gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological and Mechanical Evaluation of Novel Prototype Dental Composites (2018)

The breakdown of the polymeric component of contemporary composite dental restorative materials compromises their longevity, while leachable compounds from these materials have cellular consequences. Thus, a new generation of composite materials needed to be designed to have a longer service life and ensure that any leachable compounds are not harmful to appropriate cell lines. To accomplish this, we have developed concurrent thiol-ene-based polymerization and allyl sulfide-based addition-fragmentation chain transfer chemistries to afford cross-linked polymeric resins that demonstrate low shrinkage and low shrinkage stress. In the past, the filler used in dental composites mainly consisted of glass, which is biologically inert. In several of our prototype composites, we introduced fluorapatite (FA) crystals, which resemble enamel crystals and are bioactive. These novel prototype composites were benchmarked against similarly filled methacrylate-based bisphenol A diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate / triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (bisGMA/TEGDMA) composite for their cytotoxicity, mechanical properties, biofilm formation, and fluoride release. The leachables at pH 7 from all the composites were nontoxic to dental pulp stem cells. There was a trend toward an increase in total toughness of the glass-only-filled prototype composites as compared with the similarly filled bisGMA/TEGDMA composite. Other mechanical properties of the glass-only-filled prototype composites were comparable to the similarly filled bisGMA/TEGDMA composite. Incorporation of the FA reduced the mechanical properties of the prototype and bisGMA/TEGDMA composite. Biofilm mass and colony-forming units per milliliter were reduced on the glass-only-filled prototype composites as compared with the glass-only-filled bisGMA/TEGDMA composite and were significantly reduced by the addition of FA to all composites. Fluoride release at pH 7 was greatest after 24 h for the bisGMA/TEGDMA glass + FA composite as compared with the similarly filled prototypes, but overall the F<sup>-</sup> release was marginal and not at a concentration to affect bacterial metabolism.
Use of recombinant virus to assess human cytomegalovirus early and late promoters in the context of the viral genome (1994)

We have developed a system to study human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) cis-acting promoter elements within the context of the viral genome. A recombinant HCMV (RV134) containing a marker gene (beta-glucuronidase) was used to insert HCMV promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene constructs into the viral genome between open reading frames US9 and US10. Using this system, we have studied the promoters for the early DNA polymerase gene (UL54), the early-late lower matrix phosphoprotein gene (pp65, UL83), and the true late 28-kDa structural phosphoprotein gene (pp28, UL99). Transient-expression assays demonstrated that the pp65 and pp28 promoters are activated earlier and to higher levels than typically observed with the endogenous gene. In contrast, insertion of these promoters into the viral genome resulted in kinetics which mimicked that of the endogenous genes. In addition, we have also tested a variant of the pp28 promoter (d24/26CAT) which is deleted from -609 to -41. This promoter behaved similarly to the wild-type pp28 promoter, indicating that sequences from -40 to +106 are sufficient for conferring true late kinetics. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the viral genome affords a level of regulation on HCMV gene expression that has been previously unrealized. Therefore, these experiments provide a model system for the analysis of cis-acting promoter regulatory elements in the context of the viral genome.
Unified Lifetime measurement for silicon PV (2012)

We present a unified lifetime measurement approach that enables self-consistent parameter-free determination of two lifetimes most frequently used in solar cell manufacturing, i.e. the excess carrier decay lifetime, τ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff.d</sub> and the quasi steady-state effective lifetime, τ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> . The approach uses the quasi-steady-state microwave detected photoconductance decay (QSS-μPCD) technique, whereby a small perturbation laser pulse excitation is imposed on a steady-state carrier excitation up to 25 suns. Quality of decay control, QDC, is a novel element critical for reliable measurement of τ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff.d</sub> . It enables precise tuning of experimental conditions to achieve practically ideal mono-exponential decay conditions. Once the illumination characteristics of τ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff.d</sub> are determined, the integration procedure of Schuurmans et.al. (1997) is used to determine the corresponding steady-state effective lifetime, τ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> . Results correlate very well with QSSPC. Neither the measurement of τ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff.d</sub> , nor the integration requires any wafer parameters, therefore, the determination of both lifetimes shall be considered a “parameter free” method.
Effect of knock down of spinal cord PSD-93/chapsin-110 on persistent pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant and peripheral nerve injury (2003)

