gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sequential dependencies (2009)

We study sequential dependencies that express the semantics of data with ordered domains and help identify quality problems with such data. Given an interval g , we write X → g Y to denote that the difference between the Y -attribute values of any two consecutive records, when sorted on X , must be in g. For example, time → (0,∞) sequence_number indicates that sequence numbers are strictly increasing over time, whereas sequence_number → [4, 5] time means that the time "gaps" between consecutive sequence numbers are between 4 and 5. Sequential dependencies express relationships between ordered attributes, and identify missing (gaps too large), extraneous (gaps too small) and out-of-order data. To make sequential dependencies applicable to real-world data, we relax their requirements and allow them to hold approximately (with some exceptions) and conditionally (on various subsets of the data). This paper proposes the notion of conditional approximate sequential dependencies and provides an efficient framework for discovering pattern tableaux, which are compact representations of the subsets of the data (i.e., ranges of values of the ordered attributes) that satisfy the underlying dependency. We present analyses of our proposed algorithms, and experiments on real data demonstrating the efficiency and utility of our framework.
MEMS sensor for detecting mercury at ppb levels (2002)

Summary form only given. Sub-surface science research is necessary to assist the Department of Energy (DOE) in solving complex environmental problems associated with hazardous contaminants in soil and groundwater at DOE sites. These contaminants include hazardous metals such as mercury. A novel mercury ion selective electrode has been constructed to have a strongly coordinating macrocyclic ligand binding site covalently attached to a polythiophene film using 1-1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane-1-thiophenylmethane (TDCD-thiophenylmethane) as a specific chelator. In amperometric mode, the current is proportional to mercury (II) concentrations down to 2 ppb. Reversible cyclic voltammetric waves show that both mercury (I) and mercury (II) are stabilized by the ligand. Monomethyl mercury and vapor phase elemental mercury are also electrochemically determined. Dissolved oxygen and heavy metal cations show no significant interference, even at ten times the Hg concentration. The polymer surface shows robust performance for two years or longer. Fabrication strategies are being developed to optimize probe performance. Variables under study include substrate surface roughness, the ratio of derivatized thiophene (TDCD-thiophenylmethane) to underivatized thiophene in the surface polymer, ratio of thiophene with two chelating rings to thiophene with only one, number and thickness of electrodeposited polymer layers, composition of polymer layers, and number of -CH/sub 2/- units separating the chelating ring from the thiophene monomer units. The probe exhibits linear response to Hg concentration, and detects Hg in several forms.
Confocal Microscopy— A New Way to Model Carbonate Porosity in 3D (2010)

Carbonate rocks have complex pore systems, ranging in size from caverns to micropores. 3D models of<br>fine-scale porosity (<1 mm) are generally made using X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (CT) scans,<br>with resolution limits on the order of a few microns. Transmitted laser scanning confocal microscopy<br>(LSCM) and multi-point statistics (MPS) provide an alternative, high-resolution (0.1 μ) method to build<br>3D digital rock models of appropriate size and shape for pore-network construction and flow modeling.<br>Confocal microscopy uses point illumination and a pinhole placed in front of a detector to eliminate outof-<br>focus information. Because each measurement is a single point, confocal devices perform scans<br>along grids of parallel lines to provide 2D images of sequential planes at specified depths within a<br>sample. In this study, LSCM is applied to rock samples impregnated with fluorescing epoxy. Reflected<br>light intensity indicates the physical location of pore spaces. Samples are standard thin sections (30-μ<br>thick), or rock chips of any thickness. Samples are composed of rock and epoxy, or they may be pore<br>casts where the rock has been removed by acid.<br>Reflected light is absorbed and scattered by the material above the focal plane, therefore the depth of<br>penetration of LSCM is limited to 10-250 μ in rocks, and 500 μ in pore casts. LSCM data stacks<br>commonly have flat aspect ratios, for example, 20 μ thick by 210 x 210 μ or larger in area. To build<br>valid 3D models of physical pore systems, the depth of penetration should be at least 2 typical grain<br>diameters. Therefore, a grain-size limitation exists for LSCM imaging.<br>3D digital rock models constructed from stacked LSCM scans are used as training images for multipoint<br>statistical (MPS) modeling. MPS creates conditional simulations that use known results as fixed or<br>“hard” data. We use MPS to create thick (mm-scale), high-resolution (better than 1 μ) digital rock<br>models, suitable for pore-network modeling and/or flow simulation. Enlarged models avoid boundary<br>effects that compromise flow-modeling results. MPS models can be used to address the question: What<br>model size is needed to capture heterogeneity within a given rock type? Because MPS models are<br>unconstrained by size or shape, we can use them to test the concept of representative element volume<br>(REV). REV is the smallest volume that can be modeled to yield consistent results, within acceptable<br>limits of variance of the modeled property, for example, porosity.
A 2&#x00D7;1 compact dual band MIMO antenna system for wireless handheld terminals (2012)

