gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of model based iterative reconstruction with dictionary learning in transportation security CT (2016)

In this study, we implement and compare model based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) with dictionary learning (DL) over MBIR with pairwise pixel-difference regularization, in the context of transportation security. DL is a technique of sparse signal representation using an over complete dictionary which has provided promising results in image processing applications including denoising,<sup>1</sup> as well as medical CT reconstruction.<sup>2</sup> It has been previously reported that DL produces promising results in terms of noise reduction and preservation of structural details, especially for low dose and few-view CT acquisitions.<sup>2</sup> A distinguishing feature of transportation security CT is that scanned baggage may contain items with a wide range of material densities. While medical CT typically scans soft tissues, blood with and without contrast agents, and bones, luggage typically contains more high density materials (i.e. metals and glass), which can produce severe distortions such as metal streaking artifacts. Important factors of security CT are the emphasis on image quality such as resolution, contrast, noise level, and CT number accuracy for target detection. While MBIR has shown exemplary performance in the trade-off of noise reduction and resolution preservation, we demonstrate that DL may further improve this trade-off. In this study, we used the KSVD-based DL<sup>3</sup> combined with the MBIR cost-minimization framework and compared results to Filtered Back Projection (FBP) and MBIR with pairwise pixel-difference regularization. We performed a parameter analysis to show the image quality impact of each parameter. We also investigated few-view CT acquisitions where DL can show an additional advantage relative to pairwise pixel difference regularization.
Towards a workload for evolutionary analytics (2013)

Emerging data analysis involves the ingestion and exploration of new data sets, application of complex functions, and frequent query revisions based on observing prior query answers. We call this new type of analysis evolutionary analytics and identify its properties. This type of analysis is not well represented by current benchmark workloads. In this paper, we present a workload and identify several metrics to test system support for evolutionary analytics. Along with our metrics, we present methodologies for running the workload that capture this analytical scenario.
Converting Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Neural Tissue and Neurons to Model Neurodegeneration (2011)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and the related induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have attracted considerable attention since they can provide an unlimited source of many different tissue types. One challenge of using pluripotent cells is directing their broad differentiation potential into one specific tissue or cell fate. The cell fate choices of extraembryonic, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm (including neural) lineages represent the earliest decisions. We found that pluripotent cells efficiently neuralize by blocking the signaling pathways required for alternative cell fate decisions. In this chapter, we detail methods to direct hESCs or hiPSCs into early neural cells and subsequently postmitotic neurons.
Restricted oncogenicity of BCR/ABL p190 in transgenic mice. (1992)

A chimeric BCR/ABL oncogene encoding the p190 protein has been introduced into the mouse germline using microinjection of one-cell fertilized eggs. Founder and progeny transgenic animals, when becoming ill, were found to develop lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma which was transplantable to compatible recipients. Lymphoblasts were arrested at the pre-B stage of development. Expression of BCR/ABL was not detected in peripheral blood during the early stages of leukemia but became evident as the disease progressed. However, the transgene was expressed early in development in bone marrow and was also transcribed in nonhematopoietic tissues although this did not result in tumorigenesis. These results strongly suggest that the oncogenicity of BCR/ABL is limited to hematopoietic cells, including pre-B cells or their progenitors.
c-fos promoter insensitivity to phorbol ester and possible role of protein kinase C in androgen-independent cancer cells. (1994)

In exploring the biological basis of androgen-independent prostate cancer, we observed serum-independent growth of androgen-independent cells. We then discovered that in androgen-independent but not androgen-dependent cells, the serum-responsive gene c-fos is insensitive to phorbol esters, which regulate c-fos through the same mechanisms as serum. Transient expression of protein kinase C, through which phorbol esters activate c-fos, was sufficient to desensitize c-fos in androgen-dependent cells. Incubation in protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine killed androgen-independent but not androgen-dependent cells. This finding implicates protein kinase C activity in androgen-independent prostate cancer and suggests novel therapeutic strategies.
Ordered Polymer Nanofibers Enhance Output Brightness in Bilayer Light-Emitting Field-Effect Transistors (2013)

Polymer light emitting field effect transistors are a class of light emitting devices that reveal interesting device physics. Device performance can be directly correlated to the most fundamental polymer science. Control over surface properties of the transistor dielectric can dramatically change the polymer morphology, introducing ordered phase. Electronic properties such as carrier mobility and injection efficiency on the interface can be promoted by ordered nanofibers in the polymer. Moreover, by controlling space charge in the polymer interface, the recombination zone can be spatially extended and thereby enhance the optical output.
Glyconanoparticles for the plasmonic detection and discrimination between human and avian influenza virus (2013)

