gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High aspect ratio metal-polymer composite structures for nano interconnects (2004)

This paper presents a novel low-temperature process that combines high-aspect-ratio polymer structures with electroless copper plating to create laterally compliant MEMS structures. These structures are evaluated as IC-package interconnects that can lead to reliable, low-cost and high-performance nano wafer-level packaging. High-aspect-ratio low CTE polyimide structures with low stress, high toughness and strength were fabricated using plasma etching, This dry etching process was tuned to yield a wall angle above 80 degrees leading to an aspect ratio higher than 4. The etching process also leads to roughened sidewalls for selective electroless plating on the sidewalls of the polymer structures. Simulations of these fabricated structures show tremendous reduction in the stresses at the interfaces and superior reliability as IC-package nano interconnects. Metal-coated polymer structures from MEMS fabrication techniques can provide low-cost high-performance solutions for wafer-level-packaging.
Spin‐Wave Architectures (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Spin-Wave Architectures Spin-Wave Crossbar Spin-Wave Reconfigurable Mesh Spin-Wave Fully Interconnected Cluster Multiscale Hierarchical Architecture Preliminary Implementations Experimental Results The Principle of Operation Conclusions References
A Novel Mammalian Protein, p55CDC, Present in Dividing Cells Is Associated with Protein Kinase Activity and Has Homology to the <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Cell Division Cycle Proteins Cdc20 and Cdc4 (1994)

A novel protein, p55CDC, has been identified in cycling mammalian cells. This transcript is readily detectable in all exponentially growing cell lines but disappears when cells are chemically induced to fall out of the cell cycle and differentiate. The p55CDC protein appears to be essential for cell division, since transfection of antisense p55CDC cDNA into CHO cells resulted in isolation of only those cells which exhibited a compensatory increase in p55CDC transcripts in the sense orientation. Immunoprecipitation of p55CDC yielded protein complexes with kinase activity which fluctuated during the cell cycle. Since p55CDC does not have the conserved protein kinase domains, this activity must be due to one or more of the associated proteins in the immune complex. The highest levels of protein kinase activity were seen with alpha-casein and myelin basic protein as substrates and demonstrated a pattern of activity distinct from that described for the known cyclin-dependent cell division kinases. The p55CDC protein was also phosphorylated in dividing cells. The amino acid sequence of p55CDC contains seven repeats homologous to the beta subunit of G proteins, and the highest degree of homology in these repeats was found with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc20 and Cdc4 proteins, which have been proposed to be involved in the formation of a functional bipolar mitotic spindle in yeast cells. The G beta repeat has been postulated to mediate protein-protein interactions and, in p55CDC, may modulate its association with a unique cell cycle protein kinase. These findings suggest that p55CDC is a component of the mammalian cell cycle mechanism.
Software and Algorithms for Biomedical Image Data Processing and Visualization (2004)

A new software equipped with novel image processing algorithms and graphical-user-interface (GUI) tools has been designed for automated analysis and processing of large amounts of biomedical image data. The software, called PlaqTrak, has been specifically used for analysis of plaque on teeth of patients. New algorithms have been developed and implemented to segment teeth of interest from surrounding gum, and a real-time image-based morphing procedure is used to automatically overlay a grid onto each segmented tooth. Pattern recognition methods are used to classify plaque from surrounding gum and enamel, while ignoring glare effects due to the reflection of camera light and ambient light from enamel regions. The PlaqTrak system integrates these components into a single software suite with an easy-to-use GUI (see Figure 1) that allows users to do an end-to-end run of a patient s record, including tooth segmentation of all teeth, grid morphing of each segmented tooth, and plaque classification of each tooth image. The automated and accurate processing of the captured images to segment each tooth [see Figure 2(a)] and then detect plaque on a tooth-by-tooth basis is a critical component of the PlaqTrak system to do clinical trials and analysis with minimal human intervention. These features offer distinct advantages over other competing systems that analyze groups of teeth or synthetic teeth. PlaqTrak divides each segmented tooth into eight regions using an advanced graphics morphing procedure [see results on a chipped tooth in Figure 2(b)], and a pattern recognition classifier is then used to locate plaque [red regions in Figure 2(d)] and enamel regions. The morphing allows analysis within regions of teeth, thereby facilitating detailed statistical analysis such as the amount of plaque present on the biting surfaces on teeth. This software system is applicable to a host of biomedical applications, such as cell analysis and life detection, or robotic applications, such as product inspection or assembly of parts in space and industry.
New reagent for colorimetric assay of calcium in serum (1993)

