promoting establishment of larger "green corridors". Third, SURTRAC truly operates in real-time; each intersection recomputes its allocation plan and re-communicates projected outflows as frequently as once per second in rolling horizon fashion, enabling both effective operation in tightly spaced signal networks and responsiveness to sudden changes in traffic conditions. After describing our basic approach to adaptive traffic signal control and the pilot implementation of SURTRAC, we present the results of a field test conducted on a nine-intersection road network in the East Liberty section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In this pilot test, SURTRAC is seen to achieve major reductions in travel times and vehicle emissions over pre-existing signal control.
SP-D and GM-CSF regulate surfactant homeostasis via distinct mechanisms (2001)

Both surfactant protein (SP) D and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) influence pulmonary surfactant homeostasis, with the deficiency of either protein causing marked accumulation of surfactant phospholipids in lung tissues and in the alveoli. To assess whether the effects of each gene were mediated by distinct or shared mechanisms, surfactant homeostasis and lung morphology were assessed in 1) double-transgenic mice in which both SP-D and GM-CSF genes were ablated [SP-D(-/-),GM(-/-)] and 2) transgenic mice deficient in both SP-D and GM-CSF in which the expression of GM-CSF was increased in the lung. Saturated phosphatidylcholine (Sat PC) pool sizes were markedly increased in SP-D(-/-),GM(-/-) mice, with the effects of each gene deletion on surfactant Sat PC pool sizes being approximately additive. Expression of GM-CSF in lungs of SP-D(-/-),GM(-/-) mice corrected GM-CSF-dependent abnormalities in surfactant catabolism but did not correct lung pathology characteristic of SP-D deletion. In contrast to findings in GM(-/-) mice, degradation of [(3)H]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine by alveolar macrophages from the SP-D(-/-) mice was normal. The emphysema and foamy macrophage infiltrates characteristic of SP-D(-/-) mice were similar in the presence or absence of GM-CSF. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the distinct roles of SP-D and GM-CSF in the regulation of surfactant homeostasis and lung structure.
Minimal T-Cell-Stimulatory Sequences and Spectrum of HLA Restriction of Immunodominant CD4 <sup>+</sup> T-Cell Epitopes within Hepatitis C Virus NS3 and NS4 Proteins (2005)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD4+ T-cell response against nonstructural proteins is strongly associated with successful viral clearance during acute hepatitis C. To further develop these observations into peptide-based vaccines and clinical immunomonitoring tools like HLA class II tetramers, a detailed characterization of immunodominant CD4+ T-cell epitopes is required. We studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 20 patients with acute hepatitis C using 83 overlapping 20-mer peptides covering the NS3 helicase and NS4. Eight peptides were recognized by > or = 40% of patients, and specific CD4+ T-cell clones were obtained for seven of these and three additional, subdominant epitopes. Mapping of minimal stimulatory sequences defined epitopes of 8 to 13 amino acids in length, but optimal T-cell stimulation was observed with 10- to 15-mers. While some epitopes were presented by different HLA molecules, others were presented by only a single HLA class II molecule, which has implications for patient selection in clinical trials of peptide-based immunotherapies. In conclusion, using two different approaches we identified and characterized a set of CD4+ T-cell epitopes in the HCV NS3-NS4 region which are immunodominant in patients achieving transient or persistent viral control. This information allows the construction of a valuable panel of HCV-specific HLA class II tetramers for further study of CD4+ T-cell responses in chronic hepatitis C. The finding of immunodominant epitopes with very constrained HLA restriction has implications for patient selection in clinical trials of peptide-based immunotherapies.
Evaluation of the efficacy and duration of immunity of a canine combination vaccine against virulent parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis virus, and distemper virus experimental challenges. (2004)

The results of this study confirmed that dogs vaccinated subcutaneously with a commercially available multivalent vaccine containing modified-live canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2, canine parvovirus type 2b, and canine parainfluenza virus antigens were protected against sequential experimental challenge 55 to 57 months after initial vaccination given at 7 to 8 weeks of age. All 10 vaccinates were protected against clinical diseases and mortality following parvovirus and infectious canine hepatitis experimental infections. All vaccinates were protected against mortality and 90% against clinical disease following distemper challenge. These data support at least a 4-year duration of immunity for these three "core" fractions in the combination vaccine.
Acoustical filters and nonlinear acoustic wave propagation in liquids. (2011)

