gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Effects of an anti-prostaglandin agent added to the irrigation solution on damage to the anterior segment in monkey eyes induced by pars plana vitrectomy]. (1989)

Flurbiprofen is a water-soluble, non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent and is capable of marked inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In a previous study by the authors, it was determined that the optimum concentration of flurbiprofen for intraocular irrigation solution in monkey retinas is 4 to 40 micrograms/ml. The present study was conducted to determine the optimum concentration of flurbiprofen for the irrigation solution, as well as to evaluate its toxic effects on the anterior segment tissues. In a pilot experiment, flurbiprofen was injected directly into the anterior chamber of pigmented Japanese rabbits to investigate its overall toxicity and to quantify the concentration at which it could become toxic to the cornea. This experiment showed that aqueous concentrations of flurbiprofen greater than 1,000 micrograms/ml were toxic. In a subsequent study, the twelve eyes of six Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) underwent vitrectomy using balanced salt solution (BSS) containing concentrations of flurbiprofen from 4 to 800 micrograms/ml and BSS alone. This experiment showed that BSS containing 4 to 100 micrograms/ml of flurbiprofen prevented post-operative occurrence of edema in non-pigmented epithelial cells in the ciliary body. Furthermore, it was observed that infiltration of inflammatory cells into the trabecular meshwork and swollen mitochondria in the corneal endothelial cells were likewise prevented. This is thought to be due to the pharmacological action of flurbiprofen; which has an inhibitory effect on leucocyte migration and prostaglandin synthesis as well as stabilization of the cell membrane. However, these effects were not observed in the eyes vitrectomized with flurbiprofen concentrations between 400 and 800 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Brewster's Millions (2009)

Poor Monty Brewster, it should be easy to give away a million dollars... One of George Barr McCutcheon's most popular and enduring page-turners.
Chemical Development of CI-1008, an Enantiomerically Pure Anticonvulsant (1997)

Development of a manufacturing process for (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, an anticonvulsant, is described. Initial preparation employed an Evans chiral alkylation on (4R,5S)-4-methyl-3-(1-oxo-4-methylpentyl)-5-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone, using benzyl bromoacetate. Use of tert-butyl bromoacetate proved advantageous for large-scale preparation. Route selection for a low-cost manufacturing process was based on “ideal process” cost projections. Four routes were evaluated in the laboratory. Of the four, two were scaled up in the pilot plant, resulting in selection of a route based on synthesis of racemic 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, followed by resolution with (S)-(+)-mandelic acid.
Novel device for simultaneous volumetric and x-ray diffraction measurements on metal-hydrogen systems (2009)

Hydrogen storage materials can form more than one hydride phase. These different phases, in turn, display different hydrogen absorption/desorption capacities, kinetics, and stabilities. Studies aimed at characterizing and improving these materials usually need to correlate hydrogen intake with the precise determination of the hydride phase involved in the process. Here, we present a device designed to perform measurements of well known volumetric techniques with simultaneous x-ray diffraction on the material under study. The compact design can stand up to 6000 kPa of internal pressure while the sample can be heated up to 450 °C. The design process was assisted by finite element modeling and by the use of mock-up prototypes in order to optimize the thermal and under load behaviors. We provide two examples of use for this new device: (1) hydride decomposition in LaNi5 at 115 °C and (2) formation of MgCo during the programmed thermal desorption of the Mg2CoH5 hydride.
Thioredoxin expression is associated with lymph node status and prognosis in early operable non-small cell lung cancer. (2001)

We conclude that overexpression of TRX in non-small cell lung carcinomas is indicative of a more aggressive tumor phenotype and is associated with bad prognostic features and possibly with a poorer outcome.
Electrolytic models for metallic electromigration failure mechanisms (1995)

Metallic electromigration is the movement of metallic material across a nonmetallic medium, under the influence of an electric field. It is increasingly important in the performance and reliability of electronic systems as an underling cause of functional failures in electrical and electronic components. This tutorial discusses the characteristics of the various electromigration mechanisms, with primary emphasis on electrolytically-controlled processes that occur under low power and relatively ambient conditions.
Part II: Tracing and interpolation<sup>1</sup> (1996)

