gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of crosslinking on physical properties of phenol–formaldehyde novolac cured epoxy resins (1993)

Abstract To clarify the relationship between crosslinking density and physical properties of phenol–formaldehyde novolac cured epxy resin and factors governing their physical properties, we studied various properties of cured resins having different crosslinking densities. The resins were prepared with various curing accelerators and raw epoxy resins having different molecular weights. We found that as the crosslinking density of a cured resin increases, glass transition temperature ( T g ) rises and the relaxation time becomes longer. Furthermore, in the rubbery region, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion drops and the elastic modulus become larger, while, in the glassy region, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, specific volume, water absorption, diffusion coefficient, and permeability all increase but the elastic modulus becomes smaller. The WLF analysis on the relaxation behaviors of typical cured resin showed that cured resin with a higher crosslinking density decreases in the fractional free volume. This behavior is completely opposite from the relationship predicted from the temperature dependency of specific volume. While the coefficient of thermal expansion of free volume decreases as the crosslinking density increases for the cured resin, it coincides well with the tendency predicted from the difference in coefficient of cubic thermal expansion in the rubbery and glassy regions of each cured resin. That the free volume obtained from WLF analysis shows a relationship opposite to the predicted free volume as based on the temperature dependency of specific volume is explained as follows: Namely, the free volume obtained from the WLF analysis is a hole free volume V h which contributes to fluidity and V h decreases with the crosslinking density. On the other hand, the free volume predicted from the specific volume is a sum of the interstitial free volume V i and V h . V i increases with the crosslinking density and this V i increase exceeds the decrease of V h . Therefore, the free volume predicted from the specific volume increases with the crosslinking density. Consequently, the influence of free volume on the relationship between the crosslinking density and physical properties of cured resin can be interpreted as follows. As the crosslinking density increases on cured resins, T g rises, the relaxation time is lengthened, and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion becomes smaller in the rubbery region because, as the crosslinking density increases, V h decreases. Since crosslinking density increases on cured resins, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, water absorption, diffusion coefficient, and permeability become larger, and the elastic modulus becomes smaller in the glassy region because, as the crosslinking density increases, V i increases and, accordingly, molecular chain packing becomes looser; i.e., the specific volume increases. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Antiviral agents and HIV prevention (2012)

Antiviral agents can be used to prevent HIV transmission before exposure as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), after exposure as postexposure prophylaxis, and as treatment of infected people for secondary prevention. Considerable research has shed new light on antiviral agents for PrEP and for prevention of secondary HIV transmission. While promising results have emerged from several PrEP trials, the challenges of poor adherence among HIV-negative clients and possible increase in sexual risk behaviors remain a concern. In addition, a broader pipeline of antiviral agents for PrEP that focuses on genital tract pharmacology and safety and resistance issues must be developed. Antiretroviral drugs have also been used to prevent HIV transmission from HIV-infected patients to their HIV-discordant sexual partners. The HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 trial demonstrated nearly complete prevention of HIV transmission by early treatment of infection, but the generalizability of the results to other risk groups - including intravenous drug users and MSM - has not been determined. Most importantly, the best strategy for use of antiretroviral agents to reduce the spread of HIV at either the individual level or the population level has not been developed, and remains the ultimate goal of this area of investigation.
Introduction to OFDMA and SC‐FDMA and to MIMO in LTE (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction LTE Multiple Access Background OFDMA Basics SC-FDMA Basics MIMO Basics Summary References
Comparative evaluation of the new Sheffield table and the modified joint British societies coronary risk prediction chart against a laboratory based risk score calculation (2002)

The new Sheffield table and modified JBS chart are valid for use in primary care since their diagnostic accuracy is unaffected by approximations in age and blood pressure. It is suggested that practitioners should choose whichever risk assessment tool they are comfortable with and use it.
Neutralizing epitopes of the H5 hemagglutinin from a virulent avian influenza virus and their relationship to pathogenicity (1989)

To define and characterize the major neutralizing epitopes of the H5 hemagglutinin, a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for the H5 hemagglutinin of the virulent avian influenza virus A/Turkey/Ontario/7732/66 (H5N9) was prepared. Antibodies which neutralized infectivity of the virus were used to select a panel of escape mutants. Reactivity patterns of the panel of monoclonal antibodies against the panel of mutants by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology and hemagglutination inhibition operationally defined five distinct epitopes on the H5 molecule. The mutants were analyzed in vivo for virulence in chickens, and the findings indicate that viruses with mutations in four of five epitopes were no less virulent than the wild type, producing a rapidly fatal disease, while all viruses with mutations in the fifth epitope (group 1 mutants) were attenuated. These group 1 mutants were unaltered in the cleavage properties of the hemagglutinin, suggesting that the mechanism of attenuation is unrelated to processing of the hemagglutinin. One of the group 1 mutants, 77B1v, was characterized for its ability to produce necrosis of the spleen and was found to produce none of the lesions in the spleen which are characteristic of the wild-type virus, although virus was present in this organ. The results suggest an altered tissue tropism, perhaps sparing a population of cells critical to an effective immune response.
Unidirectional radiation of widely tunable THz wave using a prism coupler under noncollinear phase matching condition (1997)

