gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 10T SRAM Cell with Enhanced Read Sensing Margin and Weak NMOS Keeper for Large Signal Sensing to Improve VDDMIN (2019)

One read-write 8T SRAM cell with decoupled read port suffer data-dependent read bit line leakage, limiting VDDMIN of SRAMs in deep submicron technologies. This paper proposes a 10T SRAM cell in a typical sub-10nm FinFET technology with data-independent RBL leakage and enhanced RBL sensing margin: both voltage and time window to improve VDDMIN. 10T SRAM cell data-independent RBL leakage is improved by 15% compared to conventional 8T SRAM cell. At VDD=0.3V, our proposed 10T SRAM cell show significant RBL sensing voltage improvement of 155mV (~8.2x) compared to 19mV in conventional 8T SRAM. We also proposed a weak NMOS keeper to improve VDDMIN and Read `0' delay for large signal RBL sensing vs. conventional weak PMOS keeper. Our proposed weak NMOS keeper with NFIN=2 and NFIN=3 improves VDDMIN by 50mV and 90mV respectively against conventional PMOS keeper. Read `0' delay also improved for our proposed weak NMOS keeper with NFIN=2 and NFIN=3 against conventional weak PMOS keeper (0.15× at VDD=0.5V).
An integrated portable apparatus for the simultaneous field measurement of photosynthetic CO<sub>2</sub> and water vapour exchange, light absorption and chlorophyll fluorescence emission of attached leaves (1989)

Abstract. A portable apparatus has been constructed to measure simultaneously the quantum yield of CO 2 assimilation, light absorption, chlorophyll fluorescence emission and water vapour exchange of attached intact leaves in the field. The core of the instrument is a light‐integrating spherical leaf chamber which includes ports for a light source, photosynthetically active radiation sensor, fluorescence probes and gas inlet and outlet manifolds. Measurement of the quantum flux inside the empty chamber and with a leaf present allows determination of leaf absorptance. An open gas exchange system is employed using an infra‐red analyser to measure leaf CO 2 exchange. Using a DC white light source the quantum yield of CO 2 assimilation based on absorbed light (φ abs ) may be determined rapidly in either ambient air or artificial gas mixtures. Inclusion of capacitance humidity probes into the gas inlet and outlet ports allows simultaneous determination of water vapour exchange and subsequent estimation of stomatal conductance to CO 2 and intercellular CO 2 concentration. Measurement of fluorescence emission by the sample leaf exposed to white light is achieved by a modulated fluorescence detection system. In addition to determination of the minimal, maximal and variable fluorescence levels, a further analysis allows the photochemical and non‐photochemical components of fluorescence quenching, to be estimated. The theory and design of this apparatus is described in detail. The use of the apparatus in the field is demonstrated through a study of the photosynthetic performance of a maize and bean crop during the growing season and by analysis of the photosynthetic performance of crops subjected to nitrogen‐stress and a herbicide treatment.
A study on Offset Time Based Burst Generation Scheme for Optical Burst Switching Networks (2007)

Even though the optical burst switching scheme is simple and cuts through data bursts without opto-electro-optic (O/E/O) conversion in core nodes, burst loss due to contention and the fairness problem in the mesh network have become intrinsically serious problems. To solve these problems, we proposed a new burst generation and fairness guaranteeing scheme in edge/core node combined mesh networks in previous researches. We showed that fairness was guaranteed among the same priority by grouping bursts according to offset times and using separate wavelength groups for each priority burst. In this paper, we propose a new scheme to improve the performance of the optical burst switching system by assigning higher priority to long traveled bursts over bursts just generated by previous nodes. We use a mathematical method to compare the proposed and conventional schemes. Our analysis results show that the proposed scheme has less blocking probability than the conventional scheme.
Manufacturing Methodology for Carbon Nanotube Electronics (2020)

While carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) are a promising emerging nanotechnology for next-generation energy-efficient electronic systems, major challenges inherent to CNTs have prohibited their benefits from being realized. Here, we summarize recent work for overcoming these challenges, forming a universal manufacturing methodology for CNTs. Leveraging these advances, we show the first complementary CNFET digital systems fabricated in a silicon-CMOS and VLSI-compatible fashion, culminating in a 16-bit microprocessor based on the RISC-V instruction set built entirely out of CNFETs.
FT-BSP: Focused Topological Belief Space Planning (2021)

