gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bose-glass behavior of the vortex system in epitaxial<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Bi</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">CaCu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>8</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">δ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>films with columnar defects (1995)

A continuous transition of the vortex ensemble into a Bose-glass state in epitaxial ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ films with columnar defects along the c axis, induced by irradiation with 2.7 GeV $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ ions was observed. The temperature variation of the resistivity, measured with the magnetic field B=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{0}$H applied parallel to the c axis, fits the expression \ensuremath{\rho}(T)\ensuremath{\sim}(T-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{BG}}$${)}^{\ensuremath{\nu}(\mathit{z}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2)}$ at low levels, with a field-independent exponent up to B\ensuremath{\approxeq}2 T. At very low fields, the magnetic-field dependence of the Bose-glass transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{BG}}$ is in good agreement with the predictions of theory of boson localization in the presence of correlated disorder, 1/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{BG}}$-1/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}0}$\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{B}}^{1/4}$. However, for applied field values significantly larger than the dose-equivalent field ${\mathit{B}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$=1 T, the vortex delocalization in our samples seems to proceed via melting, the magnetic-field exponent becoming very close to 1/2. The occurrence of the Bose-glass transition in the case of intrinsically very anisotropic superconductors, as ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$, can be understood through an increase of the tilt modulus in the vortex ensemble in the presence of correlated disorder, which promotes vortex localization.
Air filter diagnostics & prognostics in naturally aspired engines (2017)

Air filter diagnostics/prognostics are needed to determine the condition of the intake air filter in internal combustion engines and to indicate the need for maintenance. Monitoring air filter health helps saving on operational costs, maintaining optimal fuel economy, and planning for service/maintenance before failure. In the present paper, we propose an air filter diagnostics/prognostics method that relies on air flow models and control volume approach to assess filter health and estimate downstream pressure. The development is needed for non-boosted applications where a pressure sensor is generally not present downstream the air filter. Real data validation is conducted using engine data from an experimental vehicle. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach to monitor air filter health.
On the gain-versus-scan trade-offs and the phase gradient synthesis for a cylindrical dome antenna (1979)

Gain-versus-scan trade-offs for a circular cylindrical dome antenna are considered. A theorem by Stangel [1] is generalized, and it is shown that the scan angle limitations of the feed array and of the dome result in an upper bound on the average dynamic gain (scan dependent gain function) and in an upper bound on the gain in any particular scan direction. For specified scan limits, the former bound is determined essentially by the feed array, the latter by the dome size. These bounds are useful in posing realistic performance requirements for dome antennas and have been verified in a few specific examples. Subsequently, the synthesis problem is addressed; an optimization scheme is employed to arrive at a dome insertion phase distribution that produces a desired gain-versus-scan variation. Illustrative examples are given.
Prediction and adaptation of satellite channels with weather-induced impairments (2002)

Efficiency improvements using prediction and adaptation methods over satellite channels with weather-induced impairments are presented. Considering scintillation and rain attenuation as two dominant factors for signal fading over satellite-Earth paths over 10 GHz, we develop statistical and spectral analyses of these processes, and obtain simple linear estimators for received signal attenuation using autoregressive (AR) models. Using these estimators, we present results where we can predict the received signal attenuation within /spl plusmn/0.5 dB 1 second ahead and within /spl plusmn/1.0 dB 4 seconds ahead. For adaptation, we change signal transmission power, modulation symbol size, and/or code rate adaptively. In particular, we introduce a continuous power control and discrete rate control strategy, through which we build a set of modulation/code states, and discretely change the modulation symbol size and the code rate from state to state. Within each state, continuous power contral is implemented. The quantitative analysis of power consumption indicates that there is a substantial gain in performance with the adaptive schemes, e.g., as much as 13 dB on a lightly rainy day.
Design of allpass filters for phase approximation and equalization using LSEE error criterion (2003)

Considers a simple scheme for the design of allpass filters for approximation of a given phase function using a least-squares equation-error criterion. Assuming that the desired phase response is prescribed in a discrete set of frequency points, the authors formulate a general least-squares solution with a possible weight function. Based on the general formulation and analysis of the introduced error, a new design algorithm is developed for phase approximation. In addition to the iterative weighting of the equation error, the nominal value of the desired group delay was also adjusted iteratively to minimize the total phase error measure. This new feature essentially eliminates the difficult choice of the nominal group delay value which is known to have a profound effect on the stability of the designed allpass filter. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed with examples, showing that this simple and easy-to-use design method yields excellent phase equalizers for practical use.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using the sensecam as an objective tool for evaluating eating patterns (2013)

