gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray-Induced Changes in Wettability (2009)

We observed that hard X-ray irradiation modifies the wettability of a variety of inorganic materials. The smooth surfaces of all tested inorganic materials (ZnO, p-Si, Al2O3, SrTiO3, TiN, ZnS, CuO, Ag2O, and Cr2O3) change during irradiation to a state of superhydrophilic wettability, and such changes are explained by the accumulation of positive surface charges by photoelectron emission. The initial wettability state is re-established within several minutes of storage in deionized water.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Selective Vanadium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Benzylic, Allylic, and Propargylic Alcohols Using Air. (2011)

Abstract The catalyst is easily prepared in one step under air using commercially available reagents.
A high-performance OC-12/OC-48 queue design prototype for input-buffered ATM switches (2002)

This paper presents the design and prototype of an intelligent, 3-dimensional-queue (3DQ) for high-performance, scalable, input-buffered ATM switches. The 3DQ uses pointers and linked lists to organize ATM cells into multiple virtual queues according to priority, destination, and virtual connection. It enforces per-virtual connection quality-of-service (QoS) and eliminates head-of-line (HOL) blocking. Using field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) devices, our prototype hardware can process ATM cells at 622 Mb/s (OC-12). Using more aggressive technology (multi-chip-module (MCM) and fast GaAs logic), the same 3DQ can process cells at 2.5 Gb/s (OC-48). Using the 3DQ and matrix-unit-cell-scheduler (MUCS) as essential components, an input-buffered ATM switch system has been designed, which can achieve near-100% link bandwidth utilization.
Discovery of Novel Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonists Having Potent Antiproliferative Activity in Cervical Cancer Cells (1996)

Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) active retinoids have proven therapeutically useful for treating certain cancers and dermatological diseases. Herein, we describe the discovery of two new RAR active trienoic acid retinoids, (2E,4E,6E)-7-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-3-methylocta-2, 4,6-trienoic acid (10a, ALRT1550) and (2E,4E,6Z)-7-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-3-methylocta-2, 4,6-trienoic acid (10b, LG100567). ALRT1550 is a RAR selective retinoid which exhibits exceptional potency in both competitive binding and cotransfection assays. Moreover, it is the most potent antiproliferative retinoid described to date and thus has implications for the treatment of certain cancers. LG100567 is a potent panagonist which activates both RARs and retinoid X receptors.
Adding value to coal as feedstock for a hydrogen plant (1997)

Coal is the largest fossil energy resource and, in spite of its 19th century image, coal has proven itself in the last quarter of the 20th century as a modern and remarkably cost-effective fuel for generating electric power. Today, with increasing concern over greenhouse gases, coal needs to overcome the obstacle of being the most carbon intensive energy source there is. To clear this hurdle and provide a modern and environmentally viable energy resource based on abundant coal reserves is the goal of Vision 21. The strategy of Vision 21 rests on the production of high quality gaseous fuels like hydrogen that could either leave the plant or be used in the production of electricity by highly efficient fuel cell stacks. Here the authors outline three processing steps, that combined or separately can greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal. First, they propose to perform the gasification and water-gas shift reaction for producing hydrogen from coal with calcium oxide as a getter for carbon dioxide. This provides an efficient means to collect the carbon dioxide for reuse or disposal. Simultaneously, the carbonation facilitates the formation of hydrogen and provides the energy necessary to drive the hydrogen producing reaction to completion. In the second step, the calcium oxide would be regenerated either by a conventional calcination process or, as they propose to investigate, in a solar furnace. The latter approach would lead to a novel hybrid solar/fossil power plant that derives about 30% of its energy output from solar energy. Finally, they propose to develop a solar driven process, that generates methanol from waste carbon dioxide. In a photolytic process, CO{sub 2} is broken up into CO and O{sub 2}. The CO is then reacted with water in a conventional process to form methanol.
Layer stripping: a direct numerical method for impedance imaging (1991)

An impedance imaging problem is to find the electrical conductivity and permittivity distributions inside a body from measurements made on the boundary. The following experiment is considered: a set of electric currents are applied to the surface of the body and the resulting voltages are measured on that surface. The authors describe the performance of a direct numerical method for approximating the conductivity in the interior. The algorithm proceeds via two steps: first the conductivity is found near the bounding surface of the body from the data having the highest available spatial frequency; next the boundary data on an interior surface are synthesized using a nonlinear differential equation of Riccati type. The process is then repeated, and an estimate of the conductivity is found, layer by layer. They establish the theoretical basis for the algorithm and report on numerical tests.
Effect of Dynamic Cooling on 585-nm Pulsed Dye Laser Treatment of Port–Wine Stain Birthmarks (1997)

