gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments. Volume 2 (2002)

Over the centuries, battles have often been won by innovation: cavalry prevailed over infantry, elephants frightened horses, and mechanized vehicles dispersed chariots. Today, aircraft and rockets seem to make victory possible from a safer distance, but we are learning that even overwhelming airpower is not enough. Sooner or later, a war must be fought on the ground. Ground forces often face harsh environmental conditions hot or cold, wet or dry and often the terrain is rugged. The high mountain environment is cold and the air deficient in oxygen. Space travel and underwater operations also pose new and difficult problems. Alexander the Great lost hundreds of men to mountain hazards. Napoleon s attack on Moscow was broken by winter. Mountain combat during both World War I and World War II caused many avoidable casualties from cold and altitude. In the 1962 Sino Indian conflict, these mountain conditions cost the unacclimatized Indian troops more loss than fighting did. And the winter retreat of the US forces during the Korean War was nearly identical except for altitude to that which the British Army had experienced in Afghanistan a century earlier. As this second of three volumes devoted to Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments goes to press, US and Allied forces are preparing to mark the first anniversary of their deployment to the windswept terrain of the Afghan plateau. The reality of American troop operations at 5,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level brings an unexpected timeliness to this volume. For the first time in history, the US military has had to wage sustained combat at high altitude. Troops have had to confront, and overcome, the hobbling effects of altitude sickness while encumbered with 80 lb of gear and negotiating their way across steep snow-covered slopes. One firefight in March 2002 between US Army Rangers and Afghan Taliban took place at 10,200 ft.
Multimedia sensor fusion for intelligent camera control (2002)

A multisensor-based control system for an active pan/tilt/zoom camera is presented. Acoustic and visual information from multimedia sensors is used to locate the person currently speaking and track people moving about in a room. Pixel-level fusion of skin color with an image produced from interaural sound delay provides a simple means of detecting the face of the current speaker. For wider-scale surveillance tasks, moving targets are detected using color image differencing. Target data is fed to a behavior-based fuzzy control system which uses expert rules to aim the camera. Applications include video-conferencing, security, surveillance, and advances in human-computer interaction. The system has been implemented in on a multimedia PC equipped with a wide angle camera, a Canon VC-CI pan/tilt/zoom camera, and two microphones.
High Separation Capacity and Selectivity of C<sub>2</sub> Hydrocarbons over Methane within a Microporous Metal–Organic Framework at Room Temperature (2012)

A separation story! A microporous metal-organic framework (UTSA-34) of non-interpenetrated binodal (4,6)-connected ybh network with interconnected cages of about 12.8 Å has been realised to exhibit highly selective separation of C(2) hydrocarbons from methane with a separation capacity of 3.0 mol kg(-1) and selectivity of 35 at room temperature (see figure).
Application of Graded-Index for Astigmatism Reduction in Progressive Addition Lens (2009)

In this research, we propose to apply graded-index (GRIN) to astigmatism correction in a progressive addition lens (PAL). We adopted the diffusion copolymerization method for the GRIN-PAL fabrication. The GRIN material was prepared by partial diffusion of methyl methacrylate monomer into a cross-linked benzyl methacrylate polymer gel. A polymer-based GRIN-PAL was successfully fabricated by molding the GRIN material using a commercially available PAL. As a result, astigmatism reduction was demonstrated by the introduction of GRIN. It was indicated that the GRIN material is applicable for the further modification of conventional PALs.
Wideband Dynamic Biasing of Power Amplifiers for Wireless Handheld Applications (2006)

