gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Finite-Alphabet MMSE Equalization for All-Digital Massive MU-MIMO mmWave Communication (2020)

We propose finite-alphabet equalization, a new paradigm that restricts the entries of the spatial equalization matrix to low-resolution numbers, enabling high-throughput, low-power, and low-cost hardware equalizers. To minimize the performance loss of this paradigm, we introduce FAME, short for finite-alphabet minimum mean-square error (MMSE) equalization, which is able to significantly outperform a naïve quantization of the linear MMSE matrix. We develop efficient algorithms to approximately solve the NP-hard FAME problem and showcase that near-optimal performance can be achieved with equalization coefficients quantized to only 1-3 bits for massive multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems. We provide very-large scale integration (VLSI) results that demonstrate a reduction in equalization power and area by at least a factor of 3.9× and 5.8×, respectively.
Publicly Posted Composite Documents in Variably Ordered Workflows (2011)

Recently-introduced Publicly Posted Composite Documents (PPCDs) address the problem of composite documents with different formats and differential access control participating in cross-organizational workflows distributed over potentially non-secure channels. An early version of the PPCD only considered two simplest workflow types: ordered and unordered. In real life, however, fragments of such pure types are likely to be combined into mixed workflows with interleaved ordered and unordered workflow steps. In the current paper, we introduce a payload matrix for a generic mixed workflow. We provide a computationally beneficial solution for enforcing access in ordered workflows by reducing the volume of data that needs to be encrypted and then subsequently decrypted. Furthermore, we address the problem of enforcing order in transitions between different types of workflow steps: from an unordered step to ordered steps and vice versa, and from one unordered step to another. This prevents the participants of any workflow step from being able to access a PPCD document prior to their workflow step.
Syntheses of New Isocephems and Isodethiaoxacephems as Antimicrobial Agents (1996)

Abstract The cis ‐configurated isocephem 26 as well as isodethiaoxacephems 21 and 33 were synthesized ( Schemes 4 and 5 ). The key step involves chlorination of the corresponding carbanions of 23, 18 , and 31 with CF 3 SO 2 Cl followed by internal alkylation. β‐Lactams 3, 21, 26 , and 33 were found to possess biological activity against several pathogenic microorganisms in vitro . Electronic activation of the lactam moiety in isodethiaoxacephem 33 remarkably enhanced its biological activity.
SpiderRadio: A Cognitive Radio Implementation Using IEEE 802.11 Components (2012)

In this paper, we present SpiderRadio, a software defined cognitive radio (CR) prototype for dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networking. The medium access control (MAC) layer of SpiderRadio is implemented in software on top of commodity IEEE 802.11a/b/g hardware. However, the proposed architecture and implementation are applicable to other spectrum bands as well. We also present a dynamic spectrum sensing methodology for primary incumbent detection. The proposed method is based on observing the PHY errors, received signal strength and statistical model building. For coordination among radio nodes, synchronization and fast channel switching, we present new communication protocols, design extended management frame structure and modify the hardware abstraction layer. Several fundamental tradeoffs (e.g., complexity versus network performance) to be considered during a dynamic spectrum access radio network prototype implementation are also discussed in detail. To demonstrate the practical capabilities of the proposed SpiderRadio prototype, we also present various testbed experimental measurement results.
Maximizing Phoneme Recognition Accuracy for Enhanced Speech Intelligibility in Noise (2013)

An effective measure of speech intelligibility is the probability of correct recognition of the transmitted message. We propose a speech pre-enhancement method based on matching the recognized text to the text of the original message. The selected criterion is accurately approximated by the probability of the correct transcription given an estimate of the noisy speech features. In the presence of environment noise, and with a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio, speech intelligibility declines. We implement a speech pre-enhancement system that optimizes the proposed criterion for the parameters of two distinct speech modification strategies under an energy-preservation constraint. The proposed method requires prior knowledge in the form of a transcription of the transmitted message and acoustic speech models from an automatic speech recognition system. Performance results from an open-set subjective intelligibility test indicate a significant improvement over natural speech and a reference system that optimizes a perceptual-distortion-based objective intelligibility measure. The computational complexity of the approach permits use in on-line applications.
Detection of chemical warfare simulants by phosphorylation of a coumarin oximate (2006)

