gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lignin, humic substances and coal (2001)

Occurrence, function and biosynthesis of lignin synthesis of lignin in transgenic and mutant plants methods to reveal the structure of lignin applications and use of lignin as raw material biodegradation of lignin biotechnological applications of lignin degrading fungi sporopollenin melanin soil humic substances aquatic humic substances methods to reveal the structure of humic substances application and use of humic substances biodegradation and transformation of humic substances occurrence and formation of coals methods to reveal the structure of coal biodegradation and modification of coal desulfurization of coals biotechnological conversion of coals into products chemical conversion of coals into products.
Correction: Altered Bone Development and an Increase in FGF-23 Expression in Enpp1<sup>−/−</sup>Mice (2012)

Nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) is required for the conversion of extracellular ATP into inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ), a recognised inhibitor of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystal formation. A detailed phenotypic assessment of a mouse model lacking NPP1 (Enpp1 2/2 ) was completed to determine the role of NPP1 in skeletal and soft tissue mineralization in juvenile and adult mice. Histopathological assessment of Enpp1 2/2 mice at 22 weeks of age revealed calcification in the aorta and kidney and ectopic cartilage formation in the joints and spine. Radiographic assessment of the hind-limb showed hyper-mineralization in the talocrural joint and hypo-mineralization in the femur and tibia. MicroCT analysis of the tibia and femur disclosed altered trabecular architecture and bone geometry at 6 and 22 weeks of age in Enpp1 2/2 mice. Trabecular number, trabecular bone volume, structure model index, trabecular and cortical thickness were all significantly reduced in tibiae and femurs from Enpp1 2/2 mice (P,0.05). Bone stiffness as determined by 3-point bending was significantly reduced in Enpp1 2/2 tibiae and femurs from 22-week-old mice (P,0.05). Circulating phosphate and calcium levels were reduced (P,0.05) in the Enpp1 2/2 null mice. Plasma levels of osteocalcin were significantly decreased at 6 weeks of age (P,0.05) in Enpp1 2/2 mice, with no differences noted at 22 weeks of age. Plasma levels of CTx (Ratlaps TM ) and the phosphaturic hormone FGF-23 were significantly increased in the Enpp1 2/2 mice at 22 weeks of age (P,0.05). Fgf-23 messenger RNA expression in cavarial osteoblasts was increased 12-fold in Enpp1 2/2 mice compared to controls. These results indicate that Enpp1 2/2 mice are characterized by severe disruption to the architecture and mineralization of longbones, dysregulation of calcium/phosphate homeostasis and changes in Fgf-23 expression. We conclude that NPP1 is essential for normal bone development and control of physiological bone mineralization.
Role of the 4<i>f</i>55<i>d</i> band in the radiationless 5<i>D</i>1→5<i>D</i> coupling in BaCl2:Sm2+ and BaBr2:Sm2+ (1976)

In this paper, the adiabatic relaxation theory is applied to investigate the origin of rare-earth fluorescence quenching involving multiphonon transitions. The energy level schemes for BaCl2:Sm2+ and BaBr2:Sm2+ have been obtained from the observed fluorescence spectra. The phonon cutoff frequencies, 210 and 140 cm−1 for BaCl2 and BaBr2, respectively, have been determined from vibronic sidebands. From the observed temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensities and lifetimes, it is shown that the 5D1 and 5D0 levels are thermally quenched through radiationless excitation to the 4f55d band and that the population of the 5D0 level from 5D1 involves the 4f55d band as an intermediary. This indirect f (→d) →f relaxation mechanism appears to have resulted from the proximity and relatively large displacement between the adiabatical surfaces of the low-lying 4f55d and the 5D1 states of Sm2+ in BaCl2 and BaBr2.
Adding voice to distributed games on the Internet (2002)

