gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Color-to-grayscale conversion to maintain discriminability (2003)

Monochrome devices that receive color imagery must perform a conversion from color to grayscale. The most common approach is to calculate the luminance signal from the three color signals. The problem with this approach is that the distinction between two colors of similar luminance (but different hue) is lost. This can be a significant problem when rendering colors within graphical objects such as pie charts and bar charts, which are often chosen for maximum discriminability. This paper proposes a method of converting color business graphics to grayscale in a manner that preserves discriminability. Colors are first sorted according to their original lightness values. They are then spaced equally in gray, or spaced according to their 3-D color difference from colors adjacent to them along the lightness dimension. This is most useful when maximum differentiability is desired in images containing a small number of colors, such as pie charts and bar graphs. Subjective experiments indicate that the proposed algorithms outperform standard color-to-grayscale conversions.
<title>Photopolymer for recording transmission and reflection volume phase holograms</title> (2002)

Recently, a number of photopolymers for recording volume phase hologram have been proposed. We have developed the novel photopolymerizable materials for recording the transmission and reflection volume holograms. These hologram recording materials are composed of lower-refractive index binding polymers, higher-refractive index monomers, plasticizers, photoinitiators, and photosensitive dyes. In this paper, the experimental result for the holograms using these materials would be presented. These materials can record both transmission and reflection volume holograms with high sensitivity, high diffraction efficiency, high resolution, and high heat resistance. These holograms were self-developing and white light was sufficient for fixing. After recording holograms, no treating to fix such as heat processing or postexposure of UV were needed. The optical and thermal properties of obtained hologram are written as follow. The diffraction efficiencies were over 90 percent. Transmittance was about 90 percent. Sensitivities were less than 10 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP> from UV light to Ar ion laser. And these holograms have the heat resistance over 100 degrees C. The mechanisms of refractive index modulation in photopolymerization of the materials are also discussed.
Beta-Hemolytic Bacteria Selectively Trigger Liposome Lysis, Enabling Rapid and Accurate Pathogen Detection (2017)

For more than a century, blood agar plates have been the only test for beta-hemolysis. Although blood agar cultures are highly predictive for bacterial pathogens, they are too slow to yield actionable information. Here, we show that beta-hemolytic pathogens are able to lyse and release fluorophores encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes whereas alpha and gamma-hemolytic bacteria have no effect. By analyzing fluorescence kinetics, beta-hemolytic colonies cultured on agar could be distinguished in real time with 100% accuracy within 6 h. Additionally, end point analysis based on fluorescence intensity and machine-extracted textural features could discriminate between beta-hemolytic and cocultured control colonies with 99% accuracy. In broth cultures, beta-hemolytic bacteria were detectable in under an hour while control bacteria remained negative even the next day. This strategy, called beta-hemolysis triggered-release assay (BETA) has the potential to enable the same-day detection of beta-hemolysis with single-cell sensitivity and high accuracy.
Propulsion Utilizing Detonation Waves Induced by a Confined Wedge (2005)

A multi-mode propulsion system concept for space access or hypersonic cruise was recently proposed. The system includes four detonation-based propulsion modes, namely, an ejector-augmented pulse detonation rocket (PDR), a pulsed normal detonation wave engine (NDWE), an oblique detonation wave engine (ODWE) and a pure pulsed detonation rocket (PDR). Various detonation/shock phenomena can occur in the operation of these modes and in transitioning from one mode to another. Some of these modes have been explored analytically and numerically, such as the ejectoraugmented PDR mode and the pulsed NDWE mode. This paper focuses attention on the auto-ignition detonation phenomenon that can be initiated by a wedged channel as may occur in the NDWE mode. The detonation processes were numerically modeled with a simplified two-dimensional wedged channel flow that was deemed to emulate a real three-dimensional configuration. The results showed that within certain ranges of incoming flow Mach number or wedge angle, detonation could be self ignited in the designed channel. The study furthermore investigated the detonation waves based on three different detonation initiation positions. Different configurations of the detonation waves were observed and analyzed. The performance of the different detonation wave configurations was estimated and compared.
Techniques for reducing out‐of‐band radiation in OFDM based transmission systems (2010)

