gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance Analysis of a Solar-Powered Multi-Effect Refrigeration System (2018)

The main objective of the current work is to investigate the thermodynamic performance of a novel solar powered multi-effect refrigeration system. The proposed cycle consists of a solar tower system with a heliostat field and central receiver (CR) that has molten salt as the heat transfer fluid, an absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC), an ejector refrigeration cycle (ERC), and a cascade refrigeration cycle (CRC). Energy and exergy analyses were carried out to measure the thermodynamic performance of the proposed cycle, using Dhahran weather data and operating conditions. The largest contribution to cycle irreversibility was found to be from the CR system (52.5%), followed by the heliostat field (25%). The first and second-law efficiencies improved due to the increase in the following parameters: ejector evaporator temperature, turbine inlet and exit pressures, and cascade evaporator temperature. Parametric analysis showed that the compressor delivery pressure, turbine inlet and exit pressures, hot molten salt outlet temperature, and ejector evaporator temperature significantly affect the refrigeration output.
Geometric- and mosaic-wavelength multiplexing for volume holographic storage (1995)

Wavelength multiplexing is a technique for recording a number of holograms for datastorage, optical-interconnect, and optical-wavelength filter architectures. The system capacity is limited by the space–bandwidth product of the signal beam, the number of usable wavelengths, and the cross talk. The available peripheral devices and laser sources limit the first two quantities, and cross talk is minimized in the coun-terpropagating geometry for wavelength multiplexing. When system and material noise sources are not significant, capacity may be increased straightforwardly through improvement in peripheral devices by increasing the space-bandwidth product of the signal beam or the number of available wavelengths.
A Mechanistic Understanding of Asphaltenes Precipitation From Varying-Saturate-Concentration Perspectives (2016)

Summary Asphaltenes precipitation within reservoir pores or production flowlines can severely hamper the petroleum-extraction process. Although the effect of temperature and pressure on asphaltene deposition is well-known, the manner in which the variations in oil composition affect the asphaltenes-precipitation mechanism requires more clarity. This work investigates the effect of crude-oil compositional change on asphaltene stability. The impact of oil composition is analyzed by preparing pseudocomponents through blending the crude oil with their own saturates fractions. A systematic characterization of 11 different bitumen and crude-oil samples was carried out by density and viscosity measurements and the determination of the elemental composition and saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) contents. Further analyses were conducted on the asphaltenes separated by use of n-pentane. The cluster size was determined by a particle-size analyzer, and the stability of asphaltenes was evaluated by zeta-potential. The molecular structure of SARA fractions and bulk crude-oil samples was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Onset-of-asphaltenes-precipitation (OAP) tests on crude-oil samples were achieved by the addition of different solvents (n-pentane, n-heptane, and crude-oil saturates fraction). While the physical characterization studies could only provide weak relations between the density/viscosity and the asphaltene content of the bulk samples, it has been found that mainly the ratio of the heavy (resins + asphaltenes) to light (saturates +aromatics) fractions controls the viscosity and the °API value of the crude oils. As this ratio increases, the crude oil becomes more viscous and dense. Also, the asphaltene/resin ratio was found to be critical because of its impact on asphaltene stability, which was determined through zeta-potential measurements. The high asphaltene/resin ratios result in low asphaltene stability; however, this effect is surpassed by the higher aromatics fraction in the bulk oil. Asphaltene stability was further studied with OAP tests. The OAP-test results provide the behavior of asphaltenes after the interaction of bulk oil samples with normal saturated hydrocarbons; however, our study improves the OAP-test procedure by conducting OAP tests with crude oil's own saturates fractions. The interaction of saturates fraction with crude oil resulted in more asphaltenes precipitation compared with interaction of n-pentane and n-heptane. The FTIR analyses indicate the presence of impurities in saturates fractions, and these impurities are believed to cause higher asphaltenes precipitation as a result of the polar nature of the impurities.
Method and Apparatus for Examining Structures Using Stimulated Acoustic Emission. (1978)