Generation of nonlinear acoustic waves of low frequency, less than 100 kHz, with associated low beam spread has potential imaging applications in highly absorptive media as encountered in the downhole geothermal and oil exploration environment. One of the particular advantages of the nonlinear acoustics approach of wave generation is the narrow beam spread of the difference frequency component. The difference frequency beam spread is determined by the beam profile of the primary high-frequency components used in the nonlinear mixing process. In the present study, we investigate the influence of acoustical filters in the beam path on the propagation of the generated difference frequency beam. Primary frequencies of approximately 1 MHz are used, resulting in a difference frequency component of around 100 kHz. Our results show that the difference frequency beam maintains its collimation even after passing through different acoustical filters where the primary frequencies are blocked and there is no more frequency mixing of the primaries. However, the amplitude of the difference frequency component starts decaying in an exponential fashion as predicted.
C-5-Modified Tetrahydropyrano-Tetrahydofuran-Derived Protease Inhibitors (PIs) Exert Potent Inhibition of the Replication of HIV-1 Variants Highly Resistant to Various PIs, including Darunavir (2015)

Darunavir (DRV) inhibits the replication of most existing multidrug-resistant HIV-1 strains and has a high genetic barrier. However, the emergence of highly DRV-resistant HIV-1 strains (HIVDRV(R) ) has recently been observed in vivo and in vitro. Here, we identified three novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) containing a tetrahydropyrano-tetrahydrofuran (Tp-THF) moiety with a C-5 hydroxyl (GRL-015, -085, and -097) which potently suppress the replication of HIVDRV(R) . Moreover, the emergence of HIV-1 strains resistant to the three compounds was considerably delayed compared to the case of DRV. The C-5 hydroxyl formed a strong hydrogen bonding interaction with the carbonyl oxygen atom of Gly48 of protease as examined in the structural analyses. Interestingly, a compound with Tp-THF lacking the hydroxyl moiety substantially decreased activity against HIVDRV(R) . The three novel compounds should be further developed as potential drugs for treating individuals harboring wild-type and multi-PI-resistant HIV variants as well as HIVDRV(R) .
Development of a bridge transport system with telescopic motion (2010)

A bridge transport system with telescopic motion was developed to transport servo-manipulator for remote handling tasks in PyRoprocess Integrated inactive DEmonstration facility (PRIDE). The bridge transport system consists of telescope, trolley system, cabling management system, girder and rotation interface. The telescope of the bridge transport system was designed as a cylindrical pipe-based tube type in order to increase bending and twisting rigidity and it has a long extended length and short retracted length. The cabling management system was design to have compact size but to accommodate changed cable length according to telescopic motion. All drive modules were designed to have spare modules to prepare for emergency. As design verification process, structural analysis was performed on some important modules. Currently, the bridge transport system with telescopic motion is installed at a test bay in KAERI, and it is being tested.
25.4 A 4b RFDAC at 8GS/s for FMCW Chirps with 4GHz Bandwidth in $\boldsymbol{10\mu} \mathbf{s}$ (2023)

A frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar is highly reliant on frequency chirps as transmit signals that are linear, fast, and wide in bandwidth in order to achieve the high resolution of both the target distance as well as the target velocity. To generate such chirps, current radar transceivers predominantly employ phase-locked-loop (PLL)-based frequency synthesis where frequency modulation is implemented by controlling the feedback-divider frequency ratio, e.g., by means of a delta-sigma fractional-N PLL or an all-digital PLL (ADPLL) [1], [2], or the modulation is done by a direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS), the output of which becomes the PLL reference frequency [3]. Inherently, these respond slowly and inaccurately to dynamic modulation inputs. PLLs using 2-point modulation are fast and have a narrow bandwidth, which is necessary to maintain low phase noise, requires complex calibration and pre-distortion to correct gain mismatch and linearity [4], [5].
Improved localization of coronary stents using layer decomposition (2002)

