gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lessons from the Loss of Omaha’s Jobbers Canyon (2023)

Demolition of Jobbers Canyon, a National Register historic district in Omaha, Nebraska, United States, was opposed by P.R.O.U.D. (People for Responsible Omaha Urban Development). The legal struggle failed to achieve its goals. A founding member of this preservation movement gives advice to local groups who may face similar battles. Strategies that must be taken to protect historic districts are listed and discussed.
친일재산의 토지를 취득한 선의의 제3자 (2010)

「친일반민족행위자 재산의 국가귀속에 관한 특별법」이 시행되면서 친일반민족행위자의 상속인은 자신이 소유하고 있는 친일재산에 대하여 국가귀속결정처분이 내려질 우려가 있게 되자 친일재산의 토지를 선의의 제3자에게 매도함으로써 국가귀속에서 벗어나려고 하고 있다. 토지를 취득한 선의의 제3자가 제기한 국가귀속결정처분에 대한 소송은 승소율이 높은데, 이는 특별법 제3조 제1항 단서가 부동산의 선의취득을 인정하는 결과를 가져오기 때문이다. 특별법 제3조 제1항 단서에 의한 부동산 취득의 성립요건은, 객체가 친일재산이지만 현실적으로 부동산 중 토지에 제한되며, 양도인은 친일반민족행위자의 후손인 상속인이어서 친일재산을 국가귀속시켜야 할 무권리자라는것, 토지의 양도행위는 유효한 법률행위이고, 제3자는 취득한 목적물이 친일재산임을 알지 못한 선의자이며, 여기서 제3자의 범위는 특별법 시행일 전·후 모두 포함하고 있는 점 등이다. 특별법 제3조 제1항 단서의 성립요건은 민법상 인정하지 않은 부동산 등기의 공신력을 인정하면서 부동산의 선의취득이라는 결과를 가져오고 있으므로 독일제도와의 비교를 통하여 그 부동산의 선의취득자 보호를 살펴본다. 이러한 요건이 갖추어지면 그 효과로서 선의의 제3자는 친일재산의 토지에 대한 권리를 취득하며, 무권리자인 친일반민족행위자의 상속인은 친일재산의 처분으로 인하여 얻은 매매대금 등을 법률상 원인 없는 취득을 이유로 국가에 반환해야 한다. 그러나 친일재산을 증여한 경우에는 녹일빈법 제816조 제1항 2문과 같은 규정이 우리 민법에는 없기 때문에 선의의 제3자에게 부당이득의 반환의무를 지울 수 없다. 친일재산의 토지 취득과 관련한 그 밖의 문제로서 친일재산이 취득시효가 될 수 있는지 여부, 친일재산에 대한 저당권의 설정, 끝으로 부동산등기의 공신력의 문제를 다룬다. 특별법 제3조 제1항의 규정으로 부동산의 선의취득이 이루어져 부동산등기의 공신력을 인정하는 셈이 된다. 이러한 개별규정으로는 부동산 등기의 공신력을 신뢰한 자를 보호할 수 없으므로, 부동산에 관한 권리관계의 공시를 목적으로 하는 등기의 기능이 충분히 유지될 수 있도록 등기의 공신력을 민법에 채용하는 적극적인 개정의 움직임이 필요하다.
Synthesizable Design of a Multi-Module Memory Controller (2001)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a common resources needed by networking hardware modules. Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) provides a cost effective solution for such data storage. As the packet processing speeds in the hardware increase memory throughput can be a bottleneck to achieve overall high performance. Typically there are multiple hardware modules which perform different operations on the packet payload and hence all try to access the common packet buffer simultaneously. This gives rise to a need for a memory controller which arbitrates between the memory requests made by different modules and maximizes the memory throughput. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a SDRAM controller which satisfies both the requirements. The memory throughput depends on the burst lengths, the address pattern of the memory accesses and the type of memory access (read/write). Given the information about the current SDRAM access and the pending SDRAM access requests, the controller finds the memory access request among the pending requests which utilizes the data bus most efficiently and increases the throughput. This leads to the re-ordering of the memory requests between modules. Results show how this controller improves the overall throughput.
Application of next generation sequencing to human gene fusion detection: computational tools, features and perspectives (2012)