In this work, we present a novel 4-shaped 2×1 compact dual-band MIMO antenna system that covers the low LTE band of 858-920 MHz and a high band covering 2955-3130 MHz that is suitable for next generation mobile and handheld wireless terminals. The proposed MIMO antenna system size is only 50×50×0.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> which is 50% smaller in size than those that appeared in literature. In addition, most of the systems proposed in literature cover a single band, while the proposed one is a dual-band system, with tuning capability. The dual-band 4-shaped MIMO antenna was fabricated and characterized in a laboratory environment. A maximum gain of -2 dBi was obtained.
A single-chip false target radar image generator for countering wideband imaging radars (2002)

This paper describes the theory, design, implementation, simulation, and testing of an ASIC capable of generating false target radar images for countering wideband synthetic aperture and inverse synthetic aperture imaging radars. The 5.5 /spl times/ 6.1 mm IC has 81632 transistors, 132 I/O pins, and consumes 0.132 W at 70 MHz from a 3.3-V supply. An introduction to the application and operation of the ASIC in an electronic attack system is also presented. The false target image is fully programmable and the chip is capable of generating images of both small and large targets, even up to the size of an aircraft carrier. This is the first reported use of all-digital technology to generate false target radar images of large targets.
Fast Algorithms for the Free Riders Problem in Broadcast Encryption. (2006)

Abstract. We provide algorithms to solve the free riders problem in broadcast encryption. In this problem, the broadcast server is allowed to choose some small subset F of the revoked set R of users to allow to decrypt the broadcast, despite having been revoked. This may allow the server to significantly reduce network traffic while only allowing a small set of non-privileged users to decrypt the broadcast. Although there are worst-case instances of broadcast encryption schemes where the free riders problem is difficult to solve (or even approximate), we show that for many specific broadcast encryption schemes, there are efficient algorithms. In particular, for the complete subtree method [25] and some other schemes in the subset-cover framework, we show how to find the optimal assignment of free riders in O(|R||F |) time, which is independent of the total number of users. We also define an approximate version of this problem, and study specific distributions of R for which this relaxation yields even faster algorithms. Along the way we develop the first approximation algorithms for the following problem: given two integer sequences a1 ≥ a2 ≥ · · · ≥ an and b1 ≥ b2 ≥ · · · ≥ bn, output for all i, an integer j ′ for which aj (1 + ɛ) minj(aj + bi−j). We show that if the differences ai − ai+1, bi − bi+1 are bounded, then there is an O(n 4/3 /ɛ 2/3)-time algorithm for this problem, improving upon the O(n 2) time of the naive algorithm.
A fast 3D reconstruction algorithm for inverse-geometry CT based on an exact PET rebinning algorithm (2007)