PSD-93/chapsin-110 is a neuronal PDZ domain-containing protein that binds to and clusters the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) at synapses in the central nervous system. It also assembles a specific set of signaling proteins around the NMDAR and mediates downstream signaling by the NMDAR. Thus, PSD-93/chapsin-110 might be involved in many physiological and pathophysiological actions triggered via the activation of the NMDAR. In the current study, we report that abundant PSD-93/chapsin-110 protein was detected in rat spinal cord, particularly in the superficial dorsal horn. The rats injected intrathecally with PSD-93/chapsin-110 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide every 24 h for 4 days displayed not only a remarkable decrease in spinal cord PSD-93/chapsin-110 expression but also a significant reduction in the paw withdrawal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli during complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain and peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. In contrast, the rats injected intrathecally with PSD-93/chapsin-110 missense oligodeoxynucleotide did not exhibit these changes. We also found that pretreatment with PSD-93/chapsin-110 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide did not change the locomotor activity or the responses to acute noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli in intact rats. The present results indicate that the deficiency of spinal cord PSD-93/chapsin-110 protein significantly attenuates thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in complete Freund's adjuvant- or peripheral nerve injury-induced chronic pain. This suggests that spinal cord PSD-93/chapsin-110 might be involved in the central mechanism of chronic pain. Our work might provide a new target for the therapy of chronic pain.
A54145, a new lipopeptide antibiotic complex. Discovery, taxonomy, fermentation and HPLC. (1990)

A54145 is a complex of new lipopeptide antibiotics that inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and acts as a growth promotant for broiler chicks. Eight factors; A, B, C, D, E, F, A1 and B1; have been isolated and characterized. They contain four similar peptide nuclei, each of which is acylated with either an 2-decanoyl, n-decanoyl, or undecanoyl side chain. Taxonomic studies ascertained that the producing microorganism was a strain of Streptomyces fradiae. Fermentation studies determined that superior antibiotic yields were obtained in stirred bioreactors in a soybean flour-molasses medium employing a continuous glucose feed. These findings, interwoven with the selection of hyper-productive mutants, increased fermentation yields from less than 50 micrograms/ml to more than 1 mg/ml. An analytical HPLC system was developed for the identification and subsequent quantitation of each factor of the A54145 complex.
Method for Producing Mochi Barley Containing a High Concentration of .GAMMA.-amino Butyric Acid (GABA) (2011)

本研究は，愛媛県が生産量1位である裸麦類に属するもち麦を食品原料としての利用を活性化するためにGABA機能付加を試みた．精麦した精麦もち麦粒とグルタミン酸溶液を混合して浸漬後，水切りして湿った精麦もち麦をもう一度保温することで，高含量のGABAを含むもち麦粒が製造できた．0.3％から1％グルタミン酸溶液（pH4から8）に浸漬するが，もち麦の表皮を剥いだ精麦もち麦粒を用いることが重要であった．
INDUCTION OF TRANSPLNATATION TOLERANCE BY CHIMERIC DONOR/RECIPIENT CLASS I RT1.AA MOLECULES1,2 (1996)

