gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photodynamic Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens: Disinfection of Water and Prevention of Water-Borne Diseases (2011)

Porphyrins have been shown to act as very efficient photosensitizing agents against a broad number of microbial pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. This property has promising applications at a clinical level for the treatment of infectious diseases by photodynamic therapy. Moreover, this technique is also being used to address environmental problems of high significance, such as the decontamination of wastewaters, the disinfection of fish-farming tanks, the protection of animal species (e.g., amphibians and reptiles) that are endangered by pathogens whose life cycle takes place largely in aqueous media, and the control of populations of noxious insects. Such diversified applications take advantage of the availability of a truly large number of porphyrin derivatives with chemical structures that can be tailored to comply with the physical and chemical properties as well as the biological features of several milieus. In addition, the property typical of porphyrins to absorb essentially all of the wavelengths in the sun emission spectrum allows the promotion of processes largely based on natural resources with significant energy savings and low impact on ecosystems.
Radiation analyzer utilizing selective attenuation. [scintillation counters] (1976)

A radiation analyzer is described which employs a single photodetector and a plurality of scintillators. Light filters interposed between selected ones of the scintillators selectively attenuate radiation of a predetermined energy range. Plural analyzers each associated with a single scintillator and each receiving electrical pulses from the photodetector attenuated to a differrent degree are adjusted to tabulate pulses of amplitudes which differ in accordance with the degree of attenuation of pulses received by the analyzers from the photodetector.
Molecular cloning and characterization of an  1,3 fucosyltransferase, CEFT-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans (1998)

We report on the identification, molecular cloning, and characterization of an alpha1,3 fucosyltransferase (alpha1,3FT) expressed by the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans . Although C. elegans glycoconjugates do not express the Lewis x antigen Galbeta1-->4[Fucalpha1-->3]GlcNAcbeta-->R, detergent extracts of adult C.elegans contain an alpha1,3FT that can fucosylate both nonsialylated and sialylated acceptor glycans to generate the Lexand sialyl Lexantigens, as well as the lacdiNAc-containing acceptor GalNAcbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->R to generate GalNAcbeta1-->4 [Fucalpha1-->3]GlcNAcbeta1-->R. A search of the C.elegans genome database revealed the existence of a gene with 20-23% overall identity to all five cloned human alpha1,3FTs. The putative cDNA for the C.elegans alpha1,3FT (CEFT-1) was amplified by PCR from a cDNA lambdaZAP library, cloned, and sequenced. COS7 cells transiently transfected with cDNA encoding CEFT-1 express the Lex, but not sLexantigen. The CEFT-1 in the transfected cell extracts can synthesize Lex, but not sialyl Lex, using exogenous acceptors. A second fucosyltransferase activity was detected in extracts of C. elegans that transfers Fuc in alpha1,2 linkage to Gal specifically on type-1 chains. The discovery of alpha-fucosyltransferases in C. elegans opens the possibility of using this well-characterized nematode as a model system for studying the role of fucosylated glycans in the development and survival of C.elegans and possibly other helminths.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Subtype A3 Botulinum Neurotoxin (2012)

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridium botulinum are of considerable importance due to their being the cause of human and animal botulism, their potential as bioterrorism agents, and their utility as important pharmaceuticals. Type A is prominent due to its high toxicity and long duration of action. Five subtypes of type A BoNT are currently recognized; BoNT/A1, -/A2, and -/A5 have been purified, and their properties have been studied. BoNT/A3 is intriguing because it is not effectively neutralized by polyclonal anti-BoNT/A1 antibodies, and thus, it may potentially replace BoNT/A1 for patients who have become refractive to treatment with BoNT/A1 due to antibody formation or other modes of resistance. Purification of BoNT/A3 has been challenging because of its low levels of production in culture and the need for innovative purification procedures. In this study, modified Mueller-Miller medium was used in place of traditional toxin production medium (TPM) to culture C. botulinum A3 (CDC strain) and boost toxin production. BoNT/A3 titers were at least 10-fold higher than those produced in TPM. A purification method was developed to obtain greater than 95% pure BoNT/A3. The specific toxicity of BoNT/A3 as determined by mouse bioassay was 5.8 × 10(7) 50% lethal doses (LD(50))/mg. Neutralization of BoNT/A3 toxicity by a polyclonal anti-BoNT/A1 antibody was approximately 10-fold less than the neutralization of BoNT/A1 toxicity. In addition, differences in symptoms were observed between mice that were injected with BoNT/A3 and those that were injected with BoNT/A1. These results indicate that BoNT/A3 has novel biochemical and pharmacological properties compared to those of other subtype A toxins.
Design of a fuzzy traffic controller for ATM networks (1996)

