gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum-size effects in the titanosilicate molecular sieve (1997)

The recently synthesized Engelhard titanosilicate (ETS-10) represents a material which contains in the structure well defined atomic ⋯O–Ti–O–Ti–O⋯ quantum wires embedded in a highly insulating siliceous matrix. We report and discuss the UV-Vis spectrum of this material and compare the experimentally determined optical band gap with the results predicted by simple modeling of a titanium oxide semiconductor wire unidimensionally confined by an infinite potential barrier.
Optical interconnection technology in switches, routers and optical cross connects (2002)

The performance of data- and telecommunication equipment must keep up with the increasing network speed. At the same time, one must deal with the internal interconnection complexity, often growing exponentially with the number of ports. Therefore, new interconnection technologies to be used internally in the equipment are needed. Optical interconnection technology is a promising alternative and much work has been done. In this paper, a number of optical and optoelectronic interconnection architectures are reviewed, especially from a data- and telecommunication equipment point-of-view. Three kinds of systems for adoption of optical interconnection technology are discussed: (i) optical cross connects (OXCs), (ii) switches and routers with some kind of burst switching, and (iii) switches and routers which redirect traffic on the packet or cell level. The reviewed interconnection technologies and architectures are discussed according to their suitability of adoption in the three mentioned system types.
Versatile Talents Give Homemakers Dual Personalities (2017)

Favorite avocations that enhance leisure
Study Progress of Statins in Its Anti-tumor Effect (2006)

The Statins,as a kind of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A(HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors,has been widely used in clinic for the treatment of hyperlipoidemia.HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme of mevalonate in cells,the statins can inhibit its effect and reduce its synthesis including its downstream products,which then affected many important physiologic fuctions of cells including the construction of cell envelope,synthesis of glucoprotein,the intra-cellular signal transduction and the progress of cell life and so on.In recent years,many researchers have realized many effects of statins in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation,inducing differentiation or apoptosis,anti-invation and intensity modulated radiation therapy in addition to its effect in lowering blood lipid.
Factors affecting the germination of {\sl Paphiopedilum armeniacum} (2004)

The result demonstrated that germinative capacity of the seeds from the fruit with a growth phase of 60 days reached 3.5%, with a growth phase of 120 days reached 40%, with a growth phase of 180 days reached 18.3%. In the course of the seed germination, the culture medium will exert influence on the germinative capacity of the seeds. When the seeds were cultivated in the culture medium of 1/5MS, the germinative capacity is obviously higher than that cultivated in MS, RE and modified Hyponex No.1. If the culture medium (1/5MS) mixed with some additives, the germinative capacity of the seeds will show a change. When the culture medium mixed with 10% coconut milk, the germinative capacity of the seeds was promoted to the highest level, mixed with potato homogenate (50 g/L) or tryptone (2 g/L), it was promoted to a higher level, whereas mixed with banana homogenate, it was led to a side effect, mixed with activated charcoal (2 g/L) will improve the development in both seed germination and young plantlets. In comparison to traditional solid culture medium, the seeds in liquid suspension culture medium germinate faster and the plantleets will become more uniform.
High-speed two-frame shadowgraphy for velocity measurements of laser-induced plasma and shock-wave evolution (2011)

We describe a high-speed, two-frame shadowgraph method for the two-dimensional visualization of an expanding laser-induced plasma and shock wave in two time instances. The developed experimental method uses a 30 ps, green-laser, polarized pulse for the direct and delayed illumination separated by a variable time delay in the range from 300 ps to 30 ns. Since the exposed images of a single event are captured with two CCD cameras, the established method enables velocity measurements of the fast laser-induced phenomena within the nanosecond excitation-laser pulse as well as at later times-when the excitation-laser radiation has already ended.
Fifty Years of Clinical Application of Newcastle Disease Virus: Time to Celebrate! (2016)

This review provides an overview of 50 years of basic and clinical research on an oncolytic avian virus, Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), which has particular anti-neoplastic and immune stimulatory properties. Of special interest is the fact that this biological agent induces immunogenic cell death and systemic anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, localized oncolytic virotherapy with NDV was shown to overcome systemic tumor resistance to immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Clinical experience attests to low side effects and a high safety profile. This is due among others to the strong virus-induced type I interferon response. Other viral characteristics are lack of interaction with host cell DNA, lack of genetic recombination and independence of virus replication from cell proliferation. In this millennium, new recombinant strains of viruses are being produced with improved therapeutic properties. Clinical applications include single case observations, case series studies and Phase I to III studies.
Expression of processed envelope protein of hepatitis C virus in mammalian and insect cells (1992)