Abstract We report a new single-reagent colorimetric assay for the determination of calcium in serum. The assay is based on a novel chromogenic tetracarboxylic acid chelating agent. The method has several advantages over the o-cresolphthalein complexone (CPC) method, including improved linearity, better accuracy, increased stability, and lower working pH (9.0). The calibration curve for the assay is linear up to 4 mmol/L. The results for 47 patients' samples correlated well with results obtained with an Instrumentation Laboratory atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean (+/- SD) calcium values for the new method were 2.27 +/- 0.06 mmol/L and 2.26 +/- 0.05 mmol/L for the comparison method. The on-system stability of the reagents is 1 week vs 8 h for the CPC method.
Language-level persistency (2017)

The commercial release of byte-addressable persistent memories, such as Intel/Micron 3D XPoint memory, is imminent. Ongoing research has sought mechanisms to allow programmers to implement recoverable data structures in these new main memories. Ensuring recoverability requires programmer control of the order of persistent stores; recent work proposes persistency models as an extension to memory consistency to specify such ordering. Prior work has considered persistency models at the abstraction of the instruction set architecture. Instead, we argue for extending the language-level memory model to provide guarantees on the order of persistent writes.
Synthesis of 2-Arylbenzo[<i>b</i>]furans via Copper(I)-Catalyzed Coupling of<i>o</i>-Iodophenols and Aryl Acetylenes (2002)

[reaction: see text] We report a copper(I)-catalyzed procedure for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzo[b]furans. This protocol can be used to synthesize a variety of 2-arylbenzo[b]furans in good to excellent yields. This method can tolerate a variety of functional groups, does not require the use of expensive additives, and is palladium-free.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of α’ Martensite Type Ti-V-Al Alloy after Cold- or Hot Working Process (2010)

Ti alloys are widely utilized for industrial applications due to their excellent mechanical properties combined with low density. In general, Ti alloys are classified as , + and  alloys, with further subdivision into near  and metastable  alloys. Quite recently, we have presented new type structural ’ martensite (H.C.P.) Ti alloys with low Young’s modulus, high strength and excellent ductility at room temperature. In this work, we examined the microstructure and mechanical properties of ’ martensite type Ti-V-Al alloy after cold- or hot working process. Then, we found that deformation behavior of ’ initial microstructure as compared with (+) initial microstructure was different based on the results of stress-strain curves and Processing Maps under the hot working process. Further, cold rolled ’ martensite microstructure exhibited the refined equiaxed dislocation cell structure, thereby resulting in high strength. This result suggests the new type deformation processing (for both cold- and hot work processing) utilizing ’ martensite in industrial Ti alloys.
Direct Conversion of Human Fibroblasts into Schwann Cells that Facilitate Regeneration of Injured Peripheral Nerve In Vivo (2017)

Schwann cells (SCs) play pivotal roles in the maintenance and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system. Although transplantation of SCs enhances repair of experimentally damaged peripheral and central nerve tissues, it is difficult to prepare a sufficient number of functional SCs for transplantation therapy without causing adverse events for the donor. Here, we generated functional SCs by somatic cell reprogramming procedures and demonstrated their capability to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Normal human fibroblasts were phenotypically converted into SCs by transducing SOX10 and Krox20 genes followed by culturing for 10 days resulting in approximately 43% directly converted Schwann cells (dSCs). The dSCs expressed SC-specific proteins, secreted neurotrophic factors, and induced neuronal cells to extend neurites. The dSCs also displayed myelin-forming capability both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, transplantation of the dSCs into the transected sciatic nerve in mice resulted in significantly accelerated regeneration of the nerve and in improved motor function at a level comparable to that with transplantation of the SCs obtained from a peripheral nerve. The dSCs induced by our procedure may be applicable for novel regeneration therapy for not only peripheral nerve injury but also for central nerve damage and for neurodegenerative disorders related to SC dysfunction. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1207-1216.
The potent broadly neutralizing antibody VIR-3434 controls Hepatitis B and D Virus infection and reduces HBsAg in humanized mice (2022)