This paper presents the design of a fuzzy traffic controller that simultaneously manages congestion control and call admission control for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. The fuzzy traffic controller is a fuzzy implementation of the two-threshold congestion control method and the equivalent capacity admission control method extensively studied in the literature. It is an improved, intelligent implementation that not only utilizes the mathematical formulation of classical control but also mimics the expert knowledge of traffic control. We appropriately choose input linguistic variables of the fuzzy traffic controller so that the controller is a closed-loop system with stable and robust operation. We extract knowledge of conventional control methods from numerous analytical data using a clustering technique and then use this knowledge to set parameters of the membership functions and fuzzy control rules via fuzzy set manipulation (linguistically stated but mathematically treated) with the aid of an optimization technique named genetic algorithm (GA). Simulation results show that the proposed fuzzy admission control improves system utilization by a significant 11%, while maintaining the quality of service (QoS) contract comparable with that of the conventional equivalent capacity method. The performance of the proposed fuzzy congestion control method is also 4% better than that of the conventional two-threshold congestion control method.
Learning Approximate Neural Estimators for Wireless Channel State\n Information (2017)

Estimation is a critical component of synchronization in wireless and signal\nprocessing systems. There is a rich body of work on estimator derivation,\noptimization, and statistical characterization from analytic system models\nwhich are used pervasively today. We explore an alternative approach to\nbuilding estimators which relies principally on approximate regression using\nlarge datasets and large computationally efficient artificial neural network\nmodels capable of learning non-linear function mappings which provide compact\nand accurate estimates. For single carrier PSK modulation, we explore the\naccuracy and computational complexity of such estimators compared with the\ncurrent gold-standard analytically derived alternatives. We compare performance\nin various wireless operating conditions and consider the trade offs between\nthe two different classes of systems. Our results show the learned estimators\ncan provide improvements in areas such as short-time estimation and estimation\nunder non-trivial real world channel conditions such as fading or other\nnon-linear hardware or propagation effects.\n
High-field ZnO varistors: microstructures and properties (1985)

Zinc oxide varistors capable of supporting a high electric field before breakdown have been developed by use of sol-gel processing. Fine powders produced by the sol-gel technique can be fabricated into varistors by either hot pressing or pressureless sintering. Several model compositions were studied, including ZnO plus three additives and ZnO plus five additives. Sol-gel-derived materials were compared with conventional materials of the same nominal composition, and sintering was compared with hot pressing. Microstructural analysis and electrical measurements suggest that the benefits derived from sol-gel processing are related to the fine, uniform ZnO grain size and possibly to a more nearly optimum distribution of additives.
Integrated Regenerative Braking System and Anti-Lock Braking System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles & Battery Electric Vehicles (2020)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes development of an integrated regenerative braking system and anti-lock brake system (ABS) control during an ABS event for hybrid and electric vehicles with drivelines containing a single electric motor connected to the axle shaft through an open differential. The control objectives are to recuperate the maximum amount of kinetic energy during an ABS event, and to provide no degraded anti-lock control behavior as seen in vehicles with regenerative braking disabled. The paper first presents a detailed control system analysis to reveal the inherent property of non-zero regenerative braking torque control during ABS event and explain the reason why regenerative braking torque can increase the wheel slip during ABS event with existing regenerative braking control strategies. Then, the regenerative brake control problem during ABS events is formulated with a unified control system architecture where the regenerative braking torque is coordinated with the friction braking torque of ABS system. An integrated closed loop based wheel slip control including both regenerative braking control loop and friction braking control loop during ABS event, referred to as RBS-ABS event control, is developed. The maximum regenerative braking is achieved and optimal vehicle braking performances and vehicle stability are maintained during ABS event. Finally, simulation tests are provided to illustrate RBS-ABS event control as an effective solution to satisfy desired wheel slip with the same level of stop distance in comparison with that of ABS control only while performing energy recuperation.</div></div>
A Hierarchical Fuzzy Controller for Intercept Guidance With a Forbidden Zone. (1995)

Abstract : This report deals with the problem of automatic, external control of an underwater vehicle such that it obeys an intercept guidance law while remaining outside a region defined relative to a time varying measurement. The approach herein uses fuzzy set theory to develop a hierarchical controller that deals with multiple competing goals and determines the necessary commands to be sent over a two way communication link between the launching platform and the vehicle being guided. Control of the vehicle entails use of a time varying data input stream from the launching platform sensor. The controller is implemented in a simulation to demonstrate and analyze performance.
Synthesis of Optically Active Cyclopenta[<i>b</i>]benzofuran as a Precursor of <i>m</i>-Phenyleneprostacyclin (1998)

