gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Informal STEM Learning for Young Children: A Systematic Literature Review (2022)

Studies show that children spend considerable time engaged in informal learning outside of educational settings. Informal educational settings such as museums can provide a variety of opportunities to engage children in STEM learning and scientific discovery, which can increase school readiness. Research has also determined an achievement gap in students from low socio-economic backgrounds and in students who are dual language learners. The literature shows that this gap begins even before children enter formal schooling. This systematic review serves two purposes: to explore the impact of informal STEM learning (ISL) on school readiness and to examine the relationship between ISL and children's social-emotional development, particularly in children who are dual language learners. Using PRISMA procedures, we identified 36 eligible studies in this systematic review. The findings illuminate the important role of parents and/or caregivers and the quality of design and interventions used at ISL sites, such as museums and zoos, on how ISL can impact school readiness for preschoolers. No research was found to specifically address the impact of ISL on school readiness for children who are dual language learners. The implications from the findings suggest that further research is needed on ISL for young children, particularly considering the dearth in research on young dual language learners. The implications further suggest that parents, ISL site designers, facilitators, and educators can benefit from learning about the impact of ISL on school readiness.
Hepatocellular necrosis associated with the subcutaneous injection of an intranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica-canine parainfluenza vaccine (1997)

A three-year-old wire fox terrier inadvertently was given an intranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza vaccine subcutaneously. The dog subsequently developed both a local inflammatory reaction at the injection site and acute, nonseptic hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis. The patient was treated successfully with intravenous fluids and amikacin. Two months after the injection, the serum bile acid concentrations and hepatic histopathology indicated the presence of continued hepatocellular disease.
Convolutional Drift Networks for Video Classification (2017)

Analyzing spatio-temporal data like video is a challenging task that requires processing visual and temporal information effectively. Convolutional Neural Networks have shown promise as baseline fixed feature extractors through transfer learning, a technique that helps minimize the training cost on visual information. Temporal information is often handled using hand-crafted features or Recurrent Neural Networks, but this can be overly specific or prohibitively complex. Building a fully trainable system that can efficiently analyze spatio-temporal data without hand-crafted features or complex training is an open challenge. We present a new neural network architecture to address this challenge, the Convolutional Drift Network (CDN). Our CDN architecture combines the visual feature extraction power of deep Convolutional Neural Networks with the intrinsically efficient temporal processing provided by Reservoir Computing. In this introductory paper on the CDN, we provide a very simple baseline implementation tested on two egocentric (first-person) video activity datasets. We achieve video-level activity classification results on-par with state-of-the art methods. Notably, performance on this complex spatio- temporal task was produced by only training a single feed-forward layer in the CDN.
A novel series dynamic voltage restorer for distribution systems (2002)

This paper describes how a series dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), based on the use of a Cryo-MOSFET PWM inverter and energy storage system, can be used to protect sensitive power customers from voltage sags/swells. The proposed DVR restores the end-user voltage to its normal level by rapidly injecting a compensating voltage onto the line against the upstream power disturbances. The control strategy has adopted the concept of reference voltage tracking control. A control law is derived to maintain the downstream voltage in a pure sinusoidal waveshape with constant amplitude, no matter what kind of upstream power disturbances occur. Test results on 230 V mains are presented to demonstrate that the Cryo-MOSFET can be used as the power switching device for the converter, and to validate the control strategy. Furthermore, it would also be possible to employ the DVR in a distribution network with a radial structure to improve the downstream power quality.
Use of Message Framing and Color in Vaccine Information to Increase Willingness to Be Vaccinated (2011)

Some young Taiwanese people who did not receive the H1N1 vaccine were infected with the influenza. In this study prospect theory was combined with color psychology in order to explore if 2 factors, framing of the message (gain vs. loss) and color combination (white text on a red background vs. white text on a blue background), influenced the persuasiveness of televised vaccination information and viewers' willingness to be vaccinated. Participants were 120 university students, aged between 19 and 24, who were randomly divided into 4 groups to view televised vaccination information that was presented using different combinations of the factors. Participants then completed questionnaires and a significant interaction was found between message framing and color combination, which affected information persuasiveness and the respondents' willingness to be vaccinated. Loss-framed messages with white text on a red background was the most effective at enhancing vaccination information persuasiveness and people's willingness to be vaccinated.
22.2: Variable Liquid Crystal Pretilt Angle using Nano‐Alignment Surfaces (2012)

Abstract A new kind of nano‐structured alignment surface is proposed and demonstrated. Such alignment surface is capable of generating arbitrary pretilt angles for liquid crystal. The new alignment surface is based on nano‐imprinting and plasma etching. The domain sizes are fixed and controllable; in addition, no random process is involved. The alignment surface is robust and highly reproducible. Moreover, the processing window is maximized and suitable for mass manufacturing.
Spectral Domain Analysis of a Hexagonal Microstrip Resonator (1982)

