gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contact Reflectance Spectroscopy for Rapid, Accurate, and Nondestructive <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> Clonal Lineage Discrimination (2019)

Populations of <i>Phytophthora infestans</i>, the oomycete causal agent of potato late blight in the United States, are predominantly asexual, and isolates are characterized by clonal lineage or asexual descendants of a single genotype. Current tools for clonal lineage identification are time consuming and require laboratory equipment. We previously found that foliar spectroscopy can be used for high-accuracy pre- and postsymptomatic detection of <i>P. infestans</i> infections caused by clonal lineages US-08 and US-23. In this work, we found subtle but distinct differences in spectral responses of potato foliage infected by these clonal lineages in both growth-chamber time-course experiments (12- to 24-h intervals over 5 days) and naturally infected samples from commercial production fields. In both settings, we measured continuous visible to shortwave infrared reflectance (400 to 2,500 nm) on leaves using a portable spectrometer with contact probe. We consistently discriminated between infections caused by the two clonal lineages across all stages of disease progression using partial least squares (PLS) discriminant analysis, with total accuracies ranging from 88 to 98%. Three-class random forest differentiation between control, US-08, and US-23 yielded total discrimination accuracy ranging from 68 to 76%. Differences were greatest during presymptomatic infection stages and progressed toward uniformity as symptoms advanced. Using PLS-regression trait models, we found that total phenolics, sugar, and leaf mass per area were different between lineages. Shortwave infrared wavelengths (>1,100 nm) were important for clonal lineage differentiation. This work provides a foundation for future use of hyperspectral sensing as a nondestructive tool for pathovar differentiation.
Method of operating a fuel cell using sulfide fuel. [various oxidizers] (1975)

A fuel cell with all-liquid feed and effluent is made feasible through the use of fuels comprising a liquid source of sulfide ion. The fuel cell comprises anolyte and catholyte compartments, and anode and cathode electrodes. The compartments are separated by an ion-transfer or mechanically porous membrane or the like. Gas producing reactions are suppressed through competing liquid product reactions. (auth)
A highly manufacturable 110 nm DRAM technology with 8F/sup 2/ vertical transistor cell for 1Gb and beyond (2003)

This paper describes a 110 nm half-pitch DRAM technology utilizing an 8F/sup 2/ vertical transistor trench cell and optimized for ease of manufacturing and scaling. All four critical lithography steps are regular patterns in the array. High performance is provided through the use of tungsten word-lines, tungsten bit-lines, and the double-gated vertical array transistors. Area enhancement techniques in the trench capacitor allow the use of conventional dielectric materials into the 110 nm generation. A 512 Mb prototype chip has been fabricated using this technology.
Deletion of the H108R Gene Reduces Virulence of the Pandemic Eurasia Strain of African Swine Fever Virus with Surviving Animals Being Protected against Virulent Challenge (2022)

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of African swine fever (ASF), a devastating disease affecting domestic and wild swine and currently causing a global pandemic, severely affecting swine production. Here, we demonstrate that the deletion of the previously uncharacterized ASFV gene, H108R from the highly virulent ASFV-Georgia2007 (ASFV-G) genome strain, reduces virulence in domestic swine. ASFV-G-ΔH108R, a recombinant virus with the H108R gene deleted, was used to evaluate the involvement of the H108R gene for ASFV replication and virulence in swine. ASFV-G-ΔH108R showed a delayed replication in swine macrophage cultures. A group of five pigs, intramuscularly inoculated with 10<sup>2</sup> HAD<sub>50</sub> of ASFV-G-ΔH108R, was observed over a 28-day period and compared with a similar group of animals inoculated with similar doses of the parental virulent virus. While all animals inoculated with ASFV-G developed an acute fatal disease, ASFV-G-ΔH108R inoculated animals, with the exception of one animal showing a protracted but fatal form of the disease, all survived the infection, remaining clinically healthy during the observational period. The surviving animals presented protracted viremias with lower virus titers compared with those of animals inoculated with the parental virus, and all of them developed a strong virus-specific antibody response. Importantly, all animals surviving ASFV-G-ΔAH108R infection were protected when challenged with the virulent parental strain, ASFV-G. This report constitutes the first evidence that the H108R gene is involved in ASFV virulence in swine and that the deletion of this gene may be used as a tool to increase the attenuation of currently experimental vaccines to improve their safety profiles. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Currently, there is no commercial vaccine available to prevent ASF. ASFV-Georgia2007 (ASFV-G) and its field isolate derivatives are producing a large pandemic which is drastically affecting pork production in Eurasia. We present here the discovery of a novel virus determinant of virulence, the H108R gene, which, when deleted from the ASFV-G genome, significantly reduces virus virulence in domestic swine. Additionally, animals that survive the inoculation with a recombinant virus harboring a deletion of the H108R gene, ASFV-G-ΔH108R, are protected against a challenge with the virulent parental virus. Although presenting residual virulence, ASFV-G-ΔH108R confers protection even at low doses (10<sup>2</sup> HAD<sub>50</sub>), demonstrating its potential to be used as an additional gene deletion to increase the safety profile of the preexisting vaccine candidate.
High‐resolution <sup>1</sup>H‐MRSI of the brain using short‐TE SPICE (2016)

