gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the Camshaft with Surface Remelted Chilled Layer (1986)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A camshaft for an automobile engine is generally made of chilled cast iron. But, because of increased demand for higher performance engines, a camshaft with many camshaft has been expected. The cam intervals were necessarily narrow. So it was difficult to manufacture the conventional chilled cast iron camshaft at a moderate price. In the case of a rocker-arm type valve mechanism, higher wear resistance was necessary.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">After due consideration to solve these problems, development of surface remelted chilled layer camshafts by Toyota's unique manufacturing method has been accomplished.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In 1984 Toyota Motor Corporation started the mass-production of this camshaft, first for the new 1.0 liter 1E engine, and then for the 1.3 liter 2E engine.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In this paper, the excellent wear resistance, the low manufacturing cost and the characteristic manufacturing method are described.</div>
Real-time monitoring of DNA hybridization and melting processes using a fiber optic sensor (2012)

In this paper a fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (FO-SPR) sensor was used to analyze the melting process of DNA linked to silica nanoparticles. Real-time monitoring of a DNA melting process has rarely been studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), since most commercial SPR setups do not allow for dynamic and accurate temperature control above 50 °C. The FO-SPR sensor platform, with silica nanobead signal amplification, allows sensing inside a standard PCR thermocycler, which makes high resolution DNA melting curve analysis possible. This innovative combination was used to characterize the hybridization and melting events between DNA immobilized on the sensor surface and DNA probes on silica nanoparticles. At optimized hybridization conditions complementary DNA strands of different lengths could be distinguished. While the real-time FO-SPR analysis of DNA hybridization did not result in significant variances, the analysis of DNA melting determined the exact length of overlap and the matching Gibbs energy.
Inhibition of ATP-gated P2X3 channels by AF-219: An effective anti-tussive mechanism in chronic cough (2013)

Background

Pre-clinical studies suggest that P2X3 receptors are expressed by airway vagal afferents and contribute to the hyperexcitability of sensory neurons. We hypothesized that P2X3 receptors play a role in the sensitisation of vagal pathways mediating the cough reflex leading to chronic cough (CC).

Objective

To investigate the efficacy of a first in class oral P2X3 antagonist, AF-219, in reducing daytime cough in idiopathic/treatment-resistant CC.

Methods

24 subjects (19 women, mean age 54.5 years) were randomised into a double blind, placebo-controlled, 2-period, crossover study, of AF-219, 600 mg bd. Cough was assessed at baseline and after 2 weeks of treatment; primary endpoint, daytime objective cough frequency (coughs/hr) (VitaloJAK™); secondary endpoints, cough severity and urge to cough visual analogue scales (VAS), cough quality of life questionnaire (CQLQ).

Results

AF-219 markedly and significantly reduced cough (mean difference vs. placebo): daytime cough rate -75% (95%CI -50 to -88), p< 0.001 (Figure 1); daytime cough severity VAS -26mm (-10 to -42), p=0.003; urge to cough VAS -21mm (-2 to -41), p=0.035; and CQLQ -9.2 (-1.7 to -16.8), p=0.018. There were no significant period or carryover effects.

![Figure][1] 



Conclusion

P2X3 receptors appear to play a key role in mediating cough neuronal hypersensitivity and their antagonists represent a promising new class of effective anti-tussives.

 [1]: pending:yes
Cooling Energy Reduction During Dynamically Controlled Data Center Operation (2013)

Data Center power usage has been growing rapidly as new internet applications are developed, requiring computing resources such as high-density cloud computing server farms. All of the electricity consumed by data centers is ultimately turned into heat. This heat is removed using fans, pumps, chillers and air conditioning equipment, which comprise roughly a quarter of the total data center power consumption. As part of a US Department of Energy cost shared grant, a data center test facility was designed and constructed with the goal to demonstrate the potential to reduce cooling energy use to less than 5% of the total IT and facilities energy usage by utilizing liquid cooling of the electronics rack. The system was characterized to develop temperature-based energy-aware servo control algorithms for further cooling energy reductions. These algorithms were implemented to dynamically reduce the data center cooling power consumption while controlling to a specified temperature under varying outdoor temperature and workload conditions. This work illustrates the energy-centric controls that were implemented to achieve dynamic system control in the most energy efficient manner.
The Pharmacology of Aminoadamantane Nitrates (2006)

