gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Two Subpopulations of the PICM-19 Porcine Liver Stem Cell Line for use in Cell-Based Extracorporeal Liver Assistance Devices (2010)

Two cell lines, PICM-19H and PICM-19B, were derived from the bipotent PICM-19 pig liver stem cell line and assessed for their potential application in artificial liver devices (ALD). The study included assessments of growth rate and cell density in culture, morphological features, serum protein production, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity and hepatocyte detoxification functions, i.e., inducible P450 activity, ammonia clearance, and urea production. The PICM-19H cell line was derived by temperature selection at 33-34 degrees C. After each passage, PICM-19H cells grew to a nearly confluent monolayer of cells of hepatocyte morphology, i.e., cuboidal cells with centrally located nuclei joined by biliary canaliculi. No differentiation and self-organization into multi-cellular bile ductules, as observed in the parental PICM-19 cell line, occurred within the PICM-19H cell monolayers. The PICM-19H cells contained numerous mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicular bodies and occasional lipid vacuoles. The cells had a doubling time of 48-72 h and reached a final density of 1.5 x 10(5) cells/cm(2) at approximately10 d post-passage from a 1:6 split ratio. PICM-19H cells displayed inducible P450 activity, cleared ammonia, and produced urea in a glutamine-free medium. The PICM-19B cells were colony-cloned after spontaneous generation from the PICM-19 parental cell line. PICM-19B cells grew as a tightly knit dome-forming monolayer with no visible biliary canaliculi. Their doubling time was 48-72 h with a final cell density of 2.6 x 10(5) cells/cm(2). Ultrastructural analysis of the PICM-19B monolayers showed the roughly cuboidal cells displayed basal-apical polarization and were joined by tight junction-like complexes. Other ultrastructure features were similar to those of PICM-19H cells except that they possessed numerous cell bodies resembling mucus vacuoles. The PICM-19B cells had relatively high levels of GGT activity, but did retain some inducible P450 activity, and some ammonia clearance and urea synthesis ability. PICM-19B cells produced markedly less serum proteins than PICM-19H cells. These data indicated that both cell lines, either together or alone, may be useful as the cellular substrate for an ALD.
Comparing model‐based and model‐free analysis methods for QUASAR arterial spin labeling perfusion quantification (2012)

Amongst the various implementations of arterial spin labeling MRI methods for quantifying cerebral perfusion, the QUASAR method is unique. By using a combination of labeling with and without flow suppression gradients, the QUASAR method offers the separation of macrovascular and tissue signals. This permits local arterial input functions to be defined and "model-free" analysis, using numerical deconvolution, to be used. However, it remains unclear whether arterial spin labeling data are best treated using model-free or model-based analysis. This work provides a critical comparison of these two approaches for QUASAR arterial spin labeling in the healthy brain. An existing two-component (arterial and tissue) model was extended to the mixed flow suppression scheme of QUASAR to provide an optimal model-based analysis. The model-based analysis was extended to incorporate dispersion of the labeled bolus, generally regarded as the major source of discrepancy between the two analysis approaches. Model-free and model-based analyses were compared for perfusion quantification including absolute measurements, uncertainty estimation, and spatial variation in cerebral blood flow estimates. Major sources of discrepancies between model-free and model-based analysis were attributed to the effects of dispersion and the degree to which the two methods can separate macrovascular and tissue signal.
Depositing Diamondlike Carbon Films (1986)

New process demonstrated to make thin films (usually thousands of angstroms to few microns thick) that have properties of diamonds. Various plasma and ion-beam techniques employed to generate films. Films made by radio-frequency plasma decomposition of hydrocarbon gas or other alkanes, by low-energy carbon-ion-beam deposition, or by ion plating and dual ion technique using carbon target. Advantages of new process over others are films produced, though amorphous, are clear, extremely hard, chemically inert, of high resistivity, and have index of refraction of 3.2 properties similar to those of single-crystal diamonds. Films have possible uses in microelectronic applications, high-energy-laser and plastic windows, corrosion protection for metals, and other applications where desired properties of film shaped during the film-formation process.
THz imaging and sensing for security applications—explosives, weapons and drugs (2005)