Abstract The numerical tracing of short ray segments and interpolation of new rays between these ray segments are central constituents of the wavefront construction method. In this paper the details of the ray tracing and ray‐interpolation procedures are described. The ray‐tracing procedure is based on classical ray theory (high‐frequency approximation) and it is both accurate and efficient. It is able to compute both kinematic and dynamic parameters at the endpoint of the ray segments, given the same set of parameters at the starting point of the ray. Taylor series are used to approximate the raypath so that the kinematic parameters (new position and new ray tangent) may be found, while a staggered finite‐difference approximation gives the dynamic parameters (geometrical spreading). When divergence occurs in some parts of the wavefront, new rays are interpolated. The interpolation procedure uses the kinematic and dynamic parameters of two parent rays to estimate the initial parameters of a new ray on the wavefront between the two rays. Third‐order (cubic) interpolation is used for interpolation of position, ray tangent and take‐off vector from the source) while linear interpolation is used for the geometrical spreading parameters.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Selenium-Containing <i>Iso</i>combretastatins and Phenstatins as Antitumor Agents (2017)

Two series of structurally related organoselenium compounds designed by fusing the anticancer agent methyl(phenyl)selane into the tubulin polymerization inhibitors isocombretastatins or phenstatins were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity. Most of these selenium containing hybrids exhibited potent cytotoxicity against a panel of cancel cell lines, with IC<sub>50</sub> values in the submicromolar concentration range. Among them, 11a, the 3-methylseleno derivative of isocombretastatin A-4 (isoCA-4) represented the most active compound with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 2-34 nM against 12 cancer cell lines, including two drug-resistant cell lines. Importantly, its phosphate salt, 11ab, inhibited tumor growth in xenograft mice models with inhibitory rate of 72.9% without apparent toxicity, which was better than the reference compounds isoCA-4P (inhibitory rate 52.2%) and CA-4P (inhibitory rate 47.6%). Mechanistic studies revealed that 11a is a potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor, which could arrest cell cycle at G<sub>2</sub>/M phase and induce apoptosis along with the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential. In summary, 11a could serve as a promising lead for the development of highly efficient anticancer agents.
The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018 (2020)

Global aviation operations contribute to anthropogenic climate change via a complex set of processes that lead to a net surface warming. Of importance are aviation emissions of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>), water vapor, soot and sulfate aerosols, and increased cloudiness due to contrail formation. Aviation grew strongly over the past decades (1960-2018) in terms of activity, with revenue passenger kilometers increasing from 109 to 8269 billion km yr<sup>-1</sup>, and in terms of climate change impacts, with CO<sub>2</sub> emissions increasing by a factor of 6.8 to 1034 Tg CO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>-1</sup>. Over the period 2013-2018, the growth rates in both terms show a marked increase. Here, we present a new comprehensive and quantitative approach for evaluating aviation climate forcing terms. Both radiative forcing (RF) and effective radiative forcing (ERF) terms and their sums are calculated for the years 2000-2018. Contrail cirrus, consisting of linear contrails and the cirrus cloudiness arising from them, yields the largest positive net (warming) ERF term followed by CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The formation and emission of sulfate aerosol yields a negative (cooling) term. The mean contrail cirrus ERF/RF ratio of 0.42 indicates that contrail cirrus is less effective in surface warming than other terms. For 2018 the net aviation ERF is +100.9 milliwatts (mW) m<sup>-2</sup> (5-95% likelihood range of (55, 145)) with major contributions from contrail cirrus (57.4 mW m<sup>-2</sup>), CO<sub>2</sub> (34.3 mW m<sup>-2</sup>), and NO<sub>x</sub> (17.5 mW m<sup>-2</sup>). Non-CO<sub>2</sub> terms sum to yield a net positive (warming) ERF that accounts for more than half (66%) of the aviation net ERF in 2018. Using normalization to aviation fuel use, the contribution of global aviation in 2011 was calculated to be 3.5 (4.0, 3.4) % of the net anthropogenic ERF of 2290 (1130, 3330) mW m<sup>-2</sup>. Uncertainty distributions (5%, 95%) show that non-CO<sub>2</sub> forcing terms contribute about 8 times more than CO<sub>2</sub> to the uncertainty in the aviation net ERF in 2018. The best estimates of the ERFs from aviation aerosol-cloud interactions for soot and sulfate remain undetermined. CO<sub>2</sub>-warming-equivalent emissions based on global warming potentials (GWP* method) indicate that aviation emissions are currently warming the climate at approximately three times the rate of that associated with aviation CO<sub>2</sub> emissions alone. CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> aviation emissions and cloud effects remain a continued focus of anthropogenic climate change research and policy discussions.
Selective wet etching for InGaAs/InAlAs/InP heterostructure field-effect transistors (2003)