The objective of the proposed research is to extend the battery life in cellular handsets by improving the transmitter efficiency. Bandwidth efficient modulation formats, such as W-CDMA, encode much of the information in amplitude modulation. Therefore, linear transmitters must be used so as not to increase transmission errors, and cause interference in adjacent bands. Various engineering trade-offs were examined to find a suitable transmitter architecture for W-CDMA. Dynamic biasing of the transmitter power amplifier (PA) provides a simple way to improve efficiency for applications that require highly linear amplification. The envelope elimination and restoration (EER) PA or EER-based polar-modulated PA is an attractive solution since it has potential to achieve very high efficiency with high linearity. However, the major impediment to EER implementation has been the lack of power-efficient dynamic power supply circuits that can operate with sufficient modulation bandwidth, and simultaneously achieve the required modulation linearity. This work proposes several solutions to this problem. \nFirst, a dynamic supply circuit using delta modulation was designed and implemented. An open-loop EER PA with 48% peak efficiency was constructed and tested with a cellular band IS-95 CDMA signal with a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. The low switching loss by using a delta modulator made the implementation of a wideband dynamic biasing circuit possible.\nSecond, a dynamic supply circuit using dual-phase PWM was designed and implemented to achieve wider bandwidth, lower noise, and higher efficiency. An open-loop EER PA was implemented with the dynamic supply IC. A digital gain compensation scheme was developed to further increase bandwidth and linearity. This enables a dynamic supply circuit with lower switching frequency to have larger usable bandwidth with little increased power consumption. A cellular band W-CDMA voice signal was used to evaluate the performance of the overall PA. The PA achieved 50% efficiency while passing all required spectral specifications of W-CDMA standard. To increase the inherent low dynamic range of an EER PA, a dual-mode power amplifier combining an EER PA and power-level tracking PA was proposed.\n\tThis work will contribute to the development of high efficiency, small-sized multi-mode linear PAs for battery-operated wireless handheld devices.
Chronic Over-Expression of Heat Shock Protein 27 Attenuates Atherogenesis and Enhances Plaque Remodeling: A Combined Histological and Mechanical Assessment of Aortic Lesions (2013)

Chronic over-expression of HSP27 is atheroprotective in both sexes and coincides with reductions in lesion cholesterol accumulation as well as favorable plaque remodeling. These data provide new clues as to how HSP27 may improve not only the composition of atherosclerotic lesions but potentially their stability and resilience to plaque rupture.
A Chiral Lewis Acid Strategy for Enantioselective Allylic CH Oxidation (2008)

Skip the chiral ligand: A chiral Lewis acid strategy for effecting asymmetric induction in oxidative systems not amenable to strongly binding chiral ligands is disclosed and its mechanism investigated. The highest levels of enantioselectivity for allylic CH oxidation of terminal olefins is reported (see scheme; BQ=1,4-benzoquinone, LA*=chiral Lewis acid) Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Effects of plant spacing and interplanting with oilseed rape on colonisation of dwarf hops by the damson‐hop aphid, <i>Phorodon humuli</i> (2001)

Abstract The pattern of colonisation of dwarf hops ( Humulus lupulus ) by damson‐hop aphid ( Phorodon humuli (Schrank)) migrating from Prunus spp. was investigated at six plant spacings and where some of the hops were replaced by oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.), a non‐host of the aphid. The number of migrant aphids that accumulated on hop stems (bines) increased with increasing bine size and density. The numbers of aphids that colonised hops interplanted with oilseed rape reflected the density of the hop plants only and not the overall plant density. As the physical size of the wind shadow within which flying aphids can manoeuvre and land was unimportant unless provided by a host plant, the finding supports the theory that flying aphids respond to olfactory stimuli associated with their hosts. Variation in bine height (as a measure of plant size) explained 29–93% of the variance in aphid counts during the 3 years' study and bine density 1–14%. Standardising the data as the numbers of aphids per metre of bine and taking a square‐root transformation of these standardised counts improved the precision of the analyses and, by stabilising variances, facilitated comparisons between years as growth became more vigorous as the plants matured. Each year, the rate of increase in numbers of aphids settling on plots of hops declined curvilinearly with increasing bine density. Maximum colonisation by P. humuli occurred at a bine density of five per metre row, a density similar to that used commercially by growers of dwarf hops.
Superconducting joints using Bi-added PbSn solders (2017)

