gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anomaly Detection and Localization in Crowded Scenes (2013)

The detection and localization of anomalous behaviors in crowded scenes is considered, and a joint detector of temporal and spatial anomalies is proposed. The proposed detector is based on a video representation that accounts for both appearance and dynamics, using a set of mixture of dynamic textures models. These models are used to implement 1) a center-surround discriminant saliency detector that produces spatial saliency scores, and 2) a model of normal behavior that is learned from training data and produces temporal saliency scores. Spatial and temporal anomaly maps are then defined at multiple spatial scales, by considering the scores of these operators at progressively larger regions of support. The multiscale scores act as potentials of a conditional random field that guarantees global consistency of the anomaly judgments. A data set of densely crowded pedestrian walkways is introduced and used to evaluate the proposed anomaly detector. Experiments on this and other data sets show that the latter achieves state-of-the-art anomaly detection results.
Variation-tolerant and low power look-up table (LUT) using spin-torque transfer magnetic RAM for non-volatile field programmable gate array (FPGA) (2016)

The non-volatile field programmable gate array (FPGA) is a promising candidate for the ultra-low-power computing due to its flexibility. However, the non-volatile devices have a critical drawback of reliability due to the process variations in read operation. We propose a novel look-up table scheme using the spin-torque transfer magnetic RAM with high variation tolerance and low power consumption. The proposed 8-input look-up table (LUT) has a 74.4% smaller read power consumption than that of the conventional 8-input SRAM-based LUT. The area of the proposed LUT is comparable to that of the conventional SRAM-based LUT.
TDP-43 proteinopathies: a new wave of neurodegenerative diseases (2020)

Inclusions of pathogenic deposits containing TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) are evident in the brain and spinal cord of patients that present across a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. For instance, the majority of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (up to 97%) and a substantial proportion of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (~45%) exhibit TDP-43 positive neuronal inclusions, suggesting a role for this protein in disease pathogenesis. In addition, TDP-43 inclusions are evident in familial ALS phenotypes linked to multiple gene mutations including the TDP-43 gene coding (<i>TARDBP</i>) and unrelated genes (eg, <i>C9orf72</i>). While TDP-43 is an essential RNA/DNA binding protein critical for RNA-related metabolism, determining the pathophysiological mechanisms through which TDP-43 mediates neurodegeneration appears complex, and unravelling these molecular processes seems critical for the development of effective therapies. This review highlights the key physiological functions of the TDP-43 protein, while considering an expanding spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases associated with pathogenic TDP-43 deposition, and dissecting key molecular pathways through which TDP-43 may mediate neurodegeneration.
Contrast Enhanced UV Lithography With Polysilanes (1984)

Contrast enhanced lithography has been been applied to mid-uv projection lithography with a new class of CEL materials, polysilanes. The nonlinear bleaching photochemistry of polysilanes provides a unique "bleaching latency" for contrast enhanced lithography. SAMPLE resist exposure and development simulation is compared with experimental CEL resist images using AZ2400® photoresist. The contrast enhancement gained with the use of polysilanes is examined as a function of exposure dose, image size, and contrast enhancement film thickness.
Efficient Instruction Scheduling Using Real-time Load Delay Tracking (2022)

Issue time prediction processors use dataflow dependencies and predefined instruction latencies to predict issue times of repeated instructions. In this work, we make two key observations: (1) memory accesses often take additional time to arrive than the static, predefined access latency that is used to describe these systems. This is due to contention in the memory hierarchy and variability in DRAM access times, and (2) we find that these memory access delays often repeat across iterations of the same code. We propose a new processor microarchitecture that replaces a complex reservation-station-based scheduler with an efficient, scalable alternative. Our scheduling technique tracks real-time delays of loads to accurately predict instruction issue times and uses a reordering mechanism to prioritize instructions based on that prediction. To accomplish this in an energy-efficient manner we introduce (1) an instruction delay learning mechanism that monitors repeated load instructions and learns their latest delay, (2) an issue time predictor that uses learned delays and dataflow dependencies to predict instruction issue times, and (3) priority queues that reorder instructions based on their issue time prediction. Our processor achieves 86.2% of the performance of a traditional out-of-order processor, higher than previous efficient scheduler proposals, while consuming 30% less power.
Fixed filter implementation of feedback cancellation for in-the-ear hearing aids (2002)