A widely tunable THz wave has been parametrically generated and reported recently by us utilizing a LiNbO3 crystal with a monolithic grating coupler under a noncollinear phase matching condition. However, the output direction of the THz wave is strongly dependent on the generated frequency due to the nature of noncollinear phase matching, as well as the grating coupler. In this letter, a novel method for THz coupling is proposed using a low dispersion prism to eliminate almost completely the THz beam deflection for the entire tuning range. The unidirectional THz wave radiation was confirmed theoretically and experimentally for the range of 1–2 THz.
Chain Order and Mobility of High-Density C<sub>18</sub> Phases by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Liquid Chromatography (1996)

C(18) phases prepared by different synthetic pathways are examined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Silane functionality is clearly indicated by (29)Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Order and mobility of the alkyl chains are investigated with high-speed (1)H MAS and (13)C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Differences in coverage are monitored by (1)H line widths,( 13)C chemical shifts, (13)C cross-polarization constants, and (1)H relaxation times in the rotating frame. It is shown that C(18) phases prepared by the surface polymerization technique exhibit a more regular surface coverage than sorbents prepared by conventional polymeric synthesis. The findings from solid-state NMR investigations are discussed in the context of liquid chromatography (LC) separations of linear and bulky polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) solutes.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Olefins to Aldehydes Using a Palladium‐Copper Catalyst. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Novel heparan sulphate analogues: inhibition of β-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (2005)

The role of HS (heparan sulphate) in the pathology of AD (Alzheimer's disease) is multifaceted. HS and other glycosaminoglycans have been widely reported to be associated with neuritic plaques. HS has also been shown to promote the aggregation of Aβ (amyloid β-peptide), the proteinaceous component of neuritic plaques. Recently, we described a novel and contrasting role for HS in the pathology of AD: HS can inhibit the formation of Aβ, by directly interacting with the protease BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1; β-secretase 1), that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein and is the rate limiting step in the generation of Aβ. Here, we review the current roles of HS and the potential for HS-derivatives in the treatment of AD.
Application of pulse combustion technology in spray drying process (2000)

The paper presents development of valved pulse combustor designed for application in drying process and drying tests performed in a specially built installation. Laser technique was applied to investigate the flow field and structure of dispersed phase during pulse combustion spray drying process. PDA technique was used to determine initial atomization parameters as well as particle size distribution, velocity of the particles, mass concentration of liquid phase in the cross section of spray stream, etc., in the drying chamber during drying tests. Water was used to estimate the level of evaporation and 5 and 10% solutions of sodium chloride to carry out drying tests. The Computational Fluid Dynamics technique was used to perform theoretical predictions of time-dependent velocity, temperature distribution and particle trajectories in the drying chamber. Satisfactory agreement between calculations and experimental results was found in certain regions of the drying chamber.
Wound Management with Whirlpool and Infrared Cold Laser Treatment<subtitle>A Clinical Report</subtitle> (2016)

Patients with open wounds are frequently referred to physical therapy for wound cleansing and enhancement of the healing process. The healing process in most open wounds, however, is very slow, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus and vascular insufficiency. The purpose of this clinical report is to describe a sterile whirlpool and cold laser treatment protocol used in one physical therapy department for patients with open wounds. The two patients described in this clinical report received infrared cold laser treatment and conventional sterile whirlpool baths with povidone-iodine solution. Clinical results showed well-granulated tissue and nearly complete healing of the open wounds in these two patients.
NaMnFe<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> Alluaudite Phase: Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Properties As Positive Electrode in Lithium and Sodium Batteries (2010)

