gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noise filtering in parametric amplification by dressing the seed beam with spatial chirp (2014)

We report a method for filtering out the noises produced in optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers by dressing the seed beam with spatial chirp. After dechirping the amplified signal with a compressor, the noises experience a spatiotemporal coupling, making themselves highly distinguishable from the compressed signal in space, and hence supporting noise filtering effectively and expediently in the spatial domain, which would otherwise not be possible. Numerical simulations performed for the proposed method show the capabilities of an order of magnitude reduction in the noise energy and several orders of magnitude enhancement in the temporal contrast.
Image deconvolution using a logarithmic/exponential nonlinear joint transform processor (1989)

Recently, we described a nonlinear joint transform processor for image deconvolution. 1 In this technique, both the smeared image and the smearing function are displayed side by side at the input plane of the optical processor. The Fourier phase appearing in the joint power spectrum is the exact Fourier phase of the original image. In the technique described in Ref. 1 , a hard clipping nonlinearity is used to threshold the joint Fourier spectrum to only two values, 1 and –1. The effect of the nonlinearity is to remove the distorted amplitude entirely and to restore the correct phase of the original signal. An amplitude mask averaged over an ensemble of images is used at the Fourier plane to provide the amplitude spectrum. An inverse Fourier transform of the average amplitude spectrum with the recovered correct phase information can yield the original image with considerably reduced distortion.
Distribution system security region: definition, model and security assessment (2012)

The region-based method has been successfully applied in transmission systems. This study proposes the definition, model and applications of security region for distribution systems. With the ongoing smart grid initiatives, a large amount of real-time network information will be available. This is the motivation of an accurate calculation of the security boundary. First, this study presents the concepts of distribution system security region (DSSR); and discusses N−1 contingency scenarios for both substation transformers and feeders. Second, distribution system security boundary is modelled in the Euclidean space as several intersected hyperplanes. Furthermore, DSSR for substation transformer contingency is modelled as the space surrounded by the security boundaries and the set of all operating points that ensure the distribution system N−1 security. Third, distance from an operating point to a security boundary is formulated and a new index is also presented for security evaluation. The proposed DSSR-based security assessment method provides a new approach for future smart distribution system operation. Finally, the results from a real distribution system have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed concepts and methods; and the geometric characteristics of DSSR are also illustrated by means of two-dimensional visualisation of the test system.
Electric Dipoles and Ionic Conductivity in a Na<sup>+</sup>Glass Electrolyte (2016)

Glass, unlike a crystalline solid, contains atoms and molecules that do not occupy fixed positions. A glass that contains molecules that attract one another can age with time. We report such a glass that contains A2O and (OA)− electric dipoles (A = Li or Na). At a temperature T < 1.2Tg ≈ 110°C (Tg is the glass transition temperature) the electric dipoles coalesce with time into clusters within which, unlike in ice, some dipoles condense into ferroelectric, negatively charged molecules locally charge-compensated by weakly attracted A+ ions. In an applied electric field, the dipoles are oriented and, over time depending on the T < 110°C, are aligned parallel to the field axis to yield a solid A+ electrolyte with an ionic conductivity σi > 10−2 S cm−1 and a huge dielectric constant that makes it suitable for many applications, including safe rechargeable batteries of high energy density and long cycle life.
Hybrid polarity SAR architecture (2009)

A space-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) designed to provide quantitative information on a global scale implies severe requirements to maximize coverage and to sustain reliable operational calibration. These requirements are best served by the hybrid-polarity architecture, in which the radar transmits in circular polarization, and receives on two orthogonal linear polarizations, coherently, retaining their relative phase. This paper summarizes key attributes of hybrid-polarity dual- and quadrature-polarized SARs, reviews the associated advantages, formalizes conditions under which the signal-to-noise ratio is conserved, and describes the evolution of this architecture from first principles.
Functional outcomes, union rate, and complications of the Anser Clavicle Pin at 1 year: a novel intramedullary device in managing midshaft clavicle fractures (2020)

