gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cathodoluminescence system for a scanning electron microscope using an optical fiber for light collection (1989)

We describe a novel light collection system for cathodoluminescence scanning electron microscopy. Cathodoluminescence emitted from the sample surface enters directly into the facet of an optical fiber, which is held less than a millimeter away from the sample to optimize the collection efficiency. The fiber is small enough that it has a minimal effect on access to the sample by other detection apparatus. Three axis positioning of the fiber is accomplished with motorized translation stages located in the sample chamber. Techniques for generating cathodoluminescence images and local spectra are discussed. The techniques are applied to oval defects in molecular beam epitaxially grown GaAs/AlGaAs epilayers, and the results are presented.
Ultrathin Calcinated Films on a Gold Surface for Highly Effective Laser Desorption/Ionization of Biomolecules (2010)

We report a nanoscale calcinated silicate film fabricated on a gold substrate for highly effective, matrix-free laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) analysis of biomolecules. The calcinated film is prepared by a layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition/calcination process wherein the thickness of the silicate layer and its surface properties are precisely controlled. The film exhibits outstanding efficiency in LDI-MS with extremely low background noise in the low-mass region, allowing for effective analysis of low mass samples and detection of large biomolecules including amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Additional advantages for the calcinated film include ease of preparation and modification, high reproducibility, low cost, and excellent reusability. Experimental parameters that influence LDI on calcinated films have been systemically investigated. Presence of citric acid in the sample significantly enhances LDI performance by facilitating protonation of the analyte and reducing fragmentation. The wetting property and surface roughness appear to be important factors that manipulate LDI performance of the analytes. This new substrate presents a marked advance in the development of matrix-free mass spectrometric methods and is uniquely suited for analysis of biomolecules over a broad mass range with high sensitivity. It may open new avenues for developing novel technology platforms upon integration with existing methods in microfluidics and optics.
Orientation estimation of a continuum manipulator in a phantom lung (2017)

Tendon-driven continuum manipulators are widely used in minimally invasive surgeries, yet autonomous control has proven difficult given the uncertainty in modeling the robot's interaction with the anatomy. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that the anatomy's effect on the robotic manipulator can be approximated as a rotation of the model-based Jacobian. Two methods are described that estimate the orientation using a magnetic position sensor at the robot's distal tip, enabling task-space control in unknown, constrained environments. One method, R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">α</sup> , determines the orientation of the robot's model using the measured orientation of the distal tip. In the second approach, R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Δx</sup> , an unscented Kalman filter transforms the tip's measured change in position into an orientation estimate. These methods are validated on the manipulator in free space at three pre-rotated positions (α = 0°, -45°, -90°) and compared to model-based control and model-less control in an autonomous trajectory-following task through an anatomically accurate silicone phantom of a human lung. The results show that by rotating the model-based Jacobian through either of the two methods presented, feedback control successfully navigates the continuum manipulator farther into the lung phantom than static model-based control and model-less control.
A nickel base alloy, NASA WAZ-16, with potential for gas turbine stator vane application (1974)

A nickel-base superalloy based on the nickel-aluminum-tungsten system designated WAZ-16 was developed for high strength in the 1095 C (2000 F) to 1205 C (2200 F) range. Its tensile strength at the latter temperature is approximately 186 MN/m2 (27,000 psi). The combination of properties of the alloy suggest that it has potential as a stator vane material in advanced gas turbine engines.
Comparison of Freeform Imaging Spectrometer Design Forms Using Spectral Full-Field Displays (2015)

The evolution of an F/3.8 Offner-Chrisp imaging spectrometer from all-spherical to freeform surfaces is presented. The optical performance was analyzed using spectral full-field displays. Furthermore, we demonstrate distortion correction without compromising performance by using freeforms.
Virus-like particles associated with banana bunchy top disease contain small single-stranded DNA (1991)

