gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycyrrhetinic Acid Suppressed NF-κB Activation in TNF-α-Induced Hepatocytes (2014)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a crucial inflammatory cytokine when hepatocytes are damaged. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Chinese licorice) has been widely used in Chinese herbal prescriptions for the treatment of liver diseases and as a food additive. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) reporter gene assay in TNF-α-induced HepG2 was used as a screening platform. IκBα phosphorylation and p65 translocation were measured by Western blotting, and nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression were further confirmed in rat primary hepatocytes. Results showed that TNF-α enhanced NF-κB activity was significantly attenuated by glycyrrhetinic acid in a concentration-dependent manner in the NF-κB reporter gene assay. Glycyrrhetinic acid decreased the gene expression of iNOS through inhibited IκBα phosphorylation and p65 translocation in protein level. Furthermore, NO production and iNOS expression were reduced by glycyrrhetinic acid in TNF-α-induced rat primary hepatocytes. These results suggest that glycyrrhetinic acid may provide hepatoprotection against chronic liver inflammation through attenuating NF-κB activation to alleviate the inflammation.
Theoretical Models for the Action Spectrum and the Current-Voltage Characteristics of Microporous Semiconductor Films in Photoelectrochemical Cells (1994)

Theor. models for the action spectrum and the current-voltage characteristics of microporous (colloidal) semiconductor films in photoelectrochem. cells were derived. The derivation is based on the assumptions that the charge carrier transport in the semiconductor occurs via diffusion, and that the diffusion length is const. Theor. fitted action spectra and I-V characteristics agree well with exptl. results.
Solid dispersion of meloxicam: Factorially designed dosage form for geriatric population (2008)

The objective of the present work was to improve the dissolution properties of the poorly water-soluble drug meloxicam by preparing solid dispersions with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and to develop a dosage form for geriatric population. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the solid-state physical structure of the prepared solid dispersions. Higher in vitro dissolution of solid dispersions was recorded compared to their corresponding physical mixtures and the pure drug. PEG 4000 in 1: 9 drug to carrier ratio exhibited the highest drug release (100.2%), followed by mannitol (98.2%) and HEC (89.5%) in the same ratio. Meloxicam-PEG 4000 solid dispersion was formulated into suspension and optimization was carried out by 23 factorial design. Formulations containing higher levels of methyl cellulose and higher levels of either sodium citrate or Tween 80 exhibited the highest drug release.
Multiwavelength picosecond pulse sourcewith low jitter and high optical frequency stabilitybased on 200 nm supercontinuum filtering (1995)

A multiwavelength (>200 channels, 0.8 – 1 nm spacing) picosecond pulse source has been constructed that offers low jitter (< 0.3 ps) and high optical frequency stability at 6.3 GHz by filtering a 200 nm broadened supercontinuum with a 16 × 16 arrayed-waveguide grating WDM demultiplexer.
Functional Outcomes Can Vary by Dose: Learning-Based Sensorimotor Training for Patients Stable Poststroke (2008)

Learning-based sensorimotor training based on the principles of neuroplasticity was associated with improved function in patients stable poststroke. The gains were dose specific with the greatest change measured in subjects participating in the high-intensity treatment group.
Aryl Vinyl Sulfonates and Sulfones as Active Site-Directed and Mechanism-Based Probes for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (2008)

