gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biphenylsulfonamide Endothelin Antagonists:  Structure−Activity Relationships of a Series of Mono- and Disubstituted Analogues and Pharmacology of the Orally Active Endothelin Antagonist 2‘-Amino-<i>N</i>- (3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-4‘-(2-methylpropyl)[1,1‘-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide (BMS-187308) (1998)

Substitution at the ortho position of N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl) benzenesulfonamide led to the identification of the biphenylsulfonamides as a novel series of endothelin-A (ETA) selective antagonists. Appropriate substitutions on the pendant phenyl ring led to improved binding as well as functional activity. A hydrophobic group such as isobutyl or isopropoxyl was found to be optimal at the 4'-position. Introduction of an amino group at the 2'-position also led to improved analogues. Combination of the optimal 4'-isobutyl substituent with the 2'-amino function afforded an analogue (20, BMS-187308) with improved ETA binding affinity and functional activity. Compound 20 also has good oral activity in inhibiting the pressor effect caused by an ET-1 infusion in rats. Doses of 10 and 30 micromol/kg iv 20 attenuated the pressor responses due to the administration of exogenous ET-1 to conscious monkeys, indicating that the compound inhibits the in vivo activity of endothelin-1 in nonhuman primates.
Development and Properties of Nanocrystalline Cellulose (2011)

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is extracted as a colloidal suspension by acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials, such as bacteria, cotton, and wood pulp. NCC has unique properties which make it an interesting starting point for the development of new materials. It is constituted of cellulose, a linear polymer of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units, the chains of which arrange themselves to form crystalline and amorphous domains. Colloidal suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals form chiral nematic structures upon reaching a critical concentration. The cholesteric structure consists of stacked planes of molecules aligned along a director (n), with the orientation of each director rotated about the perpendicular axis from one plane to the next. This structure forms spontaneously in solutions of rigid, rod-like molecules, and when the particles involved are optically active, chiral nematic structures may be formed.
Differentially Private Publication of Sparse Data (2011)

The problem of privately releasing data is to provide a version of a dataset without revealing sensitive information about the individuals who contribute to the data. The model of differential privacy allows such private release while providing strong guarantees on the output. A basic mechanism achieves differential privacy by adding noise to the frequency counts in the contingency tables (or, a subset of the count data cube) derived from the dataset. However, when the dataset is sparse in its underlying space, as is the case for most multi-attribute relations, then the effect of adding noise is to vastly increase the size of the published data: it implicitly creates a huge number of dummy data points to mask the true data, making it almost impossible to work with. We present techniques to overcome this roadblock and allow efficient private release of sparse data, while maintaining the guarantees of differential privacy. Our approach is to release a compact summary of the noisy data. Generating the noisy data and then summarizing it would still be very costly, so we show how to shortcut this step, and instead directly generate the summary from the input data, without materializing the vast intermediate noisy data. We instantiate this outline for a variety of sampling and filtering methods, and show how to use the resulting summary for approximate, private, query answering. Our experimental study shows that this is an effective, practical solution, with comparable and occasionally improved utility over the costly materialization approach.
Preparation of high-purity titanium salts from the system (NH4)2TiF6-(NH4)3FeF6-NH4F-H2O (2009)

Influence of NH4F concentration on the conditions of separation of Ti(IV) and Fe(III) salts by fractional hydrolysis under the action of ammonia in the system (NH4)2TiF6-(NH4)3FeF6-NH4F-H2O was studied. The coprecipitation of (NH4)3TiO2F5 and (NH4)3FeF6 as a result of crystallochemical substitution of Fe+3 for Ti+4 makes it possible to reduce the content of Fe(III) salts in the system. After separation of a precipitate containing up to 25% of Ti from solutions with NH4F concentrations from 10.6 to 22.3% and subsequent hydrolysis, the remaining titanium precipitates. The precipitate is annealed up to 800°C in the presence of water vapor to form TiO2 with a whiteness above 92%.
Seroepidemiologic Studies on Babesia caballi and Babesia equi Infections in Japan. (2002)

Antibodies to Babesia caballi and Babesia equi were examined on a total of 2,019 horse serum samples that had been collected in 1971-1973 by the National Institute of Animal Health by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant proteins and by Western-blot analysis. Based on the criterion for positivity by ELISA, 5.4% (109/2,019) and 2.2% (44/2,019) had antibodies against B. caballi and B. equi, respectively. The ELISA-positive sera were further examined by Western blot; 30/109 for B. caballi and 2/ 44 for B. equi were positive for native B. caballi or B. equi, but none of them was seropositive for both infections. Based on the results of this study, further investigations should be required to survey horses that have arrived in Japan relatively recently and tick vectors of equine Babesia using ELISA with some recombinant protein, a parasite detection method in an in vitro culture of equine Babesia, and PCR testing.
Purification and Characterization of Monovalent Cation-Activated Levodione Reductase from <i>Corynebacterium aquaticum</i> M-13 (1999)

