gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Balancing the electrical double layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance of hetero-atom doped carbon (2017)

Heteroatom-doped carbonaceous materials derived from polymers are emerging as a new class of promising supercapacitor electrodes. These electrodes have both electrical double layer capacitance (from carbon matrices) and pseudo-capacitance (from hetero-atoms). Balancing the electrical double layer capacitance and pseudo-capacitance is a key to achieve large capacitance at ultrafast current densities. Here we investigate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on capacitive performance of hetero-atom (oxygen and nitrogen) doped carbons derived from polypyrrole nanowire arrays. Structural and electrochemical characterization reveal that the concentration of hetero-atoms as well as the ratio of electrical double layer capacitance and pseudo-capacitance can be tuned by varying the pyrolysis temperature. In fact the hetero-atom doped carbon sample obtained at a relatively lower pyrolysis temperature (500 °C) exhibits the optimal capacitive performance. It yields an outstanding areal capacitance of 324 mF cm<sup>-2</sup> at 1 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> (141 F g<sup>-1</sup>@0.43 A g<sup>-1</sup>), and more importantly, retains an areal capacitance of 184.7 mF cm<sup>-2</sup> (80.3 F g<sup>-1</sup>@43.5 A g<sup>-1</sup>) at an ultrahigh current density of 100 mA cm<sup>-2</sup>. An asymmetric supercapacitor consisting of hetero-atom doped carbon as an anode delivers a maximum volumetric energy density of 1.7 mW h cm<sup>-3</sup> at a volumetric power density of 0.014 W cm<sup>-3</sup>, which is among the best values reported for asymmetric supercapacitors.
Saliency-based Adaptive Scaling for Image Retargeting (2011)

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for image retargeting based on adaptive scaling methods. Our algorithm starts by adaptively partitioning the input image into number of strips according to the combined saliency map, which contains both gradient information and visual saliency to measure significant regions and is also used to guide the sampling process when scaling image strips. Experimental results show that our method can achieve better results than other content-aware image retargeting operators.
Bifunctional Perfluoroaryl Boranes:  Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry with Neutral Lewis Base Donors (2005)

A practical synthetic route for the preparation of the known bifunctional perfluoroaryldiborane C6F4-1,2-[B(C6F5)2]2, 1, and the new diborane C6F4-1,2-[B(C12F8)]2, 2, that circumvents the use of toxic mercury reagents has been developed. Key intermediates and 2 have been fully characterized in solution and the solid state. Solution and structural investigations of their MeCN and THF adducts have shown that 2 is a superior Lewis acid to 1, primarily owing to the reduction in steric pressure afforded by the planar 9-borafluorene rings in 2 versus the freely rotating set of pentafluorophenyl rings in 1. The two compounds bind Lewis bases via differing coordination modes, as demonstrated by the solid-state structures of the Lewis base adducts 1·MeCN, 2·THF, and 2·MeCN. Solution studies suggest that bis Lewis base adducts are also accessible; the structures of two examples (1·(MeCN)2 and 2·(THF)2) have been determined, and their role in the dynamic solution behavior of these systems is discussed.
Robust multi-sensor fusion for micro aerial vehicle navigation in GPS-degraded/denied environments (2014)

State estimation for Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) is challenging because sensing instrumentation carried on-board is severely limited by weight and power constraints. In addition, their use close to and inside structures and vegetation means that GPS signals can be degraded or all together absent. Here we present a navigation system suited for use on MAVs that seamlessly fuses any combination of GPS, visual odometry, inertial measurements, and/or barometric pressure. We focus on robustness against real-world conditions and evaluate performance in challenging field experiments. Results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective at providing a consistent state estimate even during multiple sensor failures and can be used for mapping, planning, and control.
<title>Seven models of masking</title> (1997)

