gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hallux Valgus (2019)

Hallux valgus is a common condition that results from a complex positional deformity of the first ray. The bunion or medial prominence that results from the lateral deviation and pronation of the hallux is only one component of the 3-dimensional deformity. Hallux valgus can lead to considerable pain and altered joint mechanics. The precise biomechanical etiology remains under debate. Predisposing factors include female sex, age, constricting footwear, and family history. Metatarsus adductus, equinus contracture, hammertoe deformity, and pes planus often coexist with hallux valgus. Nonoperative treatment involves patient education, shoe modifications, toe pads and positioning devices, and activity modifications. Surgery is considered in patients who fail nonoperative treatment with the goal of pain relief, correction of the deformity, improved first ray stability, and improved quality of life. More than 100 different procedures have been described to treat hallux valgus; they include combinations of soft tissue balancing, metatarsal osteotomies, and fusion of either the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) or tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint. The choice of procedures depends on the severity and location of the deformity as well as surgeon preference. Recent advances in operative techniques include minimally invasive surgery and correction of rotational deformity.
Ferroelectric Nanotubes (2003)

We report the independent invention of ferroelectric nanotubes from groups in several countries. Devices have been made with three different materials: lead zirconate-titanate PbZr1-xTixO3 (PZT); barium titanate BaTiO3; and strontium bismuth tantalate SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT). Several different deposition techniques have been used successfully, including misted CSD (chemical solution deposition) and pore wetting. Ferroelectric hysteresis and high optical nonlinearity have been demonstrated. The structures are analyzed via SEM, TEM, XRD, AFM (piezo-mode), and SHG. Applications to trenching in Si dynamic random access memories, ink-jet printers, and photonic devices are discussed. Ferroelectric filled pores as small as 20 nm in diameter have been studied.
Crystal-State Structure Analysis of β-Hydroxy-γ-lactam Constrained Ser/Thr Peptidomimetics (2010)

Crystallographic evidence has been obtained in support of the ability of β-hydroxy-α-amino-γ-lactams to induce β-turn conformations within peptides. Two dipeptide model systems of these β-hydroxylated variants of the so-called Freidinger-Veber lactams were prepared from the reaction of N-(Fmoc)oxiranylglycine 2 with methyl m-amino benzoate and methyl lysinate, respectively, and crystallized from benzene or ether. In the solid-state, the lactam moiety was found to adopt dihedral angle geometry similar to extended as well as type II β-turn conformations contingent on the C-terminal amino ester moiety. The β-hydroxy group of the trans-isomer was shown to point away from the turn suggesting its potential for interaction with receptors in conformationally rigid mimics of serine and threonine-containing peptides.
From spectral holeburning memory to spatial-spectral microwave signal processing (2014)

Many storage and processing systems based on spectral holeburning have been proposed that access the broad bandwidth and high dynamic range of spatial-spectral materials, but only recently have practical systems been developed that exceed the performance and functional capabilities of electronic devices. This paper reviews the history of the proposed applications of spectral holeburning and spatial-spectral materials, from frequency domain optical memory to microwave photonic signal processing systems. The recent results of a 20 GHz bandwidth high performance spectrum monitoring system with the additional capability of broadband direction finding demonstrates the potential for spatial-spectral systems to be the practical choice for solving demanding signal processing problems in the near future.
Truncated Thioredoxin Is a Mitogenic Cytokine for Resting Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Is Present in Human Plasma (2000)

