gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Tribology of Micro-Carbon Sphere Additives for Enhanced Lubrication (2015)

Poor or inefficient lubrication often gives rise to high friction and wear losses in machine components, which adversely affect their performance, efficiency, and durability. Many approaches are being explored to enhance the antifriction and antiwear properties of sliding machine components. In this study, the antifriction and antiwear properties of carbon spheres, synthesized from plastic waste by an autogenic process, were investigated as an additive to a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO-4 grade) oil. When dispersed at 1 wt% concentration, the carbon spheres reduced both friction and wear under boundary-lubricated sliding conditions. In particular, the reduction in wear was quite dramatic and appeared to be enabled by the formation of a fairly thick (≈200 nm) carbon-rich boundary film, the formation of which is attributed to tribochemical interactions between the carbon particles and sliding contact surfaces.
(Invited) High Energy Density and Ecofriendly Lithium-Ion Battery with Operando Monitoring (2022)

In addition to recent worldwide renewable energy commitments, advances in electrical vehicle technologies, flexible electronics, smart wearable devices, and internet of things, have contributed to the increasing demand for batteries with a wide range of electrochemical and electromechanical properties. In response, the battery industry has launched intensive research and development efforts in search for new materials, technologies, and concepts. However, these rapid developments give rise to a growing concern on the impact of this industry on Nature. Hence, the rapidly growing battery market demands resolutions for both energy and waste-management challenges in anticipation of about two million metric tons of annual battery waste generated globally. One way to resolve this energy and environment dilemma is by revising the conventional battery architecture to assure both high energy density and efficient recyclability aiming at circular economy. Within this strategy we fabricated self-standing composite electrodes that eliminated electrochemically inactive metal current collectors and binders from the Li-ion battery architecture, increasing energy density up to 40%. These electrodes were prepared via in situ mixing of as-grown single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with aerosolized electrode active materials in ratios (≥0.25 wt%) that provide adequate electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness under stretching (≤15%), bending (d≥2 mm) and twisting (θ~180o) cycles. Remarkably, the resultant SWNT scaffold in composite electrodes operates as an intrinsic piezoresistive strain sensor (Gauge Factor ~6.2) that for the first time allows in situ/operando self-monitoring of battery structural health without interfering with electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the developed solution-free fabrication method eliminates hazardous, toxic, and environmentally harmful components and procedures from the electrode production line and allows their recycling by simple sonication and recovering of the active materials. In addition, the absence of current collector foils and binder allows for easy recycling and recovery of the constituent materials by using physical separation methods. These new features not only reduce consumption of the natural resources but also promote the eco-friendly circular economy for batteries.
Novel perfluorocyclobutyl(PFCB) polymers containing isophorone-derived chromophore for electro-optic [EO] applications (2003)

Perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymers and copolymers have a unique combination of properties well suited for optical applications such as high temperature stability, precisely controlled refractive index, low moisture absorption, excellent melt and solution processability, a variable thermo-optic coefficient, and low transmission loss at 1300 and 1550 nm. Electro-optical devices from polymers of ring locked polyene chromophores are attractive due to their thermal, mechanical, optical and dielectric properties. Polyene chromophores with highest hyperpolarizability are covalently attached to trifluorovinyl aryl ether containing moieties and copolymerized with other monomers. The resulting polymers display imrpoved thermal stability, solubility and good film forming capabilities.
Antimicrobial photodynamic activity of gallium-substituted haemoglobin on silver nanoparticles (2020)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a major scourge in skin and soft-tissue infections, expresses surface-bound haemoprotein receptors that can be exploited for the targeted delivery of photosensitizers. We have developed a nanosized agent for targeted antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), comprised of GaPpIX (a hemin analog with potent photosensitizer activity) encapsulated in haemoglobin (GaHb), mounted on 10 nm Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). The average GaHb-AgNP contains 28 GaPpIX units stabilized by Hb αβ-dimer units. Eradication (>6-log reduction) of S. aureus and MRSA can be achieved by a 10-second exposure to 405 nm irradiation from a light-emitting diode (LED) array (140 mW cm-2), with GaHb-AgNP loadings as low as 5.6 μg mL-1 for S. aureus and 16.6 μg mL-1 for MRSA, corresponding to nanomolar levels of GaPpIX. This reduction in bacterial count is several orders of magnitude greater than that of GaHb or free GaPpIX on a per mole basis. The GaHb-AgNP platform is also effective against persister MRSA and intracellular MRSA, and can provide comparable levels of aPDT with a 15-minute irradiation by an inexpensive compact fluorescent lightbulb. Collateral phototoxicity to keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) is low at the GaHb-AgNP concentrations and fluences used for aPDT. GaHb adsorbed on 10 nm AgNPs is much more potent than that on 40 nm AgNPs or 10 nm AuNPs, indicating that both size and plasmon-resonant coupling are important factors for enhanced aPDT. Electron microscopy analysis reveals that GaHb-AgNPs are not readily internalized by S. aureus but remain attached to the bacterial cell wall, the likely target of photo-oxidative damage.
Pegylated <scp>IL</scp>‐10 induces cancer immunity (2013)

