gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-low loss waveguide platform and its integration with silicon photonics (2014)

Planar waveguides with ultra-low optical propagation loss enable a plethora of passive photonic integrated circuits, such as splitters and combiners, filters, delay lines, and components for advanced modulation formats. An overview is presented of the status of the field of ultra-low loss waveguides and circuits, including the design, the trade-off between bend radius and loss, and fabrication rationale. The characterization methods to accurately measure such waveguides are discussed. Some typical examples of device and circuit applications are presented. An even wider range of applications becomes possible with the integration of active devices, such as lasers, amplifiers, modulators and photodetectors, on such an ultra-low loss waveguide platform. A summary of efforts to integrate silicon nitride and silica-based low-loss waveguides with silicon and III/V based photonics, either hybridly or heterogeneously, will be presented. The approach to combine these integration technologies heterogeneously on a single silicon substrate is discussed and an application example of a high-bandwidth receiver is shown.
On VLSI implementation of median based field rate up-conversion (2002)

Field rate up-conversion using adaptive weighted median filtering is described. The weights of the algorithm are adapted according to the output from a motion detector. High-speed VLSI circuit architectures for the computation of weighted median are discussed. A bit-sliced architecture based on a previously introduced bit-serial method, having good expandability and supporting computation of weighted medians, is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Shear Stress on Sintering (1986)

The effect of small uniaxial stresses on the sintering of CdO powder compacts was studied using a loading dilatometer. Compacts of two different green densities were sintered at 1123 K and subjected to stresses between 0 and 0.25 MPa. Densification and creep occur simultaneously, and the effects of these two processes can be separated. Between relative densities of 0.5 and 0.9, the dependence of the uniaxial creep rate on density can be described in terms of a stress intensification factor which depends exponentially on the porosity but is independent of the grain size. Comparison of the densification and creep rates permits definition of the sintering stress, which is found to decrease with increasing density, and verification of the Zener relation. The stress and grain size dependence of the creep rate, and the grain size dependence of the densification rate, support grain‐boundary diffusion as the rate‐controlling step in both processes.
Membrane and Nuclear Permeabilization by Polymeric pDNA Vehicles: Efficient Method for Gene Delivery or Mechanism of Cytotoxicity? (2011)

The aim of this study is to compare the cytotoxicity mechanisms of linear PEI to two analogous polymers synthesized by our group: a hydroxyl-containing poly(l-tartaramidoamine) (T4) and a version containing an alkyl chain spacer poly(adipamidopentaethylenetetramine) (A4) by studying the cellular responses to polymer transfection. We have also synthesized analogues of T4 with different molecular weights (degrees of polymerization of 6, 12, and 43) to examine the role of molecular weight on the cytotoxicity mechanisms. Several mechanisms of polymer-induced cytotoxicity are investigated, including plasma membrane permeabilization, the formation of potentially harmful polymer degradation products during transfection including reactive oxygen species, and nuclear membrane permeabilization. We hypothesized that since cationic polymers are capable of disrupting the plasma membrane, they may also be capable of disrupting the nuclear envelope, which could be a potential mechanism of how the pDNA is delivered into the nucleus (other than nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis). Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we show that the polycations with the highest amount of protein expression and toxicity, PEI and T4(43), are capable of inducing nuclear membrane permeability. This finding is important for the field of nucleic acid delivery in that direct nucleus permeabilization could be not only a mechanism for pDNA nuclear import but also a potential mechanism of cytotoxicity and cell death. We also show that the production of reactive oxygen species is not a main mechanism of cytotoxicity, and that the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups and polymer length play a role in polyplex size and charge in addition to protein expression efficiency and toxicity.
Variable Valve Action (VVA) Through Variable Ratio Rocker Arms (1988)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Variable valve action (VVA) is achieved with a minimum of additional complexity with variable ratio rocker arms. The continuously variable ratios produce torque, power and fuel consumption curves typical of a series of differently patterned camshafts. Since the center pivot rocker arms, the rocker shaft and shaft supports are the only engine parts redesigned, a minimum of additional tooling and production cost and durability and system maintenance concerns are created. Variable valve action is achieved with: no changes in camshaft design, no changes in camshaft drive mechanisms no additional rocking or reciprocating parts, no use of hydraulic, electrical, electrohydraulic or electromechanical parts, other than the external actuating mechanism.</div>
A Survey on Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures: Motivations, Requirements and Challenges (2012)

