gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microvascular Decompression for Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia (1995)

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is an uncommon cause of facial pain with a relative frequency of 0.2 to 1.3% when compared with trigeminal neuralgia. It is characterized by intermittent, lancinating pain involving the posterior tongue and pharynx, often with radiation to deep ear structures. Since its first description in 1910 by Weisenburg, a variety of destructive procedures have been performed to provide relief in patients whose pain was refractory to medical treatment. These procedures all necessitated the sacrifice of the glossopharyngeal nerve and, in most cases, also involved the destruction of at least part of the vagus nerve as well. In 1977, Laha and Jannetta reported good results in four patients who underwent microvascular decompression of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves for glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Since 1971, 40 patients have undergone microvascular decompression of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves for treatment of typical glossopharyngeal neuralgia. This procedure provided excellent immediate results (complete or > 95% relief of pain) in 79%, with an additional 10% having a substantial (> 50%) reduction in pain. Long-term follow-up (mean, 48 mo; range, 6-170 mo) reveals excellent results (complete or > 95% reduction in pain without any medication) in 76% of the patients and substantial improvement in an additional 16%. There were two deaths at surgery (5%) both occurring early in the series as the result of hemodynamic lability causing intracranial hemorrhage. Three patients (8%) suffered permanent 9th nerve palsy. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Machine Reading at the University of Washington (2010)

Machine reading is a long-standing goal of AI and NLP. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in developing machine learning approaches for many of its subtasks such as parsing, information extraction, and question answering. However, existing end-to-end solutions typically require substantial amount of human efforts (e.g., labeled data and/or manual engineering), and are not well poised for Web-scale knowledge acquisition. In this paper, we propose a unifying approach for machine reading by bootstrapping from the easiest extractable knowledge and conquering the long tail via a self-supervised learning process. This self-supervision is powered by joint inference based on Markov logic, and is made scalable by leveraging hierarchical structures and coarse-to-fine inference. Researchers at the University of Washington have taken the first steps in this direction. Our existing work explores the wide spectrum of this vision and shows its promise. 1
PLED devices containing triphenylamine-derived polyurethanes as hole-transporting layers exhibit high current efficiencies (2008)

The innovative polyurethane-type polymers from a triphenylamine derivative, [N,N′-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine] (TPA) and a carbazole derivative, [9-butyl-3,6-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)carbazole] (Cz) can be linked through isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) bridges and incorporated as hole-transporting layers in high-performance PLED devices. The TPA–IPDI–Cz type of polyurethane (PU) materials (P1–P5) showed superb hole injection and transport properties based on the results of the hole-only-device study. We prepared the devices in two kinds of configuration: system (1) Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)/PU (20 nm)/{Iridium(III) bis(2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(ppy)3] + 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (t-PBD) + polyvinylcarbazole (PVK)] (50 nm)/Mg (10 nm)/Ag (100 nm), for the device with P1 (DP1), the brightness increased to 14 000 cd m−2, the current efficiency rose to 13.4 cd A−1, and the turn-on voltage was reduced to 21 V (at 100 cd m−2). In system (2) ITO/PEDOT–PSS (30 nm)/PU (20 nm)/[Ir(ppy)3 + t-PBD + PVK] (50 nm)/Mg (10 nm)/Ag (100 nm), with PEDOT–PSS as the hole-injection layer, was compared to the standard device (S2) having the configuration ITO/PEDOT–PSS (50 nm)/[Ir(ppy)3 + t-PBD + PVK] (50 nm)/Mg (10 nm)/Ag (100 nm); the brightness of the double layer device with P5 (DDP5) increased to 12 500 cd m−2 and the current efficiency dramatically rose to 34.7 cd A−1, compared with values of 6250 cd m−2 and 21.8 cd A−1, respectively, for S2.
Rotation-Invariant Local-to-Global Representation Learning for 3D Point Cloud (2020)

