gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Multiresolution Analysis-Assisted Reinforcement Learning Approach to Run-by-Run Control (2007)

In recent years, the run-by run (RbR) control mechanism has emerged as a useful tool for keeping complex semiconductor manufacturing processes on target during repeated short production runs. Many types of RbR controllers exist in the literature of which the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) controller is widely used in the industry. However, EWMA controllers are known to have several limitations. For example, in the presence of multiscale disturbances and lack of accurate process models, the performance of EWMA controller deteriorates and often fails to control the process. Also, the control of complex manufacturing processes requires sensing of multiple parameters that may be spatially distributed. New control strategies that can successfully use spatially distributed sensor data are required. This paper presents a new multiresolution analysis (wavelet) assisted reinforcement learning (RL)-based control strategy that can effectively deal with both multiscale disturbances in processes and the lack of process models. The novel idea of a wavelet-aided RL-based controller represents a paradigm shift in the control of large-scale stochastic dynamic systems of which the control problem is a subset. Henceforth, we refer our new control strategy as a WRL-RbR controller. The WRL-RbR controller is tested on a multiple-input-multiple-output chemical mechanical planarization process of wafer fabrication for which the process model is available. Results show that the RL controller outperforms EWMA-based controllers for low autocorrelation. The new controller also performs quite well for strongly autocorrelated processes for which the EWMA controllers are known to fail. Convergence analysis of the new breed of the WRL-RbR controller is presented. Further enhancement of the controller to deal with model-free processes and for inputs coming from spatially distributed environments are also discussed. Note to Practitioners-This work was motivated by the need to develop an intelligent and efficient RbR process controller, especially for the control of processes with short production runs as in the case of the semiconductor manufacturing industry. A novel controller that is presented here is capable of generating optimal control actions in the presence of multiple time-frequency disturbances, and allows the use of realistic (often complex) process models without sacrificing robustness and speed of execution. Performance measures, such as reduction of variability in process output and control recipe, minimization of initial bias, and ability to control processes with high autocorrelations are shown to be superior in comparison to the commercially available exponentially weighted moving average controllers. The WRL-RbR controller is very generic, and can be easily extended to processes with drifts and sudden shifts in the mean and variance. The viability of extending the controller to distributed input parameter sensing environments, including those for which process models are not available, is also discussed
Imaging the permeability structure within near-surface sediments by acoustic crosswell tomography (2000)

Permeability structure within near-surface sediments is imaged by analytically inverting the measured fields of acoustic wave velocity and attenuation. The acoustic velocity and attenuation fields at 1000 Hz were previously measured by a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) based crosswell acoustic tomography device [T. Yamamoto, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98, 2235–2248 (1995)]. A quadratic equation of permeability derived from the Biot theory is used for the permeability imaging. The porosity and shear modulus images are also extracted from the velocity and attenuation fields using the newly derived quadratic dispersion equation and an empirical shear modulus porosity depth of burial relation. The acoustically measured images of permeability, porosity, and shear modulus are favorably compared with the engineering tests performed on the cores and boreholes.
High-Frequency Three-Phase Interleaved LLC Resonant Converter With GaN Devices and Integrated Planar Magnetics (2019)

The LLC converter is deemed the most widely used topology as dc/dc converter in server and telecom applications. To increase the output power and reduce the input and output current ripples, three-phase interleaved LLC converter is becoming more and more popular. It has been demonstrated that three interleaved LLC converter can achieve further efficiency improvement at the 3-kW power level. However, the magnetic components for multiphase LLC converter are complex, bulky, and difficult to manufacture in a cost-effective manner. In this paper, a high-frequency gallium nitride (GaN)-based three-phase LLC converter is employed to address these aforementioned challenges. With GaN operating at 1 MHz, all magnetic components, namely, three inductors and three transformers, can be integrated into one common structure while all magnetic windings implemented in a compact four-layer PCB with 3-oz copper. The proposed structure can be easily manufactured cost-effectively in high quality. Furthermore, shielding techniques for full-bridge secondary have been investigated, and additional two-layer shielding has been integrated to reduce common-mode noise. A 1-MHz 3-kW 400 V/48 V three-phase LLC converter is demonstrated, and the peak efficiency of 97.7% and power density of 600 W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> (37 kW/L) are achieved.
A New Concept for Hydrogen Permeation Monitoring (1999)

Abstract The application of fuel cell technology for the construction of a hydrogen permeation monitoring apparatus has been demonstrated. Using the testing material as an anode and the oxygen reduction reaction as an electron sink (cathode), it is possible to build such detectors, which have several advantages in comparison with the existing practice. These detectors make it possible to follow the internal corrosion, with a longer sensor life, and without external energy consumption. Preliminary field results are presented.
Concept for a volume-type tandem three-chamber negative hydrogen ion source (1983)

