gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transfer of experience for improved oil well drilling (2010)

The drilling process is getting increasingly more complex as oil fields mature and technology evolves. At the same time, the amount of information is increasing in volume and fr equency. Although technology is advancing, failures do occur, leading to loss of valuable time. When ever the process is running smoothly or is failing, valuable experience is gained. However, experience attrition is a well-docum ented problem. To take advantage of established and continually growing new experience a formalized methodolog y, case-based reasoning, was applied in a d ecision support system for capture and reuse of drilling operators ’ experience. A case describes an episode during drilling, its circumstances and method to repair the problem. A general domain knowledge model, an on tology, supports the case-based process. In this paper we focus on ho w experience can be c aptured and transferred from different information sources and then stored in cases. It was demonstrated how the system was able to recommend how problems can be solv ed when they arise, while at the same time bridgin g the gap b etween new and experienced personnel. The quality of selecting the most relevant experience was proven through perform ance testing of 62 field cases. The s ystem was used to identify root causes of pr oblems that had happened as well as to suggest repair actions.
Achieving Fluency and Coherency in Task-oriented Dialog (2018)

We consider real world task-oriented dialog settings, where agents need to generate both fluent natural language responses and correct external actions like database queries and updates. We demonstrate that, when applied to customer support chat transcripts, Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq) models often generate short, incoherent and ungrammatical natural language responses that are dominated by words that occur with high frequency in the training data. These phenomena do not arise in synthetic datasets such as bAbI, where we show Seq2Seq models are nearly perfect. We develop techniques to learn embeddings that succinctly capture relevant information from the dialog history, and demonstrate that nearest neighbor based approaches in this learned neural embedding space generate more fluent responses. However, we see that these methods are not able to accurately predict when to execute an external action. We show how to combine nearest neighbor and Seq2Seq methods in a hybrid model, where nearest neighbor is used to generate fluent responses and Seq2Seq type models ensure dialog coherency and generate accurate external actions. We show that this approach is well suited for customer support scenarios, where agents' responses are typically script-driven, and correct external actions are critically important. The hybrid model on the customer support data achieves a 78% relative improvement in fluency scores, and a 130% improvement in accuracy of external calls.
Active tuning of mid-infrared metamaterials by electrical control of carrier densities (2012)

We demonstrate electrically-controlled active tuning of mid-infrared metamaterial resonances using depletion-type devices. The depletion width in an n-doped GaAs epilayer changes with an electric bias, inducing a change of the permittivity of the substrate and leading to frequency tuning of the resonance. We first present our detailed theoretical analysis and then explain experimental data of bias-dependent metamaterial transmission spectra. This electrical tuning is generally applicable to a variety of infrared metamaterials and plasmonic structures, which can find novel applications in chip-scale active infrared devices.
Routing and wavelength assignment in optical networks (2003)

The problem of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) is critically important for increasing the efficiency of wavelength-routed all-optical networks. Given the physical network structure and the required connections, the RWA problem is to select a suitable path and wavelength among the many possible choices for each connection so that no two paths sharing a link are assigned the same wavelength. In work to date, this problem has been formulated as a difficult integer programming problem that does not lend itself to efficient solution or insightful analysis. In this work, we propose several novel optimization problem formulations that offer the promise of radical improvements over the existing methods. We adopt a (quasi-)static view of the problem and propose new integer-linear programming formulations, which can be addressed with highly efficient linear (not integer) programming methods and yield optimal or near-optimal RWA policies. The fact that this is possible is surprising, and is the starting point for new and greatly improved methods for RWA. Aside from its intrinsic value, the quasi-static solution method can form the basis for suboptimal solution methods for the stochastic/dynamic settings.
2D material printer: a deterministic cross contamination-free transfer method for atomically layered materials (2018)

