gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Simultaneous scoring of 10 chromosomes (9,13,14,15,16,18,21,22,X, and Y) in interphase nuclei by using spectral imaging</title> (1999)

Numerical aberrations involving parts of or entire chromosomes have detrimental effects on mammalian embryonic, and perinatal development. Only few fetuses with chromosomal imbalances survive to term, and their abnormalities lead to stillbirth or cause severely altered phenotypes in the offspring (such as trisomies involving chromosomes 13, 18, 21, and anomalies of X, and Y). Because aneuploidy of any of the 24 chromosomes will have significant consequences, an optimized preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnosis (PGD) test will score all the chromosomes. Since most cells to be analyzed will be in interphase rather than metaphase, we developed a rapid procedure for the analysis of interphase cells such as lymphocytes, amniocytes, or early embryonic cells (blastomeres). Our approach was based on in situ hybridization of chromosome-specific non-isotopically labeled DNA probes and Spectral Imaging. The Spectral Imaging system uses an interferometer instead of standard emission filters in a fluorescence microscope to record high resolution spectra from fluorescently stained specimens. This bio-imaging system combines the techniques of fluorescence optical microscopy, charged coupled device imaging, Fourier spectroscopy, light microscopy, and powerful analysis software. The probe set used here allowed simultaneous detection of 10 chromosomes (9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, X, Y) in interphase nuclei. Probes were obtained commercially or prepared in-house. Following 16 - 40 h hybridization to interphase cells and removal of unbound probes, image spectra (range 450 - 850 nm, resolution 10 nm) were recorded and analyzed using an SD200 Spectral Imaging system (ASI, Carlsbad, CA). Initially some amniocytes were unscoreable due to their thickness, and fixation protocols had to be modified to achieve satisfactory results. In summary, this study shows the simultaneous detection of at least 10 different chromosomes in interphase cells using a novel approach for multi-chromosome analysis.
Microseismicity at two geothermal power plants at Landau and Insheim in the Upper Rhine Graben, Germany (2013)

The Upper Rhine Graben in south-western Germany and especially the southern part of Rhineland-Palatinate is one of the regions with the highest potential for deep geothermal power generation in Germany. One geothermal power plant is operated since 2007 in the city of Landau and a second power plant since Oct. 2012 near Insheim (∼4 km south-east of Landau). Further geothermal power plants are currently projected in this region. In 2009 two earthquakes with magnitudes (ML) of 2.4 and 2.7 occurred in direct vicinity of the geothermal reservoir below Landau (depth ∼3 km) and were felt within a radius of several kilometres (intensity up to V+). Furthermore, two felt earthquakes with magnitudes (ML) of 2.2 and 2.4 occurred during the stimulation of the reservoir near Insheim in April 2010. Therefore, a temporary seismic network was deployed and is continuously extended by the Geophysical Institute of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology with 12 stations (surface and shallow borehole) of the KArlsruhe Broad Band Array KABBA. In total more than 35 stations are operated by four operators for the microseismic monitoring of the region around Landau.
Microstructure and Kinetics of Crystallization of MgO‐Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> −Si0 <sub>2</sub> Glass‐Ceramics (1978)

Quantitative X‐ray diffraction and microscopy were used to study the morphology development and overall crystallization rate between 900° and 990°C of MgO‐Al 2 O 3 −SiO 2 glasses with added ZrO, TiO 2 , CaF 2 , or CeO 2 . Three basic stages of micro‐structural development were distinguishable: I, an induction period, II, a spherulitic crystallization stage, and III, a final crystallization stage. The duration of the induction period, the crystallization rate of the high‐quartz solid solution, and the microstructures varied markedly with prior nucleation treatment and the type of modifier present in a glass of nearly equal silica content. The roles of major (high‐quartz ss , high cordierite) and of minor crystalline and liquid phases in textural development are discussed, and it is postulated that nucleants (ZrO 2 , TiO 2 ) act also as growth‐modifying “impurities” in crystal growth.
<title>Chemical instability of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in aqueous solution</title> (1994)