Accurate placement and expansion of coronary stents is hindered by the fact that most stents are only slightly radiopaque and hence difficult to see in typical coronary X-ray images. We propose a new technique for improved image guidance of multiple coronary stent deployment using layer decomposition of coronary X-ray image sequences. We hypothesize that layer decomposition can improve the accuracy of localization of the end of a deployed stent. Layer decomposition is used to obtain good quality images of a stent in vitro. The resultant background-subtracted stent images are embedded into other cine X-ray image sequences to form a database of simulated image sequences. For each simulated sequence, the position of the stent edge is estimated from raw and layer-decomposed images using a small region of the original layer image as a template. Layer decomposition reduced median position errors in 33 of 47 image sequences (70%), including 16 of 18 sequences in which the position errors for raw and layer images differed by 5.0 pixels (0.5 mm) or more. Layer decomposition significantly reduces errors in determination of stent edge location in simulated cine X-ray image sequences.
Improved Gray‐Shade Performance on Miniature Active Matrix EL Displays (1999)

Abstract An active matrix EL VGA display is reported with full grayscale using temporal voltage modulation of the phosphor. The exceptional brightness and dynamic range of the ZnS:Mn EL phosphor permits a new gray scale scheme. Digital gamma correction and an extended range of levels achieve 128 to 256 monotonic shades.
Layered and homogeneous films of aluminum and aluminum/silicon with titanium and tungsten for multilevel interconnects (1985)

Layered structures and homogeneous alloy films synthesized by sputter deposition were investigated for use in a VLSI multilevel interconnect technology. Major areas studied include hillock formation, resistivity before and after annealing, film composition and structure, reproducibility, interlevel shorts, and dry etching. It has been demonstrated in this work that aluminum alloyed with silicon and titanium and layered with titanium offers advantages over current technological materials for interconnections in integrated circuits. Measurements of surface roughness and electrical shorts between two levels of metal showed that the hillock densities in the films are significantly reduced when small amounts (one to three atomic percent) of titanium and silicon are present. The resistivity of such homogeneous films, however, is 4.5 to 5.5 µΩ.cm, which is higher than standard metallization alloys. When Al/Si was layered with Ti, no hillocks were observed and the resistivity of the composite films was comparable to standard metallization alloys.
EIN2-dependent regulation of acetylation of histone H3K14 and non-canonical histone H3K23 in ethylene signalling (2016)

Ethylene gas is essential for many developmental processes and stress responses in plants. EIN2 plays a key role in ethylene signalling but its function remains enigmatic. Here, we show that ethylene specifically elevates acetylation of histone H3K14 and the non-canonical acetylation of H3K23 in etiolated seedlings. The up-regulation of these two histone marks positively correlates with ethylene-regulated transcription activation, and the elevation requires EIN2. Both EIN2 and EIN3 interact with a SANT domain protein named EIN2 nuclear associated protein 1 (ENAP1), overexpression of which results in elevation of histone acetylation and enhanced ethylene-inducible gene expression in an EIN2-dependent manner. On the basis of these findings we propose a model where, in the presence of ethylene, the EIN2 C terminus contributes to downstream signalling via the elevation of acetylation at H3K14 and H3K23. ENAP1 may potentially mediate ethylene-induced histone acetylation via its interactions with EIN2 C terminus.
Deletion of<i>wboA</i>Enhances Activation of the Lectin Pathway of Complement in<i>Brucella abortus</i>and<i>Brucella melitensis</i> (2001)