At its core, decision making under uncertainty can be regarded as sorting candidate actions according to a certain objective. While finding the optimal solution directly is computationally expensive, other approaches that produce the same ordering of candidate actions, will result in the same selection. With this motivation in mind, we present a computationally efficient approach for the focused belief space planning (BSP) problem, where reducing the uncertainty of only a predefined subset of variables is of interest. Our approach uses topological signatures, defined over the topology induced from factor graph representations of posterior beliefs, to rank candidate actions. In particular, we present two such signatures in the context of information theoretic focused decision making problems. We derive error bounds, with respect to the optimal solution, and prove that one of these signatures converges to the true optimal solution. We also derive a second set of bounds, which is more conservative, but is only a function of topological aspects and can be used online. We introduce the Von Neumann graph entropy for the focused case, which is based on weighted node degrees, and show that it supports incremental update. We then analyze our approach under two different settings, measurement selection and active focused 2D pose SLAM.
Thermal process for orientation of polyaniline films (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal process for orientation of polyaniline filmsK. R. Cromack, M. E. Jozefowicz, J. M. Ginder, A. J. Epstein, R. P. McCall, G. Du, J. M. Leng, K. Kim, C. Li, and Cite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 14, 4157–4161Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00014a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00014a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views357Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Polymeric Carrier of Proline Analogue With Antifibrotic Effect in Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling (1997)

The proline analogue cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cHyp) inhibits collagen accumulation but diffuses out of tissues. To prolong the antifibrotic effect, we used a copolymer of cHyp attached to a backbone of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and lysine. The copolymer was encapsulated in liposomes conjugated with PEG or in liposomes coated with the polysaccharide amylopectin to improve uptake by lungs after intravenous infusion. Amylopectin-liposomes had approximately 3-fold greater uptake in cultured endothelial cells compared with PEG-liposomes and greater lung retention 1 wk after infusion (5.2 +/- 0.8% versus 2.7 +/- 0.2%, p < 0.05). Sustained antifibrotic activity, assayed by growth inhibition of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts over 4 d, was greater for amylopectin-liposomes/copolymer than PEG-liposomes/copolymer. Inhibition of collagen accumulation in pulmonary arteries of hypoxic (10% O2) rats was used to assess antifibrotic activity. Amylopectin-liposomes/copolymer attenuated increased right ventricular pressure by approximately 50% and completely prevented excess vascular collagen 1 wk after a single intravenous injection. The copolymer in liposomes was > 1,000-fold more effective by weight than unencapsulated monomeric cHyp. Thus, the copolymer, a potent, long-acting antifibrotic agent, totally prevented collagen accumulation for 1 wk in pulmonary arteries undergoing vascular remodeling when delivered in amylopectin-liposomes.
Homogenization expansion for resonances of microstructured photonic waveguides (2003)

We develop a homogenization expansion approach to photonic waveguides whose transverse structures are N-fold rotationally symmetric. Examples include microstructured or holey optical fibers with air holes arranged in one or more concentric rings. We carry out a homogenization expansion for large N about the N=∞ limit. Our multiple scale analysis applies to the scalar approximation of structures in which the microfeatures have arbitrary geometry and large index contrasts and lead to a natural efficient computational algorithm for the waveguide modes and spectral characteristics. In this paper we focus on structures that possess leaky modes. The leading order (N=∞) equations describe the modes of an averaged structure. We derive an expansion in powers of 1/N of corrections to the leading order behavior and show that the leading order nontrivial contribution arises at order 1/N2. We numerically calculate this leading order correction to the complex effective indices (scattering resonances) for the leaky modes of various microstructured photonic waveguides whose imaginary parts give the leakage rates. We observe that in many instances a two-term truncation of the homogenization expansion gives good agreement with full simulations, even for fairly small values of N, whereas the leading order (averaged) theory yields a substantial underestimate of the leakage rates.
<i>Chlamydia</i>-Specific CD4 T Cell Clones Control <i>Chlamydia muridarum</i> Replication in Epithelial Cells by Nitric Oxide-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms (2010)

Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K are sexually transmitted intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate in epithelial cells lining the human reproductive tract. It is clear from knockout mice and T cell depletion studies using Chlamydia muridarum that MHC class II and CD4 T cells are critical for clearing bacteria from the murine genital tract. It is not clear how CD4 T cells interact with infected epithelial cells to mediate bacterial clearance in vivo. Previous work using an epithelial tumor cell line showed that a Chlamydia-specific CD4 T cell clone was able to inhibit C. muridarum replication in vitro via induction of epithelial NO production. We have previously shown that Chlamydia-specific CD4 T cell clones can recognize and be activated by infected reproductive tract epithelial cells and block Chlamydia replication in them. We extend those observations by investigating the mechanism used by a panel of CD4 T cell clones to control Chlamydia replication in epithelial cells. We found that Chlamydia-specific CD4 T cell clones were cytolytic, but that cytolysis was not likely critical for controlling C. muridarum replication. For one, CD4 T cell clone-induced epithelial NO production was critical for controlling replication; however, the most potent CD4 T cell clones were dependent on T cell degranulation for replication control with only a minor additional contribution from NO production. We discuss our data as they relate to existing knockout mouse studies addressing mechanisms of T cell-mediated control of Chlamydia replication and their implications for intracellular epithelial pathogens in mouse models.
A photoelectrochemical solar cell: an undergraduate experiment (1983)

