gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties of Love waves: applications in sensors (1997)

Love wave sensors are highly sensitive microacoustic devices which are especially suited for sensing in liquids. In this paper we review the basic properties of Love waves and their utilization in sensor devices for (bio)chemical as well as for density and viscosity measurements. These properties are first discussed in general and then illustrated by means of numerical sample results for an -quartz layered structure. Furthermore the technology needed to produce such a Love wave device is discussed. Finally we present an overview on the current state of the art in Love wave sensor research.
Waveguide based compact silicon Schottky photodetector with enhanced responsivity in the telecom spectral band (2012)

We experimentally demonstrate an on-chip compact and simple to fabricate silicon Schottky photodetector for telecom wavelengths operating on the basis of internal photoemission process. The device is realized using CMOS compatible approach of local-oxidation of silicon, which enables the realization of the photodetector and low-loss bus photonic waveguide at the same fabrication step. The photodetector demonstrates enhanced internal responsivity of 12.5mA/W for operation wavelength of 1.55µm corresponding to an internal quantum efficiency of 1%, about two orders of magnitude higher than our previously demonstrated results [22]. We attribute this improved detection efficiency to the presence of surface roughness at the boundary between the materials forming the Schottky contact. The combination of enhanced quantum efficiency together with a simple fabrication process provides a promising platform for the realization of all silicon photodetectors and their integration with other nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic structures towards the construction of monolithic silicon opto-electronic circuitry on-chip.
Development of a Comprehensive Material Performance Database (JMPD) and Analyses of Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking Data (1999)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Outline of JMPD Analyses and Evaluations of Material Data through JMPD Conclusions Acknowledgement
A Fully Integrated Digital LDO With Built-In Adaptive Sampling and Active Voltage Positioning Using a Beat-Frequency Quantizer (2018)

This paper proposes a fully integrated digital low-dropout (DLDO) regulator using a beat-frequency (BF) quantizer implemented in a 65-nm low power (LP) CMOS technology. A time-based approach, replacing the conventional voltage quantizer by a pair of voltage-controlled oscillator and a time quantizer, makes the design highly digital. A D-flip-flop is utilized as a BF generator, which is used as the sampling clock for the DLDO. The variable sampling frequency in the BF DLDO can achieve fast response, LP consumption, and excellent stability at the same time. In addition to that, the DLDO has a built-in active voltage positioning (AVP) for lower peak-to-peak voltage deviation during load step. The load capacitor is only 40 pF, and the total core area of the DLDO is 0.0374 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . A 50-mA step in load current produces a voltage droop of 108 mV, which is recovered in 1.24 μs. It can operate for a wide input voltage from 0.6 to 1.2 V while generating a 0.4-1.1-V output for a maximum load current of 100 mA. The peak current efficiency is 99.5% and the figure of merit (FOM) is 1.38 ps.
Ferromagnetic/Nonmagnetic Nanostructures for the Electrical Measurement of the Spin Hall Effect (2016)

Spin-orbitronics is based on the ability of spin-orbit interactions to achieve the conversion between charge currents and pure spin currents. As the precise evaluation of the conversion efficiency becomes a crucial issue, the need for straightforward ways to observe this conversion has emerged as one of the main challenges in spintronics. Here, we propose a simple device, akin to the ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic bilayers used in most spin-orbit torques experiments, and consisting of a spin Hall effect wire connected to two transverse ferromagnetic electrodes. We show that this system allows probing electrically the direct and inverse conversion in a spin Hall effect system and measuring both the spin Hall angle and the spin diffusion length. By applying this method to several spin Hall effect materials (Pt, Pd, Au, Ta, W), we show that it represents a promising tool for the metrology of spin-orbit materials.
The use of dynamically reconfigurable protocol stacks for streaming multimedia to mobile devices (2003)