Inverse-geometry CT (IGCT) employs a large area x-ray source array opposite a small area detector array. The system is expected to provide sub-second volumetric imaging with isotropic resolution and no cone-beam effects. Due to the large amount of data, it is desirable to have an exact 3D reconstruction algorithm that is fast. Currently known IGCT algorithms are either slow, due to 3D backprojection, and/or require a reprojection step, or are inexact. Defrise et al. developed an exact Fourier rebinning algorithm (FORE-J) for 3D PET. This algorithm first rebins the 3D PET data into in-plane sinograms and then reconstructs the series of axial slices using any 2D method. FORE-J is fast, exact, and efficiently uses all of the acquired PET data. We modified this algorithm to adapt it to the IGCT geometry. Experiments were performed using a numerical "Defrise" phantom consisting of high-intensity discs spaced in z to assess the accuracy of the modified algorithm as well as highlight any cone-beam effects. A noise simulation was performed to analyze the noise properties of FORE-J and the modified algorithm. The modified algorithm is very fast and slightly more accurate than the original algorithm with a very small noise penalty in the central axial slices.
Terahertz Circuits and Systems in CMOS (2018)

This PhD dissertation presents and analyses various room-temperature circuits for Terahertz detection and generation implemented in CMOS 65nm bulk and 28nm FDSOI throughout the course of the thesis. The work discusses the methodology of design and feasibility of fully-integrated focal-plane arrays of detectors in CMOS technologies as potential commercial solutions for various THz applications. 
The interesting characteristics of the Terahertz portion (300GHz-3THz) of the Electromagnetic spectrum incite plenty of applications ranging from safe and non-invasive medical imaging (cancer detection, dental imaging, pharmaceutical and other), security screening and chemical detection, safety inspection and quality control, astronomy, ultra-high data-rate communications and many others. 
However, this region of the Electromagnetic spectrum has been dubbed the THz-Gap due to the lack of commercial sources and detectors. Classical THz-systems, therefore, have been explicitly dominated by expensive technologies that suffer from low-integration levels and high operational costs. Consequently, current THz-products have been limited to single or few pixels only with raster-scanning techniques to produce single THz image-frames. Therefore, and contrary to the current state-of-the-art, developing such applications with commercial viability will require portability and high integration-levels, video-rate speeds, low power-consumptions as well as room-temperature operation. Reasonably, Silicon-based technologies that are the core of the vast majority of commercial and high-end electronic products seem to be a tempting solution to bring this THz-Gap. 
The investigations of this PhD thesis evolve from the theoretical analysis to the optimisation of naked detectors implemented in various technology nodes and illumination topologies, up to the implementation of a 1 k-pixel video imager that includes on-chip signal multiplexing, amplification and processing. Terahertz source design based on 5-push harmonic oscillators is discussed and aimed at attaining the highest frequencies possible in CMOS. Terahertz imaging systems are also discussed in the context of their corresponding applications, link budgets and feasibility.
Self-Timed Thermally-Aware Circuits (2006)

Thermal management is becoming increasingly important in circuit designs with high power density. Circuits that overheat beyond specified operating conditions may suffer timing failures, or become damaged for various reasons, including thermal runaway. We present a novel application of a thermally sensitive circuit to automatically regulate the performance and power consumption of asynchronous circuits, with minimal implementation overhead, and free of interruption of operation
Spool-packaging of shape memory alloy actuators: Performance model and experimental validation (2012)

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in the wire form are attractive because of their simplistic architecture and electrical operation, and their manufacturability at high yields and low cost. While SMA actuators are known for their superior work density among smart materials, packaging long lengths of SMA wire needed for moderate to large motions is an ongoing technical challenge. This article investigates spooling as a packaging approach to provide more compact actuator footprints. An analytical, quasi-static model is derived to provide a foundational tool for the analysis and synthesis of spool-packaged SMA wire actuators. The model predicts motion with respect to a generalized architecture, and specifiable geometric, material, and loading parameters. The model prediction accounts for the effects of local friction loss and bending strains, and for a “binding” limitation due to accumulated friction. An experimental validation study demonstrates the model’s ability to predict actuator motion well in terms of form and magnitude with respect to load and packaging geometry. This model provides a basis for a systematic application of spooled-packaging techniques to overcome packaging limitations of SMA, positioning SMA wire actuators as a viable alternative in many applications.
Direct current-self-sustained non-ambipolar plasma at low pressure (2013)

