gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Explanation-Based Auditing (2011)

To comply with emerging privacy laws and regulations, it has become common for applications like electronic health records systems (EHRs) to collect access logs, which record each time a user (e.g., a hospital employee) accesses a piece of sensitive data (e.g., a patient record). Using the access log, it is easy to answer simple queries (e.g., Who accessed Alice's medical record?), but this often does not provide enough information. In addition to learning who accessed their medical records, patients will likely want to understand why each access occurred. In this paper, we introduce the problem of generating explanations for individual records in an access log. The problem is motivated by user-centric auditing applications, and it also provides a novel approach to misuse detection. We develop a framework for modeling explanations which is based on a fundamental observation: For certain classes of databases, including EHRs, the reason for most data accesses can be inferred from data stored elsewhere in the database. For example, if Alice has an appointment with Dr. Dave, this information is stored in the database, and it explains why Dr. Dave looked at Alice's record. Large numbers of data accesses can be explained using general forms called explanation templates. Rather than requiring an administrator to manually specify explanation templates, we propose a set of algorithms for automatically discovering frequent templates from the database (i.e., those that explain a large number of accesses). We also propose techniques for inferring collaborative user groups, which can be used to enhance the quality of the discovered explanations. Finally, we have evaluated our proposed techniques using an access log and data from the University of Michigan Health System. Our results demonstrate that in practice we can provide explanations for over 94% of data accesses in the log.
A large-input-dynamic-range multi-input floating-gate MOS four-quadrant analog multiplier (2002)

This four-quadrant analog multiplier is based on the square-law technique using multi-input floating-gate MOS (MFMOS) devices or /spl nu/MOS. Input dynamic range is 100% of the supply-voltage with <0.5% total-harmonic distortion (THD)and <0.2% nonlinearity under full-scale conditions.
Toward Synergy-Based Brain-Machine Interfaces (2011)

This paper demonstrates a synergy-based brain-machine interface that uses low-dimensional command signals to control a high dimensional virtual hand. First, temporal postural synergies were extracted from the angular velocities of finger joints of five healthy subjects when they performed hand movements that were similar to activities of daily living. Two synergies inspired from the extracted synergies, namely, two-finger pinch and whole-hand grasp, were used in real-time brain control, where a virtual hand with 10 degrees of freedom was controlled to grasp or pinch virtual objects. These two synergies were controlled by electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals recorded from two electrodes of an electrode array that spanned motor and speech areas of an individual with intractable epilepsy, thus demonstrating closed loop control of a synergy-based brain-machine interface.
Comparative Analysis of Network Layer and Application Layer IP Mobility Protocols for IPv6 Networks (2006)

In order to provide seamless connectivity to the roaming users several mobility protocols have been developed at different layers. All of these mobility protocols exhibit certain common properties and demonstrate abstract mobility functions. But in order to achieve the desired functions, these implement signaling in different ways. In this paper we analyze two different mobility protocols that operate at different layers such as network layer and application layer. We describe each of the atomic operations and describe how these functional properties are carried out with some experimental results. We also illustrate the applicability of these two mobility protocols for IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) architecture.
Compressive Imaging via Approximate Message Passing With Image Denoising (2015)

We consider compressive imaging problems, where images are reconstructed from a reduced number of linear measurements. Our objective is to improve over existing compressive imaging algorithms in terms of both reconstruction error and runtime. To pursue our objective, we propose compressive imaging algorithms that employ the approximate message passing (AMP) framework. AMP is an iterative signal reconstruction algorithm that performs scalar denoising at each iteration; in order for AMP to reconstruct the original input signal well, a good denoiser must be used. We apply two wavelet-based image denoisers within AMP. The first denoiser is the “amplitude-scale-invariant Bayes estimator” (ABE), and the second is an adaptive Wiener filter; we call our AMP-based algorithms for compressive imaging AMP-ABE and AMP-Wiener. Numerical results show that both AMP-ABE and AMP-Wiener significantly improve over the state of the art in terms of runtime. In terms of reconstruction quality, AMP-Wiener offers lower mean-square error (MSE) than existing compressive imaging algorithms. In contrast, AMP-ABE has higher MSE, because ABE does not denoise as well as the adaptive Wiener filter.
Development of Selective Inhibitors for Aldehyde Dehydrogenases Based on Substituted Indole-2,3-diones (2014)