Traditional protocol stacks can lead to a performance bottleneck due to the insufficient processing power and memory of portable devices. Micro-protocols attempt to eradicate this bottleneck by optimising the protocol stack to the functionality that is actually required by the application. Multicast media groups overcome the heterogeneous client problem where clients subscribe to different quality of services in accordance with resource availability and move between groups according to bandwidth availability. Chameleon is 100% Java middleware for multimedia streaming to heterogeneous mobile clients, which allows the dynamic configuration of protocols with respect to application requirements and available network resources. We evaluate the dynamic reconfigurability of the middleware in order to demonstrate runtime adaptation. We especially concentrate on the secondary quality transformation technique (SQT) of the middleware which enables clients to not only subscribe to media groups in accordance with available resources and network capacity but to also adapt media quality within each quality group dynamically in accordance to resource constraints.
The Historical and Constitutional Contexts of Jury Reform (1996)

This article examines the evolution of the jury from its origins in England through its transportation to America. The article compares and contrasts the various historical models of the jury with the modern American jury. Although much has been written concerning the historicaldevelopment of the English jury, surprisingly little has been written about the historical development of the American jury. In particular, the article concludes that consideration of historical practices in America may serve as a useful guide to future reform of the jury system as well as to the constitutional constraints that may be imposed on reform of jury procedures. The article further concludes that several modifications could be made in the strucuture and function of the American jury in criminal and civil trials in order to enhance the jury's ability to discover thetruth and deliver justice without running afoul of constitutional constraints.
Pathogenesis of Fibromyalgia (1993)

The core symptoms and signs of the fibromyalgia [FM] syndrome are generalized chronic pain occurring mainly in muscles and hyperalgesia [tender point]. There is not one single cause to FM. The pathogeneses is a chain of events. Some links in the chain are still missing and some links are weak. The hypothesis presented is that FM is caused by a combination of peripheral factors mainly muscle and central factors. The central factors result in a decrease of pain inhibition.
All-metallic lateral spin valves using Co2Fe(Ge0.5Ga0.5) Heusler alloy with a large spin signal (2012)

A large spin signal (ΔRs) of 12.8 mΩ at room temperature is demonstrated in an all-metallic lateral spin valve (LSV) device comprising of ferromagnetic wire of a highly spin-polarized Co2Fe(Ge0.5Ga0.5) Heusler alloy and a Cu wire. From the results on multi-terminal LSV devices, the origin of the large ΔRs was concluded to be the high spin polarization of Co2Fe(Ge0.5Ga0.5) and the resultant small spin absorption. The all-metallic LSV device without MgO barrier has low contact resistance, which is considered to be beneficial for a high frequency ultrathin read sensor for the next generation ultrahigh density magnetic recording.
Alkylammonium lead halides. Part 2. CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbX<sub>3</sub> (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskites: cuboctahedral halide cages with isotropic cation reorientation (1990)