The putative envelope protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was expressed in insect cells by using a baculovirus expression vector and in monkey COS cells under the control of exogenous promoters. The expressed envelope proteins, identified by immunoblot analysis using sera from patients with chronic HCV infection, were a series of glycoproteins of 35 to 24 kDa (gp35-24) in insect cells and a single species of glycoprotein of 35 kDa (gp35) in monkey cells. The size difference of these proteins was due to the different degrees of glycosylation. The envelope proteins expressed in these cells were produced by common specific cleavage from the precursor protein, and cleavage positions of the envelope protein were mapped at about amino acids 190 and 380. The gp35-24 proteins expressed in insect cells were used for detection of antibody against HCV envelope protein in patient sera. The results showed that (i) the antibody is detected in 2 to 17% of various patients with hepatitis C, (ii) three patients were apparently cured after acquiring the antienvelope antibody, and (iii) in sera of patients with more than a 20-year history of infection, the antibody sometimes coexisted with HCV. These results suggest that the antienvelope antibody is neutralizing only in limited number of patients with hepatitis C.
Depth Estimation by Learning Triangulation and Densification of Sparse Points for Multi-view Stereo (2020)

Multi-view stereo (MVS) is the golden mean between the accuracy of active depth sensing and the practicality of monocular depth estimation. Cost volume based approaches employing 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have considerably improved the accuracy of MVS systems. However, this accuracy comes at a high computational cost which impedes practical adoption. Distinct from cost volume approaches, we propose an efficient depth estimation approach by first (a) detecting and evaluating descriptors for interest points, then (b) learning to match and triangulate a small set of interest points, and finally (c) densifying this sparse set of 3D points using CNNs. An end-to-end network efficiently performs all three steps within a deep learning framework and trained with intermediate 2D image and 3D geometric supervision, along with depth supervision. Crucially, our first step complements pose estimation using interest point detection and descriptor learning. We demonstrate that state-of-the-art results on depth estimation with lower compute for different scene lengths. Furthermore, our method generalizes to newer environments and the descriptors output by our network compare favorably to strong baselines.
Laser-Induced Dry Lift-off Process (1995)

A dry lift-off process has been achieved using pulsed KrF excimer laser irradiation in air to remove AZ resist and to form SiO 2 patterns on GaAs substrate. SiO 2 patterns with a resolution of quarter-micron order can be obtained by this process. The process is attributed to the laser photodecomposition of the resist material.
Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants (1991)

To determine the extent of antiviral activity present in a number of plant extracts, hot glycerin extracts were prepared from Rheum officinale, Aloe barbadensis, Rhamnus frangula, Rhamnus purshianus, and Cassia angustifolia and their virucidal effects were tested against herpes simplex virus type 1. All the plant extracts inactivated the virus. The active components in these plants were separated by thin-layer chromatography and identified as anthraquinones. A purified sample of aloe emodin was prepared from aloin, and its effects on the infectivity of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, varicella-zoster virus, pseudorabies virus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and rhinovirus were tested by mixing virus with dilutions of aloe emodin for 15 min at 37 degrees C, immediately diluting the sample, and assaying the amount of infectious virus remaining in the sample. The results showed that aloe emodin inactivated all of the viruses tested except adenovirus and rhinovirus. Electron microscopic examination of anthraquinone-treated herpes simplex virus demonstrated that the envelopes were partially disrupted. These results show that anthraquinones extracted from a variety of plants are directly virucidal to enveloped viruses.
Use of alternative therapies by older adults with osteoarthritis (2001)

Use of and expenditures for alternative care were high among this cohort of older adults with OA. Clinicians may want to inquire about use of these therapies before recommending treatments for this condition.
Interdiffused quantum wells for lateral carrier confinement in VCSELs (1998)

We show that it is necessary to eliminate carrier diffusion in the active region for viable vertical-cavity lasers (VCLs) with small dimensions. However, methods that work well in reducing lateral carrier leakage in narrow ridge-waveguide lasers such as silicon induced disordering may be problematic in VCL structures. Encouraging results from novel methods for impurity free intermixing for VCL applications are presented.
Flexible 2D layout decomposition framework for spacer-type double pattering lithography (2011)

A spacer-type self-aligned double pattering (SADP) is a pitch-splitting sidewall image method that is a major option for sub-30nm device node manufacturing due to its lower overlay sensitivity and better process window compared to other double patterning processes, such as litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE). SADP is in production use for 1D patterns in NAND Flash memory applications but applying SADP to 2D random logic patterns is challenging. In this paper, we describe the first layout decomposition methods of SADP lithography for complex 2D layouts. The favored type of SADP for complex logic interconnects is a two mask approach using a core (mandrel) mask and a trim mask. This paper describes methods for automatically choosing and optimizing the manufacturability of base core mask patterns, generating assist core patterns, and optimizing trim mask patterns to accomplish high quality layout decomposition in SADP process. We evaluate our technique on 22nm node industrial standard cells and logic designs. Experimental results show that our proposed layout decomposition for SADP effectively decomposes many challenging 2D layouts.
Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2D and 3D physical and virtual environments (2002)

