gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization and inspection of micro-lens array by SCBS microscope (2010)

Micro optics characterization by use of digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is proposed recently. DHM can provide phase image and very suitable for the quantitative mapping of transmission material with a certain refractive index. However, it has been found that in DHM the microscope objective introduces a spherical phase curvature to the object wave which may disturb the measurement especially for the micro-lens array. We present single lens characterization and uniformity inspection of micro-lens array by use of a new concept DHM system developed recently. The new concept DHM is based on a single cube beam-splitter (SCBS) configuration using an MO to provide high resolution on the test specimen. The SCBS is put into the optical path with a small angle between the optical axis and its central semireflecting layer. In this way, light is split into two parts when in and combined to form two holograms when out of SCBS. For the symmetrical configuration of the beam splitter cube, the spherical phase curvature introduced by the MO can be physically compensated during interference. Because no separated light propagation outside the SCBS, the whole system is insensitive to vibration. As light coming out of the MO serves not only the object beam but also the reference beam, it enables the inspection of the uniformity across a whole micro-lens array. Geometrical characterisation of the shape and surface roughness of micro-lens is given as well as the uniformity analysis across the whole array.
Lipid asymmetry induced by transmembrane pH gradients in large unilamellar vesicles. (1987)

We have investigated the influence of transmembrane pH gradients across large unilamellar vesicle membranes on the transbilayer distributions of simple lipids with weak base and weak acid characteristics. Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid labeling results consistent with a rapid and complete migration of stearylamine and sphingosine to the inner monolayer of the large unilamellar vesicles are observed when the large unilamellar vesicles' interior is acidic. Alternatively, when the vesicle interior is basic, oleic and stearic acid cannot be removed by external bovine serum albumin, indicating a localization in the inner monolayer. Moreover, effects corresponding to the decrease in external surface charge predicted upon the migration of stearylamine or stearic acid to the inner monolayer are readily detected employing ion exchange chromatography. These results are consistent with transbilayer distributions of these agents dictated by a Henderson-Hasselbach equilibrium. The possible implications for metabolic regulation by pH gradients, as well as factors giving rise to phospholipid transbilayer asymmetry, are discussed.
A dual-strained CMOS structure through simultaneous formation of relaxed and compressive strained-SiGe-on-insulator (2006)

This letter reports on an integration of dual-strained surface-channel CMOS structure, i.e., tensile-strained Si n-MOSFET and compressive strained-SiGe p-MOSFET. This has been accomplished by forming the relaxed and compressive strained-SiGe layers simultaneously on an Si/SiGe-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, through varying SiGe film thicknesses, followed by a thermal condensation technique to convert the Si body into SiGe with different [Ge] concentration and with different strains (including the relaxed state). A thin Si film was selectively deposited over the relaxed SiGe region. The p-MOSFET in compressive (/spl epsiv//spl sim/ -1.07%) strained- Si/sub 0.55/Ge/sub 0.45/ and the n-MOSFET in tensile-strained Si over the relaxed Si/sub 0.80/Ge/sub 0.20/ exhibited significant hole (enhancement factor /spl sim/ 1.9) and electron (enhancement factor /spl sim/ 1.6) mobility enhancements over the Si reference.
A Synthetic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain Confers Unprecedented Levels of Heterologous Protection (2015)

The extraordinary genetic variation of RNA viruses poses a monumental challenge for the development of broadly protective vaccines against these viruses. To minimize the genetic dissimilarity between vaccine immunogens and contemporary circulating viruses, computational strategies have been developed for the generation of artificial immunogen sequences (so-called "centralized" sequences) that have equal genetic distances to the circulating viruses. Thus far, the generation of centralized vaccine immunogens has been carried out at the level of individual viral proteins. We expand this concept to PRRSV, a highly variable RNA virus, by creating a synthetic PRRSV strain based on a centralized PRRSV genome sequence. This study provides the first example of centralizing the whole genome of an RNA virus to improve vaccine coverage. This concept may be significant for the development of vaccines against genetically variable viruses that require active viral replication in order to achieve complete immune protection.
Pasty injectable biodegradable polymers derived from natural acids (2007)