The proposed method can effectively remove nuisance signals and reconstruct high-resolution spatiospectral functions from sparse data to make short-TE SPICE possible. The method should prove useful for high-resolution <sup>1</sup> H-MRSI of the brain. Magn Reson Med 77:467-479, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Lipid‐suppressed single‐and multisection proton spectroscopic imaging of the human brain (1992)

Spectroscopic images of the brain have great potential in disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Unfortunately, interfering lipid signals from subcutaneous fat and poor water suppression due to magnetic field inhomogeneities can make such images difficult to obtain. A pulse sequence that uses inversion recovery for lipid suppression and a spectral-spatial refocusing pulse for water suppression is introduced. In contrast to methods that eliminate fat signal by restricting the excited volume to lie completely within the brain, inversion-recovery techniques allow imaging of an entire section without such restrictions. In addition, the spectral-spatial pulse was designed to provide water suppression insensitive to a reasonable range of B0 and B1 inhomogeneities. Several data processing algorithms have also been developed and used in conjunction with the new pulse sequence to produce metabolite maps covering large volumes of the human brain. Images from single- and multisection studies demonstrate the performance of these techniques.
3-(Piperazinylpropyl)indoles:  Selective, Orally Bioavailable h5-HT<sub>1D</sub>Receptor Agonists as Potential Antimigraine Agents (1999)

Clinically effective antimigraine drugs such as Sumatriptan have similar affinity at h5-HT1D and h5-HT1B receptors. In the search for a h5-HT1D-selective agonist as an antimigraine agent, a novel series of 3-(propylpiperazinyl)indoles have been synthesized and evaluated at h5-HT1D and h5-HT1B receptors. This class of compounds has provided subnanomolar, fully efficacious h5-HT1D agonists with up to 200-fold selectivity for the h5-HT1D receptor over the h5-HT1B receptor. Unlike other h5-HT1D-selective series, several propylpiperazines demonstrate good oral bioavailability. The optimum compound was 1-(3-[5-(1,2, 4-triazol-4-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]propyl)-4-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)p ipe razine (7f) which has excellent selectivity for h5-HT1D receptors over other 5-HT receptor subtypes and good oral bioavailability in three species. Compound 7f has been selected for further investigation as a potential development candidate in the treatment of migraine.
Development of modified siRNA molecules incorporating 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine residues to enhance cytotoxicity (2013)

Therapeutic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are composed of chemically modified nucleotides, which enhance RNA stability and increase affinity in Watson-Crick base pairing. However, the precise fate of such modified nucleotides once the siRNA is degraded within the cell is unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that deoxythymidine release from degraded siRNAs reversed the cytotoxicity of thymidylate synthase (TS)-targeted siRNAs and other TS inhibitor compounds. We hypothesized that siRNAs could be designed with specific nucleoside analogues that, once released, would enhance siRNA cytotoxicity. TS-targeted siRNAs were designed that contained 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU) moieties at various locations within the siRNA. After transfection, these siRNAs suppressed TS protein and messenger RNA expression with different efficiencies depending on the location of the FdU modification. FdU was rapidly released from the siRNA as evidenced by formation of the covalent inhibitory ternary complex formed between TS protein and the FdU metabolite, FdUMP. These modified siRNAs exhibited 10-100-fold greater cytotoxicity and induced multiple DNA damage repair and apoptotic pathways when compared with control siRNAs. The strategy of designing siRNA molecules that incorporate cytotoxic nucleosides represents a potentially novel drug development approach for the treatment of cancer and other human diseases.
Factors Controlling the Stability of O3− and P2-Type Layered MnO[sub 2] Structures and Spinel Transition Tendency in Li Secondary Batteries (2000)

