gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactions of low energy reactive ions with surfaces. IV. Chemically bonded diamond-like films from ion-beam deposition (1988)

Low energy (10–300 eV) mass-selected C+ ion beams are used to deposit thin carbon films on surfaces of Si(100), Ni(111), Ta, W, and Au in a UHV environment at room temperature. The films are characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS), valence level electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS), K-shell ionization loss spectroscopy (ILS), and ellipsometry. The initial monolayer of the deposited film is in the form of a carbide layer which is chemically bonded to the substrate atoms. The film evolves gradually over the next several layers deposited, through intermediate structures, into a diamond-like structure. The diamond-like structure is confirmed by comparing the results of the above spectroscopic measurements with those of pure diamond and graphite and by referring to band structure calculations. A phase diagram, prepared as C+ ion dose vs C+ kinetic energy Ek, shows the regions of the different structures. The optimum C+ energy range for formation of the diamond-like structure is 30–175 eV. Below 10 eV the final diamond-like structure has not been attained and above 180 eV there is a sharp increase in the dose required to attain this final structure. The films are found to be free of impurities, inert to O2 chemisorption, structurally stable up to 350 °C, have a low sputtering yield, and have a sharp interface with the substrate surface. The mechanism of film deposition and growth is discussed.
Inductive System Health Monitoring (2004)

Abstract- The Inductive Monitoring System (IMS) software was developed to provide a technique to automatically produce health monitoring knowledge bases for systems that are either difficult to model (simulate) with a computer or which require computer models that are too complex to use for real time monitoring. IMS uses nominal data sets collected either directly from the system or from simulations to build a knowledge base that can be used to detect anomalous behavior in the system. Machine learning and data mining techniques are used to characterize typical system behavior by extracting general classes of nominal data from archived data sets. IMS is able to monitor the system by comparing real time operational data with these classes. We present a description of learning and monitoring methods used by IMS and summarize some recent IMS results.
Direct ultrafast parametric amplification pumped by a picosecond thin-disk laser (2022)

Abstract Optical quadratic nonlinearity is ultrafast in nature, while parametric interaction usually manifests only the broadband characteristic [1]. Enormous progress has been made toward broadband phase-matching for parametric amplification and wide applications [1-3]. In existing devices of broadband parametric amplification, the power efficiency of conversion is restricted to approximately the energy efficiency, and the desire for the signal power enhancement necessitates additional pulse compression after amplification [4-10]. Here, we demonstrate ultrafast parametric amplification having an extraordinary power efficiency of 1155%; this allows the generation of intense femtosecond pulses without the need for a pulse stretcher and compressor. Direct femtosecond signal amplification by picosecond pumping is enabled by an ultrafast parametric environment in which the pre-delayed signal of faster speed gradually overtakes and effectively depletes the pump of slower speed as they propagate in a nonlinear crystal. The demonstrated technique should lead to breakthroughs in ultrafast lasers as well as applications.
An InP-Based Monolithically Integrated Reconfigurable Optical Add–Drop Multiplexer (2007)

We demonstrate an InP-based monolithically integrated reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer consisting of an array waveguide grating, a semiconductor optical amplifier, four 2x2 Mach-Zehnder optical switches, and four PIN photodetectors using the asymmetric twin waveguide technology. The total chip size is 10 x 6 mm, and each of the components in the circuit exhibited performance similar to that achieved in a discrete form. The add-drop functionality of the chip is demonstrated via the routing of the signal from the add port to the drop/output port.
<title>Scene change detection and feature extraction for MPEG-4 sequences</title> (1998)

In this paper, we present a new, computationally efficient, effective technique for detection of abrupt scene changes in MPEG-4/2 compressed video sequences. We combine the dc image-based approach of Feng, Lo, and Mehrpour. The bit allocation-based approach has the advantage of computational simplicity, since it only requires entropy decoding of the sequence. Since extraction of dc images from I- Frames/Objects is simple, the dc image-based technique of Yeo is a good alternative for comparison of I- Frames/Objects. For P-Frames/Objects, however, Yeo's algorithm requires additional computation. We find that the bit allocation-change based approach is prone to false detection in comparison to intracoded objects in MPEG-4 sequences. However, if a suspected scene/object change has been located accurately in a group of consecutive frames/objects, the bit allocation-based technique quickly and accurately locates the cut point therein. This motivates us to use dc image-based detection between successive I- Frames/Objects, to identify the subsequences with scene/object changes, and then use bit allocation-based detection to find the cut point therein. Our technique thus has only a marginally greater complexity than the completely bit allocation-based technique, but has greater accuracy. It is applicable to both MPEG-2 sequences and MPEG-4 multiple- object sequences. In the MPEG-4 multiple object case, we use a weighted sum of the change in each object of the frame, using the area of the object as the weight.
Novel colloidal dispersons of polyaniline (1989)