Pasty biodegradable polymers that can be mixed with drugs at room temperature and injected to tissue as neat composition are advantageous as they allow simple preparation and delivery of drugs, particularly for heat sensitive drugs. A series of biodegradable pasty poly (ester-anhydride)s were prepared from alkanedicarboxylic acids and ricinoleic acid and its oligomers by transesterification-repolymerization method. The polymers were characterized by common spectroscopic, chromatography, and thermal methods. Polymers containing 70% ricinoleic acid and 30% linear dicarboxylic acids with 4-10 methylene groups were synthesized. The melting point of these poly (ester-anhydride)s increased as the number of methylenes in the alkanedicarboxylic acid increased. Use of short oligomers of ricinoleic acid instead of ricinoleic acid itself increased the melting point and decreased the softness of the resulting polymers. The polymers released model drugs for a few weeks while being degraded to their fatty acid counterparts. Copolymerization of alkanedicarboxylic acids with ricinoleic acid resulted in pasty biodegradable polymers useful as injectable carriers for drugs.
Electrical Equivalence of Electrospray Ionization with Conducting and Nonconducting Needles (1999)

An electrical equivalent circuit is derived for the electrospray process. It is a series circuit which consists of the power supply, the electrochemical contact to the solution, the solution resistance (R(s)), a constant-current regulator which represents the processes of charge separation and charge transport in the gap between the spray needle aperture and the counter electrode, and charge neutralization at the counter electrode. A current i, established by the constant-current regulator flows throughout the entire circuit. Current-voltage curves are developed for each element in the circuit. From these it is shown that in the case where R(s) is negligible (the power supply is connected directly to a conducting needle) the shape of the current-voltage curve is dictated by the constant-current regulator established by the charge separation process, the gap, and the counter electrode. The solution resistance may be significant if a nonconducting needle is used so that the electrochemical contact to the solution is remote from the tip. Experiments with a nonconducting spray needle quantify the effect of the solution resistance on the current-voltage curve. Subtracting the iRs voltage from Vapp (power supply voltage) yields the current-voltage curve for the constant-current regulator. When iRs drop is a significant fraction of Vapp, the current-voltage curve of the constant-current regulator is changed substantially from the case when the solution resistance is negligible.
Solution Properties and Practical Limits of Concentrated Electrolytes for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries (2018)

Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NRFBs) use energized organic fluids that contain redox active organic molecules (ROMs) and supporting electrolyte. Such all-organic electrolytes have wider electrochemical stability windows than the more familiar aqueous electrolytes, potentially allowing a higher energy density in the solutions of charged ROMs. As this energy density increases linearly with the concentration of the charge carriers, physicochemical properties of concentrated ROM solutions in both states of charge present considerable practical interest. For NRFBs to become competitive with other types of flow cells, the current techno-economic analyses favor highly concentrated solutions (>1 M) with high ionic conductivity (>5 mS/cm). It is not presently clear that such solutions can have the required dynamic properties. In this study, we show that ion diffusivities and conductivities of ROM-containing electrolytes reach maxima around 0.5 M and decrease significantly at higher concentrations; realistic limits are established for variations of these parameters. Furthermore, using closed-shell analogues for open-shell charged ROMs, we show that reconstitution of highly concentrated fluids during electrochemical charging will have strong adverse effects on their properties, including an increase in viscosity and decrease in conductivity and ion diffusivity. Given our results, it appears that the target concentrations of NRFB fluids need to be reconsidered in terms of concentration-dependent conductivity and viscosity.
Trusted Access to Sensitive Information in a Diverse Services Environment (2010)

Mobile application service providers are trying to strike a balance between offering personalized services and safeguarding user privacy. Being able to offer targeted and relevant services requires access to sensitive user information, such as health records, financial transactions, preferences, and location. Users, on the other hand, are reluctant to allow access to their sensitive information when no mechanisms are in place to ensure the proper usage of this information. In this paper, we describe TASER, a trusted gateway between service providers and sensitive information owners. TASER ensures that only authorized and reputable service providers are given access to sensitive information required by their services for users that have opted-in to such services.
Transparent electro-optic ceramics and devices (2005)

This paper summarizes the material synthesis and properties of transparent electro-optic ceramics, namely OptoCeramic®, including PLZT and PMN-PT. Material structure, dielectric, optical and electro-optic properties are discussed. OptoCeramic materials feature in high E-O effect, low optical loss, broad transmission wavelength range, ceramic ruggedness, and low cost. A variety of devices made from OptoCeramic materials are discussed, including variable optical attenuators, polarization controllers, sinusoidal filters, dynamic gain flattening filters, tunable optical filters, and Q-switches.
Piezoelectric vibration exciter, especially for destructive material testing (1986)

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Comparative Studies of Three Pairs of α- and γ-Conjugated Folic Acid Derivatives Labeled with Fluorine-18 (2015)

