gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current status and strategies for vaccines against diseases induced by human T-cell lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-I, -II, -III). (1985)

The continuous increase in the number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases for whom no effective therapy is currently possible mandates attempts at developing primary prevention by a vaccine. Two basic unknowns are considered important: the identification of virus-exposed, protected individuals; and the isolation of the antigen which contains epitopes which induce a protective response. Although almost all individuals exposed to human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type III (HTLV-III) develop antibody, most of these do not have neutralizing antibody. The antigen which can induce the response is the major external glycoprotein, which is highly glycosylated (Mr 120,000). Based on past attempts at developing vaccines against retroviruses, the most feasible configuration will be the glycoprotein linked to its transmembrane protein and assembled into micelles or rosettes by hydrophobic bonding. Any virus preparation containing nucleic acids could be considered less safe. An advanced version of such a viral subunit presentation is matrices composed of immunostimulating complexes. This format could also be useful for the inoculation of sequence determined synthetic peptides or genetically engineered readout products of the viral envelope (env) gene. Potential problems exist in that there is extensive heterogeneity among various HTLV-III isolates, particularly in the env gene. This fact and the known relationship of HTLV-III to some lentiviruses suggest that functional antigenic variation could be encountered. The methodology of developing a vaccine against the retroviruses causing AIDS should also be helpful in designing vaccine strategies against human leukemia and lymphomas caused by other members of this virus family.
Optimum particle-size distribution of coal for coal-water slurries (1983)

The development of coal-water slurries as a boiler fuel is rapidly approaching commercialization. As distinguished from dilute pipeline slurries, fuel slurries are stable, highly-loaded (e.g. 70 % dry coal by weight) liquids which can be transported, stored, pumped, and burned like residual fuel oil. One of the key technologies required to obtain highly-loaded, low-viscosity mixtures is the particle size distribution of the coal. Two derivations of the optimum particle-size distribution for minimum slurry viscosity are compared and shown to result in equivalent forms. The theory of grinding is reviewed, and calculated distributions are presented. Experimentally-determined particle-size distributions obtained by both wet and dry grinding in ball mills are given and compared with the theoretical grinding results. It is shown that near-optimum distributions can be obtained by blending. I.
In Vivo Evaluation of <sup>18</sup>F-SiFA<i>lin</i>–Modified TATE: A Potential Challenge for <sup>68</sup>Ga-DOTATATE, the Clinical Gold Standard for Somatostatin Receptor Imaging with PET (2015)

The introduction of the novel SiFA building block SiFAlin and of hydrophilic auxiliaries enables a favorable in vivo biodistribution profile of the modified TATE peptides, resulting in high tumor-to-background ratios although lower than those observed with (68)Ga-DOTATATE. As further advantage, the SiFA methodology enables a kitlike labeling procedure for (18)F-labeled peptides advantageous for routine clinical application.
Anomaly detection using dynamic Neural Networks, classification of prestack data (2012)

Automatic seismic facies classification is now common practice in the oil and gas industry. Unfortunately unsupervised seismic classification is often not optimal. The main criticism of unsupervised classification is the a priori nature of the seismic data set organization and the poor description of seismic due to data redundancy. Data reduction, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is often used in association to reveal the principal characteristics of the geological system. The new clustering described here will with a dynamic process naturally search to fill the data space, and to describe the full variability of the seismic. The process can be imagined as a gas expanding in volume. Finally, the process details the anomalies which potentially correspond to hydrocarbon accumulations.
Temporal and spatial changes of maize yield potentials and yield gaps in the past three decades in China (2015)

The precise spatially explicit knowledge about crop yield potentials and yield gaps is essential to guide sustainable intensification of agriculture. In this study, the maize yield potentials from 1980 to 2008 across the major maize production regions of China were firstly estimated by county using ensemble simulation of a well-validated large scale crop model, i.e., MCWLA-Maize model. Then, the temporal and spatial patterns of maize yield potentials and yield gaps during 1980–2008 were presented and analyzed. The results showed that maize yields became stagnated at 32.4% of maize-growing areas during the period. In the major maize production regions, i.e., northeastern China, the North China Plain (NCP) and southwestern China, yield gap percentages were generally less than 40% and particularly less than 20% in some areas. By contrast, in northern and southern China, where actual yields were relatively lower, yield gap percentages were generally larger than 40%. The areas with yield gap percentages less than 20% and less than 40% accounted for 8.2% and 27.6% of maize-growing areas, respectively. During the period, yield potentials decreased in the NCP and southwestern China due to increase in temperature and decrease in solar radiation; by contrast, increased in northern, northeastern and southeastern China due to increases in both temperature and solar radiation. Yield gap percentages decreased generally by ∼2% per year across the major maize production regions, although increased in some areas in northern and northeastern China. The shrinking of yield gap was due to increases in actual yields and decreases in yield potentials in the NCP and southwestern China; and due to larger increases in actual yields than in yield potentials in northeastern and southeastern China. The results highlight the importance of sustainable intensification of agriculture to close yield gaps, as well as breeding new cultivars to increase yield potentials, to meet the increasing food demand.
Molecular orientation of PFPE lubricant films and its quantification (1997)

