gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Instrument Suite for Vertical Characterization of the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System (2012)

A document describes a suite that provides four simultaneous ion and neutral-atom measurements as a function of altitude, with variable sensitivity for neutral atmospheric species. The variable sensitivity makes it possible to extend the measurements over the altitude range of 100 to more than 700 km. The four instruments in the suite are (1) a neutral wind-temperature spectrometer (WTS), (2) an ion-drift ion-temperature spectrometer (IDTS), (3) a neutral mass spectrometer (NMS), and (4) an ion mass spectrometer (IMS).
A simple, sensitive assay to detect DNA–protein cromlinks in intact cells and <i>in vivo</i> (1992)

Addition of potassium chloride to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) resulted in the formation of an insoluble precipitate that was easily recovered by low-speed centrifugation. Since SDS tightly binds to proteins but not DNA, all proteins and detergent-resistant DNA--protein complexes were also effectively co-precipitated in the presence of potassium--SDS leaving free DNA in the supernatant. The amount of SDS-precipitable DNA represented a measure of DNA--protein crosslinks. We have adapted this method for determining DNA--protein crosslinks formed in cells following their exposure in culture or in vivo to crosslinking agents such as chromate, cis-Pt(II) diammine dichloride and formaldehyde. The critical parameters for application of the K--SDS assay to cells were rigorously reproducible shearing of chromosomal DNA and effective washing steps. We have found that freeze-thawing SDS lysed cells followed by vortexing and repeated resuspensions of the precipitate by pipeting resulted in a low background and high reproducibility of the assay. The method detected in a dose-dependent manner DNA--protein crosslinks induced in CHO cells by chromate, cis-platinum and formaldehyde, with sensitivity similar to the alkaline elution procedure. The K--SDS assay was also successfully utilized to determine DNA--protein crosslinks in rat and mouse white blood cells exposed in vivo to chromate. Its sensitivity and simplicity in sample handling and DNA--protein complex isolation potential allows wide application of the assay to measure formation of DNA--protein crosslinks. The ease of recovery of DNA--protein complexes allows for a more thorough investigation of this lesion.
The Knockout Switch: A Simple, Modular Architecture for High-Performance Packet Switching (1987)

A new, high-performance packet-switching architecture, called the Knockout Switch, is proposed. The Knockout Switch uses a fully interconnected switch fabric topology (i.e., each input has a direct path to every output) so that no switch blocking occurs where packets destined for one output interfere with (i.e., block or delay) packets going to different Outputs. It is only at each output of the switch that one encounters the unavoidable congestion caused by multiple packets simultaneously arriving on different inputs all destined for the same output. Taking advantage of the inevitability of lost packets in a packet-switching network, the Knockout Switch uses a novel concentrator design at each output to reduce the number of separate buffers needed to receive simultaneously arriving packets. Following the concentrator, a shared buffer architecture provides complete sharing of all buffer memory at each output and ensures that all packets are placed on the output line on a first-in first-out basis. The Knockout Switch architecture has low latency, and is self-routing and nonblocking. Moreover, its Simple interconnection topology allows for easy modular growth along with minimal disruption and easy repair for any fault. Possible applications include interconnects for multiprocessing systems, high-speed local and metropolitan area networks, and local or toll switches for integrated traffic loads.
Distributed storage allocation for heterogeneous systems (2013)

We consider a distributed storage system where the storage nodes have heterogeneous access probabilities. The problem is to allocate a given storage budget across the nodes so as to store a unit-size data object with maximum reliability. We propose efficient algorithms for optimizing over several classes of allocations. In the basic one-level symmetric allocation, the storage budget is spread evenly over an appropriately chosen subset of nodes. In the multi k-level symmetric allocation, the budget is divided into k parts, each spread evenly over a different subset of nodes, such that the amount allocated to each node in the higher levels is multiple times that of the last level. These allocations are simpler and are shown to outperform existing methods in numerical experiments. We also describe an application of the symmetric allocations to the design of streaming codes.
A novel method for turn to turn fault detection in shunt reactors (2017)

