gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
POLY (2,2' - BITHIOPHENE) : AN ELECTROCHROMIC CONDUCTING POLYMER (1983)

We present the optical properties of poly (2,2' bithiophene) and show that this material exhibits electrochromic behavior.
Improved Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Treating Produced Water (2022)

Abstract For many years, reverse osmosis (RO) elements have been used in the treatment of produced water, including at several sites in California. The RO reduces salts and organics in the produced water to a level that allows for disposal or reuse. The RO elements used to treat produced water are similar in chemistry and construction to the conventional seawater RO membrane. But compared to seawater, the characteristics of produce water are unique and varied. The conventional seawater membrane comes with pressure and temperature limitations that restrict its ability to treat a wide range of produced waters. Specifically, conventional membranes have a temperature limit and a pressure limit. Only a portion of the produce waters needing treatment fall within the membrane's temperature and pressure limitations. Many produced waters, including produce waters associated with SAGD, require membranes that can accommodate higher temperatures up to 60 C. Other produced waters may allow for treatment at ambient temperatures but their higher salinities above 60,000 mg/l TDS require RO membrane to overcome high osmotic pressures and operate at feed pressures up to 1800 psi. In recent years, membrane manufacturers have enhanced their exiting RO elements to address the challenges associated with the treatment of unique industrial streams such as produced water. Specifically, new, more robust element construction allow designers to push beyond the normal limits of temperature and pressure. One such element allows for operation at temperatures up to 90 C while a second, ultra high-pressure RO (UHPRO), can concentrate the total dissolved salts (TDS) up to 120,000 ppm (12%) while operating at pressures up to 1,800 psi (124 bar). These unique elements can be used to increase the overall efficiency of the treatment facility by reducing the cost of brine disposal and maximizing water recovery. This paper will show how these new elements perform when operated beyond conventional pressure and temperature limits - including how individual ion passage and water permeability are affected at extreme conditions. This paper will share element performance data from laboratory and pilot studies. The data will be used as a basis for new designs at the extreme conditions associated with produced water treatment.
Chemistry of oxaziridines. 4. Asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes using chiral 2-sulfonyloxaziridines: evidence for a planar transition state geometry (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of oxaziridines. 4. Asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes using chiral 2-sulfonyloxaziridines: evidence for a planar transition state geometryFranklin A. Davis, Mark E. Harakal, and Sami B. AwadCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 10, 3123–3126Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00348a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00348a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views828Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Shadow Detection and Removal Based on YCbCr Color Space (2014)

Shadows in an image can reveal information about the object’s shape and orientation, and even about the light source. Thus shadow detection and removal is a very crucial and inevitable task of some computer vision algorithms for applications such as image segmentation and object detection and tracking. This paper proposes a simple framework using the luminance, chroma: blue, chroma: red (YCbCr) color space to detect and remove shadows from images. Initially, an approach based on statistics of intensity in the YCbCr color space is proposed for detecting shadows. After the shadows are identified, a shadow density model is applied. According to the shadow density model, the image is segmented into several regions that have the same density. Finally, the shadows are removed by relighting each pixel in the YCbCr color space and correcting the color of the shadowed regions in the red-green-blue (RGB) color space. The most salient feature of our proposed framework is that after removing shadows, there is no harsh transition between the shadowed parts and non-shadowed parts, and all the details in the shadowed regions remain intact. Various shadow images were used with a variety of conditions (i.e. outdoor and semi-indoor) to test the proposed framework, and results are presented to prove its effectiveness.
The digital TV filter and nonlinear denoising (2001)

Motivated by the classical TV (total variation) restoration model, we propose a new nonlinear filter-the digital TV filter for denoising and enhancing digital images, or more generally, data living on graphs. The digital TV filter is a data dependent lowpass filter, capable of denoising data without blurring jumps or edges. In iterations, it solves a global total variational (or L(1)) optimization problem, which differs from most statistical filters. Applications are given in the denoising of one dimensional (1-D) signals, two-dimensional (2-D) data with irregular structures, gray scale and color images, and nonflat image features such as chromaticity.
Study on hierarchical transformation mechanisms of regional ecological vulnerability and its applicability (2020)