User interfaces can improve task performance by exploiting the powerful human capabilities for spatial cognition. This opportunity has been demonstrated by many prior experiments. It is tempting to believe that providing greater spatial flexibility-by moving from flat 2D to 3D user interfaces-will further enhance user performance. This paper describes an experiment that investigates the effectiveness of spatial memory in real-world physical models and in equivalent computer-based virtual systems. The different models vary the user's freedom to use depth and perspective in spatial arrangements of images representing web pages. Results show that the subjects' performance deteriorated in both the physical and virtual systems as their freedom to locate items in the third dimension increased. Subjective measures reinforce the performance measures, indicating that users found interfaces with higher dimensions more 'cluttered' and less efficient
Uptake ofCarbon Monoxide and Hydrogen at Environmentally Relevant Concentrationsby Mycobacteria† (2003)

Liquid culture assays revealed a previously unreported capacity for Mycobacterium bovis BCG, M. gordonae, and M. marinum to oxidize CO and for M. smegmatis to consume molecular hydrogen. M. bovis BCG, M. gordonae, M. smegmatis, and M. tuberculosis H37Ra oxidized CO at environmentally relevant concentrations (<50 ppm); H2 oxidation by M. gordonae and M. smegmatis also occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations (<10 ppm). CO was not consumed by M. avium or M. microti, although the latter appeared to possess CO dehydrogenase (CODH) genes based on PCR results with primers designed for the CODH large subunit, coxL. M. smegmatis and M. gordonae oxidized CO under suboxic (10 and 1% atmospheric oxygen) and anoxic conditions in the presence of nitrate; no oxidation occurred under anoxic conditions without nitrate. Similar results were obtained for H2 oxidation by M. smegmatis. Phylogenetic analyses of coxL PCR products indicated that mycobacterial sequences form a subclade distinct from that of other bacterial coxL, with limited differentiation among fast- and slow-growing strains.
Direct electron microscopy studies of the bone—hydroxylapatite interface (1984)

The bone-hydroxylapatite interface has been examined directly in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The bone-hydroxylapatite interface was characterized by using several electron microscopy techniques, including bright and dark field imaging, electron diffraction, high-resolution imaging, and energy dispersive analysis in the scanning-transmission electron microscope (STEM EDS). Mechanical grinding followed by argon-ion milling produced interface regions of unstained and undecalcified rat bone and hydroxylapatite that were transparent to electrons. Thus the exact location of the interface could be established and the bone at the interface studied. Conventional and high-resolution imaging in the TEM demonstrated direct chemical bonding between bone and hydroxylapatite. The bone at the ceramic surface was the same as normal bone away from the interface.
The ATM and Rad3-Related (ATR) Protein Kinase Pathway Is Activated by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Required for Efficient Viral Replication (2017)

The ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) protein kinase and its downstream effector Chk1 are key sensors and organizers of the DNA damage response (DDR) to a variety of insults. Previous studies of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) showed no evidence for activation of the ATR pathway. Here we demonstrate that both Chk1 and ATR were phosphorylated by 3 h postinfection (h.p.i.). Activation of ATR and Chk1 was observed using 4 different HSV-1 strains in multiple cell types, while a specific ATR inhibitor blocked activation. Mechanistic studies point to early viral gene expression as a key trigger for ATR activation. Both pATR and pChk1 localized to the nucleus within viral replication centers, or associated with their periphery, by 3 h.p.i. Significant levels of pATR and pChk1 were also detected in the cytoplasm, where they colocalized with ICP4 and ICP0. Proximity ligation assays confirmed that pATR and pChk1 were closely and specifically associated with ICP4 and ICP0 in both the nucleus and cytoplasm by 3 h.p.i., but not with ICP8 or ICP27, presumably in a multiprotein complex. Chemically distinct ATR and Chk1 inhibitors blocked HSV-1 replication and infectious virion production, while inhibitors of ATM, Chk2, and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) did not. Together our data show that HSV-1 activates the ATR pathway at early stages of infection and that ATR and Chk1 kinase activities play important roles in HSV-1 replication fitness. These findings indicate that the ATR pathway may provide insight for therapeutic approaches.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Viruses have evolved complex associations with cellular DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, which sense troublesome DNA structures formed during infection. The first evidence for activation of the ATR pathway by HSV-1 is presented. ATR is activated, and its downstream target Chk1 is robustly phosphorylated, during early stages of infection. Both activated proteins are found in the nucleus associated with viral replication compartments and in the cytoplasm associated with viral proteins. We also demonstrate that both ATR and Chk1 kinase activities are important for viral replication. The findings suggest that HSV-1 activates ATR and Chk1 during early stages of infection and utilizes the enzymes to promote its own replication. The observation may be exploitable for antiviral approaches.
A new technique for the classification and decomposition of EMG signals (2002)

