gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prospects and limitations of eddy current shearography for non-destructive testing of adhesively bonded structural joints (2018)

Structural adhesive bonding has become increasingly important for the joining of dissimilar materials as well as for the reduction of weight of joined structures. To ensure the quality of these bonds, non-destructive testing (NDT) such as ultrasonic testing (UT) or radiographic testing (RT) is used. However, both testing methods have the disadvantage that the measurement takes too long to be used for mass productions.Shearography is an optical method with suitable capability for automated NDT of adhesively bonded joints. It is a contact-free method with an extensive measuring field. For the measurement, an object is illuminated with coherent light. The reflection on the surface causes a speckle pattern on a detector. During the measurement, the object is stressed with the help of thermal or mechanical excitation (e.g. flashlight, underpressure). Changes in deformation of the object’s surface can be calculated by recording two stress scenarios. Flaws in the bonding area cause a local change of deformation and can be detected with shearography.This paper presents the prospects and limitations of shearo-graphy for adhesively bonded structural joints. The stress in the specimen was achieved by thermal expansion caused by eddy currents. The evaluation included similar and dissimilar structural bonds of metal (e.g. deep drawing steel, aluminum) and CFRP substrates. The target of the examination is the characterization of the detectability of different bonding flaws such as missing adhesive, voids within the adhesive and kissing bonds.
Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Granular Agricultur product and Insects (2003)

The basic correlation is defined which characterizes an influence of electromagnetic radiation on a system of individual particles of ellipsoidal geometry dispersed into some volume (chaotic arrangement) of another medium. The field intensity inside one isolated particle is determined depending on the parameters of the external (relative to the volume) electromagnetic field. Energy loss in an isolated particle is calculated. The shielding effect of a field in an isolated particle by other surrounding particles is taken into account. The relative dielectric permittivity and the relative loss tangent as a function of grain moisture content are measured. Drying and disinfestation of wheat grain by electromagnetic methods are observed.
Automatic, look-and-feel independent dialog creation for graphical user interfaces (1990)

Jade is a new interactive tool that automatically creates graphical input dialogs such as dialog boxes and menus. Application programmers write a textual specification of a dialog's contents. This specification contains absolutely no graphical information and thus is look-and-feel independent. The graphic artist uses a direct manipulation graphical editor to define the rules, graphical objects, interaction techniques, and decorations that will govern the dialog's look-and-feel, and stores the results in a look and feel database. Jade combines the application programmer's specification with the look-and-feel database to automatically generate a graphical dialog. If necessary, the graphic artist can then edit the resulting dialog using a graphical editor and these edits will be remembered by Jade, even if the original textual specification is modified. By eliminating all graphical references from the dialog's content specification, Jade requires only the absolutely minimum specification from the application programmer. This also allows a dialog box or menu's look and feel to be rapidly and effortlessly changed by simply switching look and feel databases. Finally, Jade permits complex inter-field relationships to be specified in a simple manner.
Threat Modeling and Security Analysis of Containers: A Survey (2021)

Traditionally, applications that are used in large and small enterprises were deployed on "bare metal" servers installed with operating systems. Recently, the use of multiple virtual machines (VMs) on the same physical server was adopted due to cost reduction and flexibility. Nowadays, containers have become popular for application deployment due to smaller footprints than the VMs, their ability to start and stop more quickly, and their capability to pack the application binaries and their dependencies in standalone units for seamless portability. A typical container ecosystem includes a code repository (e.g., GitHub) where the container images are built from the codes and libraries and then pushed to the image registry (e.g., Docker Hub) for subsequent deployment as application containers. However, the pervasive use of containers also leads to a wide-range of security breaches, such as stealing credentials and sensitive data from image registry and code repository, carrying out DoS attacks, and gaining root access to the underlying host. In this paper, we first perform threat modeling on the containers ecosystem using the popular threat modeling framework, called STRIDE. Using STRIDE, we identify the vulnerabilities in each system component, and investigate potential security threats and their consequences. Then, we conduct a comprehensive survey on the existing countermeasures designed against the identified threats and vulnerabilities. In particular, we assess the strengths and weaknesses of the existing mitigation strategies designed against such threats. We believe that this work will help researchers and practitioners to gain a deeper understanding of the threat landscape in containers and the state-of-the-art countermeasures. We also discuss open research problems and future research directions in containers security, which may ignite further research to be done in this area.
Direct reduced iron : technology and economics of production and use (1980)