Cathode properties of two layered manganese dioxides (AxMnO2+·yH2O, where A is the pillaring alkali cations) having different crystal structures were compared in 3 V Li secondary batteries. The materials were prepared from the mixture of KNO3, LiOH, and MnO at 800 and 1050°C, respectively. The 800°C-prepared MnO2 has a trigonal Rm space group with an O3-type oxide-packing pattern, whereas the 1050°C material has an orthorhombic Cmcm symmetry with a P2-type oxide-packing pattern. The gallery space where the pillaring cations and water molecules reside is wider in the case of the 800°C material. Due to the higher mobility of pillaring cations in the 800°C material and similarity in the oxide-packing pattern (O3-type) to the spinel phases, the pillaring cations are easily leached out during cell cycling, which ultimately leads to a lattice collapse and structural transition to the spinel-related phases. By contrast, as the 1050°C material has rather immobile pillaring cations and its oxide-packing pattern (P2-type) is far different from that of the spinel phases, this cathode shows better cycling performance, with its structural integrity being well maintained.
Compensation of nonlinear phase shifts with third-order dispersion: fiber stretchers can out-perform grating stretchers in short-pulse fiber amplifiers (2005)

We show that nonlinear phase shifts and third-order dispersion can compensate each other in short-pulse fiber amplifiers. In particular, we consider chirped-pulse fiber amplifiers at wavelengths for which the fiber dispersion is normal. The nonlinear phase shift accumulated in the amplifier can be compensated by the third-order dispersion of the combination of a fiber stretcher and grating compressor. A numerical model is used to predict the compensation, and initial experimental results that exhibit the main features of the calculations are presented. In the presence of third-order dispersion, an optimal nonlinear phase shift reduces the pulse duration, and enhances the peak power and pulse contrast compared to the pulse produced in linear propagation. Contrary to common belief, fiber stretchers can perform as well or better than grating stretchers in fiber amplifiers, while offering the major practical advantages of a waveguide medium. The relative benefits of a fiber stretcher increase with increasing pulse energy, so the results presented here will be relevant to fiber amplifiers designed for the highest pulse energies.
Generation and application of TGFβ-educated human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells (2022)

Clinical trials that tested the antitumor activity of γδ T cells have been mostly unsuccessful. To address this, we expanded human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in TGFβ1, a cytokine which enhances their viability, trafficking properties, and intrinsic antitumor activity. This protocol summarizes the production and in vitro functional characterization of TGFβ1 educated human Vγ9Vδ2 cells and highlights their compatibility with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering. We also describe in vivo testing of the antitumor activity of these CAR T cells in mice. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Beatson et al. (2021).
Synthesis and Properties of Polymers Containing 2<i>H</i>-Benzimidazol-2-one Moieties: Polymerization via N–C Coupling Reactions (2011)

Novel homopolymers and copolymers containing 2<i>H</i>-benzimidazol-2-one units have been synthesized by N-C coupling reactions of 1<i>H</i>-benzo[<i>d</i>]imidazol-2(3<i>H</i>)-one and activated aromatic dihalides under conditions similar to those for the synthesis of poly(aryl ether)s and poly(benzimidazole sulfone)s. 1<i>H</i>-Benzo[<i>d</i>]imidazol-2(3<i>H</i>)-one behaved like a bisphenol in the polymerization reaction to afford, quantitatively, high molecular weight linear polymers with inherent viscosities (η<sub>inh</sub>) ranging from 0.57 to 1.31 dL/g. The polymers were soluble in various organic solvents, and transparent, flexible, and creasable films were cast from its dichloromethane-solution. The homopolymer had a remarkably high glass transition temperature (<i>T</i><sub>g</sub> 348 °C) and good thermal stability. Only 30 mol % (8.9 wt %) of the 2<i>H</i>-benzimidazol-2-one unit for the copolymer with 4,4'-biphenol was required to raise the <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> of commercial poly(aryl ether), Radel R-5000 from 220 to 269 °C.
An NF-κB-Dependent Survival Pathway Protects against Cell Death Induced by TVB Receptors for Avian Leukosis Viruses (2002)

