gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glial fibrillary acidic protein as an early marker of hepatic stellate cell activation in chronic and posttransplant recurrent hepatitis C (2008)

Activated alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are pericytes responsible for fibrosis in chronic liver injury. The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), commonly expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system, is expressed in vivo in the liver in a subpopulation of quiescent stellate cells. In the rat, increased GFAP expression in the acute response to injury and down-regulation in the chronic response have been observed, whereas reports concerning GFAP expression in human liver are still conflicting. We investigated the utility of GFAP compared to alpha-SMA as an immunohistochemical marker of early activated HSCs in chronic and posttransplant recurrent hepatitis C and correlated GFAP expression with vascular remodeling and fibrosis progression. With immunohistochemistry and a semiquantitative scoring system, the expression of GFAP and alpha-SMA in HSCs and the microvessel density were analyzed in biopsies from normal livers obtained from cadaveric donors [donor liver (DL); n = 21] and from livers from posttransplant hepatitis C virus recurrent hepatitis (HCV-PTR) patients (n = 19), hepatitis C virus chronic hepatitis (HCV-CH) patients, (n = 12), and hepatitis C virus cirrhosis (HCV-C) patients (n = 16). The percentage of alpha-SMA-positive HSCs was significantly higher in the HCV-PTR, HCV-CH, and HCV-C groups compared to the DL group (P < 0.01). The percentage of GFAP-positive HSCs was significantly higher in the HCV-PTR group compared to the DL, HCV-C (P < 0.01), and HCV-CH (P < 0.05) groups and in the HCV-CH group compared to the DL group (P < 0.01), inversely correlating with the extent of fibrosis and microvessel density (P < 0.01). In the HCV-PTR group, the percentage of GFAP-positive HSCs correlated with fibrosis progression (P < 0.01). In conclusion, GFAP could represent a useful marker of early activation of HSCs in HCV-CH and seems to predict fibrosis progression in HCV-PTR.
Synthesis of Benzoxazoles from 2-Aminophenols and β-Diketones Using a Combined Catalyst of Brønsted Acid and Copper Iodide (2014)

Cyclization reactions of 2-aminophenols with β-diketones catalyzed by a combination of Brønsted acid and CuI are presented. Various 2-substituted benzoxazoles were obtained through these reactions. Different substituents such as methyl, chloro, bromo, nitro, and methoxy on 2-aminophenol are tolerated under the optimized reaction conditions.
Regioselective Aryl Radical Cyclization: Access to Pyrimidine-Annelated <i>Spiro</i> Heterocycles Through <i>5-exo</i> Ring Closure (2004)

Aryl radical cyclization of a range of 6-(2′-bromophen­oxymethyl)-1,3-dimethyluracils 4a-g was carried out with tributyltin chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in the presence of AIBN for four hours to give exclusively the ‘5-exo’ cyclization products, 1,3-dimethylspiro[pyrimidine-6,3′-2′,3′-tetrahydrobenzofuran]-2,4-diones 5a-g in 92-95% yield. The starting materials were in turn prepared in 90-92% yield by refluxing 6-chloro methyl-1,3-dimethyl uracil with various 2-bromophenols or 2-bromonaphthol in acetone in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate for eight hours.
Rapamycin Ameliorates Proteinuria-Associated Tubulointerstitial Inflammation and Fibrosis in Experimental Membranous Nephropathy (2005)