Two recent development in the volume generation and the volume extraction of negative ions are discussed that lead in a natural way to a new concept for direct-extraction volume-type negative-hydrogen ion source.
Hypersonic band gaps in two-dimensional piezoelectric phononic crystal slabs (2006)

We analyze the propagation of acoustic waves in a phononic crystal slab consisting of metal inclusions placed periodically in a host piezoelectric material. Our system is composed of a square lattice of tungsten (W) cylinders embedded in an Aluminium nitride (AlN) matrix. It is found that several complete band gaps with a variable bandwidth exist for acoustic waves of any polarization and incidence. In addition to the filling fraction, a key parameter for the existence and the width of these complete band gaps is the ratio of the slab thickness (d) to the lattice period (a). We have explored how these absolute band gaps close up as the parameter (d/a) increases. Significantly, it is found that the band gaps of a phononic crystal slab are distinct from those of bulk acoustic waves propagating in the plane of the plate and that they are strongly affected by the presence of cut-off frequency modes. The numerical calculations are performed using the finite element method with periodic boundary conditions derived from the Bloch-Floquet theorem.
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13 encodes for an HLA-E-stabilizing peptide that abrogates inhibition of NKG2A-expressing NK cells (2022)

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that contribute to host defense against virus infections. NK cells respond to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro and are activated in patients with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, by which mechanisms NK cells detect SARS-CoV-2-infected cells remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the Non-structural protein 13 of SARS-CoV-2 encodes for a peptide that is presented by human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E). In contrast with self-peptides, the viral peptide prevents binding of HLA-E to the inhibitory receptor NKG2A, thereby rendering target cells susceptible to NK cell attack. In line with these observations, NKG2A-expressing NK cells are particularly activated in patients with COVID-19 and proficiently limit SARS-CoV-2 replication in infected lung epithelial cells in vitro. Thus, these data suggest that a viral peptide presented by HLA-E abrogates inhibition of NKG2A<sup>+</sup> NK cells, resulting in missing self-recognition.
Estrogen treatment prevents gray matter atrophy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2012)

Gray matter atrophy is an important correlate to clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), and many treatment trials include atrophy as an outcome measure. Atrophy has been shown to occur in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model of MS. The clinical severity of EAE is reduced in estrogen-reated mice, but it remains unknown whether estrogen treatment can reduce gray matter atrophy in EAE. In this study, mice with EAE were treated with either estrogen receptor (ER)-α ligand or ER-β ligand, and diffusion tensor images (DTI) were collected and neuropathology was performed. DTI showed atrophy in the cerebellar gray matter of vehicle-treated EAE mice compared with healthy controls but not in ER-α or ER-β ligand-treated EAE mice. Neuropathology demonstrated that Purkinje cell numbers were decreased in vehicle-treated EAE mice, whereas neither ER ligand-treated EAE groups showed a decrease. This is the first report of a neuroprotective therapy in EAE that unambiguously prevents gray matter atrophy while sparing a major neuronal cell type. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in the cerebellar white matter was decreased in vehicle- and ER-β ligand-treated but not in ER-α ligand-treated EAE mice. Inflammatory cell infiltration was increased in vehicle- and ER-β ligand-treated but not in ER-α ligand-treated EAE mice. Myelin staining was decreased in vehicle-treated EAE mice and was spared in both ER ligand-treated groups. This is consistent with decreased FA as a potential biomarker for inflammation rather than myelination or axonal damage in the cerebellum in EAE.
Measuring Formation Anisotropy Using Multifrequency Processing of Transverse Induction Measurements (2001)

Abstract Multi-frequency processing of transverse induction measurements (3D Explorer - 3DEX™) allows us to reduce the distortion of interpretation by near-borehole effects. Recently, we have developed a multi-frequency processing technique for determining formation anisotropy in vertical and deviated wells. The method, based on a separation of induction and galvanic modes, provides a fast and stable indicator of anisotropy in real time. We consider a borehole oriented along the Z-axis. Axes X and Y are positioned in a perpendicular plane. The set of measurements under consideration includes XX, YY, and ZZ data. The magnetic field XX is excited by an X-oriented transmitter and measured by an X-oriented receiver. Similar definitions are true for YY and ZZ components. We start processing by performing a multi-frequency skin-effect correction on the measured XX, YY, and ZZ data. Correction pre-conditions the data for rotation from the tool coordinate system to the formation coordinate system. As a result of the rotation, we calculate responses XX', YY', and ZZ' where axis Z' is orthogonal to the formation boundaries. Axes X' and Y' belong to the boundary planes. The rotation of multi-frequency processed data does not require knowledge of the full tensor of electromagnetic measurements: the rotation can be done only with the principle components XX, YY, and ZZ. Rotation isolates the induction mode in the ZZ component and removes the dependence on the vertical conductivity. This allows for applying a very fast processing technique to calculate horizontal resistivity of the formation, Rh. The technique utilizes a modified geometric factor with the transmitter and receiver shifted horizontally with respect to each other. Next, we produce a synthetic response for XX' and YY' components in an isotropic model with formation resistivity, Rh. The calculated synthetic response is used to correct the field data for the horizontal conductivity. If the formation is isotropic, the corrected signal will be equal to zero. A nonzero residual signal indicates the presence of anisotropy. The methodology is illustrated with several examples.
Supersonic-Spray Cleaner (1995)

