gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immobilization of Aryl and Alkynyl Groups onto Glassy Carbon Surfaces by Electrochemical Reduction of Iodonium Salts (2005)

A new versatile method has been developed for the electrochemically assisted grafting of carbon materials. The approach is based on the reduction of iodonium salts and allows the immobilization not only of aryl groups, such as phenyl or nitrophenyl, but also of alkynyl groups under mild conditions. In particular, the immobilization of alkynyl groups is important because such grafting cannot be accomplished using any other known reductive procedure. The electrochemical properties of the grafted surfaces with estimated coverages of (4-6) x 10(-)(10) mol cm(-)(2) are investigated against the ferrocene and Fe(CN)(6)(3)(-) solution probes. The analysis of the surfaces is carried out by means of cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Involvement of Astrocytes in Alzheimer’s Disease from a Neuroinflammatory and Oxidative Stress Perspective (2017)

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a frequent and devastating neurodegenerative disease in humans, but still no curative treatment has been developed. Although many explicative theories have been proposed, precise pathophysiological mechanisms are unknown. Due to the importance of astrocytes in brain homeostasis they have become interesting targets for the study of AD. Changes in astrocyte function have been observed in brains from individuals with AD, as well as in AD <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> animal models. The presence of amyloid beta (Aβ) has been shown to disrupt gliotransmission, neurotransmitter uptake, and alter calcium signaling in astrocytes. Furthermore, astrocytes express apolipoprotein E and are involved in the production, degradation and removal of Aβ. As well, changes in astrocytes that precede other pathological characteristics observed in AD, point to an early contribution of astroglia in this disease. Astrocytes participate in the inflammatory/immune responses of the central nervous system. The presence of Aβ activates different cell receptors and intracellular signaling pathways, mainly the advanced glycation end products receptor/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, responsible for the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in astrocytes. The release of these pro-inflammatory agents may induce cellular damage or even stimulate the production of Aβ in astrocytes. Additionally, Aβ induces the appearance of oxidative stress (OS) and production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in astrocytes, affecting among others, intracellular calcium levels, NADPH oxidase (NOX), NF-κB signaling, glutamate uptake (increasing the risk of excitotoxicity) and mitochondrial function. Excessive neuroinflammation and OS are observed in AD, and astrocytes seem to be involved in both. The Aβ/NF-κB interaction in astrocytes may play a central role in these inflammatory and OS changes present in AD. In this paper, we also discuss therapeutic measures highlighting the importance of astrocytes in AD pathology. Several new therapeutic approaches involving phenols (curcumin), phytoestrogens (genistein), neuroesteroids and other natural phytochemicals have been explored in astrocytes, obtaining some promising results regarding cognitive improvements and attenuation of neuroinflammation. Novel strategies comprising astrocytes and aimed to reduce OS in AD have also been proposed. These include estrogen receptor agonists (pelargonidin), Bambusae concretio Salicea, Monascin, and various antioxidatives such as resveratrol, tocotrienol, anthocyanins, and epicatechin, showing beneficial effects in AD models.
A reconsideration of the recovery block scheme (1978)

The recovery block scheme has been introduced as a method of providing fault tolerance at the software level in a computing system. From the widespread interest that has been expressed in the scheme there appears to be a standard set of questions which are posed about its implementation and utility. This paper presents a brief overview of the recovery block scheme and then examines in detail the issued that these questions raise.
Human papillomavirus and cervical neoplasia among female sex workers in Madagascar. (2010)

The prevalence rates of HPV and cervical lesions among FSWs in Madagascar appear higher than among FSW populations from other African countries with a relatively higher population-based prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Optimal Near-End Speech Intelligibility Improvement Incorporating Additive Noise and Late Reverberation Under an Approximation of the Short-Time SII (2015)