(6R)-2,2,6-Trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexanedione (levodione) reductase was isolated from a cell extract of the soil isolate Corynebacterium aquaticum M-13. This enzyme catalyzed regio- and stereoselective reduction of levodione to (4R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2, 6-trimethylcyclohexanone (actinol). The relative molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 142,000 Da by high-performance gel permeation chromatography and 36,000 Da by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme required NAD(+) or NADH as a cofactor, and it catalyzed reversible oxidoreduction between actinol and levodione. The enzyme was highly activated by monovalent cations, such as K(+), Na(+), and NH(4)(+). The NH(2)-terminal and partial amino acid sequences of the enzyme showed that it belongs to the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase family. This is the first report of levodione reductase.
FERN: A Unifying Framework for Name Resolution Across Heterogeneous Architectures (2013)

A key problem in all name resolution protocols today is that no one protocol performs well across all network architectures. In addition, DNS, the most widespread solution today, depends on a static and connected network layer and faces significant challenges in dynamic wireless networks. We introduce FERN (Federated Extensible Resolution of Names), the first framework designed to enable efficient name resolution across heterogeneous systems operating in dynamic or static networks. FERN organizes nodes into name resolution groups and allows each group to perform name resolution independently and in a manner best suited for that group. FERN arranges these name resolution groups into a hierarchy and allows these groups to communicate efficiently, discover each other's presence, and resolve each other's names. We demonstrate the flexibility and interoperability of FERN by deploying and evaluating it across heterogeneous environments, including a MANET, an infrastructure-based wireless network, and the Internet. We show that FERN performs at least as well as DNS, and yet extends name resolution to networks in which DNS is inadequate.
Random Fill Cache Architecture (2014)

Correctly functioning caches have been shown to leak critical secrets like encryption keys, through various types of cache side-channel attacks. This nullifies the security provided by strong encryption and allows confidentiality breaches, impersonation attacks and fake services. Hence, future cache designs must consider security, ideally without degrading performance and power efficiency. We introduce a new classification of cache side channel attacks: contention based attacks and reuse based attacks. Previous secure cache designs target only contention based attacks, and we show that they cannot defend against reuse based attacks. We show the surprising insight that the fundamental demand fetch policy of a cache is a security vulnerability that causes the success of reuse based attacks. We propose a novel random fill cache architecture that replaces demand fetch with random cache fill within a configurable neighborhood window. We show that our random fill cache does not degrade performance, and in fact, improves the performance for some types of applications. We also show that it provides information-theoretic security against reuse based attacks.
A Novel Discrete Dimming Ballast for Linear Fluorescent Lamps (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A novel discrete dimming ballast for linear fluorescent lamps is proposed in this paper. A proposed dimming control circuit is combined with a ballast module for multiple lamps to realize control of three discrete lighting levels. Compared with conventional step dimming or <emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">on</emphasis>– <emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">off</emphasis> control methods, the proposed discrete dimming method has the following advantages: 1) digital signal is generated by the dimming control circuit to control the lamps' turn- <emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">on</emphasis> and -<emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">off</emphasis>, which makes the system more reliable and integrated; 2) the proposed discrete dimming system replaces relays, which are necessary in conventional lamp <emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">on</emphasis>–<emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">off</emphasis> control, and therefore decreases the system cost; 3) the proposed dimming ballast can be installed by keeping the original wiring system. This makes the upgrading of a lighting system more effective and efficient; 4) the dimming control circuit also provides a good isolation for operating the low-voltage wall switches by hand safely. Both theoretical, simulation, and experimental results are in good agreement. </para>
Formation of vicinal diols by Re2O7-catalysed hydroxylation of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide (1991)

S. Warwel, M. R. gen. Klaas and M. Sojka, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1578 DOI: 10.1039/C39910001578
Four-Quadrant Analysis and System Design for Single-Rod Hydrostatic Actuators (2018)

In this paper, we present a novel design for single-rod hydrostatic actuators that produces a stable response in all operation quadrants. The new design, which can have different embodiments, is built upon compensating for the differential flows coming in and out of single-rod actuators, by alternately connecting cap and rod sides of the cylinder to a flow source in accordance with the energy flow direction between the circuit and the load. We show that previous quadrant division definitions result in either geometric quadrants that do not coincide with motoring and pumping operation, or misrepresentations of the actual energy exchange between the load and the cylinder. The proposed quadrant representation gives the exact information about the right operation of compensating flow valves. The efficacy of the new design has been tested on an instrumented John Deere JD-48 backhoe. Precise redirection of the compensation flow allowed for nonoscillatory motions in all quadrants of operation and various loading conditions.
Mapping glutamate in subcortical brain structures using high‐resolution GluCEST MRI (2013)

