gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
What Does BERT Look at? An Analysis of BERT’s Attention (2019)

Large pre-trained neural networks such as BERT have had great recent success in NLP, motivating a growing body of research investigating what aspects of language they are able to learn from unlabeled data. Most recent analysis has focused on model outputs (e.g., language model surprisal) or internal vector representations (e.g., probing classifiers). Complementary to these works, we propose methods for analyzing the attention mechanisms of pre-trained models and apply them to BERT. BERT's attention heads exhibit patterns such as attending to delimiter tokens, specific positional offsets, or broadly attending over the whole sentence, with heads in the same layer often exhibiting similar behaviors. We further show that certain attention heads correspond well to linguistic notions of syntax and coreference. For example, we find heads that attend to the direct objects of verbs, determiners of nouns, objects of prepositions, and coreferent mentions with remarkably high accuracy. Lastly, we propose an attention-based probing classifier and use it to further demonstrate that substantial syntactic information is captured in BERT's attention.
Characterization of a reusable PRESAGE® 3D dosimeter (2015)

This study investigates a reusable PRESAGE® 3D dosimeter (Presage-RU), which would improve cost-effectiveness and facilitate wider implementation of comprehensive, high resolution 3D dosimetry. Small (1x1x4.5 cm) and large (8 cm diameter, 4.5 cm length) sample dosimeters were irradiated multiple times to characterize dose response (i.e. radiation-induced change in optical density (ΔOD)), optical clearing rate, and dose distribution stability. Presage- RU exhibited an initial dose response sensitivity of 0.0119 ΔOD/(cm-Gy), a reduction in response with subsequent irradiations, and a small, permanent ΔOD (~1-6% of initial signal) following each irradiation. Dosimeters optically cleared at an exponential rate (average T1/2 = 24.8±3.6 h), and were effectively cleared after ~5-8 days. 3D gamma analysis (3%/3mm, 10% dose threshold) of a 4-field box plan applied to the large dosimeter showed good agreement following initial irradiation (96.6% passing), but a reduction in passing rate (89.1% passing) with subsequent irradiation. Further study is warranted to fully assess and quantify the performance of Presage-RU for repeat irradiations.
Dopant induced hollow BaTiO3 nanostructures for application in high performance capacitors (2011)

In this work, large-scale single crystalline Nd-doped BaTiO3 hollow nanoparticles have been synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method without the assistance of a surfactant or high temperature sintering. With unique hollow structures, the nanoparticles not only exhibit excellent compatibility with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), but significantly enhanced the dielectric properties of the nanocomposites. We demonstrated that the dielectric constant of the nanocomposite reached up to 480.3 with dielectric loss of 0.6 at 102 Hz. Design and optimization of the synthesis method have been achieved through a systematic study of the effect of reaction conditions on the size and morphology evolution of the hollow nanoparticles. The formation of hollow nanostructures is proposed to follow a Kirkendall induced hollowing mechanism which is governed by the differences in diffusion rates of dopant ions, water molecules and core ions during the synthesis reaction.
Gambaran pengelolaan sampah elektronik (e-waste) rumah tangga di Kabupaten Kuningan tahun 2022 (2023)

