gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feldkamp‐based cone‐beam reconstruction for gantry‐tilted helical multislice CT (2003)

Depending on the clinical application, it is frequently necessary to tilt the gantry of an x-ray CT system with respect to the patient and couch. For single-slice fan-beam systems, tilting the gantry introduces no errors or artifacts. Most current systems, however, are helical multislice systems with up to 16 slices. The multislice helical reconstruction algorithms used to create CT images must be modified to account for tilting of the gantry. If they are not, the quality of reconstructed images will be poor with the presence of significant artifacts, such as smearing and double-imaging of anatomical structures. Current CT systems employ three primary types of reconstruction algorithms: helical fan-beam approximation, advanced single-slice rebinning, and Feldkamp-based algorithms. This paper presents a generalized helical cone-beam Feldkamp-based algorithm that is valid for both tilted and nontilted orientations of the gantry. Unlike some of the other algorithms, generalization of the Feldkamp algorithm to include gantry tilt is simple and straightforward with no significant increase in computational complexity. The effect of gantry tilt for helical Feldkamp reconstruction is to introduce a lateral shift in the isocenter of the reconstructed slice of interest, which is a function of the tilt, couch speed, and view angle. The lateral shift is easily calculated and incorporated into the helical Feldkamp backprojection algorithm. A tilt-generalized helical Feldkamp algorithm has been developed and incorporated into Aquilion 16-slice CT (Toshiba, Japan) scanners. This paper describes modifications necessary for the tilt generalization and its verification.
<title>Progress in autostereoscopic display technology at Dimension Technologies Inc.</title> (1991)

In early 1990, DTI introduced the first PC-compatible autostereoscopic display product. This LCD based, flat panel, black and white VGA display, called the DTI 100M, was described at the 1990 SPIE conference. During 1990, the company began development of several new capabilities including: (1) a Macintosh-compatible version of its DTI 100M display. (2) a software toolkit for developers that includes a mouse-controlled 3-D cursor and the capability to combine two perspective views generated by many 3-D software packages into a single stereo view. (3) color autostereoscopic displays for its own product line, OEM products, and government contracts. (4) a time-multiplexed autostereoscopic system which allows the observer to see left and right eye images with full-display resolution.
Geometric linear discriminant analysis for pattern recognition systems (2003)

More often than not, the complexity of a pattern recognition system is directly related to the difficulty of the task. As the tasks become more difficult, like recognizing objects in digital images or processing human speech, the systems that successfully complete those tasks are also becoming increasingly more complex. A contributing factor to the system complexity is the dimensionality of the observation space. That is the number of input features for a pattern recognition system. As the dimension of the observation space grows, there is an increased difficulty to effectively use the statistical-based methods found in those systems. First, the run-time of a system is related to the dimension of the problem. A system that takes seconds to run is preferred over one that takes weeks to run. Second, it is unusual to have enough data to accurately estimate the parameters of the statistical models, and poorly estimated models give way to systems with sub-optimal performance. Finally, the ultimate judge of system usefulness is its performance, which is dependent by the information feed into the system. An attempt to increase system performance by adding more features to the observation space only exacerbates the other two problems. 
In this work, a new method called Geometric Linear Discriminant Analysis (Geometric LDA) is presented to address the problems associated with the dimension of the observation space. Geometric LDA employs a novel idea that exploits the geometry of the problem. It uses a numerical optimization procedure to find a p x d matrix whose elements provide a measurement of feature relevance. The matrix can be incorporated into a feature analysis tool that can be used to select a subset of features or reduce a d-dimensional observation space to a p-dimensional observation space by means of a linear transformation. Although dimensionality reduction by means of a linear transformation is not a new idea, Geometric LDA offers a promising approach to the problem of finding the “best” transformation matrix.
Synthesis and X-ray Crystal Structure of the <i>Dolabella </i><i>a</i><i>uricularia</i> Peptide Dolastatin 18<sup>,</sup><sup>1</sup> (2004)

A previously synthesized unit of dolastatin 10 (1), dolaphenine (Doe, 3), was converted in four steps to tripeptide 10. Subsequent condensation with carboxylic acid 11 (four steps from Meldrum's acid) provided a practical synthesis of the cancer cell growth inhibitor dolastatin 18 (2, Dhex-(S)-Leu-(R)-N-Me-Phe-Doe). The synthesis of dolastatin 18 (2) confirmed the R stereochemistry of the N-Me-Phe unit as originally assigned and unusual among amino acid components of the sea hare Dolabella auricularia. An X-ray crystal structure determination of dolastatin 18 was also completed.
Development, testing and therapeutic applications of ketone esters (KE) for CNS oxygen toxicity (CNS‐OT); i.e., hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2)‐induced seizures (2012)

