gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parametrization and adaptation of gasoline engine air system model via linear programming Support Vector Regression (2012)

Air charge estimation is an essential task for gasoline engine control, as its performance determines that of the air-fuel-ratio control and torque control, thereby dictating the fuel economy and emissions of the vehicle. While the problem of air charge estimation has been addressed by the automotive and control communities for many years, assuring adaptivity and robustness of air charge estimation continues to be a challenge, especially as performance requirements become more stringent. In this paper, we propose a new air system model based on Support Vector Regression (SVR). The model leads to a new parameterization which facilitates effective adaptation with simple update laws. Simulation and experiment results demonstrate its real-time implementation performance, computational efficiency, and calibration simplicity.
Evaluation of Slag-Blended Alkaline-Activated Palm Oil Fuel Ash Mortar Exposed to the Sulfuric Acid Environment (2015)

The performance of alkaline activated ground slag/ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (AAGU) mortars upon their exposure to 6% of H2SO4aq (acid) for 60 days was investigated. The mortars were prepared with NaOHaq of varied concentrations and Na2SiO3aq (Ms-SiO2/Na2O=3.3) activators and then cured at a temperature of 60°C for 24 h. The findings through strength, microstructural examination, and product characterization revealed that sulfuric acid attack could cause the disintegration of microstructure through the removal of the key elements—Ca, Mg, Na and Al—which resulted in the formation of gypsum, expansive shrinkage cracks, and a reduction in strength retention. Maintaining the slag content, concentration of NaOHaq, Na2SO3aq/NaOHaq ratio, and the mixing water content in the range of 20–40 wt.%, 8–10 M, 1.0–2.5, 5–10 wt.% of the pozzolanic materials (PMs), respectively could enhance the resistance of AAGU mortar subjected to sulfuric acid attack.
Shape-constrained geophysical inversion (2022)

ABSTRACT Two long-standing challenges for geophysical inverse problems are nonuniqueness (especially in the multiparameter setting) and the slow convergence of gradient-based optimization methods. We introduce shape-based inversion algorithms to address these challenges. The shape-based algorithms determine, based on the available geophysical data, the underlying subsurface structures (e.g., stratigraphic layers) and the spatially varying unknown physical parameters (e.g., velocity and density). Inverting simultaneously for geologic structures and physical parameters eliminates degeneracies between parameters and also provides a multiscale framework for decomposing the inverse problem. First, we provide a rigorous mathematical formulation of shape-based algorithms through diffuse interface approximations. Then, we demonstrate the applicability of these algorithms to a range of synthetic model problems in traveltime tomography, full-waveform inversion, gradiometry, and history matching of single-phase flow. These examples highlight the ability of shape-based inversion to mitigate nonuniqueness and improve the rate of convergence to a physically realistic solution.
<i>In vitro</i> measurement of the frequency-dependent attenuation in cancellous bone between 0.2 and 2 MHz (2000)

Our goal was to evaluate the frequency dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient in cancellous bone. Estimates were obtained in immersion, using a substitution method in the through-transmit mode, by scanning 14 human bone specimens (calcaneus). Measurements were performed with three pairs of focused transducers with a center frequency of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.25 MHz, respectively in order to cover an extended frequency bandwidth (0.2-1.7 MHz). When the experimental attenuation coefficient values were modeled with a nonlinear power fit alpha(f)=alpha0 +alpha(I)f(n), the attenuation coefficient was found to increase as f(1.09+/-0.3) over the measurement bandwidth. However, a substantial variation of the exponent n (0.4-2.2) within specimens and also between specimens was observed. The acoustical parameters were compared to bone mineral density. A highly significant relationship was noted between alpha1 and BMD (r2= 0.75, p< 10(-4)). No correlation was found between n and BMD. Several attenuation mechanisms are discussed as well as the potential impact these results may have in in vivo quantitative measurements.
Color Volume and Hue-preservation in HDR Tone Mapping (2020)

The electrical-electrical transfer function (EETF), described in International Telecommunications Union—Radiocommunication (ITU-R) BT.2390–7, offers four variations, which allow high luminance imagery to be tone-mapped to a lower luminance in different ways. This is useful when converting high dynamic range (HDR) encoding spaces or rendering HDR content on screens that have limited performance. However, for some input colors, these variations introduce drastic changes in hue, in some cases, and do not restrict the output to the desired color volume, in other cases. In this article, a fifth variation is proposed, that preserves the input color’s hue while also restricting the output to the specified color volume. This proposed variation is compared and shown to outperform the four standardized variations.
Blood Flow Regulation by <i>S</i> -Nitrosohemoglobin in the Physiological Oxygen Gradient (1997)

