gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dose optimization for the MRI-accelerator: IMRT in the presence of a magnetic field (2007)

A combined system of a 6 MV linear accelerator and a 1.5 T MRI scanner is currently being developed. In this system, the patient will be irradiated in the presence of a 1.5 T magnetic field. This causes a strong dose increase at tissue-air interfaces. Around air cavities in the patient, these effects may become problematic. Homogeneous dose distributions can be obtained around regularly shaped symmetrical cavities using opposing beams. However, for more irregularly shaped cavities this approach may not be sufficient. This study will investigate whether IMRT can be used to cope with magnetic field dose effects, in particular for target volumes adjacent to irregularly shaped air cavities. Therefore, an inverse treatment planning approach has been designed based on pre-calculated beamlet dose distribution kernels. Using this approach, optimized dose distributions were calculated for B = 1.5 T and for B = 0 T. Investigated target sites include a prostate cancer, a laryngeal cancer and an oropharyngeal cancer. Differences in the dose distribution between B = 0 and 1.5 T were minimal; only the skin dose increased for B = 1.5 T. Homogeneous dose distributions were obtained for target structures adjacent to air cavities without the use of opposing beams. These results show that a 1.5 T magnetic field does not compromise the ability to achieve desired dose distributions with IMRT.
A Non-invasive Probe for Cervical Cancer Detection (1994)

The Polarprobe has been developed to satisfy the need for a reliable device for the instantaneous detection of cervical lesions at a pre-cancer stage. The probe is driven by a notebook-sized controller which comprises a Motorola 68HC16-based processor and peripherals and an analog signal processing board. The spectral properties of the cervical tissues are measured using LEDs as light sources. Pulses applied to electrodes on the probe tip determine the dielectric properties of the tissue. Pre-clinical trials in Australia and overseas continue to yield encouraging performance figures and have attracted substantial Government financial assistance. The development is heading down the path to commercial production for a world market.
Regional Pulmonary Ventilation Measurements by Xenon Enhanced Dynamic Computed Tomography: An Update (1981)

New developments in computed tomographic technology permit rapid, serial images that may yield information concerning tracer kinetics through a large tissue volume. One possible application of these developments is the derivation of local lung ventilation by observing the temporal changes of stable xenon concentrations. Preliminary results from six multilevel ventilation studies in dogs demonstrate that the lung may be repeatedly imaged during reproducible phases of respiration even when interscan table incrementation is employed to survey a number of tissue segments and breathing is permitted between scans. In addition, subanesthetic xenon concentrations provide adequate enhancement for possible quantification.
Thin‐Film Thermocouples Based on the System In <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> –SnO <sub>2</sub> (2010)

Ceramic thermocouples are being developed to replace noble‐metal thermocouples that are unable to withstand the harsh environments inside the hot sections of turbine engines used for power generation and propulsion. A number of alloys in the system indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ):tin oxide (SnO 2 ) were systematically investigated as thermocouples. Specifically, solid solutions containing up to 10 wt% SnO 2 were initially tested relative to a platinum reference electrode and the resulting thermoelectric properties were measured. The results indicated that the thermoelectric response was dependent on the SnO 2 content in the alloy. Seebeck coefficients ranged from 53 to 224 μV/°C at temperatures up to 1300°C, which are considerably larger than those generated from metal thermocouples. Bi‐ceramic thermocouples based on selected solid solutions of indium tin oxide (ITO) exhibited high temperature stability and Seebeck coefficient on the order of 160 μV/°C. Postdeposition treatments had a significant effect on the stability of the ceramic thermocouples. High‐temperature annealing improved the film uniformity, stability, and reproducibility of the ITO thin‐film thermocouples. A bi‐ceramic thermocouple consisting of In 2 O 3 and In 2 O 3 :SnO 2 (95:5 wt%) was the best‐performing thermocouple of all compositions studied.
Environmental concerns and responses in small-scale stone quarries in Nairobi (2000)

In Kenya the artisanal stone quarrying industry has grown rapidly in recent years, employing many, but also having adverse effects upon the environment in terms of the low recovery rate of usable stone, hence large amounts of waste, and the lack of rehabilitation of quarries after use. Alternative ways of addressing these concerns, whilst maintaining the essential characteristics of artisanal quarrying are suggested. In order to assess the ability of the various agents involved in quarrying to respond positively to the proposed changes, as well as to identify possible drivers for change, the economic and institutional context of artisanal quarrying activities are explored. Landowners currently let their land to quarriers on the basis of a royalty, which implies that they have an interest in the rate of production of stone rather than the quantity produced per unit of land. Leases are short term and landowners are often indifferent about rehabilitation. These factors serve as powerful disincentives to the adoption of more environmentally sensitive practices. There is also no effective regulation by the state. Some suggestions are made for addressing these constraints.
Insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease (2009)

