gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recapturing Net Positive Suction Head Margins in Boiling Water Reactor Emergency Core Cooling Systems (2017)

Boiling Water Reactor pressure suppression pools have stringent housekeeping requirements, as well as restrictions on amounts and types of insulation and debris that can be present in the containment, to guarantee that suction strainers that allow cooling water to be supplied to the reactor during a Loss of Coolant Accident remain operational. By introducing “good debris” into the cooling water, many of these requirements/restrictions can be relaxed without sacrificing operational readiness of the cooling system.
Catalytic Double-Bond Metathesis without the Transition Metal (2002)

Iminophosphoranes of the type X(3)P=NR (X = Cl, pyrrolyl; R = alkyl, aryl) catalytically metathesize C=N bonds of carbodiimides via an addition/elimination mechanism that, despite the lack of d orbital participation in P-N bonding, conserves the key features of metal-catalyzed olefin metathesis. Diazaphosphetidine intermediates, produced by the formal [2 + 2] addition of carbodiimides to the P=N bond, have been isolated and characterized. All phosphorus-containing species in the complex catalytic reaction mixtures have been identified and their origins explained. The kinetics of addition of diisopropylcarbodiimide to Cl(3)P=NPr(i)() and subsequent elimination were studied, and rate constants were determined: k(add) = 1.7 x 10(-3) (+/-0.1 x 10(-3)) M s(-1) and k(elim) = 4.0 x 10(-4) (+/-0.3 x 10(-4)) s(-1). The rate of these reactions corresponds well with the observed catalytic TOF of 1.44 TO/P/h.
Preparation and rapid degradation of nontoxic biodegradable polyurethanes based on poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) and<scp>l</scp>-lysine diisocyanate (2010)

To obtain rapid biodegradable biomaterials, a biodegradable triblock oligomer poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PLA-PEG-PLA) was designed and synthesized as a soft segment of polyurethane. Then new nontoxic biodegradable polyurethanes were prepared using the same stoichiometric ratio of PLA-PEG-PLA, L-lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate (LDI), and 1,4-butanediol (BDO). The molecular weights of polyurethanes were controlled by adjusting the polymerization temperature. The resulting polyurethanes were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, the biodegradability of the synthesized polyurethanes was evaluated at 37 °C in phosphate buffer solutions (PBS) under different pH values and enzymatic solution at pH 7.4. The results showed that these polyurethanes could be rapidly degraded in PBS and enzymatic solution, as demonstrated by weight loss measurements and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations. The degradation rates of these polyurethanes were mainly regulated by microphase separation degree, and could be restrained in lower pH value PBS. Moreover, the degradation products did not significantly decrease the pH value of incubation media, which would be useful to improve biocompatibilities of these polyurethanes in vivo. The current work provides a more promising approach to prepare nontoxic biodegradable polyurethanes with rapid degradation rates. These new materials may find potential use for drug delivery systems and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents.
Selective cytotoxicity of phospholipids and diacylglycerols to rat 3Y1 fibroblasts transformed by adenovirus type 12 or its E1A gene. (1988)

The colony-forming ability of rat 3Y1 fibroblasts transformed by adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) was drastically reduced when the cells were cultivated for 18 h in medium augmented with 300 micrograms/ml of liposomes composed of either phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylinositol. In contrast, those of untransformed 3Y1 cells and simian virus 40-transformed and polyomavirus-transformed 3Y1 cells were not. The cytotoxicity of PC liposomes was also observed in 3Y1 cells transformed by plasmid DNA containing Ad12-E1A gene but not in those transformed by adenovirus type 2, Rous avian sarcoma virus, or plasmid DNA carrying v-Ha-ras oncogene. The extensive killing of Ad12-transformed and E1A-transformed 3Y1 cells occurred in liposomes of dioleoyl-PC and of dilinoleoyl PC but not those of dipalmitoyl PC, distearoyl-PC, or diarachidonyl PC, suggesting that the acyl groups of phospholipids play an important role in cytotoxicity. Dilinoleoylglycerol, 60 micrograms/ml, was also cytotoxic selectively to Ad12-transformed and E1A-transformed 3Y1 cells, although the toxicity of lysophosphatidylcholine or linoleic acid was not specific to these transformants. These results suggest that cell transformation by Ad12 is characterized by a high sensitivity to exogenously administered phospholipids and diacylglycerol that contain oleoyl or linoleoyl acyl groups and that the sensitivity is attributable to the expression of E1A gene of Ad12.
Crystallographic analysis of a complex between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and acetyl-pepstatin at 2.0-A resolution. (1990)

