gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation of a nucleocapsid polypeptide of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 possessing immunologically type-specific and cross-reactive determinants (1979)

A polypeptide (p40) of approximately 40,000 molecular weight was isolated from herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 nucleocapsids by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. This protein appears to be the same as protein 22a described previously (Gibson and Roizman, J. Virol. 10:1044--1052, 1972). Competition immunoassays were developed by using purified p40 and antisera prepared in guinea pigs. The assays indicated that the p40's from herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 possess both type-specific and cross-reactive antigenic determinants. Antibodies to the p40 cross-reactive determinant reacted with antigens in simian herpes virus SA8-infected cells, but not with antigens induced by pseudorabies virus. Preliminary results indicated that a radioimmunoprecipitation test can be used to detect type-specific herpes simplex virus p40 antibodies in human sera.
Progress towards mid-infrared fibre lasers in rare-earth doped gallium lanthanum sulphide glass for gas sensing and remote sensing (1997)

Diode-pumped rare-earth doped fibre lasers in the mid-infrared wavelengths region would offer a compact and efficient alternative to the either relatively weak or very complex existing mid-infrared sources such as thermal emitters, gas lasers and OPOs. A prerequisite for the rare-earth host material is a low phonon energy leading to mid-infrared transparency and to low nonradiative decay rates and therefore higher quantum efficiencies of mid-infrared transitions. Conventional silica glass fibres cannot fulfill these requirements leading to a need for new glass materials with lower phonon energies which must also be suitable for fibre pulling. Our approach towards mid-infrared laser sources is based on the stable, non-toxic and non-hygroscopic chalcogenide glass gallium lanthanum sulphide (GLS) with the molar composition 70Ga<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>:30La<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> which has been pulled into fibre form successfully [1]. It has a low phonon energy (425 cm) and a wide infrared transmission extending beyond 8µm. The characterization of undoped GLS glasses and fibres such as loss measurements and theoretical loss calculations will be presented in another paper at this conference [2]. <br/> In this paper we present the spectroscopy of rare-earth doped GLS glasses and fibres which show fluorescence at wavelengths which are interesting for gas sensing and remote sensing. Examples are the 3.4µm emission from praseodymium and the 4.3µm emission from dysprosium which overlap with the strong fundamental absorption bands of methane and carbon dioxide, respectively, and could therefore find application as gas sensors for these two important greenhouse gases. The emission of thulium at 3.8µm and holmium at 3.9µm fall into the atmospheric window with the highest transmission and could therefore be suitable for remote sensing applications. <br/> Laser action an the above transitions has not been achieved to date but the first laser action in a rare-earth doped chalcogenide glass fibre which has been demonstrated in a neodymium doped GLS fibre shows the potential for mid-infrared fibre lasers in this chalcogenide glass system [3].
Quantum advantage for probabilistic one-time programs (2018)

One-time programs, computer programs which self-destruct after being run only once, are a powerful building block in cryptography and would allow for new forms of secure software distribution. However, ideal one-time programs have been proved to be unachievable using either classical or quantum resources. Here we relax the definition of one-time programs to allow some probability of error in the output and show that quantum mechanics offers security advantages over purely classical resources. We introduce a scheme for encoding probabilistic one-time programs as quantum states with prescribed measurement settings, explore their security, and experimentally demonstrate various one-time programs using measurements on single-photon states. These include classical logic gates, a program to solve Yao's millionaires problem, and a one-time delegation of a digital signature. By combining quantum and classical technology, we demonstrate that quantum techniques can enhance computing capabilities even before full-scale quantum computers are available.
Electrically stimulated signals from a long-term Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (2014)

Despite modern technological advances, the most widely available prostheses provide little functional recovery beyond basic grasping. Although sophisticated upper extremity prostheses are available, optimal prosthetic interfaces which give patients high-fidelity control of these artificial limbs are limited. We have developed a novel Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (RPNI), which consists of a unit of free muscle that has been neurotized by a transected peripheral nerve. In conjunction with a biocompatible electrode on the muscle surface, the RPNI facilitates signal transduction from a residual peripheral nerve to a neuroprosthetic limb. The purpose of this study was to explore signal quality and reliability in an RPNI following an extended period of implantation. Following a 14-month maturation period, electromyographic signal generation was evaluated via electrical stimulation of the innervating nerve. The long-term RPNI was viable and healthy, as demonstrated by evoked compound muscle action potentials as well as histological tissue analysis. Signals exceeding 4 mV were successfully acquired and amplitudes were consistent across multiple repetitions of applied stimuli. There were no evident signs of muscle denervation, significant scar tissue, or muscle necrosis. This study provides further evidence that after a maturation period exceeding 1 year, reliable and consistent signals can still be acquired from an RPNI.
Pulsed three-dimensional electron spin resonance microscopy (2004)

