gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloning of the Xylitol Dehydrogenase Gene from<i>Gluconobacter oxydans</i>and Improved Production of Xylitol from<scp>D</scp>-Arabitol (2003)

Xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) was purified from the cytoplasmic fraction of Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621. The purified enzyme reduced D-xylulose to xylitol in the presence of NADH with an optimum pH of around 5.0. Based on the determined NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, the gene encoding xdh was cloned, and its identity was confirmed by expression in Escherichia coli. The xdh gene encodes a polypeptide composed of 262 amino acid residues, with an estimated molecular mass of 27.8 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. Expression plasmids for the xdh gene were constructed and used to produce recombinant strains of G. oxydans that had up to 11-fold greater XDH activity than the wild-type strain. When used in the production of xylitol from D-arabitol under controlled aeration and pH conditions, the strain harboring the xdh expression plasmids produced 57 g/l xylitol from 225 g/l D-arabitol, whereas the control strain produced 27 g/l xylitol. These results demonstrated that increasing XDH activity in G. oxydans improved xylitol productivity.
The sintered microsphere matrix for bone tissue engineering: <i>In vitro</i> osteoconductivity studies (2002)

A tissue engineering approach has been used to design three-dimensional synthetic matrices for bone repair. The osteoconductivity and degradation profile of a novel polymeric bone-graft substitute was evaluated in an in vitro setting. Using the copolymer poly(lactide-co-glycolide) [PLAGA], a sintering technique based on microsphere technology was used to fabricate three-dimensional porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. Osteoblasts and fibroblasts were seeded onto a 50:50 PLAGA scaffold. Morphologic evaluation through scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that both cell types attached and spread over the scaffold. Cells migrated through the matrix using cytoplasmic extensions to bridge the structure. Cross-sectional images indicated that cellular proliferation had penetrated into the matrix approximately 700 microm from the surface. Examination of the surfaces of cell/matrix constructs demonstrated that cellular proliferation had encompassed the pores of the matrix by 14 days of cell culture. With the aim of optimizing polymer composition and polymer molecular weight, a degradation study was conducted utilizing the matrix. The results demonstrate that degradation of the sintered matrix is dependent on molecular weight, copolymer ratio, and pore volume. From this data, it was determined that 75:25 PLAGA with an initial molecular weight of 100,000 has an optimal degradation profile. These studies show that the sintered microsphere matrix has an osteoconductive structure capable of functioning as a cellular scaffold with a degradation profile suitable for bone regeneration.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of the Cytochrome P450-Debrisoquine Hydroxylase Locus and Association with Cancer Susceptibility (1992)

The cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases play a central role in the metabolism of chemical carcinogens. The action of these enzymes can lead to either carcinogen detoxication or activation. Differences in P450 expression in animal models give rise to large differences in susceptibility to chemical carcinogens, so genetic polymorphisms in P450 expression may be expected to be an important factor in individual human susceptibility to cancer. Of particular interest is the genetic polymorphism at the cytochrome P450-debrisoquine/sparteine hydroxylase locus (CYP2D6). Although this is a minor liver P450, its polymorphic expression is associated with the abnormal metabolism of at least 30 therapeutic drugs, including beta-blockers and tricyclic antidepressants. Conflicting reports have been made on the association of this polymorphism with cancer susceptibility. This disagreement may be attributable to limitations of the phenotyping assay used to identify affected individuals (poor metabolizers, PMs). In order to clarify these anomalies, we have developed a simple DNA-based assay with which we can identify the majority of PMs. The assay is centered around the primary gene defect responsible for the polymorphism, a G to A transition at the junction of intron 3/exon 4 which results in a frame-shift in the resultant mRNA. The frequency of this mutation is 70-80% in PMs. We have studied the frequency of mutated alleles in a control population and in a wide range of cancer patients. No association between this polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility was observed; however, in other populations of cancer patients some very interesting shifts were found in the proportion of PMs and heterozygotes from that in the normal population.
Design of a Compact, Lightweight Pulsed Homopolar Generator Power Supply (2016)

The Center for Electromechanics at The University of Texas at Austin (CEM-UT), funded by the U. S. Army Armament Research and Development Command (ARRADCOM) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), has designed and begun construction of a compact, lightweight homopolar generator (HPG) that can be used as a portable field power supply. Nominally a 6-MJ, 750-kA generator, this machine will significantly advance the state of the art in terms of energy density in an inexpensive machine designed for production. The mechanical and electrical design of the machine, which is based on the all-iron-rotating (A-I-R) configuration, is discussed. Fabrication has begun and the machine should be operable by January 1982.
ANFIS Based-Kinematic Modeling of Mobile Parallel Robot (2012)