We propose a local-to-global representation learning algorithm for 3D point cloud data, which is appropriate for handling various geometric transformations, especially rotation, without explicit data augmentation with respect to the transformations. Our model takes advantage of multi-level abstraction based on graph convolutional neural networks, which constructs a descriptor hierarchy to encode rotation-invariant shape information of an input object in a bottom-up manner. The descriptors in each level are obtained from a neural network based on a graph via stochastic sampling of 3D points, which is effective in making the learned representations robust to the variations of input data. The proposed algorithm presents the state-of-the-art performance on the rotation-augmented 3D object recognition and segmentation benchmarks. We further analyze its characteristics through comprehensive ablative experiments.
Influence of Bone Tissue Density and Elasticity on Ultrasound Propagation: An In Vitro Study (2000)

Ultrasound (US) waves are mechanical vibrations that are applied to a material--bone tissue--in order to study its properties, that is, density, elasticity, and structure. In this study we evaluated in which way density and elasticity of the spongy bone influenced the transmission of 1.25 MHz US pulses. Twelve cylindrical specimens (diameter, 8 mm; height, 5 mm) excised from phalanxes of pig were decalcified with 0.5 M EDTA for different times (0, 2, and 5 days). During these periods, the samples underwent the following investigations: US transmission, density, and elasticity measurements. To assess the homogeneity of decalcification, the cross-sections of some samples were microradiographed. A detailed analysis of the US signal received was performed using velocity, Fourier analysis, and some parameters typical of signal processing technique. A good correlation was found between US velocity and density (r2 = 0.70); a lower correlation was found between velocity and elasticity (r2 = 0.59). If density and elasticity are considered simultaneously, the correlation with the US velocity improves significantly (r2 = 0.84). Fourier analysis enabled us to observe a shift of the main frequency toward lower values as the decalcification process advanced. We also observed that in the regressions weighted for density, US velocity correlated poorly with elasticity (r2 = 0.16), whereas signal processing parameters maintain a good correlation with elasticity (ultrasound peak amplitude [UPA], r2 = 0.48; slope, r2 = 0.62). In this study, it has been observed that when using a signal processing technique to analyze US pulses, it is possible to identify some parameters that are related in different ways to density and to elastic properties of bone. Our results show the potentiality of US technique to separate information on bone density and elasticity that X-ray-based densitometric methods do not provide.
Bronze route conductors for 1 GHz NMR superconducting magnet (2000)

Bronze route Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors applied to 1 GHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer have been manufactured. Cu-1Swt%Sn-0.3wt%Ti (15% Sn-bronze) Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors employed in inner coils have shown overall J/sub c/ over 100 A/mm/sup 2/ in 21 T at 1.8 K. Other conductors with a Ta-core as a reinforcement employed in outer coils have presented a 0.2% proof strength of 300 MPa at 4.2 K. It is also reported that J/sub c/ of 15%-bronze conductors is enhanced to match that of the tube-processed Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors in the middle magnetic field region of 12-16 T.
Solving Vertex Cover via Ising Model on a Neuromorphic Processor (2018)

Neuromorphic architectures are characterized by a network of asynchronous computation units that resemble the behavior of neurons in the brain. With much interest devoted to how these architectures can be utilized in learning and intelligent systems, we note that the massive parallelism of neuromorphic architectures can also be leveraged to solve some NP problems more efficiently than on a von Neumann architecture. In this work, we demonstrate how a neuromorphic processor can be used to solve the classic vertex cover problem via an Ising spin model. Mapping the Ising model to a neural architecture itself requires solving two NP-hard problems at initialization, for which we use approximate solutions. The maximum fan-in and fan-out constraint, common on many neuromorphic processors, requires a graph partitioning, and solving the time-dependency constraints in updating the graph amounts to a graph coloring problem. As a result, space and time efficiency is decreased only by a constant factor without degrading solution quality.
Fourier-transform-EPR and low-frequency-EPR studies of nitroxides (1990)

Abstract
Accurate Computation of Geodesic Distance Fields for Polygonal Curves on Triangle Meshes (2007)