The mode of binding of acetyl-pepstatin to the protease from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been determined by x-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals of an acetyl-pepstatin-HIV-1 protease complex were obtained in space group P2(1)2(1)2 (unit cell dimensions a = 58.39 A, b = 86.70 A, c = 46.27 A) by precipitation with sodium chloride. The structure was phased by molecular replacement methods, and a model for the structure was refined using diffraction data to 2.0 A resolution (R = 0.176 for 12901 reflections with I greater than sigma (I); deviation of bond distances from ideal values = 0.018 A; 172 solvent molecules included). The structure of the protein in the complex has been compared with the structure of the enzyme without the ligand. A core of 44 amino acids in each monomer, including residues in the active site and residues at the dimer interface, remains unchanged on binding of the inhibitor (root mean square deviation of alpha carbon positions = 0.39 A). The remaining 55 residues in each monomer undergo substantial rearrangement, with the most dramatic changes occurring at residues 44-57 (these residues comprise the so-called flaps of the enzyme). The flaps interact with one another and with the inhibitor so as to largely preserve the 2-fold symmetry of the protein. The inhibitor is bound in two approximately symmetric orientations. In both orientations the peptidyl backbone of the inhibitor is extended; a network of hydrogen bonds is formed between the inhibitor and the main body of the protein as well as between the inhibitor and the flaps. Hydrophobic side chains of residues in the body of the protein form partial binding sites for the side chains of the inhibitor; hydrophobic side chains of residues in the flaps complete these binding sites.
Transparent Conducting Polymer/Nitride Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells (2011)

Energy supplies that depend on fossil fuels evoke significant concern about the future depletion of those resources and the emission of carbon dioxide and sulfidizing gas, which are believed to cause environmental problems including climate change and acid precipitation (Solomon et al., 2007). Solar cells, which convert sunlight directly to electric power, are one of the most promising devices for a clean and enduring energy source. The standard energy-weighted power density of sunlight, which is defined as air mass 1.5, is 1kW/m2 under clear and sunny weather conditions (Myers et al., 2000). The maximum available amount of sunlight is usually lower than the value described above due to the weather and the total hours of sunlight in the region. Thus, the first important aim for developing a solar cell is to derive the highest possible photovoltaic conversion efficiency from the utilized materials and structure. When a solar cell with a single bandgap, Eg, is exposed to the solar spectrum, a photon with less energy than Eg does not contribute to the cell output. Therefore, a multilayer structure comprising a variety of bandgaps is effective for the collection of photons in a wide range of the solar spectrum. The current (2010) best research-cell efficiencies of typical solar cells are as follows (Green, 2010): crystalline Si (25.0%), multicrystalline Si (20.4%), crystalline GaAs (26.4%), CuInGaSe (19.4%), CdTe (16.7%), amorphous Si (10.1%), dye-sensitized polymers (10.4%), and organic polymers (5.15%). In addition to these, there have been a number of studies focused on developing “third-generation photovoltaics” with ultra-high conversion efficiencies at a low cost (Green, 2001). More recently, after the discovery of the wide band gap range of 0.65–3.4 eV in InxGa1-x N, this material is considered to be one of the most promising candidates for third-generation photovoltaic cells.
An efficient approach for conversion between arbitrary sampling frequencies (2002)