Virus-like particles were purified from banana plants with banana bunchy top disease. These particles were isometric with a diameter of 18 to 20 nm and a density of 1.28 to 1.30 g/ml in caesium sulphate. Associated with these particles were an ssDNA of about 1 kb and one major protein of Mr 20,100. DsDNA was synthesized from nucleic acid extracts from these particles and cloned. One clone, pBT338, hybridized specifically (i) with sap extracts from plants infected with banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) but not with sap extracts from healthy plants and (ii) with the small ssDNA in nucleic acid extracts from infected plants and virus-like particles. Banana bunchy top disease was transmitted from infected to healthy bananas by aphid inoculation and it was demonstrated that the small ssDNA was transmitted with the disease. It is probable that these particles represent the virions of BBTV containing small ssDNA and that the virus resembles subterranean clover stunt virus more than any other known virus.
Optimization of 16-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Constellations for Phase Noise Impaired Channels (2011)

An iterative constellation optimization algorithm is used to find new 16-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) constellations. The constellations double phase noise tolerance and improve receiver sensitivity by up to 0.3 dB compared to the square 16-QAM constellation.
Automatic Caching Decision for Scientific Dataflow Execution in Apache Spark (2018)

Demands for large-scale data analysis and processing have led to the development and widespread adoption of computing frameworks that leverage in-memory data processing, largely outperforming disk-based processing systems. One such framework is Apache Spark, which adopts a lazy-evaluation execution mode. In this model, the execution of a transformation dataflow operation is delayed until its results are required by an action. Furthermore, transformation's results are not kept in memory by default, and the same transformation must be re-executed whenever required by another action. In order to spare unnecessary re-execution of entire pipelines of frequently referenced operations, Spark enables the programmer to explicitly define a cache operation to persist transformation results. However, many factors affect the efficiency of a cache in a dataflow, including the existence of other cache operations. Thus, even with a reasonably small number of transformations, choosing the optimal combination of cache operations poses a nontrivial problem. The problem is highlighted by the fact that intuitive strategies -- especially considered in isolation - may actually be harmful to the dataflow efficiency. In this work, we present an automatic procedure to compute the substantially optimal combination of cache operations given a dataflow definition and a simple model for the cost of the operations. Our results over an astronomy dataflow use case show that our algorithm is resilient to changes in the dataflow and cost model, and that it outperforms intuitive strategies, consistently deciding on a substantially optimal combination of caches.
Precision Molded Aspheric Lenses For A Camera And For A Compact Disc System (1986)

Aspheric lenses of conventional optical glasses have been molded. A 16 mm diameter photographic lens with aspheric figure error of 0.6)1m, accuracy error of 0.04 μm, decenter of 75" and surface roughness of 200 Å Rmax has been obtained. For an aspheric pickup lens in a compact disc system, a wave-front aberration within 0.04 μm rms has been obtained.
Three dimensional ultrasonic imaging for diagnosis of breast tumor (2002)

Three dimensional ultrasonic imaging and digital processing of extraction and construction of breast tumor is proposed for the diagnosis of breast tumors. Since a malignant tumor has uneven shape and complex boundaries, it is possible to evaluate the tumor using characteristics of tumor morphology. The automated extraction of breast tumors and evaluation of the surface of tumor is a significant problem for computer aided diagnosis. The proposed system consists of commercially available ultrasonic diagnosis equipment, a magnetic sensor for location and orientation, and image processing system. The automated extraction of tumor by fuzzy reasoning uses the membership function assumed as Rician distribution function. We apply the method to 20 cases of malignant tumors and 13 cases of benign tumors. As a result we succeeded in constructing the three dimensional breast tumors and displayed the surface rendering image of the extracted tumor. The relation of three kinds of parameter to a degree of surface roughness of the extracted tumor is investigated for diagnosis.
Multiscale Segmentation by Combining Motion and Intensity Cues (2005)

