gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimum mean squared error equalization using a priori information (2002)

A number of important advances have been made in the area of joint equalization and decoding of data transmitted over intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. Turbo equalization is an iterative approach to this problem, in which a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) equalizer and a MAP decoder exchange soft information in the form of prior probabilities over the transmitted symbols. A number of reduced-complexity methods for turbo equalization have been introduced in which MAP equalization is replaced with suboptimal, low-complexity approaches. We explore a number of low-complexity soft-input/soft-output (SISO) equalization algorithms based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion. This includes the extension of existing approaches to general signal constellations and the derivation of a novel approach requiring less complexity than the MMSE-optimal solution. All approaches are qualitatively analyzed by observing the mean-square error averaged over a sequence of equalized data. We show that for the turbo equalization application, the MMSE-based SISO equalizers perform well compared with a MAP equalizer while providing a tremendous complexity reduction.
Optimization of synergism of a recombinant auxiliary activity 9 from Chaetomium globosum with cellulase in cellulose hydrolysis (2015)

Auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9, formerly known as glycoside hydrolase family 61 or polysaccharide monooxygenase) is a group of fungal proteins that were recently found to have a significant synergism with cellulase in cellulose hydrolysis via the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds of cellulose chains. In this study, we report the active expression of a recombinant fungal AA9 from Chaetomium globosum (CgAA9) in a bacterial host, Escherichia coli, and the optimization of its synergistic activity in cellulose hydrolysis by using cellulase. The recombinant CgAA9 (0.9 mg/g cellulose) exhibited 1.7-fold synergism in the hydrolysis of Avicel when incubated with 0.9 filter paper units of Celluclast 1.5 L/g cellulose. The first study of the active expression of AA9 using a bacterial host and its synergistic optimization could be useful for the industrial application of AA9 for the saccharification of lignocellulose.
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cells revealed by germline-targeting immunogen (2016)

Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a major HIV vaccine goal. Germline-targeting immunogens aim to initiate bnAb induction by activating bnAb germline precursor B cells. Critical unmet challenges are to determine whether bnAb precursor naïve B cells bind germline-targeting immunogens and occur at sufficient frequency in humans for reliable vaccine responses. Using deep mutational scanning and multitarget optimization, we developed a germline-targeting immunogen (eOD-GT8) for diverse VRC01-class bnAbs. We then used the immunogen to isolate VRC01-class precursor naïve B cells from HIV-uninfected donors. Frequencies of true VRC01-class precursors, their structures, and their eOD-GT8 affinities support this immunogen as a candidate human vaccine prime. These methods could be applied to germline targeting for other classes of HIV bnAbs and for Abs to other pathogens.
Top-Seeded Solution Growth of 3 Inch Diameter 4H-SiC Bulk Crystal Using Metal Solvents (2014)

We performed top-seeded solution growth of 4H-SiC for obtaining longer length crystal. Si-Cr and Si-Ti melts were used as solvents. Meniscus formation technique was applied to the present study. Special attention was paid to improve the process stability during long-term growth. One of major technological problems in the solution growth is that the precipitation of polycrystalline SiC which hiders the stable single crystal growth. Another problem is the fluctuation of supersaturation at the growth interface during the growth. Through the optimization of growth process conditions, we have successfully grown 4H-SiC single crystals up to 14 mm long with three-inch-diameter, and evaluated their crystalline quality.
Heating Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharges for Direct Medical Treatment (2008)

Several variations of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) have been developed for nondamaging living-tissue sterilization and blood coagulation. This so-called floating electrode DBD (FE-DBD) has been shown by histology to not damage the treated tissue. Nevertheless, preliminary experiments show that a person who touches the FE-DBD can feel the discharge action. Some of these unpleasant sensations are related to the thermal effects of the plasma. These thermal effects and other important parameters of the discharge are strongly dependent on the electrical properties of the discharge, i.e., driving voltage and waveform shape. In this paper, we first employed sinusoidal driving waveform for medical applications. After that, in order to increase the uniformity and decrease the temperature, we employed a microsecond-pulsed waveform system with a few microsecond pulse durations. Both plasma systems have been analyzed and compared for thermal effects and temperature of the discharge in order to determine the possibilities to control the heating effect with driving waveform.
Purification of carbon nanotubes by dynamic oxidation in air (2009)