Abstract : A vibrator is held in contact with a structure undergoing testing, such as an airplane wing. Vibrations are distributed through the structure and structural defects such as fissures will respond by emitting an acoustical signal. The acoustic signal may occur over a wide frequency range. A pick-up having a crystal transducer also makes contact with the surface of the structure to detect acoustic emissions. The crystal has a wide band response capable of detecting structural defect acoustic emissions. The pick-up has electrical leads connected thereto so that the acoustic emissions are converted to electrical signals which may be recorded or viewed on an oscilloscope. Movement of the pick-up across the surface of the structure will help determine the location of the structural defect. (Author)
Syntheses of 3,7-Dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methoxyisochroman, the 3,7-Dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-methoxy Isomer, and Their Ester and Ether Derivatives:  Plant Growth Regulatory Activity (1997)

A systematic invesitgation of ester and ether derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methoxyisochroman and 3,7-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-8-methoxyisochroman has established that all of the derivatives synthesized exhibited activity in the wheat coleoptile assay, with several of the compounds being more active than the parent systems. Keywords: Esters and ethers of isochroman; plant growth regulatory activity
3-D ultrasound imaging of the prostate (1998)

An important aspect that needs improvement in medical ultrasound systems is related to the 2-D imaging of the prostate. 2-D viewing of 3-D anatomy limits our ability to quantify and visualize prostate disease and is partly responsible for the reported variabilities. This occurs because: (i) the diagnostician must integrate multiple 2-D images in his mind during the procedure, leading to inefficiency and variability; (ii) The 2-D ultrasound images represent a thin plane at some arbitrary angle in the body, making it difficult to localize the image plane. To overcome these difficulties, we have developed a 3-D ultrasound system to image the prostate. Our 3-D ultrasound imaging system consists of: a conventional ultrasound machine and transducer; a custom-built assembly for rotating the probe under microcomputer control; a microcomputer with a video grabber; and software to reconstruct and display 3-D images. A typical scan of 200 2-D B-mode images takes only 13 s, and the reconstruction less than 1 s. This paper will detail the 3-D imaging approach and its use for imaging the prostate in 3-D. Various applications will be discussed related to prostate cancer diagnosis, prostate volume measurements, and 3-D ultrasound-guided therapeutic procedures such as cryosurgery.
Abstract 12586: Erythropoietin Given during CPR Increases Post-Resuscitation Myocardial O2 Consumption and Reduces Myocardial Stunning (2012)

Background: We previously reported in a rat model of VF that erythropoietin (EPO) given during CPR reverses post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction associated with preservation of cytochrome c ox...
EGFRvIII: an oncogene deletion mutant cell surface receptor target expressed by multiple tumour types (2000)

Optimal immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer cell eradication require the specific recognition of neoplastic cells and minimal destruction of bystander, normal cells. This is especially crucial within the CNS because of the infiltrative growth pattern of primary CNS tumours. The recently defined class III variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII), which is a transmembrane, tumour-specific, altered growth factor receptor molecule not expressed in normal tissues, shows promise in preclinical studies as a mediator of multiple immunotherapeutic approaches to tumours, both CNS and systemic, that express this marker. Specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and derived constructs specific for EGFRvIII have been developed and the molecular engineering and affinity maturation techniques currently available have resulted in the generation of highly specific cytostatic and cytotoxic reagents for clinical trial. In addition, the immunogenic properties of the EGFRvIII transmembrane segment have made possible several successful vaccination strategies in preclinical models. In summary, targeting of the EGFRvIII molecule by a variety of immune approaches is a promising adjunct to current therapy.
Transdermal optogenetic peripheral nerve stimulation (2017)

These results have the potential to enable future scientific optogenetic studies of pathologies implicated in the peripheral nervous system for awake, freely-moving animals, as well as a basis for future clinical studies.
Properties and Experience of High Cr Austenitic Stainless Steel for Boiler Tubes (2007)

