gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tracing cyber attacks from the practical perspective (2005)

The integrity of the Internet is severely impaired by rampant denial of service and distributed DoS attacks. It is by no means trivial to devise a countermeasure to address these attacks because of their anonymous and distributed nature. This article presents a brief survey of the most promising recently proposed schemes for tracing cyber attacks: IP traceback. Since IP traceback technology is evolving rapidly, for the community to better comprehend and capture the properties of disparate traceback approaches, we first classify these schemes from multiple aspects. From the perspective of practicality and feasibility, we then analyze and explore the advantages and disadvantages of these schemes in depth so that shortcomings and possible enhancements of each scheme are highlighted. Finally, open problems and future work are discussed, and concluding remarks are drawn.
Human monoclonal antibodies specific for capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella recognize clusters of multiple serotypes (1991)

We report the generation and the characterization of a set of human monoclonal antibodies (HmAb) specific for Gram-negative bacteria of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The eight human hybridomas secrete either IgM kappa, IgA1 kappa, or IgA2 kappa antibodies. One HmAb binds bacteria of only one serotype. Five HmAb recognize non-overlapping clusters of 2, 3, or 10 different serotypes. The remaining two HmAb both recognize three serotypes. Two serotypes are recognized by both HmAb, and in addition both HmAb bind one more nonidentical serotype. These results suggest that in man, epitopes are immunodominant, different from serotype-specific determinants detected by conventional rabbit antisera. Screening of clinical isolates revealed that the HmAb recognize not only representative typing strains but also most isolates of the corresponding serotype. In addition, most of the isolates that were non-typable by polyclonal antisera were recognized by one of the HmAb. Fine specificity analyses revealed that all HmAb are highly specific for the isolated capsular polysaccharides (CPS) of bacteria within the corresponding cluster of serotypes. However, the avidity of a HmAb for the different CPS can differ significantly. Taken together, our results suggest that the unequivocal interactions between HmAb and CPS offer the basis for an alternative, better defined classification system, and that passive immunization with a limited number of HmAb may provide a feasible strategy for the protection against the majority of fatal, nosocomial infections with multidrug-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae.
Nanosecond-Precision Time-of-Arrival Estimation for Aircraft Signals with Low-Cost SDR Receivers (2018)

Precise Time-of-Arrival (TOA) estimations of aircraft and drone signals are important for a wide set of applications including aircraft/drone tracking, air traffic data verification, or self-localization. Our focus in this work is on TOA estimation methods that can run on low-cost software-defined radio (SDR) receivers, as widely deployed in Mode S / ADS-B crowdsourced sensor networks such as the OpenSky Network. We evaluate experimentally classical TOA estimation methods which are based on a cross-correlation with a reconstructed message template and find that these methods are not optimal for such signals. We propose two alternative methods that provide superior results for real-world Mode S / ADS-B signals captured with low-cost SDR receivers. The best method achieves a standard deviation error of 1.5 ns.
NONCANONICAL WNT SIGNALING AND NEURAL POLARITY (2006)

The Wnt signaling pathway regulates multiple events in development and disease in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recently, the noncanonical Wnt signaling cascades, those that do not signal through beta-catenin, have gained prominence for their role in the regulation of cellular polarity. It is not surprising that cellular polarization influences a number of different developmental events within the nervous system, including neurulation and neural tube closure, cellular migration, and uniform orientation of cells within an epithelial plane (planar cell polarity). In this review, we describe the differences between the canonical and noncanonical pathways, summarize recent data illustrating the roles of the noncanonical Wnt pathway in different polarizing events during neural development, and discuss the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the generation of cellular asymmetry and polarity.
Useful Misunderstandings: Japanese and Western Mingei (2007)

The Japanese Mingei movement's ideals are an essential part of Western ceramic movements. Mingei was a construction that mixed Western values derived from the 19th century British design theorists with a desire for Japanese national identity.
Xanthones from <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> (Guttiferae) (2006)

Studies on the stem of Garcinia mangostana have led to the isolation of one new xanthone mangosharin (1) (2,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone) and six other prenylated xanthones, alpha-mangostin (2), beta-mangostin (3), garcinone D (4), 1,6-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone (5), mangostanol (6) and 5,9-dihydroxy-8- methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2H,6H-pyrano-[3,2-b]-xanthene-6-one (7). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry (MS) and by comparison with previous studies. All the crude extracts when screened for their larvicidal activities indicated very good toxicity against the larvae of Aedes aegypti. This article reports the isolation and identification of the above compounds as well as bioassay data for the crude extracts. These bioassay data have not been reported before.
Receptors for enterovirus 71 (2014)