Managing displaced midshaft clavicle fractures with the Anser Clavicle Pin results in a 100% union rate and excellent functional outcomes and patient satisfaction. It has a low non-device-related complication rate, and the device-related complications that occurred in this series may be prevented in the future.
Semi-supervised Maximum Entropy based approach to acronym and abbreviation normalization in medical texts (2001)

Text normalization is an important aspect of successful information retrieval from medical documents such as clinical notes, radiology reports and discharge summaries. In the medical domain, a significant part of the general problem of text normalization is abbreviation and acronym disambiguation. Numerous abbreviations are used routinely throughout such texts and knowing their meaning is critical to data retrieval from the document. In this paper I will demonstrate a method of automatically generating training data for Maximum Entropy (ME) modeling of abbreviations and acronyms and will show that using ME modeling is a promising technique for abbreviation and acronym normalization. I report on the results of an experiment involving training a number of ME models used to normalize abbreviations and acronyms on a sample of 10,000 rheumatology notes with ~89% accuracy.
VALUE: Large Scale Voting-based Automatic Labelling for Urban\n Environments (2020)

This paper presents a simple and robust method for the automatic localisation\nof static 3D objects in large-scale urban environments. By exploiting the\npotential to merge a large volume of noisy but accurately localised 2D image\ndata, we achieve superior performance in terms of both robustness and accuracy\nof the recovered 3D information. The method is based on a simple distributed\nvoting schema which can be fully distributed and parallelised to scale to\nlarge-scale scenarios. To evaluate the method we collected city-scale data sets\nfrom New York City and San Francisco consisting of almost 400k images spanning\nthe area of 40 km$^2$ and used it to accurately recover the 3D positions of\ntraffic lights. We demonstrate a robust performance and also show that the\nsolution improves in quality over time as the amount of data increases.\n
Inhibition of influenza virus matrix (M1) protein expression and virus replication by U6 promoter-driven and lentivirus-mediated delivery of siRNA (2004)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced RNA degradation has been used recently as an antivirus agent to inhibit specific virus replication. This report shows that 21 nt duplexes of siRNA of the influenza virus M gene can cause specific inhibition of influenza virus matrix (M1) protein expression in transfected 293T cells. Furthermore, it is shown that a lentivirus vector can be used to effectively deliver M gene siRNAs into Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and can cause specific inhibition of M1 protein expression and influenza virus replication. Therefore, lentivirus-mediated delivery of siRNA and gene silencing can be used in studying the specific functions of virus genes in replication and may have a potential therapeutic application.
Evaluations of Concepts for the Integration of Fuel Cells in Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Systems (2019)

Liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) systems store hydrogen through covalent bonds. As the release of H2 from the LOHC carrier is an endothermic process, clever heat and system integration of this critical step with the exothermic fuel cell operation is highly desirable. The aim of this study is the evaluation of different configurations of this sequence. The results allow decisions on efficient process options. With respect to energy efficiency, the worst case is electric heating for providing the LOHC dehydrogenation heat. Most favorable, in contrast, is full heat integration between a high-temperature fuel cell and the dehydrogenation unit. Partial combustion of hydrogen for heat provision represents an attractive choice. Alternatively, hydrogen transfer to a CO2-free, organic fuel cell is another interesting option. This includes transfer hydrogenation, for example, conversion of acetone to isopropanol, followed by direct conversion of the latter in a fuel cell. While hydrogen combustion-driven dehydrogenation promises high overall power densities, the hydrogen transfer to an organic fuel represents a very efficient technology.
Microcombustor array and micro-flame ionization detector for hydrocarbon detection (2003)

