gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Slow movement small target detecting method base on frame correlation (2010)

For inter-frame motion characteristics of slowly moving small target, this paper is proposed a target detection algorithm based on relevant frames. This method use improved spatial high-pass filter for image pre-processing to improve signal to noise ratio of small targets; extract candidate target point by binary segmentation, and then conduct inter-frame correlation to binary image. Correlation is inter-frame corresponding to pixels in a neighborhood, and results stored in the tag matrix m, the matrix elements stand for the times of successful correlation. Here we use the rules of k/n rule to determine the output of the tag matrix, that is, if the n frames has k frames correlation successful, then the point is a candidate target. The advantage of this approach is: the short-term loss of target in the image sequence does not affect the detection effect, at the same time, overcome the high noise impact on small targets. Test results show that the method is a robust and efficient approach.
Microalgae technologies and processes for biofuels/bioenergy production in British Columbia : current technology, suitability and barriers to implementation : executive summary (2009)

This study investigated the current state of algae technologies and research to determine the feasibility of algae cultivation in British Columbia as a bioenergy feedstock. The market analysis of energy products from algae in this study was limited to biodiesel, bioethanol and biomethane. By-products which can affect the economic potential for producing algae biomass were also considered. This report summarized the cost parameters for expected biomass yields, algae oil content, capital, labour and operational costs. There are 3 main technologies currently used to produce microalgae for bioenergy applications, notably phototrophic cultivation in open raceways; phototrophic cultivation in closed photobioreactors; and heterotrophic cultivation in closed fermenters. Although none of these processes achieve price parity with fossil fuels, the fermentation process was shown to have the lowest production cost and is considered to be the most promising method for biofuel production. It may have advantages over current start-to-ethanol pathways if algae oil can be produced with consistently high biomass productivity and oil yields. Algae harvesting is a major cost factor in bioenergy production. All three algae-based technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions and have a positive energy balance. 204 refs., 24 tabs., 4 figs.
Measurement of temperature changes during cavitation generated by an erbium, chromium: Yttrium, scandium, gallium garnet laser (2012)

Aim: The present study evaluated the magnitude of temperature changes in the tooth during cavitation produced by an Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Methods: The root canal of a single extracted maxillary canine was enlarged to a size 30/.02 file. Four thermocouples were attached to the tooth: one to the surface of the root and three inserted into the canal at 3, 9, and 15 mm from the apical foramen, respectively. The tooth was placed in a plastic container at room temperature around 25°C. The tooth was processed as follows. In the EDTA condition, the tooth was irrigated with 17% EDTA; in the NaOCl condition, the tooth was irrigated with 3% NaOCl; and to analyse the effect of different thicknesses of dentin, the tooth was irrigated with tap water. In all conditions, the irrigants were activated at 2 W for 120 seconds. Results: The mean temperature was 25.2°C to 27.1°C and the temperature ranged from 25.0°C to 29.6°C. The temperature elevation measured during cavitation generated by the laser didnot exceed 5°C. Conclusions: The magnitude of the temperature changes in the root canal and at the surface of the tooth did not exceed 5°C when laser-driven irrigation was used to produce cavitation in the root canal.
FULLY DEVELOPED HEAT TRANSFER IN A ROTATING NON-ALIGNED STRAIGHT TUBE (1985)

Fully developed heat transfer in fluids flowing steadily through a rotating non-aligned straight tube is studied theoretically. A regular perturbation solution of the governing energy equation is developed for a constant wall flux boundary condition; this solution is valid only for “sufficiently mild” Coriolis disturbances. The asymptotic Nusselt number, complete to third order, is obtained from these results. Within the estimated region of validity of this solution the convective heat transfer coefficient depends on three independent dimensionless parameters. The first parameter serves as a Peclet number for energy transfer in the plane of the tube cross-section whereas the second and third parameters are proportional to the axial and transverse components of the Coriolis acceleration. Increasing the Coriolis acceleration will lead to transport enhancement relative to an analogous stationary straight tube exchange device.
Intracellular maturation of apolipoprotein[a] and assembly of lipoprotein[a] in primary baboon hepatocytes. (1993)

