gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of (±)-Isocombretastatins A-C (1987)

Abstract With the African bush willow (Combretum caffrum) constituent R(-)-combretastatin (1a) as a model syntheses of iso-combretastatins A(1b), B(1c) AND C(1d) were completed. Reaction (ultrasound promoted) between the lithium derivative of benzyl bromide 2b and silyl protected isovanillin 3a was illustrative of the general synthetic approach. Racemic isocombretastatin A was found to significantly inhibit (ED50 0.19–0.25 μg/ml) growth of the P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line.
Flow Batteries: Alkaline Benzoquinone Aqueous Flow Battery for Large‐Scale Storage of Electrical Energy (Adv. Energy Mater. 8/2018) (2018)

In article number 1702056 Roy G. Gordon, Michael J. Aziz and co-workers, introduce an aqueous flow battery based on low-cost, nonflammable, noncorrosive, and earth-abundant elements. During charging, electrons are stored in a concentrated aqueous solution of 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, which rapidly receives electrons from inexpensive carbon electrodes without the assistance of any metal electrocatalyst. Electrons are withdrawn from a second aqueous solution of a food additive, potassium ferrocyanide.
Redefining the Role of Metallothionein within the Injured Brain (2008)

A number of intracellular proteins that are protective after brain injury are classically thought to exert their effect within the expressing cell. The astrocytic metallothioneins (MT) are one example and are thought to act via intracellular free radical scavenging and heavy metal regulation, and in particular zinc. Indeed, we have previously established that astrocytic MTs are required for successful brain healing. Here we provide evidence for a fundamentally different mode of action relying upon intercellular transfer from astrocytes to neurons, which in turn leads to uptake-dependent axonal regeneration. First, we show that MT can be detected within the extracellular fluid of the injured brain, and that cultured astrocytes are capable of actively secreting MT in a regulatable manner. Second, we identify a receptor, megalin, that mediates MT transport into neurons. Third, we directly demonstrate for the first time the transfer of MT from astrocytes to neurons over a specific time course in vitro. Finally, we show that MT is rapidly internalized via the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells in vivo and is a powerful promoter of axonal regeneration through the inhibitory environment of the completely severed mature optic nerve. Our work suggests that the protective functions of MT in the central nervous system should be widened from a purely astrocytic focus to include extracellular and intra-neuronal roles. This unsuspected action of MT represents a novel paradigm of astrocyte-neuronal interaction after injury and may have implications for the development of MT-based therapeutic agents.
Coal desulfurization by low temperature chlorinolysis. Final report for Phase I, July 6, 1977--Nobvember 6, 1977 (1977)

The final report for Phase I of the Coal Desulfurization by Low Temperature Chlorinolysis Project carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is presented. The Phase I program consisted of: (1) Laboratory testing of twelve coals, including 9 bituminous, 2 sub-bituminous, 1 lignite, 1 high organic sulfur and 1 high pyritic sulfur coal, selected with consultation and approval of the United States Bureau of Mines. (2) Preliminary design and equipment specifications for bench-scale (batch) and mini-pilot plant (continuous flow) coal desulfurization that included immersion testing of reactor construction materials. Laboratory testing was carried out on 100-gram samples of +200 mesh coal using laboratory glassware. Major process steps included: chlorination, hydrolysis and dechlorination. Parameters tested included time, temperature, solvent, water-to-coal ratios, chlorine rate and steam-to-coal ratios. Sulfur removal data scatter is extensive. Average sulfur removals for PSOC-219 are: organic sulfur--50 to 60%, pyritic sulfur--60 to 70%, total sulfur--60 to 70%. Of the remaining 11 coals, three had an organic sulfur reduction of less than 20%, four had an organic sulfur reduction of 71 to 83%, and the remaining coals had intermediate organic sulfur removals. The total sulfur reduction for 3 of the 11 coals is less than 34%. The remaining coals had total sulfur reduction of 37 to 78% with accompanying pyritic sulfur removals of 13 to 99%.
Fair Quantized Congestion Notification in Data Center Networks (2013)

