gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of menaquinones (vitamin K<sub>2</sub>) in human health (2013)

Recent reports have attributed the potential health benefits of vitamin K beyond its function to activate hepatic coagulation factors. Moreover, several studies have suggested that menaquinones, also known as vitamin K2, may be more effective in activating extra-hepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins than phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K1. Nevertheless, present dietary reference values (DRV) for vitamin K are exclusively based on phylloquinone, and its function in coagulation. The present review describes the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the following criteria for setting DRV: optimal dietary intake; nutrient amount required to prevent deficiency, maintain optimal body stores and/or prevent chronic disease; factors influencing requirements such as absorption, metabolism, age and sex. Dietary intake of menaquinones accounts for up to 25% of total vitamin K intake and contributes to the biological functions of vitamin K. However, menaquinones are different from phylloquinone with respect to their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics, which affects bioavailability, metabolism and perhaps impact on health outcomes. There are significant gaps in the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the criteria for setting DRV. Therefore, we conclude that further investigations are needed to establish how differences among the vitamin K forms may influence tissue specificities and their role in human health. However, there is merit for considering both menaquinones and phylloquinone when developing future recommendations for vitamin K intake.
Advances in the oral delivery of proteins (1998)

Due to their low oral bioavailability, most protein drugs are only available as parenteral formulations. The oral delivery of proteins is challenging and has often been considered an unattainable goal; nevertheless, the efforts to develop oral formulations of proteins continue to be numerous. The approaches devised to overcome the obstacles for the absorption of proteins from the gastrointestinal tract are various, and include the co-administration of enzyme inhibitors and/or absorption enhancers, the encapsulation in liposomes, microemulsions, or biodegradable particles, and the modification of proteins through the attachment of chemical moieties. This article reviews the recent patent literature related to formulation strategies to improve the oral bioavailablity of proteins.
Role of Binding Energy with Coenzyme A in Catalysis by 3-Oxoacid Coenzyme A Transferase (1995)

Succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid coenzyme A transferase (EC 2.8.3.5), which catalyzes the reversible conversion of succinyl-CoA and acetoacetate into acetoacetyl-CoA and succinate through a covalent enzyme thiol ester intermediate, E-CoA, utilizes binding energy from noncovalent interactions with CoA to bring about an increase in kcat/KM of approximately 10(10)-fold. The approximately 40-fold stronger binding of desulfo-CoA (KI = 2.7 +/- 0.7 mM) compared to desulfopantetheine (KI = 110 +/- 15 mM), both of which inhibit competitively with respect to acetoacetyl-CoA, shows that binding to the nucleotide domain of CoA at the active site provides ca. -2.2 kcal/mol of binding energy to stabilize noncovalent complexes with the enzyme. This is much smaller than the ca. -8.9 kcal/mol that the nucleotide domain contributes to the stabilization of the transition state and the ca. -7.2 kcal/mol that it contributes to stabilizing the E-CoA intermediate [Fierke, C. A., & Jencks, W. P. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7603-7606]. This shows that most of the approximately 10(6)-fold increase in kcat/KM that is brought about by binding to this domain is in kcat, which is increased by a factor of about 10(5). Binding to the central pantoic acid domain of CoA is stronger in the transition state than in the Michaelis complex by ca. -3.4 kcal/mol; this corresponds to an additional increase in kcat of approximately 350-fold. Covalent enzyme thiol esters analogous to E-CoA but containing the short-chain CoA analogues N-acetylaletheine (NAA) and N-acetylcysteamine (NAC) are more stable than the enzyme thiol ester containing pantetheine (E-Pant) by approximately 3.5 and approximately 4.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, interactions between the pantoic acid domain of CoA and the active site destabilize E-CoA by approximately 4.8 kcal/mol, approximately 1.3 kcal/mol of which arises from interaction with the amide group of the pantoic acid domain and approximately 3.5 kcal/mol of which arises from interaction with other portions of the pantoic acid domain. E-Pant is more reactive toward acetoacetate and succinate by a factor of approximately 10(7) than E-NAA and E-NAC. This shows that the destabilization caused by these interactions in E-CoA is relieved in the transition state, in which binding to the pantoic acid moiety is strongly favorable with delta delta G approximately -5.2 kcal/mol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Entre la vieja izquierda y la nueva derecha (1999)

El ex secretario de Estado norteamericano realiza un balance de la politica exterior de la administracion Nixon y explica los principios que orientaron la detente y la estrategia de contencion al comunismo. Ademas, analiza la incomprension y las resistencias internas que provoco su concepcion de defensa del interes nacional como un proceso en etapas que consideraba pertinente privilegiar la conformacion de una estructura de paz mundial.
Shot-domain 4D time-lapse velocity analysis using apparent image displacements (2013)

