gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GM-CSF enhances lung growth and causes alveolar type II epithelial cell hyperplasia in transgenic mice (1997)

The human surfactant protein (SP)-C gene promoter was used to direct expression of mouse granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; SP-C-GM mice) in lung epithelial cells in GM-CSF-replete (GM+/+) or GM-CSF null mutant (GM-/-) mice. Lung weight and volume were significantly increased in SP-C-GM mice compared with GM+/+ or GM-/- control mice. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated marked type II cell hyperplasia, and immunofluorescent labeling for proliferating cell nuclear antigen was increased in type II cells of SP-C-GM mice. Abundance of type II cells per mouse lung was increased three- to fourfold in SP-C-GM mice compared with GM+/+ and GM-/- mice. GM-CSF increased bromodeoxyuridine labeling of isolated type II cells in vitro. Type II cells, alveolar macrophages, and endothelial and bronchiolar epithelial cells were stained by antibodies to the GM-CSF receptor alpha-subunit in both GM+/+ mice and GM-CSF gene-targeted mice that are also homozygous for the SP-C-GM transgene. High levels of GM-CSF expression in type II cells of transgenic mice increased lung size and caused type II cell hyperplasia, demonstrating an unexpected role for the molecule in the regulation of type II cell proliferation and differentiation.
Highly efficient green organic light-emitting diodes from single exciplex emission (2008)

Spectral single and stable green exciplex emission was demonstrated from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with 4,4′,4″-tris[3-methylphenyl(phenyl)amino] triphenylamine and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline that function as electron donor (D) and acceptor (A), respectively. As 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq3) was attached to the acceptor layer, electroluminescent (EL) properties of the two exciplex-type OLEDs with D/A-bilayer and D:A mixture layer configurations were markedly improved, i.e., a peak current efficiency of 7.6cd∕A at 2.38mA∕cm2 in three-layer device and a maximum luminance of 6620cd∕m2 at 8.7V in blend layer device were obtained, respectively, without changing the peak position (535nm) and the shape of EL spectrum. Discussion is given on the harvest of the pure green exciplex emission and enhancement of luminance which is obtained by inserting Alq3 layer.
The science of cyber security experimentation (2011)

Since 2004, the DETER Cyber-security Project has worked to create an evolving infrastructure - facilities, tools, and processes - to provide a national resource for experimentation in cyber security. Building on our insights into requirements for cyber science and on lessons learned through 8 years of operation, we have made several transformative advances towards creating the next generation of DeterLab. These advances in experiment design and research methodology are yielding progressive improvements not only in experiment scale, complexity, diversity, and repeatability, but also in the ability of researchers to leverage prior experimental efforts of other researchers in the DeterLab user community. This paper describes the advances resulting in a new experimentation science and a transformed facility for cybersecurity research development and evaluation.
Increased Immune Complexes of Hypocretin Autoantibodies in Narcolepsy (2010)

Central hypersomnias and particularly narcolepsy-cataplexy are characterized by higher serum levels of autoantibodies directed against hypocretin-1 which are present as immune complexes most likely with anti-idiotypic autoantibodies suggesting their relevance to the mechanism of sleep-wake cycle regulation.
Parallel preparation of highly spin-polarized electrons in single InAs/GaAs quantum dots (2007)

Initialization of electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is a major prerequisite for a successful implementation of such QDs in quantum information applications. It is essential that the initialization is achieved for many individually separable dots in parallel. Here the authors show that exactly this can be accomplished with near-unity fidelity by electrical spin injection from the diluted magnetic semiconductor ZnMnSe into InAs∕GaAs quantum dots. The deviation from unity is smaller than 0.13, more precise determination is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of their setup. They demonstrate the robust concurrent initialization of several quantum dots with the same high fidelity.
Strong Performance Guarantees for Asynchronous Crossbar Schedulers (2006)

