gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Achromatic 90° Polarization Rotating Prisms (1996)

Half wave plates are often used to rotate the plane of polarization by 90° at one wavelength. To rotate the plane of polarization over a range of wavelengths, Fresnel rhombs may be used. Fresnel rhombs, however, exhibit significant deviation from precisely 180° retardation over any broad wavelength range. This note describes two prism (or mirror) designs which rotate the incident polarization exactly 90° at all wavelengths. In one case the incident beam direction is deviated by 90°, while in the other case the incident beam is transmitted undeviated.
Combinatorial Library of Lipidoids for In Vitro DNA Delivery (2012)

A combinatorial library of lipidoids was constructed and studied for in vitro gene delivery. The library of lipidoids was synthesized by reacting commercially available amines with lipophilic acrylates, acrylamides, or epoxides. Lipidoids derived from amine 86 (N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine) and amine 87 (N-(3-aminopropyl)diethaneamine) showed high efficiency in DNA delivery, some with a higher transfection efficiency than Lipofectamine 2000, a commonly used commercial gold standard for in vitro gene delivery. The structure–activity relationship between the lipidoids was further studied with respect to small variations in chemical structures and the resulting efficiency in DNA delivery in vitro. Since these lipidoids are easy to synthesize and do not require a colipid for efficient DNA delivery, they could offer an inexpensive but effective alternative to other commonly used commercial gene delivery carriers.
The application of Model Predictive Control to normalize glycemia of critically ill patients (2007)

In this paper we propose a Model based Predictive Controller (MPC) to be used for glycemia control in critically ill patients. A model, that is particularly developed for describing the glucose and the insulin dynamics of these patients, is estimated for each individual patient and re-estimated as new measurements are obtained. Both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis are performed with respect to a real-life dataset from 19 critically ill patients. In the first analysis the robustness of the MPC is tested assuming a once per hour or a once per four hours insulin adaptation frequency is imposed. The second analysis is characterized by a comparison between the MPC insulin infusion sequence and the insulin flows (determined by the nurse) that were effectively administered to the patient. The contribution of this paper is the development of an MPC for glycemia control in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The penalty index, which is a specific concept for quantitative analysis of glycemia control in the ICU, is also proposed. The results of the developed MPC are satisfactory both in terms of control behavior (reference tracking and the suppression of unknown disturbance factors) and clinical acceptability.
Distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor mRNA expression in the rat brain and pituitary. (1994)

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a major hypophysiotropic peptide regulating pituitary-adrenal response to stress, and it is also widely expressed in the central nervous system. The recent cloning of cDNAs encoding the human and rat CRF receptors has enabled us to map the distribution of cells expressing CRF receptor mRNA in rat brain and pituitary by in situ hybridization. Receptor expression in the forebrain is dominated by widespread signal throughout all areas of the neo-, olfactory, and hippocampal cortices. Other prominent sites of CRF receptor mRNA expression include subcortical limbic structures in the septal region and amygdala. In the diencephalon, low levels of expression are seen in a few discrete ventral thalamic and medial hypothalamic nuclei. CRF receptor expression in hypothalamic neurosecretory structures, including the paraventricular nucleus and median eminence, is generally low. In the brainstem, certain relay nuclei associated with the somatic (including trigeminal), auditory, vestibular, and visceral sensory systems, constituted prominent sites of CRF receptor mRNA expression. In addition, high levels of this transcript are present in the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei, along with many precerebellar nuclei. In the pituitary, moderate levels of CRF receptor mRNA expression were detected throughout the intermediate lobe and in a subset of cells in the anterior lobe identified as corticotropes by concurrent immunolabeling. Overall, the central distribution of CRF receptor mRNA expression is similar to, though more expansive than, that of regions reported to bind CRF, and it shows limited overlap with loci expressing CRF-binding protein. Interestingly, CRF receptor mRNA is low or undetectable in several cell groups implicated as central sites of CRF action.
Vocalistener2: A singing synthesis system able to mimic a user's singing in terms of voice timbre changes as well as pitch and dynamics (2011)