Quantized Congestion Notification (QCN) has been developed for IEEE 802.1Qau to provide congestion control at the Ethernet Layer or Layer 2 in data center networks (DCNs) by the IEEE Data Center Bridging Task Group. One drawback of QCN is the rate unfairness of different flows when sharing one bottleneck link. In this paper, we propose an enhanced QCN congestion notification algorithm, called fair QCN (FQCN), to improve rate allocation fairness of multiple flows sharing one bottleneck link in DCNs. FQCN identifies congestion culprits through joint queue and per flow monitoring, feedbacks individual congestion information to each culprit through multi-casting, and ensures convergence to statistical fairness. We analyze the stability and fairness of FQCN via Lyapunov functions and evaluate the performance of FQCN through simulations in terms of the queue length stability, link throughput and rate allocations to traffic flows with different traffic dynamics under three network topologies. Simulation results confirm the rate allocation unfairness of QCN, and validate that FQCN maintains the queue length stability, successfully allocates the fair share rate to each traffic source sharing the link capacity, and enhances TCP throughput performance in the TCP Incast setting.
Measuring localization confidence for quantifying accuracy and heterogeneity in single-molecule super-resolution microscopy (2020)

We present a computational method, termed Wasserstein-induced flux (WIF), to robustly quantify the accuracy of individual localizations within a single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) dataset without ground- truth knowledge of the sample. WIF relies on the observation that accurate localizations are stable with respect to an arbitrary computational perturbation. Inspired by optimal transport theory, we measure the stability of individual localizations and develop an efficient optimization algorithm to compute WIF. We demonstrate the advantage of WIF in accurately quantifying imaging artifacts in high-density reconstruction of a tubulin network. WIF represents an advance in quantifying systematic errors with unknown and complex distributions, which could improve a variety of downstream quantitative analyses that rely upon accurate and precise imaging. Furthermore, thanks to its formulation as layers of simple analytical operations, WIF can be used as a loss function for optimizing various computational imaging models and algorithms even without training data.
Process for selective removal of H/sub 2/S from mixtures containing H/sub 2/S and CO/sub 2/ with heterocyclic tertiary aminoalkanols (1984)

The selective removal of H/sub 2/S gas from a normally gaseous mixture containing H/sub 2/S and CO/sub 2/ is accomplished by contacting the gaseous mixture with an absorbent solution comprising a nitrogen heterocyclic tertiary aminoalkanol or aminoetheralkanol whereby H/sub 2/S is selectively absorbed from the mixture.
Restoring speech following total removal of the larynx by a learned transformation from sensor data to acoustics (2017)

Total removal of the larynx may be required to treat laryngeal cancer: speech is lost. This article shows that it may be possible to restore speech by sensing movement of the remaining speech articulators and use machine learning algorithms to derive a transformation to convert this sensor data into an acoustic signal. The resulting “silent speech,” which may be delivered in real time, is intelligible and sounds natural. The identity of the speaker is recognisable. The sensing technique involves attaching small, unobtrusive magnets to the lips and tongue and monitoring changes in the magnetic field induced by their movement.
Novel Selective Allosteric and Bitopic Ligands for the S1P<sub>3</sub> Receptor (2012)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a lysophospholipid signaling molecule that regulates important biological functions, including lymphocyte trafficking and vascular development, by activating G protein-coupled receptors for S1P, namely, S1P(1) through S1P(5). Here, we map the S1P(3) binding pocket with a novel allosteric agonist (CYM-5541), an orthosteric agonist (S1P), and a novel bitopic antagonist (SPM-242). With a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, ligand competition assay, and molecular modeling, we concluded that S1P and CYM-5541 occupy different chemical spaces in the ligand binding pocket of S1P(3). CYM-5541 allowed us to identify an allosteric site where Phe263 is a key gate-keeper residue for its affinity and efficacy. This ligand lacks a polar moiety, and the novel allosteric hydrophobic pocket permits S1P(3) selectivity of CYM-5541 within the highly similar S1P receptor family. However, a novel S1P(3)-selective antagonist, SPM-242, in the S1P(3) pocket occupies the ligand binding spaces of both S1P and CYM-5541, showing its bitopic mode of binding. Therefore, our coordinated approach with biochemical data and molecular modeling, based on our recently published S1P(1) crystal structure data in a highly conserved set of related receptors with a shared ligand, provides a strong basis for the successful optimization of orthosteric, allosteric, and bitopic modulators of S1P(3).
Algorithms for providing bandwidth and delay guarantees in input-buffered crossbars with speedup (2002)