The glycoprotein apolipoprotein[a] (apo[a]) is present in plasma at highly variable concentrations and appears as a number of genetically determined size isoforms (400-800 kDa), disulfide linked to apoB-100 in low density lipoprotein to produce lipoprotein [a](Lp[a]). Apo[a] is synthesized by the liver, but the site of association of apo[a] and apoB and factors that regulate its production are unknown. To examine the morphogenesis of the Lp[a] particle, baboon hepatocytes expressing a single, low molecular weight isoform of apo[a] were labeled with [35S]cysteine and methionine, and apo[a] was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE. Steady-state labeling revealed two molecular weight forms of apo[a] inside the cell. Only the large form was recovered from the culture medium. Pulse-chase studies and endoglycosidase treatment revealed that the lower molecular weight form of apo[a] represented a precursor with a prolonged residence time in the endoplasmic reticulum or an early Golgi compartment, after which it was processed to the mature form. A proportion of the mature form of apo[a] was rapidly secreted after synthesis, whereas the remainder had a prolonged residence time in a late Golgi compartment. In all experiments, apoB co-precipitated with apo[a] from the culture medium, but not from cell lysates. Density gradient ultracentrifugation and immunoblot analysis revealed that the majority of apo[a] was secreted into the medium in a free form, suggesting that the association between apo[a] and apoB occurred after secretion. Regulation of the movement of apo[a] between intracellular compartments may be one mechanism by which the plasma levels of Lp[a] are influenced.
Gelatinous Oil-Base Fluids as Insulators in Geothermal and Oil-Recovery Applications (1983)

Abstract The use of a thixotropic gelatinous oil-base fluid as an insulating medium in different oil field applications has become increasingly important. Its economic advantage over tubing/casing insulators makes it very attractive. It has proven itself as a successful thermal insulator in the field, particularly in steam injection projects. The data generated in the field, related to its thermal characteristics, are difficult to correlate because so many variables exist from well to well. This investigation was undertaken to define some properties, under more controlled conditions, that would promote more efficient utilization of the thixotropic gel. Heat transfer coefficients were generated so that its efficiency as an insulator can be rated relative to other insulators. Thermal expansion coefficients, derived in the study, are much needed in engineering calculations such as volume requirements, tubing/casing strength, etc. Behaviour of the insulating gel at 700°F and 10,000 psi and static gel strength at various temperatures were also determined to answer questions on temperature limitations and pressure requirements for placement and displacement.
Measuring IP and TCP behavior on edge nodes (2003)

Tstat is a new tool for the collection and statistical analysis of TCP/IP traffic, able to infer TCP connection status from traces. Discussing its use, we present some of the performance figures that can be obtained and the insight that such figures can give on TCP/IP protocols and the Internet. While standard performance measure, such as flow dimensions, traffic distribution, etc., remain at the base of traffic evaluation, more sophisticated indices, like the out-of-order probability and gap dimension in TCP connections, obtained through data correlation between the incoming and outgoing traffic, give reliable estimates of the network performance also from the user perspective. Several of these indices are discussed on traffic measures performed for more than 2 months on the access link of our institution.
An Improved Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-nitro-5-heteroarylethenylisoxazoles (2007)

A high yielding synthesis of polyfunctional scaffold 3-methyl-4-nitro-5-heteroarylethenylisoxazole is described.The novel condition allowed the preparation of reactive title compounds in high yield.N O NO 2 Ar O NO 2 N O Ar 1 electrophilic centres E 1 + E 2 + 2 3 Figure 1 Polyfunctional scaffold 5-styryl-4-nitroisoxazole 1Compounds 1 could be prepared from the condensation of commercially available 3,5-dimethyl-4-nitroisoxazole 2 and an aromatic aldehyde 3 (Figure 1).HETEROCYCLES, Vol.71, No. 5, 2007 1173While several compounds 1 have been reported in which Ar is represented by a substituted phenyl ring, 7,8 only a few examples have been described in which Ar is of heterocyclic nature. 9,10][9][10] This procedure failed at producing in particular compounds bearing additional electron-withdrawing groups.For example, while isoxazole 2 was efficiently reacted with furfural 3a to give 5-styrylisoxazole 1a in good yield, the reaction of 2 with 5-nitrofurfural gave a complex mixture of products.Therefore the synthesis of 1b, which was found possessing antibacterial activity, required the condensation of 2 and 3a and successive nitration of the resulting 1a (Scheme 1).
On the realization of a Q-state neuron (2002)

Q-state associative memories find use in color or gray scale image processing where each pixel can assume one of Q different intensities. In this paper, the authors present the realization of a Q-state neuron, for use in such memories, using a radio frequency driven superconducting Wheatstone bridge. The Q-states are obtained in the form of Shapiro steps observed in the transverse voltage of such bridges for large values of DC biasing currents. If low temperature semiconductors are used variable synapses can be realized using superconducting field effect transistors whose normal resistance and supercurrent vary with the applied gate voltage. Wheatstone bridges made of cuprate superconductors with synapses consisting of flux flow transistors or DC-SQUIDs could be used for neural chip operation at 77 K. Low power dissipation makes the proposed neuron implementation attractive for use in the fabrication of large scale neural circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Video cataloguing and browsing (2001)

