gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of liquid phase deposited silicon dioxide to metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor and amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (1996)

Liquid phase deposited silicon dioxide (LPD-SiO/sub 2/) is applied to crystalline Si metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor as the gate insulator. It is demonstrated that slow states exist at the Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface which cause hysteresis in the capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics. These slow states can be removed effectively by post-metallization-anneal. By means of C-V measurement and infrared absorption spectroscopy, it is concluded that the slow states are originated from the residual water or hydroxyl molecules in LPD-SiO/sub 2/. The LPD-SiO/sub 2/ is also applied to fabricate amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film transistor (TFT) based on a new self-aligned process. The performance of this device is comparable to those of thin film transistors employed other kinds of SiO/sub 2/, i.e., thermal, plasma, vacuum evaporation, etc., as the gate insulator. The bias-stress measurement shows that the threshold voltage shift is dominated by charge trapping in the gate insulator.
Fast and flexible instruction selection with constraints (2018)

Tree-parsing instruction selection as used in, e.g., lcc, uses dynamic costs to gain flexibility and handle situations (such as read-modify-write instructions) that do not fit into the basic tree-parsing model. The disadvantage of dynamic costs is that we can no longer turn the tree grammar into a tree automaton (as is done by burg) for fast instruction selection for JIT compilers. In this paper we introduce constraints that say whether a tree-grammar rule is applicable or not. While theoretically less powerful than dynamic costs, constraints cover the practical uses of dynamic costs; more importantly, they allow turning the tree grammar with constraints into a tree automaton (with instruction-selection-time checks), resulting in faster instruction selection than with pure instruction-selection-time dynamic programming. We integrate constraints in an instruction selector that matches DAGs with tree rules. We evaluate this concept in lcc and the CACAO JavaVM JIT compiler, and see instruction selector speedups by a factor 1.33--1.89.
A Survey on Resiliency Techniques in Cloud Computing Infrastructures and Applications (2016)

Today’s businesses increasingly rely on cloud computing, which brings both great opportunities and challenges. One of the critical challenges is resiliency: disruptions due to failures (either accidental or because of disasters or attacks) may entail significant revenue losses (e.g., US$ 25.5 billion in 2010 for North America). Such failures may originate at any of the major components in a cloud architecture (and propagate to others): 1) the servers hosting the application; 2) the network interconnecting them (on different scales, inside a data center, up to wide-area connections); or 3) the application itself. We comprehensively survey a large body of work focusing on resilience of cloud computing, in each (or a combination) of the server, network, and application components. First, we present the cloud computing architecture and its key concepts. We highlight both the infrastructure (servers, network) and application components. A key concept is virtualization of infrastructure (i.e., partitioning into logically separate units), and thus we detail the components in both physical and virtual layers. Before moving to the detailed resilience aspects, we provide a qualitative overview of the types of failures that may occur (from the perspective of the layered cloud architecture), and their consequences. The second major part of the paper introduces and categorizes a large number of techniques for cloud computing infrastructure resiliency. This ranges from designing and operating the facilities, servers, networks, to their integration and virtualization (e.g., also including resilience of the middleware infrastructure). The third part focuses on resilience in application design and development. We study how applications are designed, installed, and replicated to survive multiple physical failure scenarios as well as disaster failures.
DNA Sequence of the Human Apolipoprotein B Gene (1987)

The sequence of the human apolipoprotein B gene comprises 43 kb divided into 29 exons, one of which is unusually long and contains 7572 bp. Comparison of the gene sequence with four complete and three partial cDNA sequences published elsewhere reveals a total of 60 nucleotide substitutions and 39 amino acid substitutions and one small deletion in the signal peptide.
Reversal of Acquired Resistance to Doxorubicin in K562 Human Leukemia Cells by Astemizole. (2000)