ABSTRACT: Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) participate in multiple metabolic pathways and have been indicated to play a role in several cancerous disease states. Our laboratory is interested in developing novel and selective ALDH inhibitors. We looked to further work recently published by developing a class of isoenzyme-selective inhibitors using similar indole-2,3-diones that exhibit differential inhibition of ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and ALDH3A1. Kinetic and X-ray crystallography data suggest that these inhibitors are competitive against aldehyde binding, forming direct interactions with active-site cysteine residues. The selectivity is precise in that these compounds appear to interact directly with the catalytic nucleophile, Cys243, in ALDH3A1 but not in ALDH2. In ALDH2, the 3-keto group is surrounded by the adjacent Cys301/303. Surprisingly, the orientation of the interaction changes depending on the nature of the substitutions on the basic indole ring structure and correlates well with the observed structure−activity relationships for each ALDH isoenzyme.
Anticarcinogenic activities of organic isothiocyanates: chemistry and mechanisms. (1994)

Organic isothiocyanates block the production of tumors induced in rodents by diverse carcinogens (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azo dyes, ethionine, N-2-fluorenylacetamide, and nitrosamines). Protection is afforded by alpha-naphthyl-, beta-naphthyl-, phenyl-, benzyl-, phenethyl-, and other arylalkyl isothiocyanates against tumor development in liver, lung, mammary gland, forestomach, and esophagus. Many isothiocyanates and their glucosinolate precursors (beta-thioglucoside, N-hydroxysulfate) occur naturally and sometimes abundantly in plants consumed by humans, e.g., cruciferous vegetables. Nevertheless, the possible contributions of isothiocyanates and glucosinolates to the well recognized protective effects against cancer of high consumptions of vegetables are unclear. The anticarcinogenic effects of isothiocyanates appear to be mediated by tandem and cooperating mechanisms: (a) suppression of carcinogen activation by cytochromes P-450, probably by a combination of down-regulation of enzyme levels and direct inhibition of their catalytic activities, which thereby lower the levels of ultimate carcinogens formed; and (b) induction of Phase 2 enzymes such as glutathione transferases and NAD(P)H: quinone reductase, which detoxify any residual electrophilic metabolites generated by Phase 1 enzymes and thereby destroy their ability to damage DNA. Since isothiocyanates block carcinogenesis by dual mechanisms and are already present in substantial quantities in human diets, these agents are ideal candidates for the development of effective chemoprotection of humans against cancer.
Execution patterns for visualizing web services (2006)

Web Services are well on their way to becoming the Lingua Franca for distributed computing. Although tools for building and monitoring web services applications are more powerful and easier to use than ever, they do not yet fully address the horizontal complexity of mature applications built as large nets of interconnected web services. We present a pattern-based visualization that enables business owners, application designers, programmers, and operations staff to quickly understand the behavior of complex web services applications. We describe a novel pattern extraction algorithm that captures important trends from web services execution traces. We demonstrate a new way to visualize these patterns that shows the behavior of web services applications at different levels of abstraction. Finally, we explain how this can help developers with performance analysis by showing both the averages and variations in the data contained in each pattern.
Lignin-Derived Quinones as Pulping Additives (1989)

Abstract Quinones, which may be generated from lignin and lignin-related materials, and their Diels-Alder derivatives were evaluated as delignification promoters. Compared to anthraquinone at a 0.1% addition level, benzoquinones and oxidized lignin showed little or no effect. However, some naphthoquinones were found effective at higher addition levels, and a mixture of dimethyl-anthraquinone isomers was found to be superior to anthraquinone. The substituted anthraquinones, phenanthrenequinones, and fully aromatized naphthoquinones appear to function in a reduction/oxidation cycle such as that proposed for anthraquinone.
Electrochemical Study and Material Characterization of<i>x</i>SiO<b>·</b>(1-<i>x</i>)Sn<sub>30</sub>Co<sub>30</sub>C<sub>40</sub>Composite Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2013)