Acoustic feedback oscillation in hearing aids is a problem which often prevents an adequate amount of gain from being realized for some hearing aid users. A study is presented in which a feedback cancellation technique is applied to hearing aids in 13 ears. The technique consists of modeling the feedback path around the amplifier and duplicating it with an FIR (finite impulse response) filter. The output of this filter is inverted and summed with the input signal at the input to the amplifier, canceling the signal from the feedback path around the amplifier. This technique is applied in its most optimized form and also in several variations of a simplified form. The optimized form employs a long floating point FIR filter which is generated from the impulse response of each specific subject's feedback path around the amplifier. These feedback paths include the microphone and receiver responses in a vented in-the-ear (ITE) earmold. Comparisons between feedback path transfer functions are shown to reveal that the phase responses are quite similar, but that the magnitude responses are not. An FIR filter is constructed which is an average of the 13 measured impulse responses. This FIR is implemented in three forms: a long floating point FIR filter, a short floating point FIR filter, and a short fixed point FIR filter. All three are shown to be effective in reducing feedback, provided the overall gain of the filter may be increased or decreased in order to optimally suit the magnitude response of the filter to the needs of each person's ear. Using this technique a fixed filter may be implemented in ITE hearing aids for all hearing aid wearers to allow more gain without feedback oscillation.
Analysis and evaluation of tennis plays by computer vision (2011)

In this paper, tennis plays are analyzed, and skills of players are evaluated quantitatively by computer vision technology. Two cameras are used to detect the three-dimensional positions of balls and players. Subtraction of images are used to extract ball images eliminating ball shadows. The prediction of ball position by using velocity vectors of previous images enables accurate and high-speed ball detection. Sequential images of 64 return strokes and 15 services by four players were analyzed quantitatively. Six parameters that represent tennis play skill are introduced for the quantitative evaluation. These skill factors are evaluated using the multiple regression method. Among these, it is concluded that ball scattering and ball shot speed are strongly related to skill scores, and the skill factors varies between players.
Widely Frequency-Tunable Optical Microwave Source Based on Amplified Feedback Laser (2008)

A monolithic integrated amplified feedback semiconductor laser is demonstrated as an optical microwave source. The optical microwave frequency is continuously tunable in the range of 19.87-26.3 GHz with extinction ratio above 6 dB, 3-dB linewidth about 3 MHz.
E-Learning (2012)

Education is a contentious area of public policy that is almost always embroiled in some kind of crisis or overlapping crises. This chapter presents educational research as a public enterprise designed to inform policy discussions about practice in the field. It provides an overview of key approaches to educational research including attention to the philosophical assumptions underlying each; the kinds of questions asked; and the research methods employed. The chapter describes how research develops from general topics through focused research questions to the design of specific studies. Discipline and rigour are characteristics of all good research in education. All approaches to educational research include well worked-out and generally agreed-upon standards of practice for things such as setting questions, collecting and analysing data, reporting results, and drawing out the implications of those results. Qualitative research in education focuses on interpreting and understanding particular educational experiences and contexts.
Elevated dynorphin in the hippocampal formation of aged rats: relation to cognitive impairment on a spatial learning task. (1989)

Radioimmunoassay revealed increased dynorphin A(1-8)-like immunoreactivity [dynA(1-8)LI] in the aged rat brain. Among a number of brain regions examined, an age-related dynA(1-8)LI elevation was found only in the hippocampal formation and frontal cortex. Moreover, the increase in dynA(1-8)LI in the aged hippocampus was associated with a decline in spatial learning ability: dynA(1-8)LI distinguished aged rats that were behaviorally impaired from aged cohorts that learned the spatial task as rapidly as younger animals. Northern blot hybridization using a 32P-labeled complementary RNA probe encoding rat prodynorphin indicated that the abundance of prodynorphin mRNA was also significantly increased in the hippocampal formation of aged rats with identified spatial learning impairments.
Correlation of Microbiological and Histological Findings in Bovine Fibrinous Pneumonia (1978)