Methylammonium lead(II) halides, CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I), have been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 2 H and 14 N nmr, adiabatic calorimetry, and other methods. The chloride (CL) has transitions at 171.5 and 177.4 K, the bromide (BR) at 148.4, 154.2, and 235.1 K, and the iodide (IO) at 162.7 and 326.6 K. The respective entropies of transition (J K −1 mol −1 ) are 11.0 and 5.1 for CL; 8.7, 3.4, and 5.3 for BR; and 16.1 and 1.9 for IO. The highest-temperature phase, phase I, of each halide is of the cubic (Pm3m) perovskite type. The cation in CL(I) and BR(I) could not be localized in the electron density maps; the thermal motion of the halogen atom is highly anisotropic. The ln T 1 ( 2 H) vs. T −1 plots (N-deuterated samples as well as CD 3 NH 3 PbCl 3 ) show significant departures from linearity: the temperature variation of T 1 ( 2 H) in BR(II) and IO(II) can be represented by functions of the type ln T 1 (H) = k 0 − k 2 T −2 , which give adequate analytical representations of T 1 ( 2 H) and T 1 ( 14 N) in phase I as well. On cooling, BR(II) and IO(II) exhibit small quadrupole splittings QS( 2 H), which can be represented to a high degree of correlation by QS( 2 H) = k(T tr − T) n , i.e. they appear to exhibit critical behaviour with respect to T. The 14 N nmr results indicate that the C—N bond in phase I reorientates in an isotropic potential at a rate approaching that of the freely rotating methylammonium ion. Below phase I this motion takes place in an increasingly anisotropic potential in BR(II) and IO(II) and is essentially arrested in CL(II), BR(III), and IO(III). The temperature dependence of the activation energy E a for the cation reorientation and other aspects of the non-Arrhenius behaviour are discussed, and the CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 perovskites are compared with the corresponding (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 TeX 6 halides, utilizing preliminary 2 H nmr results on (CH 3 ND 3 ) 2 TeBr 6 . The electrical conductivity, between 0 and 95 °C, of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 increases with temperature and exhibits no discontinuity at T tr = 326.6 K; the activation energy for the conduction process is estimated as ~0.4 eV. Keywords: crystal structure, MeNH 3 PbCl 3 and MeNH 3 PbBr 3 ; heat capacity, MeNH 3 PbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I); methylammonium lead halides; solid-state NMR, 2 H and 14 N; spin-lattice relaxation, non-Arrhenius behaviour.
Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel Nanoscale Thermal Anemometry Probe (2014)

The development, fabrication, and characterization of a novel nanoscale thermal anemometry probe (NSTAP) for measuring velocity fluctuations in turbulent flows are described. This miniature MEMS anemometer consists of a freestanding 30 or 60 × 1 × 0.1 μm platinum filament with electrically conductive pads and a silicon structure. A novel deep reactive ion etching lag-based process for fabricating a 3D silicon support structure is described together with other microfabrication steps. The sensors behave similarly to conventional hotwire anemometers, with an order of magnitude better spatial and temporal resolution. Batch fabrication allows a relatively low-cost high-yield process, which together with its superior frequency response and size, make it an attractive thermal anemometry sensor for velocity measurements in turbulent flows.
<b>The <i>Aspergillus fumigatus chsC</i> and <i>chsG</i> genes encode Class III chitin synthases with different functions</b> (1996)

Two genes, designated chsC and chsG were isolated from DNA libraries of the opportunistic fungal pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. The genes were characterized with respect to their nucleotide sequences and mutant phenotypes. The complete deduced amino acid sequences of chsC and chsG show that the products of both genes are Class III zymogen-type enzymes. A mutant strain constructed by disruption of chsC is phenotypically indistinguishable from the wild-type strain, but chsG- and chsC- chsG- strains have reduced colony radial growth rate and chitin synthase activity, conidiate poorly and produce highly branched hyphae. Despite these defects, the double-mutant strain retained the ability to cause pulmonary disease in neutropenic mice. However, in comparison to the wild-type strain, there was a decrease in mortality and delay in the onset of illness in mice inoculated with the double-mutant strain, which was associated with smaller and more highly branched fungal colonies in lung tissue.
Electromigration behavior of poly‐(<scp>L</scp>‐glutamate) conformers in concentrated polyacrylamide gels (1993)

Abstract During electrophoretic separation of anionic polyamino acids, resolution according to the number of peptide units can be achieved in capillaries filled with hydrophilic gels. While polyaspartate preparations yield single peaks for the individual oligomers at pH above 8.0, polyglutamates exhibit an anomalous behavior of peak splitting, which is attributed here to the separation of the oligopeptide conformers. An Asp‐Glu (1:1) copolymer yields single peaks under similar conditions. At pH near 4.5, where polyglutamate is expected to exist in its α‐helix form, peak splitting disappears. Upon heating to 95°C for at least 120 h (procedure described to transform the α‐helix into a β form), peak splitting disappeared, but could be reestablished after cooling for several days. When a highly charged cation spermine was added to the operational electrolyte, triple peaks appeared in the electropherogram due to the ion‐pair formation. The largest peak in every triplet has been tentatively assigned to the α‐helix form. The electrophoretic results described have been largely supported by CD spectra. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Automatic estimation of one's age with his/her speech based upon acoustic modeling techniques of speakers (2002)

