gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A (GABA<sub>A</sub>) Receptor Ligand That Combines Outstanding Metabolic Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Anxiolytic Efficacy (2016)

1,4-Benzodiazepines are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders but have limited long-term use due to adverse effects. HZ-166 (2) has been shown to have anxiolytic-like effects with reduced sedative/ataxic liabilities. A 1,3-oxazole KRM-II-81 (9) was discovered from a series of six bioisosteres with significantly improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties as compared to 2. Oxazole 9 was further characterized and exhibited improved anxiolytic-like effects in a mouse marble burying assay and a rat Vogel conflict test.
Treatment of Low Quality Forages by Hydrogen Peroxide and(or) Anhydrous Ammonia and Their Utilization in Ruminant Nutrition (2021)

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate low quality forages treatment by anhydrous ammonia (NH3) and(or) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In experiment I, a control and three treatments of barley straw were compared: NH3, NH3 after rehydration of the straw with water (NH3+H2O), and NH3 after rehydration with a H2O2 solution (NH3+H2O2). Forages were fed, with a supplement, at two levels of intake (ad libitum and 75% of ad lib.). Treatments were administered in a split-plot in a Latin square design to 8 ewes. Total collections and rumen digesta measurements were made. Ammoniation, rehydration, and H2O2 increased primarily dry matter intake (DMI) but also digestibility of different nutrients. A similar trend was observed in rumen fermentation characteristics. Dry matter (DM) digestibility was slightly raised by limiting DMI. Digestible DMI (DDMI) was correlated with both the increase of forage CP content and the decrease of forage neutral detergent fiber. Water intake and output were highly correlated with fiber. Intake and digestibility better than acid detergent lignin insoluble ash (ADLIA). Both markers were adequate in determining hemicellulose digestibility. In experiment II, ten solutions were prepared to rehydrate wheat straw. Six solutions were adjusted (with NaOH) to a pH of 9, 11, or 13 and contained 2% H2O2. Four solutions had a pH of 7 or 11 and contained no H2O2. Half of the straws were treated with NH3. In situ DM disappearance (DMD) of the different straws was measured at different times in 10 Holstein cows and three periods (Incomplete block design). The evolution of DMD was slow and almost linear. The positive effect of ammoniation on DMD was consistently apparent at all pH levels though depressed at pH 11. The effect of H2O2 was minor, but was complementary with ammoniation. In experiment III, mature baltic rush (Juncus balticus Willd.) was either treated or not with NH3. Eight wethers had ad libitum access to the nonsupplemented forages in a cross-over design. total collections and rumen digesta measurements were made. DMI and DDMI were not affected by treatment, but DM digestibility was decreased by ammoniation.
Altered Thymidine Metabolism Due to Defects of Thymidine Phosphorylase (2002)

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive human disease due to mutations in the thymidine phosphorylase (TP) gene. TP enzyme catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine to thymine and 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate. We present evidence that thymidine metabolism is altered in MNGIE. TP activities in buffy coats were reduced drastically in all 27 MNGIE patients compared with 19 controls. All MNGIE patients had much higher plasma levels of thymidine than normal individuals and asymptomatic TP mutation carriers. In two patients, the renal clearance of thymidine was approximately 20% that of creatinine, and because hemodialysis demonstrated that thymidine is ultrafiltratable, most of the filtered thymidine is likely to be reabsorbed by the kidney. In vitro, fibroblasts from controls catabolized thymidine in medium; by contrast, MNGIE fibroblasts released thymidine. In MNGIE, severe impairment of TP enzyme activity leads to increased plasma thymidine. In patients who are suspected of having MNGIE, determination of TP activity in buffy coats and thymidine levels in plasma are diagnostic. We hypothesize that excess thymidine alters mitochondrial nucleoside and nucleotide pools leading to impaired mitochondrial DNA replication, repair, or both. Therapies to reduce thymidine levels may be beneficial to MNGIE patients.
Influence of the type of surgery on the histologic diagnosis in patients with anaplastic gliomas (1991)