Abstract Orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) suffers from high out‐of‐band radiation that prohibits the efficient use of the available spectrum particularly in OFDM based overlay systems. Recently, three different techniques for sidelobe suppression have been proposed and are recapitulated in this paper. One approach referred to as subcarrier weighting is based on weighting the individual subcarriers such that their sidelobes cancel each other. Alternatively, cancellation carriers are inserted at the edges of the spectrum in order to cancel the sidelobes of the transmit (Tx) signal. Thirdly, with the multiple choice sequences method, the symbol vector is transformed into multiple equivalent Tx sequences and the one with the lowest sidelobe power is transmitted. Sidelobes are reduced significantly at the expense of a slightly increased bit error rate or a reduced throughput. In order to further improve performance, in the paper, the combination with Tx windowing and reasonable combinations of the three methods are proposed and investigated. Simulation results show that the suppression achieved with the joint application of two techniques considerably exceeds the suppression achieved with the methods applied separately. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: New Strategies for Organic Catalysis: The First Enantioselective Organocatalytic 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Deep Learning System for Automated Angle-Closure Detection in Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Images (2019)

The results demonstrate the potential of the deep learning system for angle-closure detection in AS-OCT images.
Process compensated micromechanical resonators (2007)

Manufacturability and yield are the major challenges prior to adoption of micromechanical resonators as frequency references. In this paper, a design for manufacturability (DFM) technique to achieve absolute frequency accuracy is presented. Non-idealities of a deep reactive ion etching process are examined and determined to be random. The variations in resonator geometry are assumed to be locally systematic and are represented as a process bias. The effect of process bias on resonator center frequency is modeled and the procedure for optimizing for zero sensitivity is explained. Process bias on a 10 MHz optimized design was replicated with electron-beam lithography and supporting data demonstrating DFM is reported.
A new indexing method for video retrieval using the rosette pattern (2000)

We propose a new method to index an image for the fast content-based image browsing and retrieval in a database using the rosette pattern. By applying the rosette pattern that has more sample lines in the vicinity of center than those in the outer parts, we can get global gray distribution features as well as local positional information. These features are transformed into a histogram and used as database indices. Our method is better than the conventional ones in terms of the reduction of the number of pixels required to index an image and also provides a good retrieval performance.
Self-Restorable WDM-PON With a Color-Free Optical Source (2009)

We propose and demonstrate a self-restorable wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) with a color-free optical source. When the distribution and feeder fiber links are broken, we can successfully recover the network by using optical switches and/or Ethernet switches. If the fault monitors detect the failures, optical switches change the transmission path and the failures are recovered within 10 ms. If we use only Ethernet switches, we can also protect the transmission path failure with the help of the link aggregation control protocol.
Graph-based transfer learning (2009)

Transfer learning is the task of leveraging the information from labeled examples in some domains to predict the labels for examples in another domain. It finds abundant practical applications, such as sentiment prediction, image classification and network intrusion detection. In this paper, we propose a graph-based transfer learning framework. It propagates the label information from the source domain to the target domain via the example-feature-example tripartite graph, and puts more emphasis on the labeled examples from the target domain via the example-example bi-partite graph. Our framework is semi-supervised and non-parametric in nature and thus more flexible. We also develop an iterative algorithm so that our framework is scalable to large-scale applications. It enjoys the theoretical property of convergence. Compared with existing transfer learning methods, the proposed framework propagates the label information to both the features irrelevant to the source domain and the unlabeled examples in the target omain via the common features in a principled way. Experimental results on 3 real data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.
High temperature spectroscopy of fluorescent materials for thermometry (1992)