Gene fusions are important genomic events in human cancer because their fusion gene products can drive the development of cancer and thus are potential prognostic tools or therapeutic targets in anti-cancer treatment. Major advancements have been made in computational approaches for fusion gene discovery over the past 3 years due to improvements and widespread applications of high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. To identify fusions from NGS data, existing methods typically leverage the strengths of both sequencing technologies and computational strategies. In this article, we review the NGS and computational features of existing methods for fusion gene detection and suggest directions for future development.
Acoustic Echo Cancellation using Sub-Adaptive Filter (2007)

In this paper, we propose an acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) using a sub-adaptive filter. In the AEC, the step-size parameter of the adaptive filter must be varied according to the situations where a double talk and an echo path change occur. The proposed AEC can appropriately control the step-size parameter even if the double talk and the echo path change simultaneously occur because the optimal step-size parameter can be obtained according to the output of the sub-adaptive filter and the echo path change detector is controlled through the double talk detector. Hence, the proposed AEC can realize superior convergence property to the conventional one. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AEC can achieve higher ERLE and faster convergence than the conventional one.
Epitaxy of Si<sub>1-x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub> by Ultrahigh-Vacuum Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> and GeH<sub>4</sub> (1995)

Disilane and germane were used to grow Si 1- x Ge x epilayers at 550° C by ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD). The solid composition x and growth rate of Si 1- x Ge x were evaluated from double-crystal X-ray rocking curves and show very strong dependence on the total source gas flow rate ( [ GeH 4 ]+[Si 2 H 6 ]) and the gas ratio ( [GeH 4 ]/[GeH 4 ]+[Si 2 H 6 ]). The solid composition increases with increase of the gas ratio and also with increasing the total source flux by keeping gas ratio constant. The growth rate increases with the solid composition at lower values and then becomes saturated in the higher composition range ( x >0.22). The results can be explained by the relationships of the source fluxes, relative incorporation efficiency at activated surface sites and hydrogen desorption under different growth conditions.
Improved integer transforms for lossless audio coding (2004)

Lifting scheme based integer transforms are very powerful tools to construct lossless coding schemes. These transforms such as the integer fast fourier transform (IntFFT) and the integer modified discrete cosine transform (IntMDCT) are integer approximations of the original floatingpoint transforms, and hence there is an approximation error in the transform domain. This paper will propose structures for improved integer transforms in terms of improved approximation accuracy and computational efficiency. Experimental results will show that clear improvements in these two points are achieved in lossless audio coding.
Hydrogen release through catalyzed methanolysis of solid sodium borohydride (2010)

Methanolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is a way of recovering the hydrogen stored in the hydride. Though the reaction is spontaneous, it can be accelerated by virtue of Co-TiO2 or Ru-TiO2 catalysts. Under our experimental conditions, Co-TiO2 shows high catalytic performances, higher than those of Ru-TiO2. Hydrogen generation rates of 144 to 644 L(H2) min−1 g−1(Co) were measured as the Co content was decreased. The kinetic parameters of the catalyzed reaction were determined. The Co-TiO2-catalyzed methanolysis follows a power law, i.e. r20 = k·[NaBH4]1.3·[CH3OH]0.9 with k = 1.8 × 10−2 s−1. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood bimolecular mechanism accounts for the kinetics. The apparent activation energy was found to be 20.4 kJ mol−1 whereas that of the catalyzed hydrolysis was 49.4 kJ mol−1. Indeed, the catalyzed methanolysis was compared to the catalyzed hydrolysis as well as the catalyzed ethanolysis. For instance, it was remarked that water in methanol has a detrimental effect on the H2 release kinetics. In parallel, the gravimetric hydrogen density of the system NaBH4-CH3OH has been optimized. Under our experimental conditions, it was found that the highest capacity that can be achieved is 3.4 wt%.
Simulation and field-testing of hybrid ultra-capacitor/battery energy storage systems for electric and hybrid-electric transit vehicles (2005)

This paper investigates the use of ultra-capacitors combined with batteries as an improved energy storage system for electric, hybrid electric, and hybrid fuel cell transit vehicles. A demonstrator hybrid electric vehicle with an ultra-capacitor system was constructed and used to validate simulations. Results suggest a significant reduction in peak currents experienced by the battery pack in drive cycles with a high number of starts and stops.
Ultrathin Optics for Low-Profile Innocuous Imager (2009)