This study suggests that dynamic cooling can dramatically diminish pain during PWS treatment with the 585-nm PDL without reducing treatment efficacy. The absence of epidermal damage in most patients suggests that precooling with the DCD may allow the use of higher laser fluences to expedite clearance without inducing epidermal change. Dynamic cooling has potential use with other lasers and different lesions where discomfort and epidermal effects limit therapy.
[Novel mutation-specific monoclonal E-cadherin antibodies make possible allele differentiation at the protein level in tumors]. (1999)

Somatic deletion mutations in the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin are present in almost 50% of diffuse type gastric cancer. We recently generated monoclonal antibodies against an in-frame deletion of exon 9. The aim of this study was to generate and characterize monoclonal antibodies against the second mutational hot spot, in-frame deletions of exon 8. Lou/C rats were immunized using a KLH-coupled peptide that represents a unique sequence generated by fusion of exon 7 and exon 9 from an E-cadherin deletion mutation lacking exon 8. Hybridoma supernatants were tested in a solid-phase immunoassay using BSA-coupled peptide. Positive reacting hybridomas were confirmed by Western Blots, FACS analysis, and immunohistochemistry of E-cadherin negative carcinoma cells that had been transfected with mutant and wild-type E-cadherin cDNA, respectively. In addition, routine formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues from gastric cancer patients were analyzed using both mutation-specific and commercial monoclonal antibodies against E-cadherin, including HECD-1 and AEC. Two hybridoma supernatants, termed E-cad delta 8-1, were selected that reacted with the mutant peptide used for immunization and gave strong signals in Western Blot and FACS analysis with cells expressing mutant E-cadherin lacking exon 8. Wild-type protein expressing cells only reacted with the commercial antibodies but not with the two selected hybridoma supernatants. In contrast to AEC, monoclonal antibody HECD-1 did not react with exon 8 deleted E-cadherin, suggesting that the previously unknown epitope for this often used monoclonal antibody is located at least in part within exon 8. Four gastric cancer specimens known to express mutated E-cadherin mRNA strongly reacted with both mutation-specific supernatants and with AEC monoclonal antibody but not with HECD-1. Taken together, we succeeded in generating monoclonal antibodies reacting with mutant E-cadherin protein lacking exon 8. Furthermore, using both HECD-1 and the new mutation-specific antibodies E-cadherin immunoreactivity can for the first time be evaluated in an allele-specific manner in archival tissues.
Tunable dispersion compensator based on distributed Gires-Tournois etalons (2003)

We report a novel tunable dispersion compensator (TDC) based on all-fiber distributed Gires-Tournois etalons (DGTE), which is formed by overlapped chirped fiber gratings. Two DGTEs of opposite dispersion slope work together to generate a tunable periodical dispersion profile. The demonstrated TDCs have the advantages of multichannel operation, extremely low group-delay ripple, low loss, and low cost.
Sampling Method to Extend Bandwidth of Scanning SQUID Microscopes (2005)

We present preliminary results on the development of a 4.2 K scanning SQUID microscope with a bandwidth in the GHz range. We have overcome the bandwidth limitations of traditional scanning SQUID microscopes, which use a flux-locked loop, by using a hysteretic SQUID and a pulsed sampling technique. We describe the overall design and operation of our measurement system, and present high-speed measurement results.
Discussion of the feasibility of air injection for enhanced oil recovery in shale oil reservoirs (2016)

Air injection in light oil reservoirs has received considerable attention as an effective, improved oil recovery process, based primarily on the success of several projects within the Williston Basin in the United States. The main mechanism of air injection is the oxidation behavior between oxygen and crude oil in the reservoir. Air injection is a good option because of its wide availability and low cost. Whether air injection can be applied to shale is an interesting topic from both economic and technical perspectives. This paper initiates a comprehensive discussion on the feasibility and potential of air injection in shale oil reservoirs based on state-of-the-art literature review. Favorable and unfavorable effects of using air injection are discussed in an analogy analysis on geology, reservoir features, temperature, pressure, and petrophysical, mineral and crude oil properties of shale oil reservoirs. The available data comparison of the historically successful air injection projects with typical shale oil reservoirs in the U.S. is summarized in this paper. Some operation methods to improve air injection performance are recommended. This paper provides an avenue for us to make use of many of the favorable conditions of shale oil reservoirs for implementing air injection, or air huff ‘n’ puff injection, and the low cost of air has the potential to improve oil recovery in shale oil reservoirs. This analysis may stimulate further investigation.
Dynamic Photonic Crystals (2007)

When dynamic behaviors are introduced into photonic crystal systems, fascinating new possibilities emerge. For example, the bandwidth of a pulse can be completely compressed to zero, resulting in on-chip all-optical stopping and storage of light pulses. The pulse spectrum can also be inverted around a center frequency to time-reverse an optical pulse.
Coronary artery flow imaging with an intraluminal array (2002)