Memantine, an aminodamantane, has recently been approved to treat moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease in the US after over 20 years on the market in Europe for treatment of Parkinson's disease. The unique properties of Memantine allow for its selective inhibition of abnormally active NMDA receptor channels while preserving normal glutamate activity and healthy neuronal function. Recently, it has been shown that compounds such as nitroglycerin, used for years for ischemic coronary disease, can also regulate the NMDA receptor channel. Novel compounds have been synthesized in an attempt to combine these activities, in an attempt to synergistically improve upon the activities of both nitrates and aminoadamantanes. We have subjected these compounds to several laboratory tests to compare their ability to affect the function of the NMDA receptor and to dilate blood vessels. These tests provide an initial indication of which of the compounds may have enhanced activity relative to memantine. The results also provide guidance for the synthesis of additional compounds that are likely to have the properties that are being sought.
An overview of Boeing flywheel energy storage systems with high-temperature superconducting bearings (2010)

An overview summary of recent Boeing work on high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bearings is presented. A design is presented for a small flywheel energy storage system that is deployable in a field installation. The flywheel is suspended by a HTS bearing whose stator is conduction cooled by connection to a cryocooler. At full speed, the flywheel has 5 kW h of kinetic energy, and it can deliver 3 kW of three-phase 208 V power to an electrical load. The entire system, which includes a containment structure, is compatible with transportation by forklift or crane. Laboratory measurements of the bearing loss are combined with the parasitic loads to estimate the efficiency of the system. Improvements in structural composites are expected to enable the operation of flywheels with very high rim velocities. Small versions of such flywheels will be capable of very high rotational rates and will likely require the low loss inherent in HTS bearings to achieve these speeds. We present results of experiments with small-diameter rotors that use HTS bearings for levitation and rotate in vacuum at kHz rates. Bearing losses are presented as a function of rotor speed.
Recovering 3D tumor locations from 2D bioluminescence images and registration with CT images (2006)

In this paper, we introduce a novel and efficient algorithm for reconstructing the 3D locations of tumor sites from a set of 2D bioluminescence images which are taken by a same camera but after continually rotating the object by a small angle. Our approach requires a much simpler set up than those using multiple cameras, and the algorithmic steps in our framework are efficient and robust enough to facilitate its use in analyzing the repeated imaging of a same animal transplanted with gene marked cells. In order to visualize in 3D the structure of the tumor, we also co-register the BLI-reconstructed crude structure with detailed anatomical structure extracted from high-resolution microCT on a single platform. We present our method using both phantom studies and real studies on small animals.
MobileNAT (2003)

We propose a new network layer mobility architecture called MobileNAT to efficiently support micro and macro-mobility in and across heterogeneous address spaces common in emerging public networks. The key ideas in this architecture are as follows: (1) Use of two IP addresses -- an invariant virtual IP address for host identification at the application layer and an actual routable address at the network layer that changes due to mobility. Since physical address has routing significance only within a domain, it can be a private address and therefore, does not deplete the public IP address resource. (2) New DHCP enhancements to distribute the two addresses. (3) A new signaling element called Mobility Manager (MM) that uses Middlebox Communication (MIDCOM) framework to signal the changes in packet processing rules to the Network Address Translators (NATs) in the event of node mobility. Our proposal does not require any modifications to the access networks and can seamlessly co-exist with the existing Mobile IP mechanisms and therefore, can be used to provide seamless mobility across heterogeneous wireline and wireless networks. We report implementation details of a subset of our ideas in a testbed with Windows XP clients and Linux based NATs.
High Pressure Integral Foam Moulding of Aluminium – Process Technology (2008)

The process technology for the production of net-shaped aluminium parts, which contain a foamed core surrounded by an integral solid skin, is presented. The process – an adaptation of processes used for the production of polymer integral foam parts – is realised on a pressure die-casting machine. The necessary changes in the sequence control of the pressure die-casting machine and the mould design are presented. The influence of different blowing agents and processing times on the foam structure are discussed.
Controlled-release Vaginal Ring drug-delivery Systems: a Key Strategy for the Development of Effective HIV Microbicides (2010)

Vaginal rings may offer an effective system for the controlled delivery of microbicides to prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV. Candidate vaginal ring microbicide products are now in clinical trials.
Structure and function of JAM proteins (2007)

The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large class of proteins that includes the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family of proteins. The current nomenclature for JAM members designates the first three described JAM proteins as JAM-A, JAM-B, JAM-C. Two other related proteins have been reported that have not been included in the standard nomenclature and are termed JAM-4 and JAM-L (AMICA). In earlier studies, numerical designations were used to define JAM proteins according to the timing of initial characterizations. However, this early nomenclature led to confusion in terminology for JAM-B and C due to the timing in which human and murine JAM-B and JAM-C were reported. To avoid confusion, this review uses current nomenclature exclusively, as proposed originally by Müller, regardless of the designation given in the original reports [].
Polyaniline Nanofibers:  Facile Synthesis and Chemical Sensors (2002)

