gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hardware design and verification techniques for Giga-bit Forward-Error Correction systems on FPGAs (2012)

Contemporary and next-generation wireless, wired and optical telecommunication systems rely on sophisticated forward error-correction (FEC) schemes to facilitate operation at particularly low Bit Error Rate (BER). The ever increasing demand for high information throughput rate, combined with requirements for moderate cost and low-power operation, renders the design of FEC systems a challenging task. The definition of the parity check matrix of an LDPC code is a crucial task as it defines both the computational complexity of the decoder and the error correction capabilities. However, the characterization of the corresponding code at low BER is a computationally intensive task that cannot be carried out with software simulation. We here demonstrate procedures that involve hardware acceleration to facilitate code design. In addition to code design, verification of operation at low BER requires strategies to prove correct operation of hardware, thus rendering FPGA prototyping a necessity. This paper demonstrates design techniques and verification strategies that allow proof of operation of a gigabit-rate FEC system at low BER, exploiting the state-of-the-art Virtex-7 technology. It is shown that by occupying up to 70% - 80% percent of slices on a Virtex-7 XC7V485T device, iterative decoding at gigabit rate can be verified.
Demonstration of a novel catheter guiding method for the ablative therapy of ventricular tachycardia (2006)

Current technologies used to guide the radio frequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia are frequently unable to rapidly and accurately localize the site of origin of an arrhythmia, restricting treatment to patients with hemodynamic ally stable arrhythmias. We investigate the effectiveness of a new rapid inverse algorithm which is based on a single-equivalent dipole representation of cardiac electrical activity. We conducted experiments in a saline volume conductor that involved the guidance of a moving catheter towards the location of a stationary dipole, using only the dipole positions calculated by the inverse algorithm. The algorithm was able to guide the moving catheter tip to well within 2 mm of the stationary dipole in 29 out of 30 experiments. These results suggest that this method has great potential to direct radio- frequency ablation procedures, including in the currently untreatable patient population with hemodynamically unstable arrhythmias.
Glucose-Responsive Microgels Integrated with Enzyme Nanocapsules for Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery (2013)

A glucose-responsive closed-loop insulin delivery system represents the ideal treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we develop uniform injectable microgels for controlled glucose-responsive release of insulin. Monodisperse microgels (256 ± 18 μm), consisting of a pH-responsive chitosan matrix, enzyme nanocapsules, and recombinant human insulin, were fabricated through a one-step electrospray procedure. Glucose-specific enzymes were covalently encapsulated into the nanocapsules to improve enzymatic stability by protecting from denaturation and immunogenicity as well as to minimize loss due to diffusion from the matrix. The microgel system swelled when subjected to hyperglycemic conditions, as a result of the enzymatic conversion of glucose into gluconic acid and protonation of the chitosan network. Acting as a self-regulating valve system, microgels were adjusted to release insulin at basal release rates under normoglycemic conditions and at higher rates under hyperglycemic conditions. Finally, we demonstrated that these microgels with enzyme nanocapsules facilitate insulin release and result in a reduction of blood glucose levels in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.
Paramagnetic Rim Lesions are Specific to Multiple Sclerosis: An International Multicenter 3T MRI Study (2020)

In multiple sclerosis (MS), a subset of chronic active white matter lesions are identifiable on magnetic resonance imaging by their paramagnetic rims, and increasing evidence supports their association with severity of clinical disease. We studied their potential role in differential diagnosis, screening an international multicenter clinical research-based sample of 438 individuals affected by different neurological conditions (MS, other inflammatory, infectious, and non-inflammatory conditions). Paramagnetic rim lesions, rare in other neurological conditions (52% of MS vs 7% of non-MS cases), yielded high specificity (93%) in differentiating MS from non-MS. Future prospective multicenter studies should validate their role as a diagnostic biomarker. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1034-1042.
CNS expression of murine fragile X protein (FMRP) as a function of CGG-repeat size (2014)