A novel composite anode material, SiO·SnxCoyCz, has attracted much attention because of its good cycle life and high capacity. Seven compositions of xSiO·(1-x)Sn30Co30C40, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, were prepared by mechanical ball milling (SPEX). The milled materials were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), pair distribution function (PDF), and electrochemical testing. The XRD and PDF data show that CoSn is the main phase and is detected in all seven samples. As the amount of SiO increases, CoSn2 is formed. Also with increasing SiO, the reversible specific capacity of the composite anode materials increases, but the cycle performance declines. The composition of 50 wt% SiO-50 wt% Sn30Co30C40 gives the best electrochemical performance, a reversible capacity of 633 mAh/g after 50 cycles. X-ray and neutron PDF techniques were used to probe the local structure of as-milled 50 wt% SiO-50 wt% Sn30Co30C40. Ex-situ XRD and PDF study for samples taken at different cutoff voltages reveals a phase transformation during charge/discharge via an intercalation/conversion reaction. The full cell (i.e., Li1.2Ni0.15Co0.10Mn0.55O2 vs. 50 wt% SiO-50 wt% Sn30Co30C40 with solid lithium metallic powder coating) achieves 72% capacity retention in 200 cycles.
When Do WOM Codes Improve the Erasure Factor in Flash Memories? (2015)

Flash memory is a write-once medium in which reprogramming cells requires first erasing the block that contains them. The lifetime of the flash is a function of the number of block erasures and can be as small as several thousands. To reduce the number of block erasures, pages, which are the smallest write unit, are rewritten out-of-place in the memory. A Write-once memory (WOM) code is a coding scheme which enables to write multiple times to the block before an erasure. However, these codes come with significant rate loss. For example, the rate for writing twice (with the same rate) is at most 0.77. In this paper, we study WOM codes and their tradeoff between rate loss and reduction in the number of block erasures, when pages are written uniformly at random. First, we introduce a new measure, called erasure factor, that reflects both the number of block erasures and the amount of data that can be written on each block. A key point in our analysis is that this tradeoff depends upon the specific implementation of WOM codes in the memory. We consider two systems that use WOM codes; a conventional scheme that was commonly used, and a new recent design that preserves the overall storage capacity. While the first system can improve the erasure factor only when the storage rate is at most 0.6442, we show that the second scheme always improves this figure of merit.
BaFFLe: Backdoor Detection via Feedback-based Federated Learning (2021)

Recent studies have shown that federated learning (FL) is vulnerable to poisoning attacks that inject a backdoor into the global model. These attacks are effective even when performed by a single client, and undetectable by most existing defensive techniques. In this paper, we propose Backdoor detection via Feedback-based Federated Learning (BAFFLE), a novel defense to secure FL against backdoor attacks. The core idea behind BAFFLE is to leverage data of multiple clients not only for training but also for uncovering model poisoning. We exploit the availability of diverse datasets at the various clients by incorporating a feedback loop into the FL process, to integrate the views of those clients when deciding whether a given model update is genuine or not. We show that this powerful construct can achieve very high detection rates against state-of-the-art backdoor attacks, even when relying on straightforward methods to validate the model. Through empirical evaluation using the CIFAR-10 and FEMNIST datasets, we show that by combining the feedback loop with a method that suspects poisoning attempts by assessing the per-class classification performance of the updated model, BAFFLE reliably detects state-of-the-art backdoor attacks with a detection accuracy of 100% and a false-positive rate below 5%. Moreover, we show that our solution can detect adaptive attacks aimed at bypassing the defense.
Optimal Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorptance Wavebands and Band Ratios for the Estimation of Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration (2000)

The present study utilized regression analysis to identify: wavebands and band ratios within the 400-850 nm range that could be used to estimate total chlorophyll concentration with minimal error; and simple regression models that were most effective in estimating chlorophyll concentrations were measured for two broadleaved species, a broadleaved vine, a needle-leaved conifer, and a representative of the grass family.Overall, reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance corresponded most precisely with chlorophyll concentration at wavelengths near 700 nm, although regressions were strong as well in the 550-625 nm range.
A thin film head for perpendicular magnetic recording (1982)

