gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitogenic signaling pathways induced by G protein‐coupled receptors (2007)

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, including neurotransmitters, hormones, chemokines, and bioactive lipids, act as potent cellular growth factors and have been implicated in a variety of normal and abnormal processes, including development, inflammation, and malignant transformation. Typically, the binding of an agonistic ligand to its cognate GPCR triggers the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways that act in a synergistic and combinatorial fashion to relay the mitogenic signal to the nucleus and promote cell proliferation. A rapid increase in the activity of phospholipases C, D, and A2 leading to the synthesis of lipid-derived second messengers, Ca2+ fluxes and subsequent activation of protein phosphorylation cascades, including PKC/PKD, Raf/MEK/ERK, and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K is an important early response to mitogenic GPCR agonists. The EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase has emerged as a transducer in the signaling by GPCRs, a process termed transactivation. GPCR signal transduction also induces striking morphological changes and rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular proteins, including the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and the adaptor proteins CAS and paxillin. The pathways stimulated by GPCRs are extensively interconnected by synergistic and antagonistic crosstalks that play a critical role in signal transmission, integration, and dissemination. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in defining the pathways that play a role in transducing mitogenic responses induced by GPCR agonists.
SYNTHESIS OF NALTREXONE (1984)

Like naloxone, naltrexone has various applications as antagonist of opiate receptor. But it is better on biological activity and effect time in reference to naloxone. For this reason, we report a synthetic method of naltrexone from N-nor-14-hydroxydihydromorphinone by reacting with cyclopropylmethyl bromide in 59 % yield. Eeacting time was shorten from a week to a day. The 14-hydroxydihydro-normorphinone was prepared from thebaine by six-step reaction.
GUI display guidelines drive winning SCADA projects (1994)

This article enumerates the major parameters that should be evaluated at the very beginning of a SCADA/EMS project to choose the most efficient GUI product. Though every customer's needs are different, any GUI system still should have the following chief characteristics: open system approach; seamless interface features; ease of user operation; and acceptability by the operators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation and Demonstration of a Small Intermittent Internal Combustion Heavy-Fueled Engine (2010)

Since 2004, the Department of Defense (DoD) has had the stated goal of transitioning all engine systems to use a single fuel — JP-8. This “one fuel forward” initiative simplifies logistical issues, improves safety, and increases combat effectiveness. To improve technologies required to run Intermittent Internal Combustion (IIC) engines on lower volatility heavy fuels, the US Army Vehicle Technology Directorate (VTD) acquired and tested a small IIC engine and developed procedures allowing the operation of this engine on JP-8. The program consisted of engine simulation, engine testing and flight demonstration. Several strategies are presented to enhance the engine operation based on thermal management techniques and fuel injection.
Botnets in 4G cellular networks: Platforms to launch DDoS attacks against the air interface (2013)

Botnets are overlay networks built by cyber-criminals from hacked smartphones and computers. In this paper, we report a vulnerability of the air interface of 4G cellular networks, the Long Term Evolution (LTE), to Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks launched from botnets. The attack scenario constitutes of a bot-master instructing the botnet nodes to start sending or downloading dummy data in order to overwhelm the air interface, thereby denying service for voice users. Through simulation using a capable LTE simulator, we determine the number of botnet nodes needed per cell that can effectively render the cellular network unusable. Specifically, we show that a botnet that has spread to only 3% of subscribers is capable of lowering the voice quality from 4.3 to 2.8 in Mean Opinion Score (MOS) scale of 1 to 5 for scheduling strategies designed for realtime flows. On the other hand, a botnet that has managed to spread to 6% of subscribers can cause a MOS value of 1, i.e., a complete outage. The threat identified and the reported results could inspire the implementation of new mechanisms to ensure the security and availability of vital telecommunication services.
MBX-102/JNJ39659100, a Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Ligand with Weak Transactivation Activity Retains Antidiabetic Properties in the Absence of Weight Gain and Edema (2009)

MBX-102/JNJ39659100 (MBX-102) is in clinical development as an oral glucose-lowering agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. MBX-102 is a nonthiazolidinedione (TZD) selective partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma that is differentiated from the TZDs structurally, mechanistically, preclinically and clinically. In diabetic rodent models, MBX-102 has insulin-sensitizing and glucose-lowering properties comparable to TZDs without dose-dependent increases in body weight. In vitro, in contrast with full PPAR-gamma agonist treatment, MBX-102 fails to drive human and murine adipocyte differentiation and selectively modulates the expression of a subset of PPAR-gamma target genes in mature adipocytes. Moreover, MBX-102 does not inhibit osteoblastogenesis of murine mesenchymal cells. Compared with full PPAR-gamma agonists, MBX-102 displays differential interactions with the PPAR-gamma ligand binding domain and possesses reduced ability to recruit coactivators. Interestingly, in primary mouse macrophages, MBX-102 displays enhanced antiinflammatory properties compared with other PPAR-gamma or alpha/gamma agonists, suggesting that MBX-102 has more potent transrepression activity. In summary, MBX-102 is a selective PPAR-gamma modulator with weak transactivation but robust transrepression activity. MBX-102 exhibits full therapeutic activity without the classical PPAR-gamma side effects and may represent the next generation insulin sensitizer.
Planning and control in stochastic domains with imperfect information (1997)