We previously described the effect of KEs, non‐ionized precursors of ketone bodies, in delaying seizures in rats breathing HBO 2 at 5 ATA. We hypothesize that oral administration of specific KEs (esters of acetoacetate) will cause a rapid and sustained ketosis that confers neuroprotection against CNS‐OT in rats. Male rats (n = 53) were implanted with radio‐transmitters to measure diaphragmatic electromyogram (dEMG), ECG and EEG. ≥ 7 days post‐surgery, rats were fasted for 12h and administered intragastrically with 1 of 2 KEs (10g/kg), including R,S‐1,3‐butanediol acetoacetate monoester (mKE) or R,S‐1,3‐butanediol acetoacetate di‐ester (dKE) and placed into a hyperbaric chamber and pressurized to 5 ATA O 2 . Latency to seizure (LS) was measured from the beginning of maximum level of HBO 2 until the onset of increased EEG activity and/or tonic‐clonic twitches. Blood was drawn from 18 animals and levels of glucose, pH, pO 2 , pCO 2 , β‐hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone were analyzed. KEs caused a rapid and sustained ketosis and delayed LS by ~227% (mKE) and ~574% (dKE) compared to control (water). In conclusion, KEs mimic the mild therapeutic ketosis produced by ketogenic diets and confer a significant neuroprotective effect by delaying CNS‐OT (ONR).
First-class nonstandard interpretations by opening closures (2007)

We motivate and discuss a novel functional programming construct that allows convenient modular run-time nonstandard interpretation via reflection on closure environments. This map-closure construct encompasses both the ability to examine the contents of a closure environment and to construct a new closure with a modified environment. From the user's perspective, map-closure is a powerful and useful construct that supports such tasks as tracing, security logging, sandboxing, error checking, profiling, code instrumentation and metering, run-time code patching, and resource monitoring. From the implementor's perspective, map-closure is analogous to call/cc. Just as call/cc is a non-referentially-transparent mechanism that reifies the continuations that are only implicit in programs written in direct style, map-closure is a non-referentially-transparent mechanism that reifies the closure environments that are only implicit in higher-order programs. Just as CPS conversion is a non-local but purely syntactic transformation that can eliminate references to call/cc, closure conversion is a non-local but purely syntactic transformation that can eliminate references to map-closure. We show how the combination of map-closure and call/cc can be used to implement set! as a procedure definition and a local macro transformation.
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (1997)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is the most recently identified mutation causing autosomal-dominant cerebellar ataxia without retinal degeneration (ADCA). The SCA6 mutation is allelic with episodic ataxia type 2 (EA-2), but the two differ clinically because of the presence of progressive, rather than episodic, ataxia in SCA6. SCA6 accounts for 12% of families with ADCA in an ethnically heterogeneous population of patients. Clinical examination, quantitative eye movement testing, and imaging data show that the brainstem is normal in most patients with SCA6, especially within the first 10 years of symptoms. Most patients show progressive ataxia from the onset, but several patients show an episodic course resembling EA-2. Thus, SCA6 mutations not only account for patients with ADCA I and ADCA III phenotypes but also for some patients presenting with episodic features that are typical for EA-2. Interestingly, a compound heterozygote for the SCA6 expansion manifested an earlier onset and more rapid course than family members with the same larger expanded allele.
Identifying and Eliminating Emissive Sub‐bandgap States in Thin Films of PbS Nanocrystals (2015)

Chemical oxidation of under-charged Pb atoms reduces the density of trap states by a factor of 40 in films of colloidal PbS quantum dots for devices. These emissive sub-bandgap states are a byproduct of several standard ligand-exchange procedures. X-ray photoelectron spectro-scopy measurements and density function theory simulations demonstrate that they are associated with under-charged Pb.
Gain flatness comparison between erbium-doped fluoride and silica fiber amplifiers with wavelength-multiplexed signals (1994)

With the ever growing interest in wavelength division multiplexing transmission systems, the need for an optical amplifier with a large bandwidth is more and more necessary. Unlike the standard erbium-doped silica fiber amplifiers, the fluoride-based fiber amplifiers display more uniform gain spectra. The benefit expected from fluoride amplifiers with multiwavelength signals has been experimentally assessed through comparisons in single- and cascaded-amplifiers configurations. Four db gain flatness was achieved with four wavelength-multiplexed signals extending over 23 nm after three fluoride amplifiers while 15 dB gain unbalance was observed after three silica amplifiers. This result shows that fluoride amplifiers may be of the utmost relevance for multiwavelength transport systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Instrumentation amplifier input capacitance cancellation for biopotential and bioimpedance measurements (2014)

