gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New breathable films using a thermoplastic cross‐linked starch as a porogen (2014)

ABSTRACT Breathable films, which find in variety of product applications, are conventionally made using mineral porogens such as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). This article addresses a novel biodegradable and highly breathable film without inorganic porogens. Unexpectedly, a thermoplastic cross‐linked natural polymer (corn starch) was used successfully to create tortuous passages for film breathability. This concept was demonstrated using two types of thermoplastic cross‐linked corn starches as porogens and contrasted to control samples: native corn and chemically cross‐linked starches, respectively. The films discussed had increased breathability and mechanical properties relative to the control samples. The film morphology reveals that filler was irregular when thermoplastic starch or CaCO 3 was used. The difference in filler from chemically modified cross‐linked starch and thermoplastic cross‐linked starch was observable as well. It is believed that spherical particles provided by thermoplastic cross‐linked starch helps film debonding and porosity during the film stretch processes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 41016.
All-pass excitation phase modelling for low bit-rate speech coding (2002)

This paper is concerned with the phase spectra of voiced speech segments digitised at low bit-rates using sinusoidal interpolative coding techniques. Such phase spectra are either disregarded at the decoder or regenerated from the magnitude spectra according to assumptions about the human speech production mechanism. The inaccuracy of the commonly used minimum phase assumption is demonstrated and a means of correcting the phase thus obtained using a second order all-pass filter is presented. The application of the all-pass filter to three speech coding techniques, i.e. STC, PWI and IMBE is demonstrated.
Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Chromosomal Localization of a Human Brain‐Specific Na<sup>+</sup>‐Dependent Inorganic Phosphate Cotransporter (1996)

We describe the molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a human brain Na(+)-dependent inorganic phosphate (P(i)) cotransporter (hBNPI). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of hBNPI reveal a protein of 560 amino acids with six to eight putative transmembrane segments. hBNPI shares a high degree of homology with other Na(+)-dependent inorganic P(i) cotransporters, including those found in rat brain and human and rabbit kidney. Expression of hBNPI in COS-1 cells results in Na(+)-dependent P(i) uptake. Northern blot analysis demonstrates that hBNPI mRNA is expressed predominantly in brain and most abundantly in neuron-enriched regions such as the amygdala and hippocampus. Moderate levels of expression are also observed in glia-enriched areas such as the corpus callosum, and low levels are observed in the substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei, and thalamus. In situ hybridization histochemistry reveals relatively high levels of hBNPI mRNA in pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and in granule neurons of dentate gyrus. The level of hBNPI mRNA is quite low in fetal compared with adult human brain, suggesting developmental regulation of hBNPI gene expression. Southern analyses of nine eukaryotic genomic DNAs probed under stringent conditions with hBNPI cDNA revealed that the hBNPI gene is highly conserved during vertebrate evolution and that each gene is most likely present as a single copy. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization, we localized hBNPI to the long arm of chromosome 19 (19q13) in close proximity to the late-onset familial Alzheimer's disease locus.
Transient Infrared Emission Spectroscopy (1989)

Transient Infrared Emission Spectroscopy (TIRES) is a new technique that reduces the occurrence of self-absorption in optically thick solid samples so that analytically useful emission spectra may be observed. Conventional emission spectroscopy, in which the sample is held at an elevated, uniform temperature, is practical only for optically thin samples. In thick samples the emission from deep layers of the material is partially absorbed by overlying layers.1 This self-absorption results in emission spectra from most optically thick samples that closely resemble black-body spectra. The characteristic discrete emission bands are severely truncated and altered in shape. TIRES bypasses this difficulty by using a laser to heat only an optically thin surface layer. The increased temperature of the layer is transient since the layer will rapidly cool and thicken by thermal diffusion; hence the emission collection must be correlated with the laser heating. TIRES may be done with both pulsed and cw lasers.2,3 When a pulsed laser is used, the spectrometer sampling must be synchronized with the laser pulsing so that only emission during and immediately after each laser pulse is observed.3 If a cw laser is used, the sample must move rapidly through the beam. The hot, transient layer is then in the beam track on the sample at and immediately behind the beam position, so the spectrometer field of view must be limited to this region near the beam position.2 How much self-absorption the observed emission suffers depends on how thick the heated layer has grown by thermal diffusion when the spectrometer samples the emission. Use of a pulsed laser synchronized with the spectrometer sampling readily permits reduction of the time available for heat diffusion to about 100 acs .3 When a cw laser is used, the heat-diffusion time is controlled by how small the spectrometer field of view is and by how rapidly the sample moves past within this field. Both a very small field of view and a very high sample speed would be required to attain a diffusion time of 100 μs. Accordingly, pulsed-laser TIRES generally produces spectra suffering from less self-absorption than cw-laser TIRES does, but the cw-laser technique is technically much simpler since no synchronization is required.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface Chemistry for Molecular Layer Deposition of Organic and Hybrid Organic—Inorganic Polymers (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effect of cutting depth during sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) harvest on root characteristics and yield (2021)

