gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust local intervertebral disc alignment for spinal MRI (2006)

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is frequently used to diagnose abnormalities in the spinal intervertebral discs. Owing to the non-isotropic resolution of typical MR spinal scans, physicians prefer to align the scanner plane with the disc in order to maximize the diagnostic value and to facilitate comparison with prior and follow-up studies. Commonly a planning scan is acquired of the whole spine, followed by a diagnostic scan aligned with selected discs of interest. Manual determination of the optimal disc plane is tedious and prone to operator variation. A fast and accurate method to automatically determine the disc alignment can decrease examination time and increase the reliability of diagnosis. We present a validation study of an automatic spine alignment system for determining the orientation of intervertebral discs in MR studies. In order to measure the effectiveness of the automatic alignment system, we compared its performance with human observers. 12 MR spinal scans of adult spines were tested. Two observers independently indicated the intervertebral plane for each disc, and then repeated the procedure on another day, in order to determine the inter- and intra-observer variability associated with manual alignment. Results were also collected for the observers utilizing the automatic spine alignment system, in order to determine the method's consistency and its accuracy with respect to human observers. We found that the results from the automatic alignment system are comparable with the alignment determined by human observers, with the computer showing greater speed and consistency.
Stretchable Optical Fibers via Thermal Drawing (2018)

Stretchable multi-material optical fibers are fabricated via the thermal drawing technique by identifying the proper thermoplastic elastomers. It offers unprecedented opportunities to realize complex soft optical fiber sensors.
Guided-mode resonance sensor with extended spatial sensitivity (2007)

We propose a novel design for a guided-mode resonance (GMR) grating sensor that is optimized for detecting small average index changes in an extended region of space, retaining sensitivity up to several tens of microns away from the grating surface at optical detection frequencies. This kind of sensors has high sensitivity in the half-space above the grating, close to the theoretical limit, together with a controllable - potentially very high - quality factor. It relies on a resonance with a "confined" mode of a sub-wavelength thick grating slab, a mode that is largely expelled from the grating itself. The small thickness assumption allows us to derive analytical expressions for many properties of these sensors, expressions that are then tested numerically using a rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method, and in preliminary experiments.
Optimal power allocation in device-to-device communication with SIMO uplink beamforming (2015)

Cellular and device-to-device (D2D) communication may cause significant inter-cell interference (ICI) at a neighboring base station (BS). In this work, we aim to maximize the sum rate of a cellular user (CU) and a D2D pair, with receive beamforming at the BS equipped with multiple antennas, subject to per-node power, maximum ICI, and minimum SINR constraints. We propose an efficient algorithm to maximize the sum rate in two steps. We first consider the D2D admissibility problem to determine whether the D2D pair can share the spectrum with the CU while satisfying all the constraints and SINR requirements. We then obtain the optimal beam vector and the optimal power levels of the CU and D2D transmitters in closed form. The performance of the proposed algorithm is studied numerically. It is shown the proposed optimal solution substantially outperforms a CU-priority heuristic approach that selects the maximum CU power with minimum D2D interference.
A retrospective analysis of the effects of meloxicam on the longevity of aged cats with and without overt chronic kidney disease (2012)

The study sought to examine the effect of long-term meloxicam treatment on the survival of cats with and without naturally-occurring chronic kidney disease at the initiation of therapy. The databases of two feline-only clinics were searched for cats older than 7 years that had been treated continuously with meloxicam for a period of longer than 6 months. Only cats with complete medical records available for review were recruited into the study.The median longevity in the renal group was 18.6 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 17.5-19.2] and the non-renal group was 22 years [95% CI 18.5-23.8]. The median longevity after diagnosis of CKD was 1608 days [95% confidence interval 1344-1919] which compares favourably to previously published survival times of cats with CKD. In both groups the most common cause of death was neoplasia. Long-term treatment with oral meloxicam did not appear to reduce the lifespan of cats with pre-existent stable CKD, even for cats in IRIS stages II and III. Therefore, to address the need for both quality of life and longevity in cats with chronic painful conditions, meloxicam should be considered as a part of the therapeutic regimen.
A Novel and Efficient Synthesis of a Highly Active Analogue of <i>clasto</i>-Lactacystin β-Lactone (1999)

Herein, we describe a new convergent synthesis of a more potent analogue of clasto-lactacystin β-lactone (2), PS-519 compound 4, which is currently in preclinical development for the treatment of ischemia−reperfusion injury in stroke and myocardial infarction. The synthetic strategy relies on building two intermediates (an oxazoline and an aldehyde) which are joined through a doubly diastereoselective aldol reaction, setting up the requisite unichiral centers in the final product (4). The facial selectivity and ultimate stereocontrol are achieved by employing a trivalent aluminum Lewis acid, Me2AlCl, in a chelation-induced reaction which yields a single aldol adduct. The efficiency of the synthetic approach has allowed for the preparation of multigram quantities of clinical grade material, which will support Phase I studies.
Antibodies Targeting Human Endothelin-1 Receptors Reveal Different Conformational States in Cancer Cells (2018)

