gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanopyramid: An Optical Scrambler Against Backside Probing Attacks (2018)

Abstract Optical probing from the backside of an integrated circuit (IC) is a powerful failure analysis technique but raises serious security concerns when in the hands of attackers. For instance, attacks using laser voltage probing (LVP) allow direct reading of sensitive information being stored and/or processed in the IC. Although a few sensor-based countermeasures against backside optical probing attacks have been proposed, the overheads (fabrication cost and/or area) are considerable. In this paper, we introduce nanopyramid structures that mitigate optical probing attacks by scrambling the measurements reflected by a laser pulse. Nanopyramid structure is applied to selected areas inside an IC that requires protection against optical probing attacks. The fabrication of nanopyramids is CMOS compatible and well established for photovoltaic applications. We design the nanopyramid structure in ICs, develop the LVP attacking model, and perform optical simulations to analyze the impact of nanopyramids on LVP. According to the simulation results, the nanopyramid can disturb the optical measurements enough to make LVP attacks practically infeasible. In addition, our nanopyramid countermeasure has no area overheads and works in a passive mode without consuming any energy.
Extended depth-of-field microscopic imaging with a variable focus microscope objective (2010)

Increasing the depth-of-field (DOF) while maintaining high resolution imaging has been a classical challenge for conventional microscopes. Extended DOF (EDOF) is especially essential for imaging thick specimens. We present a microscope capable of capturing EDOF images in a single shot. A volumetric optical sampling method is applied by rapidly scanning the focus of a vari-focal microscope objective throughout the extended depths of a thick specimen within the duration of a single detector exposure. An EDOF image is reconstructed by deconvolving the captured image with the response function of the system. Design of a vari-focal objective and algorithms for restoring EDOF images are presented. Proof-of-concept experimental results demonstrate significantly extended DOF compared to the conventional microscope counterparts.
Distortion-tolerant object classification using photon counting three-dimensional integral imaging (2007)

In this paper, we address distortion-tolerant object recognition using photon-counting three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging (II). A photon-counting linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is reviewed for classification of out-of-plane rotated objects. We also investigate the effect of a large number of photons and the irradiance change in training and test objects.
Blood velocity estimation with high frequency intravascular ultrasound (2002)

When a cluster of randomly distributed blood particles moves across the ultrasound beam, the received echo signals decorrelate as a function of time. This phenomenon may be used to estimate the flow velocity by measuring the decorrelation rate from a sequence of blood scattering signals. A computer model based on the impulse response method was used to study the lateral decorrelation properties of an IVUS transducer from the extreme near-field up to the far-field. An RF decorrelation-based method for measuring local blood velocity and quantifying volume flow from cross-sectional RF IVUS data was developed and tested in vitro with a flow phantom and in vivo in pig experiments. Preliminary results of this study indicate that the proposed decorrelation method is able to extract 2D velocity profiles and volumetric flow.
Interface engineering for enhanced electron mobilities in W/HfO/sub 2/ gate stacks (2005)

Electron mobilities of W/HfO/sub 2/ stacks were found to increase monotonically with annealing temperature with little (peak) or no degradation (1 MV/cm) when compared to poly-Si devices using conventional oxides. For stacks annealed at high temperature charge pumping curves indicate low interface states densities of /spl sim/5 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ charges/cm/sup 2/. Mobility enhancement can also be attributed to a structural change in the HfO/sub 2/ gate stack rather than due to only interfacial layer re-growth.
Thermionic converter emitter support arrangement (1989)

This document discusses a support provided for use in a thermionic converter to support an end of an emitter to keep it out of contact with a surrounding collector while allowing the emitter end to move axially as its temperature changes. The emitter end is supported by a spring structure that includes a pair of Belleville springs, and the spring structure is supported by a support structure fixed to the housing that includes the collector. The support structure is in the form of a sandwich with a small metal spring-engaging element at the front end, a larger metal main support at the rear end that is attached to the housing, and with a ceramic layer between them that is bonded by hot isostatic pressing to the metal element and metal main support. The spring structure can include a loose wafer captured between the Belleville springs.
Comparative Oral Absorption of Curcumin in a Natural Turmeric Matrix with Two Other Curcumin Formulations: An Open‐label Parallel‐arm Study (2017)

