gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Studies and Numerical Simulations of Cloud Droplet Formation under Realistic Supersaturation Conditions (2004)

In this paper, a new device is introduced to study the formation and growth of cloud droplets under near-atmospheric supersaturations. The new device, called the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS), is based on a laminar flow tube. It has been designed to reproduce the thermodynamic conditions of atmospheric clouds as realistically as possible. A series of experiments have been conducted that prove the definition and stability of the flow field inside the LACIS as well as the stability and reproducibility of the generated droplet size distributions as a function of the applied thermodynamic conditions. Measured droplet size distributions are in good agreement with those determined by a newly developed Eulerian particle–droplet dynamical model. Further investigations will focus on the influences of latent heat release during vapor condensation on the tube walls and the development of a more suitable optical particle counter for droplet size determination.
Flux-Weakening Control of Switched Reluctance Machines in Rotating Reference Frame (2015)

A flux-weakening control for switched reluctance motors (SRMs) in the rotating reference frame is proposed in this paper. This rotating reference frame control of SRM mimics the control of synchronous machines (SMs). The method uses the periodic nature of the quasi-sinusoidal static torque characteristics to establish the rotating reference frame. A novel negativity removal block and a simplified nonlinearity handling block are introduced to ensure a smooth torque sharing among different phases and adjust for the SRMs unique operating principle. In the dq control method, a d-axis current is commanded for weakening the flux. An adaptive control method that uses the commanded and actual currents determines the required amount of flux weakening. Through the unique features of dq controls, the proposed method offers smooth torque at low speed and supports a wide-speed operation. The proposed control method is verified experimentally.
Recent Trends and Future Perspectives of Emergent Analytical Techniques for Mercury Sensing in Aquatic Environments (2022)

Environmental emissions of mercury from industrial waste and natural sources, even in trace amounts, are toxic to organisms and ecosystems. However, industrial-scale mercury detection is limited by the high cost, low sensitivity/specificity, and poor selectivity of the available analytical tools. This review summarizes the key sensors for mercury detection in aqueous environments: colorimetric-, electrochemical-, fluorescence-, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based sensors reported between 2014-2021. It then compares the performances of these sensors in the determination of inorganic mercury (Hg<sup>2+</sup> ) and methyl mercury (CH<sub>3</sub> Hg<sup>+</sup> ) species in aqueous samples. Mercury sensors for aquatic applications still face serious challenges in terms of difficult deployment in remote areas and low robustness, reliability, and selectivity in harsh environments. We provide future perspectives on the selective detection of organomercury species, which are especially toxic and reactive in aquatic environments. This review is intended as a valuable resource for scientists in the field of mercury sensing.
Efficient excitation conditions for an electric-discharge F<sub>2</sub>laser (2003)

An F2 laser operating at a pressure of an F2 — He — Ne gas mixture of up to 3300 mbar is investigated. The conditions for obtaining a maximum lasing efficiency are determined as a function of the parameters of the excitation system. It is found that small amounts of neon (~100 mbar) added to the working mixture insignificantly (by ~15%) reduce the output energy, but substantially improve the discharge homogeneity. A 157-nm F2 laser operating at a comparatively low pressure in the active medium is developed. Its pulse energy is 28 mJ and the efficiency is 0.14%.
Molecular Design of Heat Resistant Polyimides Having Excellent Processability and High Glass Transition Temperature (2001)

The relationship between the imide structures and morphology are discussed in order to develop heat resistant polyimides having excellent processability and toughness. Addition-type imide oligomers consisting of asymmetric 2,3,3′,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (a-BPDA) and 3,4′-oxydianiline (3,4′-ODA) and/or 4,4′-oxydianiline (4,4′-ODA) with 4-phenylethynyl phthalic anhydride (PEPA) were synthesized and characterized. The imide oligomers derived from 3,4′-ODA; 4,4′-ODA (50:50) comonomer having molecular weights of 5240 g mol −1 (Oligo-10) and 1340 g mol −1 (Oligo-1.5) showed good solubility in aprotic solvents such as DMAc and NMP, and were successfully cured at 370°C for one hour. The thermal curing process, and thermal and rheological properties of the imide oligomers were investigated by FT-IR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic rheometry. It was observed that the melt flow dramatically decreased above the T g for Oligo-1.5, resulting in a viscosity as low as 200 Poise at 300°C. Whereas, a melt viscosity for Oligo-10 was 20 000 Poise at 365°C. The glass transition temperatures of these cured oligomers were 341°C and 308°C, respectively. In addition to the excellent melt property, the cured oligomers exhibited good thermo-oxidative stability. Furthermore, the cured imide oligomer consisting of a-BPDA and 4,4′-ODA with PEPA (Oligo-4.5) exhibited over 13% flexural elongation and a T g of 343°C. Their T-300 carbon fibre composites were also well consolidated demonstrating excellent processability and properties. It is concluded that amorphous, aromatic imide structures without any weak linkages such as alkyl and methylene groups are very effective in the molecular design of heat resistant, addition-type polyimides. The excellent properties exhibited in a-BPDA based polyimides demonstrate a promising potential for future aerospace applications.
Role of Cytochrome c as a Stimulator of α-Synuclein Aggregation in Lewy Body Disease (1999)

