gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Organic Counterion in Lead- and Tin-Based Two-Dimensional Semiconducting Iodide Perovskites and Application in Planar Solar Cells (2016)

Hybrid halide perovskites are emerging semiconducting materials, with a diverse set of remarkable optoelectronic properties. Besides the widely studied three-dimensional (3D) perovskites, two-dimensional (2D) perovskites show significant potential as photovoltaic (PV) active layers while exhibiting high moisture resistance. Here, we report two series of new 2D halide perovskite solid solutions: (HA)Pb1–xSnxI4 and (BZA)2Pb1–xSnxI4 (x = 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0), where HA stands for the organic spacer histammonium and BZA stands for benzylammonium cations. These compounds are assembled by corner-sharing octahedral [MI6]4– units stabilizing single-layered, anionic, inorganic perovskite sheets with organic cations filled in between. The optical band gaps are heavily affected by the M–I–M perovksite angles with the band gap steadily decreasing when the angle approaches 180°, ranging from 2.18 eV for (BZA)2PbI4 to 2.05 eV for (HA)PbI4. We find an anomalous trend in electronic band gap in the mixed compositions (HA)Pb1–xSnxI4 and (BZA)2Pb1–xSnxI4. When Sn substitutes for Pb to form a solid solution, the band gap further decreases to 1.67 eV for (HA)SnI4. The minimum band gap is at x = 0.75 at 1.74 eV. For BZA, the irregular trend is more intense, as all the intermediate compounds (BZA)2Pb1–xSnxI4 (x = 0.75, 0.5, 0.25) have even slightly lower band gaps than (BZA)2SnI4 (1.89 eV). DFT calculations confirm the pure Pb and Sn compounds are direct band gap semiconductors. Relatively shorter photoluminescence (PL) lifetime in (BZA)2PbI4 than (HA)PbI4 is observed, suggesting faster recombination rates of the carriers. Solution deposited thin films of (HA)PbI4 and (BZA)2PbI4 show drastically different orientations with (HA)PbI4 displaying a perpendicular rather than parallel growth orientation with respect to the substrate, which is more favorable for PV devices. The higher potential in PV applications of the HA system is indicated by device performance, as the champion air stable planar device with the structure ITO/PEDOT:PSS/2D-perovskite/PCBM/Al of (HA)PbI4 achieves a preliminary power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.13%, featuring an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.91 V.
A second type of normal maize mitochondrial genome: an evolutionary link. (1994)

A new type of maize mitochondrial genome has been identified in the male fertile (normal) inbred line A188. It has been named NA (N in the A188 nuclear background). In comparison to previously described maize mitochondrial genomes, it is classified as a new type since the genome contains unique DNA sequences and unique sets of repeated sequences, and has a unique organization. This brings the number of the maize mitochondrial genome types to five of which three are the cytoplasmic male steriles cmsT, cmsC and cmsS and of which two are the male fertile types NA (in this report) and NB (the previously characterized normal genome in the B37 nuclear background).
Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells Protect Oligodendrocytes from Brain Ischemia through Akt Signal Transduction (2011)

Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells protect the brain against ischemic injury, yet the mechanism of protection remains unclear. Using both in vitro and in vivo paradigms, this study examined the role of Akt signaling and peroxiredoxin 4 expression in human umbilical cord blood cell-mediated protection of oligodendrocytes from ischemic conditions. As previously reported, the addition of HUCB cells to oligodendrocyte cultures prior to oxygen glucose deprivation significantly enhanced oligodendrocyte survival. The presence of human umbilical cord blood cells also increased Akt phosphorylation and elevated peroxiredoxin 4 expression in oligodendrocytes. Blocking either Akt or peroxiredoxin 4 activity with Akt Inhibitor IV or a peroxiredoxin 4-neutralizing antibody, respectively, negated the protective effects of human umbilical cord blood cells. In vivo, systemic administration of human umbilical cord blood cells 48 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion increased Akt phosphorylation and peroxiredoxin 4 protein expression while reducing proteolytic cleavage of caspase 3 in oligodendrocytes residing in the ipsilateral external capsule. Moreover, human umbilical cord blood cells protected striatal white matter bundles from degeneration following middle cerebral artery occlusion. These results suggest that the soluble factors released from human umbilical cord blood cells converge on Akt to elevate peroxiredoxin 4 levels, and these effects contribute to oligodendrocyte survival.
Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters in an Aqueous Dispersion (2020)

