gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma polymerization of some simple saturated hydrocarbons (1978)

Methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane were polymerized in a plasma created by a radio-frequency glow discharge. It was found that the kinetics of polymer deposition were similar for all monomers but methane. It is suggested that the deviation from “normal” behavior of methane may be due to the difference in mechanism of formation of reaction intermediates. The “characteristic map” for the plasma polymerization of ethane was determined. It was shown that, in addition to transparent films, powders may be formed at low pressures and low monomer flow rates and unstable discharges at high pressures and low flow rates. With increasing power input, the unstable regions are decreased while the powdery regions are increased. The rates of polymer deposition were found to depend on pressure, flow rate, and power. An empirical equation is proposed that relates the rates of deposition for ethane, propane, and n-butane to these parameters.
Biomass recycling and the origin of phenotype in fungal mycelia (2005)

Fungi are one of the most important and widespread components of the biosphere, and are essential for the growth of over 90% of all vascular plants. Although they are a separate kingdom of life, we know relatively little about the origins of their ubiquitous existence. This reflects a wider ignorance arising from their status as indeterminate organisms epitomized by extreme phenotypic plasticity that is essential for survival in complex environments. Here we show that the fungal phenotype may have its origins in the defining characteristic of indeterminate organisms, namely their ability to recycle locally immobilized internal resources into a mobilized form capable of being directed to new internal sinks. We show that phenotype can be modelled as an emergent phenomenon resulting from the interplay between simple local processes governing uptake and remobilization of internal resources, and macroscopic processes associated with their transport. Observed complex growth forms are reproduced and the sensitive dependence of phenotype on environmental context may be understood in terms of nonlinearities associated with regulation of the recycling apparatus.
Enzymes of anaerobic metabolism of phenolic compounds (1993)

The reductive removal of aromatic hydroxyl functions plays an important role in the anaerobic metabolism of many phenolic compounds. We describe a new enzyme from a denitrifying Pseudomonas sp., 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase (dehydroxylating), which reductively dehydroxylates 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA to benzoyl-CoA. The enzyme plays a role in the anaerobic degradation of phenol, 4-hydroxybenzoate, p-cresol, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, and other aromatic compounds of which 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA is an intermediate. The enzyme is therefore induced only under anoxic conditions with these aromatic substrates, but not with benzoate or under aerobic conditions. A similar enzyme which reductively dehydroxylates 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA is induced during anaerobic growth with 3-hydroxybenzoate. The soluble enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase was purified. It has a molecular mass of 260 kDa and consists of three subunits of 75, 35, and 17 kDa. The subunit composition is likely to be a2b2c2. The enzyme contains 12 mol iron/mol and 12 mol acid-labile sulfur/mol and exhibits a typical ultraviolet/visible spectrum of an iron-sulfur protein. The reaction requires a reduced electron donor such as reduced viologen dyes; no other co-catalysts are required, the product is benzoyl-CoA and oxidized dye. The reductase is rapidly inactivated by oxygen. The inactivation by low concentrations of cyanide or azide in a pseudo-first-order time course suggests that it may contain a transition metal in an oxidation state which reacts with these ligands. 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase represents a type of enzyme which is common in anaerobic aromatic metabolism of phenolic compounds. A similar enzyme is demonstrated in Rhodopseudomonas palustris anaerobically grown with 4-hydroxybenzoate. The biological significance of reductive dehydroxylation of aromatics and a possible reaction mechanism similar to the Birch reduction are discussed.
Handbook of Neurosurgery (2016)

* The Spine * Tumors * Developmental * Peripheral Nerve * CSF * Operations * Acute Neurosurgical Care and Trauma * Information on Main Drugs Used in the Day-to-Day Neurosurgical Practice * Cerebrovascular Disease * Hydrocephalus * Coma * Brain Death * Infection * Seizures * Differential Diagnosis.
A modified commercial ultrasound scanner used for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of nude mice injected with non-targeted contrast agents (2008)

Photoacoustic (PA) experiments were performed using a modified commercial ultrasound scanner equipped with an array transducer and a Nd:YAG pumped OPO laser. The contrast agent SIDAG (Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Germany), used to enhance the optical absorption, demonstrated an expected pharmacokinetic behavior of the dye in the tumor and in the bladder of the nude mice. A typical behavior in the tumor consisted of an initial linear increase in PA signal followed by an exponential decay. PA signal approached the pre-injection level after about one hour following the dye injection, which was consistent with the behavior for such contrast agents when used in other imaging modalities, such as fluorescence imaging. The in-vivo spectral PA data from the mouse bladder, conducted 1.5 hours after the dye injection, clearly demonstrated presence of the dye. The multi-spectral PA data was obtained at 760nm, 784nm and 850nm laser excitations. The PA intensities obtained at these three wavelengths accurately matched the dye absorption spectrum. In addition, in the kidney, a clearance organ for this contrast agent, both in-vivo and ex-vivo results demonstrated a significant increase (~ 40%) in the ratio of PA signal at 760nm (the peak of the dye absorption) relative to the signal at 850nm (<1% absorption), indicating significant amounts of the dye in this organ. Our initial results confirm the desired photoacoustic properties of the contrast agent, indicating its great potential to be used for imaging with a commercial array-based ultrasound scanner.
A Journey to China: Embarking on a Professional and Personal Experience of Growth (2009)