This study demonstrates that astemizole, a non-sedating anti-histaminergic drug with low toxicity in vivo, greatly potentiates the growth-inhibitory activity of doxorubicin in doxorubicin-resistant human leukemia cells (K562/DXR). Astemizole synergistically potentiated the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin for K562/DXR cells at a concentration of 0.1-3 microM in a dose-dependent manner, whereas they showed hardly any synthergistic effect in the parental cell line (K562) at the same concentration. Since doxorubicin resistance in these cells is associated with the expression of high levels of P-glycoprotein, we evaluated the effect of astemizole on P-glycoprotein activity in cytofluorographic efflux experiments with doxorubicin. Our results indicate that astemizole inhibits the P-glycoprotein pump-efflux activity in a dose-related manner. Moreover, it also inhibits the photolabeling of P-glycoprotein by [3H]azidopine in a dose-dependent manner. These findings provide a biological basis for the potential therapeutic application of astemizole as an anticancer drug either alone or in combination with doxorubicin to multidrug-resistant leukemic cells.
Exploring the large voltage range of carbon/carbon supercapacitors in aqueous lithium sulfate electrolyte (2012)

This study investigates the large voltage range of symmetric carbon/carbon capacitors in environmentally friendly aqueous lithium sulfate electrolyte. A high over-potential related to the hydrogen sorption mechanism at the negative electrode contributes usefully to enhance the operating voltage up to 1.9 V with an excellent stability during 10 000 charge/discharge cycles. Such a voltage value is two times higher than the values generally demonstrated with symmetric carbon/carbon capacitors in conventional aqueous media, while avoiding the disadvantages of the corrosive properties of acidic and basic electrolytes. Temperature programmed desorption analysis of the electrodes after long-term cycling gives the evidence that the maximum voltage is essentially limited by an irreversible electro-oxidation process at the positive electrode. If the potential of the positive electrode goes beyond a given value during cell operation, a massive electro-oxidation of carbon leads to a further deleterious increase of the maximum potential of the electrode and an increase of electrode resistance resulting in a decrease of capacitance. Inconvenience can be sidestepped by performing a controlled chemical oxidation of the carbon surface using hydrogen peroxide. As a consequence, the maximum potential of the electrode remains stable during operation of the cell at 1.9 V, and the system can be charged/discharged during 10 000 cycles with very moderate loss of capacitance or increase of resistance.
<title>Approaches to stereoscopic video based on spatiotemporal interpolation</title> (1996)

The creation of stereoscopic imagery derived from a monoscopic source by splitting the signal into two channels with an inter-channel temporal delay has a long history extending back to military reconnaissance research during WWII and to the 1920's in film-based work. Recently, several academic and commercial efforts have emerged utilizing 2D-3D conversion as a new paradigm in single-lens stereoscopy. Several examples will be discussed below, including the TransVision system developed by the author which runs on conventional Pentium/PCI platforms. Alongside these commercial developments, continuing research in vision psychophysics is shedding new light on the fundamental neural processing mechanisms underlying these technologies. Such research has shown, for example, that spatio-temporally interpolated stereo is closely related to structure-from-motion and kinetic depth phenomena, does not rely on monocular form cues and can be demonstrated even in dynamic imagery composed entirely of random noise.
Effects of magnetic field and pressure in magnetoelastic stress reconfigurable thin film resonators (2015)

Free-standing CoFe thin-film doubly clamped stress reconfigurable resonators were investigated as a function of magnetic field and pressure. A large uniaxial anisotropy resulting from residual uniaxial tensile stress, as revealed from magnetic hysteresis loops, leads to an easy magnetization axis aligned along the length of the beams. The quality factor of the driven resonator beams under vacuum is increased by 30 times, leading to an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and a predicted reduction in the intrinsic magnetic noise by a factor of 6, potentially reaching as low as ∼25 pT/√Hz at 1 Torr. Stress reconfigurable sensors operating under vacuum could thus further improve the limit of detection and advance development of magnetic field sensing technology.
Atomic-size metal ion sources: principles and use (2001)