Curcuminoids are the major bioactive molecules in turmeric, and poor bioavailability deters them from being the major components of many health and wellness applications. This study was conducted to assess the bioavailability of a completely natural turmeric matrix formulation (CNTMF) and compare its bioavailability with two other commercially available formulations, namely, curcumin with volatile oil (volatile oil formulation) and curcumin with phospholipids and cellulose (phospholipid formulation) in healthy human adult male subjects (15 each group) under fasting conditions. Each formulation was administrated orally as a single 500-mg dose in capsule form, and blood samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry at various time intervals up to 24 h. The ingestion of the CNTMF was very well absorbed and resulted in a mean curcuminoids plasma C<sub>max</sub> of 170.14 ng/mL (T<sub>max</sub> = 4 h) compared with 47.54 ng/mL and 69.63 ng/mL for the volatile oil (T<sub>max</sub> = 3 h) and phospholipid (T<sub>max</sub> = 2.25 h) formulations, respectively. The extent of absorption of total curcuminoids in the blood for the CNTMF was 6× greater than volatile oil formulation and 5× greater than phospholipids formulation. The results of this study indicate that curcumin in a natural turmeric matrix exhibited greater bioavailability than the two comparator products. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ammonium‐Based Cellulose Solvents Suitable for Homogeneous Etherification (2009)

New ammonium-based cellulose solvents with triethylmethylammonium- and tributylmethylammonium cations and carboxylate anions were synthesized and investigated as potential solvents for cellulose. Triethylmethylammonium formate was found to dissolve cellulose. Small amounts of formic acid may be used to adjust the melting point of the organic salt and can increase the dissolution velocity of cellulose. Carboxymethylation as a common etherification reaction was investigated in the new ammonium-based system. The watersoluble carboxymethyl cellulose obtained, had a degree of substitution as high as 1.55. An unconventional pattern of substitution was accessible.
MIMO-OFDMA Measurements; Reception, Testing, and Evaluation of WiMAX MIMO Signals With a Single Channel Receiver (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The number of multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) systems is expected to sharply increase in the near future. Engineers who need to test these systems face two difficulties: 1) the lack of descriptive instructions to conduct reliable measurements and 2) the increased hardware cost due to the need for multiple transmitters and receivers. This paper first introduces all the measurable parameters of MIMO-OFDMA systems and provides a clear guide in performing the measurements specific to various parts of the system. Then, it proposes the implementation of the reception of MIMO-OFDMA signals using a single receiver rather than multiple receivers. For this purpose, impairments related to each of the radio frequency front-end components are investigated. The challenges of MIMO-OFDMA measurements are addressed in comparison with single-input single-output measurements. A complete procedure is provided to receive and perform impairment estimation for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) MIMO signals using a single receiver according to the IEEE 802.16 Standards. </para>
A silica/fly ash-based technology for controlling pyrite oxidation. Semi-annual, March 1, 1996 - August 31, 1996 (1996)

The overall objective is to develop methodologies by which metasilicate or fly ash may produce an effective coating on pyrite surfaces for inhibiting pyrite oxidation. During the past six months, the investigators produced wet chemistry evidence demonstrating that pyrite-HCO{sub 3} complexes promote pyrite oxidation. This is an important finding for their over all strategy in controlling pyrite oxidation because it suggests that pyrite microencapsulation is important in order to control oxidation in near cirumneutral pH environments produced by addition of alkaline material, e.g., fly ash. In their previous studies, the investigators reported that pyrite microencapsulation could be carried out by reacting pyrite with a pH buffered solution and in the presence of metasilicate. The coating formed on the surface of pyrite appeared to be an amorphous iron-oxide-silicate material which inhibited pyrite oxidation. During this past six months, the investigators evaluated: the molecular mechanisms of silicate adsorption by iron oxide; the effects of silicate on the bulk and surface properties of iron oxides; and the effect of silicate on metal-cation adsorption properties by iron oxides.
SQUID-Detected In Vivo MRI at Microtesla Magnetic Fields (2008)

We use a low transition temperature (T{sub c}) Super-conducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) to perform in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at magnetic fields around 100 microtesla, corresponding to proton Larmor frequencies of about 5 kHz. In such low fields, broadening of the nuclear magnetic resonance lines due to inhomogeneous magnetic fields and susceptibility variations of the sample are minimized, enabling us to obtain high quality images. To reduce environmental noise the signal is detected by a second-order gradiometer, coupled to the SQUID, and the experiment is surrounded by a 3-mm thick Al shield. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), we prepolarize the samples in a field up to 100 mT. Three-dimensional images are acquired in less than 6 minutes with a standard spin-echo phase-encoding sequence. Using encoding gradients of {approx}100 {micro}T/m we obtain three-dimensional images of bell peppers with a resolution of 2 x 2 x 8 mm{sup 3}. Our system is ideally suited to acquiring images of small, peripheral parts of the human body such as hands and arms. In vivo images of an arm, acquired at 132 {micro}T, show 24-mm sections of the forearm with a resolution of 3 x 3 mm{sup 2} and a SNR of 10. We discuss possible applications of MRI at these low magnetic fields.
Enhanced-Adhesion Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Titanium Substrates for Stray Light Control (2012)

