gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Strength of Healing Fractures With Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry (2000)

Dual energy xray absorptiometry was investigated as a method for evaluation of the strength of closed tibial fractures. In 40 goats, a closed midshaft fracture was created in the left tibia. The fractures were stabilized with an external fixator. After 2 weeks (n = 21) and after 4 weeks (n = 19), both tibias were explanted and, using dual energy xray absorptiometry, bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured in a 1 cm region. With nondestructive bending tests, area ratio and stiffness index were determined and torsional strength and torsional stiffness were determined with a torsional test to failure. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the squared correlation coefficients for the relations between dual energy xray absorptiometry and the outcome of the mechanical tests. The squared correlation coefficients for the relation between bone mineral density and torsional strength, torsional stiffness, and area ratio and stiffness index were 0.72, 0.76, 0.64, and 0.72, respectively. The squared correlation coefficients for the relation between bone mineral content and these mechanical parameters were 0.72, 0.77, 0.63, and 0.77, respectively. The results using dual energy xray absorptiometry indicate the strength of healing closed fractures. Additional research is required to investigate specific aspects of this technique.
Improved quantitative description of Auger recombination in crystalline silicon (2012)

An accurate quantitative description of the Auger recombination rate in silicon as a function of the dopant density and the carrier injection level is important to understand the physics of this fundamental mechanism and to predict the physical limits to the performance of silicon based devices. Technological progress has permitted a near suppression of competing recombination mechanisms, both in the bulk of the silicon crystal and at the surfaces. This, coupled with advanced characterization techniques, has led to an improved determination of the Auger recombination rate, which is lower than previously thought. In this contribution we present a systematic study of the injection-dependent carrier recombination for a broad range of dopant concentrations of high-purity $n$-type and $p$-type silicon wafers passivated with state-of-the-art dielectric layers of aluminum oxide or silicon nitride. Based on these measurements, we develop a general parametrization for intrinsic recombination in crystalline silicon at 300 K consistent with the theory of Coulomb-enhanced Auger and radiative recombination. Based on this improved description we are able to analyze physical aspects of the Auger recombination mechanism such as the Coulomb enhancement.
Safety, efficacy and patient acceptability of the combined estrogen and progestin transdermal contraceptive patch: a review (2008)

The worldwide introduction of the first, unique patch for hormonal contraception (ethinyl estradiol/norelgestromin, EE/NGMN patch) was widely recognized as a significant event in the development of drug delivery systems. This innovation offers a number of advantages over the oral route, and extensive clinical trials have proved its safety, efficacy, effectiveness, and tolerability. The weekly administration and ease of use/simplicity of the EE/NGMN patch contribute to its acceptability, and help to resolve the two main problems of non-adherence, namely early discontinuation and inconsistent use. The patch offers additional benefits to adolescents (improvement of dysmenorrhea and acne), adults (improvement in emotional and physical well-being, premenstrual syndrome, and menstrual irregularities), and perimenopausal women (correction of hormonal imbalance, modulation of premenopausal symptoms), thus providing high satisfaction rates (in nearly 90% of users). Since its introduction, the transdermal contraceptive patch has proved to be a useful choice for women who seek a convenient formulation which is easy to use, with additional, non-contraceptive tailored benefits for all the ages.
Quantitative analysis of the factors limiting solar power transduction by Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in biological photovoltaic devices (2011)

Recent advances in fuel cell (FC) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) research have demonstrated these electrochemical technologies as effective methods for generating electrical power from chemical fuels and organic compounds. This led to the development of MFC-inspired photovoltaic (BPV) devices that produce electrical power by harvesting solar energy through biological activities of photosynthetic organisms. We describe the fabrication of a BPV device with multiple microchannels. This allows a direct comparison between sub-cellular photosynthetic organelles and whole cells, and quantitative analysis of the parameters affecting power output. Electron transfer within the photosynthetic materials was studied using the metabolic inhibitors DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) and methyl viologen (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride). These experiments suggest that the electrons that cause an increase in power upon illumination leave the photosynthetic electron transfer chain from the reducing end of photosystem I. Several key factors limiting performance efficiency, including density of the photosynthetic catalyst, electron carrier concentration, and light intensity were investigated.
Tracking challenges of QKD over relay satellite (2019)

