gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A high-sensitivity solid-state image sensor using a thin-film ZnSe-Zn<sub>1-x</sub>Cd<sub>x</sub>Te heterojunction photosensor (1982)

A high-sensitivity solid-state image sensor in which a charge-transfer device is overlaid by a thin-film photoconductor for the photosensor has been developed. The scanning registers are composed of interline transfer-type bucket-brigade registers (BBD) in the imaging area and charge-coupled registers (CCD) in the horizontal scanning circuit. The special feature of this device is that the thin-film photoconductor of ZnSe-Zn <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> Cd <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Te heterojunction is directly formed not only on the Si-diode area but also on the scanning circuit area of BBD to obtain a high-aperture ratio. This solid-state image sensor has 506 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</sup> × 413 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</sup> picture elements and the imaging area is about 10.4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</sup> × 13.5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</sup> mm which corresponds to that of a 1-in vidicon. High sensitivity of 0.46 µA/lx (2856 K) and large blooming control capability have been obtained by this structure. The characteristics such as sensitivity, dark current, resolution, and blooming peculiar to the structure of a solid-state imager overlaid by a photoconductor are also discussed.
New insights into the structure and function of the pseudokinase domain in JAK2 (2013)

JAK (Janus kinase) 2 plays a critical role in signal transduction through several cytokine receptors. JAKs contain a typical tyrosine kinase domain preceded by a pseudokinase [JH2 (JAK homology 2)] domain which has been considered to be catalytically inactive. Identification of activating mutations in the JH2 domain of JAK2 as the major cause for polycythaemia vera and other MPNs (myeloproliferative neoplasms) demonstrate the critical regulatory function for this domain, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. We have performed biochemical and functional analysis on the JH2 domain of JAK2. The results indicate that JH2 functions as an active protein kinase and phosphorylates two residues in JAK2 (Ser523 and Tyr570) that have been shown previously to be negative regulatory sites for JAK2 activity. The crystal structure of the JAK2 JH2 domain provides an explanation for the functional findings and shows that JH2 adopts a prototypical kinase fold, but binds MgATP through a non-canonical mode. The structure of the most prevalent pathogenic JH2 mutation V617F shows a high level of similarity to wild-type JH2. The most notable structural deviation is observed in the N-lobe αC-helix. The structural and biochemical data together with MD (molecular dynamics) simulations show that the V617F mutation rigidifies the αC-helix, which results in hyperactivation of the JH1 domain through an as yet unidentified mechanism. These results provide structural and functional insights into the normal and pathogenic function of the JH2 domain of JAK2.
Investigation of the effect of various oxide and fluoride additives on the microstructure, electronic properties, and phase shifting ability of Ba(1-x)Sr(x)TiO3 (1993)

Abstract : A ceramic phase shifting device (used in phased array antenna systems) has been demonstrated using Ba(1-x)Sr(x)TiO3 (BSTO) ceramics. As a part of an effort to optimize the electronic device performance in the phase shifter, various dopants have been incorporated into BSTO. The effects of these additives on the Curie temperature, dielectric properties, tunability, hysteresis, and grain size have been investigated. The homogeneity of the doped materials has been verified using Curie-Weiss analysis. To further improve the electrical performance, some higher levels of doping have been attempted. A few of the latest results for these ceramic-ceramic composites will be presented.
Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Benzylic C−H Amination with 2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl Azide (TrocN<sub>3</sub>) (2009)

2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl azide (TrocN3) is an effective nitrene source for cobalt(II)-catalyzed intermolecular nitrene insertion of C−H bonds. Among different metalloporphyrins studied, Co(II)(TPP) was shown to be a competent catalyst for the selective amination of various benzylic C−H bonds under mild conditions without the need of other reagents or additives, forming the desired Troc-protected amines in moderate to high yields with nitrogen gas as the only byproduct.
Error concealment of intra coded video frames (2010)

In this paper, we propose a procedure to recover lost slices in intra-coded H.264/AVC video frames. The procedure recovers missing pixels by exploiting only the video frame spatial redundancy, with no reference to past frames. This situation is interesting in correspondence to scene changes. The proposed scheme determines the presence of a dominant edge by analyzing the pixels in a neighbor of the lost slice. Missing pixels are reconstructed by interpolating in the direction of the dominant edge, if it is present, or by smooth interpolation. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme compares favorably with existing state-of-the-art methods, both objectively and subjectively.
Retaining color fidelity in multiple generation reproduction using digital watermarks (2003)