Aqueous polymer dispersions are commodity materials produced on a multimillion-ton scale annually. Today none of these materials are biodegradable because the process by which they are made is not compatible with the synthesis of biodegradable polymers. Herein, we report a droplet microfluidic encapsulation strategy for protecting a water incompatible ring-opening polymerization (ROP) catalyst from the aqueous phase, yielding biodegradable polymer particles dispersed in water. Polymerization yields 300 μm sized particles comprised of biodegradable poly(δ-valerolactone) with molecular weights up to 19.5 kg mol–1. The success of this approach relies on simultaneous precise control of the kinetics of polymerization, the rate of mass transfer, and fluid mechanics. The power of this methodology was demonstrated by the synthesis of cross-linked polymer particles through the copolymerization of bis(ε-caprolactone-4-yl)propane and δ-valerolactone, producing cross-linked polymer particles with molecular weights reaching 65.3 kg mol–1. Overall, this encapsulation technique opens the door for the synthesis of biodegradable polymer latex and processable, biodegradable elastomers.
<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>Survival during Complement‐Mediated Attacks Is Promoted by<i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i>Outer Membrane Vesicles (2007)

Moraxella catarrhalis causes respiratory tract infections in children and in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is often isolated as a copathogen with Haemophilus influenzae. The underlying mechanism for this cohabitation is unclear. Here, in clinical specimens from a patient with M. catarrhalis infection, we document that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) carrying ubiquitous surface protein (Usp) A1 and UspA2 (hereafter, UspA1/A2) were secreted. Further analyses revealed that OMVs isolated in vitro also contained UspA1/A2, which mediate interactions with, among other proteins, the third component of the complement system (C3). OMVs from M. catarrhalis wild-type clinical strains bound to C3 and counteracted the complement cascade to a larger extent than did OMVs without UspA1/A2. In contrast, UspA1/A2-deficient OMVs were significantly weaker inhibitors of complement-dependent killing of H. influenzae. Thus, our results suggest that a novel strategy exists in which pathogens collaborate to conquer innate immunity and that the M. catarrhalis vaccine candidates UspA1/A2 play a major role in this interaction.
<title>Stability analysis of color error diffusion</title> (1999)

An error diffusion system can be unstable due to inadequate design. It can generate ever-increasing quantization error that masks the input and produces unacceptable output images. For black and white images, the instability is mainly caused by two factors. One is an error diffusion weight set that over-compensates. The second is an input signal set that exceeds the output gamut. We have discovered that quantization could be another source of instability for color error diffusion when vector quantization is applied. The requirements for a quantization scheme that leads to a stable system are analyzed.
1914 New type stents using shape memory alloy (2005)

Most of the aged illness are apoplexy, heart and cancer. These are caused by diseases of vessels into human body. Interventional radiology is minimally invasive therapy using catheter and very important for keeping of QOL. Stents are used for preventing re-narrowing after expansion of vessel. One is balloon-expandable for vascular, made of stainless steel. Another is self-expandable for non-vascular such as gallbladder, made of Ti-Ni shape memory alloy. The performance of them need flexibility, conformability and positioning. Easy positioning is very important for vascular. Now current stents lacks in some parts of them. Ti-Ni-Nb alloys have the capability of new type stent, self-exapand stent with both excellent mountability and deliverability using new type shape memory alloy.
Virtually-aged sampling DMR (2013)