The binding of oxygen to heme irons in hemoglobin promotes the binding of nitric oxide (NO) to cysteinebeta93, forming S-nitrosohemoglobin. Deoxygenation is accompanied by an allosteric transition in S-nitrosohemoglobin [from the R (oxygenated) to the T (deoxygenated) structure] that releases the NO group. S-nitrosohemoglobin contracts blood vessels and decreases cerebral perfusion in the R structure and relaxes vessels to improve blood flow in the T structure. By thus sensing the physiological oxygen gradient in tissues, hemoglobin exploits conformation-associated changes in the position of cysteinebeta93 SNO to bring local blood flow into line with oxygen requirements.
Bit Rate Estimation for Cost Function of 4?4 Intra Mode Decision of H.264/AVC (2007)

H.264/AVC is a newest international video coding standard that can achieve considerably higher coding efficiency than previous standards. This comes at the cost of the complex mode decision procedure using the rate-distortion optimization, which makes real-time encoding difficult. To reduce the complexity of rate-distortion cost, we propose a bit rate estimation technique to avoid the entropy coding method during mode decision of intra prediction. The estimation method is based on the properties of context-based variable length coding (CAVLC). Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimation method achieves up to 53 % reduced encoding time of intra coding with ignorable degradation of coding performance.
Debate on the Lack of Evidence of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in Crohnʼs Disease (2005)

patients with Crohn’s disease. Furthermore, there was no mention of how long the cultures were incubated and whether polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nested PCR was used for the identification of MAP. Freeman’s group used 10-mL whole blood samples for culture instead of buffy coat preparation from 4 mL of whole blood samples, as stated by Naser et al. Although the intention may seem to increase the chances of detecting MAP if present, the culture medium was saturated with hemoglobin, which is known to be a serious inhibitor of Taq polymerase during PCR analysis. The belief that all members of the M. avium complex behave similarly in the laboratory setting demonstrated by Freeman and colleagues may in part be a consequence of the microbial nomenclature in use today. Because of the unusual fastidious nature of MAP, the name Mycobacterium paratuberculosis may be more appropriate to use than the term M. avium spp. paratuberculosis. We wholeheartedly agree with Freeman’s conclusion that ‘‘further studies in Crohn’s disease from similar hospitals with access to expert clinical microbiological expertise are essential.’’ What gastroenterologists must recognize, however, is that most human medicine laboratories do not have ‘‘a great deal of experience and expertise in routine detection of MAP.’’ If they seek to isolate this pathogen, microbiological expertise outside the normal clinical laboratory settings may be needed. Using the correct methodology is critical for the successful isolation of MAP, especially from human clinical samples.
GSGC: An Efficient Gossip-Style Garbage Collection Scheme for Scalable Reliable Multicast (1997)

To deliver multicast messages reliably in a group, each member maintains copies of all messages it sends and receives in a buffer for potential local retransmission. The storage of these messages is costly and buffers may grow out of bound. Garbage collection is needed to address this issue. Garbage collection occurs once a process learns that a message in its buffer has been received by every process in the group. The message is declared stable and is released from the process''s buffer. This paper proposes a gossip-style garbage collection scheme called GSGC for scalable reliable multicast protocols. This scheme achieves fault-tolerance and scalability without relying on the underlying multicast protocols. It collects and disseminates information in the multicast group by making each group member periodically gossip information to a random subset of the group. Extending the global gossip protocol further, this paper also investigates a local gossip scheme that achieves improved scalability and significantly better performance. Simulations conducted in a WAN environment are used to evaluate the performance of both schemes.
Measuring Security for Applications Hosted in Cloud (2019)

Despite the numerous benefits of cloud computing, concerns around security, trust and privacy are holding back the cloud adoption. Lack of visibility and tangible measurement of the security posture of any cloud hosted application is a disadvantage to cloud service customers. Decision to migrate workloads on the Cloud requires thoughtful analysis about security implications and ability to measure the security controls after hosting. In this paper, we propose a framework to quantitatively measure different aspects of information security for Cloud applications. This framework has a system through which we can define applications specific controls, gather information on control implementation, calculate the security levels for applications and present them to stakeholders through dashboards. Framework also includes detailed method to quantify the security of a Cloud application considering different aspects of security, control criticalities, stakeholder responsibilities and cloud service models. System and method provide visibility to Cloud customer on the security posture of their cloud hosted applications.
Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of a soluble semiconducting porphyrin polymer (2014)