The controlled emission of ions by field desorption from nanotips is used to develop an atomic-size ion source. The source has been shown to emit Au and Ag ions from layers pre-deposited on W base tips with two characteristics important for applications: (1) the ion emission can be controlled such that it originates exclusively from the atomic-scale apex of a single nanotip positioned precisely on the main axis of the base tip and (2) the nanotip emits stable metallic ion currents in the pA range for at least tens of hours. Emission patterns, energy distributions and emitted ion currents versus time, voltage and temperature have been measured. These data permit a qualitative understanding of the source characteristics by considering their relation to the three essential source elements: the axial nanotip, the supply function and ionization by field desorption. Computer simulations are performed to explore the use of these sources to create nanometre-scale structures when coupled to electrostatic lenses or in a near-field configuration as well as the interactions of the ions in the range of 100-1000 eV with a Si substrate.
Basis of Substrate Binding by the Chaperonin GroEL (1999)

The molecular chaperonins are essential proteins involved in protein folding, complex assembly, and polypeptide translocation. While there is abundant structural information about the machinery and the mechanistic details of its action are well studied, it is yet unresolved how chaperonins recognize a large number of structurally unrelated polypeptides in their unfolded or partially folded forms. To determine the nature of chaperonin-substrate recognition, we have characterized by NMR methods the interactions of GroEL with synthetic peptides that mimic segments of unfolded proteins. In previous work, we found using transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (trNOE) analysis that two 13 amino acid peptides bound GroEL in an amphipathic alpha-helical conformation. By extending the study to a variety of peptides with differing sequence motifs, we have observed that peptides can adopt conformations other than alpha-helix when bound to GroEL. Furthermore, peptides of the same composition exhibited significantly different affinities for GroEL as manifested by the magnitude of trNOEs. Binding to GroEL correlates well with the ability of the peptide to cluster hydrophobic residues on one face of the peptide, as determined by the retention time on reversed-phase (RP) HPLC. We conclude that the molecular basis of GroEL-substrate recognition is the presentation of a hydrophobic surface by an incompletely folded polypeptide and that many backbone conformations can be accommodated.
Expression of CD44 Splice Variants During Lymphocyte Activation and Tumor Progression (1994)

Recently, splice variants of CD44 have been described that confer metastatic potential to non-metastasizing rat pancreatic carcinoma and sarcoma cell lines. Using antibodies against variant CD44 (CD44v) sequences, we have examined the expression of variant CD44 glycoproteins on human lymphoid cells and tissues and in colorectal neoplasia. Lymphohematopoietic cells express low levels of CD44v glycoproteins. During the process of lymphocyte activation in vitro and in vivo, expression of CD44v glycoproteins is transiently upregulated. The reaction pattern of various antibodies indicates that these CD44 variants contain the domain encoded by exon v6, which is part of the variant that confers metastatic capability. In human colorectal neoplasia we observed overexpression of CD44 splice variants in all invasive carcinomas. Already at early stages of colorectal tumor progression exon v5 epitopes were overexpressed. Tumor progression was strongly related to expression of CD44 isoforms containing exon v6 encoded domains. The findings establish CD44 variants as tumor progression markers in colorectal cancer.
Temporal propagation of spatial information in turbid media (2008)

The time-resolved propagation of spatial frequencies in turbid media is investigated. We discuss the relevant information content in terms of the spatial Fourier component of the propagating pulse. We present a method to record and analyze the time-gated spatial frequency response of highly scattering media. We demonstrate that high spatial frequency information appears in the early time-gated signal, whereas low frequencies persist for longer times.
Pre-treatment chemicals (1995)

Abstract A major consideration, in relation to solid/liquid separation processes, is the selection of pre-treatment chemicals. These range from simple inorganic salts which effect changes in pH, zeta potential etc., to speciality products such as synthetic polyelectrolytes and surfactant dewatering aids. The selection of an appropriate pre-treatment is generally made having regard for results obtained from empirical laboratory testwork. Such results are used in the paper to demonstrate the influence of the different groups of products, and further illustration is made by reference to their application in a variety od industries and processes.
A Novel Gaba Receptor in the Heart of a Primitive Arthropod,<i>Limulus Polyphemus</i> (1989)