Hardware failure due to wearout is a growing concern. Circuit failure prediction is an approach that is effective if it meets the following requirements: low design complexity, low overheads, generality (supporting various types of wearout including soft and hard breakdown) and high accuracy. State-of-the-art techniques, which typically detect and measure low level circuit properties like gate delay cannot deliver on all four requirements. Moving away from the paradigm of measuring circuit delays is key to satisfying the four design requirements. Our insight is to virtually age the processor and thus manifest a wearout fault early -- we convert the delay degradation into a logic fault; expose the fault and then detect the fault. To virtually age the processor, reducing supply voltage effectively mirrors wearout. For fault exposure, we observe that faults in critical paths are naturally exposed and we develop a technique to expose faults along the non-critical paths using clock phase shifting logic. Our system, Aged-SDMR, combines these two mechanisms to expose wearout faults early and detects them using Sampling DMR. We also develop principles to combine these two mechanisms with any detection technique. We implement a prototype system based on the OpenRISC processor on a Xilinx Zync FPGA. We demonstrate that Aged-SDMR is practical and delivers on all four requirements, has area and energy overheads of 9% and 0.7% respectively, takes at most 0.4 days to detect failure after onset and its early warning window is configurable. More generally, Aged-SDMR provides the capability for low-overhead DMR execution without any missed errors and 100% coverage. It is likely to find broad uses within reliability and elsewhere.
The Measurement of 3-Epimer 25-Hydroxyvitamin D by Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Specimens Detects Inconsequential Levels in Adult Subjects (2014)

It is important to choose the correct 25OHVD assay dependent on the age of the patient. Patients younger than 1 year should be run on a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay proven to not have potential contributions from any 3EVD present in the sample.
Detection of Catalyst Failure On-Vehicle Using the Dual Oxygen Sensor Method (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">On-vehicle proof-of-concept testing was conducted to evaluate the ability of the dual oxygen sensor catalyst evaluation method to identify serious losses in catalyst efficiency under actual vehicle operating conditions. The dual oxygen sensor method, which utilizes a comparison between an upstream oxygen sensor and an oxygen sensor placed downstream of the catalyst, was initially studied by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under steady-state operating conditions on an engine dynamometer and reported in Clemmens, et al. (<span class="xref">1</span>).<span class="xref">*</span> At the time that study was released, questions were raised as to whether the technological concepts developed on a test fixture could be transferred to a vehicle operating under normal transient conditions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper reports the results of a test program that used the dual oxygen sensor system coupled with a simulated on-board diagnostic algorithm to attempt detection of seriously deteriorated catalytic converters on a test vehicle operated over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). This paper reports that, with some modifications, the algorithm reported in Clemmens was used to successfully distinguish between two properly converting catalysts and two poorly converting catalysts on the same test vehicle.</div>
Nano-structure multilayer technology fabrication of high energy density capacitors for the power electronic building book (1997)

Commercially available capacitors do not meet the specifications of the Power Electronic Building Block (PEBB) concept. We have applied our propriety nanostructure multilayer materials technology to the fabrication of high density capacitors designed to remove this impediment to PEBB progress. Our nanostructure multilayer capacitors will also be enabling technology in many industrial and military applications. Examples include transient suppression (snubber capacitors), resonant circuits, and DC filtering in PEBB modules. Additionally, weapon applications require compact energy storage for detonators and pulsed-power systems. Commercial applications run the gamut from computers to lighting to communications. Steady progress over the last five years has brought us to the threshold of commercial manufacturability. We have demonstrated a working dielectric energy density of > 11 J/cm3 in 20 nF devices designed for 1 kV operation.
Near-Field Scanning Optical Tomography: A Nondestructive Method for Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Imaging (2006)

We present the theoretical foundation for near-field scanning optical tomography, a method for three-dimensional optical imaging with subwavelength resolution. An analysis of the forward problem for both scalar and vector optical fields is described. This is followed by the construction of the pseudoinverse solution to the linearized inverse scattering problem. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel 4-Alkyl-5-thien-2’-yl Pyrazole Carboxamides (2012)