Polyaniline nanofibers with uniform diameters between 30 and 50 nm can be made in bulk quantities through a facile aqueous/organic interfacial polymerization method at ambient conditions. The nanofibers have lengths varying from 500 nm to several micrometers and form interconnected networks. Thin films made of the nanofibers have superior performance in both sensitivity and time response to vapors of acid (HCl) and base (NH3).
Genetic algorithm plays a role in municipal water systems (2006)

Tap water has been taken for granted as a daily resource for many people, but it may not be well known that genetic algorithm optimization has been playing an important role in managing and operating municipal drinking water systems by means of hydraulic and water quality models. Computer models have been built for analyzing water distribution systems since the mid-1960s. The models have become important tools for engineers to simulate various system scenarios. More recently, water quality models have been a critical means for conducting distribution system evaluation studies in order for water companies to comply with USA EPA's latest water quality regulations. However, before hydraulic and water quality models can be used for analysis and operational study of a real system, a model must be able to accurately predict what happens in a real system. The accuracy of modeling results is dependent on a set of model parameters that must be optimized for each water system. Parameter optimization is often referred to as model calibration, that is to minimize the difference between the simulated values and the field observed values. Model calibration is a vitally important process, but a time consuming task.
Exception Criteria in Vertical Track Deflection and Modulus (2007)

The network constraints of freight railroad traffic are moving the industry to heavier tonnage trains, higher axle loads and increased velocity. The dynamics of heavier axle loads and speed produce high stresses in the track infrastructure. Track integrity is strongly related to the vertical track modulus — the relationship between the rail deflection and the vertical applied load. Both low track modulus and large variations in track modulus increase dynamic loading leading to increased maintenance requirements and reduced structural integrity. Currently, there is no widely accepted method to measure vertical track deflection and modulus from a rail car traveling at speed and no criteria exist to relate variations in modulus to the track integrity. This paper presents a method to measure vertical track deflection from a moving rail car. These deflection measurements can then be used to estimate track modulus. Exception criteria are then proposed that can be used to evaluate track quality and prioritize maintenance. Revenue service test results are presented for approximately 350 miles of the Union Pacific Railroad’s heavy-haul axle freight line on the South Morrill and Powder River sub-divisions. Finally, the method is compared to other measurements of ride quality including Vehicle Track Interaction (VTI) measurements on the same sections of track.
Coherent demodulation of AIS-GMSK signals in co-channel interference (2011)

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation is used by GSM phone networks, the maritime Automatic Identification System (AIS) and other communication systems. These systems are designed to handle large numbers of users by time and frequency management. However, when the system is heavily loaded, the signals may interfere with each other, resulting in co-channel interference. We demonstrate accurate and effective methods to blindly estimate and track GMSK signal parameters needed for signal demodulation, including carrier frequency, carrier phase, baud rate, baud center and modulation index. We further demonstrate the use of these parameters in the demodulation of the signal even in severe noise and co-channel interference.
Strained-Si, Relaxed-Ge or Strained-(Si)Ge for Future Nanoscale p-MOSFETs? (2006)

For the first time, the tradeoffs between drive current (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on </sub> ), intrinsic delay (τ), band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) leakage and short channel effects (SCE) have been systematically compared in futuristic high mobility channel materials, like strained-Si (0-100%), strained-SiGe (0-100%) and relaxed-Ge. The optimal channel materials and device structures for nanoscale p-MOSFETs are discussed through detailed BTBT (including band structure and quantum effects), full-band Monte-Carlo, 1-D Poisson-Schrodinger simulations and experiments on ultra-thin (<10nm) SOI FETs
Combined effect of geomagnetic field and gravity on the formation of crystals (1997)

It has been observed that, in the 1988 Shuttle Discovery experiments, crystals grew uniformly throughout the solution and also uniformly on a membrane in the experimental chamber. This was very different from those grown in laboratories on Earth, where the crystals grew only on the vertical membrane and then only at the bottom half of the membrane [Scaife et al., 1990]. We propose that the combined effect of gravity ( ' and geomagnetic field ( ', in the form of drifts of ions, controls the growth of crystals in aqueous solutions. Based on this theory, the observed distinct difference between space‐grown crystals and those grown in laboratories on Earth can be reasonably explained. We have conducted concept‐proof experiments on crystal growth under gravity and different magnetic fields in the laboratory. Our experimental results have confirmed the effect, and showed that the uniformity of crystal growth as well as the size and yield of grown crystals can indeed be controlled by the combined effect of gravity and magnetic field. This work is conducive to the understanding of formation of crystals in nature. Moreover, it may be based on to develop a practical technique for industrial growth of crystals.
Expression Library Immunization Confers Protection against <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> Infection (2005)