We describe a new approach to the purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), based on the selective oxidation of carbonaceous impurities by heating at a constantly increasing temperature (i.e. dynamic oxidation) in air. Using UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we demonstrate the superior purity of dynamically oxidized SWCNTs. In addition to being faster than other methods, dynamic oxidation allows for an efficient removal of carbonaceous impurities without significant loss of nanotubes. It is hypothesized that the advantages of dynamic oxidation arise from the exposure of the raw material to a wider range of temperatures than in conventional isothermal oxidation.
Sensitivity enhancement of remotely coupled NMR detectors using wirelessly powered parametric amplification (2012)

A completely wireless detection coil with an integrated parametric amplifier has been constructed to provide local amplification and transmission of MR signals. The sample coil is one element of a parametric amplifier using a zero-bias diode that mixes the weak MR signal with a strong pump signal that is obtained from an inductively coupled external loop. The NMR sample coil develops current gain via reduction in the effective coil resistance. Higher gain can be obtained by adjusting the level of the pumping power closer to the oscillation threshold, but the gain is ultimately constrained by the bandwidth requirement of MRI experiments. A feasibility study here shows that on a NaCl/D(2) O phantom, (23) Na signals with 20 dB of gain can be readily obtained with a concomitant bandwidth of 144 kHz. This gain is high enough that the integrated coil with parametric amplifier, which is coupled inductively to external loops, can provide sensitivity approaching that of direct wire connection.
Concept for using eye tracking in a head-mounted display to adapt rendering to the user's current visual field (2016)

With increasing spatial and temporal resolution in head-mounted displays (HMDs), using eye trackers to adapt rendering to the user is getting important to handle the rendering workload. Besides using methods like foveated rendering, we propose to use the current visual field for rendering, depending on the eye gaze. We use two effects for performance optimizations. First, we noticed a lens defect in HMDs, where depending on the distance of the eye gaze to the center, certain parts of the screen towards the edges are not visible anymore. Second, if the user looks up, he cannot see the lower parts of the screen anymore. For the invisible areas, we propose to skip rendering and to reuse the pixels colors from the previous frame. We provide a calibration routine to measure these two effects. We apply the current visual field to a renderer and get up to 2x speed-ups.
Chip-Interleaved Block-Spread CDMA or DS-CDMA for cellular downlink? (2002)

Recently, a so-termed Chip-Interleaved Block-Spread (CIBS) CDMA system has been introduced, which enables Multi-User Interference (MUI) free reception. This transceiver can be used in the uplink as well as in the downlink. In this paper, we focus on the downlink and compare the downlink CIBS-CDMA system employing an MUI-free receiver with the conventional downlink Direct-Sequence (DS) CDMA system employing a chip equalizer receiver. The analysis, which is validated by simulation results, reveals that CIBS-CDMA with an MUI-free receiver has a number of advantages over DS-CDMA with a chip equalizer receiver.
Robovie: an interactive humanoid robot (2001)

The authors have developed a robot called “Robovie” that has unique mechanisms designed for communication with humans. Robovie can generate human‐like behaviors by using human‐like actuators and vision and audio sensors. Software is a key element in the systems development. Two important ideas in human‐robot communication through research from the viewpoint of cognitive science have been obtained – one is importance of physical expressions using the body and the other is the effectiveness of the robot’s autonomy in the robot’s utterance recognition by humans. Based on these psychological experiments, a new architecture that generates episode chains in interactions with humans is developed. The basic structure of the architecture is a network of situated modules. Each module consists of elemental behaviors to entrain humans and a behavior for communicating with humans.
A reconfigurable signal processing IC with embedded FPGA and multi-port flash memory (2003)

