gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Principles of self-assembly of helical pores from dendritic dipeptides (2006)

The self-assembly of the dendritic dipeptides (4-3,4-3,5)nG2-CH2-Boc-L-Tyr-L-Ala-OMe and their achiral dendritic alcohol (4-3,4-3,5)nG2-CH2OH precursors, both with n = 1-16, where n represents the number of methylenic units in the alkyl groups of the dendron, are reported. All chiral dendritic dipeptides and achiral dendritic alcohols self-assemble into helical porous columns that are stable in both solution and solid state. The pore diameter (D(pore)) of the columns self-assembled from dendritic dipeptides is approximately 10 A larger than that of structures assembled from dendritic alcohols. The increase of the D(pore) at the transition from dendritic alcohol to dendritic dipeptide is accompanied by a decreased solid angle of the building block. This trend is in agreement with previous pore size-solid angle dependences observed with different protective groups of the dipeptide and primary structures of the dendron. However, within the series of dendritic alcohols and dendritic dipeptides with various n, the D(pore) increases when the solid angle increases. The results of these investigations together with those of previous studies on the role of dipeptide stereochemistry and protective groups on this self-assembly process provide the molecular principles required to program the construction of supramolecular helical pores with diameter controlled at the A level from a single dendritic dipeptide architecture. These principles are expected to be valid for libraries of dendritic dipeptides based on dendrons and dipeptides with various primary structures.
<title>Multichannel disk-based optical correlator</title> (1993)

Angularly multiplexed transmission holograms were recorded at multiple spots on a photopolymer coated disk. By imaging in the `along track' direction and Fourier transforming in the radial direction when recording and presenting images, disk rotation can be used to generate the 2D correlation functions between stored templates and presented images. The correlation functions for holograms multiplexed at a given spot are generated line by line and detected in parallel. A theoretical model of operation was developed and experimentally verified.
Biodegradation of Munition Waste, TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene), and RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) by <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i> (1991)

Rapid biodegradation of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) by the white rot fungus Phanerochaetechrysosporium BKM F-1767 was observed. At an initial concentration of 1.25 nmoles/10 ml cultures of P.chrysosporium, 50.8 ± 3.2% of the [14C] TNT was degraded to 14CO2 in 30 days and only 2.8% of the initial TNT could be recovered. In RDX contaminated liquid cultures, (1.25 nmoles/10 ml cultures), 66.6 ± 4.1% of the [14C] RDX was converted to 14CO2 over a 30 day period and only 4% of the initial RDX was recovered. In soil, slow but sustained degradation, 6.3 + 0.6% of the [14C] TNT initially present, i.e., 57.9 nmoles/10 g soil, was mineralized over a 30 day incubation. In contrast, 76.0 ± 3.9% of the [14C] RDX added, (1.25 nmoles/10 g soil), was degraded to 14CO2 in 30 days. Mass balance analyses of liquid and soil cultures contaminated with TNT revealed that polar metabolites were formed, and HPLC analysis indicated that not more than 5% of the radioactivity remained as undegraded TNT. However, the mass balance analyses of liquid (10 ml) and soil (10 g) cultures contaminated with 1.25 nmoles of [14C] RDX showed no metabolites. When the concentration of TNT in cultures (both liquid and soil) was adjusted to contamination levels in the environment, i.e., 10,000 mg/kg in soil and 100 mg/liter in water, 18.4 ± 2.9% and 19.6 ± 3.5% of the initial TNT was converted to 14CO2 in 90 days in soil and liquid cultures, respectively. disappeared over a 90 day incubation period. These results suggest that P.chrysosporium may be useful for the reclamation of sites contaminated with TNT and RDX.
Bidirectional Relighting for 3D-Aided 2D Face Recognition (2011)