Obesity is a major public health concern in the United States. Eating while doing other activities, including watching television can increase energy intake. However, to our knowledge, no studies have quantified and examined the eating context among adults during everyday life. Existing studies are limited because they rely predominantly on self-reported data and focus on energy intake rather than patterns of eating behavior, such as how many times people eat during the day and how long each episode lasted. Automatic images taken by the SenseCam provide objective data regarding eating behavior including when, where and with whom eating occurs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using a SenseCam to measure eating behavior during free living. Forty university employees and students wore a SenseCam and a Global Positioning System (GPS) for 1--5 days. The following variables were annotated from the image data using standardized protocols: presence of eating behavior, presence of other activities during eating (TV viewing, computer use), and social context. Data were analyzed using non-parametric t-tests and multilevel models to examine patterns and context of eating episodes by gender and BMI status. 171 person days of data were collected. Participants engaged in 4.8 (SD = 2.1) episodes of eating per day and median duration of each eating event was 9.7 minutes [Interquartile Range = 7.0, 14.6]. This study demonstrated the utility of using the SenseCam to assess eating behaviors in adults. Eating behaviors were successfully annotated and related to demographics and BMI.
Dysregulated Alternative Splicing Pattern of PKC<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">δ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> during Differentiation of Human Preadipocytes Represents Distinct Differences between Lean and Obese Adipocytes (2013)

Obesity and its comorbidities affect millions of people. Here, we demonstrate that human preadipocytes are susceptible to programmed cell death (apoptosis) while mature adipocytes are resistant to apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotype of apoptosis-resistant adipocytes are lesser known. To study the role of apoptosis and define molecular differences in the developmental process of adipogenesis, human preadipocytes were differentiated in vitro to mature adipocytes. Many genes in the apoptosis pathway are alternatively spliced. Our data demonstrates that during differentiation PKC δ , Bclx, and Caspase9 switch to their prosurvival splice variants along with an increase in Bcl2 expression when the cells terminally differentiate into mature adipocytes. Next we determined the expression pattern of these genes in obesity. Our data indicated high expression of PKC δ VIII in adipose tissue of obese patient in different depots. We demonstrate a shift in the in vitro expression of these splice variants in differentiating preadipocytes derived from obese patients along with a decrease in adipogenesis markers. Hence, the programmed splicing of antiapoptotic proteins is a pivotal switch in differentiation that commits adipocytes to a prosurvival pathway. The expression pattern of these genes is dysregulated in obesity and may contribute to adipose tissue dysfunction.
The quest for the autoantibody immunodominant region on thyroid peroxidase: guided mutagenesis based on a hypothetical three-dimensional model. (1996)

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO), a cell surface glycoprotein, is the major autoantigen in autoimmune thyroiditis in humans. The molecular cloning and expression of Ig genes from thyroid-infiltrating B cells has generated a large repertoire of human TPO Fab that have been used to map an immunodominant region on TPO. However, the topological site of this region, consisting of a cluster of highly conformational epitopes, remains unknown. Using the recently elucidated three-dimensional structure of myeloperoxidase as a model, we stably expressed on the surface of eukaryotic cells eight "guided" mutants of the TPO molecule. The sites of these mutations were strategically located to alter the surface contour of the molecule with minimal disruption to its core structure. Remarkably, in the present study (in contrast to previous unguided TPO mutagenesis studies), all eight TPO mutants retained recognition by the TPO Fab. These results support the validity of the model used for mutagenesis. Although not identifying the immunodominant region on TPO in thyroid autoimmunity, our data provide evidence against the involvement of certain topological segments and may help to narrow the search for this region. The most open region remaining as a candidate location is the antero-inferior portion of the molecule.
Cerebral venous steal equation for intracranial segmental perfusion pressure predicts and quantifies reversible intracranial to extracranial flow diversion (2021)