Much of the work on distributed virtual environments (DVEs) has focused on efficient schemes and algorithms for the description and visual rendering of such environments. However, there has been comparatively little effort on senses other than sight, and in particular on live voice. This is surprising because adding voice to DVEs enhances the sense of immersion in the environment, and can in fact completely change the way entities interact. For example, adding voice in a distributed game impacts tactics, team building, cheating, etc. We examine issues related to adding voice between participants in DVEs. We consider in particular a special kind of DVE, namely distributed games over the Internet. We consider all stages of voice manipulation, including voice generation (with emphasis on echo cancellation), voice transmission (with emphasis on RTP and packetization), and voice restitution (with emphasis on spatial rendition and on synchronization between voice and visual cues). We also consider implementation issues, and illustrate these with the MiMaze game and the FreePhone audio tool, both developed at INRIA.
Ultrasonic imaging using a 5-MHz multilayer/single-layer hybrid array for increased signal-to-noise ratio (1999)

Conventional diagnostic ultrasound scanners are bulky and require significant amounts of electrical power during operation. Reducing the size, weight, and consumption of electrical power is made easier through the use of highly integrated compact transmit and receive electronics that may be incorporated in the transducer handle. This necessitates the use of low voltage transmitters and low power receive preamplifiers. Conventional scanners typically use approximately 100-V pulses during transmit; therefore, decreasing the transmit voltage to 15 V decreases the transmit sensitivity. Conventional receive electronics that are located at the scanner degrade the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) because the array element cannot efficiently drive the coaxial cable. Transmit sensitivity and received SNR can be radically improved using a multilayer/single-layer hybrid array making integration of electronics into the transducer handle more feasible. In this paper, we discuss the design, fabrication, and testing of a 5-MHz hybrid linear array. The hybrid array included 16 multilayer transmit elements (10 Omega impedance) and 24 single-layer receive elements at a half wavelength element pitch. Low voltage transmitters with an output resistance of 7 Omega and high impedance JFET preamplifiers using 15 V for biasing were located adjacent to the hybrid array in the transducer handle. The transmit sensitivity and received SNR of the hybrid array were compared with a conventional array using 50-Omega transmitters and receive preamplifiers at the scanner. The transmit sensitivity improved by 12.8 dB, and the received SNR improved by 7.8 dB, yielding an overall improvement of 20.6 dB, which compared well with predictions from the KLM model. Images of phantoms and in vivo images of the kidney obtained with the Siemens Model 1200 phased array system showed the increased SNR using the hybrid array. Estimates of penetration in tissue mimicking phantoms (alpha=0.5 dB/(cm MHz)) improved by 7 cm compared with the control.
Minimizing Detection Probability Routing in Ad Hoc Networks Using Directional Antennas (2009)

In a hostile environment, it is important for a transmitter to make its wireless transmission invisible to adversaries because an adversary can detect the transmitter if the received power at its antennas is strong enough. This paper defines a detection probability model to compute the level of a transmitter being detected by a detection system at arbitrary location around the transmitter. Our study proves that the probability of detecting a directional antenna is much lower than that of detecting an omnidirectional antenna if both the directional and omnidirectional antennas provide the same Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) in the direction of the receiver. We propose a Minimizing Detection Probability (MinDP) routing algorithm to find a secure routing path in ad hoc networks where nodes employ directional antennas to transmit data to decrease the probability of being detected by adversaries. Our study shows that the MinDP routing algorithm can reduce the total detection probability of deliveries from the source to the destination by over 74%.
A New Approach to Predict Bit Life Based on Tooth or Bearing Failures (1998)

Abstract This paper presents a new methodology to predict the wear for three-cone bits under varying operating conditions. In this approach, six variables (weight on bit, rotary speed, pump rate, formation hardness, bit type, and torque) were studied over a range of values. A simulator was used to generate drlling data to eliminate arrors coherent to field measurements. The data generated was used to establish the relationship between complex patterns. A three-layer artificial neural network was designed and trained with measured data. This method incorporates computational intelligence to define the relationship between the variables. Further, it can be used to estimate the rate of penetration and formation characteristics. The new model was successful in predicting the condition of the bit. In this study, the value of 0.997 was obtained by the model as the correlation coefficient between the predicted and measured bearing wear and tooth wear values. The validity of the model was demonstrated with data from an existing field.
Photonic band structures solved by a plane-wave-based transfer-matrix method (2003)

