gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vector Hourglass Network for Human Pose Estimation based on Deep Learning (2019)

Human pose estimation (HPE) is the basis of human action recognition and analysis. It is better to locate the key points of the human body more accurately to achieve the desired results in certain applications. The paper will discuss and explore it. The overall pipeline refers to the method AlphaPose. Among them, the single person pose estimation network uses the proposed improved hourglass network - the proposed method calls it Vector Hourglass network. The main process of Vector Hourglass network is as follows. First, the heatmap values of each graph obtained from the first-level and the second-level hourglass network are saved respectively. For the heatmap values obtained from the first-level network, the geometric center of gravity of each obtained joint point's heatmap is taken as the joint coordinates for calculating the PAF weight, and then calculate the PAF values. By weighting the heatmap value getted by the first-level network to the thermal value obtained by the second-level network, the new thermal value of the second-level hourglass network is obtained. In the test phase, since the method of this project can only detect the pose of a single person, LSP (Leeds Sports Pose Dataset) single person sports dataset is selected as the test set from the existing open dataset. To verify the validity of the method, the project calculates the mean square error (MSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) values of the heatmap that weighted PAF weights before and after. The results show that the positioning accuracy of key joint points is improved by 1.43 pixels in the image of 64×80 pixel size. The method applies the idea of intermediate supervision and part affinity fields (PAF) between the two levels of hourglass network to improve the positioning accuracy of the joints and makes the obtained human posture contour more obvious.
Tips and Tricks (2007)

No book on Flash animation can ever detail every technique possible, and this certainly was not our goal as we set out to write this book. There are so many things you can do with Flash—and so many ways to do them—that it would be almost impossible to catalog them in a single book. In the previous chapters, we have outlined a character animation pipeline that has worked well for us and given you (we hope) some insight into methods and techniques that will help you in your own animation. In this chapter, we offer up those tips and tricks that did not fit neatly within the confines of the previous chapters but that you may find interesting and beneficial.
Interference of salt matrices in the determination of copper by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInterference of salt matrices in the determination of copper by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomizationD. J. Churella and T. R. CopelandCite this: Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 2, 309–314Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50024a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50024a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views123Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cross-Linking Polymerizations in Two-Dimensional Assemblies (1996)

Polymerization of monomeric lipids in an assembly proceeds in a linear or cross-linking manner depending on the number of polymerizable groups per monomeric lipid. Lipids that contain a single reactive moiety in either of the hydrophobic tails or associated with the hydrophillic head group yield linear polymers. Polymerization of lipids with reactive groups in each hydrophobic tail generally yield cross-linked polymeric networks. This report describes three approaches to the characterization of the gel point for polymerizations constrained by the two-dimensional nature of lipid bilayers. The gel point for two-dimensional lipid assemblies was determined by correlation of the onset of significant changes in the physical properties of the polymerized bilayers with the bilayer composition. The properties examined in this study were the lateral diffusion of a small molecule probe of the bilayer, the stability of polymerized bilayer vesicles in the presence of surfactants, and the solubility of lipid polymers isolated from the bilayers after removal of water. Each of the three methods used indicated that a substantial mole fraction (0.25−0.35) of the bis-substituted lipid was necessary to cause cross-linking of the bilayer. The general agreement between the methods provides confidence that these results accurately indicate the relative inefficiency of the cross-linking process in bilayers composed of lipids having a reactive group at the hydrophobic terminus of the lipid tail(s). The possible explanations for the inefficient nature of the lipid bilayer cross-linking are discussed with regard to the preferred conformation of monomeric lipids in the bilayer, the motions of the lipid tails, and competing side reactions. These studies provide a new insight into the behavior of polymerizations in organized assemblies, which will aid in the design of new materials based on bilayers or other types of assemblies, e.g. inverted hexagonal or bicontinuous cubic phases.
Life table (survival) analysis to generate cumulative pregnancy rates in assisted reproduction: are we overestimating our success rates? (2005)

The variability in the numbers of treatment cycles couples may undertake with assisted reproductive technology (ART) and the length of time they may have to wait between successive cycles of treatment make the evaluation of treatment efficacy and prognosis complicated. The cumulative pregnancy rate using the life table method of analysis is being used more frequently to estimate the effectiveness of treatment. Although this approach is valid in some areas of infertility research, its use in ART is not appropriate, because the factors necessary for the analysis (particularly the scale for measuring the passage of time and lack of informative censoring) are not satisfied. Consequently, an overestimation of the effect of treatment is produced that may lead to biased decision making. Although there is no easy solution to this problem, several options for summarizing the outcome data are offered: pregnancy rate per cycle, time-limited analysis using proportions, conservative cycle-based cumulative pregnancy rate and real-time-based cumulative pregnancy rate. In this manner, more realistic information can be generated to counsel patients, evaluate the efficacy of treatments, compare rates among centres and guide the formulation of policies for infertility management and resource allocation.
Evaluation of a solid matrix for collection and ambient storage of RNA from whole blood (2014)

