gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells via Fast Interfacial Oxygen Crossover (2019)

While there have been significant breakthroughs in new functional cathodes facilitating the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs), sluggish oxygen charge transfer across the cathode/electrolyte heterogeneous interface also hinders overall performance. To promote oxygen ion exchange at the interface, a thin layer of cerium oxide decorated by an amorphous cobalt oxide overcoating was introduced to function as a fast oxygen ion transport pathway at the interface. The peak power density (PPD) of the modified cell achieved 767 mW/cm2 at a low operation temperature of 550 °C, which is almost 3 times the power output of the unmodified cell. Oxygen isotope exchange confirmed that the oxygen reduction active cobalt oxide nanolayer drastically reduced the energy barrier for oxygen transport across the solid–solid interface. Such interface modification successfully demonstrates an effective route to enable fast ORR and oxygen transport across the cathode/electrolyte interface at low temperature.
Marginal Power Loss Extraction Method for Future High Output Power Density Converter (2006)

Novel exact MOSFET switching loss analysis and formulation methods have been proposed for designing high output power density converters. To analyze influences of circuit stray parameters on MOSFET switching loss with experiments, a parameter adjustable circuit board has been fabricated. The circuit board has a function to vary circuit stray inductance and capacitance values like a circuit simulator. Correlations between MOSFET switching loss energies and circuit stray parameters are successfully analyzed with the circuit board. Based on the analysis results, switching loss energies are formulated with empirical equations to establish a exact power loss calculation tool for the converter design. Switching loss energies caused by semiconductor device parameters are modeled by a capacitance charge/discharge model. The procedure to formulate the switching loss energies with empirical equations is presented. Switching loss energies calculated with empirical equations are verified with measurements, and high accuracy of more than 95% has been achieved.
Electrical conductive AsF<sub>5</sub>-complexes of poly (2, 5-Thiophenediyl) (1982)

Abstract Poly (2,5-thiophenediyl) (2) reacts with AsF5 in a gas phase reaction yielding Poly (2,5-thiophenediyl) complexes with cationic centers and AsF6 counterions (1). Polymeric complexes of the same structure are formed by gas phase reactions of AsF5 with thiophene (3) and 2,2-bithienyl (4) via an oxidative poly-condenzation reaction. Treatment of the polymeric complexes 1 with aqueous ammonia yields 2. These complexes are stable materials due to the strong electron donating property of the thiophene system. They may be handled without any special precaution. They have electrical conductivities as high as 0.02 Ω−1 cm−1 (activation energy: E = 0.04eV). A possible mechanism for the formation of the polymeric complexes 1 is proposed according to the KOVACIC polycondenzation reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons.
THE DEHYDRATION OF ETHANOL BY EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION (1992)

Abstract Ethanol dehydration has been accomplished by azeotropic distillation, reverse osmosis and silica get adsorption. This paper describes the use of extractive distillation as another alternative. Effective extractive agents presented include certain benzoates, anhydrides, alcohols and esters.
Intuitive parameter-free visualization of tumor vascularization using rotating connectivity projections (2008)

We present an effective and intuitive visualization of the macro-vasculature of a selected nodule or tumor in three-dimensional image data (e.g. CT, MR, US). For the differential diagnosis of nodules the possible distortion of adjacent vessels is one important clinical criterion. Surface renderings of vessel- and tumor-segmentations depend critically on the chosen parameter- and threshold-values for the underlying segmentation. Therefore we use rotating Maximum Intensity Projections (MIPs) of a volume of interests (VOI) around the selected tumor. The MIP does not require specific parameters, and allows much quicker visual inspection in comparison to slicewise navigation, while the rotation gives depth cues to the viewer. Of the vessel network within the VOI, however, not all vessels are connected to the selected tumor, and it is tedious to sort out which adjacent vessels are in fact connected and which are overlaid only by projection. Therefore we suggest a simple transformation of the original image values into connectivity values. In the derived connectedness-image each voxel value corresponds to the lowest image value encountered on the highest possible pathway from the tumor to the voxel. The advantage of the visualization is that no implicit binary decision is made whether a certain vessel is connected to the tumor or not, but rather the degree of connectedness is visualized as the brightness of the vessel. Non-connected structures disappear, feebly connected structures appear faint, and strongly connected structures remain in their original brightness. The visualization does not depend on delicate threshold values. Promising results have been achieved for pulmonary nodules in CT.
Lactate dehydrogenase mutants of Streptococcus mutans: isolation and preliminary characterization (1978)