Crossbar-based switches are commonly used to implement routers with throughputs up to about 1 Tb/s. The advent of crossbar scheduling algorithms that provide strong performance guarantees now makes it possible to engineer systems that perform well, even under extreme traffic conditions. Up to now, such performance guarantees have only been developed for crossbars that switch cells rather than variable length packets. Cell-based schedulers may fail to deliver the expected performance guarantees when used in routers that forward packets of variable length. We show how to obtain performance guarantees for asynchronous crossbars that are directly comparable to the performance guarantees previously available only for synchronous, cell-based crossbars. In particular we define derivatives of the Group by Virtual Output Queue (GVOQ) scheduler of Chuang et. al. and the Least Occupied Output First Scheduler of Krishna et. al. and show that both can provide strong performance guarantees in systems with speedups ≥2. We also show that there are schedulers for segment-based crossbars, (introduced recently by Katevenis and Passas) that can deliver strong performance guarantees with small buffer requirements and no bandwidth fragmentation.
Spontaneous Dissociation of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO on Defective Surface of Cu(I)/TiO<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub> Nanoparticles at Room Temperature (2012)

The activation of CO2 on defective surface of Cu(I)/TiO2–x has been studied using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). It was demonstrated that CO2– species, generated upon an electron attachment to CO2, are spontaneously dissociated into CO even in the dark on a partially oxygen depleted Cu(I)/TiO2–x surface prepared by thermal annealing in an inert environment. The formation of CO bound on Cu+ sites was identified in the DRIFT spectra, and isotopic carbon-labeling experiments confirmed that the produced CO was derived from CO2. The spontaneous dissociation of CO2– in the dark is to a large extent associated with the surface oxygen vacancies that provide not only the electronic charge (i.e., formation of Ti3+) but also the sites for the adsorption of oxygen atoms from CO2. The surface Cu+ species may facilitate destabilizing adsorbed CO2– and enhance its subsequent dissociation to CO. The defective surface is much more active than defect-free surface; the healed oxygen vacancies after CO2 reduction can be easily regenerated via inert gas annealing at a moderate temperature (i.e., 300 °C). Compared with in the dark, CO2 activation and dissociation under photoillumination is remarkably improved, possibly because of sustained electron supply and partial regeneration of surface oxygen vacancy induced by irradiation. The results from DRIFTS analysis were verified by the measurement of catalytic activity using gas chromatography. These findings are important to advancing the understanding in the chemistry of CO2 adsorption and photocatalytic reduction on the surface of metal oxide catalysts.
Chemical Vapour Deposition Rate of Mo Film in Horizontal Tubular Reactor (1997)

A gas mixture consisting of MoCl5, H2 and Ar (carrier and dilute gas) was fed into an externally heated horizontal quartz tube (tubular reactor). Mo film was deposited on the inner wall of the reactor by atmospheric thermal CVD under different conditions of gas flow rate, wall (substrate) temperature and gas compositions.Film growth rate increased with the deposition temperature and the apparent activation energy was determined to be 83.5 kJ/mol in the range between 923 and 1123 K. Above 1223 K, deposits were composed of fine particles.Distribution of the film growth rate along the axial direction in the reactor was dependent on the composition of gas mixture. At high PH2, the deposition rate was high, and a peak was formed at the inlet region in the distribution. On the other hand, a flat distribution was obtained at low PH2.Deposition experiments were conducted using a tubular reactor with a shorter length and the output gas was condensed into powder, which was composed of MoCl4 and MoCl2. The fractional conversion from MoCl5 into Mo and into the condensed powder were obtained at different gas compositions. It turned out that the effect of PH2 change on the fractional conversion was larger than that of PMoCl5. Considering the compounds of the deposited powder and the variation in the growth rate distribution with the gas compositions, the role of the gas phase reaction was discussed.
Future of Korean Oriental Medicine(Bang-Jae) ; A personal perspective (2006)

