gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advancement of a MEMS photoacoustic chemical sensor (2003)

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a useful monitoring technique that is well suited for trace gas detection. The technique also possesses favorable detection characteristics when the system dimensions are scaled to a micro-system design. The objective of present work is to incorporate two strengths of the Army Research Laboratory (ARL), piezoelectric microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and chemical and biological sensing into a monolithic MEMS photoacoutic trace gas sensor. We initially miniaturized a macro-cell design as a means to examine performance and design issues as the photoacoustics is scaled to a dimension approaching the MEMS level. A miniature non-MEMS photoacoutic resonance cell was fabricated and tested with resonator dimensions: diam.=1.5 mm, length = 30mm. Knowledge gained in these initial tests provide the basic information required to fabricate a MEMS scale device while maintaining the sensor integrity. Initial MEMS work is centered on fabrication of a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) microphone subsystem to be incorporated in the full photoacoustic device. PZT membrane microphones have been designed, fabricated and acoustically tested. Presently, the piezoelectric microphone performance has revealed the possibility of using a PZT microphone as the passive acoustic detection mechanism of a photoacoustic resonant cavity. Preliminary designs of the MEMS photoacoustic resonator incorporate a three-wafer design to create a monolithic MEMS photoacoustic cavity. Results will be presented describing the miniature photoacoustic cell capabilities and initial MEMS microphone performance. Preliminary results concerning the MEMS photoacoustic cell design will also be discussed.
Tuning Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy Probes (2015)

A reproducible route for tuning localized surface plasmon resonance in scattering type near-field optical microscopy probes is presented. The method is based on the production of a focused-ion-beam milled single groove near the apex of electrochemically etched gold tips. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy are employed to obtain highly spatially and spectroscopically resolved maps of the milled probes, revealing localized surface plasmon resonance at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. By changing the distance L between the groove and the probe apex, the localized surface plasmon resonance energy can be fine-tuned at a desired absorption channel. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is applied as a test platform, and the results prove the reliability of the method to produce efficient scattering type near-field optical microscopy probes.
Role of Hexose Transport in Control of Glycolytic Flux in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2004)

ABSTRACT The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae predominantly ferments glucose to ethanol at high external glucose concentrations, irrespective of the presence of oxygen. In contrast, at low external glucose concentrations and in the presence of oxygen, as in a glucose-limited chemostat, no ethanol is produced. The importance of the external glucose concentration suggests a central role for the affinity and maximal transport rates of yeast's glucose transporters in the control of ethanol production. Here we present a series of strains producing functional chimeras between the hexose transporters Hxt1 and Hxt7, each of which has distinct glucose transport characteristics. The strains display a range of decreasing glycolytic rates resulting in a proportional decrease in ethanol production. Using these strains, we show for the first time that at high glucose levels, the glucose uptake capacity of wild-type S. cerevisiae does not control glycolytic flux during exponential batch growth. In contrast, our chimeric Hxt transporters control the rate of glycolysis to a high degree. Strains whose glucose uptake is mediated by these chimeric transporters will undoubtedly provide a powerful tool with which to examine in detail the mechanism underlying the switch between fermentation and respiration in S. cerevisiae and will provide new tools for the control of industrial fermentations.
Gene Gun-Mediated IL-12 Gene Therapy Induces Antitumor Effects in the Absence of Toxicity: A Direct Comparison With Systemic IL-12 Protein Therapy (1999)

Using three murine tumor models, we compared the antitumor efficacy and certain physiological effects of an in vivo interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene therapy protocol and a systemic IL-12 protein therapy protocol. An IL-12 cDNA gene construct was administered in situ into skin tissue via gene gun delivery, and recombinant IL-12 protein was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 1 microgram/mouse/treatment. Both treatment regimes induced a comparable level of regression of established intradermal MethA sarcomas. In B16 melanoma and P815 mastocytoma models, antitumor efficacy of IL-12 protein therapy appeared to be slightly higher than that of IL-12 gene therapy; however, the protein therapy protocol in this comparative study resulted in a high level of mortality of mice. It was also demonstrated that IL-12 gene therapy, in contrast to the IL-12 protein therapy, was not associated with weight loss, splenomegaly, increased Ly6 antigen expression in the spleen, or visible signs of toxicity, such as fur ruffling and lethargy. Moreover, serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induced in response to IL-12 gene therapy were 300-1000 times lower than those induced by the systemic IL-12 protein administration. Together, these results suggest that gene gunmediated in vivo delivery of IL-12 cDNA may be considered as a safer alternative to IL-12 protein therapy for certain human cancers.
Oxidation Behavior of Boron‐Modified Mo <sub>5</sub> Si <sub>3</sub> at 800°–1300°C (1996)