Proteinuria is a risk factor for progression of chronic renal failure. A model of proteinuria-associated tubulointerstitial injury was developed and was used to examine the therapeutic effect of rapamycin. Two studies were performed. In study A, proteinuric rats were given sheep anti-Fx1A to induce experimental membranous nephropathy; control rats received normal sheep serum. Four weeks later, groups were subdivided and underwent laparotomy alone (two kidneys), nephrectomy alone (one kidney), or nephrectomy with polectomy (0.6 kidney). Renal function and morphology were evaluated 4 wk later. Whereas control rats never developed proteinuria, anti-Fx1A induced severe proteinuria. Proteinuria was unaffected by renal mass reduction. Proteinuric rats developed tubulointerstitial disease that was most severe in rats with 0.6 kidneys. Renal function (GFR) was reduced by loss of renal mass and was reduced further in proteinuric rats with 0.6 kidneys. In study B, the effect of rapamycin on the expression of candidate proinflammatory and profibrotic genes and the progression of proteinuria-associated renal disease were examined. All rats received an injection of anti-Fx1A and were nephrectomized and then divided into groups to receive rapamycin or vehicle. Gene expression, renal morphology, and GFR were evaluated after 4, 8, and 12 wk. Rapamycin reduced expression of the proinflammatory and profibrotic genes (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, PDGF, TGF-beta(1), and type 1 collagen). Tubulointerstitial inflammation and progression of interstitial fibrosis that were present in vehicle-treated rats were ameliorated by rapamycin. Rapamycin also completely inhibited compensatory renal hypertrophy. In summary, rapamycin ameliorates the tubulointerstitial disease associated with chronic proteinuria and loss of renal mass.
Systemic Cytokine Responses in Patients with Influenza‐Associated Encephalopathy (2003)

Influenza-associated encephalopathy, a severe neurologic complication of influenza, is being reported more frequently in Japan. We investigated the transcription of cytokine genes in peripheral blood leukocytes and compared patients with influenza and with encephalopathy or febrile convulsions and patients with influenza but without neurologic complications. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that transcription of the interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes was up-regulated to a greater extent in patients with encephalopathy than in those without neurologic complications. Plasma IL-6 levels also were higher in patients with encephalopathy, although the difference was marginal. Viral RNA in throat swabs was quantified using a real-time quantitative PCR. The virus load was similar among patients with encephalopathy or febrile convulsions or without neurologic complications. Furthermore, virus load was not correlated with either the transcription of cytokine genes or plasma cytokine concentrations. These results suggest that influenza-associated encephalopathy might be a consequence of systemic immune responses.
Influence of thymic hormones on mitogen-induced interferon production in lymphocytes. II. Enhancement of Con-A-induced immune interferon production by a synthetic thymopoietin pentapeptide. (1984)

A synthetic thymic pentapeptide was used for prestimulation of mouse lymphocytes in vivo. This pentapeptide (DAc- Glu3 -TP5) affected the cAMP and cGMP levels positively and decreased the 3H-thymidine incorporation in lymphocyte cultures significantly. In combination with Con A DAc- Glu3 -TP5 influenced the production of interferon. After in vivo pretreatment of adult hybrid mice with DAc- Glu3 -TP5 the mitogen-induced interferon production was 3 to 7 times higher than in controls. The interferon produced was immune interferon (IFN gamma) as determined by pH 2-sensitivity and lack of neutralization by mouse IFN beta-antibodies.
Development of a Fabricable Gamma Prime (&#947;�) Strengthened Superalloy (2008)

A recently developed wrought '-strengthened superalloy, HAYNES 282 alloy, is introduced. The new alloy is a candidate for several high-temperature applications in both aero and land-based gas turbine engines. It is also being considered for aerospace structural components, as well as automotive and steam turbine applications. The metallurgical features of the new alloy are reported, and the relationship between these features and certain key properties of the alloy is discussed. It was found that carefully balancing the equilibrium amount of the ' phase was crucial for producing an alloy which could be readily formed and welded, and yet still maintain exceptional creep strength. Too high levels of the ' phase can lead to difficulties in fabrication, particularly the phenomenon of strain-age cracking. However, a certain amount of ' is necessary for adequate creep, tensile, and fatigue strength. The ' level in 282 alloy was optimized to achieve the best balance of strength and fabricability. Alloy properties such as creep, tensile, low-cycle fatigue, and thermal stability were presented for 282 alloy along with those of comparative alloys, R-41 alloy, Waspaloy alloy, and 263 alloy. The fact that 282 alloy was found to have equivalent or better mechanical properties compared to alloys with higher ' content can be attributed in large part to the alloy's outstanding thermal stability.
Solid source molecular-beam epitaxial growth of Ga0.5In0.5P using a valved, three-zone phosphorus source (1995)

