gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systematic modified Reed-Solomon codes (2002)

Systematic m-bit symbol codes are constructed by modifying (m+/spl tau/)-bit symbol Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. These new codes are called systematic modified Reed-Solomon (SMRS) codes and have code length that far exceeds 2/sup m/, the length of m-bit RS codes. Although the systematic encoding of an SMRS code is slightly more complicated then that of the conventional RS codes, the decoding of the new code is exactly the same as that of the conventional RS codes. With one single 8-bit symbol SMRS code, it is now possible to protect entire 512-byte data sector of a data storage system, such as disk drive. It is also shown that 2/sup /spl tau// SMRS codes with distinct and fixed most significant /spl tau/-bits in all symbols of a code can be modified from a single RS code. Using these distinct SMRS codes for adjacent tracks in a disk drive, the probability that the correct track to be read at all time can be significantly enhanced.
2-Aminobenzimidazoles in Organic Syntheses (1983)

2-Aminobenzimidazole is a readily available chemical and can also be prepared easily in the laboratory. The present review highlights different methods to prepare various 2-aminobenzimidazoles. The utility of this organic synthon in preparing a wide variety of substituted benzimidazoles and benzimidazole heterocycles is systematically discussed and the application of such compounds in the development of new chemotherapeutic agents are included. 1 Introduction 2. Synthesis of 2-Aminobenzimidazoles 2.1. From o-Phenylenediamines 2.2. From o-Substituted Nitrobenzenes 2.3. From Phenylhydrazines 2.4. From Thioureas 2.5 From Benzimidazoles 3. Substitution Reactions 3.1. Alkylation and Arylation Reactions 3.2 Acylation and Aroylation Reactions 3.3. Sulphonylation Reactions 4. Substitutions Involving Heterocyclisation 5. Electrophilic Reactions 6. Reaction with Isothiocyanates and Isocyanates 7. Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds 8. Reaction with Nitriles 9. Reaction with Alkenes and Alkynes 10. Coupling Reactions 11. Miscellaneous Reactions 12. 2-Aminobenzimidazoles in Pharmaceutical and Industrial Chemistry 13. Conclusions
JSON Web Signature (JWS) (2015)

JSON Web Signature (JWS) represents content secured with digital signatures or Message Authentication Codes (MACs) using JSON-based data structures. Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification and an IANA registry defined by that specification. Related encryption capabilities are described in the separate JSON Web Encryption (JWE) specification.
Selected properties of hybrid poplar clear wood and composite panels (2002)

Eleven hybrid poplar clones grown in the inland and coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest were studied. Small, clear specimens were tested to determine specific gravity, shrinkage, and bending properties. Oriented strandboard (OSB) panels were fabricated and tested to determine flexural properties, internal bond, density, water absorption, and thickness swell. Clear wood properties of the hybrid poplar clones were lower than those of native aspen and cottonwood species. Differences were observed among the clear wood mechanical and shrinkage properties for the clones, indicating potential for selective breeding to genetically engineer trees with targeted structural end uses. OSB produced from individual clones performed beyond industry specifications for mechanical properties and moisture resistance. Future research is needed to evaluate the use of hybrid poplar in composite lumber products.
Rapid Killing of Single Neurons by Irradiation of Intracellularly Injected Dye (1979)

A simple technique for rapidly killing all or part of single neurons consists of filling the cell with Lucifer Yellow CH and irradiating all or part of it with intense blue light. Such treatment kills the irradiated part of the cell within a few minutes. Adjacent cells are not affected.
Coxiella burnetii immunogenic proteins as a basis for new Q fever diagnostic and vaccine development (2017)

Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of the zoonosis Q fever, which can cause an acute or a chronic, life-threatening disease in humans. It presents a highly stable cell form, which persists in the environment and is transmitted via contaminated aerosols. Ruminants are considered as the main reservoir for human infections but are usually asymptomatic. Subclinical infection in these animals and the occurrence of serologically negative shedders hamper the identification of infected animals with the currently used diagnostic techniques. This suboptimal sensitivity limits reliable identification of infected animals as well as the well-timed implementation of countermeasures. This review summarizes compounds, focusing on C. burnetii seroreactive proteins, which were discovered in recent immunoproteomic studies. We analyzed these proteins regarding their localization, function, frequency of citation, differences seen in various host species as well as sensitivity and specificity. Finally, proteins useful for the development of new diagnostic test systems as well as subunit vaccines were discussed.
Environmental Applications of AI [Guest Editor's Introduction] (1995)

Presents the guest editorial for this issue of the publication.
Plasmid retention and gene expression in suspended and biofilm cultures of recombinant <i>Escherichia coli</i> DH5α(pMJR1750) (1993)

Differences in plasmid retention and expression are studied in both suspended and biofilm cultures of Escherichia coli DH5alpha(PMJR1750). An alternative mathematical model is proposed which allows the determination of plasmid loss probability in both suspended batch and continuously fed biofilm cultures. In our experiments, the average probability of plasmid loss of E. coli DH5alpha(pMJR1750) is 0.0022 in batch culture in the absence of antibiotic selection pressure and inducer. Under the induction of 0.17 MM IPTG, the maximum growth rate of plasmid-bearing cells in suspended batch culture dropped from 0.45 h(-1) to 0.35 h(-1) and the beta-galactosidase concentration reached an experimental maximum of 0.32. pg/cell 4 hours after the initiation of induction. At both 0.34 and 0.51 mM IPTG, growth rates in batch cultures decreased to 0.16 h(-1), about 36% of that without IPTG, and the beta-galactosidase concentration reached an experimental maximum of 0.47 pg/cell 3 hours after induction.In biofilm cultures, both plasmid-bearing and plasmid-free cells in increase with time reaching a plateau after 96 hours n the absence of both the inducer and any antibiotic selection pressure. Average probability of plasmid loss for biofilm-bound E. coli DH5beta(pMJR1750) population was 0.017 without antibiotic selection. Once the inducer IPTG was added, the concentration of plasmid-bearing cells in biofilm dropped dramatically while plasmid-free cell numbers maintained unaffected. The beta-galactosidase concentration reached a maximum in all biofilm experiments 24 hours after induction; they were 0.08, 0.1, and 0.12 pg/cel under 0.17, 0.34, and 0.51 mM IPTG, respectively.
Porous fluoride antireflective coatings (1988)

Quarterwave antireflective coatings of CaF(2) and MgF(2) have been prepared on fused silica and calcium fluoride substrates from colloidal suspensions of the relevant fluorides in methanol. These coatings have high optical efficiency and laser damage thresholds at 350 nm in the 6-8-J/cm(2) range for single shots of 0.6-ns pulse length and 20-25 J/cm(2) for 25-Hz multishots of 25-ns pulse length.
BDNF and NT3 extend the critical period for developmental climbing fibre plasticity (2001)

The effect on neonatal brain plasticity of two neurotrophins, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), was studied using the rat olivocerebellar projection as a model. Unilateral transection of climbing fibres (CFs) in the rat before postnatal day 7 induces reinnervation of the deafferented hemicerebellum, but this does not occur if the transection is performed after postnatal day 10. Eleven-day-old day rats underwent unilateral CF transection followed by neurotrophin injection into the denervated cerebellar cortex 24 h later. The exogenous neurotrophins induced CF reinnervation of the denervated hemicerebellum. However BDNF was more efficacious than NT-3. Thus two neurotrophins can extend the window of neonatal brain plasticity, therefore suggesting potential therapeutic use after brain trauma.
Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Using MOFs: A Review of the Latest Developments (2020)

Removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from gas streams with varying overall pressure and H2S concentration is a long-standing challenge faced by oil and gas industries. The present work focuses on H2S capture using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), in an effort to shed light on their potential as adsorbents in the field of gas storage and separation. MOFs hold great promise as they make possible the design of structures from organic and inorganic units but also, they have provided an answer to a long-time challenging objective, i.e., how to design extended structures of materials. Moreover, the functionalization of the MOF’s surface can result in increased H2­S uptake. For example, the insertion of 1% of a fluorinated linker in MIL-101(Cr)-4F(1%) allows for enhanced H2S capture. Although noticeable efforts have been made in studying the adsorption capacity of H2S using MOFs, there is a clear need for gaining a deeper understanding in terms of their thermal conductivities and specific heats in order to design more stable adsorption beds, experiencing high exothermicity. Simply put, the exothermic nature of adsorption means that sharp rises in temperature can negatively affect the bed stability in the absence of sufficient heat transfer. The work presented herein provides a detailed discussion, by thoroughly combining the existing literature, on new developments in MOFs for H2S removal, and tries to provide insight into new areas for further research.
Ag@zinc–tetraphenylporphyrin core–shell nanostructures with unusual thickness-tunable fluorescence (2013)

Ag@zinc-tetraphenylporphyrin (Ag@ZnTPP) core-shell nanostructures have been fabricated by in situ chemical deposition. Unusual thickness-dependent fluorescence allowed their colour to be tuned from blue to red by simply increasing the shell thickness from ~2 nm to ~9 nm. The competition between metal enhancement and the self-absorption effect of ZnTPP has been shown to be the main reason for this variation.
Noninvasive delivery of gene targeting probes to live brains for transcription MRI (2007)

We aimed to test the feasibility of detecting gliosis in living brains when the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is disrupted. We designed a novel magnetic resonance (MR) probe that contains superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION, a T2 susceptibility contrast agent) linked to a short DNA sequence complementary to the cerebral mRNA of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) found in glia and astrocytes. As a control, we also used a sequence complementary to the mRNA of beta-actin. Our objectives are to demonstrate that this new probe, SPION-gfap, could be delivered to the brain when administered by eyedrop solution to the conjunctival sac. We induced BBB leakage by puncture wound, global cerebral ischemia, and cortical spreading depression in C57BL6 mice; 1 day after probe delivery we acquired T2* MR images and R2* (R2* = 1/T2*) maps using a transcription MRI technique in live mice. We found that the SPION-gfap probe reported foci with elevated signal in subtraction R2* maps and that these foci matched areas identified as having extensive glial network (gliosis) in postmortem immunohistochemistry. Similarly, animals administered the control probe exhibited foci of R2* elevation that matched beta-actin-expressing endothelia in the vascular wall. We conclude that our modular MR probe, delivered in an eyedrop solution, effectively reports gliosis associated with acute neurological disorders in living animals. As BBB leakage is often observed in acute neurological disorders, this study also served to validate noninvasive delivery of MR probes to the brains of live animals after acute neurological disorders.
A content-based rapid video playback method using motion-based video time density function and temporal quantization (2010)

In this paper, we propose a new content-based rapid video playback method using motion-based video time density function (MVTDF) and temporal quantization. In particular, we formulate the rapid video playback problem as a generic sampling problem. We present a novel MVTDF using the inter-frame mutual information in pixel level to describe the time density of video motion activities. A MVTDF-based temporal quantization method is then employed to find the best quanta and partition in time domain. The video frames that are the nearest neighbors to the quanta in the quantization codebook are sampled to navigate the video in a non-uniform way. By selecting the most salient set of frames, the technique is integrated into a video player for variable-rate rapid video playback that preserves content. The implementation of video player demonstrates the feasibility of proposed method in practice. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective to capture the important semantic information of video data during rapid playback.
Fermentative Hydrogen Production From Wastewater and Solid Wastes by Mixed Cultures (2006)