Mo 5 Si 3 shows promise as a high‐temperature creep‐resistant material. The high‐temperature oxidation resistance of Mo 5 Si 3 has been found to be poor, however, limiting its use in oxidizing atmospheres. Undoped Mo 5 Si 3 exhibits pest oxidation at 800°C. Mass loss occurs in the temperature range 900°–1200°C due to volatilization of molybdenum oxide, indicating that the silica scale that forms does not provide a passivating layer. The addition of boron results in protective scale formation and parabolic oxidation kinetics in the temperature range of 1050°–1300°C. The oxidation rate of Mo 5 Si 3 was decreased by 5 orders of magnitude at 1200°C by doping with less than 2 wt% boron. Boron doping eliminates catastrophic pest oxidation at 800°C. The mechanism for improved oxidation resistance of borondoped Mo 5 Si 3 is viscous sintering of the scale to close pores that form during the initial transient oxidation period, due to volatilization of molybdenum oxide.
Antiviral Activities of Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus (1987)

Hybridomas producing human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against herpes simplex virus (HSV) were established by fusing human tonsillar lymphocytes with mouse myeloma cells. Three hybridomas have been stably producing MAbs for more than 16 months. All three MAbs--H1, H2, and H3--were of the IgG1 isotype and recognized the gB glycoprotein of HSV types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). MAbs H2 and H3 not only bound to the surface membrane of HSV-infected cells but also neutralized both HSV-1 and HSV-2, whereas MAb H1 had neither activity. In mouse infection experiments, MAbs H2 and H3 showed a potent protective effect against HSV-1 infection, whereas MAB H1 was less protective. Furthermore, the development of zosteriform skin lesions in athymic nude mice was suppressed by administering MAb H2. These results suggest that human MAbs might provide passive immunization against HSV infections in humans.
Single <sup>19</sup>F Probe for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Metal Ions Using miCEST MRI (2014)

The local presence and concentration of metal ions in biological systems has been extensively studied ex vivo using fluorescent dyes. However, the detection of multiple metal ions in vivo remains a major challenge. We present a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based method for noninvasive detection of specific ions that may be coexisting, using the tetrafluorinated derivative of the BAPTA (TF-BAPTA) chelate as a (19)F chelate analogue of existing optical dyes. Taking advantage of the difference in the ion-specific (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift offset (Δω) values between the ion-bound and free TF-BAPTA, we exploited the dynamic exchange between ion-bound and free TF-BAPTA to obtain MRI contrast with multi-ion chemical exchange saturation transfer (miCEST). We demonstrate that TF-BAPTA as a prototype single (19)F probe can be used to separately visualize mixed Zn(2+) and Fe(2+) ions in a specific and simultaneous fashion, without interference from potential competitive ions.
Neural Voice Cloning with a Few Samples (2018)

Voice cloning is a highly desired feature for personalized speech interfaces. We introduce a neural voice cloning system that learns to synthesize a person's voice from only a few audio samples. We study two approaches: speaker adaptation and speaker encoding. Speaker adaptation is based on fine-tuning a multi-speaker generative model. Speaker encoding is based on training a separate model to directly infer a new speaker embedding, which will be applied to a multi-speaker generative model. In terms of naturalness of the speech and similarity to the original speaker, both approaches can achieve good performance, even with a few cloning audios. While speaker adaptation can achieve slightly better naturalness and similarity, cloning time and required memory for the speaker encoding approach are significantly less, making it more favorable for low-resource deployment.
The era of silicon MEMS microphone and look beyond (2015)

After having been long incubated originally for miniature hearing aid application, silicon condenser microphone found its adoption in mobile phone applications 12 years ago and has since then explosively grown to one of the most pursued products in the MEMS industry. Development of silicon MEMS microphone looks simple but has many intrinsically hidden issues and challenges to overcome and solve. Lessons and experience from both failed and successful developments will be shared. Future outlook of its application roadmap will be envisioned. As being driven by fast paced mobile phones and smart devices, silicon MEMS microphone may soon encounter its technical boundary and restraints. Potential disruptive solutions for sustaining growth will be discussed in this talk.
Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer (1989)

The improved performance of an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) through the application of a correlation technique using codes with complementary autocorrelation properties is discussed. The theoretical foundations of the method are presented along with experimental results exhibiting the best one-way range reported to date for a practical long-haul, long-wavelength OTDR system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
IL-10: Expanding the Immune Oncology Horizon (2015)