Hydrocarbon production modifies the stress conditions in the subsurface and changes the model parameters previously estimated from the prospect. The capability to remotely monitor the changes in the reservoir using seismic data has strategic importance since it allows us to infer fluid movement and evolution of stress conditions, which are key factors to enhance recovery and reduce uncertainty and risk during production. A model of the subsurface parameters is necessary to reconstruct the seismic waves traveling through the medium and thus correctly image reflectors in the subsurface. Geomechanical changes in the subsurface can be measured by changes of seismic images obtained from the recorded data of multiple time-lapse surveys. We estimate changes of subsurface model parameters using the apparent shifts between migrated images obtained by 4D time-lapse seismic surveys. The apparent shifts are measured using penalized local correlations in the image domain, and they are exploited using wavefield tomography with an objective function minimized using the adjoint-state method. Our time-lapse monitoring method is efficient due to the fact that inversion can be conducted for pairs of seismic experiments, which eliminates the need to construct costly gathers. Since relatively small amounts of data are needed, our method can be used to invert for model changes at short intervals, thus increasing the resolution of 4D monitoring.
Immunity in Experimental Salmonellosis I. Protection Induced by Rough Mutants of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (1970)

Different rough mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were tested to determine their virulence and immunizing capacity when used as live vaccines for mice. All uridine diphosphate-galactose-4-epimeraseless mutants tested were much more potent immunizing agents than any other mutants. This capacity was not correlated with virulence or complexity of cell wall polysaccharide. For good protection, persistence of the rough strains in vivo was essential, but the protection lasted longer than the period during which bacteria were demonstrable in the liver and spleen of the mice. The outstanding immunizing capacity of the "epimeraseless" mutants is not dependent on the persistence of viable bacteria in the mouse.
High power InAsSb/InPAsSb/InAs mid-infrared lasers (1997)

We demonstrate high-power InAsSb/InPAsSb laser bars (λ≈3.2 μm) consisting of three 100-μm-wide laser stripes of 700 μm cavity length, with peak output power up to 3 W at 90 K, and far-fields for the direction perpendicular to the junction as narrow as 12° full width half maximum. Spectra and far-field patterns of the laser bars are shown to have excellent characteristics for a wide range of operating conditions, suggesting the possibility of even higher light power emission with good beam quality. Joule heating is shown to be the major factor limiting higher power operation.
Biomarkers of Nutrition and Health: New Tools for New Approaches (2020)

A main challenge in nutritional studies is the valid and reliable assessment of food intake, as well as its effects on the body. Generally, food intake measurement is based on self-reported dietary intake questionnaires, which have inherent limitations. They can be overcome by the use of biomarkers, capable of objectively assessing food consumption without the bias of self-reported dietary assessment. Another major goal is to determine the biological effects of foods and their impact on health. Systems analysis of dynamic responses may help to identify biomarkers indicative of intake and effects on the body at the same time, possibly in relation to individuals’ health/disease states. Such biomarkers could be used to quantify intake and validate intake questionnaires, analyse physiological or pathological responses to certain food components or diets, identify persons with specific dietary deficiency, provide information on inter-individual variations or help to formulate personalized dietary recommendations to achieve optimal health for particular phenotypes, currently referred as “precision nutrition.” In this regard, holistic approaches using global analysis methods (omics approaches), capable of gathering high amounts of data, appear to be very useful to identify new biomarkers and to enhance our understanding of the role of food in health and disease.
Long-term Vision Rescue by Human Neural Progenitors in a Rat Model of Photoreceptor Degeneration (2008)

Long-term rescue of function and associated morphologic substrates was seen, together with donor cell survival even in the xenograft paradigm. This is encouraging when exploring further the potential for the application of hNPC(ctx) in treating retinal disease.
Double blind, randomised study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis (1999)

Continuous terbinafine is significantly more effective than intermittent itraconazole in the treatment of patients with toenail onychomycosis.
Efficient entanglement distribution over 200 kilometers (2009)

Here we report the first demonstration of entanglement distribution over a record distance of 200 km which is of sufficient fidelity to realize secure communication. In contrast to previous entanglement distribution schemes, we use detection elements based on practical avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operating in a self-differencing mode. These APDs are low-cost, compact and easy to operate requiring only electrical cooling to achieve high single photon detection efficiency. The self-differencing APDs in combination with a reliable parametric down-conversion source demonstrate that entanglement distribution over ultra-long distances has become both possible and practical. Consequently the outlook is extremely promising for real world entanglement-based communication between distantly separated parties.
β2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling Mediates Corneal Epithelial Wound Repair (2008)