Ga0.5In0.5P/GaAs heterojunction films were grown using a valved, three-zone phosphorus source and valved arsenic source. The design of the phosphorus source eliminates the flux bursts experienced upon valve opening with two-zone furnaces. Narrow x-ray linewidths with Pendellosung interference oscillations were observed in double crystal measurements. Chemically abrupt As/P and P/As interfaces were obtained using both valved sources. The optical band gap determined from photoluminescence was consistent with minimal ordering in the films. GaInP films were doped with silicon in the 1017 cm−3 range with good mobilities and negligible carrier freeze-out upon cooling. A GaInP(emitter)/GaAs(5×1019 cm−3 carbon doped base) heterojunction bipolar transistor exhibited a current gain of 30.
Discovery and Structure–Activity Relationship of a Bioactive Fragment of ELABELA that Modulates Vascular and Cardiac Functions (2016)

ELABELA (ELA) was recently discovered as a novel endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor (APJ), a G protein-coupled receptor. ELA signaling was demonstrated to be crucial for normal heart and vasculature development during embryogenesis. We delineate here ELA's structure-activity relationships and report the identification of analogue 3 (ELA(19-32)), a fragment of ELA that binds to APJ, activates the Gαi1 and β-arrestin-2 signaling pathways, and induces receptor internalization similarly to its parent endogenous peptide. An alanine scan performed on 3 revealed that the C-terminal residues are critical for binding to APJ and signaling. Finally, using isolated-perfused hearts and in vivo hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements, we demonstrate that ELA and 3 both reduce arterial pressure and exert positive inotropic effects on the heart. Altogether, these results present ELA and 3 as potential therapeutic options in managing cardiovascular diseases.
Leveraging Digital On-Board Processing to Increase Communications Satellite Flexibility and Effective Capacity (2010)

Communications satellite service providers, acutely aware of their need to remain competitive with terrestrial alternatives, have embraced payload technologies promising to lower their costs of service. Multi-Beam Antennas (MBAs), Digital Channelizers (DCs), Digital Channelizer Beamformers (DCBs) and even Fully Regenerative Processors (FRPs which demodulate, decode, packet switch, encode and modulate communications paths) have been adopted when the Size, Weight and Power (SWaP), financial and risk costs of doing so are outweighed by the increases in effective communications capacity and flexibility realized. The continuing advance of Moore’s Law in space together with advances in signal processing architectures have dramatically reduced the SWaP, monetary and risk costs of exploiting Digital On-Board Processing (OBP) to increase the effective capacity and flexibility of communications satellites. This paper reviews the advantages of these OBP approaches and examines the efficacy of Moore’s Law and advanced signal processing architectures in reducing the costs of adopting processed communications payload systems.
A Domino Approach of Heck Coupling for the Synthesis of β-Trifluoromethylstyrenes (2012)

A domino approach of Heck coupling was used to synthesize β-trifluoromethylstyrene derivatives from iodoarenes and 1-iodo-3,3,3-trifluoropropane in moderate to good yields. This method avoids the use of low-boiling, gaseous reagents such as 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and additives and phosphines in the catalytic system.
Treatment modalities for narcolepsy (1998)