Investigates some issues related to providing QoS guarantees in input-buffered crossbars with speedup. We show that a speedup of 4 is sufficient to ensure 100% asymptotic throughput with any maximal matching algorithm employed by the arbiter. We present several algorithms which ensure different delay guarantees with a range of speedup values between 2 and 6. We demonstrate that with relatively simple arbitration algorithms and a speedup that is independent of the switch size, it is possible to ensure delay guarantees which are comparable to those available for output-buffered switches.
Novel Positive-Type Photosensitive Polyimide Coatings "PW-1000". (2000)

We developed the novel positive photosensitive polyimide coatings "PW-1000". The coatings have alkaline developablity as well as fine resolution. The coatings have wide focus margin also. In addition to these photolithographic performances, the "PW-1000" has good heat stability, solution stability, and plasma etching resistance. These features promise that "PW-1000" is suitable for the LSI application.
semQA: SPARQL with Idempotent Disjunction (2009)

The SPARQL LeftJoin abstract operator is not distributive over Union; this limits the algebraic manipulation of graph patterns, which in turn restricts the ability to create query plans for distributed processing or query optimization. In this paper, we present semQA, an algebraic extension for the SPARQL query language for RDF, which overcomes this issue by transforming graph patterns through the use of an idempotent disjunction operator Or as a substitute for Union. This permits the application of a set of equivalences that transform a query into distinct forms. We further present an algorithm to derive the solution set of the original query from the solution set of a query where Union has been substituted by Or. We also analyze the combined complexity of SPARQL, proving it to be NP-complete. It is also shown that the SPARQL query language is not, in the general case, fixed-parameter tractable. Experimental results are presented to validate the query evaluation methodology presented in this paper against the SPARQL standard to corroborate the complexity analysis and to illustrate the gains in processing cost reduction that can be obtained through the application of semQA.
Superrays for Efficient Light Field Processing (2017)

Light field acquisition devices allow capturing scenes with unmatched postprocessing possibilities. However, the huge amount of high-dimensional data poses challenging problems to light field processing in interactive time. In order to enable light field processing with a tractable complexity, in this paper, we address the problem of light field oversegmentation. We introduce the concept of superray, which is a grouping of rays within and across views, as a key component of a light field processing pipeline. The proposed approach is simple, fast, accurate, easily parallelisable, and does not need a dense depth estimation. We demonstrate experimentally the efficiency of the proposed approach on real and synthetic datasets, for sparsely and densely sampled light fields. As superrays capture a coarse scene geometry information, we also present how they can be used for real-time light field segmentation and correcting refocusing angular aliasing.
Characterization of ternary NiTiPt high-temperature shape memory alloys (2005)