This paper considers a kinematic based ANFIS motion modeling and control of a mobile parallel robot (MPR), consist of a multi-degree of freedom (DOF) parallel manipulator and a mobile platform. First, kinematics modeling for the hybrid structure is derived. Then singularities of the MPR structure are identified. Taking the self motion into consideration due to the redundancy, the inverse kinematic is derived using hybrid neuro-fuzzy system called NeFIK. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Deoxygenation of amino-glycoside antibiotics via anhydro intermediates. III. New synthesis of 3'-deoxykanamycin A. (1981)

A new synthetic route has been exploited for the large-scale production of 3'-deoxykanamycin A. The key stage in the synthesis involves the formation of the 3', 4'-anhydro-3'-epi derivative (9) or 2', 3'-anhydro-3'-epi derivative (10) followed by conversion to the 3'-deoxy derivative by reduction with Raney-nickel or sodium borohydride. Compound (9) or (10) was prepared by the treatment of 2', 2"-di-O-benzoyl-3'-O-methylsulfonyl-tetra-N-ethoxycarbonylkanamycin A with sodium methoxide.
Activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor is not sufficient for the full biological activity of bFGF (1992)

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) is an 18,000-D protein produced by various mesodermal and neuroectodermal tissues and especially by tissues with high angiogenic activity. It belongs to a well-characterized family of endothelial cell mitogens also known as heparin-binding growth factors for their high affinity to heparin [1, 2].
Molecular discriminators using single wall carbon nanotubes (2012)

The interaction between single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and amphiphilic molecules has been studied in a solid phase. SWNTs are allowed to interact with different amphiphilic probes (e.g. lipids) in a narrow capillary interface. Contact between strong hydrophobic and amphiphilic interfaces leads to a molecular restructuring of the lipids at the interface. The geometry of the diffusion front and the rate and the extent of diffusion of the interface are dependent on the structure of the lipid at the interface. Lecithin having a linear tail showed greater mobility of the interface as compared to a branched tail lipid like dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, indicating the hydrophobic interaction between single wall carbon nanotube core and the hydrophobic tail of the lipid. Solid phase interactions between SWNT and lipids can thus become a very simple but efficient means of discriminating amphiphilic molecules in general and lipids in particular.
Cloning and characterization of a Moraxella bovis cytotoxin gene (2001)

A gene was identified in M bovis that encodes a protein with sequence homology to other RTX toxins. Results of cytotoxin neutralization assays support the hypothesis that M. bovis cytotoxin is encoded by this gene and belongs in the RTX family of bacterial exoproteins. Identification of this gene and expression of recombinant cytotoxin could facilitate the development of improved vaccines against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.
Identification of Immunoreactive Tumour Antigens Using Free and Exosome-Associated Humoral Responses (2013)

Altered tumour antigens can initiate cellular and humoral immune responses; however, they often fail to eliminate tumours. In humans, the presence of cancer is generally associated with the suppression of T cell activation and effector responses, characterized as a Th1 to Th2 biased response. This Th2 response leads to the production of tumour-reactive antibodies. Further, neoplastic lesions and biological fluids of cancer patients contain an abundance of tumour-derived exosomes (TDE) expressing tumour antigens. Expression of tumour antigens on TDE may represent an antibody target and serve to block antibody binding to the tumour, implicating a role for these nanovesicles in tumour survival. In this study, ovarian tumour cell proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and patient-derived antibodies were used to analyse immunoreactivity. Common immunoreactive proteins among ovarian cancer patients were identified by mass spectrometry and six proteins were selected based on recognition and correlation with cancer pathogenesis. The identity of these proteins were confirmed by immunoreactivity of patient-derived antibodies with recombinant proteins and their presence on in vivo and in vitro-derived ovarian tumour exosomes was defined. Analysis of the TDE demonstrated bound tumour-reactive immunoglobulins, exhibiting immunoreactivity with specific antigens, suggesting that patient-derived antibodies recognize tumour antigens on circulating exosomes.
Dynamics of Mass-Limited Laser Plasma Targets as Sources for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (2002)

