gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decimal floating-point division using Newton-Raphson iteration (2004)

Decreasing feature sizes allow additional functionality to be added to future microprocessors to improve the performance of important application domains. As a result of rapid growth in financial, commercial, and Internet-based applications, hardware support for decimal floating-point arithmetic is now being considered by various computer manufacturers and specifications for decimal floating-point arithmetic have been added to the draft revision of the IEEE-754 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE-754R). This work presents an efficient arithmetic algorithm and hardware design for decimal floating-point division. The design uses an optimized piecewise linear approximation, a modified Newton-Raphson iteration, a specialized rounding technique, and a simplified combined decimal incrementer/decrementer. Synthesis results show that a 64-bit (16-digit) implementation of the decimal divider, which is compliant with IEEE-754R, has an estimated critical path delay of 0.69 ns when implemented using LSI Logic's 0.11 micron gflx-p standard cell library.
Twin-stripe injection laser with leaky-mode coupling (1980)

A new twin-stripe leaky-mode (TLM) injection laser has been demonstrated. The structure consists of two nominally 2-μm-wide stripes on 24-μm centers in a buried-heterostructure configuration (produced by mesa-etching a three-layer double heterostructure and burying with an AlGaAs layer). By adjusting the mole fraction of Al in the burying layer, a negative-index step is produced at the lateral stripe boundary. Thus a substantial fraction of laser power leaks into the low-loss waveguide region between the stripes, and strong stripe coupling is observed. The far field consists of two collimated (divergence ∼1°) beams characteristic of leaky-mode operation that are stable to pulsed drive current as high as 6Ith. Linear output characteristics are observed to powers greater than 150 mW.
On the diversity and heterogeneity of H-2d-restricted determinants and T cell epitopes from the major bee venom allergen (1999)

One of the main limitations of using synthetic peptides for immunotherapy in allergic patients is the difficulty to delineate the immunodominant T cell epitopes which are necessarily dependent on HLA molecules. We have thus addressed the question of the role of MHC II molecules in immunodominant epitopes selection in the particular case of the major bee venom allergen (API m1). To exhaustively and easily explore it, we used BALB/c mice whose H-2 haplotype is associated with high IgE and IgG responses to API m1. By means of extensive sets of synthetic peptides, we investigated the specificity of polyclonal T cells and monoclonal hybridomas from mice immunized with API m1 and delineated four immunodominant regions, restricted to either the I-E(d) or the I-A(d) molecule. All the peptides were also tested for their capacity to bind to immunopurified MHC II molecules. Eight determinants of high affinity were identified. They clustered into three distinct regions and were largely overlapping. They included all the immunodominant epitopes, but half of them were not capable of stimulating T cells. Strikingly, interacting surfaces with either the TCR or MHC II molecule greatly differed from one determinant to another. In one case, we observed that flanking regions exerted a particular action on T cell stimulation which prevented the fine epitope localization. Our results underline the diversity and complexity of MHC II-restricted determinants and T cell epitopes from the major bee venom allergen, even in a single haplotype. These data also participate in the development of alternative approaches to conventional immunotherapy.
Mining sequential patterns (2002)

We are given a large database of customer transactions, where each transaction consists of customer-id, transaction time, and the items bought in the transaction. We introduce the problem of mining sequential patterns over such databases. We present three algorithms to solve this problem, and empirically evaluate their performance using synthetic data. Two of the proposed algorithms, AprioriSome and AprioriAll, have comparable performance, albeit AprioriSome performs a little better when the minimum number of customers that must support a sequential pattern is low. Scale-up experiments show that both AprioriSome and AprioriAll scale linearly with the number of customer transactions. They also have excellent scale-up properties with respect to the number of transactions per customer and the number of items in a transaction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pilot plant production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1986)