Donor-specific transplantation tolerance was induced by administration of chimeric antigens in which four donor immunogenic amino acids (a.a.) were substituted onto the host class I MHC protein. We constructed chimeric rat RT1.Aa cDNA molecules by substituting nucleotides in the alpha1 helical region that encode 10 Lewis (LEW; RT1.A1) a.a., namely Asp58, Arg62, Glu63, Gln65, Lys66, Gly69, Asn70, Asn73, Ser77, and Asn80 ([alpha(1h)1]-RT1.Aa). The chimeric [alpha(1h)1]-RT1.Aa cDNA sequence was verified before transfection into Buffalo (BUF; RT1b) hepatoma cells. Interestingly, the helical regions of LEW rats (alpha(1h)1) and Wistar Furth (WF; RT1u) rats (alpha(1h)u) share four a.a. (Arg62, Glu63, Gln65, and Gly69). Consequently, subcutaneous administration of [alpha(1)1]-RT1.Aa transfectants (20x10(6); day -7) immunized BUF rats to reject in rapid fashion either LEW heart allografts (mean survival time [MST] = 4.2+/-0.4 days vs. 5.6+/-0.5 days in controls; P<0.001) or WF heart allografts (MST=4.4+/-0.6 days vs. 6.0+/-0.0 days in controls; P<0.002). Subcutaneous immunization of ACI (RT1a) rats with [a(1)1]-RT1.Aa transfectants (bearing 10 LEW donor a.a.) accelerated the rejection of LEW hearts (MST=5.0+/-0.8 days vs. 8.2+/-0.4 days in controls; P<0.001). In contrast, the same [a(1)1]-RT1.Aa transfectants (bearing only four WF donor a.a.) injected subcutaneously into ACI rats modestly prolonged the survival of WF hearts to 14.0+/-10.3 days from 5.4+/-0.5 days in controls (P<0.001). Furthermore, ACI recipients were rendered tolerant to WF heart allografts by a single injection via the portal vein of soluble [a(1)1]-RT1.Aa (but not RT1.Aa, RT1.Au, or [a(2)1]-RT1.Aa) antigens in conjunction with brief oral gavage treatment with cyclosporine. Thus, selected donor immunogenic a.a. (Arg62, Glu63, Gln65, and Gly69) of class I MHC antigens become tolerogenic when flanked by host sequences.
Circulating Memory CD4+ T Cells Target Conserved Epitopes of Rhinovirus Capsid Proteins and Respond Rapidly to Experimental Infection in Humans (2016)

Rhinovirus (RV) is a major cause of common cold and an important trigger of acute episodes of chronic lung diseases. Antigenic variation across the numerous RV strains results in frequent infections and a lack of durable cross-protection. Because the nature of human CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells that target RV is largely unknown, T cell epitopes of RV capsid proteins were analyzed, and cognate T cells were characterized in healthy subjects and those infected by intranasal challenge. Peptide epitopes of the RV-A16 capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 were identified by peptide/MHC class II tetramer-guided epitope mapping, validated by direct ex vivo enumeration, and interrogated using a variety of in silico methods. Among noninfected subjects, those circulating RV-A16-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells detected at the highest frequencies targeted 10 unique epitopes that bound to diverse HLA-DR molecules. T cell epitopes localized to conserved molecular regions of biological significance to the virus were enriched for HLA class I and II binding motifs, and constituted both species-specific (RV-A) and pan-species (RV-A, -B, and -C) varieties. Circulating epitope-specific T cells comprised both memory Th1 and T follicular helper cells, and were rapidly expanded and activated after intranasal challenge with RV-A16. Cross-reactivity was evidenced by identification of a common *0401-restricted epitope for RV-A16 and RV-A39 by tetramer-guided epitope mapping and the ability for RV-A16-specific Th1 cells to proliferate in response to their RV-A39 peptide counterpart. The preferential persistence of high-frequency RV-specific memory Th1 cells that recognize a limited set of conserved epitopes likely arises from iterative priming by previous exposures to different RV strains.
Synthesis of C-6 Pyrimidine Acyclic Nucleoside Analogs as Potential Antiviral Agents (1994)

Abstract A number of pyrimidine acyclic nucleosides in which the acyclic moiety is attached to the C-6 position rather than N-1 of the pyrimidine ring have been prepared. This was accomplished via treatment of lithiated 2,4-dimethoxy-5,6-dimethylpyrimidine, or, 2,4-dimethoxy-6-methylpyrirnidine with 1,3-bis-(benzyloxy)-2-propanone, benzyl chloromethyl ether or oxirane, respectively, to give the corresponding key intermediates 6-[3-benzyloxy-2-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-2-hydroxypropyl]-2,4-dimethoxy-5-methylpyrimidine (2a), 6-[3-Denzyloxy-2-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-2-hydroxypropyl]-2,4-dimethoxypyrimidine(2b), 6-(2-benzyloxyethyl)-2,4-dimethoxy-5-methylpyrimidine (3), and2,4-dunethoxy-6-(3-hydroxypropyl)-5-methylpyrimidine (4a). After acidic hydrolysis, followed by debenzylation with boron trichloride these key intermediates were converted to the target C-6 pyrimidine acyclic derivatives. Compounds 6–8b, 11–13, 15, 16, 20, 22, 26, and 29–32 were evaluated for activity against herpes viruses and human immunodeficiency virus. None of the compounds were active against the viruses nor were they cytotoxic at the highest concentration tested.
Optomechanics with Surface-Acoustic-Wave Whispering-Gallery Modes (2009)