In vivo measurement of glutamate (Glu) in brain subcortex can elucidate the role these structures play in cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, accurate quantification of Glu in subcortical regions is challenging. Recently, a novel MRI method based on the Glu chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) effect has been developed for detecting brain Glu in millimolar concentrations. Here, we use GluCEST to map Glu distributions in subcortical structures of the human brain (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus). Overall, GluCEST was ~40% higher in gray matter than in white matter. Within the subcortical gray matters, amygdala showed the highest GluCEST contrast. Utilizing MR spectroscopic data, in vivo GluCEST detection sensitivity (~0.8% mM(-1) ) in subcortical gray matter was evaluated and was consistent with the previously reported values. In general, the GluCEST map approximates the Glu receptor distribution reported in previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies. These findings suggest that high-resolution GluCEST MRI of subcortical brain structures may prove to be a useful tool in diagnosis of brain disorders or treatment responses.
Mitochondrial transcript processing and restoration of male fertility in T-cytoplasm maize (1999)

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems have been useful in the production of hybrid seed in a number of crops. The Texas or T-cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms-T) system was used extensively in the 1960s to eliminate the need for hand detasseling in hybrid maize production. As a consequence of the 1970 epidemic of southern corn leaf blight, cms-T is no longer widely used commercially. However, it has been developed as a model system to study the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying male sterility and fertility restoration. Male sterility in T-cytoplasm maize results from the action of a T-cytoplasm-specific mitochondrial gene, T-urf13. Full (or partial) fertility restoration of T-cytoplasm maize is mediated by the Rf2 nuclear restorer in combination with one of three other restorers: Rf1, Rf8, or Rf*. Rf2 encodes a protein highly similar to mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases; Rf1, Rf8, and Rf* each mediate discrete T-urf13 mitochondrial transcript processing events. To test the functionality of Rf1, Rf8, or Rf*, a T-cytoplasm transformation system is under development. AFLP bulk-segregant analysis has been used to identify DNA markers closely linked to the Rf8 locus. These tools will provide a foundation for determining mechanisms of nuclear-directed mitochondrial RNA processing and fertility restoration.
Ionic Liquid–Mediated Selective Conversion of CO <sub>2</sub> to CO at Low Overpotentials (2011)

Electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO(2))--a key component of artificial photosynthesis--has largely been stymied by the impractically high overpotentials necessary to drive the process. We report an electrocatalytic system that reduces CO(2) to carbon monoxide (CO) at overpotentials below 0.2 volt. The system relies on an ionic liquid electrolyte to lower the energy of the (CO(2))(-) intermediate, most likely by complexation, and thereby lower the initial reduction barrier. The silver cathode then catalyzes formation of the final products. Formation of gaseous CO is first observed at an applied voltage of 1.5 volts, just slightly above the minimum (i.e., equilibrium) voltage of 1.33 volts. The system continued producing CO for at least 7 hours at Faradaic efficiencies greater than 96%.
"What Do You Mean by That?" A Parser-Independent Interactive Approach for Enhancing Text-to-SQL (2020)

In Natural Language Interfaces to Databases systems, the text-to-SQL technique allows users to query databases by using natural language questions. Though significant progress in this area has been made recently, most parsers may fall short when they are deployed in real systems. One main reason stems from the difficulty of fully understanding the users' natural language questions. In this paper, we include human in the loop and present a novel parser-independent interactive approach (PIIA) that interacts with users using multi-choice questions and can easily work with arbitrary parsers. Experiments were conducted on two cross-domain datasets, the WikiSQL and the more complex Spider, with five state-of-the-art parsers. These demonstrated that PIIA is capable of enhancing the text-to-SQL performance with limited interaction turns by using both simulation and human evaluation.
Development of an atropselective methodology for axially chiral biaryls in the asymmetric synthesis of A-240610.0. (2002)

A-240610.0 is a novel non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor-selective ligand. It has demonstrated an anti-inflammatory activity equivalent to that of the synthetic glucocorticoids, and has shown an improved side-effects profile in vivo. This review will present the process research and development proceeding from the initial racemic route to an efficient asymmetric process. This process relied on the development of a novel atropselective synthesis of an axially chiral biaryl to form the critical atropisomer intermediate in good yields (85%) and with high diastereoselectivity (99:1).
SEU fault evaluation and characteristics for SRAM-based FPGA architectures and synthesis algorithms (2013)