In a retrospective morphological and microbiological study, 39 of 55 cases of bovine fibrinous pneumonia were diagnosed as fibrinous pleuropneumonia. Twenty-nine of these 39 (74%) were associated with Pasteurella hemolytica, but only two cases (5%) with P. multocida. In contrast, of the 16 cases classified as fibrinous bronchopneumonia, one (6%) was associated with P. hemolytica, and nine (56%) with P. multocida. In eight cases Mycoplasma and Hemophilus somnus were found in association with either P. hemolytica or P. multocida but were never isolated alone. We concluded that the use of the term pasteurellosis, implying Pasteurella as the cause, is imprecise because lesions associated with P. hemolytica fulfill the criteria of a fibrinous pleuropneumonia, whereas P. multocida is more likely to cause a bronchopneumonia with moderate amounts of fibrin.
Particulate Delivery Systems for Vaccines (2005)

This review focuses on the use of particulate delivery systems for the purposes of immunization. This includes poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), ISCOMs, liposomes, niosomes, virosomes, chitosan, and other biodegradable polymers. These systems are evaluated in terms of their use as carriers for protein subunit and DNA vaccines. There is an extensive focus on recent literature, the understanding of biological interactions, and relation of this to our present understanding of immunological mechanisms of action. In addition, there is consideration of formulation techniques including emulsification, solvent diffusion, DNA complexation, and entrapment. The diversity of formulation strategies presented is a testament to the exponential growth and interest in the area of vaccine delivery systems. A case study for the application of particulate vaccine carriers is assessed in terms of vaccine development and recent insights into the possible design and application of vaccines against two of the most important pathogens that threaten mankind and for which there is a significant need: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus. This review addresses the rationale for the use of particulate delivery systems in vaccine design in the context of the diversity of carriers for DNA- and protein-based vaccines and their potential for application in terms of the critical need for effective vaccines.
Mechanism for oral tumor cell lysyl oxidase like-2 in cancer development: synergy with PDGF-AB (2019)

Extracellular lysyl oxidases (LOX and LOXL1-LOXL4) are critical for collagen biosynthesis. LOXL2 is a marker of poor survival in oral squamous cell cancer. We investigated mechanisms by which tumor cell secreted LOXL2 targets proximal mesenchymal cells to enhance tumor growth and metastasis. This study identified the first molecular mechanism for LOXL2 in the promotion of cancer via its enzymatic modification of a non-collagenous substrate in the context of paracrine signaling between tumor cells and resident fibroblasts. The role and mechanism of active LOXL2 in promoting oral cancer was evaluated and employed a novel LOXL2 small molecule inhibitor, PSX-S1C, administered to immunodeficient, and syngeneic immunocompetent orthotopic oral cancer mouse models. Tumor growth, histopathology, and metastases were monitored. In vitro mechanistic studies with conditioned tumor cell medium treatment of normal human oral fibroblasts were carried out in the presence and absence of the LOXL2 inhibitor to identify signaling mechanisms promoted by LOXL2 activity. Inhibition of LOXL2 attenuated cancer growth and lymph node metastases in the orthotopic tongue mouse models. Immunohistochemistry data indicated that LOXL2 expression in and around tumors was decreased in mice treated with the inhibitor. Inhibition of LOXL2 activity by administration of PXS-S1C to mice reduced tumor cell proliferation, accompanied by changes in morphology and in the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers. In vitro studies identified PDGFRβ as a direct substrate for LOXL2, and indicated that LOXL2 and PDGF-AB together secreted by tumor cells optimally activated PDGFRβ in fibroblasts to promote proliferation and the tendency toward fibrosis via ERK activation, but not AKT. Optimal fibroblast proliferation in vitro required LOXL2 activity, while tumor cell proliferation did not. Thus, tumor cell-derived LOXL2 in the microenvironment directly targets neighboring resident cells to promote a permissive local niche, in addition to its known role in collagen maturation.
Economies of Scale and Scope in Banking: Evidence From a Generalized Translog Cost Function (1994)