Recent boilers for thermal power generation are designed for higher temperature and pressure than in the past, and substantial efforts are being made worldwide to establish technology for ultra super critical power plants. Such boilers will require the use of steels having higher strength and better corrosion resistance than conventional 18-8 austenitic stainless steels. High chromium austenitic stainless steel (22Cr-15Ni-Nb-N) has been developed as a candidate material, and creep rupture strength is more than 50% higher than ASME SA-213 Grade TP347H at 700°C. The hot corrosion and steam oxidation resistance of this steel are also superior to 18-8 stainless steels due to higher Cr content. Thirteen years practical service as superheater tubing in a power plant characterized by high pressure (35MPa) and high temperature (615&°C) has revealed that the mechanical properties and environmental resistance of this steel are sufficient for high temperature boiler tube applications.
Double Knockdown of Prolyl Hydroxylase and Factor-Inhibiting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor With Nonviral Minicircle Gene Therapy Enhances Stem Cell Mobilization and Angiogenesis After Myocardial Infarction (2011)

We demonstrated that HIF-1α upregulation by double knockdown of PHD and FIH synergistically increases stem cell mobilization and myocardial angiogenesis, leading to improved cardiac function.
Protein-based volumetric memories (2002)

The promise of new architectures and more cost-effective miniaturization has prompted interest in hybrid molecular and semiconductor computers. Nature has already optimized through serendipitous natural selection some molecules for such applications. We examine here the use of the protein bacteriorhodopsin in three-dimensional optical memories. By using a sequential one-photon process, parallel read and write processes can be carried out without disturbing data outside of the irradiated volume. We examine the architecture and the methods currently under study to enhance the relevant photophysical properties of the protein.
Correction for gradient nonlinearity in continuously moving table MR imaging (2004)

Recently, a number of methods have been demonstrated for large field of view MR imaging using continuous table motion. As with conventional, fixed-table MRI, the spatial encoding is performed using magnetic field gradients. However, it is demonstrated in this work that as a consequence of every measurement being made at a slightly different displacement between the object and the gradient field, gradient nonlinearities are manifest as blurring in addition to spatial distortion. Moreover, the blurring is spatially dependent. It is also shown that correcting all phase-encoding steps individually or in groups can reduce these effects. Phantom and in vivo results are shown which demonstrate the effectiveness of the correction.
Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane Preparation by Economical Coating and Pyrolysis of Porous Polymer Hollow Fibers (2019)

Abstract Dip coating and pyrolysis processes are used to create multi‐layer asymmetric carbon molecular sieve (CMS) hollow fiber membranes with excellent gas separation properties. Coating of an economical engineered support with a high‐performance polyimide to create precursor fibers with a dense skin layer reduces material cost by 25‐fold compared to monolithic precursors or ceramic supports. CMS permeation results with CO 2 /CH 4 (50:50) mixed gas feed show attractive CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity of 58.8 and CO 2 permeance of 310 GPU at 35 °C.
A Competitive Nucleotide Binding Inhibitor: <i>In Vitro</i> Characterization of Rab7 GTPase Inhibition (2012)

Mapping the functionality of GTPases through small molecule inhibitors represents an underexplored area in large part due to the lack of suitable compounds. Here we report on the small chemical molecule 2-(benzoylcarbamothioylamino)-5,5-dimethyl-4,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyran-3-carboxylic acid (PubChem CID 1067700) as an inhibitor of nucleotide binding by Ras-related GTPases. The mechanism of action of this pan-GTPase inhibitor was characterized in the context of the Rab7 GTPase as there are no known inhibitors of Rab GTPases. Bead-based flow cytometry established that CID 1067700 has significant inhibitory potency on Rab7 nucleotide binding with nanomolar inhibitor (K(i)) values and an inhibitory response of ≥97% for BODIPY-GTP and BODIPY-GDP binding. Other tested GTPases exhibited significantly lower responses. The compound behaves as a competitive inhibitor of Rab7 nucleotide binding based on both equilibrium binding and dissociation assays. Molecular docking analyses are compatible with CID 1067700 fitting into the nucleotide binding pocket of the GTP-conformer of Rab7. On the GDP-conformer, the molecule has greater solvent exposure and significantly less protein interaction relative to GDP, offering a molecular rationale for the experimental results. Structural features pertinent to CID 1067700 inhibitory activity have been identified through initial structure-activity analyses and identified a molecular scaffold that may serve in the generation of more selective probes for Rab7 and other GTPases. Taken together, our study has identified the first competitive GTPase inhibitor and demonstrated the potential utility of the compound for dissecting the enzymology of the Rab7 GTPase, as well as serving as a model for other small molecular weight GTPase inhibitors.
Feedback regulation of DNA methyltransferase gene expression by methylation (1999)

