gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enzyme capture assay for rapid identification of Escherichia coli in blood cultures (1994)

An enzyme capture assay (ECA) for rapid identification of Escherichia coli in blood cultures by using beta-D-glucuronidase as a marker was developed. Microdilution plates coated with antiglucuronidase were used to capture this enzyme from the cell lysates of blood cultures which showed growth of gram-negative bacteria. The assay, using 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide as a fluorogenic substrate, had a detection limit of 0.1 ng/ml (3 x 10(-13) M) for the enzyme; this was approximately equal to a cell concentration of 10(6) CFU of E. coli per ml. Among 212 blood cultures showing growth of gram-negative bacteria, 77 specimens were found to contain E. coli by conventional culture procedures and 73 samples were positive by ECA. Among the 135 blood cultures from which E. coli was not isolated, ECA gave one false-positive (Salmonella enteritidis) reaction. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity for the identification of E. coli in blood cultures by ECA were 94.8% (73/77) and 99.3% (134/135), respectively. From the finding of positive growth in the culture bottle, the assay can be completed within 4 h. In view of the high rate of isolation of E. coli from bacteremic patients, the test can be performed in parallel with conventional culture protocols; this may shorten the identification time for E. coli, and proper antimicrobial treatments may be started 24 h earlier than when results of conventional identification systems are used.
Computer-aided diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis with optical tomography, Part 2: image classification (2013)

This is the second part of a two-part paper on the application of computer-aided diagnosis to diffuse optical tomography (DOT) for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A comprehensive analysis of techniques for the classification of DOT images of proximal interphalangeal joints of subjects with and without RA is presented. A method for extracting heuristic features from DOT images was presented in Part 1. The ability of five classification algorithms to accurately label each DOT image as belonging to a subject with or without RA is analyzed here. The algorithms of interest are the k-nearest-neighbors, linear and quadratic discriminant analysis, self-organizing maps, and support vector machines (SVM). With a polynomial SVM classifier, we achieve 100.0% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity. Lower bounds for these results (at 95.0% confidence level) are 96.4% and 93.8%, respectively. Image features most predictive of RA are from the spatial variation of optical properties and the absolute range in feature values. The optimal classifiers are low-dimensional combinations (<7 features). These results underscore the high potential for DOT to become a clinically useful diagnostic tool and warrant larger prospective clinical trials to conclusively demonstrate the ultimate clinical utility of this approach.
Organosiloxane reactivity on dehydroxylated silica surfaces (1995)

In most cases, the surface reactivity of silica glass is controlled by the presence of silanol groups. However, glass surfaces that are produced by high temperature forming processes possess little if any silanol groups. Previous work demonstrated that the reactivity of glass surfaces formed at high temperature is controlled by the existence of strained siloxane rings. In this study, the authors conducted experiments on highly dehydroxylated silica powder surfaces and silica surfaces that were formed directly from the melt to explore the reactivity of strained siloxane rings with various organosiloxanes reactants. The authors use infrared spectrometry to show that strained dimer rings react with organosiloxane molecules or with water at comparable rates, depending on the structure of the organosiloxane. The data indicate that the important features of the reacting molecule are its polarity, steric accessibility and bond strain. Since the measured reactions require approximately six orders of magnitude of gas exposure to go from 1% to 99% completion, these data present strong evidence that the surface is highly heterogeneous. By applying a linear distribution of activation energies, the authors estimate that spread in activation energy to be approximately 40 kJ/mole. In this presentation, the authors discuss the implications of thismore » newly discovered silica chemistry for novel approaches to tailor melt-formed surfaces for improved polymer adhesion and hydrolytic stability. They will also discuss efforts to prepare true melt-formed surfaces by blowing bubbles of silica in a vacuum environment.« less
Microwave Measurements of the Liquid Water Content of Atmospheric Aerosols (1974)