This paper proposes a technique which automatically estimates speakers' age only with acoustic, not linguistic, information of their utterances. This method is based upon speaker recognition techniques. In the current work, we firstly divided speakers of two databases, JNAS and S(senior)-JNAS, into two groups by listening tests. One group has only the speakers whose speech sounds so aged that one should take special care when he/she talks to them. The other group has the remaining speakers of the two databases. After that, each speaker group was modeled with GMM. Experiments of automatic identification of elderly speakers showed the correct identification rate of 91 %. To improve the performance, two prosodic features were considered, i.e, speech rate and local perturbation of power. Using these features, the identification rate was improved to 95%. Finally, using scores calculated by integrating GMMs with prosodic features, experiments were carried out to automatically estimate speakers' age. The results showed high correlation between speakers' age estimated subjectively by humans and automatically calculated score of ‘agedness’.
Double Barreled Questions: An Analysis of the Similarity of Elements and Effects on Measurement Quality (2020)

Abstract In double barreled questions (DBQs) respondents provide one answer to two questions. Assumptions how respondents treat DBQs and how DBQs impact measurement quality are tested in two randomized experiments. DBQs are compared with revisions in which one stimulus was retained while the other stimulus was skipped. The observed means and parameters when modeling latent variables differed among the versions. Metric and scalar measurement invariance was not given among the versions, and at least one single stimulus version was found to be associated with a higher validity. Response latencies did not differ among versions or respondents needed less time to respond to DBQs. The author concludes that respondents may understand the stimuli in a DBQ differently, and access one of them while disregarding the other, which can have an adverse effect on validity.
Phosphorylation of HIV-1 Tat by CDK2 in HIV-1 transcription (2006)

Our results indicate for the first time that Tat is phosphorylated in vivo; Tat phosphorylation is likely to be mediated by CDK2; and phosphorylation of Tat is important for HIV-1 transcription.
Ab Initio RAFT Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and Acrylonitrile (2014)

Ab initio RAFT emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) was investigated by using poly(acrylic acid)20-b-polystyrene5 trithiocarbonate as surfactant and RAFT agent. The well-controlled polymerization in terms of linear growth of molecular weight, low PDI, and little coagulum could be achieved only when the mass ratio m(St)/m(AN) was greater than 1:1 and suitable polymerization temperature depending on the monomer ratios. A significant amount of coagulum was formed when more AN was used. The gel effect, which led to the diffusion-controlled RAFT addition reactions in the late stage of the polymerization, played a significant influence on the PDI, the degree of which was highly dependent on the targeted molecular weight and monomer compositions. For the copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile with the azeotropic composition (75 wt % styrene), the gel effect could be relieved by increasing the reaction temperature from 70 to 90 °C after the nucleation period, resulting in PDI as low as 1.20. However, in the cases of the higher AN composition, the gel effect was still pronounced. Unexpectedly, the particle number was insensitive to the RAFT agent concentrations.
Detecting and Localizing Identity-Based Attacks in Wireless and Sensor Networks (2010)

