gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photonic bandgaps of conformally coated structures (2005)

Polymeric molds of the layer-by-layer photonic crystal can be economically synthesized with a microtransfer molding technique. The refractive indices of these molds are low, preventing formation of a photonic bandgap. We find that such molds can be conformally coated with higher-index material. Photonic band calculations find structures in which conformally coated layer-by-layer molds have complete bandgaps for both titania and silicon coatings. Large stop bands exist in the 001 stacking direction. Feasibility of experimental conformal coating of the molds has been demonstrated with a titania-coated polyurethane mold, which shows optical features in agreement with simulations of reflection and transmission.
Volumetric obscurance (2010)

Obscurance and Ambient Occlusion (AO) are popular techniques in both film and games that model how ambient light is shadowed. While it is largely a solved problem for static scenes, for dynamic scenes it is still difficult to compute at interactive rates. Recent attempts to compute AO in screen space for dynamic scenes either have poor performance or suffer from under-sampling problems. We formulate the problem as a 3D volumetric integral, which maps more naturally to graphics hardware. This integral can be solved using line samples to improve the under-sampling problems that plague other techniques. Following the idea of line integrals to its logical conclusion, we show results using area samples that use a simple statistical model of the depth buffer that allows us to use a single sample. We also discuss strategies for generating point, line, and area sample patterns along with ways to incorporate the surface normal into the volume obscurance calculation.
Cholate−Glutamic Acid Hybrid Foldamer and Its Fluorescent Detection of Zn<sup>2+</sup> (2007)

A hybrid foldamer containing six cholate units and two glutamic acids was labeled with two pyrenyl groups at the chain ends. Folding was particularly favorable in the presence of zinc(II), as shown by the enhanced emission of the pyrene excimer. The sensitivity of the detection depended on the relative population of the folded and unfolded conformers, being highest when about 90% of the foldamer was in the unfolded state.
Cloning of the Koi Herpesvirus Genome as an Infectious Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Demonstrates That Disruption of the Thymidine Kinase Locus Induces Partial Attenuation in <i>Cyprinus carpio koi</i> (2008)

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is the causative agent of a lethal disease in koi and common carp. In the present study, we describe the cloning of the KHV genome as a stable and infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone that can be used to produce KHV recombinant strains. This goal was achieved by the insertion of a loxP-flanked BAC cassette into the thymidine kinase (TK) locus. This insertion led to a BAC plasmid that was stably maintained in bacteria and was able to regenerate virions when permissive cells were transfected with the plasmid. Reconstituted virions free of the BAC cassette but carrying a disrupted TK locus (the FL BAC-excised strain) were produced by the transfection of Cre recombinase-expressing cells with the BAC. Similarly, virions with a wild-type revertant TK sequence (the FL BAC revertant strain) were produced by the cotransfection of cells with the BAC and a DNA fragment encoding the wild-type TK sequence. Reconstituted recombinant viruses were compared to the wild-type parental virus in vitro and in vivo. The FL BAC revertant strain and the FL BAC-excised strain replicated comparably to the parental FL strain. The FL BAC revertant strain induced KHV infection in koi carp that was indistinguishable from that induced by the parental strain, while the FL BAC-excised strain exhibited a partially attenuated phenotype. Finally, the usefulness of the KHV BAC for recombination studies was demonstrated by the production of an ORF16-deleted strain by using prokaryotic recombination technology. The availability of the KHV BAC is an important advance that will allow the study of viral genes involved in KHV pathogenesis, as well as the production of attenuated recombinant candidate vaccines.
Fabrication and Characterization of a Real-Time Optical Fiber Dosimeter Probe (2011)

There is a pressing need for a low cost, passive optical fiber dosimeter probe for use in real-time monitoring of radiation dose delivered to clinical radiation therapy patients. An optical fiber probe using radiochromic material has been designed and fabricated based on the deposition of a radiochromic thin film on a dielectric mirror. Measurements of the net optical density vs. time before, during, and after irradiation at a rate of 500 cGy/minute to a total dose of 5 Gy were performed. Net optical densities increased from 0.2 to 2.0 for radiochromic thin film thicknesses of 2 to 20 μm, respectively. An improved optical fiber probe fabrication method is presented.
Continued Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2005)