The optically pure cyclopenta[b]benzofuran derivatives (-)-1 and (-)-2 were synthesized from (+)-(1S,4R)-cis-4-acetoxy-2-cyclopenten-1-ol [(+)-3] via sequential Mitsunobu reaction and palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution with phenol derivatives followed by SN2′ intramolecular cyclization.
Distance-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: A New Paradigm for Mass Separation and Detection (2012)

Distance-of-flight mass spectrometry (DOFMS) offers the advantages of physical separation of ions, array detection of ions, focusing of initial ion energy, great simplicity, and a truly unlimited mass range. DOFMS instrumentation is similar to that of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) and shares its ion-source versatility, batch analysis, and rapid spectral-generation rate. With constant-momentum ion acceleration and an ion mirror, there is a time at which ions of all mass-to-charge values are energy focused at their particular distances along the flight path. A pulsed field orthogonal to the flight path drives the ions to reach the detector array at this specific time. Results from a 0.29-m proof-of-principle instrument verify the theoretically predicted energy focus and demonstrate how the range of mass-to-charge values that impinge on the detector array can be readily changed. DOFMS could be combined sequentially with TOFMS to enable simultaneous scanless tandem mass spectrometry.
Identification of a Broadly Active Phage Lytic Enzyme with Lethal Activity against Antibiotic-Resistant <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> (2004)

Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium infections are increasingly difficult to treat due to high levels of resistance to antibiotics. PlyV12, a bacteriophage lytic enzyme, was isolated and shown to effectively kill both E. faecalis and E. faecium (including vancomycin-resistant strains), as well as other human pathogens. We propose its development and use as an alternative therapeutic tool.
In vitro and ex vivo strategies for intracellular delivery (2016)

Abstract Intracellular delivery of materials has become a critical component of genome-editing approaches, ex vivo cell-based therapies, and a diversity of fundamental research applications. Limitations of current technologies motivate development of next-generation systems that can deliver a broad variety of cargo to diverse cell types. Here we review in vitro and ex vivo intracellular delivery approaches with a focus on mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. In particular, we emphasize membrane-disruption-based delivery methods and the transformative role of nanotechnology, microfluidics and laboratory-on-chip technology in advancing the field.
B. Colloids of industriel interest Preparation of monodisperse, magnetizable, composite metal/polymer microspheres (1989)

Colloidal microparticles are being increasingly used as microcarriers in bioengi- neering, immunodiagnostics, and also forin vivo uses, for example, in drug targeting or as contrast aids in imaging systems. The advantages of microspheres over traditional sup- ports are mainly related to the high specific surface and the absence of porosity which enhance reaction kinetics. Magnetic particles are even more attractive since they can be collected very simply using a single magnet. Among the different characteristics of the particles, the magnetic properties, internal morphologies, and size distribution are the most important. In this paper we describe the preparation of monosized magnetic particles made up of a crosslinked polystyrene that entraps finely divided cobalt crystallites. The metal is introduced within performed polymer particles by thermolysis of metal carbonyl com- plexes. It is shown that nucleophilic pyridine units present in the polymer promote the thermolysis selectively inside the particles. The distribution of cobalt is discussed in rela- tion with the chemical composition and crosslinked level of the microspheres.
Stereo vision–based navigation for autonomous surface vessels (2010)

Abstract This paper describes a stereo vision–based system for autonomous navigation in maritime environments. The system consists of two key components. The Hammerhead vision system detects geometric hazards (i.e., objects above the waterline) and generates both grid‐based hazard maps and discrete contact lists (objects with position and velocity). The R4SA (robust, real‐time, reconfigurable, robotic system architecture) control system uses these inputs to implement sensor‐based navigation behaviors, including static obstacle avoidance and dynamic target following. As far as the published literature is concerned, this stereo vision–based system is the first fielded system that is tailored for high‐speed, autonomous maritime operation on smaller boats. In this paper, we present a description and experimental analysis of the Hammerhead vision system, along with key elements of the R4SA control system. We describe the integration of these systems onto a number of high‐speed unmanned surface vessels and present experimental results for the combined vision‐based navigation system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Process for reducing sulfur in coal char. [3 claims] (1976)