This book covers the following topics: the significance of direct reduction and its development in the iron and steel industry: its physical chemistry; iron bearing raw materials for direct reduction; fuels and reductants (including coal); direct reduction processes; the handling storage and shipment of direct reduced iron (DRI) the use of DRI in steelmaking, foundries and ironmaking; process analysis of direct reduction systems; process engineering involved in the use of DRI; the competitive position of the direct reduction/electric furnace route and economic considerations in DR/EF operations; the geographic effects of raw materials and fuel in DRI production; prospects for the future of DRI; and direct reduction terminology. A literature review of the production and use of DRI is also included.
Evanescent field excitation and measurement of dye fluorescence in a metallic probe near‐field scanning optical microscope (1999)

We introduce a method of dye fluorescence excitation and measurement that utilizes a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM). This NSOM uses an apertureless metallic probe, and an optical system that contains a high numerical aperture (NA) objective lens (NA= 1.4). When the area which satisfies NA < 1 is masked, the objective lens allows for the rejection of possible transmitted light (NA < 1) through the sample. In such conditions, the focused spot consists of only the evanescent field. We found that this NSOM system strongly reduces the background of the dye fluorescence and allows for the measurement of the fluorescence intensity below the diffraction limit of the excitation source.
Infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging: Contrast mechanism and detection limits (2020)

Infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging (IR-PHI) is an ultrasensitive technique for achieving super-resolution, infrared imaging throughout the mid-infrared “fingerprint” spectral region (2.5–10μm). An achieved spatial resolution of ∼300nm is up to 30-fold smaller than the infrared diffraction limit. In this study, we establish IR-PHI’s signal contrast mechanism and benchmark the technique’s capabilities using the characteristic infrared vibrational transitions of individual polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beads. The analysis of acquired results reveals that IR-PHI contrast originates from a competing, photothermally induced specimen size and refractive index changes to backscattering cross sections. For PS and PMMA, thermo-optic refractive index contributions dominate and are responsible for medium-free IR-PHI signal contrast. Our analysis simultaneously establishes IR-PHI’s current, medium-free peak absorption cross-sectional limit-of-detection to be σabs=3×10−18m2. This improved understanding of IR-PHI signal contrast provides a framework for future developments in super-resolution infrared absorption microscopy and spectroscopy.
Solubility and Diffusion Coefficient of Electrically Active Titanium in Silicon (1991)

The deep impurity levels and the solubility of titanium in silicon have been investigated by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). It is found that titanium forms multilevels with an acceptor level of E C -0.09 V, a donor level of E C -0.27 eV and a double-donor level of E V +0.28 eV. The solubilities as a function of reciprocal absolute temperature show a good straight line with the activation energy of 3.8 eV. The diffusion coefficient is determined in the high temperature range 1050-1150°C and in the lower range 600-800°C. The diffusion coefficient is represented by D Ti =1.2×10 -1 exp (-2.05/ kT ) cm 2 s -1 .
Density-Weighted Nyström Method for Computing Large Kernel Eigensystems (2008)

The Nyström method is a well-known sampling-based technique for approximating the eigensystem of large kernel matrices. However, the chosen samples in the Nyström method are all assumed to be of equal importance, which deviates from the integral equation that defines the kernel eigenfunctions. Motivated by this observation, we extend the Nyström method to a more general, density-weighted version. We show that by introducing the probability density function as a natural weighting scheme, the approximation of the eigensystem can be greatly improved. An efficient algorithm is proposed to enforce such weighting in practice, which has the same complexity as the original Nyström method and hence is notably cheaper than several other alternatives. Experiments on kernel principal component analysis, spectral clustering, and image segmentation demonstrate the encouraging performance of our algorithm.
Long-term quercetin supplementation reduces lipid peroxidation but does not improve performance in endurance runners (2013)

The findings obtained indicate that there is a relationship between quercetin supplementation and the statistically significant decreasing trend in MDA levels following 6 weeks of supplementation and training. This evidence suggests that quercetin can reduce oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation). However, performance improvements were not significant (as measured by VO2peak, running economy, heart rate, and RPE).
Performance based durability design of a bored tunnel with concrete lining (2002)

Design for durability is gradually changing from a deem-to-satisfy approach to a performance based approach. The conventional building codes give in principle only construction rules. If these rules are fulfilled, it is assumed that the structure will have an adequate durability. But specifications concerning dura-bility in codes are still on an empirical base. The performances, the service life, and the amount of mainte-nance are however not explicitly specified.
Discovery of novel mechanosensitive genes in vivo using mouse carotid artery endothelium exposed to disturbed flow (2010)