The rate of blood speckle decorrelation for scatterers moving through the imaging plane of an intravascular system can be used to estimate flow velocity. The authors have tested this hypothesis with an intraluminal array imaging system appropriate for coronary artery applications. A pig model was investigated with a 64 element, 20 MHz imaging system. Estimates of the relative blood speed made by measuring temporal decorrelation in a FIR filter bank were used to demonstrate real-time color flow imaging.
Elucidation of the chemical structures of natural antioxidants isolated from rosemary (1982)

Abstract A natural antioxidant extract with activity greater than BHA and equal to BHT was isolated from rosemary leaves. The extract was separated into 7 primary fractions with liquid chromatography, using silicic acid as an adsorbent followed by gradient elution. Each fraction was rechromatographed to yield a total of 16 subfractions. Two compounds, carnosol and ursolic acid, were identified by infrared, mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Carnosol was shown to be one of the active antioxidant components in rosemary. Ursolic acid was not an effective antioxidant. Further fractionation of the most active antioxidant subfractions by high performance liquid chromatography and the elucidation of the chemical structures of these fractions are now in progress.
LIPOSOMES AS MODEL CELLULAR SYSTEMS Liposome formation and applications in microfluidics (2007)

Liposomes are spherical structures composed of a phospholipid bilayer membrane that encapsulates an aqueous cavity. The diameter of a liposome ranges from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers, and with its pliable membrane, it can be forced to flow in a microfluidic system in a manner that is reminiscent of a cell flowing through capillaries in the vasculatory system. For many years, our research has focused on defining new analytical applications for liposomes. In this chapter, we describe the use of liposomes as reagent delivery vessels that can be stimulated to release their contents as a function of temperature in a microfluidic system to initiate mixing and bio/chemical reaction. We also describe the use of microfluidic systems to automate the formation of liposomes. Using the simple principles of hydrodynamic focusing in microfluidics, we have demonstrated the ability to prepare very homogeneous populations of liposomes with encapsulated reagents that are suitable for a wide variety of analytical and biomedical applications.
Resolved Single-Molecule Detection of Individual Species within a Mixture of <i>anti</i>-Biotin Antibodies Using an Engineered Monomeric Nanopore (2015)

Oligomeric protein nanopores with rigid structures have been engineered for the purpose of sensing a wide range of analytes including small molecules and biological species such as proteins and DNA. We chose a monomeric β-barrel porin, OmpG, as the platform from which to derive the nanopore sensor. OmpG is decorated with seven flexible loops that move dynamically to create a distinct gating pattern when ionic current passes through the pore. Biotin was chemically tethered to the most flexible one of these loops. The gating characteristic of the loop's movement in and out of the porin was substantially altered by analyte protein binding. The gating characteristics of the pore with bound targets were remarkably sensitive to molecular identity, even providing the ability to distinguish between homologues within an antibody mixture. A total of five gating parameters were analyzed for each analyte to create a unique fingerprint for each biotin-binding protein. Our exploitation of gating noise as a molecular identifier may allow more sophisticated sensor design, while OmpG's monomeric structure greatly simplifies nanopore production.
Proposed BoNT/A and /B Peptide Substrates Cannot Detect Multiple Subtypes in the Endopep-MS Assay (2019)

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of protein toxins consisting of seven known serotypes (BoNT/A-BoNT/G) and multiple subtypes within the serotypes, and all of which cause the disease botulism-a disease of great public health concern. Accurate detection of BoNTs in human clinical samples is therefore an important public health goal. To achieve this goal, our laboratory developed a mass spectrometry-based assay detecting the presence of BoNT via its enzymatic activity on a peptide substrate. Recently, publications reported the use of new peptide substrates to detect BoNT/A and /B with improved results over other peptide substrates. However, the authors did not provide results of their peptide substrate on multiple subtypes of BoNT. In this work, we describe the results of testing the new substrates with multiple BoNT/A and /B subtypes and find that the substrates cannot detect many subtypes of BoNT/A and /B.
In-Situ Diagnosis of Formation Characteristics in Horizontal Wells (2005)

