gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gender-specific effects of HIV protease inhibitors on body mass in mice (2007)

Protease inhibitors, as part of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), have significantly increased the lifespan of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. Several deleterious side effects including dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy, however, have been observed with HAART. Women are at a higher risk of developing adipose tissue alterations and these alterations have different characteristics as compared to men. We have previously demonstrated that in mice the HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir, caused a reduction in weight gain in females, but had no effect on male mice. In the present study, we examined the potential causes of this difference in weight gain. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) null mice or wild-type C57BL/6 mice, were administered 15 mug/ml ritonavir or vehicle (0.01% ethanol) in the drinking water for 6 weeks. The percent of total body weight gained during the treatment period was measured and confirmed that female LDL-R gained significantly less weight with ritonavir treatment than males. In wild type mice, however, there was no effect of ritonavir treatment in either sex. Despite the weight loss in LDL-R null mice, ritonavir increased food intake, but no difference was observed in gonadal fat weight. Serum leptin levels were significantly lower in females. Ritonavir further suppressed leptin levels in (p < 0.05). Ritonavir did not alter serum adiponectin levels in either gender. To determine the source of these differences, female mice were ovariectomized remove the gonadal sex hormones. Ovariectomy prevented the weight loss induced by ritonavir (p < 0.05). Furthermore, leptin levels were no longer suppressed by ritonavir (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that gonadal factors in females influence the hormonal control of weight gain changes induced by HIV protease inhibitors in an environment of elevated cholesterol.
Secretory products of macrophages and their physiological functions (1984)

Macrophages secrete a variety of biologically active substances into their local milieu, including proteins, lipids, nucleotide metabolites, and oxygen metabolites. To date, more than 50 substances secreted by macrophages have been reported: enzymes; enzyme inhibitors; plasma proteins such as complement components, coagulation factors, and apolipoprotein E; factors that regulate the functions of other cells such as interferon, interleukin 1, mitogens, and angiogenesis factor; and low molecular weight substances such as reactive metabolites of oxygen and derivatives of arachidonic acids. Macrophage-derived products are probably important in the local environment, and they are believed to be important in the physiological and pathological functions of macrophages in inflammation, tissue repair, lipoprotein metabolism, acute phase response, and in microbicidal, antiviral, tumoricidal, and immunoregulatory activities; however, macrophages may not be the sole source for the secretion of some of these products. The secretion of these products is intricately regulated, developmentally and environmentally.
Using an Enhanced Ant Colony System to Solve Resource- Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (2006)

†† Summary This study presents and evaluates a modified ant colony optimization (ACO) approach for the resource-constrained project scheduling problems. A modified ant colony system is proposed to solve the resource-constrained scheduling problems. A two-dimensional matrix is proposed in this study for scheduling activities with time, and it has a parallel scheme for solving project scheduling problems. There are two designed heuristic is proposed. The dynamic rule is designed to modify the latest starting time of activities and hence the heuristic function. In exploration of the search solution space, this investigation proposes a delay solution generation rule to escape the local optimal solution. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed modified ant colony system algorithm provides an effective and efficient approach for solving project scheduling problems with resource constraints.
WNT/β-Catenin Signaling in Vertebrate Eye Development (2016)

The vertebrate eye is a highly specialized sensory organ, which is derived from the anterior neural plate, head surface ectoderm, and neural crest-derived mesenchyme. The single central eye field, generated from the anterior neural plate, divides to give rise to the optic vesicle, which evaginates toward the head surface ectoderm. Subsequently, the surface ectoderm, in conjunction with the optic vesicle invaginates to form the lens vesicle and double-layered optic cup, respectively. This complex process is controlled by transcription factors and several intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways including WNT/β-catenin signaling. This signaling pathway plays an essential role in multiple developmental processes and has a profound effect on cell proliferation and cell fate determination. During eye development, the activity of WNT/β-catenin signaling is tightly controlled. Faulty regulation of WNT/β-catenin signaling results in multiple ocular malformations due to defects in the process of cell fate determination and differentiation. This mini-review summarizes recent findings on the role of WNT/β-catenin signaling in eye development. Whilst this mini-review focuses on loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutants of WNT/β-catenin signaling components, it also highlights some important aspects of β-catenin-independent WNT signaling in the eye development at later stages.
Parasitic Aware Process Variation Tolerant Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Design (2008)