A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.
Drilling with Aerated Fluid from a Floating Unit. Part 1: Planning, Equipment, Tests, and Rig Modifications (2001)

Abstract Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) can be compared today with the horizontal drilling technology 15 years ago. Most probably, the majority of the wells will be drilled underbalanced in the near future. While onshore and offshore operations from fixed platforms have been conducted, UBD from floating units is still a challenge. With the majority of its hydrocarbon reserves located in deepwater, Petrobras decided to start a project to develop technology to drill wells with light-weight drilling fluid from a floating platform. This technology is seen today as the first step to reach UBD from a floating vessel, including deepwater locations. The present paper describes the steps taken so far to develop all the new equipment required and the HazOp meetings to discuss and approve the technical details and procedures. The paper also discusses the difficulties encountered during the negotiations with a rig contractor, to allow and fully understand the operation on board of one of its platforms. The paper finally discusses the best options from the lessons learned so far to have rigs ready to use this technology in the near future.
Efficient CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Generation of Knockin Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Lacking Undesired Mutations at the Targeted Locus (2015)

The CRISPR-Cas9 system has the potential to revolutionize genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), but its advantages and pitfalls are still poorly understood. We systematically tested the ability of CRISPR-Cas9 to mediate reporter gene knockin at 16 distinct genomic sites in hPSCs. We observed efficient gene targeting but found that targeted clones carried an unexpectedly high frequency of insertion and deletion (indel) mutations at both alleles of the targeted gene. These indels were induced by Cas9 nuclease, as well as Cas9-D10A single or dual nickases, and often disrupted gene function. To overcome this problem, we designed strategies to physically destroy or separate CRISPR target sites at the targeted allele and developed a bioinformatic pipeline to identify and eliminate clones harboring deleterious indels at the other allele. This two-pronged approach enables the reliable generation of knockin hPSC reporter cell lines free of unwanted mutations at the targeted locus.
UC3855A/B High Performance Power Factor Preregulator (2004)

The trend in power converters is towards increasingly higher power densities. Usually, the method to achieve this is to increase the switching frequency, which allows a reduction in the filter component’s size. Raising the switching frequency however, significantly increases the system switching losses which generally precludes operating at switching frequencies greater than 100 kHz. 1
Potential Load Reduction Using Airfoils with Variable Trailing Edge Geometry (2005)

This paper presents an investigation of the potential for reduction of fluctuating loads on wind turbine blades with the use of flaplike deflectable trailing edges. More specifically, the aeroelastic response of an elastically mounted airfoil section with a deflectable trailing edge is investigated. This is done by coupling a model for the aerodynamic forces on a deforming airfoil with a linear spring/damper model for the elastic deformation of a rigid airfoil to which the forces associated with the deflection of the trailing edge are added. The analysis showed that when the airfoil experienced a wind step from 10to12m∕s the standard deviation of the normal force could be reduced by up to 85% when the flap was controlled by the reading of the airfoil flapwise position and velocity, while reductions of up to 95% could be obtained when the flap was controlled by the reading of the angle of attack. When the airfoil experienced a turbulent wind field, the standard deviation of the normal force could be reduced by 81% for control based on measured angle of attack. The maximum reduction using a combination of flapwise position and velocity was 75%. The maximum deflection of the trailing edge geometry was, in all the considered cases, small enough to justify the use of a potential flow code for calculation of the aerodynamic forces. Calculations showed that the effect of a time lag in the actuators and sensors may drastically reduce the efficiency of the control algorithm. Likewise, the effect of a low maximum actuation velocity reduces the efficiency of the control algorithm. The analysis of the two-dimensional (2D) aeroservoelastic system shown in this paper indicates that the potential of using trailing edge flaps for reduction of fluctuating loads is significant.
Potent PPARα Activator Derived from Tomato Juice, 13-oxo-9,11-Octadecadienoic Acid, Decreases Plasma and Hepatic Triglyceride in Obese Diabetic Mice (2012)

Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for development of several obesity-related diseases. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates energy metabolism. Previously, we reported that 9-oxo-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (9-oxo-ODA) is presented in fresh tomato fruits and acts as a PPARα agonist. In addition to 9-oxo-ODA, we developed that 13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (13-oxo-ODA), which is an isomer of 9-oxo-ODA, is present only in tomato juice. In this study, we explored the possibility that 13-oxo-ODA acts as a PPARα agonist in vitro and whether its effect ameliorates dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in vivo. In vitro luciferase assay experiments revealed that 13-oxo-ODA significantly induced PPARα activation; moreover, the luciferase activity of 13-oxo-ODA was stronger than that of 9-oxo-ODA and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which is a precursor of 13-oxo-ODA and is well-known as a potent PPARα activator. In addition to in vitro experiment, treatment with 13-oxo-ODA decreased the levels of plasma and hepatic triglycerides in obese KK-Ay mice fed a high-fat diet. In conclusion, our findings indicate that 13-oxo-ODA act as a potent PPARα agonist, suggesting a possibility to improve obesity-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis.
Real time neural networks. III. Alternative neural networks for speech applications (2002)

For pt.II, see ibid., p.584-90 (1991). Waibel Sawai and Shikano (1989), have successfully used traditional neural networks (TNNs), in conjunction with a certain time-delay framework, to recognize phonemes in spoken Japanese syllables. In this paper, the authors first describe Waibel et. al.'s time delay neural network model. They then make several modifications to that model and indicate how procedures can be developed to automatically identify key variables and their cross products, within the structured conjunctoid neural net framework rather than the nonparametric TNN framework,.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Role of Human β-Defensin-2 during Tumor Necrosis Factor-α/NF-κB-mediated Innate Antiviral Response against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (2008)

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) constitutes a highly pathogenic virus that infects lung epithelial cells to cause a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases. Our recent studies have revealed the existence of an interferon-alpha/beta-independent, innate antiviral response against RSV that was dependent on activation of NF-kappaB. We demonstrated that NF-kappaB inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) confers potent antiviral function against RSV in an NF-kappaB-dependent fashion, independent of interferon-alpha/beta. During our efforts to study this pathway, we identified HBD2 (human beta-defensin-2), a soluble secreted cationic protein as an antiviral factor induced during NF-kappaB-dependent innate antiviral activity in human lung epithelial cells. Our results demonstrated that HBD2 is induced by TNF and RSV in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. Induction of HBD2 in infected cells was mediated by the paracrine/autocrine action of TNF produced upon RSV infection. HBD2 plays a critical role during host defense, because purified HBD2 drastically inhibited RSV infection. We also show that the antiviral mechanism of HBD2 involves blocking of viral cellular entry possibly because of destabilization/disintegration of the viral envelope. The important role of HBD2 in the innate response was also evident from loss of antiviral activity of TNF upon HBD2 silencing by short interfering RNA. The in vivo physiological relevance of HBD2 in host defense was apparent from induction of murine beta-defensin-4 (murine counterpart of HBD2) in lung tissues of RSV-infected mice. Thus, HBD2 functions as an antiviral molecule during NF-kappaB-dependent innate antiviral immunity mediated by the autocrine/paracrine action of TNF.
Deep Occlusion Reasoning for Multi-camera Multi-target Detection (2017)

People detection in single 2D images has improved greatly in recent years. However, comparatively little of this progress has percolated into multi-camera multi-people tracking algorithms, whose performance still degrades severely when scenes become very crowded. In this work, we introduce a new architecture that combines Convolutional Neural Nets and Conditional Random Fields to explicitly model those ambiguities. One of its key ingredients are high-order CRF terms that model potential occlusions and give our approach its robustness even when many people are present. Our model is trained end-to-end and we show that it outperforms several state-of-the-art algorithms on challenging scenes.
Design and Implementation of FPGA Router for Efficient Utilization of Heterogeneous Routing Resources (2005)

The routing resources available in recent FPGA architectures (e.g., Xilinx Virtex-II) are very different from the older generation of FPGAs (e.g., Xilinx XC4000). The latest FPGA architectures have heterogeneous routing resources which include directly driven wires of different lengths and connectivity. Since routing resources in FPGAs are fixed, it is very important for the routing algorithms to fully exploit the potential of new routing architectures. FPGA routing architectures are usually represented as a routing resource graph (RRG). In this paper we present a simplified scheme to build the RRG for FPGA architectures with heterogeneous routing resources. Using our RRG construction scheme we have built a mutability driven FPGA router named "Bison". We also present two dynamic weight update based heuristics which we have incorporated into the router, so that efficient utilization of routing resources can be achieved.
Performance enhancement of terahertz metamaterials on ultrathin substrates for sensing applications (2010)