Over the past 5 years, there has been a significant interest in employing terahertz (THz) technology, spectroscopy and imaging for security applications. There are three prime motivations for this interest: (a) THz radiation can detect concealed weapons since many non-metallic, non-polar materials are transparent to THz radiation; (b) target compounds such as explosives and illicit drugs have characteristic THz spectra that can be used to identify these compounds and (c) THz radiation poses no health risk for scanning of people. In this paper, stand-off interferometric imaging and sensing for the detection of explosives, weapons and drugs is emphasized. Future prospects of THz technology are discussed.
Investigation of opening switch mechanisms based on chemically reactive plasmas (1985)

An investigation of discharge-induced chemical reactions resulting in high-density product vapors containing strongly attaching gases has been conducted to evaluate the feasibility and potential of such reactions in rapid opening plasma switches. This new concept of employing such reactions to limit and/or interrupt large currents on a microsecond time scale was studied in two element (electrodeless and electroded) devices and in three element (electroded) devices. Bimolecular and unimolecular reactions were considered. The plasma reaction between AlCl sub 3 and SiO sub 2 was studied. The electrical properties of one of the reaction products (SiCl sub 4) is reported herein.
HRR Radar Signature Database Validation for ATR: An Information Theoretic Approach (2011)

The ability to make radar signature databases portable for use within similar sensor systems is critical to the affordability of future airborne signature exploitation systems. The capability to hybridize measured and synthetic signature database components will maximize the impact of the investment required to build complex radar signature databases. Radar target scattering mechanisms can be modeled and the signature signal model analyzed as a random process to enable portability and hybridization. Modal mutual information is developed as a measure of similarity for future use in the comparison of measured field data to modeled synthetic data. The inherent qualities of mutual information to be used in the context of the automatic target recognition problem are demonstrated using synthetic signature sets comprised of both "similar targets" and "dissimilar targets."
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Mediates Cellular Activation by the B Subunits of Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxins (2005)

The type II heat-labile enterotoxins (LT-IIa and LT-IIb) of Escherichia coli have an AB5 subunit structure similar to that of cholera toxin (CT) and other type I enterotoxins, despite significant differences in the amino acid sequences of their B subunits and different ganglioside receptor specificities. LT-II holotoxins and their nontoxic B subunits display unique properties as immunological adjuvants distinct from those of CT and its B subunits. In contrast to type II holotoxins, the corresponding pentameric B subunits, LT-IIaB and LT-IIbB, stimulated cytokine release in both human and mouse cells dependent upon Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Induction of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, or tumor necrosis factor alpha in human THP-1 cells by LT-IIaB or LT-IIbB was inhibited by anti-TLR2 but not by anti-TLR4 antibody. Furthermore, transient expression of TLR1 and TLR2 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells resulted in activation of a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent luciferase gene in response to LT-IIaB or LT-IIbB. Moreover, peritoneal macrophages from TLR2-deficient mice failed to respond to LT-IIaB or LT-IIbB, in contrast to wild-type or TLR4-deficient cells. These results demonstrate that besides their established binding to gangliosides, the B subunits of type II enterotoxins also interact with TLR2. Although a ganglioside-nonbinding mutant (T34I) of LT-IIaB effectively induced cytokine release, a phenotypically similar point mutation (T13I) in LT-IIbB abrogated cytokine induction, suggesting a variable requirement for gangliosides as coreceptors in TLR2 agonist activity. TLR2-dependent activation of mononuclear cells by type II enterotoxin B subunits appears to be a novel mechanism whereby these molecules may exert their immunomodulatory and adjuvant activities.
Probing Chemical Processes in Living Cells: Applications for Assay and Screening of Chemicals that Disrupt Cellular Signaling Pathways (2002)