The molecular orientation of piperonyl functional end groups (planar) of PFPE lubricants on carbon overcoat is investigated using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared). A molecular orientation index (MOI) is defined for the molecular orientation with respect to the disk surface. The MOI is found to be three times higher when all the planar end groups are perpendicular to the disk surface than for random orientation (MOI=1). The MOI strongly depends on process conditions for lubricant films thinner than /spl sim/5 nm. The wear durability of the lubricant films with the planar end groups preferably perpendicular to the carbon surface with MOI/spl sim/1.5 is found to be a few times better than those preferably parallel to the carbon surface with MOI<1.
The Effect of L-Tryptophan on Daytime Sleep Latency in Normals: Correlation with Blood Levels (1989)

L-Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is readily converted to serotonin, which is thought to be important for expression of slow wave sleep and possibly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. A vast but often confusing literature exists on L-tryptophan effects on inducing, maintaining, or altering sleep. In this study we measured the effects of L-tryptophan on objective (multiple sleep latency) and subjective [Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)] measures of sleepiness and examined their relationship to blood L-tryptophan levels. Ten healthy volunteers (eight men and two women; mean +/- SD age 34 +/- 10 years) received placebo or 1.2 or 2.4 g or L-tryptophan on separate days in random double-blind fashion. Sleep latency and SSS were measured initially and at 60 and 120 min after ingestion. Blood and urine were collected at regular intervals. Compared with placebo both L-tryptophan doses reduced sleep latency at 1 h, with the reduction persisting at 2 h for the 2.4-g dose only (p less than 0.05). There was a positive correlation between subjective and objective sleepiness measures but only with the 2.4-g dose (rs = 0.76, p less than 0.01). There was a highly significant correlation between blood L-tryptophan and sleep latency at 0, 60, and 120 min in all subjects for all drug conditions (r = 0.276, df = 79, p = 0.013). Very small amounts of free L-tryptophan or its metabolites were found in the urine, with the exception of kynurenic acid. We conclude that L-tryptophan consistently reduced sleep latency in normals and that this correlates with blood levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mapping Natural Language Instructions to Mobile UI Action Sequences (2020)

We present a new problem: grounding natural language instructions to mobile user interface actions, and create three new datasets for it. For full task evaluation, we create PIXELHELP, a corpus that pairs English instructions with actions performed by people on a mobile UI emulator. To scale training, we decouple the language and action data by (a) annotating action phrase spans in HowTo instructions and (b) synthesizing grounded descriptions of actions for mobile user interfaces. We use a Transformer to extract action phrase tuples from long-range natural language instructions. A grounding Transformer then contextually represents UI objects using both their content and screen position and connects them to object descriptions. Given a starting screen and instruction, our model achieves 70.59% accuracy on predicting complete ground-truth action sequences in PIXELHELP.
Abstract 4499: Cytotoxicity, biochemical activity, and structural analysis of ONC201 and comparisons to a biologically inactive isomer (2015)

Abstract We previously identified TRAIL-inducing compound 10 (TIC10), also known as NSC-350625, as a small molecule being developed under the name ONC201 that has potent anti-tumor efficacy and a benign safety profile in preclinical cancer models. Further investigation of the preclinical profile of this drug candidate led in early 2014 to the FDA acceptance of the investigational drug application (IND) for oral ONC201 to treat patients with advanced cancer. The initially disclosed chemical structure of ONC201 provided by Stahle et. al in an expired patent was described as an imidazo[1,2-a]pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivative. Our first report of its anticancer activity by Allen et. al. included mass spectrometry and 1H NMR that indicated both were consistent with the structure depicted by Stahle et. al and the National Cancer Institute. A recent publication reported that the structure of ONC201 differs from the initial description and is in fact an angular [3,4-e] isomer of the previously depicted structure. Here, we report X-ray crystallography and other structural studies of ONC201 produced by Oncoceutics in a dihydrochloride salt form for clinical use that confirm the angular [3,4-e] structure and indicate that the material is not a mixture of the two isomers. Furthermore, we confirm that although fragmentation by mass spectrometry for the isomers is identical, the angular [3,4-e] isomer can be definitively identified as ONC201 by implementing specific various spectroscopy techniques to identify differences between ONC201 and the linear isomer. In accordance with our structural analysis, in vitro activity assays in cancer cells indicate that the previously disclosed anti-cancer activity and mechanism of action are indeed associated exclusively with the [3,4-e] structure and not the [4,3-d] linear isomer. Together these studies confirm the angular [3,4-e] structure of ONC201 as the highly active and pure anti-cancer drug candidate that was utilized in prior preclinical pharmacology studies and is now entering clinical trials in several oncology indications. Citation Format: Jessica Wagner, Christina Leah Kline, Richard S. Pottorf, Bhaskara Rao Nallaganchu, Gary L. Olson, David T. Dicker, Joshua E. Allen, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Cytotoxicity, biochemical activity, and structural analysis of ONC201 and comparisons to a biologically inactive isomer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4499. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4499
Pretreatment and Membrane Hydrophilic Modification to Reduce Membrane Fouling (2013)

