gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conflict evaluation method for grid maps using sonar sensors (2008)

We present a novel filtering method for building a grid map using sonar sensors. Recognizing that conflicting information from sonar sensor readings is the main reason of poor map quality, we established a proposition that put the conflicting information in order. Based on the proposition, we effectively filtered sonar readings that cause conflict. In addition, some information of filtered readings were not discarded but reprocessed to enhance the quality of the map. We call this filtering and reprocessing operation the conflict evaluation method. We evaluated the proposed method by experiments under various conditions.
Performance of multi-relay collaborative hybrid-ARQ protocols over fading channels (2006)

According to collaborative hybrid automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) protocols, relay stations that have been able to decode the original message from previous transmissions, collaborate with the source in future retransmissions by jointly sending a space-time codeword. In this letter, analysis of the average number of retransmissions and throughput of collaborative hybrid-ARQ Type I (i.e., without memory) and chase combining (i.e., with memory) protocols is provided for any number of relays.
Low-threshold 1.3-μm GaInAsP/InP buried heterostructure lasers by liquid phase epitaxy and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1981)

1.3μm GaInAsP/InP buried heterostructure lasers were successfully fabricated by using a hybrid combination of liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD). Definite advantages were found in the use of MO-CVD for the overgrowth of the optical and current confining layers. Excellent optical linearity up to two times the threshold current, as well as low-threshold current (57 mA), were obtained during cw operation at room temperature. A single longitudinal mode was observed at ∼1.11 times the threshold current.
Resistance Genes in a 'Williams 82' x 'Hartwig' Soybean Cross to an Inbred Line of Heterodera glycines. (1995)

The number of resistance genes in soybean to soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines was estimated using progeny from a cross of 'Williams 82' x 'Hartwig' (derived from 'Forrest'(3) x PI 437.654) screened with a fourth-generation inbred nematode line derived from a race 3 field population of SCN. Numbers of females developing on roots of inoculated seedlings were assigned to phenotype cells (resistant, susceptible, or segregating) using Ward's minimum variance cluster analysis. The ratio obtained from screening 220 F soybean families was not significantly different from a 1:8:7 (resistant:segregating:susceptible) ratio, suggesting a two-gene system for resistance. The ratio obtained from screening 183 F plants was not significantly different from a 3:13 (resistant:susceptible) ratio, indicating both a dominant (Rhg) and a recessive (rhg) resistance gene.
Development of Diffuser/Nozzle Based Valveless Micropump (2008)

A valveless micropump was realized with a diffuser/nozzle shaped channel and a variable volume actuator which produces an oscillating flow. One-way flow may be realized in the nozzle direction since the pressure loss in a nozzle channel is lower than that in a diffuser channel. Pump characteristics were measured for various angles of a diffuser/nozzle element and positions of the actuator to investigate the effect of pump geometry on characteristics. The experimental results showed an optimal diffuser/nozzle angle for pump efficiency, and the optimal actuator position. The frequency characteristics and the pump characteristics were measured. Dimensionless variables were introduced to rearrange the measured data and to understand the physical mechanisms of the micropump.
Nonmechanical Beam Steering Using Tunable Lenses (2017)

We have used three tunable liquid lenses to demonstrate nonmechanical beam steering of ±75° using a fisheye lens, in two dimensions. The system can control the beam divergence and provide two-dimensional beam steering.
MK-927: A Topically Active Ocular Hypotensive Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor (1990)

MK-927 (dl-5,6-dihydro-4-(2-methylpropylamino)-4H-thieno(2,3b)thiopyra n-2-sulfonamide-7,7-dioxide hydrochloride) is a water soluble, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) possessing a Ki of 12.0 nM against purified human carbonic anhydrase II in vitro. The acute instillation of one drop (50 microliters) of 0.5%, 1% and 2% solutions of MK-927 maximally decreased the intraocular pressure (IOP) of ocular hypertensive, cynomolgus monkeys by 4.7, 5.9 and 9.6 mm Hg, respectively. The decline of 9.6 mm Hg represented a reduction of 27% from the corresponding vehicle-treated value of 35.3 mm Hg. Peak reductions in IOP were present at 2 to 4 hr after the instillation of the three doses and the ocular hypotensive effect was waning at 6 hr. The IOP of normotensive, monkey eyes was significantly lowered by 1% and 2% solutions of MK-927 with the effect being more transient in these eyes than in hypertensive eyes. The elevated IOP of alpha-chymotrypsinized rabbits was dose-dependently decreased by 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5% solutions of MK-927. MK-927 modestly bound to rabbit ocular pigment in vitro and the concentrations of MK-927 in the iris + ciliary body of pigmented rabbits were higher than those in the same tissue of albino rabbits after dosing with 0.5% MK-927. The ocular hypotensive effect of 2% MK-927 was greater in magnitude and longer in duration in normal pigmented than in albino rabbits. The IOP lowering action of MK-927 was local as evidenced by results of ocular distribution studies and the observation that the unilateral instillation of 0.5% MK-927 into the contralateral eye was devoid of effect on the untreated, hypertensive eye of alpha-chymotrypsinized rabbits. MK-927 has been selected for topical evaluation in glaucoma patients.
Thermal Cis-Trans Isomerization Rates Of Azobenzenes Bound In Acrylate Polymers (1993)

