gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Centrifugal contactor with liquid mixing and flow control vanes (2022)

The invention is directed to an improvement in centrifugal contactors of a type used for solvent extraction systems in nuclear reactor fuel reprocessing. The centrifugal contactor is vertically oriented and is provided with an annular vertically oriented mixing chamber between the rotor housing and the rotor wherein the mixing of the process liquids such as the aqueous and organic phases of the solvent extraction process used for nuclear fuel reprocessing takes place. A set of helically disposed vanes carried by the housing is positioned in the lower region of the mixing chamber at a location below the inlets of the process liquids for the purpose of urging the liquids in an upward direction. The upper region of the mixing vessel above the inlets for the process liquids is also provided with a helically disposed vane set carried by the housing which urges the liquid in a downward direction when the liquid flow rates through the inlets are relatively high and liquid contacts the vane set in the upper region. The use of these opposing vane sets in the mixing zone within a desirable level while providing a greater degree of mixing of the process liquids which generates more liquid surface area for contact and improves the mass transfer between the process liquids. The van set in the lower region also significantly reduces or eliminates the formation of vortices which induces cavitation and air entrainment in the process liquids which detract from the efficiency of the centrifugal contactor. 2 figs.
Characterization of ABC transporters in human skin (2014)

The present findings are the first to demonstrate the involvement of MRP1 in drug uptake in human skin.
WT1 Peptide Vaccine as a Paradigm for &#x201C;Cancer Antigen-Derived Peptide&#x201D;-Based Immunotherapy for Malignancies: Successful Induction of Anti-Cancer Effect by Vaccination with a Single Kind of WT1 Peptide (2009)

Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) possesses oncogenic functions and is expressed in various kinds of malignancies, which suggests that the gene's product, the WT1 protein, should be one of the most promising cancer antigens. In fact, the WT1 protein was shown to be highly immunogenic in cancer patients. WT1 peptides that could induce WT1-specific CTLs (WT1 CTL peptides) were identified, and vaccination of cancer patients with these WT1 CTL peptides induced immunological responses, which were assessed by ex vivo immuno-monitoring, such as the tetramer assay, and in vivo immuno-monitoring, such as the peptide-specific delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. The induced immunological responses then led to clinical responses such as solid tumor shrinkage, a decrease in leukemia cells, and reduction of M-protein (multiple myeloma). Long-term stabilization of disease with good quality of life, which might be characteristic of cancer vaccine therapy, was also reported. It is noteworthy that injection with a "single" kind of WT1 peptide elicited an immunological response strong enough to induce a clinical response, indicating that the WT1 peptide vaccine has therapeutic potential. The number of reports of the successful treatment of cancer patients (not only adult but also childhood malignancies) with WT1 vaccination is increasing. Strategies for further improvement in the efficacy of therapy, including combined use of chemotherapy drugs, molecular-target-based drugs, or WT1 helper peptides, are being proposed. WT1 peptide vaccination in an "adjuvant setting" should be considered a promising treatment to protect against progression or relapse of malignancies in cases with minimal residual disease.
Measuring Tumor Microenvironment pH During Radiotherapy Using a Novel Cerenkov Emission Multispectral Optical Probe Based on Silicon Photomultipliers (2021)

Cerenkov Emission (CE) multispectral analysis with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based optical probes is a promising tool for online tumor microenvironment interrogation and targeting during radiotherapy delivery. With the extreme sensitivity of SiPMs, deep tissue multispectral CE measurements can be realized in a clinical setting. In this work, we utilize our Cerenkov Emission Multi-spectral Imaging (CMSI) prototype probe to interrogate the spectral components of the CE signal generated during external beam radiotherapy. Our results demonstrated that CMSI enables effective probing of in vitro quantitative changes in the pH of cell media to monitor cancer cell proliferation after various treatment pathways and differentiate between varying treatment resistance cell lines. In addition, the feasibility of using the CMSI probe in vivo was also successfully demonstrated by measuring tumor pH during a pilot mouse study.
Characterization of coplanar poled electro optic polymer films for Si-photonic devices with multiphoton microscopy (2013)