This study analyzed hierarchical change patterns of regional ecological vulnerability by coupling GIS data and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. It identified the spatiotemporal features of eco-environment and major environmental problems in Weihe Plain, a typical urban agglomeration in China. Previous studies on regional ecological vulnerability have been focusing on evaluating ecological vulnerability status and developing assessment methods, while ignoring the mechanisms of vulnerability transformation from one to another level. This study further proposed a subjective evaluation model for ecological vulnerability classification and transformation analysis in a multi-index hierarchical evaluation system. The results indicated that ecological vulnerability index was higher in the urban areas than the surrounding counties from 2000 to 2012, which had a great relationship with the impacts of urbanization on ecological vulnerability. The light ecological vulnerability level was found to be relatively variable over the years and have the greatest impact on the change of regional ecological environment. Analysis with the transformation matrix model found that the degree of regional ecological environment stability was regulated by two mechanisms: 1) The proportion of the constant ecological vulnerability level is essential for maintaining the stability of ecological environment; and 2) the difference between the area percentages of decreased and increased vulnerability determines the trend of ecological vulnerability changes. As verified by applications to two nearby regions, this ecological vulnerability transformation model can be used to monitor the dynamics of ecological vulnerability and identify the leading ecological vulnerability level in other large geographical areas.
Cell-compatible hydrogels based on a multifunctional crosslinker with tunable stiffness for tissue engineering (2012)

This paper reports a functionalized cationic poly(amidoamine) crosslinker synthesized by Michael addition of peptide mimetic agmatine to N,N′-bis(acryloyl)cystamine. A polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hybrid hydrogel was developed using a functionalized crosslinker with cell adhesion capability and tunable stiffness. This engineered hydrogel presents a 3-D in-growth of cells and the cryosection shows remarkable morphology of the gel. The tunable stiffness of this hydrogel can regulate the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from RT-PCR. Both in vitro and in vivo tests demonstrate adjustable degradation rate and biocompatibility. The crosslinker and its hydrogels hold promising potential for tissue engineering applications.
Integrating library modules into Pascal programs (1984)

Abstract We present the results of our experience in introducing modularity into the programming language Pascal in order to aid the creation and use of library modules. Our system performs the symbolic linking of source language modules producing a single Pascal text ready for compilation; performing the link phase before compilation anticipates interface consistency checks, and suggests a possible improvement of program development systems. Our extension is implemented in a preprocessor which ensures a complete compatibility with any standard Pascal compiler. In this paper we examine the main features of some high‐level programming languages which support modularization and data abstraction and some experiences in introducing modularity into Pascal; on this basis we describe our choice in detail. The design and implementation details are discussed and some examples are presented.
The role of PSGL-1 in T cell migration and homeostasis (2012)

P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is an extracellular glycoprotein expressed on most leukocytes that is important for rolling and tethering of activated leukocytes to areas of inflammation through direct interactions with P-selectin, E-selectin and L-selectin. However, PSGL-1null mice showed subtle defects in their homeostatic T cell profile that cannot be adequately explained by a defect in migration of activated leukocytes. PSGL-1null mice had a reduced number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood but not in the lymph nodes and spleen. T cell subset analysis revealed that there was a severe reduction of naïve T cells in the peripheral blood and a moderate reduction of naïve T cells in the lymph nodes whereas other T cell compartments were not as affected. Here we determined that PSGL-1 was important for the homing of T cells to secondary lymphoid organs and that PSGL-1 functioned independently of selectin interaction. PSGL-1 enhanced T cell homing through an interaction with secondary lymphoid chemokines CCL21 and CCL19. We have also shown that PSGL-1null T cells are delayed in leaving the lymph nodes suggesting PSGL-1 is important in the movement of T cells both in and out of lymph nodes. Therefore, the reduced ability of PSGL-1null T cells to enter lymph nodes and receive survival factors may contribute to disturbed T cell subsets in peripheral blood and lymph nodes of PSGL-1null mice. There is evidence of spontaneous CD8+ T cell specific proliferation in PSGL-1null cells in lymphoreplete environments. This appears to be caused by a combination of factors, namely an increase in lymph node residence time as well as a more rapid proliferative response to the homeostatic cytokines IL-15, IL-2 and IL-4. However, PSGL-1null T cells are also less viable both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, spontaneous proliferation may be a compensatory mechanism that balances T cell levels to normal in lymph nodes and spleens of PSGL-1null mice. These findings collectively demonstrate a novel, selectin-independent role for PSGL-1 on T cells under non-inflammatory conditions both in T cell homing to secondary lymphoid organs as well as maintenance of T cell homeostasis.
Longitudinal AC Interactions with Axial Slits in Steel Pipes (1996)