Over 160 publications related to fermentative hydrogen production from wastewater and solid wastes by mixed cultures are compiled and analyzed. Of the 98 reported cases, 57 used single substrates (mainly carbohydrates), 8 used actual wastewater, and 33 used solid wastes for hydrogen conversion. The key information is compiled in four tables: (1) pretreatment conditions for screening hydrogen-producing bacteria from anaerobic sludge or soil, and the process and performance parameters for (2) single substrates in synthetic wastewaters, (3) actual wastewaters, and (4) solid wastes. Process parameters discussed include pH, temperature, hydraulic retention time, seed sludge, nutrients, inhibitors, reactor design, and the means used for lowering hydrogen partial pressure. Performance parameters discussed include hydrogen yield, maximum volumetric production rate, maximum specific production rate, and conversion efficiency. The outlook for this new technology is discussed at the end.
Integration of path planning, sensing and control in mobile robotics (2002)

Mobile MODRO is a modular mobile robot developed as a test platform for indoor applications at the Institute of Robotics in Zurich. The benchmark task for the modulator mobile robot is the distribution of internal mail in the new building of the Institute of Robotics. Progress thus far with respect to hardware, sensors and the software system is reported. The stability of the platform is considered in the presence of floor discontinuities. It is shown that it is possible to achieve near optimal steering and speed control. By considering noise sources and their propagation through an optical sensor, a model is derived for an amplitude modulated continuous wave lidar which produces range uncertainty information with each range estimate. At the highest level, efficient global and local path planning can be achieved using traditional search methods in combination with artificial neural network and fuzzy logic-based controllers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Optically Active Heterocyclic Homoallylic and Homopropargylic Alcohols. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mini-review: Convection around biofilms (2012)

Water that flows around a biofilm influences the transport of solutes into and out of the biofilm and applies forces to the biofilm that can cause it to deform and detach. Engineering approaches to quantifying and understanding these phenomena are reviewed in the context of biofilm systems. The slow-moving fluid adjacent to the biofilm acts as an insulator for diffusive exchange. External mass transfer resistance is important because it can exacerbate oxygen or nutrient limitation in biofilms, worsen product inhibition, affect quorum sensing, and contribute to the development of tall, fingerlike biofilm clusters. Measurements of fluid motion around biofilms by particle velocimetry and magnetic resonance imaging indicate that water flows around, but not through biofilm cell clusters. Moving fluid applies forces to biofilms resulting in diverse outcomes including viscoelastic deformation, rolling, development of streamers, oscillatory movement, and material failure or detachment. The primary force applied to the biofilm is a shear force in the main direction of fluid flow, but complex hydrodynamics including eddies, vortex streets, turbulent wakes, and turbulent bursts result in additional force components.
A 3 V thermostat circuit (2002)

An integrated thermostat circuit is described in this paper. It contains a bandgap reference, a temperature sensor and two hysteresis comparators. Two temperature trip points are generated by dividing down the bandgap voltage reference using three external resistors or an internal resistive network. The temperature sensor circuit generates a voltage proportional to temperature. Two comparators are designed for a 3 degree C internal hysteresis, and their outputs support CMOS/TTL logic levels. The circuit works with a supply voltage of 2.7 V to 10 V. It shows a trip point accuracy better than 2 degree C at room temperature and 3 degree C over the temperature ranging from -40 degree C to 125 degree C. The temperature sensor output voltage slope is 6.25 mV per degree C. The thermostat is fabricated using a standard bipolar process, and packaged in an 8-pin SOT package.
Image Denoising with Kernels based on Natural Image Relations (2016)