For decades, non-ambipolar diffusion has been observed and studied in laboratory plasmas that contain a double layer. However, self-sustained non-ambipolar plasma has yet to be demonstrated. This article reports the method and results for achieving such a condition at low pressure, with a wide power range (as low as 6 W). The findings reveal that to achieve self-sustained non-ambipolar plasma, both the balance between electron and ion heating and the space-potential gradient are critical. The plasma reactor developed in this work has potential applications that include microelectronic surface processing and space propulsion, via space-charge-neutral plasma-beam thruster, when operated in the high power regime.
Cell Sheet‐Based Cardiac Tissue Engineering (2013)

Tissue engineering is indispensable for the advancement of regenerative medicine and the development of tissue models. Cell sheet-based method is one the promising strategies for cardiac tissue engineering. To date, cell sheet transplantation using wide variety of cells has been performed for the treatment of various heart diseases. These cell sheet transplantations have shown to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction and improve symptoms of heart failure. Recent progress of the technologies on the layering of cardiac cell sheets accompanied with vascularization and the large scale cultivation system of embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell is about to turn the fabrication of thickened human cardiac tissue for transplant and tissue models into reality.
Integrated-circuit test structure which uses a vernier to electrically measure mask misalignment (1983)

A test structure consisting of a vernier implemented in MOS technology which may be used to electrically measure the amount of misalignment between two mask levels is described. It is ideally suited to characterise and monitor the performance of high resolution aligners such as 10:1 wafer steppers. The resolution of the vernier is limited only by the minimum grid unit permitted by the CAD system or mask resolution. The vernier is also designed to automatically compensate for any over etching which may occur during processing.
Dynamic Self-Assembly of Hierarchical Software Structures/Systems (2003)

We present initial results on achieving synthesis of complex software systems via a biophysics-emulating, dynamic self-assembly scheme. This approach offers novel constructs for constructing large hierarchical software systems and reusing parts of them. Sets of software building blocks actively participate in the construction and subsequent modification of the larger-scale programs of which they are a part. The building blocks interact through a software analog of selective protein-protein bonding. Self-assembly generates hierarchical modules (including both data and executables); creates software execution pathways; and concurrently executes code via the formation and release of activity-triggering bonds. Hierarchical structuring is enabled through encapsulants that isolate populations of building
Hydroporphyrins of the <i>meso</i>-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin series as tumour photosensitizers (1989)

Four new hydroporphyrins [the o, m and p isomers of 5,10,15,20-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin and 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)bacteriochlorin] related to the tetra(hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins have been prepared. They show the expected strong absorption bands in the red region of the visible spectrum and are found to be very effective tumour photosensitizers.
Heat Resistant Proteases Produced in Milk by Psychrotorophic Bacteria of Dairy Origin (1975)

Production of heat resistant proteases by psychrotrophs growing in milk, resistance of such proteases to ultrahigh temperature treatments and action of these enzymes on milk were studied. All of the psychrotrophs obtained from raw milk produced proteases that survived 149 C for 10s. Seventy to ninety percent of the raw milk samples contained psychrotrophs capable of producing heat resistant proteases. The protease chosen as a model was resistant to heat treatments at 110 to 150 C, and the inactivation parameters suggested that thermal destruction of heat resistant proteases would damage the milk severely. The casein content and pH of normal milk were suitable for protease action, and the protease was quite active at normal and elevated room temperatures. The protease rapidly spoiled sterile milk with the development of bitter flavor, clearing, or coagulation; and the susceptibility of sterile milk to protease increased during storage of the milk.
Preventing Blooming In CCD Images (1992)