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play key roles in the regulation of normal and pathological processes ranging from cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and survival to many human diseases including cancer and diabetes. Functional studies of PTP can be greatly facilitated by small molecule probes that covalently label the active site of a PTP through an activity-dependent chemical reaction. In this article, we characterize phenyl vinyl sulfonate (PVSN) and phenyl vinyl sulfone (PVS) as a new class of mechanism-based PTP probes. PVSN and PVS inactivate a broad range of PTPs in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. The PVSN- and PVS-mediated PTP inactivation is active site-directed and irreversible, resulting from a Michael addition of the active-site Cys Sgamma onto the terminal carbon of the vinyl group. Structural and mechanistic analyses reveal the molecular basis for the preference of PVSN/PVS toward the PTPs, which lies in the ability of PVSN and PVS to engage the conserved structural and catalytic machinery of the PTP active site. In contrast to early alpha-bromobenzyl phosphonate-based probes, PVSN and PVS are resistant to solvolysis and are cell-permeable and thus hold promise for in vivo applications. Collectively, these properties bode well for the development of aryl vinyl sulfonate/sulfone-based PTP probes to interrogate PTP activity in complex proteomes.
Adaptiveness in well-typed Java bytecode verification (2006)

Research on security techniques for Java bytecode has paid little attention to the security of the implementations of the techniques themselves, assuming that ordinary tools for programming, verification and testing are sufficient for security. However, different categories of security policies and mechanisms usually require different implementations. Each implementation requires extensive effort to test it and/or verify it.We show that programming with well-typed pattern structures in a statically well-typed language makes it possible to implement static byte-code verification in a fully type-safe and highly adaptive way, with security policies being fed in as first-order parameters, reduces the effort required to verify security of an implementation itself and the programming need for new policies. Also bytecode instrumentation can be handled in exactly the same way. The approach aims at reducing the workload of building and understanding distributed systems, especially those of mobile code.
A Moderated Mediation Model of Sharing Travel Experience on Social Media: Motivations and Face Orientations in Chinese Culture (2016)

Based on self-determination theory, the theory of reasoned action, and person-context interaction theory, this study proposes and assesses a moderated mediation model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, sharing intention and behavior, and face orientations. The researchers conducted an online survey and collected responses from 287 social media users. The hypothesized direct effects, mediation, and moderation were tested via the hierarchical regression method using SPSS. The results showed that (1) intrinsic and extrinsic motivations have significantly positive impacts on sharing behavior; (2) sharing intention completely mediates the relationship between intrinsic motivation and sharing behavior, while partially mediating the relationship between extrinsic motivation and sharing behavior; (3) protective face orientation (PFO) negatively moderates the relationships between intrinsic or extrinsic motivation and sharing intention, while acquisitive face orientation (AFO) positively moderates the relationship between sharing intention and sharing behavior; (4) when PFO is higher, the conditional indirect effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on sharing behavior are weaker; (5) when AFO is higher, the conditional indirect effect of intrinsic motivation on sharing behavior is stronger, whereas this effect of extrinsic motivation on sharing behavior is not statistically significant.
A Slave among Slaves (2014)

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A quantitative real time PCR method to analyze T cell receptor Vβ subgroup expansion by staphylococcal superantigens (2010)

The qRT-PCR method established in this study produced an accurate and reproducible assessment of Vbeta-dependent expansion of human T cells by staphylococcal SAgs. This method could be a useful tool in the characterization T cell proliferation by newly discovered SAg and in the investigation of biological effects of SAgs linked to pathogenesis.
Exact decoding for jointly labeling and chunking sequences (2006)

There are two decoding algorithms essential to the area of natural language processing. One is the Viterbi algorithm for linear-chain models, such as HMMs or CRFs. The other is the CKY algorithm for probabilistic context free grammars. However, tasks such as noun phrase chunking and relation extraction seem to fall between the two, neither of them being the best fit. Ideally we would like to model entities and relations, with two layers of labels. We present a tractable algorithm for exact inference over two layers of labels and chunks with time complexity O(n2), and provide empirical results comparing our model with linear-chain models.
The Ecology of Tree Roots and the Practical Significance Thereof (1982)

