gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ray tracing through an eccentrically rotating retroreflector used for path-length alteration in a new Michelson interferometer (1991)

A newly developed Michelson interferometer for Fourier spectroscopy is described. It utilizes a nutating retroreflector (cube-corner mirror) to generate alterations in geometrical and optical paths. The nutation is achieved by the rotation of the retroreflector eccentrically, and it is tilted with reference to the optical axis of the interferometer. The forward–backward stop-and-go movement of a reflecting element of conventional Michelson interferometers is thus replaced by a continuous rotation. The design aims at a fast, simple, rugged and service-free, reliable spectrometer for field or airborne atmospheric monitoring. For Fourier spectroscopy, the instantaneous and the maximum difference between the two optical paths of the interferometer is of substantial importance. Performing the Fourier transform requires knowledge of the instantaneous difference; the maximum difference determines the spectral resolution of the device. The mathematical deduction of the path of a beam of radiation traversing the retroreflector is performed. First ray tracing is calculated for a fixed retroreflector, dependent on the angle of incidence. Then the path of a ray is deduced for the rotating retroreflector as a function of angle of incidence, eccentricity, and angle of rotation. It is shown that the path difference changes sinusoidally with the angle of rotation. The maximum path difference is expressed as a function of eccentricity and angle of incidence. Numerical results are presented.
Flavylium Polymethine Fluorophores for Near‐ and Shortwave Infrared Imaging (2017)

Abstract Bright fluorophores in the near‐infrared and shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are essential for optical imaging in vivo. In this work, we utilized a 7‐dimethylamino flavylium heterocycle to construct a panel of novel red‐shifted polymethine dyes, with emission wavelengths from 680 to 1045 nm. Photophysical characterization revealed that the 1‐ and 3‐methine dyes display enhanced photostability and the 5‐ and 7‐methine dyes exhibit exceptional brightness for their respective spectral regions. A micelle formulation of the 7‐methine facilitated SWIR imaging in mice. This report presents the first polymethine dye designed and synthesized for SWIR in vivo imaging.
Architecture design of stereo matching using belief propagation (2010)

We propose a new architecture for stereo matching using belief propagation. The architecture combines our fast, fully-parallel processing element (PE) and memory-efficient tile-based BP (TBP) algorithm. On the architectural level, we develop several novel techniques, including a three stage pipeline, a message forwarding scheme, and a boundary message reuse scheme, which greatly reduce the required bandwidth and power consumption without sacrificing performance. The simulation shows that the architecture can generate HDTV720p results at 30 fps when operating at 227MHz. The high-quality depth maps enable real-time depth image based rendering and many other important applications in the 3D TV industry.
Rational identification of an optimal antibody mixture for targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (2011)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently dysregulated in human malignancies and a validated target for cancer therapy. Two monoclonal anti-EGFR antibodies (cetuximab and panitumumab) are approved for clinical use. However, the percentage of patients responding to treatment is low and many patients experiencing an initial response eventually relapse. Thus, the need for more efficacious treatments remains. Previous studies have reported that mixtures of antibodies targeting multiple distinct epitopes are more effective than single mAbs at inhibiting growth of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The current work describes the rational approach that led to discovery and selection of a novel anti-EGFR antibody mixture Sym004, which is currently in Phase 2 clinical testing. Twenty-four selected anti-EGFR antibodies were systematically tested in dual and triple mixtures for their ability to inhibit cancer cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. The results show that targeting EGFR dependent cancer cells with mixtures of antibodies is superior at inhibiting their growth both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, antibody mixtures targeting non-overlapping epitopes on domain III are efficient and indeed Sym004 is composed of two monoclonal antibodies targeting this domain. The superior growth inhibitory activity of mixtures correlated with their ability to induce efficient EGFR degradation.
Abstract 1545: Insulating an Open Irrigated Ablation Electrode Improves Electrode Temperature Feedback for Radiofrequency Lesion Control (2007)