In this paper we present a parasitic aware, process variation tolerant optimization methodology that may be applied to nanoscale circuits to ensure better yield. A current- starved voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is treated as a case study and to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first VCO design that accounts for both parasitic degradation and process variation together. The physical design of the VCO is carried out in a generic 90 nm Salicide 1.2V/2.5V 1 Poly 9 Metal process design kit. The oscillation frequency is the objective function with the area overhead as constraint. A performance degradation of 43.5% is observed when the parasitic extracted circuit was subjected to worst case process variation. After a single physical design iteration, the frequency of oscillation was within 4.5% of the target.
Immunolocalization of extensin and potato tuber lectin in carrot, tomato and potato (1996)

Tissue‐specific expression of two members of the cell wall hydroxyproline‐rich glycoprotein (HRGP) family, extensin and potato tuber lectin, was examined by immunolocalization at the light microscope level in various organs (leaves, stems, roots, fruit, tuber) of carrot ( Daucus carota cv. Thumbelina), tomato ( Lycopersicon esclentum cv. Pixie Hybrid II), and potato ( Solanum tuberosum cv. Kennebec). Extensin was prominently expressed in vascular tissue, particularly xylem and also phloem, although virtually all cells displayed some degree of staining which varied as a function of the tissue, organ, and plant under study. Antibodies against potato tuber lectin (PTL) displayed a localization pattern similar to that observed for extensin; notably PTL did not stain cambium but did stain epithelial cells lining secretory cavities. These distribution patterns are consistent with a role for extensin, and possibly PTL, in providing mechanical support in tissues subjected to compression or torsional stress imparted by vascular growth, or by similar stress brought about by transport of vascular fluids.
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>as a Short-Lived Delivery System for the Induction of Type 1 Cell-Mediated Immunity against the p36/LACK Antigen of<i>Leishmania major</i> (2000)

Listeria monocytogenes has been used as an experimental live vector for the induction of CD8-mediated immune responses in various viral and tumoral experimental models. Susceptibility of BALB/c mice to Leishmania major infection has been correlated to the preferential development of Th2 CD4 T cells through an early production of interleukin 4 (IL-4) by a restricted population of CD4 T cells which react to a single parasite antigen, LACK (stands for Leishmania homologue of receptors for activated C kinase). Experimental vaccination with LACK can redirect the differentiation of CD4(+) T cells towards the Th1 pathway if LACK is coadministrated with IL-12. As IL-12 is known to be induced by L. monocytogenes, we have tested the ability of a recombinant attenuated actA mutant L. monocytogenes strain expressing LACK to induce the development of LACK-specific Th1 cells in both B10.D2 and BALB/c mice, which are resistant and susceptible to L. major, respectively. After a single injection of LACK-expressing L. monocytogenes, IL-12/p40 transcripts showed a rapid burst, and peaks of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting LACK-specific Th1 cells were detected around day 5 in the spleens and livers of mice of both strains. These primed IFN-gamma-secreting LACK-reactive T cells were not detected ex vivo after day 7 of immunization but could be recruited and detected 15 days later in the draining lymph node after an L. major footpad challenge. Although immunization of BALB/c mice with LACK-expressing L. monocytogenes did not change the course of the infection with L. major, immunized B10.D2 mice exhibited significantly smaller lesions than nonimmunized controls. Thus, our results demonstrate that, in addition of its recognized use for the induction of effector CD8 T cells, L. monocytogenes can also be used as a live recombinant vector to favor the development of potentially protective IFN-gamma-secreting Th1 CD4 T lymphocytes.
A direct method for security-constrained unit commitment (1995)

Secure operation is an enduring concern to electric utilities. Several factors oblige utilities to operate their systems-particularly transmission systems-at or close to their capacities. Few methods for scheduling electric generating units, however, take security into account. Utilities, therefore, may inadvertently risk overloading critical transmission lines if units are not rescheduled. Without advance planning a utility may incur significant costs if it must reschedule generation retroactively. This paper presents a practical method to account for security constraints when scheduling electric generating units. The results indicate that this method obtains lower-cost solutions faster than if the security constraints are considered retroactively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chemically Engineered Extracts: Source of Bioactive Compounds (2011)

