gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tilted helical Feldkamp cone-beam reconstruction algorithm for multislice CT (2003)

In many clinical applications, it is necessary to tilt the gantry of an X-ray CT system with respect to the patient. Tilting the gantry introduces no complications for single-slice fan-beam systems; however, most systems today are helical multislice systems with up to 16 slices (and this number is sure to increase in the future). The image reconstruction algorithms used in multislice helical CT systems must be modified to compensate for the tilt. If they are not, the quality of reconstructed images will be poor with the presence of significant artifacts produced by the tilt. Practical helical multislice algorithms currently incorporated in today’s systems include helical fan-beam, ASSR (Advanced single-slice rebinning), and Feldkamp algorithms. This paper presents the modifications necessary to compensate for gantry tilt for the helical cone-beam Feldkamp algorithm implemented by Toshiba (referred to as TCOT for true cone-beam tomography). Unlike some of the other algorithms, gantry tilt compensation is simple and straightforward to implement with no significant increase in computational complexity. It will be shown that the effect of the gantry tilt is to introduce a lateral shift in the isocenter of the reconstructed slice of interest, which is a function of the tilt, couch speed, and view angle. This lateral shift is easily calculated and incorporated into the backprojection algorithm. The tilt-compensated algorithm is called T-TCOT. Experimental tilted-gantry data has been obtained with 8- and 16 slice Toshiba Aquilion systems, and examples of uncompensated and tilt compensated images are presented.
Ruthenium-Based Heterocyclic Carbene-Coordinated Olefin Metathesis Catalysts (2009)

The fascinating story of olefin (or alkene) metathesis (eq\n1) began almost five decades ago, when Anderson and\nMerckling reported the first carbon-carbon double-bond\nrearrangement reaction in the titanium-catalyzed polymerization of norbornene. Nine years later, Banks and Bailey reported “a new disproportionation reaction . . . in which olefins are converted to homologues of shorter and longer carbon chains...”. In 1967, Calderon and co-workers named this metal-catalyzed redistribution of carbon-carbon double bonds olefin metathesis, from the Greek word “μετάθεση”, which means change of position. These contributions have since served as the foundation for an amazing research field, and olefin metathesis currently represents a powerful transformation in chemical synthesis, attracting a vast amount of interest both in industry and academia.
The Use of Gastrostomy Tube for the Long-Term Remission of Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia After Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass: A Case Report (2015)

Objective: Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is an increasingly reported complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB), for which there is currently no acceptable treatment. We present a case of the reversal of severe hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia through gastrostomy tube (GT) feeding to the remnant stomach and uniquely report the durable resolution of neuroglycopenic symptoms 3 years after GT placement.
An Encapsulated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Is a Highly Efficient Vaccine against Pneumonic Plague (2012)

The encapsulated Y. pseudotuberculosis V674pF1 is an efficient live oral vaccine against pneumonic plague, and could be developed for mass vaccination in tropical endemic areas to control pneumonic plague transmission and mortality.
Reliability investigations for SA communication architectures based on IEC 61850 (2005)

The new communication standard IEC 61850 is now introduced to substation automation replacing all wires by serial communication. Based on mainstream communication means like Ethernet it profits from a high flexibility regarding communication architectures. But any solution has to fulfill all reliability requirements resulting from the safety-critical mission of substation automation for a reliable power supply in transmission and distribution grids. To achieve this goal typical types of SA communication architectures are investigated starting from the relevant properties of IEC 61850, using proper reliability definitions and common failure modes. The relevant reliability figures are calculated. Different levels of redundancy, their limits for reliability and impact on the distributed functions are considered. The results clearly indicate what types of architectures have to be applied for the requested reliability of substation automation functions. This includes also function allocation and proposals for amending the standard.
A fiber-optic interferometric flex disk accelerometer (1990)

A push-pull fiber-optic accelerometer, using an all-fiber Michelson interferometer will be described. The accelerometer consists of two “clamped” disks (4.6 cm in diameter, 1.0 mm thick, aluminum 6061-T6) that are joined at the outer boundary to a rigid cylinder and at the disk center by a rigid “spindle” that acts as a seismic mass. Flat spiral-wound coils attached to the inner surface of each disk detect the acceleration-induced strain in a manner similar to flexural disk hydrophone designs [Brown et al., Fiber & Int. Opt. 8(3), 169–191 (1989)]. The sensitivity below the disk's fundamental resonance of 2.8 kHz is 49 rad/g. The fractional phase change per unit force (1/φ) (δφ/δF) below the resonance is 56 × 10−12/N. A noteworthy feature of this sensor is that the sensing coils comprising the legs of the interferometer and the fiber coupler are totally internal to the sensor structure and thus are not exposed, making the sensor robust for industrial or shipboard applications. [Work supported by the Naval Postgraduate School Direct Funded Research Program and the Naval Sea Systems Command.]
Development of Tough, Strong, and Pest-Resistant MoSi2-(Beta)Si3N4 Composites for High-Temperature Structural Applications (2001)

