gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perimeter Security on Detecting Acoustic Signature of Approaching Vehicle Using Nonlinear Neural Computation (2008)

We propose using a neurobiology-motivated prototype to detect approaching vehicles and to identify the type of vehicles for perimeter security. Acoustic sound of running vehicles is analyzed. Motivated by mammalian auditory cortex studies, the proposed detector processes both spectral and temporal components of input data. With the exact acoustic signature being unknown, a nonlinear Hebbian learning (NHL), one basic and appealing neural learning function found in human brain, is employed for unsupervised learning. This learning rule extracts representative independent features from the spectro-temporal ones and to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space. During learning, synaptic weights between input and output neurons are adaptively learned. Simulation results show that the proposed system can accurately extract critical features from original input data, and can achieve better performance under noisy environments than its counterparts. Additive white Gaussian noise and colored human vowel noise are mixed with vehicle sounds. For any vehicle recognition, the proposed system decreases the error rate to 3% with improvement 21 ~ 34% at signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)= 0 dB, and functions efficiently with error rate 7 ~ 8% at low SNR=-6 dB when its counterparts cannot work properly at this situation. Next for identifying four types of vehicles, the proposed method has workable performance 60 ~ 85% at low SNR= 0 dB and robust performance 80 ~ 100% at SNR= 5,10 dB.
Whispering gallery mode diamond resonator (2013)

We demonstrate a nearly spherical diamond whispering gallery mode resonator with quality factor (Q factor) Q=2.4×10(7) limited by material loss approaching α=4×10(-3) cm(-1). The Q factor does not depend on the wavelength: it is approximately the same at 1319 and 1550 nm. Resonators with this range of Q (<10 MHz at 1550 nm wavelength) are attractive for laser locking and stabilization. Applications such as stable compact optical comb generators as well as Raman optical frequency shifters will be feasible with further improvement of the material.
Confronting Auditory Hallucinations Using Virtual Reality: The Avatar Therapy (2015)

The AVATAR therapy is a computer-based intervention which aims to reduce the frequency and severity of voices. The approach is based on computer technology which enables each patient to create an avatar of the entity (human or non-human) that they believe is talking to them. The therapist promotes a dialogue between the patient and the avatar in which the avatar progressively comes under the patient's control. Using real-time voice conversion delivery software, the therapist can modify the relationship between the patient and his/her voice. The innovation of this new intervention is discussed in the present paper as well as the advantages of using a computer based system. The subjective view of the technology from a participant's point of view is also presented.
Walking pads: Fast power-supply pad-placement optimization (2014)

We propose a novel C4 pad placement optimization framework for 2D power delivery grids: Walking Pads (WP). WP optimizes pad locations by moving pads according to the “virtual forces” exerted on them by other pads and current sources in the system. WP algorithms achieve the same IR drop as state-of-the-art techniques, but are up to 634X faster. We further propose an analytical model relating pad count and IR drop for determining the optimal pad count for a given IR drop budget.
Improved string matching under noisy channel conditions (2001)

Many document-based applications, including popular Web browsers, email viewers, and word processors, have a 'Find on this Page' feature that allows a user to find every occurrence of a given string in the document. If the document text being searched is derived from a noisy process such as optical character recognition (OCR), the effectiveness of typical string matching can be greatly reduced. This paper describes an enhanced string-matching algorithm for degraded text that improves recall, while keeping precision at acceptable levels. The algorithm is more general than most approximate matching algorithms and allows string-to-string edits with arbitrary costs. We develop a method for evaluating our technique and use it to examine the relative effectiveness of each sub-component of the algorithm. Of the components we varied, we find that using confidence information from the recognition process lead to the largest improvements in matching accuracy.
Normal incidence high contrast multiple quantum well light modulator based on polarization rotation (1993)

A novel optically addressed normal incidence multiple quantum well light modulator based on polarization rotation has been demonstrated for the first time. This modulator employs the anisotropic excitonic absorption created by a thermally induced in-plane uniaxial strain in a multiple quantum well structure to achieve rotations as large as ±25°. An exceedingly high contrast ratio of 330:1 has been measured in this device.
Overview of the Baculovirus Expression System (2000)

Baculoviruses have emerged as a popular system for overproducing recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cells. This unit gives an overview of the baculovirus expression system, including discussion of the baculovirus life cycle, and post-translational modifications that occur in insect cells. In addition, the steps for overproducing proteins in the baculovirus systems are described along with recommendations for choosing an appropriate baculovirus vector and DNA, and reagents and equipment necessary for implementing the whole overexpression system.
Reduced state estimators for consistent tracking of maneuvering targets (2005)

