gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A microtip self-written on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser by photopolymerization (2010)

We present the integration of a self-aligned microtip on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) by near infrared photopolymerization. This one-step fabrication process is triggered by the laser source itself. It is based on the use of photopolymers sensitive at the lasing wavelength and can be applied to VCSEL devices after their process fabrication. We have characterized the fabricated microtips and shown that they focus laser light at few micrometers from the device. The applications of this simple method may concern VCSEL beam shaping as well as the fabrication of microprobes for near-field optical microscopy.
Fair Resource Allocation in Federated Learning (2019)

Federated learning involves training statistical models in massive, heterogeneous networks. Naively minimizing an aggregate loss function in such a network may disproportionately advantage or disadvantage some of the devices. In this work, we propose q-Fair Federated Learning (q-FFL), a novel optimization objective inspired by fair resource allocation in wireless networks that encourages a more fair (specifically, a more uniform) accuracy distribution across devices in federated networks. To solve q-FFL, we devise a communication-efficient method, q-FedAvg, that is suited to federated networks. We validate both the effectiveness of q-FFL and the efficiency of q-FedAvg on a suite of federated datasets with both convex and non-convex models, and show that q-FFL (along with q-FedAvg) outperforms existing baselines in terms of the resulting fairness, flexibility, and efficiency.
Development of immunoradiometric assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum antigen in blood using monoclonal antibody. (1988)

Specific monoclonal antibody (MAB) F2W22C1) produced by hybridoma technology against blood stage common antigens shared by almost all isolates of P. falciparum was selected. The 125I-labelled prepared from this MAB (125I-MIgG) was used as probe for detection of low grade P. falciparum infection. Recently, a two-site monoclonal antibody sandwich immunoradiometric assay (Mab-IRMA) has been developed. The assay showed good correlation with parasitaemia with the ability to detect as few as 2.4 parasites/10(8) erythrocytes. Two surveys were made in people living in a malaria endemic area during transmission and non-transmission season to detect the antigen of Plasmodium falciparum by using the Mab-IRMA. In the first survey involving 101 people, the IRMA positive rate was 56.4% and then significantly declined to 16.5% during the second survey involving 79 people of the same group. The parasitological positive rates were likewise decreased from 11.9% to 1.3% (p = 0.015) during these two seasons. IRMA positive rates were significantly higher than the corresponding parasitological positive rates (p less than 0.0001 and less than 0.002 for the first and the second surveys respectively). Regression analysis showed that IRMA activities were linearly correlated with the parasite counts by microscopic examinations (r = 0.629, p = 0.022). IRMA was specific for P. falciparum since all 30 healthy controls and six of seven vivax malaria cases were negative. IRMA has potential for use to monitor the malaria control and to assess the efficacy of the future field trial of malaria vaccine.
Surface quaternized cellulose nanofibrils with high water absorbency and adsorption capacity for anionic dyes (2013)

Surface quaternized cellulose nanofibrils were mechanically disintegrated from wood pulp that was pretreated through a reaction with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride. The resulting quaternized cellulose nanofibrils (Q-NFC) with trimethylammonium chloride contents of 0.59–2.31 mmol g−1 were characterized by conductometric titration, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). When the trimethylammonium chloride content on cellulose reached approximately 0.79 mmol g−1 corresponding to a degree of substitution of 0.13 per bulk anhydroglucose unit, highly viscous and transparent aqueous dispersions of cellulose nanofibrils were obtained by mechanical homogenization of the chemically pretreated cellulose/water slurries. AFM observation showed that the dispersions consisted of individualized cellulose I nanofibrils 1.6–2.1 nm in width and 1.3–2.0 μm in length. Cellulose nanopapers prepared from the Q-NFC aqueous dispersions exhibited high tensile strength (ca. 200 MPa) and Young's modulus (ca. 10 GPa) despite high porosity (37–48%). The nanopapers also demonstrated ultrahigh water absorbency (750 g g−1) with high surface cationic charge density. Stable hydrogels were obtained after swelling the nanopaper in water. The Q-NFC nanofibrils also possessed high anionic dye adsorption capability. The adsorption capacity increased with increasing trimethylammonium chloride content on cellulose.
DNN-based source enhancement self-optimized by reinforcement learning using sound quality measurements (2017)