Rhamnolipid biosurfactants were continuously produced with Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the pilot plant scale. Production and downstream processing elaborated on the laboratory scale were adapted to the larger scale. Differences in performance resulting from the scale-up are discussed. A biosurfactant concentration of approximately 2.25 g liter-1 was achieved. The biosurfactant yield on glucose was 77 mg g-1 h-1, and the productivity was 147 mg liter-1 h-1, corresponding to a daily production of 80 g of biosurfactant. The first enrichment step consisted of an adsorption chromatography which was followed by an anion-exchange chromatography. The resulting product was 90% pure, and the overall recovery of active material was above 60% with the downstream processing used.
Integration of a confocal Raman microscope in an electron microscope (2000)

In this research project a confocal Raman micro spectrometer (CRM) will be designed and incorporated in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The aim is to develop a new analytical instrumentation to investigate samples on their morphology, atomic composition and molecular composition. Application of the CRM-SEM is in the field of bio-material research where bio-compatibility with an d bio-degeneration by cells and tissues play an important role. The purposes of CRM is for using in medical, biological, chemical and other field science and technology. The energy of these vibration states depends on the molecular structure and environmental condition like PH, temperature. Therefore, the Raman spectrum contains information about the chemical composition of a substance and the structure of molecules. With CRM we can obtain a 3D image of molecular distribution in living cells or composite materials. In this way it provides directly and non-invasively, unique information about the spatial distribution of molecules in inhomogeneous systems. It is important information for such molecules as DNA, protein and other, where a lot of properties their molecules depends on configuration in space. Combining the capacities of the SEM and the CRM will add a powerful device for material investigation.
Developments in glass-ionomer cements. (1990)

The performance of glass-ionomer cements has been improved since their introduction, and many of the initial disadvantages have been overcome. This article reviews the development of glass-ionomer cements, the problems involved, their solution, and their relation to underlying scientific principles. It describes improvements in mixing and setting characteristics, aesthetics, strength, and adhesion to tooth material. New bonding agents and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements are described.
Protection and Synergism by Recombinant Fowl Pox Vaccines Expressing Multiple Genes from Marek's Disease Virus (2003)

Recombinant fowl poxviruses (rFPV) were constructed to express genes from serotype 1 Marek's disease virus (MDV) coding for glycoproteins B (gB1), C (gC), and D (gD) and tegument proteins UL47 and UL48, as well as genes from serotypes 2 and 3 MDV coding for glycoprotein B (gB2 and gB3). These rFPVs, alone and in various combinations, including combinations of fowl poxvirus (FPV)/gBs with turkey herpesvirus (HVT), were evaluated for ability to protect maternal antibody-positive (ab+) and -negative (ab-) chickens against challenge with highly virulent MDV isolates. The protective efficacy was also compared with that of prototype Marek's disease (MD) vaccines. No protection was induced in ab+ chickens by rFPV expressing gC, gD, UL47, or UL48. In contrast, the rFPV/gB1 construct protected about 23% of ab+ chickens against MDV challenge compared with 26% for cell-associated HVT. Levels of protection by rFPV/gBs of different MDV serotypes was highest for gB1, intermediate for gB2, and lowest for gB3. When rFPV/gB1 was combined with cell-associated HVT, protection was enhanced by an average of 138% compared with the best component monovalent vaccine, and the mean level of protection was 59% compared with 67% for the HVT+SB-1 bivalent vaccine. Relatively high protection (50%) and enhancement (200%) were also observed between rFPV/gB1 and cell-free HVT. These results suggest a specific synergistic interaction between rFPV/gB1 and HVT, possibly analogous to that previously described between serotypes 2 and 3 viruses. Levels of protection by rFPV/ gB1 alone or by bivalent rFPV/gB1+cell-associated HVT were similar to those of conventional cell-associated MD vaccines. However, the bivalent rFPV/gB1+cell-free HVT vaccine was clearly more protective than cell-free HVT alone and, thus, may be the most protective, entirely cell-free MD vaccine thus far described.
Formally Assessing Cryptographic Entropy. (2011)