Latar Belakang : Berdasarkan laporan dari The Global E-Waste Monitor 2020 dirilis pada Juni menunjukkan limbah elektronik, atau e-waste, global pada 2019 mencapai 53,6 metrik ton, rata-rata per kapita 7,3 kilogram. Dikrektorat Jenderal Pengelolaan Sampah, Limbah dan Bahan Beracun Berbahaya (Ditjen PSLB3), Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK), diperkirakan timbulan sampah elektronik pada tahun 2021 telah mencapai 2 juta ton. Sumber E-Waste di Indonesia berasal dari komsumsi domestik, yaitu banyaknya penggunaan alat elektronik di skala rumah tangga.Metode : Penelitian menggunakan desian studi cross sectional dengan teknik penugmpulan data menggunakan kusioner dan wawancara. Penelitian dilakukan diseluruh wilayah Kabupaten Kuningan. Waktu pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan selama 5 hari dimulai pada tanggal 27-31 Oktober 2022. Adapun analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis univariat yaitu untuk mengetahui gambaran umum masyarakat terhadap pengolahan sampah elektronik (E-Waste).Hasil : jumlah unit sampah elektronik yang paling banyak dihasilkan adalah baterai (780) dan lampu (572). Metode Pengolahan sampah eletronik di Kabupaten Kuningan dengan cara memilah (51,6%), mengumpulkan (68,8%), mengolah (5,3%) dan membuang (31,8%). Untuk metode pengurangan yaitu reduce (12,4%), reuse (27,4%), recycle/resell (14,7%). Untuk kategori pengetahuan, sebagian besar masyarakat tidak mengetahui dampak lingkungan akibat membuang sampah elektronik sembarangan sebesar 343 (90,3%), begitupun untuk dampak kesehatan sebagian besar masyarakat tidak mengetahuinya yaitu sebesar 244 (64,2%).Kesimpulan : Masyarakat di Kabupaten Kuningan yang menangani sampah elektronik dengan cara mereduce sebanyak 12,4%, lalu dengan cara mereuse sebanyak 27,4%, untuk masyarakat rata2 tidak melakukan cara merecycle dan yang melakukan pengurangan dengan cara menjual atau meresell sebanyak 14,7%.
Size-Dependent Electrical Transport in CdSe Nanocrystal Thin Films (2010)

Electrical transport in films of CdSe nanocrystals with diameters varying from 2.9 to 5.1 nm was examined over 233-300 K by employing electrolyte gating to control the electron density. The transport parameters varied strongly and systematically with nanocrystal diameter. First, a strong correlation was observed between the device turn-on voltage and the size-dependent position of the lowest unoccupied electronic states of the nanocrystals. Second, the electron mobility increased with increasing particle diameter and reached a high value of 0.6 cm(2)/(V s) for films with 5.1 nm nanocrystals. Third, the charge transport could be described in terms of the nearest-neighbor-hopping mechanism with a size-dependent activation energy and a pre-exponential factor for mobility. The activation energy can be viewed as a size-dependent charging energy of an individual nanocrystal. Collectively, the combination of size- and temperature-dependent measurements provides a powerful approach to understanding electrical transport in nanocrystal films.
Effects of Coffee Bean Aroma on the Rat Brain Stressed by Sleep Deprivation: A Selected Transcript- and 2D Gel-Based Proteome Analysis (2008)

The aim of this study was 2-fold: (i) to demonstrate influences of roasted coffee bean aroma on rat brain functions by using the transcriptomics and proteomics approaches and (ii) to evaluate the impact of roasted coffee bean aroma on stress induced by sleep deprivation. The aroma of the roasted coffee beans was administered to four groups of adult male Wistar rats: 1, control group; 2, 24 h sleep deprivation-induced stress group (the stress group); 3, coffee aroma-exposed group without stress (the coffee group); and 4, the stress with coffee aroma group (the stress with coffee group). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of some known genes responsive to aroma or stress was performed using total RNA from these four groups. A total of 17 selected genes of the coffee were differently expressed over the control. Additionally, the expression levels of 13 genes were different between the stress group and the stress with coffee group: Up-regulation was found for 11 genes, and down-regulation was seen for two genes in the stress with coffee group. We also looked to changes in protein profiles in these four samples using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis; 25 differently expressed gel spots were detected on 2D gels stained by silver nitrate. Out of these, a total of nine proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Identified proteins belonged to five functional categories: antioxidant; protein fate; cell rescue, defense, and virulence; cellular communication/signal transduction mechanism; and energy metabolism. Among the differentially expressed genes and proteins between the stress and the stress with coffee group, NGFR, trkC, GIR, thiol-specific antioxidant protein, and heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 are known to have antioxidant or antistress functions. In conclusion, the roasted coffee bean aroma changes the mRNA and protein expression levels of the rat brain, providing for the first time clues to the potential antioxidant or stress relaxation activities of the coffee bean aroma.
Developing a Real Time Sensing System to Monitor Bacteria in Wound Dressings (2012)