An efficient technique is introduced for conversion between arbitrary input and output sampling frequencies, denoted by F/sub in/ and F/sub out/. The overall system consists of two basic building blocks. In the first block, the sampling rate is increased by an integer ratio L using a linear-phase multistage FIR interpolator, resulting in the sampling frequency of LF/sub in/. In the second block, the output of this interpolator is first filtered by R parallel linear-phase FIR branch filters. The desired output samples at time instants m/F/sub out/ for m=0, 1, ... are then found in three steps. The first step involves finding at the output of each branch filter the largest existing sample point n/(LF/sub in/) which is less than or equal to the desired time instant m/F/sub out/. In the second step, the corresponding output samples of the branch filters are multiplied by /spl gamma/(/sup r-1/) where r=1, 2, /spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/, R for the first, second, ..., and for the Rth branch and /spl gamma/=2LF/sub in/[m/F/sub out/-n/(LF/sub in/)]-1. The desired sample at the time instant m/F/sub out/ is finally obtained by adding the results of the second step. Examples are included illustrating the efficiency of the proposed approach compared to other existing techniques.
Aromatization of 1‐Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines: Racemization of (−)‐(<i>S</i>)‐(<i>N</i>‐nor)‐Reticuline (1981)

Abstract Aromatization in the series of optically active 1‐benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines has been accomplished with (—)‐( S )−( N ‐nor)‐reticuline ( 1b ) and analogs. Direct catalytic or chemical reduction of the isoquinoline 4 obtained could not be achieved in a practical way but 4 was converted into 1 in three steps ( 4 → 8 → 9 → 1 ), in 55% overall yield. Partial O ‐methylation of the isoquinoline 4 gave the isoquinoline alkaloid palaudine ( 5 ), before papaverine ( 6 ) was formed.
The effect of long-range electrostatic interactions in simulations of macromolecular crystals: A comparison of the Ewald and truncated list methods (1993)

Simulations of the HIV-1 protease unit cell using a 9 Å cutoff, 9/18 Å ‘‘twin-range’’ cutoff, and full Ewald sums have been carried out to 300 ps. The results indicate that long-range electrostatic interactions are essential for proper representation of the HIV-1 protease crystal structure. The 9 Å simulation did not converge in 300 ps. Inclusion of a 9/18 Å ‘‘twin-range’’ cutoff showed significant improvement. Simulation using the Ewald summation convention gave the best overall agreement with x-ray crystallographic data, and showed the least internal differences in the time average structures of the asymmetric units. The Ewald simulation represents an efficient implementation of the Particle Mesh Ewald method [Darden et al., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 10 089 (1993)], and illustrates the importance of including long-range electrostatic forces in large macromolecular systems.
Brazilian oils and butters: The effect of different fatty acid chain composition on human hair physiochemical properties (2010)

This study evaluated the performance of five oils and three butters extracted from Brazilian plants with different fatty chain composition on hair mechanical properties, split end formation, combing analysis and gloss measurements. Oil treatment reduced the combing force percentage for wet conditions. However, the hair treated with butters showed poor combing. Except for ucuúba butter, oils and butters used in this work had generally no influence on hair tensile properties. In general, hair treated with oils showed a significant gloss increase and a decrease for split end formation. The fatty acid composition of the oils and butters tested showed an effect on the physicochemical properties of hair.
Comparative analysis of TCP/IP security protocols for use in vehicle communication (2016)