Pt additions substituted for Ni in NiTi alloys are known to increase the transformation temperature of the alloy but only at fairly high Pt levels. However, until now only ternary compositions with a very specific stoichiometry, Ni<sub>50-x</sub>Pt<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>50</sub>, have been investigated and then only to very limited extent. In order to learn more about this potential high-temperature shape memory alloy system, a series of over twenty alloys along and on either side of a line of constant stoichiometry between NiTi and TiPt were arc melted, homogenized, and characterized in terms of their microstructure, transformation temperatures, and hardness. The resulting microstructures were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the phase compositions quantified by energy dispersive spectroscopy. "Stoichiometric" compositions along a line of constant stoichiometry between NiTi to TiPt were essentially single phase but any deviations from a stoichiometry of (Ni,Pt)<sub>50</sub>Ti<sub>50</sub> resulted in the presence of at least two different intermetallic phases, depending on the overall composition of the alloy. Essentially all alloys, whether single or two-phase, still under went a martensitic transformation. It was found that the transformation temperatures were depressed with initial Pt additions but at levels greater than 10 at.% the transformation temperature increased linearly with Pt content. Also, the transformation temperatures were relatively insensitive to alloy stoichiometry within the range of alloys examined. Finally, the dependence of hardness on Pt content for a series of Ni<sub>50-x</sub>Pt<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>50</sub> alloys showed solution softening at low Pt levels, while hardening was observed in ternary alloys containing more than about 10 at.% Pt. On either side of these "stoichiometric" compositions, hardness was also found to increase significantly.
Evaluation and Refinement of Clustered Search Results with the Crowd (2018)

When searching on the web or in an app, results are often returned as lists of hundreds to thousands of items, making it difficult for users to understand or navigate the space of results. Research has demonstrated that using clustering to partition search results into coherent, topical clusters can aid in both exploration and discovery. Yet clusters generated by an algorithm for this purpose are often of poor quality and do not satisfy users. To achieve acceptable clustered search results, experts must manually evaluate and refine the clustered results for each search query, a process that does not scale to large numbers of search queries. In this article, we investigate using crowd-based human evaluation to inspect, evaluate, and improve clusters to create high-quality clustered search results at scale. We introduce a workflow that begins by using a collection of well-known clustering algorithms to produce a set of clustered search results for a given query. Then, we use crowd workers to holistically assess the quality of each clustered search result to find the best one. Finally, the workflow has the crowd spot and fix problems in the best result to produce a final output. We evaluate this workflow on 120 top search queries from the Google Play Store, some of whom have clustered search results as a result of evaluations and refinements by experts. Our evaluations demonstrate that the workflow is effective at reproducing the evaluation of expert judges and also improves clusters in a way that agrees with experts and crowds alike.
MicroRNA-224 Negatively Regulates p21 Expression During Late Neoplastic Progression in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2013)

These findings reveal miR dysregulation specific to IBD-associated colorectal carcinoma. MiR-224 is overexpressed in IBD cancers and targets p21, a key cell cycle regulator. Moreover, these results establish the participation of miR-224 in IBD carcinogenesis.
Distributed Micro Fuel Injection for Improved Premixing: Lean Blowout, Emissions, and Dynamics (2009)

Reduction in NOx are generally obtained by lowering the flame temperature and locally improving the homogeneity of the reacting mixture. In this study, a novel premixer, the Micro Fuel Injection Swirler (MFIS) has been developed and manufactured to provide efficient and rapid mixing through distributed fuel injection, grid generated turbulence and countercurrent shear flow. The MFIS uses a circular array of porous swirl-panels that are hollow for micro scale distributed fuel injection. The fuel is introduced at multiple locations perpendicular to the plane of each swirl vane and countercurrent to the oncoming stream of air. The opposed injection enhances mixing, the porous-swirler grid introduces small-scale turbulence that further promotes mixing, and the swirl-panels provide the needed swirl for flame stability. Combustion tests were run in a cylindrical combustion chamber with inlet conditions at standard temperature (300K) and pressure (1 atm), and at firing rates of 10–58 kW. Measured parameters included lean blowout limits, flame temperature, NOx emissions, heat release rate (represented by CH light emission), and the pressure fluctuations upstream and downstream of the dump plane. The MFIS was located just upstream of the dump plane. In addition, a standard 8 vane, 45 degree solid swirler (SS) with fuel injection considerably upstream, was tested to provide a benchmark comparison. Combustion results indicated that the MFIS was capable of achieving lower equivalence ratios at lean blowout compared to the solid swirler cases tested. At a set thermal load, the MFIS produced higher flame temperatures, higher heat release rates near the dump plane, and comparable NOx emissions to the solid swirler cases. At equivalent operating temperatures, the MFIS produced nearly equal NOx emissions compared to the perfectly premixed solid swirler case in which fuel was injected far upstream of the dump plane. In summary, the MFIS was capable of providing efficient air/fuel mixing over a short premixing distance, affirming its effectiveness in lean premixed combustion systems.
In/ITO p-Type Electrode for High-Brightness GaN-Based Light Emitting Diodes (2007)