Five-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is being used to induce formation and accumulation of endogenous protoporphyrin IX both in preclinical and clinical studies on photodynamic therapy and diagnosis. At the high concentrations needed for clinical application, ALA is not stable in aqueous solutions in the neutral to basic pH range. This could be of critical importance for the clinical use of ALA. The chemical instability of ALA was studied by using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Our results show that ALA undergoes a chemical reaction, which is a nonreversible condensation process yielding two different products -- a hydropyrazine and a pyrazine, the latter formed by oxidation of the hydropyrazine. Preliminary kinetic studies of this reaction showed a complex pH-, concentration and temperature-dependency of the reaction rate. On the basis of these studies we optimized conditions for the preparation of ALA solutions to be used in clinical trials, leading to the expected accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in tumor cells.
Band gap and electronic structure of MgSiN2 (2014)

Density functional theory calculations and electron energy loss spectroscopy indicate that the electronic structure of ordered orthorhombic MgSiN2 is similar to that of wurtzite AlN. A band gap of 5.7 eV was calculated for both MgSiN2 (indirect) and AlN (direct) using the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof approximation. Correction with respect to the experimental room-temperature band gap of AlN indicates that the true band gap of MgSiN2 is 6.2 eV. MgSiN2 has an additional direct gap of 6.3 eV at the Γ point.
Capital flows and developing country debt (1979)

This paper reviews the growth and changing structure of the external debt of developing countries, including their private, non-guaranteed debt, during the period 1970 through 1977. It discusses these developments in relation to other economic changes during this period, as well as the growth of external assets. Trends in debt service and the cost of debt are reviewed, along with a prospective look at patterns of debt amortization.
Deformation measurement and modeling analysis for the 25m antenna (2013)

The pointing of an antenna always exists deviation due to track deformation, gravity and thermal influence. Through long time observation, we find that sunlight also has some influence on antenna structure. In order to get the antenna pointing deviation in the effects of the sunlight of 25m antenna in Urumqi, we use the frame-typed level and thermometer to make a week's measurement about the temperature around the antenna and the antenna tilt. The measured data was analyzed and combined with the track deformation data, and the pointing error fixed model as well as the thermal load deformation model were built. The measured data was fitted by the two models, and the result shows that the model can well reflect the pointing error and thermal load error, thus can give a better understanding of the antenna deformation, and also can give some good reference to antenna pointing calibration and the antenna's reconstruction.
A new radix-6 FFT algorithm (1981)

Using complex numbers of the form a + b μ (where μ is a complex cube root of unity), a radix-6 FFT algorithm in which the component six-point DFT's do not require any multiplication is developed. This number system was used by Dubois and Venetsanopoulos to implement radix-3 FFT. The number of arithmetic operations for the new algorithm is compared with those of standard radix-6, radix-2, and radix-4 FFT algorithms.
Supercritical Water Oxidation: Treatment of Human Waste and System Configuration Tradeoff Study (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a waste treatment and water recycling technology currently being developed for NASA by MODAR, Inc. Results are presented for SCWO of urine and feces in a laboratory unit sized approximately for an 8-person crew. Essentially complete conversion of organic carbon to CO<sub>2</sub> or char, and of organic nitrogen to N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> O, were demonstrated. All major heteroatoms (S, P, Cl, Na, K, Ca, and Mg) were efficiently removed from the process stream as ash. A tradeoff study was carried out to evaluate which configurations of a SCWO subsystem would be most favorable for use in a space facility.</div>
Clinical impact of human herpesvirus 6 infection after liver transplantation (2002)

HHV-6 reactivation after transplant is common and is associated with the development of opportunistic infections and CMV disease and possibly with a subgroup of acute rejection episodes. HHV-6 infection likely has a significant impact in transplant recipients through indirect effects of viral replication.
Synthesis, Structure, and Binding Properties of Lipophilic Cavitands Based on a Calix[4]pyrrole-Resorcinarene Hybrid Scaffold (2014)

