gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel insights into the power-off and power-on transient performance of power-rail ESD clamp circuit (2016)

Based on the thorough characterization of the transient performance of a power-rail ESD clamp circuit, novel insights concerning the bigFET response time, power-off triggering criteria and power-on noise immunity with respect to the disturbance waveform are clearly summarized in this work. The instructive qualities of these insights are deeply discussed.
A Model for the Prediction of Droplet Size in Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Oppositely Charged Particles (2014)

Colloidal particles irreversibly adsorb at fluid-fluid interfaces stabilizing what are commonly called "Pickering" emulsions and foams. A simple geometrical model, the limited coalescence model, was earlier proposed to estimate droplet sizes in emulsions. This model assumes that all of the particles are effective in stabilization. The model predicts that the average emulsion drop size scales inversely with the total number of particles, confirmed qualitatively with experimental data on Pickering emulsions. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in synthesizing emulsions with oppositely charged particles (OCPs). In our experimental study, we observed that the drop size varies nonmonotonically with the number ratio of oppositely charged colloids, even when a fixed total number concentration of colloids is used, showing a minimum. We develop a mathematical model to predict this dependence of drop size on number ratio in such a mixed particle system. The proposed model is based on the hypothesis that oppositely charged colloids form stable clusters due to the strong electrostatic attraction between them and that these clusters are the effective stabilizing agents. The proposed model is a two-parameter model, parameters being the ratio of effective charge of OCPs (denoted as k) and the size of the aggregate containing X particles formed due to aggregation of OCPs. Because the size of aggregates formed during emulsification is not directly measurable, we use suitable values of parameters k and X to best match the experimental observations. The model predictions are in qualitative agreement with experimentally observed nonmonotonic variation of droplet sizes. Using experiments and theory, we present a physical insight into the formation of OCP stabilized Pickering emulsions. Our model upgrades the existing Wiley's limited coalescence model as applied to emulsions containing a binary mixture of oppositely charged particles.
Single-switch two-output flyback-forward converter operation (1998)

A double power converter with fully independent regulated outputs is introduced. The proposed topology results from magnetic integration of flyback and forward power converters. The derived converter shares a single power switch having a single magnetic component. Also, only one standard pulsewidth modulation (PWM) integrated modulator is needed in order to keep independent closed-loop control of both output voltages. The double regulation may be sustained over a wide spread of current loads. Boundaries of full regulation and experimental results are presented.
Popular Support for Egalitarian Social Welfare (2010)

Traditionally, distributions have been ranked according to a set of axioms, which is the essence of welfarism. This paper proposes conditions under which, the Atkinson-like additive and concave utilitarian Social Evaluation Functions are consistent with the outcome of majority voting. We test the required symmetry condition in an illustration for 116 countries. Moreover we compute the consistent Atkinson (constant) relative social inequality aversion parameter for a wide range of countries.
Driver Assistance System for Passive Multi-Trailer Vehicles with Haptic Steering Limitations on the Leading Unit (2013)

Driving vehicles with one or more passive trailers has difficulties in both forward and backward motion due to inter-unit collisions, jackknife, and lack of visibility. Consequently, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for multi-trailer combinations can be beneficial to accident avoidance as well as to driver comfort. The ADAS proposed in this paper aims to prevent unsafe steering commands by means of a haptic handwheel. Furthermore, when driving in reverse, the steering-wheel and pedals can be used as if the vehicle was driven from the back of the last trailer with visual aid from a rear-view camera. This solution, which can be implemented in drive-by-wire vehicles with hitch angle sensors, profits from two methods previously developed by the authors: safe steering by applying a curvature limitation to the leading unit, and a virtual tractor concept for backward motion that includes the complex case of set-point propagation through on-axle hitches. The paper addresses system requirements and provides implementation details to tele-operate two different off- and on-axle combinations of a tracked mobile robot pulling and pushing two dissimilar trailers.
PIC simulations of the separate control of ion flux and energy in CCRF discharges via the electrical asymmetry effect (2008)