The NaMnFe2(PO4)3 alluaudite phase was prepared either by classical solid-state chemistry or by the sol−gel method. Its structure was investigated by Rietveld refinement of XRD and neutron diffraction data in order to precisely determine the cationic distribution. This 3D skeleton structure exhibits two types of 1D tunnels where the Na+ ions are localized. The material obtained by the sol−gel method exhibits a composition very close to the ideal one, contrary to previous works reported in literature. This study leads us to propose the following formulation for our sample: (Na0.81)A(1)(Na0.19)A(2)′(MnII0.87FeII0.13)M(1)(FeIII1.87MnIII0.13)M(2)(PO4)3. The iron/manganese exchange was revealed from neutron data and was supported by Mössbauer spectroscopy (presence of small amount of Fe2+ ions in the M(1) type site). The stability of the various Na+ ions sites within the tunnels were studied by DFT calculations. The intercalation/deintercalation properties of NaMnFe2(PO4)3 as positive electrode were tested in lithium and sodium batteries. The cycling curves exhibit a significant polarization even for the material prepared by sol−gel method. For this material, 1.5 Li+ ions and electrons can be intercalated in the structure at low rate.
Study of Superconducting Bilayer for Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors for Astrophysics (2016)

Due to their multiplexing capability and their good sensitivity to radiation from submillimeter to X-ray wavelengths, microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) are increasingly used in the field of astrophysics. The Advanced Technology Center of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan is developing MKIDs for astronomical observations such as CMB B-mode search with LiteBIRD. MKIDs are made of superconductors whose energy gap determines the detector frequency range. The energy gap depends on Tc, the critical temperature of the superconductor. It is thus important to be able to adjust Tc in order to choose the suitable frequency range. When using a single-layer MKID, the Tc is fixed by the superconducting gap energy of the unique component and cannot be changed. One possibility is to make a bilayer MKID using the proximity effect to adjust its critical temperature. This paper presents our new study on MKIDs made of superconductor/metal bilayers. We investigated niobium and copper bilayers (Nb/Cu) and fabricated different bilayers in our clean room. The critical temperature of each of them has been measured. We show that the Tc depends on the ratio between Nb and Cu thicknesses and that we are able to control it. Then, we characterized one of these Nb/Cu bilayers (Nb = 8 nm and Cu = 22 nm) once integrated in a MKID. We measured the temperature dependence of the resonant frequency, and we achieved quality factors as high as 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> . The measurement of the noise spectrum provided a lower limit equal to -85 dBc/Hz, and the calculation of the noise equivalent power has shown that the sensitivity of the Nb/Cu bilayer MKID is not very far from that of an Al monolayer MKID.
Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Review of the Literature (2019)

<b>Introduction:</b> Deep brain stimulation is a safe and effective neurointerventional technique for the treatment of movement disorders. Electrical stimulation of subcortical structures may exert a control on seizure generators initiating epileptic activities. The aim of this review is to present the targets of the deep brain stimulation for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. <b>Methods:</b> We performed a structured review of the literature from 1980 to 2018 using Medline and PubMed. Articles assessing the impact of deep brain stimulation on seizure frequency in patients with DRE were selected. Meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies were included. <b>Results:</b> To date, deep brain stimulation of various neural targets has been investigated in animal experiments and humans. This article presents the use of stimulation of the anterior and centromedian nucleus of the thalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia, cerebellum and hypothalamus. Anterior thalamic stimulation has demonstrated efficacy and there is evidence to recommend it as the target of choice. <b>Conclusion:</b> Deep brain stimulation for seizures may be an option in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Anterior thalamic nucleus stimulation could be recommended over other targets.
High speed data links using power line carrier equipment (1991)

In high voltage networks various communications bearers may be utilised. Data signalling has been slow, particularly where power line carrier communications have been used. The authors describe a system using high speed data signalling power line carrier (PLC) bearer channels in a rapidly developing country. Restrictions at the time of design were imposed by the licensing authorities with regard to available high frequency bandwidth and limited transmitter output power. Due to the length of the 275 kV lines, double transpositions were included which, together with high corona noise under adverse weather, gave potentially onerous signal to noise ratio (SNR) conditions. >
Macromolecule-like Aspects for a Colloidal Suspension of an Exfoliated Titanate. Pairwise Association of Nanosheets and Dynamic Reassembling Process Initiated from It (1996)

A layered protonic titanate of lepidocrocite-type, HxTi2-x/4□x/4O4·H2O (x ∼ 0.7; □, vacancy), has been exfoliated on the action of an aqueous solution of tetrabutylammonium (hereafter TBA) hydroxide, which resulted in a stable colloidal suspension. A colloidal aggregate centrifuged from the suspension was examined by an in situ X-ray diffraction technique under conditions where drying speed was controlled. The diffraction immediately after separation from the liquid phase was principally amorphous except for a series of sharp reflections detected in a small angle scattering region. On the basis of the line profile analysis, the latter diffraction feature was accounted for by the fundamental intersheet interference of a spacing >10 nm, which demonstrates the existence of a novel associated pair of the titanate nanosheets accommodating a large volume of water cluster between them. These XRD data provide persuasive evidence for delamination into single layers. Upon drying, the amorphous halo disappeared and changed into a well-ordered crystalline pattern. This can be explained by reassembling of the individual sheets which was initiated from the paired species. A TBA intercalated compound was finally obtained as a result of drying. The theoretical simulations on the XRD data revealed that the process involves increase of the crystallites which grows in number of the sheets but shrinks in terms of intersheet distance. The dynamic process from the colloidal nanosheets to the restacked layered structure was followed here for the first time, which throws light upon the inherent nature of “single-layer colloidal suspensions” as inorganic macromolecules.
The Development of Californium-252 Sealed Sources at the Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique (1975)

