gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Supervised Learning Based on Temporal Coding in Spiking Neural Networks (2017)

Gradient descent training techniques are remarkably successful in training analog-valued artificial neural networks (ANNs). Such training techniques, however, do not transfer easily to spiking networks due to the spike generation hard nonlinearity and the discrete nature of spike communication. We show that in a feedforward spiking network that uses a temporal coding scheme where information is encoded in spike times instead of spike rates, the network input-output relation is differentiable almost everywhere. Moreover, this relation is piecewise linear after a transformation of variables. Methods for training ANNs thus carry directly to the training of such spiking networks as we show when training on the permutation invariant MNIST task. In contrast to rate-based spiking networks that are often used to approximate the behavior of ANNs, the networks we present spike much more sparsely and their behavior cannot be directly approximated by conventional ANNs. Our results highlight a new approach for controlling the behavior of spiking networks with realistic temporal dynamics, opening up the potential for using these networks to process spike patterns with complex temporal information.
Examination of olfactory training effectiveness in relation to its complexity and the cause of olfactory loss (2017)

2b. Laryngoscope, 128:1518-1522, 2018.
Micro-fluidic (Lab-on the- Chip) PCR Array Cartridge for Biological Screening in a Hand Held Device: FInal Report for CRADA no 264. PNNL-T2-258-RU with CombiMatrix Corp (2010)

The worldwide emergence of both new and old diseases resulting from human expansion and also human and materials mobility has and will continue to place stress on both medical and clinical diagnostics. The classical approach to bioagents detection involves the use of differential metabolic assays to determine species type in the case of most bacteria, or the use of cell culture and electron microscopy to diagnose viruses and some bacteria that are intracellular parasites. The long-term goal in bioagent detection is to develop a hand-held instrument featuring disposable cartridges which contain all the necessary reagents, reaction chambers, waste chambers, and micro-fluidics to extract, concentrate, amplify, and analyze nucleic acids. This GIPP project began development of a sensory platform using nucleic-acid based probes. Although research was not completed, initial findings indicated that an advanced sensing device could theoretically be built on a DNA/RNA-based technology platform.
Organisation du temps de travail en médecine générale : étude transversale menée auprès des médecins généralistes libéraux et mixtes en Ille-et-Vilaine (2016)

Introduction : En medecine generale, la charge de travail est importante du fait de la penurie medicale, l’accroissement et la complexification des besoins en sante. Le but de ce travail etait d’etablir un etat des lieux sur l’organisation du temps de travail des medecins generalistes (MG), de recueillir le ressenti concernant leurs conditions de travail et enfin de proposer une organisation optimale du temps de travail. Methode : Une etude transversale a ete realisee, reposant sur l’envoi d’un questionnaire par voie electronique aupres de 492 MG liberaux et mixtes d’Ille-et-Vilaine. Resultats : L’exploitation des 91 questionnaires remplis revelait qu’une majorite des MG exercait en groupe (83,52%), travaillait sur rendez-vous (95,60%), avait recours a un secretariat (90,11%), a un comptable (82,42%) et a une femme de menage (80,22%). Sur une semaine d’activite (45,21 heures), 34,55 heures etaient consacrees aux consultations et visites, 2,39 heures aux tâches administratives et 3 heures aux tâches de gestion du cabinet. 70,33 % proclamaient maitriser leur temps de travail et 96,70 % etaient satisfaits de leur facon de travailler. Toutefois, 69,23 % ecourtaient ou supprimaient leur temps de pause et 20,88 % avaient l’intention de changer leur organisation de travail. Conclusion : Ce travail apporte des informations sur l’organisation du temps de travail des MG. Il demontre l’influence de l’evolution de la medecine generale sur cette organisation et determine ce que pourrait etre une organisation optimale en medecine generale.
The Emerging World of TCR-T Cell Trials Against Cancer: A Systematic Review (2019)

