gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Selective Synthesis of Acrylic Acid from Lactide in the Liquid Phase (2018)

A new reaction system for the highly selective, hydrobromic acid catalyzed conversion of lactide into acrylic acid under mild conditions is reported. The applied liquid reaction system consists of a temperature-stable bromide-containing ionic liquid and 2-bromopropionic acid as a source of dry HBr, with no volatile organic solvent being used. This allows for the in situ removal of the formed acrylic acid, leading to an unmatched acrylic acid selectivity of over 72 % at full lactide conversion. Accounting for leftover reaction intermediates on the way to acrylic acid, which could be recycled in an elaborate continuous process, the proposed reaction system shows potential for acrylic acid yields well above 85 % in the liquid phase. This opens new avenues for the effective conversion of biogenic lactic acid (e.g., obtained by fermentation from starch) to acrylic acid. The resulting bio-acrylic acid is a highly attractive product for, for example, the diaper industry, where we expect consumers to be especially sensitive to aspects of sustainability.
Diffractive waveplate arrays [Invited] (2017)

Diffractive waveplate technology presents an opportunity for designing arrays of all types of optical components. We present here different architectures of arrays of waveplate lenses and vector vortex waveplates. Due to the continuous nature of diffractive waveplate coatings and the high spatial resolution of the technology, the sizes of array elements can span from micrometers to tens of millimeters. Both fixed and electrically switchable arrays are discussed. Arrays of diffractive waveplates present new challenges and opportunities for digital light polarization holography for applications in polarizer-free displays, smart windows, optical communications, beam shaping, and other photonics technologies.
Abstract 3933: Dissecting therapeutic resistance to RAF inhibition in melanoma by tumor genomic profiling (2011)

Abstract Although targeted anticancer agents often result in dramatic responses, tumors invariably become resistant to these agents. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which tumors acquire resistance to such inhibitors should speed the development of more durable treatment strategies. The promise of RAF inhibition in metastatic melanoma is exemplary in this regard. Mutations in the BRAF oncogene have been detected in more than 50% of metastatic melanomas, and inhibition of mutant BRAF has shown high response rates in early clinical trials of patients with melanoma. However, resistance to RAF inhibition invariably develops. Mechanisms of de novo and acquired resistance to RAF inhibition remain poorly understood. Moreover, the clinical application of genomic approaches that might be capable of diagnosing salient resistance mechanisms remains underdeveloped. Here, we describe an approach to characterize genetic mechanisms of resistance through systematic tumor mutation profiling. We performed massively parallel sequencing of 138 cancer genes in a tumor specimen from a melanoma patient who developed resistance to PLX4032 after a dramatic initial response. The resulting profile identified a novel mutation in the downstream kinase MEK1 that was absent in the corresponding pre-treatment tumor. This MEK1 mutation was shown to increase kinase activity and confer robust resistance to both RAF and MEK inhibition in vitro. Our results provide an instructive framework both for assessing mechanisms of acquired resistance to kinase inhibition and deploying new technologies for elaboration of resistance mechanisms in a manner that may accelerate personalized cancer medicine. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3933. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3933
<i>Rhizopus</i>Raw-Starch-Degrading Glucoamylase: Its Cloning and Expression in Yeast (1986)

A glucoamylase gene has been cloned from a Rhizopus genomic DNA library using synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to the amino acid sequence of the glucoamylase. Since this glucoamylase gene was not expressed in yeast cells, we have cloned a glucoamylase gene from a cDNA library prepared from Rhizopus mRNA. Sequence analysis of both glucoamylase genes revealed that the genomic gene contained 4 intervening sequences and the cDNA gene lacked l45 nucleotides corresponding to the N-terminal region. The glucoamylase consists of 604 amino acids including a putative signal peptide and its molecular weight was calculated to be q5,000. The glucoamylase gene to be expressed in yeast cells was constructed by recombination of both genes. The yeast cells containing this constructed glucoamylase gene secreted the glucoamylase into the culture fluid and grew at almost the normal rate on a medium containing starch as the sole carbon source.
Hunting for invisibility: Characterizing and detecting malicious web infrastructures through server visibility analysis (2016)

Nowadays, cyber criminals often build web infrastructures rather than a single server to conduct their malicious activities. In order to continue their malevolent activities without being detected, cyber criminals make efforts to conceal the core servers (e.g., C&C servers, exploit servers, and drop-zone servers) in the malicious web infrastructure. Such deliberate invisibility of those concealed malicious servers, however, makes them particularly distinguishable from benign web servers that are usually promoted to be public. In this paper, we conduct the first large-scale measurement study to investigate the visibility of both malicious and benign servers. From our intensive analysis of over 100,000 benign servers, 45,000 malicious servers and 40,000 redirections, we identify a set of distinct features of malicious web infrastructures from their locations, structures, roles, and relationships perspectives, and propose a lightweight yet effective detection system called VisHunter. VisHunter identifies malicious redirections from visible servers to invisible servers at the entryway of malicious web infrastructures. We evaluate VisHunter on both online public data and large-scale enterprise network traffic, and demonstrate that VisHunter can achieve an average 96.2% detection rate with only 0.9% false positive rate on the real enterprise network traffic.
Unified reconstruction and motion estimation in cardiac perfusion MRI (2011)

