gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Terahertz t-ray tomography (1998)

The development of a far-infrared imaging system based on ultrafast THz time-domain spectroscopy has opened a new field of applications of femtosecond technology. This new 'T-ray' imaging technique allows to look through or inside a variety of materials and to obtain chemical image contrast based on spectroscopic information. Using the flight-of-time information present in THz pulses reflected from compound samples we demonstrate the principle of tomographic T-Ray imaging. THz pulses are reflected from refractive index discontinuities inside an object, and the time delays of these pulses are used to determine the positions of the discontinuities along the propagation direction. This allows a 3-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of the sample's refractive index profile.
An optically transparent capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) fabricated using SU-8 or BCB adhesive wafer bonding (2017)

This paper describes an optically transparent capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) fabricated with two indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass wafers bonded together using adhesive wafer bonding. Both SU-8 photoresist and photosensitive benzocyclobutene (BCB) were investigated as the adhesive layer, which also helps define the cavities and form the insulation layer in the CMUT structure. The CMUT was designed as a single transducer on a 100-mm-diameter glass wafer. The key feature of the device is a thin glass top plate with an ITO electrode, coated with an SU-8 or BCB insulation layer, adhesively bonded onto cavities that are formed by patterning SU-8 or BCB on an ITO-coated glass substrate. The fabricated CMUTs using both bonding materials demonstrated an optical transmittance of 70%-80% in the full visible wavelength range. Vacuum sealing of the device was confirmed by the atmospheric deflection of 2.8 urn in the center of a CMUT cell. The electrical input impedance was measured after establishing the electrical connections using silver epoxy. The fabricated CMUTs showed a resonance frequency of approximately 62 kHz in air and the series resistance was measured as approximately 30 Ω.
Characterization and cycle tests of lightweight nickel electrodes (1989)

Development of a high specific energy nickel electrode is the main goal of the lightweight nickel electrode program at NASA Lewis Research Center. The approach was to improve the nickel electrode by continuing combined in-house and contract efforts to develop a more efficient and lighter weight electrode for the nickel-hydrogen battery. High energy nickel electrodes suffer from having shorter lives than state-of-the-art electrode. However, these lightweight electrodes appear to be favorable for missions requiring moderate cycle lives and depth-of-discharge.
Correlation-sensitive adaptive sequence detection (1998)

In high density magnetic recording, noise samples corresponding to adjacent signal samples are heavily correlated as a result of front-end equalizers, media noise, and signal nonlinearities combined with nonlinear filters to cancel them. This correlation significantly deteriorates the performance of detectors at high densities. In this paper, we propose a novel sequence detector that is correlation sensitive and adaptive to the nonstationary signal sample statistics. We derive the correlation-sensitive maximum likelihood detector. It can be used with any Viterbi-like receiver (e.g., partial response maximum likelihood, fixed delay tree search, multilevel decision feedback equalization) that relies on a tree/trellis structure. Our detector adjusts the metric computation to the noise correlation statistics. Because these statistics are nonstationary, we develop an adaptive algorithm that tracks the data correlation matrices. Simulation results are presented that show the applicability of the new correlation-sensitive adaptive sequence detector.
Avenues for Expanded Applicability in Photorefractive Based Holographic 3-D Displays (2010)

The first updatable three-dimensional holographic display based on a photorefractive polymer device, exhibiting a fast response, long persistency, and phase stability is discussed. Material and optical setup changes for new and broader applications are outlined.
History Matching Reservoir Models Simulated From the Pluri-Gaussian Metho (2005)

Gaussian-related random realizations are widely used in petroleum engineering to describe permeability or porosity distributions in underground reservoirs. Except by luck, flow simulations run for these realizations do not yield numerical answers reproducing the measured dynamic data such as well pressures, flow rates, water cuts… Realizations must be modified to become consistent with the field data, which is done through an optimization process. The gradual deformation method (GDM) is a geostatistical parameterization technique introduced to change continuously Gaussian-related realizations from a few parameters while preserving the two-order statistics. In this paper, we focus on realizations simulated from the pluri-Gaussian method and we show how to apply the GDM to modify such realizations.The pluri-Gaussian method, which is an extension of the truncated Gaussian method, is used for generating facies realizations. It shows the same general features as the truncated Gaussian method, but with a wider range of possibilities especially in terms of complexity for the generated realizations, making it possible to better represent reservoir heterogeneity. The simplest scheme followed by the pluri-Gaussian method, which is presented here, involves the transformation of two starting Gaussian realizations. The GDM can be exploited to modify both realizations independently or simultaneously. Additionally, this modification may be global or local. In other words, the GDM can be used to change the whole pluri-Gaussian realization by globally changing either one or both of the starting Gaussian realizations. It can be used also to change given subdomains of the pluri-Gaussian realization by locally changing either one or both of the starting Gaussian realizations. This capability provides a substantial flexibility to the matching process. The suggested methodology is validated on synthetic test cases, which stress the efficiency of the suggested methodology in terms of model simulation and history matching.
Microarrays for Amino Acid Analysis and Protein Sequencing (1999)