A new method is described for the measurement of the dielectric constant of atmospheric aerosols. From these observations the free liquid water content of airborne particles can be deduced. An instrument to measure semi-continuously the dielectric constant of aerosols is discussed, and illustrative observations are given for urban air in Southern California and for marine and desert air at non-urban sites. The results taken during the fall of 1972 indicate that a significant fraction of the marine and urban aerosol observed is free water in the relative humidity range between 40 and 75%. The liquid water content in the aerosol correlates satisfactorily with the extinction coefficient for visible light, as measured with an integrating nephelometer.
Model-based Story Summary (2015)

A story summarizer benefits greatly from a reader model because a reader model enables the story summarizer to focus on delivering useful knowledge in minimal time with minimal effort. Such a summarizer can, in particular, eliminate disconnected story elements, deliver only story elements connected to conceptual content, focus on particular concepts of interest, such as revenge, and make use of our human tendency to see causal connection in adjacent sentences. Experiments with a summarizer, built on the Genesis story understanding system, demonstrate considerable compression of an 85-element précis of the plot of Shakespeare’s Macbeth, reducing it, for example, to the 14 elements that make it a concise summary about Pyrrhic victory. Refocusing the summarizer on regicide reduces the element count to 7, or 8% of the original.
Novel Electrophotographic Toners for Providing Metallic Effects (2013)

In order to produce toners that are capable of providing metallic sparkle and effect, a number of obstacles have to be first overcome. Since having static charge is an important requirement for toners, it is not practical to use conductive metal flakes in metallic toner formulations. This difficulty was overcome by using mica or similarly based interference pigments. These nonconductive pigments not only provide a large flat reflective surface but can be coated with inorganic and organic coatings. By controlling the thickness of the high refractive index inorganic coating over the mica flakes, the color of the reflected light changed and can be utilized to enhance the metallic sparkle.These toners can be produced by minimizing the shear conditions in the extruder during the compounding of the toner components. These can be created by optimizing the compounding temperature, screw configurations, molecular weight of the toner resin etc. By imposing a convergence on the toner melt at the die exit and by controlling the draw ratio of the melt slab after the die exit, the pigment flakes can be forced to align in the process direction. The resulting toners have a flat shape as a consequence of the internal structure formed during the melt processing step.Due to the large size of the pigment flakes in the finished toner, and its shape, these toners are capable of providing remarkable sparkle and metallic effects. These toners produce the metallic effect by themselves but alternatively they can be placed over or under other color toners to generate many interesting effects that were not possible before. A method of measuring the sparkle in metallic images is also described. By measuring color properties at various angles, “Flop Index” can be calculated and used to quantify the extent of metallic effect.
Design and Development of New Hydroxy Methyl Phosphine Based Bifunctional Chelating Agents (BFCAs) for Use in Radiopharmaceutical Applications (1999)

Abstract Hydroxymethyl phosphine compounds are water-soluble and moderately air stable. This class of compounds have the potential for use in variety of catalytic and biomedical appliations.1 As part of our ongoing program to utilize the hydroxymethyl phosphine ligands for applications in Nuclear Medicine, we are interested to develop tetradentate hydroxy methyl phosphine-based Bihctional Chelating Agents (BFCAs) 1 and 2. Site-directed biomolecules such as receptor-avid peptides and proteins modified with these BFCAs can be used as vehicles or specific delivery of diagnostic (e.g., 99m Tc) and and therapeutic radionuclides (e.g. 188 Re and 186 R) to target cancer cells.
Physics Design of APT Linac with Normal Conducting RF Cavities (1996)