A three-dimensional (3D) electron spin resonance (ESR) microimaging system, operating in pulse mode at 9GHz is presented. This microscope enables the acquisition of spatially resolved magnetic resonance signals of free-radicals in solid or liquid samples with a resolution of up to ∼3.5×7×11.4μm in 20min of acquisition. The detection sensitivity at room temperature is ∼1.2×109spins∕√Hz, which enables the measurement of ∼2×107 spins in each voxel after 60min of acquisition. The resolution and detection sensitivity are the best obtained so far for ESR at ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. This ESR microscope can be employed in the investigation of a variety of samples in the fields of botany, life sciences, and materials science.
Irreversible Electroporation Using the Vasculature of an Organ as Fluid Electrodes (2012)

Electroporation is a non-linear biophysical process in which the application of pulsed electric fields leads to an increase in permeability of cells, presumably through the creation of nanoscale pores in the lipid bilayer [1]. At low pulsing energy, this permeability is reversible and cellular health and function is maintained. Once a critical electric field intensity threshold is surpassed the cell membrane is unable to recover and cell death is induced in a precise and controllable manner with sub-millimeter resolution [2]. This process is referred to as irreversible electroporation (IRE). IRE does not rely on thermal mechanisms and preserves the structure of the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as nerve conduits and bile ducts [3].
Cellulose graft copolymers. I. Graft copolymerization of ethyl acrylate with γ‐irradiated cellulose from methanol–water systems (1969)

Abstract Ethyl acrylate was graft‐copolymerized with γ‐irradiated, purified cotton cellulose from methanol–water systems. The accessibility of the free radicals in the irradiated cellulose to water, methanol, ethyl acrylate, and methanol–water solutions was determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The maximum scavenging of the radicals was recorded with the irradiated cellulose was immersed in methanol–water solution which had a composition of 50/50 vol‐%. When ethyl acrylate was added to methanol–water solution (50/50 vol‐%), maximum grafting on the irradiated cellulose occurred at a concentration of ethyl acrylate of about 20 vol‐%. As the concentration of ethyl acrylate was decreased, maximum grafting occurred in solutions containing less than 50 vol‐% methanol. It was also noted that maximum grafting of ethyl acrylate in methanol–water solutions to irradiated cellulose occurred at boundry conditions, that is, conditions where the ternary mixture was still one phase, slightly different from compositions which caused the mixture to separate into two phases. From methanol solution, maximum grafting occurred at a concentration of ethyl acrylate of 80 vol‐%. The extent of grafting from methanol was less that obtained from methanol–water solutions at lower concentrations of ethyl acrylate. The accelerative effects of water was considered to be due to the Trommsdorff effect.
Color Seamlessness in Multi-Projector Displays Using Constrained Gamut Morphing (2009)

Multi-projector displays show significant spatial variation in 3D color gamut due to variation in the chromaticity gamuts across the projectors, vignetting effect of each projector and also overlap across adjacent projectors. In this paper we present a new constrained gamut morphing algorithm that removes all these variations and results in true color seamlessness across tiled multiprojector displays. Our color morphing algorithm adjusts the intensities of light from each pixel of each projector precisely to achieve a smooth morphing from one projector's gamut to the other's through the overlap region. This morphing is achieved by imposing precise constraints on the perceptual difference between the gamuts of two adjacent pixels. In addition, our gamut morphing assures a C1 continuity yielding visually pleasing appearance across the entire display.We demonstrate our method successfully on a planar and a curved display using both low and high-end projectors. Our approach is completely scalable, efficient and automatic. We also demonstrate the real-time performance of our image correction algorithm on GPUs for interactive applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that presents a scalable method with a strong foundation in perception and realizes, for the first time, a truly seamless display where the number of projectors cannot be deciphered.
Optical Coherence Tomography for Retinal Surgery: Perioperative Analysis to Real-Time Four-Dimensional Image-Guided Surgery (2016)

Magnification of the surgical field using the operating microscope facilitated profound innovations in retinal surgery in the 1970s, such as pars plana vitrectomy. Although surgical instrumentation and illumination techniques are continually developing, the operating microscope for vitreoretinal procedures has remained essentially unchanged and currently limits the surgeon's depth perception and assessment of subtle microanatomy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized clinical management of retinal pathology, and its introduction into the operating suite may have a similar impact on surgical visualization and treatment. In this article, we review the evolution of OCT for retinal surgery, from perioperative analysis to live volumetric (four-dimensional, 4D) image-guided surgery. We begin by briefly addressing the benefits and limitations of the operating microscope, the progression of OCT technology, and OCT applications in clinical/perioperative retinal imaging. Next, we review intraoperative OCT (iOCT) applications using handheld probes during surgical pauses, two-dimensional (2D) microscope-integrated OCT (MIOCT) of live surgery, and volumetric MIOCT of live surgery. The iOCT discussion focuses on technological advancements, applications during human retinal surgery, translational difficulties and limitations, and future directions.
Preventing Chemical-Vapor Deposition In Selected Areas (1991)