Linear Kalman filters, using fewer states than required to completely specify target maneuvers, are commonly used to track maneuvering targets. Such reduced state Kalman filters have also been used as component filters of interacting multiple model (IMM) estimators. These reduced state Kalman filters rely on white plant noise to compensate for not knowing the maneuver - they are not necessarily optimal reduced state estimators nor are they necessarily consistent. To be consistent, the state estimation and innovation covariances must include the actual errors during a maneuver. Blair and Bar-Shalom have shown an example where a linear Kalman filter used as an inconsistent reduced state estimator paradoxically yields worse errors with multisensor tracking than with single sensor tracking. We provide examples showing multiple facets of Kalman filter and IMM inconsistency when tracking maneuvering targets with single and multiple sensors. An optimal reduced state estimator derived in previous work resolves the consistency issues of linear Kalman filters and IMM estimators.
Insoluble, Low-Dielectric-Constant Polyimides (1994)

Scientific evaluation of yachting tourism safety risks (YTSRs) is crucial to reducing accidents in this sector. This paper is based on the data of 115 yachting tourism accidents in China's coastal areas from 2008 to 2021. A fishbone diagram and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were used to identify the risk factors of yachting tourism from four aspects human, yachting, environmental, and management risk and to construct an evaluation index system. To perform dynamic evaluation, a dynamic evaluation model of YTSRs was built using dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN). The results indicate that human factors, such as the unsafe behavior of yachtsmen and tourists, are the primary risk factors; the risk is higher in summer than in winter, and the Pearl River Delta region has a greater risk of yachting tourism. It is suggested to improve the normal safety risk prevention and control system of yachting tourism, to advocate for multi-subject coordination and co-governance, and to improve the insurance service system so as to provide a guarantee for the safe and healthy development of yachting tourism in China. The findings provide theoretical and practical guidance for marine and coastal tourism safety management, as well as the prevention and control of YTSRs.
Improved Design For Birefringent Filter (1990)

Highly selective laser tuning achieved without thin plates of questionable optical quality. Improved birefringent filter developed for use with broad-band-emission laser. Provides improved narrow-band operation and wavelength selectivity. New filter design improves traditional design by providing method of increasing wavelength separation between highly transmitted peaks. Such broad-band lasers becoming popular in scientific laboratories and useful in military applications and separation of isotopes.
Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries (1990)

SRI International has synthesized novel solid polymer electrolytes for high energy density, rechargeable lithium batteries. We have systematically replaced the oxygens in PEO with sulfur to reduce the strong hard-acid hard-base interaction, while retaining the favorable helical conformation of the polymer backbone. The best polymer electrolyte produced so far is suitable for a medium power battery. In another effort, we have synthesized single ion conducting polymer electrolytes based on polyethyleneimine, polyphosphazene, and polysiloxane backbones. The single ion conducting polymer electrolytes will allow greater depth of charge and discharge by preventing dc polarization. The best conductivity so far with single ion conductors is 1.0 {times} 10{sup {minus}3} Scm{sup {minus}1} at room temperature. Further optimization of electrical and mechanical properties will allow the use of these polymer electrolytes in the fabrication of rechargeable lithium batteries. 8 tabs.
The common <i>SCN5A</i> mutation R1193Q causes LQTS-type electrophysiological alterations of the cardiac sodium channel (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The involvement of the phytohormone ethylene as the main trigger of climacteric fruit ripening is well documented. However, our knowledge regarding the role of ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor in the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening remains limited. Here, comprehensive transcriptome analysis and expression profiling revealed 63 <i>ERF</i>s in durian pulps, termed <i>DzERF1</i>–<i>DzERF63</i>, of which 34 exhibited ripening-associated expression patterns at three stages (unripe, midripe, and ripe) during fruit ripening. Hierarchical clustering analysis classified 34 ripening-associated <i>DzERF</i>s into three distinct clades, among which, clade I consisted of downregulated <i>DzERF</i>s and clade III included those upregulated during ripening. Phylogenetic analysis predicted the functions of some DzERFs based on orthologs of previously characterized ERFs. Among downregulated <i>DzERF</i>s, DzERF6 functional prediction revealed its role as a negative regulator of ripening via ethylene biosynthetic gene repression, whereas among upregulated genes, DzERF9 was predicted to positively regulate ethylene biosynthesis. Correlation network analysis of 34 ripening-associated DzERFs with potential target genes revealed a strong negative correlation between DzERF6 and ethylene biosynthetic genes and a strong positive correlation between DzERF9 and ethylene biosynthesis. <i>DzERF6</i> and <i>DzERF9</i> showed differential expression patterns in association with different ripening treatments (natural, ethylene-induced, and 1-methylcyclopropene-delayed ripening). <i>DzERF6</i> was downregulated, whereas <i>DzERF9</i> was upregulated, during ripening and after ethylene treatment. The auxin-repressed and auxin-induced expression of <i>DzERF6</i> and <i>DzERF9</i>, respectively, confirmed its dose-dependent responsiveness to exogenous auxin. We suggest ethylene- and auxin-mediated roles of DzERF6 and DzERF9 during fruit ripening, possibly through transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthetic genes.
Internal energy distributions in desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) (2007)

