gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reversibility in Controlled Polymerization Systems: Recent Progress and New Opportunities (2018)

The field of controlled polymerization is growing and evolving at unprecedented rates, facilitating polymer scientists to engineer the structure and property of polymer materials for a variety of applications. However, the lack of degradability, particularly in vinyl polymers, is a general concern for not only environmental sustainability but also biomedical applications. In recent years, there has been a significant effort to develop reversible polymerization approaches in those well-established controlled polymerization systems. Reversible polymerization typically involves two steps including (i) forward polymerization which converts small monomers into macromolecules, and (ii) depolymerization capable of regenerating original monomers. Furthermore, recycled monomers can be repolymerized into new polymers. In this perspective, we highlight recent developments of reversible polymerization in those controlled polymerization systems and offer insight into the promise and utility of reversible polymerization systems. More importantly, the current challenges and future directions to solve those problems are discussed. We hope this perspective can serve as an “initiator” to promote continuing innovations in this fairly new area.
Improved single image dehazing using segmentation (2010)

In the hazy weather, the image of outdoor scene is degraded by suspended particles. Scattering and absorption hinder scene radiance and bring in environment light into camera. In this work, a novel algorithm is introduced to restore the clear day image by the segmented hazy image. First, the existing visibility restoration model is analyzed and a conclusion is drawn that the model will violate the contrast enhancement constraint in some specific situations. Next, the graph-based image segmentation method is applied to segment the hazed image by choosing the optimal parameter. Then, the transmission maps prior are obtained according to the blackbody theory. After that, a bilateral filter is designed to amend the transmission map, which can make up the deficiency of restoration model and ensure the transmission map smooth under the contrast enhancement constraint. Last, the experimental results show that the method achieves rather good dehazing results.
Structure and nucleotide-induced conformational dynamics of the <i>Chlorobium tepidum</i> Roco protein (2018)

The LRR (leucine-rich repeat)-Roc (Ras of complex proteins)-COR (C-terminal of Roc) domains are central to the action of nearly all Roco proteins, including the Parkinson's disease-associated protein LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2). We previously demonstrated that the Roco protein from <i>Chlorobium tepidum</i> (CtRoco) undergoes a dimer-monomer cycle during the GTPase reaction, with the protein being mainly dimeric in the nucleotide-free and GDP (guanosine-5'-diphosphate)-bound states and monomeric in the GTP (guanosine-5'-triphosphate)-bound state. Here, we report a crystal structure of CtRoco in the nucleotide-free state showing for the first time the arrangement of the LRR-Roc-COR. This structure reveals a compact dimeric arrangement and shows an unanticipated intimate interaction between the Roc GTPase domains in the dimer interface, involving residues from the P-loop, the switch II loop, the G4 region and a loop which we named the 'Roc dimerization loop'. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is subsequently used to highlight structural alterations induced by individual steps along the GTPase cycle. The structure and HDX-MS data propose a pathway linking nucleotide binding to monomerization and relaying the conformational changes via the Roc switch II to the LRR and COR domains. Together, this work provides important new insights in the regulation of the Roco proteins.
The AKT Axis as a Therapeutic Target in Autoimmune Diseases (2009)

Autoimmunity affects a substantial fraction of our population. In patients with autoimmune disease, the immune system recognizes self-tissues as foreign. Common autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, lupus and multiple sclerosis. Though different target organs may be affected in different autoimmune diseases, aberrations in adaptive or innate immunity underlie all of these diseases. Abnormal functioning, differentiation and/or activation of T-cells, B-cells and myeloid cells have been documented in various autoimmune diseases. More recent studies have also detailed anomalous activation of various signaling axes including various MAPK, AKT, NF-kappaB, Bcl-2 family members, and JAK/STAT molecules in these cells, in the context of systemic autoimmunity. Among these, one molecular pathway that appears to be particularly attractive for therapeutic targeting is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis. In this review, we summarize how the AKT axis affects multiple molecular processes in autoimmune diseases and discuss the potential of targeting this axis in these diseases.
Altered NMDAR signaling underlies autistic-like features in mouse models of CDKL5 deficiency disorder (2019)

CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is characterized by epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autistic features, and CDKL5-deficient mice exhibit a constellation of behavioral phenotypes reminiscent of the human disorder. We previously found that CDKL5 dysfunction in forebrain glutamatergic neurons results in deficits in learning and memory. However, the pathogenic origin of the autistic features of CDD remains unknown. Here, we find that selective loss of CDKL5 in GABAergic neurons leads to autistic-like phenotypes in mice accompanied by excessive glutamatergic transmission, hyperexcitability, and increased levels of postsynaptic NMDA receptors. Acute, low-dose inhibition of NMDAR signaling ameliorates autistic-like behaviors in GABAergic knockout mice, as well as a novel mouse model bearing a CDD-associated nonsense mutation, CDKL5 R59X, implicating the translational potential of this mechanism. Together, our findings suggest that enhanced NMDAR signaling and circuit hyperexcitability underlie autistic-like features in mouse models of CDD and provide a new therapeutic avenue to treat CDD-related symptoms.
Prototype Implementation of Two Efficient Low-Complexity Digital Predistortion Algorithms (2007)

Predistortion (PD) lineariser for microwave power amplifiers (PAs) is an important topic of research. With larger and larger bandwidth as it appears today in modern WiMax standards as well as in multichannel base stations for 3GPP standards, the relatively simple nonlinear effect of a PA becomes a complex memory-including function, severely distorting the output signal. In this contribution, two digital PD algorithms are investigated for the linearisation of microwave PAs in mobile communications. The first one is an efficient and low-complexity algorithm based on a memoryless model, called the simplicial canonical piecewise linear (SCPWL) function that describes the static nonlinear characteristic of the PA. The second algorithm is more general, approximating the pre-inverse filter of a nonlinear PA iteratively using a Volterra model. The first simpler algorithm is suitable for compensation of amplitude compression and amplitude-to-phase conversion, for example, in mobile units with relatively small bandwidths. The second algorithm can be used to linearise PAs operating with larger bandwidths, thus exhibiting memory effects, for example, in multichannel base stations. A measurement testbed which includes a transmitter-receiver chain with a microwave PA is built for testing and prototyping of the proposed PD algorithms. In the testing phase, the PD algorithms are implemented using MATLAB (floating-point representation) and tested in record-and-playback mode. The iterative PD algorithm is then implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using fixed-point representation. The FPGA implementation allows the pre-inverse filter to be tested in a real-time mode. Measurement results show excellent linearisation capabilities of both the proposed algorithms in terms of adjacent channel power suppression. It is also shown that the fixed-point FPGA implementation of the iterative algorithm performs as well as the floating-point implementation.
Association of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor.GAMMA. Gene Pro12Ala and C161T Polymorphisms With Metabolic Syndrome (2007)

Both polymorphisms showed a significant association with IR, but failed to show an association with MS components. Those with an A allele of Pro12Ala and a T allele of the C161T polymorphism showed a higher BMI, which requires further investigation.
An active gate drive circuit for high power inverter system to reduce turn-off spike voltage of IGBT (2007)

This paper presents a new gate drive method for high power IGBT to reduce the turn-off spike voltage which is appeared between collector and emitter. In the power circuit of inverter, there is a commutation loop stray inductance between the dc-link capacitors and IGBTs. It affects the turn-off spike voltage of IGBT. In general, snubber circuits are used to control the spike voltage but they are consists of passive components result in the limitation to reduce the spike voltage. In this paper, a new active method is proposed and based on the saturation voltage characteristics of IGBT which is related with collector current and collector-emitter voltage. In order to reduce the spike voltage, gate current is controlled in the active region during the turn-off. The proposed method is implemented with 220 kW inverter and verified by the experimental results.
Specific mutation of a regulatory site within the ATP-binding region of simian virus 40 large T antigen (1991)

