gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Response Quantity, Quality, and Speed for Questions Asked Via Social Network Status Messages (2021)

Social networking tools enable people to easily ask questions of large groups of personal acquaintances, but the effectiveness of doing so depends in part on how the question is phrased. In this paper we present a study in which 282 participants posted variants of the same question as their status message on Facebook. We analyze the quantity, quality, and speed of the responses each variant received. We find that by ending an information need with a question mark, explicitly scoping the audience, and being succinct, a person can increase the likelihood of quickly receiving many high-quality answers.
Goal-Conditioned Imitation Learning (2019)

Designing rewards for Reinforcement Learning (RL) is challenging because it needs to convey the desired task, be efficient to optimize, and be easy to compute. The latter is particularly problematic when applying RL to robotics, where detecting whether the desired configuration is reached might require considerable supervision and instrumentation. Furthermore, we are often interested in being able to reach a wide range of configurations, hence setting up a different reward every time might be unpractical. Methods like Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) have recently shown promise to learn policies able to reach many goals, without the need of a reward. Unfortunately, without tricks like resetting to points along the trajectory, HER might require many samples to discover how to reach certain areas of the state-space. In this work we investigate different approaches to incorporate demonstrations to drastically speed up the convergence to a policy able to reach any goal, also surpassing the performance of an agent trained with other Imitation Learning algorithms. Furthermore, we show our method can also be used when the available expert trajectories do not contain the actions, which can leverage kinesthetic or third person demonstration. The code is available at https://sites.google.com/view/goalconditioned-il/.
Activities of Micafungin against 315 Invasive Clinical Isolates of Fluconazole-Resistant <i>Candida</i> spp (2006)

Micafungin is a new echinocandin exhibiting broad-spectrum activity against Candida spp. The activity of the echinocandins against Candida species known to express intrinsic or acquired resistance to fluconazole is of interest. We determined the MICs of micafungin and caspofungin against 315 invasive clinical (bloodstream and other sterile-site) isolates of fluconazole-resistant Candida species obtained from geographically diverse medical centers between 2001 and 2004. MICs were determined using broth microdilution according to the CLSI reference method M27-A2. RPMI 1640 was used as the test medium, and we used the MIC endpoint of prominent growth reduction at 24 h. Among the 315 fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates, 146 (46%) were C. krusei, 110 (35%) were C. glabrata, 41 (13%) were C. albicans, and 18 (6%) were less frequently isolated species. Micafungin had good in vitro activity against all fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. tested; the MICs at which 50% (MIC(50)) and 90% (MIC(90)) of isolates were inhibited were 0.03 microg/ml and 0.06 microg/ml, respectively. All the fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. were inhibited at a micafungin MIC that was </=1 microg/ml. Among the most common fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. tested in the collection, C. glabrata exhibited the lowest micafungin MICs (MIC(90), </=0.015 microg/ml), followed by C. albicans (MIC(90), 0.03 microg/ml) and C. krusei (MIC(90), 0.06 microg/ml). The new echinocandin micafungin has excellent in vitro activity against 315 invasive clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistant Candida, which represents the largest collection to date of fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates tested against micafungin. Micafungin may prove useful in the treatment of infections due to azole-resistant Candida.
Impact of Plant Peptides on Symbiotic Nodule Development and Functioning (2018)

Ribosomally synthesized peptides have wide ranges of functions in plants being, for example, signal molecules, transporters, alkaloids, or antimicrobial agents. Legumes are an unprecedented rich source of peptides, which are used to control the symbiosis of these plants with the nitrogen-fixing <i>Rhizobium</i> bacteria. Here, we discuss the function and the evolution of these peptides playing an important role in the formation or functioning of the symbiotic organs, the root nodules. We distinguish peptides that can be either cell-autonomous or secreted short-range or long-range signals, carrying messages in or between plant cells or that can act as effectors interacting with the symbiotic bacteria. Peptides are further classified according to the stage of the symbiotic process where they act. Several peptide classes, including RALF, DLV, ENOD40, and others, control <i>Rhizobium</i> infection and the initiation of cell divisions and the formation of nodule primordia. CLE and CEP peptides are implicated in systemic and local control of nodule initiation during autoregulation of nodulation and in response to the nutritional demands of the plant. Still other peptides act at later stages of the symbiosis. The PSK peptide is thought to be involved in the suppression of immunity in nodules and the nodule-specific cysteine-rich, GRP, and SNARP (LEED..PEED) peptide families are essential in the functioning of the nitrogen fixing root nodules. The NCRs and possibly also the GRP and SNARPs are targeted to the endosymbionts and play essential roles in the terminal differentiation of these bacteria.
Spectral Transmission of Light through Seawater (1992)