Abstract Methods of analysis for bioactive substances that are based on cellular signaling pathways are discussed and compared with the binding assay and bioassay. For nondestructive analysis of chemical processes in living cells, we have developed some general methods and new intracellular fluorescent probes for detecting 1) second messengers, cGMP, diacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate, 2) protein phosphorylation, 3) protein conformational changes, and 4) protein-protein interactions in live cells under a confocal laser microscope. The approaches for the present probe developments are use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer for reporting binding of substrates (analytes) to molecular recognition domains in dual-fluorophore conjugated probe molecules, and use of protein splicing chemistry for detecting protein-protein interactions. Key molecules and steps of cellular signaling pathways were visualized in relevant live cells using developed fluorescent probe molecules. These probes were found of general importance not only for fundamental biology studies, but also for assay and screening methods for chemicals that inhibit or facilitate cellular signaling pathways. Changes in cellular signals were thereby observed in nongenomic pathways of steroid hormones upon treatment of the target cells with steroid hormones and xenoestrogens. This method of analysis appears to be a rational approach to high-throughput prescreening of biohazardous chemicals such as endocrine disrupting chemicals that disrupt these cellular signaling pathways.
Progress on the Design and Development of the Continuous‐Flow Total Artificial Heart (2012)

Cleveland Clinic's continuous-flow total artificial heart has one motor and one rotating assembly supported by a hydrodynamic bearing. The right hydraulic output is self regulated by passive axial movement of the rotating assembly to balance itself with the left output. The purpose of this article is to present progress in four areas of development: the automatic speed control system, self-regulation to balance right/left inlet pressures and flows, hemolysis testing using calf blood, and coupled electromagnetics (EMAG) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The relationships between functions of motor power and speed, systemic flow, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were used for the sensorless speed control algorithm and demonstrated close correlations. Based on those empirical relationships, systemic flow and SVR were calculated in the system module and showed good correlation with measured pump flow and SVR. The automatic system adjusted the pump's speed to obtain the target flow in response to the calculated SVR. Atrial pressure difference (left minus right atrial pressure) was maintained within ±10 mm Hg for a wide range of SVR/pulmonary vascular resistance ratios, demonstrating a wide margin of self-regulation under fixed-speed mode and 25% sinusoidally modulated speed mode. Hemolysis test results indicated acceptable values (normalized index of hemolysis <0.01 mg/dL). The coupled EMAG/CFD model was validated for use in further device development.
Photoluminescence study of self-assembly of heterojunction quantum dots (HeQuaDs) (2007)

Recently quantum dots (QDs) have been the topic of extensive research. Unique properties arise in QDs due to a combination of the localized nature of their wavefunctions and a singularity in the associated density of states. Many strained III-V semiconductor film-substrate systems form QDs via a self-assembly process by means of a Stranski-Krastanov process. The strain relief responsible for the 3D nucleation causes a variation in the in-plane lattice constant which allows subsequent QD layers separated by thin spacer layers to be vertically stacked. Recently this concept has been extended to allow the formation of a heterojunction quantum dot (HeQuaD). In this structure an initial self-assembled QD (SAQD) is formed and then a different similarly strained material is nucleated on the initial SAQDs forming a crown on the underlying QD. This crown is also of a size appropriate to cause quantum confinement. In particular a stack of 4 layers of a HeQuaD structure of a GaSb crowned InAs SAQD on GaAs with GaAs spacer layers has been formed. The top HeQuaDs have been left uncapped to allow AFM analysis of the morphology. Photoluminescence of the HeQuaD has 3 peaks at ~0.95eV, 1.15eV, and 1.35eV. We have measured the intensity and temperature dependence of these PL peaks.
IBM Federated Learning: an Enterprise Framework White Paper V0.1 (2020)