In an attempt to distinguish simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (T) binding to ATP from hydrolysis, specific mutations were made in the ATP-binding site of T according to our model for the site (M. K. Bradley, T. F. Smith, R. H. Lathrop, D. M. Livingston, and T. A. Webster, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:4026-4030, 1987). Two acidic residues predicted to make contact with the magnesium phosphate were changed to alanines. The mutated T gene was completely defective for viral DNA synthesis and for virion production, and it was dominant defective for viral DNA replication. The defective T gene encoded a stable product (2905T) that oncogenically transformed mouse cell lines. 2905T, immunoprecipitated from transformed-cell extracts, bound SV40 origin DNA specifically and, surprisingly, it was active as an ATPase. A recombinant baculovirus was constructed for the production and purification of the mutant protein for detailed biochemical analyses. 2905T had only 10% of the ATPase and helicase of wild-type T. The Km of 2905T for ATP in ATPase assays was the same as the Km of wild-type T. ATP activated the ATPase activity of wild-type T, but not of 2905T. As tested by gel bandshift assay, 2905T bound to SV40 origin DNA and to individual sites I and II with affinities similar to that of the wild type. However, ATP did not modulate the DNA-binding activity of mutant T to site II. Therefore, this mutation in the ATP-binding site in T resulted in defects in the interaction between the protein and ATP that appeared to be responsible for the determination of the active state of T for DNA binding versus ATPase.
An Antagonistic Activity of Etizolam on Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) In Vitro Effects on Platelet Aggregation and PAF Receptor Binding (1987)

The antagonistic effect of etizolam, an anti-anxiety drug, on platelet-activating factor (PAF) was investigated in rabbit platelets in vitro. Etizolam inhibited PAF-induced aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 3.8 μM, about one tenth that of triazolam (IC50=30 μM). At 300 μM, it inhibited both ADP and arachidonic acid-induced aggregation only slightly, while the other anti-anxiety drugs tested had no effect on PAF-induced aggregation even at this concentration. Etizolam and triazolam inhibited the specific binding of 3H-PAF to PAF receptor sites on washed rabbit platelets with IC50 values of 22 nM and 320 nM, respectively. Diazepam and estazolam were inactive even at 1 μM. These results indicate that etizolam is a specific antagonist of PAF.
Pharmacological intervention in antibody mediated disease (1996)

The use of single signal anergy to inactive pathological B cells in an antigen-specific manner is discussed. Cross-linking surface immunoglobulin, with a construct which contains oligovalent B cell epitopes on a non-immunogenic molecular framework can be used to inactivate the target B cells if the construct lacks T cells epitopes. An example of such a B cell toleragen is LJP 394, which inactivates anti-dsDNA-specific B cells in vivo in murine immunized and spontaneous disease models. The drug enhances survival and lowers renal pathology in BXSB mice. Appropriate definition of epitopes of pathological (auto) antibodies thus offers an opportunity for pharmacological intervention.
Properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide films prepared by a separately excited plasma CVD method (1997)

In order to prepare high-quality hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide () films with a wide band gap, we propose use of a separately excited plasma CVD (SEPCVD) system composed of two independent plasma chambers and one deposition chamber. This method enables control of methane and silane plasmas independently. The optical and electrical properties and structure of films prepared by the SEPCVD method were evaluated with visible - ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, infrared transmission spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and measurements of the photo- and dark conductivities. The carbon content and the optical band gap increased with increasing the rf power on both the methane side and the silane side. films with a carbon content above 0.6 and an optical band gap above 2.8 eV could be prepared by the SEPCVD method even though hydrogen-diluted gas was used. The SEPCVD method proved useful in preparing films with a wide gap. Both fourfold-coordinated carbon atoms and threefold-coordinated carbon atoms existed in films with carbon content from 0.5 to 0.6. However, the atomic percentage of threefold-coordinated carbon in films prepared by the SEPCVD method is smaller than that obtained by the conventional method. was 0.1 - 0.3 and increased with increasing rf power. and decreased with increasing rf power on the methane side, but they were not dependent on the rf power on the silane side. For films with an optical band gap between 1.8 eV and 2.0 eV, the photoconductivity and the photosensitivity were and respectively, and films with high photoconductivity could be prepared. However, the photoconductivity of the films with an optical band gap above 2.2 eV was about .
A Weakly Supervised Deep Learning Framework for Sorghum Head Detection and Counting (2019)