Abstract Precision and chip contamination-free placement of two-dimensional (2D) materials is expected to accelerate both the study of fundamental properties and novel device functionality. Current deterministic transfer methods of 2D materials onto an arbitrary substrate deploy viscoelastic stamping. However, these methods produce (a) significant cross-contamination of the substrate inherent from typical dense sources of 2D material flakes and (b) are challenged with respect to spatial alignment, and (c) multi-transfer at a single step. Here, we demonstrate a novel method of transferring 2D materials resembling the functionality known from printing; utilizing a combination of a sharp micro-stamper and viscoelastic polymer, we show precise placement of individual 2D materials resulting in vanishing cross-contamination to the substrate. Our 2D printer-method results in an aerial cross-contamination improvement of two to three orders of magnitude relative to state-of-the-art transfer methods from a source of average area for single flake (~50 µ m 2 ). Moreover, we find that the 2D material quality is preserved in this transfer method. Testing this 2D material printer on taped-out integrated Silicon photonic chips, we find that the micro-stamper stamping transfer does not physically harm the underneath Silicon nanophotonic structures such as waveguides or micro-ring resonators receiving the 2D material. We further demonstrate functional devices such as Graphene tunnel junctions and transistors, and TMD-based material tunable microring resonators. Such accurate and substrate-benign transfer method for 2D materials could be industrialized for rapid device prototyping due to its high time-reduction, accuracy, and contamination-free process.
Clinical immunologic approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (2007)

Recent clinical trials of active vaccination against beta-amyloid (Abeta) have succeeded in clearing Abeta plaques; however, further understanding of immunization with regards to inflammation and other hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease pathology is required. Antibodies generated with this first-generation vaccine may not have had the desired therapeutic properties or targeted the 'correct' mechanism, but they have opened the way for new clinical approaches, which are now under consideration. Passive administration of monoclonal antibodies directed to various regions of Abeta peptide and/or administration of immunoconjugates of only small fragments of the N-terminal region may lead to the development of an improved second generation of Abeta vaccines. Amyloid immunotherapy offers genuine opportunities for disease treatment; however, such an approach towards treating and preventing Alzheimer's disease patients requires careful antigen and antibody selection to maximize efficacy and minimize adverse events.
Acellular pertussis vaccine composed of genetically inactivated pertussis toxin. (1995)

Whooping cough, an acute respiratory disease affecting over sixty million infants, can be prevented by vaccination. The vaccine currently used, composed of killed bacterial cells, however, has been associated with many side effects. An improved vaccine against the disease should contain pertussis toxin (PT), a major virulent factor of Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis). In order to be included in the vaccine, PT needs to be detoxified and the chemical methods used so far are not completely satisfactory, since they give a product with reduced immunogenicity and possible residual toxicity. To avoid this problem, we have used recombinant DNA technologies to clone the PT gene, express it in bacteria, map the B and T cell epitopes of the molecule and identify the amino acids that are important for the enzymatic activity and toxicity. Based on this information, the gene coding for PT was mutated to produce an inactive protein. This genetically modified PT was non toxic, highly immunogenic and able to protect mice from intracerebral challenge with virulent B. pertussis. The mutant was included as a main component of an acellular pertussis vaccine which has been shown in numerous clinical trials to be more safe and immunogenic than the old cellular vaccine.
Quest for Selectivity in Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases (2004)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), of which at least 26 are known in humans, have been linked to a number of pathological conditions including tumor metastasis, inflammation, neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Inhibition of MMPs has been widely sought as a strategy in intervention of these disease processes. Whereas a large number of broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors have been developed over the past decade, these inhibitors have not met the promise and expectations in clinical trials. The broad-spectrum inhibition, which besides MMPs often targets other metalloproteinases, has been considered one of the potential problems that affects the therapeutic efficacy of MMPs inhibitors. Several MMP inhibitors that show selectivity for various MMPs have been reported in the past few years. This report describes the structural and inhibitory properties of these novel inhibitors, which hold considerable promise for effective targeting of these important enzymes.
The lattice-based screen set: a square N-color all-orders Moiré-free screen set (2011)

Periodic clustered-dot screens are widely used for electrophotographic printers due to their print stability. However, moir´e is a ubiquitous problem that arises in color printing due to the beating together of the clustered-dot, periodic halftone patterns that are used to represent different colorants. This beating or interference phenomenon introduces spurious low frequency (large period) patterns in the printed output that are very objectionable to the viewer. The traditional solution in the graphic arts and printing industry is to rotate identical square screens to angles that are maximally separated from each other. For example, the classic three-color screen set rotates three identical square screens to the angles 15°, 45°, and 75°, respectively. However, the effectiveness of this approach is limited when printing with more than four colorants, i.e. N-color printing, where N >4. Moreover, accurately achieving the angles that have maximum angular separation requires a very high resolution plate writer, as is used in commercial offset printing. In this paper, we propose a systematic way to design color screen sets for periodic, clustered-dot screens that offers more explicit control of the moir´e properties of the resulting screens when used in color printing. We find a general concept for moir´e-free screen design that is called lattice-based screen design. The basic concept behind our approach is the creation of the screen set on a 2-dimensional lattice in the frequency domain and then picking each fundamental frequency vector of the individual colorant planes in the created spectral lattice according to the desired properties. The halftone geometry of a screen set is the set of angles and frequencies in units of lines per inch (LPI) of each screen plane. The lattice-based screen design offers more flexibility in designing N-color screen sets with different halftone geometries, and all of them are guaranteed to be all-orders moir´e-free. For example, by creating a square lattice in the frequency domain, square N-color moir´e-free screen sets that consist of N rotated square screens can be achieved. The proposed approach maintains the advantage of square clustered-dot screen design and is based on low addressability of digital printing. We also propose several symmetry measures, and use them to compare the proposed 4-color square screen set and the screen sets based on a previous moir´e-free N-color non-orthogonal approach. The proposed screen set is shown to have better symmetry properties.
Effect of thickness variation in high-efficiency InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (2002)