The accelerator based production of tritium calls for a high-power, cw proton linac. Previous designs for such a linac use a radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ), followed by a drift-tube linac (DTL) to an intermediate energy and a coupled-cavity linc (CCL) to the final energy. The Los Alamos design uses a high-energy (6.7 MeV) RFQ followed by the newly developed coupled-cavity drift-tube linac (CCDTL) and a CCL. This design accommodates external electromagnetic quadrupole lenses which provide a strong uniform focusing lattice from the end of the RFQ to the end of the CCL. The cell lengths in linacs of traditional design are typically graded as a function of particle velocity. By making groups of cells symmetric in both the CCDTL and CCL, the cavity design as well as mechanical design and fabrication is simplified without compromising the performance. At higher energies, there are some advantages of using superconducting rf cavities. Currently, such schemes are under vigorous study. This paper describes the linac design based on normal conducting cavities and presents simulation results.
A condenser objective lens with asymmetric polepieces to facilitate the extraction of secondary and Auger electrons (1991)

A new condenser objective lens for a scanning transmission electron microscope especially designed for through-the-lens extraction of secondary and Auger electrons is presented. The optimal axial field to extract the secondary and Auger electrons is a field that falls off as 1/z2. This field form has been realized by a new lens design with one sharp polepiece and a second, carefully shaped, polepiece. This polepiece consists of two magnetically separated parts. The bore in this polepiece measures 20 mm while the working distance is 10 mm. The spherical aberration on the condenser side is 2.5 mm for an acceleration voltage of 125 kV while, with the same lens excitation, the projector side spherical and chromatic aberrations are 1.1 and 1.5 mm, respectively. All (Auger) electrons with an energy up to 1000 eV emerging from the specimen can be concentrated in a disk of 4.2 mm and a maximum opening angle of 6° for further energy analysis.
Antibodies against Alpha-Synuclein Reduce Oligomerization in Living Cells (2011)

Recent research implicates soluble aggregated forms of a-synuclein as neurotoxic species with a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and related disorders. The pathway by which a-synuclein aggregates is believed to follow a step-wise pattern, in which dimers and smaller oligomers are initially formed. Here, we used H4 neuroglioma cells expressing a-synuclein fused to hemi:GFP constructs to study the effects of a-synuclein monoclonal antibodies on the early stages of aggregation, as quantified by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation assay. Widefield and confocal microscopy revealed that cells treated for 48 h with monoclonal antibodies internalized antibodies to various degrees. Cterminal and oligomer-selective a-synuclein antibodies reduced the extent of a-synuclein dimerization/oligomerization, as indicated by decreased GFP fluorescence signal. Furthermore, ELISA measurements on lysates and conditioned media from antibody treated cells displayed lower a-synuclein levels compared to untreated cells, suggesting increased protein turnover. Taken together, our results propose that extracellular administration of monoclonal antibodies can modify or inhibit early steps in the aggregation process of a-synuclein, thus providing further support for passive immunization against diseases with a-synuclein pathology.
A newly proposed ATSC DTV system for transmitting a robust bit-stream along with the standard bit-stream (2003)

This paper describes the proposed improvements to the ATSC DTV standard. The proposed system provides a mechanism for embedding a new robust bit-stream in the standard bit-stream in a backward compatible manner. The robust stream has a higher threshold of visibility (TOV) compared to the standard stream and can be transmitted either in the pseudo 2-VSB mode or in the enhanced-coded 8-VSB (E-VSB) mode. A prototype transceiver system, based on the proposed system, has been developed and was tested in the lab and in the field. The results of these tests will be briefly reviewed in this paper.
Effects of segmented electrode in Hall current plasma thrusters (2002)

Segmented electrodes placed along a ceramic channel in a Hall thruster are shown to influence significantly the plasma potential distribution. Both the radial potential and the axial acceleration region are sensitive to the location of the segmented electrodes. The measured and theoretical potential profiles appear to be affected in detail by the electrode material (graphite) having lower secondary electron emission than the ceramic channel walls. The measured plasma potential profile is shown as well to correlate with the observed and desirable narrowing of the plasma plume emanating from the thruster.
Nonprostanoid prostacyclin mimetics. 4. Derivatives of 2-[3-[2-(4,5-diphenyl-2-oxazolyl)ethyl]phenoxy]acetic acid substituted .alpha. to the oxazole ring (1993)