Infection control is a key aspect of wound management strategies. Infection results in chemical imbalances and inflammation in the wound and may lead to prolonged healing times and degradation of the wound surface. Frequent changing of wound dressings may result in damage to healing tissues and an increased risk of infection. This paper presents the first results from a monitoring system that is being developed to detect presence and growth of bacteria in real time. It is based on impedance sensors that could be placed at the wound-dressing interface and potentially monitor bacterial growth in real time. As wounds can produce large volumes of exudate, the initial system reported here was developed to test for the presence of bacteria in suspension. Impedance was measured using disposable silver-silver chloride electrodes. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus were chosen for the study as a species commonly isolated from wounds. The growth of bacteria was confirmed by plate counting methods and the impedance data were analysed for discernible differences in the impedance profiles to distinguish the absence and/or presence of bacteria. The main findings were that the impedance profiles obtained by silver-silver chloride sensors in bacterial suspensions could detect the presence of high cell densities. However, the presence of the silver-silver chloride electrodes tended to inhibit the growth of bacteria. These results indicate that there is potential to create a real time infection monitor for wounds based upon impedance sensing.
Comparison of Overhead Supply and Underfloor Supply with Rear Heat Exchanger in High Density Data Center Clusters (2008)

The power trend for server systems continues to grow thereby making thermal management of data centers a very challenging task. Although various configurations exist, the raised floor plenum with computer room air conditioners (CRACs) providing cold air is a popular operating strategy. In prior work, numerous data center layouts employing raised floor plenum and the impact of design parameters such as plenum depth, ceiling height, cold isle location, tile openings and others on thermal performance of data center was presented. The air cooling of data center however, may not address the situation where more energy is expended in cooling infrastructure than the thermal load of data center. Revised power trend projections by ASHRAE TC 9.9 predict heat load as high as 5000 W per square feet of compute servers' equipment footprint by year 2010. These trend charts also indicate that heat load per product footprint has doubled for storage servers during 2000-2004. For the same period, heat load per product footprint for compute servers has tripled. Amongst the systems that are currently available and being shipped, many racks exceed 20 kW. Such high heat loads have raised concerns over limits of air cooling of data centers similar to air cooling of microprocessors. A hybrid cooling strategy that incorporates liquid cooling along with air cooling can be very efficient in such situations. The objective of this paper is to study and compare the performance of hybrid cooling solution in two widely used air supply configurations namely overhead supply and underfloor supply focusing on rack inlet temperature. The numerical models of a representative data center employing overhead and underfloor supply with hot aisle-cold aisle arrangement are constructed using a commercial CFD code. The effect of these configurations on rack inlet temperature is discussed.
Performance of PRMA: a packet voice protocol for cellular systems (1991)

Equilibrium point analysis is used to evaluate system behavior in a packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) protocol based network. The authors derive the probability of packet dropping given the number of simultaneous conversations. The authors establish conditions for system stability and efficiency. Numerical calculations based on the theory show close agreement with computer simulations. They also provide valuable guides to system design. Because PRMA is a statistical multiplexer, the channel becomes congested when too many terminals are active. For a particular example it is shown that speech activity detection permits 37 speech terminals to share a PRMA channel with 20 slots per frame, with a packet dropping probability of less than 1%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of a Broad Spectrum PCR Assay for Papillomaviruses and its Application in Screening Lung Cancer Biopsies (1994)