A method is described where the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase system is used to create very small devices for quantitative analysis of the amino acids that occur in proteins. The basis of the method is that each of the 20 synthetases and/or a tRNA specific for a different amino acid is separated spatially (e.g. in tiny chambers or on a surface). The reactions catalyzed by all 20 synthetases are monitored in a spatially resolved manner. Each separately positioned synthetase or tRNA will signal its cognate amino acid. The synthetase reactions can be monitored using continuous spectroscopic assays. Alternatively, since elongation factor Tu;GTP (EF-Tu;GTP) specifically binds all AA-tRNAs, the aminoacylation reactions catalyzed by the synthetases can be monitored using ligand assays. Microarrays for amino acid analysis are suggested. Additionally, it is possible that amino acid analysis arrays can be integrated with aminopeptidase or carboxypeptidase digestions to produce miniaturized enzymatic sequenators capable of generating either N- or C-terminal sequence data at femtomole-attomole levels. The possibility of parallel processing of many samples in an automated manner is discussed.
Cyclic Cell‐Penetrating Peptides with Single Hydrophobic Groups (2019)

A new family of cyclic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) has been discovered; they differ from previously reported cyclic CPPs by containing only a single hydrophobic residue. The optimal CPP structure consists of four arginine residues and a hydrophobic residue with a long alkyl chain (e.g., a decyl group) in a cyclohexapeptide ring. The most active member of this family, CPP 17, has an intrinsic cellular entry efficiency similar to that of cyclic CPP12, the most active CPP reported to date. However, CPP 17 is 2.8 times more active than CPP12 under high serum protein concentrations, presumably because of the lower protein binding. CPP 17 enters the cell primarily by direct translocation at a relatively low concentration (≥5 μm).
Efficient synchronization-demodulation for UWB ad hoc access: performance analysis and comparisons with rake (2005)

Synchronization is a performance-critical factor in all communication systems, but becomes particularly challenging in ultra-wideband (UWB) radios due to the ultra-short length of the transmitted pulses. Presence of severe inter-symbol interference (ISI) and multi-user interference (MUI) render the synchronization task even more difficult. The present paper deals with a blind synchronization and demodulation scheme which relies on intermittent transmission of nonzero mean symbols. This transmission pattern enables MUI-and ISI-resilient timing acquisition via energy detection and low-complexity demodulation by correlating the received waveform with a synchronized aggregate template (SAT). The resultant SAT receiver offers distinct advantages over the traditional RAKE and has remarkably low-complexity. Analytical performance evaluation of the novel timing estimator and the SAT demodulator is provided along with comparisons with the RAKE receiver for a single user link without ISI. Simulations confirm the analytical results and corroborate the high potential SAT-based UWB modems have for deployment.
Novel shell/core particles for automated turbidimetric immunoassays. (1984)

Recent innovations in particle design have led to the development of highly sensitive and reproducible immunoassay methods for the Du Pont aca discrete clinical analyzer. Key advances include the synthesis and use of particles less than 1 micron in diameter with high refractive index cores surrounded by thin, chemically reactive shells. The cores are prepared by emulsion polymerization to a well-defined size that depends on the choice of monomer and the requirements for turbidimetric signal. Methods for measuring therapeutic drugs (e.g., theophylline) involve particles with polystyrene cores; other methods require cores with higher refractive indices such as polyvinylnaphthalene. The shells are critical for overall method performance because they bind covalently the immunochemicals of interest. Polyglycidyl methacrylate shells have been used effectively to attach antigens and haptens to the particle surface.
N-Benzylnaltrindoles as Long-Acting .delta.-Opioid Receptor Antagonists (1994)

The indolic nitrogen of the delta-opioid receptor antagonist, naltrindole (1), was derivatized with benzyl or substituted benzyl to afford a series (2-9) that retained delta-opioid receptor antagonist activity and selectivity in vitro. The two most potent members (2 and 8) of the series were evaluated in mice and were found to produce delta-selective antagonism of [D-Ser2,Leu5]enkephalin-Thr6 which lasted 5 days. N-Benzylnaltrindole (2) should be useful as a delta 2-selective antagonist for in vivo studies where prolonged action is desired.
High-Performance Integrated Optical Phased Arrays for Chip-Scale Beam Steering and LiDAR (2018)

We present high-performance integrated optical phased arrays and LiDAR on diffusive targets for the first time at 25 m with velocity extraction. This work shows the promise for optical phased arrays in solid-state LiDARs.
Strong Two-Photon Absorption in New Asymmetrically Substituted Porphyrins:  Interference between Charge-Transfer and Intermediate-Resonance Pathways (2006)