alpha-Synuclein is a major component of aggregates forming amyloid-like fibrils in diseases with Lewy bodies and other neurodegenerative disorders, yet the mechanism by which alpha-synuclein is intracellularly aggregated during neurodegeneration is poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that oxidative stress reactions might contribute to abnormal aggregation of this molecule. In this context, the main objective of the present study was to determine the potential role of the heme protein cytochrome c in alpha-synuclein aggregation. When recombinant alpha-synuclein was coincubated with cytochrome c/hydrogen peroxide, alpha-synuclein was concomitantly induced to be aggregated. This process was blocked by antioxidant agents such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Hemin/hydrogen peroxide similarly induced aggregation of alpha-synuclein, and both cytochrome c/hydrogen peroxide- and hemin/hydrogen peroxide-induced aggregation of alpha-synuclein was partially inhibited by treatment with iron chelator deferoxisamine. This indicates that iron-catalyzed oxidative reaction mediated by cytochrome c/hydrogen peroxide might be critically involved in promoting alpha-synuclein aggregation. Furthermore, double labeling studies for cytochrome c/alpha-synuclein showed that they were colocalized in Lewy bodies of patients with Parkinson's disease. Taken together, these results suggest that cytochrome c, a well known electron transfer, and mediator of apoptotic cell death may be involved in the oxidative stress-induced aggregation of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and related disorders.
Activity-Based Protein Profiling Reagents for Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4):  Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of a Fluorescently Labeled Probe (2006)

Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), which catalyzes the post-translational conversion of peptidyl arginine to peptidyl citrulline, is widely regarded as one of the best new targets for the development of a novel rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic. In addition to its presumed role in this disease, PAD4 is also a calcium-dependent histone deiminase that acts as a transcriptional co-repressor. Herein we describe the design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of two fluorescently labeled activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) reagents that specifically and irreversibly modify the active, that is, calcium-bound, form PAD4 with equal affinity to previously described small molecule chemical probes of PAD4 function. These fluorescently tagged ABPPs will be useful for identifying the conditions under which this enzyme is activated in vivo and may prove to be useful RA diagnostics.
New Geophysical Technique for Mineral Exploration and Mineral Discrimination Based on Electromagnetic Methods (2007)

The research during the first two years of the project was focused on developing the foundations of a new geophysical technique for mineral exploration and mineral discrimination, based on electromagnetic (EM) methods. The developed new technique is based on examining the spectral induced polarization effects in electromagnetic data using effective-medium theory and advanced methods of 3-D modeling and inversion. The analysis of IP phenomena is usually based on models with frequency dependent complex conductivity distribution. In this project, we have developed a rigorous physical/mathematical model of heterogeneous conductive media based on the effective-medium approach. The new generalized effective-medium theory of IP effect (GEMTIP) provides a unified mathematical method to study heterogeneity, multi-phase structure, and polarizability of rocks. The geoelectrical parameters of a new composite conductivity model are determined by the intrinsic petrophysical and geometrical characteristics of composite media: mineralization and/or fluid content of rocks, matrix composition, porosity, anisotropy, and polarizability of formations. The new GEMTIP model of multi-phase conductive media provides a quantitative tool for evaluation of the type of mineralization, and the volume content of different minerals using electromagnetic data. We have developed a 3-D EM-IP modeling algorithm using the integral equation (IE) method. Our IE forward modeling software is based on the contraction IE method, which improves the convergence rate of the iterative solvers. This code can handle various types of sources and receivers to compute the effect of a complex resistivity model. We have demonstrated that the generalized effective-medium theory of induced polarization (GEMTIP) in combination with the IE forward modeling method can be used for rock-scale forward modeling from grain-scale parameters. The numerical modeling study clearly demonstrates how the various complex resistivity models manifest differently in the observed EM data. These modeling studies lay a background for future development of the IP inversion method, directed at determining the electrical conductivity and the intrinsic chargeability distributions, as well as the other parameters of the relaxation model simultaneously. The new technology introduced in this project can be used for the discrimination between uneconomic mineral deposits and the location of zones of economic mineralization and geothermal resources.
Enhanced fluorescence sensing of amine vapor based on ultrathin nanofibers (2009)