Biological research and drug discovery critically depend on access to libraries of small molecules that have an affinity for biomacromolecules. By virtue of their sustained success as sources of lead compounds, natural products are recognized as "privileged" starting points in structural space for library development. Compared with synthetic compounds, natural products have distinguishing structural properties; indeed, researchers have begun to quantify and catalog the differences between the two classes of molecules. Measurable differences in the number of chiral centers, the degree of saturation, the presence of aromatic rings, and the number of the various heteroatoms are among the chief distinctions between natural and synthetic compounds. Natural products also include a significant proportion of recurring molecular scaffolds that are not present in currently marketed drugs: the bioactivity of these natural substructures has been refined over the long process of evolution. In this Account, we present our research aimed at preparing libraries of semisynthetic compounds, or chemically engineered extracts (CEEs), through chemical diversification of natural products mixtures. The approach relies on the power of numbers, that is, in the chemical alteration of a sizable fraction of the starting complex mixture. Major changes in composition can be achieved through the chemical transformation of reactive molecular fragments that are found in most natural products. If such fragments are common enough, their transformation represents an entry point for chemically altering a high proportion of the components of crude natural extracts. We have searched for common reactive fragments in the Dictionary of Natural Products (CRC Press) and identified several functional groups that are expected to be present in a large fraction of the components of an average natural crude extract. To date, we have used reactions that incorporate (i) nitrogen atoms through carbonyl groups, (ii) sulfur by transformation of -OH and amines, and (iii) bromine through double bonds and aromatic rings. The resulting CEEs had different composition and biomolecular properties than their natural progenitors. We isolated a semisynthetic β-glucosidase inhibitor from a CEE prepared by reaction with benzenesulfonyl chloride, an antifungal pyrazole from a CEE prepared by reaction with hydrazine, and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from a CEE prepared through bromination. Our results illustrate how biological activity can be generated through chemical diversification of natural product mixtures. Moreover, the level of control that can be asserted in the process by judicious design and experimental choices underscores the potential for further development of CEEs in both basic research and drug discovery.
Effect of Osmotic Pressure in the Solvent Extraction Phase on BSA Release Profile from PLGA Microspheres (2002)

This study investigated the influence of osmotic pressure in the organic solvent extraction phase on release profile of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres. BSA-loaded PLGA microspheres with a target load of 10% were prepared by a double emulsion phase separation method. All the microsphere batches were fabricated in the same conditions except that in the organic solvent (CH2Cl2) evaporation step. Different concentrations of NaCl (0, 1.8, and 3.6%) or sucrose (20%) were used to generate a range of osmotic pressures in the extraction aqueous phase. These microspheres were characterized for incorporation efficiency, surface and internal morphology, particle size, protein stability, and in vitro release. The microspheres were spherical with particle size ranging from 16.8 to 27.8 microns. Higher osmotic pressure resulted in a denser internal structure although similar nonporous surface morphology was observed with all batches. No significant difference in encapsulation efficiency existed from batch to batch (87-94%). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyamide gel electrophoresis showed that BSA integrity was well retained. The release profile of the batch prepared with only water as the continuous (solvent extraction) phase exhibited a 79% burst release in the first 24 hr followed by a plateau and then a little release after 21 days. In the presence of NaCl or sucrose, the burst effect significantly decreased with increase in osmotic pressure in the extraction aqueous phase, which was then followed by sustained release for 35 days. A mass balance was made when the release terminated. Therefore, in the organic solvent extraction and evaporation step, increasing the osmotic pressure in the aqueous phase both reduced the burst release from the microspheres and improved the subsequent sustained release profile.
Advances in modelling and design of multitubular fixed‐ bed reactors (1989)

Abstract Starting from the review of current industrial designs, the present paper analyzes thermal interaction between reactants and coolant in multitubular fixed‐bed reactors. The interaction can be described quantitatively in terms of parameters characterizing transport processes both on the tube side and in the intertubular space. The study provides a detailed discussion of existing methods and correlations used for the evaluation of these parameters. The methods presented here can be considered as a basis for the development of a more comprehensive approach to the modeling and design of multitubular catalytic reactors.
Quality of Life in Male Hemodialysis Patients (2004)

ED, a frequent complication in HD patients, was related to QOL together with anemia. Successful treatment of ED and anemia may lead to improvement in QOL in HD patients.
Study on the transportation energy conserving standardization development strategies in China (2012)

To provide standardization technology support on ensuring transportation energy conservation and emission reduction targets, and to guide the transportation energy conservation standards drawing up and revising through overall planning. This paper illustrated the current status of transportation energy conserving standardization work, analyzed the demand about the standardization, constructed transportation energy conserving standardization system based on the national energy conserving standardization system and the resource-saving and comprehensive utilization standard development planning from 2005 to 2007, and then put forward the transportation energy conserving standardization development strategies and policy recommendations.
LED的光明前景：新驱动，新机会 (2015)