Method for prevention of chemical-vapor deposition of material in selected areas developed. Gas shroud isolates specific area from rest of deposition system. Inert gas flowing from beneath substrate prevents deposition between substrate and outer ring. Method extremely successful in selective deposition of SiC in chemical-vapor-deposition reactor. Used in deposition of SiC mirror blanks in Large Mirror Substrate and Lidar Mirror programs. Critical element in overall chemical-vapor-deposition process for producing large, lightweight mirrors.
Neither SP-A nor NH<sub>2</sub>-terminal domains of SP-A can substitute for SP-D in regulation of alveolar homeostasis (2006)

Surfactant proteins (SP)-A and -D are members of the collectin family of host defense proteins that share four distinct structural domains: NH(2)-terminal oligomerization, collagenous, neck, and carbohydrate recognition (CRD). To determine the specificity of the functions of these domains, the SFTPC promoter was used to express 1) full-length rat (r) Sftpa; 2) NH(2)-rSftpa/d, consisting of NH(2)-terminal and collagenous domains of SP-A with neck domain and CRD of SP-D; and 3) rSftpd/a, consisting of NH(2)-terminal and collagenous domains of SP-D with neck domain and CRD of SP-A, in Sftpd(-/-) mice. Increased expression of SP-A in Sftpd(-/-) mice did not correct the increased pulmonary saturated phosphatidylcholine levels, emphysema, or foamy alveolar macrophage and lymphocyte infiltrations characteristic of Sftpd(-/-) mice, indicating that the decreased SP-A level noted in Sftpd(-/-) mice does not account for the observed pulmonary abnormalities. The chimeric protein NH(2)-rSftpa/d was expressed and detected in the airways of transgenic mice, migrating as an SP-A-like oligomer that associated with large aggregate surfactant in a manner similar to that of SP-A rather than SP-D. NH(2)-rSftpa/d did not correct emphysema, foamy macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration, or the increased lipid accumulations characteristic of Sftpd(-/-) mice. Thus oligomerization and surfactant lipid association of SP-D requires its NH(2)-terminal and collagenous domains, which are needed for SP-D-dependent regulation of surfactant homeostasis in vivo. Attempts to express rSftpd/a fusion protein in vivo were unsuccessful. Mmp9(-/-)/Sftpd(-/-) and Mmp12(-/-)/Sftpd(-/-) mice developed air space enlargement similar to Sftpd(-/-) mice, supporting the concept that the increased expression of each metalloproteinase seen in Sftpd(-/-) lungs is not the major cause of emphysema.
There Are Three Distinct Forms of Bombesin (1996)

Amphibian bombesin is the prototypic peptide that defines the bombesin-like peptide family. In this paper we show that in the frog Bombina orientalis, there are actually 3 distinct forms of bombesin, and each of these peptides is an agonist with differing affinities for the known bombesin receptors. Oligonucleotides complementary to the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of the bombesin mRNA were used to amplify bombesin-related cDNAs from the skin, brain, and gut of B. orientalis. Three classes of cDNAs were found. One class encoded the previously characterized form of bombesin which has a Leu at position 13 ([Leu13]bombesin). The other two classes, respectively, encoded new bombesin-like peptides which we have designated as [Phe13]bombesin and [Ser3,Arg10,Phe13]bombesin ([SAP]bombesin). The existence of [SAP]bombesin in skin was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of genomic DNA showed the mRNAs for [Leu13]bombesin, [Phe13]bombesin, and [SAP]bombesin most likely arise from separate genes. Polymerase chain reaction analysis showed different patterns of tissue-specific expression for each form. [Leu13]Bombesin and [SAP]bombesin were predominantly expressed in skin, brain, and gut; [Phe13]bombesin was expressed only in brain, and [Leu13]bombesin predominated in oocytes. [SAP]Bombesin contained a cleavage site between residues 4 and 5, which if used would yield the peptide [SAP]bombesin(5-14) which has the sequence [Gln3,Arg6]neuromedin B. Thus a frog homolog of NMB could derive from the [SAP]bombesin prohormone. [Phe13]Bombesin, [SAP]bombesin, and [SAP]bombesin(5-14) were synthesized and their affinities for the mammalian bombesin-like peptide (GRP and NMB) receptors determined. These peptides acted as agonists for the GRP and NMB receptors, with relative potencies for the GRP receptor of [Leu13]bombesin > [Phe13]bombesin > [SAP]bombesin(5-14) > [SAP]bombesin and for the NMB receptor of [Phe13]bombesin > [SAP]bombesin(5-14) > [Leu13]bombesin > [SAP]bombesin. None of these peptides demonstrated high affinity binding for the BRS-3 receptor. The different receptor affinities and tissue distribution of these peptides suggests distinct physiologic roles and raises the possibility of as yet uncharacterized mammalian homologs of these new amphibian peptides.
Multimeric CD4 binding exhibited by human and simian immunodeficiency virus envelope protein dimers (1992)