Stereotactic biopsy of CNS tumors provides a small amount of tissue for pathologic diagnosis. This potentially leads to inaccurate grading of gliomas because of their histologic heterogeneity. We compared histologic diagnoses in a consecutive series of 329 patients with newly diagnosed anaplastic gliomas whose diagnoses were established by either stereotactic biopsy or open resection. Of 262 patients undergoing resection, 214 (82%) had glioblastomas and 48 (18%) had anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs). Of 67 patients undergoing stereotactic biopsy, 33 (49%) had glioblastomas and 34 (51%) had AAs. This difference suggests that some AAs diagnosed by stereotactic biopsy are actually glioblastomas and has important implications for the design and interpretation of clinical trials.
Size as a Determinant of Reading Speed (1993)

The speed of reading unrelated words as a function of luminance, size, and contrast, was measured with an eye movement monitor for fifteen young adults. Subjects read up to 5,000 words in a test session, with the exact number depending upon their acuity. The size of the smallest legible print at a given luminance and contrast for these subjects was found to fit well to the Blackwell-Taylor detection threshold data above about 1 minute of arc. At lower sizes inclusion of a resolution size term provided an excellent fit. Reading speed was fit to a number of visual performance models. It was found that for most subjects that a ratio of the print size to an estimate of the threshold print size (a VL[sub size]) gave the best fits to the data. The threshold size was computed with a fit to the Blackwell-Taylor detection threshold data, modified to include a resolution size term as above. For the sole remaining subject a slightly better fit was obtained with a VL[sub contrast] model, where again the thresholds were modified by a limiting size term. The implication of these results for visual performance modeling is discussed. The reading speed for all subjects variedmore » rapidly with size near the acuity limit, but became almost independent of visibility parameters as long as size is two times the acuity limit. These results show that size is a powerful determinant of reading speed, and suggest that minification of about 1/2 power could be used as a field test for adequate visibility.« less
Impedance matching vertical optical waveguide couplers for dense high index contrast circuits (2008)

We designed and demonstrated a compact, high-index contrast (HIC) vertical waveguide coupler for TE single mode operation with the lowest coupling loss of 0.20 dB +/- 0.05 dB at 1550 nm. Our vertical coupler consists of a pair of vertically overlapping inverse taper structures made of SOI and amorphous silicon. The vertical coupler can suppress power oscillation observed in regular directional couplers and guarantees vertical optical impedance matching with great tolerance for fabrication and refractive index variations of the waveguide materials. The coupler furthermore shows excellent broadband coupling efficiencies between 1460 nm and 1570 nm.
Computational Opioid Prescribing: A Novel Application of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (2011)

We implemented a pharmacokinetics-based mathematical modeling technique using algebra to assist prescribers with point-of-care opioid dosing. We call this technique computational opioid prescribing (COP). Because population pharmacokinetic parameter values are needed to estimate drug dosing regimen designs for individual patients using COP, and those values are not readily available to prescribers because they exist scattered in the vast pharmacology literature, we estimated the population pharmacokinetic parameter values for 12 commonly prescribed opioids from various sources using the bootstrap resampling technique. Our results show that opioid dosing regimen design, evaluation, and modification is feasible using COP. We conclude that COP is a new technique for the quantitative assessment of opioid dosing regimen design evaluation and adjustment, which may help prescribers to manage acute and chronic pain at the point-of-care. Potential benefits include opioid dose optimization and minimization of adverse opioid drug events, leading to potential improvement in patient treatment outcomes and safety.
The growth of polycrystalline silicon on molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and their disilicides (1982)