RNA obtained from RSM shows little degradation and comparable RT-qPCR performance to PAXgene RNA for the 23 genes analyzed. Further development of this technology may provide a convenient method for collecting, shipping, and storing RNA for gene expression assays.
Environmental chamber for <i>in situ</i> dynamic control of temperature and relative humidity during x-ray scattering (2012)

We have designed, constructed, and evaluated an environmental chamber that has in situ dynamic control of temperature (25 to 90 °C) and relative humidity (0% to 95%). The compact specimen chamber is designed for x-ray scattering in transmission with an escape angle of 2θ = ±30°. The specimen chamber is compatible with a completely evacuated system such as the Rigaku PSAXS system, in which the specimen chamber is placed inside a larger evacuated chamber (flight path). It is also compatible with x-ray systems consisting of evacuated flight tubes separated by small air gaps for sample placement. When attached to a linear motor (vertical displacement), the environmental chamber can access multiple sample positions. The temperature and relative humidity inside the specimen chamber are controlled by passing a mixture of dry and saturated gas through the chamber and by heating the chamber walls. Alternatively, the chamber can be used to control the gaseous environment without humidity. To illustrate the value of this apparatus, we have probed morphology transformations in Nafion(®) membranes and a polymerized ionic liquid as a function of relative humidity in nitrogen.
Processing of the herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein gG-2 results in secretion of a 34,000-Mr cleavage product (1987)

Herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein gG-2 undergoes a cleavage event during its synthesis and processing. The focus of this report is on the detection and fate of the small-molecular-weight component of gG-2, designated the 34K component. In cultures containing the inhibitor monensin, a 31K component accumulated within infected cells. In contrast, the intracellular accumulation of this 31K precursor was not detected in cultures grown in the absence of the inhibitor. However, the 34K component of gG-2 was found in the extracellular culture fluid. The data suggest that the 31K high-mannose cleavage product of gG-2 is further glycosylated and rapidly secreted from herpes simplex virus type 2-infected cells; however, if glycosylation is perturbed, the 31K high-mannose form remains cell associated.
Synergistic Catalysis in the Sonogashira Coupling Reaction: Quantitative Kinetic Investigation of Transmetalation (2012)

Rate-limiting: The transmetalation step of the Sonogashira coupling reaction has been established as the rate-limiting step. This cross-coupling has been demonstrated to be a Pd-catalyzed and Cu-catalyzed synergistic process, which exhibits a first-order kinetic dependence on both the [Pd] and [Cu] catalysts (see scheme).
Signatures of Demographic History and Natural Selection in the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Loci (2006)

Many lines of evidence show that several HLA loci have experienced balancing selection. However, distinguishing among demographic and selective explanations for patterns of variation observed with HLA genes remains a challenge. In this study we address this issue using data from a diverse set of human populations at six classical HLA loci and, employing a comparative genomics approach, contrast results for HLA loci to those for non-HLA markers. Using a variety of analytic methods, we confirm and extend evidence for selection acting on several HLA loci. We find that allele frequency distributions for four of the six HLA loci deviate from neutral expectations and show that this is unlikely to be explained solely by demographic factors. Other features of HLA variation are explained in part by demographic history, including decreased heterozygosity and increased LD for populations at greater distances from Africa and a similar apportionment of genetic variation for HLA loci compared to putatively neutral non-HLA loci. On the basis of contrasts among different HLA loci and between HLA and non-HLA loci, we conclude that HLA loci bear detectable signatures of both natural selection and demographic history.
MLL Leukemia and Future Treatment Strategies (2015)

Chromosomal rearrangements of the MLL gene are associated with high-risk infant, pediatric, adult, and therapy-induced acute leukemias. So far, about 80 different direct MLL fusions and about 120 reciprocal MLL fusions have been characterized at the molecular level. The common theme in these leukemia-associated genetic rearrangements is the genetic disruption of the MLL gene. This leads to MLL-X fusion proteins that still bind to nuclear factors (e.g., MEN1, LEDGF), which in turn allow them to target promoters and cause ectopic gene transcription. In addition, the most frequent MLL fusions (MLL-AF4, MLL-AF9, MLL-AF10, and MLL-ENL) are all recruiting the wild-type AF4 multiprotein complex that contains the target proteins P-TEFb, BRD4, and DOT1L. Vice versa, reciprocal X-MLL fusions exhibit a PHD domain (H3K4me3 reader domain), sequester the histone acetyltransferases CREBBP and MOF1 and bear a histone methyltransferase domain at their very C-terminus (SET domain). Except for AF4-MLL, the functional consequences deriving from reciprocal fusion proteins are not very well understood. However, based on our knowledge about the above-mentioned MLL fusions, it is reasonable to inhibit their oncogenic activity in a targeted fashion. Recent efforts in developing such inhibitors and their mode of action will be critically discussed.
Non-visual information display using tactons (2004)