The fluorescence sensing of amine vapor was largely enhanced upon using ultrathin nanofibers, which were fabricated from N-(1-hexylheptyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl-3,4-anhydride-9,10-imide by a new self-assembly approach.
Short-interfering RNAs Induce Retinal Degeneration via TLR3 and IRF3 (2011)

The discovery of sequence-specific gene silencing by endogenous double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) has propelled synthetic short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to the forefront of targeted pharmaceutical engineering. The first clinical trials utilized 21-nucleotide (nt) siRNAs for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Surprisingly, these compounds were not formulated for cell permeation, which is required for bona fide RNA interference (RNAi). We showed that these "naked" siRNAs suppress neovascularization in mice not via RNAi but via sequence-independent activation of cell surface Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3). Here, we demonstrate that noninternalized siRNAs induce retinal degeneration in mice by activating surface TLR3 on retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Cholesterol conjugated siRNAs capable of cell permeation and triggering RNAi also induce the same phenotype. Retinal degeneration was not observed after treatment with siRNAs shorter than 21-nts. Other cytosolic dsRNA sensors are not critical to this response. TLR3 activation triggers caspase-3-mediated apoptotic death of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) via nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor-3. While this unexpected adverse effect of siRNAs has implications for future clinical trials, these findings also introduce a new preclinical model of geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of dry AMD that causes blindness in millions worldwide.
DifferentialIdentification of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complexand Nontuberculous Mycobacteria by Duplex PCR Assay Using the RNAPolymerase Gene( <i>rpoB</i> ) (2004)

A novel duplex PCR method that can amplify the 235- and 136-bp rpoB DNAs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), respectively, with two different sets of primers was used to differentially identify 44 reference strains and 379 clinical isolates of mycobacteria in a single-step assay. Showing 100% sensitivity and specificity, the duplex PCR method could clearly differentiate M. tuberculosis complex and NTM strains. In addition, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing of the amplicon of NTM could be used to supplement species identification.
Detection of Peptides, Proteins, and Drugs That Selectively Interact With Protein Targets (2002)

Genome sequencing has been completed for multiple organisms, and pilot proteomic analyses reported for yeast and higher eukaryotes. This work has emphasized the facts that proteins are frequently engaged in multiple interactions, and that governance of protein interaction specificity is a primary means of regulating biological systems. In particular, the ability to deconvolute complex protein interaction networks to identify which interactions govern specific signaling pathways requires the generation of biological tools that allow the distinction of critical from noncritical interactions. We report the application of an enhanced Dual Bait two-hybrid system to allow detection and manipulation of highly specific protein-protein interactions. We summarize the use of this system to detect proteins and peptides that target well-defined specific motifs in larger protein structures, to facilitate rapid identification of specific interactors from a pool of putative interacting proteins obtained in a library screen, and to score specific drug-mediated disruption of protein-protein interaction.
Electroformylation of organic halides in N,N-dimethylformamide: an efficient electrosynthesis of aldehydes (1989)

C. Saboureau, M. Troupel, S. Sibille, E. d'Incan and J. Périchon, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1989, 895 DOI: 10.1039/C39890000895
Packet data transmission method for wireless communication system, involves comparing sensitivity value for each modulated packet data unit per flow based on measured modulated packet data units. (2004)

NOVELTY - The method involves determining value of sensitivity related to non-ideal characteristics of transmitter for each modulated packet data unit (PDU). The determined sensitivity value for each of modulated PDU per flow is compared, based on measured modulated PDUs. The modulated PDU with the lowest sensitivity value is selected and transmitted. USE - For base station of cellular communication system using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique. ADVANTAGE - The transmission performance is improved. The errors in the transmitted packet data unit are minimized. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for the following: (1) transmitter; and (2) computer program product for packet data transmission. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a flow diagram of the packet data transmission process.
Mean free path of negative ions in diode sputtering (1978)

Negative ions produced in the sputtering of certain compounds (e.g., SmAu, EuAu, CsAu, and LaF3) are capable of dominating the film-growth process in a thin-film depostion system. Under some conditions sputter etching of substrates is observed due to a high flux of negative ions accelerated from the target surface. The energy and collimation of these negative ions are examined by evaluating the cross sections for electron detachment and directed momentum loss. Under typical sputtering conditions the negative ions are found to retain their charge long enough to accelerate to the full dark space voltage. The mean free path at this energy is estimated from the Ar–Ar interaction potential and found to be many times longer than the thermal mean free path. These results explain the sharply outlined region of substrate etching by the negative ion flux and lead to a picture of a highly collimated, energetic particle beam directed away from the target surface. negative ion flux and lead to a picture of a highly collimated,
TU‐H‐BRA‐06: Characterization of a Linear Accelerator Operating in a Compact MRIGuided Radiation Therapy System (2016)

