gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LTE-3G Inter-Operability Study (2013)

In this thesis the author have studied and measured how LTE Release 8 interworks with previous legacy 3G networks in real environmental conditions. At present, LTE technology is deployed based on service hotspots that cover small geographical areas. It is expected that full scale deployment of LTE network will take a considerable time, which also means the mobile users have to primarily depend on legacy 3G and 2G networks for years to come. Therefore, it is important to study the interworking mechanisms between LTE and legacy networks in order to provide seamless mobility and uninterrupted user services in primarily available LTE hotspots.\nIn order to perform this study, field measurements have been carried out in DNA commercial network in outdoor and indoor environments. Initially, cell selection and reselection criteria for inter-RAT mobility in idle condition is mathematically checked and verified. Then, channel conditions are studied and analyzed based on radio parameters like RSRP, RSCP, RSRQ, Ec/No, SNR and CQI when inter-RAT handover is performed. After that, an inter-RAT handover test from LTE towards 3G is studied with the help of signalling message. Next, the impact of inter-RAT handover on KPIs like MAC DL throughput, handover success rate, RTT, handover latency and user plane delay are studied and analyzed. Finally, performance of inter-RAT handover in outdoor and indoor measurement environment is compared based on KPI measurements.\nFrom this study, it is found that inter-RAT mobility from LTE towards 3G network is working in both idle and connected modes with 100 percent handover success rate, however, the user experienced network latency around 4 seconds in average. The user experienced degradation in throughput because of decreasing link quality. The user data service interruption is roughly for 3-4 seconds and the RTT value for 32 bytes of data is observed to be around 300 ms in average during handover. It is also found that the impact of inter-RAT handover in indoor environment is higher than outdoor environment based on KPIs results.
Air purification technology by means of cluster ions generated by discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure (2003)

Summary form only given, as follows. Novel indoor air purification technology using ions generated by discharge plasma has been developed. The purpose of this paper is to report the physical background of this technology and effect to improve indoor air quality by reducing airborne particular microbials.
Terahertz cavity-enhanced attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (2005)

We realized cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the terahertz spectral region by combining multilayer mirrors with an attenuated total reflection technique. Using this technique, we were able to observe an absorbance of biological samples with a minimum detectable concentration as low as 8×10−10mol∕mm2. The absorbance between 75cm−1 and 115cm−1 was measured using a monolithic resonator of high-purity silicon. We demonstrate that the sensitivity of the attenuated total reflection design is significantly improved by adding multilayer mirrors for the THz region.
Clearance of liposomal gadolinium: In vivo decomplexation (1991)

The contrast agents gadolinium-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), Gd-DOTA (tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid), and Gd-HP-DO3A (1,4,7-tris[carboxymethyl]-10-[2' hydroxypropyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) are used in humans as extracellular contrast agents. Although free Gd+ ion is toxic, the intact Gd3+ complexes are rapidly excreted and are relatively nontoxic. Decomplexation with release of free gadolinium is a relevant clinical concern in patients with altered renal clearance. Blood pool contrast agents currently under development may have longer clearance half-lives and be more prone to decomplexation. The present study was designed to evaluate the clearance of liposomally encapsulated Gd3+ complexes (DTPA, DOTA, and HP-DO3A). The macrocyclic compounds had more rapid and complete clearance than DTPA (P less than .05). Parallel studies with carbon-14 and Gd-153-labeled complexes showed significant differences (P less than .05) in the amount of these isotopes retained in the heart, kidney, lungs, and spleen, providing strong supportive evidence for in vivo decomplexation.
Efficient Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyridine under Solvent‐free Conditions without Using Any Catalysts (2008)

Abstract A convenient and environmentally friendly solvent‐free procedure has been developed for the synthesis of polysubsituted pyridine derivatives. Compared with the classical reaction condition, this new synthetic method has the advantage of excellent yields, easy setup, and mild reaction conditions.
Entrepreneurial ecosystem and start-ups in Sub-Saharan Africa: Empirical evidence based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database (2022)

Objective: The aim of the study is to examine the nexus between entrepreneurial ecosystem and nascent entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa. Research Design & Methods: The study employed a quantitative methodology and consequently, the variables and data were drawn from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey ranging from 2004-2019. The sample observations of the study were eight countries across sub-Saharan Africa. The country-level data were analyzed through the application of least square regression to determine the nexus between the financing environment, government support policy, physical and service infrastructure and entrepreneurial start-ups. Findings: The study findings demonstrate that entrepreneurial financing had positive effect on nascent entrepreneurship; government support policy had positive effect on entrepreneurial start-ups; infrastructure had positive effect on early entrepreneurial activity. Implications & Recommendations: The paper recommends that there should be a renewed commitment on the part of governments to support and initiate intervention programmes to build entrepreneurial ecosystem and promote entrepreneurial activity but such programme design and implementation should look into contextual specifics and consider the COVID-19 related factors. Contribution & Value Added: In this paper, we have offered significant contribution to the existing body of scholarship in small business management and entrepreneurship from the prisms of global health emergency and that building a friendly entrepreneurial ecosystem stimulates prevalence and sustainability of nascent entrepreneurship in countries.
X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Method Development for Quantitative Evaluation of Carpet Cleaning Technology (2011)