The endothelin axis (endothelins and their receptors) is strongly involved in physiological and pathological processes. ET-1 plays a crucial role in particular in tumor diseases. Endothelin-1 receptors (ET(A) and ET(B)) are deregulated and overexpressed in several tumors such as melanoma and glioma. We studied the binding of 24 monoclonal antibodies directed against human ET(B) receptors (hET(B)) to different melanoma cell lines. Few of these mAbs bound to all the melanoma cell lines. One of them, rendomab B49, bound to ET(B) receptors expressed at the surface of human glioma stem cells. More recently, we produced new antibodies directed against human ET(A) receptor (hET(A)). Several antibodies have been isolated and have been screened on different tumoral cells lines. As for the mAbs directed against the hET(B) receptor only some of new antibodies directed against ET(A) receptor are capable to bind the human tumoral cell lines. Rendomab A63 directed against hET(A) is one of them. We report the specificity and binding properties of these mAbs and consider their potential use in diagnosis by an in vivo imaging approach.
Thin film partial reflectors for generating contrast in millimeter wave images (2018)

Depth resolution and contrast (grayscale) resolution test objects have been proposed for incorporation into an ANSI standard for image quality of active millimeter wave (MMW) imagers for screening humans. A design for a depth resolution target has required the need for a thin film to generate a reflection while allowing for metal targets behind it to be visible to MMW imagers. Materials to accomplish this task have been identified, essentially acting as a millimeter wave beam splitter. Images obtained with a wide-bandwidth MMW imaging system are discussed. Additionally, by altering the resistivity of the thin film, the reflection coefficient of the film changes, allowing these films to be used as a contrast phantom for the testing of millimeter wave imaging systems. Measurements using laboratory millimeter wave systems are in good agreement with theory, and an image collected with a commercially-available MMW imaging systems is presented.
GCAB01: HBV neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (2008)

After 30 years of development, therapy with monoclonal antibodies has started to realize its promise. Therapeutic antibodies represent one of the fastest growing areas of the pharmaceutical industry. There are currently 20 monoclonal antibodies in the marketthat have been approved by the FDA and over 150 in clinical developments.Monoclonal antibodies may have a number of promising potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, viral infections, asthma, and other diseases.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main pathogens of hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma.Human plasma-derived Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is being used for prophylactic and liver transplantation currently. However, it is required to replace a HBIG with a recombinant one because of limited availability of human plasma with high anti-HBV antibody titer and possible contamination of human pathogens. In order to meet this requirements, we selected human antibody to the HBsAg from an anti-HBs Ab-enriched phage-display library and a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, HBC7A, was established which produces a fully human IgG1 antibody against HBV. Mass production and purification processes were established and this mAb was characterized in terms of HBV neutralization and safety for the purpose of human trial for liver transplantation.
Novel, Facile Back Surface Treatment for CdTe Solar Cells (2017)

Formation of a Te-rich surface on the CdTe absorber is beneficial to the formation of a low barrier contact at the back junction in CdTe solar cells. Regardless of the CdTe fabrication method, surface etching processes are widely used to form Te-rich surfaces. Here, we show that methylammonium iodide (CH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> NH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> I, MA!) can simply and controllably react with the CdTe surface to produce elemental tellurium. Both X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed formation of a Te layer. Devices constructed with the MAI-treated CdTe absorber exhibited higher photovoltaic parameters of open circuit voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> ) and fill factor (FF) relative to similar devices prepared without the MA! treatment. This indicates a reduction in the Schottky barrier at the back contact due to the MAI surface treatment. CdTe samples that were treated with 125 mM MAI solution and heated to 150 °C for 10 minutes showed the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.5% while without treating the standard device efficiency was 12.7%.
Spectral multiplexing and coherent-state decomposition in Fourier ptychographic imaging (2014)

Information multiplexing is important for biomedical imaging and chemical sensing. In this paper, we report a microscopy imaging technique, termed state-multiplexed Fourier ptychography (FP), for information multiplexing and coherent-state decomposition. Similar to a typical Fourier ptychographic setting, we use an array of light sources to illuminate the sample from different incident angles and acquire corresponding low-resolution images using a monochromatic camera. In the reported technique, however, multiple light sources are lit up simultaneously for information multiplexing, and the acquired images thus represent incoherent summations of the sample transmission profiles corresponding to different coherent states. We show that, by using the state-multiplexed FP recovery routine, we can decompose the incoherent mixture of the FP acquisitions to recover a high-resolution sample image. We also show that, color-multiplexed imaging can be performed by simultaneously turning on R/G/B LEDs for data acquisition. The reported technique may provide a solution for handling the partially coherent effect of light sources used in Fourier ptychographic imaging platforms. It can also be used to replace spectral filter, gratings or other optical components for spectral multiplexing and demultiplexing. With the availability of cost-effective broadband LEDs, the reported technique may open up exciting opportunities for computational multispectral imaging.
Instantaneous, stepped-frequency, nonlinear radar (2015)