We investigated whether a deep neural network (DNN)-based source enhancement function can be self-optimized by reinforcement learning (RL). The use of a DNN is a powerful approach to describing the relationship between two sets of variables and can be useful for source enhancement function design. By training the DNN using a huge amount of training data, sound quality of output signals are improved. However, collecting a huge amount of training data is often difficult in practice. To use limited training data efficiently, we focus on the “self-optimization” of DNN-based source enhancement function in which RL is commonly utilized in the development of game playing computers. As a reward for RL, quantitative metrics that reflect a human's perceptual score (perceptual score), e.g., perceptual evaluation methods for audio source separation (PEASS), are utilized. To investigate whether the sound quality is improved by RL-based source enhancement, subjective tests were conducted. It was confirmed that the output sound quality of the RL-based source enhancement function improved as the number of iterations was increased and finally outperformed the conventional method.
Characterization and modeling of a highly reliable metal-to-metal antifuse for high-performance and high-density field-programmable gate arrays (2002)

The reliability of a new amorphous silicon/dielectric antifuse is characterized and modeled. Unprogrammed antifuse leakage and time-to-breakdown are functions not only of applied voltage but also of stressing polarity and temperature. Both breakdown and leakage criteria are used to investigate their effects on time-to-fail. A thermal model incorporates the effects of programming and stress currents, ambient temperature, and variation of antifuse resistance with temperature. The measured temperature dependence of antifuse resistance is used for the first time to derive key physical parameters in the model.
Optimization of a Small Tropomyosin-Related Kinase B (TrkB) Agonist 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Active in Mouse Models of Depression (2012)

Structure-activity relationship study shows that the catechol group in 7,8-dihdyroxyflavone, a selective small TrkB receptor agonist, is critical for agonistic activity. To improve the poor pharmacokinetic profiles intrinsic to catechol-containing molecules and to elevate the agonistic effect of the lead compound, we initiated the lead optimization campaign by synthesizing various bioisosteric derivatives. Here we show that the optimized 2-methyl-8-(4'-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)chromeno[7,8-d]imidazol-6(1H)-one derivative possesses enhanced TrkB stimulatory activity. Chronic oral administration of this compound significantly reduces the immobility in forced swim test and tail suspension test, two classical antidepressant behavioral animal models, which is accompanied by robust TrkB activation in hippocampus of mouse brain. Further, in vitro ADMET studies demonstrate that this compound possesses the improved features compared to the previous lead compound. Hence, this optimized compound may act as a promising lead candidate for in-depth drug development for treating various neurological disorders including depression.
ChemInform Abstract: Teflon AF‐2400 Mediated Gas—Liquid Contact in Continuous Flow Methoxycarbonylations and in‐line FTIR Measurement of CO Concentration. (2012)

Abstract Using Teflon AF‐2400 to mediate gas‐liquid contact in a concentric Tube‐in‐Tube configuration enables the continuous flow palladium‐catalyzed methoxycarbonylation of alkyl and aryl iodides in a reliable manner.
Scheduling resizable parallel applications (2009)

Most conventional parallel job schedulers only support static scheduling thereby restricting schedulers from being able to modify the number of processors allocated to parallel applications at runtime. The drawbacks of static scheduling can be overcome by using scheduling policies that can exploit dynamic resizability in distributed-memory parallel applications and a scheduler that supports these policies. The scheduler must be capable of adding and removing processors from a parallel application at runtime. This ability of a scheduler to resize parallel applications increases the possibilities for parallel schedulers to manage a large cluster. Our ReSHAPE framework includes an application scheduler that supports dynamic resizing of parallel applications. In this paper, we illustrate the impact of dynamic resizability on parallel scheduling. We propose and evaluate new scheduling policies made possible by our ReSHAPE framework. Experimental results show that these scheduling policies significantly improve individual application turn around time as well as overall cluster utilization.
GUIDELINES FOR ATTACHMENTS TO BRIDGE RAILS AND MEDIAN BARRIERS (2003)

Highway agencies are often presented with the need to add attachments of various configurations to the top or backside of crashworthy traffic barriers. Although, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report No. 350 offers guidance for the safety performance evaluation of traffic barriers, it offers no guidance toward the evaluation of attachments on or near these barriers. The objective of the research project was to collect crash test data relating to bridge rails and median barriers, to collect information about common attachments to traffic barriers, and to evaluate this information for the purpose of developing guidelines for the design and placement of traffic barrier attachments. A comprehensive review of full-scale crash testing of bridge rails and median barriers was conducted in order to establish Zones of Intrusion (ZOI’s) for traffic barriers. The primary goal of this review was to identify the extent that a pickup or single-unit truck intrudes over the top of a traffic barrier during a vehicular impact. A field site investigation was undertaken to determine the types of devices commonly attached to traffic barriers. The field survey also categorized the traffic barriers which contained attachments. Finally, based on the combined results from the crash test review and the field investigation, recommendations for the placement and design of attachments are made.
Advances on IPM technology for hybrid electric vehicles (2009)

