gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Testosterone therapy and the pathogenesis of Kennedy's disease (X-linked bulbospinal muscular atrophy) (1996)

The mutation in X-linked bulbospinal muscular atrophy (XBSMA) is an increased CAG triplet repeat coding for a polyglutamine domain in the gene for the androgen receptor. This might impair the effect of testosterone on motor neurons, leading to their progressive degeneration. We report a trial of high-dose oral testosterone therapy in two brothers with XBSMA. Patient 1 received 37.5 mg of testosterone daily for more than 18 months, and Patient 2 received 25 mg per day for six months, both in combination with exercise therapy. Patient 1 showed improvement of up to 300% in muscle work output. Patient 2, who did less exercise, had no symptomatic improvement. These results indicate that exogenous testosterone therapy is not harmful, and may produce functional improvement when combined with exercise. We hypothesize that high-dose testosterone may reduce a toxic gain of function that the mutation produces, perhaps by inhibiting glutamate neurotoxicity.
Selecting sequence of refactoring techniques usage for code changing using greedy algorithm (2013)

Refactoring is the process of changing the internal structure of software but it preserves external behavior of software. To improve software maintainability, we may apply several refactoring techniques to source code. Applying different sequence of refactoring techniques to different parts of source code results in different code changes and different level of software maintainability. We propose an approach for selecting sequence of refactoring techniques usage for code changing using Greedy Algorithm. To get optimal software maintainability, we create possible sequences of refactoring techniques usage and apply each refactoring technique to source code. Greedy Algorithm is used to separate the optimal sequence of refactoring techniques usage from possible sequences of refactoring techniques. We evaluate the approach with source code containing Long Method, Large Class and Feature Envy bad smells by comparing the changed source code result between applying the approach and without applying sequence of refactoring techniques usage. The compared results show that the changed source code by applying our approach can improve software maintainability better than the changed source code without sequencing refactoring techniques usage.
Localized Palmar–Plantar Epidermal Hyperplasia: A Previously Undefined Dermatologic Toxicity to Sorafenib (2007)

Abstract The development of multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors has provided significant advances in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. This case describes initial therapy for managing renal cell cancer with the administration of sorafenib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We report the development of localized palmar–plantar epidermal hyperplasia, a rare but significant cutaneous adverse event from sorafenib therapy. Mild-to-moderate dermatologic toxicity from sorafenib has been well described in the literature. We also review the current knowledge and the proposed hypothesis for the development of cutaneous events related to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This particular case represents a unique form of dermatologic toxicity to sorafenib that has not previously been described in the literature.
DABO Boronates: Stable Heterocyclic Boronic Acid Complexes for Use in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions (2011)

Diethanolamine complexed heterocyclic boronic acids (DABO boronates) are air-stable reagents that can be used directly in Suzuki-Miyaura reactions in the presence of water or a protic co-solvent. Interestingly, heterocyclic DABO boronates can be stored for extended periods of time at room temperature with no noticeable degradation, unlike their boronic acid counterparts. Heterocyclic DABO boronates constitute an operationally simple and efficient alternative to other boronic acid derivatives as coupling partners in palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions under standard Suzuki-Miyaura conditions.
Synthesis and study of iodonium borate salts as photoinitiators (1998)

Iodonium butyltriphenylborate salts (AI+Ar′Ph3B−R), (Bu) were found to be more efficient than iodonium tetraphenylborate salts (RPh) when used as photoinitiators for the polymerization of acrylates. Relative photodecomposition rates were also different. It was found from a study of the photoreaction of iodonium borate salts with a model monomer, methyl methacrylate, that iodonium butyltriphenylborate salts simultaneously produce a butyl radical from the borate anion and an aryl radical from the iodonium cation upon irradiation. Both radicals initiate polymerization. Iodonium tetraphenylborate salts were found to release an aryl radical, but only from the iodonium cation. Iodonium borate salts exhibit strong absorption below 300 nm with a tail absorption above 400 nm. Thus, iodonium butyltriphenyl borate salts are efficient photoinitiators even when used with visible light. When a photosensitizer such as 5,7-diiodo-3-butoxy-6-fluorone is employed, iodonium butyltriphenylborate salts are rendered much more efficient for visible light photopolymerization. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1667–1677, 1998
Online Versus Offline Rate in Streaming Codes for Variable-Size Messages (2020)