Emerging data demonstrate pivotal roles for brain insulin resistance and insulin deficiency as mediators of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) regulate neuronal survival, energy metabolism, and plasticity, which are required for learning and memory. Hence, endogenous brain-specific impairments in insulin and IGF signaling account for the majority of AD-associated abnormalities. However, a second major mechanism of cognitive impairment has been linked to obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Human and experimental animal studies revealed that neurodegeneration associated with peripheral insulin resistance is likely effectuated via a liver-brain axis whereby toxic lipids, including ceramides, cross the blood brain barrier and cause brain insulin resistance, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and cell death. In essence, there are dual mechanisms of brain insulin resistance leading to AD-type neurodegeneration: one mediated by endogenous, CNS factors; and the other, peripheral insulin resistance with excess cytotoxic ceramide production.
Art and archaeology: a review of two exhibitions (1991)

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Isolation of the Melanoma-Associated Antigen p23 Using Antibody Phage Display (2001)

The general responsiveness of human melanoma to immunotherapy has been well established, but active immunotherapy of melanoma has been hampered by insufficient information on the immunogenicity of melanoma-associated Ags in patients. In this study, we isolated a recombinant phage-Fab clone (A10-5) from a phage-Fab library derived from the B cells of a melanoma patient in remission after immunotherapy. Purified A10-5 Fab bound at high levels to cultured melanoma cell lines and to tissue sections of metastatic and vertical growth phase primary melanoma, but not to radial growth phase primary melanoma, nevi, or normal skin. A10-5 Fab bound to both the surface and the cytoplasm of cultured melanoma cells, but only to the cytoplasm of cultured fibroblasts. Western blot analysis revealed A10-5 Fab reactivity with a 33- and a 23-kDa glycoprotein under nonreducing conditions, and with a 23-kDa protein only under reducing conditions. A cDNA with an open reading frame predicted to encode a 23-kDa protein was cloned by screening a melanoma cell cDNA library with A10-5 Fab. This protein (p23) is the human homologue of the murine tumor transplantation Ag P198 that interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of ErbB-3 expressed by melanoma cells. Thus, the Ab phage display method has identified a novel, stage-specific melanoma-associated Ag that may have therapeutic and diagnostic value.
Multihop Attention Networks for Question Answer Matching (2018)

Attention based neural network models have been successfully applied in answer selection, which is an important subtask of question answering (QA). These models often represent a question by a single vector and find its corresponding matches by attending to candidate answers. However, questions and answers might be related to each other in complicated ways which cannot be captured by single-vector representations. In this paper, we propose Multihop Attention Networks (MAN) which aim to uncover these complex relations for ranking question and answer pairs. Unlike previous models, we do not collapse the question into a single vector, instead we use multiple vectors which focus on different parts of the question for its overall semantic representation and apply multiple steps of attention to learn representations for the candidate answers. For each attention step, in addition to common attention mechanisms, we adopt sequential attention which utilizes context information for computing context-aware attention weights. Via extensive experiments, we show that MAN outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on popular benchmark QA datasets. Empirical studies confirm the effectiveness of sequential attention over other attention mechanisms.
A low-noise 8–12 GHz fractional-N PLL in SiGe BiCMOS technology (2010)

A single-chip low-noise fractional-N PLL with 40 percent tuning range is presented. The design employs two integrated VCOs controlled by three digital and two analog signals. The synthesizer is based on a dual-loop configuration. It is tuneable from 8.1 GHz to 12.4 GHz and features an f/2 output. In integer mode phase noise is below −100 dBc/Hz at all frequency offsets larger than 10 kHz. In fractional mode the phase noise is below −90 dBc/Hz in loop. In integer mode the RMS phase error is as low as 0.53 degree.
Rural Intrastate Air Service Systems: A Basic Planning and Evaluation Tool (2012)

Cost-attractive, readily accessible intrastate air service has been proposed as one key to expanding the economic base in rural, predominantly agricultural states. While extensive research has provided a multitude of sophisticated tools for defining and clarifying urban transportation system issues, considerably less attention has been devoted to similar problems in the rural setting. The research reported in this paper is the first step in an effort to produce air transportation planning tools that can be understood and employed by those most likely to participate in the decision process that considers the merits and costs of new rural intrastate air service. This first step provides an analytical approach for examining the cost comparative economics of air versus ground travel. While the approach lacks the detail and accuracy required for urban planning, it should be sufficient for the lesser magnitude and complexity of the rural air service projects normally considered.
Morbidity in hospitalized patients receiving human albumin: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials* (2004)

Albumin reduces morbidity in acutely ill hospitalized patients. Concomitant administration of albumin in the control group can obscure the effects of albumin on clinical outcome in randomized trials.
Climatic Factors and Community — Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections — A Time-Series Analysis Study (2014)

Skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (SA-SSTIs) including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have experienced a significant surge all over the world. Changing climatic factors are affecting the global burden of dermatological infections and there is a lack of information on the association between climatic factors and MRSA infections. Therefore, association of temperature and relative humidity (RH) with occurrence of SA-SSTIs (n = 387) and also MRSA (n = 251) was monitored for 18 months in the outpatient clinic at a tertiary care hospital located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Time-series analysis was used to investigate the potential association of climatic factors (weekly averages of maximum temperature, minimum temperature and RH) with weekly incidence of SA-SSTIs and MRSA infections. The analysis showed that a combination of weekly average maximum temperature above 33 °C coinciding with weekly average RH ranging between 55% and 78%, is most favorable for the occurrence of SA-SSTIs and MRSA and within these parameters, each unit increase in occurrence of MRSA was associated with increase in weekly average maximum temperature of 1.7 °C (p = 0.044) and weekly average RH increase of 10% (p = 0.097).
A Convolutional Neural-Network-Based Training Model to Estimate Actual Distance of Persons in Continuous Images (2022)

Distance and depth detection plays a crucial role in intelligent robotics. It enables drones to understand their working environment to avoid collisions and accidents immediately and is very important in various AI applications. Image-based distance detection usually relies on the correctness of geometric information. However, the geometric features will be lost when the object is rotated or the camera lens image is distorted. This study proposes a training model based on a convolutional neural network, which uses a single-lens camera to estimate humans' distance in continuous images. We can partially restore depth information loss using built-in camera parameters that do not require additional correction. The normalized skeleton feature unit vector has the same characteristics as time series data and can be classified very well using a 1D convolutional neural network. According to our results, the accuracy for the occluded leg image is over 90% at 2 to 3 m, 80% to 90% at 4 m, and 70% at 5 to 6 m.
Endogenous amyloid‐β is necessary for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory (2010)

Endogenous Aβ₄₂ is a critical player in synaptic plasticity and memory within the normal central nervous system. This needs to be taken into consideration when designing therapies aiming at reducing Aβ levels to treat Alzheimer disease.
The use of Fabry-Perot interferometers, etalons and resonators at infrared and longer wavelengths-an overview (1982)

Outlines the theory and practical applications of the Fabry-Perot interferometer. In particular, the use of the instrument as a resonator at infrared and microwave frequencies is discussed.
Treatment de‐escalation in HPV‐positive oropharyngeal carcinoma: Ongoing trials, critical issues and perspectives (2014)

Due to the generally poor prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), treatment has been intensified, these last decades, leading to an increase of serious side effects. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection has been recently etiologically linked to a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), which is on the increase. These tumors are different, at the clinical and molecular level, when compared to tumors caused by traditional risk factors. Additionally, their prognosis is much more favorable which has led the medical community to consider new treatment strategies. Indeed, it is possible that less intensive treatment regimens could achieve similar efficacy with less toxicity and improved quality of life. Several clinical trials, investigating different ways to de-escalate treatment, are currently ongoing. In this article, we review these main approaches, discuss the rationale behind them and the issues raised by treatment de-escalation in HPV-positive OPSCC.
Ohmic electromechanical dissipation in nanomechanical cantilevers (2012)

We study the contribution of ohmic dissipation to the mechanical damping of nanoresonators. This damping occurs when DC voltage is applied to a resistive resonator, because the mechanical motion modifies the associated capacitance, thus inducing a dissipative current. Silicon carbide nanowire resonators were studied as a function of applied voltage and their geometrical environment. Nanometric positioners were used to control and continuously modify the position of the resonator with respect to counter electrodes. The experimental results are shown to be in agreement with an electromechanical model developed here, which allows for the establishment of a universal formula for the lower dissipation limit of a nanoresonator in its capacitive environment.
An analysis of migration paths of Li+ cations in ternary oxygen-containing compounds Li p X q O r (2008)

A new method was developed for studying voids and channels in crystal structures based on the Voronoi-Dirichlet partition of crystal space, and 822 structurally characterized ternary compounds Li p X q O r were analyzed for the first time. For these compounds, the dimensionality was determined and the migration patterns of channel systems capable of providing lithium-ion transport were constructed. The calculated coordinates of lithium atoms in the centers of the voids are consistent (within 0.4 Å) with the known structural data. Among these compounds, 113 compounds have infinite channel systems, 60 compounds (18 structural types, STs) have been described earlier in the literature as solid electrolytes, and 53 compounds (23 STs) can be considered as potential one-, two-, or three-dimensional ionic conductors (13, 3, and 7 STs, respectively).
Room-Temperature Solid-State Sodium∕Sulfur Battery (2006)