Cryptography relies on the secrecy of keys. Measures of information, and thus secrecy, are called entropy. Previous work does not formally assess the cryptographically appropriate entropy of secret keys. This report defines several new forms of entropy appropriate for cryptographic situations. This report defines
A sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of Zika-virus protein (2018)

This work, as a proof of principle, presents a sensitive and selective electrochemical immunosensor for Zika-virus (ZIKV)-protein detection using a functionalized interdigitated micro-electrode of gold (IDE-Au) array. A miniaturized IDE-Au immunosensing chip was prepared via immobilization of ZIKV specific envelop protein antibody (Zev-Abs) onto dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) i.e., (DTSP) functionalized IDE-Au (electrode gap/width of 10 µm). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to measure the electrical response of developed sensing chip as a function of ZIKV-protein concentrations. The results of EIS studies confirmed that sensing chip detected ZIKV-protein selectively and exhibited a detection range from 10 pM to 1 nM and a detection limit of 10 pM along with a high sensitivity of 12 kΩM<sup>-1</sup>. Such developed ZIKV immune-sensing chip can be integrated with a miniaturized potentiostat (MP)-interfaced with a smartphone for rapid ZIKV-infection detection required for early stage diagnostics at point-of-care application.
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites with Low Fiber Content and with Crumb Rubber and High Fly Ash Content (2019)

Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) are a type of micromechanically-designed cementitious composite reinforced with a moderate volume fraction of short fiber, typically 2% by volume. ECCs form steady-state multiple cracking that considerably improves the tensile strength and ductility of traditional concrete. In this study, the properties of matrix and the interface of ECCs were tailored through the use of crumb rubber, different types of sand, and different replacement levels of cement with fly ash. The study examined the effect of sand replacement with crumb rubber (20% by volume), two types of river sands (coarse and fine), increasing the content of class F fly ash (up to 75% cement replacement), and low fiber content (1.75%) on the mechanical properties of ECCs. Compressive strength, uniaxial tensile, and third-point bending tests were performed to characterize the properties of ECC mixes. Experimental results demonstrated that increasing fly ash content and using crumb rubber favored ductility of the composites. However, higher fly ash contents and a low water-to-binder (W/B) ratio produced lower strengths as these limited the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash making it act partially as a filler. While incorporation of crumb rubber showed adverse effects on the tensile strength of ECC materials (up to 26% decrease), the tensile ductility of ECC materials improved significantly (up to 434% improvement). Moreover, the implementation of different types of sand produced minor effects on the mechanical properties of ECCs. Overall, a tradeoff between the strength and ductility of the composites was detected, which highlights the implications of matrix/interface tailoring in the overall performance of ECC.
Antifungal Properties of the Immunosuppressant FK-506: Identification of an FK-506-Responsive Yeast Gene Distinct from <i>FKB1</i> (1991)

FK-506 is a novel and potent antagonist of T-cell activation and an inhibitor of fungal growth. Its immunosuppressive activity can be antagonized by the structurally related antibiotic rapamycin, and both compounds interact with cytoplasmic FK-506-binding proteins (FKBPs) in T cells and yeast cells. In this paper, we show that FK-506 and two analogs inhibit vegetative growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a fashion that parallels the immunosuppressive activity of these compounds. Yeast mutants resistant to FK-506 were isolated, and at least three complementation groups (fkr1, fkr2, and fkr3) were defined. These fkr mutants show no alteration in their levels of FK-506-binding activity. Likewise, strains carrying null alleles of FKB1 (the yeast gene coding for the FKBP) remain FK-506 sensitive, indicating that depletion of yeast FKBP is not sufficient to confer an FK-506 resistance phenotype, although fkb1 null mutants are resistant to rapamycin. FKB1 does not map to the three fkr loci defined here. These results suggest that yeast FKBP mediates the inhibitory effect of rapamycin but that at least one other protein is directly involved in mediating the activity of FK-506. Interestingly, the ability of FK-506 to rescue a temperature-sensitive growth defect of the fkr3 mutant suggests that the FKR3 gene may define such a protein.
The use of acoustic holography for simultaneous characterization of various focus steering configurations in ultrasound fields generated by multi-element phased arrays (2022)