Seven types of masking are discussed: multi-component contrast gain control, one-component transducer saturation, two- component phase inhibition, multiplicative noise, high spatial frequency phase locked interference, stimulus uncertainty, and noise intrusion. In the present vision research community, multi-component contrast gain is gaining in popularity while the one- and two-component masking models are losing adherents. In this paper we take the presently unpopular stance and argue against multi-component gain control models. We have a two-pronged approach. First, we discuss examples where high contrast maskers that overlap the test stimulus in both position and spatial frequency nevertheless produce little masking. Second, we show that alternatives to gain control are still viable, as long as uncertainty and noise intrusion effects are included. Finally, a classification is offered for different types of uncertainty effects that can produce large masking behavior.
A β <sub>2</sub> Adrenergic Receptor Signaling Complex Assembled with the Ca <sup>2+</sup> Channel Ca <sub>v</sub> 1.2 (2001)

The existence of a large number of receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) raises the question of how a particular receptor selectively regulates specific targets. We provide insight into this question by identifying a prototypical macromolecular signaling complex. The beta(2) adrenergic receptor was found to be directly associated with one of its ultimate effectors, the class C L-type calcium channel Ca(v)1.2. This complex also contained a G protein, an adenylyl cyclase, cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase, and the counterbalancing phosphatase PP2A. Our electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal neurons demonstrate highly localized signal transduction from the receptor to the channel. The assembly of this signaling complex provides a mechanism that ensures specific and rapid signaling by a G protein-coupled receptor.
Transesterification of Castor Oil: Effect of Catalyst and Co-Solvent (2008)

Biodiesel is emerging as an alternative fuel with several advantages over the common petroleum based fuels. In its production, however, variables such as raw material, catalyst, and co-solvent are an issue worth exploring because of the impact they have on final biodiesel properties. Therefore, this work aims to establish the effect of the aforesaid variables on methyl ester content, viscosity, acidity, and water content of biodiesel produced from castor oil. In this context, the methanolysis of castor oil has been conducted at 60 °C in a batch reactor, and the effect of three alkaline catalysts (CH3ONa, NaOH, and KOH) and a co-solvent (hexane) has been established. It is concluded that sodium methoxide leads to considerably higher methyl ester content than the other essayed catalysts. Besides, when utilizing a co-solvent the methyl ester content increases up to a very close value (95.5%) to that established by the EN14214 norm (>96.5%). This has been ascribed to a significant improvement on oil−methanol contact.
Effects of organic solvents on protein structures: Observation of a structured helical core in hen egg-white lysozyme in aqueous dimethylsulfoxide (1997)

A partly folded state of hen egg-white lysozyme has been characterized in 50% DMSO. Low concentrations of DMSO (< 10%) have little effect on the overall folded conformation of lysozyme as seen from 1H NMR chemical shift dispersion. At increasing DMSO concentrations (> 10%) a cooperative transition of the structure to a new, partially folded state is observed. This transition is essentially complete by approximately 50% DMSO. NMR studies show an overall decrease in chemical shift dispersion with marked broadening of many resonances. A substantial number of backbone and side chain-side chain NOEs suggests the presence of secondary and tertiary interactions in the intermediate state. Tertiary organization of the aromatic residues is also demonstrated by enhanced near-UV circular dichroism and limited exposure of tryptophans as monitored by iodide quenching of fluorescence. The intermediate state exhibits enhanced binding to hydrophobic dyes. Further, the structural transition from this state to a largely unfolded conformation is cooperative. H/D exchange rates of several amide protons and four indole protons of tryptophans (W28, W108, W111, and W123), measured by refolding from 50% DMSO at different time intervals reveal that protection factors are high for the helical domain, whereas NH groups in the triple stranded antiparallel beta-sheet domain are largely solvent-exposed. An ordered hydrophobic core in the intermediate state comprising of helix A, helix B, and helix D is consistent with the high protection factors observed. The structured intermediate in 50% DMSO resembles the early kinetic intermediate observed in the refolding of hen egg white lysozyme, as well as a molten globule state of equine lysozyme at low pH. The results demonstrate the potential use of non-aqueous structure perturbing solvents like DMSO to stabilize partially folded conformations of proteins.
The form of X-ray photoelectron tracks in a capillary gas proportional counter (1999)