The shapes and firing rates of motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) in an electromyographic (EMG) signal provide an important source of information for the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. In order to extract this information from EMG signals recorded at force levels up to 20% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) it is required: (i) To identify the MUAPs composing the EMG signal, (ii) To classify MUAPs with similar shape and (iii) To decompose the superimposed MUAP waveforms into their constituent MUAPs. For the classification of MUAPs two different pattern recognition techniques are presented (i) An artificial neural network (ANN) technique based on unsupervised learning using the self-organizing feature maps (SOFM) algorithm and learning vector quantization (LVQ) and (ii) A statistical pattern recognition technique based on the euclidian distance. The success rate on real data for the ANN technique is about 96% and for the statistical one about 94%. For the decomposition of the superimposed waveforms the following technique is used: (i) Cross-correlation of each of the unique MUAP waveforms, obtained by the classification process with the superimposed waveforms in order to find the best matching point and (ii) A combination of euclidian distance and area measures in order to classify the components of the decomposed waveform. The success rate for the decomposition procedure is about 90%.
Chitin‐Derived Mesoporous, Nitrogen‐Containing Carbon for Heavy‐Metal Removal and Styrene Epoxidation (2015)

The production of a series of mesoporous, nitrogen-containing (N-containing) carbon materials directly from pure chitin by means of carbonization at different temperatures under template-free conditions is reported. Thermogravimetric analysis combined with infrared spectroscopy was applied to follow the temperature-dependent chemical events during the carbonization process, thereby shedding light on the automated pore formation mechanism. The physicochemical properties of the N-containing carbon materials have been extensively investigated, which provided guidance and rational understanding of the application of these materials. It was found that the N-containing carbon materials obtained at lower temperatures (400-600 °C) were enriched with amine, amide, and pyrrolic functionalities, which enables their very high efficiency as adsorbents to remove toxic heavy metals, such as Cr<sup>VI</sup> , Hg<sup>II</sup> , and Pd<sup>II</sup> , from water. In contrast, N-containing carbon materials prepared at higher temperatures (800-1000 °C) were enriched with graphitic N, which exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the epoxidation of styrene.
Integration of Mechanical CAD and Behavioral Modeling (2000)

This article introduces the concept of combining both form (CAD models) and behavior (simulation models) of mechatronic system components into component objects. By composing these component objects, designers automatically create a virtual prototype of the system they are designing. This virtual prototype, in turn, can provide immediate feedback about design decisions by evaluating whether the functional requirements are met in simulation. To achieve the composition of behavioral models, we introduce a port-based modeling paradigm where systems consist of component objects and interactions between component objects. To maintain the consistency between the form and behavior of component objects, we introduce parametric relations between these two descriptions. In addition, we develop algorithms that determine the type and parameter values of the interaction models; these models depend on the form of both components that are interacting. The composable simulation environment has been implemented as a distributed system in Java and C++, enabling multiple users to collaborate on the design of a single system.
Preamble and pilot symbol design for channel estimation in OFDM systems with null subcarriers (2011)

In this article, design of preamble for channel estimation and pilot symbols for pilot-assisted channel estimation in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system with null subcarriers is studied. Both the preambles and pilot symbols are designed to minimize the l2 or the l∞ norm of the channel estimate mean-squared errors (MSE) in frequency-selective environments. We use convex optimization technique to find optimal power distribution to the preamble by casting the MSE minimization problem into a semidefinite programming problem. Then, using the designed optimal preamble as an initial value, we iteratively select the placement and optimally distribute power to the selected pilot symbols. Design examples consistent with IEEE 802.11a as well as IEEE 802.16e are provided to illustrate the superior performance of our proposed method over the equi-spaced equi-powered pilot symbols and the partially equi-spaced pilot symbols.
The Dynamic Floating Window: a new creative tool for 3D movies (2011)

Unlike the real world, stereoscopic cinemas and display devices have a bordered frame which can unnaturally cut off our view, and create conflicting visual cues. These perceptual conflicts can diminish the 3-D effect and cause visual fatigue for the audience. Presented is a method to resolve these issues, by developing a controllable articulated 3D border.
New learnings on the pathophysiology of RA from synovial biopsies (2013)

RA is a heterogeneous clinical and pathobiological entity. Specific pathways within synovial tissues are emerging as associated with diverse clinical evolution and therapeutic response/resistance that, if confirmed in randomized clinical trials, may lead to the development of synovial tissue analysis as a potential clinical tool for patient stratification.