A 1GOPS dynamically reconfigurable processing unit with embedded Flash memory and SRAM-based FPGA targets image-voice processing and recognition applications. Code, data and FPGA bitstreams are stored in the embedded Flash memory and are independently accessible through 3 content-specific, 64-bit I/O ports with a peak read rate of 1.2GB/s. The system is implemented in a 0.18um, 2PL-6ML CMOS Flash technology, chip area is 70mm2.
Inhibition of Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis by a Nonphagocytic Fcγ Receptor (1998)

There are three major classes of human Fcγ receptors (FcγRI, FcγRII, and FcγRIII) and various isoforms of each class are capable of mediating phagocytosis. FcγRIIA is an unusual Fcγ receptor in that it transmits a phagocytic signal in the absence of an additional receptor subunit. The cytoplasmic domain of FcγRIIA contains a conserved motif containing two copies of the sequence YXXL. The tyrosines (Y) within the motif are phosphorylated after receptor crosslinking and the integrity of these conserved sequences is required for efficient phagocytosis. The FcγRIIB receptors, FcγRIIB1 and FcγRIIB2, contain one copy of the cytoplasmic YXXL sequence and do not transmit a phagocytic signal. In B cells, FcγRIIB negatively regulates B-cell activation by the B-cell antigen receptor. Human macrophages express both FcγRIIA and FcγRIIB and while FcγRIIA mediates phagocytosis, the function of FcγRIIB in these cells is unknown. Using the epithelial/fibroblast-like cell line COS-1 as a model to examine the molecular events that regulate the phagocytosis of IgG-coated cells (EA), we investigated the effect of FcγRIIB on FcγRIIA signaling. FcγRIIB inhibited phagocytosis mediated both by FcγRIIA and by a chimeric FcγRIIA receptor containing the extracellular domain of FcγRI and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of FcγRIIA. This inhibition occurred at an early signaling stage because tyrosine phosphorylation of the FcγRIIA cytoplasmic domain was inhibited after concurrent stimulation of these receptors with EA. FcγRIIB mutations showed the importance of the FcγRIIB YXXL for inhibition of FcγRIIA-mediated phagocytosis. Deletion of the FcγRIIB YXXL or conservative replacement of the YXXL tyrosine substantially reduced the inhibitory signal. FcγRIIB had a lesser inhibitory effect on phagocytosis by the Fcγ receptor FcγRIIIA, which requires a γ subunit to mediate a phagocytic signal. These results show that FcγRIIB negatively regulates phagocytic signaling by FcγRIIA and suggests that FcγRIIB plays a role in modulating FcγRIIA function in vivo.
Mapping arbitrary logic functions into synchronous embedded memories for area reduction on FPGAs (2006)

This work describes a new mapping technique, RAM-MAP, that identifies parts of circuits that can be efficiently mapped into the synchronous embedded memories found on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Previous techniques developed for mapping into asynchronous embedded memories cannot be used because modern FPGAs do not have asynchronous embedded memories. After technology mapping, an area-prediction cost function is used to guide the selection of logic cones to be placed in embedded memories. Extra logic is added to compensate for missing asynchronous functionality on the synchronous memories. Experiments conducted on Altera's Stratix device family indicate that this embedded memory mapping technique can provide an average area reduction of 6.2% and up to 32.5% on a large set of industrial designs. A small architecture change that increases the size of the FPGA fabric by 0.05% can increase the average area reduction to 14.1% and up to 59.1% on the same design set.
Performance Demonstration of MCMB-LiNiCoO<sub>2</sub> Cells Containing Electrolytes Designed for Wide Operating Temperature Range (2010)