Superconducting joints between NbTi and Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 superconducting wires were successfully fabricated using Bi-added PbSn solders with an in situ sheath-dissolution technique without a removal process for the sheath materials. A backscattered electron image and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the cross-sectional plane of the joints revealed that the joints using Bi-added PbSn solder had a homogeneous morphology with tiny non-superconducting islands. The superconducting joints exhibited high critical currents above 200 A in self-field and 50 A under an applied magnetic field of 5 kOe.
Drink and speak: on the automatic classification of alcohol intoxication by acoustic, prosodic and text-based features (2011)

This paper focuses on the automatic detection of a person's blood level alcohol based on automatic speech processing approaches.We compare 5 different feature types with different ways of modeling.Experiments are based on the ALC corpus of IS2011 Speaker State Challenge.The classification task is restricted to the detection of a blood alcohol level above 0.5 ‰.Three feature sets are based on spectral observations: MFCCs, PLPs, TRAPS.These are modeled by GMMs.Classification is either done by a Gaussian classifier or by SVMs.In the later case classification is based on GMM-based supervectors, i.e. concatenation of GMM mean vectors.A prosodic system extracts a 292-dimensional feature vector based on a voicedunvoiced decision.A transcription-based system makes use of text transcriptions related to phoneme durations and textual structure.We compare the stand-alone performances of these systems and combine them on score level by logistic regression.The best stand-alone performance is the transcriptionbased system which outperforms the baseline by 4.8 % on the development set.A Combination on score level gave a huge boost when the spectral-based systems were added (73.6 %).This is a relative improvement of 12.7 % to the baseline.On the test-set we achieved an UA of 68.6 % which is a significant improvement of 4.1 % to the baseline system.
FLEXURAL BRAKE MECHANISM FOR INCHWORM ACTUATOR (2001)

High force linear actuators today are manufactured on the basis of hydraulic technology. However, there is a strong and increasing demand to switch to a pure solid-state technology, as this would eliminate the flammable and toxic fluids presently used in hydraulic systems. Solid-state devices are more compatible with space applications and can improve the efficiency of the overall system. Presently, most actuators based on solid-state piezoelectric or electrostrictive materials provide either high force with low displacement or low force with high displacement. This paper describes a flexural mechanism that amplifies the displacement of an electrostrictive stack actuator to achieve an intermediate range of both force and displacement.
Convolutional neural codes for image retrieval (2014)

Large scale image search has recently attracted considerable attention due to the explosive increase of online images. It has been shown that convolutional neural network(ConvNet) provides a high-level feature of the visual content of the image. It has recently advanced the state-of-the-art in image classification dramatically AlexNet and has consequently attracted a lot of interest within the computer vision community. Although the classification task is quite different from the retrieval task we consider, there is an obvious hope to improve the performance of deep feature by adapting them to the task, and such adaptation is the subject of the image retrieval task. Inspired by the robust ConvNet, we focus on providing a quantitative evaluation of the image retrieval performance of the features that learned from the convolutional neural network trained for image classification. First, a simple multi-stage convolutional neural network had been constructed for parameter adjustment. When different architectures are compared, an optimal architecture for feature extraction can be used to provide activation value to be mapped to binary codes as ConvNet codes for retrieval task. Then we evaluate the performance of the compressed ConvNet codes and show that a simple PCA compression provides short codes (e.g. 16bits ConvNet codes) that give best accuracy on MNIST benchmark dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is superior to some state-of-the-art methods.
Expression of a cascading genetic network within liposomes (2004)

Liposomes have long been used as possible compartments for artificial cells, and it has been shown that liposomes can sustain various types of biochemical reactions. To elevate the degree of molecular complexity of the system in liposomes, we have constructed a two-stage genetic network encapsulated in liposomes. This two-stage genetic network was constructed with the plasmid pTH, in which the protein product of the first stage (T7 RNA polymerase) is required to drive the protein synthesis of the second stage (GFP). We show that the two-stage genetic network constructed in a cell-free expression system is functional within liposomes.
Transgenic Mice Expressing Human ApoB95 and ApoB97 (1997)