Indium interlayers ( thick) were used to form highly transparent and low-resistance indium-tin oxide (ITO) ohmic contacts to p-GaN for high-brightness light emitting diodes (LEDs). The In/ITO contacts became ohmic with a specific contact resistance of and produced transmittance of 95.8% at wavelength of when annealed at . Blue LEDs fabricated with the annealed In/ITO p-type contact layers exhibited a forward-bias voltage of at an injection current of . The light output power of LEDs with the In/ITO contacts was enhanced 91% at compared to LEDs with the oxidized contacts.
SABRes: Atomic object reads for in-memory rack-scale computing (2016)

Modern in-memory services rely on large distributed object stores to achieve the high scalability essential to ser-vice thousands of requests concurrently. The independent and unpredictable nature of incoming requests results in random accesses to the object store, triggering frequent remote memory accesses. State-of-the-art distributed memory frameworks leverage the one-sided operations offered by RDMA technology to mitigate the traditionally high cost of remote memory access. Unfortunately, the limited semantics of RDMA one-sided operations bound remote memory access atomicity to a single cache block; therefore, atomic remote object access relies on software mechanisms. Emerging highly integrated rack-scale systems that reduce the latency of one-sided operations to a small multiple of DRAM latency expose the overhead of these software mechanisms as a major latency contributor. This technology-triggered paradigm shift calls for new one-sided operations with stronger semantics. We take a step in that direction by proposing SABRes, a new one-sided operation that provides atomic remote object reads in hardware. We then present LightSABRes, a lightweight hardware accelerator for SABRes that removes all atomicity-associated software overheads. Compared to a state-of-the-art software atomicity mechanism, LightSABRes improve the throughput of a microbenchmark atomically accessing 128B-8KB objects from remote memory by 15–97%, and the throughput of a modern in-memory distributed object store by 30–60%.
Structure−Activity Relationships for a Novel Series of Pyrido[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (1997)

Screening of a compound library for inhibitors of the fibroblast growth factor (FGFr) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFr) receptor tyrosine kinases led to the development of a novel series of ATP competitive pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The initial lead, 1-[2-amino-6-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl]-3- tert-butylurea (4b, PD-089828), was found to be a broadly active tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Compound 4b inhibited the PDGFr, FGFr, EGFr, and c-src tyrosine kinases with IC50 values of 1.11, 0.13, 0.45, and 0.22 microM, respectively. Subsequent SAR studies led to the synthesis of new analogs with improved potency, solubility, and bioavailability relative to the initial lead. For example, the introduction of a [4-(diethylamino)butyl]amino side chain into the 2-position of 4b afforded compound 6c with enhanced potency and bioavailability. Compound 6c inhibited PDGF-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation with an IC50 of 0.3 microM. Furthermore, replacement of the 6-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) moiety of 4b with a 6-(3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl) functionality produced a highly selective FGFr tyrosine kinase inhibitor 4e. Compound 4e inhibited the FGFr tyrosine kinase with an IC50 of 0.060 microM, whereas IC50s for the inhibition of the PDGFr, FGFr, EGFr, c-src, and InsR tyrosine kinases for this compound (4e) were all greater than 50 microM.
Potential New Artificial Sweetener from Study of Structure-Taste Relationships (1976)

4-(Methoxymethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxaldehyde syn-oxime is a new sweetening agent developed by systematic synthesis and taste evaluation of 80 new oximes analogous to the little-used osime sweetener, perillartine.