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) can be used to model complex control problems that include both action outcome uncertainty and imperfect observability. A control problem within the POMDP framework is expressed as a dynamic optimization problem with a value function that combines costs or rewards from multiple steps. Although the POMDP framework is more expressive than other simpler frameworks, like Markov decision processes (MDP), its associated optimization methods are more demanding computationally and only very small problems can be solved exactly in practice. Our work focuses on two possible approaches that can be used to solve larger problems: approximation methods and exploitation of additional problem structure. First, a number of new eÆcient approximation methods and improvements of existing algorithms are proposed. These include (1) the fast informed bound method based on approximate dynamic programming updates that lead to piecewise linear and convex v...
Induction of malignant transformation and mutagenesis in cell cultures by cancer chemotherapeutic agents (1977)

The bioassay of the rapidly growing list of chemicals that are now being added to the human environment by in vivo carcinogenesis studies is an insurmountable task. It is, therefore, hoped that the short-term in vitro tests will be of predictive value in terms of human risk as prescreening methods. The oncogenic and mutagenic activity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents in such cell culture tests will be discussed: It has been one of the intriguing results of cancer research that active antineoplastic agents have been found to be carcinogenic. Various methods to investigate malignant transformation in cell culture by chemicals that have been developed are briefly introduced. Most presently used antitumor agents have been shown to be active in transforming mammalian cells. In general, the correlation between in vivo tumorigenicity and the in vitro results is satisfactory; a more recent example of this is the results obtained with the anthracyline antibiotics, Daunomycin and Adriamycin, and some of their derivatives. Since chemical mutagenesis and oncogenesis, although not necessarily causally related, appear to be well correlated, various mutagenesis assays have been introduced to prescreen our environment for hazardous chemicals, mutagens and carcinogens. The mutagenic activity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents in cell culture (bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells) will be briefly reviewed; studies with the anthracycline antibiotics and with 5-azacytidine and the new antitumor agent, Pseudoisocytidine, will be emphasized. From the still very limited studies available, results on malignant transformation and mutagenesis in vitro correlate well with in vivo tumorigenicity data. Most, if not all, antineoplastic agents appear to possess oncogenic potential. It must be emphasized, however, that the in vitro short-term tests still require further development and verification of their predictive value.
Outbreaks of budgerigar fledgling disease in three aviaries in Ontario. (1989)

Outbreaks of budgerigar fledgling disease (BFD) occurred in three budgerigar aviaries in Ontario. Acute death in seven to ten-day-old nestlings and feather abnormalities in birds over three weeks of age were common findings. Ascites, hepatomegaly and hydropericardium were prominent gross lesions. Histologically, basophilic intranuclear inclusions were seen in many tissues. A severe drop in hatchability occurred in one aviary-a finding not previously reported with BFD. Interruption of breeding controlled the disease in aviary 1, but failed in two consecutive attempts in aviary 2. A third outbreak occurred in aviary 2 after depopulation and restocking. In aviary 3, the spread of disease was very rapid; 90% of the nestlings died within a few weeks. A papovavirus similar to a previously described isolate was recovered in this outbreak.
Immunotherapy of aspergillosis (2011)

Management of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk patients remains challenging. There is an increasing demand for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing or restoring antifungal immunity in immunocompromised patients. In this regard, modulation of specific innate immune functions and vaccination are promising immunotherapeutic strategies. Recent findings have also provided a compelling rationale for assessment of the contribution of the individual genetic profile to the immunotherapy outcome. Altogether, integration of immunological and genetic data may contribute to the optimization of therapeutic strategies exerting control over immune pathways, ultimately improving the management of fungal infections in high-risk settings.
Boosting SMT performance by speculation control (2002)

Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) is a technique that permits multiple threads to execute in parallel within a single processor. Usually, an SMT processor uses shared instruction queues to collect instructions from the different threads. Hence, an SMT processor's performance depends on how the instruction fetch unit fills these instruction queues. On each cycle the fetch unit must judiciously decide which threads to fetch instructions from. This paper proposes a new instruction fetch scheme that uses both fetch prioritizing and fetch gating for SMR processors. Fetch prioritizing sets up fetch priority for each thread based on the number of unresolved low-confidence branches from the thread, while fetch gating prevents fetching from a thread once it has a stipulated number of out-standing low-confidence branches. Based on the fetch priority of each thread, our fetch scheme finds threads that are most likely to be in their correct paths. This improves the overall throughput of an SMT processor by reducing the number of wrong-path instructions in the pipeline. Our experimental evaluation shows that, on the average, our fetch scheme provides 14.9% speedup over ICOUNT, which is the best fetch policy reported so far for SMT.
Neural Monge Map estimation and its applications (2021)