We have successfully detected images of tracks of photoelectrons from the 22 keV and 30 keV X-rays of /sup 109/Cd and /sup 241/Am, utilizing an optical imaging gas detector with a CCD camera. Most of the 30 keV photoelectrons have track lengths greater than 1 mm in xenon gas. The images of the tracks contain clusters of pixels, and the brightest of these clusters, for each track, were investigated in detail. It was found that the average shape of these clusters was oval-like and that the geometrical center differs from the point of maximum energy loss. These data have important implications for X-ray polarimetry.
On-Chip Group-IV Heisenberg-Limited Sagnac Interferometric Gyroscope at Room Temperature (2020)

A room-temperature strip-guided "manufacturable" Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)/GeSn integrated-photonics quantum-gyroscope chip operating at 1550 nm is proposed and analysed. We demonstrate how the entangled photons generated in Si Spontaneous Four Wave Mixing (SFWM) can be used to improve the resolution of a Sagnac interferometric gyroscope. We propose different integrated architectures based on degenerate and non-degenerate SFWM. The chip comprises several beam splitters, two SFWM entangled photon sources, a pump filter, integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometric gyro, and an array of waveguide coupled GeSn/Ge/Si single-photon avalanche detectors. The laser pumped SWFM sources generate the signal-idler pairs, which, in turn, are used to measure the two-photon, four-photon, and higher order coincidences, resulting in an increasing of the gyro resolution by a factor of two and four, with respect to the classical approach.
Establishment of an Adult Mouse Model for Direct Evaluation of the Efficacy of Vaccines against <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (2009)

We describe here a new animal model that offers the prospect of using conventional adult mice for direct evaluation of the protective potential of new cholera vaccines. Pretreatment of adult mice with oral streptomycin allowed intestinal colonization by streptomycin-resistant Vibrio cholerae strains of either the O1 or the O139 serogroup. Bacteria were recovered in greatest numbers from the cecum and large intestine, but recoveries from all regions of the gut correlated significantly with bacterial excretion in fresh fecal pellets, which thus provides a convenient indicator of the extent and duration of gut colonization. Mice immunized mucosally or systemically with viable or inactivated V. cholerae were shown to be comparatively refractory to colonization after challenge with the immunizing strain. Several variables were examined to optimize the model, the most significant being the size of the challenge inoculum; surprisingly, a smaller challenge dose resulted in more consistent and sustained colonization. Studies with mutant strains unable to produce cholera toxin or toxin-coregulated pili revealed that neither factor contributed significantly to colonization potential. Protection against V. cholerae challenge was shown to be serogroup restricted, and significant inverse correlations were detected between serum and intestinal anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody responses and the levels of excretion of challenge organisms.
Mechanisms of immune suppression in patients with head and neck cancer: Influence on the immune infiltrate of the cancer (1996)

Freshly excised human head and neck cancers (219 primary cancers; 64 metastatic lymph node cancers) were analyzed for the immune inhibitory mediators released from the cancer tissues and the immune infiltrate within the tumor. Significant levels of the immune inhibitory mediators transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were released from these cancers. Also released was granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), whose secretion was associated with an intratumoral presence of CD34+ cells. We have previously shown that CD34+ cells within human head and neck cancers are immune inhibitory granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. The presence of TGF-beta, PGE2 and IL-10 was associated with a reduced content of CD8+ T-cells within the cancers. The CD4+ cell content appeared to be less affected by these immune inhibitory mediators. Instead, parameters indicative of CD4+ cell function (p55 IL-2 receptor expression, release of IL-2 and IFN-gamma) were diminished in cancers that released higher levels of TGF-beta, IL-10 and GM-CSF and had a higher CD34+ cell content. Furthermore, metastatic cancers released higher levels of the soluble immune inhibitory mediators and lower levels of IFN-gamma and IL-2 than did primary cancers, although CD34+ cells were similarly present in both primary and metastatic cancers. Our results show that human head and neck cancers have a multiplicity of non-mutually exclusive mechanisms of immune suppression that are most prominently associated with reduced CD8+ cell influx and reduced influx and altered function of intratumoral CD4+ cells.
Soluble Self‐Doped Conducting Polymer Compositions with Tunable Work Function as Hole Injection/Extraction Layers in Organic Optoelectronics (2011)