The authors provide evidence of an endogenous autocrine catecholamine signaling pathway dependent on an intact beta2-AR for the modulation of corneal epithelial wound repair.
Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility and phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus (2009)

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible association between mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A cohort from the Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden, consisting of 166 unrelated SLE patients was investigated as well as 190 unrelated healthy blood donors. Mean age at SLE diagnosis was 39 years (range 10-83) and mean follow-up time was 16 years (range 1-44). There were 87% women among the lupus patients, and the control group consisted of 98 women and 92 men from the same geographical area and with a similar age and ethnicity. The mtDNA SNP nt16189C was associated with SLE (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.04-3.78, P = 0.05). In addition, SNP nt13708A was associated with SLE in males (OR = 3.46, 95% CI 1.08-11.1, P = 0.04), although the number of male patients was low. Furthermore, SNP nt10398A was associated with secondary anti-phospholipid syndrome (P = 0.017, OR 8.2, 95% CI 1.1-63). In conclusion, in this study, we have for the first time investigated the possible association between SLE disease and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms. Altogether, these novel results suggest that mtDNA polymorphisms may be associated with development of SLE and may potentially be of importance in SLE pathogenesis.
Cancer of Unknown Primary: A Review on Clinical Guidelines in the Development and Targeted Management of Patients with the Unknown Primary Site (2019)

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is a malignant widespread metastatic disease without an identifiable primary site after extensive clinical investigation. Recently, a decline is observed in the diagnosis of CUP, mainly due to improvement in detection of the primary tumors, thus decreasing the unknown primaries. Worldwide, CUP is the sixth to eighth most common malignancy, accounting for 2.3% to 5% of a new cancer diagnosis. CUP is third to fourth most common cause of death due to cancer-related mortality. The prognosis of CUP is depressing with the median survival of three to six months in the previous studies, but according to recent studies, median survival is less than one year. High risk for developing CUP is seen in heavy smokers (26 or more cigarettes/day) and individuals with the lowest quartiles of waist circumference. A weak association is observed with the use of alcohol consumption and low level of education. Human papillomavirus DNA plays a role in those with squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primaries in head and neck regions. In the diagnosis of CUP, comprehensive medical history, complete physical examination (including genitourinary, rectal exam, and breast examination in women) and necessary laboratory tests are crucial. Whole-body positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) is the investigation of choice to assess the entire body for CUP. Multiparametric 3T-MRI (MP-MRI) is used to examine the local soft tissue status, helps in the staging of the tumor, and to determine the extent of involvement of tissue for medical as well as prognostic purposes. Immunohistochemistry outlines the specific markers, including caudal-related homeobox protein (CDX2), homeobox protein Nkx-3.1 (NKX3-1), paired box gene 8 (PAX8), special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2), thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), and splicing factor 1 (SF1) with the focus on the effectiveness of lineage-restricted transcription factors. Patients response to treatment can be evaluated by the gene expression profiling (GEP) test that also predicts tissue of origin (TOO). Tumor identified through gene profiling is sensitive to platinum/taxane therapy, others that are not TOO tumors are resistant to platinum/taxane. The new therapeutic method based on molecular profiling is associated with higher treatment response. In comprehensive genomic profiling, it is observed that there is at least one clinically appropriate genomic alteration in CUP that can influence the targeted therapy. The targeted therapeutic approach will not only improve the disease outcome but will also be cost-effective and save time from finding the primary site.
Coordination of DNA Base Excision Repair by Protein-Protein Interactions (2019)

The system of base excision repair (BER) evolved to correct the most abundant DNA damages in mammalian cells is the most essential for maintaining the genome integrity. The multistep BER process involves several enzymes and protein factors functioning in a coordinated fashion that ensures the repair efficiency. The coordination is facilitated by the formation of protein complexes stabilized via either direct or indirect DNA-mediated interactions. This review focuses on direct interactions of proteins participating in BER with each other and with noncanonical factors found recently to modulate the efficiency of BER. All the known partners of main BER participants, the sites responsible for their interaction, and the characteristics of protein-protein affinity are summarized. Well-documented evidences of how DNA intermediates and posttranslational modifications of proteins modulate protein-protein interactions are presented. The available data allow to suggest that the multiprotein complexes are assembled with the involvement of a scaffold protein XRCC1 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, a key regulator of the BER process, irrespective of the DNA damage; the composition and the structure of the complexes are dynamically changed depending on the DNA damage, its chromatin environment, and the step of BER process.
Reduction of N<sub>2</sub> to Ammonia and Hydrazine Utilizing H<sub>2</sub> as the Reductant (2005)