We design, fabricate, and characterize split-ring resonator (SRR) based planar terahertz metamaterials (MMs) on ultrathin silicon nitride substrates for biosensing applications. Proof-of-principle demonstration of increased sensitivity in thin substrate SRR-MMs is shown by detection of doped and undoped protein thin films (silk fibroin) of various thicknesses and by monitoring transmission changes using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. SRR-MMs fabricated on thin film substrates show significantly better performance than identical SRR-MMs fabricated on bulk silicon substrates paving the way for improved biological and chemical sensing applications.
Fabrication of silver-decorated sulfonated polystyrene microspheres for surface-enhanced Raman scattering and antibacterial applications (2015)

A facile approach was presented to prepare SPS@Ag composite microspheres with surface-enhanced Raman scattering properties and enhanced antibacterial activities.
Electronic transport properties of single-crystal bismuth nanowire arrays (2000)

We present here a detailed study of the electrical transport properties of single-crystal bismuth nanowire arrays embedded in a dielectric matrix. Measurements of the resistance of Bi nanowire arrays with different wire diameters (60--110 nm) have been carried out over a wide range of temperatures (2.0--300 K) and magnetic fields (0--5.4 T). The transport properties of a heavily Te-doped Bi nanowire array have also been studied. At low temperatures, we show that the wire boundary scattering is the dominant scattering process for carriers in the undoped single-crystal Bi nanowires, while boundary scattering is less important for a heavily Te-doped sample, consistent with general theoretical considerations. The temperature dependences of the zero-field resistivity and of the longitudinal magneto-coefficient of the Bi nanowires were also studied and were found to be sensitive to the wire diameter. The quantum confinement of carriers is believed to play an important role in determining the overall temperature dependence of the zero-field resistivity. Theoretical considerations of the quantum confinement effects on the electronic band structure and on the transport properties of Bi nanowires are discussed. Despite the evidence for localization effects and diffusive electron interactions at low temperatures $(T<~4.0\mathrm{K}),$ localization effects are not the dominant mechanisms affecting the resistivity or the magnetoresistance in the temperature range of this study.
Shock first, ask questions later… (2022)

A 39-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department following a sudden onset of palpitations an hour earlier. He was clammy and felt generally unwell. He was normally fit and active with no history of cardiac symptoms including palpitations - he mentioned as a teenager he was told that he had an 'extra bit of wiring in his heart' but nothing further was done. His only regular medication was Sertraline. He drank alcohol to excess. On examination, he was hypotensive but pain free. Bloods including potassium and magnesium were within normal limits - venous lactate was mildly elevated at 2.8.
Evaluation of Intrauterine Fetal Death at Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study (2023)

Introduction: Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) is unpredictable despite of regular antenatal checkup. Early assessment and timely intervention may reduce the incidence of IUFD. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of IUFD among pregnant women at tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care center from 1st November 2020 to 31st October 2021. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Registration number: F-NMC/515/076-077). Demographic data were collected using predesigned proforma in pregnant women with intrauterine fetal demise identified before, during labor and delivery. Results: Among 1441 deliveries, IUFD was found in 81 (5.62%). The highest stillbirth rate occurred in the 3rd trimester between 37 - 42 weeks 41 (50.61%), 85.18% unemployed, 36% were primigravida, 46.91% in 20 – 24 years age group. The commonest obstetric complications encountered were hypertensive disorders at 14.81%, unexplained (13.58%). Macerated stillbirths accounted for 49 (60.49%. Over 85% of the mothers had vaginal delivery while 15% had cesarean section. Conclusion: A significant portion of IUFD can be prevented by providing patient and community health education for regular antenatal care regarding warning signs during antenatal, hospital delivery, early referral.
Pathways and genes differentially expressed in the motor cortex of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2007)

Gene and sample numbers investigated allow pathway- and gene-based analyses by established error-correction methods, drawing a molecular portrait of the ALS motor cortex that faithfully represents many known disease features and uncovers several novel aspects of ALS pathology. Contrary to expectations for a tissue under oxidative stress, nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes are uniformly down-regulated. Moreover, the down-regulation of mitochondrial and glycolytic genes implies a combined reduction of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic energy supply, with a possible role in the death of ALS motoneurons. Identifying candidate genes exclusively expressed in non-neuronal cells, we also highlight the importance of these cells in disease development in the motor cortex. Notably, some pathways and candidate genes identified by this study are direct or indirect targets of medication already applied to unrelated illnesses and point the way towards the rapid development of effective symptomatic ALS therapies.