Carbon nanotubes previously grown on silicon have extremely low reflectance, making them a good candidate for stray light suppression. Silicon, however, is not a good structural material for stray light components such as tubes, stops, and baffles. Titanium is a good structural material and can tolerate the 700 C nanotube growth process. The ability to grow carbon nanotubes on a titanium substrate that are ten times blacker than the current NASA state-of-the-art paints in the visible to near infrared spectra has been achieved. This innovation will allow significant improvement of stray light performance in scientific instruments or any other optical system. This innovation is a refinement of the utilization of multiwalled carbon nano tubes for stray light suppression in spaceflight instruments. The innovation is a process to make the surface darker and improve the adhesion to the substrate, improving robustness for spaceflight use. Bright objects such as clouds or ice scatter light off of instrument structures and components and make it difficult to see dim objects in Earth observations. A darker material to suppress this stray light has multiple benefits to these observations, including enabling scientific observations not currently possible, increasing observational efficiencies in high-contrast scenes, and simplifying instruments and lowering their cost by utilizing fewer stray light components and achieving equivalent performance. The prior art was to use commercially available black paint, which resulted in approximately 4% of the light being reflected (hemispherical reflectance or total integrated scatter, or TIS). Use of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on titanium components such as baffles, entrance aperture, tubes, and stops, can decrease this scattered light by a factor of ten per bounce over the 200-nm to 2,500-nm wavelength range. This can improve system stray light performance by orders of magnitude. The purpose of the innovation is to provide an enhanced stray light control capability by making a blacker surface treatment for typical stray light control components. Since baffles, stops, and tubes used in scientific observations often undergo loads such as vibration, it was critical to develop this surface treatment on structural materials. The innovation is to optimize the carbon nanotube growth for titanium, which is a strong, lightweight structural material suitable for spaceflight use. The titanium substrate carbon nanotubes are more robust than those grown on silicon and allow for easier utilization. They are darker than current surface treatments over larger angles and larger wavelength range. The primary advantage of titanium substrate is that it is a good structural material, and not as brittle as silicon.
Inhibition of Translation and Induction of Apoptosis by Bunyaviral Nonstructural Proteins Bearing Sequence Similarity to Reaper (2003)

Members of the California serogroup of bunyaviruses (family Bunyaviridae) are the leading cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in North America. Significant cell death is observed as part of the infection pathology. We now report that a Bunyaviral nonstructural protein termed NSs shows sequence similarity to Reaper, a proapoptotic protein from Drosophila. Although NSs proteins lack the Reaper N-terminal motif critical for IAP inhibition, they do retain other functions of Reaper that map to conserved C-terminal regions. Like Reaper, NSs proteins induce mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase activation in cell-free extracts and promote neuronal apoptosis and mortality in a mouse model. Independent of caspase activation, Bunyavirus NSs proteins also share with Reaper the ability to directly inhibit cellular protein translation. We have found that the shared capacity to inhibit translation and induce apoptosis resides in common sequence motifs present in both Reaper and NSs proteins. Data presented here suggest that NSs induce apoptosis through a mechanism similar to that used by Reaper, as both proteins bind to an apoptotic regulator called Scythe and can relieve Scythe inhibition of Hsp70. Thus, bunyavirus NSs proteins have multiple Reaper-like functions that likely contribute to viral pathogenesis by promoting cell death and/or inhibiting cellular translation.
Absence of Dbp2p Alters Both Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay and rRNA Processing (2001)

Dbp2p, a member of the large family of DEAD-box proteins and a yeast homolog of human p68, was shown to interact with Upf1p, an essential component of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Dbp2p:Upf1p interaction occurs within a large conserved region in the middle of Upf1p that is largely distinct from its Nmd2p and Sup35/45p interaction domains. Deletion of DBP2, or point mutations within its highly conserved DEAD-box motifs, increased the abundance of nonsense-containing transcripts, leading us to conclude that Dbp2p also functions in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Dbp2p, like Upf1p, acts before or at decapping, is predominantly cytoplasmic, and associates with polyribosomes. Interestingly, Dbp2p also plays an important role in rRNA processing. In dbp2Delta cells, polyribosome profiles are deficient in free 60S subunits and the mature 25S rRNA is greatly reduced. The ribosome biogenesis phenotype, but not the mRNA decay function, of dbp2Delta cells can be complemented by the human p68 gene. We propose a unifying model in which Dbp2p affects both nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and rRNA processing by altering rRNA structure, allowing specific processing events in one instance and facilitating dissociation of the translation termination complex in the other.
Low distortion embeddings for edit distance (2007)