A PCR assay was developed to detect known and as yet unidentified papillomaviruses (PVs). For this purpose we analysed the conserved amino acid sequences in the L1 and E1 open reading frames of 45 human and nine animal PVs. Candidate regions for the design of a primer were identified as those having the least number of amino acid and nucleotide sequence variants among the different PVs. These regions in the L1 ORF have been described previously. We modified the sequences of the backward and the forward primers, as well as the sequence of the oligonucleotide used as the degenerate probe, in order to cover a broader spectrum of PVs. The sensitivity of the assay for the human and animal PVs tested after hybridization with a 32P-labelled degenerate oligonucleotide probe was one genome copy per cell for integrated PV DNA and 10 genome copies per cell for plasmid PV DNA. The only exceptions were human papillomavirus (HPV) type 4, HPV60 and HPV65, for which a lower sensitivity was obtained. This group could be detected only by using additional primers. The assay was used to analyse 85 lung cancer biopsies representing different histological types. Using this system no PV DNA sequences were detected in the biopsies when compared with human placental DNA (a negative control) and PV DNA-positive standards.
Detecting Spies in IoT Systems using Cyber-Physical Correlation (2018)

The emerging ubiquity of IoT devices with monitoring capabilities has resulted in a growing concern for user privacy. Whereas previous research has focused on preventing an attacker from learning about user activities through analyzing data, we are concerned with the problem of attackers that utilize either hidden or compromised IoT devices to spy on users. Our work addresses the challenge of automatically identifying devices that are streaming privacy-intruding information about a user despite the presence of both encryption and a large number of wirelessly connected devices within range of the user. We present a framework for inducing a signal in the physical world and then detecting its digital footprint when devices are monitoring the user. Our approach only requires the user to have a device such as a smart phone with the ability to enter into promiscuous packet capture mode. As an example application, we have set up a hidden camera and conducted 222 trials of devices that are not recording the user along with 680 trials of the hidden camera under a wide variety of configurations. In most of the environments examined, we were able to to detect over 90% of the hidden cameras while producing less than 6% false positives. As a result, this paper provides significant evidence that our approach is feasible for detecting spying devices.
Locus Display of Moving Sports Players (1987)

Using this system, sports figures in a TV picture are traced individually and their positions transformed in real time, just as if they were being tracked by a camera installed over the playing field. The system can display accurately the formation of a play as the loci of players on the screen, and it may also be helpful and instructive to people unfamiliar with the sport.
Cooperating security managers: a peer-based intrusion detection system (1996)

The need for increased security measures in computer systems and networks is apparent through the frequent media accounts of computer system and network intrusions. One attempt at increasing security measures is in the area of intrusion detection packages. These packages use a variety of means to detect intrusive activities and have been applied to both individual computer systems and networks. Cooperating security managers (CSM) is one such package. Applied to a network, CSM is designed to perform intrusion detection and reporting functions in a distributed environment without requiring a designated central site or server to perform the analysis of network audit data. In addition, it is designed to handle intrusions as opposed to simply detecting and reporting on them, resulting in a comprehensive approach to individual system and network intrusions. Tests of the initial prototype have shown the cooperative methodology to perform favourably.
Rock Strength from Core and Logs, Where We Stand and Ways to Go (2009)