This paper describes a novel form of display using tactile output. Tactons, or tactile icons, are structured tactile messages that can be used to communicate message to users non visually. A range of different parameters can be used to construct Tactons, e.g.: frequency, amplitude, waveform and duration of a tactile pulse, plus body location. Tactons have the potential to improve interaction in a range of different areas, particularly where the visual display is overloaded, limited in size or not available, such as interfaces for blind people or on mobile and wearable devices.
Pathologists’ Staging of Multiple Foci of Lung Cancer (2015)

Pathologists have a high degree of uncertainty and disagreement on staging multiple lung carcinomas. An improved pathologic method is required to distinguish separate primary tumors from intrapulmonary metastases. Until that is available, improved nomenclature is needed to convey the intrinsic uncertainty of the situation.
Unsupervised Word Acquisition from Speech using Pattern Discovery (2006)

In this paper, we present an unsupervised method for automatically discovering words from speech using a combination of acoustic pattern discovery, graph clustering, and baseform searching. The algorithm we propose represents an alternative to traditional methods of speech recognition and makes use of the acoustic similarity of multiple realizations of the same words or phrases. On a set of three academic lectures on different subjects, we show that the clustering component of the algorithm is able to successfully generate word clusters that have good coverage of subject-relevant words. Moreover, we illustrate how to use the cluster nodes to retrieve the word identity of each cluster from a large baseform dictionary. Results indicate that this algorithm may prove useful for applications such as vocabulary initialization, speech summarization, or augmentation of existing recognition systems
Nanomaterials for modulating innate immune cells in cancer immunotherapy (2018)

Cancer immunotherapy has been intensively investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies. Whereas chemotherapies use cytotoxic drugs to kill tumor cells, cancer immunotherapy is based on the ability of the immune system to fight cancer. Tumors are intimately associated with the immune system: they can suppress the immune response and/or control immune cells to support tumor growth. Immunotherapy has yielded promising results in clinical practice, but some patients show limited responses. This may reflect the complexities of the relationship between a tumor and the immune system. In an effort to improve the current immunotherapies, researchers have exploited nanomaterials in creating new strategies to cure tumors via modulation of the immune system in tumor tissues. Although extensive studies have examined the use of immune checkpoint-based immunotherapy, rather less work has focused on manipulating the innate immune cells. This review examines the recent approaches and challenges in the use of nanomaterials to modulate innate immune cells.
In Silico Analysis of an Exercise-Safe Artificial Pancreas With Multistage Model Predictive Control and Insulin Safety System (2019)

An anticipatory mode for insulin administration of a monohormonal AP controller reduces the occurrence of hypoglycemia during moderate-intensity exercise.
Building low-diameter peer-to-peer networks (2003)

Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing has emerged as a significant paradigm for providing distributed services, in particular search and data sharing. Current P2P networks (e.g., Gnutella) are constructed by participants following their own uncoordinated (and often whimsical) protocols; they consequently suffer from frequent network overload and partitioning into disconnected pieces separated by choke points with inadequate bandwidth. We propose a protocol for participants to build P2P networks in a distributed fashion, and prove that it results in connected networks of constant degree and logarithmic diameter. These properties are crucial for efficient search and data exchange. An important feature of our protocol is that it operates without global knowledge of all the nodes in the network.
Medicinal Chemistry for 2020 (2011)

Rapid advances in our collective understanding of biomolecular structure and, in concert, of biochemical systems, coupled with developments in computational methods, have massively impacted the field of medicinal chemistry over the past two decades, with even greater changes appearing on the horizon. In this perspective, we endeavor to profile some of the most prominent determinants of change and speculate as to further evolution that may consequently occur during the next decade. The five main angles to be addressed are: protein-protein interactions; peptides and peptidomimetics; molecular diversity and pharmacological space; molecular pharmacodynamics (significance, potential and challenges); and early-stage clinical efficacy and safety. We then consider, in light of these, the future of medicinal chemistry and the educational preparation that will be required for future medicinal chemists.
Electrostatically driven micromechanical 2 × 2 optical switch (1991)