Abstract Background & Aims Chronic hepatitis B is a major global public health problem, and coinfection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) worsens disease outcome. Here, we describe a hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg)-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb) with the potential to promote functional cure of chronic hepatitis B and D to address this unmet medical need. Methods HBsAg-specific mAbs were isolated from memory B cells of HBV vaccinated individuals. In vitro neutralization was determined against HBV and HDV enveloped with HBsAg representing eight HBV genotypes. Human liver-chimeric mice were treated twice weekly with a candidate mAb starting three weeks post HBV inoculation (spreading phase) or during stable HBV or HBV/HDV coinfection (chronic phase). Results From a panel of human anti-HBs mAbs, VIR-3434 was selected and engineered for pre-clinical development. VIR-3434 targets a putative conserved, conformational epitope within the antigenic loop of HBsAg and neutralized HBV and HDV infection with >12,000-fold higher potency than Hepatitis B Immunoglobulins in vitro. Neutralization was pan-genotypic against strains representative of HBV genotypes A-H. In the spreading phase of HBV infection in human liver-chimeric mice, a parental mAb of VIR-3434 (HBC34) prevented HBV dissemination and intrahepatic HBV RNA and cccDNA increase. In the chronic phase of HBV infection or co-infection with HDV, HBC34 treatment decreased circulating HBsAg by >1 log and HDV RNA by >2 logs. Conclusions This in vitro and in vivo characterization identified the potent anti-HBs mAb VIR-3434, which reduces circulating HBsAg and HBV/HDV viremia in human liver-chimeric mice. VIR-3434 is currently in clinical development for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B or D. Lay summary Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus places approximately 290 million individuals worldwide at risk for severe liver disease and cancer. Currently available treatments result in low rates of functional cure or require lifelong therapy that does not eliminate the risk of liver disease. We isolated and characterized a potent, human antibody that neutralizes hepatitis B and D viruses and reduces infection in a mouse model. This antibody could provide a new treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B and D. Highlights Identification of a human mAb VIR-3434 that potently neutralizes HBV and HDV VIR-3434 targets a conserved, conformational epitope of the HBsAg antigenic loop VIR-3434 treatment blocks intrahepatic HBV spread in human liver-chimeric mice VIR-3434 treatment reduces circulating HBsAg and HDV RNA in co-infected mice Data have enabled clinical development of VIR-3434 against chronic hepatitis B/D
Toward iterative reconstruction in clinical CT: increased sharpness-to-noise and significant dose reduction owing to a new class of regularization priors (2010)

In this paper, a novel regularization approach for (non-statistical) iterative reconstruction is developed. In our implementation, the update equation of iterative reconstruction is based on Filtered Backprojection (FBP) and the solution is stabilized using nonlinear regularization priors. It is well known that the usage of nonlinear regularization priors can reduce image noise at the same time preserving image sharpness [1]. The final noise level can be adjusted by dedicated choice of regularization priors, regularization strength and the total number of iterations. In contrast to conventional CT using convolution kernels, image characteristics can not be further manipulated. This might cause artificial image texture. We present a new class of (non-local) 3D-regularization priors, which gives us control over image characteristics similar to that obtained with conventional CT convolution kernels. In addition, efficient noise reduction at constant sharpness is obtained. Due to the manipulation of the low-frequency components of the regularization filter, the filter is non-local. The regularization strength becomes a 3D-matrix with contrast-dependent entries, which gives us control over contrastdependent sharpness. The contrast edges are estimated using a 3D Laplacian kernel. High contrast edges get a low regularization weight and vice versa. We demonstrate the potential of noise reduction on basis of clinical CT data. Also, it is shown, that radiation exposure to the patient can be reduced by 60% in general purpose radiological CT applications and cardiac CT at the same time maintaining image quality. Moreover, for a 128-slice detector with 0.6 mm collimation, it is shown, that cone-beam and spiral artifacts caused by non-exact image reconstruction can be fairly removed. Putting all together our iterative reconstruction approach substantially improves image quality in cone-beam CT, and thus has the potential to enter routine clinical CT.
Investigation of magnetic guidance of cochlear implants (2011)