There are people. however, who do not understand what science means, especially among those practicing Oriental Medicine. They associate science with machines and consider that science is something not applicable to Oriental Medicine because Medicine is for humans not for machines. Science is a system of knowledge of universal facts and laws obtained based on objectivity, which under the same conditions gives the same results no matter when, where and how it is done and no matter who does it. To achieve development of that level, knowledge and technology from all areas should be considered and, if found useful, should be accepted. The immediate hurdle is to make Bang-Jae Science understood. So far Bang-Jae Discipline as understood by the practitioners of Oriental Medicine is nothing more than selecting prescriptions inherited from the predecessors that match given symptoms. To make Bang-Jae Discipline a science. i.e. Bang-Jae Science, we should not only study the traditional literature to gather data, experiment and verify with them one after another. make them objective and carry our scientific systemization. It takes fresh and creative trials but it will surely contribute to the future medical science.
Genetic algorithm-based optimal regrasping with the Anthrobot 5-fingered robot hand (2002)

A primary characteristic of dexterity in the manipulation of objects by multifingered hands in uncertain environments is the ability to recover from failing grasps through a regrasp procedure. Our focus in this paper is on regrasping control, posterior to the grasp phase, by generating an optimal sequence of hand preshapes, close in terms of manipulability and stability while not losing contact with the object. In our approach we treat the preshaping of a hand and the manipulation of an object with the same hand as a continuous and inseparable process, formulate preshaping manipulability and stability criteria using the vortex theory, and model the problem of regrasping as an optimal search using genetic algorithms toward a predetermined final preshape initiated by the kinematic constraints of a prior preshaping that has optimally contacted an object.
Eliminating global interpreter locks in ruby through hardware transactional memory (2014)

Many scripting languages use a Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) to simplify the internal designs of their interpreters, but this kind of lock severely lowers the multi-thread per-formance on multi-core machines. This paper presents our first results eliminating the GIL in Ruby using Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) in the IBM zEnterprise EC12 and Intel 4th Generation Core processors. Though prior prototypes replaced a GIL with HTM, we tested real-istic programs, the Ruby NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB), the WEBrick HTTP server, and Ruby on Rails. We devised a new technique to dynamically adjust the transaction lengths on a per-bytecode basis, so that we can optimize the likelihood of transaction aborts against the relative overhead of the instructions to begin and end the transactions. Our results show that HTM achieved 1.9- to 4.4-fold speedups in the NPB programs over the GIL with 12 threads, and 1.6- and 1.2-fold speedups in WEBrick and Ruby on Rails, respectively. The dynamic transaction-length adjustment chose the best transaction lengths for any number of threads and applications with sufficiently long running times.
New Power MOSFET Employing Segmented Trench Body Contact for Improving the Avalanche Energy (2008)

We have fabricated the 60 V power MOSFET employing the segmented trench body contact which results in low conduction loss and high avalanche energy (EAS) under undamped inductive switching (UIS) condition without sacrificing the device area. The proposed device employs the CMOS compatible deep Si trench process. The segmented trench body contact suppresses the hole current beneath the n+ source region under the avalanche breakdown mode because the impact ionization begins at the bottom of the trench contact, which suppresses the activation of parasitic NPN bipolar transistor and improves the EAS. We have investigated the avalanche characteristics by testing devices under UIS. The measured EAS of the proposed device is 4.5 mJ while that of the conventional one is 1.84 mJ. Although the breakdown voltage decreased from 69.8 V to 60.4 V by 13% due to the trench body contact, E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AS</sub> improved by 144%. Trench segmentation increases the n+ source contact area which results in reducing the on- resistance and improving the uniformity of the trench body contact and active cells.
Is catenation beneficial for hydrogen storage in metal–organic frameworks? (2008)

Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations demonstrate that catenation can be beneficial for improving hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks at cryogenic temperatures and low pressures but not necessarily at room temperature.
Study on notch filter technology based on spread spectrum communication (2006)