A plasmonic bioassay for the specific detection of human influenza virus has been developed based on gold nanoparticles functionalised with a designed and synthesised thiolated trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid derivative. The glyconanoparticles consist of the thiolated trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid derivative and a thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivative self-assembled onto the gold surface. Varying ratios of the trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid ligand and the PEG ligand were used; a ratio of 25:75 was found to be optimum for the detection of human influenza virus X31 (H3N2). In the presence of the influenza virus a solution of the glyconanoparticles aggregate following the binding of the trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid ligand to the haemagglutinin on the surface of the virus. The aggregation of the glycoparticles with the influenza virus induces a colour change of the solution within 30 min. Non-purified influenza virus in allantoic fluid was successfully detected using the functionalised glyconanoparticles. A comparison between the trivalent and a monovalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid functionalised nanoparticles confirmed that more rapid results, with greater sensitivity, were achieved using the trivalent ligand for the detection of the X31 virus. Importantly, the glyconanoparticles were able to discriminate between human (α2,6 binding) and avian (α2,3 binding) RG14 (H5N1) influenza virus highlighting the binding specificity of the trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid ligand.
Impact monitoring of the aircraft composite structure using FBG sensor/PZT actuator hybrid sensor system (2007)

This article reports the results of a study regarding the development of a system to detect the impact damage in composite materials, which is a critical issue concerning aircraft structure. The authors developed a system that could detect the occurrence and growth of damage in composite materials using an FBG optical fiber/PZT actuator hybrid sensor system. In this research, the authors investigate whether or not this system can be used for the detection of both the impact and the damage generated as its result; this system was developed for detecting damages such as the delamination and debonding of the aircraft structure. Basically, the obtained results indicate that the developed damage monitoring system could receive elastic waves that were generated by impacts at energies up to 26.4 J and could also detect the impact damage. These results indicate the possibility of two application by the same system construction by which the damage monitoring using the FBG and PZT hybrid sensor system can detect both the occurrence and growth of damage and the impacts and the damage generated as its result.
Design and Analysis of Folded Channels for Chip-Based Separations (2002)

Analytical methods are employed to investigate band broadening in a microchannel turn and adjoining straight channel segments for species transport by electrophoresis or electroosmotic flow. On the basis of closed-form solutions, we find that turn-induced broadening is negligible relative to total broadening when the radius of the turn exceeds some minimum. This minimum radius is about six-tenths of the product of the channel width and the Peclet number. We also find that the minimum radius is significantly reduced when a straight channel segment adjoins the turn in a folded configuration. Such straight segments noticeably reduce the minimum radius even for segment lengths comparable to the turn radius. The application of these results to folded and spiral channels is discussed, and sample calculations for practical conditions are presented. New pleated and coiled geometries for the compact layout of separation channels are also presented.
<title>Holographic fingerprint sensor</title> (1996)

A prism fingerprint sensor is described which uses a holographic grating glued to a right angled prism. The quality of the fingerprint is very good; the pores on the ridges can be seen.
A High-Reliability Sub-Nanosecond Network Time Synchronization Method Enabled by Double-Frequency Distributed Time Synchronization (2018)

We propose a low-cost high-reliability sub-nanosecond network time synchronization method using double-frequency distributed time synchronization technology for future mobile communications and positioning systems, and achieve 0.17-ns sync accuracy in a prototype 4-node sync network.
Type-specific opsonic antibodies evoked with a synthetic peptide of streptococcal M protein conjugated to polylysine without adjuvant (1986)

A chemically synthesized copy (S-CB7) of a fragment (35 amino acid residues) of type 24 streptococcal M protein was covalently linked to polylysine with carbodiimide and injected subcutaneously into rabbits without adjuvant. Although the primary immune responses as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays at biweekly intervals were weak, the secondary responses as measured by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and opsonophagocytic assays were as high as those obtained previously in rabbits immunized with the peptide conjugate emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant. Injection of murabutide, a synthetic muramyl dipeptide derivative of bacterial peptidoglycan, with the initial immunizing dose of peptide conjugate had no apparent effect on the secondary immune responses. These results indicate that protective immune responses may be raised against polylysine conjugates of chemically synthesized peptide copies of streptococcal M protein without adjuvant.
Studies on enzymatic production of oligosaccharides. Part VI. Maltotriose-producing amylase from Microbacterium imperiale. (1991)