Ratooning is an important cultivation practice in sugarcane production around the world, with underground buds on the remaining stalk acting as the source for establishment of a subsequent ratoon crop. However, the optimal depth of cutting during harvest in terms of yield and root growth remains unknown. We carried out a two-year field study to determine the effects of three cutting depths (0, 5 and 10 cm below the surface) ratoon cane root and yield. Results showed that cutting to a depth of 5 cm increased the root fresh weight and root volume by 21-59% and 41-127%, respectively, compared to cutting depths of 0 and 10 cm. Remarkably, cutting to a depth of 5 cm also had a significant effect on the development of fine roots, which is closely linked to cane yield. The effect was particularly noticeable in terms of two root traits, root volume and the surface area of roots with a diameter of 1.0-2.0mm, and root length and the number of root tips in roots with a diameter of 0-0.5mm. As a result, a cutting depth of 5 cm below the surface increased cane yield by 43 and 28% compared to depths of 0 and 10 cm below the surface, respectively. Overall, these findings suggest that a cutting depth of 5 cm is optimal in terms of sugarcane yield, largely due to the enhanced effect on root traits, especially the development of fine roots. These findings will help optimize sugarcane ratoon management and improve the ratoon cycle.
Tumor-Targeted and Clearable Human Protein-Based MRI Nanoprobes (2017)

Biocompatibility, targeting, and clearance are key challenges in the design of new MRI contrast agents. Herein, we report on a tumor-targeting, gadolinium biomineralized human transferrin (Tf) protein-based nanoparticle (Gd@Tf NP) for MRI use. As compared to the conventionally used gadolinium chelates, the resultant Gd@Tf NPs possess outstanding chemical stability and exhibited superior longitudinal relaxation. More importantly, our MR images show that Gd@Tf indeed retained the natural tumor targeting ability and the subsequent tumor retrieval biofunctions of Tf. Thus, such Tf protein-based MR NPs integrate T1 signal amplification, precise tumor targeting, and systematic clearance capabilities. They offer a new approach to design biocompatible multifunctional MRI contrast agents for a wide range of clinical imaging and treatment applications.
Multi-mode ground reconfigurable MIMO antenna system (2015)

In this work, a novel 4-element, meandered-line inverted F-shaped antenna is presented. The proposed design is multi-band, frequency agile with multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) operation capability. The additional mode of reconfigurability was obtained by controlling the surface currents on the ground plane. Reconfigurability in the proposed design is achieved using a unique combination of PIN and varactor diodes. PIN diodes are used for mode selection while varactor diodes are used for smooth variation of resonant frequencies over tuned bands. The proposed design covers several wireless standards including LTE 900 MHz, GSM 1800, WLAN 2450 MHz with several other bands in the frequency range between 0.7 to 3 GHz. The proposed antenna design is planar and realized on a single printed circuit board. The proposed design is a suitable candidate for mobile terminals and small wireless handheld devices for cognitive radio applications.
Grating-Enhanced Coherent Imaging (2011)

We describe a coherent imaging technique that utilizes a diffraction grating placed near the object to alias high spatial frequency information through the imaging system pupil. Linear signal processing is used to reconstruct high-resolution images.
Blue to True-Blue Phosphorescent Ir<sup>III</sup> Complexes Bearing a Nonconjugated Ancillary Phosphine Chelate: Strategic Synthesis, Photophysics, and Device Integration (2009)

We report the design and synthesis of Ir(III) complexes functionalized with substituted pyridyl cyclometalate or azolate chromophores, plus one newly designed nonconjugated phosphine chelate, which not only greatly restricts its participation in the lowest-lying electronic transition but also enhances the coordination strength. These two key factors lead to fine-tuning of the phosphorescence chromaticity toward authentic blue and simultaneously suppress, in part, the nonradiative deactivation. This conceptual design presents a novel strategy in achieving heretofore uncommon, high-efficiency blue and true-blue phosphorescence. The fabrication of the organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) employing phosphorescent dopants [Ir(dfpbpy)(2)(P(wedge)N)] (1b) and [Ir(fppz)(2)(P(wedge)N)] (3) was successfully made, for which the abbreviations (dfpbpy)H, (fppz)H, and (P(wedge)N)H represent 2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)-4-tert-butylpyridine, 3-(trifluoromethyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole, and 5-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole, respectively. Of particular interest is the 3-doped OLEDs, which exhibit remarkable maximum efficiencies of 6.9%, 8.1 cd A(-1), and 4.9 lm W(-1), together with a true-blue chromaticity CIE(x,y) = 0.163, with 0.145 recorded at 100 cd m(-2).
Development of the helmet-chin PET prototype (2015)