Purpose: To describe the performance of a linear accelerator operating in a compact MRI‐guided radiation therapy system. Methods: A commercial linear accelerator was placed in an MRI unit that is employed in a commercial MR‐based image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) system. The linear accelerator components were placed within magnetic field‐reducing hardware that provided magnetic fields of less than 40 G for the magnetron, gun driver, and port circulator, with 1 G for the linear accelerator. The system did not employ a flattening filter. The test linear accelerator was an industrial 4 MV model that was employed to test the ability to run an accelerator in the MR environment. An MR‐compatible diode detector array was used to measure the beam profiles with the accelerator outside and inside the MR field and with the gradient coils on and off to examine if there was any effect on the delivered dose distribution. The beam profiles and time characteristics of the beam were measured. Results: The beam profiles exhibited characteristic unflattened Bremsstrahlung features with less than ±1.5% differences in the profile magnitude when the system was outside and inside the magnet and less than 1% differences with the gradient coils on and off. The central axis dose rate fluctuated by less than 1% over a 30 second period when outside and inside the MRI. Conclusion: A linaccompatible MR design has been shown to be effective in not perturbing the operation of a commercial linear accelerator. While the accelerator used in the tests was 4MV, there is nothing fundamentally different with the operation of a 6MV unit, implying that the design will enable operation of the proposed clinical unit. Research funding provided by ViewRay, Inc.
Experimental and theoretical considerations for tailoring acoustic pulses from multi-shocktube sources (2000)

Detonation tubes are simple devices capable of producing substantial acoustic power that may be useful for the simulation of high-level acoustic environments. We report results of an investigation into modification of the acoustic spectrum produced by detonation tubes by timed addition of the shock-wave outputs of six detonation tubes fired in sequence. The output of a single detonation tube is first examined as a function of range and is found to conform to existing models for spherical blast waves when appropriate initial conditions are derived. Timing schemes for the firing of the multiple tubes are found that (1) produce a substantial shift of the acoustic energy to lower frequencies by maximizing the duration of the positive pressure pulse, or (2) maximize the acoustic energy output in a narrow frequency range by matching the pulse-to-pulse delay to the total duration (positive and negative pressure phases) of a single detonation wave.
Inverse filtering for the analysis of vocal function (1989)

The waveform of the volume velocity of the airflow through the larynx, as obtained by inverse filtering the volume velocity of the airflow exiting the mouth and nose, is a potential convenient noninvasive measure of the vibratory pattern of the vocal folds during voiced speech. Of special interest is a measure that is sufficiently robust for clinical use in the detection, monitoring, and treatment of voice disorders. The problems in this application are of three types: (1) The parameters of the inverse filter must be set to match the acoustic transfer function of the vocal tract; (2) glottal airflow is, in some way, not an accurate indicator of vocal fold motion; and (3) the analysis must be accurate under a wide range of normal and disordered voice qualities and possible nasal coupling. Because of these problems, it has been difficult to find a robust and accurate automatic procedure, even if the analysis is restricted to only the simplest case of open vowels. However, there appears to be a rather straightforward, although unconventional, solution to this inverse-filtering problem if (1) the vocal fold vibratory parameters of most interest are properly defined, (2) physiological restrictions on the possible vibratory patterns are taken into account, and (3) the nonlinear interaction between the glottal source and the vocal tract acoustics is used in the analysis procedure.
Inducing Sentence Structure from Parallel Corpora for Reordering (2011)

When translating among languages that differ substantially in word order, machine transla-tion (MT) systems benefit from syntactic pre-ordering—an approach that uses features from a syntactic parse to permute source words into a target-language-like order. This paper presents a method for inducing parse trees au-tomatically from a parallel corpus, instead of using a supervised parser trained on a tree-bank. These induced parses are used to pre-order source sentences. We demonstrate that our induced parser is effective: it not only improves a state-of-the-art phrase-based sys-tem with integrated reordering, but also ap-proaches the performance of a recent pre-ordering method based on a supervised parser. These results show that the syntactic structure which is relevant to MT pre-ordering can be learned automatically from parallel text, thus establishing a new application for unsuper-vised grammar induction. 1