Students design a solar cell during a laboratory experiment for their environmental chemistry course in which they learn solid state semiconductor and electrochemical principles by preparing a CdSe photoelectrochemical cell.
Prediction of Autism by Translation and Immune/Inflammation Coexpressed Genes in Toddlers From Pediatric Community Practices (2015)

This proof-of-principle study demonstrated that genomic biomarkers with very good sensitivity and specificity for boys with ASD in general pediatric settings can be identified. It also showed that a blood-based clinical test for at-risk male infants and toddlers could be refined and routinely implemented in pediatric diagnostic settings.
Systematic Comparison of Retinal Organoid Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Reveals Stage Specific, Cell Line, and Methodological Differences (2019)

A major goal in the stem cell field is to generate tissues that can be utilized as a universal tool for in vitro models of development and disease, drug development, or as a resource for patients suffering from disease or injury. Great efforts are being made to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells in vitro toward retinal tissue, which is akin to native human retina in its cytoarchitecture and function, yet the numerous existing retinal induction protocols remain variable in their efficiency and do not routinely produce morphologically or functionally mature photoreceptors. Herein, we determine the impact that the method of embryoid body (EB) formation and maintenance as well as cell line background has on retinal organoid differentiation from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Our data indicate that cell line-specific differences dominate the variables that underline the differentiation efficiency in the early stages of differentiation. In contrast, the EB generation method and maintenance conditions determine the later differentiation and maturation of retinal organoids. Of the latter, the mechanical method of EB generation under static conditions, accompanied by media supplementation with Y27632 for the first 48 hours of differentiation, results in the most consistent formation of laminated retinal neuroepithelium containing mature and electrophysiologically responsive photoreceptors. Collectively, our data provide substantive evidence for stage-specific differences in the ability to give rise to laminated retinae, which is determined by cell line-specific differences in the early stages of differentiation and EB generation/organoid maintenance methods at later stages.
A simple technique to characterize proximal and peripheral nitric oxide exchange using constant flow exhalations and an axial diffusion model (2006)

The most common technique employed to describe pulmonary gas exchange of nitric oxide (NO) combines multiple constant flow exhalations with a two-compartment model (2CM) that neglects 1) the trumpet shape (increasing surface area per unit volume) of the airway tree and 2) gas phase axial diffusion of NO. However, recent evidence suggests that these features of the lungs are important determinants of NO exchange. The goal of this study is to present an algorithm that characterizes NO exchange using multiple constant flow exhalations and a model that considers the trumpet shape of the airway tree and axial diffusion (model TMAD). Solution of the diffusion equation for the TMAD for exhalation flows >100 ml/s can be reduced to the same linear relationship between the NO elimination rate and the flow; however, the interpretation of the slope and the intercept depend on the model. We tested the TMAD in healthy subjects (n = 8) using commonly used and easily performed exhalation flows (100, 150, 200, and 250 ml/s). Compared with the 2CM, estimates (mean +/- SD) from the TMAD for the maximum airway flux are statistically higher (J'aw(NO) = 770 +/- 470 compared with 440 +/- 270 pl/s), whereas estimates for the steady-state alveolar concentration are statistically lower (CA(NO) = 0.66 +/- 0.98 compared with 1.2 +/- 0.80 parts/billion). Furthermore, CA(NO) from the TMAD is not different from zero. We conclude that proximal (airways) NO production is larger than previously predicted with the 2CM and that peripheral (respiratory bronchioles and alveoli) NO is near zero in healthy subjects.
A cell-based infection assay identifies efflux pump modulators that reduce bacterial intracellular load (2018)

Bacterial efflux pumps transport small molecules from the cytoplasm or periplasm outside the cell. Efflux pump activity is typically increased in multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens; chemicals that inhibit efflux pumps may have potential for antibiotic development. Using an in-cell screen, we identified three efflux pump modulators (EPMs) from a drug diversity library. The screening platform uses macrophages infected with the human Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella enterica (Salmonella) to identify small molecules that prevent bacterial replication or survival within the host environment. A secondary screen for hit compounds that increase the accumulation of an efflux pump substrate, Hoechst 33342, identified three small molecules with activity comparable to the known efflux pump inhibitor PAβN (Phe-Arg β-naphthylamide). The three putative EPMs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Salmonella within primary and cell culture macrophages and within a human epithelial cell line. Unlike traditional antibiotics, the three compounds did not inhibit bacterial growth in standard microbiological media. The three compounds prevented energy-dependent efflux pump activity in Salmonella and bound the AcrB subunit of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system with KDs in the micromolar range. Moreover, the EPMs display antibacterial synergy with antimicrobial peptides, a class of host innate immune defense molecules present in body fluids and cells. The EPMs also had synergistic activity with antibiotics exported by AcrAB-TolC in broth and in macrophages and inhibited efflux pump activity in MDR Gram-negative ESKAPE clinical isolates. Thus, an in-cell screening approach identified EPMs that synergize with innate immunity to kill bacteria and have potential for development as adjuvants to antibiotics.
Nanoscale optical tomography using volume-scanning near-field microscopy (2009)