The synthesis of three series of novel 4-alkyl-5-(5'-chlorothiophen-2'-yl)-pyrazole-3-carbamoyl analogues of rimonabant with affinity for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor subtype is reported. Amongst the novel derivatives, compounds 21j, 22a, 22c, and 22f showed affinity values expressed as Ki ranging from 5.5 to 9.0 nM. Derivative 23e revealed a good CB1 affinity (K(i) = 11.7 nM) and the highest CB1 selectivity of the whole series (K(i)CB2/K(i)CB1 = 384.6). These new compounds appeared to be able to pass the blood brain barrier and to counteract the activity of cannabinoid agonist. According to the results of mice vas deferens assays, as in the case of rimonabant, derivatives 21a, 22a, and 22b showed inverse agonist activity. In contrast, as a preliminary result to be confirmed, compound 23a exhibited neutral antagonist profile. According to the data obtained through an acute animal model, selected compounds 21a, 22a, and 23a evidenced the capability to significantly reduce food intake. At specific conditions, the effect of the novel compounds were higher than that induced by rimonabant. Amongst the novel CB1 antagonist compounds, 23a may represent a useful candidate agent for the treatment of obesity and its metabolic complications, with reduced side effects relative to those instead observed with rimonabant.
Diels-Alder Trapping of Photochemically Generated Dienes with Acrylic Esters: A Novel Approach to Photocured Polymer Film Development (2004)

Diels-Alder cycloadditions have often been utilized in polymer synthesis as an alternative to condensation reactions. In our earlier efforts, we developed a new method for the preparation of linear aromatic polyimides, which employs o-quionodimethanes (o-QDMs), generated by a well-known photochemical reaction: the photoenolization of o-methylphenyl ketones. Photolysis of o-methylbenzophenone 1 produces hydroxy-o-quino- diemthane 2, which can be trapped with dienophiles, such as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, to efficiently yield the corresponding cycloadduct (Scheme 1). Here we extend this approach to a novel photocuring process for development of polymer films. We synthesized a series of molecules with multi o-mehtylphenyl ketone functionalities. We further investigated these molecules as photoreactive monomers to obtain polyester films through Diels-Alder cycloadditions.
MASH-FRET: A Simplified Approach for Single-Molecule Multiplexing Using FRET (2021)

Multiplexed detection has been a big motivation in biomarker analysis as it not only saves cost and labor but also improves the reliability of diagnosis. Among the many approaches for multiplexed detection, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based multiplexing is gaining popularity particularly due to its low background and quantitative nature. Although several FRET-based approaches have been developed for multiplexing, they require either multiple FRET pairs in combination with multiple excitation sources or complicated algorithms to accurately assign signals for individual FRET pairs. Therefore, the need for multiple FRET pairs and multiple excitation sources not only complicates the experimental design but also increases the cost and labor. In this regard, multiplexed sensing by tuning the interdye distance of a single FRET pair could be an ideal solution if identification of multiple FRET efficiencies in a single imaging is possible. Here, implementing a program called MASH-FRET, we evaluated the rigor and capability of this program in identifying seemingly overlapped FRET populations obtained from a multiplexed detection experiment using a single FRET pair. Through MASH-FRET-enabled bootstrap-based analysis of FRET data (also called BOBA-FRET), we demonstrated that the resolution and statistical confidence of the poorly resolved or even unresolved FRET populations can be readily determined. Using simulated FRET data, we further demonstrated that the program can easily identify FRET populations separated by ∼0.1 in mean FRET values, indicating an upper limit of ∼9-fold multiplexing without the need for complicated labeling schemes and multiexcitation sources. Therefore, this paper presents a data analysis approach on an existing platform that has a great potential to simplify the technological needs for multiplexing and to broaden the scope of FRET-based single-molecule analyses.
Utilizzo di nuovi test immunologici nella diagnostica dell’infezione da M. tuberculosis (2006)