Abstract : Proper design of a Lidar system for use in undersea warfare requires knowledge of the spectral transmission characteristics of seawater in the selection of laser wavelengths. In 1968 and 1974, N. G. Jerlov published spectral transmittance data for ten different types of seawater. In this technical memorandum, Jerlov's data are reworked and converted to graphs of attenuation length and attenuation coefficient as a functions of wavelength to permit interpolation of these functions for candidate Lidar wavelengths of 455, 486, 517, and 532 nm. For the clearest waters (Jerlov types I, IA, IB, and II) the two shorter wavelengths are preferred. The more turbid waters are somewhat more transparent at the longer wavelengths.
Por una iniciativa de defensa. ¿Última oportunidad para la UE? (2006)

Desde los Balcanes hasta Oriente Proximo, para la UE es inaplazable una politica de defensa comun. Europa no debe adoptar una actitud resignada ante la tarea herculea que supone la estabilizacion de esta region. Porque el foco de crisis no esta lejos desde un punto de vista geografico.
Objectness-aware Semantic Segmentation (2016)

Recent advances in semantic segmentation are driven by the success of fully convolutional neural network (FCN). However, the coarse label map from the network and the object discrimination ability for semantic segmentation weaken the performance of those FCN-based models. To address these issues, we propose an objectness-aware semantic segmentation framework (OA-Seg) by jointly learning an object proposal network (OPN) and a lightweight deconvolutional neural network (Light-DCNN). First, OPN is learned based on a fully convolutional architecture to simultaneously predict object bounding boxes and their objectness scores. Second, we design a Light-DCNN to provide a finer upsampling way than FCN. The Light-DCNN is constructed with convolutional layers in VGG-net and their mirrored deconvolutional structure, where all fully-connected layers are removed. And hierarchical classification layers are added to multi-scale deconvolutional features to introduce more contextual information for pixel-wise label prediction. Compared with previous works, our approach performs an obvious decrease on model size and convergence time. Thorough evaluations are performed on the PASCAL VOC 2012 benchmark, and our model yields impressive results on its validation data (70.3% mean IoU) and test data (74.1% mean IoU).
Neuraminidase-dependent hamagglutination of human erythrocytes by human strains of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii (1979)

Human A, B, and O erythrocytes (RBC) were agglutinated by many human strains of Actinomyces viscosus and A. naeslundii. At 37 degrees C, these bacterium-mediated hemagglutination reactions required the action of bacterial neuraminidase upon the RBC; however, at 4 degrees C, the requirement for neuraminidase was not as striking. Bacterial cell suspensions which caused hemagglutination at 37 degrees C contained both soluble extracellular and cell-associated neuraminidase activities as shown by enzyme assays using a soluble substrate (i.e., alpha 1-acid glycoprotein). Bacterium-mediated hemagglutination occurred only in the presence of soluble neuraminidase activity, and the rate of hemagglutination could be inhibited by 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid, a competitive inhibitor of purified soluble neuraminidase from A. viscosus T14V. Suspensions of bacteria which contained only cell-associated neuraminidase activity were unable to initiate hemagglutination, but they caused immediate hemagglutination when mixed with neuraminidase-treated RBC. All hemagglutination reactions were reversible in the presence of 0.02 M lactose and were abolished by heating (85 degrees C for 30 min) the actinomycete cells but not the RBC. The proposed mechanism of hemagglutination involves two sequential steps: (i) the action of neuraminidase to unmask galactose-containing receptors on the RBC and (ii) the multivalent binding of these receptors by many low-affinity lection sites on the bacterial surface.
Tryptophan Degradation in Patients Infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1988)

Tryptophan and kynurenine were measured retrospectively in sera of 11 male patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (Walter Reed stages 4 and 6). Tryptophan levels are significantly reduced to less than 50% in patients with HIV infection and kynurenine levels significantly elevated when compared to sex and age matched controls. The decrease of tryptophan levels might contribute to neurologic symptoms often associated with HIV infection. Since interferon-gamma induces degradation of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway, the present results may be consistent with enhanced endogenous production of interferon-gamma in advanced HIV infection.
Serum Immunoreactive Pancreatic Phospholipase A2 inPatients with Various Malignant Tumors (1990)

The high incidence (40.6%) of elevated serum pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was demonstrated in patients with various malignancies. Serum PLA2 was significantly increased in cancer patients compared with healthy sex- and age-matched blood donors (358.4 +/- 168.0 vs. 241.7 +/- 69.0 ng/dl; p less than 0.01). No correlation was observed between serum PLA2 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in these patients. Although patients with advanced and distantly metastatic cancer of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas showed higher PLA2 levels in serum than those with early cancer, patients with other cancers showed no correlation between serum PLA2 and clinical stage. A combined assay of PLA2 and CEA increased the sensitivity of detection of cancers to 60.8%.
Bacteriophages and dairy fermentations (2012)