We present a multiscale method for motion segmentation. Our method begins with local, ambiguous optical flow measurements. It uses a process of aggregation to resolve the ambiguities and reach reliable estimates of the motion. In addition, as the aggregation process proceeds and larger aggregates are identified it employs a progressively more complex model to describe the motion. In particular, we proceed by recovering translational motion at fine levels, through affine transformation at intermediate levels, to 3D motion (described by a fundamental matrix) at the coarsest levels. Finally, the method is integrated with a segmentation method that uses intensity cues. We further demonstrate the utility of the method on both random dot and real motion sequences.
Targeting Cdk4/6 in combination therapy of chemoresistant multiple myeloma (2008)

8503 Background: Deregulation of Cdk4 or Cdk6 is a hallmark in cancer. However, conventional cancer therapy centers on empirical cytotoxic killing. Targeting the cell cycle with broad-spectrum inhibitors has proven ineffective so far due to cross- reactivity with cell survival and the transcriptional machinery. In myeloma, over-expression of Cdk4-cyclin D1 or Cdk6-cyclin D2 predisposes primary bone marrow (BM) myeloma cells to proliferation in vivo. Conversely, silencing Cdk4/6 by its physiologic inhibitor, p18INK4c, is required for cell cycle termination during the generation of normal plasma cells. Targeting Cdk4/6, therefore, represents a rational strategy to control disease progression and drug resistance in myeloma. Methods: An orally bioactive, small molecule PD 0332991 selectively and reversibly inhibits Cdk4/6 (IC50 ∼ 60 nM) in primary myeloma cells ex vivo. This leads to exclusive G1 cell cycle arrest unaccompanied by apoptosis by BrdU labeling and apoptotic assays. Results: By inducing synchronous S phase entry upon release of G1 block or prolonging G1 arrest, inhibition of Cdk4/6 by PD 0332991 profoundly sensitizes primary myeloma cells to killing by proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and NPI-0052, or dexamethasone. Sequential treatments with PD 0332991 and bortezomib rapidly reduces tumor burden in animal models. Importantly, it overcomes chemoresistance in myeloma cells isolated from refractory relapse patients, despite stromal protection. Synergistic killing of myeloma cells lies in induction of cell cycle-specific mitochondria depolarization. Base On this basis and a favorable outcome of Phase I clinical trial, a Phase I/II PD 0332991-bortezomib clinical trial for myeloma is in progress. Conclusion: Targeting Cdk4/6 by PD 0332991 in combination with a selective cytotoxic agent represents a new class of promising cell cycle-based therapy in myeloma, and possibly other cancers. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Ortho Biotech Amgen, Merck, Millennium, Novartis Johnson & Johnson MMRF, NIH/NIAMS, Ortho Biotech, VA Merit Review
Soft mobile robot inspired by animal-like running motion (2019)

There is a considerable demand for legged robots with exploring capabilities such as passing through narrow pathways. Soft robots can provide a solution for such applications. Here, we propose a soft legged mobile robot with bimorph piezoelectric main body and pre-curved piezoelectric legs. We experimentally demonstrate the performance of the soft mobile robot. The mobile robot can move 70% of the body length per second. In addition, we investigate physical mechanisms behind the locomotion of the mobile robot using a numerical simulation. Interestingly, the mobile robot generates an animal-like running motion. We find that the amplitude difference of the legs, depending on the leg activation condition, may affect the performance of the robot. We also confirm that the soft mobile robot can maintain the movement under impulsive shock owing to its flexibility.
Electromechanical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) networks (2002)

Abstract Random copolymers of 65% vinylidene fluoride and 35% trifluoroethylene were reacted with an organic peroxide, in combination with a free‐radical trap, to yield networks of high crosslink density. Crystallization subsequent to the crosslinking yielded ferroelectric materials exhibiting large electrostrictive strains. The magnitude of the electromechanical response increased with an increasing degree of crosslinking, even though this reduced the crystallinity. For the most crosslinked sample, longitudinal (thickness) strains as high as 12% were induced at an electric field of 9 MV/m. This electrostrictive performance exceeded that obtained to date with any poly(vinylidene fluoride) material. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1975–1984, 2002
A three-frame algorithm for estimating two-component image motion (1992)