Turn to turn faults usually cause smaller changes in the phase currents of a shunt reactor when fewer turns are involved. Designing a sensitive and reliable algorithm for turn to turn fault detection in shunt reactors still remains a challenge. In this paper, a novel hybrid differential algorithm has been proposed to detect turn to turn faults in shunt reactors. The proposed algorithm calculates the difference between normalized negative sequence terminal voltage and normalized negative sequence reactor current phasors. This difference value is used for detecting turn to turn fault in shunt reactors. The proposed algorithm can also identify the faulty phase. This is a significant improvement with respect to the existing negative or zero sequence based methods. The proposed algorithm does not need neural CT. Impedance values of the shunt reactors are also not needed in the calculations. The proposed algorithm can be applied to both solidly and impedance grounded shunt reactors. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using PSCAD simulations. It is found that the proposed algorithm is sensitive enough to detect lower level turn to turn faults. The proposed algorithm performs satisfactorily during system unbalances, reactor energizations, external faults, off-nominal frequency and switch onto fault scenarios, etc.
Silicon-nanomembrane-based photonic crystal nanostructures for chip-integrated open sensor systems (2011)

We experimentally demonstrate two devices on the photonic crystal platform for chip-integrated optical absorption spectroscopy and chip-integrated biomolecular microarray assays. Infrared optical absorption spectroscopy and biomolecular assays based on conjugate-specific binding principles represent two dominant sensing mechanisms for a wide spectrum of applications in environmental pollution sensing in air and water, chem-bio agents and explosives detection for national security, microbial contamination sensing in food and beverages to name a few. The easy scalability of photonic crystal devices to any wavelength ensures that the sensing principles hold across a wide electromagnetic spectrum. Silicon, the workhorse of the electronics industry, is an ideal platform for the above optical sensing applications.
Quantitative structure and bioactivity relationship study on HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors (2013)

Several QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) models for predicting the inhibitory activity of 333 hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase inhibitors were developed. All the inhibitors are HCV polymerase non-nucleoside analogue inhibitors (NNIs) fitting into the pocket of the NNI III binding site. For each molecule, global descriptors and 2D property autocorrelation descriptors were calculated from the program ADRIANA.Code. Pearson correlation analysis was used to select the significant descriptors for building models. The whole dataset was split into a training set and a test set randomly or using a Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM). Then, the inhibitory activity of 333 HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors was predicted using multilinear regression (MLR) analysis and support vector machine (SVM) method, respectively. For the test set of the best model (Model 2B), correlation coefficient of 0.91 was achieved. Some molecular descriptors, such as molecular complexity (Complexity), the number of hydrogen bonding donors (HDon) and the solubility of the molecule in water (log S) were found to be very important factors which determined the bioactivity of the HCV NS5B inhibitors. Some other molecular properties such as electrostatic and charge properties also played important roles in the interaction between the ligand and the protein. The selected molecular descriptors were further confirmed by analysing the interaction between two representative inhibitors and the polymerase in their crystal structures.
Using the proliferation effect to study subjective duration at brief timescales (2010)