Silicon was electron beam vaporized in an ultralow pressure system on substrates of molybdenum, tantalum, and tungsten between 550–850 °C. Polycrystalline silicon was grown on the molybdenum and tungsten substrates at 550 °C with grains measuring ∼0.3 μm in cross section and having a {110} orientation. This orientation was attributed to the deposition technique and substrate temperature. At 670 °C silicon reacted with the tantalum substrates to form a thin interfacial layer of TaSi2 but grew with a {110} and {111} orientation. At this same sample temperature {111} and {110} polycrystalline silicon was detected on molybdenum and tungsten. By increasing the substrate temperature to 750 °C, silicon reacted with the metals to produce ’’columnar’’ structures composed of {110}, {111}, {100}, {311}, or {331} silicon crystallites that grew on a layer of the respective metal disilicide. Phosphorus coevaporated with the silicon retarded the rate of the silicide growth at 670 and 750 °C. Only the refractory metal disilicides MoSi2, TaSi2, and WSi2 were obtained at 850 °C by reaction of the vapor deposited silicon with the substrate metal.
Kecemasanan Ibu HamilTtrimester 3 Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Dalam Menghadapi Persalinan (2022)

Wabah Virus Covid-19 sangat berdampak pada permasalahan psikologis ibu hamil seperti kesehatan ibu selama hamil dan keselamatan janin selama di dalam kandungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil trimester ketiga di masa pandemi Covid-19 dalam menghadapi persalinan. Jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan crosssectional. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 33 orang dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner the perinatal anxiety screening scale (PASS) dengan nilai croancbach alpha sebesar 0,90, 0,89, 0,86, dan 0,87 untuk ke empat indikator kecemasan. Mayoritas ibu hamil trimester ketiga mengalami cemas ringan-sedang sebanyak 20 responden (60,6%), cemas berat sebanyak 11 responden (33,3%) dan tidak mengalami cemas sebanyak 2 orang (6,1%). Kecemasan yang dialami responden disebabkan oleh pengalaman ibu melahirkan sebelumnya, ketakutan ibu terinfeksi dan menginfeksi Covid-19 dan informasi yang diperoleh dari media masa mengenai protokol kesehatan selama masa pandemi Covid-19.
Reducing lexical semantic complexity with systematic polysemous classes and underspecification (2000)

This paper presents an algorithm for finding systematic polysemous classes in WordNet and similar semantic databases, based on a definition in The introduction of systematic polysemous classes can reduce the amount of lexical semantic processing, because the number of disambiguation decisions can be restricted more clearly to those cases that involve real ambiguity (homonymy). In many applications, for instance in document categorization, information retrieval, and information extraction, it may be sufficient to know if a given word belongs to a certain class (underspecified sense) rather than to know which of its (related) senses exactly to pick. The approach for finding systematic polysemous classes is based on that of (Buitelaar 1998a, Buitelaar 1998b), while addressing some previous shortcomings.
Predicting Responses to Psychedelics: A Prospective Study (2018)

Responses to psychedelics are notoriously difficult to predict, yet significant work is currently underway to assess their therapeutic potential and the level of interest in psychedelics among the general public appears to be increasing. We aimed to collect prospective data in order to improve our ability to predict acute- and longer-term responses to psychedelics. Individuals who planned to take a psychedelic through their own initiative participated in an online survey (www.psychedelicsurvey.com). Traits and variables relating to set, setting and the acute psychedelic experience were measured at five different time points before and after the experience. Principle component and regression methods were used to analyse the data. Sample sizes for the five time points were <i>N</i> = 654, <i>N</i> = 535, <i>N</i> = 379, <i>N</i> = 315, and <i>N</i> = 212 respectively. Psychological well-being was increased 2 weeks after a psychedelic experience and remained at this level after 4 weeks. Higher ratings of a "mystical-type experience" had a positive effect on the change in well-being after a psychedelic experience, whereas the other acute psychedelic experience measures, i.e., "challenging experience" and "visual effects", did not influence the change in well-being after the psychedelic experience. Having "clear intentions" for the experience was conducive to mystical-type experiences. Having a positive "set" as well as having the experience with intentions related to "recreation" were both found to decrease the likelihood of having a challenging experience. The baseline trait "absorption" and higher drug doses promoted all aspects of the acute experience, i.e., mystical-type and challenging experiences, as well as visual effects. When comparing the relative contribution of different types of variables in explaining the variance in the change in well-being, it seemed that baseline trait variables had the strongest effect on the change in well-being after a psychedelic experience. These results confirm the importance of extra-pharmacological factors in determining responses to a psychedelic. We view this study as an early step towards the development of empirical guidelines that can evolve and improve iteratively with the ultimate purpose of guiding crucial clinical decisions about whether, when, where and how to dose with a psychedelic, thus helping to mitigate risks while maximizing potential benefits in an evidence-based manner.
A novel thermal face recognition approach using face pattern words (2010)