We introduce a novel unifying approach to jointly estimate the motion and the dynamic images in first pass cardiac perfusion MR imaging. We formulate the recovery as an energy minimization scheme using a unified objective function that combines data consistency, spatial smoothness, motion and contrast dynamics penalties. We introduce a variable splitting strategy to simplify the objective function into multiple sub problems, which are solved using simple algorithms. These sub-problems are solved in an iterative manner using efficient continuation strategies. Preliminary validation using a numerical phantom and in-vivo perfusion data demonstrate the utility of the proposed scheme in recovering the perfusion images from considerably under-sampled data.
Programming with relaxed synchronization (2012)

Synchronization overhead is a major bottleneck in scaling parallel applications to a large number of cores. This continues to be true in spite of various synchronization-reduction techniques that have been proposed. Previously studied synchronization-reduction techniques tacitly assume that all synchronizations specified in a source program are essential to guarantee quality of the results produced by the program. Recently there have been proposals to relax the synchronizations in a parallel program and compute approximate results. A fundamental challenge in using relaxed synchronization is guaranteeing that the relaxed program always produces results with a specified quality. We propose a methodology that addresses this challenge in programming with relaxed synchronization. Using our methodology programmers can systematically relax synchronization while always producing results that are of same quality as the original (un-relaxed) program. We demonstrate significant speedups using our methodology on a variety of benchmarks (e.g., up to 15x on KMeans benchmark, and up to 3x on a already highly tuned kernel from Graph500 benchmark).
Oxidative folding of conotoxins sharing an identical disulfide bridging framework (2005)

Conotoxins are short, disulfide‐rich peptide neurotoxins produced in the venom of predatory marine cone snails. It is generally accepted that an estimated 100 000 unique conotoxins fall into only a handful of structural groups, based on their disulfide bridging frameworks. This unique molecular diversity poses a protein folding problem of relationships between hypervariability of amino acid sequences and mechanism(s) of oxidative folding. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of the folding properties of four conotoxins sharing an identical pattern of cysteine residues forming three disulfide bridges, but otherwise differing significantly in their primary amino acid sequence. Oxidative folding properties of M‐superfamily conotoxins GIIIA, PIIIA, SmIIIA and RIIIK varied with respect to kinetics and thermodynamics. Based on rates for establishing the steady‐state distribution of the folding species, two distinct folding mechanisms could be distinguished: first, rapid‐collapse folding characterized by very fast, but low‐yield accumulation of the correctly folded form; and second, slow‐rearrangement folding resulting in higher accumulation of the properly folded form via the reshuffling of disulfide bonds within folding intermediates. Effects of changing the folding conditions indicated that the rapid‐collapse and the slow‐rearrangement mechanisms were mainly determined by either repulsive electrostatic or productive noncovalent interactions, respectively. The differences in folding kinetics for these two mechanisms were minimized in the presence of protein disulfide isomerase. Taken together, folding properties of conotoxins from the M‐superfamily presented in this work and from the O‐superfamily published previously suggest that conotoxin sequence diversity is also reflected in their folding properties, and that sequence information rather than a cysteine pattern determines the in vitro folding mechanisms of conotoxins.
Genetic Fusions of Heat-Labile (LT) and Heat-Stable (ST) Toxoids of Porcine Enterotoxigenic<i>Escherichia coli</i>Elicit Neutralizing Anti-LT and Anti-STa antibodies (2009)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans and farm animals. E. coli fimbriae, or colonization factor antigens (CFAs), and enterotoxins, including heat-labile enterotoxins (LT) and heat-stable enterotoxins (ST), are the key virulence factors in ETEC diarrhea. Unlike fimbriae or LT, STa has not often been included as an antigen in development of vaccines against ETEC diarrhea because of its poor immunogenicity. STa becomes immunogenic only after being coupled with a strongly immunogenic carrier protein. However, native or shorter STa antigens either had to retain toxic activity in order to become antigenic or elicited anti-STa antibodies that were not sufficiently protective. In this study, we genetically mutated the porcine LT (pLT) gene for a pLT(192(R-->G)) toxoid and the porcine STa (pSTa) gene for three full-length pSTa toxoids [STa(11(N-->K)), STa(12(P-->F)), and STa(13(A-->Q))] and used the full-length pLT(192) as an adjuvant to carry the pSTa toxoid for pLT(192):pSTa-toxoid fusion antigens. Rabbits immunized with pLT(192):pSTa(12) or pLT(192):pSTa(13) fusion protein developed high titers of anti-LT and anti-STa antibodies. Furthermore, rabbit antiserum and antifecal antibodies were able to neutralize purified cholera toxin (CT) and STa toxin. In addition, preliminary data suggested that suckling piglets born by a sow immunized with the pLT(192):pSTa(13) fusion antigen were protected when challenged with an STa-positive ETEC strain. This study demonstrated that pSTa toxoids are antigenic when fused with a pLT toxoid and that the elicited anti-LT and anti-STa antibodies were protective. This fusion strategy could provide instructive information to develop effective toxoid vaccines against ETEC-associated diarrhea in animals and humans.
Polarization independent narrow channel wavelength division multiplexing fiber couplers for 1.55 mu m (1991)