Solid-state sodium∕sulfur batteries using polyvinylidene-fluoride-hexafluoropropene (PVDF) polymer electrolyte were prepared and tested at room temperature. Solid sodium∕sulfur batteries may be composed of solid-composite-type sulfur electrodes, sodium metal electrodes, and PVDF gel polymer electrolyte. The PVDF gel polymer electrolyte with tetraglyme plasticizer and salt had a high sodium ion conductivity of at . During the first discharge, the sodium∕sulfur battery showed two plateau potentials of 2.27 and , respectively. The first discharge capacity was sulfur at room temperature, which was similar to the high temperature battery. The discharge capacity drastically decreased by repeated charge-discharge cycling, and remained at after .
Comparison of the transmission characteristics of low and high pathogenicity avian influenza A virus (H5N2) (2003)

Low pathogenicity avian influenza A strains (LPAI) of the H5 and H7 type are noted for their ability to transform into highly pathogenic counterparts (HPAI). Here we compare the transmission characteristics in poultry of LPAI H5N2 (A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83) and corresponding HPAI virus by means of transmission experiments. In the experiments, five inoculated animals are placed in a cage with five contact animals, and the infection chain is monitored by taking blood samples, and samples from the trachea and cloaca. The data are analysed by final size methods and a generalized linear model. The results show that HPAI virus is more infectious and induces a longer infectious period than LPAI. In fact, fully susceptible animals are invariably infected when confronted with HPAI virus and die within six days after infection. Animals previously infected with LPAI virus, on the other hand, survive an infection with HPAI virus or escape infection all together. This implies that a previous infection with LPAI virus effectively reduces susceptibility of the host to infection and decreases transmission of HPAI virus. We discuss the implications of these conclusions for the control and evolution of avian influenza viruses.
Dual-emission of a fluorescent graphene oxide–quantum dot nanohybrid for sensitive and selective visual sensor applications based on ratiometric fluorescence (2012)

A novel nanohybrid ratiometric fluorescence probe comprised of fluorescent graphene oxide and quantum dots (QDs) has been prepared by bringing CdTe QDs of red fluorescence and fluorescent graphene oxide (FGO) of blue fluorescence together through electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding interaction between their surface functional groups including carboxyl and amine groups. The nanohybrid ratiometric fluorescence probe exhibits dual emissions at 450 and 650 nm under a single excitation wavelength and shows high sensitivity for the detection of ferrous ions in the presence of H₂O₂. Ferrous ions reacts with H₂O₂ to generate very reactive hydroxyl radicals which possess a strong oxidizing nature and easily capture the electrons from the surfaces of the CdTe QDs, leading to fluorescence quenching of the QDs and no effect on the fluorescence of the graphene oxide, which hence results in a great change of the fluorescence ratio. Moreover, the ratiometric fluorescence probe is not only extremely sensitive to ferrous ions, but is also selective over other biologically relevant metal cations. The changes of fluorescence colour ratios can be used for visual sensing applications for ferrous ions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and can also be used for the indication of the existence of hydrogen peroxide.
Simple Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Hollow Graphitic Nanoparticles and Their Application to Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Electrodes. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Effect of .GAMMA.-oryzanol on serum TSH concentrations in primary hypothyroidism. (1980)

A single oral dose (300 mg) of gamma-oryzanol extracted from rice-bran oil produced a significant reduction on the elevated serum TSH levels in hypothyroid patients. Similarly, chronic treatment with gamma-oryzanol resulted in decreased serum TSH levels in 6 of 8 patients. There was no change in the serum levels of thyroxine-iodine and triiodothyronine during the study. In addition, there was no difference in the serum TSH response to TRH in hypothyroid patients and normal subjects. These observations suggest that gamma-oryzanol inhibits serum TSH levels in patients with primary hypothyroidism, possibly by a direct action at the hypothalamus rather than the pituitary.
Workflow Management System Based on Web (2006)

The limitation of traditional workflow management system is analyed through introducing the common workflow management system. The implementation method of workflow manager system which is based on Web is discussed.
<title>Photonic crystal light-emitting diodes</title> (1997)

A novel LED design employing a 2D periodic photonic crystal host is demonstrated theoretically to yield extraction efficiencies approaching 100 percent. Specifically, a thin slab of 2D photonic crystal is shown to alter drastically the radiation pattern of spontaneous emission. By eliminating all guided modes at the transition frequencies, spontaneous emission can be coupled entirely to free space modes, resulting in a greatly enhanced extraction efficiency. Such structures might provide a solution to the long-standing problem of poor light extraction form high refractive-index semiconductors in light-emitting diodes.
Polymeric And Organic Crystalline Films For Electro-Optic Applications (1988)

One of key applications desired for second-order non-linear optical materials is that of an electro-optic phase shifter. Organic materials offer the promise of having large electro-optic coefficients for this application. A number of organic materials were examined as either crystalline or ordered polymeric thin films. The results of absorption, second-harmonic generation, and electro-optic measurements on these materials will be presented. The results on waveguide fabrication and coupling are also discussed.