Colloidal polyaniline1 has been prepared in good yield (>50%) using a tailor-made random co-polymer as a steric stabiliser, which is chemically grafted onto the polyaniline microparticles formed by the oxidative polymerisation process.
Requirement of Pygopus 2 in breast cancer. (2007)

The development of novel therapeutic strategies for breast cancer requires the identification of molecular targets involved in malignancy. Human Pygopus (Pygo)-1 and -2 are recently discovered components of the Wnt signaling pathway required for beta-Catenin/Tcf dependent transcription in embryos and colorectal cancer cells, but the role of these proteins in malignant cell growth and survival has not yet been determined. We report the expression and requirement for proliferation of hPygo2 in breast cancer cells. hPygo2 protein was overexpressed in malignant breast tumors and in the nuclei of five breast cancer cell lines, but was not expressed in the nuclei of non-malignant breast cells. Phosphorothioated antisense oligonucleotides were used to specifically knockdown expression hPygo2 in Mcf-7 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines. hPygo2 was required for the growth, in tissue culture and anchorage-independent assays, of both cell lines and for the expression of the Wnt target gene Cyclin D1. We conclude that hPygo2 is highly expressed in, and required for the growth of breast carcinoma cells.
An efficient multiple-groupcast coded multicasting scheme for finite fractional caching (2015)

Coded multicasting has been shown to improve the caching performance of content delivery networks with multiple caches downstream of a common multicast link. However, the schemes that have been shown to achieve order-optimal performance require content items to be partitioned into a number of packets that grows exponentially with the number of users [1]. In this paper, we first extend the analysis of the order-optimal multiple-groupcast coded multicasting scheme in [2] to the case of heterogeneous cache sizes and demand distributions, providing an achievable scheme and an upper bound on the optimal performance when the number of packets goes to infinity. We then show that the scheme achieving this upper bound can very quickly loose its promising multiplicative caching gain for finite content packetization. To overcome this limitation, we design a novel polynomial-time algorithm based on greedy local graph-coloring that, while keeping the same content packetization, recovers a significant part of the multiplicative caching gain. Our results show that the achievable schemes proposed to date to quantify the fundamental limiting performance, must be properly designed for practical regimes of finite content packetization.
Polymer, Metal, and Hybrid Nano- and Mesotubes by Coating Degradable Polymer Template Fibers (TUFT Process) (2000)

Coating extremely thin degradable template polymer fibers with the desired wall materials forms the basis of the straightforward and highly versatile method described here for the production of polymer, metal, and hybrid nano- and mesotubes. Tubes with highly structured inner surfaces (see Figure) may be fabricated, which is of great interest for applications requiring large surface/volume ratios (see also cover).
Pinlight displays (2014)

We present a novel design for an optical see-through augmented reality display that offers a wide field of view and supports a compact form factor approaching ordinary eyeglasses. Instead of conventional optics, our design uses only two simple hardware components: an LCD panel and an array of point light sources (implemented as an edge-lit, etched acrylic sheet) placed directly in front of the eye, out of focus. We code the point light sources through the LCD to form miniature see-through projectors. A virtual aperture encoded on the LCD allows the projectors to be tiled, creating an arbitrarily wide field of view. Software rearranges the target augmented image into tiled sub-images sent to the display, which appear as the correct image when observed out of the viewer's accommodation range. We evaluate the design space of tiled point light projectors with an emphasis on increasing spatial resolution through the use of eye tracking, and demonstrate a preliminary human viewable display.
Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensor for Dynamic Strain Measurement (2008)

A novel Brillouin-based distributed sensing technique is presented that can obtain the strain profile of the entire sensing fiber with a single optical pulse. Experimentally obtained spectra show that this comb excited pump signal is capable of strain and temperature measurement in a dynamic system. The results show the expected sinusoidal strain profile for a 12 s periodic strain cycle applied to the test fiber. The strain distribution for the entire fiber was obtained in 256 mus , thereby demonstrating for the first time, the potential to measure dynamic strains up to 3.9 kHz with 12 m resolution. Increased acquisition speed comes at the expense of achievable spatial resolution.
Spectral and Scatterer-Size Correlation during Angular Compounding: Simulations and Experimental Studies (2006)