T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy are 2 types of adoptive T-cell therapy that genetically modify natural T cells to treat cancers. Although chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has yielded remarkable efficacy for hematological malignancies of the B-cell lineages, most solid tumors fail to respond significantly to chimeric antigen receptor T cells. T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy, on the other hand, has shown unprecedented promise in treating solid tumors and has attracted growing interest. In order to create an unbiased, comprehensive, and scientific report for this fast-moving field, we carefully analyzed all 84 clinical trials using T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy and downloaded from ClinicalTrials.gov updated by June 11, 2018. Informative features and trends were observed in these clinical trials. The number of trials initiated each year is increasing as expected, but an interesting pattern is observed. NY-ESO-1, as the most targeted antigen type, is the target of 31 clinical trials; melanoma is the most targeted cancer type and is the target of 33 clinical trials. Novel antigens and underrepresented cancers remain to be targeted in future studies and clinical trials. Unlike chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, only about 16% of the 84 clinical trials target against hematological malignancies, consistent with T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy's high potential for solid tumors. Six pharma/biotech companies with novel T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell ideas and products were examined in this review. Multiple approaches have been utilized in these companies to increase the T-cell receptor's affinity and efficiency and to minimize cross-reactivity. The major challenges in the development of the T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy due to tumor microenvironment were also discussed here.
Recovery of phytosterols from sunflower oil deodorizer distillates (2004)

Abstract Phytosterols are usually recovered by crystallization from the deodorizer distillate (DD) of vegetable oils. In this work, the impact of the principal process variables ( viz. , solvents and cosolvents, cooling rate, crystallization temperature, and ripening time) on the quality and yield of the recovered phytosterols was studied by using a sunflower oil DD “enriched” (i.e., preconcentrated) via transesterification with ethanol (EDD) as a feedstock and commercial hexane as solvent (S), with S/EDD mass ratios of 3 to 5. Water (0 to 4.5 wt%) and ethanol (0 to 10 wt%) were used as cosovents, with crystallization temperatures between 0 and −20°C and crystallization times from 4 to 96 h. The cooling rate was either −20°C/h or “brisk chilling” from 40 to −5°C. The nature and composition of the EDD solvent and cosolvent composite arose as the most important process variable, strongly influencing both the percentage of sterol yield and the purity of the crystals, as well as their filterability and washability. Water‐saturated hexane sufficed to give good crystallization, yet the beneficial effect of adding water as the single cosolvent was enhanced by adding small and precise amounts of ethanol. A recovery of sterols as high as 84% (with 36% purity) was achieved by using a single‐stage batch crystallization of the S/EDD mixture (S/EDD=mass ratio 4).
Improved Postimplantation Development of Rabbit Nuclear Transfer Embryos by Activation with Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (2002)

Cloned rabbit embryos are characterized by their extremely poor postimplantation development, despite their high survivability until the blastocyst stage in vitro. This study examined whether the developmental failure of cloned rabbit embryos in vivo can be overcome by technical improvements to the activation protocol. Freshly collected cumulus cells were transferred into enucleated oocytes by intracytoplasmic injection. One to two hours later, the oocytes were activated by electroporation with Ca(2+) or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which is known to induce repeated rises in intracellular Ca(2+), as in normal fertilization. After transfer of embryos at the two- to four-cell stages, well-defined implantation sites with remnant fetal tissue were observed at term (day 28) only in the IP3-stimulation groups (0.9% and 5.8% per transferred embryo for single and triple stimulation groups, respectively). When some recipients in the same group were examined at days 16-20, a viable cloned fetus (day 19) with normal organogenesis was obtained. These findings clearly demonstrate that the oocyte activation protocol using IP3 enhances the postimplantation development of nuclear-transferred rabbit embryos.
Network flow based resource brokering and optimization techniques for distributed data streaming over optical networks (2008)