Wireless networks are vulnerable to identity-based attacks, including spoofing and Sybil attacks, which allows for many other forms of attacks on the networks. Although the identity of a node can be verified through cryptographic authentication, authentication is not always possible, because it requires key management and additional infrastructural overhead. In this paper, we propose a method for detecting both spoofing and Sybil attacks by using the same set of techniques. We first propose a generalized attack-detection model that utilizes the spatial correlation of received signal strength (RSS) inherited from wireless nodes. We further provide a theoretical analysis of our approach. We then derive the test statistics for detection of identity-based attacks by using the K-means algorithm. Our attack detector is robust when handling the situations of attackers that use different transmission power levels to attack the detection scheme. We further describe how we integrated our attack detector into a real-time indoor localization system, which can also localize the positions of the attackers. We show that the positions of the attackers can be localized using either area- or point-based localization algorithms with the same relative errors as in the normal case. We further evaluated our methods through experimentation in two real office buildings using both an IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) network and an IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) network. Our results show that it is possible to detect wireless identity-based attacks with both a high detection rate and a low false-positive rate, thereby providing strong evidence of the effectiveness of the attack detector utilizing the spatial correlation of RSS and the attack localizer.
Oxidative Stress-Induced Diseases via the ASK1 Signaling Pathway (2012)

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase that activates the downstream MAPKs, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. ASK1 is activated by various types of stress, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and infection, and regulates various cellular functions. Recently, it has been reported that ASK1 is associated with various diseases induced by oxidative stress. In this review, we introduce recent findings of the regulatory mechanisms of ASK1 and the oxidative stress-induced diseases mediated by the ASK1 signaling pathway.
Substituent-Induced Perturbation Symmetries and Distortions of <i>meso</i>-<i>tert</i>-Butylporphyrins (1998)

The out-of-plane and in-plane distortions of a series of nickel(II) meso-substituted porphyrins with 0, 1, 2, or 4 tert-butyl groups [nickel(II) porphine (NiP), nickel(II) mono-tert-butylporphyrin (NiMtBuP), nickel(II) di-tert-butylporphyrin (NiDtBuP), and nickel(II) tetra-tert-butylporphyrin (NiTtBuP)] are investigated using molecular mechanics (MM) calculations, X-ray crystallography, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and resonance Raman spectroscopy. MM calculations are used to predict the stable conformations for this series of porphyrins. The out-of-plane distortions are then analyzed in terms of displacements along the normal coordinates of the porphyrin macrocycle using a new normal-coordinate structural decomposition method. As expected, the distortions are found to occur primarily along the lowest-frequency normal coordinate of each symmetry type and the distortions could be adequately simulated using only the lowest-frequency normal coordinates as a basis (the minimal basis). However, the distortions could be simulated significantly more accurately by extending the minimal basis by including the second-lowest-frequency normal coordinate of all symmetries. Using the extended basis is most important for the in-plane distortions. Detailed analysis of the types of distortion revealed that both the out-of-plane and the in-plane distortions depend on the perturbation symmetry of the peripheral substituents. The symmetry primarily depends on the pattern of substitution (number and positions of substituents) and the orientations of substituents. Often the perturbation symmetry can be predicted for a given porphyrin simply from the possible orientations of the substituents. Then, the main type(s) of symmetric deformation occurring for each possible molecular symmetry can be readily predicted from a D(4)(h)() correlation table. The stable conformers predicted by MM for the series of tert-butyl-substituted porphyrins confirm this simple but informative approach. Experimental verification of the calculated contributions of the symmetric deformations is provided by normal-coordinate structural decomposition of the available X-ray crystal structures of NiP, NiMtBuP, and NiDtBuP. The solid-state results are also supported by the resonance Raman and UV-visible absorption spectroscopic characterization of the porphyrins in solutions. The X-ray crystal structure of NiMtBuP is reported here for the first time.
Curvelet-based ground roll removal (2008)

We have effectively identified and removed ground roll through a twostep process. The first step is to identify the major components of the ground roll through various methods including multiscale separation, directional or frequency filtering or by any other method that identifies the ground roll. Given this estimate for ground roll, the recorded signal is separated during the second step through a block-coordinate relaxation method that seeks the sparsest set for weighted curvelet coefficients of the ground roll and the sought-after reflectivity. The combination of these two methods allows us to separate out the ground roll signal while preserving the reflector information. Since our method is iterative, we have control of the separation process. We successfully tested our algorithm on a real data set with a complex ground roll and reflector structure.