Cerebral perfusion is determined by segmental perfusion pressure for the intracranial compartment (SPP), which is lower than cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) because of extracranial stenosis. We used the Thevenin model of Starling resistors to represent the intra-extra-cranial compartments, with outflow pressures ICP and Pe, to express SPP = Pd-ICP = FFR*CPP-Ge(1 - FFR)(ICP-Pe). Here Pd is intracranial inflow pressure in the circle of Willis, ICP-intracranial pressure; FFR = Pd/Pa is fractional flow reserve (Pd scaled to the systemic pressure Pa), Ge-relative extracranial conductance. The second term (cerebral venous steal) decreases SPP when FFR < 1 and ICP > Pe. We verified the SPP equation in a bench of fluid flow through the collapsible tubes. We estimated Pd, measuring pressure in the intra-extracranial collateral (supraorbital artery) in a volunteer. To manipulate extracranial outflow pressure Pe, we inflated the infraorbital cuff, which led to the Pd increase and directional Doppler flow signal reversal in the supraorbital artery. SPP equation accounts for the hemodynamic effect of inflow stenosis and intra-extracranial flow diversion, and is a more precise perfusion pressure target than CPP for the intracranial compartment. Manipulation of intra-extracranial pressure gradient ICP-Pe can augment intracranial inflow pressure (Pd) and reverse intra-extracranial steal.
A “REINVENÇÃO” DA NEGRITUDE A PARTIR DA SERRA DA BARRIGA (AL) (2009)

O artigo investiga a importância da Serra da Barriga, patrimônio histórico nacional, como referência de identidade para militantes do Movimento Negro Brasileiro. A partir de uma experiência pessoal, o autor descreve aspectos da militância do Movimento Negro Brasileiro, onde se inseriu após leitura de alguns intelectuais negros no início da década de oitenta do século XX. Em seguida tece considerações históricas sobre o Quilombo de Palmares e finaliza com uma rápida descrição da atual Serra da Barriga, lugar de memória para os afro-brasileiros. Palavras-chaves: Memória; Identidade; Patrimônio
A DNS Based Anti-phishing Approach (2010)

Most of the phishing and pharming attacks are directed at the payment and financial services, with the purpose to steal online bank users' card number and password. This paper presents the design and implementation of a DNS based anti-phishing approach, which can be used to protect the card number and the password of the online bank users effectively, and prevent phishers and pharmers from stealing such information. First, the bank name, its DNS server's IP address, and the card number range will be stored in the database. If the Phishing Detecting Device detects that a bank card number is being sent to a suspicious website, the device will send an inverse DNS query to the DNS server of the related bank. By verifying whether the suspicious website is with in the domain of the bank, it can determine whether the website is a phishing website.
Influence of AlGaN back barrier layer thickness on the dynamic ron characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2016)

AlGaN back barrier with different thickness is used in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) to evaluate the device performances. It shows that a proper AlGaN back barrier thickness (t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">bb</sub> ~100 nm) is beneficial for obtaining low leakage current and high I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> ratio of approximately 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> . While further increasing the AlGaN thickness can deteriorate the device performances because of the generation of more surface defects. The dynamic on-resistance (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> ) degradation measurements demonstrate that the proper AlGaN back barrier thickness (t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">bb</sub> ) can not only improve the 2DEG confinement, but also prevent electrons penetrating into buffer layer. Thus, it results in the reduction of trapping effect and then the improvement of dynamic R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> .
Interference microscopy for three-dimensional imaging with wavelength-to-depth encoding (2000)

A novel interference microscope for three-dimensional (3D) imaging based on a wavelength-to-depth encoding technique is presented. Wavelength-to-depth encoding is realized by use of a diffractive lens and wavelength tuning. A high depth resolution of 0.71 mum is obtained with 0.90-N.A. objective lenses. Experimental measurements of a four-level grating are presented, and the results are found to be comparable with those obtained with a Dektak profilometer and a similar interference microscope that uses mechanical depth scanning. The system is promising for fast, noncontact, high-resolution 3D imaging.
Magnetization and design of multistrand superconducting conductors (1975)

Magnetization of cabled and braided samples which are long compared to their transposition lengths has been measured in a uniform magnetizing field directed at right angles to their widths. A separated double pancake with nonuniform windings was constructed to produce a suitably uniform radial field in which long coiled samples could be placed. Magnetization losses have also been measured in the ISA I magnet at BNL. Results are compared with theories which are due to Wilson[1] and, basically, Morgan.[2] Also, design optimization procedures have been defined for the use of multistrand conductors in magnet windings.
Adaptive Synchronization in IEEE802.15.4e Networks (2013)