This paper presents a singing synthesis system, VocaListener2, that can automatically synthesize a singing voice by mimicking the timbre changes of a user's singing voice. The system is an extension of our previous VocaListener system which deals with only pitch and dynamics. Most previous techniques for manipulating voice timbre have focused on voice conversion and voice morphing, and they cannot deal with the timbre changes during singing. To develop VocaListener2, we constructed a voice timbre space on the basis of various singing voices that are synchronized under pitch, dynamics, and phoneme by using VocaListener. In this space, the timbre changes can be reflected in the synthesized singing voice. The system was evaluated by the Euclidean distance in the space between an estimated result and a ground-truth under closed/open conditions.
The Acceleration Sensitivity of Quartz Crystal Oscillators: A Review (1987)

A tutorial on navigation, radar, and identification systems is presented. The topics discussed are the consequences of acceleration sensitivity in crystal oscillators on the Allan variance, including the effects of sinusoidal and random vibration, phase noise and integrated phase jitter; the vector nature of quartz resonator sensitivity; the theoretical description of the cause of the acceleration sensitivity of quartz resonators; techniques for the measurement of acceleration sensitivity; and the effect of frequency multiplication on acceleration effect. Various techniques currently being used or developed for reducing the effective acceleration sensitivity are considered. The techniques fall into three general categories: reduction of the acceleration sensitivity of the resonator; passive techniques that use compensating elements in the oscillator feedback loop, e.g. a second resonator or an acceleration sensitivity capacitor; and active acceleration compensation schemes that sense the acceleration and feedback a compensating signal to a tuning network. >
Abnormal B lymphocyte development and autoimmunity in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-deficient chimeric mice (2002)

Immune cells are exposed to low oxygen tensions as they develop and migrate between blood and different tissues, but the mechanisms by which lymphocytes adapt to hypoxia are poorly understood. Studies reported here of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in lymphocyte development and functions suggest that it has a critical role in regulation of these processes. HIF-1alpha deficiency in Hif1alpha(-/-) --> Rag2(-/-) chimeric mice results in dramatic and cell lineage-specific defects, which include appearance of abnormal peritoneal B-1-like lymphocytes, with high expression of B220 (CD45) receptor-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase and autoimmunity (accumulation of anti-dsDNA antibodies and rheumatoid factor in serum, deposits of IgG and IgM in kidney and proteinuria) as well as distortions of maturation of B-2 lymphocytes in bone marrow.
A Simulation/Experimental Study of the Noisy Behavior of the Time Domain Passivity Controller for Haptic Interfaces (2006)

A noisy behavior of the time domain passivity controller during the period of low velocity is analyzed. Main reasons of the noisy behavior are investigated through a simulation with a one-DOF haptic interface model. It is shown that the PO/PC is ineffective in dissipating the produced energy when the sign of the velocity, which is numerically calculated from the measured position, is suddenly changed, and when this velocity is zero. These cases happen during the period of low velocity due to the limited resolution of the position sensor. New methods, ignoring the produced energy from the velocity sign change, and holding the control force while the velocity is zero, are proposed for removing the noisy behavior. The feasibility of the developed methods is proved with both a simulation and a real experiment.
An RNase H‐Assisted Fluorescent Biosensor for Aptamers (2007)

Recycling program. A signal amplification strategy was established for aptamer-based molecular recognition of thrombin with concomitant release of a single-stranded guard-DNA (g-DNA). The g-DNA then bound to F-RNA-Q, which contained a fluorophore and quencher. The fluorescence-quenched RNA was degraded by using RNase H to give a fluorescence signal, and the undamaged g-DNA was recycled to yield fluorescence amplification.
Human prion diseases (1994)

