gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrated adaptive optics optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope system for simultaneous cellular resolution in vivo retinal imaging (2011)

We describe an ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) retinal imaging system that combines adaptive optics Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) with an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO) to allow simultaneous data acquisition by the two modalities. The AO-SLO subsystem was integrated into the previously described AO-UHR OCT instrument with minimal changes to the latter. This was done in order to ensure optimal performance and image quality of the AO- UHR OCT. In this design both imaging modalities share most of the optical components including a common AO-subsystem and vertical scanner. One of the benefits of combining Fd-OCT with SLO includes automatic co-registration between two acquisition channels for direct comparison between retinal structures imaged by both modalities (e.g., photoreceptor mosaics or microvasculature maps). Because of differences in the detection scheme of the two systems, this dual imaging modality instrument can provide insight into retinal morphology and potentially function, that could not be accessed easily by a single system. In this paper we describe details of the components and parameters of the combined instrument, including incorporation of a novel membrane magnetic deformable mirror with increased stroke and actuator count used as a single wavefront corrector. We also discuss laser safety calculations for this multimodal system. Finally, retinal images acquired in vivo with this system are presented.
Toward SQUID-Based Direct Measurement of Neural Currents by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2007)

Modern high field (HF) MRI uses magnetic fields greater than 1.5 T to yield exquisite anatomical features. We have also seen an explosion in functional MRI in the last decade that measures hemodynamic responses that are ultimately sluggish (~one sec) and only indirectly related to electrophysiological processes. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a direct measure of the external fields generated by neuronal currents with exquisite temporal information (less than one msec). Spatial localization, however, is inferred from modeling priors, making MEG ldquoimagingrdquo only indirect at best. Ultra low field (ULF) MRI has recently been demonstrated with 2-3 mm resolution using fields in the microtesla regime. While the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal at ULF is dramatically weaker than at HF, we acquired high signal-to-noise measurements for a variety of samples at ULF using SQUID technology. Several researchers have proposed that electrophysiological activity may interact with the nuclear spins in a volume of interest, causing measurable variations in the NMR signal. We have developed a new approach to directly measuring neuronal activity with SQUID-based ULF-NMR techniques based on the hypothesis that interactions between the spin population and neural activity in cortex can be dominated by resonant mechanisms unique to ULF. We have experimentally demonstrated the feasibility of this approach via ULF-NMR using a single-channel SQUID system.
Studies on Aminosugars. XXXII. Synthesis of 3′, 4′-Dideoxykanamycin B (1972)

Abstract Penta-N-ethoxycarbonylkanamycin B (1) prepared from kanamycin B was treated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane in DMF to give a 3′,4′;4″,6″-di-O-isopropylidene derivative (3). Subsequent benzoylation afforded a 2″-O-benzoyl derivative (4), Removal of the isopropylidene groups from 4 followed by controlled isopropylidenation afforded the corresponding 4″,6″-O-isopropylidene derivative (5), which was then transformed to a 3′,4′-di-O-mesyl derivative (6). Treatment of 6 with sodium iodide and zinc dust in DMF gave the desired 3′,4′-unsaturated derivative (7). Hydrogenation and removal of the protecting groups gave the title compound. The 3′,4′-dideoxykanamycin B expectedly showed remarkable activity against kanamycin-resistant bacteria as well as sensitive strains.
Identification of Novel p53 Pathway Activating Small-Molecule Compounds Reveals Unexpected Similarities with Known Therapeutic Agents (2010)

Manipulation of the activity of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway has demonstrated potential benefit in preclinical mouse tumor models and has entered human clinical trials. We describe here an improved, extensive small-molecule chemical compound library screen for p53 pathway activation in a human cancer cell line devised to identify hits with potent antitumor activity. We uncover six novel small-molecule lead compounds, which activate p53 and repress the growth of human cancer cells. Two tested compounds suppress in vivo tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model of human B-cell lymphoma. All compounds interact with DNA, and two activate p53 pathway in a DNA damage signaling-dependent manner. A further screen of a drug library of approved drugs for medicinal uses and analysis of gene-expression signatures of the novel compounds revealed similarities to known DNA intercalating and topoisomerase interfering agents and unexpected connectivities to known drugs without previously demonstrated anticancer activities. These included several neuroleptics, glycosides, antihistamines and adrenoreceptor antagonists. This unbiased screen pinpoints interference with the DNA topology as the predominant mean of pharmacological activation of the p53 pathway and identifies potential novel antitumor agents.
Selective biological response by target organs (intestine, kidney, and bone) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and two analogues. (1993)

The hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3] stimulates biological responses related to calcium homeostasis, cell differentiation, and immunomodulation in many target cells, including leukemic cells. Most of these responses are dependent upon 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 interaction with a nuclear receptor protein. Structural analogues of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 might allow for separation of biological function, avoiding adverse calcemic effects. This report quantitates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium resorption, induction of intestinal and renal calcium-binding protein (CaBP), and occupancy of the intestinal and renal nuclear 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 receptor in vitamin D-deficient chicks after a single dose of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin-16-ene-23-yne-D3 (analogue V), or 22-[m-(dimethylhydroxymethyl)phenyl]-23,24,25,26,27- pentanor-1 alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (analogue EV). The interaction of these compounds with chick intestinal nuclear 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 receptor and chick plasma vitamin D-binding protein was determined in vitro; analogues V and EV bound 68% and 62% [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 receptor] and 8% and 13% (vitamin D-binding protein), respectively, as well as 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 (100%). 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 doses (0.075-1.2 nmol) generated responses in intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium resorption, intestinal CaBP, and renal CaBP. When analogue V (1.2-300 nmol) was administered, increases in bone calcium resorption and renal CaBP were noted. However, a significant response in intestinal calcium absorption and intestinal CaBP appeared only after a 300-nmol dose. Unoccupied nuclear 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 receptor in the intestine and kidney was determined in vivo after doses of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3, analogue V, or analogue EV. Doses (0.25-6.0 nmol) of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and analogue EV reduced unoccupied receptor to 24% and 59% (intestine) and to 13% and 41% (kidney), respectively. Analogue V (6.0-600 nmol) decreased unoccupied receptor in the kidney. In the intestine analogue V (300-600 nmol) reduced unoccupied receptor only to 75%. These results confirm that some vitamin D analogues can generate selective biological responses and different levels of target organ receptor occupancy.
Comparison between high-resolution restoration techniques of atmospherically distorted images (1995)

A system approach is applied to overcome atmospheric degradation of remotely sensed images. A comparison is presented between different filtering techniques for restoration of distorted images for both the visible and thermal IR spectral regions. Restoration methods include spatial and spatial frequency filters. Best results are obtained by using a fractal model to describe the image's power spectral density for scenes in the visible spectral range. Atmospheric effects are best modeled by a noisy spatial frequency filter composed of an average component described by the average atmospheric and hardware modulation transfer function and a noisy component modeled by the atmospheric point spread function's power spectral density. The most impressive restorations in the visible range are achieved by combining the last model and the fractal model for the object's power spectral density. In the thermal range, however, several restoration techniques yielded very good results, with no one technique the most advantageous. The methods presented here are capable of yielding real-time image restoration with the resolution essentially limited by only the hardware in both wavelength regions.
Non-volatile Resistance Switching using Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Encapsulating Fullerene Molecules (2009)

A resistance switching effect was found for a nanogap junction that has electrodes composed of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that encapsulate fullerenes. A clear negative differential resistance effect and repeated on–off cycles were observed in the current–voltage characteristics of the nanogap junctions. The results suggest that the resistance switch effect is due to gap size changes that result in the migration of fullerene molecules. This implied that the electrode areas of a resistance switch could be miniaturized to true nanoscale size.
Rapid and accurate peripheral nerve detection using multipoint Raman imaging (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Nerve-sparing surgery is essential to avoid functional deficits of the limbs and organs. Raman scattering, a label-free, minimally invasive, and accurate modality, is one of the best candidate technologies to detect nerves for nerve-sparing surgery. However, Raman scattering imaging is too time-consuming to be employed in surgery. Here we present a rapid and accurate nerve visualization method using a multipoint Raman imaging technique that has enabled simultaneous spectra measurement from different locations (n=32) of a sample. Five sec is sufficient for measuring n=32 spectra with good S/N from a given tissue. Principal component regression discriminant analysis discriminated spectra obtained from peripheral nerves (n=863 from n=161 myelinated nerves) and connective tissue (n=828 from n=121 tendons) with sensitivity and specificity of 88.3% and 94.8%, respectively. To compensate the spatial information of a multipoint-Raman-derived tissue discrimination image that is too sparse to visualize nerve arrangement, we used morphological information obtained from a bright-field image. When merged with the sparse tissue discrimination image, a morphological image of a sample shows what portion of Raman measurement points in arbitrary structure is determined as nerve. Setting a nerve detection criterion on the portion of “nerve” points in the structure as 40% or more, myelinated nerves (n=161) and tendons (n=121) were discriminated with sensitivity and specificity of 97.5%. The presented technique utilizing a sparse multipoint Raman image and a bright-field image has enabled rapid, safe, and accurate detection of peripheral nerves.
A Novel Superfine Fibrous Lost Circulation Material derived from Date Tree for Seepage Loss control (2018)