Transfer-matrix methods adopting a plane-wave basis have been routinely used to calculate the scattering of electromagnetic waves by general multilayer gratings and photonic crystal slabs. In this paper we show that this technique, when combined with Bloch's theorem, can be extended to solve the photonic band structure for 2D and 3D photonic crystal structures. Three different eigensolution schemes to solve the traditional band diagrams along high-symmetry lines in the first Brillouin zone of the crystal are discussed. Optimal rules for the Fourier expansion over the dielectric function and electromagnetic fields with discontinuities occurring at the boundary of different material domains have been employed to accelerate the convergence of numerical computation. Application of this method to an important class of 3D layer-by-layer photonic crystals reveals the superior convergency of this different approach over the conventional plane-wave expansion method.
ARCES: an echelle spectrograph for the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) 3.5m telescope (2003)

A new echelle spectrograph was commissioned in 1999 for the ARC 3.5 meter telescope. The key features of the instrument are that it has a resolution of 9 km/sec, limited by the pixel size of the CCD; has no moving parts behind the slit during observation; provides complete spectral coverage from 3200A to 10000A, limited by the prism cross disperser material on the blue side and by the CCD sensitivity on the red side; provides blazeless spectra; achieves S/N>3000; and is remotely operable. The instrument is being used for studies of abundances in stars and for a large survey of diffuse interstellar bands.
Gain in polycrystalline Nd-doped alumina: leveraging length scales to create a new class of high-energy, short pulse, tunable laser materials (2018)

Traditionally accepted design paradigms dictate that only optically isotropic (cubic) crystal structures with high equilibrium solubilities of optically active ions are suitable for polycrystalline laser gain media. The restriction of symmetry is due to light scattering caused by randomly oriented anisotropic crystals, whereas the solubility problem arises from the need for sufficient active dopants in the media. These criteria limit material choices and exclude materials that have superior thermo-mechanical properties than state-of-the-art laser materials. Alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is an ideal example; it has a higher fracture strength and thermal conductivity than today's gain materials, which could lead to revolutionary laser performance. However, alumina has uniaxial optical proprieties, and the solubility of rare earths (REs) is two-to-three orders of magnitude lower than the dopant concentrations in typical RE-based gain media. We present new strategies to overcome these obstacles and demonstrate gain in a RE-doped alumina (Nd:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) for the first time. The key insight relies on tailoring the crystallite size to other important length scales-the wavelength of light and interatomic dopant distances, which minimize optical losses and allow successful Nd doping. The result is a laser gain medium with a thermo-mechanical figure of merit of <i>R</i> <sub>s</sub>~19,500 Wm<sup>-1</sup> a 24-fold and 19,500-fold improvements over the high-energy-laser leaders Nd:YAG (<i>R</i> <sub>s</sub>~800 Wm<sup>-1</sup>) and Nd:Glass (<i>R</i> <sub>s</sub>~1 Wm<sup>-1</sup>), respectively. Moreover, the emission bandwidth of Nd:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is broad: ~13 THz. The successful demonstration of gain and high bandwidth in a medium with superior <i>R</i> <sub>s</sub> can lead to the development of lasers with previously unobtainable high-peak powers, short pulses, tunability, and high-duty cycles.
Parvovirus H-1-Induced Tumor Cell Death Enhances Human Immune Response <i>In Vitro</i> via Increased Phagocytosis, Maturation, and Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells (2005)