The structural features of apolipoprotein (apo) B that are important for its covalent linkage to apo(a) to form lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) are incompletely understood. Although apoB100 cysteine 4326 is required for the disulfide linkage with apo(a), other structural features, aside from a single free cysteine residue, must be important for apoB's initial interaction with apo(a) and for facilitating the formation of the disulfide bond. To determine if sequences carboxyl-terminal to cysteine 4326 affect the efficiency of Lp(a) formation, we used "pop-in, pop-out" gene targeting in a human apoB yeast artificial chromosome to introduce nonsense mutations into exon 29 of the apoB gene. The mutant yeast artificial chromosomes, which coded for the truncated versions of human apoB, apoB95, and apoB97, were then used to express these mutant forms of apoB in transgenic mice. As judged by in vitro assays of Lp(a) formation, apoB95 (4330 amino acids) formed a small amount of Lp(a) but did so slowly. In contrast, apoB97 (4397 amino acids) formed Lp(a) rapidly, although not quite as rapidly as the full-length apoB100 (4536 amino acids). These results were supported by an analysis of double-transgenic mice expressing both human apo(a) and either apoB95 or apoB97. In mice expressing both apoB95 and apo(a), there was only a trace amount of Lp(a) in the plasma, and most of the apo(a) was free, whereas in mice expressing both apoB97 and apo(a), virtually all of the apo(a) was bound to apoB97 in the form of Lp(a). These results show that sequences carboxyl-terminal to apoB95 (amino acids 4331-4536) are not absolutely required for Lp(a) formation, but this segment of the apoB molecule, particularly residues 4331-4397, is necessary for the efficient assembly of Lp(a).
Direct Experimental Probe of the Ni(II)/Ni(III)/Ni(IV) Redox Evolution in LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Electrodes (2015)

The LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel is an appealing cathode material for next generation rechargeable Li-ion batteries due to its high operating voltage of ∼4.7 V (vs Li/Li+). Although it is widely believed that the full range of electrochemical cycling involves the redox of Ni(II)/(IV), it has not been experimentally clarified whether Ni(III) exists as the intermediate state or a double-electron transfer takes place. Here, combined with theoretical calculations, we show unambiguous spectroscopic evidence of the Ni(III) state when the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode is half charged. This provides a direct verification of single-electron-transfer reactions in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 upon cycling, namely, from Ni(II) to Ni(III), then to Ni(IV). Additionally, by virtue of its surface sensitivity, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy also reveals the electrochemically inactive Ni2+ and Mn2+ phases on the electrode surface. Our work provides the long-awaited clarification of the single-electron transfer mechanism in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes. Furthermore, the experimental results serve as a benchmark for further spectroscopic characterizations of Ni-based battery electrodes.
Detection of <scp>N</scp>‐glycolyated gangliosides in non‐small‐cell lung cancer using <scp>GMR</scp>8 monoclonal antibody (2012)

Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids found on the cell surface. They act as recognition molecules or signal modulators and regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc)-containing gangliosides have been detected in some neoplasms in humans, although they are usually absent in normal human tissues. Our aim was to evaluate the presence of NeuGc-containing gangliosides including GM3 (NeuGc) and assess their relationship with the prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NeuGc-containing ganglioside expression in NSCLC tissues was analyzed immunohistochemically using the mouse monoclonal antibody GMR8, which is specific for gangliosides with NeuGc alpha 2,3Gal-terminal structures. On the basis of NeuGc-containing ganglioside expression, we performed survival analysis. We also investigated the differences in the effects of GM3 (N-acetylneuraminic acid [NeuAc]) and GM3 (NeuGc) on inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase in A431 cells. As a result, the presence of NeuGc-containing gangliosides was evident in 86 of 93 (93.5%) NSCLC samples. The NSCLC patients with high NeuGc-containing ganglioside expression had a low overall survival rate and a significantly low progression-free survival rate. In the in vitro study, the inhibitory effect of GM3 on EGFR tyrosine kinase in A431 cells after exposure to GM3 (NeuGc) was lower than that after exposure to GM3 (NeuAc). In conclusion, NeuGc-containing gangliosides including GM3 (NeuGc) are widely expressed in NSCLC, and NeuGc-containing ganglioside expression is associated with patient survival. The difference in the effects of GM3 (NeuGc) and GM3 (NeuAc) on the inhibition of EGFR tyrosine kinase might contribute to improvement in the prognosis of NSCLC patients.
Reduction of the infectivity of hepatitis C virus pseudoparticles by incorporation of misfolded glycoproteins induced by glucosidase inhibitors (2007)