We show that {0, 1} d endowed with edit distance embeds into ℓ 1 with distortion 2 O (√log d log log d ). We further show efficient implementation of the embedding that yield solutions to various computational problems involving edit distance. These include sketching, communication complexity, nearest neighbor search. For all these problems, we improve upon previous bounds.
A novel approach for cognitive radio sensing using wideband chirp signal (2010)

Sensing the radio environment is probably the most important and challenging aspect in cognitive radio systems. Traditional sensing techniques have proven shortcomings ranging from inaccuracy to implementation complexity. Chirp signal is a wideband signal with variety of applications in communication and signal processing. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for sensing the radio spectrum using chirp signal. This method is showing potential to improve sensing in cognitive radio environment at tolerable level of complexity.
Applications of swept-frequency acoustic interferometer for nonintrusive detection and identification of chemical warfare compounds (1997)

Swept-Frequency Acoustic Interferometry (SFAI) is a nonintrusive liquid characterization technique developed specifically for detecting and identifying chemical warfare (CW) compounds inside sealed munitions. The SFAI technique can rapidly (less than 20 seconds) and accurately determine sound speed and sound attenuation of a liquid inside a container over a wide frequency range (1 kHz-15 MHz). From the frequency-dependent sound attenuation measurement, liquid density is determined. These three physical properties are used to uniquely identify the CW compounds. In addition, various chemical relaxation processes in liquids and particle size distribution in emulsions can also be determined from the frequency-dependent attenuation measurement. The SFAI instrument is battery-operated and highly portable (< 6 lb.). The instrument has many potential application in industry ranging from sensitive detection (ppm level) of contamination to process control. The theory of the technique will be described and examples of several chemical industry applications will be presented.
New antitumor antibiotic, FR-900462. II. Production, isolation, characterization and biological activity. (1989)

FR-900462 is a new antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tokashikiensis No. 7124. It was highly active against leukemia P388 and melanoma B16. Furthermore, it has weak antimicrobial activity against some Gram-positive bacteria.
Substrate Recovery of Mo-Si Multilayer Coated Optics (1993)

Multilayer coated optics in a soft x-ray projection lithography system are subject to environmental effects that can degrade their performance such as corrosion, contamination and excessive radiation exposure. When the damage is limited to the multilayer coatings it is cost effective to recycle the optics by removing the damaged coatings and recoating the substrates. The main challenge is to develop a substrate recovery process that completely removes the coating without compromising the figure and surface finish requirements of the original substrate. Typical requirements for the precision imaging optics are a surface finish of less than 1 Å root-mean-square (RMS) and peak-to-valley figure error of less than 10 Å.
Expression of Recombinant TGF-β2(442) Precursor and Detection in BSC-40 Cells (1991)

Analysis of cDNA clones encoding transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 2 predicts two different precursor proteins derived by alternative mRNA splicing; a 414 amino acid precursor [TGF-beta 2(414)] and a 442 amino acid precursor [TGF-beta 2(442)]. The two proteins differ by a 28 amino acid insertion within the pro-region of TGF-beta 2(442). In order to characterize the TGF-beta 2-related proteins encoded by the TGF-beta 2(442) cDNA and determine whether it could, in fact, direct the synthesis of active growth factor, we have expressed this gene in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and, after amplification with methotrexate, obtained stable clones secreting TGF-beta 2(442). The TGF-beta 2 secreted by these cells was latent as acidification was necessary to detect optimal biological activity. In addition to mature TGF-beta 2, high molecular weight pro-region containing proteins were also secreted as analyzed by immunoblotting using site-specific anti-peptide antibodies. These proteins migrated differently than those secreted by CHO cells transfected with cDNA encoding TGF-beta 2(414), indicating that structural differences exist between the two complexes. An anti-peptide antiserum was produced in rabbits against the 28 amino acid insert region of TGF-beta 2(442). This sera was then used to detect the presence of TGF-beta 2(442) in serum-free media conditioned by BSC-40 cells. Since the TGF-beta 2(442) precursor is produced and secreted by a non-recombinant cell line, this suggests that it may play a physiological role in regulating the activity of TGF-beta 2.
Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of the O antigens of the Inaba and Ogawa serotypes of the Vibrio cholerae O1 lipopolysaccharides and their potential for vaccine development (1986)

The gene clusters that determine the biosynthesis of both the Inaba and Ogawa serotypes of the O antigen of the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli K-12. Restriction analysis of the clones demonstrated that about 15 kilobases were common to all clones and a further 5 kilobases were common to the Ogawa clones. The O antigens expressed by E. coli K-12 had the specificity of V. cholerae. Antibodies raised against E. coli K-12 that harbor one of these clones, pPM1001 (Inaba), were as highly protective in the infant mouse model system as were antibodies to V. cholerae itself. Introduction of such clones into suitable carrier strains could be expected to produce a good oral immunogen against cholera.