Recently, the development of several strategies based on immunotherapy has raised hopes for a more promising way to treat cancer patients. Here, we describe how interleukin (IL)-10, a seemingly unlikely candidate, stimulates the immune system in a particularly efficacious way. IL-10, an omnipotent anti-inflammatory cytokine, delivers an equally potent immune stimulation in the context of CD8(+) T cells and tumor immunity. By activation of tumor-resident, tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells, pegylated IL-10 can induce rejection of large and metastasizing tumors in mice. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of action of IL-10, the reasons why the mechanisms may be crucial for the treatment of cancer patients, and the rationale for applying pegylated IL-10 in the clinic.
Facilitation of electroporative drug uptake and cell killing by electrosensitization (2013)

Cell permeabilization by electric pulses (EP), or electroporation, is widely used for intracellular delivery of drugs and plasmids, as well as for tumour and tissue ablation. We found that cells pre-treated with 100-μs EP develop delayed hypersensitivity to subsequent EP applications. Sensitizing B16 and CHO cells by splitting a single train of eight 100-μs EP into two trains of four EP each (with 5-min. interval) decreased the LD(50) 1.5-2 times. Sensitization profoundly enhanced the electroporation-assisted uptake of bleomycin, a cell-impermeable cytotoxic agent accepted for killing tumours by electrochemotherapy. EP exposures that were not lethal per se caused cell death in the presence of bleomycin and proportionally to its concentration. Sensitizing cells by a split-dose EP exposure increased bleomycin-mediated lethality to the same extent as a 10-fold increase in bleomycin concentration when using a single EP dose. Likewise, sensitization by a split-dose EP exposure (without changing the overall dose, pulse number, or amplitude) enhanced the electroporative uptake of propidium up to fivefold. Enhancement of the electroporative uptake appears a key mechanism of electrosensitization and may benefit electrochemotherapy and numerous applications that employ EP for cell permeabilization.
Directing convection to pattern thin polymer films (2013)

Abstract Convection can be harnessed in elegant ways to pattern surfaces, often using uncomplicated equipment and materials, providing an interesting platform for future technological developments in thin film topographic assemblies. This manuscript contains a brief review of thin polymer film patterning methods that rely on directing convection, such as “coffee ring” patterning, lithographically induced self‐assembly, and electrohydrodynamic patterning. These techniques are described in the context of a recent approach explored in our group for generating topographic patterns by photochemically directing Marangoni flow in thin polymer films with subtle gradients in surface energy. Aspects unique to this process are highlighted so that they may facilitate new developments in manufacturing technologically impactful patterned surfaces. For example, the features produced by photochemically directed Marangoni‐driven flow are preprogrammed in the solid state, thermally developed and can be formed in multilayer films. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Deep high dynamic range imaging of dynamic scenes (2017)

Producing a high dynamic range (HDR) image from a set of images with different exposures is a challenging process for dynamic scenes. A category of existing techniques first register the input images to a reference image and then merge the aligned images into an HDR image. However, the artifacts of the registration usually appear as ghosting and tearing in the final HDR images. In this paper, we propose a learning-based approach to address this problem for dynamic scenes. We use a convolutional neural network (CNN) as our learning model and present and compare three different system architectures to model the HDR merge process. Furthermore, we create a large dataset of input LDR images and their corresponding ground truth HDR images to train our system. We demonstrate the performance of our system by producing high-quality HDR images from a set of three LDR images. Experimental results show that our method consistently produces better results than several state-of-the-art approaches on challenging scenes.
Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults. (1992)

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in 681 healthy adults (range 18 yr-101 yr). Immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 was found to occur at a geometric mean of 540 pg/ml with a range from 252 to 1158 pg/ml. There were no differences in the levels when analyzed according to race, sex or age. Immunoreactive thymosin beta 4 was measured at a geometric mean of 12.6 ng/ml with a range from 6.9 to 23.0 ng/ml. There were no differences in the levels when analyzed according to race or sex, however, there was a slight upward trend with increasing age. This data may be useful as a reference when monitoring clinical studies, determining the kinetics of drug metabolism and distinguishing patient groups with elevated levels of either of these peptides.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Vicinal All‐Carbon Quaternary Centers via Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation (2018)