The authors demonstrated the feasibility of second-harmonic microscopic imaging for the the characterization of poled polymer film for application in silicon electro-optic polymer hybrid devices. The results are so far qualitative and can be used to optimize the poling conditions as long as the sample geometry is preserved.
Cold-Adapted β-Galactosidase from the Antarctic Psychrophile <i>Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis</i> (2001)

The beta-galactosidase from the Antarctic gram-negative bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAE 79 was purified to homogeneity. The nucleotide sequence and the NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme indicate that the beta-galactosidase subunit is composed of 1,038 amino acids with a calculated M(r) of 118,068. This beta-galactosidase shares structural properties with Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (comparable subunit mass, 51% amino sequence identity, conservation of amino acid residues involved in catalysis, similar optimal pH value, and requirement for divalent metal ions) but is characterized by a higher catalytic efficiency on synthetic and natural substrates and by a shift of apparent optimum activity toward low temperatures and lower thermal stability. The enzyme also differs by a higher pI (7.8) and by specific thermodynamic activation parameters. P. haloplanktis beta-galactosidase was expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant enzyme displays properties identical to those of the wild-type enzyme. Heat-induced unfolding monitored by intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy showed lower melting point values for both P. haloplanktis wild-type and recombinant beta-galactosidase compared to the mesophilic enzyme. Assays of lactose hydrolysis in milk demonstrate that P. haloplanktis beta-galactosidase can outperform the current commercial beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis, suggesting that the cold-adapted beta-galactosidase could be used to hydrolyze lactose in dairy products processed in refrigerated plants.
1310-nm asymmetric single mode grating-outcoupled surface-emitting semiconductor laser with a broadband and a narrowband DBR reflector (2003)

A 1310 nm single-frequency grating-outcoupled surface-emitting (GSE) semiconductor laser with output slope efficiency exceeding 0.05 mW/mA into a multimode fiber, threshold current below 20mA and > 30dB side-mode suppression ratio is reported. The GSE laser consists of a 500μm long active ridge that excites one end of a surface emitting second-order (outcoupler) grating with a broadband reflector terminating the laser cavity at the end of the outcoupler. At the opposite end of the outcoupler is a 200μm long first order distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). The emitting output aperture is approximately 10μm in length. Higher output power is possible for outcoupler lengths greater than 10 um. The GSE laser has an open eye pattern for a nonreturn-to-zero signal at 2.5 Gb/s into a single mode fiber. The far-field beam divergence measured at full-width half-maximum (FWHM) is 5 x 8 degrees.
Low Power and Low Complexity Compressor for Video Capsule Endoscopy (2011)

The main challenge in video capsule endoscopic system is to reduce the area and power consumption while maintaining acceptable video reconstruction. In this paper, a subsample-based data compressor for video endoscopy application is presented. The algorithm is developed around the special features of endoscopic images that consists of a differential pulse-coded modulation (DPCM) followed by Golomb-Rice coding. Based on the nature of endoscopic images, several subsampling schemes on the chrominance components are applied. This video compressor is designed in a way to work with any commercial low-power image sensors that outputs image pixels in a raster scan fashion, eliminating the need of memory buffer and temporary storage (as needed in transform coding schemes). An image corner clipping algorithm is also introduced. The reconstructed images have been verified by five medical doctors for acceptability. The proposed low-complexity design is implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology and consumes 592 standard cells, 0.16 × 0.16 mm silicon area, and 42 μW of power. Compared to other algorithms targeted to video capsule endoscopy, the proposed raster-scan-based scheme performs strongly with a compression ratio of 80% and a very high reconstruction peak signal-to-noise ratio (over 48 dB).
A General Method for Preparation of Metal Carbenes via Solution- and Polymer-Based Approaches (2005)