The detection of chemical warfare simulants is attained by the PET mechanism that gives an "off-on" fluorescent response with a half-life of approximately 50 ms upon phosphorylation of a reactive oximate functionality; the X-ray crystal structure of the oximate was also obtained and is discussed.
Identification and molecular characterization of two diagnostically relevant marker proteins of the Epstein‐Barr virus capsid antigen complex (1993)

The molecular specificity of the IgG response against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was studied in 345 randomly collected sera of normal healthy individuals. The sera were tested on immunoblots containing antigens of the cell line HH514.c16 (a superinducible derivate of P3HR1), noninduced or induced for the expression of early antigens (EA) or viral capsid antigens (VCA), and from the EBV-negative cell line Ramos-Nut. This study reveals a remarkable similar antigen recognition pattern of IgG class antibodies in sera of healthy EBV carriers. The protein bands recognized predominantly have molecular weights of 18 kD, 36/38 kD, 40 kD, 72 kD, and 160 kD. The 72 kD and 36/38 kD bands were identified as EBNA1 and "Zebra," respectively, using reading frame-specific antisera. The bands at 160 kD (major capsid protein), 40 kD, and 18 kD were identified as VCA-class proteins. Of all EBV-seropositive sera tested, 98% reacted with either p18 or p40 or both. The synthesis of the antigens p18 and p40 was inhibited by phosphonoacetic acid, indicating that these were true late proteins. The detection of p18 and p40 in purified virion and capsid preparations confirms that these proteins are structural components of viral capsid antigen complex.
Incorporation of a Pd catalyst at the fuel electrode of a thin-film-based solid oxide cell by multi-layer deposition and its impact on low-temperature co-electrolysis (2017)

To reveal the reaction mechanism of low-temperature co-electrolysis (LT-Co-EC), insertion of Pd into the Ni–YSZ fuel electrode functional layer by multi-layer thin film deposition was studied.
Adaptive Wildcard Rule Cache Management for Software-Defined Networks (2018)

Software-Defined Networking enables flexible flow control by caching rules at OpenFlow switches. Wildcard rule caching enables management of traffic aggregates, reduces flow setup queries, and simplifies policy management. However, to guarantee correct packet matching, some rules that depend on the requested rule need to be cached as well, which leads to unnecessary flow table bloat and potential overflow. We have proposed a scheme called CAching rules in Buckets (CAB) to mitigate the dependency issue by partitioning the field space into buckets and caching rules associated with the requested buckets. In this paper, we propose the Adaptive Cache ManagEment (ACME) for CAB, which dynamically adjusts the sizes and shapes of buckets according to incoming traffic to achieve more efficient flow table utilization. The improvement also includes preloading rules that span a wide field space to reduce bandwidth usage in the control channel. We formalize the caching policies for CAB-ACME to guarantee the semantic correctness of packet classification. We evaluate the performance of CAB-ACME through software-based simulations and a prototype built with the OpenDaylight controller and hardware switches from multiple vendors. The results show that, compared with other rule caching schemes, CAB-ACME reduces the cache miss rate by one order of magnitude and the control channel bandwidth usage by a half. ACME also helps maintain a steadier performance under dynamic traffic changes compared with the baseline CAB design.
Film Cooling Effectiveness Comparison Between Shaped- and Double Jet Film Cooling Holes in a Row Arrangement (2010)