A fundamental assumption made in formulating optical-flow algorithms, that motion at any point in an image can be represented as a single pattern component undergoing a simple translation, fails for a number of situations that commonly occur in real-world images. An alternative formulation of the local motion assumption in which there may be two distinct patterns undergoing coherent (e.g. affine) motion within a given local analysis region is proposed. An algorithm for the analysis of two-component motion in which tracking and nulling mechanisms applied to three consecutive image frames separate and estimate the individual components is given. Precise results are obtained, even for components that differ only slightly in velocity as well as for a faint component in the presence of a dominant, masking component. The algorithm provides precise motion estimates for a set of elementary two-motion configurations and is robust in the presence of noise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Kinetic Studies of Isobutane Dehydrogenation and Isobutene Hydrogenation over Pt/Sn-Based Catalysts (1998)

Rates of isobutane dehydrogenation and isobutene hydrogenation were measured over Pt/Sn/SiO2, Pt/Sn/K/SiO2, and Pt/Sn/K−L-zeolite catalysts at temperatures from 673 to 773 K and at various partial pressures for a total pressure of 1 atm. Addition of potassium to Pt/Sn/SiO2 enhances the rate of isobutene hydrogenation and isobutane dehydrogenation, and the Pt/Sn/K−L-zeolite catalyst exhibits considerably higher rates than Pt/Sn/SiO2 and Pt/Sn/K/SiO2. The kinetic data for the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions over the Pt/Sn catalysts could be described by a four-step Horiuti−Polanyi mechanism, with rate-limiting, dissociative adsorption of isobutane and quasi-equilibrated adsorption of hydrogen and isobutene. The higher rates observed over Pt/Sn/K/SiO2 and Pt/Sn/K−L-zeolite may be attributed to stabilization of the activated complex involved in the dissociative adsorption/desorption of isobutane on the Pt/Sn clusters within the zeolite pore structure and/or stabilization by the presence of potassium.
Feasibility of 99mTc-annexin V for repetitive detection of apoptotic tumor response to chemotherapy: an experimental study using a rat tumor model. (2004)

These results demonstrate the feasibility of (99m)Tc-annexin V imaging for repetitive detection of apoptosis, which is highly required in the clinical setting.
Antimicrobial Properties of Nanostructured Hydrogel Webs Containing Silver (2009)

The need exists for biomaterials that prevent biofilm formation and associated infections. In this report, we have studied the synthesis, processing, and antimicrobial behavior of new silver-containing thermoplastic hydrogel nanofibrous webs. Thermoplastic hydrogels were synthesized from multiblock PEG-POSS polyurethanes (PEG: poly(ethylene gylcol); POSS: polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane) and electrospun into nanofibrous webs (diameter approximately 150 nm), with or without AgNO(3). The nanofibrous hydrogels exhibited unusual shrinkage during water uptake, yielding a uniquely dense structure compared to hydrogels prepared from cast films. Antimicrobial activity was examined using exposure to Escherichia coli with daily refreshment of medium and inoculation to a controlled cell density. Nanofibrous hydrogels without silver featured the most rapid and most extensive biofilm formation, while the silver-containing nanofibrous hydrogel featured outstanding biofilm resistance, with biofilm formation taking hold only after 14 days of incubation in daily refreshed bacterial cultures. We envision application of the unique antimicrobial hydrogels as wound dressings that combine sustained bactericidal properties and lack of volumetric swelling during water uptake.
MICROFLUIDIC DRIFTING: THREE DIMENSIONAL HYDRODYNAMIC FOCUSING OF MICROPARTICLES (2008)