This paper provides new evidence on the extent of economies of scale and scope in the banking industry. A generalized translog statistical cost function is used to avoid a number of substantive problems associated with the estimation and use of the conventional translog statistical cost function. The presence of statistically significant, relatively large economies of scale for all size classifications is reported. These economies of scale remain well beyond a bank size of $1 billion of total assets. No evidence is found of statistically significant global scope economies. There appear to be economies from the joint production of selected product pairs, but these efficiencies appear to be offset by diseconomies in the production of others. Thus, the results do not provide support for the existence of natural monopoly in the commercial banking industry. They do suggest, however, that many smaller banks can improve their productive efficiency through increases in size.
Protected iliofemoral venous thrombectomy in a pregnant woman with pulmonary embolism and ischemic venous thrombosis. (2002)

Although thromboembolism is uncommon during pregnancy and the postpartum period, physicians should be alert to the possibility because the complications, such as pulmonary embolism, are often life threatening. Pregnant women who present with thromboembolic occlusion are particularly difficult to treat because thrombolysis is hazardous to the fetus and surgical intervention by any of several approaches is controversial. A 22-year-old woman, in her 11th week of gestation, experienced an episode of pulmonary embolism and severe ischemic venous thrombosis of the left lower extremity The cause was determined to be a severe protein S deficiency in combination with compression of the left iliac vein by the enlarged uterus. The patient underwent emergency insertion of a retrievable vena cava filter and surgical iliofemoral venous thrombectomy with concomitant creation of a temporary femoral arteriovenous fistula. The inferior vena cava filter was inserted before the venous thrombectomy to prevent pulmonary embolism from clots dislodged during thrombectomy When the filter was removed, medium-sized clots were found trapped in its coils, indicating the effectiveness of this approach. The operation resolved the severe ischemic venous thrombosis of the left leg, and the patency of the iliac vein was maintained throughout the pregnancy without embolic recurrence. At full term, the woman spontaneously delivered an 8-lb, 6-oz, healthy male infant.
Ly-GDI, a GDP-dissociation inhibitor of the RhoA GTP-binding protein, is expressed preferentially in lymphocytes. (1993)

The Ras-related small GTP-binding proteins are involved in diverse cellular events, including cell signaling, proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, and secretion. The interconversion of the active, GTP-bound form of the protein to the inactive, GDP-bound form is influenced by two types of regulatory proteins, those that alter the intrinsic GTPase activity of the GTP-binding protein and those that affect the rate of GDP/GTP exchange. By utilizing a subtractive hybridization approach, we have isolated a human gene encoding Ly-GDI, a protein that has striking homology to the product of a previously cloned gene, Rho-GDI, which inhibits GDP/GTP exchange on the Rho family of GTPases. In contrast to Rho-GDI, which is ubiquitously expressed, Ly-GDI is expressed only in hematopoietic tissues and predominantly in B- and T-lymphocyte cell lines. The full-length Ly-GDI cDNA encodes a 27-kDa protein which binds to RhoA and inhibits GDP dissociation from RhoA. Stimulation of T lymphocytes with phorbol ester leads to phosphorylation of Ly-GDI, suggesting an involvement of Ly-GDI in lymphocyte activation pathways. Cell type-specific regulators of the Ras-like GTP-binding proteins may provide one mechanism by which different cell types respond uniquely to signals transduced through the same cell surface receptor or may provide a way by which the GTP-binding proteins can be uniquely engaged by tissue-restricted receptors.
Structure of the PRYSPRY‐domain: Implications for autoinflammatory diseases (2005)