One pervasive challenge in providing a high quality-of-service for live communication is to recover lost packets in real-time. Streaming codes are a class of erasure codes that are designed for such strict, low-latency streaming communication settings. Motivated by applications that transmit messages whose sizes vary over time, such as live video streaming, this paper considers the setting of streaming codes under variable-size messages. In practice, streaming codes operate in an "online" setting where the sizes of the future messages are unknown. "Offline" codes, in contrast, have access to the sizes of all messages, including future ones. This paper introduces the first online rate-optimal streaming codes for communicating over a burst-only packet loss channel for two broad parameter regimes. These two online codes match the rates of optimal offline codes for the two settings despite the apparent advantage of the offline setting. This paper further establishes that online codes cannot attain the optimal rate for offline codes for all remaining parameter settings.
Folate Receptor Targeted Liposomes Encapsulating Anti-Cancer Drugs (2015)

Among all available lipid based nanoparticulate systems, the success of liposomal drug delivery system is evident by the number of liposomal products available in the market or under advanced stages of preclinical and clinical trials. Liposome has the ability to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to the targeted tissues or even inside the cancerous cells by enhanced intracellular penetration or improved tumour targeting. In the last decade, folate receptor mediated tumour targeting has emerged as an attractive alternative method of active targeting of cancer cells through liposomes due to its numerous advantages over other targeting methods. Folate receptors, also known as folate binding proteins, allow the binding and internalization of folate or folic acid into the cells by a method called folate receptor mediated endocytosis. They have restricted presence in normal cells and are mostly expressed during malignant transformation. In this review article, folate receptor targeting capability of liposomes has been described. This review article has focussed on the different cancer drugs which have been encapsulated in folate receptor targeted liposomes and their in vitro as well as in vivo efficacies in several tumour models.
Direct conversion of iron stearate into magnetic Fe and Fe3C nanocrystals encapsulated in polyhedral graphite cages (2004)

We report a direct salt-conversion approach for large-scale synthesis of carbon-encapsulated magnetic Fe and Fe3C nanoparticles.
Changes in Respiration Rate of Several Fruits during and after Vibration (1986)

As a result of previous studies on tomato fruit, further examinations were carried out on the physiological response of fruits to limited levels of vibration. In this report, eggplant, apple, Japanese pear, satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.), natsumikan (C. natsudaidai Hayata) and grape fruits were used. The effect of vibration at 1G, 2G and 3G for 1 hour or 5 hours on the respiration rate was determined during and after vibration.In general, the respiration rate increased rapidly from the beginning of vibration, and continued to increase during vibration. The rate also continued to increase for a period after vibration. The elevated respiration rate fell once, then showed a small rise, and returned gradually to the initial level.When the vibration time was short, the increase in rate of respiration was proportional to the intensity of vibration. However, for the longer vibration time, the increase in the rate of respiration was lower at 3G than that at 1G. This observation seemed to suggest that some physiological disorder may have occurred in fruit exposed to the more intensive vibration exceeding the limited level of vibration for every fruit.The respiration rate of eggplant and apple fruits seemed to be more sensitive to vibration than that of the others. The respiration rate of grape fruit harvested at earlier maturity was more sensitive to vibration than that of fruit harvested at later maturity.In addition, changes in internal gas concentrations during vibration were determined in Japanese pear and tomato fruits vibrated at 1G and 3G for 5 hours. High levels of carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen were detected in both fruits, and high levels of ethylene were detected in tomato fruit.
Binding specificities of mono- and polyclonal antibodies to the protozoan oyster pathogen Perkinsus mannus (1993)

In an effort to develop direct detection methods for Perkinsus marinus cells in host tissue and environmental samples, the production of both mono-and polyclonal antibodies specific for this apicomplexan oyster pathogen was attempted. A particulate hypnospore immunogen was isolated from infected oyster hemolymph following incubation in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium. Polyclonal antisera produced in both mice and rabbits following immunization with this preparation exhibited high antibody titers for pathogen cell epitopes, but not for host oyster tissue epitopes. At least some antibodies to hypnospore antigenic determinants recognized common epitopes on trophozoite cells in infected oyster tissues, as well as on zoospores and other proliferative cells produced by incubation of infected oyster hemolymph in sterile seawater Polyclonal antibodies also recognized a diffusable, noncellular substance present in host oyster tissues in areas surrounding focal lesions. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies did not recognize 2 Dermocystldium species infecting salmonid fishes or Haplosporidlum nelsoni infecting eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. These antibodies did recognize many, but not all. Perkinsus species infecting selected molluscan hosts worldwide. Monoclonal antibodies produced to date apparently recognize epitopes unique to the hypnospore immunogen.
2-D Wilson spectral factorization (1988)

G. Wilson's method of spectral factorization (1969) is considered for generalization to the two-dimensional (2-D) case. For practical implementation, finite-order approximants to the 2-D spectral factors of infinite order are obtained. Although stability or convergence cannot be guaranteed in general, justifications are given for the success of the proposed generalization. Illustrative examples are given to support the conclusions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Creating Jobs for the People (1987)