A successful class of image denoising methods is based on Bayesian approaches working in wavelet representations. However, analytical estimates can be obtained only for particular combinations of analytical models of signal and noise, thus precluding its straightforward extension to deal with other arbitrary noise sources. In this paper, we propose an alternative non-explicit way to take into account the relations among natural image wavelet coefficients for denoising: we use support vector regression (SVR) in the wavelet domain to enforce these relations in the estimated signal. Since relations among the coefficients are specific to the signal, the regularization property of SVR is exploited to remove the noise, which does not share this feature. The specific signal relations are encoded in an anisotropic kernel obtained from mutual information measures computed on a representative image database. Training considers minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) between the estimated and actual probability functions of signal and noise in order to enforce similarity. Due to its non-parametric nature, the method can eventually cope with different noise sources without the need of an explicit re-formulation, as it is strictly necessary under parametric Bayesian formalisms. Results under several noise levels and noise sources show that: (1) the proposed method outperforms conventional wavelet methods that assume coefficient independence, (2) it is similar to state-of-the-art methods that do explicitly include these relations when the noise source is Gaussian, and (3) it gives better numerical and visual performance when more complex, realistic noise sources are considered. Therefore, the proposed machine learning approach can be seen as a more flexible (model-free) alternative to the explicit description of wavelet coefficient relations for image denoising.
<title>Electromagnetic driven liquid mirrors</title> (1994)

Electromagnetic forces can be used to deform the free surface of a reflective liquid. Such forces can be obtained through flowing of electrical current in the liquid itself or using its ferro-magnetic properties. For the first approach a ground-based experiment to characterize an adaptive mirror is briefly reported. For the second approach a technique to deploy in nearly- zero gravity environment a large concave mirror is shown. For this space-based application an example of case study is briefly given.
Human amnion contains a novel laminin variant, laminin 7, which like laminin 6, covalently associates with laminin 5 to promote stable epithelial-stromal attachment. (1996)

Stable attachment of external epithelia to the basement membrane and underlying stroma is mediated by transmembrane proteins such as the integrin alpha6beta4 and bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 within the hemidesmosomes along the basolateral surface of the epithelial cell and their ligands that include a specialized subfamily of laminins. The laminin 5 molecule (previously termed kalinin/nicein/epiligrin) is a member of this epithelial-specific subfamily. Laminin 5 chains are not only considerably truncated within domains III-VI, but are also extensively proteolytically processed in vitro and in vivo. As a result, the domains expected to be required for the association of laminins with other basement membrane components are lacking in the mature laminin 5 molecule. Therefore, the tight binding of laminin 5 to the basement membrane may occur by a unique mechanism. To examine laminin 5 in tissue, we chose human amnion as the source, because of its availability and the similarity of the amniotic epithelial basement membrane with that of skin. We isolated the laminin 5 contained within the basement membrane of human amnion. In addition to monomeric laminin 5, we find that much of the laminin 5 isolated is covalently adducted with laminin 6 (alpha3beta1gamma1) and a novel laminin isotype we have termed laminin 7 (alpha3beta2gamma1). We propose that the association between laminin 5 and laminins 6 and 7 is a mechanism used in amnion to allow stable association of laminin 5 with the basement membrane. The beta2 chain is seen at the human amniotic epithelial-stromal interface and at the dermal-epidermal junction of fetal and adult bovine skin by immunofluorescence, but is not present, or only weakly present, in neonatal human skin.
Metallic and Ceramic Thin Film Thermocouples (2013)

Operating temperatures in the hot sections of modern gas turbine engines reach as high as 1500°C, making in situ monitoring of the severe temperature gradients on the surface of components rather difficult. Therefore, there is a need to develop thermocouples which can stably measure temperature in these harsh environments. Refractory metal and ceramic thin film thermocouples are well suited for this task since they have chemical and electrical stability at high temperatures in oxidizing atmospheres, they are compatible with thermal barrier coatings employed on engine components, have higher sensitivity than conventional wire thermocouples, and they are non-invasive to the engine environment. In this masters thesis, thin film combinatorial chemistry for materials discovery and characterization was the primary tool used to optimize thermo-element materials for thin film thermocouples. The resulting sensors based on ceramics, such as indium oxide and indium tin oxide, as well as others based on refractory metals, such as platinum and palladium, exhibited remarkable stability for many cycles at temperatures above 1000°C.