Oncotropic and oncolytic viruses have attracted high attention as antitumor agents because they preferentially kill cancer cells in vitro and reduce the incidence of spontaneous, induced, or implanted animal tumors. Some autonomous parvoviruses (H-1, minute virus of mice) and derived recombinant vectors are currently under preclinical evaluation. Still not fully understood, their antitumor properties involve more than just tumor cell killing. Because wild-type parvovirus-mediated tumor cell lysates (TCLs) may trigger antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to augment the host immune repertoire, we analyzed phagocytosis, maturation, and crosspresentation of H-1-induced TCLs by human dendritic cells (DCs). We first established H-1-mediated oncolysis in two HLA-A2(+) and A2(-) variant melanoma cell clones. Monocyte-derived immature DCs phagocytosed H- 1-infected TCLs as well as ultraviolet-induced apoptotic TCLs and better than freeze-thaw-induced necrotic TCLs. Immature DCs incubated with H-1-induced TCLs acquired specific maturation markers comparable to a standard cytokine cocktail. Furthermore, A2(+) DCs pulsed with H-1-infected A2(-) TCLs cross-presented melanoma antigens to specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and released proinflammatory cytokines. This shows for the first time that tumor cell killing by a wild-type oncolytic virus directly stimulates human APCs and CTLs. Because H-1-infected tumors enhance the immune repertoire, the clinical perspectives of parvoviral vectors are even more promising.
A Streptococcus mutans mutant that synthesizes elevated levels of intracellular polysaccharide is hypercariogenic in vivo (1995)

We used the streptococcal transposon, Tn916 to identify and isolate mutants of Streptococcus mutans with altered intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) accumulation. We report on the isolation and characterization of S. mutans SMS202, a transposon mutant which accumulated the glycogen-like IPS in excess of wild-type levels. Southern blot analysis confirmed a single Tn916 insertion into the SMS202 chromosome. Moreover, quantitative ultrastructural analysis revealed significantly increased concentrations of IPS in SMS202 relative to those of the wild-type progenitor strain, UA130. The activities of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (GlgC) and glycogen synthase (GlgA), enzymes required for the biosynthesis of bacterial IPS, were also elevated in the IPS excess mutant. Furthermore, SMS202 was significantly more cariogenic on the molar surfaces of germ-free rats than the wild type (P < 0.01), thus confirming a central role for IPS in S. mutants-induced caries formation. We propose that the increased cariogenic potential of SMS202 is due to constitutive expression of genes which encode glycogen biosynthesis in this oral pathogen. The coordinate expression of GlgC and GlgA along with the results of ongoing nucleotide sequence analysis and Northern hybridization experiments support an operon-like arrangement for the glg genes of this oral pathogen.
Pentahaloethane-based chlorofluorocarbon substitutes and halothane: correlation of in vivo hepatic protein trifluoroacetylation and urinary trifluoroacetic acid excretion with calculated enthalpies of activation (1992)

The hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) and 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) and the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) pentafluoroethane (HFC-125) are being developed as substitutes for chlorofluorocarbons that deplete stratospheric ozone. The structural similarity of these HCFCs and HFCs to halothane, which is hepatotoxic under certain circumstances, indicates that the metabolism and cellular interactions of HCFCs and HFCs must be explored. In a previous study [Harris et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 1407], similar patterns of trifluoroacetylated proteins (TFA-proteins) were detected by immunoblotting with anti-TFA-protein antibodies in livers of rats exposed to halothane or HCFC-123. The present study extends these results and demonstrates that in vivo TFA-protein formation resulting from a 6-h exposure to a 1% atmosphere of these compounds follows the trend: halothane approximately HCFC-123 much greater than HFC-124, greater than HFC-125. The calculated enthalpies of activation of halothane, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, and HFC-125 paralleled the observed rate of trifluoroacetic acid excretion in HCFC- or HFC-exposed rats. Exposure of rats to a range of HCFC-123 concentrations indicated that TFA-protein formation was saturated at an exposure concentration between 0.01% and 0.1% HCFC-123. Deuteration of HCFC-123 decreased TFA-protein formation in vivo. Urinary trifluoroacetic acid excretion by treated rats correlated with the levels of TFA-proteins found after each of these treatments. No TFA-proteins were detected in hepatic fractions from rats given 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), which is not metabolized to a trifluoroacetyl halide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Organic dyes for constant memory optical discs (1992)