Amorphous high glass transition polymer films containing electron-donor electron-acceptor substituted azobenzene groups can be used as materials for reversible optical storage 1 . A polarized argon laser beam is used for "writing" while a low power HeNe laser can "read" the resulting oriented regions, and irradiation with circularly polarized light destroys the order, effectively "erasing" the signal. As orientation is induced by a series of trans-cis-trans isomerizations of the azo groups, writing speeds and efficiencies depend on the rates of these isomerizations. Films of a series of azo polymers used for reversible optical storage were prepared and irradiated in order to study the thermal cis-trans isomerization rates.
Contact Sex Pheromones Identified for Two Species of Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)<i>Tetropium fuscum</i>and<i>T. cinnamopterum</i>in the Subfamily Spondylidinae (2011)

Male Tetropium fuscum (F.) and T. cinnamopterum Kirby mated with live and dead (freeze-killed) conspecific females upon antennal contact, but did not respond to dead females after cuticular waxes were removed by hexane rinsing. Significantly fewer males of each species attempted to copulate with live or dead heterospecific females than with conspecifics, indicating that mate recognition was mediated by species-specific contact sex pheromones in the female's cuticular hydrocarbons. GC/MS analysis of T. fuscum elytra identified n-alkanes and mono-methyl branched alkanes of which 11-methylheptacosane and 3- and 5-methyltricosanes were dominant in females. Full male responses, including copulatory behavior, were restored with application of enantiomerically pure synthetic (S)-11-methyl-heptacosane at 40 μg/female (one female equivalent) but not with racemic or (R)-11-methyl-heptacosane. The cuticular hydrocarbons on T. cinnamopterum elytra included 11-methyl-heptacosane as well as n-alkanes, methyl-branched alkanes, mono-alkenes, and (Z, Z)-6, 9-alkadienes. (Z)-9-pentacosene, (Z)-9-heptacosene, and 11-methyl-heptacosane were female dominant, but only (Z)-9-pentacosene elicited precopulatory behaviors in conspecific males at levels similar to those behaviors elicited by unrinsed females, but elicited copulation in fewer than half of males. At female equivalent dosages (10 μg), neither (Z)-9-heptacosene nor (S)-11-methyl- heptacosane elicited responses in males that were significantly different from those responses to a rinsed female but when applied together, the proportion of males responding was significantly increased. 11-methyl-heptacosene is thus a contact pheromone component common to both species, which may explain the heterospecific mating attempts by some males.
Sulfonimidamide Analogs of Oncolytic Sulfonylureas<sup>,1</sup> (1997)

A series of sulfonimidamide analogs of the oncolytic diarylsulfonylureas was synthesized and evaluated for (1) in vitro cytotoxicity against CEM cells, (2) in vivo antitumor activity against subaxillary implanted 6C3HED lymphosarcoma, and (3) metabolic breakdown to the o-sulfate of p-chloroaniline. The separated enantiomers of one sulfonimidamide analog displayed very different activities in the in vivo screening model. In general, several analogs demonstrated excellent growth inhibitory activity in the 6C3HED model when dosed orally or intraperitoneally. A correlative structure-activity relationship to the oncolytic sulfonylureas was not apparent.
Fluidized-bed bioreactor system for the microbial solubilization of coal (1987)

A fixed-bed bioreactor system for the conversion of coal into microbially solubilized coal products. The fixed-bed bioreactor continuously or periodically receives coal and bio-reactants and provides for the large scale production of microbially solubilized coal products in an economical and efficient manner. An oxidation pretreatment process for rendering coal uniformly and more readily susceptible to microbial solubilization may be employed with the fixed-bed bioreactor. 1 fig., 1 tab.
Metal-insulator transitions in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">BaCo</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ni</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">y</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1993)

We report on the electrical and magnetic properties of the layered ternary sulfide system ${\mathrm{BaCo}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$. Ni doped samples of ${\mathrm{BaCoS}}_{2}$ that contain sulfur vacancies exhibit a first-order pahse transition from a high temprature antiferromagnetic, semiconducting phase to a low temperature metallic phase. Increasing the sulfur vacancy concentration increases the N\'eel temperature of the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic phase and decreases the resistivity in the metallic phase. As the Ni content is increased, the system undergoes a smooth transition to a paramagnetic metal at all temperatures.
<title>Dynamic coherent focus for transversal resolution enhancement of OCT</title> (1998)