Monge map refers to the optimal transport map between two probability distributions and provides a principled approach to transform one distribution to another. Neural network based optimal transport map solver has gained great attention in recent years. Along this line, we present a scalable algorithm for computing the neural Monge map between two probability distributions. Our algorithm is based on a weak form of the optimal transport problem, thus it only requires samples from the marginals instead of their analytic expressions, and can accommodate optimal transport between two distributions with different dimensions. Our algorithm is suitable for general cost functions, compared with other existing methods for estimating Monge maps using samples, which are usually for quadratic costs. The performance of our algorithms is demonstrated through a series of experiments with both synthetic and realistic data, including text-to-image generation and image inpainting tasks.
Software Defined Radio: Challenges and Opportunities (2010)

Software Defined Radio (SDR) may provide flexible, upgradeable and longer lifetime radio equipment for the military and for civilian wireless communications infrastructure. SDR may also provide more flexible and possibly cheaper multi-standard-terminals for end users. It is also important as a convenient base technology for the future context-sensitive, adaptive and learning radio units referred to as cognitive radios. SDR also poses many challenges, however, some of them causing SDR to evolve slower than otherwise anticipated. Transceiver development challenges include size, weight and power issues such as the required computing capacity, but also SW architectural challenges such as waveform application portability. SDR has demanding implications for regulators, security organizations and business developers.
UVB-induced Conversion of 7-Dehydrocholesterol to 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcitriol) in the Human Keratinocyte Line HaCaT¶ (2000)

We have previously shown that keratinocytes in vitro can convert biologically inactive vitamin D3 to the hormone calcitriol. The present study was initiated to test whether ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced photolysis of provitamin D3 (7-dehydrocholesterol, [7-DHC]) which results in the formation of vitamin D3 also leads to the generation of calcitriol in keratinocytes. Submerged monolayers of HaCaT keratinocytes were preincubated with 7-DHC (25 microM) at 37 degrees C and irradiated with monochromatic UVB at different wavelengths (effective UV-doses: 7.5-60 mJ/cm2), or a narrow-band fluorescent lamp Philips TL-01 (UVB-doses: 125-1500 mJ/cm2). Irradiation with both sources of UVB resulted in the generation of different amounts of previtamin D3 in our in vitro model followed by time-dependent isomerization to vitamin D3 and consecutive formation of calcitriol in the picomolar range. Unirradiated cultures or cultures exposed to wavelengths > 315 nm generated no or only trace amounts of calcitriol. The conversion of vitamin D3 generated after UVB irradiation to calcitriol is inhibited by ketoconazole indicating the involvement of P450 mixed function oxidases in this chemical reaction. The generation of calcitriol was wavelength- and UVB dose dependent and reached approximately 18-fold higher levels after irradiation at 297 nm than at 310 nm (effective UVB dose: 30 mJ/cm2). Hence, keratinocytes may be a potential source of biologically active calcitriol within epidermis, when irradiated with therapeutical doses of UVB.
Retinopathy of prematurity: the need for prevention (2016)

More than 450,000 babies are born prematurely in the USA every year. The improved survival of even the most vulnerable low body weight preterm infants has, despite improving health outcomes, led to the resurgence in preterm complications including one of the major causes for blindness in children, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The current mainstay in ROP therapy is laser photocoagulation and the injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies in the late stages of the disease after the onset of neovascularization. Both are proven options for ophthalmologists to treat the severe forms of late ROP. However, laser photocoagulation destroys major parts of the retina, and the injection of VEGF antibodies, although rather simple to administer, may cause a systemic suppression of normal vascularization, which has not been studied in sufficient depth. However, the use of neither VEGF antibody nor laser treatment prevents ROP, which should be the long-term goal. It should be possible to prevent ROP by more closely mimicking the intrauterine environment after preterm birth. Such preventive measures include preventing the toxic postbirth influences (eg, oxygen excess) as well as providing the missing intrauterine factors (eg, insulin growth factor 1) and are likely to also reduce other complications of premature birth as well as ROP. This review is meant to summarize the current knowledge on the prevention of ROP with a particular emphasize on the use of insulin growth factor 1 supplementation.
Plant Phenolics: Extraction, Analysis and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties (2010)