ABSTRACT The isolated, intact heart of the marine arachnid Limulus polyphemus continues to beat in vitro for many hours. Application of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) decreased the heart beat frequency with a threshold of 3×10−7moll−1 and an EC50 of 2·0±0·6×10−5moll−1 (mean±S.D., N = 8). At 10−4moll−1 and above the heart beat was completely and reversibly inhibited. The agonist potency profile of the Limulus heart chronotropic GABA receptor was very similar to that of the vertebrate GABAA receptor: muscimol &gt; ZAPA&gt;GABA≈TACA&gt;isoguvacine&gt;THIP&gt;3-aminopropane sulphonic acid&gt; imidazole-4-acetic acid ≈β-guanidino proprionic acid ≈5-aminovalerate. In contrast, the antagonist profile differed dramatically: bicuculline, pitrazepin and SR 95103, as well as the channel blocker picrotoxin, were without effect at concentrations up to 10−4moll−1. The benzodiazepines clorazepate, flunitrazepam, flurazepam and diazepam, as well as the barbiturate sodium pentobarbital, were without effect on the GABA response, suggesting that the Limulus heart GABA receptor is not complexed with the benzodiazepine and barbiturate modulatory subunits that characterize vertebrate GABAA receptor. The GABAB ligands baclofen, phaclophen and kojic amine were inactive on the heart. However, 3-aminopropyl-phosphonous acid (CGA147 823), a potent and highly selective GABAB agonist, was the most active of the compounds tested. It inhibited the heart beat with a threshold of about 3 nmol l−1, an EC50, of 4.0±2·7×10−7moll−1, and produced total inhibition of the heart at 10−imoll−1. CGA 147 823 was inactive on the locust thoracic somal GABA receptors. cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA), the ligand defining a proposed GAB Ac-type receptor, was inactive on the heart. The GABA-induced inhibition of the heart beat was enhanced by pretreatment with the GABA uptake inhibitor nipecotic acid but not with sodium valproate or β-alanine. The Limulus heart chronotropic GABA receptor appears to be of a hitherto undescribed type that differs in pharmacology from the vertebrate GABAA and GABAB receptors as well as from the well-defined GABA receptors on the somata of locust neurones and the muscle fibres of insects and the nematode Ascaris.
Interfacial Parameters and Work of Adhesion in Soil-Liquid Systems (2000)

Abstract The surface/interfacial properties and soil-liquid interaction are studied to serve as a preliminary study to interpret engineering behavior of soils. To fully understand the nature of fine-grained soil-pore fluid interaction, the work of adhesion of liquids on kaolinite and bentonite is determined by means of measuring soil-liquid contact angle by the Wilhelmy Plate technique and horizontal capillarity. The results reveal that work of adhesion of soils with organic liquids varies considerably depending on the surface tension of the organic liquids (cohesive forces) as well as the liquid-soil adhesive forces. Further, surface parameters of the soils, γSLW, γS#x002B;, and γS− are determined and compared with the values reported in the literature. The results reported in this study are compared with the previous ones in the literature. The agreement between the results of this study and reported results in the literature is good. Results also revealed that when the soil particles are wetted with water, organic liquids couldn't displace water molecules and change the soil microstructure. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that studying the work of adhesion is a very useful way of understanding soil-liquid interaction and predicting engineering behavior of soils.
Release of Cystic Fibrosis Airway Inflammatory Markers from <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>–Stimulated Human Neutrophils Involves NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Extracellular DNA Trap Formation (2014)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) airways are characterized by bacterial infections, excess mucus production, and robust neutrophil recruitment. The main CF airway pathogen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Neutrophils are not capable of clearing the infection. Neutrophil primary granule components, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE), are inflammatory markers in CF airways, and their increased levels are associated with poor lung function. Identifying the mechanism of MPO and HNE release from neutrophils is of high clinical relevance for CF. In this article, we show that human neutrophils release large amounts of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the presence of P. aeruginosa. Bacteria are entangled in NETs and colocalize with extracellular DNA. MPO, HNE, and citrullinated histone H4 are all associated with DNA in Pseudomonas-triggered NETs. Both laboratory standard strains and CF isolates of P. aeruginosa induce DNA, MPO, and HNE release from human neutrophils. The increase in peroxidase activity of neutrophil supernatants after Pseudomonas exposure indicates that enzymatically active MPO is released. P. aeruginosa induces a robust respiratory burst in neutrophils that is required for extracellular DNA release. Inhibition of the cytoskeleton prevents Pseudomonas-initiated superoxide production and DNA release. NADPH oxidase inhibition suppresses Pseudomonas-induced release of active MPO and HNE. Blocking MEK/ERK signaling results in only minimal inhibition of DNA release induced by Pseudomonas. Our data describe in vitro details of DNA, MPO, and HNE release from neutrophils activated by P. aeruginosa. We propose that Pseudomonas-induced NET formation is an important mechanism contributing to inflammatory conditions characteristic of CF airways.
X Rays from the Sun (1969)