Clocking scheme for charge-coupled-device (CCD) imaging photodetector prevents smearing of bright spots and eliminates residual images. Also imposes charge-collecting electric field of optimum-full-well configuration, minimizes nonuniformities among picture elements, and keeps dark current low. Works under almost any lighting conditions.
Hardware support for self-healing software services (2005)

We propose a new approach for reacting to a wide variety of software failures, ranging from remotely exploitable vulnerabilities to more mundane bugs that cause abnormal program termination ( e.g. , illegal memory dereference). Our emphasis is in creating "self-healing" software that can protect itself against a recurring fault until a more comprehensive fix is applied. Our system consists of a set of sensors that monitor applications for various types of failure and an instruction-level emulator that is invoked for selected parts of a program's code. This emulator allows us to predict recurrences of faults and recover execution to a safe control flow. Using the emulator for small pieces of code, as directed by the sensors, allows us to minimize the performance impact on the immunized application. We describe the overall system architecture, highlighting a prototype implementation for the x86 platform. We discuss a virtual emulator , which uses existing and new processor features to improve performance.
Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding a “63”-kDa calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase from bovine brain. (1992)

Partially degenerate oligonucleotides based on peptide sequence were used to isolate cDNA to a 63-kDa bovine brain calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase (CaM-PDE) isozyme. A 412-base pair polymerase chain reaction fragment was obtained and used along with the oligonucleotides to isolate several cDNAs each encoding sequence identical to known peptide sequences from the 63-kDa CaM-PDE. The largest cDNA contained a full-length open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 534 amino acid, 61,005-dalton protein. It had 59% amino acid identity to the 61-kDa bovine brain CaM-PDE and included a carboxyl-terminal conserved domain containing the PDE catalytic domain consensus sequences. The NH2-terminal region fits the criteria for a calmodulin-binding domain. When its expression was driven by a cytomegalovirus promoter on a pCDM8 vector in COS-7 cells, the cDNA encoded a catalytically active, calmodulin-stimulated PDE. Northern analysis of RNA from several tissues with a probe containing much of the conserved PDE catalytic domain showed only a single band of 4.0 kilobases. Hybridization was seen in mRNA from several regions of the central nervous system with the greatest signal in basal ganglia. Strong signals also were seen in other tissues including kidney papilla and adrenal medulla. Antisense RNA probes were used in RNase-protection assays to look for evidence of multiple 63-kDa CaM-PDE transcripts. A catalytic domain probe was fully protected by RNA from cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, adrenal medulla, and kidney papilla. However, a probe to the NH2-terminal region was fully protected only by brain and adrenal medullary RNA indicating the likelihood of one or more isozyme(s) divergent in this region in the kidney papilla.
Structural Locations and Functional Roles of New Subsites S<sub>5</sub>, S<sub>6</sub>, and S<sub>7</sub> in Memapsin 2 (β-Secretase)<sup>,</sup> (2004)

Memapsin 2 (beta-secretase) is the membrane-anchored aspartic protease that initiates the cleavage of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), leading to the production of amyloid-beta (Abeta), a major factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The active site of memapsin 2 has been shown, with kinetic data and crystal structures, to bind to eight substrate residues (P(4)-P(4)'). We describe here that the addition of three substrate residues from P(7) to P(5) strongly influences the hydrolytic activity by memapsin 2 and these subsites prefer hydrophobic residues, especially tryptophan. A crystal structure of memapsin 2 complexed with a statine-based inhibitor spanning P(10)-P(4)' revealed the binding positions of P(5)-P(7) residues. Kinetic studies revealed that the addition of these substrate residues contributes to the decrease in K(m) and increase in k(cat) values, suggesting that these residues contribute to both substrate recognition and transition-state binding. The crystal structure of a new inhibitor, OM03-4 (K(i) = 0.03 nM), bound to memapsin 2 revealed the interaction of a tryptophan with the S(6) subsite of the protease.