Phenolics are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom and are the most abundant secondary metabolites of plants. Plant polyphenols have drawn increasing attention due to their potent antioxidant properties and their marked effects in the prevention of various oxidative stress associated diseases such as cancer. In the last few years, the identification and development of phenolic compounds or extracts from different plants has become a major area of health- and medical-related research. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview on phenolic extraction, purification, analysis and quantification as well as their antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the anticancer effects of phenolics in-vitro and in-vivo animal models are viewed, including recent human intervention studies. Finally, possible mechanisms of action involving antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity as well as interference with cellular functions are discussed.
Robust Perspective Rectification of Camera-Captured Document Images (2017)

A correction method for perspective distortions on document images is discussed. In documents, lines and line feeds give rise to many horizontal and vertical lines, then two vanishing points generated by these lines can be computed based on the Radon transform. However, some noisy lines are unrelated to vanishing points and can be removed using RANSAC algorithm in the Radon domain. In this perspective, we propose a unique scheme on how to apply RANSAC algorithm to our method. The distortion is rectified by the perspective mapping determined with two vanishing points. Experimental results show that our method can remove line noise effectively and is competitive compared to the state-of-art especially for camera-captured inside document images where contours are not clearly defined.
A Compliant Parallel XY Micromotion Stage With Complete Kinematic Decoupling (2012)

This paper presents a novel compliant parallel XY micromotion stage driven by piezoelectric actuators (PZT). With the purpose to obtain complete kinematic decoupling and good stiffness performance, the stage is designed using a symmetric 4-PP structure in which double four-bar flexure is chosen as the prismatic joint. Matrix method is employed to establish the compliance model of the mechanism. Based on the model, dynamic analysis is investigated after static analysis is carried out. The dimensions of the mechanism are optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in order to maximize the natural frequencies. Finite-element analysis (FEA) result indicates that the mechanism has an almost linear force-deflection relationship, high first natural frequency (720.52 Hz), and ideal decoupling property. To cope with the nonlinearities such as hysteresis that exists in the PZT, the control system is constructed by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback controller with a feedforward compensator based on Preisach model. The fabricated prototype has a 19.2 μm × 8.8 μm rectangular workspace with coupling less than 5%. The result of the closed-loop test shows that the XY stage can achieve positioning, tracking and contouring tasks with small errors.
The use (or otherwise) of pulse in general practice. (2005)

The pulse oximeter is a diagnostic tool that enables the indirect measurement of the percentage of oxygenated haemoglobin in a patient's capillary blood.1 It has been widely used in secondary care for over two decades,2 especially in peri-operative, paediatric and intensive care patients. Pulse oximetry is often used in emergency departments,3 but is less well established in general practice.

Pulse oximeters work by measuring the light absorption properties of haemoglobin1 using a red–infrared light source. The amount of light absorbed varies according to the proportion of oxygenated haemoglobin in the blood, and this is analysed to generate a numerical saturation reading. Readings have an accuracy of +/− 2% although this varies with models2,5. Finger probes are generally more accurate than ear probes.5 Accuracy is reduced during severe desaturation (readings below 70%), haemoglobinopathies, hypotension, hypothermia and reduced perfusion states, and carbon monoxide poisoning (including very heavy smokers, who can achieve up to 10% arterial carboxyhaemoglobin).1

In acute illness, patients are primarily assessed either by their GP, or within an Accident and Emergency (A&E) department. Blood gas measurement of arterial saturation (pAO2) in A&E patients with acute breathlessness4 found that pulse oximetry …
Randomized Comparison of Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel After Intracoronary Stent Implantation in a Broad Patient Population (2001)

Clopidogrel is better tolerated than ticlopidine during a 2-week regimen after intracoronary stent implantation. Combining either thienopyridine with an intravenous platelet IIb/IIIa inhibitor appears to be safe. When applied to a broad spectrum of patients receiving stent implantation, clopidogrel confers similar protection as ticlopidine against subacute stent thrombosis and major adverse cardiac events.
Rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria for induction of salt tolerance in gladiolus grown in sodic soils (2013)

Extensive development of canal irrigation system led to formation of unproductive sodic lands, which limited the cultivation of flower crop gladiolus in the basins of major rivers. The purpose of this study was to isolate native rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria from sodic environment and evaluate their growth enhancement and bio-ameloirant properties in gladiolus under sodic soils. Sixteen isolates of plant-growth-promoting rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria were isolated and screened for growth promotion potential. The promising strains were identified and evaluated for growth and production in gladiolus. The plants treated with strains CSR-G-1, CSR-B-2, and CSR-B-3 significantly produced marketable spikes and higher number of florets/spike. Also, the treated plants showed an increased activity of superoxide dismutase, phenyl alanine lyase, catalase, peroxidase, phenols, and proline than control. Further, the soil pH, total carbonates, and sodium adsorption ratio were lower in treated soils. The Na+/K+ ratio in leaves of treated plants was observed to be lower than control. In conclusion, these bio-inoculums can be used as growth enhancer and bio-ameliorant in sodic soils as an eco-friendly management strategy.