The improvement of the thermal efficiency of modern gas turbines can be achieved by reducing the needed cooling air amount. Consequently it is required to increase the cooling efficiency of applied cooling technologies. Streamwise ejection from a cylindrical hole causes kidney vortices which transport hot gas underneath the cooling jet and leads the cooling jet to lift off from the surface. Cooling performance is highly increased by using the shaped hole technique, which weakens the kidney vortex structure. However the formation of secondary flows can not completely be avoided by using shaped holes instead of cylindrical holes. Another promising film cooling technology is the double-jet film cooling, which prevents the cooling jet from lifting off the surface and raises the lateral spreading of the cooling air by generating an anti kidney vortex. This paper presents a comparison of the film cooling effectiveness between the shaped film cooling technique and the novel double jet film cooling technique for the high blowing ratios M = 1, M = 1.5 and M = 2. Various geometries of fan-shaped holes with lateral expansion angles of 10°, 14° and 18° are used for the comparison study. It can be shown that the shaped hole row arrangement provides higher cooling values in a slight region near to the hole exits, while the double jet film cooling technique shows a obvious cooling advantage in the further downstream area for high blowing ratios. Furthermore recent results of an on-going experimental comparison study between the double jet, trench and cylindrical technique are presented, which proves the advantage capability of the double jet film cooling.
Template-Free Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Iron Diselenide Nanoparticles into Mesoscale Hedgehogs (2017)

The ability of semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) to self-assemble has been known for several decades. However, the limits of the geometrical and functional complexity for the self-assembled nanostructures made from simple often polydispersed NPs are still continuing to amaze researchers. We report here the self-assembly of primary ∼2-4 nm FeSe<sub>2</sub> NPs with puck-like shapes into either (a) monocrystalline nanosheets ∼5.5 nm thick and ∼1000 nm in lateral dimensions or (b) mesoscale hedgehogs ∼550 nm in diameter with spikes of ∼250 nm in length, and ∼10-15 nm in diameter, the path of the assembly is determined by the concentration of dodecanethiol (DT) in the reaction media. The nanosheets represent the constitutive part of hedgehogs. They are rolled into scrolls and assembled around a single core with distinct radial orientation forming nanoscale "needles" approximately doubling its fractal dimension of these objects. The core is assembled from primary NPs and nanoribbons. The size distribution of the mesoscale hedgehogs can be as low as 3.8%, indicating a self-limited mechanism of the assembly. Molecular dynamics simulation indicates that the primary FeSe<sub>2</sub> particles have mobile edge atoms and asymmetric basal surfaces. The top-bottom asymmetry of the puck-like NPs originates from the Fe-rich/Se-rich stripes on the (011) surface of the orthorhombic FeSe<sub>2</sub> crystal lattice, displaying 2.7 nm periodicity that is comparable to the lateral size of the primary NPs. As the concentration of DT increases, the NPs bind to additional metal sites, which increases the chemical and topographic asymmetry and switches the assembly pathways from nanosheets to hedgehogs. These results demonstrate that the self-assembly of NPs with non-biological surface ligands and without any biological templates results in morphogenesis of inorganic superstructures with complexity comparable to that of biological assemblies, for instance mimivirus. The semiconductor nature of FeSe<sub>2</sub> hedgehogs enables their utilizations in catalysis, drug delivery, optics, and energy storage.
Development of a nanoporous and multilayer drug-delivery platform for medical implants (2012)

Biodegradable polymers can be applied to a variety of implants for controlled and local drug delivery. The aim of this study is to develop a biodegradable and nanoporous polymeric platform for a wide spectrum of drug-eluting implants with special focus on stent-coating applications. It was synthesized by poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA 65:35, PLGA 75:25) and polycaprolactone (PCL) in a multilayer configuration by means of a spin-coating technique. The antiplatelet drug dipyridamole was loaded into the surface nanopores of the platform. Surface characterization was made by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Platelet adhesion and drug-release kinetic studies were then carried out. The study revealed that the multilayer films are highly nanoporous, whereas the single layers of PLGA are atomically smooth and spherulites are formed in PCL. Their nanoporosity (pore diameter, depth, density, surface roughness) can be tailored by tuning the growth parameters (eg, spinning speed, polymer concentration), essential for drug-delivery performance. The origin of pore formation may be attributed to the phase separation of polymer blends via the spinodal decomposition mechanism. SE studies revealed the structural characteristics, film thickness, and optical properties even of the single layers in the triple-layer construct, providing substantial information for drug loading and complement AFM findings. Platelet adhesion studies showed that the dipyridamole-loaded coatings inhibit platelet aggregation that is a prerequisite for clotting. Finally, the films exhibited sustained release profiles of dipyridamole over 70 days. These results indicate that the current multilayer phase therapeutic approach constitutes an effective drug-delivery platform for drug-eluting implants and especially for cardiovascular stent applications.
Tryptophan zippers: Stable, monomeric β-hairpins (2001)