Face recognition is one of the most widely researched topics in computer vision because of a wide variety of applications that require identity management. Most existing face recognition studies are focused on two-dimensional (2D) images with nearly frontal-view faces and constrained illumination. However, 2D facial images are strongly affected by varying illumination conditions and changes in pose. Thus, although existing methods are able to provide satisfactory performance under constrained conditions, they are challenged by unconstrained pose and illumination conditions.
Protection against Rotavirus Disease after Natural Rotavirus Infection (1994)

Determination of protective efficacy after natural rotavirus infection is important as a basis for evaluating rotavirus vaccines. Therefore, placebo recipients in a large 2-year rotavirus vaccine trial conducted across the United States were followed to determine the protection afforded by natural rotavirus infection. Serotype 1 rotaviruses predominated (93% year 1, 66% year 2), but isolates of all four major human rotavirus serotypes circulated during both years. Of the 45 placebo recipients with documented rotavirus illnesses in year 1, 1 developed rotavirus disease in year 2 compared with 29 of the other 235 placebo recipients (P = .03). Serologic data were available for 171 placebo recipients, and 37 of 140 without rotavirus illnesses in year 1 had evidence of asymptomatic rotavirus infection. None of these 37 experienced rotavirus disease in year 2 compared with 22 of the remaining 103 (P < .001). Overall efficacy after natural rotavirus infection was 93% (95% confidence interval, 50%-99%).
Synthesis and evaluation of the physicochemical properties of esterase‐sensitive cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides using coumarinic acid and phenylpropionic acid linkers (1999)

In an attempt to improve the membrane permeabilities of opioid peptides, we have synthesized cyclic prodrugs of [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE using a coumarinic acid or a phenylpropionic acid linker. The synthesis of the coumarinic acid- and phenylpropionic acid-based cyclic prodrugs followed similar strategies. Key intermediates were the compounds with the C-terminal amino acids of opioid peptides (L-Leu, [Leu5]-enkephalin; D-Leu, DADLE) attached to the phenol hydroxyl group and the remaining amino acids of the peptide linked via the N-terminal amino acid (L-Tyr) attached to the carboxylic acid groups of the prodrug moieties (coumarinic acid or propionic acid). Cyclization of these linear precursors gave the cyclic prodrugs in 30-50% yields. These cyclic prodrugs exhibited excellent transcellular permeation characteristics across Caco-2 cell monolayers, an in vitro model of the intestinal mucosa. To correlate the cellular permeabilities of these cyclic prodrugs with their physicochemical properties, we calculated their Stokes-Einstein molecular radii from their diffusion coefficients which were determined by NMR and we determined their membrane interaction potentials using immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) column chromatography. The cyclic prodrugs exhibited molecular radii similar to those of the parent compounds, [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE. However, these cyclic prodrugs were shown to have much higher membrane interaction potentials than their corresponding opioid peptides. Therefore, the enhanced cellular permeation of the cyclic prodrugs is apparently due to the alteration of their lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding potential, but not their molecular sizes.
Lie detection using thermal imaging (2004)

In the present paper we describe a novel method for scoring polygraph tests using thermal image analysis. Our method features three stages: image acquisition, physiological correlation, and pattern classification. First, we acquire facial thermal imagery using an accurate mid-infrared camera. Then, we transform the raw thermal data to blood flow rate data through heat transfer modeling. Finally, we classify the subject as deceptive or non-deceptive based on the nearest-neighbor classification method. We perform our analysis on the periorbital area of the subjects' faces. Our previous research has indicated that the periorbital area is the facial area affected the most from blood flow redistribution during anxious states. We present promising experimental results from 18 subjects. We henceforth anticipate that thermal image analysis will play an increasingly important role in polygraph testing as an additional scoring channel. Our ultimate objective is to increase the accuracy and reliability of polygraph testing through the fusion of traditional invasive 1D physiological measurements with novel non-invasive 2D physiological measurements.
Developmental ability of human oocytes with or without birefringent spindles imaged by Polscope before insemination (2001)