We investigate a quantum key distribution (QKD) system with relay satellite for communication between two distant Earth-based parties, Alice and Bob. The satellite acts as a relay station which simply redirects the QKD signal. It has several advantages that can be decisive. The optical relay provides a high transparency to protocols and wavelengths. The relay node does not have to be trusted. Like entanglement-based or measurement-device-independent satellite QKD, relayassisted QKD suffers from a higher propagation loss than trusted-node scenarios. Challenges are expected when pointing the relay mirror precisely between Alice and Bob and dealing with significant point-ahead angles that result from the satellite velocity. We start our analysis by evaluating the point ahead angles (PAA) of Alice and Bob for scenarios of interest. The difference between the two PAA vectors tells us whether the relay mirror will be able to maintain a bidirectional transmission with beams sent from the ground. Considering a satellite altitude of 500 km and an Alice-Bob separation of 1000 km, observation of large PAA vector difference enjoins us to place additional beacon sources on the satellite. A conceptual design of the relay-tracking system is drafted. Onboard measurements of the beacons from Alice and Bob provide feedback to the relay-mirror positioning control loop. With a typical relay-mirror size of 0.2 m, propagation losses are calculated for different ground antennas. We conclude on the attractiveness and feasibility of satellite relay QKD.
Network‐based project planning and scheduling (1996)

Discusses the twofold purpose of this study, first to introduce a number of measures devised to be used in comparing and evaluating two schedules for the same project, second to present and evaluate a heuristic procedure developed in this research for solving the resource constrained project scheduling problem. Posits that the new procedure is based on the notion that a project can be partitioned into a number of sections and there is no obligation to use a single policy all the way through all the sections of project. Shows that this research is also an attempt to bridge the gap between the theory and practice by eliminating the question of which priority rule to use for which project. Develops a new model showing that selecting from a number of priority rules is not required and, using the measures of performance introduced, decides on a suitable schedule from the schedules produced under varied assumptions is shown to be much easier. Concludes with suggestions for further research.
MPEG-4 to H.264 Transcoding (2005)

In this paper, a temporal resolution reduction transcoding method that transforms an MPEG-4 video bitstream into an H.264 video bitstream is proposed. The block modes and motion vectors in the MPEG-4 bitstream are utilized in the H.264 encoder for block mode conversion and motion vector interpolation methods. The proposed four types of motion vector interpolation methods are developed not to perform brute-force motion estimation again in the H.264. In the experimental results, the proposed methods achieve 3~4 times improvement in computational complexity compared to the cascade pixel-domain transcoding, while the PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) is degraded with 0.2~O.9 dB depending on the bitrates.
Optimization of Liquid-Crystal Spatial Light Modulator for Precise Phase Generation (2006)

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are recently emerging as wavefront generation or reconstruction devices. In this paper, we use a liquid-crystal SLM (LC-SLM) as a wavefront generation device through the modulation of the spatial phase distribution of an incident light beam. We characterize the phase modulation performance of the LC-SLM, and identified a polarization-configuration to minimize its amplitude modulation effects in order to maximize the contrast of reconstructed phase holograms. We also investigated the feasibility of determining the optical surface uniformity of the LC-SLM through computations of the interference fringes, and identified the disadvantages of this method. This new approach may be used to determine the optical surface quality of other optical devices.
Micron-scale organic thin film transistors with conducting polymer electrodes patterned by polymer inking and stamping (2006)

We report organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) with conductive polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT) electrodes that are fabricated by a simple polymer inking and stamping technique. An OTFT channel length of 2μm has been achieved. This patterning technique is a purely additive process, which does not affect the functionality of the conductive polymers, and is fully compatible for patterning on a flexible substrate. Electrical characteristics of top contact (TC) pentacene TFTs with PEDOT electrodes is superior to those with gold electrodes due to a lower carrier injection barrier. Extracted contact resistance shows that the channel length of TC OTFTs can be further reduced to increase the drain current.
Handbook on atmospheric diffusion (1982)

Basic meteorological concepts are covered as well as plume rise, source effects, and diffusion models. Chapters are included on cooling tower plumes and urban diffusion. Suggestions are given for calculating diffusion in special situations, such as for instantaneous releases over complex terrain, over long distances, and during times when chemical reactions or dry or wet deposition are important. (PSB)
QacA Multidrug Efflux Pump from <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> : Comparative Analysis of Resistance to Diamidines, Biguanidines, and Guanylhydrazones (1998)

The staphylococcal multidrug efflux pump QacA mediates resistance to a broad spectrum of monovalent and divalent antimicrobial cations. Resistance toward various classes of these compounds identified features of the substrate that may be important for interaction with QacA. Analysis of combinations of two substrates suggested that the same mechanism is used for the extrusion of different classes of compounds.
Cellular and cytokine-dependent immunosuppressive mechanisms of grm1-transgenic murine melanoma (2012)

