gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Opinion Analysis in Document Databases. (2006)

There are numerous applications in which we would like to assess what opinions are being expressed in text documents. Forr example, Martha Stewart’s company may have wished to assess the degree of harshness of news articles about her in the recent past. Likewise, a World Bank official may wish to assess the degree of criticism of a proposed dam in Bangladesh. The ability to gauge opinion on a given topic is therefore of critical interest. In this paper, we develop a suite of algorithms which take as input, a set D of documents as well as a topic t, and gauge the degree of opinion expressed about topic t in the set D of documents. Our algorithms can return both a number (larger the number, more positive the opinion) as well as a qualitative opinion (e.g. harsh, complimentary). We assess the accuracy of these algorithms via human experiments and show that the best of these algorithms can accurately reflect human opinions. We have also conducted performance experiments showing that our algorithms are computationally fast.
Flux estimation techniques for inrush current mitigation of line interactive UPS systems (2009)

The transformer inrush current contains a large amount of harmonic components and high current magnitude which could result in reduced line voltages, and even trigger the UPS's overcurrent protection. To mitigate the inrush current fast and also satisfy the load voltage requirement, the estimation of transformer flux is required in the UPS control design. However, in most of the flux estimation technique, the transformer flux is calculated by integrating the measured line voltages directly. Therefore, a major problem with the pure integrator is that it lacks a virtual damper for convergence and a large error on estimated transformer flux. The estimation error of transformer flux could lower quality of UPS's output voltage and affect the performance of inrush current mitigation. To improve the accuracy of flux estimation, this paper develops a flux observer-based inrush current mitigation technique based on the synchronous reference frame (SRF). The flux observer-based inrush current mitigation technique can make the UPS system to track the variation of transformer flux fast and precisely. Therefore, it can benefits the voltage quality and reduces the required voltage for inrush current mitigation.
Mitochondrial regulation of phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate ratios in exercising human muscle: a gated 31P NMR study. (1981)

31P NMR is used to determine the relationship between work output in the exercising human forearm and the steady-state capability of oxidative phosphorylation as measured by the phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate ratio (PCr/Pi). Exercise intensities (one contraction per 5 sec) permitting comfortable continuation of activity for greater than 1 hr produced PCr/Pi of about 1 for a subject of moderate training. Linear relationships between work rate per unit volume of muscle and the 5-min mean PCr/Pi were found for the subject's left and right arms. The protocol affords sensitive criteria of muscle performance in normal subjects and of biochemical or vascular disease in abnormal subjects. The Pi, PCr, and ATP levels found by 31P NMR represent the initial values in the cycle of contraction and relaxation which permit restitution of resting state 4 prior to the next contraction and the continuation of steady-state work performance.
Representative Layer Theory for Diffuse Reflectance (1999)

The fractions of light absorbed by and remitted from samples consisting of different numbers of plane parallel layers can be related with the use of statistical equations. The fractions of incident light absorbed ( A), remitted ( R), and transmitted ( T) by a sample of any thickness can be related by an absorption/remission function, A( R,T): A( R,T) = [(1 - R) 2 - T 2 ]/ R = (2 - A - 2 R) A/ R = 2 A 0 / R 0 . Being independent of sample thickness, this function is a material property in the same sense as is the linear absorption coefficient in transmission spectroscopy. The absorption and remission coefficients for the samples are obtained by extrapolating the measured absorption and remission fractions for real layers to the fraction absorbed ( A 0 ) and remitted ( R 0 ) by a hypothetical layer of infinitesimal thickness. A sample of particulate solids can be modeled as a series of layers, each of which is representative of the sample as a whole. In order for the layer to be representative of the properties of the individual particles of which it is comprised, it should nowhere be more than a single particle thick, and should have the same void fraction as the sample; further, the volume fraction and cross-sectional surface area fraction of each particle type in the layer should be identical to its volume fraction and surface area fraction in the sample as a whole. At lower absorption levels, the contribution of a particle of a particular type to the absorption of a sample is approximately weighted in proportion to its volume fraction, while its contribution to remission is approximately weighted in proportion to the fraction of cross-sectional surface area that the particle type makes up in the representative layer.
Infrared Nanoantenna-Coupled Rectenna for Energy Harvesting (2019)