Brucella spp. are gram-negative intracellular pathogens that survive and multiply within phagocytic cells of their hosts. Smooth organisms present O polysaccharides (OPS) on their surface. These OPS help the bacteria avoid the bactericidal action of serum. The wboA gene, coding for the enzyme glycosyltransferase, is essential for the synthesis of O chain in Brucella. In this study, the sensitivity to serum of smooth, virulent Brucella melitensis 16M and B. abortus 2308, rough wboA mutants VTRM1, RA1, and WRR51 derived from these two Brucella species, and the B. abortus vaccine strain RB51 was assayed using normal nonimmune human serum (NHS). The deposition of complement components and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) on the bacterial surface was detected by flow cytometry. Rough B. abortus mutants were more sensitive to the bactericidal action of NHS than were rough B. melitensis mutants. Complement components were deposited on smooth strains at a slower rate compared to rough strains. Deposition of iC3b and C5b-9 and bacterial killing occurred when bacteria were treated with C1q-depleted, but not with C2-depleted serum or NHS in the presence of Mg-EGTA. These results indicate that (i) OPS-deficient strains derived from B. melitensis 16M are more resistant to the bactericidal action of NHS than OPS-deficient strains derived from B. abortus 2308, (ii) both the classical and the MBL-mediated pathways are involved in complement deposition and complement-mediated killing of Brucella, and (iii) the alternative pathway is not activated by smooth or rough brucellae.
Diffractive incremental and absolute coding principle for optical rotary sensors (2011)

Rotary sensors are an essential component in numerous applications where a rotation movement has to be detected. With optical encoders, a high angular resolution can be achieved. As a disadvantage, the resolution enhancement is associated with increasing cost. To overcome this issue, a coding principle is presented that uses a diffractive solid measure on a microstructured plastic disc. Like a DVD, this encoder disc can be manufactured in a cost effective injection molding process. For this approach, a differential incremental code, as well as an absolute code, has been developed.
The role of vascularization in 3-D tissue engineering (2004)

The role of vascularization in 3-D tissue engineering was studied. Mouse fat, angiogenic growth factors, adult human stem cells and fat tissue have been inserted and subsequent tissue growth was monitored. Human fat grafts or human lipoaspirates in SCID mouse chambers induced mouse fat generation at 6 weeks. Tissue engineering models utilizing intrinsic vascularization have major advantages including rapid and appropriate vascularization of new tissues.
High-precision liquid pouring control while keeping lower ladle position and avoiding clash with mold (2012)

The automatic pouring of molten metal from a ladle into a mold by a machine requires a high-precision positioning control of the outflow liquid. In the previous studies, the precise falling position controls of the outflow liquid for pouring into the sprue cup of the mold were proposed. However, it is supposed to the increase amounts of splashing and the air entrainment, because the conventional approaches are not considered the height of the pouring mouth of the ladle. Therefore, in this study, we propose a novel approach of positioning control of the outflow liquid which makes the pouring mouth place as low as possible while avoiding clash between the ladle and the mold. In order to achieve the positioning control of the outflow liquid with both the lower pouring mouth position and the clash avoidance, the proposed approach gives the reference trajectory of the ladle movement considering not only the trajectory of the outflow liquid but also the positional relation between the ladle and the mold. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by laboratory experiments of the automatic pouring system with rectangle-shaped ladle.
All-optical Regenerative Memory (1996)

We describe a novel all-optical regenerative memory where the data pattern is re-imposed onto a separate pulse train after each circulation of an optical fibre delay line. Optical memory is envisaged to be an important function in future ultrahigh-speed photonic networks and processing systems. For example, memory allows 100Gbit/s packets [1] to be buffered and queued for subsequent processing of the data and memory is also an intrinsic function for bit-serial optical computing systems [2]. Several types of optical memory have already been demonstrated such as passive [3,4] and active [5] recirculating fibre loops. In these configurations, the stability of the data pattern depends on being able to retime the optical pulses within the loop since it acts like a long transmission line [6]. In this paper the memory architecture is similar to the optoelectronic scheme described in reference [7].
High Throughput Cell Mechanophenotyping via Microfluidic Constrictions with Multiplexed Electrical Sensors (2019)

The work presented herein shows a microfluidic cytometry platform that uses constrictive channels monitored with a multiplexed electrical sensing network to measure cell mechanical properties. The parallel microfluidic architecture combined with code division multiplexed electrical sensing of cells enable throughput levels that are otherwise not possible in constriction transit time measurement-based devices.