Human thioredoxin (Trx) catalyzes intracellular disulfide reductions but has also co-cytokine activity with interleukins after leaderless secretion. A recombinant truncated form of thioredoxin with the 80 N-terminal residues (Trx80) was purified to homogeneity. We discovered that Trx80 by itself is a potent mitogenic cytokine stimulating growth of resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. No effect was seen by Trx, but Trx80 at 50-100 nm induced cell proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in serum-free synthetic medium, measured as [(3)H]thymidine incorporation after 72 h, with a maximum effect being comparable with that of 5 units/ml of interleukin-2. Trx80 lacked redox activity, but CD spectra suggested a secondary structure similar to Trx. Reduced Trx80 had an M(r) of 25,000, indicating that it is a dimer in solution. We also developed two different sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that distinguish between full-length Trx and Trx80 and determined plasma levels of Trx and Trx80 in blood donors. The levels of Trx80 varied from 2 to 175 ng/ml; in comparison levels of Trx varied from 16 to 55 ng/ml without correlation to Trx80. In conclusion, the naturally occurring Trx80 is a novel mitogenic cytokine for normal resting human blood mononuclear cells.
A dynamic-biased dual-loop-feedback CMOS LDO regulator with fast transient response (2014)

This paper presents a low-dropout regulator (LDO) for portable applications with dual-loop feedback and a dynamic bias circuit. The dual-loop feedback structure is adopted to reduce the output voltage spike and the response time of the LDO. The dynamic bias circuit enhances the slew rate at the gate of the power transistor. In addition, an adaptive miller compensation technique is employed, from which a single pole system is realized and over a 59° phase margin is achieved under the full range of the load current. The proposed LDO has been implemented in a 0.6-μm CMOS process. From the experimental results, the regulator can operate with a minimum dropout voltage of 200 mV at a maximum 300 mA load and IQ of 113 μA. The line regulation and load regulation are improved to 0.1 mV/V and 3.4 μV/mA due to the sufficient loop gain provided by the dual feedback loops. Under a full range load current step, the voltage spikes and the recovery time of the proposed LDO is reduced to 97 mV and 0.142 μs respectively.
Battery warm-up methodologies at subzero temperatures for automotive applications: Recent advances and perspectives (2019)

Electric vehicles play a crucial role in reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for more sustainable transportation. Lithium-ion batteries, as the most expensive but least understood component in electric vehicles, directly affect vehicular driving range, safety, comfort, and reliability. However, the overall performance of traction batteries deteriorates significantly at low temperatures due to the reduced electrochemical reaction rate and accelerated health degradation, such as lithium plating. Without timely and effective actions, this performance degradation causes operational difficulties and safety hazards for electric vehicles. Battery warm-up/preheating is of particular importance when operating electric vehicles in cold geographical regions. To this end, this paper reviews various battery preheating strategies, including external convective and conductive preheating, as well as the latest progress in internal heating solutions. The effects of low temperature on batteries from the perspectives of cell performance as well as materials properties are briefly summarized. Thermal science issues involved in warm-up are also elucidated. The framework of battery management systems (BTMS) at low temperatures, including the key design considerations at different battery integration levels and the overall classification of warm-up approaches into external and internal groups, are introduced in detail. Next, a comprehensive literature review on different warm-up strategies is presented, and the basic principles, advantages, disadvantages, and potential improvements of each strategy are elaborated. Finally, future trends of battery warm-up methods are discussed in terms of key technologies, promising opportunities, and challenges.
Current management and prognostic features for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) (2012)

Stromal or mesenchymal neoplasms affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract have undergone a remarkable evolution in how they are perceived, classified, approached, diagnosed and managed over the last 30 years. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) account for approximately 1% to 3% of all malignant GI tumors. The clinical features can vary depending on the anatomic location, size and aggressiveness of the tumor. Metastatic GIST represents a successful example of molecular targeted therapy. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical features and diagnostic modalities for GIST. We also describe treatment options for early stage, locally advanced and metastatic GIST. Indications for neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy along with duration of therapy are also explained. A brief discussion of latest biomarkers and updates from recent meetings is also provided.
Viral RNA and evolved mutational robustness (1999)