We present an algorithm for the efficient and accurate computation of geodesic distance fields on triangle meshes. We generalize the algorithm originally proposed by Surazhsky et al. [1]. While the original algorithm is able to compute geodesic distances to isolated points on the mesh only, our generalization can handle arbitrary, possibly open, polygons on the mesh to define the zero set of the distance field. Our extensions integrate naturally into the base algorithm and consequently maintain all its nice properties. For most geometry processing algorithms, the exact geodesic distance information is sampled at the mesh vertices and the resulting piecewise linear interpolant is used as an approximation to the true distance field. The quality of this approximation strongly depends on the structure of the mesh and the location of the medial axis of the distance field. Hence our second contribution is a simple adaptive refinement scheme, which inserts new vertices at critical locations on the mesh such that the final piecewise linear interpolant is guaranteed to be a faithful approximation to the true geodesic distance field.
All Your Queries Are Belong to Us: The Power of File-Injection Attacks on Searchable Encryption (2016)

The goal of searchable encryption (SE) is to enable a client to execute searches over encrypted files stored on an untrusted server while ensuring some measure of privacy for both the encrypted files and the search queries. Most recent research has focused on developing efficient SE schemes at the expense of allowing some small, wellcharacterized “(information) leakage” to the server about the files and/or the queries. The practical impact of this leakage, however, remains unclear. We thoroughly study file-injection attacks—in which the server sends files to the client that the client then encrypts and stores—on the query privacy of singlekeyword and conjunctive SE schemes. We show such attacks can reveal the client’s queries in their entirety using very few injected files, even for SE schemes having low leakage. We also demonstrate that natural countermeasures for preventing file-injection attacks can be easily circumvented. Our attacks outperform prior work significantly in terms of their effectiveness as well as in terms of their assumptions about the attacker’s prior knowledge.
The workflow of single-cell expression profiling using quantitative real-time PCR (2014)

Biological material is heterogeneous and when exposed to stimuli the various cells present respond differently. Much of the complexity can be eliminated by disintegrating the sample, studying the cells one by one. Single-cell profiling reveals responses that go unnoticed when classical samples are studied. New cell types and cell subtypes may be found and relevant pathways and expression networks can be identified. The most powerful technique for single-cell expression profiling is currently quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). A robust RT-qPCR workflow for highly sensitive and specific measurements in high-throughput and a reasonable degree of multiplexing has been developed for targeting mRNAs, but also microRNAs, non-coding RNAs and most recently also proteins. We review the current state of the art of single-cell expression profiling and present also the improvements and developments expected in the next 5 years.
A perceptual model for JPEG applications based on block classification, texture masking, and luminance masking (2002)

A perceptual model based on the texture masking and luminance masking properties of the human visual system is presented in this paper. The model computes a local multiplier map for scaling of the JPEG quantization matrix. The result is that fewer bits are used to represent the perceptually less important areas of the image. The texture masking model is based on a block classification algorithm to differentiate between the plain, edge, and texture blocks. An adaptive luminance masking scheme is used to adjust the luminance masking strategy depending on the image's mean luminance value. An adaptive JPEG coder based on the perceptual model is implemented. Experimental results show that the adaptive coder provides savings in bit-rate over baseline JPEG, with no overall loss in perceptual quality according to a subjective test.
Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection in esophageal and gastric cancers (2010)

Endoscopic tissue removal methods are capable of removing neoplastic lesions en bloc in the upper gastrointestinal tract. These techniques fulfill cancer treatment guidelines by having histological confirmation of total removal of neoplastic lesions with assessment of the margins of resections. Long-term clinical outcomes of these techniques are emerging and seem promising in terms of disease-free and overall survival.
Intrinsic Properties of So-Called Dormant Probiotic Bacteria, Determined by Flow Cytometric Viability Assays (2006)