By analyzing backup narrow band interference problem faced in the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication system, a kind of anti-jam narrowband notch technology is presented. The lumped and distributed parameter filters are analyzed and transformed, and a circuit model of tunable coaxial cavity narrow band notch filter is established. Meanwhile, a engineering design and realization method suitable for broadband anti-jam notch is worked out. An experimential circuit module is fabricated, and the test results show that the method can not only improve the tunable range of filters greatly but also control the notch depth and width of the stop band, as well as its efficiency and accuracy is proved.
Effect of a novel penetration enhancer on the ungual permeation of two antifungal agents (2010)

This study has clearly demonstrated that the use of a novel permeation enhancing system, which fundamentally alters the chemical structure of the nail, not only enhances the efficacy of the existing topical formulations but also enables the delivery and efficacy of terbinafine when applied ungually. Such a topically applied system has the possibility of overcoming the systemic side effects when terbinafine is delivered orally.
A bipolar-PMOS merged basic cell for 0.8 mu m BiCMOS sea-of-gates (2002)

To improve the density of BiCMOS sea-of-gates, bipolar and PMOS transistors are merged to form compact basic cells combined with the gate isolation technique. This structure occupies only 12% of the conventional bipolar transistor area. The density of the basic cell increases by 60% compared with conventional cells. The pull-up BiCMOS circuit achieves the fastest gate delay of 200 ps. A 16-bit multiplier in the test chip fabricated with 0.8 mu m BiCMOS technology operates at 18 ns delay time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Controlled release and biocompatibility of polymer/titania nanotube array system on titanium implants (2017)

Bacterial infection and tissue inflammation are the major causes of early failure of titanium-based orthopedic implants; thus, surgical implants with tunable drug releasing properties represent an appealing way to address some of these problems of bacterial infection and tissue inflammation in early age of orthopedic implants. In this work, a hybrid surface system composed of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and titania nanotubes (TNTs) has been successfully constructed on Ti implants with the aim of preventing bacterial infection via long-term drug release. By varying the size of the TNTs and the thickness of the polymer film, the drug release profile can be tuned to achieve the optimal therapeutic action throughout the treatment time. The size of TNTs plays a dominant role in the drug loading dose of TNTs/PLGA hybrid coatings. In this work, TNTs with an average size of 80 nm can achieve the largest loading dose. Depending on the polymer thickness, significant improvement in the drug release characteristics is attained, for instance, reduced burst release (from 84% to 27%) and overall release time extended from 5 to over 40 days. In addition, the PLGA layers may favor the proliferation and osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 mouse cells at an earlier stage. Therefore, this TNT/PLGA hybrid surface system can be employed as an effective bioplatform for improving both self-antibacterial performance and biocompatibility of Ti-based biomaterials.
A Coexistence Model of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b/g (2007)

IEEE 802.15.4 was developed to meet the needs for low-rate wireless communication. However, due to its low power, IEEE 802.15.4 is potentially vulnerable to interference by other wireless technologies having much higher power and working in the same industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band such as IEEE 802.11 b/g. The paper therefore focuses on the coexistence impact of IEEE 802.11 b/g on the IEEE 802.15.4. In this paper, we present a coexistence model of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11 b/g, which exposes the interactive behavior between these two standards and therefore accurately explains their coexistence performance. The model focuses on two aspects, namely power and timing. These two aspects jointly impose different impacts on the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 networks, depending on coexistence situations. To classify the coexistence situations, we introduce a concept of coexistence range, by extending the concept of sensing and interference ranges across different wireless standards. We characterize the coexistence behavior in each coexistence range and identify for each range the underlying coexistence mechanism and protocol interactions. Analytical models are proposed for the case of saturated traffic and simulation results are presented to validate the model.
Labor Scheduling, Part 3 (1999)