An instrumentation amplifier (IA) with a mechanism that generates negative capacitances at its input is presented. The IA architecture includes two digitally programmable (8-bit) capacitors between the input stage and the current feedback loop of the IA to cancel the input capacitances from the electrode cables and printed circuit board. The negative capacitance generation technique can improve the input impedance from a few mega ohms to above 500 MΩ without significant impact on performance parameters such as the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), total harmonic distortion (THD), and noise. A 93.6 μW IA was designed and simulated using IBM 0.13-μm CMOS technology.
Efficient service management in home gateway (2002)

In this paper, we present two algorithms for service replacement in home gateways.. The algorithms take into consideration the priority value and dependencies in addition to the amount of memory occupied by each service. One algorithm uses dynamic programming techniques and gives an optimal solution for the above service replacement problem. However, this algorithm might require non-trivial CPU and memory resources. The second algorithm is based on heuristics and requires less time and space than the first one. We carry. simulation experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposals and compare the performance between the two suggested algorithms.
Integrated signal monitoring and connection verification in MEMS optical crossconnects (2000)

We propose and demonstrate integrated signal-monitoring and connection-verification schemes for microelectromechanical-system (MEMS) optical crossconnects. The schemes utilize monolithically integrated beamsplitters and hybrid-integrated photodetectors as output signal-monitoring modules. To achieve connection verification, on-chip micromirror dithering is employed to encode optical signals with pilot tones that are used only internally to the crossconnect. The approaches described offer a potentially compact means of implementing several critical network-management and surveillance features.
Can Tumor Location on Pre-treatment MRI Predict Likelihood of Pseudo-Progression vs. Tumor Recurrence in Glioblastoma?—A Feasibility Study (2020)

A significant challenge in Glioblastoma (GBM) management is identifying pseudo-progression (PsP), a benign radiation-induced effect, from tumor recurrence, on routine imaging following conventional treatment. Previous studies have linked tumor lobar presence and laterality to GBM outcomes, suggesting that disease etiology and progression in GBM may be impacted by tumor location. Hence, in this feasibility study, we seek to investigate the following question: Can tumor location on treatment-naïve MRI provide early cues regarding likelihood of a patient developing pseudo-progression vs. tumor recurrence? In this study, 74 pre-treatment Glioblastoma MRI scans with PsP (33) and tumor recurrence (41) were analyzed. First, enhancing lesion on Gd-T<sub>1w</sub> MRI and peri-lesional hyperintensities on T<sub>2w</sub>/FLAIR were segmented by experts and then registered to a brain atlas. Using patients from the two phenotypes, we construct two atlases by quantifying frequency of occurrence of enhancing lesion and peri-lesion hyperintensities, by averaging voxel intensities across the population. Analysis of differential involvement was then performed to compute voxel-wise significant differences (<i>p</i>-value < 0.05) across the atlases. Statistically significant clusters were finally mapped to a structural atlas to provide anatomic localization of their location. Our results demonstrate that patients with tumor recurrence showed prominence of their initial tumor in the parietal lobe, while patients with PsP showed a multi-focal distribution of the initial tumor in the frontal and temporal lobes, insula, and putamen. These preliminary results suggest that lateralization of pre-treatment lesions toward certain anatomical areas of the brain may allow to provide early cues regarding assessing likelihood of occurrence of pseudo-progression from tumor recurrence on MRI scans.
IPv6 Multicast in a 6rd Deployment (2014)

This memo specifies 6rd's multicast component so that IPv6 hosts
can receive multicast data from IPv6 servers. In the 6rd encapsulation
solution, multicast communication is completely integrated into the
6rd tunnel. In the 6rd translation solution, the protocol is based on
proxying MLD at the 6rd Customer Edge router interworking the MLD
messages to IGMP messages and sending them upstream through a network
which supports IPv4 multicast. The 6rd Border Relay is a multicast
router and interworks the IGMP to MLD for onward propasgation toward
the IPv6 multicast source. IPv6 Multicast data received at 6rd Border
Relay is translated into IPv4 multicast data and and delivered through
the IPv4 multicast tree downstream to the 6rd Customer Edge. The
latter translates it back to IPv6 multicast data then delivers it to
the hosts.
The Pulsed Interrogation Neutron and Gamma (PING) inspection system (1991)

Explosives and chemical warfare (CW) agents possess elements and characteristic elemental ratios not commonly found in significant quantities in other items. These elements include nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine. The research described herein discusses the results to date of the development of a pulsed-neutron interrogation and gamma ({gamma})-ray system for detecting concealed explosives and for discriminating munitions containing CW agents and conventional explosives. Preliminary experimental data has suggested that distinct classes of chemical agents could also be distinguished, for example, nerve agents and mustard gases. Based on there results, the system is currently being designed for the detection of explosives concealed, for example, in airline luggage. Nuclear and x-ray technologies possess unique characteristics to quickly and reliably search for explosives. Both oxygen and nitrogen, present in sufficient concentrations, when detected, uniquely determine the presence of explosives. Carbon would be a third element that is common in all explosives, although it does not correlate uniquely with all known explosives. A system which identifies and quantifies all three elements would provide more reliable information about the interrogated material. We have previously demonstrated that the technique described in this paper can identify certain elements through fast- and slow-neutron interrogation and subsequentmore » prompt- and delayed-{gamma}-ray detection. The identification of CW agent elements such as chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur, and fluorine, is also accomplished through the detection of characteristic capture {gamma}-rays. The Pulsed Interrogation Neutron and Gamma (PING) inspection system is based upon technology developed over twelve years for the determination of fissile mass quantities in radioactive waste, for the determination of sulfur in coal, and for in-vivo body composition measurements.« less
Hop-by-hop routing with node-dependent topology information (1999)