A reliable thermal face recognition system can enhance the national security applications such as prevention against terrorism, surveillance, monitoring and tracking, especially at nighttime. The system can be applied at airports, customs or high-alert facilities (e.g., nuclear power plant) for 24 hours a day. In this paper, we propose a novel face recognition approach utilizing thermal (long wave infrared) face images that can automatically identify a subject at both daytime and nighttime. With a properly acquired thermal image (as a query image) in monitoring zone, the following processes will be employed: normalization and denoising, face detection, face alignment, face masking, Gabor wavelet transform, face pattern words (FPWs) creation, face identification by similarity measure (Hamming distance). If eyeglasses are present on a subject's face, an eyeglasses mask will be automatically extracted from the querying face image, and then masked with all comparing FPWs (no more transforms). A high identification rate (97.44% with Top-1 match) has been achieved upon our preliminary face dataset (of 39 subjects) from the proposed approach regardless operating time and glasses-wearing condition.e
Multivariate Synthesis of Tin Phosphide Nanoparticles: Temperature, Time, and Ligand Control of Size, Shape, and Crystal Structure (2016)

Tin phosphides make up a class of materials that have received a noteworthy amount of interest in photocatalysis, charge storage, and thermoelectric devices. Dual stable oxidation states of tin (Sn2+ and Sn4+) allow tin phosphides to exhibit different stoichiometries and crystal phases. However, the synthesis of such nanostructures with control over morphology and crystal structure has proven to be a challenging task. Herein, we report the first colloidal synthesis of size-, shape-, and phase-controlled, narrowly disperse rhombohedral Sn4P3, hexagonal SnP, and trigonal Sn3P4 nanoparticles (NPs) displaying tunable morphologies and size-dependent physical properties. The control over NP morphology and crystal phase was achieved by tuning the nucleation/growth temperature, Sn/P molar ratio, and incorporation of additional coordinating solvents (alkylphosphines). The absorption spectra of Sn3P4 NPs (3.0 ± 0.4 to 8.6 ± 1.8 nm) exhibit size-dependent blue shifts in energy gaps (1.38–0.88 eV) compared to the theoretical value of bulk Sn3P4 (0.83 eV), consistent with quantum confinement effects. The trigonal Sn3P4 NPs adopt rhombohedral Sn4P3 and hexagonal SnP crystal structures at 180 and 250 °C, respectively. Structural and surface analysis indicates consistent bond energies for phosphorus across different crystal phases, whereas the rhombohedral Sn4P3 NPs demonstrate Sn oxidation states distinctive from those of the hexagonal and trigonal phases because of the complex chemical structure. All phases exhibit N(1s) and ν(N–H) energies suggestive of alkylamine surface functionalization and are devoid of tetragonal Sn impurities.
Stimulation of Pancreatic Growth by Secretin, Caerulein, and Pentagastrin* (1980)