The trans-Fe(DMeOPrPE)2Cl2 complex (where DMeOPrPE = 1,2-bis(bis(methoxypropyl)phosphino)ethane) undergoes a series of reactions that involve the activation of both H2 and N2 to produce ammonia and hydrazine. A Leigh-type cycle was employed to achieve laboratory fixation of dinitrogen at room temperature and pressure utilizing H2 as the reductant.
Ambient ammonia synthesis via palladium-catalyzed electrohydrogenation of dinitrogen at low overpotential (2018)

Electrochemical reduction of N<sub>2</sub> to NH<sub>3</sub> provides an alternative to the Haber-Bosch process for sustainable, distributed production of NH<sub>3</sub> when powered by renewable electricity. However, the development of such process has been impeded by the lack of efficient electrocatalysts for N<sub>2</sub> reduction. Here we report efficient electroreduction of N<sub>2</sub> to NH<sub>3</sub> on palladium nanoparticles in phosphate buffer solution under ambient conditions, which exhibits high activity and selectivity with an NH<sub>3</sub> yield rate of ~4.5 μg mg<sup>-1</sup><sub>Pd</sub> h<sup>-1</sup> and a Faradaic efficiency of 8.2% at 0.1 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (corresponding to a low overpotential of 56 mV), outperforming other catalysts including gold and platinum. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the unique activity of palladium originates from its balanced hydrogen evolution activity and the Grotthuss-like hydride transfer mechanism on α-palladium hydride that lowers the free energy barrier of N<sub>2</sub> hydrogenation to *N<sub>2</sub>H, the rate-limiting step for NH<sub>3</sub> electrosynthesis.
Beamlet transform based technique for pavement image processing and classification (2009)

The goal of this paper is to automatically detect and classify pavement cracks using digital image processing techniques. This paper uses a pavement distress image enhancement algorithm to correct non-uniform background illumination by calculating the multiplication factors that eliminate the background lighting variations. To extract the linear features such as surface cracks from the pavement images a beamlet transform based algorithm is developed.
Composite Photocatalyst of Nitrogen and Fluorine Codoped Titanium Oxide Nanotube Arrays with Dispersed Palladium Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Performance (2010)

A novel composite photocatalyst of nitrogen (N) and fluorine (F) codoped titanium oxide (TiO(2)) nanotube arrays with dispersed palladium oxide (PdO) nanoparticles was developed by dispersing PdO nanoparticles into N and F codoped TiO(2) nanotube array template created by anodization of titanium foil. These N and F codoped TiO(2)/PdO nanotube arrays demonstrated increased visible light absorption, fast superhydrophilicity conversion, and enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. The enhancement on the photocatalytic performance was explained by the optoelectronic coupling between dispersed PdO nanoparticles and N and F codoped TiO(2) nanotube arrays under visible light illumination, which involves trapping of electrons by PdO nanoparticles, and subsequently decreases the electron/hole pair recombination. Various transition metal/metal oxide nanoparticles could be introduced into nanotube arrays by this simple approach, which could create novel properties for nanotube arrays and promise a wide range of technical applications.
An Effect on the Subjective Sexual Response in Premenopausal Women with Sexual Arousal Disorder by Bremelanotide (PT-141), a Melanocortin Receptor Agonist (2006)

This preliminary evaluation suggests the potential for bremelanotide to positively affect desire and arousal in women with female sexual arousal disorder and indicates that bremelanotide is a promising candidate for further evaluation in an at-home study.
Design Considerations for Power Schottky Barrier Diodes (1983)

(1) Theoretical equations for design of the power Schottky barrier diode(SBD) with low reverse voltage are proposed and the results of the calculation are in agreement with the experimental data. (2) These equations are applied to the optimum design for SBD with 30V-200A and good characteristics are obtained. (3) Equations for SBDs with high breakdown voltage (more than 100V) in which minority carrier injection is taken into account are proposed and the results of the calculation show agreement with some of the experimental data.
Fine-grained private matching for proximity-based mobile social networking (2012)

Proximity-based mobile social networking (PMSN) refers to the social interaction among physically proximate mobile users directly through the Bluetooth/WiFi interfaces on their smartphones or other mobile devices. It becomes increasingly popular due to the recently explosive growth of smartphone users. Profile matching means two users comparing their personal profiles and is often the first step towards effective PMSN. It, however, conflicts with users' growing privacy concerns about disclosing their personal profiles to complete strangers before deciding to interact with them. This paper tackles this open challenge by designing a suite of novel fine-grained private matching protocols. Our protocols enable two users to perform profile matching without disclosing any information about their profiles beyond the comparison result. In contrast to existing coarse-grained private matching schemes for PMSN, our protocols allow finer differentiation between PMSN users and can support a wide range of matching metrics at different privacy levels. The security and communication/computation overhead of our protocols are thoroughly analyzed and evaluated via detailed simulations.