Acoustic holography has been successfully applied for accurate characterization of ultrasound sources. However, its direct use for multi-element phased arrays with many possible field configurations is not feasible. Here, two methods based on transient acoustic holography are proposed allowing reconstruction of all field configurations over a range of frequencies. The methods were tested using a 2 MHz piezocomposite 12-element annular array. First, the holography measurement was performed with all array elements excited in phase. After field reconstruction on the array surface, each element was separated spatially. Second, the array elements were excited individually in sequence for each measurement location. After separating the measured signals in time, 12 separate holograms were obtained to representing each array element individually. For both methods, the array performance was predicted by numerically defining the phase of each element. To evaluate these predictions, a hologram for a specific case of focus steering toward the array was measured independently. Although both characterization methods captured the array performance with focus steering, the approach that extracts elements from time sequences provided higher accuracy and thus can be used for sources with stronger electrical and mechanical crosstalk between the elements. [Work supported by RSF-20-12-00145 and NIH R01EB025187.]
Hydrogel for Cell Housing in the Brain and in the Spinal Cord (2011)

Since the intimate structure of the gel mimics extracellular matrix cells as would be expected to be found in an in vivo context, this polymeric formulation is a promising base for building 3D constructs for neural cell housing, in which cells are embedded and kept alive directly from the time of polycondensation.
Inductively coupled plasma hydrogenation of LWIR type-II superlattices (2019)

Type-II superlattices (T2SLs) have several fundamental advantages over bulk infrared-sensitive materials due to larger band edge effective masses and the ability to have their band structures engineered to suppress Auger recombination, leading to lowering tunneling currents, longer carrier lifetimes and higher ideal sensitivity. Realizing in practice the potential performance gains relies heavily on reducing the number or efficacy of defects that form Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination centers, which otherwise limit carrier lifetimes. InAs/GaInSb T2SLs typically have relatively short minority carrier lifetimes in comparison with bulk HgCdTe, which has limited the detectivities of photodetectors based on these T2SLs at both cryogenic and ambient operating temperatures. Studies have shown that InAs/InAsSb T2SLs lattice matched to GaSb substrates are comparable in ideal photodiode performance to InAs/GaInSb ones. Reducing the electrical activity of defects by passivating them with hydrogen is equivalent to lowering their density, and has proven successful in other semiconductor systems. We report here results from Ga-free and Ga-containing T2SLs exposed to inductively-coupled plasmas (ICPs). Our technical approach consisted of characterizing the basic material properties of LWIR InAs/InAsSb T2SL wafers and device performance of LWIR InAs/GaSb T2SL photodiodes that were bulk-passivated with atomic hydrogen, and comparing with unpassivated samples. On average, the in-plane Hall electron mobility increased from 1800 cm2/Vs to 6800 cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs after hydrogenation. ICP hydrogenation also improved the minority carrier lifetime for each of the explored ICP conditions. Lifetime values increased from an average of 80 ns before hydrogenation to almost 200 ns, a relative increase of over 200%, suggest that some recombination-mediating defects have been at least partially passivated. The Hall mobility improvements were found to be rather stable over the considered short periods of room temperature storage.
A novel anti-HER2 antibody GB235 reverses Trastuzumab resistance in HER2-expressing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo (2020)