Energy harvesting from relatively low-temperature heat sources is important in applications where long-term power sources are needed such as deep space radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Current solutions exhibit low efficiency, require exotic materials and structures, and direct contact to the heat source. While the infrared rectenna is currently low efficiency, the path exists for high-efficiency solid state devices. We have made a scalable design using standard CMOS processes, allowing for large-area fabrication. This would allow devices to be made on the wafer scale using existing fabrication technology. The rectenna has the advantage of using radiated power, thus it does not require direct contact to the hot source, but instead must only view the source. This will simplify packaging requirements and make a more robust system. The devices are monolithic and thus robust to adverse operating environments. Here we will discuss the rectenna's physics of operation, particularly light coupling into the structure. Incoming light is coupled to a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) tunnel diode via a broad-area nanoantenna. The nanoantenna consists of a subwavelength metal patterning that concentrates the light into the tunnel diode where the optical signal is rectified. Both the nanoantenna and tunnel diode are distributed devices utilizing the entire area of the surface. The nanoantenna also serves as one contact of the tunnel diode. This direct integration of the nanoantenna and diode overcomes the resistive loss limitations found in prior IR rectenna concepts that resembled microwave rectenna designs scaled down to infrared sizes. We will show simulation and experimental results of fabricated devices. Simulations of the optical fields in the tunnel gap are illustrative of device operation and will be discussed. The measured infrared photocurrent is compared to simulated expectations. Far-field radiation power conversion is demonstrated using standard radiometric techniques and correlated with the rectified current response. We discuss thermal modelling of the localized heat generation within the rectenna structure to demonstrate the lack of a thermoelectric response. Lastly, we discuss future directions of work to improve power conversion efficiency.
Autoregulation of adenovirus E1A gene expression (1986)

We examined E1A gene expression by two evolutionarily divergent human adenoviruses, type 5 (subgroup C) and type 3 (subgroup B). Adenovirus type 3 (Ad3)-infected A549 cells contained much larger amounts of E1A-specific RNA than adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)-infected cells, from very early (3 h) through the late stages (20 h) after infection. The appearance of such abundant Ad3 E1A transcripts was delayed after infection of Ad5 E1A-expressing 293 cells, suggesting a down regulation of the Ad3 E1A gene by Ad5 E1A gene products. In a reciprocal manner, coinfection of A549 cells led to typically early and intense Ad3 E1A transcription and strongly inhibited transcription of the Ad5 E1A gene. Transient expression assays were developed so that the autoregulation of the E1A gene could be studied apart from the more complex background of infected cells. The DNA sequence surrounding the transcription start site of the Ad3 E1A gene was placed 5' to the sequence which encodes the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Cotransfection of HeLa cells with Ad3 or Ad5 E1A-expression plasmids increased the expression of the Ad3 E1A promoter-driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Taken together, these results suggest dual autoregulatory features of adenovirus E1A gene expression. The positive and negative effects appear to be temporally distinguished under different conditions, both in viral infection and in transient assays with plasmid-cloned genes.
Memory efficient hierarchical error diffusion (2009)

Hierarchical Error Diffusion (HED) developed in [14] yields high-quality color halftone by explicitly designing three critical factors: dot overlapping, positioning, and coloring. However, HED requires more error memory buffer than the conventional error diffusion algorithms since the pixel error is diffused in dot-color domain, instead of colorant domain. This can potentially be an issue for certain low-cost hardware implementation. This paper develops a memory-efficient HED algorithm (MEHED). To achieve this goal, the pixel error in dot-color domain is converted backward and diffused to future pixels in input colorant domain, say, CMYK for print applications. Since the error-augmented pixel value is no longer bounded within the range [0, 1.0], the dot overlapping control algorithm developed in [14] needs to be generalized to coherently handle the pixel density of outside the normal range. The key is to carefully split the modified pixel density into three parts: negative, regular, and surplus densities. The determination of regular and surplus densities needs to be dependent on the density of K channel, in order to maintain local color and avoid halftone texture artifact. The resulting dot-color densities are serves as the input to hierarchical thresholding and coloring steps to generate final halftone output. Experimental results demonstrate that MEHED achieves similar image quality compared to HED.
On standardizing the MR image intensity scale (1999)

The lack of a standard image intensity scale in MRI causes many difficulties in image display and analysis. A two-step postprocessing method is proposed for standardizing the intensity scale in such a way that for the same MR protocol and body region, similar intensities will have similar tissue meaning. In the first step, the parameters of the standardizing transformation are “learned” from a set of images. In the second step, for each MR study these parameters are used to map their histogram into the standardized histogram. The method was tested quantitatively on 90 whole-brain studies of multiple sclerosis patients for several protocols and qualitatively for several other protocols and body regions. Measurements using mean squared difference showed that the standardized image intensities have statistically significantly (P < 0.01) more consistent range and meaning than the originals. Fixed gray level windows can be established for the standardized images and used for display without the need of per case adjustment. Preliminary results also indicate that the method facilitates improving the degree of automation of image segmentation. Magn Reson Med 42:1072–1081, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
AlN GHz ultrasonic pulse diffraction based transmit-receive oscillator with 1 PPM stability (2017)