This article analyzes the problem of optimizing access to and transport of large remote data through intelligent resource selection and configuration. With the availability of high speed optical networks, the main problem for remote data access is shifting from having enough network bandwidth to having enough data ready to saturate the network when requested by the application. Network bandwidth is now higher than disk bandwidth and this gives us the possibility of utilizing multiple distributed resources to saturate the network links. We are considering two types of scenarios, one where we use only disks as data sources and a more advanced scenario where compute resources in the network can be utilized as caches to increase instantaneous throughput.
Toward the metabolic engineering of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy and related species (2000)

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are a large group of compounds with a restricted taxonomic distribution. Many of these alkaloids play an important role in the interaction between plants and other organisms. Moreover, many are pharmacologically active and include several widely-used drugs, such as morphine and codeine. Due to their structural complexity, wild or cultivated plants remain their only viable source. Although many enzymes involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid formation have been isolated, little is known about their regulation. A major focus of our research is to understand the overall control architecture of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy and related species. Recently, we have established several novel approaches to study the regulation of these pathways. We have developed effective methods for the genetic transformation and regeneration of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), and other alkaloid-producing plants. We have also developed a novel approach to investigate the subcellular targeting and localization of alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes, the intracellular trafficking of pathway intermediates, and the roles of these phenomena in metabolic regulation. Moreover, we are attempting to establish the tissue-specific location of various enzymes to define the relationship between development and alkaloid biosynthesis. As discussed in this review, the availability of genetic transformation protocols, together with our emerging knowledge of key regulatory mechanisms, are providing us with a platform for the rational design of metabolic engineering strategies that target benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathways in a variety of important medicinal plants.
Fabrication and characterization of ZnO nanowires/CdSe/CuSCN eta-solar cell (2005)

ZnO/CdSe/CuSCN extremely thin absorber ( eta )-solar cells based on ZnO nanowires have been successfully realized using easily accessible electrochemical and solution deposition techniques. An n-type ZnO film consisting of free-standing single crystal nanowires several microns high and 100–200 nm in diameter was-deposited on a conducting glass (SnO 2 :F) substrate covered by a thin spray pyrolysis ZnO electronic blocking layer. A 30–40-nm-thin layer of CdSe absorber was electrodeposited, coating the ZnO nanowires. The voids between the ZnO/CdSe nanowires were filled with p-type CuSCN; the entire assembly formed a p–i–n junction. The ZnO/CdSe nanowire layer exhibited a high light-trapping effect, with an effective absorbance of ~89% and effective reflectance of ~8% in the 400–800 nm region of the solar spectrum (AM1.5). The effects of an annealing process on the CdSe grain size and on the energy conversion efficiency of the eta- solar cell have been analyzed. The obtained efficiencies, for cells with annealed CdSe (1.5–2.3%) show that the ZnO/CdSe/CuSCN nano-heterostructure is an interesting option for developing new solar cell devices. .
Cytokine expression in human cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease. (1996)

Although chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a frequent complication of bone marrow transplantation (BMT), the pathogenesis remains unclear. We examined the potential role of cytokines in mediating chronic GVHD. Skin samples from seven patients with cutaneous chronic GVHD, six post-BMT controls and six normal controls were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Th1-associated cytokines IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), Th2-associated cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, and fibrosis-associated cytokines platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). IFN-gamma transcription was significantly more frequent in cutaneous chronic GVHD (86%) vs post-BMT and normal controls (17% (P = 0.03) and 0 (P = 0.005), respectively). IL-2 transcription was more frequent in chronic GVHD (28%) and post-BMT controls (50%) vs normal controls (17%). TNF-alpha mRNA was frequent in chronic GVHD (71%) and post-BMT controls (83%), but not significantly more than in normal controls (50%). Transcription of IL-1alpha, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 was infrequent in all three groups. PDGF and TGF-beta mRNA were detected in the majority of all samples. The frequent transcription of IFN-gamma in cutaneous chronic GVHD supports its potential role in mediating the associated tissue injury. While the cellular sources of these cytokines are uncertain, their expression and secretion in situ may propagate the cytotoxic cascade and perpetuate the tissue injury. Better understanding of the contribution of FN-gamma and other cytokines to the pathogenesis of chronic GVHD may allow the design of more specific and more effective therapy.
Sparse‐SEMAC: rapid and improved SEMAC metal implant imaging using SPARSE‐SENSE acceleration (2016)

