gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CT scan based prostate cancer patient-specific transperineal ultrasound probe setups for image guided radiotherapy (2017)

Radiotherapy (RT) is a possible treatment modality for prostate cancer patients. The aim of RT is to irradiate tumor tissue, while sparing normal tissue as much as possible. Prior to treatment delivery, a CT scan is usually acquired, on which a treatment plan is prepared. Subsequently, the radiation dose is delivered to the patient in multiple fractions. The patients' setup prior to each of these fractions should replicate the setup during the CT scan, in order to deliver the dose to the correct location. This makes patient setup a crucial aspect of the RT workflow. It has been shown that frequent imaging during the course of the treatment (image guided RT, IGRT) can allow a more accurate patient positioning. The use of 4D ultrasound (US) imaging in these IGRT workflows is not widespread, despite the many advantages (e.g. superior soft-tissue contrast, real-time volumetric organ tracking and no extra radiation). This can be mainly attributed to the high operator dependence of this image modality. In this study, the planning CT scans of prostate cancer patients were used to calculate patient-specific transperineal US (TPUS) probe setups. The use of these setups can potentially minimize operator dependence and possibly even remove the need for a trained operator.
Terminology extraction for global content management (2003)

The role of terminology in content management has often been underrated. Term extraction has been identified by the information industry as an area requiring focus. Term extraction benefits both the content authoring and the translation process. Supplying key product terms to translation services several weeks before the actual translation begins reduces translation time, improves translation quality, and saves effort (and thus money) by reducing duplication of work. Getting the key terms ready in a timely manner can be difficult without some automation. This paper describes the process of proposing, designing, developing, and deploying a terminology extraction tool. The tool extracts nouns and noun groups, excludes non-translatable terms and known product terms, and displays a context for each extracted item. This is done based on full parsing of the text with a broad-coverage parser. The tool is made available to users on a Web server.
Fuzzy logic based image processing in IQTV environment (1995)

In this paper, new filtering techniques for TV quality improvement are presented. Fuzzy logic has been used to develop non-linear filters for impulsive and Gaussian noise reduction, scanning rate conversion and detail visibility enhancement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Arabidopsis deetiolated2 mutant is blocked early in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. (1997)

The Arabidopsis DEETIOLATED2 (DET2) gene has been cloned and shown to encode a protein that shares significant sequence identity with mammalian steroid 5 alpha-reductases. Loss of DET2 function causes many defects in Arabidopsis development that can be rescued by the application of brassinolide; therefore, we propose that DET2 encodes a reductase that acts at the first step of the proposed biosynthetic pathway--in the conversion of campesterol to campestanol. Here, we used biochemical measurements and biological assays to determine the precise biochemical defect in det2 mutants. We show that DET2 actually acts at the second step in brassinolide biosynthesis in the 5 alpha-reduction of (24R)-24-methylcholest-4-en-3-one, which is further modified to form campestanol. In feeding experiments using 2H6-labeled campesterol, no significant level of 2H6-labeled campestanol was detected in det2, whereas the wild type accumulated substantial levels. Using gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring analysis, we show that several presumed null alleles of det2 accumulated only 8 to 15% of the wild-type levels of campestanol. Moreover, in det2 mutants, the endogenous levels of (24R)-24-methylcholest-4-en-3-one increased by threefold, whereas the levels of all other measured brassinosteroids accumulated to < 10% of wild-type levels. Exogenously applied biosynthetic intermediates of brassinolide were found to rescue both the dark- and light-grown defects of det2 mutants. Together, these results refine the original proposed pathway for brassinolide and indicate that mutations in DET2 block the second step in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. These results reinforce the utility of combining genetic and biochemical analyses to studies of biosynthetic pathways and strengthen the argument that brassinosteroids play an essential role in Arabidopsis development.
Automated Removal of Stimulus Artifact in Nerve Conduction Studies (2006)

An algorithm for automated removal of stimulus artifact has been developed and tested on nerve conduction study data. The algorithm uses a hardware-based model of the stimulus artifact (SA). Model parameters are estimated from portions of the data that are judged to contain only the artifact. The model can be used to remove SA even when it is temporally overlapped with the nerve signal. Data are shown to demonstrate the algorithm's performance and to quantify the effect of SA removal on clinical parameters
Join-distinct aggregate estimation over update streams (2005)

There is growing interest in algorithms for processing and querying continuous data streams (i.e., data that is seen only once in a fixed order) with limited memory resources. Providing (perhaps approximate) answers to queries over such streams is a crucial requirement for many application environments; examples include large IP network installations where performance data from different parts of the network needs to be continuously collected and analyzed.
Adsorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions by a cross-linked polysulfonate–carboxylate resin (2015)