Abstract Tree root growth is opportunistic and occurs wherever the environment is favorable. A balance exists between the root system and the remainder of the plant, so that if part of the root system dies, part of the crown will also die. Both parts are connected by a well-developed conduction system. Approximately 99 percent of the roots occur within the surface meter of soil and extend outward over an area one to two or more times the height of the tree. Large woody roots form the framework and are typical in pattern for each species. The fine feeder roots occur in the leaf and litter layer, if present, and the surface mineral soil. Keen root competition occurs at the surface if a turf exists under the tree. Also, herbicides, etc. used on lawns may have detrimental effects on the trees through these fine absorbing roots. In the urban environment roots may follow cracks and crevices in pavements, pipelines, sewers and cables. At the same time the installation of these utilities may cut across established tree root systems with unfortunate consequences.
Keeping the vehicle on the road (2013)

The development of wireless sensor networks, such as researchers Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) requires the ability to analyze the road scene just like a human does. Road scene analysis is an essential, complex, and challenging task and it consists of: road detection (which includes the localization of the road, the determination of the relative position between vehicle and road, and the analysis of the vehicle's heading direction) and obstacle detection (which is mainly based on localizing possible obstacles on the vehicle's path). The detection of the road borders, the estimation of the road geometry, and the localization of the vehicle are essential tasks in this context since they are required for the lateral and longitudinal control of the vehicle. Within this field, on-board vision has been widely used since it has many advantages (higher resolution, low power consumption, low cost, easy aesthetic integration, and nonintrusive nature) over other active sensors such as RADAR or LIDAR. At first glance the problem of detecting the road geometry from visual information seems simple and early works in this field were quickly rewarded with promising results. However, the large variety of scenarios and the high rates of success demanded by the industry have kept the lane detection research work alive. In this article a comprehensive review of vision-based road detection systems vision is presented.
Complex Copy Number Variation of <i>AMY1</i> does not Associate with Obesity in two East Asian Cohorts (2016)

The human amylase gene locus at chromosome 1p21.1 is structurally complex. This region contains two pancreatic amylase genes, AMY2B, AMY2A, and a salivary gene AMY1. The AMY1 gene harbors extensive copy number variation (CNV), and recent studies have implicated this variation in adaptation to starch-rich diets and in association to obesity for European and Asian populations. In this study, we showed that by combining quantitative PCR and digital PCR, coupled with careful experimental design and calibration, we can improve the resolution of genotyping CNV with high copy numbers (CNs). In two East Asian populations of Chinese and Malay ethnicity studied, we observed a unique non-normal distribution of AMY1 diploid CN genotypes with even:odd CNs ratio of 4.5 (3.3-4.7), and an association between the common AMY2A CN = 2 genotype and odd CNs of AMY1, that could be explained by the underlying haplotypic structure. In two further case-control cohorts (n = 932 and 145, for Chinese and Malays, respectively), we did not observe the previously reported association between AMY1 and obesity or body mass index. Improved methods for accurately genotyping multiallelic CNV loci and understanding the haplotype complexity at the AMY1 locus are necessary for population genetics and association studies.
Compressive optical MONTAGE photography (2005)

The Compressive Optical MONTAGE Photography Initiative (COMP-I) is an initiative under DARPA's MONTAGE program. The goals of COMP-I are to produce 1 mm thick visible imaging systems and 5 mm thick IR systems without compromising pixel-limited resolution. Innovations of COMP-I include <b>focal-plane coding, block-wise focal plane codes, birefringent, holographic and 3D optical elements for focal plane remapping</b> and <b>embedded algorithms for image formation</b>. In addition to meeting MONTAGE specifications for sensor thickness, focal plane coding enables a reduction in the transverse aperture size, physical layer compression of multispectral and hyperspectral data cubes, joint optical and electronic optimization for 3D sensing, tracking, feature-specific imaging and conformal array deployment.
Motorcycle graphs and straight skeletons (2002)