A new general, synthetically simple, and safe method for the preparation of metal carbene complexes, which is based on diphenyl sulfonium salts as carbenoid precursors, has been developed, and its scope and applications were studied. In general, deprotonation of a sulfonium salt with a base results in a sulfur ylide, which, in turn, reacts with an appropriate metal precursor to give the corresponding metal carbene complex. Thus, starting from benzyldiphenylsulfonium salt, the complexes (PCX)Rh=CHPh (X = P, N) were prepared in quantitative yield. Syntheses of Grubbs' catalyst, (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CHPh, and of Werner's carbene, [Os(=CHPh)HCl(CO)(P(i)Pr(3))(2)], were achieved by this method. Novel trans-bisphosphine Rh and Ir carbenes, ((i)Pr(3)P)(2)(Cl)M=CHPh, which could not be prepared by other known methods, were synthesized by the sulfur ylide approach. The method is not limited to metal benzylidenes, as demonstrated by the preparation of the Ru vinyl-alkylidene, (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CH-CH=CH(2), methoxycarbonyl-alkylidene, (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CH(CO(2)Me), and alkylidene (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CH(CH(3)), (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CH(2) compounds. The problem of recycling of starting materials as well as the issue of facile purification of the product metal carbene complex were addressed by the synthesis of a polymer-supported diarylsulfide, the carrier of the carbenoid unit in the process. Based on the sulfur ylide route, a methodology for the synthesis of metallocarbenes anchored to a polymer via the carbene ligand, using a commercial Merrifield resin, was developed.
Detection of gaseous amines with a fluorescent film based on a perylene bisimide-functionalized copolymer (2018)

A fluorescent copolymer containing PBI units and hydroxyl-ethyl structures was developed for the fast and sensitive detection of gaseous amines
Synthesis of the anti-influenza agent (−)-oseltamivir free base and (−)-methyl 3-epi-shikimate (2012)

A new enantioselective synthesis of the anti-influenza agent (-)-oseltamivir free base (7.1% overall yield; 98% ee) and (-)-methyl 3-epi-shikimate (16% overall yield; 98% ee) has been described from readily available raw materials. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and diastereoselective Barbier allylation of an aldehyde are the key reactions employed in the incorporation of chirality, while the cyclohexene carboxylic ester core was constructed through a ring closing metathesis reaction.
Removal of free cyanide in waste water through complexation with Fe(II) iron followed by alkaline chlorination. Tetsu (II) ion ni yoru sakka hanno wo maeshori to suru haisuichu no yuri sian no shori (1991)

The removal treatment of free cyanide in waste water was tested by complexation with Fe(2) ion followed by alkaline chlorination and precipitation of residual iron cyano complex to study saving of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for alkaline chlorination. The complexation with Fe(2) ion was studied in batch treatment under the coexistence with zinc ion assuming plating waste water, while the relation between the complexation and effective chlorine consumption in alkaline chlorination was studied in continuous treatment. As a result, the effective chlorine consumption was greatly decreased by pretreatment, and a cyanic acid ion (CNO{sup {minus}}) concentration was also lower than that in conventional methods. In the case of free cyanide with lower initial concentration, the total cyanide concentration in final treated water offered sufficiently low values only by adding zinc salt, while in higher initial concentration, it reached 1 ppm or less through precipitation by adding a reductant together with zinc salt. 9 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Bioactive Proteinaceous Hydrogels from Designed Bifunctional Building Blocks (2007)

Stimulus-responsive, or "smart" protein-based hydrogels are of interest for many bioengineering applications, but have yet to include biological activity independent of structural functionality. We have genetically engineered bifunctional building blocks incorporating fluorescent proteins that self-assemble into robust and active hydrogels. Gelation occurs when protein building blocks are cross-linked through native protein-protein interactions and the aggregation of alpha-helical hydrogel-forming appendages. Building blocks constructed from different fluorescent proteins can be mixed to enable tuning of fluorescence loading and hydrogel strength with a high degree of independence. FRET experiments suggest a macro-homogeneous structure and that intragel and interprotein reactions can be engineered. This design approach will enable the facile construction of complex hydrogels with broad applicability.
Cognitive processing for nonlinear radar (2013)