There is a strong potential demand for high-sensitivity and low-cost brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging that is applicable to early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, we have proposed a high-sensitivity dedicated brain PET geometry composed of a helmet detector having a hemisphere shape and a chin detector, which we call helmet-chin PET. Because the shape of a human head is a sphere, the hemispherical arrangement of the detectors allows closer positioning of detectors and better sensitivity than the conventional cylindrical arrangement. In addition, adding detectors around the chin position significantly improves the sensitivity at the center where the cerebellum is located. For a proof-of-concept of the helmet-chin PET, we developed the first prototype of the helmet-chin PET using 4-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI) detectors. The helmet detector for the prototype system was realized by multiple rings having different numbers of detectors and a cross-shaped part covering the top. We used in total 54 DOI detectors, each of which consisted of 1,024 Zr-doped GSO crystals with dimensions of 2.8 × 2.8 × 7.5 mm3 and a high-sensitivity, 64-ch flat-panel photomultiplier tube. In performance evaluations, we determined there were uniform spatial resolutions of 3.0 mm by an analytical method and 1.4 mm by an iterative method. Peak sensitivity was measured as 10 % at a region near the top of the head, which was almost equivalent to the central sensitivity of the cylindrical PET composed of 120 DOI detectors. In addition, we performed an initial imaging test with a brain phantom and we reconstructed the images with and without the chin detector. We found the slice near the bottom of the helmet detector had strong noise without the chin detector, while the slice had good imaging performance with it, and the overall image quality was improved. Therefore, we concluded that the helmet-chin PET had high potential for realizing high-sensitivity, low-cost, and accurate brain imaging.
TU‐CD‐304‐10: Development and Optimization of “Compton Lens” Collimator Design for Increased Dose Rate in SRS (2015)

Purpose: To provide a proof of concept for a new collimator design to increase the dose rate at isocenter for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatments by taking advantage of off axis Compton scattered photons which are attenuated in current collimators. Methods: A fundamentally new collimator design was developed and optimized by introducing a series of slits to a standard block collimator. The introduction of slits allowed for initially off axis radiation that was scattered in the direction of the target to contribute to the target dose. For optimization, the design was broken into two parts: an upper interaction plate where primary scattering occurs, and a lower “Compton slit” region which allows for scattered photons traveling toward the target to reach isocenter. To optimize the design, a series of simulations were performed using MCNP6 in which several key parameters were adjusted and the output was compared to a standard collimator. Key parameters modified included the collimator material, cone size, and interaction plate thickness. The effects of using energies different than the traditional 6 MV beam were also explored. Results: An optimized collimator design utilizing a solid interaction plate with a Cesium‐137 beam and a 4 mm cone size resulted in a dose rate increase on the order of 5% relative to standard collimators in use. Currently, designs incorporating a Cesium‐137 source are the most feasible due to necessary size and weight concerns for 6 MV beams. Conclusion: Preliminary designs provide a proof of concept and indicate a potential to improve upon the dose rate of current collimators while not largely compromising the sharp dose falloff inherent to SRS. Further optimization into the geometry and positioning of the interaction plate, as well as slit optimization, will likely lead to further dose rate increases than were observed in this study. Funding for this work was provided by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF). Authors have a conflict of interest as the technology discussed is patent pending, and thus there is a financial interest in the work.
Energy-efficient, secure group key agreement for ad hoc networks (2013)

Public key cryptography is well-suited to ad hoc networks as it requires no a priori secure key distribution mechanism. Recent advances in lattice-based cryptography are enabling the use of public key algorithms (PKAs) in low-power devices. Unfortunately, while many ad hoc networking applications are dominated by multicast traffic, PKAs are inherently unicast: public/private key pairs are generated by data destinations. To fully realize public key cryptography in ad hoc networks, low-power PKAs must therefore be augmented with energy-efficient mechanisms for secure group key establishment. Motivated by recent results on information theoretic secrecy, we present a protocol that generates keys for t-sized multicast groups with O(log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> t) transmissions, where b is a parameter that enables trades between energy efficiency and security. Extensions of this protocol that exploit network topology side information and which permit multilevel security are also described. A cryptosystem employing an energy-efficient PKA and the protocols presented herein could provide the benefits of public key cryptography - i.e., dynamic ad hoc network support - with features currently found only in symmetric systems.
Stability of <i>n</i>-<i>i</i>-<i>p</i> amorphous silicon solar cells (1981)