A semiconducting porphyrin polymer that is solution processable and soluble in organic solvents has been synthesized, and its spectroscopic and electrochemical properties have been investigated. The polymer consists of diarylporphyrin units that are linked at meso-positions by aminophenyl groups, thus making the porphyrin rings an integral part of the polymer backbone. Hexyl chains on two of the aryl groups impart solubility. The porphyrin units interact only weakly in the ground electronic state. Excitation produces a local excited state that rapidly evolves into a state with charge-transfer character (CT) involving the amino nitrogen and the porphyrin macrocycle. Singlet excitation energy is transferred between porphyrin units in the chain with a time constant of ca. 210 ps. The final CT state has a lifetime of several nanoseconds, and the first oxidation of the polymer occurs at ca. 0.58 V vs. SCE. These properties make the polymer a suitable potential excited state electron donor to a variety of fullerenes or other acceptor species, suggesting that the polymer may find use in organic photovoltaics, sensors, and similar applications.
Low-Cost Dilution Engine for Sample Preparation in Digital Microfluidic Biochips (2012)

Recently developed digital microfluidic biochips can implement biochemical laboratory assays (protocols) on a small size chip for automatic and reliable analysis of biochemical fluid samples. Dilution of a sample fluid is the basic step required in almost all bioassays. We propose a dilution engine for sample preparation that can produce multiple (a stream of) droplets of the target fluid with the same concentration level and present a scheduling scheme for mapping the dilution steps into the dilution engine. Our proposed architecture for dilution engine uses one ($1:1$) mix-split microfluidic module (mixer) and a constant number of storage units. Its performance is compared with another layout of only one mixer with no storage unit. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can efficiently reuse the waste droplets of earlier steps and hence utilizes less amount of expensive biochemical fluids. Moreover, the scheme generates multiple target droplets with the same concentration level in less number of dilution steps (i.e., time) and at a relatively lower cost.
Redesigning Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa toxin into a mosquito toxin (2006)

The Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein Cry1Aa is normally selectively active to caterpillar larvae. Through rational design, toxicity (microg/ml) to the mosquito Culex pipiens was introduced by selected deletions and substitutions of the loop residues of domain II. Toxicity to its natural target Manduca sexta was concomitantly abolished. The successful grafting of the alternate mosquito toxicity onto the original lepidopteran Cry1Aa toxin demonstrates the possibility of designing and engineering a desired toxicity into any toxin of a common scaffold by reshaping the receptor binding region with desired specificities.
Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance and Suppression Induced by Monoclonal Antibodies to CD4 and CD8 (1996)

Over the last five years it has become increasingly clear that the peripheral immune system can maintain tolerance to both self and non-self antigens through a variety of mechanisms. Although clonal deletion may play an important part in limiting rapidly expanding responses, there are many examples where antigen reactive T cells remain. It has been proposed that tolerance is maintained in this situation either by the induction of anergy or by ongoing suppression. The phenomenon known as immune deviation, where non-inflammatory Th2 responses could suppress Th1 and positively reinforce themselves provided an attractive explanation for infectious tolerance, where tolerant T cells could guide further naive T cells also to tolerance. However, experiments to test this hypothesis in the models of CD4 and CD8 antibody-induced tolerance have given conflicting data, with no clear evidence of Th2 responses in tolerant mice. In this paper we review recent data that IL-4 plays a role in suppression, but that the source of IL-4 may not be the tolerant/suppressor T cell. We also discuss how infectious tolerance can operate on third party antigens if they are linked on the same antigen presenting cell and how CD4+ T cells can suppress CD8+ T-cell responses. Finally, we suggest a model of infectious anergy that is compatible with the available data.
Implementation of alternative test strategies for the safety assessment of engineered nanomaterials (2013)

Nanotechnology introduces a new field that requires novel approaches and methods for hazard and risk assessment. For an appropriate scientific platform for safety assessment, nanoscale properties and functions of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), including how the physicochemical properties of the materials relate to mechanisms of injury at the nano-bio interface, must be considered. Moreover, this rapidly advancing new field requires novel test strategies that allow multiple toxicants to be screened in robust, mechanism-based assays in which the bulk of the investigation can be carried out at the cellular and biomolecular level whilst maintaining limited animal use and is based on the contribution of toxicological pathways to the pathophysiology of disease. First, a predictive toxicological approach for the safety assessment of ENMs will be discussed against the background of a '21st-century vision' for using alternative test strategies (ATSs) to perform toxicological assessment of large numbers of untested chemicals, thereby reducing a backlog that could otherwise become a problem for nanotechnology. An ATS is defined here as an alternative to animal experiments or refinement/reduction alternative to traditional animal testing. Secondly, the approach of selecting pathways of toxicity to screen for the pulmonary hazard potential of carbon nanotubes and metal oxides will be discussed, as well as how to use these pathways to perform high-content or high-throughput testing and how the data can be used for hazard ranking, risk assessment, regulatory decision-making and 'safer-by-design' strategies. Finally, the utility and disadvantages of this predictive toxicological approach to ENM safety assessment, and how it can assist the 21st-century vision, will be addressed.
Determination of the Isotopic Enrichment of <sup>13</sup>C- and <sup>2</sup>H-Labeled Tracers of Glucose Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Application to Dual- and Triple-Tracer Studies (2017)