One of the major problems of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is limited transversal resolution. A small focus can certainly be generated using a small confocal beam parameter. But then transversal resolution becomes severely dependent on the position of the beam focus within the object. Hence to achieve optimal transversal resolution within the whole object, the focus of the illuminating beam has to be shifted during the coherence scan throughout the object depth. To maintain coherence the optical path length of the reference beam has to be shifted by the same amount. In our experimental setup we use an optical design which makes it possible to shift the focus of the measurement beam without changing the optical path length of the reference beam. We call this technique dynamic coherent focus because a focus is created that remains coherent to the reference beam during the whole coherence scan. Using a Ronchi ruling resolution target with 200 line pairs/mm we demonstrate that the transversal resolution is better than 5 micrometer. In the cross sectional image of a human cornea in vitro epithelium and the endothelium layers are visible with a longitudinal resolution of approximately 14 micrometer and transversal resolution of better than 5 micrometers. The cellular structure of the endothelium is resolved.
Preclinical Development of U3-1784, a Novel FGFR4 Antibody Against Cancer, and Avoidance of Its On-target Toxicity (2019)

The FGFR4/FGF19 signaling axis is overactivated in 20% of liver tumors and currently represents a promising targetable signaling mechanism in this cancer type. However, blocking FGFR4 or FGF19 has proven challenging due to its physiological role in suppressing bile acid synthesis which leads to increased toxic bile acid plasma levels upon FGFR4 inhibition. An FGFR4-targeting antibody, U3-1784, was generated in order to investigate its suitability as a cancer treatment without major side effects.U3-1784 is a high-affinity fully human antibody that was obtained by phage display technology and specifically binds to FGFR4. The antibody inhibits cell signaling by competing with various FGFs for their FGFR4 binding site thereby inhibiting receptor activation and downstream signaling via FRS2 and Erk. The inhibitory effect on tumor growth was investigated in 10 different liver cancer models <i>in vivo</i> The antibody specifically slowed tumor growth of models overexpressing FGF19 by up to 90% whereas tumor growth of models not expressing FGF19 was unaffected. In cynomolgus monkeys, intravenous injection of U3-1784 caused elevated serum bile acid and liver enzyme levels indicating potential liver damage. These effects could be completely prevented by the concomitant oral treatment with the bile acid sequestrant colestyramine, which binds and eliminates bile acids in the gut. These results offer a new biomarker-driven treatment modality in liver cancer without toxicity and they suggest a general strategy for avoiding adverse events with FGFR4 inhibitors.
Efficient Inference through Cascades of Weighted Tree Transducers (2010)

Weighted tree transducers have been proposed as useful formal models for representing syntactic natural language processing applications, but there has been little description of inference algorithms for these automata beyond formal foundations. We give a detailed description of algorithms for application of cascades of weighted tree transducers to weighted tree acceptors, connecting formal theory with actual practice. Additionally, we present novel on-the-fly variants of these algorithms, and compare their performance on a syntax machine translation cascade based on (Yamada and Knight, 2001).
Serum-Free Recombinant Production of Adenovirus Using a Hollow Fiber Capillary System (2001)

A novel method for the production of adenoviral vectors on a scale sufficient to support most research applications and early phase clinical trials is presented. This method utilizes serum-free cell culture medium and a hollow fiber cell culture apparatus. Significantly less time and space are required than in conventional methods, and the resulting adenovirus is collected in a much smaller volume, simplifying the purification steps. The protocol described is a reproducible, convenient, biologically safe, and environmentally sound method for the production of adenoviral vectors for laboratory use and has the potential to scale-up the adenovirus production for clinical use.
Novel Antifolates as Produgs for the Treatment of Melanoma (2011)