2-[3-[2-(4,5-Diphenyl-2-oxazolyl)ethyl]phenoxy]acetic acid, 1, has been described as a non-prostanoid PGI2 mimetic that demonstrates anti-thrombotic properties of long duration in animal models of thrombosis. The effects of substitution and modification of the carbon beta-to the oxazole heterocycle of 1 were examined and equated with the potency of the compounds as inhibitors of ADP-induced human platelet aggregation in vitro. Potency was sensitive to both the size of the substituent and the identity of the beta-atom. The carbamates 13c-e demonstrated IC50's of 0.28-0.36 microM and were significantly more potent than the progenitor 1, IC50 = 1.2 microM. The ethyl carbamate 13c displaced [3H]-iloprost from platelet membranes in a concentration-dependent fashion that was half maximal at 20 nM, which compares with IC50's of 171 nM for 1 and 39 nM or unlabelled iloprost. Carbamate 13c stimulated platelet adenylate cyclase but the maximal effect was less than that observed for PGI2, identifying 13c as a partial agonist at the platelet PGI2 receptor.
Systemic Delivery of a Peptide-Linked Morpholino Oligonucleotide Neutralizes Mutant RNA Toxicity in a Mouse Model of Myotonic Dystrophy (2013)

Expansions of CUG trinucleotide sequences in RNA transcripts provide the basis for toxic RNA gain-of-function that leads to detrimental changes in RNA metabolism. A CTG repeat element normally resides in the 3' untranslated region of the dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase (DMPK) gene, but when expanded it is the genetic lesion of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), a hereditary neuromuscular disease. The pathogenic DMPK transcript containing the CUG expansion is retained in ribonuclear foci as part of a complex with RNA-binding proteins such as muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1), resulting in aberrant splicing of numerous RNA transcripts and consequent physiological abnormalities including myotonia. Herein, we demonstrate molecular and physiological amelioration of the toxic effects of mutant RNA in the HSA(LR) mouse model of DM1 by systemic administration of peptide-linked morpholino (PPMO) antisense oligonucleotides bearing a CAG repeat sequence. Intravenous administration of PPMO conjugates to HSA(LR) mice led to redistribution of Mbnl1 protein in myonuclei and corrections in abnormal RNA splicing. Additionally, myotonia was completely eliminated in PPMO-treated HSA(LR) mice. These studies provide proof of concept that neutralization of RNA toxicity by systemic delivery of antisense oligonucleotides that target the CUG repeat is an effective therapeutic approach for treating the skeletal muscle aspects of DM1 pathology.
Evaluating a distributed regenerative braking system for freight trains (2018)

This paper presents an investigation on a distributed regenerative braking system for freight trains. The system, which involves installing regenerative braking units on the bogies of freight rail wagons, is proposed in a patent by Transnet SOC Ltd. The system allows for numerous regenerative braking systems to be installed on a single freight train in a distributed manner, which collectively function together to perform regenerative braking on the train to reduce the energy consumption of the train. The proposed system would, if implemented successfully, alleviate challenges and limitations with current regenerative braking systems on diesel-powered freight trains. The goal of the investigation is to determine whether the system is both technically and economically feasible. The proposed regenerative braking system is conceptualized in this study by first establishing the requirements of the system from in-service train data, followed by the development of the subsystems and major components based on existing technology. A physical system simulation model is subsequently developed to establish the energy savings performance of the system concepts for typical freight train routes. The results show that energy savings of between 10% and 24% can be realized. This demonstrates the technical feasibility of the proposed system. Next, the proposed system and the candidate concepts are evaluated in economic terms by means of a cost–benefit analysis. The decision criteria calculated in the cost–benefit analysis provide unanimous results as to which of the candidate concepts are economically feasible. It is shown that four of the candidate concepts, all utilizing the same transmission topology incorporating a continuously variable transmission with different flywheel configurations, are economically feasible. It is therefore concluded that the results of the cost–benefit analysis indicated that the proposed distributed regenerative braking system for freight trains is economically feasible and could deliver favorable financial returns if pursued.
Overview of the Development of Hydrazinium Nitroformate (2002)

Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) has been under renewed development since the late 1980s. These research and development efforts have demonstrated that it is possible to produce HNF crystals with acceptable morphology and stability. Although the production of HNF is based on a simple acid-base reaction, the resulting product strongly depends on the synthesis and crystallization techniques used. For a propellant oxidizer, control of size (distribution) in the production phase of the crystals is important. The effect of different crystallization processes has been investigated, and the results are reported. Stability depends, among other factors, on purity and/or contamination. A promising method to determine the hydrazine and nitroform content of HNF is being discussed. Because it is demonstrated that excess hydrazine in HNF strongly affects HNF stability, such a method is important for quality control. Sonocrystallization allows improving the HNF morphology. In addition, sonocrystallization also led to improved thermal stability of the oxidizer. Cocrystallization permits the inclusion of ballistic modifiers or stabilizers in the crystals or the application of coatings during the crystallization process. This process may also increase the tap density. The slow natural decomposition of HNF during storage is demonstrated to be a first-order reaction; it permits calculating that, at room temperature, HNF may be safely stored for hundreds of years. The primary HNF decomposition products and the most likely initial decomposition/combustion mechanism have been identified, which helps in understanding the overall decomposition process. The surface temperature of burning HNF has been measured; it is strongly dependent on the pressure at which the combustion takes place. Finally, it was demonstrated that several ingredients affect the burning rate exponent of neat HNF.
Photoferroelectric sensitivity enhancement in PLZT by thermal diffusion of metals (1983)

Abstract We reported in previous papers that both the near-UV and visible photosensitivities of PLZT ceramic can be greatly enhanced by ion implantation. We present new results which suggest that a combination of thermal diffusion of Al and implantation of Ne produces photosensitivity enhancement greater than that achieved with ion implantation alone.
Development of a Pharmacogenetic Predictive Test in asthma: proof of concept (2010)

Our finding that genetic polymorphisms with a clinical trait are associated with BDR suggests that there is promise in using multiple genetic polymorphisms simultaneously to predict which asthmatics are likely to respond poorly to bronchodilators.
CoreRacer (2011)

Shared memory multiprocessors are difficult to program because of the non-deterministic ways in which the memory operations from different threads interleave. To address this issue, many hardware-based memory race recorders have been proposed that efficiently log an ordering of the shared memory interleavings between threads for deterministic replay. These approaches are challenging to integrate into current processors because they change the cache subsystem or the coherence protocol, and they mostly support a sequentially consistent memory model.
SYNERGISTIC SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF ACTINIDES(III) OVER LANTHANIDES FROM NITRIC ACID USING NEW AROMATIC DIORGANYLDITHIOPHOSPHINIC ACIDS AND NEUTRAL ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS (1999)

ABSTRACT New aromatic dithiophosphinic acids (R2PSSH) with R = C6H5−, ClC6H4−, FC6H4− and CH3C6H4− were synthesized, characterized and tested as potential separating agents for trivalent actinides over lanthanides. The extraction of Am(III), Eu(III) and other lanthanides was carried out from nitric acid medium with mixtures of R2PSSHS and neutral organophosphorus compounds. There was no detectable extraction when R2PSSHS were used alone as extractants for either Am(III) or Eu(III) (DAM,EU.< 10−3) under the experimental conditions used in this study. High separation factors (DAM/DEU > 20) with DAM > 1 were achieved in the nitric acid range 0.1-1 mol/L by means of a synergistic mixture of bis(chloro-phenyl)dithiophosphinic acid + tributylphosphate (TBP), irioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) or tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO). The high radiation resistance (up to 106 Gy absorbed γ-doses) of the extractants was also demonstrated.