A new cross-linked polyzwitterion (CPZ) was synthesized through cyclocopolymerization of 3-[diallyl(carboxymethyl)ammonio]propane-1-sulfonate (92.5 mol%), and a cross-linker 1,1,4,4-tetraallylpiperazine-1,4-diium chloride (7.5 mol%) in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide. The cross-linked polyzwitterion/anion (CPZA) was obtained by the basification of CPZ with NaOH. The adsorption data fit both Temkin and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption trend on CPZA is as Cu2+ > Cd2+ and both followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The negative ΔG and positive ΔH values ascertained the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The effectiveness of a zwitterionic–anionic motif consisting of quaternary nitrogen, sulfonate and carboxylate groups has been tested for the first time for capturing Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions at low concentrations.
Rice WRKY45 plays important roles in fungal and bacterial disease resistance (2011)

Plant 'activators', such as benzothiadiazole (BTH), protect plants from various diseases by priming the plant salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway. We have reported previously that a transcription factor identified in rice, WRKY45 (OsWRKY45), plays a pivotal role in BTH-induced disease resistance by mediating SA signalling. Here, we report further functional characterization of WRKY45. Different plant activators vary in their action points, either downstream (BTH and tiadinil) or upstream (probenazole) of SA. Rice resistance to Magnaporthe grisea, induced by both types of plant activator, was markedly reduced in WRKY45-knockdown (WRKY45-kd) rice, indicating a universal role for WRKY45 in chemical-induced resistance. Fungal invasion into rice cells was blocked at most attempted invasion sites (pre-invasive defence) in WRKY45-overexpressing (WRKY45-ox) rice. Hydrogen peroxide accumulated within the cell wall underneath invading fungus appressoria or between the cell wall and the cytoplasm, implying a possible role for H(2)O(2) in pre-invasive defence. Moreover, a hypersensitive reaction-like reaction was observed in rice cells, in which fungal growth was inhibited after invasion (post-invasive defence). The two levels of defence mechanism appear to correspond to Type I and II nonhost resistances. The leaf blast resistance of WRKY45-ox rice plants was much higher than that of other known blast-resistant varieties. WRKY45-ox plants also showed strong panicle blast resistance. BTH-induced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was compromised in WRKY45-kd rice, whereas WRKY45-ox plants were highly resistant to this pathogen. However, WRKY45-ox plants were susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani. These results indicate the versatility and limitations of the application of this gene.
Directional adhesion for climbing: theoretical and practical considerations (2007)

Using the gecko as inspiration, important principles are revealed for reliable maneuvering on vertical surfaces. Foremost among these is the directional behavior of the gecko adhesive system, which permits control of adhesion via control of the tangential forces at the feet. Multiple hierarchical levels of compliance are also important for conforming intimately to surfaces with varying degrees of roughness and different length scales. In light of these requirements, most previously developed synthetic adhesives are not well suited for application on a climbing robot. We describe a synthetic fibrillar adhesive, termed Directional Polymer Stalks, made from relatively soft polyurethane (modulus of elasticity ≈ 300 kPa). The fibrils are angled 20° with respect to vertical and are approximately 1 mm long and 380 μm in diameter. Rather than having a flat top, they have angled faces at 45°. The directional nature of these angled stalks is shown, achieving a maximum adhesion of approximately 1 N for a 3.9 cm2 patch when pulled in the direction in which the stalks are angled. When pulled in the non-adhesive direction, the adhesion forces are negligible. The application to a climbing robot is presented and limitations of the current design are discussed along with ongoing efforts to address them.
Sulfidation of nanoscale zerovalent iron in the presence of two organic macromolecules and its effects on trichloroethene degradation (2018)

Sulfidation of nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) enhances its reactivity to chlorinated organic contaminants such as trichloroethene (TCE).
Multislice double inversion‐recovery black‐blood imaging with simultaneous slice reinversion (2003)

Multislice DIR provides up to eight-fold improvement of time-efficiency relative to single-slice DIR and high-quality blood suppression.
Electrostatic powder painting of non-conductive substrates (1995)

A method to electrostatically powder coat non-conductive substrates has been developed. This method uses a thin coating of an aerosol antistat containing a fatty quaternary ammonium compound onto the substrate prior to powder painting. Microstructural analysis of the epoxy coatings has shown that gases are trapped within the coating causing voids. The formation of large voids with diameters as large as 50 {micro}m appear to be due to water-vapor released from the non-conductive substrate during curing of the epoxy coating. Even with the voids within the epoxy layer, the coating on the antistat treated substrate passed military specifications for adhesion and solvent resistance.
Engineering the surface properties of microfluidic stickers (2012)