Solar X rays observations, describing instrumentation, radiation characteristics, association with flares, spectrum analysis, etc
Biomarkers of response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition (2017)

Immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy for cancer that has recently shown unprecedented survival benefits in selected patients. A number of immunomodulatory agents that target immune system checkpoints such as the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), the programmed death-1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1), have received regulatory approval for the treatment of multiple cancers including malignant melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nevertheless, a substantial proportion of patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors have little or no benefit while these treatments are costly and might have associated toxicities. Hence, the establishment of valid predictors of treatment response has become a priority. This review summarizes the current evidence around biomarkers of response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition, considering features related to the tumor and to the host immune system.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Aminocyclopropanes and <i>N</i>‐Cyclopropylamino Alcohols Through Direct Amidocyclopropanation of Alkenes Using Chiral Organozinc Carbenoids (2009)

Abstract Chiral N ‐(diethoxymethyl)oxazolidinones, prepared from the corresponding oxazolidinones by heating in triethyl orthoformate, can be used as organozinc carbenoid precursors for the direct enantioselective amidocyclopropanation of alkenes. The reaction is successful with a wide range of oxazolidinones and alkenes and proceeds with moderate to excellent yield and stereoselectivity. In most cases the trans / exo amidocyclopropane product is favoured, although certain cyclicalkenes such as indene favour the formation of the endo cyclopropane. The products can be readily elaborated to produce cyclopropylamino alcohols and amino acids.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of polyborosiloxane and its reversible physical crosslinks (2014)

A hybrid polyborosiloxane was synthesized and the effect of boron concentration on the Si–O : B weak bonding of polyborosiloxane was investigated mainly using FTIR and dynamic rheology.
An ultra wide band power divider/combiner based on Y-structure waveguide (2010)

In this paper, an improved power divider/combiner based on Y-structure waveguide is proposed at ka-band (26-40 GHz). To widen the bandwidth of the divider/combiner, a stepped-impedance waveguide transformer is used, and a vertical resistive card is inserted into the divider/combiner to realize high isolation. According to EM simulations, the power divider/combiner illustrates a 42.4% effective bandwidth (ranging from 26 to 40 GHz), the return loss is better than -24 dB, and the isolation is better than -21 dB. This structure has properties of not only a wide band, low insertion loss and high output power, but also a small size, a high power combining efficiency and efficient heat sinking, and has potential for millimeter-wave broad-band high power combination.
Pulmonary administration of aerosolised fentanyl: pharmacokinetic analysis of systemic delivery (1998)

Fentanyl delivery using SmartMist can provide analgetically relevant plasma drug concentrations. This, combined with its ease of noninvasive use and transportability, suggests a strong potential for field and domicilliary use, and for patient controlled analgesia without the need for i.v. cannulae.