gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The<scp>FDA</scp>Approved<scp>HIV</scp>‐1 Protease Inhibitors for Treatment of<scp>HIV</scp>/<scp>AIDS</scp> (2010)

Abstract Over the past two decades, HIV protease inhibitors have helped revolutionize the treatment of HIV/AIDS transforming this deadly ailment into a more manageable chronic infection. Due to intensive research in the area, a variety of protease inhibitors are now commercially available each of which possesses distinct characteristics and a unique tale of discovery. This manuscript reviews the design and development of the 10 currently available protease inhibitors saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir, and darunavir. Special attention is given to the research efforts leading to their discovery and the successes and limitations of these drugs in the clinics. A brief review of the biology associated with the HIV‐1 protease target is provided in addition to a discussion of novel drug candidates currently under investigation.
Virtual entanglement and reconciliation protocols for quantum cryptography with continuous variables (2003)

We discuss quantum key distribution protocols using quantum continuous variables. We show that such protocols can be made secure against individual gaussian attacks regardless the transmission of the optical line between Alice and Bob. %while other ones require that the line transmission is larger than 50%. This is achieved by reversing the reconciliation procedure subsequent to the quantum transmission, that is, using Bob's instead of Alice's data to build the key. Although squeezing or entanglement may be helpful to improve the resistance to noise, they are not required for the protocols to remain secure with high losses. Therefore, these protocols can be implemented very simply by transmitting coherent states and performing homodyne detection. Here, we show that entanglement nevertheless plays a crucial role in the security analysis of coherent state protocols. Every cryptographic protocol based on displaced gaussian states turns out to be equivalent to an entanglement-based protocol, even though no entanglement is actually present. This equivalence even holds in the absence of squeezing, for coherent state protocols. This ``virtual'' entanglement is important to assess the security of these protocols as it provides an upper bound on the mutual information between Alice and Bob if they had used entanglement. The resulting security criteria are compared to the separability criterion for bipartite gaussian variables. It appears that the security thresholds are well within the entanglement region. This supports the idea that coherent state quantum cryptography may be unconditionally secure.
ATSC 3.0 Broadcast 5G Unicast Heterogeneous Network Converged Services Starting Release 16 (2020)

In this paper, the ATSC 3.0 broadcast Radio Access Technology (RAT) is aligned with 3GPP 5G NR RAT in the context of 5G convergence starting in Release 16. The 5G system architecture release 16 includes a new 5G physical layer known as 5G NR “New Radio” and a “Cloud Native” 5G Core (5GC) using cloud computing. The 5GC is agnostic to the type of radio access technology used and is enabler of many types of convergence. A novel shared multi-tenant broadcast core network architecture designed to interwork with 5GC is discussed. With the 3GPP 5G NR unicast and Non-3GPP ATSC 3.0 broadcast synergistically aligned using methods of Release 16. This includes using 3GPP Access Traffic Steering, Switching, Splitting (ATSSS) and a multi-radio dual simultaneous connected User Equipment (UE). This aligns ATSC 3.0, the first forward looking (non-backward-compatible) native IP OFDM broadcast standard, with 3GPP LTE/5G unicast as a converged 5G vertical. The proposed method and architecture are orthogonal to LTE broadcast Release 16 and is synergistic to 5G NR mixed-mode multicast unicast in future.
Preliminary study of phosphate ion exchange membranes for PEM fuel cells (1993)

An ion exchange membrane based on poly(dimethylphenylene oxide phosphonic acid) was attempted in the application of a high temperature polymer electrolyte for the PEM Fuel Cell. The fundamental parameters of the polymer electrolyte were analyzed. In particular, the thermal stability of the membrane was evaluated at temperatures over 100{degrees}C. The phosphonated polymer membranes show better stability than those based on sulfonic acid. The results suggest the potential application of phosphonated polymers as high temperature electrolytes for PEM Fuel Cell.
Using modulation instability todetermine Kerr coefficient inoptical fibres (1995)

The power and polarisation dependence of modulation instability were experimentally investigated and used to obtain a novel, simple and accurate method for the measurement of Kerr coefficient in optical fibres. New results on dispersion shifted fibres are reported, giving n2 = 2.64 × 10-20 m2/W at 1553 nm (linear polarisation).
Transgenic cyclin E triggers dysplasia and multiple pulmonary adenocarcinomas (2007)