We study two-photon absorption (2PA) in two series of new free-base porphyrins with 4-(diphenylamino)stilbene or 4,4'-bis-(diphenylamino)stilbene (BDPAS) attached via pi-conjugating linkers at the porphyrin meso-position. We show that this new substitution modality increases the 2PA cross section in the Soret band region (excitation wavelength 750-900 nm) of the core porphyrin by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, from sigma(2) approximately 10 GM for the meso-phenyl-substituted analogue to sigma(2) approximately 10(3) GM for the ethynyl-linked BDPAS-porphyrin dyad. The 2PA properties are quantitatively described by considering two different and interfering 2PA quantum transition pathways. The first path involves virtual transition via intermediate one-photon resonance. The second path bypasses the intermediate resonance and occurs due to a large permanent dipole moment difference between the ground and the final electronic states. To our best knowledge, this is the first experimental observation of the combined effect of these two pathways on one particular two-photon transition, resulting in quantum-interference-modulated 2PA strength.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Porphyromonas gingivalis Lysine-specific Gingipain (1997)

The proteinases of Porphyromonas gingivalis are key virulence factors in the etiology and progression of periodontal disease. Previous work in our laboratories resulted in the purification of arginine- and lysine-specific cysteine proteinases, designated gingipains, that consist of several tightly associated protein subunits. Recent characterization of arginine-specific gingipain-1 (gingipain R1; RGP-1) revealed that the sequence is unique and that the protein subunits are initially translated as a polyprotein encoding a proteinase domain and multiple adhesin domains (Pavloff, N., Potempa, J., Pike, R. N., Prochazka, V., Kiefer, M. C., Travis, J., and Barr, P. J. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1007-1010). We now show that the lysine-specific gingipain (gingipain K; KGP) is also biosynthesized as a polyprotein precursor that contains a proteinase domain that is 22% homologous to the proteinase domain of RGP-1 and multiple adhesin domains. This precursor is similarly processed at distinct sites to yield active KGP. The key catalytic residues in the proteinase domain of KGP are identical to those found in RGP-1, but there are significant differences elsewhere within this domain that likely contribute to the altered substrate specificity of KGP. Independent expression of the proteinase domain in insect cells has shown that KGP does not require the presence of the adhesin domains for correct folding to confer proteolytic activity.
In situ spectroscopic characterization of a terahertz resonant cavity (2014)

In many cases, the characterization of the frequency- dependent electric field profile inside a narrowband res- onator is challenging, either due to limited optical access or to the perturbative effects of invasive probes. An isolated groove inside a terahertz parallel-plate wave- guide provides an opportunity to overcome these challenges, as it forms a narrowband resonator and also offers direct access to the resonant cavity via the open sides of the waveguide. We characterize the spatially varying spectral response of such a resonator using a noninvasive probe. We observe a frequency-dependent field enhancement, which varies depending on the location of the probe within the cavity. This spectral dependence cannot be observed using conventional far- field measurements
Effects of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) genes STAT1 and STAT3 genotypic combinations on fertilization and embryonic survival rates in Holstein cattle (2009)

Infertility is a major cause of dairy cow culling and economic loss. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are transcription factors that play an important role in fertility and early embryonic development, among many other functions. Previous studies have reported the association of several genes from the JAK/STAT signaling pathway with fertility traits in cattle. The STAT1 and STAT3 genes are members of this pathway and are known to interact with each other by forming a heterodimer complex that enters the nucleus and controls expression of specific genes. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the interactions between polymorphisms in these genes on fertilization and early embryonic survival rates using an in vitro fertilization system. A total of 7,519 oocytes, collected from 445 ovaries, were exposed to sperm and a total of 5,075 embryos were produced. Fertilization rate was calculated as the number of cleaved embryos at 48 h post-fertilization out of the total number of oocytes exposed to sperm. Early embryonic survival rate of embryos was calculated as the number of blastocysts on d 7 of development out of the total number of embryos cultured. Effects of ovary genotypes on fertilization and early embryonic survival rates were evaluated. Single-SNP analysis revealed a statistically significant association between SNP25402 in STAT3 and fertilization rate. Oocytes produced from ovaries with AA genotype showed a 0.701 fertilization rate versus 0.666 and 0.663 for oocytes produced from AC and CC ovaries, respectively. The interaction between STAT3 SNP (SNP19069/SNP25402) was highly significant for survival rate but not for fertilization rate. Also, the interaction between STAT1 SNP and SNP19069 was highly significant for survival rate. Genotype combinations found to promote fertilization and embryonic survival could be incorporated into breeding programs aimed at improving fertility performance in dairy cattle.
An efficient XML to OWL converter (2011)