We demonstrate the continued growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) from ordered arrays of open-ended SWNTs in a way analogous to epitaxy. Nanometer-sized metal catalysts were docked to the SWNT open ends and subsequently activated to restart growth. SWNTs thus grown inherit the diameters and chirality from the seeded SWNTs, as indicated by the closely matched frequencies of Raman radial breathing modes before and after the growth.
Hematopoietic Regulation Mediated by Interactions Among the Neurokinins and Cytokines (1997)

This review summarizes the current data regarding the mechanisms by which two mammalian neurokinins (tachykinins), substance P (SP) and neurokinin-A (NK-A) are involved in hematopoiesis. SP and NK-A are derived from the preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I) gene which can be induced by cytokines and neurotrophic factors. In the bone marrow (BM), nerve fibers and stroma are potential sources for the PPT-I gene products. SP and NK-A interact with either of three cloned receptors, neurokinin-1 (NK-1), NK-2 or NK-3, although SP and NK-A exhibit binding preferences for NK-1 and NK-2 respectively. Through specific receptors, SP and NK-A exert dichotomous hematopoietic effects mediated mostly by the BM stroma. SP enhances the proliferation of primitive BM stem cells and progenitors and these effects correlate with the induction of stimulatory hematopoietic growth factors. NK-A appears to be protective to stem cells through the induction of TGF-beta. Proliferation of myeloid progenitors is inhibited by NK-A, effects which correlate with the induction of two suppressive factors, TGF-beta and MIP-1alpha. Stimulation of NK-2 leads to partial blunting of the enhanced stimulatory effects mediated by NK-1. Furthermore, stimulatory hematopoietic cytokines upregulate NK-1 expression and downregulate the constitutively expressed NK-2 in BM stroma. Together, the experimental evidence suggests that NK-A-NK-2 interactions could be a feedback to hematopoietic stimulation. Expression of NK-1 and NK-2 in CD34+ cell lines and also, the presence of SP binding sites on primary CD34+ cells suggest that the neurokinins could be interacting directly with BM progenitors and stem cells. In BM stroma, cytokines and neurokinins regulate the expression of each other and also, their respective receptors. In summary, the current literature pertaining to hematopoietic regulation indicates the involvement of a complex network that includes, but not exclusive of the cytokines and neurokinins. The current models that pertain to stem cell proliferation and differentiation should therefore add neuropeptides to the list of hematopoietic modulators.
A new blind zeroforcing equalizer for multichannel systems (1998)

Blind channel equalization has been a very active research topic due to its potential application in mobile communications and digital TV systems. In this paper, we present a new blind zero-forcing equalizer that utilizes second order statistics from the multi-channel configuration. The algorithm is simple and relies only on nullspace decomposition. It can actively select the desired delay of the equalizer output signal. The performance of this new algorithm is demonstrated through simulation examples.
An Iterative Model for the Steady-State Current Distribution in Oxide-Confined VCSELs (2007)

This paper presents an iterative model for the analysis of the current distribution in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) using a SPICE-like approach. The model includes a degeneracy correction for operation at and above threshold. The effect of the resistance due to the p-distributed Bragg reflector (p-DBR) mirror layers and the oxide layer on performance is investigated. Higher sheet resistance under the oxide layer reduces the threshold current, but reduces the current range over which single transverse mode operation occurs. The voltage drop across the p-DBR region dominates spatial hole burning, which is moderated by lateral drift and diffusion. This simple iterative model is applied to commercially available oxide-confined VCSELs.
Reaction variables and a proposed mechanism of open‐pore urea/formaldehyde structure formation (1979)