The following narrative describes a social work exchange program between an American university and a Chinese university. The instructor and one of the students share their thoughts about this unique experience.
EEG slow-wave coherence changes in propofol-induced general anesthesia: experiment and theory (2014)

The electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns recorded during general anesthetic-induced coma are closely similar to those seen during slow-wave sleep, the deepest stage of natural sleep; both states show patterns dominated by large amplitude slow waves. Slow oscillations are believed to be important for memory consolidation during natural sleep. Tracking the emergence of slow-wave oscillations during transition to unconsciousness may help us to identify drug-induced alterations of the underlying brain state, and provide insight into the mechanisms of general anesthesia. Although cellular-based mechanisms have been proposed, the origin of the slow oscillation has not yet been unambiguously established. A recent theoretical study by Steyn-Ross et al. (2013) proposes that the slow oscillation is a network, rather than cellular phenomenon. Modeling anesthesia as a moderate reduction in gap-junction interneuronal coupling, they predict an unconscious state signposted by emergent low-frequency oscillations with chaotic dynamics in space and time. They suggest that anesthetic slow-waves arise from a competitive interaction between symmetry-breaking instabilities in space (Turing) and time (Hopf), modulated by gap-junction coupling strength. A significant prediction of their model is that EEG phase coherence will decrease as the cortex transits from Turing-Hopf balance (wake) to Hopf-dominated chaotic slow-waves (unconsciousness). Here, we investigate changes in phase coherence during induction of general anesthesia. After examining 128-channel EEG traces recorded from five volunteers undergoing propofol anesthesia, we report a significant drop in sub-delta band (0.05-1.5 Hz) slow-wave coherence between frontal, occipital, and frontal-occipital electrode pairs, with the most pronounced wake-vs.-unconscious coherence changes occurring at the frontal cortex.
Big Data Analytics for Smart Manufacturing: Case Studies in Semiconductor Manufacturing (2017)

Smart manufacturing (SM) is a term generally applied to the improvement in manufacturing operations through integration of systems, linking of physical and cyber capabilities, and taking advantage of information including leveraging the big data evolution. SM adoption has been occurring unevenly across industries, thus there is an opportunity to look to other industries to determine solution and roadmap paths for industries such as biochemistry or biology. The big data evolution affords an opportunity for managing significantly larger amounts of information and acting on it with analytics for improved diagnostics and prognostics. The analytics approaches can be defined in terms of dimensions to understand their requirements and capabilities, and to determine technology gaps. The semiconductor manufacturing industry has been taking advantage of the big data and analytics evolution by improving existing capabilities such as fault detection, and supporting new capabilities such as predictive maintenance. For most of these capabilities: (1) data quality is the most important big data factor in delivering high quality solutions; and (2) incorporating subject matter expertise in analytics is often required for realizing effective on-line manufacturing solutions. In the future, an improved big data environment incorporating smart manufacturing concepts such as digital twin will further enable analytics; however, it is anticipated that the need for incorporating subject matter expertise in solution design will remain.
Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in 6- to 23-Month-Old Children: Are Identical Antigens Necessary for Priming? (2006)

Although the immune response to the identical A/H1N1 vaccine antigen was similar in both groups, priming with different A/H3N2 antigens and B antigens in the spring produced a lower immune response to both antigens than that shown in children who received 2 doses of the same vaccine in the fall. However, approximately 70% of children in the spring group had a protective response to the H3N2 antigen after 2 doses. Initiating influenza immunization in the spring was superior to 1 dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the fall. The goal of delivering 2 doses of influenza vaccine a month apart to vaccine-naive children within the narrow flu vaccination season is a challenge not yet met; thus far, only about half of children aged 6 to 23 months of age are receiving influenza vaccine. By using the spring schedule, we were able to administer 2 doses of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine to a higher proportion of children earlier in the influenza vaccination season. In years when there is an ample supply of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, and vaccine remains at the end of the season, priming influenza vaccine-naive infants with a spring dose will lead to the earlier protection of a higher proportion of infants in the fall. This strategy may be particularly advantageous when there is an early start to an influenza season as occurred in the fall of 2003. A priming dose of influenza vaccine in the spring may also offer other advantages. Many vaccine-naive children may miss the second dose of fall trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine because of vaccine shortages or for other reasons, such as the potential implementation of new antigens at a late date. Even with seasonal changes in influenza vaccine antigens, by giving a springtime dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, such children would be more protected against influenza than would children who were only able to receive 1 dose in the fall. In summary, our data suggest that identical influenza antigens are not necessary for priming vaccine-naive children and that innovative uses of influenza vaccine, such as a springtime dose of vaccine, could assist in earlier and more complete immunization of young children.
Gamification in video labeling (2019)