The droplet laser plasma source has many attractive features as a continuous, almost debris-free source for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray radiation applications. In a combined experimental and theoretical study, we are analyzing the interaction physics between the laser light and microscopic spherical liquid droplet targets over a range of conditions.
THE ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-1P IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA (1999)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is recognized clinically by the proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, the detection of a serum or urine monoclonal protein, anemia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and lytic bone lesions.3z Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is characterized by a monoclonal protein (M-protein) in the serum or urine without other clinical features of multiple myeloma.zo, 32 Patients with MGUS are asymptomatic and have stable serum M-protein rneas~rements.~~ Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is more common than myeloma, occurring in 1% of the population over age 50 and 3% over age 70.2O It is of great clinical importance to distinguish between patients with MM and those with MGUS, because MGUS patients may be safely observed off chemotherapy. Unnecessary treatment can lead to acute leukemiaz0 or to morbidity or mortality from chemotherapy. Patients with MGUS usually have less than 10% marrow plasma cells, a serum monoclonal protein level of less than 3 g/dL, no urinary Bence Jones protein, and no anemia, renal failure, lytic bone lesions, or hypercalcemia. In contrast, patients with active myeloma will present with a marrow plasmacytosis of 10% or more, a serum monoclonal protein of 3 g / dL or more, a 24-hour urine monoclonal protein of 1 g or more, and lytic bone lesions. Patients with smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) have a marrow plasmacytosis of 10% or more or a serum monoclonal protein level of 3 g/dL or more, but they have stable disease and no lytic bone lesions. Many patients with MM have a history of prior MGUS. In one Mayo Clinic study, 58% had prior MGUS or plasrnacytoma.3' This work was supported by Grant CA62242 from the National Institutes of Health.
Image Processing Based Approach for Retrieving Data from a Seismic Section in Bitmap Format (2010)

A new method for retrieving seismic data from a seismic section provided in a bitmap format is described. The method is based on image processing techniques and includes creating a grey level image of a seismic section, processing the grey level image (by integration, filtering, etc.) and then reconstructing digitized values of individual seismic traces_ from the resulting image, thus ending with the data in standard SEG-Y format.
Back Cover: Observation of Subcellular Metabolite Gradients in Single Cells by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41/2012) (2012)

Combining cell microdissection with laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry enables the metabolic profiling of subcellular compartments, as shown by A. Vertes and co-workers in their Communication on page 10386 ff. The use of LAESI mass spectrometry allowed the dissected cell to be studied in its natural tissue-embedded state. Large metabolite gradients between the nucleus and the cytoplasm were revealed and over 30 metabolites were detected in a large cell compartment, for example the nucleus.
A 4-Transistor nMOS-Only Logic-Compatible Gain-Cell Embedded DRAM With Over 1.6-ms Retention Time at 700 mV in 28-nm FD-SOI (2017)

Gain-cell embedded DRAM (GC-eDRAM) is a possible alternative to traditional static random access memories (SRAM). While GC-eDRAM provides high-density, low-leakage, low-voltage, and inherent2-ported operation, its limited retention time requires periodic, power-hungry refresh cycles. This drawback is further aggravated at scaled technologies, where increased subthreshold leakage currents and decreased in-cell storage capacitances result in faster data integrity deterioration. Therefore, integration of GC-eDRAM within modern systems is often considered to be limited to mature process technologies, where these phenomena are less detrimental. In this paper, we present for the first time a fully functional GC-eDRAM array, implemented and fabricated in a 28-nm process node. The 8-kb array is based on a novel, 2-ported, 4-transistor NMOS-only bitcell with internal feedback to provide efficient operation in the target 28-nm FD-SOI technology. The fabricated memory macro achieves more than 1.6-ms data retention time at 27 °C, which is 30× longer than conventional gain-cell topologies when applied to this technology. The described 4-transistor dual-port nMOS array utilizes over 70% of the total memory macro area, while retaining almost 30% lower cell area than a single-ported 6T SRAM in the same technology.
Locomotion of a Cylindrical Rolling Robot with a Shape Changing Outer Surface (2018)

A cylindrical rolling robot is developed that generates roll torque by changing the shape of its flexible, elliptical outer surface whenever one of four elliptical axes rotates past an inclination called trigger angle. The robot is equipped with a sensing/control system by which it measures angular position and angular velocity, and computes error with respect to a desired step angular velocity profile. When shape change is triggered, the newly assumed shape of the outer surface is determined according to the computed error. A series of trial rolls is conducted using various trigger angles, and energy consumed by the actuation motor per unit roll distance is measured. Results show that, for each of three desired velocity profiles investigated, there exists a range of trigger angles that results in relatively low energy consumption per unit roll distance, and when the robot operates within this optimal trigger angle range, it undergoes minimal actuation burdening and inadvertent braking, both of which are inherent to the mechanics of rolling robots that use shape change to generate roll torque. A mathematical model of motion is developed and applied in a simulation program that can be used to predict and further understand behavior of the robot.
Biometric recognition: Sensor characteristics and image quality (2011)