The application of low pressure membranes (microfiltration/ultrafiltration) has undergone accelerated development for drinking water production. However, the major obstacle encountered in its popularization is membrane fouling caused by natural organic matter (NOM). This paper firstly summarizes the two factors causing the organic membrane fouling, including molecular weight (MW) and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of NOM, and then presents a brief introduction of the methods which can prevent membrane fouling such as pretreatment of the feed water (e.g., coagulation, adsorption, and pre-oxidation) and membrane hydrophilic modification (e.g., plasma modification, irradiation grafting modification, surface coating modification, blend modification, etc.). Perspectives of further research are also discussed.
Common-mode failures in redundant VLSI systems: a survey (2000)

This paper presents a survey of CMF (common-mode failures) in redundant systems with emphasis on VLSI (very large scale integration) systems. The paper discusses CMF in redundant systems, their possible causes, and techniques to analyze reliability of redundant systems in the presence of CMF. Current practice and results on the use of design diversity techniques for CMF are reviewed. By revisiting the CMF problem in the context of VLSI systems, this paper augments earlier surveys on CMF in nuclear and power-supply systems. The need for quantifiable metrics and effective models for CMF in VLSI systems is re-emphasized. These metrics and models are extremely useful in designing reliable systems. For example, using these metrics and models, system designers and synthesis tools can incorporate diversity in redundant systems to maximize protection against CMF.
Differential regulation of p53, c-Myc, Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression during apoptosis induced by widely divergent stimuli in human hepatoblastoma cells. (1996)

Apoptosis of HepG2 cells triggered by various agents is characterized in an attempt to delineate the common apoptosis signaling pathway in human hepatoma cells. Several hallmarks of apoptosis, including DNA laddering, chromatin condensation and fragmentation, and an apoptosis specific cleavage of 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA were observed after treatment with curcumin. Curcumin treatment however did not alter the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. p53 protein accumulated slowly and decreased abruptly after reaching the maximum. Conversely, c-Myc protein decreased initially and subsequently increased preceding the onset of apoptosis. The accumulation of p53 protein is not due to increased levels of p53 mRNA and does not result in growth arrest. Staurosporine, quinacrine, ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, and cyclohexamide are all capable of triggering apoptosis in HepG2 cells. While most of these agents affect the expression levels of p53 and c-Myc similarly, none of them altered the expression levels of the Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. In conclusion, these data suggest that p53 and c-Myc may play a more important role in the apoptosis signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, than the bcl-2 gene family.
Temporal upsampling of performance geometry using photometric alignment (2010)

We present a novel technique for acquiring detailed facial geometry of a dynamic performance using extended spherical gradient illumination. Key to our method is a new algorithm for jointly aligning two photographs, under a gradient illumination condition and its complement, to a full-on tracking frame, providing dense temporal correspondences under changing lighting conditions. We employ a two-step algorithm to reconstruct detailed geometry for every captured frame. In the first step, we coalesce information from the gradient illumination frames to the full-on tracking frame, and form a temporally aligned photometric normal map, which is subsequently combined with dense stereo correspondences yielding a detailed geometry. In a second step, we propagate the detailed geometry back to every captured instance guided by the previously computed dense correspondences. We demonstrate reconstructed dynamic facial geometry, captured using moderate to video rates of acquisition, for every captured frame.
Transcriptome analysis of parallel-evolved Escherichia coli strains under ethanol stress (2010)