No one measure can totally solve the unemployment problem, though a multi‐directional attack may have some significant effect.
Nickel-catalyzed amination of aryl carbamates and sequential site-selective cross-couplings (2011)

We report the amination of aryl carbamates using nickel-catalysis. The methodology is broad in scope with respect to both coupling partners and delivers aminated products in synthetically useful yields. Computational studies provide the full catalytic cycle of this transformation, and suggest that reductive elimination is the rate-determining step. Given that carbamates are easy to prepare, robust, inert to Pd-catalysis, and useful for arene functionalization, these substrates are particularly attractive partners for use in synthesis. The sequential use of carbamate functionalization/site-selective cross-coupling processes highlights the utility of this methodology.
Response, use and habituation to a mouse house in C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice (2015)

Animal welfare depends on the possibility to express species-specific behaviours and can be strongly compromised in socially and environmentally deprived conditions. Nesting materials and refuges are very important resources to express these behaviours and should be considered as housing supplementation items. We evaluated the effects of one item of housing supplementation in standard settings in laboratory mice. C57BL/6JOlaHsd (B6) and BALB/cOlaHsd (BALB) young male and female mice, upon arrival, were housed in groups of four in standard laboratory cages and after 10 days of acclimatization, a red transparent plastic triangular-shaped Mouse House™ was introduced into half of the home cages. Animals with or without a mouse house were observed in various contexts for more than one month. Body weight gain and food intake, home cage behaviours, emotionality and response to standard cage changing procedures were evaluated. The presence of a mouse house in the home cage did not interfere with main developmental and behavioural parameters or emotionality of BALB and B6 male and female mice compared with controls. Both strains habituated to the mouse house in about a week, but made use of it differently, with BALB mice using the house more than the B6 strain. Our results suggest that mice habituated to the mouse house rather quickly without disrupting their home cage activities. Scientists can thus be encouraged to use mouse houses, also in view of the implementation of the EU Directive (2010/63/EU).
Resistance of Asian Cryptococcus neoformans Serotype A Is Confined to Few Microsatellite Genotypes (2012)

The findings showed a different distribution of genotypes of C. neoformans var. grubii isolates from various countries in Asia, as well as a correlation of the microsatellite genotypes with the original source of the strains and resistance to 5-flucytosine.
Chronic Cladribine Administration Increases Amyloid Beta Peptide Generation and Plaque Burden in Mice (2012)

Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence for the first time that chronic 2-CDA administration can increase amyloidogenic processing of APP leading to robustly increased plaque burden which may be responsible for the observed deficits in learning skills. Thus chronic treatment of mice with 2-CDA can have deleterious effects in vivo.
Long‐term Colonization of a <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> Synbiotic Preparation in the Neonatal Gut (2008)

The synbiotic preparation colonized quickly after 3 days of administration and the infants stayed colonized for several months after therapy was stopped. There was an increase in bacterial diversity and gram-positive organisms and a reduction of gram-negative bacterial load in the treatment group. Because a combination preparation was used, it is difficult to specifically attribute the colonization to either the probiotic or prebiotic component in this study. Larger efficacy trials are warranted to examine the mechanism of action and precise effects of these supplements.
Pharmacological Profile and Ocular Hypotensive Effects of Cromakalim Prodrug 1, a Novel ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Opener, in Normotensive Dogs and Nonhuman Primates (2021)

Purpose: To evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters and ocular hypotensive effects of cromakalim prodrug 1 (CKLP1) in normotensive large animal models. Methods: Optimal CKLP1 concentration was determined by dose response and utilized in short- (5–8 days) and long-term (60 days) evaluation in hound dogs ( n = 5) and African Green Monkeys ( n = 5). Blood pressure was recorded 3–5 times per week with a tail cuff. Concentrations of CKLP1 and the parent compound levcromakalim were assessed in hound dog plasma and select tissues by LC-MS/MS after bilateral ocular treatment with CKLP1 for 8 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from days 1, 4, and 8 data. After necropsy, histology was assessed in 43 tissue samples from each animal. Results: In hound dogs and African Green monkeys, 10 mM CKLP1 (optimal concentration) significantly lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) by 18.9% ± 1.1% and 16.7% ± 6.7%, respectively, compared with control eyes ( P < 0.05). During treatment, no significant change in systolic or diastolic blood pressure was observed in either species ( P > 0.1). Average values for half-life of CKLP1 was 295.3 ± 140.4 min, C max, 10.5 ± 1.6 ng/mL, and area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC last ) 5261.4 ± 918.9 ng·min/mL. For levcromakalim, average values of half-life were 96.2 ± 27 min, C max 1.2 ± 0.2 ng/mL, and AUC last 281.2 ± 110.8 ng·min/mL. No significant pathology was identified. Conclusions: CKLP1 lowered IOP in hound dogs and African green monkeys with no effect on systemic blood pressure. Ocular topical treatment of CKLP1 showed excellent tolerability even after extended treatment periods.
Total Synthesis of (±)‐Quadrangularin A (2006)