Researchers have recently developed radar systems capable of exploiting non-linear target responses to precisely locate targets in range. These systems typically achieve the bandwidth necessary for range resolution through transmission of either a stepped-frequency or chirped waveform. The second harmonic of the reflected waveform is then analyzed to isolate the non-linear target response. In other experiments, researchers have identified certain targets through the inter-modulation products they produce in response to a multi-tone stimulus. These experiments, however, do not exploit the phase information available in the inter-modulation products. We present a method for exploiting both the magnitude and phase information available in the inter-modulation products to create an "instantaneous" stepped frequency, non-linear target response. The new approach enables us to both maintain the unambiguous range dictated by the fundamental, multi-tone separation and obtain the entire target signature from a single transmitted waveform.
Does Binding of Complement Factor H to the Meningococcal Vaccine Antigen, Factor H Binding Protein, Decrease Protective Serum Antibody Responses? (2013)

Factor H binding protein (fHbp) is a principal antigen in a multicomponent meningococcal vaccine recently licensed in Europe for prevention of serogroup B diseases. The protein recruits the complement downregulator, factor H (fH), to the bacterial surface, which enables the organism to resist complement-mediated bacteriolysis. Binding is specific for human fH. In preclinical studies, mice and rabbits immunized with fHbp vaccines developed serum bactericidal antibody responses, which in humans predict protection against developing meningococcal disease. These studies, however, were in animals whose fH did not bind to the vaccine antigen. Here we review the immunogenicity of fHbp vaccines in human fH transgenic mice. The data suggest that animals with high serum human fH concentrations have impaired protective antibody responses. Further, mutant fHbp vaccines with single amino acid substitutions that decrease fH binding are superior immunogens, possibly by unmasking epitopes in the fH binding site that are important for eliciting serum bactericidal antibody responses. Humans immunized with fHbp vaccines develop serum bactericidal antibody, but achieving broad coverage in infants required incorporation of additional antigens, including outer membrane vesicles, which increased rates of fever and local reactions at the injection site. The experimental results in transgenic mice predict that fHbp immunogenicity can be improved in humans by using mutant fHbp vaccines with decreased fH binding. These results have important public health implications for developing improved fHbp vaccines for control of serogroup B meningococcal disease and for development of vaccines against other microbes that bind host molecules.
Processing of Novel Elevated Amylose Wheats: Functional Properties and Starch Digestibility of Extruded Products (2007)

Different types of novel wheat lines with different starch contents and amylose/amylopectin ratios, relating to defined alterations in the number and activity of starch synthase IIa genes, were processed by pilot-plant extrusion. Two types of products were produced: pure wholemeal products and breakfast cereals made from wholemeal/maize blends. Lower apparent shear viscosity was obtained in the extruder with lower starch content and higher amylose/amylopectin ratio flours (SSIIa-deficient line). The bulk density of the products decreased with increasing extrusion temperature and was always higher for the triple-null line. The bulk density was not completely explained by the melt shear viscosity, suggesting the importance of the fillers (fibers, brans) in the process of expansion and structure acquisition. The different mechanical properties were explained by the density and by the material constituting the cell walls. Enzyme-resistant starch (RS) content and hydrolysis index (HI) were not correlated to the extrusion temperature, but RS was higher in pure wholemeal products and in the SSIIa-deficient line. These results are discussed in terms of starch molecular architecture and product microstructure.
Guided Evolution of Bulk Metallic Glass Nanostructures: A Platform for Designing 3D Electrocatalytic Surfaces (2015)

Electrochemical devices such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, lithium-air batteries, and pseudocapacitors are expected to play a major role in energy conversion/storage in the near future. Here, it is demonstrated how desirable bulk metallic glass compositions can be obtained using a combinatorial approach and it is shown that these alloys can serve as a platform technology for a wide variety of electrochemical applications through several surface modification techniques.
Metal thin-film optical polarizers for space applications, phase 2 (1991)

A light polarizing material was developed for wavelengths in the visible and near infrared spectral band (400 to 3,000 nm). The material is comprised of ellipsoidal silver particles uniformly distributed and aligned on the surface of an optical material. A method is set forth for making polarizing material by evaporatively coating a smooth glass surface with ellipsoidal silver particles. The wavelength of peak absorption is chosen by selecting the aspect ratio of the ellipsoidal metal particles and the refractive index of the material surrounding the metal particles. The wavelength of peak absorption can be selected to fall at a desired wavelength in the range from 400 to 3,000 nm by control of the deposition process. This method is demonstrated by evaporative deposition of silver particles directly on to a smooth optical surface. By applying a multilayer silver coating of a glass disc, a contrast of greater than 40,000 was achieved at 590 nm. A polarizing filter was designed, fabricated, and assembled which achieved contrast of 100,00 at 59 nm and can serve as a replacement for crystal polarizers.
Catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase alpha overproduced from baculovirus-infected insect cells. Structural and enzymological characterization. (1991)