Large expansions of a CGG-repeat element (>200 repeats; full mutation) in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene cause fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading single-gene form of intellectual disability and of autism spectrum disorder. Smaller expansions (55-200 CGG repeats; premutation) result in the neurodegenerative disorder, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Whereas FXS is caused by gene silencing and insufficient FMR1 protein (FMRP), FXTAS is thought to be caused by 'toxicity' of expanded-CGG-repeat mRNA. However, as FMRP expression levels decrease with increasing CGG-repeat length, lowered protein may contribute to premutation-associated clinical involvement. To address this issue, we measured brain Fmr1 mRNA and FMRP levels as a function of CGG-repeat length in a congenic (CGG-repeat knock-in) mouse model using 57 wild-type and 97 expanded-CGG-repeat mice carrying up to ~250 CGG repeats. While Fmr1 message levels increased with repeat length, FMRP levels trended downward over the same range, subject to significant inter-subject variation. Human comparisons of protein levels in the frontal cortex of 7 normal and 17 FXTAS individuals revealed that the mild FMRP decrease in mice mirrored the more limited data for FMRP expression in the human samples. In addition, FMRP expression levels varied in a subset of mice across the cerebellum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus, as well as at different ages. These results provide a foundation for understanding both the CGG-repeat-dependence of FMRP expression and for interpreting clinical phenotypes in premutation carriers in terms of the balance between elevated mRNA and lowered FMRP expression levels.
Discovery of 4,7-Diamino-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-6-methylene-pyrimido[5,4-<i>b</i>]pyrrolizines as Novel Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2018)

An alternative medicinal chemistry approach was conducted on Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor 1 (ibrutinib) by merging the pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine component into a tricyclic skeleton. Two types of compounds were prepared, and their biochemical activities on BTK as well as stereochemistry effects were determined. Structural optimization focusing on the reactive binding group to BTK Cys481 and on the metabolic site guided by metabolic study were conducted. 7S was identified as the most potent showing an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.4 nM against BTK and 16 nM against BTK-dependent TMD8 cells. Compared to 1, 7S was slightly more selective with strong inhibition on the B-cell receptor signaling pathway. In a TMD8 cell-derived animal xenograft model, 7S showed a relative tumor volume of 5.3 at 15 mg/kg QD dosage that was more efficacious than 1 (RTV 6.6) at a higher dose of 25 mg/kg QD. All these results suggest 7S as a new BTK inhibitor worthy of further profiling.
Packet loss mitigation for biomedical signals in healthcare telemetry (2009)

In this work, we propose an effective application layer solution for packet loss mitigation in the context of Body Sensor Networks (BSN) and healthcare telemetry. Packet losses occur due to many reasons including excessive path loss, interference from other wireless systems, handoffs, congestion, system loading, etc. A call for action is in order, as packet losses can have extremely adverse impact on many healthcare applications relying on BAN and WAN technologies. Our approach for packet loss mitigation is based on Compressed Sensing (CS), an emerging signal processing concept, wherein significantly fewer sensor measurements than that suggested by Shannon/Nyquist sampling theorem can be used to recover signals with arbitrarily fine resolution. We present simulation results demonstrating graceful degradation of performance with increasing packet loss rate. We also compare the proposed approach with retransmissions. The CS based packet loss mitigation approach was found to maintain up to 99% beat-detection accuracy at packet loss rates of 20%, with a constant latency of less than 2.5 seconds.
Nanoformulation enhances anti-angiogenic efficacy of tunicamycin. (2013)

Nanoparticles (<100 nm) evades the immune system's clearing mechanisms long enough to reach the targeted disease tissue efficiently. We have, therefore, hypothesized that nano-formulated Tunicamycin would have a better efficacy and consequently it will be a better candidate for treating solid tumor including breast cancer in the clinic. Tunicamycin, a potent inhibitor of asparagine-linked (N-linked) protein glycosylation has been found earlier (I) inhibits angiogenesis <i>in vitro</i> by arresting cells in G1; (II) <i>in vivo</i> angiogenesis in Matrigel™ implant in nude mice; and (III) prevents the progression of a double- and a triple-negative breast tumor in athymic nude mice by inducing "ER stress" in tumor microvasculature. Tunicamycin could work alone or in combination with radiation/radiotherapy. To evaluate nano-formulated Tunicamycin, we have synthesized Tunicamycin encapsulated in peptide nanotubes, nanotubes bound to gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) conjugated with Tunicamycin, Tunicamycin conjugated with nanotubes, Au NPs bound to tubes and conjugated with Tunicamycin, and Au NPs conjugated with Tunicamycin. Functionalization of the nanoparticles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and absorbance spectroscopy. The 3-(4,5-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipheyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that nanoparticles (1 μg/mL) inhibited capillary endothelial cells proliferation, i.e., angiogenesis ~50% within one hour of treatment whereas the native Tunicamycin had no effect. The nano-formulated Tunicamycin blocked the cell cycle progression by inhibiting either both cyclin D1 and CDK4, or cyclin D1, or the CDK4 expression as well as the expression of phospho Rb (serine-229/threonine-252). Phosphorylation of p53 at serine-392 was down-regulated but not the total p53. Increased expression of GRP-78/Bip identified "ER stress". Upregulated expression (1.6-5.5 fold) of phopsho-PERK and significant reduction of mannosylphospho dolichol synthase (DPMS) expression supported induction of <i>unfolded protein response</i> (<i>upr</i>) signaling. Down regulated expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 proposes a non-canonical pathway of cell death during "ER stress" induced by nano-formulated Tunicamycin.
Empirical Bandwidth Provisioning Models for High Speed Internet Traffic (2006)