The key to successful coupling in the synthesis of (±)-quadrangularin A (1) was the introduction of tert-butyl groups in the precursor to block two reactive positions. Thus, the oxidative coupling of 3,5-di-(tert-butyl)resveratrol was carried out regioselectively in an efficient total synthesis of the natural product. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z603097_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Performance Analysis of Blockchain Platforms (2020)

Blockchain technologies have drawn massive attention to the world these past few years mostly because of the burst of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Etherium, Ripple and many others. A Blockchain, also known as distributed ledger technology, has demonstrated huge potential in saving time and costs. This open-source technology which generates a decentralized public ledger of transactions is widely appreciated for ensuring a high level of privacy through encryption and thus sharing the transaction details only amongst the participants involved in the transactions. The Blockchain is used not only for cryptocurrency but also by various companies to meet their business ends, such as efficient management of supply chains and logistics. The rise and fall of numerous crypto-currencies based on blockchain technology have generated debate among tech-giants and regulatory bodies. There are various groups which are working on standardizing the blockchain technology. At the same time, numerous groups are actively working, developing and fine-tuning their own blockchain platforms. Platforms such as etherium, hyperledger, parity, etc. have their own pros and cons. This research is focused on the performance analysis of blockchain platforms which gives a comparative understanding of these platforms.
A DC-12 GHz Monolithic GaAsFET Distributed Amplifier (1982)

A monolithic balanced traveling-wave amplifier stage using GaAs MESFET's is demonstrated. The amplifier achieves 7-9-dB gain with about 40-ps risetime and a -3-dB bandwidth of 12 GHz, on a 0.91 X0.97-mm die. Its gain versus frequency is very flat, and |S/sub 11/|, |S/sub 12/|, and |S/sub 22/| are less than 0.2 from 0-18 GHz. S-parameter uniformity and yield data are measured on-wafer with a special hybrid wafer probe.
A power efficient digitally programmable delay element for low power VLSI applications (2009)

Digitally programmable delay elements (DPDE) are required to be monotonic and low power. In this paper, a low power digitally programmable delay element (DPDE) with monotonic delay characteristics is proposed. A dynamic current mirror together with a feedback technique enables a current-on-demand operation. To avoid direct currents in the output transistors, an extra inverter is introduced to independently control the NMOS of the output inverter. The static power is eliminated while dynamic power is made proportional to the delay with a maximum of 36 uW when the unit is operating at 450 MHz.
A Novel Intra Refreshment Algorithm for ROI (2008)

The importance of video sequences varied with the regions, and human visual sensitivity too varied with the importance of region of video sequences, so the subjective quality requirement of region of interest (ROI) was not the same as non-ROI. Traditional intra refreshment algorithm didn't consider the human visual characteristics, and it cost much more bits, but the subjective quality was still very bad in the decoder, so it is necessary for the codec to consider the human visual attention. So the paper proposed the RDO intra refreshment algorithm based the human visual attention, and it used the end to end overall distortion theory to analysis the ROI and non-ROI, and it would given more intra refreshment chances to the marcoblock of ROI. As the bit rate was constrained, so the bit rate of the ROI and non-ROI must be reallocated. At last, the algorithm was implemented in reference software JM12.2 of JVT. The many simulation results showed that, comparing with the traditional RDO intra refreshment algorithms, the proposed intra refreshment algorithm based human visual attention-ROI could obtain a better subjective quality of the reconstructed video in the region of human eyes interest.
Olfactory and executive dysfunctions following orbito-basal lesions in traumatic brain injury (2015)

These findings add information regarding acute olfactory status following TBI and provide evidence on the importance of assessing olfaction very early post-TBI in order to plan intervention and determine what accident prevention advice will be required for home or work re-integration.
Neural network applications in device and subcircuit modelling for circuit simulation (1996)

of Time Domain Learning 4.2.2.2 Freqnency Domain Learning and Model Generation no 4.2.3MOSFET DC Cnrrent Modelling 4.2.4Example of AC Circuit.Macromodelling 4.2.5 Bipolar Transistor AC/DC Modelling 4.2.6 Video Circuit AC & Transient Macromodelling 5 Conclusions 5.1 Summary 5.2 Recommendations for Further Research A Gradient Based Optimization MethodsA.1 Alternatives for Steepest Descent A.2 Heuristic Optimization Method B Input Format for Training Data B 1 File Head",r . .B.1.1 Optional Pstar Model Generation.B2 DC and Transient Data Block B3 AC Data Block B.4 Example of Combination of Data Blocks C Examples of Generated Models C.1 Pstar Example . . . .