The etching characteristics of InAlAs, InGaAs, and InP in citric acid/H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ solutions, and their applications to the fabrication of InAlAs/InGaAs/InP MODFETs are reported. High selectivities of up to 500 and 187 were obtained for InGaAs over InP and InAlAs over InP, respectively. Selectivity values ranging from 2.5 to 25 were achieved for InGaAs over InAlAs with citric acid/H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ solution ratio from 10 to 1. The activation energies for these materials and the etch profiles for a InGaAs/InAlAs/InP MODFET structure are reported. Citric acid/H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ solutions of appropriate ratios have been applied to both mesa etching and gate recessing with good results. These solutions may also be extended to the fabrication of InAlAs/InGaAs and InP/InGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Processes of sharing issues among participating groups in the form of a food and nutrition education network: the case of the "S Network"]. (2008)

Factors for promotion of sharing issue include (1) our support to allow them to share food and nutrition issues in the early stages and thereafter, and (2) repeated deliberations within open community programs involving information and feedback from prior identification and analysis of problems, as well as selection of activities.
Microsaccades Are Coupled to Heartbeat (2016)

In the present study, we show that microsaccades are coupled to heartbeat. Moreover, we revealed a strong modulation of slow eye movements around the R peak in the ECG. These results suggest that heartbeat as a basic physiological signal is related to statistical modulations of fixational eye movements, in particular, the generation of microsaccades. Therefore, our findings add a new perspective on the principles underlying the generation of fixational eye movements. Importantly, our study highlights the need to record eye movements when studying the influence of heartbeat in neuroscience to avoid misinterpretation of eye-movement-related artifacts as heart-evoked modulations of neural processing.
Synthesis of heterobifunctional polyethylene glycols: Polymerization from functional initiators (2016)

The large-scale synthesis of heterobifunctional polyethylene glycols (PEGs) with tightly controlled molecular weights ranging from 2 to 20 kDa is described. PEGs were prepared by the ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) initiated from a protected amine (N-dibenzyl), and a protected alcohol (O-trityl) initiator. Additionally, EO polymerizations from initiators bearing azide and alkyne, both prototypical “click” chemistry functionalities, are outlined. This demonstrates the first successful use of an initiator bearing either an azide or strained cycloalkyne functionality in an ethylene oxide polymerization. The key to the methodology proved to be the selection of base. The use of potassium naphthalenide or potassium hydride in paraffin wax was highly dependent on the initiator used.
Distribution of Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptors on Neurons (2012)

NMDA receptors are found in both synaptic and extrasynaptic locations on neurons. NMDA receptors also can be found on neurons in early stages prior to synaptogenesis, where they may be involved in migration and differentiation. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors typically are associated with contacts with adjacent processes such as axons and glia. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptor clusters vary in size and may form associations with scaffolding proteins such as PSD-95 and SAP102. The best-characterized extrasynaptic NMDA receptors contain NR1 and NR2B subunits. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors may be activated by glutamate spillover from synapses or from ectopic release of glutamate. Consequently, extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activation may occur under different circumstances than that for synaptic NMDA receptors, indicating different functional consequences for the neuron. In some cases, activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors may have a negative influence on the neuron, leading to cell damage and death, as may occur in some major diseases of the nervous system.
Singlet Fission and Triplet Exciton Dynamics in Rubrene/Fullerene Heterojunctions: Implications for Electroluminescence (2015)