A polarization-independent narrow-channel (PINC) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) coupler for operation at 1.55 mu m has been designed based on the birefringent properties of fused single-mode couplers. These couplers are made from both conventional single-mode fiber (SMF) and dispersion shifted fiber (DSF). The couplers are designed so that the coupling-coefficient-length products for the two orthogonal polarizations are pi out of phase. As a result of the long coupling lengths required, these couplers have very small cross-sectional dimensions, typically on the order of 10 mu m.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Method for Quantification of Brain, Ventricular, and Subarachnoid CSF Volumes from MR Images (1992)

We describe a simple, rapid, and semiautomated method of MR analysis based on mathematical modeling of MR pixel intensity histograms. The method is shown to be accurate and reliable for regional analysis of brain, central, and subarachnoid CSF volumes. Application of the method to five young and six older subjects revealed significant age-related changes in regional brain volumes whereas no difference was found for traced central CSF volumes or subarachnoid CSF volumes. We conclude that this is a simple method that can be applied to further studies of quantification of brain structure in healthy aging and brain disease.
A high-power high-gain single-polarization EDFA (2000)

Summary form only given. High power erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are key elements in both fiber optic distribution networks and free-space communications. Single-polarization EDFAs provide additional capabilities for polarization diplexing and improved communication performance since orthogonally polarized amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) can be eliminated at both receiver and transmitter. Such features can offer substantial benefit in free-space links where improvements in single-polarization receiver sensitivity directly reduce the required transmitter power.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of the surface topography and surface etching of nanoscale structures on the high-temperature superconductors (1991)

We report on the use of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) for etching both single crystal and thin film, YBa2Cu3O7−x. Nanoscale features can be generated with the STM by ablation of atoms rastered by the microscope tip. The etching process can be controlled to remove layers of material which are multiples of the c axis (12 Å). Various geometric features have been fabricated ranging from fine lines to square etch pits. The STM has also been used to study the growth mechanism and surface topography of thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−x produced by in situ laser deposition (Jc typically 1×106 A cm−2 at 77 K). Step features equal to the c axis of the material can be readily identified which form pinnacles or chip like morphologies at the surface. These surfaces can also be etched with the STM to reveal a more continuous substructure consistent with the high Jc’s observed.
Managing uncertain trajectories of moving objects with DOMINO (2002)

several novelties to the problem of managing moving objects databases. Our robust model of a trajectory captures the inherent parameter of uncertainty of the moving objects location, which impacts both the semantics of spatio – temporal queries and the algorithms for their processing. In DOMINO, we present a set of novel operators which capture the spatial, temporal and uncertainty aspects of a moving object. The operators are implemented as UDFs (User Defined Functions) on top of existing ORDBMS and can be used for answering queries and generating notification triggers. DOMINO’s implementation, in which ORDBMS are coupled with other systems, seamlessly integrates several technologies: 1. existing electronic maps are used to generate the trajectory plan on behalf of a mobile user; 2. real-time traffic sources are used to automatically update the moving object’s trajectories; 3. powerful (web-browser) GUI enables users to monitor and pose queries about objects. 1
Carpet cloak with graded dielectric metasurface (Presentation Recording) (2015)

We demonstrate a method to hide a Gaussian-shaped bump on a ground plane from an incoming plane wave. In essence, we use a graded metasurface to shape the wavefronts like those of a flat ground plane[1,2].The metasurface provides additional phase to the electromagnetic field to control the reflection angle. To mimic a flat ground plane, the reflection angle is chosen to be equal to the incident angle. The desired phase distribution is calculated based on generalized Snell’s laws[3]. We design our metasurface in the microwave range using sub-wavelength dielectric resonators. We verify the design by full-wave time-domain simulations and show that the result matches our theory well. This approach can be applied to hide any object on a ground plane not only at microwave frequencies but also at higher frequencies up to the infrared. 1. Jensen Li and J. B. Pendry, Hiding under the Carpet: A New Strategy for Cloaking. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 203901 (2008) 2. Andrea Alu, Mantle cloak: Invisibility induced by a surface. Phys. Rev. B 80, 245115 (2009) 3. Yu N, et al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: Generalized laws of reflection and refraction. Science 334(6054):333–337 (2011)
Measurement of three-dimensional orientation of golf club head with one camera (2016)