Machine learning is used in many fields in today's world. For many supervised and semi-supervised methods more accurate results can be achieved by gathering more labeled data. The increased amount of available data introduces problems to the labeling process. As a result, many crowdsourcing platforms have risen to help ease the labeling process. These crowdsourcing platforms offer monetary rewards for users that label data. However, the expenses start to be noticeable, as the databases grow larger.\n\nThis thesis surveys the existing methods used in computer vision based data labeling, as well as designs and implements a game around video labeling using bounding boxes. Using gamification we aim to lower the cost of the labeling process.\n\nA user study was conducted to evaluate the game. User satisfaction and the labels created by the study participants were evaluated using a ground truth model. The user study showed us that building a simple game for the labeling process did not get the users engaged in the activity. The labels provided by the users were inaccurate. Area and standard deviation based filtering techniques were implemented to clear the data. These two filtering techniques helped to improve the accuracy of the labels. However, majority of the labels did not meet the accuracy criteria of 50\\% intersection over the union on average. The inaccurate labels are partly caused by the low density of answers. Thus, the accuracies are expected to improve with more answers.
Transjugular approach to concurrent mitral-aortic and mitral-tricuspid balloon valvuloplasty (2000)

A transjugular approach was successfully used for concurrent mitral-aortic and mitral-tricuspid valvuloplasty in one patient each. This approach simplifies antegrade transvenous aortic valve dilatation in rheumatic aortic stenosis. Advantages obtained by transjugular tricuspid valvuloplasty are easy crossing of the tricuspid valve and stable balloon position, co-axial with the tricuspid orifice.
Textile Integrated Contactless EMG Sensing for Stress Analysis (2007)

Stress has become an important issue in today's society. Forty to fifty percent of the work related illnesses are directly or indirectly related to stress. In the ConText project, a biofeedback shirt for daily use is being developed to register muscle activity. The user receives feedback about muscle fatigue and/or the level of stress in order to lower the risk on musculoskeletal disorders. Comfort is an important factor to lower the acceptance threshold to wear the shirt. To achieve optimal comfort, the project aims for unobtrusive measurements with contactless sensors which are textile integrated. Working with contactless sensors induces new challenges for instance the displacement of the sensor in the shirt relative to the anatomical position of the muscles. This could affect the recorded signal and lead to errors in the signal. In this paper, we present the results of the quantification of this misalignment. Secondly, we present the first tests with the embroidered sensor.
Relating Things and Stuff via ObjectProperty Interactions (2013)

In the last few years, substantially different approaches have been adopted for segmenting and detecting "things" (object categories that have a well defined shape such as people and cars) and "stuff" (object categories which have an amorphous spatial extent such as grass and sky). While things have been typically detected by sliding window or Hough transform based methods, detection of stuff is generally formulated as a pixel or segment-wise classification problem. This paper proposes a framework for scene understanding that models both things and stuff using a common representation while preserving their distinct nature by using a property list. This representation allows us to enforce sophisticated geometric and semantic relationships between thing and stuff categories via property interactions in a single graphical model. We use the latest advances made in the field of discrete optimization to efficiently perform maximum a posteriori (MAP) inference in this model. We evaluate our method on the Stanford dataset by comparing it against state-of-the-art methods for object segmentation and detection. We also show that our method achieves competitive performances on the challenging PASCAL '09 segmentation dataset.
Design of wbdso control circuit with state machine (2005)

In this paper, we describe a method for designing the sample control circuit of a wide-band digital storage oscilloscope (WBDSO) with state machine. This circuit can be started up by a startup signal and completes the data acquisition process automatically, driven by a clock signal. This circuit is designed with VHDL.
Truly unentangled photon pairs without spectral filtering (2017)

We demonstrate that an integrated silicon microring resonator is capable of efficiently producing photon pairs that are completely unentangled; such pairs are a key component of heralded single-photon sources. A dual-channel interferometric coupling scheme can be used to independently tune the quality factors associated with the pump and signal and idler modes, yielding a biphoton wavefunction with a Schmidt number arbitrarily close to unity. This will permit the generation of heralded single-photon states with unit purity.
Engineered Synthetic Polymer Nanoparticles as IgG Affinity Ligands (2012)