Abstract Lost circulation is one of the major challenges faced by oil and gas industries around the globe causing significant amount of drilling non-productive time. Loss of drilling fluid could lead to additional drilling problems such as stuck pipe, borehole instability or a potential well control event. There are different types of materials such as fibrous, flake type, particulate, etc. are available in the industry to combat loss of circulation. Superfine fibrous type of materials are used to mitigate seepage losses. These fibrous materials are derived from wood fibers. The objective of this paper is to develop an eco-friendly, biodegradable superfine fibrous lost circulation materials from date tree fibers for addressing seepage type losses. We have developed a novel fibrous lost circulation material (Arc Fiber SF) using date tree waste available locally as the raw material. Small scale crushing and grinding process were used for lab scale sample preparation. A suitable particle size distribution of the superfine materials required for seepage loss control have been achieved by sieving process. In order to demonstrate the seepage loss control ability of the superfine materials, low sold non-dispersive KCl-polymer samples have been formulated incorporating superfine fibrous materials and for comparison, a mud formulated using commercially available seepage loss control material. HPHT filtration control experiments carried out at 212 °F and 500 psi also proved the ability of these materials in reducing the amount of filtrate. This observation suggests that the date tree fiber based LCM is a suitable alternative to commercial fibrous LCMs used in the industry. The in-house product Arc Fiber SF has been developed by simple grinding and sieving process of date tree waste and has the potential to replace the commercial equivalents.
Multilayered Finite-Difference Method (MFDM) for Modeling of Package and Printed Circuit Board Planes (2007)

Power/ground planes in electronic packaging can be a major factor for noise coupling. There can be noise coupling not only in the transversal direction between two planes, but also vertically from one plane pair to another through the apertures and via holes. Due to the large size of the power/ground planes, it is difficult to analyze them using full-wave simulators. It is known that the finite-difference solution of the Helmholtz equation provides a faster approach with comparable accuracy. For multilayered planes and arbitrary geometries with aperture coupling, we present a multilayered finite-difference method (MFDM). It provides an accurate representation of wrap-around currents, which have not been modeled earlier, for large cutouts. Estimation of the influence of such coupling effects are essential especially for a successful design of mixed-signal systems. This method allows to consider realistic structures, which would be prohibitive to simulate using full-wave simulators.
Region-of-interest cone-beam CT with a spiral scan (1998)

A method is developed which makes it possible to scan and reconstruct an object with cone beam x-ray in a spiral scan path with area detectors much shorter than the length of the object. The method is mathematically exact. If only a region- of-interest of the object is to be imaged, a top circle scan at the top level of the region-of-interest and a bottom circle scan at the bottom level of the region-of-interest are added. The height of the detector is required to cover only the distance between adjacent turns in the spiral projected at the detector. To reconstruct the object, the Radon transform for each plane intersecting the object is computed from the totality of the cone beam data. This is achieved by suitably combining the cone beam data taken at different source positions on the scan path; the angular range of the cone beam data required at each source position can be determined easily with a mask which is the spiral scan path projected on the detector from the current source position. The spiral scan algorithm has been successfully validated with simulated cone beam data.
Determinant Factors in the Production of a Co-Occluded Binary Mixture of Helicoverpa armigera Alphabaculovirus (HearNPV) Genotypes with Desirable Insecticidal Characteristics (2016)

A co-occluded binary mixture of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus genotypes HearSP1B and HearLB6 at a 1:1 ratio (HearSP1B+HearLB6) was selected for the development of a virus-based biological insecticide, which requires an efficient large-scale production system. In vivo production systems require optimization studies in each host-virus pathosystem. In the present study, the effects of larval instar, rearing density, timing of inoculation, inoculum concentration and temperature on the production of HearSP1B +HearLB6 in its homologous host were evaluated. The high prevalence of cannibalism in infected larvae (40-87%) indicated that insects require individual rearing to avoid major losses in OB production. The OB production of recently molted fifth instars (7.0 x 10 9 OBs/larva), combined with a high prevalence of mortality (85.7%), resulted in the highest overall OB yield (6.0 x 10 11 OBs/100 inoculated larvae), compared to those of third or fourth instars. However, as inoculum concentration did not influence final OB yield, the lowest concentration, LC 80 (5.5 x 10 6 OBs/ml), was selected. Incubation temperature did not significantly influence OB yield, although larvae maintained at 30C died 13 and 34 hours earlier than those incubated at 26C and 23C, respectively. We conclude that the efficient production of HearSP1B+HearLB6 OBs involves inoculation of recently molted fifth instars with a LC 80 concentration of OBs followed by individual rearing at 30C.
High-resolution high-contrast mid-infrared imaging of fresh biological samples with ultraviolet-localized photoacoustic microscopy (Conference Presentation) (2019)