Literature data on the use of organic dyes in constant memory optical discs and information recording by semiconductor laser irradiation in the 780–830 nm range are summarised and systematised. Questions on the suitability of the properties of different classes or organic dyes for the main requirements of optical information-recording media have been considered. Future trends in the development of the field of organic dyes for the laser recording of discrete information have been defined. Bibliography includes 232 references.
Characterization of <i>ompA</i> Genotypes by Sequence Analysis of DNA from All Detected Cases of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> Infections during 1 Year of Contact Tracing in a Swedish County (2004)

In this study we aimed to characterize the ompA gene by sequencing DNA from all detected cases of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a Swedish county during 2001, in order to improve the efficiency of contact tracing. Approximately 990 bp of the ompA gene was amplified, and sequence analysis was achieved in 678 (94%) of 725 C. trachomatis-positive cases in this unselected population. The most prevalent genotype was serotype E (39%), followed by F (21%), G (11%), D (9%), K (9%), J (7%), H (2%), B (1%), and Ia (1%). Serotype E was found in five genotype variants, with the reference sequence comprising 96% of all E cases. Serotype D was the most variable, and of seven sequence variants, three were identified as recombinants with serotype E. Altogether 29 genetic variants were detected, and mutations and recombination events are discussed. Clinical manifestations were not associated with genotypes. Sequence variation was linked to sexual networks identified by contact tracing and improved epidemiological knowledge but was of limited benefit.
Innovation in immediate neonatal care: development of the Bedside Assessment, Stabilisation and Initial Cardiorespiratory Support (BASICS) trolley (2015)

This is the first mobile resuscitation device designed specifically to facilitate newborn resuscitation at the bedside and with an intact cord. The next step is to assess its safety, its acceptability to clinicians and parents, and to determine whether it allows resuscitation with an intact cord.
An improved spinning lens test to determine the stiffness of the human lens (2010)

It is widely accepted that age-related changes in lens stiffness are significant for the development of presbyopia. However, precise details on the relative importance of age-related changes in the stiffness of the lens, in comparison with other potential mechanisms for the development of presbyopia, have not yet been established. One contributing factor to this uncertainty is the paucity and variability of experimental data on lens stiffness. The available published data generally indicate that stiffness varies spatially within the lens and that stiffness parameters tend to increase with age. However, considerable differences exist between these published data sets, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The current paper describes new and improved methods, based on the spinning lens approach pioneered by Fisher, R.F. (1971) 'The elastic constants of the human lens', Journal of Physiology, 212, 147-180, to make measurements on the stiffness of the human lens. These new procedures have been developed in an attempt to eliminate, or at least substantially reduce, various systematic errors in Fisher's original experiment. An improved test rig has been constructed and a new modelling procedure for determining lens stiffness parameters from observations made during the test has been devised. The experiment involves mounting a human lens on a vertical rotor so that the lens spins on its optical axis (typically at 1000 rpm). An automatic imaging system is used to capture the outline of the lens, while it is rotating, at pre-determined angular orientations. These images are used to quantify the deformations developed in the lens as a consequence of the centripetal forces induced by the rotation. Lens stiffness is inferred using axisymmetric finite element inverse analysis in which a nearly-incompressible neo-Hookean constitutive model is used to represent the mechanics of the lens. A numerical optimisation procedure is used to determine the stiffness parameters that provide a best fit between the finite element model and the experimental data. Sample results are presented for a human lens of age 33 years.
MutSβ exceeds MutSα in dinucleotide loop repair (2010)

The finding is clinically relevant because the strong role of MutSbeta in IDL2 repair indicates MSH3 deficiency in tumours with low dinucleotide and no mononucleotide repeat instability.