A process for the preparation of an abiotic protein affinity ligand is described. The affinity ligand, a synthetic polymer hydrogel nanoparticle (NP), is formulated with functional groups complementary to the surface presentation of the target protein. An iterative process is used to improve affinity by optimizing the composition and proportion of functional monomers. Since the polymer NPs are formed by a kinetically driven process, the sequence of functional monomers in the polymer chain is not controlled; only the average composition can be adjusted by the stoichiometry of the monomers in the feed. To compensate for this the hydrogel NP is lightly cross-linked resulting in chain flexibility that takes place on a submillisecond time scale allowing the polymer to "map" onto a protein surface with complementary functionality. In this study, we report a lightly cross-linked (2%) N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAm) synthetic polymer NP (50-65 nm) incorporating hydrophobic and carboxylate groups that binds with high affinity to the Fc fragment of IgG. The affinity and amount of NP bound to IgG is pH dependent. The hydrogel NP inhibits protein A binding to the Fc domain at pH 5.5, but not at pH 7.3. A computational analysis was used to identify potential NP-protein interaction sites. Candidates include a NP binding domain that overlaps with the protein A-Fc binding domain at pH 5.5. The computational analysis supports the inhibition experimental results and is attributed to the difference in the charged state of histidine residues. Affinity of the NP (3.5-8.5 nM) to the Fc domain at pH 5.5 is comparable to protein A at pH 7. These results establish that engineered synthetic polymer NPs can be formulated with an intrinsic affinity to a specific domain of a large biomacromolecule.
Self-Patterned CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> Nanocrystals for High-Performance Optoelectronics (2019)

All-inorganic lead halide perovskites are promising materials for many optoelectronic applications. However, two issues that arise during device fabrication hinder their practical use, namely, inadequate continuity of coated inorganic perovskite films across large areas and inability to integrate these films with traditional photolithography due to poor adhesion to wafers. Herein, for the first time, to address these issues, we show a room-temperature synthesis process employed to produce CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> perovskite nanocrystals with two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet features. Due to the unique properties of these 2D nanocrystals, including the "self-assembly" characteristic, the "double solvent evaporation inducing self-patterning" strategy is used to generate high-quality patterned thin films in selected areas automatically after drop-casting, enabling fabrication of high-performance devices without using complex and expensive fabrication processing techniques. The films are free from microcracks. In a proof-of-concept experiment, photodetector arrays are used to demonstrate the superior properties of such films. We provide evidence of both high responsivity (9.04 A/W) and high stability across large areas. The photodetectors fabricated on a flexible substrate exhibit outstanding photoresponse stability. Advanced optical and structural studies reveal the possible mechanism. Our simple and cost-effective method paves the way for the next-generation nanotechnology based on high-performance, cost-effective optoelectronic devices.
Effect of amphoteric surfactant on phase behavior of hydrocarbon-electrolyte-water system-an application in enhanced oil recovery (2017)

The different techniques such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and improved oil recovery (IOR) have been used to enhance oil production. The surfactant flooding is a tertiary oil recovery technique that has been widely used in oil field industry. A variety of surfactant chemicals have been used in which among them the amphoteric type, which has two groups of opposite charges, needs more investigation. In this work, we use cocamidopropyl betaine as an amphoteric surfactant that is used to investigate its influence on the aquifer + hydrocarbon system. The effects of surfactant concentration, salinity, and hydrocarbon type on the phase behavior of the various saline aqueous-hydrocarbon mixtures are investigated. Moreover, the surfactant flooding is carried out using a glass micromodel. Thus, to investigate the wettability, the contact angle is also measured for the present system that it is an influential factor in oil recovery. First, by increasing salinity from 0 wt% to 20 wt% in n-hexadecane, the phase change take placed so that a Winsor formation from type I to III and then to type II occurs. However, for n-heptane upon enhancing salinity, Winsor type III is transformed to type II so that hydrocarbon (oil) recovery increases and break through occurs with a delay. By increasing salinity, water solubilization parameter decreases for both hydrocarbon and by enhancing both surfactant concentration and salinity leads to reduce the contact angle. Thus, cocamidopropyl betaine works better for the longer hydrocarbon chain.In the micromodel flooding test upon formation of Winsor II, the recovery is higher and the break through takes place with a delay. However, for the case of Winsor I, the recovery is lower and the break through occurs earlier. Finally, one can conclude that the low concentration of amphoteric surfactants needs to use that plays an important role in chemical EOR and results a higher recovery in high salinity.