Brief events are sometimes perceived to last longer or shorter in duration than others of equal length. For example, if an oddball is presented within a visual train of repeated stimuli, participants report that the oddball appears longer in duration than the repeated stimulus even if they are physically of equal duration. We have hypothesized that subjective duration distortions are a consequence of differential neural responses to repeated versus novel stimuli (Eagleman, 2008; Pariyadath & Eagleman, 2007, 2008). As seen in EEG, fMRI and single-cell electrophysiology, the neural response to a stimulus diminishes with repeated presentation, an effect known as repetition suppression. We have leveraged the effects of repetition on the subjective duration of brief stimuli to develop a new psychophysical paradigm that we term the proliferation effect. When a single letter of the alphabet was serially flashed onto different locations on the screen, several letters appeared to be present on the screen simultaneously due to persistence of vision. Participants' estimates of how many letters they perceived on the screen at any instant of time were significantly lower when the same letter was flashed repeatedly than when different, randomized letters were used for each flash. This result suggests that the persistence of vision contracts for repeated stimuli. Because of their very rapid time scale, these experiments demonstrate that subjective duration can be computed without explicit temporal judgments. Finally, the proliferation effect gives us a rapid, non-invasive tool to test the integrity of repetition suppression in patient populations with repetition deficits such as schizophrenia.
Use of Novel Compounds for Pest Control: Insecticidal and Acaricidal Activity of Essential Oil Components from Heartwood of Alaska Yellow Cedar (2005)

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the activity of 15 natural products isolated from essential oil components extracted from the heartwood of Alaska yellow cedar, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach., against Ixodes scapularis Say nymphs, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothchild), and Aedes aegypti (L.) adults. Four of the compounds from the essential oil have been identified as monoterpenes, five as eremophilane sesquiterpenes, five as eremophilane sesquiterpene derivatives from valencene and nootkatone, and one as a sesquiterpene outside the eremophilane parent group. Carvacrol was the only monoterpene that demonstrated biocidal activity against ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes with LC50 values after 24 h of 0.0068, 0.0059, and 0.0051% (wt:vol), respectively. Nootkatone from Alaska yellow cedar was the most effective of the eremophilane sesquiterpenes against ticks (LC50 = 0.0029%), whereas the nootkatone grapefruit extract exhibited the greatest biocidal activity against fleas (LC50 = 0.0029%). Mosquitoes were most susceptible to one of the derivatives of valencene, valencene-13-aldehyde (LC50 = 0.0024%), after 24 h. Bioassays to determine residual activity of the most effective products were conducted at 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk after initial treatment. Residual LC50 values for nootkatone did not differ significantly at 4 wk posttreatment from the observations made at the initial 24-h treatment. The ability of these natural products to kill arthropods at relatively low concentrations represents an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides for control of disease vectors.
Integrated catalytic gasification process. [gasification of coal and similar carbonaceous feed materials carried out in presence of a carbon--alkali metal catalyst] (1978)

Methane and carbon dioxide are produced by reacting steam with a carbonaceous feed material at a reaction temperature between about 1000/sup 0/F and about 1500/sup 0/F and a reaction pressure in excess of about 100 psia in the presence of a carbon-alkali metal catalyst and equilibrium quantities of added hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The raw product gas withdrawn from the reaction zone is treated for removal of the carbon dioxide, product methane is recovered from the treated gas, and the remaining hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be recycled to supply the added hydrogen and carbon monoxide needed in the reaction zone.
An Efficient Real-Time Video Object Segmentation Algorithm Based on Change Detection and Background Updating (2006)

This paper proposes an efficient video object segmentation algorithm based on change detection and background updating that can quickly extract the moving object from video sequence. Firstly, the change detection is used to analyze temporal information between successive frames to obtain the change region. Then, the combination of frame difference mask and background subtraction mask is adopted to acquire the initial object mask and further solve the uncovered background problem and still object problem. Moreover, the boundary refinement is introduced to overcome the shadow influence and residual background problem. Finally, objective evaluations of the proposed algorithm demonstrate that the spatial accuracy can be maintained above 95% for most normal cases.
Properties of bulk gallium nitride crystals (1996)

In this paper the authors describe properties of GaN bulk single crystals. The highest quality samples are grown using a nitrogen pressure of 1--2 GPa and temperatures of 1,700--1,800 K. They usually have platelets with dimension of the order of 1--5 millimeters, X-ray rocking curve below 1 arcmin and electron concentration in the range of 5 {center_dot} 10{sup 19} cm{sup {minus}3}. Moreover, bulk GaN crystals could be easily cleaved. One surface of the platelets is almost atomically flat which makes a deposition of high quality GaN films possible. Homoepitaxial layers of GaN grown on such bulk crystals show optical spectra of very high quality. 34 refs., 6 figs.
Current-Based Resonant Power Delivery With Multi-Cycle Switching for Extended-Range Inductive Power Transmission (2016)