Grm1-transgenic mice spontaneously develop cutaneous melanoma. This model allowed us to scrutinize the generic immune responses over the course of melanoma development. To this end, lymphocytes obtained from spleens, unrelated lymph nodes and tumor-draining lymph nodes of mice with no evidence of disease, and low or high tumor burden were analyzed ex vivo and in vitro. Thereby, we could demonstrate an increase in the number of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes in the respective organs with increasing tumor burden. However, mainly CD4(+) T cells, which could constitute both T helper as well as immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, expressed activation markers upon in vitro stimulation when obtained from tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, these cells from tumor-burdened animals were also functionally hampered in their proliferative response even when subjected to strong in vitro stimulation. Further analyses revealed that the increased frequency of regulatory T cells in tumor-bearing mice is an early event present in all lymphoid organs. Additionally, expression of the immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 became more evident with increased tumor burden. Notably, TGF-β1 is strongly expressed in both the tumor and the tumor-draining lymph node, whereas IL-10 expression is more pronounced in the lymph node, suggesting a more complex regulation of IL-10. Thus, similar to the situation in melanoma patients, both cytokines as well as cellular immune escape mechanisms seem to contribute to the observed immunosuppressed state of tumor-bearing grm1-transgenic mice, suggesting that this model is suitable for preclinical testing of immunomodulatory therapeutics.
Infrared and Visible Image Fusion via Fast Approximate Bilateral Filter and Local Energy Characteristics (2021)

Image fusion is to effectively enhance the accuracy, stability, and comprehensiveness of information. Generally, infrared images lack enough background details to provide an accurate description of the target scene, while visible images are difficult to detect radiation under adverse conditions, such as low light. People hoped that the richness of image details can be improved by using effective fusion algorithms. In this paper, we propose an infrared and visible image fusion algorithm, aiming to overcome some common defects in the process of image fusion. Firstly, we use fast approximate bilateral filter to decompose the infrared image and visible image to obtain the small-scale layers, large-scale layer, and base layer. Then, the fused base layer is obtained based on local energy characteristics, which avoid information loss of traditional fusion rules. The fused small-scale layers are acquired by selecting the absolute maximum, and the fused large-scale layer is obtained by summation rule. Finally, the fused small-scale layers, large-scale layer, and base layer are merged to reconstruct the final fused image. Experimental results show that our method retains more detailed appearance information of the fused image and achieves good results in both qualitative and quantitative evaluations.
A light efficient optically sectioning microscope (1998)

We describe a simple method by which optically sectioned images may be obtained. The system geometry is similar to that of a tandem scanning microscope but a one‐dimensional grid pattern is used rather than an array of pinholes. This produces a composite image consisting of an optically sectioned image superimposed on a conventional image. A blank sector on the disc is used to provide a wide‐field image. Image subtraction yields the optically sectioned image in real time.
Wearable Monitoring of Joint Angle and Muscle Activity (2019)

Simultaneous tracking of muscle activity and joint rotation is of significant interest in rehabilitation, but gold-standard methods with optical motion tracking and wireless electromyography recording typically restricts this to the laboratory setting. There has been significant progress using wear-able inertial measurement units (IMUs) for motion tracking, but there are no systems that can easily be deployed to home and provide simultaneous electromyography. We addressed this gap by developing a flexible, wearable, Bluetooth-connected sensor that records both IMU and EMG activity. The sensor runs an efficient quaternion-based complementary filter that estimates the sensor orientation while correcting for estimate drift and constraining magnetometer estimates to only influence heading. The difference in two sensor orientations is used to estimate the joint angle, which can be further improved with joint axis estimation. We demonstrate successful tracking of joint angle and muscle activity in a home environment with just the sensors and a smartphone.
An MOCVD Approach to High‐<i>k</i> Praseodymium‐Based Films (2006)

Abstract New high‐ k dielectric thin films have become of increasing interest over the last few years in the search for an alternative material to SiO 2 gate insulators in MOS devices. Lanthanide oxides have been studied as potential candidates for SiO 2 replacement. In this review, a description of the different CVD approaches to fabricating praseodymium oxide and silicate films with dielectric properties is presented. In particular, thermally activated and liquid‐injection metal‐organic (MO) CVD as well as atomic layer deposition (ALD), developed in recent years, are discussed. Examples highlighting the importance of different praseodymium precursors on the deposited phases are given. Special emphasis is placed upon deposition parameters crucial to obtain Pr 2 O 3 films and upon interfacial characterization. In addition, dielectric properties have been correlated to structural and compositional characteristics of praseodymium‐containing films.
γ-Lactam formation from tripeptides with isopenicillin N synthase (1988)

Incubation of isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) with analogues of the natural substrate [(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (2) in which the cysteinyl residue was replaced by homocysteine gave epimeric 5-hydroxy γ-lactams (10), with no evidence for the formation of bicyclic products.
Partial Bladder Transplantation with En Bloc Kidney Transplant—The First Case Report of a ‘Bladder Patch Technique’ in a Human (2008)