We introduce a simple and effective method to tailor the wetting and adhesion properties of thiolene-based microfluidic devices. This one-step lithographic scheme combines most of the advantages offered by the current methods employed to pattern microchannels: (i) the channel walls can be modified in situ or ex situ, (ii) their wettability can be varied in a continuous manner, (iii) heterogeneous patterning can be easily accomplished, with contact-angle contrasts extending from 0 to 90° for pure water, (iv) the surface modification has proven to be highly stable upon aging and heating. We first characterize the wetting properties of the modified surfaces. We then provide the details of two complementary methods to achieve surface patterning. Finally, we demonstrate the two methods with three examples of applications: the capillary guiding of fluids, the production of double emulsions, and the culture of cells on adhesive micropatterns.
Mixtures of Chiral and Achiral Monodentate Ligands in Asymmetric Rh‐Catalyzed Olefin Hydrogenation: Reversal of Enantioselectivity. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A study to detect a material deposition status in fused deposition modeling technology (2015)

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology, one of the most commonly used by 3D printers, builds parts layer-by-layer by heating and extruding thermoplastic filament. However, building failures such as nozzle clogging, substrate deformation, etc. often occur when using FDM systems. All of these failures are unpredictable and undetectable, resulting in lost time and money. The present research studies a methodology to detect the material deposition status to solve this crux of FDM 3D printing by sensing the inner pressure change of the liquefied material. The paper hypothesized that the change in deposition status of the FDM system affects the current supplied to the feeding motor in the extrusion head due to a chain reaction. This was corroborated by experiments which investigated how supplied current reacts when an unexpected substance invades the deposition area during a build.
Progress in bit-wise volumetric optical storage using aluminum oxide single crystal media (2007)

Aluminum oxide single crystals doped with magnesium and carbon and having aggregate vacancy defects are proposed for volumetric fluorescent bit-wise data storage. A unique optical recording technique, which utilizes sequential two-photon absorption and incoherent confocal fluorescence detection, is utilized for nondestructive readout. The new medium is exceptionally environmentally and temporally stable and can be recorded with diode lasers. Recent static and dynamic test stand results are reported, including demonstration of 20 layers of data and random mark-length recording with a clear "eye pattern" and satisfactory carrier-to-noise ratio.
Cationic Liposome–Plasmid DNA Complexes Used for Gene Transfer Retain a Significant Trapped Volume (1998)

The goal of this study is to determine whether cationic liposomes retain any trapped volume after their complexation to plasmid DNA. This serves two purposes: to further the understanding of the physical nature of liposome/plasmid DNA complexes used in gene therapy and to investigate the potential for codelivery of other encapsulated molecules with the liposome-DNA complexes. Cationic liposomes composed of N,N-dioleoyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DODAC/DOPE, 50/50 mol %) encapsulating an aqueous trap marker were used to prepare liposome-DNA complexes at various charge ratios. The trapped volume before and after DNA binding was measured by two methods: dialysis and filtration. The effect of tissue culture medium on trapped volume was also investigated. A lipid-mixing assay was employed to further characterize the aggregation events that influence trap volume. The trapped volume (Vt) of neutral control liposomes was 1.1 +/- 0.04 microL/mumol, which was not affected by the addition of DNA. For cationic liposomes in the absence of DNA the Vt was 1.45 +/- 0.46 and 1.54 +/- 0.08 microL/mumol, as measured by the filtration and dialysis methods, respectively. After addition of DNA, the residual trapped volume (RVt) decreased to 0.43 +/- 0.1 microL/mumol and 0.47 +/- 0.05 microL/mumol, as determined by each method, respectively. RVt increased as the ratio of cationic lipid to DNA (nmol of lipid/mg of DNA) was increased above 10, a ratio that corresponds to a charge ratio (positively charged lipids to negatively charged phosphate groups) of 1.62. Aggregation and lipid-mixing were greatest at charge ratios coinciding with the lowest trapped volume. In the presence of tissue culture medium, the Vt of cationic liposomes but not neutral liposomes was reduced, suggesting that the salts have a direct effect on cationic liposomes in the absence of DNA. The RVt of both neutral and cationic liposomes in the presence of DNA, however, was not different from that of the liposomes in the absence of DNA. These results suggest that a significant trapped volume is retained by cationic liposomes after binding to plasmid DNA. This is an important finding with regard to the potential use of DNA/liposome complexes in the codelivery of other bioactive molecules at the time of cell transfection.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanosheet Seed‐Layer Assists Oriented Growth of Highly Luminescent Perovskite Films. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Characterization and Optimization of a Tensioned Metastable Fluid Nuclear Particle Sensor Using Laser-Based Profilometry (2015)