A current-based resonant power delivery (CRPD) technique with multi-cycle switching has been presented that enables efficient inductive power transmission at large distances. Unlike the conventional inductive link, in which the receiver (Rx) LC-tank is utilized as a voltage source, the proposed CRPD switches the Rx LC-tank for several cycles in a novel fashion to utilize it as a current source. Therefore, the voltage across the load (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> ) can be significantly higher than the Rx LC-tank voltage. This eliminates the need for DC-DC charge pumps or AC-DC voltage multipliers, which require several capacitors and diodes. In CRPD, the energy is first stored in the Rx coil by shorting the Rx LC-tank for several power carrier cycles. At the peak of Rx coil current, the coil energy is then transferred to R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> for a quarter of the power carrier cycle. The circuit theory behind CRPD has been developed and verified with simulation results. A proof-of-concept CRPD was also characterized in measurements to demonstrate its feasibility. In measurements, CRPD was capable of achieving the DC voltage of 3.1 V across an R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> of 100 kΩ, by switching the Rx LC-tank at 50 kHz with an AC voltage amplitude of 1 V across the Rx coil at the operation frequency of 1 MHz. Moreover, compared to a conventional inductive link followed by a passive rectifier, to achieve a minimum DC voltage of 2.8 V across an R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> of 100 kΩ the proposed CRPD extended the range from 7 cm to 13 cm for the same voltage across the transmitter coil.
An immunogenic WT1-derived peptide that induces T cell response in the context of HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-A*24:02 molecules (2016)

The Wilms' tumor oncogene protein (WT1) is a highly validated tumor antigen for immunotherapy. WT1-targeted immunotherapy has been extensively explored in multiple human trials in various cancers. However, clinical investigations using WT1 epitopes have generally focused on two peptides, HLA-restricted to HLA-A*02:01 or HLA-A*24:02. The goal of this study was to identify new epitopes derived from WT1, to expand the potential use of WT1 as a target of immunotherapy. Using computer-based MHC-binding algorithms and <i>in vitro</i> validation of the T cell responses specific for the identified peptides, we found that a recently identified HLA-A*24:02-binding epitope (239-247), NQMNLGATL (NQM), was also a strong CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell epitope for HLA-A*02:01 molecule. A peptide second position Q240L substitution (NLM) or Q240Y substitution (NYM), further enhanced the T cell responses in both HLA-A*02:01 positive and HLA-A*24:02 positive healthy donors. Importantly, T cells stimulated with the new analog peptides displayed heteroclitic cross-reactivity with the native NQM sequence and were able to kill HLA-matched WT1-positive tumor cell lines and primary leukemia blasts. In addition, longer native and heteroclitic HLA-DR.B1-binding peptides, comprising the nine amino acid NQM or NLM sequences, could induce T cell response that recognized the CD8<sup>+</sup> epitope NQM, suggesting the processing and the presentation by HLA-A*02:01 molecules of the CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell epitope embedded within it. Our studies suggest that the analog peptides NLM and NYM could be potential candidates for future immunotherapy targeting WT1 positive cancers in the context of HLA-A*02:01 and A*24:02 positive populations.
Low Immunogenicity of a Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Protein Epitope Bound by a Protective Monoclonal Antibody (1992)