Recently a novel approach for achieving separate control of ion flux and energy in capacitively coupled radio frequency (CCRF) discharges based on the electrical asymmetry effect (EAE) was proposed (Heil et al 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 165202). If the applied, temporally symmetric voltage waveform contains an even harmonic of the fundamental frequency, the sheaths in front of the two electrodes are necessarily asymmetric. A dc self-bias develops and is a function of the phase angle between the driving voltages. By tuning the phase, precise and convenient control of the ion energy can be achieved while the ion flux stays constant. This effect works even in geometrically symmetric discharges and the role of the two electrodes can be reversed electrically. In this work the EAE is verified using a particle in cell simulation of a geometrically symmetric dual-frequency CCRF discharge operated at 13.56 and 27.12 MHz. The self-bias is a nearly linear function of the phase angle. It is shown explicitly that the ion flux stays constant within ±5%, while the self-bias reaches values of up to 80% of the applied voltage amplitude and the maximum ion energy is changed by a factor of 3 for a set of low pressure discharge conditions investigated. The EAE is investigated at different pressures and electrode gaps. As geometrically symmetric discharges can be made electrically asymmetric via the EAE, the plasma series resonance effect is observed for the first time in simulations of a geometrically symmetric discharge.
Influences of gold and silver nanoparticles in loop-mediated isothermal amplification reactions (2012)

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) performed with protein DNA polymerase Bst and DNA chains was influenced by nanoparticles in different ways. The effects of different concentrations of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with diameters 10 and 20 nm and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 1–10 nm in diameter on the amplification of the pR72H gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were investigated. AuNPs with a diameter of 10 nm in 0.6–60 nM concentration accelerated initiation of the LAMP reaction, 3 nM AuNPs reduced the reaction time by about 10 min, whereas 20 nm AuNPs did not, although neither size increased the yield after 60 min. AgNPs inhibited the LAMP reaction both in speed and yield at concentrations of 0.6–60 nM; the yield of amplification was reduced by 50% and 80% for 12 and 60 nM, respectively, after reaction for 1 h. This indicated that strong bactericidal effects of silver are also observed in its nanoparticles. The molecular mechanism of AuNPs and AgNPs in LAMP needs to be explored further, although their size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties, as well as their ability to affect protein denaturation, or hydrophilic/hydrophobic effects may be involved.
Drive Cycle Identification and Energy Demand Estimation for Refuse-Collecting Vehicles (2014)

Drive cycle identification and future energy demand prediction are advantageous when developing hybrid propulsion systems. They are applicable to vehicles that are driven along the same route every day, such as busses, refuse-collecting vehicles (RCVs), or delivery vehicles. Drive cycle identification can be used to identify what power transients can be expected to prepare the power train to operate under these conditions. If the energy management algorithm of a hybrid vehicle can account for future energy demand, then it can be arranged in such a way that the non-fossil-fuel energy sources are fully depleted at the end of the drive cycle. Given that RCVs always drive in similar drive cycles, a drive cycle has been modeled and its main characteristics parameterized. The model is separated into different drive cycles that are related to different power consumption modes. In this paper, a new method to identify drive cycles and the energy left to finish a route is proposed. The drive cycle identification is based on artificial intelligence algorithms, which have been trained and tested with real data with an average efficiency in drive cycle identification of over 90%. The energy necessary to finish the route is based on vehicle energy models and statistical analysis. This method can be used in the daily management of fleet vehicles to replace fossil fuel by electric energy, as is demonstrated in the proposed examples.
EpiTEome: Simultaneous detection of transposable element insertion sites and their DNA methylation levels (2017)

The genome-wide investigation of DNA methylation levels has been limited to reference transposable element positions. The methylation analysis of non-reference and mobile transposable elements has only recently been performed, but required both genome resequencing and MethylC-seq datasets. We have created epiTEome, a program that detects both new transposable element insertion sites and their methylation states from a single MethylC-seq dataset. EpiTEome outperforms other split-read insertion site detection programs, even while functioning on bisulfite-converted reads. EpiTEome characterizes the previously discarded fraction of DNA methylation at sites of new insertions, enabling future investigation into the epigenetic regulation of non-reference and transposed elements.
Streptavidin Binding and Endothelial Cell Adhesion to Biotinylated Fibronectin (2007)