A surface-acoustic wave (SAW) creates its own high-Q ultrasmall-volume whispering-gallery mode (WGM), different from the usual bulk acoustic WGMs, in an optical dielectric WGM resonator. We show that it is possible to realize an externally controllable, efficient triply resonant optomechanical interaction between two optical WGMs and the SAW WGM and to use such an interaction in various sensor applications.
Molecular Structure of Three Mutations at the Maize<i>sugary1</i> Locus and Their Allele-Specific Phenotypic Effects (2001)

Starch production in all plants examined is altered by mutations of isoamylase-type starch-debranching enzymes (DBE), although how these proteins affect glucan polymer assembly is not understood. Various allelic mutations in the maize (Zea mays) gene sugary1 (su1), which codes for an isoamylase-type DBE, condition distinct kernel phenotypes. This study characterized the recessive mutations su1-Ref, su1-R4582::Mu1, and su1-st, regarding their molecular basis, chemical phenotypes, and effects on starch metabolizing enzymes. The su1-Ref allele results in two specific amino acid substitutions without affecting the Su1 mRNA level. The su1-R4582::Mu1 mutation is a null allele that abolishes transcript accumulation. The su1-st mutation results from insertion of a novel transposon-like sequence, designated Toad, which causes alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Three su1-st mutant transcripts are produced, one that is nonfunctional and two that code for modified SU1 polypeptides. The su1-st mutation is dominant to the null allele su1-R4582::Mu1, but recessive to su1-Ref, suggestive of complex effects involving quaternary structure of the SU1 enzyme. All three su1- alleles severely reduce or eliminate isoamylase-type DBE activity, although su1-st kernels accumulate less phytoglycogen and Suc than su1-Ref or su1-R4582::Mu1 mutants. The chain length distribution of residual amylopectin is significantly altered by su1-Ref and su1-R4582::Mu1, whereas su1-st has modest effects. These results, together with su1 allele-specific effects on other starch- metabolizing enzymes detected in zymograms, suggest that total DBE catalytic activity is the not the sole determinant of Su1 function and that specific interactions between SU1 and other components of the starch biosynthetic system are required.
Comprehensive Drowsiness Level Detection Model Combining Multimodal Information (2019)

This paper presents a drowsiness detection model that is capable of sensing the entire range of stages of drowsiness, from weak to strong. The key assumption underlying our approach is that the sitting posture-related index can indicate weak drowsiness that drivers themselves do not notice. We first determined the sensitivity of the posture index and conventional indices for the stages of drowsiness. Then, we designed a drowsiness detection model combining several indices sensitive to weak drowsiness and to strong drowsiness, to cover all drowsiness stages. Subsequently, the model was trained and evaluated on a dataset comprised of data collected from approximately 50 drivers in simulated driving experiments. The results indicated that posture information improved the accuracy of weak drowsiness detection, and our proposed model using the driver's blink and posture information covered all stages of drowsiness (F1-score 53.6%, root mean square error 0.620). Future applications of this model include not only warning systems for dangerously drowsy drivers but also systems which can take action before their drivers become drowsy. Since measuring the information requires no restrictive equipment such as on-body electrodes, the model presented here based on blink and posture information can be used in several practical applications.
A new method for the detection of microorganisms in blood cultures: Part I. Theoretical analysis and simulation of blood culture processes (2008)

Abstract The physical and chemical changes occurring in blood as a consequence of microbial activity can be used as quantitative indicators of the presence of microorganisms in blood cultures. This paper reports on the theoretical analysis and computer simulation of the changes in the physical and chemical properties of blood expected as a result of the presence of microorganisms and explores the possibilities of spectrophotometric systems for the early detection of pathogens. It is concluded that multi‐wavelength reflectance methods are suitable and that the approach reported herein can lead to considerable simplifications and cost reduction of blood culture systems.
Continuous Objective Assessment of Near Work (2019)