This paper describes a new electrostatically driven micromechanical 2 x 2 optical switch which has advantages in terms of its small size and low driving power. Insertion losses, which are important to the fabrication of a low loss switch, are theoretically and experimentally evaluated. Based on the results, the relationship between cross angle and gap length is obtained in order to minimize insertion loss. The switch is demonstrated and its switching performance is examined. Insertion losses of less than 3.1 dB and crosstalk of less than-40 dB were obtained.
In Vitro Activities of <i>Strychnos</i> Alkaloids and Extracts against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (1999)

The in vitro antimalarial activities of 46 alkaloids and extracts from Strychnos species were evaluated. Two types of quasidimeric alkaloids exhibit high and selective activities against Plasmodium. Strychnopentamine and isostrychnopentamine were active against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] approximately 0.15 microM), while dihydrousambarensine exhibited a 30-fold higher activity against the chloroquine-resistant strain (IC(50) = 0.03 microM) than it did against the chloroquine-sensitive strain.
1-Phenyl-3-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes and Related Derivatives as Ligands for the Neuromodulatory .sigma.3 Receptor: Further Structure-Activity Relationships (1995)

A series of 1-phenyl-3-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes (1-phenyl-3-aminotetralins, PATs) previously was found to stimulate tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis in rat brain through interaction with a novel sigma 3 receptor. Specifically, the trans-1R,3S-(-) isomer of H2-PAT showed highest affinity for sigma 3 receptors and also produced maximal stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis, as compared to the trans-1S,3R-(+) isomer. Affinity for sigma 3 receptors and functional potency at stimulating dopamine synthesis were attenuated either by altering the position or dimethyl substitution pattern of the amino group or by hydroxylating the tetralin aromatic ring. A preliminary binding model can accommodate many PAT analogs and several non-PATs with a wide range of affinities for the sigma 3 receptor. Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of additional analogs in order to expand previous structure-activity relationship studies. Further molecular modifications include synthesis of 1-phenyl-1-methyl-3-amino, 1-phenyl-2-amino, 1-phenyl-3-(trimethylammoniumyl), and 1-phenyl-3-(phenylalkyl) analogs, as well as ring-expanded tetrahydrobenzocycloheptenes. In general, the above modifications decreased sigma 3 receptor affinity and, in some cases, caused a reversal of the sigma 3 binding selectivity of trans- versus cis-PATs found previously. Most analogs were selective for sigma 3 receptors and showed little or no affinity for either sigma 1/sigma 2 or dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors. N-Phenylalkyl substituents, such as N-phenylethyl, however, endowed the 1-phenyl-3-aminotetralins with enhanced sigma 1/sigma 2 and dopamine receptor affinity while decreasing sigma 3 affinity, thus abolishing sigma 3 selectivity.
Wasting Australia's future (2015)

The appointment of nuclear power advocate Alan Finkel as Australia's next Chief Scientist led to speculation that the federal government might be softening up Australians for the introduction of nuclear power.
Formation and Stability of a Nitric Oxide Donor:  <i>S</i>-Nitroso-<i>N</i>-acetylpenicillamine (2006)

The formation, reaction dynamics, and detailed kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between nitrous acid and N-acetylpenicillamine (NAP) to produce S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) was studied in acidic medium. The nitrous acid was prepared in situ by the rapid reaction between sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid. The reaction is first order in nitrite and NAP. It is also first order in acid in pH conditions at or slightly higher than the pK(a) of nitrous acid. In lower pH conditions, the catalytic effect of acid quickly saturates. Higher acid concentrations also induce a faster decomposition rate of the SNAP, thus precluding the quantitative formation of SNAP from HNO2 and NAP. Both HPLC and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry techniques proved that SNAP was the sole product produced. No nitrosation occurred on the secondary amine center in NAP, and only the thiol group reacted to form the nitrosothiol. Cu(I) ions were found to be effective SNAP-decomposition catalysts. Cu(II) ions had no effect on the stability of SNAP. Ambient oxygen in reaction solutions was found to have no effect on initial rates of formation of SNAP, products obtained, and stability of SNAP. The formation of SNAP occurs through two distinct pathways. One involves the direct reaction of NAP and HNO2 to form SNAP and eliminate water, and the second pathway involved the initial formation of the nitrosyl cation, NO+, which then nitrosates the thiol. The bimolecular rate constant for the reaction of NAP and HNO2 was derived as 2.69 M(-1) s(-1), while that of direct nitrosation by the nitrosyl cation was 3.00 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). A simple reaction network made up of four reactions was found to be sufficient in simulating the formation kinetics and acid-induced decomposition of SNAP.