Spraying system for cleaning mechanical components uses less liquid and operates at pressures significantly lower. Liquid currently used is water. Designed to replace chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) solvent-based cleaning and cleanliness verification methods. Consists of spray head containing supersonic converging/diverging nozzles, source of gas at regulated pressure, pressurized liquid tank, and various hoses, fittings, valves, and gauges. Parameters of nozzles set so any of large variety of liquids and gases combined in desired ratio and rate of flow. Size and number of nozzles varied so system built in configurations ranging from small hand-held spray heads to large multinozzle cleaners. Also used to verify part adequately cleaned. Runoff liquid from spray directed at part collected. Liquid analyzed for presence of contaminants, and part recleaned if necessary.
GEOMECHANICALLY COUPLED SIMULATION OF FLOW IN FRACTURED RESERVOIRS (2013)

The vast majority of geothermal reservoirs are naturally fractured at various intensities and scales. These fractures are usually the main pathways for fluid flow and thus their properties control to a large degree both the production profile from producing wells and the well injectivity. Because most fractures are stress-sensitive, their hydraulic conductivities will change with changes in bottom-hole-flowing and reservoir pressures causing variations in production profiles between wells. More specifically, fractures can hydraulically (partially) open or close due to a decrease (caused by injection) or increase (caused by production) in the effective stress. Because flow properties are a function of effective fracture aperture it is possible to predict reservoir behavior using the relationship between the mechanical behavior of natural fractures (in response to in situ stress and pore pressure changes) and their hydraulic properties. We discuss here a case study of the integration of geological, geophysical, geomechanical, and reservoir engineering data to characterize the in situ stresses, the natural fracture network and the controls on fracture permeability in geothermal reservoirs.
Towards Building Scalable Grid Computing Environments for Reservoir Simulation (2013)

Standard high performance clusters (HPC) are being extensively used for solving computationally intensive problems in various scientific fields, one of which is the field of reservoir simulation. In our work, we expand the conventional HPC systems to run larger reservoir simulations on a heterogeneous grid of HPCs. This expansion is accomplished by developing a unique domain decomposition technique to achieve higher load balancing and computational efficiency on the grid. The decomposer works as an adaptive detector of the available hardware resources on the grid, learns about the different processor speeds and adjusts its load distribution among the CPUs. As a result, our grid implementation for reservoir simulation outperforms the conventional methods of domain decomposition, which are designed to run on homogenous set of processors in a cluster.
Fiber-Port-Count in Wavelength Selective Switches for Space-Division Multiplexing (2013)

We show that the fiber count of a space-division multiplexed (SDM) wavelength selective switch can match an equivalent single-mode WSS using a mode-remapper at the switch input and a proportional increase in spectral-resolution. Otherwise, the fiber count decreases proportional to the number of modes in the steering dimension.
In vivo visualization of Alzheimer's amyloid plaques by magnetic resonance imaging in transgenic mice without a contrast agent (2004)

One of the cardinal pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of senile, or amyloid, plaques. Transgenic mice have been developed that express one or more of the genes responsible for familial AD in humans. Doubly transgenic mice develop "human-like" plaques, providing a mechanism to study amyloid plaque biology in a controlled manner. Imaging of labeled plaques has been accomplished with other modalities, but only MRI has sufficient spatial and contrast resolution to visualize individual plaques noninvasively. Methods to optimize visualization of plaques in vivo in transgenic mice at 9.4 T using a spin echo sequence based on adiabatic pulses are described. Preliminary results indicate that a spin echo acquisition more accurately reflects plaque size, while a T2* weighted gradient echo sequence reflects plaque iron content, not plaque size. In vivo MRI-ex vivo MRI-in vitro histologic correlations are provided. Histologically verified plaques as small as 50 microm in diameter were visualized in living animals. To our knowledge this work represents the first demonstration of noninvasive in vivo visualization of individual AD plaques without the use of a contrast agent.
Genes regulating gland development in the cotton plant (2018)