The presence of environmental additive noise in the vicinity of the user typically degrades the speech intelligibility of speech processing applications. This intelligibility loss can be compensated by properly preprocessing the speech signal prior to play-out, often referred to as near-end speech enhancement. Although the majority of such algorithms focus primarily on the presence of additive noise, reverberation can also severely degrade intelligibility. In this paper we investigate how late reverberation and additive noise can be jointly taken into account in the near-end speech enhancement process. For this effort we use a recently presented approximation of the speech intelligibility index under a power constraint, which we optimize for speech degraded by both additive noise and late reverberation. The algorithm results in time-frequency dependent amplification factors that depend on both the additive noise power spectral density as well as the late reverberation energy. These amplification factors redistribute speech energy across frequency and perform a dynamic range compression. Experimental results using both instrumental intelligibility measures as well as intelligibility listening tests show that the proposed approach improves speech intelligibility over state-of-the-art reference methods when speech signals are degraded simultaneously by additive noise and reverberation. Speech intelligibility improvements in the order of 20% are observed.
Metallic 3-D Printed Antennas for Millimeter- and Submillimeter Wave Applications (2016)

This paper presents a study to use the metallic three dimensional (3-D) printing technology for antenna implementations up to 325 GHz. Two different printing technologies and materials are used, namely binder jetting/sintering on 316L stainless steel and selective laser melting (SLM) on Cu-15Sn. Phases, microstructure, and surface roughness are investigated on different materials. Balancing between the cost and performance, the manually polished Cu-15Sn is selected to develop a series of conical horn antennas at the E-(60-90 GHz), D(110-170 GHz), and H-band (220-325 GHz). Good agreement is observed between the simulated and measured antenna performance. The antennas' impedance bandwidth (|S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> | <; -20 dB) cover the whole operational band, with in-band gain of >22.5, >22, and >21.5 dBi for the E-, D-, and H-band antennas, respectively. Compared with the traditional injection molding and micromachining for metallic horn antenna implementation, the 3-D printed metallic horn antenna features environmental friendliness, low cost, and short turn-around time. Compared with the nonmetallic 3-D printed antennas, they feature process simplicity and mechanical robustness. It proves great potential of the metallic 3-D printing technology for both industrial mass production and prototyping.
Evidence for overpressure generation by kerogen-to-gas maturation in the northern Malay Basin (2013)

Gas generation is a commonly hypothesized mechanism for the development of high-magnitude overpressure. However, overpressures developed by gas generation have been rarely measured in situ, with the main evidence for such overpressures coming from source rock microfractures, the physical necessity of overpressures for primary migration, laboratory experiments, and numerical modeling. Indeed, previous in-situ observations suggest that gas generation only creates highly localized overpressures within rich source rocks. Pore-fluid pressure data and sonic velocity–vertical effective stress plots from 30 wells reveal that overpressures in the northern Malay Basin are primarily generated by fluid expansion and are located basinwide within the Miocene 2A, 2B, and 2C source rock formations. The overpressures are predominantly associated with gas sampled in more than 83% of overpressure measurements and have a sonic-density response consistent with gas generation. The association of fluid expansion overpressures with gas, combined with the sonic-density response to overpressure and a regional geology that precludes other overpressuring mechanisms, provides convincing in-situ evidence for basinwide gas generation overpressuring. Overpressure magnitude analysis suggests that gas generation accounts for approximately one-half to two-thirds of the measured excess pore pressure in the region, with the remainder being generated by coincident disequilibrium compaction. Thus, the data herein suggest that gas generation, if acting in isolation, is producing a maximum pressure gradient of 15.3 MPa/km (0.676 psi/ft) and not lithostatic magnitudes as commonly hypothesized. The gas generation overpressures in this article are not associated with a significant porosity anomaly and represent a major drilling hazard, with traditional pore-pressure prediction techniques underestimating pressure gradients by 2.3 ± 1.5 MPa/km (0.1 ± 0.07 psi/ft).
Unexpected unidirectional perfect absorption of light in a freestanding optical thin metallic grating with extremely small filling factor (2014)