The results indicate that the presence of a birefringent spindle in human oocytes can predict not only higher fertilization rate, but also higher embryo developmental competence.
Development of the IL‐12/23 antagonist ustekinumab in psoriasis: past, present, and future perspectives – an update (2012)

Since the original publication of the article “Development of the IL-12/23 antagonist ustekinumab in psoriasis: Past, present and future perspectives” in March 2011 (see Appendix),1 there have been several new publications and developments of note. A number of new reports from the ustekinumab psoriasis clinical development program have been published. The analysis of efficacy and safety in the PHOENIX 1 long-term extension demonstrated that continuous stable maintenance dosing of ustekinumab was generally well tolerated and sustained durable efficacy through up to three years of treatment.2 Pooled safety data from the phase 2 and phase 3 global trials showed that the safety profile of long-term continuous ustekinumab treatment through up to three years3, 4 and four years5 of follow-up was favorable and comparable to what has been reported previously in the shorter-term ustekinumab psoriasis studies.6-8 This represents the greatest exposure and longest follow-up of psoriasis patients treated with a biologic published to date. Additional phase 3 trials in Asian populations demonstrated similar high levels of efficacy and favorable safety profiles in Japanese,9, 10 Korean,11, 12 and Taiwanese11, 12 patients as those observed in trials conducted in mostly White populations in North America and Europe.6-8 These data support the positive benefit:risk profile and consistency of response to ustekinumab over years of usage, and in multiple ethnic groups. Results from up to five years of treatment with ustekinumab in the long-term extensions of the phase 3 trials, and the efficacy, safety, and effect on quality of life in Chinese patients will be available in 2012. In addition to clinical trials of ustekinumab for the treatment of psoriasis, 24-week data from one phase 3 study of ustekinumab for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis has recently been presented13 and another study is ongoing. A Phase 2b trial in Crohn's disease has also been presented,14 and three phase 3 studies in Crohn's disease are currently in progress.
Segmented helical antenna with reconfigurable polarization (2017)

A novel polarization reconfigurable segmented helical antenna is explored. The antenna has two stable states, right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) state and left-hand polarization (LHCP) state. The sense of polarization of this antenna can be switched easily by mechanical rotation. The proposed antenna is analyzed using simulations and measurements.
Self-assembly for discreet, fault-tolerant, and scalable computation on internet-sized distributed networks (2008)

When engineers compare biological and software systems, the former come out ahead in the majority of dimensions. For example, the human body is far more complex, better suited to deal with faulty components, more resistant to malicious agents such as viruses, and more adaptive to environmental changes than your favorite operating system. Thus it follows that we, the engineers, may be able to build better software systems than the ones we build today by borrowing technologies from nature and injecting them into our system design process. 
In this dissertation, I present an architectural style and accompanying implementation support for building distributed software systems that allow large networks, such as the Internet, to solve computationally intensive problems. This architectural style, the tile style, is based on a nature's system of crystal growth, and thus inherits some of nature's dependability, fault and adversary tolerance, scalability, and security. The tile style allows one to distribute computation onto a large network in a way that guarantees that unless someone controls a large fraction of the network, they cannot learn the private data within the computation or force the computation to fail. These systems are highly scalable, capable of dealing with faulty and malicious nodes, and are discreet since every sufficiently small group of nodes knows neither the problem nor the data. 
The tile style is based on a formal mathematical model of self-assembly. In order to leverage this model to build software, I define the notion of self-assembling computation and develop systems that compute functions such as adding, multiplying, factoring, and solving NP-complete problems SubsetSum and SAT. For each system, I prove its correctness, compute its probability of successful computation, and show that its running time and tileset size are asymptotically optimal. 
I use the mathematical nature of the tile assembly model to present a formal mathematical analysis of the tile style, proving that software systems built using this style are discreet, fault- and adversary-tolerant, and scalable. I further implement a tile-style system and use it to distribute computation to empirically evaluate the tile style's utility.
Effect of a 20-kilodalton protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis on production of the CytA protein by Escherichia coli (1991)