This paper develops formulas to provision bandwidth for any number of high speed internet subscribers at a given probability that load exceeds available capacity. Formulas are based on Gamma models fitted to traffic loads generated over 1-sec intervals by various subscriber aggregations. We assume loads are i.i.d. and use characteristic function properties to extrapolate load distributions for any aggregation size. The provisioning formulas show that economies of scale exist. Results apply to initial system provisioning and to growth planning in existing networks. Sensitivity analysis is performed. Findings may interest telephone and cable companies
Fundamentals of automated human gesture recognition using 3D integral imaging: a tutorial (2020)

Automated human gesture recognition is receiving significant research interest, with applications ranging from novel acquisition techniques to algorithms, data processing, and classification methodologies. This tutorial presents an overview of the fundamental components and basics of the current 3D optical image acquisition technologies for gesture recognition, including the most promising algorithms. Experimental results illustrate some examples of 3D integral imaging, which are compared to conventional 2D optical imaging. Examples of classifying human gestures under normal and degraded conditions, such as low illumination and the presence of partial occlusions, are provided. This tutorial is aimed at an audience who may or may not be familiar with gesture recognition approaches, current 3D optical image acquisition techniques, and classification algorithms and methodologies applied to human gesture recognition.
Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs (2000)

Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs, two-dimensionally periodic dielectric structures of finite height, are fundamentally different from waveguides in two-dimensional photonic crystals. The most important distinctions arise from the fact that photonic-crystal slab waveguides must be index-confined in the vertical direction (while a band gap confines them horizontally). We present a systematic analysis of different families of waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs, and illustrate the considerations that must be applied to achieve single-mode guided bands in these systems. In this way, the unusual features of photonic-crystal waveguides can be realized in three dimensions without the fabrication complexity required by photonic crystals with complete three-dimensional band gaps.
Use of Additives to Improve Performance of Methyl Butyrate-Based Lithium-Ion Electrolytes (2011)

This work addresses the need for robust rechargeable batteries that can operate well over a wide temperature range. To this end, a number of electrolyte formulations have been developed that incorporate the use of electrolyte additives to improve the high-temperature resilience, low-temperature power capability, and life characteristics of methyl butyrate-based electrolyte solutions. These electrolyte additives include mono-fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), lithium oxalate, vinylene carbonate (VC), and lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), which have been shown to result in improved high-temperature resilience of all carbonate-based electrolytes. Improved performance has been demonstrated of Li-ion cells with methyl butyrate-based electrolytes, including 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %); 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + 2% FEC; 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + 4% FEC; 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + lithium oxalate; 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + 2% VC; and 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MB (20:20:60 v/v %) + 0.10M LiBOB. These electrolytes have been shown to improve performance in MCMB-LiNiCoO2 and graphite-LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 experimental Li-ion cells. A number of LiPF6-based mixed carbonate electrolyte formulations have been developed that contain ester co-solvents, which have been optimized for operation at low temperature, while still providing reasonable performance at high temperature. For example, a number of ester co-solvents were investigated, including methyl propionate (MP), ethyl propionate (EP), methyl butyrate (MB), ethyl butyrate (EB), propyl butyrate (PB), and butyl butyrate (BB) in multi-component electrolytes of the following composition: 1.0M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) + ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) + X (20:60:20 v/v %) [where X = ester co-solvent]. ["Optimized Car bon ate and Ester-Based Li-Ion Electrolytes", NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 32, No. 4 (April 2008), p. 56.] Focusing upon improved rate capability at low temperatures (i.e., 20 to 40 C), this approach was optimized further, resulting in the development of 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MP (20:20:60 v/v %) and 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+EB (20:20:60 v/v %), which were demonstrated to operate well over a wide temperature range in MCMB-LiNiCoAlO2 and Li4Ti5O12(-)LiNiCoAlO2 prototype cells.
Self-adaptive generator protection methods (2008)