Cyclin E is a critical G(1)-S cell cycle regulator aberrantly expressed in bronchial premalignancy and lung cancer. Cyclin E expression negatively affects lung cancer prognosis. Its role in lung carcinogenesis was explored. Retroviral cyclin E transduction promoted pulmonary epithelial cell growth, and small interfering RNA targeting of cyclin E repressed this growth. Murine transgenic lines were engineered to mimic aberrant cyclin E expression in the lung. Wild-type and proteasome degradation-resistant human cyclin E transgenic lines were independently driven by the human surfactant C (SP-C) promoter. Chromosome instability (CIN), pulmonary dysplasia, sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway activation, adenocarcinomas, and metastases occurred. Notably, high expression of degradation-resistant cyclin E frequently caused dysplasia and multiple lung adenocarcinomas. Thus, recapitulation of aberrant cyclin E expression as seen in human premalignant and malignant lung lesions reproduces in the mouse frequent features of lung carcinogenesis, including CIN, Shh pathway activation, dysplasia, single or multiple lung cancers, or presence of metastases. This article reports unique mouse lung cancer models that replicate many carcinogenic changes found in patients. These models provide insights into the carcinogenesis process and implicate cyclin E as a therapeutic target in the lung.
Efficacy and Safety of Doxepin 3 and 6 mg in a 35-day Sleep Laboratory Trial in Adults with Chronic Primary Insomnia (2011)

Five weeks of nightly administration of DXP 3 mg and 6 mg to adults with chronic primary insomnia resulted in significant and sustained improvements in sleep maintenance and early morning awakenings (with the exception of SE in the final quarter of the night on N29 for 3 mg [P=0.0691]). These sleep improvements were not accompanied by next-day residual effects or followed by rebound insomnia or withdrawal effects upon discontinuation. These findings confirm the unique profile of sleep maintenance efficacy and safety of DXP observed in prior studies.
Focal surface displays (2017)

Conventional binocular head-mounted displays (HMDs) vary the stimulus to vergence with the information in the picture, while the stimulus to accommodation remains fixed at the apparent distance of the display, as created by the viewing optics. Sustained vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) has been associated with visual discomfort, motivating numerous proposals for delivering near-correct accommodation cues. We introduce focal surface displays to meet this challenge, augmenting conventional HMDs with a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) placed between the display screen and viewing optics. This SLM acts as a dynamic freeform lens, shaping synthesized focal surfaces to conform to the virtual scene geometry. We introduce a framework to decompose target focal stacks and depth maps into one or more pairs of piecewise smooth focal surfaces and underlying display images. We build on recent developments in "optimized blending" to implement a multifocal display that allows the accurate depiction of occluding, semi-transparent, and reflective objects. Practical benefits over prior accommodation-supporting HMDs are demonstrated using a binocular focal surface display employing a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) phase SLM and an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display.
Engineered Antibody Domains as Candidate Therapeutics (2014)

Isolated antibody variable and constant domains could preserve or be engineered for specific antigen-binding activity. Due to their small molecular size (11–15 kDa), such engineered antibody domains (eAds) are a novel class of candidate therapeutics with unique properties that are not possessed by full-size antibodies. Here, we review construction of eAd libraries, selection of eAd-based binders, and their structural and functional characterization. We also discuss representative eAds at various stages of preclinical and clinical development including those targeting human immunodeficiency virus type 1, cancer, immune diseases, and hematological disorders.
Development of an oligomeric cyanate ester resin with enhanced processability (2005)

The synthesis, polymerization, thermal and mechanical properties of a novel cyanate ester resin have been examined. The resin is a liquid at ambient temperature, exhibits high thermal stability, and displays good mechanical properties up to about 150 °C.
Development of a Sodium LIDAR for Spaceborne Missions (2015)