Plate counting and four culture-independent flow cytometric assays were used to determine the viability and intrinsic properties of three probiotic strains during storage. The strains showed reduction in plate counts but were able to maintain esterase activity, intact cytoplasmic membrane, and pH gradient. The apparently uncultivable probiotic cells were active and stress resistant.
Phosphoramidite Reagents for the Easy Preparation of Polylabelled Oligonucleotide Probes (1991)

Abstract Di-O-dimethoxytritylated 1,4,7-heptanetriol and a di-o-dimetho xytritylated nucleoside derivative were converted to the respective phos phoramidites (4)& (7) used for the solid-phase synthesis of polylabelled branched chain oligonucleotides.
Powerful odorants in bovine, ovine, caprine and water buffalo milk determined by means of gas chromatography–olfactometry (1993)

Summary The main compounds responsible for the aroma of bovine, ovine, caprine and water buffalo freshly secreted milk have been identified by means of a gas chromatography–olfactometry technique. Of the fourteen odour-active volatile compounds detected, eight were present in all milks studied. Ethylbutanoate and ethylhexanoate (fruit-like aroma), among the neutral odorants, were the major contributors to the odour of bovine, ovine and caprine milk. The aroma of water buffalo milk was less dependent on ethylhexanoate and was also due to l-octen-3-ol (aroma of raw mushrooms), nonanal (freshly cut grass), indole (stable, animals) and an unidentified constituent, characterized by a retention index of 828, with a typical odour of warm milk and/or smoked cheese. Other aroma components were specific for some types of milk, contributing to the complexity and richness of flavour.
Modeling non-slicing floorplans with binary trees (2000)

Several novel topological representations of non-slicing floor-plans [2] have been more recently proposed, providing new ideas and techniques for solving block placement problems and other related layout applications. Among these topological representations, ordered trees exhibit a lower redundancy and, therefore, a provable smaller search space, which makes them the best topological candidate for solving general block placement problems. Starting from the early eighties, binary trees have been widely used to represent slicing floorplans [7]. This paper shows that binary trees can efficiently model non-slicing floorplans as well, as there is a one-to-one mapping between the sets of binary and ordered trees representing the floorplan. Moreover, this paper shows that binary trees exhibiting a certain property can be used to represent block placement configurations with symmetry constraints, which is very useful when dealing with device-level placement problems for analog layout. As the number of these trees is proven to be smaller than the number of symmetric-feasible sequence-pairs [1], using binary trees is better than using either sequence-pairs or O-trees when solving analog placement problems. A comparative evaluation, substantiating these theoretical results, has been carried out by providing alternative optimization engines to a placement tool operating in an industrial environment.
Interim cardiac safety analysis of NCCTG N9831 Intergroup adjuvant trastuzumab trial (2005)

556 Background: NCCTG N9831 is a 3-arm randomized Phase III trial comparing safety and efficacy of AC followed by weekly paclitaxel (T) (Arm A) vs the same chemotherapy with 1 yr of trastuzumab (H) either after (Arm B) or starting with T (Arm C). Clinical and asymptomatic cardiac tolerability is the focus of this abstract. Methods: Women with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) assessed by MUGA or echocardiogram scan were eligible. LVEF evaluation was repeated post-AC, 6, 9 and 18 months post entry. Clinical cardiac evaluation occurred as a continuum. A Cardiac Safety DMC reviewed asymptomatic and symptomatic LVEF changes monthly. Interim analyses were planned after 100, 300, and 500 evaluable pts per arm began post-AC therapy and were followed for additional 6 months. Primary endpoint was proportion of cardiovascular (CV) events in each arm (congestive heart failure (CHF) and definite or probable cardiac deaths). A difference of 4% would trigger suspension or closure of the H-containing study arms. Results: 3rd interim analysis comparing the cardiac safety on Arms A and B included 1126 women (544 on Arm A and 572 on Arm B) who had a satisfactory post-AC cardiac evaluation (7.3% on Arm A and 3.3% on Arm B were unsatisfactory (significant cardiac symptoms, LVEF below facility’s lower limit of normal, or LVEF drop >15 percentage points) and prohibited from taking H). There were 0 (0%; 95% CI: 0–0.7%) CV events on Arm A and 13 (2.2%; 95% CI: 1.2–3.8%) CV events on Arm B. Among the 13 CV events on Arm B, 12 pts had confirmed cases of CHF and 1 pt experienced a cardiac death. Follow-up data on pts experiencing CV events has been gathered and will be presented. The 3rd interim cardiac analysis comparing cardiac events in Arms A and C expected Spring 2005. Conclusions: There is an increase in cardiac toxicity with H but it remains less than the threshold of 4% prospectively designated as a stopping rule. By that criteria, AC → T vs AC → T → H manifests acceptable cardiac safety data in the adjuvant treatment setting. Enrollment continues for all arms anticipating completion in Spring 2005. Long-term follow-up is needed to determine the impact of the adverse CV events reported at this time. Supported by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Genentech, NIH CA25224. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Genentech, Pfizer
Extracts from eggs and oocytes of <i>Xenopus Laevis</i> differ in their capacities for nuclear assembly and dna replication (1990)