There are occasions in setting generator protection relays where the effective application of a protection function requires detailed measurement and analysis of operational data from the machine. This paper identifies two such functions: split phase protection and 3rd harmonic neutral under-voltage protection and discusses the particular application issues associated with each. A new algorithm is presented that can respond to the influencing system conditions and automatically adapt these functions accordingly. The resulting protection schemes are more sensitive, less likely to mis operate, and are easier to set than their conventional counterparts.
Discovery of Highly Potent Serotonin 5-HT<sub>2</sub> Receptor Agonists Inspired by Heteroyohimbine Natural Products (2022)

The serotonin 5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptors are important pharmaceutical targets involved in signaling pathways underlying various neurological, psychiatric, and cardiac functions and dysfunctions. As such, numerous ligands for the investigation of these receptors' activity and downstream effects have been developed synthetically or discovered in nature. For example, the heteroyohimbine natural product alstonine exhibits antispychotic activity mediated by 5-HT<sub>2A/2C</sub> agonism. In this work, we identified a heteroyohimbine metabolite containing a serotonin pharmacophore and truncated the scaffold, leading to the discovery of potent agonist activity of substituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines across the 5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor family. Extensive SAR development resulted in compound 106 with EC<sub>50</sub> values of 1.7, 0.58, and 0.50 nM at 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2B</sub>, and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>, respectively. Docking studies suggest a π-stacking interaction between the tetrahydro-β-carboline core and conserved residue Trp<sup>6.48</sup> as the structural basis for this activity. This work lays a foundation for future investigation of these compounds in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Improved purification and characterization of hemolysin BL, a hemolytic dermonecrotic vascular permeability factor from Bacillus cereus (1994)

Bacillus cereus causes diarrheal and emetic food poisoning syndromes as well as a variety of mild to severe infections. A dermonecrotic vascular permeability (VP) factor has been implicated as a virulence factor in these illnesses. Hemolysin BL was previously identified as a unique tripartite hemolysin possessing VP activity. In this study, a high-yield purification scheme, which allowed quantitative characterization of hemolysin BL activity and determination of the molecular weight, pI, and N-terminal sequence of each component, was developed. Milligram quantities of the B, L1, and L2 components were highly purified by a combination of anion-exchange and hydroxylapatite chromatographies. The combined components had VP activity at low doses and were necrotic at higher doses. The toxin exhibited an unusual dose-response zone phenomenon in turbidometric hemolysis assays. Activity increased at doses up to 200 ng/ml, then decreased at doses up to 350 ng/ml, and was constant at doses up to at least 2,500 ng/ml. This behavior may provide an explanation for the unusual discontinuous pattern typical of hemolysin BL in gel diffusion assays. At high concentrations of one or two components, the presence of low amounts of the complementary component(s) resulted in full hemolytic activity. Erythrocytes were protected from lysis by Zn2+ at micromolar concentrations but not by Ca2+ and Mg2+ at concentrations up to 25 mM. These data provide guidelines for future work on this toxin and indicate that hemolysin BL is the dermonecrotic VP factor implicated as a B. cereus virulence factor.
<title>Photonic crossbar switch architecture for phased array beam-forming applications</title> (1997)

Several relatively new photonic components have recently come to the forefront in applications related to the photonic processing of broadband microwave signals. Included in this set of photonic elements are the wavelength tunable laser, high dispersion optical fiber, and the Bragg reflection grating. Because of the efficiency and potential cost effectiveness offered by these components they hold the promise of revolutionizing the field of broadband photonic processing. Practical commercial photonic processors are likely to become viable in the near term as a result of these new components. This paper presents a brief overview of the performance characteristics of these components and shows how they can be used for two broadband phased array beamforming applications. A technical overview is presented for each system with experimental data provided to specifically demonstrate the performance of a discrete true time delay beamformer. The second configuration introduced has the capability of providing continuous beamsteering; an essential characteristic for null steering applications. Both systems shown take maximum advantage of component reuse and fully integrate the transmit and receive modes in one efficient hardware compressive topology.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Dihydropyrimidine Derivatives. (1986)

Abstract Die Acetessigsäureester‐ (I) bzw. Malonester‐Derivate (IV) kondensieren mit den Amidinen und Guanidinen (II) zu den im Titel genannten Verbindungen (III) bzw. (V).
A semiadiabatic spectral‐spatial spectroscopic imaging (SASSI) sequence for improved high‐field MR spectroscopic imaging (2015)

SASSI achieved comparable SNR to the current adiabatic alternative, semi-LASER, but with 1/3 of the SAR. Magn Reson Med 76:1071-1082, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.