The folate receptor (FR) is upregulated in various epithelial cancer types (FR α-isoform), while healthy tissues show only restricted expression. FR-targeted imaging using folate radiopharmaceuticals is therefore a promising approach for the detection of FR-positive cancer tissue. Almost all folate-based radiopharmaceuticals have been prepared by conjugation at the γ-carboxylic functionality of the glutamate moiety of folic acid. In this work, three pairs of fluorinated α- and γ-conjugated folate derivatives were synthesized and their in vitro and in vivo properties compared. The syntheses of all six regioisomers were obtained in good chemical yields using a multistep synthetic approach including the highly selective Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The radiosyntheses of the α- and γ-conjugated (18)F-labeled folate derivatives were accomplished in moderate to good radiochemical yields, high radiochemical purities (>95%), and specific activities ranging from 25 to 196 GBq/μmol. In vitro, all folate derivatives showed high binding affinity to the FR-α (IC50 = 1.4-2.2 nM). In vivo PET imaging and biodistribution studies in FR-positive KB tumor-bearing mice demonstrated similar FR-specific tumor uptake for both regioisomers of each pair of compounds. However, FR-unspecific liver uptake was significantly lower for the α-regioisomers compared to the corresponding γ-regioisomers. In contrast, kidney uptake was up to 50% lower for the γ-regioisomers than for the α-regioisomers. These results show that the site of conjugation in the glutamyl moiety of folic acid has a significant impact on the in vivo behavior of (18)F-based radiofolates, but not on their in vitro FR-binding affinity. These findings may potentially stimulate new directions for the design of novel (18)F-labeled folate-based radiotracers.
Photochemically-Assisted Synthesis of Birnessite Nanosheets and Their Structural Alteration in the Presence of Pyrophosphate (2017)

Recent findings have showed the environmental abundance of soluble Mn(III)-complexes (e.g., Mn-siderophore and Mn(III)-pyrophosphate (Mn(III)-PP)). Specifically, Mn(III)-PP is of emerging interest in understanding Mn redox cycling and phosphorus cycling in catalysis and environmental systems. Curiously, however, further oxidation of Mn(III)-PP and consequent formation of a MnO2 solid phase have not been considered yet. Here, using photochemically-assisted fast oxidation of Mn2+ (aq) by the reaction with superoxide, generated from nitrate photolysis, we report the role of PP in formation of disordered δ-MnO2 nanosheets and changes in their stacking and structures. With increasing PP concentrations from 0.3 to 2 mM, δ-MnO2 nanosheets showed better stacking (thicker) layers and an alteration from hexagonal to orthogonal structure (more Mn(III) in layers). We found that the amount of Mn(III)-PP complex and the formation rate of δ-MnO2 nanosheets under the different PP concentrations affected both their layer structures and stacking behaviors. These findings open a new possibility of using photochemically-assisted green chemistry to control the properties of disordered δ-MnO2 birnessite nanosheets for use in more effective catalytic reactions, such as water oxidation, and suggest the importance of Mn(III)-PP complexes for the formation of δ-MnO2 nanosheets in nature.
Rank-based score normalization for multi-biometric score fusion (2015)

The matching score distributions produced by different biometric modalities are heterogeneous. The same is true for the matching score distributions obtained for different probes. Both of these problems can be addressed by score normalization methods that standardize the corresponding distributions. In our previous work we demonstrated that, in the case of multi-sample galleries, the matching score distributions are also heterogeneous between different subsets of matching scores obtained for the same probe. In this paper, we use this result to propose a rank-based score normalization framework for multi-biometric score fusion. Specifically, in addition to normalizing the matching scores produced for each biometric modality independently, we propose to further join them to form a single set. This set is then partitioned to subsets using a rank-based scheme. The theory of stochastic dominance demonstrates that the rank-based scheme imposes the distributions of the subsets to be ordered. Hence, by normalizing the matching scores of each subset independently, better normalized scores are produced. The normalized scores can be fused using any fusion rule. Experimental results using face and iris data from the CASIA-Iris-Distance database demonstrate the improvements obtained.
Targeting quinolone- and aminocoumarin-resistant bacteria with new gyramide analogs that inhibit DNA gyrase (2017)