Federated Learning (FL) is an approach to conduct machine learning without centralizing training data in a single place, for reasons of privacy, confidentiality or data volume. However, solving federated machine learning problems raises issues above and beyond those of centralized machine learning. These issues include setting up communication infrastructure between parties, coordinating the learning process, integrating party results, understanding the characteristics of the training data sets of different participating parties, handling data heterogeneity, and operating with the absence of a verification data set. IBM Federated Learning provides infrastructure and coordination for federated learning. Data scientists can design and run federated learning jobs based on existing, centralized machine learning models and can provide high-level instructions on how to run the federation. The framework applies to both Deep Neural Networks as well as ``traditional'' approaches for the most common machine learning libraries. {\proj} enables data scientists to expand their scope from centralized to federated machine learning, minimizing the learning curve at the outset while also providing the flexibility to deploy to different compute environments and design custom fusion algorithms.
Room‐Temperature, Low‐Pressure Nanoimprinting Based on Cationic Photopolymerization of Novel Epoxysilicone Monomers (2005)

A new UV-curable liquid resist based on cationic polymerization of silicone epoxies has been developed for UV-assisted nanoimprint lithography. Uniform films with thicknesses ranging from below 50 nm to over 1 μm can be easily spin-coated using a suitable undercoating layer on a substrate. Patterns with feature sizes ranging from tens of micrometers to 20 nm are imprinted at room temperature with a pressure of less than 0.1 MPa.
High-average-power, 100-Hz-repetition-rate, tabletop soft-x-ray lasers at sub-15-nm wavelengths (2014)

Efficient excitation of dense plasma columns at 100-Hz repetition rate using a tailored pump pulse profile produced a tabletop soft-x-ray laser average power of 0.1 mW at \ensuremath{\lambda} = 13.9 nm and 20 \ensuremath{\mu}W at \ensuremath{\lambda} = 11.9 nm from transitions of Ni-like Ag and Ni-like Sn, respectively. Lasing on several other transitions with wavelengths between 10.9 and 14.7 nm was also obtained using 0.9-J pump pulses of 5-ps duration from a compact diode-pumped chirped pulse amplification Yb:YAG laser. Hydrodynamic and atomic plasma simulations show that the pump pulse profile, consisting of a nanosecond ramp followed by two peaks of picosecond duration, creates a plasma with an increased density of Ni-like ions at the time of peak temperature that results in a larger gain coefficient over a temporally and spatially enlarged space leading to a threefold increase in the soft-x-ray laser output pulse energy. The high average power of these compact soft-x-ray lasers will enable applications requiring high photon flux. These results open the path to milliwatt-average-power tabletop soft-x-ray lasers.
Doping-Tunable Metamaterials in the Mid-Infrared (2009)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text X. Miao, B. Passmore, A. Gin, S. Vangala, W. Goodhue, E. Shaner, and I. Brener, "Doping-Tunable Metamaterials in the Mid-Infrared," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optica Publishing Group, 2009), paper PDPB8. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Advances in the development of thrombin inhibitors (2001)

Thromboembolic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the Western world, which has stimulated enormous research efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to introduce new antithrombotic therapies. One strategy is the development of direct inhibitors of the serine protease thrombin, which holds a central position in the final steps of the blood coagulation cascade and in platelet activation. At present there is only limited clinical use of some parenteral preparations of thrombin inhibitors in acute situations, especially when the common antithrombotic drugs heparin, warfarin and aspirin are ineffective or associated with side effects. However, for use in prophylaxis of thrombotic diseases such inhibitors should be orally available, must be safe to avoid bleeding complications and should have an appropriate half-life, allowing once or twice daily dosing to maintain adequate antithrombotically effective blood levels. Details of several new and potent thrombin inhibitors have been published during the last years. For some of them oral bioavailability is claimed and they are effective in in vitro coagulation assays. However, most of them showed only limited efficacy in animal studies with respect to the doses administered. For that reason, effort is concentrated on the evaluation and optimisation of the overall physicochemical characteristics of the inhibitors in order to improve the pharmacokinetics and, thus, the development of promising drug candidates. Nevertheless, only careful clinical studies can give clear answers about the true therapeutical benefit of new developments in this field. This review summarises the current status of direct thrombin inhibitors which are already in clinical use and clinical development and gives an overview on recently published and promising new compounds.
Visually Determining Gamma for Softcopy Display (2005)