A new MoSi2-base composite was developed that contains in-situ reinforcement of whisker-type beta-Si3N4 grains in a MoSi2 matrix. The advantages of this in-situ reinforced MoSi2-Si3N4 are lower density, higher fracture toughness and better strength than typical MoSi2 alloys, combined with excellent environmental and pest resistance. The average fracture toughness of the in-situ reinforced material determined by one technique was 12.2 MPa.m(exp 1/2) compared to 4.9 to 5.5 MPa.m(exp 1/2) for similar materials with the exception that the beta-Si3N4 had a blocky morphology as opposed to the whisker-like morphology typical of the in-situ toughened material. This MoSi2-(beta)Si3N4 was also resistant to pesting at intermediate temperatures (400 to 600 C) even when precracked or under applied load; conditions that would quickly reduce typical MoSi2 alloys to oxidized powder.
An adaptive search ordering for rate-constrained successive elimination algorithms (2015)

This paper proposes a solution for the problem of unnecessary cost function evaluations, found when combining the successive elimination algorithm with a spiral scan search ordering. Our experiments show that the implementation of such a combination inside the HEVC reference software leads to unnecessary cost function evaluations. On the tested video sequences, an average of 3.46% unnecessary cost function evaluations was measured. Considering only small block sizes (e.g., 4×8 and 8×4), this average rises to 8.06%. To solve this problem, we propose an adaptive scan ordering of block matching candidates within the search area. When used with our early termination threshold, the proposed approach will only evaluate necessary cost functions, without impacting rate-distortion.
Think Your Artificial Intelligence Software Is Fair? Think Again (2019)

Today, machine-learning software is used to help make decisions that affect people's lives. Some people believe that the application of such software results in fairer decisions because, unlike humans, machine-learning software generates models that are not biased. Think again. Machine-learning software is also biased, sometimes in similar ways to humans, often in different ways. While fair model- assisted decision making involves more than the application of unbiased models-consideration of application context, specifics of the decisions being made, resolution of conflicting stakeholder viewpoints, and so forth-mitigating bias from machine-learning software is important and possible but difficult and too often ignored.
Origami based Mechanical (2014)

We describe mechanical metamaterials created by folding flat sheets in the tradition of origami, the art of paper folding, and study them in terms of their basic geometric and stiffness properties, as well as load bearing capability. A periodic Miura-ori pattern and a non-periodic Ron Resch pattern were studied. Unexceptional coexistence of positive and negative Poisson’s ratio was reported for Miura-ori pattern, which are consistent with the interesting shear behavior and infinity bulk modulus of the same pattern. Unusually strong load bearing capability of the Ron Resch pattern was found and attributed to the unique way of folding. This work paves the way to the study of intriguing properties of origami structures as mechanical metamaterials.
Phase-only filtering for the masses (of DNA Data): a new approach to sequence alignment (2006)

Alignment of DNA segments containing repetitive nucleotide base patterns is an important task in several genomics applications, including DNA sequencing, DNA fingerprinting, pathogen detection, and gene finding. One of the most efficient procedures used for this task is the cross correlation method. The main computations of the procedure are the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and a pointwise multiplication of two complex Fourier transform sequences. In this paper, the standard magnitude-and-phase cross correlation technique is compared with the lesser known but closely related phase-only cross correlation method. It is shown that for a periodic DNA sequence, the standard approach leads to significant sidelobes in the cross correlation, the magnitude of which increases with sequence length, while the phase-only approach yields a perfect cross correlation with zero sidelobes. For a DNA sequence that contains both irregularly distributed symbols and periodic patterns, the difference in performance is less pronounced, but still significant. Numerical experiments on synthesized and real data demonstrate that the phase-only approach is robust to isolated symbol insertions and deletions and that it is capable of identifying positions of matching segments in the sequence.
On the Extraction of Aromatic Compounds from Hydrocarbons by Imidazolium Ionic Liquids (2007)