With the intent of improving the performance of Li-ion cells over a wide operating temperature range, we have investigated the use of co-solvents to improve the properties of electrolyte formulations. In the current study, we have focused upon evaluating promising electrolytes which have been incorporated into large capacity (7 Ah) prototype Li-ion cells, fabricated by Yardney Technical Products, Inc. The electrolytes selected for performance evaluation include the use of a number of esters as co-solvents, including methyl propionate (MP), ethyl propionate (EP), ethyl butyrate (EB), propyl butyrate (PB), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl butyrate (TFEB). The performance of the prototype cells containing the ester-based electrolytes was compared with an extensive data base generated on cells containing previously developed all carbonate-based electrolytes.
Real‐time rigid body motion correction and shimming using cloverleaf navigators (2006)

Subject motion during scanning can greatly reduce MRI image quality and is a major reason for discarding data in both clinical and research scanning. The quality of the high-resolution structural data used for morphometric analysis is especially compromised by subject movement because high-resolution scans are of longer duration. A method is presented that measures and corrects rigid body motion and associated first-order shim changes in real time, using a pulse sequence with embedded cloverleaf navigators and a feedback control mechanism. The procedure requires a 12-s preliminary mapping scan. A single-path, 4.2-ms cloverleaf navigator is inserted every repetition time (TR) after the readout of a 3D fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence, requiring no additional RF pulses and minimally impacting scan duration. Every TR, a rigid body motion estimate is made and a correction is fed back to adjust the gradients and shim offsets. Images are corrected and reconstructed on the scanner computer for immediate access. Correction for between-scan motion can be accomplished by using the same reference map for each scan repetition. Human and phantom tests demonstrated a consistent improvement in image quality if motion occurred during the acquisition.
Large angle-of-attack missile control concepts for aerodynamically controlled missiles (1976)

A coupled or cross-axis autopilot control concept is presented which can provide a significant increase in the usable range of angle of attack for aerodynamically controlled tactical missiles without an attendent increase in either steering response time or roll channel bandwidth. The unique feature of the coupled control system design is that adequate airframe stability can be maintained in the presence of aerodynamic cross-coupling at large angles of attack without either physically rolling the airframe to a preferred orientation with respect to the airstream or increasing the bandwidth of the roll system. Stability is maintained by intentionally cross-coupling sensor signals among the control channels (i.e., roll sensor signals into steering control, and vice versa) at large angles of attack. In effect, the intentional cross-channel coupling partially cancels the destabilizing effect of the interchannel aerodynamic coupling.
Polyclonal breast cancer metastases arise from collective dissemination of keratin 14-expressing tumor cell clusters (2016)

Recent genomic studies challenge the conventional model that each metastasis must arise from a single tumor cell and instead reveal that metastases can be composed of multiple genetically distinct clones. These intriguing observations raise the question: How do polyclonal metastases emerge from the primary tumor? In this study, we used multicolor lineage tracing to demonstrate that polyclonal seeding by cell clusters is a frequent mechanism in a common mouse model of breast cancer, accounting for >90% of metastases. We directly observed multicolored tumor cell clusters across major stages of metastasis, including collective invasion, local dissemination, intravascular emboli, circulating tumor cell clusters, and micrometastases. Experimentally aggregating tumor cells into clusters induced a >15-fold increase in colony formation ex vivo and a >100-fold increase in metastasis formation in vivo. Intriguingly, locally disseminated clusters, circulating tumor cell clusters, and lung micrometastases frequently expressed the epithelial cytoskeletal protein, keratin 14 (K14). RNA-seq analysis revealed that K14(+) cells were enriched for desmosome and hemidesmosome adhesion complex genes, and were depleted for MHC class II genes. Depletion of K14 expression abrogated distant metastases and disrupted expression of multiple metastasis effectors, including Tenascin C (Tnc), Jagged1 (Jag1), and Epiregulin (Ereg). Taken together, our findings reveal K14 as a key regulator of metastasis and establish the concept that K14(+) epithelial tumor cell clusters disseminate collectively to colonize distant organs.
Towards Fast and Unified Transfer Learning Architectures for Sequence Labeling (2019)