In most existing color reproduction systems, color correction is performed in an open-looped fashion. For multiple generation color copying, color fidelity cannot be guaranteed as the errors introduced in color correction may accumulate. In this paper, we propose a method of solving the error accumulation problem by embedding color information as invisible digital watermark in hardcopies. When the hardcopy is scanned, the embedded information can be retrieved to provide real-time calibration. As the method is close-looped in nature, it may reduce error accumulation and improve color fidelity, particularly when copies go through multiple generation reproduction.
Studies on polymerizations initiated by syncatalytic systems based on aluminium organic compounds, 4. Polymerization of isobutene initiated by diethylaluminium chloride and chlorine (1975)

Abstract The polymerization of isobutene, initiated by diethylaluminium chloride + chlorine, was studied with the main goal of clarifying the influence of the concentration of the different reagents, the temperature, and the nature of the solvent on the rate of polymerization and on the molecular weight of the products. A kinetic study carried out in methyl chloride at −45°C and with a monomer concentration of 0,1 mol/l, has shown that the polymerization is characterized by a relatively slow initiation which gives the conversion curves an S‐shape. Experiments with successive monomer additions showed that the polymerization of the second and subsequent portions of monomer occurs without acceleration and with a much higher rate. This shows that termination reactions are almost negligible. The degree of polymerization depends mainly on the transfer reactions with substances having concentrations proportional to those of the components of the syncatalytic system; transfer with monomer is absent, which is a very unusual feature.
A New Nuclear Logging Method to Locate Proppant Placement in Induced Fractures (2013)

Traditional proppant placement evaluation in hydraulically induced fractures utilizes detection of radioactive (R/A) tracers such as iridium 192, scandium 46 and antimony 124, which are manufactured in nuclear reactors, and then shipped to the wellsite and pumped downhole with the frac slurry. Although this technique has proven useful, it involves environmental, safety, and regulatory concerns/issues. Recently a new technology has become available that offers a viable alternative to radioactive tracers. The new technology utilizes a nonradioactive ceramic proppant that contains a high thermal neutron capture compound (HTNCC). This high thermal neutron capture compound is inseparably incorporated into each ceramic proppant grain during manufacturing in sufficiently low concentration so as not to affect proppant properties. The non-radioactive tracer proppant (NRT) is detected using standard pulsed neutron capture tools (PNC) or compensated neutron tools (CNT), with detection based on the high thermal neutron absorptive properties of the tagged proppant relative to other downhole constituents. Monte Carlo modeling data and several field examples presented in this paper demonstrate the viability of both the PNC and CNT proppant detection technologies.
Chemistry of Gene Silencing:  The Mechanism of NAD<sup>+</sup>-Dependent Deacetylation Reactions (2001)

The Sir2 enzyme family is responsible for a newly classified chemical reaction, NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylation. New peptide substrates, the reaction mechanism, and the products of the acetyl transfer to NAD(+) are described for SIR2. The final products of SIR2 reactions are the deacetylated peptide and the 2' and 3' regioisomers of O-acetyl ADP ribose (AADPR), formed through an alpha-1'-acetyl ADP ribose intermediate and intramolecular transesterification reactions (2' --> 3'). The regioisomers, their anomeric forms, the interconversion rates, and the reaction equilibria were characterized by NMR, HPLC, 18O exchange, and MS methods. The mechanism of acetyl transfer to NAD(+) includes (1) ADP ribosylation of the peptide acyl oxygen to form a high-energy O-alkyl amidate intermediate, (2) attack of the 2'-OH group on the amidate to form a 1',2'-acyloxonium species, (3) hydrolysis to 2'-AADPR by the attack of water on the carbonyl carbon, and (4) an SIR2-independent transesterification equilibrating the 2'- and 3'-AADPRs. This mechanism is unprecedented in ADP-ribosyl transferase enzymology. The 2'- and 3'-AADPR products are candidate molecules for SIR2-initiated signaling pathways.
Polarization Matching Mixer In Coherent Optical Communications Systems (1989)

The polarization matching mixer (U.S. Patent No. 4,723,315) is a device that uses polarization beamsplitters to first combine local oscillator and signal light beams into an orthogonal-polarization mixed beam and then split this beam into two matched-polarization mixed beams ideally suited for differential detection. It has potential advantages for coherent communications systems since it offers improvements in optical efficiency through sensing and controlling the polarization state of the incoming signal beam in the receiver. In multiple-wavelength laser diode systems, it may make it possible to increase the number of channels used within a given wavelength band by allowing fine pointing, polarization, and wavelength sensing through diffraction grating dispersers. This paper discusses the polarization matching mixer, how it works, how it compares to the use of amplitude beamsplitters, and how it can be used to reduce signal loss due to degradation in signal polarization. Its potential application to multiple-wavelength laser diode systems is briefly discussed. The paper closes with a discussion of high efficiency polarization beamsplitters.
Collaborative Reader Code Division Multiple Access in the Harmonic RFID System (2018)