Recently, we showed that disturbed flow caused by a partial ligation of mouse carotid artery rapidly induces atherosclerosis. Here, we identified mechanosensitive genes in vivo through a genome-wide microarray study using mouse endothelial RNAs isolated from the flow-disturbed left and the undisturbed right common carotid artery. We found 62 and 523 genes that changed significantly by 12 hours and 48 hours after ligation, respectively. The results were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for 44 of 46 tested genes. This array study discovered numerous novel mechanosensitive genes, including Lmo4, klk10, and dhh, while confirming well-known ones, such as Klf2, eNOS, and BMP4. Four genes were further validated for protein, including LMO4, which showed higher expression in mouse aortic arch and in human coronary endothelium in an asymmetric pattern. Comparison of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro endothelial gene expression profiles indicates that numerous in vivo mechanosensitive genes appear to be lost or dysregulated during culture. Gene ontology analyses show that disturbed flow regulates genes involved in cell proliferation and morphology by 12 hours, followed by inflammatory and immune responses by 48 hours. Determining the functional importance of these novel mechanosensitive genes may provide important insights into understanding vascular biology and atherosclerosis.
Extracting Stops from Spatio-Temporal Trajectories within Dynamic Contextual Features (2021)

Identifying stops from GPS trajectories is one of the main concerns in the study of moving objects and has a major effect on a wide variety of location-based services and applications. Although the spatial and non-spatial characteristics of trajectories have been widely investigated for the identification of stops, few studies have concentrated on the impacts of the contextual features, which are also connected to the road network and nearby Points of Interest (POIs). In order to obtain more precise stop information from moving objects, this paper proposes and implements a novel approach that represents a spatio-temproal dynamics relationship between stopping behaviors and geospatial elements to detect stops. The relationship between the candidate stops based on the standard time–distance threshold approach and the surrounding environmental elements are integrated in a complex way (the mobility context cube) to extract stop features and precisely derive stops using the classifier classification. The methodology presented is designed to reduce the error rate of detection of stops in the work of trajectory data mining. It turns out that 26 features can contribute to recognizing stop behaviors from trajectory data. Additionally, experiments on a real-world trajectory dataset further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in improving the accuracy of identifying stops from trajectories.
A new concept of integrated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit (2002)

The CardioVention system with its concept of limited priming volume and exposed foreign surface area, improves gas exchange probably because of the absence of detectable hemodilution, and appears to limit the decrease in the thrombocyte count which may be ascribed to the reduced surface. Despite the volume and surface constraints, no hemolysis could be detected throughout the 6 h full-flow perfusion period.
Energy-harvesting shock absorber with a mechanical motion rectifier (2012)

Energy-harvesting shock absorbers are able to recover the energy otherwise dissipated in the suspension vibration while simultaneously suppressing the vibration induced by road roughness. They can work as a controllable damper as well as an energy generator. An innovative design of regenerative shock absorbers is proposed in this paper, with the advantage of significantly improving the energy harvesting efficiency and reducing the impact forces caused by oscillation. The key component is a unique motion mechanism, which we called 'mechanical motion rectifier (MMR)', to convert the oscillatory vibration into unidirectional rotation of the generator. An implementation of a MMR-based harvester with high compactness is introduced and prototyped. A dynamic model is created to analyze the general properties of the motion rectifier by making an analogy between mechanical systems and electrical circuits. The model is capable of analyzing electrical and mechanical components at the same time. Both simulation and experiments are carried out to verify the modeling and the advantages. The prototype achieved over 60% efficiency at high frequency, much better than conventional regenerative shock absorbers in oscillatory motion. Furthermore, road tests are done to demonstrate the feasibility of the MMR shock absorber, in which more than 15 Watts of electricity is harvested while driving at 15 mph on a smooth paved road. The MMR-based design can also be used for other applications of vibration energy harvesting, such as from tall buildings or long bridges.
Vertically Aligned Nanowires on Flexible Silicone using a Supported Alumina Template prepared by Pulsed Anodization (2009)

Carpets of vertically aligned nanowires on flexible substrates are successfully realized by a template method. Applying special pulsed anodization conditions, defect-free nanoporous alumina structures supported on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a flexible silicone elastomer, are created. By using this template with nanopores ending on a conducting underlayer, a high-density nanowire array can be simply grown by direct DC-electrodeposition on the top of the silicone rubber.
The Structure of Liquid and Amorphous Hafnia (2017)

Understanding the atomic structure of amorphous solids is important in predicting and tuning their macroscopic behavior. Here, we use a combination of high-energy X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and molecular dynamics simulations to benchmark the atomic interactions in the high temperature stable liquid and low-density amorphous solid states of hafnia. The diffraction results reveal an average Hf-O coordination number of ~7 exists in both the liquid and amorphous nanoparticle forms studied. The measured pair distribution functions are compared to those generated from several simulation models in the literature. We have also performed ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations that show density has a strong effect on the polyhedral connectivity. The liquid shows a broad distribution of Hf-Hf interactions, while the formation of low-density amorphous nanoclusters can reproduce the sharp split peak in the Hf-Hf partial pair distribution function observed in experiment. The agglomeration of amorphous nanoparticles condensed from the gas phase is associated with the formation of both edge-sharing and corner-sharing HfO<sub>6,7</sub> polyhedra resembling that observed in the monoclinic phase.
Enhancement of macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis by resident thymocytes: effect of a unique heat-stable lymphokine. (1983)