An increasingly cluttered electromagnetic environment (EME) is a growing problem for radar systems. This problem is becoming critical as the available frequency spectrum shrinks due to growing wireless communication device usage and changing regulations. A possible solution to these problems is cognitive radar, where the cognitive radar learns from the environment and intelligently modifies the transmit waveform. In this paper, a cognitive nonlinear radar processing framework is introduced where the main components of this framework consist of spectrum sensing processing, target detection and classification, and decision making. The emphasis of this paper is to introduce a spectrum sensing processing technique that identifies a transmit-receive frequency pair for nonlinear radar. It will be shown that the proposed technique successfully identifies a transmit-receive frequency pair for nonlinear radar from data collected from the EME.
E-Diophantine: An Admission Control Algorithm for WiMAX Networks (2010)

Admission control algorithms must ensure that, when a new QoS resource reservation is accepted, reservations already present in the system continue having their QoS guarantees honored. In this paper we consider different approaches to compute the aggregated allocated capacity in WiMAX networks and, based on their limitations, propose the E-Diophantine solution. The mathematical foundations for the designed approach are provided along with the performance improvements to be expected, both in accuracy and computational terms, as compared to three alternatives of increasing complexity. Finally, the different solutions considered are evaluated with OPNET's WiMAX simulator in a realistic scenario.
Fluxonic Processing of Photonic Synapse Events (2019)

Much of the information processing performed by a neuron occurs in the dendritic tree. For neural systems using light for communication, it is advantageous to convert signals to the electronic domain at synaptic terminals so dendritic computation can be performed with electrical circuits. Here we present circuits based on Josephson junctions and mutual inductors that act as dendrites, processing signals from synapses receiving single-photon communication events with superconducting detectors. We show simulations of circuits performing basic temporal filtering, logical operations, and nonlinear transfer functions. We further show how the synaptic signal from a single-photon can fan out locally in the electronic domain to enable the dendrites of the receiving neuron to process a photonic synapse event or pulse train in multiple different ways simultaneously. Such a technique makes efficient use of photons, energy, space, and information.
Unconstrained free-viewpoint video coding (2005)

In this paper, we present a coding framework addressing image-space compression for free-viewpoint video. Our framework is based on time-varying 3D point samples which represent real-world objects. The 3D point samples are obtained after a geometrical reconstruction from multiple pre-recorded video sequences and thus allow for arbitrary viewpoints during playback. The encoding of the data is performed as an off-line process and is not time-critical. The decoding however, must support for real-time rendering of the dynamic 3D data. We introduce a compression framework which encodes multiple point attributes like depth and color into progressive streams. The reference data structure is aligned on the original camera input images and thus enables for easy view-dependent decoding. A novel differential coding approach permits random access in constant time throughout the entire data set and thus enables arbitrary viewpoint trajectories in both time and space.
Physics and applications of low-dimensional organic thin-film transistors (2002)

We describe the electrical characteristics of thin film transistors with active layers made with /spl alpha/-hexathienylene. The on-conductance in these transistors is two-dimensional. The mobility of field induced carriers and the shape of the current-voltage characteristics depend on the channel length. With interdigitated source-drain regions we have achieved on/off ratios of more than 10/sup 5/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comprehensive Metabolite Identification Strategy Using Multiple Two-Dimensional NMR Spectra of a Complex Mixture Implemented in the COLMARm Web Server (2016)