Unencapsulated, amorphous silicon indium tin oxide/n-i-p/stainless-steel solar cells were tested for stability. All cells have excellent shelf life. Changes occur during exposure to light, but can be controlled by the deposition conditions of the amorphous silicon. The changes are due to trapping and recombination of optically generated carriers in the i layer, and are reversibly annealed out above 175 °C. Preliminary life tests on two relatively stable cells showed a small initial drop to 5%, followed by a weak logarithmic decay that predicts only ∼20% further decrease in efficiency after 20 years in sunlight. Work is continuing on improving the efficiency and stability of these cells.
Two-dimensional semi-LASER correlation spectroscopy with well-maintained cross peaks (2013)

As COSY relies on the cross peaks to obtain larger dispersion of peaks for quantification, the new sLASER-first-COSY sequence yielding well-maintained cross peaks will facilitate more reliable and accurate quantification of metabolites with coupled spin systems.
Ultrasonic Probe Using Composite Piezoelectric Materials (1985)

High frequency (5 and 7.5MHz) ultrasonic probes using a PZT/polymer 1-3 composite were developed and ultrasonic images were obtained with them. Many kinds of 1-3 composites can be made by the dicing and filling technique. Properties of the composite are determined as a function of materials, PZT volume fraction, and PZT pillar size and shape. The electromechanical coupling factor is high and the acoustic impedance is low under optimum conditions. There is a possibility that the probe using the composite may have a grating lobe, but it can be suppressed by using a fine pitch composite. Taking these factors into consideration, a 7.5MHz concave single probe and a SMHz convex array were fabricated, and good acoustic images were obtained with them. These acoustic images were as good as those obtained by using a conventional probe.
FUEGO — Fire Urgency Estimator in Geosynchronous Orbit — A Proposed Early-Warning Fire Detection System (2013)

Current and planned wildfire detection systems are impressive but lack both sensitivity and rapid response times. A small telescope with modern detectors and significant computing capacity in geosynchronous orbit can detect small (12 m2) fires on the surface of the earth, cover most of the western United States (under conditions of moderately clear skies) every few minutes or so, and attain very good signal-to-noise ratio against Poisson fluctuations in a second. Hence, these favorable statistical significances have initiated a study of how such a satellite could operate and reject the large number of expected systematic false alarms from a number of sources. Here we present both studies of the backgrounds in Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) 15 data and studies that probe the sensitivity of a fire detection satellite in geosynchronous orbit. We suggest a number of algorithms that can help reduce false alarms, and show efficacy on a few. Early detection and response would be of true value in the United States and other nations, as wildland fires continue to severely stress resource managers, policy makers, and the public, particularly in the western US. Here, we propose the framework for a geosynchronous satellite with modern imaging detectors, software, and algorithms able to detect heat from early and small fires, and yield minute-scale detection times.
Photochemical decontamination of red blood cell concentrates with the silicon phthalocyanine PC 4 and red light. (2000)

Various approaches are being developed for virus inactivation of red blood cell concentrates (RBCC) in order to increase the safety of the blood supply. We have been studying the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 for this purpose, a photosensitizer activated with red light. Pc 4 targets the envelope of pathogenic viruses such as HIV. To protect RBC during the process two main approaches are used: (i) inclusion of quenchers of reactive oxygen species produced during the treatment. Tocopherol succinate was found to be most effective for this purpose; (ii) formulation of Pc 4, a lipophilic compound, in liposomes that reduce its binding to RBC but not to viruses. As a light source we used a light emitting diode array emitting at 670-680 nm. An efficient mixing device ensures homogenous light exposure during treatment of intact RBCC. Treatment of 50 ml RBCC with 5 microM Pc 4 and 18 J/cm(2) light results in the inactivation of > or = 5.5 log(10) HIV, > or = 6.3 log(10), VSV and > or = 5 log(10) of PRV and BVDV. The relative sensitivities of these viruses based on the slope of virus kill versus light dose are 1.0, 1.25, 1.5 and 1.9 for HIV, VSV, PRV and BVDV, respectively. To achieve the same level of virus inactivation in 350 ml RBCC, the light dose needed is 40 J/cm(2). HIV actively replicating in CEM cells is as sensitive as cell-free and HIV in latently infected cells is 3-4 times more sensitive. Parasites that can be transmitted by blood transfusion (P. falciparum and T. cruzi) are even more sensitive than viruses. Following treatment, RBCC can be stored for 28 days at 4 degrees C with haemolysis below 1%. Previous studies under less favourable conditions showed that baboon RBC circulated with an acceptable 24 hr recovery and half-life. Genetic toxicological studies of Pc 4 with or without light exposure (mutagenicity in bacteria, mammalian cells in vitro and clastogenicity in vivo) were negative. We conclude that a process using Pc 4 and red light can potentially reduce the risk of transmitting pathogens in RBCC.