We determined the first structure of PRYSPRY, a domain found in over 500 different proteins, involved in innate immune signaling, cytokine signaling suppression, development, cell growth and retroviral restriction. The fold encompasses a 7-stranded and a 6-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, arranged in a beta-sandwich. In the crystal, PRYSPRY forms a dimer where the C-terminus of an acceptor molecule binds to the concave surface of a donor molecule, which represents a putative interaction site. Mutations in the PRYSPRY domains of Pyrin, which are responsible for familial Mediterranean fever, map on the putative PRYSPRY interaction site.
Effects of polysaccharide from <i>Physalis alkekengi</i> var. <i>francheti</i> on liver injury and intestinal microflora in type-2 diabetic mice (2017)

Probiotics have been promoted by PPSB, and protein expressions have been modulated in the progression of liver injury. PPSB could be used as a natural agent for treating diabetic liver injury and intestinal microflora imbalance.
Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (2022)

The operation of everything in the universe needs a special „material“-energy. The earth is no exception. There are many kinds of energy sources on earth. But where does the earth‘s energy come from? The answer is that everything grows under the sun. Developing renewable energy is of strategic importance to achieve sustainable energy supply. Simulating natural photosynthesis is the ultimate goal of effi cient solar energy conversion. Photovoltaic technology has been widely used in industry and will be one of the major energy sources in the future. Developing new materials and structures, the photoelectric conversion effi ciency of solar cells will be improved day by day, and solar cells will attract more and more attention. This book presents principles of solar photovoltaic conversion, and introduces the physical and chemical processes involved. Mechanisms which affect solar cell performance are also discussed.
The formation of iron-binding fragments of hen ovotransferrin by limited proteolysis (1974)

1. Iron was added to hen ovotransferrin to 30% saturation and the protein was digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin. 2. Iron-binding fragments were isolated. They carried one atom of iron/mol (mol.wt. 35000) and consisted of a single polypeptide chain derived from the N-terminal half of the protein. Carbohydrate was not present. 3. The fragments were able to bind a variety of metals and to donate iron to reticulocytes.
A highly selective chromoionophore for potassium based upon a bridged calix[4]arene (1992)

The chromoionophores 9 and 10 in chloroform extract potassium ions from aqueous solutions in the pH range 7–9 with high selectivity as compared with sodium (KeK+/KeNa+ca. 1000), magnesium and calcium (no detectable extraction) ions.
Time stamp invalidation of TLB-unified cache and its performance evaluation (1999)

This article proposes the TLB-unified cache, which is one of the indirect tagged cache implementation methods. In the indirect tagged cache, the cache tag functions as a pointer to another address. It requires less hardware than the conventional method. In order to maintain the consistency between the indirect tag and the cache in the indirect tagged cache, however, there must be a high-speed selective cache invalidating mechanism. From such a viewpoint, this article proposes time stamp invalidation as one of the invalidating mechanisms. We present an implementation of time stamp invalidation for the TLB-unified cache, where the TLB and the cache share a tag. As the next step, the amount of hardware resources that can be saved by using the indirect tag is evaluated. It is then shown that the saved hardware resources can be transferred to other on-chip units in order to improve their performance. Lastly, the performance of the TLB-unified cache is evaluated by trace-driven simulation, and it is shown that the performance can be improved with less hardware complexity than the conventional method. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 30(11): 94–106, 1999
Fast wavelength-hopping time-spreading encoding/decoding for optical CDMA (2000)

We demonstrate a new technique for implementation of fast wavelength-hopping incoherent optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA). The output pulse from a mode locked laser is spectrally broadened through supercontinuum generation. This then encoded into fast wavelength-hopped time-spread waveforms through a wavelength-selective time-delay device. At the receiver, matched-filter decoding is used to recover data. We present a 1-Gb/s digital transmission experiment through a 15-km dispersion-shifted (DS) single-mode fiber link. This technique avoids the need for a fast wavelength tunable optical source.