Sequence labeling systems have advanced continuously using neural architectures over the past several years. However, these tasks require large sets of annotated data to achieve such performance. In particular, we focus on the Named Entity Recognition (NER) task on clinical notes, which is one of the most fundamental and critical problems for medical text analysis. Our work centers on effectively adapting these neural architectures towards low-resource settings using parameter transfer methods. We complement a standard hierarchical NER model with a general transfer learning framework, the Tunable Transfer Network (TTN) consisting of parameter sharing between the source and target tasks, and showcase scores significantly above the baseline architecture. Our best TTN model achieves 2-5% improvement over pre-trained language model BERT as well as its multi task extension MT-DNN in low resource settings. However, our proposed sharing scheme requires an exponential search over tied parameter sets to generate an optimal configuration. To mitigate the problem of exhaustively searching for model optimization, we propose the Dynamic Transfer Networks (DTN), a gated architecture which learns the appropriate parameter sharing scheme between source and target datasets. DTN achieves the improvements of the optimized transfer learning framework with just a single training setting, effectively removing the need for an exponential search.
Memristor-based reactance-less oscillator (2011)

The first reactance-less oscillator is introduced. By using a memristor, the oscillator can be fully implemented on-chip without the need for any capacitors or inductors, which results in an area-efficient fully integrated solution. The concept of operation of the proposed oscillator is explained and detailed mathematical analysis is introduced. Closed-form expressions for the oscillation frequency and oscillation conditions are derived. Finally, the derived equations are verified with circuit simulations showing excellent agreement.
Relationship Between Response Indices Measured In-Season and at Harvest in Winter Wheat (2005)

Abstract Current methods for making nitrogen (N) recommendations in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) do not adjust for in-season temporal variability of plant available non-fertilizer N sources. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of different N response indices determined in-season (RINDVI and RIPLANTHEIGHT) to the N response index measured at harvest (RIHARVEST). In addition, this study evaluated the use of the in-season response indices for determining topdress N rates for winter wheat. Nine experiments were conducted over two years at eight different locations. A randomized complete block design with nine different treatments and four replications was used at each location. Preplant N source was ammonia nitrate (34-0-0). At Feekes 4–6, RINDVI was measured to determine the topdress N rates. Both RINDVI and RIPLANTHEIGHT were able to predict RIHARVEST (r2 = 0.75 and r2 = 0.74, respectively). Because the sensor-based approach for making N recommendations relies on information obtained from in-season sensor readings, RINDVI should be used to estimate a site's potential for response to additional N. Use of the response index will allow producers to move away from reliance on preplant application of N and start managing N based on the likelihood of achieving an economical response to N fertilizer.
<title>Mechanical beam isolator</title> (1997)

Back-reflections from a target, lenses, etc. can gain energy passing backwards through a laser just like the main beam gains energy passing forwards. Unless something blocks these back-reflections early in their path, they can seriously damage the laser. A Mechanical Beam Isolator is a device that blocks back-reflections early, relatively inexpensively, and without introducing aberrations to the laser beam.
Nicotinic Receptor Intervention in Parkinson's Disease: Future Directions. (2017)

Sufficient preclinical and epidemiological data are available to justify nicotinic intervention in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although use of nicotine patch has been suggested in some neurodegenerative disorders, including PD, the key for success with nicotinic intervention, particularly in PD, appears to rely not only on the dose but also on the mode of nicotine administration. Our aim in this short review is to provide justification for such contention. Thus, following a short introduction of nicotinic receptor pharmacology, the potential of nicotine in alleviating not only the motor symptoms, but also the mood disorders (e.g. depression) and mild cognitive impairments that are commonly co-morbid with PD will be presented. Moreover, since current PD therapy is associated with dyskinesia, the effectiveness of nicotine in ameliorating levodopa (L-Dopa)-induced dyskinesia will also be discussed. It is suggested that pulsatile nicotine administration (e.g. via inhalation or nasal spray) may be the optimal route in nicotinic intervention in PD.