gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser-Generated Proton Beams for High-Precision Ultra-Fast Crystal Synthesis (2017)

We present a method for the synthesis of micro-crystals and micro-structured surfaces using laser-accelerated protons. In this method, a solid surface material having a low melting temperature is irradiated with very-short laser-generated protons, provoking in the ablation process thermodynamic conditions that are between the boiling and the critical point. The intense and very quick proton energy deposition (in the ns range) induces an explosive boiling and produces microcrystals that nucleate in a plasma plume composed by ions and atoms detached from the laser-irradiated surface. The synthesized particles in the plasma plume are then deposited onto a cold neighboring, non-irradiated, solid secondary surface. We experimentally verify the synthesizing methods by depositing low-melting-material microcrystals - such as gold - onto nearby silver surfaces and modeling the proton/matter interaction via a Monte Carlo code, confirming that we are in the above described thermodynamic conditions. Morphological and crystallinity measurements indicate the formation of gold octahedral crystals with dimensions around 1.2 μm, uniformly distributed onto a silver surface with dimensions in the tens of mm<sup>2</sup>. This laser-accelerated particle based synthesis method paves the way for the development of new material synthesis using ultrashort laser-accelerated particle beams.
Resorbable extracellular matrix grafts in urologic reconstruction (2005)

Currently, the "state of the art" in tissue engineering solutions for urologic reconstruction means resorbable acellular xenograft matrices. They show promise when used as a pubovaginal sling or extra bolstering layers in ureteral or urethral repairs, although recent problems with inflammation following 8-ply pubovaginal sling use and failures after 1- and 4-ply SIS repair of Peyronie's disease underscore the need for research before wide adoption. Preliminary data is mixed concerning the potential for ECM urethral patch graft, and more data is needed before extended uses such as bladder augmentation and ureteral replacement are contemplated. The distant future of ECMs in urology likely will include cell-seeded grafts with the eventual hope of producing "off the shelf" replacement materials. Until that day arrives, ECMs only fulfill some of the requirements for the reconstructive urologist.
Generalised transmission line model for microstrip patches (1985)

A transmission line model for microstrip configurations, for which separation of variables is possible, is presented. For this, the patch is modelled as a transmission line joining the radiating apertures. Each section of the transmission line is replaced by a π-network. The effect of apertures in the direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation is included through the complex eigenvalues. The effect of mutual coupling between the radiating edges can be described using variational technique and finally incorporated in the equivalent circuit of the structure. Application of the transmission line method appears to be large. Some patch shapes have been analysed and others indicated.
Visualization of the hexagonal lattice in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. (1987)

The isolated membrane skeleton of human erythrocytes was studied by high resolution negative staining electron microscopy. When the skeletal meshwork is spread onto a thin carbon film, clear images of a primarily hexagonal lattice of junctional F-actin complexes crosslinked by spectrin filaments are obtained. The regularly ordered network extends over the entire membrane skeleton. Some of the junctional complexes are arranged in the form of pentagons and septagons, approximately 3 and 8%, respectively. At least five forms of spectrin crosslinks are detected in the spread skeleton including a single spectrin tetramer linking two junctional complexes, three-armed Y-shaped spectrin molecules linking three junctional complexes, three-armed spectrin molecules connecting two junctional complexes with two arms bound to one complex and the third arm bound to the adjacent complex, double spectrin filaments linking two junctional complexes, and four-armed spectrin molecules linking two junctional complexes. Of these, the crosslinks of single spectrin tetramers and three-armed molecules are the most abundant and represent 84 and 11% of the total crosslinks, respectively. These observations are compatible with the presence of spectrin tetramers and oligomers in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. Globular structures (9-12 nm in diameter) are attached to the majority of the spectrin tetramers or higher order oligomer-like molecules, approximately 80 nm from the distal ends of the spectrin tetramers. These globular structures are ankyrinor ankyrin/band 3-containing complexes, since they are absent when ankyrin and residual band 3 are extracted from the skeleton under hypertonic conditions.
Signaling Reduction for inter-RAT cell reselection (2010)