The high acceleration enabled by Sparse-SEMAC would enable clinically feasible examination times with improved correction of metal distortion. Magn Reson Med 78:79-87, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
10Gb/s RS-BCH concatenated codec with parallel strategies for fiber communications (2010)

This paper presents a 10Gb/s concatenated RS-BCH code compatible with the protocol of G.975. To achieve the high data rate, parallel technology combining with pipelined strategies are employed. A RS-BCH encoder including 8 RS encoders and 64 BCH encoders is introduced in detail. For the decoder, we present the parallel BCH decoder design in which 8-bit parallel syndrome calculator and Chien search block are adopted. By sharing the key-equation solver, the number of key-equation solver is reduced and the hardware resources are saved. This concatenated codec has been implemented in Xilinx Vertex5 FPGA, and the measurement results show that the data rate of 10Gb/b can be realized under the working frequency of 156MHz.
Crossworld (1994)

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Analyze Cyber-Channel Conflict While Adopting Bancassurance: A Frequency Perspective (2015)

Insurers have adopted multiple channels of distribution to sell insurance products during the past decade. Although multiple channel distribution strategies provide tremendous benefits to insurers, but there are many causes which lead to multi-channel conflict. The question of how to identify the factors that cause distribution channel conflicts has received scant attention in the literature and has not been appropriately investigated in prior studies. This study employed methods of Delphi study, GRA, and C.A. to identify the factors that cause distribution channel conflicts in the insurance industry and to assess the frequency of factors that cause insurance distribution channel conflict. According to result of this study the most important three causes leading to multi-channel conflict are â€œdifferences in perception of reality used in joint decision makingâ€ , â€œusing coercive powersâ€ , and â€œincompatibility of goalsâ€ . Thus, administrators of banks or insurance companies will redesign their organization disciplines or management policies accordingly which can improve the performance of multiple channel strategy.
Purification and separation of <i>holo</i>- and <i>apo</i>-forms of <i>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</i> acyl-carrier protein released from recombinant <i>Escherichia coli</i> by freezing and thawing (1993)

Saccharopolyspora erythraea acyl-carrier protein, highly expressed from a T7-based expression plasmid in Escherichia coli, can be selectively released from the cells in near-quantitative yield by a single cycle of freezing and thawing in a neutral buffer. Electrospray mass spectrometry was used to confirm that the recombinant S. erythraea acyl-carrier protein over-expressed in E. coli is present predominantly as the holo-form, with variable amounts of apo-acyl-carrier protein, holo-acyl-carrier protein dimer and holo-acyl-carrier protein glutathione adduct. The holo- and apo-acyl-carrier proteins are both readily purified on a large scale from the freeze-thaw extracts and can be separated from one another by octyl-Sepharose chromatography. The holo-acyl-carrier protein obtained in this way was fully active in supporting the synthesis of acyl-acyl-carrier protein by extracts of S. erythraea.
Polydopamine-decorated tobacco mosaic virus for photoacoustic/magnetic resonance bimodal imaging and photothermal cancer therapy (2019)

Nanotheranostic reagents that integrate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal therapy (PTT) offer a promising strategy for the treatment of human disease. However, classic gadolinium (Gd)-based T1-MRI contrast agents are limited by their low relaxivity. To address this, we produced Gd-loaded Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles coated with the mussel-inspired biopolymer polydopamine (PDA). Such biocompatible nanotheranostic reagents can be used to facilitate PTT, guided by multimodal magnetic resonance/photoacoustic imaging. The r1-relaxivity of the Gd-TMV-PDA particles at 60 MHz was ∼80 mM-1 s-1, compared to 13.63 mM-1 s-1 for the uncoated Gd-TMV particles. The Gd-TMV-PDA particles also promoted strong near-infrared absorption with high photothermal conversion efficiency (28.9%) and demonstrated excellent photoacoustic contrast. Multimodal imaging and PTT resulted in the effective killing of PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Gd-TMV-PDA nanoparticles therefore offer a promising theranostic approach that can now be tested in vivo in cancer models.
Distribution of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow according to regional hypoxia (2007)