Communication capabilities of modern vehicles are increasing hand in hand with implementing advanced driver assistance systems. In addition to in-vehicle information exchange needed for control systems connections to external world and Internet are becoming common. However, the possibility of remote access to the vehicle infrastructure has security implications. Currently Ethernet is being investigated as a future candidate for automotive communications. Moreover, mature solutions in the area of security have been developed for Ethernet/IP technology. This work aims to analyse and compare several TCP/IP security protocols with respect to automotive communication requirements. The paper is focused mainly on practical approach and implements secured Controller Area Network (CAN) traffic over Ethernet/IP on an example topology. The main goal is to evaluate performance characteristics of different security protocols from the TCP/IP stack in terms of communication and processing delays, response times and draw a conclusion if there is a suitable solution for automotive use.
Comparison of migratory aptitudes of hydride and alkyl groups in .beta.-migratory insertion reactions of Cp*(P(OMe)3)Rh(C2H4)R+ (R = H, CH2CH3) (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComparison of migratory aptitudes of hydride and alkyl groups in .beta.-migratory insertion reactions of Cp*(P(OMe)3)Rh(C2H4)R+ (R = H, CH2CH3)M. Brookhart and D. M. LincolnCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 26, 8719–8720Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00234a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00234a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views288Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sepsis Induces Hematopoietic Stem Cell Exhaustion and Myelosuppression through Distinct Contributions of TRIF and MYD88 (2016)

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a central role in host responses to bacterial infection, but the precise mechanism(s) by which its downstream signaling components coordinate the bone marrow response to sepsis is poorly understood. Using mice deficient in TLR4 downstream adapters MYD88 or TRIF, we demonstrate that both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous MYD88 activation are major causes of myelosuppression during sepsis, while having a modest impact on hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions. In contrast, cell-intrinsic TRIF activation severely compromises HSC self-renewal without directly affecting myeloid cells. Lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of MYD88 or TRIF contributes to cell-cycle activation of HSC and induces rapid and permanent changes in transcriptional programs, as indicated by persistent downregulation of Spi1 and CebpA expression after transplantation. Thus, distinct mechanisms downstream of TLR4 signaling mediate myelosuppression and HSC exhaustion during sepsis through unique effects of MyD88 and TRIF.
NVG-the-Day: towards realistic night-vision training (2014)

Current night-time training using (flight-, driving-) simulators is hindered by the lack of realism. Effective night-time training requires the simulation of the illusions and limitations experienced while wearing Night Vision Goggles during the night. Various methods exist that capture certain sensor effects such as noise and the characteristic halos around lights. However, other effects are often discarded, such as the fact that image intensifiers are especially sensitive to near-infrared (NIR) light, which makes vegetation appear bright in the image (the chlorophyll effect) and strongly affects the contrast of objects against their background. Combined with the contrast and resolution reduction in NVG imagery, a scene at night may appear totally different than during the day. In practice these effects give rise to misinterpretations and illusions. When training persons on how to deal with such illusions it is essential to simulate them as accurately as possible . We present a method based on our Colour-Fusion technique (see Toet & Hogervorst, Opt. Eng. 2012) to create a realistic NVG simulation from daytime imagery, which allows for training of the typical effects experienced while wearing NVG during the night.
Neural learning of the topographic tactile sensory information of an artificial skin through a self-organizing map (2015)

International audience
Characterization of Starch from Maize Endosperm Mutants (1981)

Abstract Some maize endosperm mutants have branched‐chain starch components with long exterior chains which make the blue‐value procedure for estimating amylose content questionable. Gel filtration was used to estimate starch composition of normal, high‐amylose, waxy and other maize endosperm mutants. Loosely‐branched polymers appeared responsible for the apparent amylose content. In some mutants high and intermediate loosely branched polysaccharides were found in addition to amylose. The sweet corn background of some endosperm genotypes influenced the types of polymers produced compared to the dent backgrounds used by previous researchers.
The Social and Academic Standing of the Information Systems Discipline: General Theory Considered as Cultural Capital (2004)