Identification of metabolites in complex mixtures represents a key step in metabolomics. A new strategy is introduced, which is implemented in a new public web server, COLMARm, that permits the coanalysis of up to three two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra, namely, 13C–1H HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy), 1H–1H TOCSY (total correlation spectroscopy), and 13C–1H HSQC-TOCSY, for the comprehensive, accurate, and efficient performance of this task. The highly versatile and interactive nature of COLMARm permits its application to a wide range of metabolomics samples independent of the magnetic field. Database query is performed using the HSQC spectrum, and the top metabolite hits are then validated against the TOCSY-type experiment(s) by superimposing the expected cross-peaks on the mixture spectrum. In this way the user can directly accept or reject candidate metabolites by taking advantage of the complementary spectral information offered by these experiments and their different sensitivities. The power of COLMARm is demonstrated for a human serum sample uncovering the existence of 14 metabolites that hitherto were not identified by NMR.
Island multicast: the combination of IP multicast with application-level multicast (2004)

The Internet nowadays consists of multicast-capable domains or "islands" interconnected by multicast-incapable routers. In order to achieve efficient global multicast, we propose and study island multicast (IM) where overlay connections are used between islands while IP multicast is used within an island. IM may use any existing application-level multicast protocol to build island overlay. We describe how to elect a representative (or leader) in each island for such a purpose. We also present the mechanisms for electing the bridging nodes for overlay connections. Using Internet-like topologies, we show that IM achieves much higher bandwidth efficiency as compared to using application-level multicast alone, at the cost of a small increase in end-to-end delay.
Alternatives to pyridinediimine ligands: syntheses and structures of metal complexes supported by donor-modified α-diimine ligands (2007)

This report describes the synthesis and characterization of metal halide complexes (M = Mn, Fe, Co) supported by a new family of pendant donor-modified alpha-diimine ligands. The donor (N, O, P, S) substituent is linked to the alpha-diimine by a short hydrocarbon spacer forming a tridentate, mer-coordinating ligand structure. The tridentate ligands are assembled from monoimine precursors, the latter being synthesized by selective reaction with one carbonyl group of the alpha-dione. While attempts to separately isolate tridentate ligands in pure form were unsuccessful, metal complexes supported by the tridentate ligand are readily synthesized in-situ, by forming the ligand in the presence of the metal halide, resulting in a metal complex which subsequently crystallizes out of the reaction mixture. Metal complexes with NNN, NNO, NNP and NNS donor sets have been prepared and examples supported by NNN, NNP and NNS ligands have been structurally characterized. In the solid state, NNN and NNP ligands coordinate in a mer fashion and the metal complexes possess distorted square pyramidal structures and high spin (S = 2) electronic configurations. Compounds with NNS coordination environments display a variety of solid state structures, ranging from those with unbound sulfur atoms, including chloride bridged and solvent ligated species, to those with sulfur weakly bound to the metal center. The extent of sulfur ligation depends on the donor ability of the crystallization solvent and the substitution pattern of the arylthioether substituent.
Genetic Identification of a Hantavirus Associated with an Outbreak of Acute Respiratory Illness (1993)

A mysterious respiratory illness with high mortality was recently reported in the southwestern United States. Serologic studies implicated the hantaviruses, rodent-borne RNA viruses usually associated elsewhere in the world with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. A genetic detection assay amplified hantavirus-specific DNA fragments from RNA extracted from the tissues of patients and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) caught at or near patient residences. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the associated virus to be a new hantavirus and provided a direct genetic link between infection in patients and rodents.
An information-flow type-system for mixed protocol secure computation (2013)

There are a number of domain-specific programming languages for secure computation. Out of those, the ones that are based on generic programming languages support mixing different protocol primitives and enable implementing a wider, possibly more efficient range of protocols. On the one hand, this may result in better protocol performance. On the other hand, this may lead to insecure protocols. In this paper we present a security type system that enables mixing protocol primitives in a generic programming language, but also ensures that well-typed programs are secure in the semi-honest model. Consequently, a compiled protocol must be secure. We show an extension of the L1 language with our security type system and evaluate the implementation of two protocols from the literature. This shows that our type system supports the provably secure implementation even of complex protocols.