This paper is focused on the problem of hop-by-hop routing in a network where different nodes have different views of the network topology. In particular, each node may be aware of just a subset of the network links, perceiving the rest as if their cost was infinite. We formalize the idea of node's individual view of the network with the concept of visibility sets and introduce a routing approach based on the notion of a feasible path, i.e., such path in the node's visibility set that satisfies certain specified restrictions. It is shown that, in a network with general visibility sets, forwarding the packet along an optimal feasible path is necessary and sufficient to guarantee its eventual delivery to destination without being dropped or routed to the same node twice. Based on the proposed approach, we derive the precise routing policy and formulate an efficient algorithm to search for a family of one-to-all optimal feasible paths in a network with embedded visibility sets. We then proceed to prove the correctness of the algorithm. The new routing method provides for execution of multiple dynamic routing protocols, possibly overlaying each other in the same address space, within a network with common kinds of metrics of arbitrary complexity. It solves the problem of interoperability when new metrics or novel link properties are being introduced and eliminates the necessity to run different protocols and protocol versions within disjoint routing domains.
Functional nanoporous membranes for drug delivery (2012)

This feature article reviews controlled drug release based on nanoporous membranes for potential medical applications. First, we describe the preparations of nanoporous membranes by top-down and bottom-up methods, and the combination of the two. Then, sustained long-term drug delivery and stimuli-responsive drug delivery by utilizing the nanoporous membranes are explained. The drug delivery system using nanoporous membranes can be used for a new therapy of various diseases through patient-customized medical treatment.
Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of hydrogen and oxygen reactions in the copper-chlorine cycle (2009)

The thermochemical hybrid copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle involves various reaction steps. This paper examined the thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of the Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production. The study analyzed the chemical reaction steps of hydrogen, hydrogen chloride and oxygen production steps for dependency of process variables such as temperature, pressure and excess reactant on the equilibrium conversion. Specifically, the study focused on the five-step Cu-Cl cycle, including hydrogen production step; copper production step; the drying step; hydrogen chloride production step; and oxygen production step. The equilibrium conversion of the reactions were calculated using a minimization of Gibb's free energy. It was concluded that the hydrogen production reaction is possible as a two phase gas-solid system rather than a three phase reaction system. The best conditions for hydrogen production were presented in terms of temperature and pressure. 20 refs., 3 figs.
Circulatory fate of the atrial natriuretic peptide precursor (1986)

The atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) are stored in atria principally as a 126 amino acid precursor form (proANP). Although a predominant circulating form of the ANP's is apparently 28 amino acids in length (ANP(1-28)), smaller quantities of proANP can be detected in plasma by radioimmunoassay. This raises the possibility that ANP(1-28) may be derived from proANP within the circulation. To test this possibility, HPLC was used to assess the conversion of recombinant /sup 35/S-cysteine-labelled proANP (/sup 35/S-proANP) to /sup 35/S-ANP(1-28) following incubation with biological fluids. It was determined that incubation with rat or human serum readily converts /sup 35/S-proANP to /sup 35/S-ANP(1-28), however, this conversion did not occur upon incubation with plasma. Furthermore, /sup 35/S-proANP infused into the circulation of the rat was quite stable metabolically. No /sup 35/S-ANP(1-28) or related low molecular weight ANP's could be detected in the circulation for up to two hours following /sup 35/S-proANP administration. These data imply that proANP is not converted significantly to ANP(1-28) in the circulation of the rat. Thus, processing of proANP to ANP(1-28) probably occurs within the atrium or during release of the peptides from atrium.
Integrative rehabilitation of residents chronic post-stroke in skilled nursing facilities: the design and evaluation of the BrightArm Duo (2015)

Given these findings, it will be beneficial to evaluate the BrightArm Duo application in SNF maintenance programs. Implications for Rehabilitation Integrative rehabilitation that addresses both physical and cognitive domains is promising for post-stroke maintenance in skilled nursing facilities. Simultaneous bilateral arm exercise may improve arm function in older hemiplegic patients several years after stroke. Virtual reality games that adapt to the patient can increase attention and working memory while decreasing depression in elderly.