Many properties of organisms show great robustness against mutations. Whether this robustness is an evolved property or intrinsic to genetic systems is by and large unknown. An evolutionary origin of robustness would require a rethinking of key concepts in the field of molecular evolution, such as gene-specific neutral mutation rates, or the context-independence of deleterious mutations. We provide evidence that mutational robustness of the genome of RNA viruses to mutational changes in secondary structure has evolved. J. Exp. Zool.( Mol. Dev. Evol.) 285:119–127, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
RSFQ 1024-bit shift register for acquisition memory (1993)

Rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) 512-bit and 1024-bit shift registers have been demonstrated. These are the longest superconducting shift registers reported to date, employing 1045 and 2069 Josephson junctions, respectively. The circuit functionality has been confirmed with dc bias margins of +or-23% and +or-14% for the 512-bit and the 1024-bit shift registers, respectively. The 512-bit shift register has been tested to 20 GHz and 1024-bit register to 19 GHz using an external clock trigger with relative delay measurements at single and double SFQ clock frequencies. The shift registers with the same design have been used for successful implementation of the acquisition shift register (ASR) memory for the projected transient digitizer. These shift registers have the ability to acquire data at high speeds (gigahertz range), statically hold the acquired data, and then read-out the data into conventional room-temperature electronics at low speeds (megahertz range). A 32-bit ASR has been tested up to 18 GHz (the limit of our test setup), and a 1024-bit ASR-up to 16 GHz of acquisition rates, both at 33 MHz read-out frequency. Total power dissipation is about 1 mW for the 1024-bit circuit. The chips are fabricated using Hypres' Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb process with a junction critical current density of 1.0 kA/cm/sup 2/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Linking communication to innovation success in the financial services industry: a case study analysis (1999)

Reports the findings of an exploratory case study research on the contribution of internal and external communication to the commercial success of financial service innovations. An extensive case study research involving four innovation projects was conducted within a leading Belgian bank. The desk research and the 32 in‐depth interviews with senior managers and project leaders served as a platform for theory development. A propositional framework was developed that offers a contingency perspective regarding the role of communication during the different stages of the service innovation process. While many of the existing studies in the field have exclusively focused on external communication, the effectiveness of internal communication is a critical success factor. Furthermore, path dependency effects were created in the project life‐cycle of the financial service innovation projects. Finally, the findings suggest that the effectiveness of internal and external communication depends on the level of intangibility, heterogeneity, simultaneity and perishability of the new service offering.
Reversion of deregulated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human renal carcinoma cells by von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein. (1996)

Mutations or loss of both alleles of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene has been documented in sporadic renal cell carcinomas and neoplasms that arise in individuals having the VHL syndrome. The well-vascularized phenotype of tumors that form in VHL disease let us consider vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a mediator of tumor growth in VHL disease. Human renal carcinoma cells that either lacked endogenous wild-type VHL or were transfected with an inactive mutant VHL showed deregulated expression of VEGF on the mRNA and protein level that was reverted by introduction of wild-type VHL. Stimulation of proliferation of endothelial cells by conditioned medium of cells expressing mutant VHL was almost abolished by neutralizing the VEGF. In contrast, expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and of c-myc proto-oncogene was not affected by VHL. Our data suggest VEGF as the key tumor angiogenesis factor in VHL disease.
Somatostatin stimulates ductal bile absorption and inhibits ductal bile secretion in mice via SSTR2 on cholangiocytes (2003)