Materials that fluoresce efficiently and quench at high temperatures are useful for high temperature thermometry and other sensor usage. As temperature is increased above the quenching threshold, the fluorescence intensity and lifetime decrease as a simple well-behaved function of temperature. This paper discusses the spectroscopy of several rare earth-doped materials, in phosphor of crystal-line form, which belong to this class of materials. In applications, a layer of phosphor or microcrystals is applied to the surface whose temperature is to be diagnosed. The light source and detector are located remotely. Applications may involve environments with high luminous backgrounds such as in combustion engines or materials processing ovens. The surface may be rotating at high speeds. Temperature is usually determined from a measurement of the lifetime (τ) of the fluorescence but can also be ascertained from the ratio of two emission lines. Figure 1 shows portions of calibration curves (τ vs temperature) for several representative materials. It is possible to cover a wide range of temperatures by selection of the appropriate material.
Lignocellulosics as a Renewable Feedstock for Chemical Industry: Chemical Hydrolysis and Pretreatment Processes (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Lignocellulosic Biomass Structure Biomass Hydrolysis Processes Biomass Pretreatment Processes Conclusions
Symmetrical Bis(heteroarylmethoxyphenyl)alkylcarboxylic Acids as Inhibitors of Leukotriene Biosynthesis (2000)

Symmetrical bis(quinolylmethoxyphenyl)alkylcarboxylic acids were investigated as inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis and 4, 4-bis(4-(2-quinolylmethoxy)phenyl)pentanoic acid sodium salt (47.Na) met our design parameters for a drug candidate (ABT-080). This compound was readily synthesized in three steps from commercially available diphenolic acid. Against intact human neutrophils, 47.Na inhibited ionophore-stimulated LTB(4) formation with an IC(50) = 20 nM. In zymosan-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages producing both LTC(4) and PGE(2), 47.Na showed 9000-fold selectivity for inhibition of LTC(4) (IC(50) = 0.16 nM) over PGE(2) (IC(50) = 1500 nM). Preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluation in rat and cynomolgus monkey demonstrated good oral bioavailability and elimination half-lives of 9 and 5 h, respectively. Pharmacological evaluation of leukotriene inhibition with oral dosing was demonstrated in a rat pleural inflammation model (ED(50) = 3 mg/kg) and a rat peritoneal passive anaphylaxis model (LTB(4), ED(50) = 2.5 mg/kg; LTE(4), ED(50) = 1.0 mg/kg). In a model of airway constriction induced by antigen challenge in actively sensitized guinea pigs, 47.Na dosed orally blocked bronchoconstriction with an ED(50) = 0.4 mg/kg, the most potent activity we have observed for any leukotriene inhibitor in this model. The mode of inhibitory action of 47.Na occurs at the stage of 5-lipoxygenase biosynthesis as it blocks both leukotriene pathways leading to LTB(4) and LTC(4) but not PGH(2) biosynthesis. However, 47.Na does not inhibit 5-lipoxygenase catalysis in a broken cell enzyme assay; therefore it is likely that 47.Na acts as a FLAP inhibitor.
A new variant of cytolethal distending toxin in a clinical isolate of Campylobacter hyointestinalis (2015)

Increasing numbers of Campylobacter hyointestinalis have been isolated from humans and animals with gastroenteritis, although the virulence mechanism of this species remains largely unknown. Here, we show that C. hyointestinalis isolated from a patient with diarrhoea in Thailand produced a novel variant of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). Sequencing of a 13 965 bp genomic region of C. hyointestinalis carrying the genes coding for Ch-CDT revealed three ORFs of 798, 804 and 537 bp, which code for the Ch-CdtA, Ch-CdtB and Ch-CdtC subunits, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ch-CdtA showed ∼38.9 % homology with the CdtA of Campylobacter coli, but sequences of Ch-CdtB and Ch-CdtC were homologous to CdtB (65.7 %) and CdtC (33.1 %) of Campylobacter upsaliensis, respectively. Filter-sterilized sonic lysate of C. hyointestinalis demonstrated distension and death of HeLa cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G(2)/M phase and phosphorylation of host histone H2AX, a sensitive marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Rabbit antiserum raised against recombinant Ch-CdtB was not reactive against the recombinant CdtB protein of Campylobacter jejuni. A reconstituted Ch-CDT holotoxin prepared using each of the recombinant subunit proteins demonstrated distension and death of HeLa cells, suggesting that the C. hyointestinalis isolate indeed produced functionally active Ch-CDT. Furthermore, the immunological distinctiveness of the Ch-CDT produced by C. hyointestinalis and the increasing prevalence of the species in patients and animals with gastroenteritis suggest that this species may be an important emerging zoonotic pathogen.
Compliant Hexagonal Meso-Structures Having Both High Shear Strength and High Shear Strain (2010)