The relationship between sample structure and data in volume-scanning backscattering mode near-field optical microscopy is investigated. It is shown that the three-dimensional structure of a dielectric sample is encoded in the phase and amplitude of the scattered field and that an approximate reconstruction of the sample structure may be obtained.
Direct readout flux locked loop circuit with automatic tuning of bias current and bias flux for high-<i>T<sub>c</sub></i>SQUID (1999)

Measurement of high-frequency magnetic signals has been required from some SQUID applications. We fabricated a high-Tc SQUID magnetic sensor system that can treat high-frequency signals. This system is composed of a SQUID, a preamplifier circuit, a flux locked loop (FLL) circuit with I/O and a personal computer and a PC card. We used the FLL circuit with no modulation to treat the high-frequency signal and to simplify the circuit. This system can treat a signal from dc to 1 MHz. All the sequence from tuning the SQUID to data acquisition can be done by a personal computer. This system successfully realized easy operation of SQUID measurement.
Cervical Precancer Detection Using a Multivariate Statistical Algorithm Based on Laser‐Induced Fluorescence Spectra at Multiple Excitation Wavelengths (1996)

A portable fluorimeter was developed and utilized to acquire fluorescence spectra from 381 cervical sites in 95 patients at 337, 380 and 460 nm excitation immediately prior to colposcopy. A multivariate statistical algorithm was used to extract clinically useful information from tissue spectra acquired in vivo. Two full-parameter algorithms were developed using tissue fluorescence emission spectra at all three excitation wavelengths (161 excitation-emission wavelength pairs) for cervical precancer (squamous intraepithelial lesion [SIL]) detection: a screening algorithm that discriminates between SIL and non-SIL with a sensitivity of 82 +/- 1.4% and specificity of 68 +/- 0.0%, and a diagnostic algorithm that differentiates high-grade SIL from non-high-grade SIL with a sensitivity and specificity of 79 +/- 2% and 78 +/- 6%, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis was also employed to reduce the number of fluorescence excitation-emission wavelength pairs needed to redevelop algorithms that demonstrate a minimum decrease in classification accuracy. Two reduced-parameter algorithms that employ fluorescence intensities at only 15 excitation-emission wavelength pairs were developed: the screening algorithm differentiates SIL from non-SIL with a sensitivity of 84 +/- 1.5% and specificity of 65 +/- 2% and the diagnostic algorithm discriminates high-grade SIL from non-high-grade SIL with a sensitivity and specificity of 78 +/- 0.7% and 74 +/- 2%, respectively. Both the full-parameter and reduced-parameter screening algorithms discriminate between SIL and non-SIL with a similar specificity (+/-5%) and a substantially improved sensitivity relative to Pap smear screening. A comparison of the full-parameter and reduced-parameter diagnostic algorithms to colposcopy in expert hands indicates that all three have a very similar sensitivity and specificity for differentiating high-grade SIL from non-high-grade SIL.
Soliton Microcomb-Based Millimeter-Wave Synthesizer (2019)

We propose a millimeter-wave synthesizer design based on soliton microcombs. Stable and tunable 100–300 GHz millimeter-wave signals are expected to be generated with a high-speed photodiode.
Organic Nanodiamonds (2017)

Nano-crystalline diamond is a new carbon phase with numerous intriguing physical and chemical properties and applications. Small doped nanodiamonds for example do find increased use as novel quantum markers in biomedical applications. However, growing doped nanodiamonds below sizes of 5 nm with controlled composition has been elusive so far. Here we grow nanodiamonds under conditions where diamond-like organic seed molecules do not decompose. This is a key first step toward engineered growth of fluorescent nanodiamonds wherein a custom designed seed molecule can be incorporated at the center of a nanodiamond. By substituting atoms at particular locations in the seed molecule it will be possible to achieve complex multi-atom diamond color centers or even to engineer complete nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum registers. Other benefits include the potential to grow ultrasmall nanodiamonds, wherein each diamond no matter how small can have at least one bright and photostable fluorescent emitter.