The human DNA polymerase alpha catalytic polypeptide has been functionally overexpressed by a recombinant baculovirus in insect cells at greater than 1000-fold higher levels than that found in cultured normal human cells. The recombinant polymerase alpha protein is translated from its natural translation start codon under the control of the baculovirus polyhedron promoter producing a protein of 180 kDa, identical in size to that isolated from cultured human cells. This recombinant polymerase alpha is phosphorylated and reactive to a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against the native polymerase alpha-primase complex and to polyclonal antisera against N- and C-terminal peptides of the polymerase alpha catalytic polypeptide. The recombinant enzyme was immunopurified from insect cells as a single polypeptide. The single subunit recombinant polymerase alpha has no detectable 3'-5' exonuclease activity. The Km for primer-template and dNTP, reactivity to inhibitors, N2-(p-n-butylphenyl)-dGTP (BuPdGTP) and aphidicolin, thermosensitivity, and DNA synthetic processivity and fidelity of the recombinant polymerase alpha are identical to that observed with the four-subunit polymerase alpha-primase complex immunopurified from cultured human cells. These results strongly suggest that the presence of the other subunits, (the p70 and the two primase subunits, p48 and p58), does not influence kinetic parameters of polymerase alpha catalysis, sensitivity to inhibitors, or DNA synthetic fidelity and processivity.
Handwriting tracking based on coupled &#x03BC;IMU/electromagnetic resonance motion detection (2007)

We have recently developed a ubiquitous digital writing instrument system based on a micro inertial measurement unit (pIMU), which consists of MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system), accelerometers and gyroscopes, to compute the position of a marker through double integration of the acceleration measured, so as to real-time record and recognize human handwriting motion in a large writing area, i.e., a large whiteboard or screen.
Chondroitinase ABC Reduces Brain Tissue Swelling <i>In Vitro</i> (2011)

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) caused by edema following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke contributes to high rates of mortality and morbidity. The search continues for more effective treatments that target the edema that contributes to increased ICP. We previously described the effect of the fixed charge density (FCD) of brain on its swelling behavior according to the Donnan effect. Here we show that reduction of brain tissue FCD is an effective means of reducing brain tissue swelling and edema in rat and porcine cortical brain tissue in vitro. The effect of enzymes directed at digesting candidate contributors to cellular FCD such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), and DNA was examined in slices of the adult rat cortex. All enzymes were capable of decreasing FCD in the tissue by ?20%, and reducing tissue swelling over a 24?h period following dissection from ?60% to ?30%. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) was most effective at reducing dead brain tissue swelling in response to changes in ionic osmotic environments. ChABC reduced swelling in live slices of tissue even within the first 2?h following dissection. It also significantly reduced the FCD, initial tissue swelling, and volume change in response to hypotonic bathing solution in porcine cortical brain tissue. The use of ChABC to reduce tissue FCD may be an effective method for reducing brain edema and controlling ICP following injury.
Open5G: A Software-Defined Networking Protocol for 5G Multi-RAT Wireless Networks (2020)

Mobile Networks today comprise of multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs), e.g., 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and the upcoming 5G-New Radio (5G-NR). The access networks of these RATs are controlled by RAT-specific entities, e.g., the resource management function located inside an individual LTE eNB is used for the eNB control, or access controllers are used for controlling WLAN access points. Even in the 3rd Generation Partnership Projectâ€™s (3GPP) 5G architecture, which has a common Core supporting multiple RATs, radio access related decisions are taken independently within individual RATs. Due to the fragmented nature of control-plane in multi-RAT Radio Access Network (RAN), a unified global view of network resources is unavailable, hindering optimized allocation of resources. It also brings complexity to the features involving multiple RATs, e.g., dual connectivity. To address these issues, we introduced an SDN-based Multi-RAT RAN architecture (SMRAN) in our earlier work [1], where the RAN control-plane is segregated from the data-plane. As part of the SMRAN architecture, we defined a logically centralized multi-RAT RAN Controller and individual RAT- specific data-plane functions. In the current work, we define a protocol, called Open5G, to be used for control and management of the SMRAN data-plane. Open5G is based on OpenFlow (OF) and OF-Config, which are commonly used protocols in the SDN-based wired networks and data centers. With the Open5G protocol, the multi-RAT RAN can be controlled by an open interface, bringing flexibility and simplicity in network interactions.