Mutants of Streptococcus mutans were isolated which lack the enzyme activity L (+)-lactate dehydrogenase. Reversion studies indicate that the genetic defects are in the structural gene for the enzyme. The mutants produce less titratable acid from glucose, adhere better to hydroxyapatite, and accumulate more plaque when grown in the presence of sucrose than does the parent strain. These findings suggest a possible use for the mutants as effector strains in the replacement therapy of dental caries.
Quantitative topographic imaging using a near-field scanning microwave microscope (1998)

We describe a technique for extracting topographic information using a scanning near-field microwave microscope. By monitoring the shift of the system's resonant frequency, we obtain quantitative topographic images of uniformly conducting metal surfaces. At a frequency of 9.572 GHz, our technique allows for a height discrimination of about 55 nm at a separation of 30 microns. We present topographic images of uneven, conducting samples and compare the height response and sensitivity of the system with theoretical expectations.
The further development of the active urine collection device: A novel continence management system (2003)

Continence difficulties affect the lives of a substantial minority of the population. Women are far more likely than men to be affected by urinary incontinence but the range of management options for them is limited. There has been considerable interest in developing an external urine collection system for women but without success to date. This paper describes the development and preliminary clinical testing of an active urine collection device (AUCD), which could provide a solution for sufferers. The device uses stored vacuum, protected by a high bubble point filter, to remove urine as quickly as it is produced. This allows a small battery-operated pump to provide the required vacuum, enabling the device to be portable. Two different types of non-invasive patient/device interface were developed, and tested by volunteers: urinal and small pad. The slimline urinal was popular with users although liquid noise was a problem. The pad interface was successful on occasions but further work is necessary to produce a reliable pad. This study has successfully demonstrated that a prototype AUCD liquid handling system can remove urine at clinically relevant flowrates. While further development is required, volunteer tests have shown that the AUCD could be a useful advance in continence management.
Effect of nutrient composition on the in vitro growth of urogenital lactobacilli and uropathogens (1998)

Previous clinical studies have shown that nutrients and probiotic agents can alter the composition of the vaginal flora. The present in vitro study has shown that uropathogens have a growth advantage over lactobacilli, but potentially there are natural substances that could be applied vaginally to stimulate lactobacilli growth to the detriment of the pathogens. When chemically defined medium representative of vaginal fluid at pH 5.5 was supplemented with skim milk, it acted as a better substrate for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 than for uropathogenic bacteria and Candida albicans. Lactobacillus MRS medium, even at pH 4.5, supports the growth of pathogens, but when supplemented with ascorbic acid or EDTA, Lactobacillus growth was significantly higher. When L. rhamnosus GR-1 was coincubated in a combined nutrient composition of vitamins and lactose, it survived better than Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. These in vitro results provide a basis for testing nutritional supplements to alter the urogenital flora in an attempt to enhance restoration and maintenance of a normal disease-free state.
Reduction of periodic motion artifacts from impedance plethysmography (2011)

Motion artifact reduction is a fundamental part in portable monitoring of physiological signals. Here, the performance of three different motion artifact reduction methods, independent component analysis, least mean square filters and normalized least mean square filters are compared when applied to the impedance plethysmography signal. The results show that the performance of each method depends on the type of motion artifact it is being applied to, and that none of the methods universally performs better than the other ones. As a result, authors suggest that the motion artifact reduction algorithm should be designed based on the nature of the motion artifact.
Injection molded solder - A new fine pitch substrate bumping method (2009)

Injection molded soldering (IMS) technology has been developed for solder bumping of fine-pitch organic substrates. Pure molten solder is injected through a flexible film mask that is aligned to the recessed pad openings to form solder bumps on the substrate. The new substrate bumping method is a simple one pass operation for various size pads, with the capability of forming high solder volume on fine pitch substrate.
A Beta-Glucosidase Gene Downstream of the Cellulose Synthase Operon in Cellulose-producing<i>Acetobacter</i> (1997)

An open reading frame was found 214 bp downstream of the cellulose synthase operon of Acetobacter. The encoded amino acid sequence was found to be similar to some beta-glucosidases (G3ases). We detected G3ase activity in the culture medium and analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence showed that this gene encodes the enzyme. Therefore, it is possible that this region is a gene cluster for cellulose synthesis.
Electrochemotherapy: transition from laboratory to the clinic (1996)