Malignant melanoma is a deadly disease in which standard treatment options have remained remarkably static over the past 30 years (Sullivan & Atkins, 2009). At present, the incidence of melanoma continues to increase despite public health initiatives that have promoted protection against the sun. Thus, during the past ten years, the incidence and annual mortality of melanoma has increased more rapidly than any other cancer and according to an American Cancer Society estimate, there will have been approximately 68,720 new cases of invasive melanoma diagnosed in 2009 in the United States, which resulted in approximately 8,650 deaths (American Cancer Society, 2009). Unfortunately, the increase in incidence has not been paralleled by the development of new therapeutic agents with a significant impact on survival. Although many patients with melanoma localized to the skin are cured by surgical excision, increased time to diagnosis is associated with higher stage of disease, and those with regional lymphatic or metastatic disease respond poorly to conventional radiation and chemotherapy with 5-year survival rates ranging from 10 to 50% (Tawbi & Buch, 2010). Currently, limited therapeutic options exist for patients with metastatic melanomas, and all standard combinations currently used in metastasis therapy have low efficacy and poor response rates. One example of the complications involved in melanoma chemotherapy is the limited effectiveness of antifolates. Although methotrexate (MTX), the most frequently used antifolate, is an efficient drug for several types of cancer, it is not active against melanoma (Kufe et al., 1980). Undoubtedly, unravelling the mechanism of the resistance of melanomas to this drug could help to improve current therapeutic approaches. Moreover, it could help to develop a novel generation of antifolate drugs that overcome resistance problems and present low toxicity for the prophylaxis and treatment of melanoma.
Kinase-Dead Knock-In Mouse Reveals an Essential Role of Kinase Activity of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II  in Dendritic Spine Enlargement, Long-Term Potentiation, and Learning (2009)

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha (CaMKIIalpha) is an essential mediator of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity that possesses multiple protein functions. So far, the autophosphorylation site-mutant mice targeted at T286 and at T305/306 have demonstrated the importance of the autonomous activity and Ca2+/calmodulin-binding capacity of CaMKIIalpha, respectively, in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampus-dependent learning. However, kinase activity of CaMKIIalpha, the most essential enzymatic function, has not been genetically dissected yet. Here, we generated a novel CaMKIIalpha knock-in mouse that completely lacks its kinase activity by introducing K42R mutation and examined the effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and behavioral learning. In homozygous CaMKIIalpha (K42R) mice, kinase activity was reduced to the same level as in CaMKIIalpha-null mice, whereas CaMKII protein expression was well preserved. Tetanic stimulation failed to induce not only LTP but also sustained dendritic spine enlargement, a structural basis for LTP, at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse, whereas activity-dependent postsynaptic translocation of CaMKIIalpha was preserved. In addition, CaMKIIalpha (K42R) mice showed a severe impairment in inhibitory avoidance learning, a form of memory that is dependent on the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that kinase activity of CaMKIIalpha is a common critical gate controlling structural, functional, and behavioral expression of synaptic memory.
Deep Gaussian Conditional Random Field Network: A Model-based Deep Network for Discriminative Denoising (2015)

We propose a novel deep network architecture for image\\ denoising based on a Gaussian Conditional Random Field (GCRF) model. In contrast to the existing discriminative denoising methods that train a separate model for each noise level, the proposed deep network explicitly models the input noise variance and hence is capable of handling a range of noise levels. Our deep network, which we refer to as deep GCRF network, consists of two sub-networks: (i) a parameter generation network that generates the pairwise potential parameters based on the noisy input image, and (ii) an inference network whose layers perform the computations involved in an iterative GCRF inference procedure.\ We train the entire deep GCRF network (both parameter generation and inference networks) discriminatively in an end-to-end fashion by maximizing the peak signal-to-noise ratio measure. Experiments on Berkeley segmentation and PASCALVOC datasets show that the proposed deep GCRF network outperforms state-of-the-art image denoising approaches for several noise levels.
Characterization of overactive bladder in women in a primary care setting (2011)

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) represents a disorder with overall increasing prevalence in the American population. However, gender-specific characteristics of OAB and how it relates to the general practitioner are not well described. We sought to determine the distribution and characteristics of OAB in women in a primary care setting. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to patients visiting a family medicine outpatient center. The modified questionnaire included eight questions on evidence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS, OAB-validated 8-question screener [OAB-V8]), two questions on stress urinary incontinence, and one question on incomplete emptying. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics and relevant medical and surgical history. Body mass index was calculated based on weight and height. Chi-square test and risk ratio analysis were used to analyze the relationship between OAB and other independent variables. Results: Of 1025 questionnaires administered, 386 were completed. Patients ranged from 16 to 97 years, the majority were African American (78.2%), and 49.7% were premenopausal while 50.3% were postmenopausal. OAB was present in 46.4% of premenopausal women and 41.7% of postmenopausal women. OAB was significantly associated with overweight status (body mass index 25.0–29.9, P = 0.042) and obesity (body mass index ≥30, P < 0.001). Overall, obese women were twice as likely to have OAB (relative risk = 1.99, 1.31–3.04) than women with normal weight. OAB was not shown to correlate with race, cigarette use, history of hysterectomy, or parity. Conclusion: OAB was evident in 44% of all female patients surveyed, which is much higher than previously reported estimates. In addition, overweight women were more likely to have OAB. Increased awareness of OAB in the primary care setting should be considered for women's general health. Keywords: overactive bladder, incontinence, women, primary care