We present an ultrasonic pulse delay-based oscillator with a temperature coefficient profile that can be programmed through layout or choice of excitation frequency. A zero temperature coefficient can be achieved at certain temperature ranges The oscillator utilizes the propagation delay of GHz wave packets traveling through the silicon bulk, generated and received by piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AlN) transducers. This oscillator architecture does not require release step to form resonant microstructures typical of other MEMS oscillators. This makes the architecture more compatible with post-CMOS processing, and has potential to consume minimal CMOS surface area. The frequency standard deviation for a center frequency of 1.09 MHz is 53 ppm at 10 μs averaging time and is reduced down to 0.71 ppm over 1 s averaging time. Our device uses CMOS compatible low drive voltages (<3V) and can be scaled to sub-one-volt operation. This device can be used in applications such as IOT, wearables, and environmental monitoring where single chip implementation to minimize volume and power is critical.
Energetic Chromophores: Low-Energy Laser Initiation in Explosive Fe(II) Tetrazine Complexes (2016)

The synthesis and characterization of air stable Fe(II) coordination complexes with tetrazine and triazolo-tetrazine ligands and perchlorate counteranions have been achieved. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was used to model the structural, electrochemical, and optical properties of these materials. These compounds are secondary explosives that can be initiated with Nd:YAG laser light at lower energy thresholds than those of PETN. Furthermore, these Fe(II) tetrazine complexes have significantly lower sensitivity than PETN toward mechanical stimuli such as impact and friction. The lower threshold for laser initiation was achieved by altering the electronic properties of the ligand scaffold to tune the metal ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands of these materials from the visible into the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Unprecedented decrease in both the laser initiation threshold and the mechanical sensitivity makes these materials the first explosives that are both safer to handle and easier to initiate than PETN with NIR lasers.
Schistosome vaccines: current progress and future prospects (1989)

Vaccination against human schistosomes in laboratory hosts is now a reality. A number of different parasite molecules have been shown to confer partial protective immunity against challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma japonicum in rodent or primate hosts. These antigens are unusually diverse in their structure and stage specificity. Interestingly, although all of the vaccine molecules characterized are situated in the tegument, their exposure on the parasite surface, in most instances, is transient and/or non-essential. The properties of four of these immunogens, glutathione-S-transferase (P26,28), paramyosin (Sm97), GP38, and GP18 are discussed. Despite the identification and recombinant synthesis of several promising protective antigens, vaccination of humans against schistosomiasis remains in the realm of fantasy. At the technical level, a major problem is the failure of any of the current vaccine immunogens and immunization protocols to induce levels of resistance sufficient for significant reduction of human infection or disease. Once this important hurdle is passed, human immunization trials should be attempted as the potential beneficial impact of a vaccine against schistosomiasis remains enormous.
Design and control of a variable footprint mechanism for holonomic omnidirectional vehicles and its application to wheelchairs (1999)

A reconfigurable mechanism for varying the footprint of a four-wheeled omnidirectional vehicle is developed and applied to wheelchairs. The variable footprint mechanism consists of a pair of beams intersecting at a pivotal point in the middle. Two pairs of bad wheels at the diagonal positions of the vehicle chassis are mounted, respectively, on the two beams intersecting in the middle. The angle between the two beams varies actively so that the ratio of the wheel base to the tread may change. Four independent servo motors driving the four ball wheels allow the vehicle to move in an arbitrary direction from an arbitrary configuration as well as to change the angle between the two beams and thereby change the footprint. The objective of controlling the beam angle is threefold. One is to augment static stability by varying the footprint so that the mass centroid of the vehicle may be kept within the footprint at all times. The second is to reduce the width of the vehicle when going through a narrow doorway. The third is to apparently change the gear ratio relating the vehicle speed to individual actuator speeds. First the concept of the varying footprint mechanism is described, and its kinematic behavior is analyzed, followed by the three control algorithms for varying the footprint. A prototype vehicle for an application as a wheelchair platform is designed, built, and tested.
Attenuation of Replication-Competent Adenovirus Serotype 26 Vaccines by Vectorization (2015)

Replication-competent adenovirus (rcAd)-based vaccine vectors may theoretically provide immunological advantages over replication-incompetent Ad vectors, but they also raise additional potential clinical and regulatory issues. We produced replication-competent Ad serotype 26 (rcAd26) vectors by adding the E1 region back into a replication-incompetent Ad26 vector backbone with the E3 or E3/E4 regions deleted. We assessed the effect of vectorization on the replicative capacity of the rcAd26 vaccines. Attenuation occurred in a stepwise fashion, with E3 deletion, E4 deletion, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) gene insertion all contributing to reduced replicative capacity compared to that with the wild-type Ad26 vector. The rcAd26 vector with E3 and E4 deleted and containing the Env transgene exhibited 2.7- to 4.4-log-lower replicative capacity than that of the wild-type Ad26 in vitro. This rcAd26 vector is currently being evaluated in a phase 1 clinical trial. Attenuation as a result of vectorization and transgene insertion has implications for the clinical development of replication-competent vaccine vectors.
Multioscillator laser gyros (1980)