This project demonstrates the feasibility of a novel imager with a thickness measured in microns rather than inches. Traditional imaging systems, i.e. cameras, cannot provide both the necessary resolution and innocuous form factor required in many data acquisition applications. Designing an imaging system with an extremely thin form factor (less than 1 mm) immediately presents several technical challenges. For instance, the thickness of the optical lens must be reduced drastically from currently available lenses. Additionally, the image circle is reduced by a factor equal to the reduction in focal length. This translates to fewer detector pixels across the image. To reduce the optical total track requires the use of specialized micro-optics and the required resolution necessitates the use of a new imaging modality. While a single thin imager will not produce the desired output, several thin imagers can be multiplexed and their low resolution (LR) outputs used together in post-processing to produce a high resolution (HR) image. The utility of an Iterative Back Projection (IBP) algorithm has been successfully demonstrated for performing the required post-processing. Advanced fabrication of a thin lens was also demonstrated and experimental results using this lens as well as commercially available lenses are presented.
Fusion of stereo vision and Time-Of-Flight imaging for improved 3D estimation (2008)

This paper suggests an approach in fusing two 3D estimation techniques: stereo vision and Time-Of-Flight (TOF) imaging.By mapping the TOF-depth measurements to stereo disparities, the correspondence between the images from a fast TOF-camera and standard high resolution camera pair are found, so the TOF depth measurements can be linked to the image pairs.In the same framework, a method is developed to initialise and constrain a hierarchical stereo matching algorithm.It is shown that in this way, higher spatial resolution is obtained than by only using the TOF camera and higher quality dense stereo disparity maps are the results of this data fusion.
Three-Dimensional Printed Fluid-Filled Electrostatic Rotating Machine Designed with Conformal Mapping Methods (2017)

Recently, fluid-filled electrostatic machines demonstrated specific and volumetric torque densities that hold promise to be competitive with electromagnetic machines in niche applications, e.g., air-cooled, low-speed, and direct-drive machines. These demonstrations of variable capacitance (or elastance, which is the dual of reluctance) machines were nonoptimized from an electrostatics perspective as their geometry was heavily constrained by manufacturability issues. This paper proposes a semi-analytical design method that combines conformal mapping techniques with finite element analysis, leading to more optimal electrostatic machine geometries. Parametric sweeps of key relative dimensions establish best practices/guidelines for design. A fractional horsepower proof of concept machine was designed using the new approach and was built using stereolithographic three-dimensional printing to circumvent manufacturing constraints. The machine is mostly plastic, plated with conductor, and is, therefore, lightweight. This manufacturing approach suggests that a machine can be injected molded or cast in a single step. Measurements of the prototype demonstrate a torque density of 0.31 Nm/L and specific torque density of 0.22 Nm/kg, comparable with similar size NEMA frame fractional horsepower induction motors. Also the Nm/kV <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of the prototype machine is two orders of magnitude greater than prior nonliquid-filled work.
Production, Purification, and Characterization of a Potential Thermostable Galactosidase for Milk Lactose Hydrolysis from Bacillus stearothermophilus (2008)

Beta-galactosidase, commonly named lactase, is one of the most important enzymes used in dairy processing; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to its constituent monosaccharides glucose and galactose. Here, a thermostable beta-galactosidase gene bgaB from Bacillus stearothermophilus was cloned and expressed in B. subtilis WB600. The recombinant enzyme was purified by a combination of heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography techniques. The purified beta-galactosidase appeared as a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE gel with a molecular mass of approximately 70 kDa. Its isoelectric point, determined by polyacryl-amide gel isoelectric focusing, was close to 5.1. The optimum temperature and pH for this beta-galactosidase activity were 70 degrees C and pH 7.0, respectively. Kinetics of thermal inactivation and half-life times for this thermostable enzyme at 65 and 70 degrees C were 50 and 9 h, respectively, and the K(m) and V(max) values were 2.96 mM and 6.62 micromol/min per mg. Metal cations and EDTA could not activate this thermostable enzyme, and some divalent metal ions, namely, Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Pb(2+), and Sn(2+), inhibited its activity. Thiol reagents had no effect on the enzyme activity, and sulfhydryl group blocking reagents inactivated the enzyme. This enzyme possessed a high level of transgalactosylation activity in hydrolysis of lactose in milk. The results suggest that this recombinant thermostable enzyme may be suitable for both the hydrolysis of lactose and the production of galactooligosaccharides in milk processing.
Binding of Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein to the Inter-SH2 Domain of p85β Suggests a Novel Mechanism for Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Activation (2007)