Motivated by the authors’ previous study on flexible honeycomb design with negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) often called ‘auxetic’ [1], more geometric options of hexagonal honeycomb meso-structures are explored with various ratios of the vertical cell length, h to the inclined length, l. While designing an effective shear modulus, e.g., G12* of 10MPa, of hexagonal honeycombs, we are searching honeycomb geometries. Using an aluminum alloy (7075-T6) as the constituent material, the in-plane linear elastic honeycomb model is employed to get effective shear moduli, effective shear yield strengths and effective shear yield strains of hexagonal honeycombs. The numerical parametric study based on the linear cellular theory is combined with honeycomb design to get the optimal cell geometry associated with a manufacturing limitation. The re-entrant geometry makes 7075-T6 NPR honeycombs flexible, resulting in an effective shear yield strength, (τpl*)12 of 1.7MPa and an effective shear yield strain, (γpl*)12 of 0.17 when they are designed to have a G12* of 10MPa.
Indene-Based Scaffolds. 2. An Indole−Indene Switch: Discovery of Novel Indenylsulfonamides as 5-HT<sub>6</sub>Serotonin Receptor Agonists (2009)

Scaffold selection involving an indole-to-indene core change led to the discovery of a series of indenylsulfonamides that act as 5-HT6 serotonin receptor agonists. The variety of the targeted ligands and their synthetic complexity required multistep synthetic approaches. The novel indenylsulfonamides exhibited variable binding affinities for the 5-HT6 receptor, and the in vitro primary binding profiles of the preferred compounds revealed them to be 5-HT6 receptor agonists with Ki values > or =4.5 nM. The structural changes responsible for enhancing the affinities indicated a directing effect modulated by the nature of the indene core, the substitution at the aminoethyl side chain, and especially by the aryl(heteroaryl)sulfonyl group on the indene 5-position. A representative of the family, the N-(inden-5-yl)imidazothiazole-5-sulfonamide (43), exhibited a high affinity and functioned as a potent full agonist for the 5-HT6 receptor (Ki = 4.5 nM, EC50 = 0.9 nM, Emax = 98%).
Cardiac tissue ablation with catheter-based microwave heating (2004)

The common condition of atrial fibrillation is often treated by cutting diseased cardiac tissue to disrupt abnormal electrical conduction pathways. Heating abnormal tissue with electromagnetic power provides a minimally invasive surgical alternative to treat these cardiac arrhythmias. Radio frequency ablation has become the method of choice of many physicians. Recently, microwave power has also been shown to have great therapeutic benefit in medical treatment requiring precise heating of biological tissue. Since microwave power tends to be deposited throughout the volume of biological media, microwave heating offers advantages over other heating modalities that tend to heat primarily the contacting surface. It is also possible to heat a deeper volume of tissue with more precise control using microwaves than with purely thermal conduction or RF electrode heating. Microwave Cardiac Ablation (MCA) is used to treat heart tissue that allows abnormal electrical conduction by heating it to the point of inactivation. Microwave antennas that fit within catheter systems can be positioned close to diseased tissue. Specialized antenna designs that unfurl from the catheter within the heart can then radiate specifically shaped fields, which overcome problems such as excessive surface heating at the contact point. The state of the art in MCA is reviewed in this paper and a novel catheter-based unfurling wide aperture antenna is described. This antenna consists of the centre conductor of a coaxial line, shaped into a spiral and insulated from blood and tissue by a non-conductive fluid filled balloon. Initially stretched straight inside a catheter for transluminal guiding, once in place at the cardiac target, the coiled spiral antenna is advanced into the inflated balloon. Power is applied in the range of 50-150 W at the reserved industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency of 915 MHz for 30-90 s to create an irreversible lesion. The antenna is then retracted back into the catheter for removal. Simulated and experimental measurements on phantoms, in vitro animal organ tissue and living animals have shown that these microwave applicators deliver the intended therapeutic lesions that are both wider and deeper than those generated by RF ablation or other recently reported microwave applicators.
Sampled grating tunable twin-guide laser diodes with over 40-nm electronic tuning range (2005)