CytA, a 27-kDa cytolytic crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, is produced only at very low levels by recombinant Escherichia coli cells unless a 20-kDa B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis protein is also present (K. M. McLean and H. R. Whiteley, J. Bacteriol. 169:1017-1023, 1987; L. F. Adams, J. E. Visick, and H. R. Whiteley, J. Bacteriol. 171:521-530, 1989). However, the data reported here demonstrate that the 20-kDa protein is not required for high-level CytA production in E. coli strains carrying mutations in rpoH, groEL, or dnaK, all of which affect the proteolytic ability of the cells. The 20-kDa protein also increases the amount of CryIVD (another B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis crystal protein) and LacZX90 (a mutant of beta-galactosidase) made by E. coli. The latter phenomenon is attributable to an increase in the half-life of LacZX90, suggesting that the 20-kDa protein may stabilize this protein. The effect of the 20-kDa protein was also examined in vitro and in a T7 RNA polymerase expression system, and the possible significance of these results for the timing of proteolysis and of 20-kDa protein activity is discussed. Finally, the ability of a single antibody to coimmunoprecipitate CytA and the 20-kDa protein from E. coli extracts provides evidence for a protein-protein interaction that may be related to the mechanism of action of the 20-kDa protein.
TH-C-I-611-08: A New Concept of Indirect Flat-Panel Detector with Avalanche Gain: SAPHIRE (Scitillator Avalanche Photoconductor with High Resolution Emitter Readout) (2005)

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of a new concept of indirect flat-panel detector with avalanche gain and field emitter array (FEA) readout to improve the imaging performance at low dose with high resolution. Method and Materials: The proposed detector is made by optically coupling a structured scintillator (CsI) to a uniform layer of avalanche amorphous selenium (a-Se) photoconductor called HARP (High Avalanche Rushing amorphous Photoconductor). The HARP layer absorbs the visible photons emitted from the scintillator and generates electron-hole pairs. These carriers undergo avalanche multiplication under a sufficiently high electric field ESe and form an amplified charge image. A two-dimensional FEA, which is essentially a flat electron source, is proposed as a new method to read out the charge image. The proposed detector is called SAPHIRE (Scintillator Avalanche Photoconductor with HIgh Resolution Emitter readout). Experimental and theoretical methods were developed to study the factors affecting the x-ray response and spatial resolution of SAPHIRE. Results: The avalanche gain in the HARP layer depends on both its thickness and ESe. The avalanche gain for an 8-μm-thick HARP layer is 46 under an ESe of 110V/μm. The gain can be turned off in high dose applications (e.g. radiography) by decreasing the ESe. Our electron optics simulation of SAPHIRE shows the dominant source of blur is the lateral spread of the electron beams from the FEA, which depends on the geometry and bias potentials of different electrodes in the detector. With proper electron optics design a pixel size of 50 microns is achievable. Conclusion: The avalanche gain of SAPHIRE can provide x-ray quantum noise limited images down to a single x-ray photon. The gain is programmable by changing ESe, which ensures wide dynamic range for SAPHIRE. The FEA can potentially provide a smaller pixel size and higher readout speed than existing flat-panel detectors.
Simple, Repeatable, Fiber-Optic Intensity Sensor For Temperature Measurement (1990)

We have demonstrated the performance of a fiber-optic intensity sensor for temperature measurement. The method measures the change in absorption with the temperature of light reflected from a thin silicon film deposited on the end of an optical fiber. Our single-ended sensing approach requires that the incident light intensity be reflected from both film surfaces and that these reflected signals re-enter the fiber. Simplifications in sensor fabrication have been shown to yield sensitivity comparable to that reported by other authors. Calibration data on the sensor is presented up to 400°C. Potential applications of the method are discussed.
Research progresses of resistive random access memory (2016)