In this paper, we predict an unexpected enhanced optical absorption (OA) phenomenon in an optical thin (60 nm) freestanding metallic grating. After introducing periodical back grooves to the grating, the absorption could be enhanced up to 95% for light incident from the topside, which is inhibited lower than 10% for light incident from the bottom side. Physically it is ascribed to the strong modulation effect of the surface plasmons (SPs)/or charge distribution on the back surface of the grating by the grooves. As a result, the reflection at the SPs resonant position is greatly inhibited. It indicates a new mechanism to achieve high OA in a freestanding subwavelength structure by directly controlling the SPs. More counterintuitively, the highly enhanced absorption will increase as the filling factor of the grating decreases, rather than decrease as the filling factor decreases. So even for a very small filling factor (0.5), unexpected high OA up to 95% could be attained at SPs resonance. The underlying physical mechanism is analyzed with a dipole moment description.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiol Surfactants on Spherical Gold Nanoparticles (2007)

Atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers are performed to investigate the ligand shell organization of homoligand surfactants on spherical gold nanoparticle surfaces as a function of temperature, nanoparticle size, and ligand tail length. At high temperature, we show that the ligands orient randomly with respect to the surface normal with a small tilt angle. As the temperature decreases, the molecules order and adopt a larger tilt angle. The effects of alkanethiol tail length and nanoparticle size on the tilt structure are also significant. At low temperature, we find the equilibrium conformation of alkanethiols obeys the crystallographic model, whereas at high temperature the continuous model is valid. The dependence of tilt angle on different parameters and comparison with self-assembled monolayers on flat surfaces are also discussed.
Modulation of Double-Stranded RNA-Mediated Gene Induction by Interferon in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (2000)

Endothelial cells respond to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with expression of a number of important immunomodulatory and inflammatory response genes, including adhesion molecules, cytokines, and antiviral genes. Considerable differences are seen when genes are induced by dsRNA compared with cytokines. Much higher levels of mRNA for interleukin-6 (IL-6), 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2',5'-OAS), protein kinase (PKR), and interferon (IFN) regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) result from incubation with dsRNA than with IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), or IFN-alpha, whereas the differences in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin mRNA expression in response to dsRNA, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha are relatively minor. IFN-alpha priming enhances responsiveness of some, but not all, genes to dsRNA but not to IL-1beta, but the optimal time for pretreatment varies considerably among different dsRNA-responsive genes. Protein translation is reduced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in response to incubation with dsRNA, and this decrease is accentuated if cells are primed with IFN-alpha. Despite this decrease, IFN-alpha priming causes very high levels of IL-6 protein expression in response to dsRNA but not in response to IL-1beta or TNF-alpha. These studies demonstrate that priming with class I IFN can enhance the response to dsRNA through the heightened expression of genes that contribute to both the cellular response to viral infection and the host immunologic response.
A fabrication technology for three-dimensional micro total analysis systems (2010)

This paper presents a new fabrication technique capable of creating three-dimensional (3D) buried microchannels in a silicon substrate. With a single mask and a single etch of the substrate, silicon microstructures are created with control in all three dimensions by utilizing reactive ion etch (RIE) lag. The microstructures are then sealed with plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) dielectrics. By depositing up to 6.3 µm of PECVD oxide, rectangular openings in the masking layer ranging in size from 2 µm × 2 µm to 4 µm × 10 µm microchannels were sealed. Using these mask openings, microchannels were created with depths ranging from 4 µm to 200 µm. In addition channels with controlled transition between depths and transition slopes ranging from 40° and 60° were created. Furthermore, the flexibility of this technique allows for the creation of predictable nano-scaled holes on the substrate surface. The entire process is fabricated on silicon and CMOS compatible, thus allowing for 3D buried channel devices to be integrated with microelectronics. To show the impact of this technique, practical microfluidic devices with a wide range of applications are demonstrated.
Silk-inspired polymers and proteins (2009)