Recent advances in immunoncology have dramatically changed the treatment options available to cancer patients. However, the fundamental challenges with this therapeutic modality are not new and still persist with the current wave of immunoncology compounds. These challenges are centered on the activation and expansion, induction of intratumoral infiltration and persistence of highly activated, cytotoxic, tumor antigen specific CD8+ T cells. We have investigated the anti-tumor mechanism of action of pegylated recombinant interleukin-10, (PEG-rIL-10) both pre-clinically with murine (PEG-rMuIL-10) and now clinically (AM0010) with human pegylated interleukin-10. The preponderance of data suggest that IL-10's engagement of its receptor on CD8+ T cells enhances their activation status leading to antigen specific expansion. Quantitation of CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration reveals that treatment of both humans and mice with pegylated rIL-10 results in 3-4 fold increases of intratumoral, cytotoxic, CD8+ T cells. In addition, mice cured of their tumors with PEG-rMuIL-10 exhibit long term immunological protection from tumor re-challenge and long term treatment of cancer patients with AM0010 results in the persistence of highly activated CD8+ T cells. Cumulatively, these data suggest the IL-10 represents an emerging therapeutic that specifically addresses the fundamental challenges of the current wave of immunoncology assets.
Dynamic allocation for scratch-pad memory using compile-time decisions (2006)

In this research, we propose a highly predictable, low overhead, and, yet, dynamic, memory-allocation strategy for embedded systems with scratch pad memory. A scratch pad is a fast compiler-managed SRAM memory that replaces the hardware-managed cache. It is motivated by its better real-time guarantees versus cache and by its significantly lower overheads in energy consumption, area, and overall runtime, even with a simple allocation scheme. Primarily scratch pad allocation methods are of two types. First, software-caching schemes emulate the workings of a hardware cache in software. Instructions are inserted before each load/store to check the software-maintained cache tags. Such methods incur large overheads in runtime, code size, energy consumption, and SRAM space for tags and deliver poor real-time guarantees just like hardware caches. A second category of algorithms partitions variables at compile-time into the two banks. However, a drawback of such static allocation schemes is that they do not account for dynamic program behavior. It is easy to see why a data allocation that never changes at runtime cannot achieve the full locality benefits of a cache. We propose a dynamic allocation methodology for global and stack data and program code that; (i) accounts for changing program requirements at runtime, (ii) has no software-caching tags, (iii) requires no runtime checks, (iv) has extremely low overheads, and (v) yields 100% predictable memory access times. In this method, data that is about to be accessed frequently is copied into the scratch pad using compiler-inserted code at fixed and infrequent points in the program. Earlier data is evicted if necessary. When compared to a provably optimal static allocation, results show that our scheme reduces runtime by up to 39.8% and energy by up to 31.3%, on average, for our benchmarks, depending on the SRAM size used. The actual gain depends on the SRAM size, but our results show that close to the maximum benefit in runtime and energy is achieved for a substantial range of small SRAM sizes commonly found in embedded systems. Our comparison with a direct mapped cache shows that our method performs roughly as well as a cached architecture.
Development of Intraductal Techniques for Breast Cancer Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment (1997)

Abstract : The purpose of this project was to develop a reliable, non invasive technique to gain access to the lining of the milk ducts. In a previous IDEA grant we demonstrated the feasibility of an intraductal approach to breast disease, the ability to obtain ductal cells through washings, and the general anatomy of the nipple duct orifices and ductal systems. In our first contract year, we demonstrated the ability to retrieve cells from women's ducts (pre and post mastectomy) through a newly developed double lumen catheter. After studying the microanatomy of the ductal orifices, we also began work on developing a technique for identifying the breast duct orifices. In this second contract year, we determined that our approach involving the dekeratinization of the nipple and application of a fluorescent keratin antibody to the ductal epithelium was not effective. A second approach was developed based on the random diffusion of a small molecular dye into the lactiferous sinuses of the ductal lumens. This method allows for the constant and reproducible identification of each and every duct. In addition, we have continued to refine the retrieval of duct cells in attached and detached breasts with refinements of the catheter as well as our techniques.
Tritium labeling of organic compounds deposited on porous structures. [DOE Patent] (1979)

An improved process for labeling organic compounds with tritium is carried out by depositing the selected compound on the extensive surface of a porous structure such as a membrane filter and exposing the membrane contaning the compound to tritium gas activated by the microwave discharge technique. The labeled compound is then recovered from the porous structure.
Synthesis of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> serotype 9V oligosaccharide antigens (2020)