TVB receptors are death receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family and serve as cellular receptors for cytopathic subgroups B and D and noncytopathic subgroup E of the avian leukosis viruses (ALVs). Although TVB is essential for ALV-B-mediated cell death, binding of the ALV-B envelope protein to its cognate receptor TVB activates cell death only in the presence of protein biosynthesis inhibitors, which presumably block the expression of protective factors. In the case of TNFR-1, the main antiapoptotic pathway depends upon nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B)-activated survival factors. Here we show that overexpression of TVB receptors in human 293 cells activates NF-kappa B via a mechanism involving the cytoplasmic death domains of these receptors. NF-kappa B is also activated upon binding of a soluble ALV-B or ALV-E surface envelope-immunoglobulin fusion protein to the cognate TVB receptors and by ALV-B infection of a chicken embryo fibroblast cell line (DF1). Importantly, the cycloheximide requirement for TVB-dependent cell death was overcome by the expression of a transdominant form of I kappa B-alpha, and downregulation of NF-kappa B by the immunomodulator pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate enhanced the cytopathogenicity of ALV-B. These results demonstrate that TVB receptors trigger NF-kappa B-dependent gene expression and that NF-kappa B-regulated survival factors can protect against virus-induced cell death.
Triggering passively Q-switched microlasers (2005)

We demonstrate triggered operation of a passively Q-switched microlaser at 266nm. For repetition rates between 10Hz and 1kHz, the output performances (mainly pulse energy and build-up time) exhibit remarkably small variations.
Absorber processing issues in high-efficiency, thin-film Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based solar cells (1996)

Three approaches to thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber fabrication are considered. They are generically described in terms of the sequential or concurrent nature of source material delivery, selenium delivery, and compound formation. A two‐stage evaporation process successfully produced the absorber component of a world‐record, 17.1% efficient solar cell. Alternative approaches that reduce the requirements for high substrate temperatures are considered. The relationship between absorber process parameters, band gap profile, and device performance are examined. Engineering the [Ga]/([Ga]+[In]) profile in the absorber has led to the reported advances.
Lesion-Based Bone Metastasis Detection in Chest Bone Scintigraphy Images of Prostate Cancer Patients Using Pre-Train, Negative Mining, and Deep Learning (2021)

This study aimed to explore efficient ways to diagnose bone metastasis early using bone scintigraphy images through negative mining, pre-training, the convolutional neural network, and deep learning. We studied 205 prostate cancer patients and 371 breast cancer patients and used bone scintigraphy data from breast cancer patients to pre-train a YOLO v4 with a false-positive reduction strategy. With the pre-trained model, transferred learning was applied to prostate cancer patients to build a model to detect and identify metastasis locations using bone scintigraphy. Ten-fold cross validation was conducted. The mean sensitivity and precision rates for bone metastasis location detection and classification (lesion-based) in the chests of prostate patients were 0.72 ± 0.04 and 0.90 ± 0.04, respectively. The mean sensitivity and specificity rates for bone metastasis classification (patient-based) in the chests of prostate patients were 0.94 ± 0.09 and 0.92 ± 0.09, respectively. The developed system has the potential to provide pre-diagnostic reports to aid in physicians' final decisions.
Zn<sup>2+</sup> Binding‐Enabled Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer: A Step toward New Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Imaging Applications (2012)