We report the synthesis, structural characterization, and binding properties of a series of unprecedented cavitands based on a meso-dodecyl-calix[4]pyrrole-resorcin[4]arene hybrid scaffold. The reported structural and conformational features of the prepared cavitands are derived from results obtained in solution, solid state, and molecular modeling studies. In the solid state, these cavitands are exclusively observed in the kite C4 structure and as a racemic mixture of two cyclochiral conformers, which are interconverting fast on the (1)H NMR time scale, according to solution studies. In agreement, molecular modeling studies assign an energy preference for the kite conformer of the cavitands. The polar interior of the synthesized containers allows for the inclusion of a series of pyridine N-oxide derivatives. This results in the formation of 1:1 complexes that are kinetically and thermodynamically highly stable. The putative switching process between the vase and kite forms of these cavitands is investigated in solution by means of variable temperature (1)H NMR experiments. N-Oxide guests that are size and shape complementary to the volume of the cavity of the vase form are also employed to facilitate its emergence. All of the results obtained indicate the existence of a remarkable preference toward the kite conformation both in free and bound calix[4]pyrrole-based cavitands.
Optimization of yeast-based production of medicinal protoberberine alkaloids (2015)

By applying metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for increased conversion of simple benzylisoquinoline alkaloids to complex protoberberine alkaloids, this work will facilitate chemoenzymatic synthesis or de novo biosynthesis of these and other high-value compounds using a microbial cell factory.
Herpes Simplex Virus Induces the Replication of Foreign DNA (1988)

Plasmids containing the simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication origin and the large T gene are replicated efficiently in Vero monkey cells but not in rabbit skin cells. Efficient replication of the plasmids was observed in rabbit skin cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2. The HSV-induced replication required the large T antigen and the SV40 replication origin. However, it produced concatemeric molecules resembling replicative intermediates of HSV DNA and was sensitive to phosphonoacetate at concentrations known to inhibit the HSV DNA polymerase. Therefore, it involved the HSV DNA polymerase itself or a viral gene product(s) which was expressed following the replication of HSV DNA. Analyses of test plasmids lacking SV40 or HSV DNA sequences showed that, under some conditions, HSV also induced low-level replication of test plasmids containing no known eucaryotic replication origins. Together, these results show that HSV induces a DNA replicative activity which amplifies foreign DNA. The relevance of these findings to the putative transforming potential of HSV is discussed.
Small bowel obstruction due to postoperative adhesions: treatment patterns and associated costs in 110 hospital admissions. (2001)

The workload and costs of the emergency admissions and treatment of adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) are unclear. This review details and costs the admission workload of ASBO. All admissions over a 2-year period for ASBO at two district general hospitals were identified through ICD10 diagnostic codes. Diagnostic investigations, treatment patterns, ward stay and outcome information for admissions were detailed from clinical records to develop mean cost estimates and assess the associated workload. Of the 298 admissions identified, 188 were not due to ASBO and were excluded from analysis. Of the 110 admissions detailed, 41 (37%) were treated surgically and 69 (63%) conservatively. Most admissions occurred through general practitioner referral (86.4%) to accident and emergency (90.0%). Mean (SD) length of stay was 16.3 days (11.0 days) for surgical treatment and 7.0 days (4.6 days) for conservative treatment. In-patient mortality was 9.8% for the surgical group and 7.2% for the conservative group. Costs were based on the mean values from both centres for surgical and conservative admissions and detailed according to the cost of referral and follow-up (100.98 Pounds surgical versus 102.61 Pounds conservative), hospital ward and ICU stay (3,327.48 Pounds versus 1,267.92 Pounds), theatre time (832.32 Pounds surgical only), investigations (282.73 Pounds versus 207.33 Pounds) and drug costs (133.90 Pounds versus 28.29 Pounds). Total treatment cost per admission for ASBO was 4,677.41 Pounds for surgically treated admissions and 1,606.15 Pounds for conservatively treated admissions. The impact of admissions for ASBO is considerable in terms of both costs and workload. Bed stay for these admissions represents the equivalent of almost one surgical bed per year and at least 2 days theatre time, impacting on surgical capacity and waiting lists. Adhesion prevention strategies may reduce the workload associated with ASBO. The review provides useful information for planning resource allocation.
Study of the nematocidal properties of the culture filtrate of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. (1989)