<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (SP) bacteria cause serious invasive diseases. SP bacteria are covered by a capsular polysaccharide (CPS) that is a virulence factor and the basis for SP polysaccharide and glycoconjugate vaccines. The serotype 9V is part of the currently marketed conjugate vaccine and contains an acetate modification. To better understand the importance of glycan modifications in general and acetylation in particular, defined oligosaccharide antigens are needed for serological and immunological studies. Here, we demonstrate a convergent [2 + 3] synthetic strategy to prepare the pentasaccharide repeating unit of 9V with and without an acetate group at the C-6 position of mannosamine.
Application of Gray-level Run Length Analysis for Computerized Analysis of Interstitial Infiltrates on Chest Radiographs (2000)

We have been developing computerized schemes using texture analysis for automated detection and characterization of interstitial infiltrates on chest radiographs. To improve the performance of the schemes, new alternative texture measures need to be developed. In this study, we applied gray-level run length analysis to digital chest x-ray images and examined its potential usefulness for the detection of interstitial infiltrates. In addition, we proposed new run length matrices, which do not depend on direction, namely, the line-component run length matrix and the area-component run length matrix. Physical texture measures were defined based on the new gray-level run length analyses, such as the total number of different line components at each gray level in the line-component run length matrix and the total number of different area components at each gray level in the area-component run length matrix. We found that gray-level nonuniformity, which shows nonuniformity of gray-level distribution in the run length matrix, was an effective measure to identify correctly most difficult normal and most difficult abnormal cases, i.e., 50% correct detection for ten difficult false-negative cases, and 18% correct detection for eleven difficult false-positive cases in the previous texture analysis. Since gray-level nonuniformity represents different properties of the interstitial infiltrate patterns compared with texture analysis based on Fourier analysis, we believe that gray-level nonuniformity provides new and alternative physical measures for the detection and characterization of interstitial infiltrates on chest radiographs. In addition, our preliminary results indicated that new texture measures which were calculated from line-or area-component run length matrices may be useful for accurate detection and characterization of interstitial infiltrates on chest radiographs.
The Role of the Cell Surface LRP and Soluble LRP in Blood-Brain Barrier A&#946; Clearance in Alzheimers Disease (2008)

Low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (LRP) is a member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family which has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by biochemical and genetic evidence. Levels of neurotoxic amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) in the brain are elevated in AD contributing to the disease process and neuropathology. Faulty Abeta clearance from the brain appears to mediate focal Abeta accumulations in AD. Central and peripheral production of Abeta from Abeta-precursor protein (APP), transport of peripheral Abeta into the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), enzymatic Abeta degradation, Abeta oligomerization and aggregation, neuroinflammatory changes and microglia activation, and Abeta elimination from brain across the BBB by cell surface LRP; all may control brain Abeta levels. Recently, we have shown that a soluble form of LRP (sLRP) binds 70 to 90 % of plasma Abeta, preventing its access to the brain. In AD individuals, the levels of LRP at the BBB are reduced, as are levels of Abeta binding to sLRP in plasma. This, in turn, may increase Abeta brain levels through a decreased efflux of brain Abeta at the BBB and/or reduced sequestration of plasma Abeta associated with re-entry of free Abeta into the brain via RAGE. Thus, therapies which increase LRP expression at the BBB and/or enhance the peripheral Abeta "sink" activity of sLRP, hold potential to control brain Abeta accumulations, neuroinflammation and cerebral blood flow reductions in AD.
Extraordinarily potent antimalarial compounds: new, structurally simple, easily synthesized, tricyclic 1,2,4-trioxanes. (1992)

New, racemic, tricyclic trioxane alcohol 3 was designed and synthesized as a structurally simple analog of clinically useful, tetracyclic, antimalarial artemisinin. A series of 20 ester and ether derivatives of alcohol 3 were prepared easily, without destruction of the essential trioxane system. Chemical structure-antimalarial activity for each derivative was evaluated in vitro against chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Many of these derivatives were highly efficacious; carboxylate ester 9f, carbamate ester 10a, and sulfonate ester 12a had antimalarial potency similar to that of artemisinin, and carboxylate esters 9b and 9d, carbamate esters 10b and 10c, and phosphate esters 11a-c had antimalarial potency up to 7 times higher than that of artemisinin. Several of these most active analogs (e.g., carboxylate 9b and carbamates 10a and 10c) are stable crystalline solids, a feature of considerable practical value for any new drug candidate.