Wasserlösliche Polymerkomposite mit einem perfluorierten Ionomer (PFI) als Lochinjektions- (HIL) und Lochextraktionsschicht (HEL) für organische LEDs und organische Solarzellen wurden entwickelt. Die Arbeitsfunktion der Schichten kann über den Abscheidungsprozess abgestimmt werden, um Effizenz und Lebensdauer zu optimieren. Der Einfluss der Arbeitsfunktion auf die Ladungsinjektion und -extraktion wurde untersucht. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A modular transcriptome map of mature B cell lymphomas (2019)

The transcriptome map provides a tool that aggregates, refines and visualizes the data collected in the MMML study and interprets them in the light of previous knowledge to provide orientation and support in current and future studies on lymphomas and on other cancer entities.
BidTerm Suggestion for Advertising Webpages (2012)

Text Advertising is an important field that can affect online advertising. Bid term Suggestion gains a great interest by advertisers. Advertisers should choose carefully the bid terms and the relevant phrases that represent their products or services, otherwise online users would not click on the ad that transfer them to the purchase page of the product or the service being promoted. The paper proposes a method that suggests the keywords of a web page based on the frequent terms in a web page while including the lexical relationship (synonyms) of these words. An experiment is executed to validate the method while the method's result is comparable with Google ad word tool. The proposed method had shown better results than working only with the frequency of the terms.
Local Descriptors Optimized for Average Precision (2018)

Extraction of local feature descriptors is a vital stage in the solution pipelines for numerous computer vision tasks. Learning-based approaches improve performance in certain tasks, but still cannot replace handcrafted features in general. In this paper, we improve the learning of local feature descriptors by optimizing the performance of descriptor matching, which is a common stage that follows descriptor extraction in local feature based pipelines, and can be formulated as nearest neighbor retrieval. Specifically, we directly optimize a ranking-based retrieval performance metric, Average Precision, using deep neural networks. This general-purpose solution can also be viewed as a listwise learning to rank approach, which is advantageous compared to recent local ranking approaches. On standard benchmarks, descriptors learned with our formulation achieve state-of-the-art results in patch verification, patch retrieval, and image matching.
Biological significance of the hst-1 gene. (1989)

hst-1, or HSTF1 in human gene nomenclature, was originally identified as a transforming gene in DNA samples from human stomach cancer by NIH3T3 transfection assay. Many reports have followed to show the presence of a transforming hst-1 gene in various types of cancerous and noncancerous tissues, suggesting that the hst-1 gene is the most common non-ras transforming gene. We cloned the hst-1 genomic fragments from DNAs of a normal individual and a patient with leukemia and also from NIH3T3 cells themselves. All of these clones transformed NIH3T3 cells upon transfection. Sequence analysis of the cDNA and genomic hst-1 led us to conclude that the normal hst-1 protein transforms NIH3T3 cells when its expression is deregulated. The hst-1 protein has 40-50% homology to basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and to the int-2 protein. The purified hst-1 protein synthesized in a baculovirus system was a potent heparin-binding growth factor for a variety of cells, including human endothelial cells. The hst-1 protein, when it was added to the culture medium, induced morphological transformation of NIH3T3 cells and anchorage-independent growth of NRK cells. The hst-1 gene is located 35 kbp downstream of one of its homologous genes, int-2, on human chromosome 11 at band q13.3. As in the case with the int-2 gene, the hst-1 transcripts were not detected in adult mice but found in mouse embryos. A relatively large amount of the hst-1 message was present in a mouse teratocarcinoma cell line, F9, while the int-2 mRNA was barely detected. Upon induction of differentiation in vitro, the hst-1 transcription was depressed to almost nil, and the int-2 message increased dramatically. The hst-1 and int-2 genes were coamplified in a variety of cancer cells, most notably in more than 50% of esophageal cancers.
Effects of silver based filler metals on microstructure and properties of laser brazed joints between TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel (2007)