Multiple-tracer approaches for investigating glucose metabolism in humans usually involve the administration of stable and radioactive glucose tracers and the subsequent determination of tracer enrichments in sampled blood. When using conventional, low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS), the number of spectral interferences rises rapidly with the number of stable tracers employed. Thus, in LRMS, both computational effort and statistical uncertainties associated with the correction for spectral interferences limit the number of stable tracers that can be simultaneously employed (usually two). Here we show that these limitations can be overcome by applying high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The HRMS method presented is based on the use of an Orbitrap mass spectrometer operated at a mass resolution of 100 000 to allow electrospray-generated ions of the deprotonated glucose molecules to be monitored at their exact masses. The tracer enrichment determination in blood plasma is demonstrated for several triple combinations of <sup>13</sup>C- and <sup>2</sup>H-labeled glucose tracers (e.g., [1-<sup>2</sup>H<sub>1</sub>]-, [6,6-<sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>]-, [1,6-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>]glucose). For each combination it is shown that ions arising from <sup>2</sup>H-labeled tracers are completely differentiated from those arising from <sup>13</sup>C-labeled tracers, thereby allowing the enrichment of a tracer to be simply calculated from the observed ion intensities using a standard curve with curve parameters unaffected by the presence of other tracers. For each tracer, the HRMS method exhibits low limits of detection and good repeatability in the tested 0.1-15.0% enrichment range. Additionally, due to short sample preparation and analysis times, the method is well-suited for high-throughput determination of multiple glucose tracer enrichments in plasma samples.
<title>Reconstructions of computed-tomography imaging spectrometer image cubes using calculated system matrices</title> (1997)

The compound-tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS) captures a scene's spatial and spectral information without any type of scanning. This capability enables a variety of applications that require spectral imaging of transient events. In this work, we demonstrate a flexible CTIS calibration techniques that allows multiple scene resolutions to be reconstructed from a single detector frame. The technique combines measurements with simulations to determine the transfer matrix of the system. Reconstructions of an experimental scene are performed to demonstrate the flexibility of the approach.
Low cost AM/AM and AM/PM distortion measurement using distortion-to-amplitude transformations (2009)

Amplitude-to-amplitude (AM-AM) and amplitude-to-phase (AM-PM) distortion are two significant effects in power amplifiers at high output power levels. Traditional measurement of amplitude and phase distortion in RF power amplifiers requires the use of expensive vector network analyzers (VNAs). This paper proposes a low cost and accurate test methodology for AM-AM and AM-PM measurement using distortion-to-amplitude conversion using simple load board test circuitry along with the use of hardware and software based difference generation and peak detection mechanisms. It is seen that both distortion effects can be measured with high accuracy while allowing significant reduction in test cost.
Wheat Ms2 encodes for an orphan protein that confers male sterility in grass species (2017)

Abstract Male sterility is a valuable trait for plant breeding and hybrid seed production. The dominant male-sterile gene Ms2 in common wheat has facilitated the release of hundreds of breeding lines and cultivars in China. Here, we describe the map-based cloning of the Ms2 gene and show that Ms2 confers male sterility in wheat, barley and Brachypodium . MS2 appears as an orphan gene within the Triticinae and expression of Ms2 in anthers is associated with insertion of a retroelement into the promoter. The cloning of Ms2 has substantial potential to assemble practical pipelines for recurrent selection and hybrid seed production in wheat.
Activating an adaptive immune response from a hydrogel scaffold imparts regenerative wound healing (2020)

Abstract Biomaterial scaffolds represent a promising approach for material-based tissue regeneration. We previously developed microporous annealed particle (MAP) hydrogels - a flowable, microparticle-based hydrogel in which neighboring hydrogel particles are linked in situ to form a porous scaffold that accelerates wound healing. To promote more extensive tissue ingrowth before scaffold degradation, we aimed to slow scaffold degradation by switching the chirality of the crosslinking peptides from L-peptides to D-peptides. Unexpectedly, despite showing the predicted slower enzymatic degradation in vitro , D-peptide crosslinked MAP hydrogel (D-MAP) hastened material degradation in vivo and imparted significant tissue regeneration to healed cutaneous wounds, including increased tensile strength and hair neogenesis. By themselves, D-chiral peptides were poor activators of macrophage innate immune signaling in vivo , but MAP particles elicit IL-33 type 2 myeloid cell recruitment which is amplified in vivo in the presence of D-peptides. Remarkably, D-MAP elicited significant antigen-specific immunity against the D-chiral peptides, and an intact adaptive immune system was required for the hydrogel-induced skin regeneration. These findings demonstrate that the generation of an adaptive immune response from a biomaterial is sufficient to induce cutaneous regenerative healing despite faster scaffold degradation.