Abstract The Remote Field Eddy Current (RFEC) nondestructive inspection technique uses low frequency AC and through wall transmission to inspect pipes and tubes from the inside. In steel pipes, it has generally greater sensitivity to circumferential rather than axial slits because the perturbation of magnetic fields orthogonal to slits dominates. Circumferential AC magnetic fields, generated by passing AC axially along a steel pipe from an external supply, have therefore been tested in order to give greater sensitivity to axially aligned cracks characteristic of stress corrosion cracking in pipelines. Anomalous source missing magnetization defect models suggest that, as slit widths are reduced, the importance of magnetic interactions is reduced until eddy current interactions predominate. This suggests that, for very fine axial cracks, true RFEC geometry, which gives circumferential eddy currents, will give stronger signals than circumferential AC magnetic fields.
Three-dimensional endoscopic OCT using sparse sampling with a miniature magnetic-driven scanning probe (2018)

We propose to apply sparse sampling and compressive sensing (CS) reconstruction in three-dimensional (3D) endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) to reduce the amount of data required in the imaging process. We used a homemade miniature side-imaging magnetic-driven scanning probe with an outer diameter of 1.4 mm in a 1310 nm swept-source OCT system to acquire two-dimensional (2D) circumferential cross-sectional images of an ex vivo pigeon trachea sample. 3D imaging is then achieved by reconstruction from the multiple 2D images acquired while pulling the sample with a translation stage. Given a total translation distance, we achieved sparse sampling by randomizing the step sizes of the translation stage such that the total number of the acquired 2D frames was reduced compared with conventional 3D imaging with equally spaced step positions. We tested the CS reconstruction with reduced 2D frame numbers of 40%, 60%, and 80% compared with the case of equally spaced step positions. The results show that it is possible to recover reasonable OCT images using sparse sampling with CS reconstruction. Compared with the conventional equally spaced sampling method, our method provides a novel way for image acquisition and reconstruction that could significantly reduce the amount of 3D OCT imaging data, and thus the acquisition time.
Liquation of Mg Alloys in Friction Stir Spot Welding (2008)

The use of friction stir spot welding (FSSW) to join Al alloys in automobiles (e.g., by Mazda Motors) is expected to extend to Mg alloys in view of their increasing use to further reduce the vehicle weight. FSSW is considered a solid-state welding process, but liquation (liquid formation) and cracking have been reported recently in Mg alloys in FSSW. In the present study, liquation in Mg alloys was investigated using as-cast AZ91E Mg (∼Mg-8.6Al-0.6Zn, a widely used Mg alloy) as an example and 6061-T6 Al (∼Al-1Mg-0.6Si, an Al alloy widely welded by FSSW) as a reference for comparison. With the same welding schedule, liquation occurred in AZ91E Mg but not 6061 Al. A simple test with an augmented torque to amplify the difference in the liquation susceptibility between different alloys was demonstrated. It showed no liquation in 6061 Al but severe liquation and cracking in AZ91E Mg, including formation of eutectic liquid films, cracking along liquated grain boundaries, removal of liquated material by the tool, and a mirror-like weld top surface. The microstructural evolution leading to liquation in FSSW was presented. Liquation made the torque fluctuate and fail to show a clear peak as the rotating tool shoulder reached and penetrated the workpiece surface. The heat input, determined from the torque and the axial force, was much less with AZ91E Mg than 6061 Al and thus not why AZ91E Mg liquated more severely. A method to explain the liquation susceptibility was thus proposed. The curves of temperature vs. fraction solid (T-f s ) during solidification were calculated. They indicated little liquation-causing constituent in 6061 Al but much more in AZ91E Mg, AM60 Mg, and AZ31 Mg and with a much lower liquation temperature. Most Mg alloys including these three have Al as the major alloying element, thus providing y (a Mg-Al compound) to react with a (the Mg-rich phase) and cause liquation by the eutectic reaction a + γ → L at a low temperature (≤ 437°C). The effect of heat treating before welding on liquation in FSSW was discussed.
A Variable Path Length Infrared Cell for Use at Elevated Temperatures (1974)

The study of integrated infrared intensities on solutions at elevated temperature poses problems since solvent density, cell path length, and thermal emissions alter with temperature and care must be taken to get precise balance. We wished to measure accurately the relatively small changes in intensity with temperature in certain systems of interest to us. We have already developed accurate integration techniques but needed to ensure proper cell balancing. A variable path length, variable temperature cell was therefore designed.
Infrared laser ablation sample transfer for on‐line liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2012)