Videos contain rich information. Until recently, information within a video had been largely left under-utilized, with fast forward/rewind as the most popular method of accessing video content. This is no longer sufficient however, as more and more users demanded the flexibility and ability to access video content selectively. Unlike textual information however, video bits do not convey same level of meaning as text do. Therefore, we have to use metadata to describe the structured information within videos.
Characterization of oral squamous cell carcinoma based on higher‐harmonic generation microscopy (2012)

In vivo higher-harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) performed on healthy human oral mucosa not only provides images with a <500 nm lateral resolution at a 280 μm penetration depth, but also leaves no photodamages in the tissues. These advantages suggest that HGM could serve as an ideal virtual biopsy tool for in vivo, in situ, and immediate histopathological diagnosis of oral cancer. However, translation of such mechanism for clinical cancer diagnosis requires evidence based algorithm capable to differentiate cancerous tissues from normal. It is thus critical to investigate if the endogenous contrast provided by the HGM would be high enough to differentiate cancerous versus normal tissues in human oral mucosa. In this report, ex vivo HGM study was performed on the cancerous mucosa from 10 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Compared with histology, HGM revealed histopathological features including the cytological abnormalities, loss of differentiation, interruption of basement membrane, and irregular epithelial stratification in all 10 specimens. In addition, distinct patterns of collagen fibers and increased distribution area of actin filaments in tumor cells were noted. These results indicate HGM holds great potential for the optical biopsy screening of oral cancer lesions.
miRNA551b-3p Activates an Oncostatin Signaling Module for the Progression of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2019)

Genomic amplification of 3q26.2 locus leads to the increased expression of microRNA 551b-3p (miR551b-3p) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Our results demonstrate that miR551b-3p translocates to the nucleus with the aid of importin-8 (IPO8) and activates STAT3 transcription. As a consequence, miR551b upregulates the expression of oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) and interleukin-31 receptor-α (IL-31RA) as well as their ligands OSM and IL-31 through STAT3 transcription. We defined this set of genes induced by miR551b-3p as the "oncostatin signaling module," which provides oncogenic addictions in cancer cells. Notably, OSM is highly expressed in TNBC, and the elevated expression of OSM associates with poor outcome in estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer patients. Conversely, targeting miR551b with anti-miR551b-3p reduced the expression of the OSM signaling module and reduced tumor growth, as well as migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.
Patterns of clinical remission in select categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2005)

Using newly developed preliminary criteria for inactive disease, clinical remission on medication, and clinical remission off medication, we observed that only one-fourth of 878 episodes of inactive disease resulted in clinical remission off medication during followup of at least 4 years. Only a small proportion of episodes of clinical remission off medication were sustained for >5 years. These results highlight the critical need for therapies that have the ability to induce sustained remission of JIA.
Skoliad: nº. 130 (2011)

Our contest this month is the Niels Henrik Abel Mathematics Contest, 2009�
2010, Second Round. Our thanks go to Oyvind Bakke, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, for providing us with this contest and
for permission to publish it. We also thank Rolland Gaudet, University College
of Saint Boniface, Winnipeg, MB, for translating this contest from English into
French.
BLR-1 and BLR-2, key regulatory elements of photoconidiation and mycelial growth in Trichoderma atroviride (2004)

In fungi, phototropism, the induction of carotenogenesis and reproductive structures, and resetting of the circadian rhythm are controlled by blue light. Trichoderma atroviride, a fungus used in biological control, sporulates in a synchronized manner following a brief pulse of blue light. Due to its apparent simplicity, this response was chosen for pursuing photoreceptor isolation. Two genes were cloned, blue-light regulators 1 and 2 (blr-1 and blr-2), similar to the Neurospora crassa white-collar 1 and 2, respectively. The BLR-1 protein has all the characteristics of a blue-light photoreceptor, whereas the structure of the deduced BLR-2 protein suggests that it interacts with BLR-1 through PAS domains to form a complex. Disruption of the corresponding genes demonstrated that they are essential for blue-light-induced conidiation. blr-1 and blr-2 were also shown to be essential for the light-induced expression of the photolyase-encoding gene (phr-1). Mechanical injury of mycelia was found to trigger conidiation of T. atroviride, a response not described previously. This response was not altered in the mutants. A novel effect of both red and blue light on mycelial growth was found involving another light receptor, which is compensated by the BLR proteins.
Light control over the size of an antenna unit building block as an efficient strategy for light harvesting in photosynthesis (2002)

It was shown that an increase in the bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c antenna size observed upon lowering growth light intensities led to enhancement of the hyperchromism of the BChl c Q(y) absorption band of the green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. With femtosecond difference absorption spectroscopy, it was shown that the amplitude of bleaching of the oligomeric BChl c Q(y) band (as compared to that for monomeric BChl a) increased with increasing BChl c content in chlorosomes. This BChl c bleaching amplitude was about doubled as the chlorosomal antenna size was about trebled. Both sets of findings clearly show that a unit BChl c aggregate in the chlorosomal antenna is variable in size and governed by the grow light intensity, thus ensuring the high efficiency of energy transfer within the BChl c antenna regardless of its size.
Structural Plasticity of Eph Receptor A4 Facilitates Cross-Class Ephrin Signaling (2009)