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Occasionally, EV71 infection is associated with severe neurological diseases, such as acute encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and cardiopulmonary failure. Several molecules act as cell surface receptors that stimulate EV71 infection, including scavenger receptor B2 (SCARB2), P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), sialylated glycan, heparan sulfate and annexin II (Anx2). SCARB2 plays critical roles in attachment, viral entry and uncoating, and it can facilitate efficient EV71 infection. The three-dimensional structures of the mature EV71 virion, procapsid and empty capsid, as well as the exofacial domain of SCARB2, have been elucidated. This structural information has greatly increased our understanding of the early steps of EV71 infection. Furthermore, SCARB2 plays essential roles in the development of EV71 neurological disease in vivo. Adult mice are not susceptible to infection by EV71, but transgenic mice that express human SCARB2 become susceptible to EV71 infection and develop similar neurological diseases to those found in humans. This mouse model facilitates the in vivo investigation of many issues related to EV71. PSGL-1, sialylated glycan, heparan sulfate and Anx2 are attachment receptors, which enhance viral infection by retaining the virus on the cell surface. These molecules also contribute to viral infection in vitro either by interacting with SCARB2 or independently of SCARB2. However, the cooperative effects of these receptors, and their contribution to EV71 pathogenicity in vivo, remain to be elucidated.
A Novel PMU Fog based Early Anomaly Detection for an Efficient Wide Area PMU Network (2018)

Based on phasor measurement units (PMUs), a synchronphasor system is widely recognized as a promising smart grid measurement system. It is able to provide high-frequency, high-accuracy phasor measurements sampling for Wide Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC) applications. However, the high sampling frequency of measurement data under strict latency constraints introduces new challenges for real time communication. It would be very helpful if the collected data can be prioritized according to its importance such that the existing quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in the communication networks can be leveraged. To achieve this goal, certain anomaly detection functions should be conducted by the PMUs. Inspired by the recent emerging edge-fog-cloud computing hierarchical architecture, which allows computing tasks to be conducted at the network edge, a novel PMU fog is proposed in this paper. Two anomaly detection approaches, Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), are evaluated in the PMU fog using the IEEE 16-machine 68-bus system. The simulation experiments based on Riverbed Modeler demonstrate that the proposed PMU fog can effectively reduce the data flow end-to-end (ETE) delay without sacrificing data completeness.
Self-Taught Anomaly Detection With Hybrid Unsupervised/Supervised Machine Learning in Optical Networks (2019)

This paper proposes a self-taught anomaly detection framework for optical networks. The proposed framework makes use of a hybrid unsupervised and supervised machine learning scheme. First, it employs an unsupervised data clustering module (DCM) to analyze the patterns of monitoring data. The DCM enables a self-learning capability that eliminates the requirement of prior knowledge of abnormal network behaviors and therefore can potentially detect unforeseen anomalies. Second, we introduce a self-taught mechanism that transfers the patterns learned by the DCM to a supervised data regression and classification module (DRCM). The DRCM, whose complexity is mainly related to the scale of the applied supervised learning model, can potentially facilitate more scalable and time-efficient online anomaly detection by avoiding excessively traversing the original dataset. We designed the DCM and DRCM based on the density-based clustering algorithm and the deep neural network structure, respectively. Evaluations with experimental data from two use cases (i.e., single-point detection and end-to-end detection) demonstrate that up to 99% anomaly detection accuracy can be achieved with a false positive rate below 1%.
Ruthenium impregnation of plasma grown alumina films (1989)

This investigation centers around the impregnation of plasma grown alumina films using the incipient wetness technique for introduction of ruthenium chloride to the surface. The modeling of bulk alumina catalysts by use of planar alumina films necessitates investigation of the impregnation of these films. It has been found that very different products are formed by slight changes in the process used for impregnation. The impregnation was found to yield a product ranging from a highly dispersed ruthenium species to the dispersion of relatively large metal islands on the surface of the alumina. Characterization by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy indicates that the products containing highly dispersed metal are suitable for further investigation in the modeling of bulk ruthenium catalysts.
Predictability of acoustic multipaths over basin scales (1997)

The stabilities and instabilities of acoustic multipaths have been studied over basin scales as part of the development of studying climatic temperature changes in the ocean. In 1983, such transmissions began from the Kaneohe source where the propagation was complicated by the interaction of sound with the bottom near Oahu, Hawaii. For years, these transmissions exhibited stable arrivals only for those multipaths that were quite steep at the axis of the sound channel, for example, about 15 deg. Models indicate that the steeper multipaths may form ‘‘bounded-chaotic seas’’ that are useful for thermometric studies because their upper turning depths are insensitive to fluctuations. The sensitive nature of these paths is a consequence of the interactions with the bottom and the long distance of propagation, i.e., 3709 km. The flatter multipaths could not be used for inferring temperature variations because they were unstable. It is now understood that these paths are sensitive to fine and meso-scales which vertically scatter the energy over a kilometer, the same scale as the waveguide. [Work supported by ONR.]
Line Depletion Electromigration Characterization of Cu Interconnects (2004)