We are currently developing laser and electro-optic technologies to remotely measure Sodium (Na) by adapting existing lidar technology with space flight heritage. The developed instrumentation will serve as the core for the planning of a Heliophysics mission targeted to study the composition and dynamics of Earths mesosphere based on a spaceborne lidar that will measure the mesospheric Na layer. There is a pressing need in the Ionosphere Thermosphere - Mesosphere (ITM) community for high-resolution measurements that can characterize small-scale dynamics (i.e. Gravity Waves with wavelengths smaller than a few hundred km) and their effects in the Mesosphere-Lower-Termosphere (MLT) on a global basis. This is compelling because they are believed to be the dominant contributors to momentum transport and deposition in the MLT, which largely drive the global circulation and thermal structure and interactions with the tides and planetary waves in this region. We are developing a spaceborne remote sensing technique that will enable acquisition of global Na density, temperature and wind measurements in the MLT with the spatial and temporal resolution required to resolve issues associated with the structure, chemistry, dynamics, and energetics of this regionA nadir-pointing spaceborne Na Doppler resonance fluorescence LIDAR on board of the ISS will essentially make high-resolution, in time and space, Na density, temperature and vertical wind measurements, from 75-115 km (MLT region). Our instrument concept consisted of a high-energy laser transmitter at 589 nm and highly sensitive photon counting detector that allows for range-resolved atmospheric-sodium-temperature profiles. The atmospheric temperature is deduced from the linewidth of the resonant fluorescence from the atomic sodium vapor D2 line as measured by our tunable laser. We are currently developing a high power energy laser that allows for some day time sodium lidar observations with the help of a narrow bandpass filter based on etalon or atomic sodium Faraday filter with 5 to 10 pm optical bandwidth. The current baseline detector for the lidar instrument is a 16-channel Photomultiplier Tube with receiver electronics that has been space-qualified for the ICESat-2ATLAS mission. Our technique uses the 16-channels as a photon-number-resolving single detector to provide the required full-spectroscopic sodium lineshape waveform for recovering Mesospheric temperature profiles. In this paper, we will describe our instrument concept for a future Heliophysics space mission based on board of the International Space Station (ISS).
New Strategies to Prolong the In Vivo Life Span of Iron-Based Contrast Agents for MRI (2013)

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles have been developed as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Iron oxide nanoparticles, that become superparamagnetic if the core particle diameter is ~ 30 nm or less, present R1 and R2 relaxivities which are much higher than those of conventional paramagnetic gadolinium chelates. Generally, these magnetic particles are coated with biocompatible polymers that prevent the agglomeration of the colloidal suspension and improve their blood distribution profile. In spite of their potential as MRI blood contrast agents, the biomedical application of iron oxide nanoparticles is still limited because of their intravascular half-life of only few hours; such nanoparticles are rapidly cleared from the bloodstream by macrophages of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES). To increase the life span of these MRI contrast agents in the bloodstream we proposed the encapsulation of SPIO nanoparticles in red blood cells (RBCs) through the transient opening of cell membrane pores. We have recently reported results obtained by applying our loading procedure to several SPIO nanoparticles with different chemical physical characteristics such as size and coating agent. In the current investigation we showed that the life span of iron-based contrast agents in the mice bloodstream was prolonged to 12 days after the intravenous injection of murine SPIO-loaded RBCs. Furthermore, we developed an animal model that implicates the pretreatment of animals with clodronate to induce a transient suppression of tissue macrophages, followed by the injection of human SPIO-loaded RBCs which make it possible to encapsulate nanoparticle concentrations (5.3-16.7 mM Fe) higher than murine SPIO-loaded RBCs (1.4-3.55 mM Fe). The data showed that, when human RBCs are used as more capable SPIO nanoparticle containers combined with a depletion of tissue macrophages, Fe concentration in animal blood is 2-3 times higher than iron concentration obtained by the use of murine SPIO-loaded RBCs.
Cooling Design for the Next Generation Optical Disc Drive (2007)

Recently, the data transfer rate and the memory capacity of optical disc drives have been increasing dramatically. To obtain the high data transfer rate and greater memory capacity, the disc rotation speed and the laser power also need to be increased and these cause an increase in the temperature of the laser diode. Therefore, to develop the next generation optical disc drives, an enhanced cooling system is indispensable for the optical pick-up unit that contains the laser diode. As the temperature of the pick-up unit is influenced by the inside air flow induced by the disc rotation, it is quite necessary to grasp the velocity and temperature distribution inside the drive, and also the influence of the disc rotation speed on the temperature of the pick-up unit. Hence we applied PIV measurements and CFD simulations to visualize the flow field and the internal temperature. Then, during the actual disc recording process we measured the temperature of the pick-up unit and the internal air of the drive. As a result, we made clear the dependence of the disc rotation speed on the pick-up unit temperature. In addition, as an example for next generation optical disc drives, we evaluated the cooling system applying a small axial fan inside the drive and confirmed the validity of this fan system.
A Novel Glass Furnace Combining the Best of Oxy-Fuel and Air-Fuel Melting (2008)