Open irrigation (Irrig) cools the electrode and electrode-tissue interface (ETI), preventing thrombus. Improving electrode temperature (ET) feedback by insulating the Irrig electrode internally may help prevent excessive tissue heating. The purpose was to compare an insulated Irrig electrode to a conventional Irrig electrode in ET response and lesion formation using a canine thigh muscle preparation. Methods In 11 dogs, the skin over the thigh muscle was incised and raised to form a cradle which was superfused with heparinized blood at 37°C. The 7F insulated catheter has 6 Irrig holes proximal to a 2.5mm tip electrode (spray around electrode and ETI) and one thermally insulated Irrig channel through the electrode (only external cooling, Ext Cool, St Jude Medical). The Ext Cool and a conventional 7F, 2.5mm open Irrig catheter (external and internal electrode cooling, Ext/Int Cool, St Jude Medical) were held perpendicular or parallel to thigh muscle. RF was applied for 60 sec (n=176) at 10, 15, 20, or 25W with saline Irrig at 17ml/min in low blood flow (<0.1 m/sec) to favor thrombus. ET, ETI and tissue temperatures (3 and 7mm depths) were measured. After each RF, blood was removed to examine for thrombus. Results Table and Fig Conclusions Ext Cool had: greater correlation between ET and both lesion depth (r=0.84 vs 0.54) and steam pop (ET≥51°C vs ET 32– 48°C); lower ETI temperature and less thrombus.
Multimodel Ensemble Forecasts for Weather and Seasonal Climate (2000)

In this paper the performance of a multimodel ensemble forecast analysis that shows superior forecast skills is illustrated and compared to all individual models used. The model comparisons include global weather, hurricane track and intensity forecasts, and seasonal climate simulations. The performance improvements are completely attributed to the collective information of all models used in the statistical algorithm.
Pyrrolomycins C,D and E,new members of pyrrolomycins. (1983)

Pyrrolomycins C, D and E, new members of pyrrolomycins produced by Actinosporangium vitaminophilum SF-2080, have been isolated by chromatography on a basic alumina column. Three antibiotics have chlorinated pyrrole nuclei linked directly or via carbonyl function to the dichlorophenol moiety. Pyrrolomycins C and E are active against Gram-positive bacteria, while the spectrum of pyrrolomycin D is broad including Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi.
Unioning of the buffer cache and journaling layers with non-volatile memory (2013)

Journaling techniques are widely used in modern file systems as they provide high reliability and fast recovery from system failures. However, it reduces the performance benefit of buffer caching as journaling accounts for a bulk of the storage writes in real system environments. In this paper, we present a novel buffer cache architecture that subsumes the functionality of caching and journaling by making use of non-volatile memory such as PCM or STT-MRAM. Specifically, our buffer cache supports what we call the in-place commit scheme. This scheme avoids logging, but still provides the same journaling effect by simply altering the state of the cached block to frozen. As a frozen block still performs the function of caching, we show that in-place commit does not degrade cache performance. We implement our scheme on Linux 2.6.38 and measure the throughput and execution time of the scheme with various file I/O benchmarks. The results show that our scheme improves I/O performance by 76% on average and up to 240% compared to the existing Linux buffer cache with ext4 without any loss of reliability.
Breath‐hold signal‐loss sequence for the qualitative assessment of flow disturbances in cardiovascular MR (2003)

Signal loss in complex flow is best demonstrated using the breath-hold acceleration-sensitized sequence where the signal from both stationary and constant velocity material is rephased at the echo time.
Graphene supercapacitor electrodes fabricated by inkjet printing and thermal reduction of graphene oxide (2011)

