gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Removal by Physical, Chemical and Biological Processes (2014)

Hydrate formation is a major flow assurance issue in the production of oil and gas fields. Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHI) act as anti-nucleating agents and delay the formation of gas hydrates. These chemicals are more economical than the thermodynamic inhibitors and are added at a low dosage without disturbing the pipeline flow. Globally, different proprietary KHI compounds are used; one type of KHI was investigated in the present work. Considering that produced water containing KHI may have negative impact on the environment and reservoir permeability, efficient treatment solutions to remove KHI are needed. The objective of our investigation was to assess various physical, chemical and biological treatment methods for KHI removal. These methods included membranes, heated centrifugation, advanced oxidation and membrane bioreactors. On a lab scale, KHI removal efficiencies were &gt; 99.9 % and 83% for nanofiltration and ultrafiltration respectively. Heated centrifugation removed 40% and oxidation degraded more than 70% of KHI polymer. Biotreatment efficiently degraded about 70% of KHI when added at 1.5% to brine. To check the effectiveness of each process, the treated KHI solutions were eluted through crushed Sulaiy core for deposition/interaction studies. Three criteria were used to verify the effect on the treated effluent: cloud point, particle size and interaction with the crushed core. The desired values for the treated effluent included a cloud point &gt; 65ºC, a particle size less than 0.5 micron, and a retention magnitude of less than 10% of the polymer on the crushed core. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first work reported in the literature regarding KHI removal using some of these processes. The treatment processes have great potential when implemented by the oil & gas industry for environmental and operational sustainability.
Ultrasound Produces Extensive Brain Activation via a Cochlear Pathway (2017)

Summary Ultrasound (US) can noninvasively activate intact brain circuits, making it a promising neuromodulation technique. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we apply transcranial US and perform brain mapping studies in guinea pigs using extracellular electrophysiology. We find that US elicits extensive activation across cortical and subcortical brain regions. However, transection of the auditory nerves or removal of cochlear fluids eliminates the US-induced activity, revealing an indirect auditory mechanism for US neural activation. US likely vibrates the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, which is continuous with the fluid in the cochlea via cochlear aqueducts; thus, US can activate the ascending auditory pathways and other non-auditory regions through cross-modal projections. This finding of a cochlear fluid-induced vibration mechanism challenges the idea that US can directly activate neurons in the intact brain, suggesting that future US stimulation studies will need to control for this effect to reach reliable conclusions.
Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Oligoacene Heterodimers (2016)

Abstract We investigate singlet fission (SF) in heterodimers comprising a pentacene unit covalently bonded to another acene as we systematically vary the singlet and triplet pair energies. We find that these energies control the SF process, where dimers undergo SF provided that the resulting triplet pair energy is similar or lower in energy than the singlet state. In these systems the singlet energy is determined by the lower‐energy chromophore, and the rate of SF is found to be relatively independent of the driving force. However, triplet pair recombination in these heterodimers follows the energy gap law. The ability to tune the energies of these materials provides a key strategy to study and design new SF materials—an important process for third‐generation photovoltaics.
G-Quadruplex binding optimization by gold(<scp>iii</scp>) insertion into the center of a porphyrin (2019)

Porphyrins represent a valuable class of ligands for G-quadruplex nucleic acids. Herein, we evaluate the binding of cationic porphyrins metallated with gold(iii) to G-quadruplex DNA and we compare it with other porphyrin derivatives. The G-quadruplex stabilization capacity and the selectivity of the various porphyrins were evaluated by biophysical and biochemical assays. The porphyrins were also tested as inhibitors of telomerase. It clearly appeared that the insertion of gold(iii) ion in the center of the porphyrin increases the binding affinity of the porphyrin for the G-quadruplex target. Together with modelling studies, it is possible to propose that the insertion of the square planar gold(iii) ion adds an extra positive charge on the complex and decreases the electron density in the porphyrin aromatic macrocycle, both properties being in favour of stronger electrostatic and π-staking interactions.
Photoinduced surface crosslinking of superabsorbent polymer particles (2008)

Abstract Superabsorbent polymer particles, consisting of partly neutralized, slightly crosslinked poly(acrylic acid), have been surface‐crosslinked photochemically. Surface crosslinking is required for many applications of superabsorbent polymers, such as disposable diapers, to control the flow and absorption of liquids in the gel bed. Photoinduced surface crosslinking has been achieved under UV irradiation (200–300 nm) with (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 as a photoactivated crosslinking agent. In comparison with the currently used thermal ester bridging method for surface crosslinking, the new photochemical method generates superabsorbent particles with superior properties, such as an improved flow of liquid through the gel bed, which utilizes the entire gel bed. These improved properties have been shown by water absorption capacity studies, fluid flow dynamics, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and low‐energy ion‐scattering studies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Engrafted VHL peptide-delivered bone marrow stromal cells promote spinal cord repair in rats (2010)