Reliability has become an increasingly important concern for SRAM-based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Targeting SEU (single event upset) in SRAM-based FPGAs, this article first develops an SEU evaluation framework that can quantify the failure sensitivity for each configuration bit during design time. This framework considers detailed fault behavior and logic masking on a post-layout FPGA application and performs logic simulation on various circuit elements for fault evaluation. Applying this framework on MCNC benchmark circuits, we first characterize SEUs with respect to different FPGA circuits and architectures, for example, bidirectional routing and unidirectional routing. We show that in both routing architectures, interconnects not only contribute to the lion's share of the SEU-induced functional failures, but also present higher failure rates per configuration bits than LUTs. Particularly, local interconnect multiplexers in logic blocks have the highest failure rate per configuration bit. Then, we evaluate three recently proposed SEU mitigation algorithms, IPD, IPF, and IPV, which are all logic resynthesis-based with little or no overhead on placement and routing. Different fault mitigating capabilities at the chip level are revealed, and it demonstrates that algorithms with explicit consideration for interconnect significantly mitigate the SEU at the chip level, for example, IPV achieves 61% failure rate reduction on average against IPF with about 15%. In addition, the combination of the three algorithms delivers over 70% failure rate reduction on average at the chip level. The experiments also reveal that in order to improve fault tolerance at the chip level, it is necessary for future fault mitigation algorithms to concern not only LUT or interconnect faults, but also their interactions. We envision that our framework can be used to cast more useful insights for more robust FPGA circuits, architectures, and better synthesis algorithms.
Association of autoantibodies to topoisomerase I and the phosphorylated (IIO) form of RNA polymerase II in Japanese scleroderma patients. (1994)

Autoantibodies to RNA polymerases (RNAP) I and III are highly specific for scleroderma (SSc), whereas autoantibodies to RNAP II are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and overlap syndromes, as well as SSc. The specificities of autoantibodies to RNAP I, II, and III in 129 SSc sera were investigated in the present study. Immunoprecipitation and pulse-chase analysis demonstrated several patterns of autoantibody recognition of RNAPs. Some sera immunoprecipitated RNAP II only after its largest subunit was phosphorylated, suggesting that they contained autoantibodies that recognized an epitope carrying a phosphoamino acid. Autoantibody recognition of all three classes of RNAPs was influenced strongly by race. Although in SLE, autoantibodies to the phosphorylated form of RNAP II (RNAP IIO) were identified in all races, in SSc, these autoantibodies were seen in 21% of Japanese and 5% of Black patients, but never in Caucasians. A striking association of anti-RNAP IIO with anti-topoisomerase I (topo I) autoantibodies was found in Japanese and Black SSc, but not SLE, patients. However, anti-topo I Abs were not associated with anti-RNAP IIO in Caucasians. Japanese SSc patients who were positive for both anti-RNAP IIO and anti-topo I Abs had a significantly higher frequency of diffuse disease, pigmentation changes, flexion contractures, and acro-osteolysis than patients having autoantibodies to topo I alone, and were diagnosed at a younger age (p < 0.05). These data suggest that genetic factors (possibly HLA-linked) influence autoantibody specificity, and that different autoantibody fine specificities may either cause, or be predictive of, different clinical outcomes.
Fringe freezing in hybrid-optical interferometric processors (1986)

Hybrid-optical (optical-electronic-digital) systems have the potential to gain an important role in signal processing due to their compactness, versatility, and adaptability. Three major components often incorporated into such hybrid architectures are laser diodes, acoustooptic cells, and time-integrating solid state array detectors. Recently, high-power single-mode laser diode systems have become available enabling the useful operation of a certain class of hybrid-optical interferometric processors. In this class of processors, the diffracted and undifffracted orders of an acoustooptic cell are interfered. Due to the relative Doppler frequency shift between the orders, the interference fringes are modulated at the Doppler frequency. This typically would cause the destruction of fringe visibility when observed with time-integrating detectors such as TV cameras. To retain fringe visibility, optical source modulation is introduced which freezes the fringes to produce a high visibility output. Experimental results are shown for an interferometric hybrid-optical processor which incorporates fringe freezing.
A generic isotope identification approach for nuclear instrumentation (2015)

Isotope identification is generally done from spectra from high intrinsic resolution such as germanium. A lot of approaches are proposed in the literature. Most of them are not efficient with poor energy resolution detectors such as non-loaded scintillators. The proposed approach is a new isotope identification principle to deal with the overall range of nuclear detectors. The proposed method allows the identification of isotopes using detectors with poor intrinsic resolution and lower counting than the existing techniques.
Improved monitoring of P. aeruginosa on agar plates (2015)

A disposable electrochemical assay that is integrated with standard culture plates for the selective and specific detection of <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>.