The development of the first enantioselective transition-metal-catalyzed allylic alkylation providing access to acyclic products bearing vicinal all-carbon quaternary centers is disclosed. The iridium-catalyzed allylic alkylation reaction proceeds with excellent yields and selectivities for a range of malononitrile-derived nucleophiles and trisubstituted allylic electrophiles. The utility of these sterically congested products is explored through a series of diverse chemo- and diastereoselective product transformations to afford a number of highly valuable, densely functionalized building blocks, including those containing vicinal all-carbon quaternary stereocenters.
Predicting risk of pre-release code changes with Checkinmentor (2013)

Code defects introduced during the development of the software system can result in failures after its release. Such post-release failures are costly to fix and have negative impact on the reputation of the released software. In this paper we propose a methodology for early detection of faulty code changes. We describe code changes with metrics and then use a statistical model that discriminates between faulty and non-faulty changes. The predictions are done not at a file or binary level but at the change level thereby assessing the impact of each change. We also study the impact of code branches on collecting code metrics and on the accuracy of the model. The model has shown high accuracy and was developed into a tool called CheckinMentor. CheckinMentor was deployed to predict risk for the Windows Phone software. However, our methodology is versatile and can be used to predict risk in a variety of large complex software systems.
A Preliminary Study of CA15-3, c-erbB-2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Cathepsin-D, and p53 in Saliva Among Women with Breast Carcinoma (2000)

A panel of markers used to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer was examined in the saliva of a cohort of healthy women, women with benign lesions of the breast, and women with diagnosed breast cancer. We found recognized tumor markers c-erbB-2 (erb), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), and tumor suppressor oncogene protein 53 (p53) in the saliva of all three groups of women. The levels of erb and CA15-3 in the cancer patients evaluated, however, were significantly higher than the salivary levels of healthy control subjects and benign tumor patients. Conversely, pantropic p53 levels were higher in control subjects compared with those women with breast cancer and those with benign tumors. Although cathepsin-D and epidermal growth factor receptor were detected, they did not demonstrate any clear correlation with disease status. The results of the pilot suggest that these markers have potential use in initial detection and/or follow-up screening for the detection of breast cancer in women.
Single-pixel terahertz imaging: a review (2020)

This paper is devoted to reviewing the results achieved so far in the application of the single-pixel imaging technique to terahertz (THz) systems. The use of THz radiation for imaging purposes has been largely explored in the last twenty years, due to the unique capabilities of this kind of radiation in interrogating material properties. However, THz imaging systems are still limited by the long acquisition time required to reconstruct the object image and significant efforts have been recently directed to overcome this drawback. One of the most promising approaches in this sense is the so-called "single-pixel" imaging, which in general enables image reconstruction by patterning the beam probing the object and measuring the total transmission (or reflection) with a single-pixel detector (i.e., with no spatial resolution). The main advantages of such technique are that i) no bulky moving parts are required to raster-scan the object and ii) compressed sensing (CS) algorithms, which allow an appropriate reconstruction of the image with an incomplete set of measurements, can be successfully implemented. Overall, this can result in a reduction of the acquisition time. In this review, we cover the experimental solutions proposed to implement such imaging technique at THz frequencies, as well as some practical uses for typical THz applications.
Autostereoscopic desktop display: an evolution of technology (2005)

A new technology for creating a large stereoscopic image has been developed and has evolved over several years. The optical apparatus for creating a large, distortion-free image has changed from a bulky, immersive viewing system to a display that can sit on a desktop and creates a comfortable stereo image that can be viewed for long periods of time without eyestrain. The central idea of creating the images with a monocentric optical system has remained constant; however, the application of monocentricity has changed over several designs. A monocentric design is one where multiple spherical optical surfaces share the same center of curvature. The advantage of this type of system is that it allows the image quality to be corrected over a very wide field of view with a large pupil. The first system was presented at the Stereoscopic Displays and Applications Conference in 2003. This system was based upon custom digital projectors creating images on two curved diffusers, which were then imaged by a ball lens. The final collimation of the images was done with a 36-inch radius mirror. This system was designed as proof of a concept for the technology, and it was not practical to market it as a product solution. This led to a desktop solution that utilized twin LCD displays with monocentric imaging engines that had separate collimating mirrors. There were various improvements to this configuration that ultimately resulted in a high-resolution, bright, low-distortion stereo image. After a brief review of the previous technology, the various embodiments of the desktop display will be discussed.
Micro-patterning of ionic reservoirs within a double bilayer lipid membrane to fabricate a 2D array of ion-channel switch based electrochemical biosensors (2004)