This paper tests the hypothesis that expression of the DNA methyltransferase, dnmt1, gene is regulated by a methylation-sensitive DNA element. Methylation of DNA is an attractive system for feedback regulation of DNA methyltransferase as the final product of the reaction, methylated DNA, can regulate gene expression in cis. We show that an AP-1-dependent regulatory element of dnmt1 is heavily methylated in most somatic tissues and in the mouse embryonal cell line, P19, and completely unmethylated in a mouse adrenal carcinoma cell line, Y1. dnmt1 is highly over expressed in Y1 relative to P19 cell lines. Global inhibition of DNA methylation in P19 cells by 5-azadeoxycytidine results in demethylation of the AP-1 regulatory region and induction of dnmt1 expression in P19cells, but not Y1 cells. We propose that this regulatory region of dnmt1 acts as a sensor of the DNA methylation capacity of the cell. These results provide an explanation for the documented coexistence of global hypomethylation and high levels of DNA methyltransferase activity in many cancer cells and for the carcinogenic effect of hypomethylating diets.
Studies on the Synthesis of (2<i>R</i>,4′<i>R</i>,8′<i>R</i>)‐α‐Tocopherol Alternative Syntheses of 2‐Chroman‐acetic Acid Intermediates (1978)

Abstract As an extension of previous studies on the total synthesis of (2R,4′R,8′R)‐α‐tocopherol ( 1 ) [1] [2], (S)‐(−)‐2‐(6‐benzyloxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman)acetic acid ( 6 ), a pivotal intermediate, possessing the absolute configuration required for construction of 1 was prepared by optical resolution of the racemic modification 11 . the latter substance was obtained by two routes, one emanating from the hydroxy acetal 7 [1] and the other based upon the Lewis acid mediated cycloaddition of trimethylhydroquinone to rac.‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylpent‐4‐en‐l‐yl acetate ( 16 ) giving rac. ethyl 2‐(6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethyl‐chroman)acetate ( 12 ).
Recursive ultrasound imaging (2003)

Presents a new imaging method, applicable for both 2D and 3D imaging. It is based on Synthetic Transmit Aperture Focusing, but unlike previous approaches a new frame is created after every pulse emission. The elements from a linear transducer array emit pulses one after another. The same transducer element is used after N/sub xmt/ emissions. For each emission the signals from the individual elements are beam-formed in parallel for all directions in the image. A new frame is created by adding the new RF lines to the RF lines from the previous frame. The RF data recorded at the previous emission with the same element are subtracted. This yields a new image after each pulse emission and can give a frame rate of, for example, 5000 images/sec. The paper gives a derivation of the recursive imaging technique and compares simulations for fast B-mode imaging with measurements. A low value of N/sub xmt/ is necessary to decrease the motion artifacts and to make flow estimation possible. The simulations show that for N/sub xmt/=13 the level of grating lobes is less than -50 dB from the peak, which is sufficient for B-mode imaging and flow estimation. The measurements made with an off-line experimental system having 64 transmitting channels and 1 receiving channel, confirmed the simulation results. A linear array with a pitch of 208.5 /spl mu/m, central frequency f/sub otr/=7.5 MHz and bandwidth BW=70% was used. The signals from 64 elements were recorded, beam-formed and displayed as a sequence of B-mode frames, using the recursive algorithm. An excitation with a central frequency f/sub otr/=5 MHz (/spl lambda/=297 /spl mu/m in water) was used to obtain the point spread function of the system. The -6 dB width of the PSF is 1.056 mm at axial distance of 39 mm. For a sparse synthetic transmit array with N/sub xmt/=22 the expected grating lobes from the simulations are -53 dB down from the peak value at, positioned at /spl plusmn/28/spl deg/. The measured level was -51 dB at /spl plusmn/27/spl deg/ from the peak. Images obtained with the experimental system are compared to the simulation results for different sparse arrays. The application of the method for 3D real-time imaging and blood-velocity estimations is discussed.
Dynamics of laser annealing (1979)