This review highlights the main strategies available to control phage infection during large-scale milk fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. The topics that are emphasized include the factors influencing bacterial activities, the sources of phage contamination, the methods available to detect and quantify phages, as well as practical solutions to limit phage dispersion through an adapted factory design, the control of air flow, the use of adequate sanitizers, the restricted used of recycled products, and the selection and growth of bacterial cultures.
Concentrations and Patterns of Released Pterins of Various Animal Cell Cultures* (1991)

Neopterin, biopterin, pterin, 6-hydroxymethylpterin and isoxanthopterin were determined in the supernatants of various animal cell cultures. The different cell lines showed distinct variations in the concentrations as well as in the pattern and total amount of the released pterins. In cells from the same organ but from diverse species differences in pattern and release were found. Cell lines derived from primates had a high release of neopterin. A further difference resulted from the origin of fetal or adult organs. Neoplastic cell lines showed different patterns of pterins, dependent on the type of tumour. Primary cultures from embryonic bovine lung had the highest total amount of released pterins in all cell lines examined.
Elektrochemische Untersuchungen an Graphitsalzen mit HNO<sub>3</sub>, HClO<sub>4</sub>, HReO<sub>4</sub> und halogenierten Essigsäuren / Electrochemical Investigations on Graphite Salts with HNO<sub>3</sub>, HClO<sub>4</sub>, HReO<sub>4</sub> and Halogenated Acetic Acids (1989)

HNO 3 , HClO 4 , HReO 4 and CF 3 COOH have been intercalated into graphite by anodizing pieces of HOPG. Attempts to intercalate ClCH 2 COOH have failed. CV measurements and pulsed galvanostatic experiments were performed to ascertain possible side reactions as well as the reversibility of the intercalation process. Whereas the intercalation reaction proved to be fast in the cases of HNO 3 , HClO 4 and HReO 4 , it was slow and superposed by side reactions when CF 3 COOH was used.
City, Street and Citizen (2012)

How can we learn from a multicultural society if we don’t know how to recognise it? The contemporary city is more than ever a space for the intense convergence of diverse individuals who shift in and out of its urban terrains. The city street is perhaps the most prosaic of the city’s public parts, allowing us a view of the very ordinary practices of life and livelihoods. By attending to the expressions of conviviality and contestation, ‘City, Street and Citizen’ offers an alternative notion of ‘multiculturalism’ away from the ideological frame of nation, and away from the moral imperative of community. This book offers to the reader an account of the lived realities of allegiance, participation and belonging from the base of a multi-ethnic street in south London. ‘City, Street and Citizen’ focuses on the question of whether local life is significant for how individuals develop skills to live with urban change and cultural and ethnic diversity. To animate this question, Hall has turned to a city street and its dimensions of regularity and propinquity to explore interactions in the small shop spaces along the Walworth Road. The city street constitutes exchange, and as such it provides us with a useful space to consider the broader social and political significance of contact in the day-to-day life of multicultural cities. Grounded in an ethnographic approach, this book will be of interest to academics and students in the fields of sociology, global urbanisation, migration and ethnicity as well as being relevant to politicians, policy makers, urban designers and architects involved in cultural diversity, public space and street based economies.
Pig Price Fluctuations and Forecasting Model Based on Information Platform (2016)

Pork is common in people's daily life consumption, and it accounts for more than half of all meats. By collecting data information published by Bureau of Statistics and Bureau of Agriculture, this paper makes a statistical analysis of the influence of price fluctuation in the pork market on China's pork production, and finds that China's pork production shows a general trend of fluctuations due to the impact of price factors. According to the predecessors' studies on the factors influencing pig market price, combined with the actual situation of pig breeding in China, this paper uses the latest website data released by the government's public information platform to establish a forecasting model.
Improvements to seamless vertical handover between mobile WiMAX and 3GPP UTRAN through the evolved packet core (2009)