The past thirty years have been an exciting period with tremendous advances in the development of interior permanent magnet (IPM) electrical machines. Over the course of this period, interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM) have expanded their presence in the commercial marketplace from few specialized niche markets such as machine tools, air conditioner compressors, servo drives to mass-produced applications, including high-efficiency electric traction drives for the latest generation of hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV). Power ratings of available IPM motor drives have dramatically expanded by approximately three orders of magnitude during this period, now reaching power levels up to 1 MW ratings. Closer examination reveals that several different knowledge-based technological advancements and market forces have combined, sometimes in fortuitous ways, to accelerate the development of the impressive IPMSM drives technology that we find available today. The purpose of this paper is to provide a broad explanation of the various factors that lead to the current state-of-the-art IPM technology, and to illustrate its application success in the commercial sector, including automotive industry.
Transcript Scanning Reveals Novel and Extensive Splice Variations in Human L-type Voltage-gated Calcium Channel, Cav1.2 α1 Subunit (2004)

The L-type (Cav1.2) voltage-gated calcium channels play critical roles in membrane excitability, gene expression, and muscle contraction. The generation of splice variants by the alternative splicing of the poreforming Cav1.2 alpha1-subunit (alpha(1)1.2) may thereby provide potent means to enrich functional diversity. To date, however, no comprehensive scan of alpha(1)1.2 splice variation has been performed, particularly in the human context. Here we have undertaken such a screen, exploiting recently developed "transcript scanning" methods to probe the human gene. The degree of variation turns out to be surprisingly large; 19 of the 55 exons comprising the human alpha(1)1.2 gene were subjected to alternative splicing. Two of these are previously unrecognized exons and two others were not known to be spliced. Comparisons of fetal and adult heart and brain uncovered a large IVS3-S4 variability resulting from combinatorial utilization of exons 31-33. Electrophysiological characterization of such IVS3-S4 variation revealed unmistakable shifts in the voltage dependence of activation, according to an interesting correlation between increased IVS3-S4 linker length and activation at more depolarized potentials. Steady-state inactivation profiles remained unaltered. This systematic portrait of splice variation furnishes a reference library for comprehending combinatorial arrangements of Cav1.2 splice exons, especially as they impact development, physiology, and disease.
Cyclic and Linear Polyhydroxylbutyrates from Ring-Opening Polymerization of β-Butyrolactone with Amido-Oxazolinate Zinc Catalysts (2018)

A series of amido-oxazolinate zinc complexes have been employed for the ring-opening polymerization of rac-β-butyrolactone (BBL). Experimental results show that these complexes efficiently catalyze the reactions, yielding cyclic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)s (PHBs) with high molecular weights (Mn up to 197 kg/mol) and relatively low dispersity. In comparison, in the presence of alcohol cocatalysts, the zinc-catalyzed ROP reactions lead to the formation of linear PHBs end-capped by the alcohol initiator and hydroxylbutyrate. A possible mechanism for cyclic PHBs is proposed, in which the zinc catalysts function as a loose Lewis pair at elevated temperature, followed by a fast propagation through a zwitterionic intermediate. Use of diols such as 1,4-cyclohexanediol and 1,4-benzenedimethanol results in the formation of telechelic polyester diols. The thermal analysis by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows higher thermal resistance of cyclic PHBs than linear ones.
A comparative study of two preservative-free tear substitutes in the management of severe dry eye. (1988)

Between mid-May and mid-July 1987 we performed a prospective crossover study of two unit-dose preservative-free artificial tear solutions, 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (Refresh) and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate (Hylorin) in 14 female patients with severe dry eye syndrome. The patients were examined before treatment and after each of two trials with both products. A significant reduction in the mean score for dry-eye-induced keratitis (p = 0.001) and for mucous strands (p = 0.03) was observed following the second of two trials with sodium hyaluronate. A significant reduction in the mean score for burning and irritation was observed with both solutions (p = 0.009). We believe that the elimination of preservatives from artificial tear preparations may substantially reduce the iatrogenic effects of these frequently applied medications.
Architecture of human corneal nerves. (1997)

The nerve bundles in the subbasal plexus of the human cornea form a regular dense meshwork with equal density over a large central and central-peripheral area. Because of their size, the majority of the fibers can be classified as C-fibers.
Electrospun Small‐Diameter Polyurethane Vascular Grafts: Ingrowth and Differentiation of Vascular‐Specific Host Cells (2011)