With an in vitro model using enclosed intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDUs) isolated from wild-type and somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype 2 knockout mice, we tested the effects of somatostatin, secretin, and a selective SSTR2 agonist (L-779976) on fluid movement across the bile duct epithelial cell layer. By RT-PCR, four of five known subtypes of SSTRs (SSTR1, SSTR2A/2B, SSTR3, and SSTR4, but not SSTR5) were detected in cholangiocytes in wild-type mice. In contrast, SSTR2A/2B were completely depleted in the SSTR2 knockout mice whereas SSTR1, SSTR3 and SSTR4 were expressed in these cholangiocytes. Somatostatin induced a decrease of luminal area of IBDUs isolated from wild-type mice, reflecting net fluid absorption; L-779976 also induced a comparable decrease of luminal area. No significant decrease of luminal area by either somatostatin or L-779976 was observed in IBDUs from SSTR2 knockout mice. Secretin, a choleretic hormone, induced a significant increase of luminal area of IBDUs of wild-type mice, reflecting net fluid secretion; somatostatin and L-779976 inhibited (P < 0.01) secretin-induced fluid secretion. The inhibitory effect of both somatostatin and L-779976 on secretin-induced IBDU secretion was absent in IBDUs of SSTR2 knockout mice. Somatostatin induced an increase of intracellular cGMP and inhibited secretin-stimulated cAMP synthesis in cholangiocytes; depletion of SSTR2 blocked these effects of somatostatin. These data suggest that somatostatin regulates ductal bile formation in mice not only by inhibition of ductal fluid secretion but also by stimulation of ductal fluid absorption via interacting with SSTR2 on cholangiocytes, a process involving the intracellular cAMP/cGMP second messengers.
Correction: Embryonic Stem Cells Markers SOX2, OCT4 and Nanog Expression and Their Correlations with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (2013)

Expression of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) markers (SOX2, OCT4, Nanog and Nestin) is crucial for progression of various human malignancies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and prognostic impact of these molecules in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. In the present study, we found that the expression levels of SOX2, OCT4 and Nanog were highly expressed in NPC compared with the non-tumorous tissues. Furthermore, these proteins correlated significantly with several clinicalpathological factors and epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated indicators (E-cadherin/N-cadherin and Snail). In multivariate analyses, high expression of OCT4 (P = 0.013) and Nanog (P = 0.040), but not that of SOX2, was associated with worse survival and had strongly independent prognostic effects. Of note, OCT4 and Nanog were more frequently located at the invasive front of tumors, and correlated significantly with various aggressive behaviors including T classification, N classification, M classification and clinical stage. Furthermore, patients with co-expression of OCT4 and Nanog in the invasive front had significantly worse survival (P = 0.005). Interestingly, at the invasive front, these molecules correlated significantly with Nestin expression in endothelial cells (P,0.001). These findings provide evidence that ESCs biomarkers OCT4 and Nanog serves as independent prognostic factors for NPC. Additionally, cancer cells in the invasive front of NPC acquiring ESCs-like features should be maintained by vascular niches.
Surface modification of PCL‐TCP scaffolds in rabbit calvaria defects: Evaluation of scaffold degradation profile, biomechanical properties and bone healing patterns (2009)

Traditionally, polycaprolactone (PCL) based scaffolds tend to degrade at a slow rate. Pretreatment of polycaprolactone-20% tricalcium phosphate (PCL-TCP) scaffolds under alkaline conditions can be utilized to increase the degradation rate and improve mechanical properties. Three groups of PCL-TCP scaffolds with varying pretreatment exposures with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were studied in a rabbit calvaria defect model and analyzed at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. (Group A: Untreated, Group B: 3 M NaOH/ 48 h and Group C: 3 M NaOH/96 h). Micro-CT analysis demonstrated that scaffolds with increased surface roughness (Groups B and C) showed a greater impact on the overall volume loss during the early healing period between 2 and 8 weeks as compared to the untreated group. In addition, greater bone formation was detected in NaOH treated scaffolds as compared to the untreated group throughout the experiment. Scaffolds with increased surface roughness generally reported higher push out test and compressive strength values from 4 to 8 weeks of early healing. Interestingly, the mechanical properties displayed a decline in values from 12 weeks onwards in the modified groups suggesting a favorable breakdown or weakening of PCL-TCP scaffolds tailored for replacement by new bone formation.
Human embryonic stem cell therapy for aplastic anemia (2017)

Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) therapy is the potential therapeutic option for the treatment of patients with aplastic anemia (AA). The study showed a remarkable improvement in the AA patient subsequent to hESC administration. No adverse events occurred in the patient. hESC therapy is safe and effective for AA patients.
Mycobacterium bovis infections in San Diego: a clinicoepidemiologic study of 73 patients and a historical review of a forgotten pathogen. (1993)