We present a new algorithm to compute a motorcycle graph. It runs in O(n√n log n) time when n is the size of the input. We give a new characterization of the straight skeleton of a polygon possibly with holes. For a simple polygon, we show that it yields a randomized algorithm that reduces the straight skeleton computation to a motorcycle graph computation in O(n log2n) time. Combining these results, we can compute the straight skeleton of a non-degenerate simple polygon with n vertices, among which r are reflex vertices, in O(n log2n + r√r log r) expected time. For a degenerate simple polygon, our expected time bound becomes O(n log2n + r17/11+e).
FHIRChain: Applying Blockchain to Securely and Scalably Share Clinical Data (2018)

Secure and scalable data sharing is essential for collaborative clinical decision making. Conventional clinical data efforts are often siloed, however, which creates barriers to efficient information exchange and impedes effective treatment decision made for patients. This paper provides four contributions to the study of applying blockchain technology to clinical data sharing in the context of technical requirements defined in the "Shared Nationwide Interoperability Roadmap" from the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC). First, we analyze the ONC requirements and their implications for blockchain-based systems. Second, we present FHIRChain, which is a blockchain-based architecture designed to meet ONC requirements by encapsulating the HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard for shared clinical data. Third, we demonstrate a FHIRChain-based decentralized app using digital health identities to authenticate participants in a case study of collaborative decision making for remote cancer care. Fourth, we highlight key lessons learned from our case study.
Breaking the Symmetry of Axially Chiral <i>N</i>‐Aryl‐2(1<i>H</i>)‐pyrimidinones by Spontaneous Crystallization (2003)

Keine äußere Chiralitätsquelle war für die Spaltung eines axial-chiralen Pyrimidinons in seine Enantiomere erforderlich (siehe Schema). Kristallisation bei hohen Temperaturen lieferte optisch aktives Material mit bis zu 73 % ee. Die Enantiomere konnten mit NaBH4 hoch enantioselektiv reduziert werden.
Viral infections and asthma: an inflammatory interface? (2014)

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways in which the majority of patients respond to treatment with corticosteroids and β₂-adrenoceptor agonists. Acute exacerbations of asthma substantially contribute to disease morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs, and are not restricted to patients who are not compliant with their treatment regimens. Given that respiratory viral infections are the principal cause of asthma exacerbations, this review article will explore the relationship between viral infections and asthma, and will put forward hypotheses as to why virus-induced exacerbations occur. Potential mechanisms that may explain why current therapeutics do not fully inhibit virus-induced exacerbations, for example, β₂-adrenergic desensitisation and corticosteroid insensitivity, are explored, as well as which aspects of virus-induced inflammation are likely to be attenuated by current therapy.
Pemetrexed Plus Cisplatin Versus Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin According to Thymidylate Synthase Expression in Nonsquamous Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Biomarker-Stratified Randomized Phase II Trial (2015)

With regard to response rate and progression-free survival, pemetrexed/cisplatin was superior to gemcitabine/cisplatin in the TS-negative group but not in the TS-positive group, indicative of TS expression as a potential predictive marker. Additional prospective studies involving larger cohorts are warranted to confirm the predictive role of TS expression.
Procedural Content Graphs for Urban Modeling (2015)

Massive procedural content creation, for example, for virtual urban environments, is a difficult, yet important challenge. While shape grammars are a popular example of effectiveness in architectural modeling, they have clear limitations regarding readability, manageability, and expressive power when addressing a variety of complex structural designs. Moreover, shape grammars aim at geometry specification and do not facilitate integration with other types of content, such as textures or light sources, which could rather accompany the generation process. We present procedural content graphs, a graph-based solution for procedural generation that addresses all these issues in a visual, flexible, and more expressive manner. Besides integrating handling of diverse types of content, this approach introduces collective entity manipulation as lists, seamlessly providing features such as advanced filtering, grouping, merging, ordering, and aggregation, essentially unavailable in shape grammars. Hereby, separated entities can be easily merged or just analyzed together in order to perform a variety of context-based decisions and operations. The advantages of this approach are illustrated via examples of tasks that are either very cumbersome or simply impossible to express with previous grammar approaches.
DeepRefiner: Multi-layer Android Malware Detection System Applying Deep Neural Networks (2018)