The role of triplet excitons in rubrene/C 60 heterojunctions is investigated through detailed spectroscopic studies of triplet generation routes in the neat and heterojunction films of rubrene and C 60 . Time‐correlated single‐photon counting experiments on rubrene and rubrene/C 60 give a long‐lived component with lifetime >200 ns, and triplets are found to live longer in rubrene/C 60 . A distinct reduction at short time scales in fluorescence lifetime of rubrene/C 60 gives the indication of singlet exciton dissociation via formation of charge‐transfer (CT) states. Using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, it is found that triplets are generated via singlet‐fission in neat rubrene films at t ≈ 1.8 ps, whereas a delayed population buildup of triplets in rubrene/C 60 occurs at t ≈ 8 ps. The slow rise of triplet population confirms the role of CT‐state‐mediated triplet energy transfer in rubrene/C 60 . The recombination of triplets via triplet–triplet annihilation in organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) operation of rubrene/C 60 is shown to generate extra singlets, which lift the spin branching ratio to values >25%. It is concluded that triplet excitons in rubrene/C 60 are instrumental in bringing lower turn‐on voltages, brighter emission, and higher external quantum efficiency of electroluminescence in OLED and light‐emitting field effect transistors.
Testosterone Raises Neuropeptide-Y Concentration in Selected Hypothalamic Sites and<i>in Vitro</i>Release from the Medial Basal Hypothalamus of Castrated Male Rats* (1989)

Although neuropeptide-Y (NPY)-containing neurons are widely distributed in the hypothalamus, castration decreased NPY concentrations only in the median eminence (ME), arcuate nucleus (ARC), and ventromedial nucleus (VMN). We have now examined the effects of testosterone (T) replacement in 2-week castrated male rats on NPY levels in hypothalamic and preoptic area regions and in vitro NPY release in three experiments. In the first experiment we studied the effect of T on NPY concentration in castrated rats. Two-week castrated rats were implanted sc with T-filled or empty Silastic capsules 30 mm in length. Ten days later rats were killed, and NPY levels were measured by RIA in microdissected sites. T implants raised serum T levels to the range found in gonad-intact rats and decreased serum LH levels to the basal range. Further, of the six brain sites examined, significant increases in NPY concentrations occurred selectively in the ME, ARC, and VMN of T-implanted rats. In the second experiment, the ability of T to reverse the effect of castration on NPY levels compared to those in intact (sham) rats was assessed. Again, castration decreased NPY levels in the ME, ARC, and VMN only, and replacement of physiological levels of T restored NPY levels approximately 100%, 127%, and 74% in the ARC, VMN, and ME, respectively. In the third experiment, the effect of castration and T implants (30-mm T capsules for 10 days) to 2-week castrated rats on the in vitro release of NPY from medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was assessed. Basal NPY release was not significantly changed after castration and T replacement. However, in response to a 30-min pulse of KCl (45 mM) NPY release from the MBH of castrated rats was significantly reduced compared to that in intact and T-replaced castrated rats. These studies show that castration decreases and T replacement restores NPY levels selectively in three hypothalamic sites, viz. ME, ARC, and VMN, and KCl-induced NPY release from the MBH in vitro is decreased after castration and restored by T replacement, thereby suggesting that a local subset of androgen-concentrating neurons may regulate NPY levels and release in a site-specific manner. Further, these results are in line with our emerging view that gonadal steroids modulate neurosecretion not only of LHRH, but also of other functionally linked regulatory peptides.
A New EEPROM with Side Floating Gates Having Different Work Function from Control Gate (2002)