Biometric recognition, or simply biometrics, refers to recognizing a person based on one or more of his anatomical or behavioral characteristics. A good biometric trait should be measurable, distinctive (different for every person) and stable over time. The sensing method should not be intrusive or socially unacceptable, and the system should be easy to use. A biometric system based on this trait should be accurate, fast, robust and inexpensive. In this article, we discuss the signal acquisition aspects of fingerprint and iris biometrics-two of the most widely used biometric traits.Personal recognition of people is necessary to conduct many social and economic activities. Besides visual recognition of acquaintances, checking a person's government issued photo ID is the most common procedure. In electronic access or transactions, passwords and security tokens are commonly used. These credentials are surrogates of a person's identity Their major shortcoming is that they can be easily compromised by being lost, stolen, or given to someone else. For better security, it is necessary to link the digital identity of a person to his body's characteristics.
Guide RNAs: A Glimpse at the Sequences that Drive CRISPR–Cas Systems (2016)

CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea. Although there are two main classes of CRISPR-Cas systems defined by gene content, interfering RNA biogenesis, and effector proteins, Type II systems have recently been exploited on a broad scale to develop next-generation genetic engineering and genome-editing tools. Conveniently, Type II systems are streamlined and rely on a single protein, Cas9, and a guide RNA molecule, comprised of a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-acting CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA), to achieve effective and programmable nucleic acid targeting and cleavage. Currently, most commercially available Cas9-based genome-editing tools use the CRISPR-Cas system from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpyCas9), although many orthogonal Type II systems are available for diverse and multiplexable genome engineering applications. Here, we discuss the biological significance of Type II CRISPR-Cas elements, including the tracrRNA, crRNA, Cas9, and protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), and look at the native function of these elements to understand how they can be engineered, enhanced, and optimized for genome editing applications. Additionally, we discuss the basis for orthogonal Cas9 and guide RNA systems that would allow researchers to concurrently use multiple Cas9-based systems for different purposes. Understanding the native function of endogenous Type II CRISPR-Cas systems can lead to new Cas9 tool development to expand the genetic manipulation toolbox.
High pressure fosters protein refolding from aggregates at high concentrations (1999)

High hydrostatic pressures (1-2 kbar), combined with low, nondenaturing concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride (GdmHCl) foster disaggregation and refolding of denatured and aggregated human growth hormone and lysozyme, and beta-lactamase inclusion bodies. One hundred percent recovery of properly folded protein can be obtained by applying pressures of 2 kbar to suspensions containing aggregates of recombinant human growth hormone (up to 8.7 mg/ml) and 0.75 M GdmHCl. Covalently crosslinked, insoluble aggregates of lysozyme could be refolded to native, functional protein at a 70% yield, independent of protein concentration up to 2 mg/ml. Inclusion bodies containing beta-lactamase could be refolded at high yields of active protein, even without added GdmHCl.
Basic chemistry and mechanisms of plasma etching (1983)

A recent review of plasma etching is extended with discussions of similarity variables governing discharges, anisotropic oxide etching in fluorine and unsaturate-rich plasmas, surface texture, the loading effect, and gas-surface reactions.
MBE-grown Mg<inf>0.13</inf>Cd<inf>0.87</inf>Te for MgCdTe (1.7 eV)/Si (1.1 eV) tandem solar cell applications (2016)

Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Cd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> Te (1.7 eV)/Si (1.1 eV) (x~0.13) tandem cells have the potential to reach conversion efficiencies greater than 30% with low cost. Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.13</sub> Cd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.87</sub> Te/Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> Cd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-y</sub> Te (y>0.13) double-heterostructures (DH) grown by molecular beam epitaxy feature 1.7 eV bandgaps and very high absorption coefficients measured by photoluminescence (PL) and ellipsometry. Both undoped and n-doped Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.13</sub> Cd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.87</sub> Te/Mg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> Cd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-y</sub> Te DHs exhibit comparable carrier lifetimes (50 ns) to that of high-quality doped CdTe/MgCdTe DHs, and show great promise to have even longer carrier lifetime through optimizing barrier height, barrier thickness, and doping concentration, leading to increased performance in solar cells.
Flow measured acoustically (1982)

An acoustic flowmeter has been developed at the US National Bureau of Standards for measuring the flow of an arbitrary fluid in a pipe. Sound waves are induced in the fluid at two frequencies whose wavelengths are much longer than the pipe diameter.
Review of candidate devices for neuromorphic applications (2019)

Artificial intelligence technology has attracted much attention in recent years, and technological progress of this technology is anticipated with the development of semiconductor technology. This talk focuses on synaptic mimic devices to realize artificial intelligence with semiconductor memory technology. These synaptic devices affect cognitive accuracy along with conductance quantization and architecture. Therefore, we will first discuss from the architectural point of view and examine the characteristics of candidates for various synapse devices being reported. In particular, we concentrate on synaptic imitation devices that creatively use the functions of several flash memory devices. Finally, we discuss device variation and IR drop along metal wires as common challenges for synaptic devices, and how neuromorphic technology will evolve.