The capacitance of an open regular hexagonal microstrip resonator is calculated with the quasi-static spectral domain technique. From the capacitance values, the effective hexagonal side and the effective dielectric constant are determined, yielding resonant frequencies which agree well with measured values. Numerical data for several dielectric constants are included. The capacitance values are also compared with those of circular and triangular microstrip resonators. A simple formula relates the resonant frequencies of commensurate hexagonal and circular resonators.
Novel polyene dyes for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (2002)

We have developed an efficient and novel polyene-dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells producing a 6.8% solar energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency (eta) under AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm(-2)): short-circuit current density (Jsc), 12.9 mA cm(-2), open-circuit photovoltage (Voc), 0.71 V, fill factor (ff), 0.74.
Structural Modification of Silicon‐Bridged Ladder Stilbene Oligomers and Distyrylbenzenes (2009)

Abstract Two kinds of the totally alkyl‐substituted ladder π ‐conjugated compounds, the totally hexyl‐substituted silicon‐bridged stilbene trimer 1 and the totally propyl‐substituted silicon‐ and carbon‐bridged distyrylbenzene 2 , were synthesized. X‐ray crystallography revealed that both compounds adopt the all‐parallel‐aligned packing structures through the interpenetration of the alkyl chains with those of the neighboring molecules. The effect of this packing structure on the photophysical properties was investigated. The fluorescence quantum yield measurements showed that both compounds maintained their high quantum yields (Φ F ) even in the crystalline state (Φ F = 0.64 for 1 ; 0.63 for 2 ), suggesting the potential effect of the all‐parallel alignment for attaining the intense emission in the solid state. magnified image
Cross-Coupling Reaction of α-Chloroketones and Organotin Enolates Catalyzed by Zinc Halides for Synthesis of γ-Diketones (2002)

The reaction of tin enolates 1 with alpha-chloro- or bromoketones 2 gave gamma-diketones (1,4-diketones) 3 catalyzed by zinc halides. In contrast to the exclusive formation of 1,4-diketones 3 under catalytic conditions, uncatalyzed reaction of 1 with 2 gave aldol-type products 4 through carbonyl attack. NMR study indicates that the catalyzed reaction includes precondensation between tin enolates and alpha-haloketones providing an aldol-type species and their rearrangement of the oxoalkyl group with leaving halogen to produce 1,4-diketones. The catalyst, zinc halides, plays an important role in each step. The carbonyl attack for precondensation is accelerated by the catalyst as Lewis acid and the intermediate zincate promotes the rearrangement by releasing oxygen and bonding with halogen. Various types of tin enolates and alpha-chloro- and bromoketones were applied to the zinc-catalyzed cross-coupling. On the other hand, the allylic halides, which have no carbonyl moiety, were inert to the zinc-catalyzed coupling with tin enolates. The copper halides showed high catalytic activity for the coupling between tin enolates 1 and organic halides 7 to give gamma,delta-unsaturated ketones 8 and/or 9. The reaction with even chlorides proceeded effectively by the catalytic system.
Ebselen alleviates testicular pathology in mice with Zika virus infection and prevents its sexual transmission (2018)

Despite the low case fatality, Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with microcephaly in infants and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Antiviral and vaccine developments against ZIKV are still ongoing; therefore, in the meantime, preventing the disease transmission is critical. Primarily transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes, ZIKV also can be sexually transmitted. We used AG129 mice lacking interferon-α/β and -γ receptors to study the testicular pathogenesis and sexual transmission of ZIKV. Infection of ZIKV progressively damaged mouse testes, increased testicular oxidative stress as indicated by the levels of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, glutathione peroxidase 4, spermatogenesis-associated-18 homolog in sperm and pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and G-CSF. We then evaluated the potential role of the antioxidant ebselen (EBS) in alleviating the testicular pathology with ZIKV infection. EBS treatment significantly reduced ZIKV-induced testicular oxidative stress, leucocyte infiltration and production of pro-inflammatory response. Furthermore, it improved testicular pathology and prevented the sexual transmission of ZIKV in a male-to-female mouse sperm transfer model. EBS is currently in clinical trials for various diseases. ZIKV infection could be on the list for potential use of EBS, for alleviating the testicular pathogenesis with ZIKV infection and preventing its sexual transmission.
VisTRE: A Visualization Tool to Evaluate Errors in Terrain Representation (2006)

New data sources and sensors bring new possibilities for terrain representations, and new types of characteristic errors. We develop a system to visualize and compare terrain representations and the errors they produce.
A RISC processor for embedded applications within an ASIC (1991)