International audience
Nerve injury associated with laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy (1995)

The surgeon should be aware of the anatomic considerations accompanying laparoscopic herniorrhaphy. In regard to nerve injury, laparoscopic herniorrhaphy may pose certain disadvantages over traditional hernia repairs. It may diminish the ability to appreciate the course of nerves in the inguinal region and their relationship to the spermatic cord, and injury to nerves may be difficult to recognize and treat.
Finger-Actuated Microfluidic Concentration Gradient Generator Compatible with a Microplate (2019)

The generation of concentration gradients is an essential part of a wide range of laboratory settings. However, the task usually requires tedious and repetitive steps and it is difficult to generate concentration gradients at once. Here, we present a microfluidic device that easily generates a concentration gradient by means of push-button actuated pumping units. The device is designed to generate six concentrations with a linear gradient between two different sample solutions. The microfluidic concentration gradient generator we report here does not require external pumps because changes in the pressure of the fluidic channel induced by finger actuation generate a constant volume of fluid, and the design of the generator is compatible with the commonly used 96-well microplate. Generation of a concentration gradient by the finger-actuated microfluidic device was consistent with that of the manual pipetting method. In addition, the amount of fluid dispensed from each outlet was constant when the button was pressed, and the volume of fluid increased linearly with respect to the number of pushing times. Coefficient of variation (CV) was between 0.796% and 13.539%, and the error was between 0.111% and 19.147%. The design of the microfluidic network, as well as the amount of fluid dispensed from each outlet at a single finger actuation, can be adjusted to the user's demand. To prove the applicability of the concentration gradient generator, an enzyme assay was performed using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and <i>para</i>-nitrophenyl phosphate (<i>p</i>NPP). We generated a linear concentration gradient of the <i>p</i>NPP substrate, and the enzyme kinetics of ALP was studied by examining the initial reaction rate between ALP and <i>p</i>NPP. Then, a Hanes⁻Woolf plot of the various concentration of ALP was drawn and the <i>V</i><sub>max</sub> and <i>K</i><sub>m</sub> value were calculated.
A greedy approach for floopanning mass modules (2012)

Because of its efficiency in evaluating area cost and perturbation, slicing structure had been widely used to represent a floorplan in a VLSI decades ago. Due to the possibility of relatively higher dead space, slicing structure is almost replaced by non-slicing structure to represent a floorplan or placement now. However, with the fast growing of chip complexity, the amount of modules/transistors in a chip lengthens the computation time for flooplanning dramatically. Besides, since the dimension of bounding box should be fixed, the constraint of dead space in a floorplan is not as tight as we thought before. In other words, it is possible that slicing structure is a good representation for floorpan with mass modules. For a slicing structure, we propose a greedy approach with a relaxed Polish expression and implement our approach based on simulated annealing algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed approach works efficiently and the result is competent.
An Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Code Smells and Merge Conflicts (2017)