Graphene oxide nanosheets, stably dispersed in water at 0.2 wt.%, were inkjet-printed onto Ti foils and thermally reduced at 200 °C in N2, as a new method of fabricating inkjet printed graphene electrodes (IPGEs) for supercapacitors. The specific capacitance of IPGE ranged from 48 to 132 F/g, depending on the potential scan rate from 0.5 to 0.01 V/s using 1M H2SO4 as the electrolyte. The initial performance of IPGEs compares favorably to that reported for graphene electrodes prepared by other fabrication methods. This new finding is expected to be particularly useful for designing and fabricating inter-digitized electrode arrays with a lateral spatial resolution of ~ 50 μm for flexible micro-supercapacitors.
Design and Synthesis of Curcumin Analogues for in Vivo Fluorescence Imaging and Inhibiting Copper-Induced Cross-Linking of Amyloid Beta Species in Alzheimer’s Disease (2013)

In this article, we first designed and synthesized curcumin-based near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging probes for detecting both soluble and insoluble amyloid beta (Aβ) species and then an inhibitor that could attenuate cross-linking of Aβ induced by copper. According to our previous results and the possible structural stereohindrance compatibility of the Aβ peptide and the hydrophobic/hydrophilic property of the Aβ13-20 (HHQKLVFF) fragment, NIR imaging probe CRANAD-58 was designed and synthesized. As expected CRANAD-58 showed significant fluorescence property changes upon mixing with both soluble and insoluble Aβ species in vitro. In vivo NIR imaging revealed that CRANAD-58 was capable of differentiating transgenic and wild-type mice as young as 4 months old, the age that lacks apparently visible Aβ plaques and Aβ is likely in its soluble forms. According to our limited studies on the interaction mechanism between CRANAD-58 and Aβ, we also designed CRANAD-17 to attenuate the cross-linking of Aβ42 induced by copper. It is well-known that the coordination of copper with imidazoles on Histidine-13 and 14 (H13, H14) of Aβ peptides could initialize covalent cross-linking of Aβ. In CRANAD-17, a curcumin scaffold was used as an anchoring moiety to usher the designed compound to the vicinity of H13 and H14 of Aβ, and imidazole rings were incorporated to compete with H13/H14 for copper binding. The results of SDS-PAGE gel and Western blot indicated that CRANAD-17 was capable of inhibiting Aβ42 cross-linking induced by copper. This raises a potential for CRANAD-17 to be considered for AD therapy.
Extraction of multiresolution watermark images for resolving rightful ownership (1999)

Digital watermarking has been recently proposed as the mean for intellectual property right protection of multimedia data. We present some ways to &quot;visualize&quot; the invisible watermarks, both statistically and perceptually, for proving the ownership. A system which is capable of embedding a good resolution meaningful binary watermark image and later extracting different versions of that watermark image with varying resolutions is proposed. The system has the nice feature that the watermark detector (rather than encoder) is allowed to adaptively choose the trade-off between robustness degree and resolution of the extracted watermark image. It takes advantage of the high spatial correlation of the watermark image and the human visual system&apos;s super ability to recognize a correlated pattern to enhance the detection performance. While a statistical technique which can quantify the false alarm detection probability should be considered as a fundamental measure for a valid ownership claim, the ability to extract a meaningful watermark image will greatly facilitate the process of convincing the jury of an ownership claim. Keywords: multiresolution watermark, scalable visual detection, rightful ownership, copyright protection, multimedia security 1.
TH-D-351-05: Scatter Correction for Cone-Beam CT in Radiation Therapy (2008)

Purpose: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is being increasingly used in radiation therapy. However, as compared to conventional CT, the degraded image quality of CBCT hampers its applications. Due to the large volume of x-ray illumination in CBCT, scatter is considered as one of the fundamental limitations of CBCT image quality. Many scatter correction algorithms have been developed, while drawbacks still exist. Here, we propose a new scatter correction method which is particularly useful in radiation therapy. Method and Materials: Since the same patient is scanned repetitively during one radiation treatment course, we measure the scatter distributions in one scan, and use the measured scatter distributions to estimate and correct scatter in the following scans. A partially blocked CBCT is used in the scatter measurement scan. The x-ray beam blocker has a strip pattern, such that the whole-field scatter distribution can be estimated from the detected signals in the shadow region and the patient rigid transformation can be determined from the reconstructed image using the illuminated detector projection data. From the derived patient transformation, the measured scatter is then modified and used for scatter correction in the following regular CBCT scans. Results: The proposed method has been evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and physical experiments on an anthropomorphic chest phantom. The results show a significant suppression of scatter artifacts using the proposed method. Using the reconstruction in a narrow collimator geometry as a reference, the comparison also shows that the proposed method reduces reconstruction error from 13.2% to 0.8%. Conclusion: This work indicates that much improved CBCT image quality is achievable using the proposed scatter correction method in radiation therapy. Our method is very attractive in applications where high CBCT reconstruction accuracy is critical, for example, dose calculation in adaptive radiation therapy.
New Nanocrystalline Manganese-Molybdenum-Tin Oxide Anodes for Oxygen Evolution in Seawater Electrolysis (2006)