Bacterial DNA gyrase is an essential type II topoisomerase that enables cells to overcome topological barriers encountered during replication, transcription, recombination, and repair. This enzyme is ubiquitous in bacteria and represents an important clinical target for antibacterial therapy. In this paper we report the characterization of three exciting new gyramide analogs-from a library of 183 derivatives-that are potent inhibitors of DNA gyrase and are active against clinical strains of gram-negative bacteria (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Shigella flexneri</i>, and <i>Salmonella enterica;</i> 3 of 10 wild-type strains tested) and gram-positive bacteria (<i>Bacillus spp.</i>, <i>Enterococcus spp.</i>, <i>Staphylococcus spp.</i>, and <i>Streptococcus spp.</i>; all 9 of the wild-type strains tested). <i>E. coli</i> strains resistant to the DNA gyrase inhibitors ciprofloxacin and novobiocin display very little cross-resistance to these new gyramides. In vitro studies demonstrate that the new analogs are potent inhibitors of the DNA supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase (IC<sub>50</sub>s of 47-170 nM) but do not alter the enzyme's ATPase activity. Although mutations that confer bacterial cells resistant to these new gyramides map to the genes encoding the subunits of the DNA gyrase (<i>gyrA</i> and <i>gyrB</i> genes), overexpression of GyrA, GyrB, or GyrA and GyrB together does not suppress the inhibitory effect of the gyramides. These observations support the hypothesis that the gyramides inhibit DNA gyrase using a mechanism that is unique from other known inhibitors.
Colloidal coal in water suspensions (2010)

We discuss the possible clean coal applications of colloidal suspensions of coal in water (CCW) manufactured with a proprietary wet-comminution device. These suspensions are a new material with new properties. First, the colloidal fraction plus water is a pseudo fluid good for transport, handling and suspension of large particles. Second, the surface area per unit volume of coal available for chemical reaction and burning is greatly increased and finally, CCW may be milled with a third fluid, seeding the mixture with submicron coal.The colloidal nature of the majority of particles provides for very good features such as outstanding long-term stability, in contrast to regular coal water slurries (CWS) which rapidly sediment under storage. Moreover, the very small particles create an increased reactivity to combustion because small particles with large surface area react faster than large particles with the same volume.
Multistatic adaptive pulse compression (2006)

A new technique denoted as multistatic adaptive pulse compression (MAPC) is introduced which exploits recent work on adaptive pulse compression (APC) in order to jointly separate and pulse compress the concurrently received return signals from K proximate multistatic radars operating (i.e., transmitting) within the same spectrum. For the return signal from a single pulse of a monostatic radar, APC estimates the particular receive filter for a given range cell in a Bayesian sense reiteratively by employing the matched filter estimates of the surrounding range cell values as a priori knowledge in order to place temporal (i.e., range) nulls at the relative ranges occupied by large targets and thereby suppress range sidelobes to the level of the noise. The MAPC approach generalizes the APC concept by jointly estimating the particular receive filter for each range cell associated with each of several concurrently-received radar return signals occupying the same spectrum. As such, MAPC is found to enable shared-spectrum multistatic operation and is shown to yield substantial performance improvement in the presence of multiple spectrum-sharing radars as compared with both standard matched filters and standard least-squares mismatched filters
Analysis of the dual discrimination ability of the two-port photorefractive joint transform correlator (1995)

An all-optical joint transform correlator featuring two operative correlation planes(ports) with complementary performance is presented. We present the theory of operation, derive the input-output characteristics, and demonstrate computer simulations and experimental results. The two-port joint transform correlator is based on simultaneous use of two photorefractive wave-mixing architectures. The first port uses two-beam coupling, and the second port uses four-wave mixing. The performance of the two ports depends on an experimentally controlled beam intensity ratio and the photorefractive coupling coefficient. With appropriate selection of these parameters, the first port is capable of high discrimination, while simultaneously the second offers a low discrimination output. Our results show that the two-beam coupling port can achieve peak-to-noise and signal-to-noise ratio values better than the phase-only correlator, whereas the four-wave-mixing port performs similarly to the classical joint transform correlator. This leads to a potential application in which the correlator could be set up so that in one port a general class is detected (interclass) and, in the other, the specific item in a class is detected (intraclass).
Pipelining for cyclic control systems (2013)

This paper presents a novel pipelining technique designed specifically to improve the execution of cyclic control systems and applications in terms of scan cycle time reduction and/or execution of additional workload. Based on the observation that cyclic control systems are tightly coupled with physical processes and that state information (e.g. on/off signals, temperature, pressure) is the most critical data in an application, we present new execution schemes that overlap the execution of multiple cycles in multi-core processors over time. Using an edge detection application benchmark and a software real-time PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) implementation on a quad-core processor, we validate our pipelining method and show the performance scalability of the various schemes. Additionally, we analyze the resilience of our pipelining approach to time delays and propose a speculative execution method to deal with data dependency violations.