Narcolepsy, a lifelong disorder, requires long-term management of symptoms. Interventions may be nonpharmacologic, such as lifestyle changes, and pharmacologic for relief of daytime sleepiness. Pharmacologic treatment of narcolepsy has depended on the use of CNS stimulants to increase wakefulness, vigilance, and performance. The medications considered effective in the treatment of narcolepsy include dextroamphetamine, pemoline, methylphenidate, methamphetamine, and modafinil; only methylphenidate hydrochloride and dextroamphetamine are approved for use in the United States. The currently available stimulants are associated with sympathomimetic side effects, limitations in efficacy, and negative effects on nighttime sleep. This has led to the development of alternative agents. Modafinil, a new wake-promoting agent, has been shown to be effective in reducing daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy. The results of a United States 18-center randomized, placebo-controlled, 9-week trial of modafinil in the treatment of patients with narcolepsy has recently been reported. Patients receiving modafinil demonstrated significant improvement in all subjective and objective measures of sleepiness. Treatment with modafinil 200 mg and 400 mg daily significantly reduced mean scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale compared with baseline and placebo (p < 0.001) and significantly increased mean scores on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (p < 0.001) and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (p < 0.001) compared with baseline and placebo. More improvement, as recorded on the Clinical Global Impression of Change scale, was seen in the modafinil group than in the placebo group at all time points (p < 0.001). Modafinil was well tolerated, with headache the only adverse event to occur significantly more often in the active treatment group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that modafinil is an important new therapeutic option for the treatment of narcolepsy.
Pulsed Field Ablation for Persistent Superior Vena Cava (2022)

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a known arrhythmogenesis site in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, the optimal PLSVC isolation approach has remained unclear because of the potential risk of complications. The current study reports 2 cases of successful electrical PLSVC isolation using pulsed field ablation. (<b>Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.</b>).
In-Line Oil Debris Monitor (ODM) for the Advanced Tactical Fighter Engine (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The development of an in-line, full flow oil debris sensor for the F119-PW-100 Advanced Tactical Fighter Engine is described. The sensor continuously counts and sizes wear metal particles, both ferrous and non-ferrous, in the main oil supply line of the engine. The design requirements, principle of operation, mechanical design features and electronic design features of the sensor are discussed. The performance characteristics of the sensor as measured during development testing are also presented.</div>
Degradation of Elastin in Experimental Elastase-Induced Emphysema Measured by a Radioimmunoassay for Desmosine (1983)

Experimental emphysema, produced by a single intratracheal injection of elastase in hamsters, progresses in severity over months. To investigate whether this progression is due to continuous elastolysis, we measured the urinary excretion of desmosine by radioimmunoassay (RIA) as a measure of elastin catabolism in vivo. Normal hamster excreted 1.6 microgram of desmosine, equivalent to a daily turnover of approximately 0.4 mg of elastin. During the first 24 hr after injection of 25 units of elastase, excretion of desmosine was increased threefold, rapidly returning to normal over several days. Desmosine excretion was normal after 6 days. Homogenates of lungs from elastase-injected hamsters were incubated in vitro, and the release of soluble desmosine was followed by RIA as a measure of the active elastase in the tissue. The method was sufficiently sensitive to detect 0.1 microgram of enzyme bound to elastin. Desmosine solubilized in vitro from lungs removed at intervals after elastase injection was 10-fold that of control at 1 hr and slightly elevated at 48 hr, but equaled control levels at 7 days. These results indicate that the late progression of elastase-induced emphysema is not accompanied by increased elastolysis.
Performance benchmarking of four cell‐free protein expression systems (2015)

Over the last half century, a range of cell-free protein expression systems based on pro- and eukaryotic organisms have been developed and have found a range of applications, from structural biology to directed protein evolution. While it is generally accepted that significant differences in performance among systems exist, there is a paucity of systematic experimental studies supporting this notion. Here, we took advantage of the species-independent translation initiation sequence to express and characterize 87 N-terminally GFP-tagged human cytosolic proteins of different sizes in E. coli, wheat germ (WGE), HeLa, and Leishmania-based (LTE) cell-free systems. Using a combination of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analysis, we assessed the expression yields, the fraction of full-length translation product, and aggregation propensity for each of these systems. Our results demonstrate that the E. coli system has the highest expression yields. However, we observe that high expression levels are accompanied by production of truncated species-particularly pronounced in the case of proteins larger than 70 kDa. Furthermore, proteins produced in the E. coli system display high aggregation propensity, with only 10% of tested proteins being produced in predominantly monodispersed form. The WGE system was the most productive among eukaryotic systems tested. Finally, HeLa and LTE show comparable protein yields that are considerably lower than the ones achieved in the E. coli and WGE systems. The protein products produced in the HeLa system display slightly higher integrity, whereas the LTE-produced proteins have the lowest aggregation propensity among the systems analyzed. The high quality of HeLa- and LTE-produced proteins enable their analysis without purification and make them suitable for analysis of multi-domain eukaryotic proteins.
The Role of Protein Kinase C-Alpha in Hematologic Malignancies (2006)