The repeat region of the Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite (CS) protein contains 20 copies of the nine-amino acid sequence DRA A/D GQPAG. A monoclonal antibody that passively protects monkeys against sporozoite challenge recognizes a four-amino acid linear sequence AGDR included within this nonamer, but when monkeys were immunized with a vaccine, NS1(81)V20, which contains 20 copies of the nonamer, they failed to produce antibodies to AGDR. To determine if natural exposure to sporozoites induces antibodies to AGDR, we tested sera from 176 individuals from a malaria-endemic area in Flores, Indonesia. Seventy-one percent of the adults had antibodies to the P. vivax repeat region; only 18% had detectable antibodies to AGDR. None of the subjects had antibodies to the P. vivax variant repeat ANGAGNQPG. We next tested sera from six human volunteers immunized with NS1(81)V20 and found that the vaccine, despite inducing antibodies against the nonamer, as it did in the monkeys, did not induce antibodies against AGDR. To further test our ability to raise anti-AGDR antibodies using synthetic peptides, we immunized Aotus monkeys and BALB/c mice with AGDR. Sera from the mice reacted strongly with both AGDR and a recombinant protein containing the 20 copies of the nonamer. Sera from the monkeys reacted only minimally with a protein (VIVAX-1) that contains monomeric AGDR within its sequence. Sera from the mice also bound air-dried P. vivax sporozoites, while sera from the monkeys did not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Broadband alignment scheme for a stepper system using combinations of diffractive and refractive lenses (1994)

By using broadband illumination, a stepper alignment system is less sensitive to asymmetric coverage of photoresist around alignment targets and realizes high accuracy. However, a projection lens causes chromatic aberrations at the wavelengths in the broadband light. To correct the chromatic aberrations, we employed a Schupmann system composed of a projection lens, an achromat lens, and a refractive-diffractive hybrid lens. With the proposed system the spread of image planes and the magnification difference in the spectral range from 550 to 650 nm can be reduced to 50 µm and 0.05%, whereas without the correction system these values are 11.28 mm and 1.18%, respectively.
Termination layer compensated tunnelling magnetoresistance in ferrimagnetic Heusler compounds with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (2016)

Although high-tunnelling spin polarization has been observed in soft, ferromagnetic, and predicted for hard, ferrimagnetic Heusler materials, there has been no experimental observation to date of high-tunnelling magnetoresistance in the latter. Here we report the preparation of highly textured, polycrystalline Mn3Ge films on amorphous substrates, with very high magnetic anisotropy fields exceeding 7 T, making them technologically relevant. However, the small and negative tunnelling magnetoresistance that we find is attributed to predominant tunnelling from the lower moment Mn-Ge termination layers that are oppositely magnetized to the higher moment Mn-Mn layers. The net spin polarization of the current reflects the different proportions of the two distinct termination layers and their associated tunnelling matrix elements that result from inevitable atomic scale roughness. We show that by engineering the spin polarization of the two termination layers to be of the same sign, even though these layers are oppositely magnetized, high-tunnelling magnetoresistance is possible.
Achieving Consistent Safety by Using Appropriate Safety Factors in Corrosion Management Program (2020)

Abstract Pipeline operators assess metal-loss corrosion anomalies identified on pipelines to determine whether such anomalies require remediation. The assessment of metal-loss anomalies can be performed using deterministic or probabilistic approach. In deterministic method, the failure pressure ratio (FPR) for a metal-loss corrosion anomaly is evaluated against a predetermined safety factor, where FPR is defined as the predicted burst pressure of the anomaly divided by the maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) or maximum operating pressure (MOP). Conservative characteristic values are used for the variables such as measurements of metal-loss, pipe geometry, material properties, operating pressure and assessment model in calculating FPR. Safety factors in deterministic assessment are used to account for residual uncertainties, human error and consequence levels. Safety factors are established in various codes and standards in North America. However, those safety factors are not consistent across codes and standards as demonstrated in this paper. This paper describes the fundamentals of how appropriate safety can be assured for pipelines containing metal-loss anomalies by selecting appropriate safety factors. The effect of using different safety factors on the reliability level of the pipeline system is examined in this study. A set of new safety factors to ensure consistent safety level for pipelines containing metal-loss corrosion are proposed in this paper. The impact of the proposed safety factors on the integrity decisions are also demonstrated.