HER2 overexpression is frequently associated with tumor metastasis and poor prognosis of breast cancer. More evidence indicates that HER3 is involved in HER2-resistant therapies. Combination treatments with two or more different monoclonal antibodies are a promising strategy to overcome resistance to HER2 therapies. We presented a novel fully human HER2-targeted monoclonal antibody, GB235, screened from a phage-display library against the HER2 antigen. GB235 in combination with Trastuzumab overcomes resistance in HER2-positive tumors and results in more sustained inhibition of tumor growth over time. The competition binding assay showed that the epitopes of GB235 do not overlap with those of Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab on HER2. Further HER2 mutagenesis results revealed that the binding epitopes of GB235 were located in the domain III of HER2. The mechanism of action of GB235 in blocking HER2-driven tumors is different from the mechanisms of Trastuzumab or Pertuzumab. GB235 does not affect the heterodimerization of HER2 and HER3, whereas the GB235 combined treatment with Trastuzumab significantly inhibited heregulin-induced HER3 phosphorylation and downstream signaling. Moreover, GB235 in combination with Trastuzumab reversed the resistance to heregulin-induced proliferation in HER2-overexpressing cancer cell lines. GB235 combined with Trastuzumab treatment in xenograft models resulted in improved antitumor activity. Complete tumor suppression was observed in the HER2-positive NCI-N87 xenograft model treated with the combination treatment with GB235 and Trastuzumab. In a Trastuzumab-resistant patient-derived tumor xenograft model GA0060, GB235 plus Trastuzumab reversed the resistance to Trastuzumab monotherapy. Because GB235 showed a different working mechanism with Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab, these agents can be considered complementary therapy against HER2 overexpression tumors.
Flicker-free spatial-PSK modulation scheme for vehicular image sensor communications (2016)

This paper proposes a 2-Phase Shift Keying (2-PSK) based modulation scheme for Image Sensor Communications. The considered communication system on a car uses a couple of LED light sources for transmitting data (either two rear light sources or two front light sources) and a typical-frame-rate camera (i.e. 30fps frame rate) which is either a global shutter camera or a rolling shutter camera for receiving data; therefore a flicker-free is required. Taking advantage of a dual light-source on a car, our spatial modulation approach allows a camera decoding a complete symbol from an image. Compared to a temporal approach, our scheme avoids a data decoding procedure that a symbol is demodulated from different images at which there is a high possibility of noise difference exposed by those two images especially in vehicular movement environment. Moreover, besides being compatible to both shutter types, global shutter and rolling shutter, our additional contribution on the paper is the ability to support a camera that has a wide frame-rate variation (i.e. a camera drops the frame rate to even less than 20fps) which was considered on the Technical Consideration Document (TCD) of the on-going IEEE 802.15.7r1 Task Group. Later, some analysis and experiment results are addressed to show the performance of the proposed modulation scheme.
IgM phosphorylcholine antibodies inhibit cell death and constitute a strong protection marker for atherosclerosis development, particularly in combination with other auto-antibodies against modified LDL (2012)

Group I anti-PC antibodies, particularly of the IgM class, are independent protection markers for atherosclerosis progression. One potential mechanism of action is inhibition of LPC-induced cell cytotoxicity.
One‐Dimensional Semiconducting Chains of the Quaternary Zintl Anion in (Et<sub>4</sub>N)<sub>4</sub>[Au(Ag<sub>1‐<i>x</i></sub>Au<sub><i>x</i></sub>)<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>9</sub>] (1997)

Metal atoms in isolated chains are the sole components of the first quaternary Zintl anion [Au(Ag1-xAux)2Sn2Te9]-4 (x = 0.32; structure of depicted below) in the compound (Et4N4)[Au(Ag1-xAux)2Sn2Te9]. Electronic structure calculations and the diamagnetic and semiconducting properties of of this new compound show that the anion displays a Peierls distortion at room temperature.
A Touchscreen as a Biomolecule Detection Platform (2011)

Auf den Schirm, bitte! Ein Biomolekül-Nachweissystem, das einen kapazitiven berührungsempfindlichen Bildschirm zur Messung von DNA-Konzentrationen nutzt, wird vorgestellt. Diese Technik lässt sich in Smartphones oder -pads mit entsprechenden Bildschirmen integrieren und könnte bei der Umsetzung personalisierter tragbarer Biosensoren helfen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.