This paper describes results from using a microcombustor to create two hydrocarbon gas sensors: one utilizing calorimetry and the other a flame ionization detector (FID) mechanism. The microcombustor consists of a catalytic film deposited on the surface of a microhotplate. This micromachined design has low heat capacity and thermal conductivity, making it ideal for heating catalysts placed on its surface. The catalytic materials provide a natural surface-based method for flame ignition and stabilization and are deposited using a micropen system, which allows precise and repeatable placement of the materials. The catalytic nature of the microcombustor design expands the limits of flammability (LoF) as compared with conventional diffusion flames; an unoptimized LoF of 1-32% for natural gas in air was demonstrated with the microcombustor, whereas conventionally 4-16% is observed. The LoF for hydrogen, methane, propane and ethane are likewise expanded. Expanded LoF permit the use of this technology in applications needing reduced temperatures, lean fuel/air mixes, or low gas flows. By coupling electrodes and an electrometer circuit with the microcombustor, the first ever demonstration of a microFID utilizing premixed fuel and a catalytically-stabilized flame has been performed; the detection of 1.2-2.9 % of ethane in a hydrogen/air mix is shown.
Motion artefact reduction for exact cone-beam CT reconstruction algorithms (2004)

Katsevich proposed a reconstruction algorithm for helical cone-beam CT which is theoretically exact. Even for large cone angles, it performs very well on static objects. But due to its limitation to the PI illumination window, it produces strong artefacts in the presence of motion. We propose a method to reduce these spreading motion artefacts significantly by adding a correction image. It uses a small portion of the voxel-dependent over-scan. Results of a simulation study with a 128 row scanner are shown.
Development of Drugs for Alzheimer Therapy: A Decade of Progress (1994)

We have reached the third publication of the series on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy (Giacobini and Becker, 1988; Becker and Giacobini, 1991), therefore, some comparisons seem both useful and appropriate. In the seven years (1988–1994) since our first volume (Giacobini and Becker, 1988) we have identified approximately 100 compounds proposed for use in Alzheimer disease (AD) therapy. We have found reference to over 300 studies conducted in humans. These studies have involved a total of about 3,000 patients.
Diamond Cooling of High-Power Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers (2004)

We have demonstrated the feasibility of cooling high-power solid-state lasers with diamond windows, whose thermal conductivity is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of sapphire. An output power of 200 W was achieved from a single Nd:YVO/sub 4/ slab in a zigzag configuration when pumped with 600-W diodes at 808 nm. The maximum output power previously reported in the literature using conventional cooling schemes is only about 100 W. A 2.3/spl times/4/spl times/24 mm/sup 3/ slab was pumped from its broad side (4/spl times/24 mm/sup 2/) through a 0.3-mm-thick optical diamond window placed in close contact with the lasing crystal. The diamond window, held in a water-cooled copper housing, acted as a heat conductor. The other broad side of the crystal was cooled directly by its water-cooled copper housing. Since pumping and cooling were along the same axis, a Cartesian thermal gradient was achieved, while the zigzag scheme was used to minimize thermal lensing. By using a BBO Q-switch, 70-W average power was obtained at 20 kHz with a pulse width of 19 ns and with a beam quality of 3 and 12 times the diffraction limit in the zigzag and transverse directions, respectively. The output of a two-head configuration was 295 W. In addition, a cavity was designed to achieve increased beam quality and 133 W was accomplished with a beam quality of 2 and 7.5 times diffraction-limited on the zigzag and nonzigzag axes, respectively. Operating this cavity with an RTP Q-switch produced 114 W with a beam quality of 1.5 and 9.5 on the respective two axes.
Monolithic device for modelocking and stabilization of frequency combs (2015)

We demonstrate a device that integrates a III-V semiconductor saturable absorber mirror with a graphene electro-optic modulator, which provides a monolithic solution to modelocking and noise suppression in a frequency comb. The device offers a pure loss modulation bandwidth exceeding 5 MHz and only requires a low voltage driver. This hybrid device provides not only compactness and simplicity in laser cavity design, but also small insertion loss, compared to the previous metallic-mirror-based modulators. We believe this work paves the way to portable and fieldable phase-coherent frequency combs.
Sea ice thickness observation in the sea of okhotsk using ENVISAT/ASAR data (2005)