IrO2/Ti supported g-MnO2 type Mn-Mo-Sn oxide electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition from MnSO4-Na2MoO4-SnCl4 solutions of pH -0.1~0.5 at 600 Am-2 and 90oC for 60~90 min. The electrodes consist of Mn3+, Mn4+, Mo6+ and Sn4+ in the form of nanocrystalline single phase triple oxide. The performance of electrodes for oxygen evolution reaction during electrolysis of 0.5 M NaCl of pH 8.7 was examined at 1000 Am-2. Anodic deposition in 0.2 M Mn2+-0.003 M Mo6+-0.006 M Sn4+ electrolyte of pH -0.1 for 60 min guaranteed the stable electrode performance of 100 and 94% oxygen evolution efficiencies before and after electrolysis for more than seven months. Durability of the electrode was further improved by repeated deposition.
P3‐441: Conformationally directed immunomodulation for multiple pathological conformers (2010)

Alzheimer's disease is the most common of the conformational neurodegenerative disorders, where the pathogenesis is linked to a normal protein undergoing a shape change into a pathological conformer with a high β-sheet content. In the case of AD this involves both amyloid β and abnormally phosphorylated tau forming toxic oligomeric structures, as well as neuritic plaques, congophilic angiopathy and neurofibrillary tangles. In the case of another conformational disorder, the prion diseases, the pathogenesis is linked to a change in the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the disease associated PrPSc . Despite their biochemical heterogeneity the pathological conformers underlying the pathogenesis of the various conformational disorders show pathological conformation mimicry. We sought to develop a novel immunomodulation method which would specifically target this abnormal conformation to reduce the potential toxicity of an immune response to a normal self protein. We used active immunization with aggregated British amyloid (ABri) related peptides in a predominantly β-sheet conformation alone or in combination with related immunogens. ABri is a rare form of familial human amyloidosis associated with a mis-sense mutation in a stop codon resulting in the production of a highly amyloidogenic protein with no sequence homology to other native human proteins. This immunization was done in APP/PS1 Tg mice, vascular amyloid model Tg SwDI mice and in 3x Tg mice with both tau and amyloid pathology Our preliminary data indicates that mice immunized with aggregated/oligomerized preparations of ABri recognized heterologous amyloid structures including oligomeric Aβ and PrPSc. ABri has no sequence homology with Aβ, tau or PrP; hence, this immune response is not amino acid sequence specific but represents a preferential targeting of the pathological protein/peptide conformations shared by Aβ, tau and PrPSc. Immunization of APP/PS1 AD Tg and the TgSwDI mice with ABri produces significant cognitive benefits in association with marked reductions in the parenchymal and vascular amyloid burdens, as well as reduced Aβ oligomer levels, in the absence of any evident toxicity. Our results suggest that conformationally based immunomodulation targeting the pathological conformational mimicry of multiple disease associated proteins is feasible and effective.
The Synthesis of <i>P</i>-Chiral Amino Acid-Derived Phosphonamidic Anhydrides (2000)