Abstract Formation of open‐pore urea/formaldehyde structures from nonetherified urea/formaldehyde resins involves reaction of one or more methylol groups with other methylol or amino groups. The structure formation proceeds through particle formation and growth until all the resin is consumed. A strong acid is preferred for achieving a porous structure in urea/formaldehyde resins; weakly ionized acids produce structures with low yield. Colloidal instability is an asset in porous structure formation. An 80:20 polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide block copolymer of approximate molecular weight 8500 has been found to be an entropic‐type destabilizer in the formation of porous structures.
Detecting Faults By Use Of Hidden Markov Models (1995)

Frequency of false alarms reduced. in complicated dynamic system (e.g., antenna-aiming system, telecommunication network, or human heart) detected automatically by method of automated, continuous monitoring. Obtains time-series data by sampling multiple sensor outputs at discrete intervals of t and processes data via algorithm determining whether system in normal or faulty state. Algorithm implements, among other things, hidden first-order temporal Markov model of states of system. Mathematical model of dynamics of system not needed. Present method is prior method mentioned in Improved Hidden-Markov-Model Method of Detecting Faults (NPO-18982).
Speech enhancement for binaural hearing aids based on blind source separation (2010)

The availability of wireless technologies leads from monaural or bilateral hearing aids to binaural processing strategies. In this paper, we investigate a class of blind source separation (BSS)-based speech enhancement algorithms for binaural hearing aids. The blind binaural processing strategies are analyzed and evaluated for different scenarios, i.e., determined scenarios, where the number of sources does not exceed the number of available sensors and underdetermined scenarios, where there are more active source signals than microphones which is typical for hearing aid applications. These blind algorithms are an attractive alternative to beamforming as no a-priori knowledge on the sensor positions is required. Moreover, BSS algorithms have the advantage that their optimization criteria are solely based on the fundamental assumption of mutual statistical independence of the different source signals.
Low molecular weight dextran sulfate prevents the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction induced by adult porcine islets (2004)

Given that LMW-DS has been used in clinical studies without serious adverse reactions, it has potential as a drug candidate that can control the strong innate immune response induced by pig islets when transplanted through the portal vein.
Magnetic field controlled levitation and suspension of a magnet above and below type II superconductors (1989)

Observations are presented on levitation and suspension of a permanent magnet by combination of a variable magnetic field and a type II superconductor (YBa2Cu3Ox). It has been found that a continuous range of distances exists where stable levitation and suspension may be obtained, and that the orientation of magnetic moment of the levitated or suspended magnet is also adjustable over a range of angles. In addition, the incorporation of the magnetic element makes it possible to suspend much higher mass than observed previously.
Current-Based Data-Retention-Time Characterization of Gain-Cell Embedded DRAMs Across the Design and Variations Space (2020)

The rise of data-intensive applications has resulted in an increasing demand for high-density and low-power on-chip embedded memories. Gain-cell embedded DRAM (GC-eDRAM) is a logic-compatible alternative to conventional static random access memory (SRAM) which offers higher density, lower leakage power, and two-ported operation. However, in order to maintain the stored data, GC-eDRAM requires periodic refresh cycles, which are determined according to the worst-case data retention time (DRT) across process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. Even though several DRT characterization methodologies have been reported in literature, they often require unfeasible run-times for accurate DRT evaluation, or they result in highly pessimistic design margins due to their inaccuracy. In this work, we propose an current-based DRT (IDRT) characterization methodology that enables accurate DRT evaluation across process variations without the need for a large number of costly electronic design automation (EDA) software licenses. The presented approach is compared with other DRT characterization methodologies for both accuracy and run-time across several gain-cell structures at different process technologies, providing less than a 4% DRT error and over 100× shorter run-time compared to a conventional DRT evaluation methodology.
A model for ion-implantation-induced improvements of photoferroelectric imaging in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics (1980)

Studies of photoferroelectric image storage in H-, He-, and, more recently, Ar-implanted /(PLZT) lead lanthanum zirconate titanate reveal that the photosensitivity can be significantly increased by ion implantation into the image storage surface. For example, the photosensitivity after implantation with 5×1014 500-keV Ar/cm2 is increased by about three orders of magnitude over that of unimplanted PLZT. The increase in photosensitivity results from a decrease in dark conductivity and changes in the photoconductivity of the implanted layer. We present a phenomenological model which describes the photosensitivity enhancement obtained by ion implantation. This model takes into account both light- and ion- implantation-induced changes in conductivity and gives quantitative agreement with the measured changes in the coercive voltage with near-UV light intensity for ion-implantated PLZT.
Bisphosphonates Target B Cells to Enhance Humoral Immune Responses (2013)

Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that are widely used to inhibit loss of bone mass in patients. We show here that the administration of clinically relevant doses of bisphosphonates in mice increases antibody responses to live and inactive viruses, proteins, haptens, and existing commercial vaccine formulations. Bisphosphonates exert this adjuvant-like activity in the absence of CD4(+) and γδ T cells, neutrophils, or dendritic cells, and their effect does not rely on local macrophage depletion, Toll-like receptor signaling, or the inflammasome. Rather, bisphosphonates target directly B cells and enhance B cell expansion and antibody production upon antigen encounter. These data establish bisphosphonates as an additional class of adjuvants that boost humoral immune responses.
An Overview of Multipath TCP (2012)

TCP has remained mostly unchanged for 20 years, even as its uses and the networks on which it runs have evolved. Multipath TCP is an evolution of TCP that allows it to run over multiple paths transparently to applications. In this article, we explain how Multipath TCP works, and why you should want to start using it.
Adaptive scheduling of streaming video over wireless networks (2008)

We consider the packet scheduling of video frames in the wireless last hop. At the time of network congestion and bad channel conditions, it is necessary to drop some (less important) frames in order to maintain the continuity of the video streaming. The decision on whether to drop and how many frames need to be dropped has to be based on the deadline, size, and importance/utility (in terms of the contribution to the video quality) of each frame. In this paper, we propose an adaptive scheduling algorithm that dynamically decides which frames need to be transmitted and which ones need to be dropped at any transmission opportunity based on the current channel conditions and on the characteristics of each video frame. Simulation results show our scheduling algorithm achieves near optimal performance compared to an optimal offline algorithm that knows the outcome of each transmission opportunity in the future.
Load and Network Aware Query Routing for Information Integration (2005)

Current federated systems deploy cost-based query optimization mechanisms; i.e., the optimizer selects a global query plan with the lowest cost to execute. Thus, cost functions influence what remote sources (i.e. equivalent data sources) to access and how federated queries are processed. In most federated systems, the underlying cost model is based on database statistics and query statements; however, the system load of remote sources and the dynamic nature of the network latency in wide area networks are not considered. As a result, federated query processing solutions can not adapt to runtime environment changes, such as network congestion or heavy workloads at remote sources. We present a novel system architecture that deploys a query cost calibrator to calibrate the cost function based on system load and network latency at the remote sources and consequently indirectly "influences" query routing and load distribution in federated information systems.
Sonoluminescence: Skeletons in the closet (1996)

Now that the exciting measurements of picosecond flash widths, clocklike emission, broadband ultraviolet light, and the role of noble gas doping have generated substantial interest and theories for sonoluminescence, it is time to take a more sober look at the experimental difficulties that stand in the way of the next round of insights. Parameters which control the steady-state motion of the bubble have not yet been elucidated. For instance, measurements of the dipole component of the sonoluminescence (SL) indicate that the bubble collapse can choose states with different ellipticity. Hydrogenic bubbles glow for periods ranging from 30 s to 5 min and are very sensitive to as yet unknown impurities. Tiny amounts of organic impurities dramatically alter the light emission. There is also concern that impurities may partly account for the different spectra observed in light and heavy water. Precise temperature control can be essential to prevent the bubble from hopping between different stable states. [Work supported by the NSF.] a)Current address: UC, Santa Barbara, CA.
Fuzzy logic for vehicle climate control (1994)