In the areas that different radio access technologies (RATs) overlap with each other, multi-mode user equipment devices (UEs) could perform inter-RAT cell reselection in idle mode. This will result in heavy signaling load over the air interface. One key point to resolve this problem is to reduce the frequency of the location area update procedure. In this paper, a method named as Signaling Reduction for Inter-RAT Cell Reselection (SRICR) is proposed. By means of keeping the registration information of two RATs by UEs, it doubles the location areas that UEs could stay in, so the frequency of the location area update procedure is reduced. Based on the analytical model and simulation results, we also analyze the performance of SRICR.
Optimal use of photomultipliers for chemiluminescence and bioluminescence applications (1999)

Photomultipliers are the preferred detectors for quantifying weak or short-lived light emissions. The quality of signal recovery has an upper limit imposed by the statistical nature of light detection. It is shown that the photon counting method can provide performance close to ideal, whereas performance in the current measuring method is degraded by noise in the multiplier gain process and by the nature of the dark current. Performance variations because of changes in temperature, shock, vibration and magnetic field effects are significantly reduced when using the photon counting method. The effects of dead-time can be corrected making photon counting superior to current measuring with regard to dynamic range. The benefits of using photon counting packages are presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Nut for Every Bolt: Subunit-Selective Inhibitors of the Immunoproteasome and Their Therapeutic Potential (2021)

At the heart of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the 20S proteasome core particle (CP) breaks down the majority of intracellular proteins tagged for destruction. Thereby, the CP controls many cellular processes including cell cycle progression and cell signalling. Inhibitors of the CP can suppress these essential biological pathways, resulting in cytotoxicity, an effect that is beneficial for the treatment of certain blood cancer patients. During the last decade, several preclinical studies demonstrated that selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome (iCP), one of several CP variants in mammals, suppresses autoimmune diseases without inducing toxic side effects. These promising findings led to the identification of natural and synthetic iCP inhibitors with distinct chemical structures, varying potency and subunit selectivity. This review presents the most prominent iCP inhibitors with respect to possible scientific and medicinal applications, and discloses recent trends towards pan-immunoproteasome reactive inhibitors that cumulated in phase II clinical trials of the lead compound KZR-616 for chronic inflammations.
Rendering Spatial Sound for Interoperable Experiences in the Audio Metaverse (2021)

Interactive audio spatialization technology previously developed for video game authoring and rendering has evolved into an essential component of platforms enabling shared immersive virtual experiences for future co-presence, remote collaboration and entertainment applications. New wearable virtual and augmented reality displays employ real-time binaural audio computing engines rendering multiple digital objects and supporting the free navigation of networked participants or their avatars through a juxtaposition of environments, real and virtual, often referred to as the Metaverse. These applications require a parametric audio scene programming interface to facilitate the creation and deployment of shared, dynamic and realistic virtual 3D worlds on mobile computing platforms and remote servers. We propose a practical approach for designing parametric 6-degree-of-freedom object-based interactive audio engines to deliver the perceptually relevant binaural cues necessary for audio/visual and virtual/real congruence in Metaverse experiences. We address the effects of room reverberation, acoustic reflectors, and obstacles in both the virtual and real environments, and discuss how such effects may be driven by combinations of pre-computed and real-time acoustic propagation solvers. We envision an open scene description model distilled to facilitate the development of interoperable applications distributed across multiple platforms, where each audio object represents, to the user, a natural sound source having controllable distance, size, orientation, and acoustic radiation properties. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>
A lossless audio compression scheme with random access property (2004)

We propose an efficient lossless coding algorithm that not only handles both PCM format data and IEEE floating-point format data, but also provides end users with a random access property. In the worst-case scenario, where the proposed algorithm was applied to artificially generated full 32 bit floating-point sound files with 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling frequencies, an average compression rate of more than 1.5 and 1.7, respectively, was still achieved, which is much better than the average compression rate of less than 1.1 achieved by the general purpose lossless coding algorithm, gzip. Moreover, input sound files with samples' magnitudes out-of-range can also be perfectly reconstructed by our algorithm.
Sweat Facilitated Amino Acid Losses in Male Athletes during Exercise at 32-34°C (2016)