The synthesis of an array of P-chiral amino acid-derived phosphonamidic anhydrides is described. These anhydrides are prepared by condensation of allylated amino acids 19-22 with methyl- or vinylphosphonic dichlorides 23 or 24 to produce three diastereomeric anhydrides 4-11a-c in good to excellent yields. The mechanistic issues concerning anhydride formation are discussed and supported by experimental results. Vinylphosphonamidic anhydrides 8-11 are further derivatized via the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction to yield amino acid-derived bicyclic phosphonamidic anhydrides.
A new mechanism for observation of THz acoustic waves: coherent THz radiation emission (2009)

Our simulations and experiments demonstrate a new physical mechanism for detecting acoustic waves of THz frequencies. We find that strain waves of THz frequencies can coherently generate radiation when they propagate past an interface between materials with different piezoelectric coefficients. By considering AlN/GaN heterostructures, we show that the radiation is of detectable amplitude and contains sufficient information to determine the time-dependence of the strain wave with potentially sub-picosecond, nearly atomic time and space resolution. This mechanism is distinct from optical approaches to strain wave measurement. We demonstrate this phenomenon within the context of high amplitude THz frequency strain waves that spontaneously form at the front of shock waves in GaN crystals. We also show how the mechanism can be utilized to determine the layer thicknesses in thin film GaN/AlN heterostructures.
Diversity of ATM gene mutations detected in patients with ataxia‐telangiectasia (1997)

The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, which is mutated in the autosomal recessive disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), was isolated in 1995 by positional cloning. Although in vitro cell fusion studies had suggested that AT was genetically heterogeneous, all AT patients studied to date have been found to harbor mutations in the ATM gene. More than 100 ATM mutations occurring in AT patients have been documented. The mutations are broadly distributed throughout the ATM gene. Except for patients from families with known consanguinity, most AT patients are compound heterozygotes. The majority (>70%) of mutations are predicted to lead to protein truncation. A significant number of the reported mutations affect mRNA splicing with at least half of the coding exons (32/62) having been observed to undergo exon skipping. The large size of the ATM gene, 66 exons spanning ˜150 kb of genomic DNA, together with the diversity and broad distribution of mutations in AT patients greatly limits the utility of direct mutation screening as a diagnostic tool, or method of carrier identification, except where founder effect mutations are involved. Hum Mutat 10:100–107, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Virtual view invariant domain for 3D video blind watermarking (2011)

3D video content has been receiving increasing interest over the last few months and created challenges regarding how to protect such high valued items. For instance, depth-image-based rendering techniques allowing for the creation of virtual views may impair underlying watermarks embedded within individual views. In contrast with previous works, this article focus on defining a view-independent watermark embedding domain rather than a watermarking system coherent with the disparity across several views, thus permitting blind detection. More specifically, based on the fact that pixel displacements across views most often reduce to horizontal shifts, the average luminance value along the rows of the video frames have been selected for watermark embedding. Experimental results clearly prove the robustness of the watermark against virtual views generation.
Immunofluorescent and Electron Microscopic Studies of Feline Small Intestinal Organ Cultures Infected with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (1980)

The pathogenesis, morphology, and morphogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis virus were studied in feline small intestinal organ cultures. Characteristic coronaviruses were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the extracellular organ culture fluid taken at 1 through 12, 15, 22, 31, and 43 days after the cultures were inoculated. Viral particles had a mean diameter of 94 nm. Numerous petal-shaped projections approximately 15 nm long were seen on the envelopes. Specific immunofluorescence was detected in the absorptive epithelial cells of villi of small intestinal organ cultures at 1 through 12 days after they were inoculated. By electron microscopy, coronavirus particles were observed entirely in the cytoplasm of the infected columnar epithelial cells of villi with no apparent nuclear involvement. Thin sections of the villous epithelium of small intestinal organ cultures showed a number of ultrastructural alterations, and morphogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis virus in the absorptive epithelial cells of villi was consistent with that for other known human animal coronaviruses.
Patient-ventilator interaction during pressure support ventilation and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist* (2010)

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist can improve patient-ventilator synchrony by reducing the triggering and cycling delays, especially at higher levels of assist, at the same time preserving breathing and maintaining blood gases.