The yield of cereal crops such as sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> L. Moench) depends on the distribution of crop-heads in varying branching arrangements. Therefore, counting the head number per unit area is critical for plant breeders to correlate with the genotypic variation in a specific breeding field. However, measuring such phenotypic traits manually is an extremely labor-intensive process and suffers from low efficiency and human errors. Moreover, the process is almost infeasible for large-scale breeding plantations or experiments. Machine learning-based approaches like deep convolutional neural network (CNN) based object detectors are promising tools for efficient object detection and counting. However, a significant limitation of such deep learning-based approaches is that they typically require a massive amount of hand-labeled images for training, which is still a tedious process. Here, we propose an active learning inspired weakly supervised deep learning framework for sorghum head detection and counting from UAV-based images. We demonstrate that it is possible to significantly reduce human labeling effort without compromising final model performance (<i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> between human count and machine count is 0.88) by using a semitrained CNN model (i.e., trained with limited labeled data) to perform synthetic annotation. In addition, we also visualize key features that the network learns. This improves trustworthiness by enabling users to better understand and trust the decisions that the trained deep learning model makes.
Analog CMOS integration and experimentation with an autoadaptive independent component analyzer (1995)

In this paper we explore a combination of above-and-subthreshold CMOS circuit techniques for the implementation of analog neuromorphic network processing. The implemented network embodies a blind signal separation algorithm performing an independent component analysis. It is essentially a continuous time recursive linear adaptive filter that uses a non-linear adaptation rule. Analog I/O interface, weight coefficients and adaptation blocks are all integrated on the chip. A test 2-neuron-2-synapse network as well as a small 5-neuron-20-synapse network were fabricated in a 2 micron n-well double-polysilicon, double-metal CMOS process. Circuit designs at the transistor level yield area efficient implementations for synapses and the adaptation blocks. We present experimental results from testing the systems with sinusoidal signals and noise and report on its performance as a blind separator of mixed speech signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Film Property Requirements for Hermetic Low-k a-SiO<sub>x</sub>C<sub>y</sub>N<sub>z</sub>:H Dielectric Barriers (2012)

Continued reduction in resistance-capacitance (RC) delays in nano-electronic Cu interconnect structures will require new materials with increasingly lower dielectric constants (i.e. low-k). Significant reductions in RC delay can be achieved by reducing the dielectric constant of the relatively high dielectric constant Cu capping/etch stop layer. However, this risks comprising the required barrier performance of this material to the diffusion of Cu, H2O, and other species. In this regard, critical thresholds for the diffusion of water and solvents through low-k a-SiOxCyNz:H dielectrics of varying composition were investigated using a combination of X-ray reflectivity mass density and positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy pore size metrologies. It was observed that hermetic low-k a-SiOxCyNz:H dielectrics were achieved only at mass densities >2.0 g/cm3 and when the pore diameter was less than twice the molecular diameter of water. The implications of these critical nano-porosity thresholds on continued scaling of low-k diffusion barrier and ILD materials are discussed as well as methods for overcoming these limitations.
Extrapolation Methods for Vector Sequences (1987)