A structural motif, the tryptophan zipper (trpzip), greatly stabilizes the beta-hairpin conformation in short peptides. Peptides (12 or 16 aa in length) with four different turn sequences are monomeric and fold cooperatively in water, as has been observed previously for some hairpin peptides. However, the folding free energies of the trpzips exceed substantially those of all previously reported beta-hairpins and even those of some larger designed proteins. NMR structures of three of the trpzip peptides reveal exceptionally well-defined beta-hairpin conformations stabilized by cross-strand pairs of indole rings. The trpzips are the smallest peptides to adopt an unique tertiary fold without requiring metal binding, unusual amino acids, or disulfide crosslinks.
Identification and isolation of candidate human keratinocyte stem cells based on cell surface phenotype (1998)

Despite the central role of human epidermal stem cells in tissue homeostasis, wound repair, and neoplasia, remarkably little is known about these cells, largely due to the absence of molecular markers that distinguish them from other proliferative cells within the germinative/basal layer. Epidermal stem cells can be distinguished from other cells in the basal layer by their quiescent nature in vivo and their greater overall proliferative capacity. In this study, we demonstrate enrichment and isolation of a subpopulation of basal epidermal cells from neonatal human foreskin based on cell surface phenotype, which satisfy these criteria. These putative stem cells are distinguished from other basal cells by their characteristic expression of high levels of the adhesion molecule alpha6, a member of the integrin family (alpha6bri), and low levels of a proliferation-associated cell surface marker recognized by recently described mAb 10G7 (10G7(dim)). We conclude that cells with the phenotype alpha6bri10G7(dim) represent the epidermal stem cell population based on the demonstration that these cells (i) exhibit the greatest regenerative capacity of any basal cells, (ii) represent a minor subpopulation (approximately 10%) of immature epidermal cells, which (iii) are quiescent at the time of isolation from the epidermis, as determined by cell cycle analysis.
Densely aligned graphene nanoribbons at ∼35 nm pitch (2012)

We demonstrate the fabrication of high-density aligned graphene nanoribbon (GNR) arrays by plasma etching of graphene sheets through a nanomask derived from self-assembled poly (styrene-block-dimethylsiloxane) (PS-PDMS) diblock copolymer films. This approach produces parallel GNR (∼12 nm wide) arrays at ∼35 nm pitch. Microscopy and polarized Raman spectroscopy are used to reveal the high-degree of alignment of GNRs. Electrical measurements show that parallel GNRs in a 1 μm wide region can deliver ∼0.38 mA current at a source-drain bias of 1 V. This novel patterning approach allows for the fabrication of densely aligned GNR arrays on various substrates and could provide a route to large scale integration of GNRs into nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and biosensors.
Non-intrusive In-band OSNR Measurement of Polarization Multiplexed Signals Operating in the Non-Linear Regime (2015)

We introduce a non-intrusive OSNR measurement technique relying on spectral deformation analysis which is suitable for densely provisioned polarization-multiplexed signals operated in the nonlinear regime. We demonstrate its performance over a wide range of conditions.
Context-Adaptive Approach for Vehicle Detection Under Varying Lighting Conditions (2007)

This paper presents a vision-based vehicle detection method, taking into account the lighting context of the images. The adaptability of a vehicle detection system to lighting conditions is an important characteristic on which little research has been carried out. The scheme presented here categorizes the scenes according to their lighting conditions and switches between specialized classifiers for different scene contexts. In our implementation, four categories of lighting conditions have been identified using a clustering algorithm in the space of image histograms: Daylight, Low Light, Night, and Saturation. Classifiers trained with AdaBoost are used for both Daylight and Low Light categories, and a tail-light detector is used for the Night category. No detection is made for the Saturation case. Experiments have shown a considerate improvement in the detection performance when using the proposed context-adaptive scheme compared to a single vehicle detector for all lighting conditions.
Development of the Regio- and Stereospecific Proline Hydroxylases and Their Application. (1999)