Recent mobile devices are integrated with multiple network interfaces. Users want their devices connected to the network anytime anywhere. It is highly feasible for a user to change connection to another network for users that leave the service area of its current serving network, where handover needs to be executed seamlessly such that ongoing service sessions are not interrupted. The handover operation not only requires switching the interfaces within a device but also involves seamless reconfiguration of the supporting networks. In this article, an improved IP-based vertical handover technology for mobile WiMAX , 3GPP legacy systems (i.e., Global System for Mobile communications and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), and 3G Long Term Evolution is presented, which is based on existing optimized handover techniques between mobile WiMAX and 3GPP accesses. Formerly proposed 3GPP WiMAX optimized VHO solutions introduced new elements, such as the forward attachment function and access network discovery and selection function. The ANDSF supports the discovery of target access, and the FAF provides the functionality that authenticates the UE before the execution of VHO. However, the previous technique has limitations that result in data loss and abnormal disconnection to the source access. This article provides a solution by introducing an additional network element called the data forwarding function (DFF) that eliminates the data loss during VHO execution. In addition, the DFF resolves the problem of abrupt disconnection to the source network. The simulation results show that the proposed VHO technique is effective in minimizing data loss during VHO execution between mobile WiMAX and 3GPP networks. As the proposed solution of this article is an IP based handover solution, it can be similarly applied to other communication networks.
A Bayesian Random Effects Model for Testlets (1999)

Standard item response theory (IRT) models fit to dichotomous examination responses ignore the fact that sets of items (testlets) often come from a single common stimuli (e.g. a reading comprehension passage). In this setting, all items given to an examinee are unlikely to be conditionally independent (given examinee proficiency). Models that assume conditional independence will overestimate the precision with which examinee proficiency is measured. Overstatement of precision may lead to inaccurate inferences such as prematurely ending an examination in which the stopping rule is based on the estimated standard error of examinee proficiency (e.g., an adaptive test). To model examinations that may be a mixture of independent items and testlets, we modified one standard IRT model to include an additional random effect for items nested within the same testlet. We use a Bayesian framework to facilitate posterior inference via a Data Augmented Gibbs Sampler (DAGS; Tanner & Wong, 1987). The modified and standard IRT models are both applied to a data set from a disclosed form of the SAT. We also provide simulation results that indicates that the degree of precision bias is a function of the variability of the testlet effects, as well as the testlet design.
The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge across Organization Subunits (1999)

This paper combines the concept of weak ties from social network research and the notion of complex knowledge to explain the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits in a multiunit organization. I use a network study of 120 new-product development projects undertaken by 41 divisions in a large electronics company to examine the task of developing new products in the least amount of time. Findings show that weak interunit ties help a project team search for useful knowledge in other subunits but impede the transfer of complex knowledge, which tends to require a strong tie between the two parties to a transfer. Having weak interunit ties speeds up projects when knowledge is not complex but slows them down when the knowledge to be transferred is highly complex. I discuss the implications of these findings for research on social networks and product innovation.
Spin Pumping and Inverse Spin Hall Effect in Platinum: The Essential Role of Spin-Memory Loss at Metallic Interfaces (2014)

Through combined ferromagnetic resonance, spin pumping, and inverse spin Hall effect experiments in Co|Pt bilayers and Co|Cu|Pt trilayers, we demonstrate consistent values of ℓsfPt=3.4±0.4 nm and θSHEPt=0.056±0.010 for the respective spin diffusion length and spin Hall angle for Pt. Our data and model emphasize the partial depolarization of the spin current at each interface due to spin-memory loss. Our model reconciles the previously published spin Hall angle values and explains the different scaling lengths for the ferromagnetic damping and the spin Hall effect induced voltage.
Improving Tissue Preparation for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Part 1: Using Microspotting (2009)

Nowadays, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) is a powerful technique to obtain the distribution of endogenous and exogenous molecules within tissue sections. It can, thus, be used to study the evolution of molecules across different physiological stages in order to find out markers or get knowledge on signaling pathways. In order to provide valuable information, we must carefully control the sample preparation to avoid any delocalization of molecules of interest inside the tissue during this step. Currently, two strategies can be used to deposit chemicals, such as the MALDI matrix, onto the tissue both involving generation of microdroplets that will be dropped off onto the surface. First strategy involves microspraying of solutions. Here, we have been interested in the development of a microspotting strategy, where nanodroplets of solvent are ejected by a piezoelectric device to generate microspots at the tissue level. Such systems allow one to precisely control sample preparation by creating an array of spots. In terms of matrix crystallization, a microspotting MALDI matrix is hardly compatible with the results by classical (pipetting) methods. We have thus synthesized and studied new solid ionic matrixes in order to obtain high analytical performance using such a deposition system. These developments have enabled optimization of the preparation time because of the high stability of the printing that is generated in these conditions. We have also studied microspotting for performing on-tissue digestion in order to go for identification of proteins or to work from formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. We have shown that microspotting is an interesting approach for on tissue digestion. Peptides, proteins, and lipids were studied under this specific preparation strategy to improve imaging performances for this class of molecules.