Golfers' swings vary with each individual and golf club manufacturers provide the service called “Fitting”, to select an appropriate golf club for each swing, to an each golfer. In order to find the appropriate golf club for each golfer, it is necessary to measure the position and orientation of a golf club head. It can be supposed that the measurement error needs to be less than 0.5 degree. There is an existing method whereby the three-dimensional (3D) orientation of a golf club head is measured from the 3D positions of points on the golf club head. This method is generally used in the area of motion analysis, and has problems in that the system has many restrictions in its installation, large installation space is required, and costs are incurred to the future expansion of the fitting service to many locations, as two or more cameras are needed. The “Fitting” service requires a method that needs small space, low cost and little calculation time. Therefore, A method was developed, whereby the 3D orientation of a golf club head was calculated based on one image from just one camera using the Newton-Raphson method, which needs little calculation time, and the measurement accuracy was validated compared with the experimental results. It was proved that the developed method is useful to a golf club fitting service because the measurement error is less than 0.5 degree of our target even when various golfers' swings are measured, whereby markers are attached possibly near the outline of the head in the case of the farthest distance between markers from 80 to 95 mm, and then the coordinates of the marker center are identified by calculation from luminance and coordinates of each pixel in an area surrounding the marker.
Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Microstructure, Properties, and Work Behavior of a Ti50.5 Ni29.5 Pt20 High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloy (2006)

TiNiPt shape memory alloys are particularly promising for use as solid state actuators in environments up to 300 C, due to a reasonable balance of properties, including acceptable work output. However, one of the challenges to commercializing a viable high-temperature shape memory alloy (HTSMA) is to establish the appropriate primary and secondary processing techniques for fabrication of the material in a required product form such as rod and wire. Consequently, a Ti(50.5)Ni(29.5)Pt20 alloy was processed using several techniques including single-pass high-temperature extrusion, multiple-pass high-temperature extrusion, and cold drawing to produce bar stock, thin rod, and fine wire, respectively. The effects of heat treatment on the hardness, grain size, room temperature tensile properties, and transformation temperatures of hot- and cold-worked material were examined. Basic tensile properties as a function of temperature and the strain-temperature response of the alloy under constant load, for the determination of work output, were also investigated for various forms of the Ti(50.5)Ni(29.5)Pt20 alloy, including fine wire.
MULTILINGUAL GENERALIZATION OF THE MODELCREATOR SOFTWARE FOR MATH ITEM GENERATION (2005)

This paper reports on the process of modifying the ModelCreator item generation system to produce output in multiple languages. In particular, Japanese and Spanish are now supported in addition to English. The addition of multilingual functionality was considerably facilitated by the general formulation of our natural language generation system, which proceeds in three stages, whereby the first two stages are largely language-independent. This multilingual capability is very promising for the domain of educational assessment because, when combined with item modeling, it provides the potential to produce a large pool of automatically constructed items, with difficulty estimates and balanced forms for speakers of different languages.
Identity-Preserving Realistic Talking Face Generation (2020)

Speech-driven facial animation is useful for a variety of applications such as telepresence, chatbots, etc. The necessary attributes of having a realistic face animation are 1) audiovisual synchronization (2) identity preservation of the target individual (3) plausible mouth movements (4) presence of natural eye blinks. The existing methods mostly address the audiovisual lip synchronization, and few recent works have addressed synthesis of natural eye blinks for overall video realism. In this paper, we propose a method for identity-preserving realistic facial animation from speech. We first generate person-independent facial landmarks from audio using DeepSpeech features for invariance to different voices, accents, etc. To add realism, we impose eye blinks on facial landmarks using unsupervised learning and retarget the person-independent landmarks to person-specific landmarks to preserve the identity-related facial structure which helps in generation of plausible mouth shapes of the target identity. Finally, we use LSGAN to generate the facial texture from person-specific facial landmarks, using an attention mechanism that helps to preserve identity-related texture. An extensive comparison of our proposed method with the current state-of-the-art methods demonstrate a significant improvement in terms of lip synchronization accuracy, image reconstruction quality, sharpness, and identity-preservation. A user study also reveals improved realism of our animation results over the state-of-the-art methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in speech-driven 2D facial animation that simultaneously addresses all the above-mentioned attributes of a realistic speech driven face animation.