The effects of silver based filler metals on the microstructure and properties of laser brazed joints between TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) and stainless steel (SS) have been investigated and potentially desirable filler metal has been demonstrated. All of the filler metals, Ag–20Cu–12Zn, Ag–20Cu–16Zn–5Sn and Ag–22Cu–18Zn–8Sn filler metals, have good wettability on SS but Ag–20Cu–12Zn and Ag–20Cu–16Zn–5Sn filler metals exhibit worse wettability on TiNi SMA. The laser brazed joints using three different filler metals primarily consists of a α-Ag solid solution, a 9 αα-Cu solid solution and eutectic structures but the phase composition of the joint using Ag–20Cu–12Zn filler metal is a little different from that using other two filler metals. Part of the two base metals melts and enters the brazing seams during laser brazing when the joints were brazed with Ag–20Cu–12Zn and Ag–20Cu–16Zn–5Sn filler metals but only part of SS melts when the joint was brazed with Ag–22Cu–18Zn–8Sn filler metal. The tensile strength of the laser brazed joint using Ag–22Cu–18Zn–8Sn filler metal, superelasticity and shape memory effect of TiNi SMA in the heat affected zone are obviously higher than those using other two filler metals. From the standpoint of wettability on TiNi SMA and SS, as well as the microstructure and properties of the laser brazed joint, Ag–22Cu–18Zn–8Sn filler metal shows potential for application in comparison with the other two filler metals.
Colour display of video information in scanning electron microscopy: Principles and applications to physics, geology, soil science, biology, and medicine (1988)

Abstract From a colourimetric point of view, colour has two independent aspects: brightness and chromaticity. In black and white images, all elements are of the same chromaticity and can be distinguished only by brightness contrast. In the colour image, elements of the same brightness can be discriminated by chromaticity (colour) contrast. Generally, colour image elements can be discriminated both by brightness and by chromaticity. As the human eye can distinguish a number of hues two orders of magnitude larger than the number of grey levels, it is safe to say that the colour image is much more informative than the black and white image. There are some peculiarities of the colour image and methods of its formation in SEM. Two principles of image formation are used. The first consists of the formation of a real colour image in the cathodoluminescence mode. In this case the colour of an image element is determined by the spectrum of the luminescence emission excited in the corresponding point of an object by the electron beam. The second principle is that of colour coding (quasicolour, pseudocolour), when a video signal in colour (either digital or analog) corresponds to a video signal (amplitude, frequency, phase, etc.) produced by any mode in the scanning electron microscope. We present a review of the methods of colour display of video information in scanning electron microscopy and their applications to physics, geology, soil science, biology, and medicine.
Implementation of Dynamic Threshold Method for Human Motion Detection in Video surveillance application (2014)

Detection of moving objects in video streams is the first relevant step of information extraction in many computer vision applications. Aside from the intrinsic usefulness of being able to segment video streams into moving and background components, detecting moving objects provides a focus of attention for recognition, classification, and activity analysis, making these later steps more efficient. This paper implemented a method to detect moving object based on background subtraction. First of all, we establish a reliable background updating model based on statistical and use a dynamic optimization threshold method to obtain a more complete moving object. The moving human bodies are accurately and reliably detected. The experiment results show that the proposed method runs quickly, accurately and fits for the real-time detection.