A dual ligand (DL) system that combines high affinity streptavidin-biotin binding with lower affinity fibronectin-integrin ligand binding was developed to augment endothelial cell adhesion to polymers. In this study, we examined the utility of biotinylated fibronectin (bFN) as an enhancement to the previously developed DL approach. The goal was to make the system more amenable to clinical studies by eliminating xenogenic bovine serum albumin (bBSA). Fibronectin (FN) biotinylation was achieved with Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin. The affinity of conjugated biotin for wild-type streptavidin (WT-SA) and a mutant strain streptavidin (RGD-SA) was measured using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) absorbance values confirmed the accessibility of the cell binding domain on mildly biotinylated bFN when compared to unmodified native protein. SPR binding analysis confirmed similar binding behavior to bFN with WT-SA and RGD-SA. Kinetic analysis, however, showed no increase in affinity due to increased biotins per FN, an indication of the absence of positive cooperativity in the system. We verified the essential utility of bFN in affinity binding by SPR and confirmed the potential for integrin-FN linkages by ELISA. Finally, Vinculin immunostaining was used to determine focal adhesion formation using bFN in the DL system. Significantly greater focal adhesion density was achieved with the bFN in the DL system than with FN alone.
Sodium Stibogluconate Interacts with IL-2 in Anti-Renca Tumor Action via a T Cell-Dependent Mechanism in Connection with Induction of Tumor-Infiltrating Macrophages (2005)

IL-2 therapy results in 10-20% response rates in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) via activating immune cells, in which the protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) is a key negative regulator. Based on finding that sodium stibogluconate (SSG) inhibited SHP-1, the anti-RCC potential and action mechanism of SSG and SSG/IL-2 in combination were investigated in a murine renal cancer model (Renca). Despite its failure to inhibit Renca cell proliferation in cultures, SSG induced 61% growth inhibition of Renca tumors in BALB/c mice coincident with an increase (2-fold) in tumor-infiltrating macrophages (Mphi). A combination of SSG and IL-2 was more effective in inhibiting tumor growth (91%) and inducing tumor-infiltrating Mphi (4-fold), whereas IL-2 alone had little effect. Mphi increases were also detected in the spleens of mice treated with SSG (3-fold) or SSG/IL-2 in combination (6-fold), suggesting a systemic Mphi expansion similar to those in SHP-deficient mice. T cell involvement in the anti-Renca tumor action of the combination was suggested by the observations that the treatment induced spleen IFN-gamma T cells in BALB/c mice, but failed to inhibit Renca tumor growth in athymic nude mice and that SSG treatment of T cells in vitro increased production of IFN-gamma capable of activating tumoricidal Mphi. The SSG and SSG/IL-2 combination treatments were tolerated in the mice. These results together demonstrate an anti-Renca tumor activity of SSG that was enhanced in combination with IL-2 and functions via a T cell-dependent mechanism with increased IFN-gamma production and expansion/activation of Mphi. Our findings suggest that SSG might improve anti-RCC efficacy of IL-2 therapy by enhancing antitumor immunity.
Platelets from bleeding Simmental cattle mobilize calcium, phosphorylate myosin light chain and bind normal numbers of fibrinogen molecules but have abnormal cytoskeletal assembly and aggregation in response to ADP. (1994)