The biocompatibility and biodegradability of natural silk fibres and the benign conditions under which they (with impressive mechanical properties) are produced represent a biomimetic ideal. This ideal has inspired people in both academia and industry to prepare silk-mimetic polymers and proteins by chemical and/or biotechnological means. In the present paper, we aim to give an overview of the design principles of such silk-inspired polymers/proteins, their processing into various materials morphologies, their mechanical and biological properties, and, finally, their technical and biomedical applications.
Subcycle Overvoltage Dynamics in Solar PVs (2020)

In 2017 and 2018, bulk power system (BPS) connected solar photovoltaic (PV) inverters tripped after grid disturbances in South California, causing large-scale power loss. One cause of PV tripping is subcycle overvoltage experienced by PV inverters when the grid suffers voltage dip and PVs enter into momentary cessation. This paper examines the underlying mechanism of the subcycle overvoltage dynamics. A dq-frame analytical model is built for a PV grid-integration system with a focus on the grid side converter (GSC) and grid interaction. PV's dc circuit dynamics and controls are ignored. Eigenvalue analysis indicates that two modes cause the subcycle overvoltage. The modes are associated with shunt compensation, grid electromagnetic dynamics, and PV inverter controls. Furthermore, a more insightful explanation of subcycle overvoltage is offered relying on s-domain admittance models. The dq-frame admittance is derived for the PV viewed from the point of common coupling (PCC). A circuit model relying on the derived admittance can demonstrate subcycle overvoltage due to momentary cessation. Impacts of grid strength, phase-locked-loop (PLL) parameters and converter current control parameters are all examined. It is found that the inherent LC dynamics due to shunt compensation and grid inductance are the main dynamics that can cause overvoltage, and momentary cessation excites overvoltage dynamics.
Formic Acid Dehydrogenation Catalysed by Tris(TPPTS) Ruthenium Species: Mechanism of the Initial “Fast” Cycle (2014)

Abstract Water‐soluble ruthenium m ‐triphenylphosphinetrisulfonate (TPPTS) complexes are excellent catalysts for formic acid dehydrogenation. Interestingly, the choice of metal catalyst precursor has a direct influence on initial activities. The reaction with hexaaquaruthenium(II) tosylate directly yields bisphosphine complexes in the presence of TPPTS and formic acid, whereas trisphosphine adducts are involved if the reaction starts with ruthenium(III) chloride. We present the results of a series of manometric and spectroscopic experiments that reveal the true nature of these highly active species, and subsequently propose a rational “fast” cycle mechanism explaining this peculiar activity profile.
Full Activation of CD4+ T Cells Early During Sepsis Requires Specific Antigen (2014)

During sepsis, CD4 T cells express activation markers within the first 24 h. In the present study, the mechanisms of T-cell activation and its consequences were addressed in an acute peritonitis model in mice. The response of CD4+ T cells to sepsis induction was compared between OTII mice, characterized by ovalbumin-specific T-cell receptor-transgenic T cells, and C57BL/6 controls (wild type [WT] mice). Because ovalbumin was absent during peritonitis, the OTII CD4+ T cells could not be activated by canonical antigen recognition. In both OTII and WT control mice, CD4+ T effector cells and CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressed the activation marker CD69 early after sepsis onset. However, full activation with upregulation of CD25 and proliferation took place only in the presence of the antigen. Besides this, the fraction of Tregs was lower in OTII than that in WT mice. Sepsis mortality was increased in OTII mice. Our data show that, in sepsis, partial activation of CD4+ T cells is induced by a T-cell receptor-independent pathway, whereas full stimulation and proliferation require a specific antigen. Antigen-dependent T-cell effector functions as well as Treg activity may contribute to sepsis survival.
Characterization of thin films using micromechanical structures (1992)