In seeds and other parts of cultivated, tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), multicellular groups of cells lysigenously form dark glands containing toxic terpenoids such as gossypol that defend the plant against pests and pathogens. Using RNA-seq analysis of embryos from near-isogenic glanded (Gl<sub>2</sub> Gl<sub>2</sub> Gl<sub>3</sub> Gl<sub>3</sub> ) versus glandless (gl<sub>2</sub> gl<sub>2</sub> gl<sub>3</sub> gl<sub>3</sub> ) plants, we identified 33 genes that expressed exclusively or at higher levels in embryos just prior to gland formation in glanded plants. Virus-induced gene silencing against three gene pairs led to significant reductions in the number of glands in the leaves, and significantly lower levels of gossypol and related terpenoids. These genes encode transcription factors and have been designated the 'Cotton Gland Formation' (CGF) genes. No sequence differences were found between glanded and glandless cotton for CGF1 and CGF2 gene pairs. The glandless cotton has a transposon insertion within the coding sequence of the GoPGF (synonym CGF3) gene of the A subgenome and extensive mutations in the promoter of D subgenome homeolog. Overexpression of GoPGF (synonym CGF3) led to a dramatic increase in gossypol and related terpenoids in cultured cells, whereas CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of GoPGF (synonym CGF3) genes resulted in glandless phenotype. Taken collectively, the results show that the GoPGF (synonym CGF3) gene plays a critical role in the formation of glands in the cotton plant. Seed-specific silencing of CGF genes, either individually or in combination, could eliminate glands, thus gossypol, from the cottonseed to render it safe as food or feed for monogastrics.
New method of preparing elastase toxoid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1986)

A new method for the preparation of elastase toxoid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was developed. A chloroacetyl peptide derivative (CICH2CO-HOLeu-Ala-Gly-NH2; HOLeu, N-hydroxy-L-leucine), an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase, was used to prepare elastase toxoid with or without pretreatment with Formalin and L-lysine. Elastase toxoid thus obtained appeared to be ideal, possessing negligible enzyme activity while retaining full antigenicity and immunogenicity.
Silicon-Based Oxide/Silicon/Oxide Resonant Tunneling (1998)

We explored two methods for forming SiO2/Si/SiO2 resonant tunneling diodes with crystalline silicon quantum wells. The first method, growth through voided oxide, was successful in demonstrating for the first time that crystalline Si can be grown through voids in the oxide. However conditions for forming the small void size needed to block electron transport, while allowing nucleation of silicon through the oxide, were not found. A systematic search of the growth temperature- pressure space showed that these conditions do not come naturally for the (100) and (111) surfaces. For this reason, we adopted a lateral-over-growth approach in the final year to fabricate the RTD. The SiO2/Si/SiO2 resonant tunneling diode grown using the lateral silicon overgrowth process did not show the desired negative differential resistance characteristics, but test on these diodes indicate that the desired heterostructure has not yet been achieved. This process has now been transferred to DARPA's Si-Based Quantum MOS Technology Development program (Contract No. F49620-96-C-0006), where it will be used for lateral overgrowth of RTD heterostructures.
A BARF1-specific mAb as a new immunotherapeutic tool for the management of EBV-related tumors (2017)

The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies is acquiring an increasing clinical importance, thanks to their specificity, efficacy and relative easiness of use. However, in the context of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related malignancies, only cancers of B-cell origin can benefit from therapeutic mAb targeting specific B-cell lineage antigens. To overcome this limitation, we generated a new mAb specific for BARF1, an EBV-encoded protein with transforming and immune-modulating properties. BARF1 is expressed as a latent protein in nasopharyngeal (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC), and also in neoplastic B cells mainly upon lytic cycle induction, thus representing a potential target for all EBV-related malignancies. Considering that BARF1 is largely but not exclusively secreted, the BARF1 mAb was selected on the basis of its ability to bind a domain of the protein retained at the cell surface of tumor cells. <i>In vitro</i>, the newly generated mAb recognized the target molecule in its native conformation, and was highly effective in mediating both ADCC and CDC against BARF1-positive tumor cells. <i>In vivo</i>, biodistribution analysis in mice engrafted with BARF1-positive and -negative tumor cells confirmed its high specificity for the target. More importantly, the mAb disclosed a relevant antitumor potential in preclinical models of NPC and lymphoma, as evaluated in terms of both reduction of tumor masses and long-term survival. Taken together, these data not only confirm BARF1 as a promising target for immunotherapeutic interventions, but also pave the way for a successful translation of this new mAb to the clinical use.