New in vitro test, the Interferon-γ assay, has now emerged for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Newer assays based on the immune response to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antigens from the RD1 of M. tuberculosis may have advantages over TST, in terms of higher specificity, better correlation with exposure to M. tuberculosis and less cross-reactivity due to BCG vaccination and non-TB mycobacterial infection.Two commercially available tests have been approved for the diagnosis of TB infection, the QuantiFERON® TB-Gold and the T Spot.TB. These assays are based on overlapping peptides of ESAT-6 and CFP-10; however, they do not discriminate between A-TB and LTBI. Differently, using multiepitopic peptides from ESAT-6 and CFP-10 proteins selected by quantitative implemented HLA peptide-binding motifs analysis, it has bee shown a positive response to RD1 selected peptides only in patients with A-TB.Aim of this study is to evaluate the test TB-Gold as a tool to identify TB infection in a population enrolled with suspicious active TB. Agreement between TST and Interferon-γ assay (80%), rather then sensivity and specifity was reported. Moreover the assay based on RD1 selected peptides was used to evaluate whether it would allow a discrimination between active TB and LTBI. Our study suggest, that TB-Gold is useful tool to identify TB infection in a population enrolled with suspicious active TB. Moreover the assay based on RD1 selected peptides is a useful tool to discriminate between active TB and LTBI with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 76%.
Jitter-approximation tradeoff for periodic scheduling (2004)

Summary form only given. We consider an asymmetric wireless communication setting, where a server periodically broadcasts data items to different mobile clients. The goal is to serve items in a prescribed rate, while minimizing the energy consumption of the mobile users. Abstractly, we are presented with a set of jobs, each with a known execution time and a requested period, and the task is to design a schedule for these jobs over a single shared resource without preemption. Given any solution schedule, its period approximation is the maximal factor by which the average period of a job in the schedule is blown up w.r.t. its requested period, and the jitter ratio is roughly the maximal variability of times between two consecutive occurrences of the same job. Schedules with low jitter ratio allow the mobile devices to save power by having their receivers switched off longer. We consider a scenario where clients may be willing to settle for nonoptimal period approximation so that the jitter ratio is improved. We present a parametric jitter-approximation tradeoff algorithm that allows us to choose various combinations between jitter optimality and period optimality for any given set of jobs.
Rechargeable Hydrogen Storage System Based on the Dehydrogenative Coupling of Ethylenediamine with Ethanol (2015)

Abstract A novel and simple hydrogen storage system was developed, based on the dehydrogenative coupling of inexpensive ethylenediamine with ethanol to form diacetylethylenediamine. The system is rechargeable and utilizes the same ruthenium pincer catalyst for both hydrogen loading and unloading procedures. It is efficient and uses a low catalyst loading. Repetitive reversal reactions without addition of new catalyst result in excellent conversions in both the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation procedures in three cycles.
Noise reduction of pile driving and unexploded ordinance detonations at offshore wind farm installation sites (2017)

Pile driving noise during the installation of monopile foundations for offshore wind farms can produce very high noise levels, and strict regulations on this underwater noise exist around the world. In addition, the controlled detonation of unexploded ordinance (UXO) at offshore wind farm installation sites in European waters is an additional challenge and reduction of this noise is a major challenge. This paper discusses a tunable acoustic resonance-based underwater noise abatement system for use on marine pile driving, controlled UXO detonations, and other applications. The system consists of arrays of underwater air-filled resonators, which surround the noise source and are tuned to optimally attenuate noise in a frequency band of interest. System demonstrations that were conducted at two offshore wind farm sites in the North Sea will be discussed, in which peak sound pressure level reduction of nearly 40 dB was measured, and almost 20 dB sound exposure level reduction was measured. Laboratory testing on noise generated by a combustive sound source, used to simulate UXO noise, will also be discussed. The method of deploying these resonator arrays in a simple collapsible framework, operational advantages of this approach, and future projects using this technology will be shared.
Phase Shifter for a 915 MHz Phased Array Hyperthermia System (1987)

This paper describes a design for an analog phase shifter operating at 915 MHz and suitable for use in a phased array microwave hyperthermia system. Here, the major operating constraint was minimization of amplitude variation over a 1800 phase shift, whereas previous phase shifters were designed to obtain a linear relationship between phase and control voltage. The result is a simple, inexpensive hybrid coupler phase shifter that operates over a narrow bandwidth and provides 180°of continuous phase shift with input powers up to 1 W.