The internal energy distributions of typical ions generated by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) were measured using the "survival yield" method, and compared with corresponding data for electrospray ionization (ESI) and electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI). The results show that the three ionization methods produce populations of ions having internal energy distributions of similar shapes and mean values (1.7-1.9 eV) suggesting similar phenomena, at least in the later stages of the process leading from solvated droplets to gas-phase ions. These data on energetics are consistent with the view that DESI involves "droplet pick-up" (liquid-liquid extraction) followed by ESI-like desolvation and gas-phase ion formation. The effects of various experimental parameters on the degree of fragmentation of p-methoxy-benzylpyridinium ions were compared between DESI and ESSI. The results show similar trends in the survival yields as a function of the nebulizing gas pressure, solvent flow rate, and distance from the sprayer tip to the MS inlet. These observations are consistent with the mechanism noted above and they also enable the user to exercise control over the energetics of the DESI ionization process, through manipulation of external and internal ion source parameters.
Analysis of a Highly Flexible Conformational Immunogenic Domain A in Hepatitis C Virus E2 (2005)

Hepatitis C (HCV) E2 glycoprotein is involved in virus attachment and entry, and its structural organization is largely unknown. Characterization of a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (HMAbs) to HCV by competition studies has led to an immunogenic organization model of E2 with three domains designated A, B, and C and epitopes in each domain having similar structural and functional properties. Domain A contains nonneutralizing epitopes, and domains B and C contain neutralizing epitopes. The isolation and characterization of three new HMAbs within domain A for a total of six provide support for this model. All six domain A HMAbs do not neutralize HCV retroviral pseudotype particle (HCVpp) infection on Huh-7 cells, and all six HMAbs have similar binding affinity and maximum binding, B(max), a relative indicator of epitope density, as other neutralizing HMAbs, suggesting that neutralization is epitope specific and not by binding to any surface epitope. The dose-dependent neutralizing activity of CBH-7, an HMAb to a domain C epitope in spatial proximity to domain A, and of CBH-5, a domain B HMAb to a more distant epitope, were tested in the presence and absence of each domain A HMAb. No enhancement or reduction in CBH-7 or CBH-5 neutralizing activity was observed, indicating that the potential induction of nonneutralizing antibodies should not be a central issue for HCV vaccine design. To assess whether domain A is involved in the structural changes as part of a pH-dependent virus envelope fusion process, changes in antibody binding patterns to normal pH and acid pH-treated HCVpp were measured. Antibody binding affinity of HMAbs to HCVpp was not affected by low pH. However, the B(max) values for low-pH-treated HCVpp with antibodies to domain A increased 46%, for domain C (CBH-7) they increased 23%, and for domain B (CBH-5) there was a decrease of 12%. Collectively, the organization and function of HCV E2 antigenic domains are roughly analogous to the large envelope glycoprotein E organizational structure for other flaviviruses with three distinct structural and functional domains.
Factors Affecting the Sensitivity of Limulus Lysate1 (1974)

Limulus lysate clots when mixed with picogram quantities of endotoxins. The sensitivity of the lysate was improved 100-fold by the removal of an inhibitor and addition of divalent cations. The methods developed in this investigation eliminated much of the seasonable variability of the lysate, improved the heat stability after lyophilization, and made it possible to use the lysate with saline solutions.
Simultaneous sparsity model for multi-perspective video anomaly detection (2014)

Recently, sparsity based classification has been applied to video anomaly detection. A linear model is assumed over video features (e.g. trajectories) such that the feature representation of a new event is written as a sparse linear combination of existing feature representations in the dictionary. Sparsity based video anomaly detection has shown promise over alternate video anomaly detection methods in that the sparse representations exhibit excellent robustness under noise (common in surveillance videos) and missing or corrupted features, e.g. vehicle occlusion in transportation videos. One limitation of existing sparsity based video anomaly detection techniques is that they are based on only a single feature representation (known formally as video event encoding). One can easily envision that different event representations such as object trajectories and spatio-temporal volumes often contain correlated yet complementary information. In this paper, we propose to extend sparsity models based on single feature representations to simultaneous sparse representations of multiple feature representations. In this model, the matrix of sparse coefficients does not confirm to the commonly seen row-sparsity and a modified greedy heuristic approach that extends simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit (SOMP) is needed to solve the resulting optimization problem. Experiments on two benchmark video datasets reveal that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the art approaches that utilize only a single-perspective or event encoding.
Vectors based on autonomous parvoviruses: novel tools to treat cancer? (2004)