Summary A method is presented for estimating the distribution of a parameter related to the productivity index along the length of a liner-completed horizontal well, using measurements of well flowing pressure at multiple points along the path of flow in the wellbore. This is the concept of near-wellbore diagnosis with multipoint pressure measurements, which in principle can be made with fiberoptic sensors. The deployment mechanism of the sensors is not modeled in this study, although the temperature version of such sensors has been deployed in horizontal wells on an extended-tailpipe or stinger completion. (The temperature sensors also have been deployed in horizontal wells with sand-screen completions, in direct contact with the formation, but that configuration is not investigated in this study.) The parameter that is estimated is known in reservoirsimulation terminology as the connection factor (CF), which represents the hydraulic coupling or connectivity between the reservoir and the wellbore (between formation gridblocks and well segments). Parameter CF has units of md-ft, similar to flow capacity, or productivity index multiplied by viscosity. Specifically, the parameter is directly proportional to the geometric mean of the permeability perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the well and is inversely related to skin. No attempts are made in this study to estimate these parameters individually, which may require recourse to other methods of well diagnosis (e.g., dynamic formation testing, transient analysis, and production logging). The method applies to flow under constant-rate conditions and yields estimates of the CF, which represents the quality of the formation in the vicinity of the well and the integrity of the completion along the well trajectory. The quality of the inversion is determined by the spatial density and accuracy of the multipoint measurements. Inversion quality also depends on knowledge of the wellbore hydraulic characteristics and the relative permeability characteristics of the formation. The basic configuration investigated in this study consists of a five-node pressure array in a 2,000-ft horizontal well experiencing a total pressure drop of approximately 60 psi when produced at 10,000 STB/D. A reasonable estimate of the distribution of the parametric group CF is obtained even when allowing for measurement drift and errors in liner roughness and relative permeability exponent. Also, the inversion can be rendered insensitive to knowledge of the far-field permeability through a scaling technique. Therefore, good estimates of the near-wellbore CF profile can be obtained with uncertain knowledge of the reservoir permeability field. This is important because the technique can be applied not only to early-time but also to late-time data. The application of the multipoint pressure method is illustrated through a series of examples, and its potential for near-wellbore formation evaluation for horizontal wells is described.
A METHOD FOR MEASURING IN-SITU CAPILLARY PRESSURES AT DIFFERENT WETTABILITIES USING LIVE CRUDE OIL AT RESERVOIR CONDITIONS, PART 1: FEASIBILITY STUDY (2002)

This paper reports the development and preliminary testing of a method capable of measuring two- and three phase capillary pressures at reservoir conditions with respect to pressure and temperature, using live crude oil. The method uses nuclear tracers to measure in-situ saturations while the core plugs are spinning in a centrifuge. The apparatus consists of 1) a centrifuge with swinging bucket type core holders, capable of achieving and holding reservoir conditions with respect to pressure and temperature while spinning and 2) an imaging system using nuclear tracers to obtain the in-situ saturations in the core plugs while spinning in the centrifuge. The advantages of this system compared to existing methods of in-situ measurements of capillary pressures are that 1) crude oil may be used, even at reservoir conditions, 2) capillary end effects are directly measurable, 3) no assumptions are needed to calculate the capillary pressure since the local fluid saturations are directly measured at various capillary pressures and 4) there is no need to solidify one of the phases and remove the cores, as in the direct saturation measurement or DMS method. The paper describes the experimental method and demonstrates the measuring capability and the reproducibility of the technique. Some preliminary data is compared to capillary pressure curves measured by a standard centrifuge method and by the DMS method with magnetic resonance imaging. The paper reports on the design and construction of the Nuclear Tracer Imaging rig over the centrifuge. A summary and a comparison of other existing techniques are included. Calibrations have been performed and imaging capabilities for the NTI method have been evaluated. The method may be expanded to measure three-phase capillary pressures for water and live crude oil at reservoir pressure and temperature, by using nuclear tracers to label both liquids. For three-phase measurements two tracers are needed. With some apparatus modifications it will also be possible to measure the positive and the negative parts of the capillary pressure curves, at various wettabilities, for imbibition/waterfloods and drainage processes using crude oil.
Formulas to Explain Popular Oscillometric Blood Pressure Estimation Algorithms (2019)

Oscillometry is the blood pressure (BP) measurement principle of most automatic cuff devices. The oscillogram (which is approximately the blood volume oscillation amplitude-external pressure function) is measured, and BP is then estimated via an empirical algorithm. The objective was to establish formulas to explain three popular empirical algorithms in the literature-the maximum amplitude, derivative, and fixed ratio algorithms. A mathematical model of the oscillogram was developed and analyzed to derive parametric formulas for explaining each algorithm. Exemplary parameter values were obtained by fitting the model to measured oscillograms. The model and formulas were validated by showing that their predictions correspond to measurements. The formula for the maximum amplitude algorithm indicates that it yields a weighted average of systolic and diastolic BP (0.45 and 0.55 weighting) instead of commonly assumed mean BP. The formulas for the derivative algorithm indicate that it can accurately estimate systolic and diastolic BP (<1.5 mmHg error), if oscillogram measurement noise can be obviated. The formulas for the fixed ratio algorithm indicate that it can yield inaccurate BP estimates, because the ratios change substantially (over a 0.5-0.6 range) with arterial compliance and pulse pressure and error in the assumed ratio translates to BP error via large amplification (>40). The established formulas allow for easy and complete interpretation of perhaps the three most popular oscillometric BP estimation algorithms in the literature while providing new insights. The model and formulas may also be of some value toward improving the accuracy of automatic cuff BP measurement devices.