In order to facilitate the in vivo study of zinc-related biology, it is essential to develop a zinc-selective sensor that exhibits both near-infrared (NIR) emission and larger Stokes shift. A fluorescent sensor, Zinhbo-5, has been constructed by using bis(benzoxazole) ligand with 2, 2'-dipicolylamine (DPA) as metal ion receptor. In aqueous solution, Zinhbo-5 exhibits high sensitivity (K(d) = 2.58 nM(2) ) and selectivity for Zn(2+) cation, revealing about 14-fold fluorescence enhancement upon zinc binding to give green emission. Remarkably, Zn(2+) binding to Zinhbo-5 switches on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), producing the desirable near-infrared region (over 710 nm) with large Stokes shift (ca. 240 nm). The new probe is demonstrated to be useful for in vivo imaging of the intracellular Zn(2+) ion. The Zinhbo-5 is also useful for detecting zinc ion distribution during the development of living zebrafish embryos.
Very high growth rate chemical vapor deposition of single-crystal diamond (2002)

Diamond possesses extraordinary material properties, a result that has given rise to a broad range of scientific and technological applications. This study reports the successful production of high-quality single-crystal diamond with microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) techniques. The diamond single crystals have smooth, transparent surfaces and other characteristics identical to that of high-pressure, high-temperature synthetic diamond. In addition, the crystals can be produced at growth rates from 50 to 150 μm/h, which is up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than standard processes for making polycrystalline MPCVD diamond. This high-quality single-crystal MPCVD diamond may find numerous applications in electronic devices as high-strength windows and in a new generation of high-pressure instruments requiring large single-crystal anvils.
Uncooled monolithic ferroelectric IRFPA technology (1998)

Once relegated to expensive military platforms, occasionally to civilian platforms, and envisioned for individual soldiers, uncooled thermal imaging affords cost-effective solutions for police cars, commercial surveillance, driving aids, and a variety of other industrial and consumer applications. System prices are continuing to drop, and swelling production volume will soon drive prices substantially lower. The impetus for further development is to improve performance. Hybrid barium strontium titanate (BST) detectors currently in production are relatively inexpensive, but have limited potential for improved performance. The MTF at high frequencies is limited by thermal conduction through the optical coating. Microbolometer arrays in development at Raytheon have recently demonstrated performance superior to hybrid detectors. However, microbolometer technology lacks a mature, low-cost system technology and an abundance of upgradable, deployable system implementations. Thin-film ferroelectric (TFFE) detectors have all the performance potential of microbolometers. They are also compatible with numerous fielded and planned system implementations. Like the resistive microbolometer, the TFFE detector is monolithic; i.e., the detector material is deposited directly on the readout IC rather than being bump bonded to it. Imaging arrays of 240 X 320 pixels have been produced, demonstrating the feasibility of the technology.
Fiber-optic ellipsoidal flextensional hydrophones (1989)

Calculations of circumferential strain, polar and equatorial displacement, lowest natural frequency, buckling pressure, and optical pressure sensitivity for an oblate-spheroidal-shell fiber optic hydrophone are presented using the theory for thin shells. Sample designs based on these calculations are compared to other fiber-optic hydrophone designs of similar dimensions and materials. A prolate-spheroidal-shell hydrophone design is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Precisely Tunable Photonic Crystals From Rapidly Self‐Assembling Brush Block Copolymer Blends (2012)

Farbenfroh: Durch ihre eingeschränkte Fähigkeit zur Kettenverflechtung können sich Bürstenblockcopolymere mit hohem Molgewicht schnell zu photonischen Kristallen selbstorganisieren. Durch Mischen zweier Polymere mit unterschiedlichem Molgewicht kann die Größe der Polymerdomänen gezielt moduliert werden.
Magnetic thermometry in the aseptic processing of foods containing particulates (abstract) (1997)

Aseptic processing of foods has many advantages over canning, including higher efficiency, lighter packaging, better taste, and higher nutritional value. Aseptic processing is different from canning where the food and container are sterilized together. Instead, a thin stream of food is heated and the packaging is independently sterilized before the food is placed in the package. However, no aseptic processes have been successfully filed with the FDA for foods containing sizable solid particles because of uncertainties in the thermal sterilization of the particles (e.g., soup). We have demonstrated that by inserting small paramagnetic particles in the interior of the simulated and real food particles, the local temperature can be measured. With this information, any questions about the adequate sterilization of the particles can be resolved. The measurements were done by directing the food stream through a magnetic field and sensing the voltages induced in a pickup coil by the motion of the magnetized particles. Details of the equipment design and data analysis will be discussed along with an introduction to the aseptic processing of foods.