The prion diseases, sometimes referred to as the "transmissible spongiform encephalopathies," include kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease of humans as well as scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of animals. For many years, the prion diseases were thought to be caused by viruses despite intriguing evidence to the contrary. The unique characteristic common to all of these disorders, whether sporadic, dominantly inherited, or acquired by infection, is that they involve the aberrant metabolism of the prion protein (PrP). In many cases, the cellular prion protein is converted into the scrapie isoform by a posttranslational process that involves a conformational change. Often, the human prion diseases are transmissible to experimental animals and all of the inherited prion diseases segregate with PrP gene mutations.
NOx removal with multiple pulsed electron beam free of catalysts or reagents (2013)

A catalyst free approach for nitrogen oxides (NOx) removal has been developed at the United States Naval Research Laboratory. Our goals were to assess the ability of pulsed electron beam to enhance NOx removal at potential lower capital cost with greater efficiency than other large scale NOx removal methods. Removal efficiency over 95% has been attained for NOx concentrations of 1000 parts per million (ppm), 500 ppm and 200 ppm in nitrogen atmosphere. The NOx concentration dropped from 204 ppm to below 4.8 ppm after 10 shots supplying a total dose of 65 kGy. The resultant chemicals after catalyst free pulsed electron beam processing of NOx are nitrogen and oxygen, same as components of air. Pulsed electron beams in a catalyst free approach remove a larger percentage of NOx than continuous wave electron beam with a catalyst. Catalyst free approach removes issues of handling, collecting, transporting and efficiently distributing chemical byproducts. Pulsed electron beams are as efficient as continuous wave electron beams for small removal percentages and have a significant advantage at higher fractional removal percentages of NOx. Preferential destruction of NO species relative to the removal of NO2 species is observed in the pulsed electron beam reaction chamber. The energy required to remove a kilogram of NOx is nearly the same at pressures of 1.16 atmospheres and 1.02 atmospheres.
Characterization of Toxin from Different Strains of <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> Serotype A and D (1991)

Chromosomal DNA from 13 different selected Pasteurella multocida spp. multocida strains of serotypes A and D were isolated and compared. All 10 toxigenic strains were recognized by a DNA probe which included the toxA gene coding for the Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT). None of the three nontoxigenic strains reacted with the DNA probe. Toxin from the 10 toxigenic strains were isolated and compared. All were found to possess the biological characteristics previously described for the PMT isolated from P. multocida ssp. multocida NCTC 12178, including molecular mass of approx. 143 kDa and reactivity with a series of monoclonal antibodies. Toxin prepared from different toxigenic strains could not be differentiated immunologically by tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis, Toxin, which was affinity purified from four of the strains and subsequently inactivated by formaldehyde, was cross-protective when used for vaccination of mice before challenge with PMT. It is concluded that the toxin from toxigenic strains of P. multocida ssp. multocida must be very similar, if not identical.
Compressor Stall Warning Using Nonlinear Feature Extraction Algorithms (2020)

Abstract Stall is a type of flow instability in compressors that sets the low-flow limit for compressor operation. During the past few decades, efforts to develop a reliable stall warning system have had limited success. This paper focuses on the small nonlinear disturbances prior to deep surge and introduces a new approach to identify these disturbances using nonlinear feature extraction algorithms including phase-reconstruction of time-series signals and evaluation of a parameter called approximate entropy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time approximate entropy has been used for stall warning, and thus, its definition and utility are presented in detail. The technique is applied to stall data sets from two different compressors: a high-speed centrifugal compressor that unexpectedly entered rotating stall during a speed transient and a multistage axial compressor with both modal- and spike-type stall inception. In both cases, nonlinear disturbances appear, in terms of spikes in approximate entropy, prior to surge. The presence of these presurge spikes indicates the potential of using the approximate entropy parameter for small disturbance detection and stall warning. The details of the nonlinear feature extraction algorithm, including guidelines for its application as well as results from applying the algorithm to rig-level data, are presented.
Dual Circularly-Polarized Spidron Fractal Slot Antenna (2017)