Sweat contains amino acids and electrolytes derived from plasma and athletes can lose 1-2L of sweat per hour during exercise. Sweat may also contain contributions of amino acids as well as urea, sodium and potassium from the natural moisturizing factors (NMF) produced in the stratum corneum. In preliminary experiments, one participant was tested on three separate occasions to compare sweat composition with surface water washings from the same area of skin to assess contributions from NMF. Two participants performed a 40 minute self-paced cycle session with sweat collected from cleansed skin at regular intervals to assess the contributions to the sweat load from NMF over the period of exercise. The main study investigated sweat amino acid composition collected from nineteen male athletes following standardised endurance exercise regimes at 32-34°C and 20-30% RH. Plasma was also collected from ten of the athletes to compare sweat and plasma composition of amino acids. The amino acid profiles of the skin washings were similar to the sweat, suggesting that the NMF could contribute certain amino acids into sweat. Since the sweat collected from athletes contained some amino acid contributions from the skin, this fluid was subsequently referred to as "faux" sweat. Samples taken over 40 minutes of exercise showed that these contributions diminished over time and were minimal at 35 minutes. In the main study, the faux sweat samples collected from the athletes with minimal NMF contributions, were characterised by relatively high levels of serine, histidine, ornithine, glycine and alanine compared with the corresponding levels measured in the plasma. Aspartic acid was detected in faux sweat but not in the plasma. Glutamine and proline were lower in the faux sweat than plasma in all the athletes. Three phenotypic groups of athletes were defined based on faux sweat volumes and composition profiles of amino acids with varying relative abundances of histidine, serine, glycine and ornithine. It was concluded that for some individuals, faux sweat resulting from exercise at 32-34°C and 20-30% RH posed a potentially significant source of amino acid loss.
2010 지방선거에서의 분할투표: 서울 지역을 중심으로 (2010)

2010년 지방선거에서 서울 지역의 투표결과는 매우 흥미롭다. 광역단체장 선거에서는 한나라당 오세훈 후보가 민주당 한명숙 후보에게 0.6%라는 근소한 차이로 승리를 거두었지만, 기초단체장 선거에서는 강남, 서초, 송파 등 이른바 강남 3구와 중랑구 등 네 곳을 제외한 전 지역에서 민주당 후보들이 당선되었다. 이 글은 어떤 이유로 이와 같은 상이한 결과가 나왔는지에 주목한다. 분석 결과 광역단체장 선거에서 한나라당 오세훈 후보를 선택했지만 기초단체장 선거에서 다른 정당 후보에게로 이탈한 유권자 중 다수는 정치성향이 한나라당에 가까운 이들이었다. 더욱이 이들은 기초단체장 선거에서 다른 정당을 선택한 경우라도, 상대적으로 한나라당에 대한 호감도는 여전히 높았다. 즉 표의 이전에도 불구하고, 향후에 한나라당을 지지할 가능성이 여전히 높은 이들이라고 할 수 있다. 이런 유권자들이 이명박 정부의 국정운영이라는 단기적 요인에 영향을 받아 이탈했다는 점에서, 이들의 투표는 ``저항투표(protest voting)``적 속성을 지닌다. 따라서 분할투표가 발생한 것은 민주당 및 다른 정당에 대한 호감으로 인한``흡인 효과(pull factor)``라기보다는 한나라당과 이명박 정부의 국정운영에 대한 실망감에서 비롯된``배출 효과(push factor)``에 기인한 것이다. 다만 그러한 불만에도 불구하고, 정치적인 부담감 곧 외부 비용이 큰 서울시장보다는 상대적으로 ``편안하게`` 불만을 표출할 수 있는 기초단체장 수준에서 그러한 불만이 표출되었다.
Robust range‐only beacon mapping in multipath environments (2019)

This study proposes a robust range-only beacon mapping method for registering the locations of range-only beacons automatically. The proposed method deals with the multipath propagation of signals from range-only beacons using the range-only measurement association (RoMA) and an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The RoMA initially predicts the candidate positions of a range-only beacon. The location of the range-only beacon is then updated using the UKF. With the proposed method, the locations of range-only beacons are accurately estimated in a multipath environment. The proposed method also provides the location uncertainty of each range-only beacon. Simulation results using the model for multipath propagation and experimental results in a real indoor environment verify the performance of the proposed method.
Antiserum to an inhibin alpha-chain peptide neutralizes inhibin bioactivity and increases ovulation rate in sheep. (1991)