Cochlear implants have become a standard treatment for many with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. However, delicate cochlear structures can be damaged during surgical insertion, which can lead to loss of residual hearing and decreased implant effectiveness. We propose a magnetic guidance concept in which a magnetically tipped cochlear implant is guided as it is inserted into the cochlea. In a scaled in vitro experimental study, we record insertion forces for nonguided and magnetically guided insertion experiments and compare the results. Results indicate that magnetic guidance reduced insertion forces by approximately 50%.
Characterization of virulent and avirulent Listeria monocytogenes strains by PCR amplification of putative transcriptional regulator and internalin genes (2003)

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that is an important cause of human food-borne illness worldwide. However, L. monocytogenes strains demonstrate considerable variation in pathogenic potential. In this report, virulent and avirulent L. monocytogenes isolates were compared by using a comparative screening strategy. Two clones were identified that contained DNA that was only present in virulent L. monocytogenes strains. PCR primers were designed for three genes from these clones and for five other selected L. monocytogenes genes. All eight primer sets predominantly detected virulent L. monocytogenes isolates, as determined by a mouse virulence assay; one of the putative internalin genes, lmo2821, was detected in all strains that were considered to be virulent. Primers from these eight genes were then tested by PCR against a larger panel of bacterial strains; each of the genes was detected predominantly in clinical or food L. monocytogenes isolates, rather than environmental isolates. The findings from this study suggest that virulent L. monocytogenes strains may possess genes that are not present in avirulent isolates, which could serve as markers for PCR assessment of L. monocytogenes virulence.
Thermoelectric performance enhancement of Mg<sub>2</sub>Sn based solid solutions by band convergence and phonon scattering via Pb and Si/Ge substitution for Sn (2016)

In this study, the thermoelectric properties of Mg2Sn0.98-xPbxSb0.02 were first studied, and then Mg2Sn0.93-xSixPb0.05Sb0.02 and Mg2Sn0.93-xGexPb0.05Sb0.02 were accordingly investigated. The results showed that the formation of Mg2Sn0.98-xPbxSb0.02 solid solutions effectively reduced the lattice thermal conductivity of Mg2Sn. The room temperature lattice thermal conductivity of Mg2Sn0.98Sb0.02 is ∼5.2 W m(-1) K(-1) but only ∼2.5 W m(-1) K(-1) for Mg2Sn0.73Pb0.25Sb0.02, a reduction of ∼52%. Further alloying Mg2Sn0.98-xPbxSb0.02 with Mg2Si or Mg2Ge to form Mg2Sn0.93-xSixPb0.05Sb0.02 or Mg2Sn0.93-xGexPb0.05Sb0.02 reduced the lattice thermal conductivity significantly due to enhanced phonon scattering by point defects as well as nanoparticles. Moreover, bipolar thermal conductivities were suppressed due to the larger bandgap of Mg2Si and Mg2Ge than Mg2Sn. Furthermore, similar to the pseudo-binary Mg2Sn-Mg2Si and Mg2Sn-Mg2Ge systems, band convergence was also observed in pseudo-ternary Mg2Sn0.93-xSixPb0.05Sb0.02 and Mg2Sn0.93-xGexPb0.05Sb0.02 materials. The convergence of conduction bands led to higher PFs at lower temperatures for Mg2Sn0.93-xSixPb0.05Sb0.02 and Mg2Sn0.93-xGexPb0.05Sb0.02 materials. As a result, higher peak ZTs of ∼1.3 for Mg2Sn0.63Si0.3Pb0.05Sb0.02 and ∼1.2 for Mg2Sn0.68Ge0.25Pb0.05Sb0.02 were achieved.
Taking steps forward in understanding the electrochemical behavior of Na<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (2015)