The interaction of stem cells with their bone marrow microenvironment is a critical process in maintaining normal hematopoiesis. We applied an approach to resolve the spatial organization that underlies these interactions by evaluating the distribution of hematopoietic cell subsets along an in vivo Hoechst 33342 (Ho) dye perfusion gradient. Cells isolated from different bone marrow regions according to Ho fluorescence intensity contained the highest concentration of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity in the lowest end of the Ho gradient (i.e., in the regions reflecting diminished perfusion). Consistent with the ability of Ho perfusion to simulate the level of oxygenation, bone marrow fractions separately enriched for HSCs were found to be the most positive for the binding of the hypoxic marker pimonidazole. Moreover, the in vivo administration of the hypoxic cytotoxic agent tirapazamine exhibited selective toxicity to the primitive stem cell subset. These data collectively indicate that HSCs and the supporting cells of the stem cell niche are predominantly located at the lowest end of an oxygen gradient in the bone marrow with the implication that regionally defined hypoxia plays a fundamental role in regulating stem cell function.
Multivariable fractional polynomial method for regression model (2016)

One assumption in creating generalized linear model (GLM) is linearity in its link function. For example, in logistic regression model, covariates are assumed to be linearly associated with response variable in logit scale. However, it is not always the case and the assumption may be wrong. For example, lactate is associated with mortality outcome, but the relationship is not linear (1). Quadratic or cubic terms can be added to an explanatory variable to account for the non-linearity relationship. However, this requires subject-matter knowledge to determine the form of a variable. In exploratory study, such knowledge is always lacking and investigators have to rely on data to determine the functional form. Multivariable fractional polynomial (MFP) method is such a method that it allows software to determine whether an explanatory variable is important for the model, and its functional form (2,3). MFP can be used when investigators want to preserve continuous nature of covariates and suspect that the relationship is non-linear. The article aims to describe how to perform MFP methods by using R package. Fundamentals on MFP are also provided to make the article more readable.
Cell surface phenotyping of megakaryoblasts (1987)

Surface phenotypic characterization of megakaryoblasts, identified by platelet peroxidase activity, was investigated in four patients who showed increased proliferation of megakaryoblasts: one patient with typical features of acute leukemia, one presenting with acute myelofibrosis, and two with Down's syndrome in whom blasts disappeared spontaneously (transient abnormal myelopoiesis, TAM). MY10 and/or MY9 antigens were expressed on the surface of some megakaryoblasts, but MY7, and MY4, antigens specific to granulocytic or monocytic cells, were not. Some megakaryoblasts were positive for only anti-HLA-DR antibodies. It was speculated that, during the differentiation of the megakaryocytic lineage, MY9 antigen appears transiently on the surface of megakaryoblasts that have lost HLA-DR antigens and have gained the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antigen. This study also demonstrated that the proliferating blasts in some patients with TAM were mainly megakaryoblasts and suggested that the target cells in TAM are CFU-GEMM.
Design of circularly-polarized dielectric resonator antenna with wideband feed network (2014)

A circularly-polarized (CP) rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) fed by a wideband feed network is introduced. The feed network is designed by using branch-line structure and named as wideband branch-line coupler (WBLC). The proposed WBLC delivers good impedance matching, equal power splitting and consistent 90° shifting over a wide bandwidth. It is demonstrated that for the presented rectangular CP DRA, the employment of the WBLC, in place of a conventional coupler with narrowband, provides improved characteristics in terms of circular polarization and impedance matching. The antenna prototype with the WBLC exhibits 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 47.69% and impedance bandwidth of 48.46% for VSWR ≤ 2.