A single pole type thin film head has recently been developed. This thin film head is applicable to perpendicular magnetic recording on rigid disks. The head consists of a Ni-Fe main pole, a spiral coil of 16 turns, and a top magnetic yoke. The thickness of the main pole tip ranges from 0.3 μm to 3.2 μm. Write and read performance were measured using a Co-Cr rigid disk with a Ni-Fe underlayer. The head with a pole tip thickness of 1.2 μm showed the best write performance. Magneto-motive force required for saturation recording was as low as 0.39 AT. In combination with a ring type ferrite head having a very narrow gap to read, isolated output was improved to 1.2 μVp-p/μm/turn at a disk speed of 6 m/s. A waveform was observed up to 90,000 FRPI.
Quantitative measurement of vasculature in coronary angiogram videos (2016)

Current diagnosis of coronary artery disease relies on visual examination of angiograms by operators to identify significant stenoses in arteries. The significant limitations of this approach are both under and over-calling of stenoses. Although techniques such as quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) are available, these still require human input and resource costs. Thus, an automated system is required to quantitatively analyze angiograms. Although there are some methods for segmenting the vessels, these methods are mostly based on artifacts-free assumption. In this paper we propose a fully-automated system for analyzing X-ray coronary angiograms in which an angiogram video is analyzed first to select the frames containing maximum visible vasculature. Then, an accurate vascular network skeleton is generated and a profile of vessel thickness along the skeleton is estimated. Moreover, the proposed method calculates the tortuosity to remove the catheter from the images. The accuracy of the proposed method is assessed with ground truth generated manually by cardiologists.
Self-assembled materials for photonic devices (2003)

This paper reports developments in the molecular-level self-assembly of materials that may be used in photonic devices. Specifically we present results of layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly processes that may be used to rapidly form electrically-conductive and optically transparent films for potential use as claddings for electro-optic modulators or other optical waveguiding structures.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of a Unique Fixed-Dose Combination Gel of Adapalene 0.1% and Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris (2009)

Pariser, David M. MD MD; Westmoreland, Patricia MD; Morris, Amy MD; Gold, Michael H. MD; Liu, Yin MD; Graeber, Michael MD On Behalf of the Adapalene BPO Study Group Author Information
Integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion (IH<sup>2</sup>) for the direct production of gasoline and diesel fuels or blending components from biomass, part 1: Proof of principle testing (2011)

Abstract Cellulosic biomass can be directly converted to hydrocarbon transportation fuels through the use of hydropyrolysis or integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH 2 ). Hydropyrolysis performed in a fast fluidized bed under 14–35 bar of hydrogen pressure with an effective deoxygenation catalyst directly produces a fungible hydrocarbon product with less than 1 total acid number which can either be directly fed to a refinery or polished in an integrated hydroconversion reactor to produce gasoline and diesel with less than 1% oxygen. Experimental data from a 0.45 kg/h semi‐continuous IH 2 pilot plant is presented. Economics and life cycle analysis data will be presented later in this series, and will show that by employing IH 2 technology, biomass can be converted to gasoline and diesel fuels at delivered costs of less and in some cases significantly less than $1.80/gallon with greater than 90% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Larger (2.08 kg/h) long‐term continuous pilot‐scale testing of the IH 2 process will commence in the near future. As a biomass‐to‐fuels conversion technology, IH 2 has the potential to substantially reduce US dependence on foreign oil, thereby reducing the price of transportation fuels and significantly lowering worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. © American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
State of charge estimation based on a realtime battery model and iterative smooth variable structure filter (2014)