A synthetic fragment representing the N-terminal 25 amino acid residues of the alpha-subunit of ovine inhibin (alpha-IF) was coupled to human alpha-globulin (h alpha-G) and used as an antigen. In Exp. 1, ovine antiserum generated against alpha-IF-h alpha-G was shown in vitro to neutralize inhibin bioactivity contained in ovine follicular fluid. In Exp. 2, 18 lambs were immunized with .3, .6 and 1.2 mg alpha-IF-h alpha-G or equivalent doses of h alpha-G. Antibody titer to alpha-IF was detected only in serum from lambs immunized against alpha-IF-h alpha-G and was first detected 27 +/- 2 d after primary immunization. Thereafter, antibody titers increased steadily. The degree of antibody responses was unrelated to antigen dose and differed among lambs. Plasma FSH concentrations were unchanged, whereas LH concentrations were lower (P less than .001) in sheep immunized against alpha-IF-h alpha-G. Ovulation rate was increased (3.5 +/- .5 vs 1.5 +/- .1; P less than .01) in lambs immunized against alpha-IF-h alpha-G. Ovulation rate was similar among animals receiving different antigen doses and increased with time after primary immunization (P less than .01). At estrous periods occurring approximately 34, 50, 74 and 107 d after primary immunization, respective ovulation rates were 157, 169, 207 and 450% of control values. Ovulation rate and antibody titer were correlated positively (pooled r = .95; P less than .01) within lambs. In Exp. 3, three lambs were immunized with .25 mg unconjugated alpha-IF; this was nonantigenic. In conclusion, the use of a synthetic fragment of the alpha-subunit of ovine inhibin as a hapten elicits an antibody capable of neutralizing inhibin bioactivity in vitro and increasing ovulation rate in vivo.
Proposal To Reclassify Leuconostoc oenos as Oenococcus oeni [corrig.] gen. nov., comb. nov. (1995)

Wine strains belonging to the genus Leuconostoc were classified as Leuconostoc oenos by Garvie in 1967, and this name was confirmed on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names in 1980. L. oenos is distinguished from other Leuconostoc spp. by its growth in acidic media, by its requirement for a growth factor in tomato juice, and by a number of carbohydrate fermentation characteristics. In addition, the results of a total soluble cell protein analysis, an electrophoretic analysis of NAD-dependent D-(-)-lactate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase, and an analysis of cross-reactivity with anti-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and anti-NAD-dependent D-(-)-lactate dehydrogenase performed with other Leuconostoc spp. clearly indicated that L. oenos should be distinguished from the other Leuconostoc species. Phylogenetic studies, in particular 16S and 23S rRNA sequencing studies, have revealed that L. oenos represents a distinct subline that is separate from other Leuconostoc spp. and lactic acid bacteria. In view of the phenotypic and phylogenetic distinctiveness of L. oenos, we propose that this species should be assigned to a new genus as Oenococcus oeni [corrig.] gen. nov., comb. nov. The type strain of O. oeni is NCDO 1674 (= ATCC 23179).
Multivariate analysis of SEEG signals during seizure (2011)

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects tens of millions of people every year and is characterized by sudden-onset seizures which are often associated with physical convulsions. Effective treatment and management of epilepsy would be greatly improved if convulsions could be caught quickly through early seizure detection. However, this is still a largely open problem due to the challenge of finding a robust statistic from the neural measurements. This paper suggests a new multivariate statistic by combining spectral techniques with matrix theory. Specifically, stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) data was used to generate a series of coherence connectivity matrices which were then examined using singular value decomposition. Tracking the relative angles of the first singular vectors generated from this data provides an effective way of defining the most dominant characteristics of the SEEG during the normal, the pre-ictal, and the ictal states. This paper indicates that the first singular vector has a characteristic direction indicative of the seizure state and illustrates a data analysis method that incorporates all neural data as opposed to a small selection of channels.
Improvement of diffraction efficiency of flat-panel coherent backlight for holographic displays (2015)