Stem cell-based therapy using bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) has been expected to be a promising therapy for neuronal regeneration. To repair the injured spinal cord, neuronal differentiation of MSCs before transplantation has a more satisfactory effect. Recently, neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor/stem cells by an intracellular delivery of a pVHL-derived synthetic peptide (VHL peptide) has been shown. Here, we show that VHL peptide-delivered MSCs differentiated into neuron-like cells, and that engrafted VHL peptide-delivered MSCs more recovered the behaviors of the rats than that of nondelivered MSCs. Our result suggests that the use of VHL peptide-delivered MSCs would be a promising therapeutic strategy for repairing the injured spinal cord.
Studies on the Acetogenins of Formosan Annonaceous Plants, II. Cytotoxic Acetogenins from Annona reticulata (1993)

Using cytotoxicity as a guide to fractionation, one novel acetogenin, annoreticuin-9-one [3], and four known cytotoxic acetogenins, squamone [4], solamin [5], annomonicin [6] and rolliniastatin 2 [7], were isolated from active extracts of the leaves of the Formosan plant Annona reticulata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of uv, ir, 1H- and 13C-nmr, and ms data of the natural compounds and their derivatives.
Cytotoxic effects of anti-CD5 radioimmunotoxins on human tumors in vitro and in a nude mouse model. (1988)

An immunoconjugate, consisting of both toxin and radionuclide on the same antibody molecule, was synthesized by cross-linking the phytotoxin ricin to the T101 monoclonal antibody recognizing the CD5 cluster expressed on normal and malignant T-cells. The hybrid molecule was then labeled with iodine-125 by an iodine monochloride procedure. This radioimmunotoxin (RIT), which selectively bound to the CD5-positive CEM human leukemia cell line, was selectively inhibitory to antigen-positive cells in protein synthesis inhibition assays. RIT was only 3.0-7.8-fold less toxic and was 1.1-1.6-fold slower than unlabeled immunotoxin in inhibiting protein synthesis. Because of the radionuclide moiety, the RIT also provided information related to biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. Four days following intratumoral injection, more than 125-fold greater activity was found in CEM tumors implanted in nude mice as compared to normal tissues. The mean blood half-life for RIT was 25.7 h and for radiolabeled antibody, 91.3 h. Intratumoral injections of RIT selectively induced regression of established CEM tumors. To our knowledge, these studies are the first to demonstrate that a single immunoconjugate can combine the advantages of both a catalytic toxin and radionuclide for cancer therapy.
One Meter Reflectarray Antenna:<scp>OMERA</scp> (2020)

With the recent advances in miniaturized RADAR and CubeSat technologies, launching multiple copies of a RADAR instrument is now possible. This chapter provides a detailed description of a novel, deployable reflectarray antenna which is currently the largest Ka-band antenna for 6U-class CubeSats. The ability of reflectarray to fold in a very constrained volume is very attractive for small satellite platforms. The deployable reflectarray is expected to achieve a gain of 47.4 dBi, which translates into a 32% efficiency. The key drawback of reflectarrays, generally, is the narrow bandwidth that it is driven by its aperture size, focal length, element design, etc. Though the antenna operation is limited to the center frequency of the element, multi-frequency elements can be used to create multi-bandwidth antenna systems. Development of new hinges was required to meet the deployment accuracy of the reflectarray panels.
Photolithography of integrated optic devices in sol-gel glasses (1994)

Advances in integrated optics devices require the development of materials and technologies that can transmit, guide, receive, multiplex, demultiplex, modulate, and demodulate optical signals. These requirements are crucial for the realization of advanced integrated optic devices that fully employ the potentially wide bandwidth (approximately THz) of optical signal processing and computing. The authors are developing an innovative new technology for the photolithographic fabrication of sol-gel derived integrated optic devices (sol-gel IODs). The fabrication procedure is based on direct photolithographic writing of IODs onto a photoactive sol-gel glass matrix. Sol-gel glasses are made by a two-step process: first a gel film is chemically formed and dried to a porous state, and second the porous film is densified into solid glass at high temperature. An organometallic photosensitizer is doped into the porous matrix after the first step. Waveguide patterns are then formed by straightforward photolithographic techniques, and the unexposed sensitizer is removed. The final densification step locks in the waveguide patterns, creating a durable, impermeable integrated optic device. Depending on the choice of sensitizer, these waveguide patterns can be passive (simply having a higher index of refraction than the surrounding host glass) or active (possessing optical properties that can be influenced by the application of electric fields). The uncomplicated nature of this process makes this a very promising approach for the fabrication of commercially viable integrated optic devices.
Modeling electrical detection of current generated spin in topological insulator surface states (2018)