In recent years advances in histopathological and molecular understanding of hematologic malignancies have led to the development of drugs which selectively target proteins associated with hematologic tumorigenesis. One such targeted agent is the antisense oligonucleotide aprinocarsen, which specifically inhibits the signaling protein, protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha). Although PKC-alpha has been associated with tumorigenesis, its role and expression levels in patients with hematologic malignancies are not well understood. We here review studies investigating the expression and role of PKC-alpha in hematologic malignancies. Such a review may offer new insights on how to develop strategies in identifying patients that might best benefit from PKC-alpha inhibition.
IPv6 over Non-Broadcast Multiple Access (NBMA) networks (1999)

This document describes a general architecture for IPv6 over NBMA networks. It forms the basis for subsidiary companion documents that describe details for various specific NBMA technologies (such as ATM or Frame Relay). The IPv6 over NBMA architecture allows conventional host-side operation of the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol, while also supporting the establishment of 'shortcut' NBMA forwarding paths when dynamically signaled NBMA links are available. Operations over administratively configured Point to Point NBMA links are also described.
Registering Preprocedure Volumetric Images With Intraprocedure 3-D Ultrasound Using an Ultrasound Imaging Model (2010)

For many image-guided interventions there exists a need to compute the registration between preprocedure image(s) and the physical space of the intervention. Real-time intraprocedure imaging such as ultrasound (US) can be used to image the region of interest directly and provide valuable anatomical information for computing this registration. Unfortunately, real-time US images often have poor signal-to-noise ratio and suffer from imaging artefacts. Therefore, registration using US images can be challenging and significant preprocessing is often required to make the registrations robust. In this paper we present a novel technique for computing the image-to-physical registration for minimally invasive cardiac interventions using 3-D US. Our technique uses knowledge of the physics of the US imaging process to reduce the amount of preprocessing required on the 3-D US images. To account for the fact that clinical US images normally undergo significant image processing before being exported from the US machine our optimization scheme allows the parameters of the US imaging model to vary. We validated our technique by computing rigid registrations for 12 cardiac US/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets acquired from six volunteers and two patients. The technique had mean registration errors of 2.1-4.4 mm, and 75% capture ranges of 5-30 mm. We also demonstrate how the same approach can be used for respiratory motion correction: on 15 datasets acquired from five volunteers the registration errors due to respiratory motion were reduced by 45%-92%.
OEIC Packaging with Self-aligned Fiber to Waveguide Array Coupling by Si V-groove Flip-Chip Technique (1994)

The packaging of OEIC chips is a major contributor to the costs of optoelectronic modules for optical telecommunication systems. This is mainly due to the submicron precision requirements needed for the optical connections between waveguide components and single mode fibers (SMF). Self-alignment technologies, especially important for fiber array connections, allow to reduce critical positioning and fastening steps. The good thermal and mechanical properties of silicon combined with the possibility to fabricate precise V-grooves for fiber to waveguide alignments together with electrical connection techniques make them appropriate as mounting boards for OEIC’s. V-grooves are commonly used to align fibers in arrays and different techniques have been proposed to align the upside down mounted waveguide devices to the fibers. The surface tension and wetting properties of liquid solder can be used to “pull” the chips into the desired position /1/, /2/, or mechanical alignment is achieved using etched pedestals and microstops on the silicon combined with alignment trenches on the waveguide chip /3/, /4/. We developed a flipchip packaging technique for OEIC’s on Si motherboards, which combines self-aligned optical array coupling with flexible beam-lead electronic interconnections, in which the V-grooves are not only used to align the fibers in an array, but also for the alignment of the waveguide device relative to the fibers /5/, /6/.