A maltotriose-producing amylase, which hydrolyzes the α-l, 4-glucosidic linkages in starch with maltotriose units was found in the culture filtrate of a strain of the genus Microbacterium newly isolated from soil. The enzyme was purified almost to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography and Sephadex G-150 column chromatography. Its optimum pH and temperature were around 6.5-7.0 and around 50°C, respectively. The enzyme was protected from heat in the presence of calcium ion. Its molecular weight was estimated to be about 40, 000 by the gel filtration method. Typical sugar composition of hydrolysis products from liquefied starch was about 55-60% of maltotriose, 10-20% of maltose, 1-3% of glucose and 20-40% of other higher oligosaccharides.
Airway resistance variability and response to bronchodilator in children with asthma (2007)

Variability of airway function is a feature of asthma, spanning timescales from months to seconds. Short-term variation in airway resistance (R(rs)) is elevated in asthma and is thought to be due to increased variation in the contractile activation of airway smooth muscle. If true, then variation in R(rs) should decrease in response to bronchodilators, but this has not been investigated. Using the forced oscillation technique, R(rs) and the variation in R(rs) from 4-34 Hz were measured in 39 children with well-controlled mild-to-moderate asthma and 31 healthy controls (7-13 yrs) before and after an inhaled bronchodilator (200 microg salbutamol) or placebo. In agreement with other findings, baseline R(rs) at all frequencies and the sd of R(rs) (R(rs) sd) below 14 Hz were found to be elevated in asthma while neither forced expiratory volume in one second nor the mean forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity were different compared with controls. The present authors found that R(rs) sd changed the most of any measurement in asthma, and this was the only measurement that changed significantly more in children with asthma following bronchodilator administration. The present results show that like airway narrowing, short-term airway variability of resistance may be a characteristic feature of asthma that may be useful for monitoring response to therapy.
STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF <i>CIS</i>-DIHALOVINYLCYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLIC ACID (1979)

Abstract Intramolecular cycloaddition of the carbenoid derived from diazoacetate 4 gave the bicyclic lactone 1. Conversion of the lactone 1 to stereochemically pure cis-dihalovinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids 7 was achieved by reduction with zinc and acetic acid.
General Strategy for Broadening Adenovirus Tropism (2003)

In spite of its broad host range, adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) transduces a number of clinically relevant tissues and cell types inefficiently, mostly because of low expression of the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR). To improve gene transfer to such cells, we modified the Ad5 fiber knob to recognize novel receptors. We expressed a functional Ad5 fiber knob domain on the capsid of phage lambda and employed this display system to construct a large collection of ligands in the HI loop of the Ad5 knob. Panning this library on the CAR-negative mouse fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3 resulted in the identification of three clones with increased binding to these cells. Adenoviruses incorporating these ligands in the fiber gene transduced NIH 3T3 cells 2 or 3 orders of magnitude better than the parent vector. The same nonnative tropism was revealed in other cell types, independently of CAR expression. These Ad5 derivatives proved capable of transducing mouse and human primary immature dendritic cells with up to 100-fold increased efficiency.
Systematic Assessment of Prosthesis Stiffness on User Biomechanics Using the Lower Leg Trajectory Error Framework and Its Implication for the Design and Evaluation of Ankle-Foot Prostheses (2022)

Advances in understanding the effects the mechanical characteristics of prosthetic feet on user biomechanics have enabled passive prostheses to improve the walking pattern of people with lower limb amputation. However, there is no consensus on the design methodology and criteria required to maximize specific user outcomes and fully restore their mobility. The Lower Leg Trajectory Error (LLTE) framework is a novel design methodology based on the replication of lower leg dynamics. The LLTE value evaluates how closely a prosthetic foot replicates a target walking pattern. Designing a prosthesis that minimizes the LLTE value, optimizes its mechanical function to enable users to best replicate the target lower leg trajectory. Here, we conducted a systematic sensitivity investigation of LLTE-optimized prostheses. Five people with unilateral transtibial amputation walked overground at self-selected speeds using five prototype energy storage and return feet with varying LLTE values. The prototypes' LLTE values were varied by changing the stiffness of the participant's LLTE-optimized design by 60%, 80%, 120%, and 167%. Users most closely replicated the target able-bodied walking pattern with the LLTE-optimized stiffness, experimentally demonstrating that the predicted optimum was a true optimum. Additionally, the predicted LLTE values were correlated to the user's ability to replicate the target walking pattern, user preferences, and clinical outcomes including roll-over geometries, trunk sway, prosthetic energy return, and peak push-off power. This study further validates the use of the LLTE framework as a predictive and quantitative tool for designing and evaluating prosthetic feet.
Conductive feeding of electric vehicles from the road while driving (2014)