A combination of experiments and calculations allows grasping more information on the capacity fading upon cycling of the Na<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> electrode material in Na batteries.
Thiosuccinyl Peptides as Sirt5-Specific Inhibitors (2012)

Sirtuins, a class of enzymes known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylases, have been shown to regulate a variety of biological processes, including aging, transcription, and metabolism. Sirtuins are considered promising targets for treating several human diseases. There are seven sirtuins in humans (Sirt1-7). Small molecules that can target a particular human sirtuin are important for drug development and fundamental studies of sirtuin biology. Here we demonstrate that thiosuccinyl peptides are potent and selective Sirt5 inhibitors. The design of these inhibitors is based on our recent discovery that Sirt5 prefers to catalyze the hydrolysis of malonyl and succinyl groups, rather than an acetyl group, from lysine residues. Furthermore, among the seven human sirtuins, Sirt5 is the only one that has this unique acyl group preference. This study demonstrates that the different acyl group preferences of different sirtuins can be conveniently utilized to develop small molecules that selectively target different sirtuins.
Nonuniform Orthogonal Filterbanks Based on MDCT Analysis/Synthesis and Time-Domain Aliasing Reduction (2017)

In this letter we describe nonuniform orthogonal modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) filterbanks and time-domain aliasing reduction (TDAR). By adding a postprocessing step to the MDCT, our method allows for arbitrary nonuniform frequency resolutions using subband merging with smooth windowing and overlap in frequency. This overlap allows for an improved temporal compactness of the impulse response, which is especially useful for audio coders. The postprocessing step comprises another lapped MDCT transform along the frequency axis and TDAR along each subband signal.
Implementation of an adaptive piezoelectric sensoriactuator (1996)

An adaptive algorithm implemented on a digital signal processor is used in conjunction with an analog multiplier circuit to compensate for the feedthrough capacitance of a piezoelectric sensoriactuator. The mechanical response of the piezoelectric sensoriactuator is resolved from the electrical response by adaptively altering the gain imposed on the electrical circuit used for compensation. For broadband, stochastic input disturhances, the feedthrough dynamic capacitance of the sensoriactuator can be identified on-line, providing a means of implementing direct-rate-feedback control in analog hardware. Rate feedback control is demonstrated on a cantilevered beam using the hybrid/adaptive circuit. The ability of the circuit to readapt to a change in capacitance is demonstrated by a simple experiment.
A robust technique for image descreening based on the wavelet transform (1998)

In this correspondence, a novel wavelet-based approach to recover continuous-tone (contone) images from halftone images is presented. Wavelet decomposition of the halftone image facilitates a series of spatial and frequency selective processing to preserve most of the original image contents while eliminating the halftone noise. Furthermore, optional nonlinear filtering can be applied as a postprocessing stage to create the final aesthetic contone image. This approach lends itself to practical applications since it is independent of parameter estimation and, hence, universal to all types of halftoned images, including those obtained by scanning printed halftones.
Electrochemical Actuator Devices Based on Polyaniline Yarns and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes (2005)

We report the development of conducting polymer electrochemical linear actuators from ionic liquids (as electrolytes) and polyaniline yarns and hollow fibres (as electrode materials). With a yarn-in-fibre configuration, these actuators were simple to fabricate and allowed two-electrode operation without a reference electrode. Typical electromechanical actuation behavior of expansion, with force decrease, and contraction, with force increase, during charge injection and removal has been realized for these actuators. Stress generation of these actuators was 0.42–0.85 MPa, which exceeds that of skeletal muscle (0.1–0.5 MPa). Practical application of these actuators has been successfully demonstrated by using the electrochemical actuation of a yarn-in-fibre actuator to drive a cantilever object. Importantly, this yarn-in-fibre configuration would allow the combination of an appropriate number of yarns as the actuation electrode to accomplish the mechanical task, depending on the weight of the object.