In a previous study, theoretical expressions were derived for the correlation between ultrasonic scatterer-size estimates and their associated spectral measures when echo data are acquired from the same location but at different angles. The results were verified using simulations. In the present work, we further analyze simulation data for these conditions; in addition, we measure the correlations using a cylindrical tissue-mimicking phantom. Experimental and theoretical results show that the relationship of scatterer-size correlation to insonification angle depends on gate duration, gate type and beam profile. Some discrepancies are noted between experimental results and theoretical predictions, particularly when using smaller gated windows. The sources of the discrepancies are discussed. Experimental results using a 6-MHz linear array suggest that, to save acquisition and processing time while reducing variance, a 2 degree-3 degree angular increment step provides efficient angular compounding for scatterer-size imaging with this array. Theoretical predictions can provide estimates of expected correlations between angular acquisitions when compounding with other transducers.
Photonic crystal microcavities for cavity quantum electrodynamics with a single quantum dot (2003)

We propose a planar photonic crystal microcavity design specially tailored for cavity quantum electrodynamics with a single quantum dot emitter embedded in semiconductor. With quality factor up to 45 000, mode volume smaller than a cubic optical wavelength in material, and electric field maximum located in the high-refractive index region at the cavity center, this design can enable both strong coupling and lasing with a single quantum dot exciton. The achievable range of the quality factor to mode volume ratios and the feasible fabrication of the proposed structure make it favorable to other semiconductor microcavities.
Conditional functional dependencies for capturing data inconsistencies (2008)

We propose a class of integrity constraints for relational databases, referred to as conditional functional dependencies (CFDs), and study their applications in data cleaning. In contrast to traditional functional dependencies (FDs) that were developed mainly for schema design, CFDs aim at capturing the consistency of data by enforcing bindings of semantically related values. For static analysis of CFDs we investigate the consistency problem , which is to determine whether or not there exists a nonempty database satisfying a given set of CFDs, and the implication problem , which is to decide whether or not a set of CFDs entails another CFD. We show that while any set of transitional FDs is trivially consistent, the consistency problem is NP-complete for CFDs, but it is in PTIME when either the database schema is predefined or no attributes involved in the CFDs have a finite domain. For the implication analysis of CFDs, we provide an inference system analogous to Armstrong's axioms for FDs, and show that the implication problem is coNP-complete for CFDs in contrast to the linear-time complexity for their traditional counterpart. We also present an algorithm for computing a minimal cover of a set of CFDs. Since CFDs allow data bindings, in some cases CFDs may be physically large, complicating the detection of constraint violations. We develop techniques for detecting CFD violations in SQL as well as novel techniques for checking multiple constraints by a single query. We also provide incremental methods for checking CFDs in response to changes to the database. We experimentally verify the effectiveness of our CFD-based methods for inconsistency detection. This work not only yields a constraint theory for CFDs but is also a step toward a practical constraint-based method for improving data quality.
A rhoptry antigen of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>is protective in<i>Saimiri</i>monkeys (1990)

A non-polymorphic antigen associated with the rhoptry organelles of Plasmodium falciparum has been purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. The antigen, RAP-1 (rhoptry associated protein-1), which is defined by monoclonal antibodies which inhibit parasite growth in vitro, is a multi-component antigen consisting of four major proteins of 80, 65, 42 and 40 kDa and two minor proteins of 77 and 70 kDa. These proteins were electro-eluted from preparative sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels and protected Saimiri sciureus monkeys from a lethal blood-stage infection of P. falciparum malaria. Sera from the protected animals recognized only proteins of the RAP-1 antigen when used to probe a Western blot of total parasite protein extract, confirming that RAP-1 is responsible for eliciting the protective immune response.
Comparative analysis of human cytomegalovirus a-sequence in multiple clinical isolates by using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assays (1990)

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) a-sequence (a-seq) is located in the joining region between the long (L) and short (S) unique sequences of the virus (L-S junction), and this hypervariable junction has been used to differentiate HCMV strains. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are differences among strains of human cytomegalovirus which could be characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the a-seq of HCMV DNA and to compare a PCR method of strain differentiation with conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methodology by using HCMV junction probes. Laboratory strains of HCMV and viral isolates from individuals with HCMV infection were characterized by using both RFLPs and PCR. The PCR assay amplified regions in the major immediate-early gene (IE-1), the 64/65-kDa matrix phosphoprotein (pp65), and the a-seq of the L-S junction region. HCMV laboratory strains Towne, AD169, and Davis were distinguishable, in terms of size of the amplified product, when analyzed by PCR with primers specific for the a-seq but were indistinguishable by using PCR targeted to IE-1 and pp65 sequences. When this technique was applied to a characterization of isolates from individuals with HCMV infection, selected isolates could be readily distinguished. In addition, when the a-seq PCR product was analyzed with restriction enzyme digestion for the presence of specific sequences, these DNA differences were confirmed. PCR analysis across the variable a-seq of HCMV demonstrated differences among strains which were confirmed by RFLP in 38 of 40 isolates analyzed. The most informative restriction enzyme sites in the a-seq for distinguishing HCMV isolates were those of MnlI and BssHII. This indicates that the a-seq of HCMV is heterogeneous among wild strains, and PCR of the a-seq of HCMV is a practical way to characterize differences in strains of HCMV.
Combined enzyme mediated fermentation of cellulose and xylose to ethanol (1991)