Device and tuning characteristics of sampled grating tunable twin-guide laser diodes are presented. The vertically integrated, monolithic widely tunable laser requires only two tuning currents to fully cover a wavelength range of more than 40 nm by electrooptic tuning. Its tuning behavior is quasi-continuous with up to 8.2-nm broad continuous tuning regions. High sidemode suppression (SMSR /spl ges/ 35 dB) as well as large output power (P /spl ges/ 10 mW) are obtained over the wavelength range from 1520.5 to 1561.5 nm.
Discovery, Biological Evaluation, and Structure−Activity Relationship of Amidine Based Sphingosine Kinase Inhibitors (2010)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a potent phospholipid growth and trophic factor, is synthesized in vivo by two sphingosine kinases. Thus these kinases have been proposed as important drug targets for treatment of hyperproliferative diseases and inflammation. We report here a new class of amidine-based sphingosine analogues that are competitive inhibitors of sphingosine kinases exhibiting varying degrees of enzyme selectivity. These inhibitors display K(I) values in the submicromolar range for both sphingosine kinases and, in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, decrease S1P levels and initiate growth arrest.
Magnetic recording reproducing apparatus with field generating means within the copy medium (1979)

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Computational bit-width allocation for operations in vector calculus (2009)

Automated bit-width allocation is a key step required for the design of hardware accelerators. The use of computational methods based on SAT-Modulo Theory to the problem of finite-precision bit-width allocation has recently been shown to overcome challenges faced by the known-art, particularly in the scientific computing domain. However, many such real-life applications are specified in terms of vectors and matrices and they are rendered infeasible by expansion into scalar equations. This paper proposes a framework to include operations from vector calculus and thus it enables tackling applications of practically relevant complexity.
Compression as Data Transformation (2007)

Summary form only given. Conventional compression techniques exploit general redundancy features in data to compress them. For example, Huffman or Lempel-Ziv techniques compresses data by statistical modeling or string matching while the Burrows-Wheeler Transform simply sorts data by context to improve compressibility. On the other hand, data can often be compressed better by exploiting their specific features. For example, columns or fields in a database table tend to be sparse, but not rows. Techniques have been developed to either group related table columns or compute dependency among them to transform data and enhance compressibility. The Vcodex data transformation platform provides a framework to develop and use such data transforms. That is, it treats compression techniques as invertible data transforms that can be composed together for specific tasks. In this way, data transformation remains general and can include techniques for encryption and others.
Electronic phase conjugation for nonlinearity compensation in fiber communication systems (2011)

Electronic phase conjugation is proposed for nonlinearity compensation in fiber communications. Coherent detection and I/Q modulation are used to implement phase conjugation. Significant performance improvement is achieved in WDM multi-rate systems.
Role of Corneal Biomechanical Properties in Applanation Tonometry Measurements (2009)

This study supports the contention that the observed large scatter in standard correlations of clinical measurements of IOP versus CCT can be largely accounted for by plausible individual variations in corneal biomechanical stiffness properties.