In this work we present numerical simulation and experimental validation of a three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic microparticle focusing method based on “microfluidic drifting” technique recently developed in our group. Microfluidic drifting utilizes Dean vortical flow induced in a microfluidic curve to realize 3D hydrodynamic focusing in a single-layer planar microfluidic device. Here we show this principle can be effectively adapted to focus microparticles with size and density close to those of lymphocytes.
Deep Recurrent Neural Network DRNN Model for Real-Time Step-Down Analysis (2019)

Abstract A new real-time machine learning model has been developed based on the deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) model for performing step-down analysis during the hydraulic fracturing process. During a stage of the stimulation process, fluids are inserted at the top of the wellhead, while the flow is primarily driven by the difference between the bottomhole pressure (BHP) and reservoir pressure. The major physics and engineering aspects involved are complex and, quite often, there is a high level of uncertainty related to the accuracy of the measured data, as well as intrinsic noise. Consequently, using a machine learning-based method that can resolve both the temporal and spatial non-linear variations has advantages over a pure engineering model. The approach followed provides a long short-term memory (LSTM) network-based methodology to predict BHP and temperature in a fracturing job, considering all commonly known surface variables. The surface pumping data consists of real-time data captured within each stage, such as surface treating pressure, fluid pumping rate, and proppant rate. The accurate prediction of a response variable, such as BHP, is important because it provides the basis for decisions made in several well treatment applications, such as hydraulic fracturing and matrix acidizing, to ensure success. Limitations of the currently available modeling methods include low resolution BHP predictions and an inability to properly capture non-linear effects in the BHP/temperature time series relationship with other variables, including surface pressure, flow rate, and proppant rate. In addition, current methods are further limited by lack of accuracy in the models for fluid properties; the response of the important sub-surface variables strongly depends on the modeled fluid properties. The novel model presented in this paper uses a deep learning neural network model to predict the BHP and temperature, based on surface pressure, flow rate, and proppant rate. This is the first attempt to predict response variables, such as BHP and temperature, in real time during a pumping stage, using a memory-preserving recurrent neural network (RNN) variant, such as LSTM. The results show that the LSTM can successfully model the BHP and temperature in a hydraulic fracturing process. The BHP and temperature predictions obtained were within 5% relative error. The current effort to model BHP can be used for step-down analysis in real time, thereby providing an accurate representation of the subsurface conditions in the wellbore and in the reservoir. The new method described in this paper avoids the need to manage the complex physics of the present methods; it provides a robust, stable, and accurate numerical solution throughout the pumping stages. The method described in this paper is extended to manage step-down analysis using surface-measured variables to predict perforation and tortuosity friction.
A candidate gene for developmental dyslexia encodes a nuclear tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein dynamically regulated in brain (2003)

Approximately 3-10% of people have specific difficulties in reading, despite adequate intelligence, education, and social environment. We report here the characterization of a gene, DYX1C1 near the DYX1 locus in chromosome 15q21, that is disrupted by a translocation t(2;15)(q11;q21) segregating coincidentally with dyslexia. Two sequence changes in DYX1C1, one involving the translation initiation sequence and an Elk-1 transcription factor binding site (-3G --> A) and a codon (1249G --> T), introducing a premature stop codon and truncating the predicted protein by 4 aa, associate alone and in combination with dyslexia. DYX1C1 encodes a 420-aa protein with three tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains, thought to be protein interaction modules, but otherwise with no homology to known proteins. The mouse Dyx1c1 protein is 78% identical to the human protein, and the nonhuman primates differ at 0.5-1.4% of residues. DYX1C1 is expressed in several tissues, including the brain, and the protein resides in the nucleus. In human brain, DYX1C1 protein localizes to a fraction of cortical neurons and white matter glial cells. We conclude that DYX1C1 should be regarded as a candidate gene for developmental dyslexia. Detailed study of its function may open a path to understanding a complex process of development and maturation of the human brain.