Currently, paratuberculosis vaccines are comprised of crude whole-cell preparations of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Although effective in reducing clinical disease and fecal shedding, these vaccines have severe disadvantages as well, including seroconversion of vaccinated animals and granulomatous lesions at the site of vaccination. DNA vaccines can offer an alternative approach that may be safer and elicit more protective responses. In an effort to identify protective M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis sequences, a genomic DNA expression library was generated and subdivided into pools of clones (approximately 1,500 clones/pool). The clone pools were evaluated to determine DNA vaccine efficacy by immunizing mice via gene gun delivery and challenging them with live, virulent M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Four clone pools resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis recovered from mouse tissues compared to mice immunized with other clone pools and nonvaccinated, infected control mice. One of the protective clone pools was further partitioned into 10 clone arrays of 108 clones each, and four clone arrays provided significant protection from both spleen and mesenteric lymph node colonization by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The nucleotide sequence of each clone present in the protective pools was determined, and coding region functions were predicted by computer analysis. Comparison of the protective clone array sequences implicated 26 antigens that may be responsible for protection in mice. This study is the first study to demonstrate protection against M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection with expression library immunization.
Diesel engine evaluation of a nonionic sunflower oil‐aqueous ethanol microemulsion (1984)

Abstract A nonionic sunflower oil‐aqueous ethanol microemulsion was formulated, characterized and evaluated as a fuel in a direct injection, turbocharged, intercooled, 4‐cylinder Allis‐Chalmers diesel engine during a 200 hr EMA cycle laboratory screening endurance test. Differences in engine operation between a baseline Phillips 2D reference fuel and the experimental fuel were observed. The major problem experienced while operating with the microemulsion was an incomplete combustion process at low‐load engine operation. Significant lubricating oil dilution was observed initially, followed by an abnormal increase in the viscosity of the lubricative oil. Heavier carbon residue on the piston lands, in the piston ring grooves and in the intake ports was noted. In addition, premature injection‐nozzle deterioration (sticking of the needle) was experienced. At present, the sunflower oil‐aqueous ethanol microemulsion studied cannot be recommended for long‐term use in a direct‐injection diesel engine, but further modifications in formulation may produce acceptable sunflower oil microemulsions as alternative diesel fuels.
Integrated Sensing of Camber, Aerodynamic Load, and Vortex Structures over Membrane Wings (2023)

Due to the compliant nature of extensible membrane wings, there exists a close relationship between the membrane wing camber and the aerodynamic load. Additionally, the membrane dynamics are often linked to unsteady large-scale flow structures, such as shear layer location or leading-edge vortex shedding. Real-time measurements of the membrane shape, including both mean camber and the frequency content of vibration, provide significant information on the surrounding flowfield. In this work, one method of integrated camber sensing is demonstrated, and the relationships to aerodynamic load and flowfield are shown. Camber is estimated via the capacitance of a dielectric elastomer membrane wing. The relationship between capacitance and camber is defined geometrically. The mean aerodynamic load is shown to be well-captured by applying a simple aeroelastic analysis to the measured camber. Finally, time-resolved membrane kinematics and flowfield measurements are used to illustrate the ties between the dynamic membrane vibration, as measured by capacitance, and the behavior of the shear layer above the wing. Ultimately, this work is a step toward an integrated, closed-loop control method for membrane wings.
The synthesis of metamaterial ferrites for RF applications using electromagnetic bandgap structures (2004)

It has been well known for many years that the desirable properties of conventional ferrite materials are seriously degraded for frequencies above 1 GHz. The paper demonstrates that electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures may be interpreted as an equivalent PEC-backed slab of magnetic material with a frequency dependent permeability. A design methodology is presented for realizing a metaferrite material using a GA optimization procedure. A standard HZ-FSS (high-impedance frequency selective surface) structure is shown to be equivalent to a thin PEC-backed slab of magnetic material with a frequency dependent permeability. By optimizing the surface impedance of the HZ-FSS, it is possible to synthesize a metaferrite with nearly any desired real and imaginary values of permeability. Finally, this design procedure allows for a low-loss negative permeability metaferrite to be realized, with potential application to the design of left-handed or double negative media.
Reduced Thermal Variation of Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Magnetically Stiffened Dual-W Composite Storage Layer for Spin-Transfer-Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory (2019)

This article reports a type of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with an expanded middle layer, for spin-transfer-torque magnetic random-access memory (STT-MRAM). This data-storage layer of the form Fe-Co-B/W/Co/W/Fe-Co-B sandwiches a ferromagnet with high exchange stiffness between two tungsten films, and thus is much less sensitive to temperature than that in a conventional MTJ. Such a storage layer is promising for spintronic memory that must operate across a wide range of temperatures, as in automobile applications.