Lymphocytes, activated by lectins or specific antigens, have been shown to enhance macrophage phagocytosis through the elaboration of a heat-labile soluble factor(s). Recent evidence from our laboratory revealed that resident (nonactivated) murine thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes increase peritoneal macrophage glucose metabolism through the elaboration of a heat-stable soluble factor(s). Therefore, we investigated the effect of resident lymphocyte subpopulations on macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis. Thioglycollate-elicited and resident peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were cultured in serum-free media with syngeneic resident thymocytes or splenic T lymphocytes. Macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis was assayed by measuring the ingestion of 51CrSHEA. After 4 days in vitro, resident thymocytes produced a mean 160 (+/- 31) and 136% (+/- 22) increase in Fc-dependent phagocytosis by thioglycollate-elicited (thio-macrophages) and resident peritoneal macrophages, respectively. Splenic T lymphocytes increased thio-macrophage phagocytosis by 112% (+/- 41) under similar conditions. Macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis was increased after 24 hr of co-culture by supernatant derived from resident thymocytes and could be further enhanced by supernatant from Con A-activated thymocytes. Supernatant from guinea pig embryo fibroblasts did not increase macrophage phagocytosis. The soluble factor(s) was produced by resident thymocytes after 24 hr of preculture. This factor was active despite heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min whereas the effect of Con A-activated thymocyte supernatant was heat-labile. The stimulatory effect of resident thymocyte supernatant was not observed when the macrophages and supernatant were cultured in 2% FCS. In contrast to the factor(s) produced by resident thymocytes, the factor(s) in FCS that increased phagocytosis was heat-labile. These data suggest thymocytes and splenic T lymphocytes promote macrophage Fc-dependent phagocytosis in the absence of antigenic or lectin stimulation. This previously unrecognized effect of resident thymocytes is due to a unique heat-stable soluble factor(s) that is concealed in the presence of serum.
Thermal Desorption from Si(111) Surfaces with Native Oxides Formed During Chemical Treatments (1990)

The thermal desorption process during thermal cleaning of Si(111) surfaces with native oxides formed by various chemical treatments is studied using TDS (thermal desorption spectroscopy) under UHV. The reaction product of the process is identified to be SiO. The surface cleanliness after the cleaning is virtually independent of the oxide formation method. However, the desorption temperature of SiO strongly depends on the method. This dependence cannot be explained purely by SiO diffusion in the oxide film. It suggests that the interface structure between an oxide layer and a Si substrate significantly affects the desorption temperature of native oxides. A scheme for removing oxide film is proposed.
The Importance of the Consumer Awareness Level in Consumer Protection: An Application on Households (2011)

The importance of legislation and knowledge in the protection of consumers and establishment of a competitive market has been increasing more and more. For an individual or society to be aware of use his/her rights is as important as to be given those. The aim the present study is to determine the level of awareness of the consumers about the government legislations, consumer originated production and sale politicies of companies, and the efforts of the consumer societies to protect the consumers. For this purpose a survey study was carried out and the data was analyzed. Our results indicate that most of the consumers are aware of the consumers oriented production and sale policies of government and companies and the efforts of the consumer societies (associations); however, the level of the awareness was not enough
Efficient Large Scale Preparation of Neutral Endopeptidase/Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Dual Inhibitor CGS30440 (1998)

The development and piloting of a potential manufacturing process for ACE/NEP dual inhibitor CGS30440 is described. The synthesis proceeds sequentially from 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid via N-protection, peptide coupling with l-tyrosine ethyl ester, O-methylation of N-protected [(1-amino-1-cyclopentyl)carbonyl]-l-tyrosine ethyl ester, N-deprotection, peptide coupling of [(1-amino-1-cyclopentyl)carbonyl]-O-methyl-l-tyrosine ethyl ester with d-2-bromo-3-methylbutyric acid, and final displacement of bromide with thioacetate. This approach is superior to shorter Discovery routes based upon final peptide coupling of l-2-(acetylthio)-3-methylbutanoic acid to [(1-amino-1-cyclopentyl)carbonyl]-O-methyl-l-tyrosine ethyl ester.
Significant Increase of Prostaglandin E‐Major Urinary Metabolite in Male Smokers: A Screening Study of Age and Gender Differences Using a Simple Radioimmunoassay (2013)

PGE-MUM increases in smokers, as suggested by possible inflammatory injury of pulmonary tissue. This RIA method for PGE-MUM may be thus a sensitive and reliable biomarker for current inflammation, different from serum CRP.