Folding and assembly into complexes of some viral glycoproteins are exquisitely sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) alpha-glucosidase inhibition, which prevents the trimming of glucose from N-linked glycans. Derivatives of deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) iminosugars, which are potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, were shown to have antiviral activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus, a pestivirus related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this study was to determine whether these inhibitors would affect HCV infectivity and to provide novel insights on their mechanism of action. The overall antiviral activity of glucosidase inhibitors was shown by using the two most relevant models currently available: the cell-culture model enabling complete replication of the HCV JFH1 strain in Huh7.5 cells, and infectious HCV pseudotyped particles (HCVpp) produced in HEK-293T cells that display functional E1-E2 glycoprotein complexes. By using the latter model, it is shown that the inhibition of alpha-glucosidases by iminosugars results in the misfolding and misassembly of HCV glycoprotein pre-budding complexes. This inhibition of the assembly of E1-E2 in the ER of transfected HEK-293T cells leads to a reduction in the incorporation of E1-E2 complexes into HCVpp. More importantly, it is demonstrated that the infectivity of HCVpp that are released under treatment is reduced and that this reduction in infectivity is due to the incorporation of misfolded envelope glycoproteins in secreted particles. These properties suggest the potential usefulness of DNJ derivatives in combating HCV infection.
The growth, development and yield of onion (<i>Allium cepa</i>L.) in response to temperature and CO<sub>2</sub> (1997)

SummaryStands of two cultivars (cv. Hysam and Sito) of onion (Allium cepa L.) were grown in the field within polyethylene-covered tunnels along which a temperature gradient was imposed. Pairs of tunnels were maintained at either 374 or 532 µmol mol−1 CO2. The rates of progress from transplanting to bulbing, and from bulbing to harvest maturity, were positive linear functions of mean temperature for each cultivar. At a given temperature, the time of bulbing was earlier, but the duration of bulb growth longer, at elevated compared with normal CO2. Canopy architecture was not affected by CO2, temperature or cultivar; an estimate of 0.25 for the canopy light extinction coefficient was common to all treatment combinations. Radiation use efficiency was greater at elevated compared with normal CO2 in the period up to bulbing, but was the same at both CO2 concentrations during subsequent bulb growth. Total crop dry weight at bulbing was increased by 32–44% due to elevated CO2. Bulb yields at harvest maturity declined with progressively warmer temperatures and to a greater extent in cv. Sito than cv. Hysam. Enrichment with CO2 increased bulb yields by 29–37% and by 35–51% in cvs Hysam and Sito, respectively. From comparison of the temperature rise needed to offset entirely the yield increases of each cultivar due to elevated CO2, it is concluded that current estimates of climate change should be beneficial for bulb onion production, particularly for long-season cultivars.
Human-Inspired Robots (2006)

Future robots will work in hospitals, elderly care centers, schools, and homes. Similarity with humans can facilitate interaction with a variety of users who don't have robotics expertise, so it make sense to take inspiration from humans when developing robots. However, humanlike appearance can also be deceiving, convincing users that robots can understand and do much more than they actually can. Developing a humanlike appearance must go hand in hand with increasing robots' cognitive, social, and perceptive capabilities. This installment of Trends & Controversies explores different aspects of human-inspired robots.