In x Ga (1−x) N/GaN multiquantum-well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) having periodic thickness variations (TVs) in InxGa(1−x)N active layers exhibit substantially higher optical efficiency than LEDs with uniform InxGa(1−x)N layers. In these nanostructured LEDs, the thickness variation of the active layers is found to be more important than the In composition fluctuation in quantum confinement of excitons (carriers). Detailed scanning transmission electron microscopy-atomic number Z contrast analysis, where image contrast is proportional to Z2 (Z being the atomic number), was carried out to investigate the variation in thickness as well as the spatial distribution of In. In the nanostructured LEDs, there are short-range thickness variations (SR-TVs) (3–4 nm) and long-range thickness variations (LR-TVs) (50–100 nm) in InxGa(1−x)N layers. It is envisaged that LR-TV is key to quantum confinement of the carriers and enhancement of the optical efficiency. We propose that the LR-TV is caused by two-dimensional strain in the InxGa(1−x)N layer below its critical thickness. The SR-TV may be caused by In composition fluctuation.
Borna disease virus (BDV), a nonsegmented RNA virus, replicates in the nuclei of infected cells where infectious BDV ribonucleoproteins are present (1994)

Borna disease virus (BDV) causes neurological disease in a wide range of animal species, providing an important model for studies of persistent viral infection of the central nervous system. In addition, the detection of antibodies that react with BDV antigen in serum from psychiatric patients suggests a role for BDV, or related viruses, in human mental disorders, providing further reason for study of this poorly characterized neurotropic virus. We present evidence that BDV has a nonsegmented negative single-strand RNA genome with the property that viral replication and transcription take place in the nuclei of infected cells where infectious BDV ribonucleoproteins are present. Our results support the view that BDV has unique biological features among animal viruses. Furthermore, the finding that BDV ribonucleoproteins are able to infect susceptible cells raises interesting questions regarding the mechanisms by which some neurotropic viruses may spread through the central nervous system of the infected host without requiring the production of mature infectious virus.
Stimulation of Imidazoline Receptors Inhibits Proliferation of Human Coronary Artery Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1997)

Vascular smooth muscle cells of rat aorta express imidazoline receptors whose stimulation, by drugs or an endogenous ligand, agmatine, inhibits serum-stimulated proliferation. We investigated whether imidazoline receptors are expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells if their stimulation is antiproliferative. Cultured human coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells express a nonadrenergic binding site for 3H-idazoxan and an imidazoline receptor-binding protein as revealed by immunocytochemical and immunoblot analyses with a specific antibody. Idazoxan and agmatine dose-dependently inhibited serum-stimulated proliferation of these cells as measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine (IC50: 5 and 70 micromol/L, respectively) and serum-stimulated expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cell numbers. The agents inhibited proliferation of human and rat (aorta) smooth muscle cells stimulated by either norepinephrine (6560+/-440 disintegrations per minute norepinephrine versus 3345+/-220 norepinephrine and idazoxan), angiotensin II (7680+/-335 disintegrations per minute angiotensin II versus 3769+/-450 angiotensin II and idazoxan), or platelet-derived growth factor (IC50: 3 micromol/L for idazoxan and 40 micromol/L for agmatine), indicating inhibition of mitosis mediated by G-protein or receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. We conclude that human vascular smooth muscle cells express imidazoline-receptors whose activation inhibits proliferation by interacting at a distal step in an intracellular signal cascade common to G-protein and receptor tyrosine kinase mitogenic pathways. Agmatine, synthesized in endothelium, may act as a paracrine regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through imidazoline receptors, and agents acting at this site may be useful in treating vascular hyperplasia.
Toward undetected operating system fingerprinting (2007)