Reading reliability is a critical aspect in the ultrahigh-frequency radio frequency identification (RFID) system when a large amount of tags are in the reading zone with complex multi-path interferences. The read failure incidences can be caused not only by the random tag position and orientation but also by the RF shadowing of other objects and tags, both of which can misalign the main lobes of the tag and reader antennas. To increase the system coverage and total read yield in practical indoor ambient, a possible solution is to employ multiple readers with overlapping reading zones. However, when the tags are within the reading zones of multiple readers, the conventional tag singulation protocol will suffer serious reader-to-reader collision (R2RC) unless the conflicting readers can agree on proper collaborative time or space division schemes. The uncertain delay of the time division multiple access and the lack of definitive time sequence can further affect the reading process, especially when the RFID system is employed for applications requiring real-time accessing, tracking, and sensing. In this paper, we introduce a collaborative reader code division multiple access (CDMA) protocol in the harmonic RFID system, which provides synchronous tag access for all readers within range. The tag can distinguish the downlink commands from multiple readers simultaneously and then formulate the response accordingly. The proposed reader CDMA is demonstrated in a simple experimental prototype to verify R2RC resolution and read yield improvement. The tworeader collaborative CDMA scheme achieved below 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> in the read failure rate when individual readers had 0.05 - 0.2 failure rates in the complex multi-path scenarios due to rich channel exploitation and anti-correlation in the failure incidences.
Adaptive pilot placement for estimation of vehicle to vehicle wireless channel (2013)

We address the problem of adaptive sampling and estimation of non-wide sense stationary vehicle to vehicle (V2V) wireless channels. In the proposed solution the transmitter utilizes the current channel statistics to dynamically change the number of pilot symbols in every radio frame. The receiver first decodes the location of the pilot symbols and then selects channel estimation filter weights to match the current channel statistics.
Multiaxis tracking and attitude control of flexible spacecraft with reaction jets (1994)

The objective of this paper is to show that integral pulse frequency modulation (IPFM) reaction jet controllers can perform, with precision: multiaxis tracking of moving objects, attitude control of flexible spacecraft under orbit-adjustment forces, single-axis slews, and vibration suppression. Two sets of position, rate, and acceleration command profiles for multiaxis tracking are presented: one for a payload initially facing the zenith and the commands based on a pitch-roll sequence; the other for a payload facing the nadir and the commands based on a roll-pitch sequence. The procedure for designing an IPFM controller for tracking a given, inertial acceleration command profile is summarized. Important elastic modes of a spacecraft are identified according to their spontaneous attitude and rate response to the minimum impulse bit of the thrusters. The stability of control-structure interaction is shown to be governed by the ratio of the moments of inertia of the flexible to the rigid portions of the spacecraft. If this ratio is below unity for each axis, the spacecraft is stable; otherwise it is not. The stability inequality for symmetric elastic modes, when they induce attitude motion because of a moment arm from the vehicle mass center, is formulated. Extensive numerical results conclusively establish that the IPFM controllers are eminently suitable for the tasks mentioned above.
Electron acceleration by nonlinear plasma waves resonantly driven with optimized high-intensity laser pulse trains (1996)

A method for generating large‐amplitude nonlinear plasma waves, which utilizes an optimized train of independently adjustable, intense laser pulses, is analyzed in one dimension both theoretically and numerically (using both Maxwell‐fluid and particle‐in‐cell codes). Optimal pulse widths and interpulse spacings are computed for pulses with either square or finite‐rise‐time sine shapes. A resonant region of the plasma wave phase space is found where the plasma wave is driven most efficiently by the laser pulses. The width of this region, and thus the optimal finite‐rise‐time laser pulse width, was found to decrease with increasing background plasma density and plasma wave amplitude, while the nonlinear plasma wavelength, and thus the optimal interpulse spacing, increases. Also investigated are damping of the wave by trapped background electrons, and the sensitivities of the resonance to variations in the laser and plasma parameters. Resonant excitation is found to be superior for electron acceleration to either beatwave or single‐pulse excitation because comparable plasma wave amplitudes may be generated at lower plasma densities, reducing electron‐phase detuning, or at lower laser intensities, reducing laser‐plasma instabilities. Practical experimental methods for producing the required pulse trains are discussed.
Unsupervised Speech Recognition via Segmental Empirical Output Distribution Matching (2018)