An X-ray fluorescence method for measuring the quantity of test matter removed from carpet by vacuuming and wet extraction in typical carpet cleaning processes is described. In this cleaning effectiveness analytical method, five different test compounds were incorporated into an artificial soil, which was then applied to a test carpet. X-ray fluorescence was used to quantify these elements after initial addition to the carpet and subsequent to each step of a predetermined cleaning process. Evaluations were conducted with various cleaning process variants including vacuumed and un-vacuumed. X-ray fluorescence identified relative differences in the removal efficacies of the five target compounds from carpet which were associated with the test cleaning processes. This approach appears feasible as a means of assessing the performance of carpet cleaning technologies.
High Power Density Spray Cooling (1989)

Abstract : The research reported describes experimental and theoretical investigations of high power density evaporative spray cooling. Preliminary experiments demonstrating heat fluxes greater than 1,000 W/sq cm were conducted. Extensive laser phase Doppler measurements for spray characteristics were also taken. These measurements provided valuable insight into the heat transfer process. An in-depth analysis was conducted to determine the mechanisms responsible for critical heat flux. Theoretical modeling was also conducted to determine the most desirable heat transfer conditions. After analysis of these results, an improve experimental apparatus was designed and fabricated. The new apparatus provided greater experimental control and improve accuracy. new tests were conducted in which the critical heat flux was increased, and the heat transfer efficiency was greatly improved. These results are compared to those of previous researchers, and indicated substantial improvement. Keywords: Evaporate cooling; Spray cooling; High heat flux; Critical heat flux.
Rethinking Spatial Dimensions of Vision Transformers (2021)

Vision Transformer (ViT) extends the application range of transformers from language processing to computer vision tasks as being an alternative architecture against the existing convolutional neural networks (CNN). Since the transformer-based architecture has been innovative for computer vision modeling, the design convention towards an effective architecture has been less studied yet. From the successful design principles of CNN, we investigate the role of spatial dimension conversion and its effectiveness on transformer-based architecture. We particularly attend to the dimension reduction principle of CNNs; as the depth increases, a conventional CNN increases channel dimension and decreases spatial dimensions. We empirically show that such a spatial dimension reduction is beneficial to a transformer architecture as well, and propose a novel Pooling-based Vision Transformer (PiT) upon the original ViT model. We show that PiT achieves the improved model capability and generalization performance against ViT. Throughout the extensive experiments, we further show PiT outperforms the baseline on several tasks such as image classification, object detection, and robustness evaluation. Source codes and ImageNet models are available at https://github.com/naver-ai/pit.
Measuring the ion current in electrical discharges using radio-frequency current and voltage measurements (1998)

This letter describes a technique for measuring the ion current at a semiconductor wafer that is undergoing plasma processing. The technique relies on external measurements of the radio-frequency (rf) current and voltage at the wafer electrode. The rf signals are generated by the rf bias power which is normally applied to wafers during processing. There is no need for any probe inserted into the plasma or for any additional power supplies which might perturb the plasma. To test the technique, comparisons were made with dc measurements of ion current at a bare aluminum electrode, for argon discharges at 1.33 Pa, ion current densities of 1.3–13 mA/cm2, rf bias frequencies of 0.1–10 MHz, and rf bias voltages from 1 to 200 V. Additional tests showed that ion current measurements could be obtained by the rf technique even when electrically insulating wafers were placed on the electrode and when an insulating layer was deposited on the electrode.
Synthesis and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles doped with lanthanide ions (2001)

Lanthanide ions have been doped into cobalt spinel ferrites using an oil-in-water micellar method to form CoLn0.12Fe1.88O4 nanoparticles with Ln=Ce, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, or Er. Doping with lanthanide ions (LnIII) modulates the magnetic properties of cobalt spinel ferrite nanoparticles. In particular cases of Gd3+ or Dy3+ ions, a dramatic increase in the blocking temperature and coercivity is observed. Indeed, the introduction of only 4% of Gd3+ ions increases the blocking temperature ∼100 K and the coercivity 60%. Initial studies on the magnetic properties of these doped nanoparticles clearly demonstrate that the relationship between the modulation of magnetic properties and the nature of doped LnIII ions is interesting but very complex.
Nicotinic α7 receptors: Synaptic options and downstream signaling in neurons (2002)