We present a simple approach for the design of ionic reservoir arrays within a double phospholipid bilayer to ultimately develop a 2D array of ion-channel switch based electrochemical biosensors. As a first step, a primary bilayer lipid membrane is deposited onto an array of electrodes patterned onto a substrate surface. Subsequently, an array of microvoids is created within the bilayer by a wet photolithographic patterning of phospholipid bilayers using a deep UV light source and a quartz/chrome photomask. To ensure registry, the photomask used to pattern bilayers is designed to match up the microvoids within the primary bilayer with the array of electrodes on the substrate surface. The deposition of a secondary bilayer lipid membrane onto the primary bilayer that spans across the patterned microvoids leads to the formation of the array of ionic reservoirs within the double phospholipid bilayer. This is accomplished using giant unilamellar vesicles and by exploiting membrane electrostatics. The use of ion-channels incorporated into the secondary bilayer that covers the individual ionic reservoirs allows the construction of a 2D array of ion-channel switch based electrochemical biosensors that are able to recognize different target-agents simultaneously.
Design, fabrication, and testing of a bistable electromagnetically actuated microvalve (2000)

A bistable electromagnetically actuated microvalve was designed, processed, and tested. The valve was designed to control a water flow of 0.05-0.5 /spl mu/s from a reservoir at a pressure of 1-2000 Pa. The two valve components were fabricated in silicon, the upper piece comprises an electroplated gold coil, and the lower piece is an Ni/Fe alloy beam. The bistable capability was achieved by balancing the elastic forces on the beam with the magnetic forces due to a 46-/spl mu/m-thick rolled magnetic foil. The design includes the flow through the orifice, squeeze film damping due to beam motion, beam elasticity, and electromagnetics. The microvalve was tested for power consumption, flow rate, time response, Ni/Fe alloy composition, and magnetic foil properties. The valve operates at 1-2 V in both air and water.
Ethanol precipitation for purification of recombinant antibodies (2014)

Currently, the golden standard for the purification of recombinant humanized antibodies (rhAbs) from CHO cell culture is protein A chromatography. However, due to increasing rhAbs titers alternative methods have come into focus. A new strategy for purification of recombinant human antibodies from CHO cell culture supernatant based on cold ethanol precipitation (CEP) and CaCl2 precipitation has been developed. This method is based on the cold ethanol precipitation, the process used for purification of antibodies and other components from blood plasma. We proof the applicability of the developed process for four different antibodies resulting in similar yield and purity as a protein A chromatography based process. This process can be further improved using an anion-exchange chromatography in flowthrough mode e.g. a monolith as last step so that residual host cell protein is reduced to a minimum. Beside the ethanol based process, our data also suggest that ethanol could be replaced with methanol or isopropanol. The process is suited for continuous operation.
Properties and prospects of liquid-crystal displays (1975)

Liquid-crystal displays have earned the reputation of having a poor performance and being unreliable. Over the last two years, however, liquid-crystal technology has improved a great deal and a reliable high-performance display should be available in the near future
Use of shock-wave heating for faster and safer ablation of tissue volumes in high intensity focused ultrasound therapy (2015)

Simulation of enhanced heating of clinically relevant tissue volumes using nonlinear ultrasound waves generated by a multi-element HIFU phased array were conducted based on the combined Westervelt and bio-heat equations. A spatial spectral approach using the fast Fourier transform algorithm and a corresponding analytic solution to the bioheat equation were used to optimize temperature modeling in tissue. Localized shock-wave heating within a much larger treated tissue volume and short, single HIFU pulses within a much longer overall exposure time were accounted for in the algorithm. Separation of processes with different time and spatial scales made the calculations faster and more accurate. With the proposed method it was shown that for the same time-average power, the use of high peak power pulsing schemes that produce high-amplitude shocks at the focus result in faster tissue heating compared to harmonic, continuous-wave sonications. Nonlinear effects can significantly accelerate volumetric heating while also permitting greater spatial control to reduce the impact on surrounding tissues. Such studies can be further used to test and optimize various steering trajectories of shock-wave sonications for faster and more controlled treatment of tissue volumes.
Data retention time of a new composed cell for dynamic random access memory (2013)

Demand has been placed on systems that use a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) to not only increase the total capacity and data transfer speed but also reduce the operating and standby currents. Owing to data retention time restrictions, a refresh operation to rewrite data in memory cell capacitor is necessary, and power consumption for a refresh operation increases in proportion to the memory capacity. A new proposed method, partial access mode (PAM) is executed by conversion from 1 cell/bit to 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sup> cells/bit to reduce the refresh power consumption and the frequency of disturbance effectively extending the memory cell retention time. Conventional computer systems generate a new low-power mode PAM in which all conventional functions and operations are maintained as a full array access mode. The effect of PAM is expressed as the refresh operation interval which is 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sup> × 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sup> times longer than that of conventional full array access mode. The extension of refresh operation interval is proved by the data retention time of 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sup> cells/bit memory cell.