Industrial low-power wireless mesh networks are shifting towards time-synchronized medium access control (MAC) protocols which are able to yield over 99.9% end-to-end reliability and radio duty cycles well below 1%. In these networks, motes use time slots to communicate, and neighbor motes maintain their clocks' alignment, typically within 1 ms. Temperature, supply voltage, and fabrication differences cause the motes' clocks to drift with respect to one another. Neighbor motes need to re-synchronize periodically through pairwise communication. This period is typically determined a priori, based on the worst case drift. In this paper, we propose a novel technique which measures and models the relative clock drift between neighbor motes, thereby reducing the effective drift rate. Instead of resynchronizing at a preset rate, neighbor motes resynchronize only when needed. This reduces the minimum achievable duty cycle of an idle network by a factor of 10, which in turn lowers the mote power consumption and extends the network lifetime. This Adaptive Synchronization is implemented as part of IEEE802.15.4e in the OpenWSN protocol stack and is validated through extensive experimentation.
Photoluminescence from Si/Ge superlattices (1990)

We have studied the luminescence of short-period Si/Ge superlattices of varying composition grown on a Si1−xGex alloy buffer layer. X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering were used to analyze the composition of the samples. Luminescence bands at 1.5 and 1.6 μm originate from the superlattice, as is indicated by etching experiments. A strong change in luminescence intensity is observed as the composition and strain of the superlattice vary.
Side Reactions in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO<i><sub>x</sub></i> with Various NO<sub>2</sub> Fractions (2002)

The main and side reactions of the three selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactions with ammonia over TiO2−WO3−V2O5 catalysts have been investigated using synthetic gas mixtures matching the composition of diesel exhaust. The three SCR reactions are standard SCR with pure NO, fast SCR with an equimolar mixture of NO and NO2, and NO2 SCR with pure NO2. At high temperatures the selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of ammonia and the formation of nitrous oxide compete with the SCR reactions. Water strongly inhibits the SCO of ammonia and the formation of nitrous oxide, thus increasing the selectivity of the SCR reactions. However, water also inhibits SCR activity, most pronounced at low temperatures. NO2 fractions exceeding 50% enhance the formation of nitrous oxide at low temperatures. If the feed of NOx consists of pure NO2, the formation of nitrous oxide may occur by two different reactions having different temperature regimes. The reaction responsible for N2O formation at low temperatures probably involves ammonium nitrate or nitroamine as an intermediate species.
Long-term Benefit of PD-L1 Blockade in Lung Cancer Associated with <i>JAK3</i> Activation (2015)

PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade occasionally results in durable clinical responses in advanced metastatic cancers. However, mechanism-based predictors of response to this immunotherapy remain incompletely characterized. We performed comprehensive genomic profiling on a tumor and germline sample from a patient with refractory lung adenocarcinoma who achieved marked long-term clinical benefit from anti-PD-L1 therapy. We discovered activating somatic and germline amino acid variants in JAK3 that promoted PD-L1 induction in lung cancer cells and in the tumor immune microenvironment. These findings suggest that genomic alterations that deregulate cytokine receptor signal transduction could contribute to PD-L1 activation and engagement of the PD-1 immune checkpoint in lung cancer.
Cyclic‐Loading Performance of Welded Flange‐Bolted Web Connections (1993)

Cyclic‐loading tests were conducted on eight large‐scale welded flange‐bolted web steel moment connections. The objective was to investigate the need for supplemental welds on the beam web connection, for beam sections where the web accounts for a substantial portion of the beam's fluxural strength. Such supplemental web welds are currently required by model seismic codes in the United States. Results of the testing program showed highly variable performance among the eight specimens. Plastic rotations developed by the beams prior to connection failure were judged to be poor to marginal for severe seismic applications. All connections failed by fracture at or near the beam‐flange groove welds. Variability in the performance of the beam flange groove welds appears to have dominated the response of the specimens. This paper summarizes the test program and compares results to those of previous U.S. test programs. Concerns are expressed about the welded flange‐bolted web moment connection detail for severe seismic applications.