We have demonstrated an on-line laser ablation sampling system and coupling of the system to liquid chromatography (LC) using an infrared (IR) laser to ablate and transfer materials into a flowing solvent stream. With this approach, samples are deposited on a microscope slide mounted on a translation stage and ablated in transmission geometry using a pulsed mid-IR laser. The ablated material is captured in an exposed flowing solvent stream that carries the ablated material to the electrospray source. Post-ablation separation is accomplished using a capillary column downstream of the capture zone. The performance of the system was assessed using peptide and protein mixtures ablated from the target and analyzed with and without LC separation.
B cell receptor revision diminishes the autoreactive B cell response after antigen activation in mice (2008)

Autoreactive B cells are regulated in the BM during development through mechanisms, including editing of the B cell receptor (BCR), clonal deletion, and anergy. Peripheral B cell tolerance is also important for protection from autoimmune damage, although the mechanisms are less well defined. Here we demonstrated, using a mouse model of SLE-like serology, that during an autoimmune response, RAG was reinduced in antigen-activated early memory or preplasma B cells. Expression of RAG was specific to antigen-reactive B cells, required the function of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R), and contributed to maintenance of humoral tolerance. We also showed that soluble antigen could diminish a non-autoreactive antibody response through induction of BCR revision. These data suggest that tolerance induction operates in B cells at a postactivation checkpoint and that BCR revision helps regulate autoreactivity generated during an ongoing immune response.
DETECTION AND SEGMENTATION OF COLONIC POLYPS ON HAUSTRAL FOLDS (2007)

Detections on haustral folds constitute a large portion of false positive findings in CT colonography, and polyps on the folds are more likely to be missed by a CAD system. This paper presents an approach to improve the segmentation of colonic polyps on haustral folds. The method is based on a combination of 3D knowledge-guided intensity adjustment, fuzzy clustering, and adaptive deformable model. We propose a dual-distance algorithm to detect the fold region. We then introduce a counter force in the model evolution to alleviate the over-segmentation problem that often occurs to polyps on haustral folds. The experiment was conducted on 395 patients with 83 polyps. The results were validated against manual measurement. The volumetric measurements were strongly correlated and there was no significant difference (P = 0.37 in paired t-test). The median Dice coefficient for volume overlap between automatic and manual segmentation was 0.75 (standard deviation 0.15). The counter force improves the segmentation accuracy of polyps on-fold by 21%.
Cross-linked nanofilms for tunable permeability control in a composite microdomain system (2016)

Use of cross-linked nanofilms to manipulate the permeability of analytes in LbL microcapsule enabled nanocomposite devices.
Evaluation of Protocol Before Transplantation and After Reperfusion Biopsies From Human Orthotopic Liver Allografts: Considerations of Preservation and Early Immunological Injury (1990)

Light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of protocol before transplantation and after reperfusion biopsy specimens from 87 randomly selected patients was performed to assess the contribution of preservation and immunological injury to early graft failure. Most biopsy specimens were essentially normal by light microscopy before transplantation, and no particular feature could be relied on to predict function after transplantation. Ultrastructural examination of biopsy specimens before transplantation demonstrated preferential degeneration of sinusoidal lining cells, but no strict correlation was seen between ultrastructural sinusoidal integrity before transplantation and function after transplantation. The presence of zonal or severe focal necrosis and a severe neutrophilic exudate in biopsy specimens after reperfusion presaged a poor early postoperative course in most, but not all, patients. The presence of preformed lymphocytotoxic antibodies had no effect on the early clinical course, but was associated with Kupffer cell hypertrophy in needle biopsy specimens taken after transplantation. No definite evidence was seen of hyperacute rejection as a result of preformed lymphocytotoxic antibodies as detected in conventional assays. These findings suggest that preservation injury accounts for only a subset of grafts that fail to function after transplantation. Other perioperative or "recipient" factors may be of equal or greater importance in early graft dysfunction or failure.
Spectrum considerations for public safety in the United States (2006)

Since the inception of mobile radio, public safety agencies have relied on wireless communication systems to coordinate day-to-day and emergency operations. The decentralized and autonomous nature of the various public safety agencies in the United States has led to the deployment of a variety of systems operating in a fragmented spectrum, ranging from lower VHF to upper UHF. Due to the narrowband technologies used in public safety communications systems, public safety agencies have been limited primarily to voice services and low-speed data transfer on their private networks. In contrast, the commercial cellular sector now offers a large portfolio of services that include voice, messaging, email, Web browsing, picture transfer, video streaming, and other wideband services. In this article, some of the factors driving the expansion of spectrum allocated to public safety agencies arc described.