Tools for active remote operating system fingerprinting generate many packets and are easily detected by host and network defensive devices such as IDS/NIDS. Since each additional packet increases the probability of detection, it is advantageous to minimize the number of probe packets. We make use of an information-theoretic measure of test quality to evaluate fingerprinting probes and use this evaluation to derive effective probe combinations that minimize probe packets. While the default configuration of Nmap's second generation operating system detection transmits 16 different probe packets, we demonstrate successful fingerprinting with one to three packets. Furthermore, these packets are valid TCP SYN packets to open ports, which are less likely to be detected as fingerprinting probes than malformed packets or packets that are not part of a valid TCP three-way handshake.
Delicious Poison: Arsenic Trioxide for the Treatment of Leukemia (1997)

To the Editor:

Lately, arsenic trioxide (As2O3 ) has been described in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Experiments in vitro showed that As2O3 induced the acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line NB4 to downregulate bcl-2 expression, as well as to undergo apoptosis.[1][1] Clinically
Exome sequencing and prediction of long-term kidney allograft function (2015)

Current strategies to improve graft outcome following kidney transplantation consider information at the HLA loci. Here, we used exome sequencing of DNA from ABO compatible kidney graft recipients and their living donors to determine recipient and donor mismatches at the amino acid level over entire exomes. We estimated the number of amino acid mismatches in transmembrane proteins, more likely to be seen as foreign by the recipient’s immune system, and designated this tally as the allogenomics mismatch score (AMS). The AMS can be measured prior to transplantation with DNA for potential donor and recipient pairs. We examined the degree of relationship between the AMS and post-transplantation kidney allograft function by linear regression. In a discovery cohort, we found a significant inverse correlation between the AMS and kidney graft function at 36 months post-transplantation (n=10 recipient/donor pairs; 20 exomes) (r 2 >=0.57, P<0.05). The predictive ability of the AMS persists when the score is restricted to regions outside of the HLA loci. This relationship was validated using an independent cohort of 24 recipient donor pairs (n=48 exomes) (r 2 >=0.39, P<0.005). In an additional cohort of living and mostly intra-familial recipient/donor pairs (n=19, 38 exomes), we validated the association after controlling for donor age at time of transplantation. Finally, a model that controls for donor age, HLA mismatches and time post-transplantation yields a consistent AMS effect across these three independent cohorts (P<0.05). Taken together, these results show that the AMS is a strong predictor of long-term graft function in kidney transplant recipients.
Matched pdf-based blind equalization (2004)

In this paper, a new blind equalization algorithm for multilevel modulations is proposed. It is based on maximizing the correlation between the probability density function (pdf) of the signal at the output of the equalizer and the desired pdf. The algorithm employs the Parzen window method to estimate the pdf of the squared modulus of the equalizer output. A stochastic gradient-based algorithm is used to maximize the correlation between this pdf and the pdf of the corresponding modulation. The proposed algorithm shows an excellent performance when compared with conventional adaptive blind algorithms, such as CMA, in quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes.
Human red blood cell recognition enhancement with three-dimensional morphological features obtained by digital holographic imaging (2016)

The classification of erythrocytes plays an important role in the field of hematological diagnosis, specifically blood disorders. Since the biconcave shape of red blood cell (RBC) is altered during the different stages of hematological disorders, we believe that the three-dimensional (3-D) morphological features of erythrocyte provide better classification results than conventional two-dimensional (2-D) features. Therefore, we introduce a set of 3-D features related to the morphological and chemical properties of RBC profile and try to evaluate the discrimination power of these features against 2-D features with a neural network classifier. The 3-D features include erythrocyte surface area, volume, average cell thickness, sphericity index, sphericity coefficient and functionality factor, MCH and MCHSD, and two newly introduced features extracted from the ring section of RBC at the single-cell level. In contrast, the 2-D features are RBC projected surface area, perimeter, radius, elongation, and projected surface area to perimeter ratio. All features are obtained from images visualized by off-axis digital holographic microscopy with a numerical reconstruction algorithm, and four categories of biconcave (doughnut shape), flat-disc, stomatocyte, and echinospherocyte RBCs are interested. Our experimental results demonstrate that the 3-D features can be more useful in RBC classification than the 2-D features. Finally, we choose the best feature set of the 2-D and 3-D features by sequential forward feature selection technique, which yields better discrimination results. We believe that the final feature set evaluated with a neural network classification strategy can improve the RBC classification accuracy.