The VL86C010 processor, which is well suited to RISC applications because of its small die size, low power dissipation, and low pin count, is presented. This RISC processor family was designed for maximum system performance at minimum cost, rather than maximum CPU performance at any cost. The components of the system CPU, memory controller, IO controller, and video controller were partitioned to take advantage of less-expensive plastic IC packages and, more importantly, less-expensive dynamic RAM devices (DRAMs) by using their page mode of operation. These components are described, and the processor performance is examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies on quantitative relationships between the structure and in vitro tuberculostatic potency of 2-cyanomethylbenzimidazole derivatives. (1979)

Quantitative relationships were studied between in vitro tuberculostatic potency and physico chemical parameters relating to the structure of 2-cyanomethylbenzimidazoles. The activity of the compounds was found to be mathematically described as a square function of molar refractivity of the substituent or the RM values and a linear function of the wavelength at the absorption maximum or the connectivity index for the aromatic ring in the substituent. The equation was obtained, statistically significant on the 99% level and describing of about 83% of variance in activity data, which may be of value for the design of new active derivatives.
2MHz ultrasound enhances t-PA-mediated thrombolysis: comparison of continuous versus pulsed ultrasound and standing versus travelling acoustic waves (2003)

In addition to fibrinolytic enzymes, ultrasound has the potential to enhance thrombolysis. High frequency ultrasound has the advantage that a combination of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound with only one device is possible. Therefore, we investigated the optimal high frequency (2 MHz) ultrasound field characteristics and application mode in vitro. Continuous ultrasound significantly enhanced rt-PA mediated thrombolysis: in a travelling wave field thrombolysis was augmented by 49.0 +/- 14.7% and in a standing wave field by 34.8 +/- 7.3%. In an intermittent application mode (1Hz, 10Hz, 100Hz, 1kHz) most efficient results were obtained for both wave fields using 1 Hz (46.4 +/- 10.7% and 39.1 +/- 6.6%, respectively). Referring to a possible in vivo application our in vitro data suggests that an intermittent application of a 2 MHz high frequency ultrasound using a travelling wave field would be the most potent application for lysing blood clots.
Anorectal Infections in Patients with Malignant Diseases (1988)

Fifty-seven episodes of anorectal infection in 44 patients with malignant diseases primarily leukemia or lymphoma, have been retrospectively reviewed. Seventeen patients died in hospital, but only in seven cases was the anorectal infection a major contributing cause of death. The most important prognostic indicator of outcome was number of days of neutropenia during the infectious episode. Cultures obtained at the time of surgical drainage or by needle aspiration of the wound revealed multiple organisms in 26 of 29 instances, and anaerobic organisms were the commonest isolates. Anorectal infection was controlled in 28 (55%) of 51 treatment courses when antibiotics were the only treatment given. However, if the antibiotic regimen included both an aminoglycoside and an antibiotic with anaerobic coverage, control of infection was observed in 15 (88%) of 17 cases. There were 26 surgical procedures performed, with acceptable morbidity. Infection was controlled in 19 (73%) of 26 cases treated with surgery and antibiotics. The results support managing most of these infections initially with medical treatment, using an antibiotic regimen that includes an aminoglycoside and a specific drug against anaerobes. Surgery is recommended if there is obvious fluctuance, a significant amount of necrotic tissue evident, or progression of the infection locally or continued sepsis after an adequate antibiotic trial.
Main beam jammer cancellation and target angle estimation with a polarization-agile monopulse antenna (2003)

An alternative, more cost-effective approach to cancellation and angle estimation in airborne radars is proposed. A set of preformed, phase-steered, product-pattern monopulse beams are used to form adapted sum ( Sigma ) and difference ( Delta ) beams that yield undistorted target monopulse ratio estimates while nulling both main-beam and sidelobe ECM (electronic countermeasures). The authors consider three approaches to optimal weight calculation. The first is a straightforward sample-matrix-inversion algorithm, which maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio in a prespecified look direction or, equivalently, minimizes the adapted beam residue subject to a unity-gain constraint in the prespecified look direction. The other two approaches to adaptive weight optimization are based on finding the eigenvector with the minimum eigenvalue for modified versions of R (the sample covariance matrix). Results of algorithm performance analysis are presented. The bandwidth effects of phase-steered antennas on the main beam canceller are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Some Key Features to Consider When Studying Acrylamide-Based Polymers for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (2012)