Typical automobile automatic climate control systems use linear proportional control to maintain a comfortable interior environment. In the process of refining these systems, we have found two significant limitations of linear proportional control when viewed from the standpoint of an occupant's subjective comfort: 1) there are certain control situations in any HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system that are inherently nonlinear; and 2) it is not possible to realize occupant comfort merely by maintaining proximity to a desired temperature. In this paper, we describe a fuzzy logic control system which addresses these limitations by including rules that provide nonlinear compensation, and by allowing the control to be expressed in the same heuristic terms that an occupant would use in describing the level of comfort.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A monoclonal antibody defines a geographically conserved surface protein epitope of Babesia equi merozoites (1991)

Babesiosis is a tick-borne hemoparasitic disease affecting horses worldwide. To investigate mechanisms of immunity to this parasite, the antibody response of infected horses to Babesia equi merozoite proteins was evaluated. Immunoprecipitation of B. equi merozoite antigens with sera from infected horses revealed 11 major proteins of 210, 144, 108, 88, 70, 56, 44, 36, 34, 28, and 25 kDa. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 36/133.97, which binds to live merozoites, immunoprecipitated proteins of 44, 36, 34, and 28 kDa. When immunoprecipitations were performed with in vitro translation products of merozoite mRNA, MAb 36/133.97 immunoprecipitated proteins of 38, 28, 26, and 23 kDa which comigrated with proteins immunoprecipitated by sera from infected horses at 10(-3) to 10(-4) dilutions. In Western blot analysis, MAb 36/133.97 recognized proteins of 44, 36, 34, and 28 kDa, and a 28-kDa protein was identified by sera from infected horses at a dilution of 10(-4). MAb 36/133.97 bound to B. equi isolates from Florida and Europe. Furthermore, the binding of MAb 36/133.97 to merozoite proteins was inhibited by sera of infected horses from 19 countries. Collectively, these data indicate MAb 36/133.97 binds to a geographically conserved peptide epitope on multiple B. equi merozoite proteins, including a merozoite surface protein, and MAb 36/133.97 reacts with a B. equi protein immunodominant in infected horses.
Permanent magnets by mechanical alloying (invited) (1991)

Mechanical alloying is applied to prepare Nd-Fe-B, Sm-Fe-TM type (TM: V, Ti, Zr), and interstitial nitride and carbide permanent magnets. Starting from elemental powders, the hard magnetic phases are formed by milling in a planetary ball mill and a following solid-state reaction at relatively low temperatures. For Nd-Fe-B, the magnetically isotropic particles are microcrystalline, show a high coercivity (up to 16 kA/cm for ternary alloys and above for Dy-substituted samples), and can be either used for making bonded magnets or compacted to dense isotropic magnets by hot uniaxial pressing. Magnetically anisotropic samples with a remanence up to 1.31 T and an energy product up to 326 kJ/m3 are formed by die upsetting. The mechanical alloying process has also been applied to prepare magnetic material of three new Sm-Fe-TM phases: Sm-Fe-V with the ThMn12 structure, Sm-Fe-Zr with the PuNi3 structure, and Sm-Fe-Ti with the A2 structure. They all show high or ultrahigh coercivities (up to 51.6 kA/cm for Sm-Fe-Ti), but their saturation magnetization is comparably low. More promising are the interstitial nitrides or carbides of the 2:17 or the 1:12 phases. Magnetically isotropic microcrystalline Sm2Fe17Nx samples with coercivities up to 24 kA/cm were prepared by mechanical alloying and a two-step heat treatment. Their remanence and energy product are equivalent to similarly prepared Nd-Fe-B samples, but their properties at elevated temperatures are superior because of the high Curie temperature of 470 °C and the large anisotropy field of 22 T. Also for Sm2Fe17Cy and 1:12-type Nd-Fe-V-N, coercivities of 18.5 or 6 kA/cm, respectively, were achieved.
Random Distribution of Schistosome Eggs in the Feces of Patients with Schistosomiasis Mansoni (1971)

Counts of schistosome eggs in successive 10-ml samples of single stool specimens from 11 patients with schistosomiasis mansoni were determined by the filtration-staining technique and analyzed by the index of dispersion. Eggs were randomly distributed in eight of the stools. In the remaining three, the statistically significant dispersion found was not of clinical importance.