Autonomous parvoviruses are small nuclear-replicating DNA viruses. The rodent parvoviruses usually are non- or weakly pathogenic in adult animals, bind to surface receptors which are expressed on most cells, and do not appear to integrate into host chromosomes during either lytic or persistent infections. Interestingly, malignant transformation of the target cells was often found to correlate with an increase in their capacity for amplifying and/or expressing the incoming parvoviral DNA, and is associated with oncolysis, i.e., the selective killing of the infected tumor cells. Moreover, the closely related parvoviruses MVM, H-1 and LuIII efficiently infect human cell lines. This finding makes these parvoviruses promising candidate vectors for therapies that require transient expression of a transduced gene. In particular, parvoviruses may be suitable to target and kill tumor cells and simultaneously deliver appropriate transgenes, e.g., genes coding for immuno-stimulatory factors. Pilot experiments performed in animals to assess whether parvovirus-based vectors carrying the interleukin 2 (IL-2) cytokine gene have reinforced anti-cancer capacity showed that these recombinant viruses suppressed tumor formation more efficiently than viruses devoid of a transgene. Strong anti-cancer effects of recombinant parvoviruses expressing interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3) were also observed against established hemangiosarcomas and melanomas in immuno-competent mice, respectively. Altogether, these data illustrate the enormous potential of recombinant autonomous parvoviruses as anti-tumor agents and give hope of using them against human cancer.
<title>Human coronary atherosclerosis studied in vitro by catheter-based transluminal Raman spectroscopy</title> (1999)

We used Raman spectroscopy to assess the chemical composition and pathological states of atherosclerosis in in vitro intact human coronary artery tissue. Human coronary artery samples expressing different stages of atherosclerosis were mounted in an in vitro set-up and perfused with a salt solution. NIR laser light was delivered to the tissue through the central fiber of an optical fiber catheter that was inserted transluminally into a buffer- perfused arterial segment. Tissue Raman signal was collected by seven fibers surrounding the central fiber. The collected Raman light was launched into a spectrometer and imaged onto a CCD. High signal to noise, low background tissue Raman spectra were obtained in 10-60 s form artery samples. The spectral information from each collection fiber was linearly modeled with a Raman spectral model that quantifies the chemical composition of the arterial wall. The model results showed excellent fits to all Raman spectra. A diagnostic algorithm, that has proven to have excellent correlation with historilogical classification by a pathologist, classified the examined tissue into one of three pathological states. From these experiments we conclude that intravascular optical fiber Raman spectroscopy can provide in situ histopathology, which may be used to study vascular disease in vivo.
Biomass‐Derived Hybrid Hydrogel Evaporators for Cost‐Effective Solar Water Purification (2020)

Solar vapor generation has presented great potential for wastewater treatment and seawater desalination with high energy conversion and utilization efficiency. However, technology gaps still exist for achieving a fast evaporation rate and high quality of water combined with low-cost deployment to provide a sustainable solar-driven water purification system. In this study, a naturally abundant biomass, konjac glucomannan, together with simple-to-fabricate iron-based metal-organic framework-derived photothermal nanoparticles is introduced into the polyvinyl alcohol networks, building hybrid hydrogel evaporators in a cost-effective fashion ($14.9 m<sup>-2</sup> of total materials cost). With advantageous features of adequate water transport, effective water activation, and anti-salt-fouling function, the hybrid hydrogel evaporators achieve a high evaporation rate under one sun (1 kW m<sup>-2</sup> ) at 3.2 kg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> out of wastewater with wide degrees of acidity and alkalinity (pH 2-14) and high-salinity seawater (up to 330 g kg<sup>-1</sup> ). More notably, heavy metal ions are removed effectively by forming hydrogen and chelating bonds with excess hydroxyl groups in the hydrogel. It is anticipated that this study offers new possibilities for a deployable, cost-effective solar water purification system with assured water quality, especially for economically stressed communities.
Fluorescence and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Studies of the Effect of the Polymerization Concentration on the Properties of an Amino Acid-Based Polymeric Surfactant (2003)

Chiral polymeric surfactants, also known as micelle polymers, have been developed over the past decade for use as chiral selectors in the analytical separation of enantiomers. In this study, fluorescence spectroscopy and pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG-NMR) were used to determine how the concentration at which the micelles were polymerized affects their size and structure. Ten different polymerization concentrations of sodium N-undecanoyl-L-valinate (L-SUV) were investigated, ranging from slightly below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) to 50 times greater than the cmc. Analysis of fluorescence probe data indicates that significant changes in the micropolarity and microviscosity of the polymer occurred as a function of the polymerization concentration. Pulsed field gradient NMR and fluorescence quenching were also used to investigate the changes in the size of the polymers as a result of the polymerization concentration. In addition, PFG-NMR revealed information concerning the polydispersity of the micelle polymers, which is a crucial factor in understanding the chiral interactions of these species.