The article presents a method to supply all types of road vehicles with electricity for driving, as well as charging of battery operated vehicles while driving, through sliding contacts in a track in the road.
A real-time, click chemistry imaging approach reveals stimulus-specific subcellular locations of phospholipase D activity (2019)

The fidelity of signal transduction requires spatiotemporal control of the production of signaling agents. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a pleiotropic lipid second messenger whose modes of action differ based on upstream stimulus, biosynthetic source, and site of production. How cells regulate the local production of PA to effect diverse signaling outcomes remains elusive. Unlike other second messengers, sites of PA biosynthesis cannot be accurately visualized with subcellular precision. Here, we describe a rapid, chemoenzymatic approach for imaging physiological PA production by phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes. Our method capitalizes on the remarkable discovery that bulky, hydrophilic <i>trans</i>-cyclooctene-containing primary alcohols can supplant water as the nucleophile in the PLD active site in a transphosphatidylation reaction of PLD's lipid substrate, phosphatidylcholine. The resultant <i>trans</i>-cyclooctene-containing lipids are tagged with a fluorogenic tetrazine reagent via a no-rinse, inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction, enabling their immediate visualization by confocal microscopy in real time. Strikingly, the fluorescent reporter lipids initially produced at the plasma membrane (PM) induced by phorbol ester stimulation of PLD were rapidly internalized via apparent nonvesicular pathways rather than endocytosis, suggesting applications of this activity-based imaging toolset for probing mechanisms of intracellular phospholipid transport. By instead focusing on the initial 10 s of the IEDDA reaction, we precisely pinpointed the subcellular locations of endogenous PLD activity as elicited by physiological agonists of G protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. These tools hold promise to shed light on both lipid trafficking pathways and physiological and pathological effects of localized PLD signaling.
Stability of discretized partial element equivalent EFIE circuit models (1995)

The instabilities associated with integral equation techniques for-the solution of electromagnetic problems in the time domain are well known. Instabilities may be due to either the numerical technique used for the time integration, or problems created by the discrete representation for the numerical solution of the problem. In this paper, we concentrate on the discretization issue. The stability problem occurs for various discretizations and formulations. Here, we use the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) formulation of the electric field integral equation (EFIE) in the circuit domain. This leads to a better understanding of the issues at hand. We show why the discretized model can be unstable and we suggest a circuit motivated technique to stabilize the solution.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of loudspeaker position on the robustness of acoustic crosstalk cancellation (1999)

Acoustic crosstalk cancellation is a signal processing technique whereby two (or possibly more) loudspeakers are used to deliver desired signals exactly at the listener's ears. Such a system is useful for three-dimensional (3-D) audio applications, and removes the requirement for the listener to wear headphones. However, crosstalk cancelers are notoriously nonrobust to slight movements in head position. Recently, a system consisting of two closely spaced loudspeakers (referred to as the "stereo-dipole") has been proposed to improve the robustness of the crosstalk canceler. In this letter we present a robustness analysis of the two-channel crosstalk canceler, and derive optimum loudspeaker positions.
<title>Coupling of a guided mode with a microresonator: effect of the size of the resonator</title> (2001)

Optical coupling between a spherical microresonator and a plane dielectric substrate is investigated for small spheres whose diameter is only a few ten times as large as the optical wavelength. The coupling is monitored in real space by observing the interference pattern of the propagating wave in the substrate and the scattered wave from the sphere in the coupling region. A series of numerical model calculations successfully reproduced the interference pattern, by which significant insight into the coupling phenomena has been gained. Especially, it is found that the smallness of the resonator size relaxes the phase matching requirement considerably while maintaining the overall coupling strength. Therefore, its utility is much enhanced in the application as a part of an optical waveguide. The different roles played by the frequency (temporal matching) and the propagation constant (spatial matching) in the resonant coupling is clarified.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Laser produced plasma light source for EUVL (2011)

This paper describes the development of laser-produced-plasma (LPP) extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) source architecture for advanced lithography applications in high volume manufacturing. EUV lithography is expected to succeed 193 nm immersion technology for sub-22 nm critical layer patterning. In this paper we discuss the most recent results from high qualification testing of sources in production. Subsystem performance will be shown including collector protection, out-of-band (OOB) radiation measurements, and intermediate-focus (IF) protection as well as experience in system use. This presentation reviews the experimental results obtained on systems with a focus on the topics most critical for an HVM source.