We describe a cell-free extract derived from the oocytes of Xenopus laevis. The oocyte extract is capable of decondensing sperm chromatin and of replicating single-stranded DNA in a semiconservative, aphidicolin-sensitive manner. In addition, oocyte extract supports the elongation phase of DNA synthesis in nuclei that have been preinitiated for replication. All of these properties are shared by previously described egg extracts. However, oocyte extracts differ from egg extracts in two important ways. First, they cannot support nuclear assembly, as visualised by phase-contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Second, they do not initiate replication on chromatin or nuclei de novo. Crude low-speed supernatants can be partially fractionated into soluble and vesicular components by high-speed centrifugation. Such fractions from eggs can be functionally reconstituted, but the oocyte soluble fraction does not acquire the ability to assemble nuclei, or replicate them, even when supplemented with the egg vesicular fraction. Similarly, oocyte vesicles cannot substitute for egg vesicles on reconstitution with the egg soluble fraction. When the requirement for nuclear assembly is bypassed by using preformed, quiescent nuclei, replication is observed in egg but not oocyte extracts. However, the oocyte extract is not inhibitory for initiation of replication, as it does not prevent replication of sperm nuclei when mixed with egg extract. We suggest that the different capabilities of egg and oocyte extracts could provide the basis of an assay system for identifying factors involved in the initiation of DNA replication.
Wireless cache invalidation schemes with link adaptation and downlink traffic (2004)

Providing on-demand data access in client-server wireless networks is an important support to many interesting mobile computing applications. Caching frequently accessed data by mobile clients can conserve wireless bandwidth and battery power, at the expense of some system resources to maintain cache consistency. The basic cache consistency strategy is the use of periodic invalidation reports (IRS) broadcast by the server. Recently, IR-based approaches have been further improved by using additional updated invalidation reports (UIRs) (i.e., the IR+UIR algorithm) to reduce the long query latency. However, the performance of the IR+UIR approach in a practical system is still largely unknown. Specifically, previous results are based on two impractical simplifying assumptions: 1) broadcast traffic is error-free and 2) no other downlink traffic (e.g., voice) exists in the system. The first assumption is clearly unrealistic as signal propagation impairments (e.g., multipath fading) and, hence, packet reception failures are inevitable in a practical situation. The second assumption is also inapplicable in real life because mobile devices are usually multipurposed (e.g., a mobile phone equipped with a browser may be used for Web surfing while having a phone conversation). In this paper, we first study the performance of the IR+UIR approach under a realistic system model: The quality of the wireless channel is time-varying, and there are other downlink traffics in the system. Our simulation results show that query delay significantly increases as a result of broadcast error and the additional downlink traffics experience longer delay due to extended broadcast period. Exploiting link adaptation (i.e., transmission rate is adjusted dynamically according to channel quality), we then propose three schemes to tackle these two problems. Our results indicate that the proposed schemes outperform IR+UIR under a wide range of system parameters.