No small-diameter synthetic graft has yet shown comparable performance to autologous vessels. Synthetic conduits fail due to their inherent surface thrombogenicity and the development of intimal hyperplasia. In addressing these shortcomings, electrospinning offers an interesting alternative to other nanostructured, cardiovascular substitutes because of the close match of electrospun materials to the biomechanical and structural properties of native vessels. In this study, we investigated the in vivo behavior of electrospun, small-diameter conduits in a rat model. Vascular grafts composed of polyurethane were fabricated by electrospinning. Prostheses were implanted into the abdominal aorta in 40 rats for either 7 days, 4 weeks, 3 months, or 6 months. Retrieved specimens were evaluated by histology, immunohistochemical staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. At all time points, we found no evidence of foreign body reaction or graft degradation. The overall patency rate of the intravascular implants was 95%. Within 7 days, grafts revealed ingrowth of host cells. CD34+ cells increased significantly from 7 days up to 6 months of implantation (P < 0.05). Myofibroblasts and myocytes showed increasing cell numbers up to 3 months (P < 0.05). Ki67 staining indicated unaltered cell proliferation during the whole follow-up period. Besides biomechanical benefits, electrospun polyurethane grafts exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo. Cell immigration and differentiation seems to be promoted by the nanostructured artificial matrix.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Angiographically Occult Arteriovenous Malformation (1989)

The authors report a case of histologically confirmed cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in which cerebral angiography demonstrated only mass effect. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging yielded valuable preoperative diagnostic information. T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging demonstrated an area of mixed signal intensity with a mossy appearance, evidence of a hematoma around the mass, and spots of zero signal intensity within the mass, suggesting the presence of vessels with accelerated blood flow.
Functional Metabolism (2004)

In the post-genome era, questions concerning gene products,
enzymes, and metabolism are returning to the forefront of life
science research. Genetic information on its own does not fully
account for an enzyme’s kinetic and regulatory properties or
for the behavior of the enzymes within its particular cellular
milieu. Unanswered questions about the regulation, integration, and
adaptation of metabolism have led to a resurgence of interest in
protein, enzymological, and metabolic research for understanding
biological processes. 
Functional Metabolism: Regulation and Adaptation provides a
comprehensive survey of metabolism. It includes an in-depth
examination of the regulation of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino
acids, and approaches to the study of enzyme regulation, signal
transduction, and control of transcription and translation. The
contributors–an internationally recognized group of
researchers–also cover:

The metabolic basis of diabetes, obesity, and blood
disorders
Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in health and
disease
Novel perspectives on biochemical adaptation to environmental
stress
Application of metabolic knowledge to developments in organ
preservation and understanding the origin of life

From the basics of metabolic regulation and adaptation to the
latest relevant advances in the genetic, proteomic, and enzymatic
basis of how cells regulate their functions, Functional Metabolism:
Regulation and Adaptation offers the most exhaustive treatment of
the subject currently available. It is an essential text for
students and practitioners in biochemistry, cell and molecular
biology, and biomedicine (Publisher summary).
Immune response to a new hepatitis B vaccine in healthcare workers who had not responded to standard vaccine: randomised double blind dose-response study (1997)

A single dose of 20 micrograms of the vaccine was as effective as two doses of either 40 micrograms or 20 micrograms of this vaccine formulation in terms of seroconversion, seroprotection, and geometric mean titres.
HER Specific TKIs Exert Their Antineoplastic Effects on Breast Cancer Cell Lines through the Involvement of STAT5 and JNK (2016)

We have shown that HER-TKIs exert a HER2 expression-dependent anti-cancer effect in breast cancer cell lines. This involves blockade of JNK and STAT5A/B signaling, which have been found to be required for in vitro growth of these cell lines.
Using an ethologically-inspired model to learn apparent temporal causality for planning in synthetic creatures (2002)

Inspired by recent work in ethology and animal training, we integrate representations for time and rate into a behavior-based architecture for autonomous virtual creatures. The resulting computational model of affect and action selection allows creatures to discover and refine their understanding of apparent temporal causality relationships which may or may not involve self-action. The fundamental action selection choice that a creature must make in order to satisfy its internal needs is whether to explore, react or exploit. In this architecture, that choice is informed by an understanding of apparent temporal causality, the representation for which is integrated into the representation for action. The ability to accommodate changing ideas about causality allows the creature to exist in and adapt to a dynamic world. Not only is such a model suitable for computational systems, but its derivation from biological models suggests that it may also be useful for gaining a new perspective on learning in biological systems. The implementation of a complete character built using this architecture is able to reproduce a variety of conditioning phenomena, as well as learn in real-time using a training technique used with live animals.
High-temperature characterization and comparison of 1.2 kV SiC power MOSFETs (2013)

The aim of this work is to characterize and compare the high-temperature performances of the latest generation 1.2 kV Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs from three well-known manufacturers: Cree, ROHM, and GE. A complete static characterization is performed from 25 °C to 200 °C, including threshold voltage, specific on-resistance, leakage current, junction capacitances, and internal gate resistance. The dynamic performance of each device is evaluated through double-pulse tests conducted from 25 °C to 200 °C. From these double-pulse tests, the switching losses are computed.