The two-mode ring laser gyro is reviewed. Standard bias and dither techniques are discussed that alleviate the mode locking encountered at low rotation rates. The four-mode DILAG (differential laser gyro) and its magnetic field extension the ZLAG (Zeeman laser gyro) are defined and analyzed. These devices contain two coresident ring lasers of opposite helicity and may have no moving parts. The mode-locking problems are overcome with the use of various biases that cancel out in the rate signal. A semiclassical analysis is reviewed that gives the electric field amplitudes and frequencies of the four modes in the presence of multilevel atoms, cavity anisotropy, and backscattering. It is shown that without mode-locking contributions, laser operation can be approximated very well by four independently oscillating modes. The Zeeman effects are considered. Novel scalar four-mode schemes are also discussed that circumvent the mode-locking problem.
Complex behaviors from local rules in modular self-reconfigurable robots (2002)

We demonstrate how simple local rules, inspired by social insects, produce complex dynamic behaviors required for locomotion and navigation in modular self-reconfigurable robots. We show how systems made up of many modules respond dynamically to their environment, such as obstacles during navigation. We present control algorithms tested on simulation experiments of TeleCube, a new modular robot developed at Xerox PARC.
Property-Specific Testbench Generation for Guided Simulation (2002)

Simulation continues to be the primary technique for functional validation of designs. It is important that simulation vectors be effective in targeting the types of bugs designers expect to find rather than some generic coverage metrics. The overall focus of our work is to generate a property-specific testbench for guided simulation, that is targeted either at proving the correctness of a property or at finding a bug. This is facilitated by generation of a properly-specific model, called a graph, which captures interesting paths in the design. Starting from an initial abstract model of the design, symbolic model checking, pruning, and refinement steps are applied in an iterative manner, until either a conclusive result is obtained or computing resources are exhausted. This paper describes the theoretical underpinnings of generating and using a witness graph for computation tree logic (CTL) correctness properties, practical issues related to the generation of a testbench, and experiences with an industrial example. We have been able to demonstrate on a real in-house LSI design that such an approach can lead to significant reduction in the time required to analyze the design for a CTL property and find a witness.
Directional sea spectrum determination using HF Doppler radar techniques (1977)

Second-order features in HF radar Doppler spectral data are compared with a theoretical model of the radar spectrum. The model is the corner reflector double-scatter model which employs a more realistic directional sea spectrum model than those used in earlier works. It includes a frequency-dependent angular spreading function and assumes the existence of spectral energy over a full <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">360\deg</tex> arising from an apparent second-order wave-wave interaction. Comparison is made with ground wave data collected at the NRL/NOAA/ITS San Clemente Island HF radar.
Regulation of Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis in Cytidine Deaminase-negative Mutants of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1989)

The role of uridine and cytidine compounds in regulating pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis de novo was studied with cytidine deaminase-negative mutants of Bacillus subtilis. In the wild type strain, the formation of six enzymes for uridine 5′-monophosphate (UMP) biosynthesis was severely repressed by exogenous cytidine or uracil, whereas the formation of the enzymes in a cytidine deaminase-negative mutant was repressed only by uracil. On the other hand, the formation of cytidine 5′-triphosphate (CTP) synthetase was not affected by uracil. This enzynme was repressed only when a cytidine deaminase-negative mutant was grown in the presence of excess cytidine. Studies on feedback inhibition also showed that the activity of CTP synthetase was inhibited by cytidine nucleotides, but not by uridine nucleotides.
Synthesis of Novel Potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors with Enhanced Chemical Stability:  Interplay between the N-Terminal Amino Acid Alkyl Side Chain and the Cyclopropyl Group of α-Aminoacyl-<scp>l</scp>-<i>cis</i>-4,5-methanoprolinenitrile-Based Inhibitors (2004)

A series of methanoprolinenitrile-containing dipeptide mimetics were synthesized and assayed as inhibitors of the N-terminal sequence-specific serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). The catalytic action of DPP-IV is the principle means of degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1, a key mediator of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and DPP-IV inhibition shows clinical benefit as a novel mechanism for treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, many of the reversible inhibitors to date suffer from chemical instability stemming from an amine to nitrile intramolecular cyclization. Installation of a cyclopropyl moiety at either the 3,4- or 4,5-position of traditional 2-cyanopyrrolidide proline mimetics led to compounds with potent inhibitory activity against the enzyme. Additionally, cis-4,5-methanoprolinenitriles with beta-branching in the N-terminal amino acid provided enhanced chemical stability and high inhibitory potency. This class of inhibitors also exhibited the ability to suppress prandial glucose elevations after an oral glucose challenge in male Zucker rats.