Coal is gasified in the presence of a small but effective amount of alkaline earth oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate to yield a char fraction depleted in sulfur. Gases produced during the reaction are enriched in sulfur compounds and the alkaline earth compound remains in the char fraction as an alkaline earth oxide. The char is suitable for fuel use, as in a power plant, and during combustion of the char the alkaline earth oxide reacts with at least a portion of the sulfur oxides produced from the residual sulfur contained in the char to further lower the sulfur content of the combustion gases. 3 claims.
Extremum seeking control for efficient and reliable operation of air-side economizers (2009)

Economizers have been recognized as a class of energy-saving devices for heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems that may increase the energy efficiency by taking advantage of outdoor air during cool or cold weather. There has been a tremendous demand for reducing energy consumption of HVAC systems in commercial buildings. However, many economizers do not operate in the expected manner and waste even more energy than before installation, mostly traceable to the unreliable sensors and actuators in practice. In this paper, an extremum seeking control (ESC) based self-optimizing strategy is proposed to minimize the energy consumption. Rather than depending on the unreliable temperature and humidity measurements, the proposed strategy is based on the feedback of chilled-water supply command. The mechanical cooling load is minimized by seeking the optimal outdoor-air damper opening in real time. Such scheme does not need temperature and humidity sensors and depends much less on the knowledge of the economizer model. Simulation was performed on a Modelica based transient model of a single-duct air-handling unit (AHU) developed with Dymola and the AirConditioning Library. The simulation results demonstrated the potential of using ESC to achieve minimal mechanical cooling load in a self-optimizing manner. In addition, an anti-windup ESC scheme is proposed to overcome the ESC windup issue due to actuator (damper) saturation. The simulation results validated the effectiveness of the proposed anti-windup ESC.
Structure−Function Relationships of Anthocyanins from Various Anthocyanin-Rich Extracts on the Inhibition of Colon Cancer Cell Growth (2008)

Anthocyanins are potent antioxidants and may be chemoprotective. However, the structure-function relationships are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to compare the chemoprotective properties of anthocyanin-rich extracts (AREs) with variable anthocyanin profiles to understand the relationship between anthocyanin chemical structure and chemoprotective activity, measured as inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, the chemoprotective interaction of anthocyanins and other phenolics was investigated. AREs with different anthocyanin profiles from purple corn, chokeberry, bilberry, purple carrot, grape, radish, and elderberry were tested for growth inhibition (GI 50) using a human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT29) cell line. All AREs suppressed HT29 cell growth to various degrees as follows: purple corn (GI 50 approximately 14 microg of cy-3-glu equiv/mL) > chokeberry and bilberry > purple carrot and grape > radish and elderberry (GI 50 > 100 microg of cy-3-glu equiv/mL). Anthocyanins played a major role in AREs' chemoprotection and exerted an additive interaction with the other phenolics present. Statistical analyses suggested that anthocyanin chemical structure affected chemoprotection, with nonacylated monoglycosylated anthocyanins having greater inhibitory effect on HT-29 cell proliferation, whereas anthocyanins with pelargonidin, triglycoside, and/or acylation with cinnamic acid exerted the least effect. These findings should be considered for crop selection and the development of anthocyanin-rich functional foods.
Heat-Moisture-Treated Starch; Its Production, Properties, and Uses. (2000)

Heat-Moisture-Treatment (HMT) was originated by V.L. Sair in 1944. It is a very interesting method to modify the structures and functions of starches. HMT is carried out by heating starch at 100-125°C under 100% relative humidity. Recently, much attention has been paid to HMT as a suitable method for modifying starch instead of chemical methods, from the viewpoint of health for uses for foods. However, it was not possible to produce commercially, because of difficulty in ob-taining a uniform product by partial gelatinization. We have solved this problem by introducing a new device suitable for both laboratory and industrial uses. The device consists of a combination of vacuum evacuation of a vessel containing starch and subsequent heating of the starch by introduc-ing live steam. This device provides a good uniform product in shorter time than conventional methods. We called it "reduced-pressurized heat-moisture treatment." Using this treatment (USP 5362329 (1994)), HMT has been recognized as one of the useful means of modifying starch, espe-cially for food uses. Heat-Moisture-Treated Starch (HMTS) swells but retains granular shape with-out dissolving by heating above 100°C in the presence of water. HMT increases the stability for acid and mechanical agitation in pasting. HMT increases hydrophiricity and decreases hydrophobic-ity of starch granules. On the contrary, HMT decreases hydrophiricity and increases hydrophobicity of starch paste. HMTS appears to be a suitable material for the production of retort foods, dress-ings, noodles, baked foods, batter products, confections, dairy products, creams, fat minetics and resistant starches.