Evidence regarding the role of near work in myopia is conflicting. We developed the RangeLife, a device for continuous, objective measurement of working distance. Four devices were built, calibrated, and validated. Then, adult subjects wore the device on weekdays and weekend days, while simultaneously wearing an actigraph device for objective measurements of light exposure and activity. Subjects maintained an activity log and answered a visual activity questionnaire. RangeLife data were downloaded and binned into 0.10 m intervals. Objective diopter hours (dh), a weighted measure of near work, were calculated. Diopter hours for all subjects were significantly higher on weekdays (14.73 ± 4.67 dh) compared to weekends (11.90 ± 4.84 dh, p = 0.05). 94 ± 1.85% of near and intermediate viewing distances were recorded when the subjects were exposed to mesopic and indoor photopic light levels (<1000 lux), and 80.03 ± 2.11% during periods of sedentary physical activity (<320 counts per minute). Subjective reports of time viewing near and intermediate distances significantly overestimated objective measures (p = 0.002). The RangeLife was shown to provide reliable measures of viewing distance, and can be further utilized to understand potential influences of viewing behaviors on refractive error.
Comparison of computerized mass detection in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammograms and conventional mammograms (2009)

We are developing a CAD system for mass detection on digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammograms. In this study, we compared the detection accuracy on DBT and conventional screen-film mammograms (SFMs). DBT mammograms were acquired with a GE prototype system at the University of Michigan. 47 cases containing the CC- and MLO-view DBT mammograms of the breast with a biopsy-proven mass and the corresponding two-view SFMs of the same breast were collected. Subjective judgment showed that the masses were much more conspicuous on DBT slices than on SFMs. The CAD system for DBT includes two parallel processes, one performs mass detection in the reconstructed DBT volume, and the other in the projection view (PV) images. The mass likelihood scores estimated for each mass candidate in the two processes are merged to differentiate masses and false positives (FPs). For detection on SFMs, we previously developed a dual system approach by fusing two single CAD systems optimized for detection of average and subtle masses, respectively. A trained neural network is used to merge the mass likelihood scores of the two single systems to reduce FPs. At the case-based sensitivities of 80% and 85%, mass detection in the DBT volume resulted in an average of 0.72 and 1.06 FPs/view, and detection in the SFMs yielded 0.94 and 1.67 FPs/view, respectively. The difference fell short of statistical significance (p=0.07) by JAFROC analysis. Study is underway to collect a larger data set and to further improve the DBT CAD system.
Non-Collaborative Zero-Forcing Beamforming in the Presence of Co-Channel Interference and Spatially Correlated Channels (2007)

Recent results proposed optimal zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF) methods for non-collaborative space division multiple access systems when the base station (BS) as well as the subscriber stations (SS) are assumed to be equipped with multiple antennas [1]. Previous work assumes that fading across the transmit antenna elements at the base station (BS) is un- correlated and that there is no co-channel interference (CCI) at each of the SS. This paper extends this work in two different ways. First, we show that similar to the case of iid channels as shown in [1] the right singular vector of the channel matrix is still the optimal choice for the SS beamforming vector when the channels are spatially correlated. Secondly, we consider the effects of CCI on each SS and propose optimal receive beamformers for the SS in the presence of CCI. Further, we derive expressions for the average SNR obtained by each user under the above constraints. We verify our theoretical results using simulations.
Secure optical communications utilizing PSK modulation, polarization multiplexing and coherent digital homodyne detection with wavelength and polarization agility (2004)

Data encryption and user authentication are the major communications security (ComSec) approaches used in today's communications networks. While these methods provide an efficient means to secure the sensitive information, they do not prevent a hostile opponent from jamming the signal or tapping the link. We present here an analysis of a coherent optical communications system providing secure communications in free-space or over fiber. After reviewing the basic principles of coherent optical communications we present a system using polarization/frequency agility to secure the data link at the optical layer. The key building blocks are presented, including a QPSK transmitter, and an optical hybrid combined with a coherent digital receiver. A description of CeLight's LiNbO/sub 3/ integrated implementation of the transmitter and the receiver is detailed. Next, a theoretical analysis demonstrating the capabilities of such a secure communications system to send data over fiber and in free space eliminating the need for optical filtering and lambda-based de-multiplexing. Finally, we present an experiment demonstrating the ability of the proposed frequency hopping solution to avoid an eavesdropper from intercepting the data channel.