A process for producing ethanol from mixed sugar streams from pretreated biomass comprising xylose and cellulose using enzymes to convert these substrates to fermentable sugars; selecting and isolating a yeast having the ability to ferment these sugars as they are being formed to produce ethanol; loading the substrates with the fermentation mix composed of yeast, enzymes and substrates; fermenting the loaded substrates and enzymes under anaerobic conditions at a pH range of between about 5.0 to about 6.0 and at a temperature range of between about 35[degrees]C to about 40[degrees]C until the fermentation is completed, the xylose being isomerized to xylulose, the cellulose being converted to glucose, and these sugars being concurrently converted to ethanol by yeast through means of the anaerobic fermentation; and recovering the ethanol.
Wireless magnetic tracking system for radiation therapy (2009)

This paper presents a wireless position and orientation tracking system for radiation therapy. The proposed system uses only four transmitting coils and an implantable wireless transponder. The four transmitting coils generate magnetic field which is sensed and measured by a bi-axial sensor in the transponder in the tumor. A wireless transmitter in the transponder transmits the information back to a computer to determine the position and orientation of the transponder and hence, to track the tumor in real time. The algorithm of tracking is implemented using MATLAB, and simulation results and analysis are presented. Each calculation of the position tracking takes 20 ms, which makes the proposed system suitable for real-time tracking of the transponder for radiation assessment and delivery.
A Genetic Algorithm for Developing Modular Product Architectures (2003)

The architecture of a product is determined by both the elements that compose the product and the way in which they interact with each other. In this paper, we use the design structure matrix (DSM) as a tool to capture this architecture. Designing modular products can result in many benefits to both consumers and manufacturers. The development of modular products requires the identification of highly interactive groups of elements and arranging (i.e. clustering) them into modules. However, no rigorous DSM clustering technique can be found in product development literature. This paper presets a review of the basic DSM building blocks used in the identification of product modules. The DSM representation and building blocks are used to develop a new DSM clustering tool based on a genetic algorithm (GA) and the minimum description length (MDL) principle. The new tool is capable of partitioning the product architecture into an “optimal” set of modules or sub-systems. We demonstrate this new clustering method using an example of a complex product architecture for an industrial gas turbine.
Extension of QM/MM docking and its applications to metalloproteins (2009)

To overcome the limitation of conventional docking methods which assume fixed charge model from force field parameters, combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method has been applied to docking as a variable charge model and shown to exhibit improvement on the docking accuracy over fixed charge based methods. However, it has also been shown that there are a number of examples for which adoption of variable-charge model fails to reproduce the native binding modes. In particular, for metalloproteins, previously implemented method of QM/MM docking failed most often. This class of proteins has highly polarized binding sites at which high-coordinate-numbered metal ions reside. We extend the QM/MM docking method so that protein atoms surrounding the binding site along with metal ions are included as quantum region, as opposed to only ligand atoms. This extension facilitates the required scaling of partial charges on metal ions leading to prediction of correct binding modes in metalloproteins.
Interleukin-17D Mediates Tumor Rejection through Recruitment of Natural Killer Cells (2014)

The process of cancer immunoediting generates a repertoire of cancer cells that can persist in immune-competent hosts. In its most complex form, this process begins with the elimination of highly immunogenic unedited tumor cells followed by the escape of less immunogenic edited cells. Although edited tumors can release immunosuppressive factors, it is unknown whether unedited tumors produce cytokines that enhance antitumor function. Utilizing gene microarray analysis, we found the cytokine interleukin 17D (IL-17D) was highly expressed in certain unedited tumors but not in edited mouse tumor cell lines. Moreover, forced expression of IL-17D in edited tumor cells induced rejection by stimulating MCP-1 production from tumor endothelial cells, leading to the recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells promoted M1 macrophage development and adaptive immune responses. IL-17D expression was also decreased in certain high-grade and metastatic human tumors, suggesting that it can be targeted for tumor immune therapy.
Laser-to-proton energy transfer efficiency in laser–plasma interactions (2008)

Abstract It is shown that the energy of protons accelerated in laser–matter interaction experiments may be significantly increased through the process of splitting the incoming laser pulse into multiple interaction stages of equal intensity. From a thermodynamic point of view, the splitting procedure can be viewed as an effective way of increasing the efficiency of energy transfer from the laser light to protons, which peaks for processes having the least amount of entropy gain. It is predicted that it should be possible to achieve at least a 100% increase in the energy efficiency in a six-stage laser proton accelerator compared with a single laser–target interaction scheme.