State-of-the-art neutron detectors lack capabilities required by the fields of homeland security, health physics, and even for direct in-core nuclear power monitoring. A new system being developed at Purdue’s Metastable Fluid and Advanced Research Laboratory in conjunction with S/A Labs, LLC provides capabilities that the state-of-the-art lacks, and simultaneously with beta (β) and gamma (γ) blindness, high (>90% intrinsic) efficiency for neutron/alpha spectroscopy and directionality, simple detection mechanism, and lowered electronic component dependence. This system, the tensioned metastable fluid detector (TMFD), provides these capabilities despite its vastly reduced cost and complexity compared with equivalent present day systems. Fluids may be placed at pressures lower than perfect vacuum (i.e., negative), resulting in tensioned metastable states. These states may be induced by tensioning fluids just as one would tension solids. The TMFD works by cavitation nucleation of bubbles resulting from energy deposited by charged ions or laser photon pile-up heating of fluid molecules, which are placed under sufficiently tensioned (negative) pressure states of metastability. The charged ions may be created from neutron scattering or from energetic charged particles such as alphas, alpha recoils, and fission fragments. A methodology has been created to profile the pressures in these chambers by laser-induced cavitation (LIC) for verification of a multiphysics simulation of the chambers. The methodology and simulation together have led to large efficiency gains in the current acoustically tensioned metastable fluid detector (ATMFD) system. This paper describes in detail the LIC methodology and provides background on the simulation it validates.
Multi‐layer transmission and hybrid relaying for relay channels with multiple out‐of‐band relays (2013)

ABSTRACT In this work, a relay channel is studied in which a source encoder communicates with a destination decoder through a number of out‐of‐band relays that are connected to the decoder through capacity‐constrained digital backhaul links. This model is motivated by the uplink of cloud radio access networks. In this scenario, a novel transmission and relaying strategies are proposed in which multi‐layer transmission is used, on the one hand, to adaptively leverage the different decoding capabilities of the relays and, on the other hand, to enable hybrid decode‐and‐forward and compress‐and‐forward relaying. The hybrid relaying strategy allows each relay to forward part of the decoded messages and a compressed version of the received signal to the decoder. The problem of optimising the power allocation across the layers and the compression test channels is formulated. Albeit non‐convex, the derived problem is found to belong to the class of so‐called complementary geometric programs. Using this observation, an iterative algorithm based on the homotopy method is proposed that achieves a stationary point of the original problem by solving a sequence of geometric programming, and thus convex, problems. Numerical results are provided that show the effectiveness of the proposed multi‐layer hybrid scheme in achieving performance close to a theoretical (cutset) upper bound. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of 19.2% efficiency ZnO/CdS/CuInGaSe<sub>2</sub>thin‐film solar cells (2003)

Abstract We report the growth and characterization of record‐efficiency ZnO/CdS/CuInGaSe 2 thin‐film solar cells. Conversion efficiencies exceeding 19% have been achieved for the first time, and this result indicates that the 20% goal is within reach. Details of the experimental procedures are provided, and material and device characterization data are presented. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitosis detection in breast cancer pathology images by combining handcrafted and convolutional neural network features (2014)

Breast cancer (BCa) grading plays an important role in predicting disease aggressiveness and patient outcome. A key component of BCa grade is the mitotic count, which involves quantifying the number of cells in the process of dividing (i.e., undergoing mitosis) at a specific point in time. Currently, mitosis counting is done manually by a pathologist looking at multiple high power fields (HPFs) on a glass slide under a microscope, an extremely laborious and time consuming process. The development of computerized systems for automated detection of mitotic nuclei, while highly desirable, is confounded by the highly variable shape and appearance of mitoses. Existing methods use either handcrafted features that capture certain morphological, statistical, or textural attributes of mitoses or features learned with convolutional neural networks (CNN). Although handcrafted features are inspired by the domain and the particular application, the data-driven CNN models tend to be domain agnostic and attempt to learn additional feature bases that cannot be represented through any of the handcrafted features. On the other hand, CNN is computationally more complex and needs a large number of labeled training instances. Since handcrafted features attempt to model domain pertinent attributes and CNN approaches are largely supervised feature generation methods, there is an appeal in attempting to combine these two distinct classes of feature generation strategies to create an integrated set of attributes that can potentially outperform either class of feature extraction strategies individually. We present a cascaded approach for mitosis detection that intelligently combines a CNN model and handcrafted features (morphology, color, and texture features). By employing a light CNN model, the proposed approach is far less demanding computationally, and the cascaded strategy of combining handcrafted features and CNN-derived features enables the possibility of maximizing the performance by leveraging the disconnected feature sets. Evaluation on the public ICPR12 mitosis dataset that has 226 mitoses annotated on 35 HPFs ([Formula: see text] magnification) by several pathologists and 15 testing HPFs yielded an [Formula: see text]-measure of 0.7345. Our approach is accurate, fast, and requires fewer computing resources compared to existent methods, making this feasible for clinical use.