A shared-aperture dual circularly-polarized Spidron fractal slot antenna is presented. The proposed antenna, which includes a Spidron fractal slot with an L-shaped slit and a cutting corner, is fed by two individual excitation ports. The left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) and right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) at the same operating frequency band are simultaneously achieved using the even and odd modes in a coplanar waveguide transmission line. The measured –10 dB reflection and 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths are 20.24% and 8.0% for LHCP and 10.09% and 9.15% for RHCP. An average isolation of about –19.84 dB is obtained between the two ports within the overlapped bandwidth (–10 dB reflection and 3 dB AR bandwidths). The measured peak gains of the proposed antenna for LHCP and RHCP are 5.41 dBic and 3.39 dBic, respectively.
OC-027 Defining Cancer Risk in Barrett’S Oesophagus using a 90-Gene Signature (2013)

Introduction Barrett’s oesophagus (BE) has a highly variable outcome with 0.12–0.5% of patients per year progressing to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). The histopathological grading of dysplasia is used to detect cancer risk in BE; however, considerable variability exists in the reporting of dysplasia. Molecular biomarkers that can detect BE patients with dysplasia would improve risk stratification in BE, enabling clinicians to focus on high risk patients requiring treatment and reduce endoscopic surveillance in the low risk group. The aim of this study was to identify and validate a gene expression signature as a biomarker that can objectively determine dysplastic status and thereby determine the risk of cancer progression. Methods Microarray gene expression profiling was done using 59 oesophageal samples with strict consensus diagnosis by expert pathologists (21 BE with no dysplasia, 10 BE with low grade dysplasia, 13 BE with high grade dysplasia and 8 EA). This data was used to identify a gene signature that separated non-dysplastic BE from high grade dysplasia. Gene expression data from publically available datasets were used to validate the signature. An independent set of 135 fresh frozen samples covering a spectrum of dysplastic Barrett’s stages and control tissue (40 BE with no dysplasia, 21 BE with low grade, 33 BE with high grade dysplasia, 32 EA and 9 duodenum) were used for validation using the high throughput 96:96 microfluidic Fluidigm® chip on the BioMark™ PCR system. Results A set of 90 genes was identified that separated BE with no dysplasia from BE with high grade dysplasia. This 90-gene signature was able to separate the remaining untrained samples on the microarray dataset (7 non-dysplastic, 10 low grade dysplasia and 8 EA). The signature also separated non dysplastic BE samples from EA samples on 2 external published datasets (p ≤ 0.0012). With the fresh frozen samples, the signature separated BE with no dysplasia from BE with dysplasia and EA with an area under the curve of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80–0.93). Pathway analysis revealed that the RAN (RAs-related Nuclear protein) regulation pathway (p < 0.0001) was the most significant pathway in this gene set. Furthermore, MYC was found to be the most significant transcription factor regulating at least 30% of these genes (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The 90 gene-expression profile can reliably identify BE samples with dysplasia and cancer. This approach has the potential to provide robust risk stratification in BE samples as it overcomes the problems with variability in the reporting of dysplasia. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Isolation, Purification and Characterization of Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein from Milk Fat Globule Membrane: Effect of Bovine Growth Hormone Treatment (2001)

Fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP) was purified from bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-50. Purified FABP was similar to bovine mammary gland heart (H)-type FABP/ mammary derived growth inhibitor (MDGI). It inhibited growth of mammary epithelial cells at nanogram concentrations, had a relative molecular mass of 15 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE, had two isoforms with pI around 5.0 and cross-reacted with antibody to mammary gland H-FABP. The content of FABP in MFGM, obtained from growth hormone (GH)-treated cows, was not essentially different from that of MFGM obtained from untreated cows. However, the level of in vitro phosphorylated FABP of MFGM, obtained from GH-treated cows, was diminished in comparison to the sample of MFGM, obtained from untreated cows. The role of the insulin receptor in the phosphorylation of FABP in mammary gland secretory epithelial cells is suggested.
Terahertz difference-frequency generation in quantum cascade lasers with high conversion efficiency (2013)