Developing a proper workforce schedule is a key factor in a service business's ability to serve its customers well, but economically. Having forecast customer demand and determined the number of employees needed to meet that demand, the manager must next create the actual schedule. Classic schedule-development frameworks tend to match employee supply and customer demand in isolation for each planning period. The best schedule-planning mechanism accounts for employee-related factors as part of developing the schedule, rather than a two-phase approach of setting a schedule and then assigning employees to fill it. By considering employee work constraints in advance, the manager can account for complementary preferences as the schedule is created, with the result of a better match between employees and their shifts. Among the scheduling considerations is when controllable work will be performed. By taking all elements into account as the schedule is developed, a manager can meet both customer-service and economic targets, while at the same time meeting as many employee preferences as possible.
Synthesis Route for the Safe Production of Targets for Transmutation of Plutonium and Minor Actinides (2013)

Use of composites of actinide oxides dispersed in a Mo metal matrix is a recent inert matrix fuel concept for the transmutation of Pu and the minor actinides (Np, Am, and Cm). These elements are present in spent nuclear fuel, and their long-term radiotoxicity can be minimized if they are recovered from the fuel and irradiated in dedicated targets in nuclear reactors. The synthesis of such highly radioactive fuels is not simple, and given the high radiotoxicity of Am, the safety of operation of such a process must be examined for production of small-scale analytical batches. Infiltration of americium nitrate into porous PuO2 beads has potential safety bonuses. The beads are produced by a sol-gel external gelation route. Tests have been developed here with CeO2, as a surrogate for PuO2, and have been optimized for both bead production and pelletization of a blend of calcined beads and Mo powder. Addition of carbon to the sol-gel feed solution and its subsequent pyrolysis provides a means to optimize the porosity of the oxide beads. The carbon acts as a pore former. The highest-quality product meeting typical fuel specifications required addition of 20 g/l carbon in the sol-gel feed and calcination of the CeO2 beads at 800°C. Subsequent Mo cermet composites with 20 or 40 vol% of ceramic reached densities in excess of 90% of the theoretical value as is required for nuclear reactor applications. Finally, the step from CeO2 surrogates to (Pu, Am)O2 targets has been made and pellets of excellent quality produced.
Raltitrexed (TomudexTM), a Highly Polyglutamatable Antifolate Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor (1999)

Folic acid has, over the past 50 yr, formed the basis of an enormous amount of medicinal chemistry aimed at finding improved anticancer agents. This stemmed from the discovery of aminopterin (AMT) and methotrexate (MTX) in the late 1940s. Several years after their discovery, they were shown to exert their antitumor activity via the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). MTX is still widely prescribed today for the treatment of a number of solid tumors and leukemias (see Chapter 3). Over the last decade there has been a resurgence in the number of folic acid analogs entering clinical studies that has resulted from the knowledge that a number of key enzymic reactions in the de novo biosynthesis of nucleotides depend on folate cofactors. The cellular and in vivo pharmacology of MTX and some of its more recent analogs have been very well described in the literature and has formed a platform of knowledge for the development of the antifolate thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors over the last 20 yr (see Chapter 1). For example, it was shown that the cytotoxicity induced by the indirect inhibition of TS by MTX may be antagonized by its inhibitory effects on de novo purine synthesis (1). The antipurine effects of MTX were also believed to contribute to the drug-induced gut toxicity in mice (2). These and other data, particularly that relating to 5-fluorouracil (5FU) metabolism and activity, argued that specific folate-based inhibitors of TS may prove to be better drugs (3). Furthermore, ground-breaking research on other aspects of MTX action including drug resistance and polyglutamation substantially contributed to the acceleration of the development of TS inhibitors from basic concept through to clinical evaluation. Indeed several of the early dual inhibitors of DHFR and TS were 5,8-dideaza (quinazoline) analogs of MTX (see Subheading 2.1.). This chapter focuses on reviewing the medicinal chemistry path from these early compounds to the selection of Tomudex (Raltitrexed; ZD1694; Fig. 1) for clinical study. Additionally, a summary is provided of the current state of knowledge regarding the cellular and in vivo pharmacology of the drug. Readers are also advised of a recent review that may provide more detailed information on certain aspects of development (3).