Coherent backlight is an essential component for holographic displays. In this paper, a compact design of edge-lit coherent backlight featuring two holographic optical elements for two-dimensional beam expansion is presented. Its diffraction efficiency is numerically studied using the coupled-wave theory. In experiments, the diffraction efficiency is measured as 4.3% and the feasibility of this design is verified by reconstructing 3D images with a spatial light modulator.
Online Auto-Calibration in Man-Made Worlds (2005)

This paper proposes a method to auto-calibrate a static camera in man-made worlds. The calibration is done with vanishing points which are estimated with line segments. Instead of a single image, the method uses constantly acquired images from a camera. This online behavior of the method has two advantages: A continuous and adaptive estimation of the vanishing points over thousands of images suppresses the amount of noise in their positions. Newly detected line segments can further improve the estimated positions of vanishing points. This method is of practical importance, because simple installation and maintenance of cameras in video surveillance is a competitive advantage. Furthermore, applications like tracking can profit, because knowledge about the scene geometry can be a potential clue. The method was evaluated in a broad range of indoor and outdoor environments. The relative error between the internal camera parameter estimates and the true values was on average 5%.
Weak Localization and Electron-Electron Interaction Effects in Al0.15Ga0.85N/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Structures Grown on p-type Si Substrates (2007)

We report on magnetotransport studies of Al0.15Ga0.85N/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures grown on p-type Si(111) substrates. Both weak localization (WL) and electron-electron interaction (EEI) correction terms to the conductivity of the SiN treated HEMT are smaller than those of the untreated HEMT. Since both WL and EEL corrections tend to decrease the conductivity of an AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure, our SiN treatment is useful for enhancing the performance of GaN-based HEMT structures grown on Si, which is compatible with the mature Silicon CMOS technology.
Electrostatic-Force-Assisted Dispensing Printing to Construct High-Aspect-Ratio of 0.79 Electrodes on a Textured Surface with Improved Adhesion and Contact Resistivity (2015)

As a novel route to construct fine and abnormally high-aspect-ratio electrodes with excellent adhesion and reduced contact resistivity on a textured surface, an electrostatic-force-assisted dispensing printing technique is reported and compared with conventional dispensing and electrohydrodynamic jet printing techniques. The electrostatic force applied between a silver paste and the textured surface of a crystalline silicon solar cell wafer significantly improves the physical adhesion of the electrodes, whereas those fabricated using a conventional dispensing printing technique peel off with a silver paste containing 2 wt% of a fluorosurfactant. Moreover, the contact resistivity and dimensionless deviation of total resistance are significantly reduced from 2.19 ± 1.53 mΩ · cm(2) to 0.98 ± 0.92 mΩ · cm(2) and from 0.10 to 0.03, respectively. By utilizing electrodes with an abnormally high-aspect-ratio of 0.79 (the measured thickness and width are 30.4 μm and 38.3 μm, respectively), the cell efficiency is 17.2% on a polycrystalline silicon solar cell with an emitter sheet resistance of 60 Ω/sq. This cell efficiency is considerably higher than previously reported values obtained using a conventional electrohydrodynamic jet printing technique, by +0.48-3.5%p.
Copper‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl and Alkenyl Electrophiles (2014)

Abstract The copper‐catalyzed arylation and vinylation of nitrogen nucleophiles is a highly versatile method for the construction of sp 2 C–N bonds. Copper‐catalyzed C–N bond formation has an extensive history and the field has been reinvigorated with the development of ligand‐promoted catalyst systems that provide general and effective reactions under relatively mild conditions. Copper promotes arylation and vinylation of a wide range of nitrogen nucleophiles, including amines, nitrogen heterocycles, and amide derivatives. The reactivity profile is complementary to that of palladium and often offers orthogonal chemoselectivity. This chapter presents a thorough overview of the copper‐catalyzed coupling of aryl and vinyl halides with nitrogen nucleophiles. Current understanding of the mechanism of this process is presented along with a detailed overview of the scope and limitations of this reaction along with optimal reaction conditions for the coupling of various nitrogen nucleophile classes.