Among Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) methods, polymer flooding is a straightforward technique with a long commercial history and proven results. It consists in injecting polymer-augmented water into a subterranean formation in order to improve, thanks to the viscosity increase, the sweep efficiency in the reservoir and provides a mobility control between water and the hydrocarbons. However, implementing successfully a polymer flood in the field requires specific know-how to avoid polymer degradation and associated viscosity loss. The first stage begins with the selection of the right polymer for the reservoir, depending on the water quality, temperature, permeability and presence of contaminants such as iron, hydrogen sulfide and oxygen. Several laboratory tests have to be performed to ensure the long term stability of the product as well as core flooding experiments to check parameters such as injectivity and propagation through the porous medium. The next step is the design and selection of equipment for the dissolution and the injection of the polymer solution into the reservoir. Surface facilities are paramount for the quality of the injected solution: the goal is to allow a good hydration, maturation and transport of the solution while avoiding any type of degradation that can occur either chemically (oxygen ingress) or mechanically (chokes, centrifugal pumps). Another aspect that can be assessed is the degradation of the back -produced polymer. Several studies have shown that there is no influence of the polymer on the separation of crude and water; the polymer being water-soluble. However, when the viscosity of the produced water is above 4 mPa.s, a treatment may be operated before the water treatment process to avoid any difficulty in the surface facilities and an optimum efficiency.
Ultra-high-field MR imaging in multiple sclerosis (2013)

In multiple sclerosis (MS), MRI is the most important paraclinical tool used to inform diagnosis and for monitoring disease evolution, either natural or modified by treatment. The increased availability of ultra-high-field magnets (7 Tesla or higher) gives rise to questions about the main benefits of and challenges for their use in patients with MS. The main advantages of ultra-high-field MRI are the improved signal-to-noise ratio, greater chemical shift dispersion, and improved contrast due to magnetic susceptibility variations, which lead to increased sensitivity to the heterogeneous pathological substrates of the disease. At present, ultra-high-field MRI is mainly used to improve our understanding of MS pathogenesis. This review discusses the main achievements that have so far come from the use of these scanners, which are: better visualisation of white matter lesions and their morphological characteristics; an improvement in the ability to visualise grey matter lesions and their exact location; the quantification of 'novel' metabolites which may have a role in axonal degeneration; and greater sensitivity to iron accumulation. The application of ultra-high-field systems in standard clinical practice is still some way off since their role in the diagnostic work-up of patients at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes, or in monitoring disease progression or treatment response in patients with definite MS, needs to be established. Additional challenges remain in the development of morphological, quantitative and functional imaging methods at these field strengths, techniques which may ultimately lead to novel biomarkers for monitoring disease evolution and treatment response.
Contextual Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network with Multilayer Fusion for SAR Ship Detection (2017)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ship detection has been playing an increasingly essential role in marine monitoring in recent years. The lack of detailed information about ships in wide swath SAR imagery poses difficulty for traditional methods in exploring effective features for ship discrimination. Being capable of feature representation, deep neural networks have achieved dramatic progress in object detection recently. However, most of them suffer from the missing detection of small-sized targets, which means that few of them are able to be employed directly in SAR ship detection tasks. This paper discloses an elaborately designed deep hierarchical network, namely a contextual region-based convolutional neural network with multilayer fusion, for SAR ship detection, which is composed of a region proposal network (RPN) with high network resolution and an object detection network with contextual features. Instead of using low-resolution feature maps from a single layer for proposal generation in a RPN, the proposed method employs an intermediate layer combined with a downscaled shallow layer and an up-sampled deep layer to produce region proposals. In the object detection network, the region proposals are projected onto multiple layers with region of interest (ROI) pooling to extract the corresponding ROI features and contextual features around the ROI. After normalization and rescaling, they are subsequently concatenated into an integrated feature vector for final outputs. The proposed framework fuses the deep semantic and shallow high-resolution features, improving the detection performance for small-sized ships. The additional contextual features provide complementary information for classification and help to rule out false alarms. Experiments based on the Sentinel-1 dataset, which contains twenty-seven SAR images with 7986 labeled ships, verify that the proposed method achieves an excellent performance in SAR ship detection.
Mobile Crowd Sensing for Traffic Prediction in Internet of Vehicles (2016)

The advances in wireless communication techniques, mobile cloud computing, automotive and intelligent terminal technology are driving the evolution of vehicle ad hoc networks into the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) paradigm. This leads to a change in the vehicle routing problem from a calculation based on static data towards real-time traffic prediction. In this paper, we first address the taxonomy of cloud-assisted IoV from the viewpoint of the service relationship between cloud computing and IoV. Then, we review the traditional traffic prediction approached used by both Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communications. On this basis, we propose a mobile crowd sensing technology to support the creation of dynamic route choices for drivers wishing to avoid congestion. Experiments were carried out to verify the proposed approaches. Finally, we discuss the outlook of reliable traffic prediction.