The primary hormonal regulators of pancreatic exocrine secretion are secretin and cholecystokinin. In addition, cholecystokinin is known to stimulate the growth of the exocrine pancreas. The current study examines whether secretin also alters pancreatic growth by itself and whether it influences the trophic response to caerulein, a structural and functional homolog of cholecystokinin. Rats were injected every 8 h for 7 days with either saline, secretin (50 U/kg), caerulein (320 ng/kg), or a combination of the above doses of secretin and caerulein. After sacrificing the animals, the pancreas was isolated, and the in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA was measured. The pancreas was weighed, and the pancreatic content of DNA and RNA were also determined. Secretin and caerulein administered alone both caused significant increases in DNA synthesis and the pancreatic concentrations of both RNA and DNA. The effects of the two hormones on total pancreatic RNA and DNA showed potentiation when combined. The combination of secretin and caerulein increased pancreatic weight significantly more than the sum of the effects of the agents given alone. In all three cases, the RNA and DNA ratios were significantly increased, indicating that hypertrophy as well as hyperplasia occurred. In a similar experiment, pentagastrin (250 μg/kg) also stimulated pancreatic growth. Secretin, when combined with pentagastrin, had no further effect or slightly reduced the trophic effects of pentagastrin. The effect of secretin on the pancreas contrasted dramatically with its effects on the oxyntic gland mucosa of the stomach. Secretin by itself had no trophic action on the stomach and completely inhibited the increase in DNA synthesis and DNA and RNA content stimulated by pentagastrin. In conclusion, secretin, like cholecystokinin and gastrin, produces both pancreatic hyperplasia and hypertrophy and may function in the regulation of the growth of this organ as well as its secretion. The most important aspect of the trophic action of secretin may be its ability to potentiate the effects of cholecystokinin. (Endocrinology106: 323, 1980)
Earlier Onset of Hematopoietic Differentiation after Expansion of the Endogenous Stem Cell Pool (1975)

In previous studies of growth and differentiation of endogenous hematopoietic spleen colonies (E-CFU), the time of resumption of differentiation after irradiation was increasingly delayed, but the rate of growth of the E-CFU compartment was not affected as the radiation dose was increased. These results suggested that differentiation might not occur until a critical stem cell pool size was attained. To further study this question, mice were injected prior to irradiation with substances which increase the E-CFU compartment; foreign plasma and endotoxin. Mice were injected daily for 4 days with human plasma or once with S. typhosa endotoxin 1 day prior to exposure to 580, 670, 770, 860, or 960 rads, and killed 3 to 10 days after irradiation. Plasma injection hastened the resumption of erythropoiesis, as measured by increased iron uptake, by about 5 days and endotoxin injection by about 3 days. Spleen weight and colony counts also increased earlier in treated mice. For each increment of 100 rads the time of onset of erythropoiesis was delayed an average of 1.5 days. The data are in accord with the concept that onset of differentiation after irradiation is geared to stem cell pool size.
Prosecuting the Money Launderers Who Act for Organised Crime (1999)

The forces of globalisation have had a profound effect on the world's economies and it should come as no surprise that they have given new opportunities for organised crime and new challenges for legal systems and law enforcement. While the phenomenon of organised crime is not new, it has been growing in recent years and is now generating and laundering huge illegal profits, subsequently investing them in legal business. Strategies against organised crime will be shaped by the mental models used to understand it, and anyone whose mental model of organised crime is derived from the Chicago gangsters of the 1920s or the Mafia godfather of cinematic fiction is using the mental model of a bygone era. Organised crime today must be understood using a business model and hence viewed as businesses, producing illicit goods and services, which vary in size and scale on a continuum from small, local businesses to multinational corporations. The business model assists in analysing the structures of organised crime and, by applying it, one can postulate for example that, at the latter end of the continuum, organised crime groups will, like all multinational corporations, have their own managing directors, finance directors and other corporate officers. The unprecedented challenge now facing law enforcement authorities is to develop effective strategies to combat these multinational corporations of organised crime.
3D Human Avatar Digitization from a Single Image (2019)

With the development of AR/VR technologies, a reliable and straightforward way to digitize three-dimensional human body is in high demand. Most existing methods use complex equipment and sophisticated algorithms. This is impractical for everyday users. In this paper, we propose a pipeline that reconstructs 3D human shape avatar at a glance. Our approach simultaneously reconstructs the three-dimensional human geometry and whole body texture map with only a single RGB image as input. We first segment the human body part from the image and then obtain an initial body geometry by fitting the segment to a parametric model. Next, we warp the initial geometry to the final shape by applying a silhouette-based dense correspondence. Finally, to infer invisible backside texture from a frontal image, we propose a network we call InferGAN. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our solution is robust and effective on both public and our own captured data. Our human avatars can be easily rigged and animated using MoCap data. We developed a mobile application that demonstrates this capability in AR/VR settings.