This is an expository paper that describes and compares five methods for extrapolating to the limit (or anti-limit) of a vector sequence without explicit knowledge of the sequence generator. The methods are the minimal polynomial extrapolation (MPE) studied by Cabay and Jackson, Mešina, and Skelboe; the reduced rank extrapolation (RRE) of Eddy (which we show to be equivalent to Mešina’s version of MPE); the vector and scalar versions of the epsilon algorithm (VEA, SEA) introduced by Wynn and extended by Brezinski and Gekeler; and the topological epsilon algorithm (TEA) of Brezinski. We cover the derivation and error analysis of iterated versions of the algorithms, as applied to both linear and nonlinear problems, and we show why these versions tend to converge quadratically. We also present samples from extensive numerical testing that has led us to the following conclusions: (a) TEA, in spite of its role as a theoretical link between the polynomial-type and the epsilon-type methods, has no practical application; (b) MPE is at least as good as RRE, and VEA at least as good as SEA, in almost all situations (c) there are circumstances in which either MPE or VEA is superior to the other.
TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLIC VIOLENT OFFENDERS: ETHICS AND EFFICACY (1998)

The published literature tends to find that the outcome of mandatory treatment for alcohol dependence is no worse than that for 'voluntary' treatment. Supervised disulfiram has been shown to improve outcome in Court-referred patients. When offenders take treatment offered as part of probation or a deferred sentence, they choose to do so, rather than face a penalty. It is not a 'free' choice in the usual sense, but the outcome can be beneficial to the offender as well as to society and this helps to justify its use. Coping and social skills therapy have value, as probably have antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs in some cases. Supervised disulfiram has a role supported by controlled studies.
Comparison of Chlamydia pneumoniae isolates by western blot (immunoblot) analysis and DNA sequencing of the omp 2 gene (1994)

The 60-kDa cysteine-rich outer membrane protein gene (omp 2) from nine Chlamydia pneumoniae isolates (TW-183, CM-1, CWL-050, CWL-011, IOL-207, FIL, Kajaani-6, Helsinki-12, and Parjaanonen) was amplified by PCR and sequenced from positions 1 to 580. In contrast to the sequence differences previously observed in this gene in other chlamydial species, all nine C. pneumoniae isolates were 100% identical. However, when sera from C. pneumoniae microimmunofluorescence-positive patients (with clinical signs of persistent cough or asthma) were immunoblotted against five C. pneumoniae isolates, distinct antigenic differences were observed. TW-183 was characterized by major bands at 35 and 43 kDa. In contrast, the other four isolates tested produced similar, though not identical, immunoblot profiles, characterized by strong bands at 18, 25, 29, 40, 46, and 53 kDa. These data support the fact that significant differences do exist between C. pneumoniae isolates, but unlike the case with other chlamydial species, these differences do not reside in either of the commonly studied outer membrane protein genes, omp 1 or omp 2.
Progressive specific immune attrition after primary, secondary and tertiary immunizations with bacteriophage ΦX174 in asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients (2000)

Multiple boosters of immunizations in asymptomatic treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients may result in a specific immune attrition and vaccine-induced viremia. Short-term monotherapy with ZDV may have blunted these adverse effects. Hyperimmunization of HIV-1-infected patients may be detrimental unless accompanied by antiretroviral therapy.
Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check Codes With Girth Larger Than $12$ (2007)

A quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) code can be viewed as the protograph code with circulant permutation matrices (or circulants). In this correspondence, we find all the subgraph patterns of protographs of QC LDPC codes having inevitable cycles of length 2i, i = 6, 7, 8, 9,10, i.e., the cycles that always exist regardless of the shift values of circulants. It is also derived that if the girth of the protograph is 2g, g > 2, its protograph code cannot have the inevitable cycles of length smaller than 6g. Based on these subgraph patterns, we propose new combinatorial construction methods of the protographs, whose protograph codes can have girth larger than or equal to 14 or 18. We also propose a couple of shift value assigning rules for circulants of a QC LDPC code guaranteeing the girth 14.