LED照明是一项近乎主流的技术，换代LED灯使物业管理人员和业主利用传统的电力基础设施即可享受LED的较长工作寿命和节能特性。局域网（LAN）、以太网供电（POE）技术提供了前所未有的动态监测和控制每个LED灯以及智能LED照明／传感器集中器的能力。
Neuropathological imaging: in vivo detection of glial activation as a measure of disease and adaptive change in the brain (2003)

Glial cells form a structural and functional network with complex cell-cell communication pathways that enable fast and slow signalling amongst themselves as well as with neurons. They exert regulatory influence on normal synaptic transmission and alter it in disease. It is becoming increasingly clear that an understanding of brain function in disease conditions requires a better account of the highly plastic, disease-associated changes in glial physiology in vivo. Particularly, microglia, the brain's ubiquitous but normally inconspicuous immune effector cell, are prominently involved in many brain diseases. They respond rapidly and in a territorially highly confined way to subtle, acute and chronic pathological stimuli. Detection of microglial activation provides diagnostically useful formal parameters of disease, such as the accurate spatial localisation, disease progression and the secondary neurodegenerative or adaptive changes remote from the primary site of disease. The latter has potential relevance for the understanding of disease-induced brain plasticity. Systematic attempts are now undertaken, using positron emission tomography and a ligand with relative selectivity for activated microglia, to develop generic imaging tools for a cellular in vivo neuropathology.
La articulación jurídica de la transición (1985)

This study provides insights into the issues patients and caregivers in the US face and the importance of support services for both.
Prototype extraction and adaptive OCR (1999)

To maintain OCR accuracy with decreasing quality of page image composition, production, and digitization, it is essential to tune the system to each document. We propose a prototype extraction method for document-specific OCR systems. The method automatically generates training samples from unsegmented text images and the corresponding transcripts. It is tolerant of transcription errors, so a transcript produced automatically by an imperfect omnifont OCR system can be used. The method is based on new algorithms for estimating character widths, character locations in a word, and match/nonmatch probabilities from unsegmented text. An experimental word recognition system is designed and developed to combine prototype extraction algorithms and segmentation-free word recognition. The system can adapt itself to different page images and achieve high recognition accuracy on heavily degraded print.
Changes in Lipid Composition During Dry Grind Ethanol Processing of Corn (2010)

Abstract During the dry grind ethanol process, ground corn is fermented and the major co‐product is a feed called distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). This study investigated the changes that occur in the composition of corn oil that can be extracted from various process fractions during the dry grind ethanol process. In the first part of this study, samples of distillers dried grains, thin stillage, condensed distillers solubles (also known as syrup), and DDGS were obtained from 7 dry grind ethanol plants. The levels of deleterious free fatty acids were high (>7%) and those of valuable total phytosterols were also high in all fractions (>2%). In the second part of this study, changes in the content and composition of the fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols and tocotrienols were quantitatively analyzed in crude oil samples extracted from nine dry grind process fractions from three commercial ethanol plants. Fatty acid and phytosterol composition remained nearly constant in all nine fractions, although some significant variations in phytosterol composition existed among the fractions. Examination of the tocopherols and tocotrienols revealed that γ‐tocopherol was the most abundant tocol in ground corn but an unknown tocol became the predominant tocol after fermentation and persisted in the remaining processing fractions and in the final DDGS product. Overall, the remaining majority of tocols remained relatively unchanged.
Repression and resistance: problems of regulation in contemporary urban culture. II: Determining forces (1993)

L'individu et la culture urbaine : analyse des forces caracteristiques de cette culture que sont l'opulence, l'anomie et l'alienation ; these de l'erosion des strategies de regulation sociale
Compact ozone photometer based on UV LEDs (2010)

In this paper we have demonstrated the feasibility of a compact autonomous sensor for continuous, in-situ monitoring of ambient ozone (O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) from UAVs. The primary innovation in this sensor is the combination of newly available light emitting diodes (LEDs) operating in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral region with compact, low-power, sensitive data acquisition electronics. The advent of LEDs operating in the UV region overlapping the Hartley band (255-260 nm) [1] of absorption for ozone enables the development of a very compact and highly sensitive optical sensor that can monitor O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> concentration with good precision. A UV LED-based ozone sensor has many advantages over currently available technologies, which use the 254 nm emission line from mercury discharge lamps as sources. Attractive LED features include: (1) low beam divergence, allowing collimation for propagation over long distances, (2) high brightness, allowing for shorter optical path length and higher measurement rates than lamp-based sensors, (3) stable power output over long lifetime, (4) amplitude modulation by current, and (5) passive wavelength stabilization. Furthermore, the mercury lamp requires ~1 kV to initiate the discharge and exhibits power degradation over time.