This article describes microbial proline hydroxylases which carry out regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of free L-proline and their application to the enzymatic synthesis of hydroxyprolines and related compounds. Proline 4-hydroxylase activities were detected in 8 actinomycetes strains, and proline 3-hydroxylase activities were detected in 3 actinomycetes and 2 Bacillus strains. Both enzymes were purified and characterized. The enzymes required 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ for the reaction. Proline 4-hydroxylase hydroxylated L-proline in a regio- and stereospecific manner at C-4 to form trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, while 3-hydroxylase hydroxylated C-3 of L-proline to form cis-3-hydroxy-L-proline. Efficient biotransformation systems of L-proline to trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline or cis-3-hydroxy-L-proline were established using recombinant DNA technology. Both of the enzymes hydroxylated L-2-azetidine carboxylate, 3, 4-dehydro-L-proline and L-pipecolate in a regio- and stereospecific manner, however, D-proline, N-substituted L-proline, L-proline ester and peptidyl L-proline do not react as substrates for either 4- or 3-hydroxylases.
Elimination of proliferating cells from CNS grafts using a Ki67 promoter-driven thymidine kinase (2016)

Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based cell therapy is an attractive concept for neurodegenerative diseases, but can lead to tumor formation. This is particularly relevant as proliferating neural precursors rather than postmitotic mature neurons need to be transplanted. Thus, safety mechanisms to eliminate proliferating cells are needed. Here, we propose a suicide gene approach, based on cell cycle-dependent promoter Ki67-driven expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). We generated a PSC line expressing this construct and induced neural differentiation<i>. In vitro</i>, proliferating PSC and early neural precursor cells (NPC) were killed by exposure to ganciclovir. <i>In vivo</i>, transplantation of PSC led to tumor formation, which was prevented by early ganciclovir treatment. Transplanted NPC did not lead to tumor formation and their survival and neural maturation were not affected by ganciclovir. In conclusion, the cell cycle promoter-driven suicide gene approach described in this study allows killing of proliferating undifferentiated precursor cells without expression of the suicide gene in mature neurons. This approach could also be of use for other stem cell-based therapies where the final target consists of postmitotic cells.
Novel sorbents for coal conversion wastewater treatment (1989)

This report describes the results from the work done to extend our clay modification procedures to commercially available clays. These commercial clays are naturally occurring, inexpensive, and are of the mixed mineral types. A typical sample known as emathlite (EMAT) was initially chosen for study. Cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), a cationic surfactant was used as the modifying agent. It is shown that the preparation of CPC-modified commercial clays (CPC-EMAT) is a very simple, one-step process. Both granular and the powdered forms of EMAT were used. Adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on CPC-EMAT has been found to be as strong as it was on activated carbons. However, in the case of fluorene (FLE), activated carbons appear to be better by a factor of three or so. More importantly, it has been established that CPC-EMAT is equivalent to our earlier formulation, CPC-HYDAL-MONT, which was prepared by a two-step modification of research grade samples of Na-montmorillonite. Thus the work reported here may be regarded as the first step towards transforming clay-based adsorption technology into a suitable, commercially viable alternative to activated carbons. 11 refs., 3 tabs.
Quinazolines and 1,4‐benzodiazepines. LXXVIII Pyrazolo[1,5‐<i>a</i>] [1,4]‐benzodiazepines and Imidazo[1,5‐<i>a</i>] [1,4]benzodiazepinones (1977)

Abstract The syntheses of novel 8‐chloropyrazolo[1,5‐ a ][1,4]benzodiazepines and of an imidazo‐benzodiazepinone utilizing products from the nucleophilic substitution of fluorine in 2‐fluoro‐5‐nitrobenzophenone ( 1 ) by pyrazole‐3,5‐dicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester ( 2 ) and by 2‐methyl‐imidazole‐4,5‐dicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester ( 30 ) are described.