A novel furnace concept has been developed that combines oxy-fuel combustion over the unmelted batch and air-fuel combustion downstream. This hybrid furnace offers a number of advantages over both air-fuel and oxy-fuel furnaces. As compared to air-fuel, the hybrid furnace technology provides increased production, improved glass quality, fuel savings, better furnace temperature control, and a more stable batch pattern. As compared to 100% oxy-fuel, the hybrid furnace delivers similar production levels, improved glass quality, reduced levels of foam on the glass surface, and lower overall oxygen costs. One can think of the hybrid furnace as the optimum between air-fuel and oxy-fuel melting. the end result is that the hybrid furnace provides the means to achieve the lowest overall glass melting cost. From the emissions point of view, combining oxy-fuel and air-fuel combustion in a furnace presents a challenge with regard to NOx emissions. An in-depth modeling study was undertaken to overcome this issue with excellent results. Burner design considerations for implementing the hybrid furnace will be presented. A discussion of a detailed economic model comparing the costs of hybrid furnace technology relative to air-fuel and full oxy-fuel technology is included. the results are discussed in terms of the sensitivity to parameters such as production increase, yield, and fuel usage.
Semblance for microseismic event detection (2015)

Microseismic monitoring from large arrays using migration-based detection and location techniques is limited by detections of false positive events, which are the interpretation of spurious/noisy signals as real events. Therefore, semblance has been considered to differentiate between false positive and true events. However, semblance by itself is not suitable for variable signals such as those caused by shear source radiation. We present a new methodology for event detection and location using semblance of amplitudes corrected by a source mechanism. Our method is suitable for multichannel processing of microseismic data sets acquired with large arrays. The amplitudes are corrected by the radiation pattern of the inverted source mechanism before the semblance computation. We show that the source mechanism correction is the key factor in maximizing the value of semblance and makes the detection based on semblance superior to simple stacking. We apply this method to a data set recorded by a large surface star-like array on synthetic as well as on field data.
Gene dosage compensation calibrates four regulatory RNAs to control Vibrio cholerae quorum sensing This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited.Thislicensedoesnot permit commercial exploitation without specific permission. (2009)

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication that allows bacteria to coordinately regulate gene expression in response to changes in cell-population density. At the core of the Vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing signal transduction pathway reside four homologous small RNAs (sRNAs), named the quorum regulatory RNAs 1‐4 (Qrr1‐4). The four Qrr sRNAs are functionally redundant. That is, expression of any one of them is sufficient for wild-type quorum-sensing behaviour. Here, we show that the combined action of two feedback loops, one involving the sRNA-activator LuxO and one involving the sRNAtarget HapR, promotes gene dosage compensation between the four qrr genes. Gene dosage compensation adjusts the total Qrr1‐4 sRNA pool and provides the molecular mechanism underlying sRNA redundancy. The dosage compensation mechanism is exquisitely sensitive to small perturbations in Qrr levels. Precisely maintained Qrr levels are required to direct the proper timing and correct patterns of expression of quorum-sensingregulated target genes.
Controlling Complex Nanoemulsion Morphology Using Asymmetric Cosurfactants for the Preparation of Polymer Nanocapsules (2017)

Complex nanoemulsions, comprising multiphase nanoscale droplets, hold considerable potential advantages as vehicles for encapsulation and delivery as well as templates for nanoparticle synthesis. Although methods exist to controllably produce complex emulsions on the microscale, very few methods exist to produce them on the nanoscale. Here, we examine a recently developed method involving a combination of high-energy emulsification with conventional cosurfactants to produce oil-water-oil (O/W/O) complex nanoemulsions. Specifically, we study in detail how the composition of conventional ethoxylated cosurfactants Span80 and Tween20 influences the morphology and structure of the resulting complex nanoemulsions in the water-cyclohexane system. Using a combination of small-angle neutron scattering and cryo-electron microscopy, we find that the cosurfactant composition controls the generation of complex droplet morphologies including core-shell and multicore-shell O/W/O nanodroplets, resulting in an effective state diagram for the selection of nanoemulsion morphology. Additionally, the cosurfactant composition can be used to control the thickness of the water shell contained within the complex nanodroplets. We hypothesize that this degree of control, despite the highly nonequilibrium nature of the nanoemulsions, is ultimately determined by a competition between the opposing spontaneous curvature of the two cosurfactants, which strongly influences the interfacial curvature of the nanodroplets as a result of their ultralow interfacial tension. This is supported by a correlation between cosurfactant compositions that produces complex nanoemulsions and those that produce homogeneous mixed micelles in equilibrium surfactant-cyclohexane solutions. Ultimately, we show that the formation of complex O/W/O nanoemulsions is weakly perturbed upon the addition of hydrophilic polymer precursors, facilitating their use as templates for the formation of polymer nanocapsules.
A monitoring, feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath‐hold MR imaging (1993)

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it. It is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.