We have evaluated platelet function in normal Simmental cattle and in those with a congenital, inherited bleeding disorder previously attributed to impaired platelet aggregation. Affected platelets failed to aggregate and secrete in response to ADP and the ionophore A23187, and showed impaired aggregation responses to collagen and ionomycin. Aggregation and secretion of normal and affected platelets was similar in response to thrombin and PMA. Resting cytosolic calcium levels and calcium mobilization in response to ADP and ionomycin were similar in control and four affected animals. Normal and affected bovine platelets phosphorylated myosin light chain and pleckstrin in response to ADP and A23187. Transmission electron microscopy of affected platelets following stimulation with ADP, showed shape change and some degree of centralization of the actomyosin gel. Affected platelets had comparable numbers of GPIIb/IIIa complexes and expressed comparable numbers of fibrinogen receptors as normal platelets in response to ADP. Cytoskeletal assembly in affected platelets was normal in response to PMA but incomplete in response to ADP and A23187. Failure of platelet aggregation in bleeding Simmental cattle is predicted to arise from abnormal cytoskeletal assembly following calcium mobilization and phosphorylation of myosin light chain in response to ADP.
Biodegradable Superabsorbent Hydrogel IncreasesWater Retention Properties of Growing Media and Plant Growth (2015)

Superabsorbent hydrogels are a particular class of gels, obtained by chemical stabilization of hydrophilic polymers in a tridimensional network. Hydrogels have been widely proposed over the last 40 years for agricultural use with the aim to ameliorate water availability for plants, by increasing water holding properties of growing media (soils or soilless substrates). Most of the traditional hydrogels on the market are acrylate-based products, thus not biodegradable. Due to the increasing attention for environmental protection issues, biodegradable hydrogels arise lively interest for potential commercial application in agriculture. In this study, we evaluated a novel class of cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogels, totally biodegradable and biocompatible, for agricultural use. The objectives of the tests carried out were: 1) to verify the ability of the hydrogel to modify the water retention properties of the growing media (soils and soilless substrates); 2) to study the effects on the growth of plants grown on media amended with the hydrogel. Water retention curve of a sandy soil amended with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% (w/w) of hydrogel was determined using a Richard's pressure plate apparatus. The hydrogel modified the soil water retention properties. The soil moisture at field capacity increased with the highest hydrogel percentage up to 400% compared to the not amended soil, and at wilting point (-15 bar) was similar to that at field capacity of the not amended soil. When added to perlite, a low water holding capacity soilless substrate, 1 or 2% (w/w) of hydrogel increased the container capacity of 28 and 48%, respectively, with no decrease of air capacity. Tests revealed absence of phytotoxicity of the hydrogel, and cultivation trials on cucumber (on soil) and sweet basil (in soilless conditions) showed a general overall enhancement of plant growth and quality when hydrogel was added to growing media. The tested hydrogel showed to be suitable for potential use in agriculture. Its employment should be further evaluated under a cost-effective perspective.
Variation in TMEM106B in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (2018)

The genetic basis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is poorly understood. Variation in transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106B) has been associated with enhanced neuroinflammation during aging and with TDP-43-related neurodegenerative disease, and rs3173615, a missense coding SNP in TMEM106B, has been implicated as a functional variant in these processes. Neuroinflammation and TDP-43 pathology are prominent features in CTE. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic variation in TMEM106B is associated with CTE risk, pathological features, and ante-mortem dementia. Eighty-six deceased male athletes with a history of participation in American football, informant-reported Caucasian, and a positive postmortem diagnosis of CTE without comorbid neurodegenerative disease were genotyped for rs3173615. The minor allele frequency (MAF = 0.42) in participants with CTE did not differ from previously reported neurologically normal controls (MAF = 0.43). However, in a case-only analysis among CTE cases, the minor allele was associated with reduced phosphorylated tau (ptau) pathology in the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLFC) (AT8 density, odds ratio [OR] of increasing one quartile = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22-0.79, p = 0.008), reduced neuroinflammation in the DLFC (CD68 density, OR of increasing one quartile = 0.53, 95% CI 0.29-0.98, p = 0.043), and increased synaptic protein density (β = 0.306, 95% CI 0.065-0.546, p = 0.014). Among CTE cases, TMEM106B minor allele was also associated with reduced ante-mortem dementia (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.16-0.99, p = 0.048), but was not associated with TDP-43 pathology. All case-only models were adjusted for age at death and duration of football play. Taken together, variation in TMEM106B may have a protective effect on CTE-related outcomes.
Ex vivo cell therapy (1999)