Current generated spin polarization in topological insulator (TI) surface states due to spin-momentum locking has been detected recently using ferromagnet/tunnel barrier contacts, where the projection of the TI spin onto the magnetization of the ferromagnet is measured as a voltage. However, opposing signs of the spin voltage have been reported, which had been tentatively attributed to the coexistence of trivial two-dimensional electron gas states on the TI surface which may exhibit opposite current-induced polarization than that of the TI Dirac surface states. Models based on electrochemical potential have been presented to determine the sign of the spin voltage expected for the TI surface states. However, these models neglect critical experimental parameters which also affect the sign measured. Here we present a Mott two-spin current resistor model which takes into account these parameters such as spin-dependent interface resistances, and show that such inclusion can lead to a crossing of the voltage potential profiles for the spin-up and spin-down electrons within the channel, which can lead to measured spin voltages of either sign. These findings offer a resolution of the ongoing controversy regarding opposite signs of spin signal reported in the literature, and highlight the importance of including realistic experimental parameters in the model.
Adaptive mutations in sugar metabolism restore growth on glucose in a pyruvate decarboxylase negative yeast strain (2015)

In this study, possible evolving mechanisms of Pdc negative strains on glucose were investigated by genome sequencing and reverse engineering. The non-synonymous mutations in MTH1 alleviated the glucose repression by repressing expression of several hexose transporter genes. The non-synonymous mutations in HXT2 and CIT1 may function in the presence of mutated MTH1 alleles and could be related to an altered central carbon metabolism in order to ensure production of cytosolic acetyl-CoA in the Pdc negative strain.
Physical Architecture for a Universal Topological Quantum Computer based on a Network of Majorana Nanowires (2015)

The idea of topological quantum computation (TQC) is to store and manipulate quantum information in an intrinsically fault-tolerant manner by utilizing the physics of topologically ordered phases of matter. Currently, one of the most promising platforms for a topological qubit is in terms of Majorana fermion zero modes (MZMs) in spin-orbit coupled superconducting nanowires. However, the topologically robust operations that are possible with MZMs can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer and are therefore not sufficient for realizing a universal gate set for TQC. Here, we show that an array of coupled semiconductor-superconductor nanowires with MZM edge states can be used to realize a more sophisticated type of non-Abelian defect: a genon in an Ising $\times$ Ising topological state. This leads to a possible implementation of the missing topologically protected $π/8$ phase gate and thus universal TQC based on semiconductor-superconductor nanowire technology. We provide detailed numerical estimates of the relevant energy scales, which we show to lie within accessible ranges.
Enhanced IGBT self clamped inductive switching (SCIS) capability through vertical doping profile and cell optimization (2003)

In this paper, we analyze the impact of cell and vertical structure design to enhance the energy handling capability of the IGBT used in automotive ignition applications. The self-clamped inductive switching (SCIS) capability of the IGBT is presented both experimentally and through non-isothermal two-dimensional numerical simulations. It is shown that the SCIS energy density capability can be increased by up to 35% by optimization of the cell and vertical structure.
Different characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from different layers of full term placenta (2017)

Our results indicate that MSCs with different characteristics can be isolated from all layers of term placenta. These finding suggest that it is necessary to appropriately select MSCs from different placental layers for successful and consistent outcomes in clinical applications.
P037 Antagonism of chemokine receptor CCR9 synergises with anti-TNFα immunotherapy to reduce inflammation in the MDR1a−/− mouse model of colitis (2020)

Abstract Background The development of anti-TNFα immunotherapies has led to great advances in quality of life for Crohn’s and colitis patients and has allowed a reduction in steroid use for these diseases. However, a significant proportion of IBD patients is resistant to anti-TNFα agents, or becomes resistant to such treatments over time. Preclinical research and clinical trials have suggested that CCR9 antagonism can effectively reduce colon inflammation. CCR9 is expressed on a subset of T cells dedicated to monitoring the immune status of the intestine. When activated by its only known chemokine ligand, CCL25/TECK, CCR9 triggers the adhesion of gut-specific T cells to vascular endothelium and the subsequent ingress of these cells to intestinal tissues. Antagonism of this receptor inhibits the accumulation of T cells within inflamed intestinal epithelium and lamina propria. Since anti-TNFα and CCR9 antagonists act through entirely different mechanisms, we asked whether these two approaches might synergise and expand the effectiveness and scope of each therapy. Methods We used a piroxicam-accelerated version of the MDR1a−/− spontaneous colitis model in mice. In this model, 7week MDR1a−/− mice (or WT FVB controls) receive piroxicam in powdered chow for 10 days. Mice are monitored both during and after the piroxicam feeding period, for a total of 21 days. Treatment groups (eight mice each) include an antibody (a saturating dose of either anti-TNFα or its isotype-matched control) and a CCR9 antagonist (or its vehicle alone as a control). Body weight and diarrhoea score were recorded throughout the entire 21 days period, after which colons were obtained from sacrificed animals for weighing, length measurement and imaging. Results We have found that combined dosing of piroxicam-fed MDR1a−/− mice with a CCR9 antagonist and an anti-TNFα MAb significantly reverses loss of body weight, diarrhoea score and colon inflammation. The combined dosing was more effective than anti-TNFα or CCR9 antagonist alone, as measured by colon length/weight ratio, neutrophil accumulation in the colonic epithelium and reversal of the loss in body weight characteristic of this model. Conclusion These data suggest that combining a CCR9 antagonist with existing anti-TNFα treatment regimens may extend the benefits of anti-TNFα immunotherapy to a larger class of patients suffering from IBD and may prolong the effectiveness of anti-TNFα immunotherapy for those patients already undergoing such treatments.
The systematic study of circulating tumor cell isolation using lithographic microfilters (2013)