XML has become the de-facto standard of data exchange format in E-businesses. Although XML can support syntactic inter-operability, problems arise when data sources represented as XML documents are needed to be integrated. The reason is that XML lacks support for efficient sharing of conceptualization. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) can play an important role here as it can enable semantic inter-operability, and it supports the representation of domain knowledge using classes, properties and instances for applications. In many applications it is required to convert huge XML documents automatically to OWL ontologies, which is receiving a lot of attention. There are some existing converters for this job. Unfortunately they have serious shortcomings, e. g., they do not address the handling of characteristics like internal references, (transitive) import(s), include etc. which are commonly used in XML Schemas. To alleviate these drawbacks, we propose a new framework for mapping XML to OWL automatically. We illustrate our technique on examples to show the efficacy of our approach. We also provide the performance measures of our approach on some standard datasets. We also check the correctness of the conversion process.
Multilevel Coding Scheme for Integer-Forcing MIMO Receivers With Binary Codes (2017)

An integer-forcing (IF) linear multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receiver has recently been proposed, which is theoretically shown to achieve near capacity with almost the same complexity as that of conventional linear receivers. The key idea is that the receiver attempts to directly decode integer-linear combinations of codewords. To ensure that this sum-decoding operation is feasible, in previous works, lattice codes over <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb {Z}_{q}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> were employed. Although those codes can attain good theoretical performance, however, its implementation complexity can be considerably high in practice, especially when <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is large to support high-order modulations. In this paper, we propose a practical multilevel coding scheme for IF MIMO, in which multilevel encoding composed of binary linear codes <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(q = 2)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in conjunction with the natural mapping is employed on the transmitter side and multistage decoding adapted to the IF operation is employed on the receiver side. The performance of the proposed scheme is extensively evaluated both analytically and numerically, showing that the gain of IF over conventional receivers is indeed achievable in practical settings with almost the same complexity. Our results imply that the proposed IF MIMO can be an attractive solution for the 5G communications due to its ability of supporting high spectral efficiency with low complexity.
Conducting diamond films in electrochemistry (2002)

Summary form only given. Electrically conductive diamond thin films show great promise as electrode materials, particularly in the field of electroanalysis. Some of the basic macroscopic electrochemical properties have been identified, but many aspects of the structure-reactivity relationship at the microscopic and nanoscopic levels is needed in order to understand what factors influence reactivity of these materials. We report herein on the basic electrochemical properties of boron-doped microcrystalline (nominal grain size of 1-5 /spl mu/m) and nitrogen-incorporated nanocrystalline (nominal grain size of 3-10 nm) diamond thin film electrodes, and how these electrodes are useful in electroanalysis. Characterization of these film electrodes by electrochemical methods of analysis, electrogenerated chemiluminescence imaging analysis (ECL) and Raman spectroscopy in the imaging mode is discussed. In addition to discussing the use of these materials in electroanalysis, the author also highlights efforts to fabricate (i) free-standing, optically transparent diamond electrodes for use in spectroelectrochemical measurements and (ii) electrocatalytic electrodes consisting of Pt nanoparticles incorporated into the diamond surface structure.
Empirical methods for compound splitting (2003)

Compounded words are a challenge for NLP applications such as machine translation (MT). We introduce methods to learn splitting rules from monolingual and parallel corpora. We evaluate them against a gold standard and measure their impact on performance of statistical MT systems. Results show accuracy of 99.1% and performance gains for MT of 0.039 BLEU on a German-English noun phrase translation task.
Pentachlorophenol degradation: a pure bacterial culture and an epilithic microbial consortium (1986)

The steady-state growth of a Flavobacterium strain known to utilize pentachlorophenol (PCP) was examined when cellobiose and PCP simultaneously limited its growth rate in continuous culture. A concentration of 600 mg of PCP per liter in influent medium could be continuously degraded without affecting steady-state growth. We measured specific rates of PCP carbon degradation as high as 0.15 +/- 0.01 g (dry weight) of C per h at a growth rate of 0.045 h-1. Comparable specific rates of PCP degradation were obtained and maintained by PCP-adapted, natural consortia of epilithic microorganisms. The consortium results suggest that a fixed-film bioreactor containing a PCP-adapted natural microbial population could be used to treat PCP-contaminated water.
Learning to Protect Communications with Adversarial Neural Cryptography (2016)

We ask whether neural networks can learn to use secret keys to protect information from other neural networks. Specifically, we focus on ensuring confidentiality properties in a multiagent system, and we specify those properties in terms of an adversary. Thus, a system may consist of neural networks named Alice and Bob, and we aim to limit what a third neural network named Eve learns from eavesdropping on the communication between Alice and Bob. We do not prescribe specific cryptographic algorithms to these neural networks; instead, we train end-to-end, adversarially. We demonstrate that the neural networks can learn how to perform forms of encryption and decryption, and also how to apply these operations selectively in order to meet confidentiality goals.