We have presented 73 patients (48 adults and 25 children) with microbiologically documented M. bovis infections identified over the 12-year period from 1980 through 1991. Epidemiologic investigation of these patients revealed that the majority (80%) were of Hispanic origin. The non-Hispanic patients either had traveled extensively outside the United States, were born in the United States during its endemic period or in other countries with endemic bovine tuberculosis, or were exposed to a close relative with a positive PPD and known exposure to M. bovis. For Hispanic patients, the presence of reactivation disease in adults and primary disease in children indicate that this mycobacterium remains endemic in Mexican beef and dairy herds, a position supported by United States monitoring of Mexican cattle transferred across the border. Our review of the historical and contemporary efforts to eradicate this animal and human pathogen from the livestock industry in the United States and abroad shows that the implementation of similar methods could be effective in Mexico. The detailed presentations of selected patients and summaries of the clinical manifestations in the remainder of our 73 patients reveal striking similarities to historical accounts and to more contemporary studies of reactivated disease in England. Although M. bovis infections are still expressed predominantly in extrapulmonary sites (cervical and mesenteric nodes, the peritoneum, and the GU tract), as many as 50% of adult patients will present only with pulmonary disease. Underlying immunosuppressive disorders were particularly prominent in adults with extrapulmonary disease. For example, HIV positive patients accounted for 12 of 48 adults and 1 adolescent patient in our series. Overall, M. bovis infections accounted for almost 3% of all tuberculous disease reported in San Diego County during the study period. The intrinsic resistance of M. bovis to PZA could threaten the response of patients with bovine tuberculosis to the short-course chemotherapeutic regimens now recommended by the CDC and the American Thoracic Society. We strongly recommend continued surveillance for this forgotten pathogen because the importation of Mexican cattle, the migration of Hispanic immigrants from border areas to the United States interior, and the persistence of extrapulmonary disease in immunocompetent and HIV-infected United States citizens assure its persistence in this country.
A compact low noise operational amplifier for a 1.2 μm digital CMOS technology (1995)

A compact low noise operational amplifier using lateral p-n-p bipolar transistors in the input stage has been fabricated in a standard 1.2 /spl mu/m digital n-well CMOS process. Like their n-p-n counterparts in p-well processes, these lateral p-n-p transistors exhibit low 1/f noise and good lateral /spl beta/. The fabricated op amp has an area of only 0.211 mm/sup 2/ with E/sub n/=3.2 nV//spl radic/(Hz), I/sub n/=0.73 pA//spl radic/(Hz), E/sub n/ and I/sub n/ 1/f noise corner frequencies less than 100 Hz, a -3 dB bandwidth greater than 10 MHz with a closed loop gain of 20.8 dB, a minimum PSRR (DC) of 68 dB, a CMRR (DC) of 100 dB, a minimum output slew rate of 39 V//spl mu/s, and a quiescent current of 2.1 mA at supply voltages of /spl plusmn/2.5 V. The operational amplifier drives a 1 k/spl Omega/ resistive load to 1 V peak-to-peak at 10 MHz and has been used as a versatile building block for mixed-signal IC designs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
From grapevine to trader: the evolution of distributed directory technology (1992)

Distributed directory is an essential component in a distributed processing environment that involves multiple systems connected via a LAN (local area network) and WAN (wide area network). This paper reviews the evolution of distributed directory technology from simple name-to-address mapping to sophisticated import request-to-export service mapping by examining four different kinds of directory systems: Grapevine, Global name service, ISO Directory, and Trader. The characteristics of these directory systems with respect to their directory functions are explained. The paper concludes with a discussion on the kind of directory functions most needed in a distributed processing environment.The positions expressed in this paper are solely the views of the author and are not a reflection of IBM Canada Ltd.'s position.