This paper proposes a novel real-time model-based state of charge (SOC) estimation method for lithium-ion batteries. The proposed method includes: 1) an electrical circuit battery model incorporating the hysteresis effect, 2) a fast upper-triangular and D-diagonal recursive least square (FUDRLS)-based online parameter identification algorithm for the electrical battery model, and 3) an iterated smooth variable structure filter (ISVSF) for SOC estimation. The proposed method enables an accurate and robust condition monitoring for lithium-ion batteries. Due to its low complexity, the proposed method is suitable for the real-time embedded battery management system (BMS) application. Simulation and experiment are performed to validate the proposed method for a polymer lithium-ion cell.
Near‐Instant Capture of High‐Resolution Facial Geometry and Reflectance (2016)

Abstract We present a near‐instant method for acquiring facial geometry and reflectance using a set of commodity DSLR cameras and flashes. Our setup consists of twenty‐four cameras and six flashes which are fired in rapid succession with subsets of the cameras. Each camera records only a single photograph and the total capture time is less than the 67ms blink reflex. The cameras and flashes are specially arranged to produce an even distribution of specular highlights on the face. We employ this set of acquired images to estimate diffuse color, specular intensity, specular exponent, and surface orientation at each point on the face. We further refine the facial base geometry obtained from multi‐view stereo using estimated diffuse and specular photometric information. This allows final submillimeter surface mesostructure detail to be obtained via shape‐from‐specularity. The final system uses commodity components and produces models suitable for authoring high‐quality digital human characters.
Calcium/iron sulfide secondary cells. [Ca--Mg--Si] (1977)

Studies of calcium intermetallic compounds for use as negative electrodes in molten-salt calcium/iron sulfide cells are described. The binary intermetallics of Ca with Al, Mg, and Si did not have acceptable performance characteristics, but the ternary Ca--Mg--Si intermetallic performed satisfactorily in cell tests. These calcium cells are being developed for stationary-energy-storage and electric-vehicle applications. 6 figures, 2 tables.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐BENZAZEPINES. (1,2,3)TRIAZOLO(4,5‐D)(2)BENZAZEPINES AND DIBENZO(C,F)(1,2,3)TRIAZOLO(3,4‐A)AZEPINES. SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION AS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS (1983)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung der Acetylene (I) mit Natriumazid entstehen die Triazole (II), die mit Methylamin zu den Triazolobenzazepinen (III) cyclisieren.
High‐Energy Density Ceramic Composition in the System Pb(Zr,Ti)O <sub>3</sub> –Pb[(Zn,Ni) <sub>1/3</sub> Nb <sub>2/3</sub> ]O <sub>3</sub> (2006)

This study reports a high‐energy density piezoelectric polycrystalline ceramic composition in the system Pb(Zr 1− x Ti x )O 3 –Pb[(Zn 1− y Ni y ) 1/3 Nb 2/3 ]O 3 (PZT–PZNN). Two different Zr/Ti ratios in the PZT system were investigated: 52/48 corresponding to morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) and 56/44 corresponding to the tetragonal phase. The compositions investigated in this study are represented as: 0.9Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 –0.1Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 [0.9PZT (52:48)–0.1PZN]+ y wt% MnCO 3 , where y varies from 0 to 0.9 wt% and 0.9Pb(Zr 0.56 Ti 0.44 )O 3 –0.1Pb[(Zn 0.8 Ni 0.2 ) 1/3 Nb 2/3 ]O 3 [0.9PZT (56:44)–0.1PZNN] + y mol% MnO 2 , where y varies from 1 to 3 mol%. A high‐energy density material is characterized by the large magnitude of the product of the piezoelectric voltage constant ( g ) and the piezoelectric strain constant ( d ) given as ( dg ). The condition for obtaining large magnitude of dg was derived to be as | d |=ɛ n , where ɛ is the permittivity of the material and n is a material constant having a lower limit of 0.5. The d 33 . g 33 value of the samples having composition 0.9 PZT (56:44)–0.1 PZNN+2 mol% MnO 2 (sintered in two steps at 1100°–1000°C) was found to be 18456.2 × 10 −15 m 2 /N, which, to the knowledge of the authors, is the highest value reported for polycrystalline ceramics. This composition was also found to exhibit a high magnitude of g 33 as 83.1 V·(m·N) −1 , corresponding to the magnitude of n as 1.126.