Nicotinic receptors are cation-ion selective ligand-gated ion channels that are expressed throughout the nervous system. Most have significant calcium permeabilities, enabling them to regulate calcium-dependent events. One of the most abundant is a species composed of the alpha 7 gene product and having a relative calcium permeability equivalent to that of NMDA receptors. The alpha 7-containing receptors can be found presynaptically where they modulate transmitter release, and postsynaptically where they generate excitatory responses. They can also be found in perisynaptic locations where they modulate other inputs to the neuron and can activate a variety of downstream signaling pathways. The effects the receptors produce depend critically on the sites at which they are clustered. Instructive preparations for examining alpha 7-containing receptors are the rat hippocampus, where they are thought to play a modulatory role, and the chick ciliary ganglion, where they participate in throughput transmission as well as regulatory signaling. Relatively high levels of alpha 7-containing receptors are found in the two preparations, and the receptors display a variety of synaptic options and functions in the two cases. Progress is starting to be made in understanding the mechanisms responsible for localizing the receptors at specific sites and in identifying components tethered in the vicinity of the receptors that may facilitate signal transduction and downstream signaling.
NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access): An Overview (2013)

NUMA (non-uniform memory access) is the phenomenon that memory at various points in the address space of a processor have different performance characteristics. At current processor speeds, the signal path length from the processor to memory plays a significant role. Increased signal path length not only increases latency to memory but also quickly becomes a throughput bottleneck if the signal path is shared by multiple processors. The performance differences to memory were noticeable first on large-scale systems where data paths were spanning motherboards or chassis. These systems required modified operating-system kernels with NUMA support that explicitly understood the topological properties of the system’s memory (such as the chassis in which a region of memory was located) in order to avoid excessively long signal path lengths. (Altix and UV, SGI’s large address space systems, are examples. The designers of these products had to modify the Linux kernel to support NUMA; in these machines, processors in multiple chassis are linked via a proprietary interconnect called NUMALINK.)
Planning Base Station and Relay Station Locations in IEEE 802.16j Multi-Hop Relay Networks (2008)

In this paper, a problem formulation for determining optimal node location for base stations (BSs) and relay stations (RSs) in relay-based 802.16 networks is developed. The formulation results in an Integer Programming problem. A small modification to the original model is also considered in which the state space is reduced by limiting which nodes can be associated with which. Standard branch and bound techniques are used to solve the problem. The key findings of the paper are that standard techniques can be used to find solutions to problems of small metropolitan scale or for areas within a larger city.
Fabrication of periodically domain-inverted channel waveguides in lithium niobate for second harmonic generation (1989)

A method to produce periodically domain-inverted channel waveguides in LiNbO/sub 3/ is reported. With this type of waveguide, using quasi-phase matching (QPM), arbitrary wavelengths can be frequency doubled by choosing the appropriate period. It is concluded that, with improved fabrication methods, it will be possible to generate milliwatts of blue light with a diode laser as pump, which is of considerable interest.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Innovative Use of Mobile Applications in East Africa (2010)

This Sida Review report gives an overview of the current state of mobile phone use and services in East Africa. It outlines major trends and main obstacles for increased use as well as key opportun ...
Assembly of van der Waals heterostructures: exfoliation, searching, and stacking of 2D materials (2019)

Abstract The fascinating point of 2D and layered materials is that they can be assembled into van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, in which atomic layers are integrated by vdW force. There are almost infinite potential combinations in vdW heterostructures owing to the multiple degrees of freedom, i.e., the choice of materials, stacking order, and lateral orientation angle at the interfaces. In this article, we review the fabrication technique of vdW heterostructures, which has played an essential role in the development of the 2D materials research field. First, we describe the primary technique of mechanical exfoliation to fabricate and identify high-quality atomic layers. We then discuss the assembly of atomic layers into vdW heterostructures. Finally, we introduce the recent advancement of fabrication techniques using autonomous robotic assembly. We hope this article would help the readers to acquire basic knowledge of vdW assembly and motivate them to fabricate vdW heterostructures.
Origin of the Allyl Group in FK506 Biosynthesis (2010)