AbstractIn 1971 the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) established itself as a candidate for 252Cf commercial encapsulation services. A production facility, designed and built at the Fontenay-aux-Roses Centre for Nuclear Studies, allows handling of up to 10 mg of 252Cf. This unit started operation in Sep. 1973.The main features of the californium facility are: (a) remote manipulation by means of two electrical robots, (b) TIG welding of capsules and assemblies using two machines, with variable positioning of the electrode along the three axis that allows the soldering of pieces as large as 50 mm in diameter and 2 m in length, (c) capsule decontamination by an electrolytic pickling technique, and (d) neutron source emission counting by means of a uranium fission chamber giving relative measurements versus a 252Cf standard with an accuracy of 3%.All sealed sources developed at the CEA are made of 252Cf2O3-Pd cermets encapsulated in stainless steel, Zircaloy, or nickel and are qualified as special form nuclear material. Present applications of 252Cf sealed sources in France are directed toward physical research and nuclear reactor design, nuclear reactor startup and nuclear materials assay, neutron activation analysis development for in situ determinations in the earth science and mineral exploration, and for process control in metallurgy.Furthermore, the CEA is involved in a government-sponsored program on a 252Cf source projector for neutron therapy. For the afterloading interstitial technique, the CEA has designed miniaturized sources made of a 252Cf2O3-Pd cermet containing 0.32 μg of 252Cf sealed in a platinum capsule 0.70 mm in diameter and 4 mm long.
Codon usage suggests that translational selection has a major impact on protein expression in trypanosomatids (2008)

Synonymous codon bias is correlated with tRNA gene copy number and with protein expression level in trypanosomatids. Taken together, the results suggest that translational selection is the dominant mechanism underlying the control of differential protein expression in these organisms. The findings reveal how trypanosomatids may compensate for a paucity of canonical Pol II promoters and subsequent widespread constitutive RNA polymerase II transcription.
Improved selective repeat ARQ scheme for mobile multimedia communications (2000)

This paper suggests a NAK-based selective repeat (SR) scheme for reliable data transmission in the future land-mobile communications systems supporting multimedia services. The proposed scheme is an improved version of the automatic repeat request defined in IS-707. We analyze the proposed SR under the assumption of a two-states Markov channel. The numerical results show that drastic performance improvement can be achieved at the cost of minor increase in complexity.
Sugar Amino Acid Containing Somatostatin Analogues that Induce Apoptosis in Both Drug-Sensitive and Multidrug-Resistant Tumor Cells (2001)

[carbohydrate structure--see text] Resistance to chemotherapy has become a major problem in cancer therapy. The new sugar amino acid (SAA) containing somatostatin analogues presented possess antiproliferative and apoptotic activity against both multidrug-resistant and drug-sensitive hepatoma carcinoma cells. Synthesis, design, and biological evaluation of the cyclic analogues and of the furanoid SAA used will be discussed. Four analogues have IC(50) values in the low microM range, making them promising leads for chemotherapeutic drugs against multidrug-resistant carcinoma.
Differentiation of Wild‐ and Vaccine‐type Canine Parvoviruses by PCR and Restriction‐enzyme Analysis (1995)

The polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) and restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism (RFLP) analysis were used to differentiate the wild- and vaccine-type of canine parvovirus (CPV) in Japan. The entire coding region of the CPV genome was enzymatically amplified, and the PCR products of three wild strains and four vaccine strains were analysed using RFLP assay. Then, two polymorphic regions in the VP1/VP2 gene were selected to generate strain-specific RFLP patterns. By using four restriction enzymes, wild and vaccine strains were clearly differentiated; only two vaccine strains, probably of the same origin, were indistinguishable from each other. The wild strains retained strain-specific RFLP patterns throughout in vitro passage, and there was no diversity of RFLP patterns among the different lots of vaccine strains. A total of 21 recent field samples were tested, showing RFLP patterns identical to those of a wild strain isolated in 1991. These results suggest that the PCR-RFLP analysis is a practical and reliable method of differentiating wild- and vaccine-type CPVs.