Influenza A virus NS1 protein stimulates host-cell phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling by binding to the p85beta regulatory subunit of PI3K. Here, in an attempt to establish a mechanism for this activation, we report further on the functional interaction between NS1 and p85beta. Complex formation was found to be independent of NS1 RNA binding activity and is mediated by the C-terminal effector domain of NS1. Intriguingly, the primary direct binding site for NS1 on p85beta is the inter-SH2 domain, a coiled-coil structure that acts as a scaffold for the p110 catalytic subunit of PI3K. In vitro kinase activity assays, together with protein binding competition studies, reveal that NS1 does not displace p110 from the inter-SH2 domain, and indicate that NS1 can form an active heterotrimeric complex with PI3K. In addition, it was established that residues at the C terminus of the inter-SH2 domain are essential for mediating the interaction between p85beta and NS1. Equivalent residues in p85alpha have previously been implicated in the basal inhibition of p110. However, such p85alpha residues were unable to substitute for those in p85beta with regards NS1 binding. Overall, these data suggest a model by which NS1 activates PI3K catalytic activity by masking a normal regulatory element specific to the p85beta inter-SH2 domain.
An Interest Control Protocol for Named Data Networking Based on Explicit Feedback (2015)

Named Data Networking (NDN) is currently a hot research topic in the field of network architecture, and its transport control mechanism is one of the key technologies needed to be studied. Since the transport in NDN network has the characteristic of multi-source, the implicit congestion detection mechanism of the traditional TCP protocol is no longer suitable for the NDN network. In this paper, we propose a novel congestion control protocol for NDN network based on explicit feedback - ECP (Explicit Control Protocol), which detects the condition of network congestion proactively, and sends explicit feedback to the receiver. According to the feedback, the receiver can adjust the sending rate of Interests in order to control the sending rate of Datas from the sender, thus to realize the congestion control of the network. The simulation results based on NdnSIM show that the ECP protocol performs higher transfer efficiency and stability compared to the current NDN transport protocol using TCP implicit detection mechanism.
Olivocochlear Efferents: Anatomy, Physiology, Function, and the Measurement of Efferent Effects in Humans (2006)

This review covers the basic anatomy and physiology of the olivocochlear reflexes and the use of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) in humans to monitor the effects of one group, the medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents. MOC fibers synapse on outer hair cells (OHCs), and activation of these fibers inhibits basilar membrane responses to low-level sounds. This MOC-induced decrease in the gain of the cochlear amplifier is reflected in changes in OAEs. Any OAE can be used to monitor MOC effects on the cochlear amplifier. Each OAE type has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most straightforward technique for monitoring MOC effects is to elicit MOC activity with an elicitor sound contralateral to the OAE test ear. MOC effects can also be monitored using an ipsilateral elicitor of MOC activity, but the ipsilateral elicitor brings additional problems caused by suppression and cochlear slow intrinsic effects. To measure MOC effects accurately, one must ensure that there are no middle-ear-muscle contractions. Although standard clinical middle-ear-muscle tests are not adequate for this, adequate tests can usually be done with OAE-measuring instruments. An additional complication is that most probe sounds also elicit MOC activity, although this does not prevent the probe from showing MOC effects elicited by contralateral sound. A variety of data indicate that MOC efferents help to reduce acoustic trauma and lessen the masking of transients by background noise; for instance, they aid in speech comprehension in noise. However, much remains to be learned about the role of efferents in auditory function. Monitoring MOC effects in humans using OAEs should continue to provide valuable insights into the role of MOC efferents and may also provide clinical benefits.
Prime-Boost Immunization Eliminates Metastatic Colorectal Cancer by Producing High-Avidity Effector CD8+ T Cells (2017)