Abstract Background Understanding ethanol tolerance in microorganisms is important for the improvement of bioethanol production. Hence, we performed parallel-evolution experiments using Escherichia coli cells under ethanol stress to determine the phenotypic changes necessary for ethanol tolerance. Results After cultivation of 1,000 generations under 5% ethanol stress, we obtained 6 ethanol-tolerant strains that showed an approximately 2-fold increase in their specific growth rate in comparison with their ancestor. Expression analysis using microarrays revealed that common expression changes occurred during the adaptive evolution to the ethanol stress environment. Biosynthetic pathways of amino acids, including tryptophan, histidine, and branched-chain amino acids, were commonly up-regulated in the tolerant strains, suggesting that activating these pathways is involved in the development of ethanol tolerance. In support of this hypothesis, supplementation of isoleucine, tryptophan, and histidine to the culture medium increased the specific growth rate under ethanol stress. Furthermore, genes related to iron ion metabolism were commonly up-regulated in the tolerant strains, which suggests the change in intracellular redox state during adaptive evolution. Conclusions The common phenotypic changes in the ethanol-tolerant strains we identified could provide a fundamental basis for designing ethanol-tolerant strains for industrial purposes.
Silicon Dioxide Thin Film Mediated Single Cell Nucleic Acid Isolation (2013)

A limited amount of DNA extracted from single cells, and the development of single cell diagnostics make it necessary to create a new highly effective method for the single cells nucleic acids isolation. In this paper, we propose the DNA isolation method from biomaterials with limited DNA quantity in sample, and from samples with degradable DNA based on the use of solid-phase adsorbent silicon dioxide nanofilm deposited on the inner surface of PCR tube.
Uniform resource name resolution based on VIRGO P2P network (2009)

When more and more equipments are connected into Internet such as 3G mobile, and the next generation networks such as 4G mobile will be deployed in the future, uniform resource names as global unified identifications are become important. Uniform resource names identify the things to avoid the conflict names among those huge amounts of objects in the Internet. However, people may want to map more information through the names. Because there are huge amounts of names, how to resolve the names into other information such as locations becomes an important issue. Client/server model can not work well to resolve the names due to traffic load and centralized balance. P2P is considered as an approach to solve the problem. In this paper, we propose a VIRGO-based P2P solution, in which the peers (registries) are virtually grouped by namespaces of uniform resource names. They construct n-tuple overlay virtual hierarchical tree overlay network according to their namespaces. With cached addresses of peers, the overload of traffic in tree structure can be avoided. This proposal supports flexible resolutions by a SQL-like query statement.
Phosphorylation within the cysteine-rich region of dystrophin enhances its association with β-dystroglycan and identifies a potential novel therapeutic target for skeletal muscle wasting (2014)

Mutations in dystrophin lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is among the most common human genetic disorders. Dystrophin nucleates assembly of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), and a defective DGC disrupts an essential link between the intracellular cytoskeleton and the basal lamina, leading to progressive muscle wasting. In vitro studies have suggested that dystrophin phosphorylation may affect interactions with actin or syntrophin, yet whether this occurs in vivo or affects protein function remains unknown. Utilizing nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we identified 18 phosphorylated residues within endogenous dystrophin. Mutagenesis revealed that phosphorylation at S3059 enhances the dystrophin-dystroglycan interaction and 3D modeling utilizing the Rosetta software program provided a structural model for how phosphorylation enhances this interaction. These findings demonstrate that phosphorylation is a key mechanism regulating the interaction between dystrophin and the DGC and reveal that posttranslational modification of a single amino acid directly modulates the function of dystrophin.
Early Design Stage Evaluation of Thermal Performance of Battery Heat Acquisition System of a Hybrid Electric Aircraft (2020)

Abstract The electric energy and power storage, conversion and distribution (ESC&D) system of a hybrid electric aircraft, even at high efficiency, will reject significant heat at relatively low temperature. Thermal management systems (TMSs) can add excessive weight (heat exchangers and pumps) and impose excessive parasitic power consumption (pumps and fans) and drag (engine fan stream air and ram air) on the aircraft. Thus, effective low-weight thermal management of the ESC&D system is critical to realizing the potential benefits of a hybrid electric aircraft. This paper carries out early design stage benchmarking and evaluation of various thermal management approaches for the battery heat acquisition system of a hybrid electric aircraft. It is shown that the battery heat acquisition system based on state-of-the-art automotive electric vehicle design may be a third of the weight of the battery itself. Alternative approaches discussed here have the promise of reducing this weight by more than 60%.
Enhancement of Resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum by Pooled Bovine Colostrum during Murine Retroviral Infection (1993)

The therapeutic efficacy of pooled bovine colostrum for the control of cryptosporidiosis was investigated during murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in female C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus for four months and then inoculated with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Persistent cryptosporidiosis was established in all retrovirus immunosuppressed mice, while control mice were refractory to infection. Parasite colonization of intestinal villi was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in immunosuppressed animals that received dietary supplemental pooled bovine colostrum compared with to those that did not receive colostrum treatment. Similarly, shedding of oocysts in the feces of immunosuppressed animals that received dietary pooled bovine colostrum was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with those that did not at 26 days post-parasite challenge. Since the nonimmune bovine colostrum contained no anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies, this suggests that passively transferred antibodies alone are unlikely to have provided the improved resistance shown in this study.