A new flash EEPROM device with poly-Si control gate and poly-Si floating side gate was fabricated and characterized. The poly-Si gate is formed on both sides of the poly-Si gate, and controls the underneath channel conductivity depending on the number of electron in it. The cell was programmed by hot-carrier-injection at the drain extension, and erased by direct tunneling. The proposed EEPROM cell can be scaled down to 50 nm or less. Shown were measured programming and erasing characteristics. The channel resistance with the write operation was increased by at least 3 times.
Impact of hormone replacement therapy on microvascular function in healthy and Type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women (2005)

These data suggests that HRT does not affect microvascular function in healthy women, but adversely affects it in diabetic women. These findings may help to explain why HRT fails to provide the predicted cardiovascular protection, and raises the possibility that HRT influences microangiopathy progression in diabetic women.
Effects of Dimiracetam on oxaliplatin-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia in the rat. (2015)

e20650 Background: Painful neuropathy is a common adverse event associated with oxaliplatin treatment. It can occur within the first days and may persist from months to years beyond chemotherapy completion, negatively impacting the quality of life of cancer survivors. It is a frequent cause of chemotherapy dose reduction or early treatment discontinuation. The 2014 ASCO clinical practical guideline states there are no agents recommended for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Dimiracetam, a compound originally developed as a cognition enhancer, is effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain in several rat models. Here we report that dimiracetam is also effective for prevention of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy when administered orally, concomitantly with the chemotherapeutic agent. We have used duloxetine and vehicle as comparators. Methods: Oxaliplatin (2.4 mg/kg ip) was administered qd; concomitant dimiracetam (75 and 150 mg/kg po) or duloxetine (5 and 15 mg/kg po) or vehicle, were administered bid. Results: Repeated administration of dimiracetam from day 1 to day 21 of oxaliplatin treatment prevented the development of mechanical hyperalgesia, as assessed by the Randall-Selitto analgesymeter. Mechanical and thermal allodynia were also prevented, as assessed by Von Frey and Cold Plate tests, respectively. The effect of dimiracetam was dose-dependent and persisted throughout the 21-day treatment period. In a second experimental protocoloxaliplatin was co-administered from day 1 to day 11 with twice-daily dimiracetam or duloxetine or vehicle. Dimiracetam and duloxetine completely prevented the development of both mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia. Both doses of dimiracetam were similarly effective to the higher dose of duloxetine. The effect of both compounds persisted up to day 16, five days after treatment discontinuation. Conclusions: In a rat model of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, dimiracetam prevented oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, exhibiting efficacy also in the post-treatment period. Dimiracetam is a promising drug candidate for prevention of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy and warrants further investigation in clinical trials.
Electrochemically driven polypyrrole bilayers for moving and positioning bulk micromachined silicon plates (1999)

The conjugated polymer polypyrrole undergoes a volume change of several percent when its oxidation state is changed electrochemically by the application of voltages between 0 and -1 V (versus Ag/AgCl). This volume change is due to ion movements in or out of the polymer film. Bilayers of polypyrrole and gold undergo a large bending and can deliver high force. They can thus function as hinges to lift rigid components. In this work, we demonstrate that silicon plates produced by reactive ion etching can be lifted by such PPy/Au hinges. The strength and efficiency of these bilayers are also determined.
Fuel for Thought: Chemically Powered Nanomotors Out-Swim Nature’s Flagellated Bacteria (2010)

Half a century ago, Richard Feynman envisioned tiny machines able to perform chemistry by mechanical manipulation of atoms. While this vision has not yet been realized in practice, researchers have recently discovered how to use chemistry to drive tiny engines and to operate tiny machines in the liquid phase, in much the same way Nature uses biochemistry to power a myriad of biological motors and machines. Herein, we provide a brief Perspective on the rapidly growing research activity in the emerging field of chemically powered nanomotors and nanomachines, consider some of the challenges facing its continued rapid development, and imagine a future in which these tiny motors and machines can get down to doing some serious work.