The envelope (Env) glycoproteins of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) form noncovalently associated oligomers which mediate virus binding to the cell surface and fusion between the viral envelope and plasma membrane. A high-affinity interaction with CD4 is a critical step in this process. In this report, we show that Env protein dimers, but not monomers, can bind two CD4 molecules simultaneously. Multimeric CD4 binding may have important implications for Env protein-CD4 avidity, CD4-induced release of gp120, and subunit-subunit cooperativity during virus membrane fusion as well as for therapeutic strategies.
Strategies for identification of mutations causing hereditary retinal diseases in dogs: evaluation of opsin as a candidate gene (1999)

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in man, represents a clinical classification grouping together a variety of hereditary diseases of the visual cells which have broadly similar clinical characteristics. At least six distinct autosomal recessive and one X-linked retinal disease locus have been identified. As one of the strategies to look for the gene defect causing the different forms of PRA, we are examining first the most promising candidate genes. These include those coding for photoreceptor-specific structural proteins and enzymes of the phototransduction pathway, especially those reported to cause RP. Preeminent among these candidates is the gene for rod opsin, in which multiple causative mutations have been identified in both dominant and recessive forms of RP. In addition, mutations in this gene are also causally associated with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in man. We have used two strategies to examine the rod opsin gene for association with inherited retinal disease in dogs: (1) linkage to determine cosegregation of the disease locus with an intragenic polymorphic marker in the opsin gene in those breeds where suitable informative pedigrees were available; and (2) scanning the coding sequence of the gene in cases where only a limited number of affected or obligate heterozygous samples were available for a breed. We conclude that mutations in the rod opsin gene are not associated with PRA or CSNB in the 11 different dog breeds tested.
Adherence of Bordetella pertussis to Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells (1983)

Adherence of Bordetella pertussis to ciliated respiratory tract mucosa is important in the pathogenesis of whooping cough. The adherence of B pertussis to human respiratory epithelial cells was investigated using cells obtained by brushing at bronchoscopy. B pertussis attached exclusively to the ciliary tufts of ciliated cells. A mean +/- SEM of 5.0 +/- 0.3 organisms attached per cell when bacteria in a concentration of 2 X 10(9)/ml were incubated with ciliated cells. Organisms examined by electron microscopy were found to adhere to the cilia both by direct apposition and by filaments coursing between bacteria and cilia. The specificity of the adherence of B pertussis to ciliary tufts may explain the unique ability of this organism to infect the human tracheobronchial mucosa.
Measuring Objective Quality of Colonoscopy (2008)

Advances in video technology are being incorporated into today's healthcare practices. Colonoscopy is regarded as one of the most important diagnostic tools for colorectal cancer. Indeed, colonoscopy has contributed to a decline in the number of colorectal-cancer-related deaths. Although colonoscopy has become the preferred screening modality for prevention of colorectal cancer, recent data suggest that there is a significant miss rate for the detection of large polyps and cancers, and methods to investigate why this occurs are needed. To address this problem, we present a new computer-based method that analyzes a digitized video file of a colonoscopic procedure and produces a number of metrics that likely reflect the quality of the procedure. The method consists of a set of novel image-processing algorithms designed to address new technical challenges due to uncommon characteristics of videos captured during colonoscopy. As these measurements can be obtained automatically, our method enables future quality control in large-scale day-to-day medical practice, which is currently not feasible. In addition, our method can be adapted to other endoscopic procedures such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy, and bronchoscopy. Last but not least, our method may be useful to assess progress during colonoscopy training.
A mode-filtering scheme for improvement of the bandwidth-distance product in multimode fiber systems (1993)

A scheme in which the bandwidth-distance product of a multimode fiber is extended, so that it can nearly support the transmission rate of single-mode systems, is studied. It is based on selective launching of lower order modes into the fiber at the transmitting end and on filtering out at the receiver the fraction of the energy that was coupled into the higher order modes throughout the propagation in the multimode fiber. The power penalty and the dispersion performance of the scheme are investigated. In particular, it is shown that the scheme carries about 6.5 dB penalty, and doubling of the bandwidth*distance value is demonstrated. The effect of splices on the performance is also presented. It is envisioned that this approach may be used to upgrade existing multimode systems without the need for rewiring. For example, it can be used to replace the FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) installations in future high-speed networks, when transmission rates increase from megabits per second to gigabits per second.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>