We propose estimating the gamma value for the blue channel of a softcopy display via a grey-balancing task. A “near-neutral” patch is displayed along with a neutral reference pattern made from black and white pixels. The red and green values for this near-neutral patch are derived from a separate calibration of these 2 channels. The user then adjusts the blue value until the near-neutral patch appears neutral with respect to the surrounding reference. Gamma for the blue channel is estimated from the selected value. Implementations include interactive adjustment with mouse and/or keyboard, or selecting from a fixed set of patches the one that appears most neutral. When compared with the standard technique, inter- and intra-observer variation in the settings for blue were substantially reduced.
Induction of <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i> common <i>nod</i> genes by isoflavones isolated from <i>Glycine max</i> (1987)

The early events in legume nodulation by Rhizobium spp. involve a conserved gene cluster known as the common nod region. A broad-host-range plasmid (pEA2-21) containing a Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodDABC-lacZ translational fusion was constructed and used to monitor nod gene expression in response to soybean root extract. Two inducing compounds were isolated and identified. Analysis using ultraviolet absorption spectra, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry showed that the two inducers were 4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone (daidzein) and 4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone (genistein). Induction was also seen with some, but not all, of the flavonoid compounds that induce nod genes in fast-growing Rhizobium strains that nodulate clover, alfalfa, or peas. When pEA2-21 was introduced into Rhizobium trifolii, it was inducible by flavones but not by daidzein and genistein. In Rhizobium fredii, pEA2-21 was induced by isoflavones and flavones. Thus, the specificity of induction appears to be influenced by the host-strain genome.
Advances in integrated hollow waveguides for on-chip sensors (2007)

We have previously produced antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) with hollow cores that can guide light through liquid or gas media. In order to utilize these structures in sophisticated sensing applications, we have improved our initial designs and fabrication methods to increase yield, lower waveguide transmission loss, and incorporate structural features into the waveguides themselves. Yields have been increased by optimizing PECVD film conformality leading to greater sidewall strength for hollow waveguides. Sensing applications require interfacing hollow waveguides with solid waveguides on the surface of a substrate to direct light on and off a chip and into and out of a test medium. Previous interfaces required light transferring from solid to hollow waveguides to pass through the antiresonant layers, with measured transmission efficiencies of about 30%. By removing the ARROW layers at the interfaces, transmission efficiencies at these interfaces can be improved to greater than 95%. We also demonstrate the fabrication of micropore structures on the hollow waveguides to be used for chemical sensing. A fabrication method has been developed that allows for removal of the thick top oxide and nitride ARROW layers leaving only a thin nitride membrane directly over the hollow core allowing controlled access to test media.
General Scope of 1,4‐Diastereoselective Additions to a 2(3H)‐Quinazolinone: Practical Preparation of HIV Therapeutics. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tailoring the Microstructure of Particle-Stabilized Wet Foams (2006)

Inorganic colloidal particles which are in situ hydrophobized upon adsorption of short-chain amphiphilic molecules can be used as foam stabilizers. In this study, we tailor the microstructure of particle-stabilized wet foams, namely, the foam air content, average bubble size, and bubble size distribution, by changing the composition of the initial colloidal suspension. Wet foams featuring average bubble sizes between 10 and 200 microm and air contents between 45% and 90% were obtained by adjusting the amphiphile and particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and particle size in the initial suspension. The influence of these parameters on the bubble size was satisfactorily described in terms of a balance between the shear stress applied during mixing and the counteracting Laplace pressure of the air bubbles. This model, originally developed for oil droplets in emulsions, can therefore be used to deliberately tailor the microstructure of particle-stabilized wet foams.