Room-temperature, narrow-linewidth terahertz quantum cascade laser sources based on intracavity Cherenkov difference-frequency generation with emission at 3.5 THz, nearly 60µW power output, and conversion efficiency of approximately 0.55 mW/W2 are reported.
Optical delivery of multiple opsin-encoding genes leads to targeted expression and white-light activation (2015)

In photodegenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), progressive loss of vision occurs as a result of degeneration of the periphery of the retina and the macula, respectively. Current optogenetic stimulation-based approaches to vision restoration offer the advantages of cellular specificity, high resolution, and minimal invasiveness over electrode arrays; however, the clinical translation of optogenetic activation suffers from the lack of a method for the delivery of opsins into spatially targeted regions of a retina that has degenerated. Non-targeted opsin delivery through viral or non-viral methods to non-photodegenerated retinal areas will perturb these already functioning retinal regions. Furthermore, viral methods are subject to limitations on the delivery of large plasmids, such as fusion constructs of multiple spectrally separated opsins (e.g., channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), chimeric opsin variants (C1V1), ReaChR), which can provide higher photo-excitability than can a single narrow-band opsin under ambient light conditions. Here, we report the ultrafast near-infrared laser-based spatially targeted transfection of single and multiple opsins and present a comparison with the opsin expression distribution achieved using another non-viral, but non-targeted, transfection method, lipofection. Functional evaluation of cells transfected with multiple opsins using the laser method revealed a significantly higher white-light-induced photocurrent than in cells expressing a single opsin (ChR2). The laser-assisted targeted delivery of multiple opsin-encoding genes to the peripheral retina/macula is ideal for sensitizing retinal areas that have degenerated, thus paving the way toward the restoration of lost vision in RP/AMD patients. The optical delivery of plasmids encoding multiple-color sensitive opsins using a near-infrared femtosecond laser is found to lead to targeted expression and broadband activation. While optogenetic simulation approaches for treating photodegenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration show promise, they do not permit targeted delivery of opsins to degenerated retinal areas. Now, researchers at the University of Texas led by Samarendra Mohanty have compared laser-based spatially targeted transfection of single and multiple opsins with lipofection―a non-targeted method. The laser-based method gave a higher membrane-to-intracellular ratio than lipofection. Furthermore, cells transfected with multiple opsins exhibited significantly higher white-light-induced photocurrents than cells expressing a single opsin. Such spatially targeted laser transfection of multiple opsins is ideal for sensitizing areas of degenerated retinal areas and is expected to enable vision restoration in patients with photodegenerative diseases.
Prefix-based Bounded-error Estimation with Intermittent Observations (2019)

While observers with asymptotic convergence guarantees can be used to design output feedback controllers when considering control tasks like stability, if state constraints relevant to safety exist, it is crucial to bound the estimation error at all times. In this paper, we propose an optimization-based design technique for bounded-error state estimators for affine systems that provide estimation guarantees in the presence of intermittent measurements. We treat the affine system as a switched system where the measurement equation switches between two modes based on whether a measurement exists or is missing, and model potential intermittent measurement patterns with a finite language that constrains the feasible mode sequences. By utilizing Q-parametrization, we show that an optimal estimator can be constructed that simultaneously provides an estimate of the continuous-state and implicitly estimates the specific missing data pattern (i.e., mode sequence), within the given language, according to the prefix observed so far. We illustrate with numerical examples that this approach significantly improves the achievable estimation bounds compared to earlier work.
Automated Segmentation of the Cup and Rim from Spectral Domain OCT of the Optic Nerve Head (2009)

In this preliminary study, we have developed a novel algorithm to determine the cup and rim in close-to-isotropic SD-OCT images of the ONH and have shown that its performance for determination of the cup and rim from SD-OCT images is similar to that of planimetry by glaucoma experts. Validation on a larger glaucoma sample as well as normal controls is warranted.