R.E. Nordon and K. Schindhelm, Introduction. L. Robb, A.G. Elefanty, and C.G. Begley, Transcriptional Control of Hematopoieses. R. Starr and N.A. Nicola, Cell Signaling by Hemopoietic Growth Factor Receptors. P.J. Simmons, D.N. Haylock, and J.-P. Levesque, Influence of Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development. P.A. Rowlings, Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. U. Hahn and L.B. To, Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. M.R. Vowels, Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. S.R. Riddell, E.H. Warren, D. Lewinsohn, C. Yee, and P.D. Greenberg, Reconstitution of Immunity by Adoptive Immunotherapy with T Cells. L.Q. Sun, M. Miller, and G. Symonds, Exogenous Gene Transfer into Lymphoid and Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells. C. Dowding, T. Leemhuis, A. Jakubowski, and C. Reading, Process Development for Ex Vivo Cell Therapy. R.E. Nordon and K. Schindhelm, Cell Separation. P.W. Zandstra, C.J.Eaves, and J.M. Piret, Environmental Requirements of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells in Ex Vivo Expansion Systems. R. Mandalam, M. Koller, and A. Smith, Ex Vivo Hematopoietic Cell Expansion for Bone Marrow Transplantation. M. Raponi and G. Symonds, Gene Delivery Technology: Nonviral and Viral Vector Systems. R.E. Nordon and K. Schindhelm, Summary and Future Directions. Index.
Novel gain of function approaches for vaccine candidate identification in Burkholderia pseudomallei (2013)

The Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei is a serious environmental pathogen and the causative agent of the often fatal melioidosis. Disease occurs following exposure to contaminated water or soil, usually through cuts in the skin or via inhalation. However, the underlying mechanisms of pathogenicity remain poorly understood. B. pseudomallei is endemic to South East Asia and Northern Australia where infections are associated with antibiotic resistance and high mortality rates. Categorization of the pathogen as a potential biowarfare agent has also made research into vaccine development a high priority. Recent genome-scale screening has produced a large number of putative gene candidates from B. pseudomallei with the potential for development into vaccines. This mini-review will discuss the advantages and limitations of this novel approach, how these new techniques can complement existing strategies, and outline aims for future research.
Radiotherapy in the presence of contrast agents: a general figure of merit and its application to gold nanoparticles (2008)

Delivering sufficient dose to tumours while sparing surrounding tissue is one of the primary challenges of radiotherapy, and in common practice this is typically achieved by using highly penetrating MV photon beams and spatially shaping dose. However, there has been a recent increase in interest in the possibility of using contrast agents with high atomic number to enhance the dose deposited in tumours when used in conjunction with kV x-rays, which see a significant increase in absorption due to the heavy element's high-photoelectric cross-section at such energies. Unfortunately, the introduction of such contrast agents significantly complicates the comparison of different source types for treatment efficacy, as the dose deposited now depends very strongly on the exact composition of the spectrum, making traditional metrics such as beam quality less valuable. To address this, a 'figure of merit' is proposed, which yields a value which enables the direct comparison of different source types for tumours at different depths inside a patient. This figure of merit is evaluated for a 15 MV LINAC source and two 150 kVp sources (both of which make use of a tungsten target, one with conventional aluminium filtration, while the other uses a more aggressive thorium filter) through analytical methods as well as numerical models, considering tissue treated with a realistic concentration and uptake ratio of gold nanoparticle contrast agents (10 mg ml (-1) concentration in 'tumour' volume, 10:1 uptake ratio). Finally, a test case of human neck phantom is considered with a similar contrast agent to compare the abstract figure to a more realistic treatment situation. Good agreement was found both between the different approaches to calculate the figure of merit, and between the figure of merit and the effectiveness in a more realistic patient scenario. Together, these observations suggest that there is the potential for contrast-enhanced kilovoltage radiation to be a useful therapeutic tool for a number of classes of tumour on dosimetric considerations alone, and they point to the need for further research in this area.