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) disseminated into peripheral blood from a primary, or metastatic, tumor can be used for early detection, diagnosis and monitoring of solid malignancies. CTC isolation by size exclusion techniques have long interested researchers as a simple broad based approach, which is methodologically diverse for use in both genomic and protein detection platforms. Though a variety of these microfiltration systems are employed academically and commercially, the limited ability to easily alter microfilter designs has hindered the optimization for CTC capture. To overcome this problem, we studied a unique photo-definable material with a scalable and mass producible photolithographic fabrication method. We use this fabrication method to systematically study and optimize the parameters necessary for CTC isolation using a microfiltration approach, followed by a comparison to a “standard” filtration membrane. We demonstrate that properly designed microfilters can capture MCF-7 cancer cells at rate of 98 ± 2% if they consist of uniform patterned distributions, ≥160 000 pores, and 7 μm pore diameters.
Normal-dispersion fiber optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (2018)

We demonstrate a fiber optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier pumped in the normally dispersive regime. This approach is readily scalable, offering a route to microjoule-level, femtosecond pulses at new wavelengths. As a first demonstration, we pump with chirped pulses at 1.03 μm and seed with a continuous-wave beam at 0.85 μm, and are able to generate idlers at 1.3 μm with durations as short as 210 fs or energies as high as 180 nJ.
In Vivo Activity Against HIV and Favorable Toxicity Profile of 2′,3′-Dideoxyinosine (1989)

The purine analog 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), which has anti-retroviral activity in vitro was administered for up to 42 weeks to 26 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or severe AIDS-related complex (ARC). Ten of these individuals were AZT-intolerant. Eight dose regimens were studied. The drug was orally bioavailable and penetrated into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Comparatively little evidence of an effect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was seen at the lowest four doses. However, patients in the four highest dose groups (ddI at 1.6 milligrams per kilogram intravenously and then greater than or equal to 3.2 milligrams per kilogram orally at least every 12 hours or higher) had increases in their circulating CD4+ T cells (P less than 0.0005), increased CD4/CD8 T cell ratios (P less than 0.01), and, where evaluable, more than an 80% decrease in serum HIV p24 antigen (P less than 0.05). The patients also had evidence of improved immunologic function, had reduced viremic symptomatology, and gained a mean of 1.6 kilogram with these comparatively infrequent dosing schedules (every 8 or 12 hours). The most notable adverse effects directly attributable to ddI administration at the doses used in this study included increases in serum uric acid (due to hypoxanthine release) and mild headaches and insomnia. These results suggest that serious short-term toxicity at therapeutic doses is not an inherent feature in the profile of agents with clinical anti-HIV activity. Further controlled studies to define the safety and efficacy of this agent may be worth considering.
A Real-Time Whole Page Personalization Framework for E-Commerce (2020)

E-commerce platforms consistently aim to provide personalized recommendations to drive user engagement, enhance overall user experience, and improve business metrics. Most e-commerce platforms contain multiple carousels on their homepage, each attempting to capture different facets of the shopping experience. Given varied user preferences, optimizing the placement of these carousels is critical for improved user satisfaction. Furthermore, items within a carousel may change dynamically based on sequential user actions, thus necessitating online ranking of carousels. In this work, we present a scalable end-to-end production system to optimally rank item-carousels in real-time on the Walmart online grocery homepage. The proposed system utilizes a novel model that captures the user's affinity for different carousels and their likelihood to interact with previously unseen items. Our system is flexible in design and is easily extendable to settings where page components need to be ranked. We provide the system architecture consisting of a model development phase and an online inference framework. To ensure low-latency, various optimizations across these stages are implemented. We conducted extensive online evaluations to benchmark against the prior experience. In production, our system resulted in an improvement in item discovery, an increase in online engagement, and a significant lift on add-to-carts (ATCs) per visitor on the homepage.