Label-free mid-infrared (MIR) imaging provides rich chemical and structural information of biological tissues without staining. Conventionally, the long MIR wavelength severely limits the lateral resolution owing to optical diffraction; moreover, the strong MIR absorption of water ubiquitous in fresh biological samples results in high background and low contrast. Here, we present a novel approach, called ultraviolet-localized MIR photoacoustic microscopy (ULM-PAM), to achieve high-resolution and water-background–free MIR imaging of fresh biological samples. In our approach, a pulsed MIR laser thermally excites the sample at the focal spot, and a pulsed ultraviolet (UV) laser photoacoustically detects the resulting transient temperature rise owing to the Grüneisen relaxation effect, thereby reporting the intensity of the MIR absorption by the sample. The imaging resolution of our method is determined by the wavelength of the UV laser, which is one order of magnitude shorter than that of the mid-IR laser (2.5 μm to 12 μm). In addition, in the UV region from 200 nm to 230 nm, most important organic molecules in biological tissues, including proteins, lipids and nuclei acids, have strong absorption, while water is transparent. Therefore, our method can achieve high resolution and water-background free IR imaging of fresh biological samples. For cell cultures, our method achieved high-resolution and high-contrast infrared imaging of lipids, proteins. The capability of label-free histology of this method is also demonstrated in thick biological tissues, such as brain slices. Our approach provides convenient high-resolution and high-contrast MIR imaging, which can benefit diagnosis of fresh biological samples.
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) binding proteins (soluble TNF receptor forms) with possible roles in inflammation and malignancy. (1993)

Inhibitors of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) may be necessary for protection of the host against harmful systemic manifestations of this cytokine such as in the septic syndrome and inflammatory conditions. TNF-binding proteins (TNF-BP) have been identified and shown to be the soluble extracellular domains of two transmembrane TNF receptors produced by proteolytic cleavage. TNF-BP inactivates TNF by formation of high affinity complexes thereby reducing the binding of TNF to target cell membrane receptors. In addition, TNF is stabilized in complex with TNF-BP, and under certain conditions the complex may act as a slow releaser of biologically active TNF. TNF can induce the release of TNF-BP in vivo which might neutralize the bioactivity of TNF. Cytokine control by natural and recombinant cytokine inhibitors such as TNF-BP could be a promising therapeutic approach in chronic inflammatory disorders to shift the balance between a cytokine-induced response and counteracting "anticytokines". A local production of TNF-BP in some tumour tissues may inactivate TNF for the benefit of the tumour. In some leukemias e.g. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, where TNF can act as a growth factor for the malignant cells, TNF-BP may be growth inhibitory.
High-power direct-diode laser successes (2004)

Direct diode laser will become much more prevalent in the solar system of manufacturing due to their high efficiency, small portable size, unique beam profiles, and low ownership costs. There has been many novel applications described for high power direct diode laser [HPDDL] systems but few have been implemented in extreme production environments due to diode and diode system reliability. We discuss several novel applications in which the HPDDL have been implemented and proven reliable and cost-effective in production environments. These applications are laser hardening/surface modification, laser wire feed welding and laser paint stripping. Each of these applications uniquely tests the direct diode laser systems capabilities and confirms their reliability in production environments. A comparison of the advantages direct diode laser versus traditional industrial lasers such as CO<sub>2</sub> and Nd:YAG and non-laser technologies such a RF induction, and MIG welders for each of these production applications is presented.
Design of Antibacterial Copolymers for Implant Coatings (2013)

To develop innovative antibacterial implant sur- faces monomers with different properties have been com- bined as copolymers and modified by alkylation. For most applications resulting copolymer coatings have not only to reduce bacterial adhesion but also make sure that cellular attachment is not affected.
Targeted disruption of the neurofibromatosis type-1 gene leads to developmental abnormalities in heart and various neural crest-derived tissues. (1994)

The neurofibromatosis (NF1) gene shows significant homology to mammalian GAP and is an important regulator of the ras signal transduction pathway. To study the function of NF1 in normal development and to try and develop a mouse model of NF1 disease, we have used gene targeting in ES cells to generate mice carrying a null mutation at the mouse Nf1 locus. Although heterozygous mutant mice, aged up to 10 months, likely attributable to a severe malformation of the heart. Interestingly, mutant embryos also display hyperplasia of neural crest-derived sympathetic ganglia. These results identify new roles for NF1 in development and indicate that some of the abnormal growth phenomena observed in NF1 patients can be recapitulated in neurofibromin-deficient mice.