Bourdieuâs concepts of social fields and social power provide a theoretical basis for arguing that the information systems (IS) field is engaged in an ongoing struggle with other disciplines for prestige and support. While IS has produced a considerable amount of high quality theory and research, it is by no means clear that this is understood by either the academy or the general public. It is argued that the disciplineâs profile could be raised by the development and promulgation of a general theory of IS, similar in scope to the general theories found in other disciplines such as sociology. The political and cultural value of developing such a theory is discussed, as are a range of issues it is recommended that it should address.
Cloning of the guanylate kinase homologues AGK‐1 and AGK‐2 from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and characterization of AGK‐1 (2000)

Guanylate kinase is an essential enzyme for nucleotide metabolism, phosphorylating GMP to GDP or dGMP to dGDP. The low molecular mass cytosolic forms of guanylate kinase are implicated primarily in the regulation of the supply of guanine nucleotides to cell signalling pathways. The high molecular mass and membrane-associated forms of guanylate kinase homologues, notably found in neuronal tissues, are assigned roles in cell junction organization and transmembrane regulation. Here, we describe the first plant guanylate kinase-encoding genes, AGK1 and AGK2, from Arabidopsis thaliana. The nucleotide sequences of their genomic and cDNA clones predict proteins that carry N-terminal and C-terminal extensions of the guanylate kinase-like domain. The amino acid sequences of this domain share 46-52% identity with guanylate kinases from yeast, Escherichia coli, human, mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans. Arabidopsis guanylate kinases (AGKs) exhibit a high degree of conservation of active site residues and sequence motifs in common with other nucleoside monophosphate kinases, which suggests overall structural similarity of the plant proteins. Although bacterially expressed AGK-1 is enzymatically much less active than yeast guanylate kinase, its kinase domain is shown to complement yeast GUK1 recessive lethal mutations. AGKs are expressed ubiquitously in plant tissues with highest transcriptional activity detected in roots. The identification of AGKs provides new perspectives for understanding the role of guanylate kinases in plant cell signalling pathways.
A Translation-Facilitated Comparison Between the Common Language Runtime and the Java Virtual Machine (2005)

We describe how programs can be converted from the Common Language Runtime to the Java Virtual Machine, based on our experience of writing an application to do so. We also recount what this experience has taught us about the differences between these two architectures.
Determinants of Synaptobrevin Regulation in Membranes (2007)

Neuronal exocytosis is driven by the formation of SNARE complexes between synaptobrevin 2 on synaptic vesicles and SNAP-25/syntaxin 1 on the plasma membrane. It has remained controversial, however, whether SNAREs are constitutively active or whether they are down-regulated until fusion is triggered. We now show that synaptobrevin in proteoliposomes as well as in purified synaptic vesicles is constitutively active. Potential regulators such as calmodulin or synaptophysin do not affect SNARE activity. Substitution or deletion of residues in the linker connecting the SNARE motif and transmembrane region did not alter the kinetics of SNARE complex assembly or of SNARE-mediated fusion of liposomes. Remarkably, deletion of C-terminal residues of the SNARE motif strongly reduced fusion activity, although the overall stability of the complexes was not affected. We conclude that although complete zippering of the SNARE complex is essential for membrane fusion, the structure of the adjacent linker domain is less critical, suggesting that complete SNARE complex assembly not only connects membranes but also drives fusion.
A fast algorithm for the estimation of the equivalent hydraulic conductivity of heterogeneous media (2000)

Fast upscaling of hydraulic conductivity is a recurrent problem in modeling flow through heterogeneous porous media. We propose a new renormalization technique. It is based on the iterative application of the Cardwell and Parsons [1945] bounds on elementary groups of cells. The combination of the bounds with a heuristic formula allows anisotropy to be taken into account. The new technique is tested and compared with other fast techniques. Among the tested techniques the two most reliable ones are the tensorial renormalization and the new simplified renormalization. The numerical efficiency of the simplified renormalization leads us to recommend it when a diagonal tensor of equivalent conductivity is sufficient.
Characterization of the bacterial spoilage flora in marinated pork products (2009)

Routine microbial testing may have to be revised in order to detect spoilage LAB that are unable to grow under currently used conditions.