To investigate the possibilities of multi-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to monitor sea-ice, we derived the relationship between polarization characteristics and the physical parameters of the sea-ice. We discuss the polarization characteristics of the backscattering coefficients of the sea-ice and then describe the sea-ice thickness by comparing the corresponding backscattering coefficient for each polarization with the physical parameters of the ice. We propose a retrieval algorithm for sea-ice thickness, which apply a backscattering ratio to estimate the thickness of the sea-ice. This ratio is calculated using a surface scattering model, which cancels the effect of roughness on backscattering. The method was validated using the Advanced SAR (ASAR) onboard ENVISAT satellite observation data obtained at ground-truth sites.
Genetic Incorporation of a Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase and Firefly Luciferase Fusion into the Adenovirus Protein IX for Functional Display on the Virion (2006)

An advantage of the adenoviral vector is its molecular flexibility, which allows for vector tropism modifications for the purpose of cell targeting. In addition to targeting ligands, the capacity to incorporate heterologous peptides has allowed capsid incorporation of other functionalities. We have defined the minor capsid protein IX (pIX) as a locus capable of presenting incorporated ligands on the virion surface. Thus, we sought to exploit the possibility of incorporating functional proteins at pIX. In our current study, we sought to expand the potential utility of our capsid labeling strategy by developing simultaneous imaging capacity for dedicated small animal positron emission tomography and bioluminescence imaging on a single adenoviral vector. Therefore, we constructed an adenovirus that incorporates a fusion protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase and firefly luciferase (Luc) (TK-Luc) into adenovirus capsid pIX. Our study herein clearly demonstrates our ability to rescue viable adenoviral particles that display functional TK-Luc as a component of their capsid surface. Most importantly, Ad-pIX-TK-Luc retained dual enzymatic functions in vitro and in vivo. This dual-modality approach will allow dynamic or real-time imaging analysis of adenovirus-based interventions with maximized analytic flexibility and enhanced resolution potential.
<title>Characterization of the mammographic appearance of microcalcifications: applications in computer-aided diagnosis</title> (1993)

This paper describes the application of the area and contrast of mammographic microcalcifications to computer-aided diagnostic schemes. Image contrast (measured in differences in optical density on the film) is converted to radiation contrast (in terms of log x- ray exposure) by correcting for the characteristic curve of the screen-film system and by correcting for the loss in contrast caused by the blurring by the screen and the film digitizer. From the radiation contrast, we estimate an effective thickness of a microcalcification that would have produced the corresponding radiation contrast. By examining the relationship between effective thickness and size of computer-detected signals (potential microcalcifications), the false-positive rate of our automated detection scheme can be reduced from 2.5 to 1.5 false clusters per image, while maintaining a sensitivity of 85%. We have also conducted two preliminary studies for which the extraction technique may be beneficial. The first was for classifying clusters as either benign or malignant. Four features were identified: the standard deviation in area, thickness, and effective volume of microcalcifications within a given cluster, and the mean effective volume of microcalcifications within the cluster. The second study was for developing a quantitative measure of the subtlety of appearance of microcalcifications in mammograms. We have found that the product of the area and image contrast summed over all microcalcifications within a cluster correlates well with human subjective impression of subtlety.
Extensions of LuGre tire friction model related to variable slip speed along contact patch length (2005)

The recently developed LuGre model describes the 3D tire friction dynamics given in brush representation. The model has three-state lumped-parameter form and an analytical solution for tire static curves. It is simplified based on the assumption of constant slip speed along the contact patch length. This assumption is released in this paper in order to extend the model with several secondary, but potentially important effects such as camber, carcass compliance, conicity, ply-steer, and rolling resistance. Two approaches of introduction of variable slip speed effect are considered. The first one is based on stepwise approximation of slip speed along the contact patch length, and the second one includes a specific spatially-distributed additive deflection term. Both approaches provides preserving the three-state lumped-parameter model form and an analytical steady-state solution. Qualitative and quantitative validation results point to consistency and benefits of the proposed model extensions.
Data packet forwarding method in multi-hop network, involves decoding data packets received from multi-transmitting nodes, and transmitting packet acknowledge for each correctly decoded packet to multi-transmitting nodes. (2003)