FK506 (tacrolimus) is a secondary metabolite with a potent immunosuppressive activity, currently registered for use as immunosuppressant after organ transplantation. FK506 and FK520 are biogenetically related natural products that are synthesized by combined polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthetase systems. The entire gene cluster for biosynthesis of FK520 from Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus has been cloned and sequenced. On the other hand, the FK506 gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. MA6548 (ATCC55098) was sequenced only partially, and it was reasonable to expect that additional genes would be required for the provision of substrate supply. Here we report the identification of a previously unknown region of the FK506 gene cluster from Streptomyces tsukubaensis NRRL 18488 containing genes encoding the provision of unusual building blocks for FK506 biosynthesis as well as a regulatory gene. Among others, we identified a group of genes encoding biosynthesis of the extender unit that forms the allyl group at carbon 21 of FK506. Interestingly, we have identified a small independent diketide synthase system involved in the biosynthesis of the allyl group. Inactivation of one of these genes, encoding an unusual ketosynthase domain, resulted in an FK506 nonproducing strain, and the production was restored when a synthetic analog of the allylmalonyl-CoA extender unit was added to the cultivation medium. Based on our results, we propose a biosynthetic pathway for the provision of an unusual five-carbon extender unit, which is carried out by a novel diketide synthase complex.
Evaluation of RGD peptide hydrogel in the posterior segment of the rabbit eye (2012)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and biodegradability of RGD peptide hydrogel in the posterior segment of the eye as a biomaterial potentially useful for sustained drug delivery systems. RGD peptide hydrogel was injected into the vitreous cavity and suprachoroidal space of rabbit eyes. Clinical follow-up and histological observation were performed up to four weeks. The biodegradability was also evaluated by the lifetime of the hydrogel which was defined by ophthalmoscopic observation or ultrasonography. The results showed that RGD peptide hydrogel was well tolerated in the vitreous cavity and suprachoroidal space, and disappeared from the injection sites progressively. As for suprachoroidal injection, the hydrogel was clearly identified by ultrasound echography and was confirmed innoxious to the retinal vessels by fluorescein angiography. Histological observations showed that the structures of retina, choroid and other tissues around the injection site remained normal after the injection. The lifetime of the hydrogel was 25.7 ± 2.65 days and 14.3 ± 3.3 days in the vitreous cavity and suprachoroidal space, respectively. The results obtained demonstrated that RGD peptide hydrogel, which showed excellent biocompatibility and favorable biodegradability in the posterior segment of rabbit eyes, appears to be a promising biomaterial to deliver drugs focally to the choroid and the retina.
Ubiquitin‐Based Probes Prepared by Total Synthesis To Profile the Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzymes (2012)

Epitope-tagged active-site-directed probes are widely used to visualize the activity of deubiquitinases (DUBs) in cell extracts, to investigate the specificity and potency of small-molecule DUB inhibitors, and to isolate and identify DUBs by mass spectrometry. With DUBs arising as novel potential drug targets, probes are required that can be produced in sufficient amounts and to meet the specific needs of a given experiment. The established method for the generation of DUB probes makes use of labor-intensive intein-based methods that have inherent limitations concerning the incorporation of unnatural amino acids and the amount of material that can be obtained. Here, we describe the total chemical synthesis of active-site-directed probes and their application to activity-based profiling and identification of functional DUBs. This synthetic methodology allowed the easy incorporation of desired tags for specific applications, for example, fluorescent reporters, handles for immunoprecipitation or affinity pull-down, and cleavable linkers. Additionally, the synthetic method can be scaled up to provide significant amounts of probe. Fluorescent ubiquitin probes allowed faster, in-gel detection of active DUBs, as compared to (immuno)blotting procedures. A biotinylated probe holding a photocleavable linker enabled the affinity pull-down and subsequent mild, photorelease of DUBs. Also, DUB activity levels were monitored in response to overexpression or knockdown, and to inhibition by small molecules. Furthermore, fluorescent probes revealed differential DUB activity profiles in a panel of lung and prostate cancer cells.
Effective body contact in SOI devices by partial trench isolated body-tied (PTIBT) structure (2002)

The floating body effect can be reduced by forcing a fixed potential to the SOI device body region using any of several body-tied structures but all generally suffer from adverse costs such as performance degradation and/or process complexity. In this work, we propose a novel body-tied structure, adding simple partial trench isolation, which effectively suppresses the floating body effects without performance degradation.
An electro-thermally activated rotary micro-positioner for slider-level dual-stage positioning in hard disk drives (2016)

Slider-level micro-positioners are useful to assist a voice coil motor to perform fine heat positioning over Tb/in 2 magnetic disk. Recently, a new kind of slider-level micropositioners were developed using thermal unimorph of Si/SU8 composite. It has advantages of very small foot print and high mechanical resonant frequency but its stroke generation is inadequate, with 50nm dynamic stroke at 1kHz. There is a need for a larger thermally induced stroke. This paper presents a rotary design of electrothermal micro-positioner to address the stroke requirements without consuming more power or decreasing the mechanical resonant frequency. Experimental studies show the present rotary design can produce 6 folds larger displacement, as compared to the previous lateral design, while possessing a 35 kHz resonant frequency of. In addition, simple analytical models were developed to estimate: i) the rotational stiffness and system's natural frequency, ii) thermal unimorph bending and stage rotation, and iii) system's thermal time constant for this rotary electro-thermal micro positioner. This study found that this rotary electro-thermal micro-positioner can meet the basic stroke requirement and high mechanical resonant frequency for moving slider, but its thermal cut-off frequency needs to be increased further.