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is one of the most promising candidates of next-generation non-volatile memories. Comparing with the traditional floating gate Flash memory, RRAM has advantages in cell structure, operation speed, scalability and ease of 3D integration. In this paper, the RRAM technology is systematically reviewed. The operation principle, technological advantages, development history and fundamental scientific issues of RRAM are introduced. Then several key issues in RRAM are summarized and analyzed in detail, including the materials system, resistive switching mechanism, novel physical effects in RRAM, and 2D/3D integration of RRAM. For the materials system in RRAM, traditional resistive switching films, including solid-electrolyte, complex transition metal oxide, binary metal oxide, are first summarized, following with the analyzing of the recent research progress of the applications of nanowires and 2D materials in RRAM devices. These low-dimensional nanomaterials can be used as the switching dielectrics, planar electrode/nano-electrode/edge electrode and can play active role in the improvement of scalability, switching performances and switching uniformity. Next, we summarize and analyze three resistive switching mechanisms in filamentary RRAM device, i.e. thermochemical mechanism (TCM), electrochemical metallization (ECM) mechanism, valence change mechanism (VCM). Their corresponding SET/RESET switching principles and fundamental electrical characteristics, experimental verifications by transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation are elucidated in detail. Subsequently, based on the resistive switching mechanisms, the novel physical phenomena in RRAM induced by the change of the material microstructure and energy band in the process of resistive switching are elaborated. Three physical effects, including conductance quantization effect, magnetoelectric effect, photoelectric effect, are successively analyzed. At last, considering the integration technology of RRAM, we summarize and analyze the key scientific issues in memory array architecture, 2D/3D integration.
Magnetic thin-film inductors for monolithic integration with CMOS (2015)

This paper presents the fabrication, design and electrical performance of magnetic thin-film inductors for monolithic integration with CMOS for DC-DC power conversion. Magnetic core inductors were fabricated using conventional CMOS processes to achieve peak inductance density of 290nH/mm2, quality factor 15 at 150MHz, current density exceeding 11 A/mm2 and coupling coefficient of 0.89 for coupled inductors.
Online aerosol mass spectrometry of single micrometer‐sized particles containing poly(ethylene glycol) (2007)

The analysis of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-containing particles by online single particle aerosol mass spectrometers equipped with laser desorption/ionization (LDI) is reported. We demonstrate that PEG-containing particles are useful in the development of aerosol mass spectrometers because of their ease of preparation, low cost, and inherently recognizable mass spectra. Solutions containing millimolar quantities of PEGs were nebulized and, after drying, the resultant micrometer-sized PEG-containing particles were sampled. LDI (266 nm) of particles containing NaCl and PEG molecules of average molecular weight<500 Da generated mass spectra reminiscent of mass spectra of PEG collected by other mass spectrometer platforms including the characteristic distribution of positive ions (Na+ adducts) separated by the 44 m/z units of the ethylene oxide units separating each degree of polymerization. PEGs of average molecular weight>500 Da were detected from particles that also contained the tripeptide tyrosine-tyrosine-tyrosine or 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, which were added to nebulized solutions to act as matrices to assist LDI using pulsed 266 nm and 355 nm lasers, respectively. Experiments were performed on two aerosol mass spectrometers, one reflectron and one linear, that each utilize two time-of-flight mass analyzers to detect positive and negative ions created from a single particle. PEG-containing particles are currently being employed in the optimization of our bioaerosol mass spectrometers for the application of measurements of complex biological samples, including human effluents, and we recommend that the same strategies will be of great utility to the development of any online aerosol LDI mass spectrometer platform.
Approximating Algebraic Tomography Methods by Filtered Backprojection: A Local Filter Approach (2014)

Filtered Backprojection is the most widely used reconstruction method in transmission tomography. The algorithm is computationally efficient, but requires a large number of low-noise projections acquired over the full angular range to produce accurat