NOVELTY - Several data packets are received in a receiving node from multi-transmitting nodes, and are decoded in a multi-user detection (MUD) mode. The decoded packets are then arranged sequentially and a correctly decoded packet is selected for forwarding. A packet acknowledge for each selected packet is transmitted to the multi-transmitting nodes. USE - For forwarding data packets in multi-hop network. ADVANTAGE - The performance of the multi-hop network is improved with respect to high throughput and less power consumption. The quality of service (QoS) support in the network is improved. The risk of congestion and buffer overflow in the network are reduced. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for the following: (1) data packet forwarding system; and (2) communication node. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a schematic process flow diagram of forwarding data packets.
Harnessing Redox Cross-Reactivity To Profile Distinct Cysteine Modifications (2016)

Cysteine S-nitrosation and S-sulfination are naturally occurring post-translational modifications (PTMs) on proteins induced by physiological signals and redox stress. Here we demonstrate that sulfinic acids and nitrosothiols react to form a stable thiosulfonate bond, and leverage this reactivity using sulfinate-linked probes to enrich and annotate hundreds of endogenous S-nitrosated proteins. In physiological buffers, sulfinic acids do not react with iodoacetamide or disulfides, enabling selective alkylation of free thiols and site-specific analysis of S-nitrosation. In parallel, S-nitrosothiol-linked probes enable enrichment and detection of endogenous S-sulfinated proteins, confirming that a single sulfinic acid can react with a nitrosothiol to form a thiosulfonate linkage. Using this approach, we find that hydrogen peroxide addition increases S-sulfination of human DJ-1 (PARK7) at Cys106, whereas Cys46 and Cys53 are fully oxidized to sulfonic acids. Comparative gel-based analysis of different mouse tissues reveals distinct profiles for both S-nitrosation and S-sulfination. Quantitative proteomic analysis demonstrates that both S-nitrosation and S-sulfination are widespread, yet exhibit enhanced occupancy on select proteins, including thioredoxin, peroxiredoxins, and other validated redox active proteins. Overall, we present a direct, bidirectional method to profile select redox cysteine modifications based on the unique nucleophilicity of sulfinic acids.
Versatile Boron Carbide-Based Energetic Time Delay Compositions (2013)

Pyrotechnic time delay compositions composed of boron carbide, sodium periodate, and polytetrafluoroethylene have been developed for use in the U.S. Army hand-held signal. The new compositions were developed to replace the currently used composition that contains potassium perchlorate and barium chromate, chemicals that are facing increasing regulatory scrutiny. Static tests in aluminum hand-held signal delay housings demonstrated a wide range of available inverse burning rates (1.3–20.8 s/cm), which includes the 7–8.5 s/cm range required for hand-held signals. The roles of loading pressure, mixture stoichiometry, and component particle size are described herein.
Prototype Development of a Novel Radial Flow Gas Turbine (2005)

A prototype of a novel gas turbine concept is being developed to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a gas turbine design based on a straight radial flow with no axial flow turning. The prototype gas turbine consists of only two structural elements — a rotor disk and a stator shroud. The rotor consists of a centrifugal compressor and high impulse radial outward-flow turbine connected to an electric generator. The stator shroud contains the combustor and nozzles. The difference between this novel design and conventional radial gas turbine is that the compressor and turbine section are installed on the same side of the rotating wheel, while the combustor and nozzle are mounted on the stationary shroud. Thus, the entire assembly consists of two components. Technical advantages are: • Single Rotating Disk; • Compact Two-Piece Construction; • Ease of Repair and Maintenance; • High Power to Weight Ratio. This paper discusses the test set-up, instrumentation, and initial mechanical testing of the radial gas turbine. Performance predictions, rotordynamics analysis, and aerodynamic component verification are also discussed.