Heterologous prime-boost immunization with plasmid DNA and viral vector vaccines is an emerging approach to elicit CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell-mediated immunity targeting pathogens and tumor Ags that is superior to either monotherapy. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the synergy of prime-boost strategies remain incompletely defined. In this study, we examine a DNA and adenovirus (Ad5) combination regimen targeting guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C), a receptor expressed by intestinal mucosa and universally expressed by metastatic colorectal cancer. DNA immunization efficacy was optimized by i.m. delivery via electroporation, yet it remained modest compared with Ad5. Sequential immunization with DNA and Ad5 produced superior antitumor efficacy associated with increased TCR avidity, whereas targeted disruption of TCR avidity enhancement eliminated GUCY2C-specific antitumor efficacy, without affecting responding T cell number or cytokine profile. Indeed, functional TCR avidity of responding GUCY2C-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells induced by various prime or prime-boost regimens correlated with antitumor efficacy, whereas T cell number and cytokine profile were not. Importantly, although sequential immunization with DNA and Ad5 maximized antitumor efficacy through TCR avidity enhancement, it produced no autoimmunity, reflecting sequestration of GUCY2C to intestinal apical membranes and segregation of mucosal and systemic immunity. Together, TCR avidity enhancement may be leveraged by prime-boost immunization to improve GUCY2C-targeted colorectal cancer immunotherapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes without concomitant autoimmune toxicity.
Spherical and cylindrical microencapsulation of living cells using microfluidic devices (2007)

Microencapsulation of cells within microfluidic devices enables explicit control of the membrane thickness or cell density, resulting in improved viability of the transplanted cells within an aggressive immune system. In this study, living cells (3T3 and L929 fibroblast cells) are encapsulated within a semi-permeable membrane (calcium crosslinked alginate gel) in two different device designs, a flow focusing and a core-annular flow focusing geometry. These two device designs produce a bead and a long microfibre, respectively. For the alginate bead, an alginate aqueous solution incorporating cells flows through a flow focusing channel and an alginate droplet is formed from the balance of interfacial forces and viscous drag forces resulting from the continuous (oil) phase flowing past the alginate solution. It immediately reacts with an adjacent CaCl drop that is extruded into the main flow channel by another flow focusing channel downstream of the site of alginate drop creation. Depending on the flow conditions, monodisperse microbeads of sizes ranging from 50-200 μm can be produced. In the case of the microfibre, the alginate solution with cells is extruded into a continuous phase of CaCl solution. The diameter of alginate fibres produced via this technique can be tightly controlled by changing both flow rates. Cell viability in both forms of alginate encapsulant was confirmed by a LIVE/DEAD cell assay for periods of up to 24 hours post encapsulation.
Improved Li-Battery Electrolytes by Heterogeneous Doping of Nonaqueous Li-Salt Solutions (2004)

The concept of heterogeneous doping is applied to liquid lithium battery electrolytes. For that purpose, surface-acidic oxides (viz. are dispersed in containing ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (w/w 1:1). If the volume fraction (φ) is so high that the particles touch, the overall conductivity is significantly enhanced, in particular if the grain size is small. The results are explained by adsorption of the anion and therefore dissociating out of the ion pairs. This is in line with the zeta potential measurements. At lower φ, the effect is negligible owing to the repulsion of the colloids. At higher φ the conductivity is lowered because of inhomogeneity effects and eventually by the insulating nature of the admixtures. In addition to the enhanced overall conductivity, these composites show the favorable mechanical properties of soft matter ("soggy sand" electrolytes) and exhibit high effective viscosities. A significant advantage is that the content can make the use of polymer separators dispensable. Performance tests in cells do not show any perceptible interaction of with high Li activity materials. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Cardiac stem and progenitor cell identification Different markers for the same cell (2009)

For a long time the heart has been considered a terminally differentiated organ without any regenerative potential. The latter has been classically based on the terminally differentiated nature of cardiomyocytes and the absence of a pool of tissue-specific stem cells. This view has been radically changed due to the discovery of resident cardiac stem and progenitor cells in the adult mammalian heart. However, at minimum, 5 apparently different cardiac stem and/or progenitor cell types have been described so far. Thus, we have changed from a view of the heart as a static tissue to an organ with the highest number of tissue-specific stem cell populations. Most likely, the different putative adult cardiac stem and progenitor cells represent different developmental and/or physiological stages of a unique resident adult cardiac stem cell. Notably, it is not yet known the origin of all these cells. A better understanding of the origin, biology and physiology of the myocardial stem and progenitor cells will impact the development of regenerative medicine as an effective therapy for heart disease and failure.