Abstract Knowledge of accurate rock strength is essential for in situ stress estimation, wellbore stability analysis, sand production prediction and other geomechanical applications. Reliable quantitative data on rock strength can only be obtained from cores. However, cores are limited, discontinuous and often biased. Consequently, rock strength evaluation is primarily based on log strength indicators, calibrated where possible against limited core measured values. There are a number of published log-core strength correlations that can be used for rock strength modelling. These empirical relationships are developed for specific rock type, age, depth range and field. Their general applications, therefore, need to be critically assessed on a case by case basis. This paper briefly: (i) outlines the best practice for obtaining quality rock strength data from core tests; (ii) presents common empirical rock strength equations for sedimentary rocks and (iii) discusses ways of improving rock strength estimates. While some equations such as porosity-based or sonic log-based rock strength models work reasonably well, rock strength variations within individual rock properties show considerable scatter, indicating that most of the empirical models are not sufficiently generic to fit all rocks in the database. Like any other physical rock properties, the variation in rock strength in a given sedimentary rock is controlled by mineralogy, sedimentology and micro-structure of the rock and simple log-derived rock strength models need further modification and classification incorporating these geological characteristics. This paper has shown that when sufficient core rock strength data exists, applications of computing techniques, such as fuzzy logic and cluster pattern recognition, coupled with sedimentary facies analysis and diagenetic classification can improve strength estimation. Semi-continuous impact energy logs using portable non-destructive testing tools can be correlated with petrophysical logs to generate mechanical facies and improved sampling for conventional rock testing.
Small and Innovative Molecules as New Strategy to Revert MDR (2014)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a complex phenomenon principally due to the overexpression of some transmembrane proteins belonging to the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. Among these transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is mostly involved in MDR and its overexpression is the major cause of cancer therapy failure. The classical approach used to overcome MDR is the co-administration of a P-gp inhibitor and the classic antineoplastic drugs, although the results were often unsatisfactory. Different classes of P-gp ligands have been developed and, among them, Tariquidar has been extensively studied both in vitro and in vivo. Although Tariquidar has been considered for several years as the lead compound for the development of P-gp inhibitors, recent studies demonstrated it to be a substrate and inhibitor, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Tariquidar structure-activity relationship studies were difficult to carry out because of the complexity of the structure that does not allow establishing the role of each moiety for P-gp activity. For this purpose, SMALL molecules bearing different scaffolds such as tetralin, biphenyl, arylthiazole, furoxane, furazan have been developed. Many of these ligands have been tested both in in vitro assays and in in vivo PET studies. These preliminary evaluations lead to obtain a library of P-gp interacting agents useful to conjugate chemotherapeutic agents displaying reduced pharmacological activity and appropriate small molecules. These molecules could get over the limits due to the antineoplastic-P-gp inhibitor co-administration since pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles are related to a dual innovative drug.
Genetic Diversity through the Looking Glass: Effect of Enrichment Bias (1997)

The effect of enrichment bias on the diversity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D)-degrading (2,4-D(sup+)) bacteria recovered from soil was evaluated by comparing the diversity of isolates obtained by direct plating to the diversity of isolates obtained from 85 liquid batch cultures. By the two methods, a total of 159 isolates were purified from 1 g of soil and divided into populations based on repeated extragenic palindromic sequence PCR (rep-PCR) genomic fingerprints. Approximately 42% of the direct-plating isolates hybridized with the tfdA and tfdB genes from Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134(pJP4), 27% hybridized with the tfdA and tfdB genes from Burkholderia sp. strain RASC, and 30% hybridized with none of the probes. In contrast, the enrichment isolates not only represented fewer populations than the isolates obtained by direct plating but also exhibited, almost exclusively, a single hybridization pattern with 2,4-D catabolic gene probes. Approximately 98% of the enrichment isolates possessed pJP4-type tfdA and tfdB genes, whereas isolates containing RASC-type tfdA and tfdB genes were obtained from only 2 of the 85 enrichment cultures. The skewed occurrence of the pJP4-type genes among the isolates obtained by enrichment suggests that the competitive fitness of 2,4-D(sup+) populations during growth with 2,4-D may be influenced either by specific tfd alleles or by genetic factors linked to these alleles. Moreover, the results indicate that evaluation of the diversity and distribution of catabolic pathways in nature can be highly distorted by the use of enrichment culture techniques.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 8-hydroxy-2,7-naphthyridin-2-ium salts as novel inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (2017)

By analogy with the natural product chelerythrine, which has been identified as an inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), we prepared a small series of 8-hydroxy-2,7-naphthyridin-2-ium salts. Spectroscopic analyses allowed us to elucidate the zwitterionic nature of 2,7-naphthyridin-1(7<i>H</i>)-ones, the neutral state of 8-hydroxy-2,7-naphthyridin-2-ium salts. Among the tested compounds, we identified dual inhibitors of AChE and BChE as well as an inhibitor showing a preferential inhibition of AChE over BChE. By <i>in vitro</i> characterization in combination with docking studies, we were able to identify structural features that influence the biological activity of 8-hydroxy-2,7-naphthyridin-2-ium salts.