The liquid-liquid equilibrium for the ternary system formed by n-octane andaromatic (alkylbenzenes) and heteroaromatic compounds (nitrogen and sulfur containingheterocyles) and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) associated with variousanions has been investigated. The selectivity on the extraction of a specific aromaticcompound is influenced by anion volume, hydrogen bond strength between the anion andthe imidazolium cation and the length of the 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium alkyl side chain.The interaction of alkylbenzenes and sulfur heterocyles with the IL is preferentially throughCH-π hydrogen bonds and the quantity of these aromatics in the IL phase decreases withthe increase of the steric hindrance imposed by the substituents on the aromatic nucleus. Inthe case of nitrogen heterocycles the interaction occurs preferentially throughN(heteroaromatic)-H(imidazolium) hydrogen bonds and the extraction process is largelycontrolled by the nitrogen heterocycle pKa. Competitive extraction experiments suggestthat benzene, pyridine and dibenzothiophene do not compete for the same hydrogen bondsites of the IL.
Metallic‐Ion Controlled Dynamic Bonds to Co‐Harvest Isomerization Energy and Bond Enthalpy for High‐Energy Output of Flexible Self‐Heated Textile (Adv. Sci. 20/2022) (2022)

Photothermal Energy Storage A series of photo responsive azobenzene‐based polymers interacts with different metal ions showing excellent photothermal energy storage and low‐temperature output capabilities through co‐harvesting of isomerization energy and bond enthalpy for a thermal management wearable device to realize temperature control. More details can be found in article number 2201657 by Yiyu Feng, Wei Feng, and co‐workers. [Image: see text]
Novel ionization processes for use in mass spectrometry: ‘Squeezing’ nonvolatile analyte ions from crystals and droplets (2018)

Together with my group and collaborators, I have been fortunate to have had a key role in the discovery of new ionization processes that we developed into new flexible, sensitive, rapid, reliable, and robust ionization technologies and methods for use in mass spectrometry (MS). Our current research is focused on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes which convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solids or liquids into gas-phase ions for analysis by MS using e.g. mass-selected fragmentation and ion mobility spectrometry to provide reproducible, accurate, and improved mass and drift time resolution. In my view, the apex was the discovery of vacuum matrix-assisted ionization (vMAI) in 2012 on an intermediate pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source without the use of a laser, high voltages, or any other added energy. Only exposure of the matrix:analyte to the sub-atmospheric pressure of the mass spectrometer was necessary to initiate ionization. These findings were initially rejected by three different scientific journals, with comments related to 'how can this work?', 'where do the charges come from?', and 'it is not analytically useful'. Meanwhile, we and others have demonstrated analytical utility without a complete understanding of the mechanism. In reality, MALDI and electrospray ionization are widely used in science and their mechanisms are still controversially discussed despite use and optimization of now 30 years. This Perspective covers the applications and mechanistic aspects of the novel ionization processes for use in MS that guided us in instrument developments, and provides our perspective on how they relate to traditional ionization processes.
Recovery of CO<sub>2</sub> by Phase Transition from an Aqueous Bicarbonate System under Pressure by Means of Multilayer Gas Permeable Membranes (2009)

On use of simple model aqueous sodium bicarbonate solutions and Celgard 2400 gas permeable membranes, bicarbonate disproportionates to carbon dioxide and carbonate when gaseous carbon dioxide is removed from the water by diffusion through gas permeable membranes at elevated water pressures. The permeability of CO2 by phase transition from bicarbonate solutions at pressures of 500 psi is only possible because of the use of multiple gas permeable membrane layers. The multiple layers minimize water permeability at pressures near or above the Young−Laplace bubble point of single membrane layers, and the gas permeability efficiency and rate are greatly decreased.
Single-pass volumetric bidirectional blood flow imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography using a modified Hilbert transform (2008)

We demonstrate in vivo volumetric bidirectional blood flow imaging in animal models using single-pass flow imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography. This technique uses a modified Hilbert transform algorithm to separate moving and non-moving scatterers within a depth. The resulting reconstructed image maps the components of moving scatterers flowing into and out of the imaging axis onto opposite image half-planes, enabling volumetric bidirectional flow mapping without manual segmentation.
Targeted adenoviral vectors (2001)