Background: Merge conflicts are a common occurrence in software development. Researchers have shown the negative impact of conflicts on the resulting code quality and the development workflow. Thus far, no one has investigated the effect of bad design (code smells) on merge conflicts. Aims: We posit that entities that exhibit certain types of code smells are more likely to be involved in a merge conflict. We also postulate that code elements that are both "smelly" and involved in a merge conflict are associated with other undesirable effects (more likely to be buggy). Method: We mined 143 repositories from GitHub and recreated 6,979 merge conflicts to obtain metrics about code changes and conflicts. We categorized conflicts into semantic or non-semantic, based on whether changes affected the Abstract Syntax Tree. For each conflicting change, we calculate the number of code smells and the number of future bug-fixes associated with the affected lines of code. Results: We found that entities that are smelly are three times more likely to be involved in merge conflicts. Method-level code smells (Blob Operation and Internal Duplication) are highly correlated with semantic conflicts. We also found that code that is smelly and experiences merge conflicts is more likely to be buggy. Conclusion: Bad code design not only impacts maintainability, it also impacts the day to day operations of a project, such as merging contributions, and negatively impacts the quality of the resulting code. Our findings indicate that research is needed to identify better ways to support merge conflict resolution to minimize its effect on code quality.
Transport of antimony salts by <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> protoplasts over‐expressing the human multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) (2006)

ABC transporters from the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) subfamily are glutathione S-conjugate pumps exhibiting a broad substrate specificity illustrated by numerous xenobiotics, such as anticancer drugs, herbicides, pesticides and heavy metals. The engineering of MRP transporters into plants might be interesting either to reduce the quantity of xenobiotics taken up by the plant in the context of "safe-food" strategies or, conversely, in the development of phytoremediation strategies in which xenobiotics are sequestered in the vacuolar compartment. In this report, we obtained Arabidopsis transgenic plants overexpressing human MRP1. In these plants, expression of MRP1 did not increase plant resistance to antimony salts (Sb(III)), a classical glutathione-conjugate substrate of MRP1. However, the transporter was fully translated in roots and shoots, and targeted to the plasma membrane. In order to investigate the functionality of MRP1 in Arabidopsis, mesophyll cell protoplasts (MCPs) were isolated from transgenic plants and transport activities were measured by using calcein or Sb(III) as substrates. Expression of MRP1 at the plasma membrane was correlated with an increase in the MCPs resistance to Sb(III) and a limitation of the metalloid content in the protoplasts due to an improvement in Sb(III) efflux. Moreover, Sb(III) transport was sensitive to classical inhibitors of the human MRP1, such as MK571 or glibenclamide. These results demonstrate that a human ABC transporter can be functionally introduced in Arabidopsis, which might be useful, with the help of stronger promoters, to reduce the accumulation of xenobiotics in plants, such as heavy metals from multi-contaminated soils.
C# 3.0 in a nutshell, 3rd edition (2007)

This is a concise yet thorough reference to C# 3.0 programming as implemented in Microsoft's Visual Studio 2008. C# 3.0 in a Nutshell gets right to the point, covering the essentials of language syntax and usage as well as the parts of the .NET base class libraries you need to build working applications. But unlike earlier editions, this book is now organized entirely around concepts and use cases, providing greater depth and readability. C# 3.0 introduces the most significant enhancements yet to the programming language, and C# 3.0 in a Nutshell delves deep into the subject while assuming minimal prior knowledge of C#-making it accessible to anyone with a reasonable background in programming. In addition to the language, the book covers the .NET CLR and the core Framework assemblies, along with the unified querying syntax called Language Integrated Query (LINQ), which bridges the traditional divide between programs and their data sources. Free of clutter and long introductions, this book provides a map of C# 3.0 knowledge in a succinct and unified style: Opening chapters concentrate purely on C#, starting with the basics of syntax, types and variables, and finishing with advanced topics such as unsafe code and preprocessor directives Later chapters cover the core .NET 3.5 Framework, including such topics as LINQ, XML, collections, I/O and networking, memory management, reflection, attributes, security, threading, application domains and native interoperability Designed as a handbook for daily use, C# 3.0 in a Nutshell is an ideal companion to any of the vast array of books that focus on an applied technology such as WPF, ASP.NET, or WCF. The areas of the language and .NET Framework that such books omit, this one covers in detail.