The physical mechanisms responsible for the annealing of ion‐implanted semiconductors have been identified and characterized for a wide range of materials and annealing conditions. Our approach emphasizes the use of in‐situ dynamical measurements of the optical properties in addition to post annealing measurements using Rutherford backscattering and channeling, optical and electron microscoy and conductivity. These measurements have enabled us to unambiguously identify two specific annealing mechanisms. For long exposure times, as exemplified by the use of a scanning cw argon laser, the recrystallization proceeds by accelerated solid‐phase epitaxy. For short exposure times, typical of Q‐switched lasers, it is necessary to melt the entire amorphous layer, and regrowth occurs by liquid‐phase epitaxy. In the melt regime results are presented for melt thresholds, melt durations, annealing thresholds, regrowth velocities, and damage thresholds. Where possible, comparisons are made with theoretical estimates. For silicon, the wavelength and dose dependence has also been studied. A simple and efficient method of annealing with two pulses of different wavelengths is also demonstrated.
Rapid growth of a long-seed KDP crystal (2020)

To reduce the seed length while maintaining the advantages of the cuboid KDP-type crystal, a long-seed KDP crystal with size $471~\text{mm}\times 480~\text{mm}\times 400~\text{mm}$ is rapidly grown. With almost the same high cutting efficiency to obtain third harmonic generation oriented samples, this long-seed KDP-type crystal can be grown with a shorter seed than that of the cuboid KDP-type crystal. The full width at half maximum of the high-resolution X-ray diffraction of the (200) crystalline face is 28.8 arc seconds, indicating that the long-seed KDP crystal has good crystalline quality. In the wavelength range of 377–1022 nm, the transmittance of the long-seed KDP crystal is higher than 90%. The fluence for the 50% probability of laser-induced damage (LID) is $18.5~\text{J}/\text{cm}^{2}$ (3 ns, 355 nm). Several test points survive when the laser fluence exceeds $30~\text{J}/\text{cm}^{2}$ (3 ns, 355 nm), indicating the good LID performance of the long-seed KDP crystal. At present, the growth of a long-seed DKDP crystal is under way.
Rapid Sol–Gel Fabrication of High-Quality Thin-Film Stacks on Planar and Curved Substrates (2011)

A versatile and rapid sol–gel technique for the fabrication of high quality one-dimensional photonic bandgap materials was developed. Silica/titania multilayer materials are fabricated by a sol–gel chemistry route combined with dip-coating onto planar or curved substrates. A shock-cooling step immediately following the thin-film heat-treatment process is introduced. This step was found crucial in the prevention of film crack formation—especially in silica/titania alternating stack materials with a high number of layers. The versatility of this sol–gel method is demonstrated by the fabrication of various Bragg stack-type materials with fine-tuned optical properties by tailoring the number and sequence of alternating layers, the film thickness and the effective refractive index of the deposited thin films. Measured optical properties show good agreement with theoretical simulations, confirming the high quality of these sol–gel fabricated optical materials.
High-Rate Error-Correction Codes Targeting Dominant Error Patterns (2006)

We propose a high-rate error-pattern-correcting code constructed by a generator polynomial targeting a set of known dominant error patterns. This code is based on first constructing a low-rate cyclic code that possesses a distinct syndrome set for each target error pattern. This base code is then extended by simply applying the same generator polynomial to a larger message block. It is shown that the captured syndrome along with a soft metric can be used to correct a single occurrence of any target error pattern within the codeword with high probability. The proposed scheme outperforms, by a significant margin, conventional post-Viterbi error correction based on high-rate error-detection coding. The performance comparison is provided for a high-density perpendicular recording model