The EphA4 tyrosine kinase cell surface receptor regulates an array of physiological processes and is the only currently known class A Eph receptor that binds both A and B class ephrins with high affinity. We have solved the crystal structure of the EphA4 ligand binding domain alone and in complex with (1) ephrinB2 and (2) ephrinA2. This set of structures shows that EphA4 has significant conformational plasticity in its ligand binding face. In vitro binding data demonstrate that it has a higher affinity for class A than class B ligands. Structural analyses, drawing on previously reported Eph receptor structures, show that EphA4 in isolation and in complex with ephrinA2 resembles other class A Eph receptors but on binding ephrinB2 assumes structural hallmarks of the class B Eph receptors. This interactive plasticity reveals EphA4 as a structural chameleon, able to adopt both A and B class Eph receptor conformations, and thus provides a molecular basis for EphA-type cross-class reactivity.
Porcine parvovirus: virus purification and structural and antigenic properties of virion polypeptides (1983)

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) was extensively purified from infected swine fetal homogenates by CaCl2 precipitation followed by CsCl density centrifugation. Two species of particles possessing PPV-specific hemagglutinating activity were observed banding at densities of 1.39 and 1.30 g/ml, representing full and empty 20-nm virion particles, respectively. Both classes of particles contained three major polypeptides. A, B, and C, with respective molecular weights of 83,000, 64,000, and 60,000. The amount of polypeptide A was similar in both species (approximately 10%); however, the B protein was most abundant in the 1.30-g/ml particles, whereas the C protein was the major polypeptide found in the 1.39-g/ml particles. Antisera generated to each sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel-purified virion structural protein had reactivities qualitatively similar to those of conventional antisera raised against intact PPV in a variety of standard serological assays. The antisera generated against the individual sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured PPV polypeptides were able to react with native, intact PPV virions and were capable of neutralizing virus infectivity.
Nanoimprint lithography of light trapping patterns in sol-gel coatings for thin film silicon solar cells (2008)

For thin-film silicon solar cells, light trapping schemes are of uppermost importance to harvest all available sunlight. Typically, randomly textured TCO front layers are used to scatter the light diffusively in <i>p-i-n</i> cells on glass. Here, we investigate methods to texture the back contact with both random and periodic textures, for use in <i>n-i-p</i> cells on opaque foil. We applied an electrically insulating SiOx-polymer coating on a stainless steel substrate, and textured this barrier layer by nanoimprint. On this barrier layer the back contact is deposited for further use in the solar cell stack. Replication of masters with various random and periodic patterns was tested, and, using scanning electron microscopy, replicas were found to compare well with the originals. Masters with U-grooves of various sub micrometer widths have been used to investigate the optimal dimensions of regular patterns for light trapping in the silicon layers. Angular reflection distributions were measured to evaluate the light scattering properties of both periodic and random patterns. Diffraction gratings show promising results in scattering the light to specific angles, enhancing the total internal reflection in the solar cell.
Feasibility study of plasma doping using B<inf>2</inf>H<inf>6</inf> and PH<inf>3</inf> for shallow junction (2011)

Several features of plasma doping (PD) are discussed. First, the performance of PD is compared to conventional ion implantation for characteristics such as dose uniformity, repeatability, particles, metal contamination, photo-resist (PR) removal and charging performance. The numerical results are as follows: (1) doping uniformity of boron and phosphorous is about 1.5% and 1%, respectively, within a 300-mm wafer and using practical throughput. (2) Particles is more than three per wafer at 0.15μm or larger during a 2,000 wafer test run. (3) Metal contamination is below 1E10/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for all of the major metals including aluminum. Secondly, we discovered a means to eliminate dimples normally created during anneal of He-based PD. Finally, we found a mechanism whereby helium atoms physically drive boron and phosphorous atoms more deeply into the silicon substrate. The mechanism is quite different from conventional ion implantation and enhances abruptness of dopant depth profiles. Thus, we concluded that this type of PD system is a leading candidate for doping at the 22nm node and beyond as well as for 450-mm wafer fabrication.
Antiangiogenic plasma activity in patients with systemic sclerosis (2007)

Plasminogen conformation in patients with SSc enables granzyme B and granule content protease to limit the proangiogenic effects of plasmin and increase the levels of antiangiogenic angiostatin. This increase in angiostatin production may account for some of the vascular defects observed in patients with SSc.