Micromechanical structures designed for material characterization through analysis of their nonlinear dynamic response are presented. The structures consist of a rigid movable mass supported by beams which are attached to the wafer substrate. The structures are designed so that they are geometrically constrained, which is the source of their nonlinearity. The nonlinearity is shown to be well modeled by Duffing’s equation for a stiffening spring and it is this model which is used to fit the test data to the desired mechanical properties, namely Young’s modulus, intrinsic stress and damping.
Recent advances in CHO cell line development for recombinant protein production (2020)

Recombinant proteins used in biomedical research, diagnostics and different therapies are mostly produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells in the pharmaceutical industry. These biotherapeutics, monoclonal antibodies in particular, have shown remarkable market growth in the past few decades. The increasing demand for high amounts of biologics requires continuous optimization and improvement of production technologies. Research aims at discovering better means and methods for reaching higher volumetric capacity, while maintaining stable product quality. An increasing number of complex novel protein therapeutics, such as viral antigens, vaccines, bi- and tri-specific monoclonal antibodies, are currently entering industrial production pipelines. These biomolecules are, in many cases, difficult to express and require tailored product-specific solutions to improve their transient or stable production. All these requirements boost the development of more efficient expression optimization systems and high-throughput screening platforms to facilitate the design of product-specific cell line engineering and production strategies. In this minireview, we provide an overview on recent advances in CHO cell line development, targeted genome manipulation techniques, selection systems and screening methods currently used in recombinant protein production.
Certificate Extensions and Attributes Supporting Authentication in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) (2006)

to carry Wireless LAN (WLAN) System Service identifiers (SSIDs). This document obsoletes RFC 3770.
"Decoding" Informed Consent Insights from Women regarding Breast Cancer Susceptibility Testing (1997)

Cancer susceptibility testing is likely to become routine in medical practice, despite many limitations and unanswered questions. These uncertainties greatly complicate the process of informed consent, creating an excellent opportunity to reconsider exactly how it should be conducted. Research with women's reactions to the availability of genetic susceptibility testing for breast cancer dramatically underscores that informed consent ought to be highly individualized, taking care to discern what patients believe about the disease and its causes and what role they want their physician to play.
Global optimization algorithm for solving linear multiplicative programming problems (2020)

In this paper, a class of linear multiplicative problems (LMP) are considered, which cover many applications and are known to be NP-hard. For finding the globally optimal solution to problem (LMP) with a pre-specified ε-tolerance, problem (LMP) is first transformed into an equivalent problem (EP) via introducing the variable transformation. And, a novel linear relaxation technique is presented by exploiting the special structure of problem (EP), for deriving the linear relaxation programming which can be used to acquire the upper bound of the optimal value to problem (EP). A branch and bound algorithm is then located for globally solving problem (LMP). The convergence of the algorithm is established and its computational complexity is estimated. Finally, numerical results are reported to illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Is a Novel Mineralocorticoid Target in the Cardiovascular System (2012)

Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation may be deleterious to the cardiovascular system, and MR antagonists improve morbidity and mortality of patients with heart failure. However, mineralocorticoid signaling in the heart remains largely unknown. Using a pan-genomic transcriptomic analysis, we identified neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL or lipocalin 2) as a strongly induced gene in the heart of mice with conditional and targeted MR overexpression in cardiomyocytes (whereas induction was low in glucocorticoid receptor-overexpressing mice). NGAL mRNA levels were enhanced after hormonal stimulation by the MR ligand aldosterone in cultured cardiac cells and in the heart of wild-type mice. Mineralocorticoid pathological challenge induced by nephrectomy/aldosterone/salt treatment upregulated NGAL expression in the heart and aorta and its plasma levels. We show evidence for MR binding to an NGAL promoter, providing a mechanism for NGAL regulation. We propose that NGAL may be a marker of mineralocorticoid-dependent injury in the cardiovascular system in mice.