Specific details of both fabrication process and geometry of Cu interconnects result in different electromigration (EM) fail modes. This paper discusses EM characteristics of line depletion stress, i.e., for the case of electrons flowing from a via above into a Cu line through a Cu diffusion barrier to cause voiding in the line. For electrons flowing from a W via, for example to a Cu line above, electrical redundancy (i.e., a current shunt layer) exists due to the overlap of line bottom liner over the top of the via, such that a current path still exists in the event that the Cu is removed. When electrons flow from a via above down to a Cu line, the redundancy characteristics can be very different for different via/line layouts, and can result in different EM fail distributions. The solid contact between via above and the liner of the line below can result in tight fail distributions, while weak contact or lack of contact between the via above and the liner of the line below can cause broad (high sigma), or even multimode fail distributions. A few examples and their implications on robust interconnect design are presented. The relation between void size and liner redundancy characteristics is also discussed.
In Vitro Studies on Transdermal Permeation of Butorphanol (2007)

The influence of the donor vehicles pH and the addition of laurocapram or transkarbam 12 as permeation enhancers on the transdermal permeation of butorphanol through human skin were examined with the aim of finding out about its possible use in the transdermal delivery system. As the pH of the donor vehicles rises, the mean value of butorphanol skin fluxes declines; an exponential relationship of the means of butorphanol flux values against the pH of the buffered aqueous donor vehicles has been demonstrated. The presence of 1% of transkarbam 12 (T12) or 5% of laurocapram (LC), respectively, in an isopropylmyristate (IPM) donor vehicle increased transdermal fluxes of butorphanol almost 2.5 times (58.1+/-5.7 microg cm-2 hr-1) or 1.5 times (36.4+/-7.0 microg cm-2 hr-1), respectively, when compared to blank donors. Considering clinical and pharmacokinetic data on butorphanol, it is possible to expect that a transdermal preparation sized 20 cm2 and possessing flux values ranging between 5.1 and 15.3 microg cm-2 hr-1 should be sufficient to achieve effective butorphanol transdermal fluxes, namely using IPM donors containing T12. In conclusion, butorphanol is a suitable candidate for transdermal administration and T12 is a very a suitable enhancer for it.
Molecular Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance for<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>, Northern Territory, Australia (2017)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a globally recognized health threat; new strategies are needed to enhance AMR surveillance. The Northern Territory of Australia is unique in that 2 different first-line therapies, based primarily on geographic location, are used for gonorrhea treatment. We tested 1,629 N. gonorrhoeae nucleic acid amplification test-positive clinical samples, collected from regions where ceftriaxone plus azithromycin or amoxicillin plus azithromycin are recommended first-line treatments, by using 8 N. gonorrhoeae AMR PCR assays. We compared results with those from routine culture-based surveillance data. PCR data confirmed an absence of ceftriaxone resistance and a low level of azithromycin resistance (0.2%), and that penicillin resistance was <5% in amoxicillin plus azithromycin regions. Rates of ciprofloxacin resistance and penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae were lower when molecular methods were used. Molecular methods to detect N. gonorrhoeae AMR can increase the evidence base for treatment guidelines, particularly in settings where culture-based surveillance is limited.
An Automatic Algorithm for Vessel Segmentation in X-Ray Angiogram using Random Forest (2015)

The purpose of this study is to develop an automatic algorithm for vessel segmentation in X-Ray angiogram using Random Forest (RF). The proposed algorithm is composed of the following steps: First, the multiscale hessian-based filtering is performed in order to enhance the vessel structure. Second, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of hessian matrix are used to learn the RF classifier as feature vectors. Finally, we can get the result through the trained RF. We evaluated the similarity between the result of proposed algorithm and the manual segmentation using 349 frames, and compared with the results of the following two methods: Frangi et al. and Krissian et al. According to the experimental results, the proposed algorithm showed high similarity compared to other two methods.
Organocatalytic Tail-to-Tail Dimerization of Olefin: Umpolung of Methyl Methacrylate Mediated by N-Heterocyclic Carbene (2011)

Highly selective tail-to-tail dimerization of methyl methacrylate has been realized by an N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst, giving dimethyl 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexenedioate with an E/Z ratio of 95:5 in 86% isolated yield. The umpolung mechanism is proposed on the basis of interception of the intermediates using ESI-MS analyses and deuterium-labeling experiments.
Factorial Experimental Design for the Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells as Aggregates in Stirred Suspension Bioreactors Reveals the Potential for Interaction Effects Between Bioprocess Parameters (2013)