As malicious behaviors vary significantly across mobile malware, it is challenging to detect malware both efficiently and effectively. Also due to the continuous evolution of malicious behaviors, it is difficult to extract features by laborious human feature engineering and keep up with the speed of malware evolution. To solve these challenges, we propose DeepRefiner to identify malware both efficiently and effectively. The novel technique enabling effectiveness is the semantic-based deep learning. We use Long Short Term Memory on the semantic structure of Android bytecode, avoiding missing the details of method-level bytecode semantics. To achieve efficiency, we apply Multilayer Perceptron on the xml files based on the finding that most malware can be efficiently identified using information only from xml files. We evaluate the detection performance of DeepRefiner with 62,915 malicious applications and 47,525 benign applications, showing that DeepRefiner effectively detects malware with an accuracy of 97.74% and a false positive rate of 2.54%. We compare DeepRefiner with a state-of-the-art single classifierbased detection system, StormDroid, and ten widely used signature-based anti-virus scanners. The experimental results show that DeepRefiner significantly outperforms StormDroid and anti-virus scanners. In addition, we evaluate the robustness of DeepRefiner against typical obfuscation techniques and adversarial samples. The experimental results demonstrate that DeepRefiner is robust in detecting obfuscated malicious applications.
Context Awareness Perspectives for Mobile Personal Media (2005)

Abstract This article reviews the ongoing evolution of context awareness technologies in mobile devices using personal media as an illustrative application domain. Augmented with metadata, files containing personal media can include significant information about the contexts they describe. the article discusses personal media applications from two different perspectives:
Internet-Augmented Dialogue Generation (2022)

The largest store of continually updating knowledge on our planet can be accessed via internet search. In this work we study giving access to this information to conversational agents. Large language models, even though they store an impressive amount of knowledge within their weights, are known to hallucinate facts when generating dialogue In contrast, we propose an approach that learns to generate an internet search query based on the context, and then conditions on the search results to finally generate a response, a method that can employ up-to-the-minute relevant information. We train and evaluate such models on a newly collected dataset of human-human conversations whereby one of the speakers is given access to internet search during knowledge-driven discussions in order to ground their responses. We find that search-query based access of the internet in conversation provides superior performance compared to existing approaches that either use no augmentation or FAISS-based retrieval (Lewis et al., 2020b).
The preparation of <sup>123/125</sup>I‐clioquinol for the study of Aβ protein in Alzheimer's disease (2005)

Abstract Clioquinol or 5‐chloro‐7‐iodo‐8‐hydroxyquinoline (CQ) is a lipophilic hydroxyquinoline currently under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by targeted copper and zinc chelation. CQ was radiolabelled with no‐carrier‐added iodine‐123/125 to give high specific activity analogs for SPECT imaging and biochemical studies. 123 I‐clioquinol ( 123 I‐CQ) was prepared by direct iodination of the activated hydroxyquinoline using a variety of oxidants. Highest yields (>85%) and purity were obtained when chloramine‐T or iodogen at pH 4–5 was used. Large‐scale radiolabelled 123 I‐CQ was purified by reverse‐phase HPLC using a C‐18 small ‘Rocket®’ column. The radiochemical purity of 123 I‐CQ as assessed by analytical HPLC was 99.1±0.6% ( n = 9) with specific activity higher than 3 GBq/nmol for 123 I‐CQ and 80 MBq/nmol for 125 I‐CQ. The total preparation time was 40 min and starting from 3.7 GBq of iodine‐123, more than 2.5 GBq of formulated 123 I‐CQ as radiopharmaceutical was available for clinical investigations. Using the same method of preparation, 125 I‐CQ was produced in radiochemical and chemical purity higher than 97% with a specific activity of 80 MBq/nmol. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.