We consider the problem of training speech recognition systems without using any labeled data, under the assumption that the learner can only access to the input utterances and a phoneme language model estimated from a non-overlapping corpus. We propose a fully unsupervised learning algorithm that alternates between solving two sub-problems: (i) learn a phoneme classifier for a given set of phoneme segmentation boundaries, and (ii) refining the phoneme boundaries based on a given classifier. To solve the first sub-problem, we introduce a novel unsupervised cost function named Segmental Empirical Output Distribution Matching, which generalizes the work in (Liu et al., 2017) to segmental structures. For the second sub-problem, we develop an approximate MAP approach to refining the boundaries obtained from Wang et al. (2017). Experimental results on TIMIT dataset demonstrate the success of this fully unsupervised phoneme recognition system, which achieves a phone error rate (PER) of 41.6%. Although it is still far away from the state-of-the-art supervised systems, we show that with oracle boundaries and matching language model, the PER could be improved to 32.5%.This performance approaches the supervised system of the same model architecture, demonstrating the great potential of the proposed method.
Stimuli-Responsive Templated Polymer as a Target Receptor for a Conformation-Based Electrochemical Sensing Platform (2020)

The use of highly crosslinked molecularly imprinted polymers as a synthetic target receptor has the limitations of restricted accessibility to the binding sites resulting in slow response time. Moreover, such artificial receptors often require additional transduction mechanisms to translate target binding events into measurable signals. Here, we propose the development of a single-chain stimuli-responsive templated polymer, without using any covalent interchain crosslinkers, as a target recognition element. The synthesized polymer chain exhibits preferential binding with the target molecule with which the polymer is templated. Moreover, upon specific target recognition, the polymer undergoes conformation change induced by its particular stimuli responsiveness, namely the target binding event. Such templated single-chain polymers can be attached to the electrode surface to implement a label-free electrochemical sensing platform. A target analyte, 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), was used as a template to synthesize a poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM)-based copolymer chain which was anchored to the electrode to be used as a selective receptor for 4-NP. The electrode surface chemistry analysis and the electrochemical impedance study reveal that the polymer concentration, the interchain interactions, and the Hofmeister effect play a major role in influencing the rate of polymer grafting as well as the morphology of the polymers grafted to the electrode. We also show that the specific binding between 4-NP and the copolymer results in a substantial change in the charge transfer kinetics at the electrode signifying the polymer conformation change.
An electromagnetic energy coupler for medical applications (1979)

An applicator for coupling electromagnetic (EM) energy into a dielectric material such as tissue is described. The applicator is a section of a surface strip transmission line which has proved to couple the EM energy efficiently and with minimal radiation leakage around the body. It is also small, light, and flat, and hence, suitable for medical applications.
Structure-function relationships of conjugated polyelectrolyte electron injection layers in polymer light emitting diodes (2007)

The characteristics of conjugated polymer light-emitting diodes containing poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) as the emissive layer and cationic or anionic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) as the electron injection layer are reported. Structure variations involving backbone, type of counterion, and charge were used to establish structure-function relationships. More efficient electron injection from Al and better device performance are attained with CPEs bearing negative charges. For cationic CPEs having the same counterion but different conjugated structures, one observes better device efficiency using the material with higher electron mobility. Thus, both charge and backbone are important for optimizing device performance.
Electrostatic-attraction-induced high internal phase emulsion for large-scale synthesis of amphiphilic Janus nanosheets (2019)

We report a novel and scalable method to obtain amphiphilic Janus nanosheets in large quantities. By inducing electrostatic attraction using alkylamine with further tuned particle interactions, a highly stable water-in-oil high internal phase emulsion was generated while simultaneously performing single-side graphene oxide hydrophobization at the fluid interface.
On the Intraoperative Molecular Status of Renal Allografts after Vascular Reperfusion and Clinical Outcomes (2005)

Many hypothesize that subtle inflammation and immune activity detected in the intraoperative period are linked to adverse postkidney transplant clinical outcomes. To this end, renal allografts were analyzed for expression of pro-inflammatory, inflammation-induced adhesion molecules, immune activation as well as anti-apoptotic genes expressed 15 min after vascular reperfusion (zero-hour) to determine whether this analysis can aid in predicting the occurrence of delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection (AR), and the quality of graft function at 6 mo. Intraoperative biopsies were obtained from 75 consecutively performed renal allografts in which consent was obtained 15 min after vascular reperfusion. These biopsies were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR for transcription of 15 select genes and by standard histopathology. Posttransplant clinical outcomes were also analyzed in respect to intraoperative transcriptional profiles and clinical parameters available at the time of transplantation. This study demonstrates that a limited and hypothesis-driven PCR-based transcriptional profile of the zero-hour kidney biopsy predicts posttransplant clinical outcomes including DGF, early AR, and the quality of renal function 6 mo posttransplantation. For some clinical endpoints, the combined use of molecular analysis and established clinical indicators available at the time of transplantation further enhances the quality of prognosis. The transcriptional profiling data provide absolutely essential data to the predictive models, particularly with respect to AR and renal function 6 mo posttransplantation.