Traditional optimization of culture parameters for the large-scale culture of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as aggregates is carried out in a stepwise manner whereby the effect of varying each culture parameter is investigated individually. However, as evidenced by the wide range of published protocols and culture performance indicators (growth rates, pluripotency marker expression, etc.), there is a lack of systematic investigation into the true effect of varying culture parameters especially with respect to potential interactions between culture variables. Here we describe the design and execution of a two-parameter, three-level (3(2)) factorial experiment resulting in nine conditions that were run in duplicate 125-mL stirred suspension bioreactors. The two parameters investigated here were inoculation density and agitation rate, which are easily controlled, but currently, poorly characterized. Cell readouts analyzed included fold expansion, maximum density, and exponential growth rate. Our results reveal that the choice of best case culture parameters was dependent on which cell property was chosen as the primary output variable. Subsequent statistical analyses via two-way analysis of variance indicated significant interaction effects between inoculation density and agitation rate specifically in the case of exponential growth rates. Results indicate that stepwise optimization has the potential to miss out on the true optimal case. In addition, choosing an optimum condition for a culture output of interest from the factorial design yielded similar results when repeated with the same cell line indicating reproducibility. We finally validated that human ESCs remain pluripotent in suspension culture as aggregates under our optimal conditions and maintain their differentiation capabilities as well as a stable karyotype and strong expression levels of specific human ESC markers over several passages in suspension bioreactors.
Nanoantennas with short wavelength resonance (2008)

Carbon nanotubes have been shown to exhibit light antenna behavior, such as polarization and length dependence, and enhancement of incident electromagnetic radiation at resonance. We study and model resonance effects from planar metallic nanoantennas, as a function of nanoantenna dimensions and material properties. We discuss the challenges of designing a two-dimensional nanoantenna array with resonance in the short wavelength (blue-green) region of the visible spectrum, constructed from different materials and in different environments.
Ndebele painting in VR (2001)

The Ndebele tribe of southern Africa consists of four subtribes. The Ndzundza is the only Ndebele group practising the decorative arts of painting and beadwork. The craft of producing striking, colourful and geometrical artwork has become their most distinctive feature. The Ndebele wall painting's work and richness provided the inspiration for our project. We created a virtual environment (VE) and an interaction method that facilitates the creation, painting and mapping of these paintings on different 2D and 3D surfaces. Designing tools for painting in VEs presents many challenges. We must support design without restricting the artist's creative process. Commercially available tools mainly work in a 2D environment and use specialized interaction devices. Design tools in VEs use a mixture of 2D and 3D interaction devices and metaphors and mainly target 3D modeling for a variety of application areas. In our project-a research interface for Ndebele wall painting in a VE-we focus on the specific process of wall painting and keep our interaction metaphors as close as possible to the real wall-painting process, At the same time, the project takes advantage of the many possibilities that a VE can offer in terms of production speed and mapping on to different surfaces, among others.
Protein–protein interactions controlling nitric oxide synthases (2000)

Nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis is tightly regulated by a variety of mechanisms ranging from transcriptional to post-translational controls. Calmodulin has long been known to be an allosteric modulator of the three major NO synthases (NOS). Recent studies indicate that other proteins directly associate with NOS isoforms and regulate their activity or spatial distribution in the cell. Several proteins residing in or recruited to plasmalemmal caveolae of endothelial cells serve as allosteric regulators of endothelial NOS (eNOS). Caveolins, the resident scaffolding proteins of caveolae, and calmodulin undergo reciprocal Ca2+-dependent association and dissociation with eNOS in the caveolar membrane that inhibits (caveolins) and activates (calmodulin) eNOS activity. Other caveolar proteins appear to contribute to the eNOS-membrane complex, including the bradykinin B2 receptor, the angiotensin AT1 receptor, the CAT1 arginine transporter, and Hsp90. Direct interactions of a variety of proteins bearing PDZ domains with the PDZ domain of neuronal NOS (nNOS) have been shown to influence the subcellular distribution and/or activity of the enzyme in brain and muscle. One of these proteins, PSD-93, co-localizes with a subpopulation of nNOS in the macula densa. Although considerable emphasis has been placed on transcription as the principal step of regulation for inducible NOS (iNOS), our laboratory has recently defined a regulatory interaction of iNOS with Rho family GTPases. While the role of protein-eNOS interactions in the control of vascular tone has been increasingly clarified, the interactions and regulatory importance of protein association with nNOS and iNOS in the vasculature and kidney remains to be explored.