There is increasing interest in adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for a wide variety of gene therapy applications. AAV is a nonpathogenic human parvovirus that can mediate long-term transduction of a number of cell types without provoking a significant immune response. These properties make AAV especially attractive for use in gene therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease. To investigate the potential of AAV in gene therapy of arthritis, the ability of AAV to infect synovium in vitro and in vivo was tested. Three human RA synovial fibroblast cell lines and two murine (one DBA/1J and one DBA1JC3H F1) synovial fibroblast cell lines were used to test AAV transduction in vitro. The cell lines (2 10 5 cells) were infected with 10 4 particles/cell of a murine IL-10-encoding vector (AAV-mIL-10) alone or with the addition of a low titer (100 particles/cell) of an E1-, E3-deleted recombinant adenovirus to provide E4orf6 activity to enhance second-strand synthesis. The supernatants were harvested from the wells at various time points and assayed for mIL-10 expression by ELISA. Both human synovial cell lines infected with AAV alone demonstrated low-level transgene expression throughout the course of the study. However, by day 10, all human cultures coinfected with adenovirus showed a 16-to 56-fold increase in mIL-10 compared to cultures infected with AAV-mIL10 alone. By day 30, a 31-to 135-fold increase was observed. No such increase was observed in any of the mouse cell lines. To determine the AAV transduction efficiency for synovium in vivo, human RA synovial tissues obtained from patients undergoing joint-replacement surgery were implanted subcutaneously on the backs of NOD.CB17-Prkdc SCID mice. After allowing a 2-week period for engraftment, tissues were injected with 3.4 10 11 particles of AAV-luciferase alone or in combination with 1.0 10 11 particles of adenovirus. Two weeks following AAV administration, the tissues were homogenized and assayed for expression of luciferase. Only the tissues coinfected with adenovirus had luciferase levels above background. A similar experiment with AAV-LacZ demonstrated X-gal staining only of synovial tissues coinfected with adenovirus. These findings demonstrate a preferential ability of AAV to transduce human, compared to mouse, synovial tissue and suggest that second strand synthesis may be a limiting factor in gene transduction. Further studies to elucidate the mechanisms limiting gene transduction in human synovium may allow optimization of this vector for the treatment of arthritis.
Efficient and Secure Delegation of Group Exponentiation to a Single Server. (2015)

Abstract. We consider the problem of delegating computation of group operations from a computationally weaker client holding an input and a description of a function, to a single computationally stronger server holding a description of the same function. Solutions need to satisfy nat-ural correctness, security, privacy and efficiency requirements. We obtain delegated computation protocols for the following functions, defined for an arbitrary commutative group: 1. Group inverses, with security and privacy holding against any com-putationally unrestricted malicious server. 2. Group exponentiation, with security and privacy holding against any computationally unrestricted “partially honest ” server. 3. Group exponentiation, with security and privacy holding against any polynomial-time malicious server, under a pseudorandom generation assumption, and security holding with constant probability. 1
Ion Bombardment Magnetron Furnace for Atomic Spectroscopy (1989)

Positive-ion bombardment of a graphite cathode in a low-pressure glow discharge is used to heat the cathode to temperatures in excess of 2000°C. A magnetic field of a few hundred Gauss used in a magnetron configuration reduces lamp voltage and permits operation at less than 1 kV with cathode current densities greater than 350 mA/cm 2 . A solution residue sample deposited on the 1.6-mm-diameter graphite cathode is atomized in about one second. The atomic vapor is excited in the glow discharge near the cathode surface. The effects of pressure and magnetic field strength on furnace performance are described. At low furnace temperature, plasma current conduction is by electrons produced by positive ion bombardment of the cathode surface. At higher temperatures, current conduction is largely by thermionic electrons.
Discovery of LX2761, a Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) Inhibitor Restricted to the Intestinal Lumen, for the Treatment of Diabetes (2017)

The increasing number of people afflicted with diabetes throughout the world is a major health issue. Inhibitors of the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT) have appeared as viable therapeutics to control blood glucose levels in diabetic patents. Herein we report the discovery of LX2761, a locally acting SGLT1 inhibitor that is highly potent in vitro and delays intestinal glucose absorption in vivo to improve glycemic control.
Zernike sensitivity method for CD distribution (2003)

Wavefront aberrations of the projection lens are measured in many situations. The results are expressed by coefficients of Zernike polynomials that can be used as a basis for critical dimensions (CD) performance evaluation. Here we investigated several methods to obtain the CD distribution from the Zernike coefficients. We present three unique methods, called "Transformation of CD-Focus", "Conversion of Defocus into Aberrations" and "Response Surface of Aerial Image". These methods calculate CD distribution faster than direct simulations. Five tests with different cases were conducted to compare the three methods. Their accuracies are reported.
Characterization of a spherically bent quartz crystal for Kα x-ray imaging of laser plasmas using a focusing monochromator geometry (2011)

We have measured the key spectrometric properties (peak reflectivity, reflection curve width, and Bragg angle offset) of a spherically bent quartz 200 crystal using the x-ray emission from a laser-produced Ar plasma. This crystal can image Ar Kα x-rays at near-normal incidence (θB ≈ 81 degrees); our technique operates the same crystal as a high-throughput focusing monochromator on the Rowland circle at angles far from normal incidence (θB ≈ 68 degrees) to make a reflection curve with He-like x-rays from the same laser plasma. This approach, which is applicable to many commonly imaged x-ray emission lines and corresponding spherically bent crystals, permits the experimentalist to obtain an in-situ crystal characterization in the same reflection order as that used for operation.