Transplantation of the urinary bladder has not been reported in humans. We transplanted a portion of the donor bladder with an en bloc kidney graft in a 12-month-old girl. The child had a congenital hypoplastic single kidney with an ectopic ureteral opening into the vagina. Her native bladder was extremely small. Bilateral kidneys were transplanted en bloc with their ureters connected to a patch of the donor bladder, which encompassed the bilateral ureterovesical junctions (UVJs) (bladder patch technique). Approximately one-third of the donor bladder wall was used. The bladder patch reperfused well via blood supply from the ureters. Posttransplant cystoscopy with retrograde cystogram revealed a viable transplanted bladder with normal emptying of transplanted ureters. No reflux across the donor UVJs was seen in a voiding cystourethrogram. The child is doing well with normal renal function at 18-month follow-up.
Formation of Pt-induced Ge atomic nanowires on Pt/Ge(001): A density functional theory study (2008)

Pt deposited onto a Ge(001) surface gives rise to the spontaneous formation of atomic nanowires on a mixed Pt-Ge surface after high-temperature annealing. We study possible structures of the mixed surface and the nanowires by total energy (density functional theory) calculations. Experimental scanning-tunneling microscopy images are compared to the calculated local densities of states. On the basis of this comparison and the stability of the structures, we conclude that the formation of nanowires is driven by an increased concentration of Pt atoms in the Ge surface layers. Surprisingly, the atomic nanowires consist of Ge instead of Pt atoms.
<i>In vitro</i> resistance mechanisms of <i><scp>N</scp>eisseria meningitidis</i> against neutrophil extracellular traps (2013)

Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is a leading cause of septicemia in childhood. Nm septicemia is unique with respect to very quick disease progression, high in vivo bacterial replication rate and its considerable mortality. Nm circumvents major mechanisms of innate immunity such as complement system and phagocytosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are formed from neutrophils during systemic infection and are suggested to contain invading microorganisms. Here, we investigated the interaction of Nm with NETs. Both, meningococci and spontaneously released outer membrane vesicles (SOMVs) were potent NET inducers. NETs were unable to kill NET bound meningococci, but slowed down their proliferation rate. Using Nm as model organism we identified three novel mechanisms how bacteria can evade NET-mediated killing: (i) modification of lipid A of meningococcal LPS with phosphoethanolamine protected Nm from NET-bound cathepsin G; (ii) expression of the high-affinity zinc uptake receptor ZnuD allowed Nm to escape NET-mediated nutritional immunity; (iii) binding of SOMVs to NETs saved Nm from NET binding and the consequent bacteriostatic effect. Escape from NETs may contribute to the most rapid progression of meningococcal disease. The induction of NET formation by Nm in vivo might aggravate thrombosis in vessels ultimately directing to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
2015 Update on Acute Adverse Reactions to Gadolinium based Contrast Agents in Cardiovascular MR. Large Multi-National and Multi-Ethnical Population Experience With 37788 Patients From the EuroCMR Registry (2015)

The current data indicate that the results of the earlier safety data hold true in this much larger multi-national and multi-ethnical population. Thus, the "off-label" use of Gadolinium based contrast in cardiovascular MR should be regarded as safe concerning the frequency, manifestation and severity of acute events.
An environment for the development of microcode for pipelined architectures (2003)

An environment for the development of microcode for parallel and pipelined machines is presented. The system is based on a set of low-level transformations called pipelined percolation scheduling (PPS). The PPS transformations are integrated into a system which does automatic code compaction, but also allows interactive control of the parallelization process, while the system deals with the burdensome details of architecture, correctness-preservation and synchronization. The atomicity, generality and modularity of PPS permit the integration of new, user-defined higher-level transformations on top of the core transformations, to achieve the best performance for the target architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Controlling thermal failure of silicon field emitters in a commercial X-ray source (2018)

The need for a low-cost, low-dose 3D imaging capability, as an alternative to CT and MRI scanners, has driven the development of a multi-cathode, stationary Digital Tomosynthesis (s-DT) scanner. Demonstration experiments with an array of cold cathodes as electron sources have been reported by multiple groups. We report the operation of a protoype with a different field emitter composition and geometry, at 60kV, to obtain images of a dental phantom, and the subsequent reconstruction of the raw images to obtain 3D slices. Thermal heating of the emitters was found to be the primary factor limiting performance of the device, and several well-established control mechanisms were employed to mitigate this. These include using a ballast resistance, metal coatings, conditioning, and optimizing the duty cycle at operating voltage. We report on the consequent improvement in device flux, lifetime and yield, and present the future outlook of our device.