Although electroporation in the past has mainly been used as a research tool, recent work has demonstrated its potential for clinical applications. Some of the areas explored include electrochemotherapy (ECT), which utilizes electroporation as a means for delivering chemotherapeutic agents directly into tumor cells, encapsulation of drugs or genes into cells for their use as carrier systems, transdermal delivery of drugs or genes, gene therapy, and delivery of drugs or genes with an electroporation catheter. This article discusses the principles of ECT as a method of treating cancer, the requirements and development of electronic and electromechanical hardware for ECT, and it presents data for both in-vivo animal studies and clinical applications, especially for subcutaneous tumors. It is concluded that ECT has shown promise in treating a variety of cancers in humans. The basic principles are reasonably well understood. A good start has been made in the development of the necessary hardware to generate and apply the needed electric fields. As the human genome project progresses in identifying gene-based diseases and their possible cures, the same hardware system used for ECT can also be used for electrogene therapy. As ECT-based therapy becomes more widely recognized, it will offer an additional treatment modality and increased hope for cancer patients.
Gene Cloning, Expression, and Biochemical Characterization of a Recombinant Trehalose Synthase from <i>Picrophilus torridus</i> in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2006)

A trehalose synthase (TSase) gene from a hyperacidophilic, thermophilic archaea, Picrophilus torridus, was synthesized using overlap extension PCR and transformed into Escherichia coli for expression. The purified recombinant P. torridus TSase (PTTS) showed an optimum pH and temperature of 6.0 and 45 degrees C, respectively, and the enzyme maintained high activity at pH 5.0 and 60 degrees C. Kinetic analysis showed that the enzyme has a 2.5-fold higher catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(M)) for maltose than for trehalose, indicating maltose as the preferred substrate. The maximum conversion rate of maltose into trehalose by the enzyme was independent of the substrate concentration, tended to increase at lower temperatures, and reached approximately 71% at 20 degrees C. Enzyme activity was inhibited by Hg2+, Al3+, and SDS. Five amino acid residues that are important for alpha-amylase family enzyme catalysis were shown to be conserved in PTTS (Asp203, Glu245, Asp311, His106, and His310) and required for its activity, suggesting this enzyme might employ a similar hydrolysis mechanism.
Optimization of RF excitation to maximize signal and <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> contrast of tissues with rapid transverse relaxation (2010)

Ultrashort echo time MRI requires specialized pulse sequences to overcome the short T(2) of the MR signal encountered in tissues such as ligaments, tendon, or cortical bone. Theoretical work is presented, supported by simulations and experimental data on optimizing the radiofrequency excitation to maximize signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio. The theoretical calculations and simulations are based on the classic Bloch equations and lead to a closed form expression for the optimal radiofrequency pulse parameters to maximize the MR signal in the presence of rapid T(2) decay. In the steady state, the spoiled gradient recalled echo signal amplitude in response to the radiofrequency excitation pulses is not maximized by the classic Ernst angle but by a more general criterion we call "generalized Ernst angle." Finally, it is shown that T(2) contrast is maximized by flipping the magnetization at the Ernst angle with a radiofrequency pulse duration proportional to the targeted T(2). Experimental studies on short T(2) phantoms confirm these optimization criteria for both signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio.
Solid phase click ligation for the synthesis of very long oligonucleotides (2013)

Oligonucleotides have been ligated efficiently on solid-phase using CuAAC and SPAAC chemistry to produce up to 186-mer triazole linked DNA products. Multiple sequential ligation reactions can be carried out by using a masked azide approach. This work suggests a novel modular approach to the synthesis of large complex oligonucleotide analogues.
67.3: Electrophoretically Controlled Nematic LCD: Plastic Bistable Technology with Memorized Intrinsic Grey Scale (2008)

Abstract Here is presented a nematic LCD based on an electrophoretically controlled orientational effect in suspension of solid nanoparticles in nematic liquid crystal: electrophoretically controlled nematic (EPCN). Polarity controlled electromigration of the nanoparticles, results in the stabilization of the molecular alignment and provides the bistable/multistable switching in a conventional nematic LC cell. The EPCN display allows multiplexing with intrinsic grey scale capability, high resolution and contrast, uses standard LCD materials and techniques and is easily producible by plastic technology.
Characterization of ATM gene mutations in 66 ataxia telangiectasia families (1999)

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by neurological and immunological symptoms, radiosensitivity and cancer predisposition. The gene mutated in AT, designated the ATM gene, encodes a large protein kinase with a PI-3 kinase-related domain. In this study, we investigated the mutational spectrum of the ATM gene in a cohort of AT patients living in Germany. We amplified and sequenced all 66 exons and the flanking untranslated regions from genomic DNA of 66 unrelated AT patients. We identified 46 different ATM mutations and 26 sequence polymorphisms and variants scattered throughout the gene. A total of 34 mutations have not been described in other populations. Seven mutations occurred in more than one family, but none of these accounted for more than five alleles in our patient group. The majority of the mutations were truncating, confirming that the absence of full-length ATM protein is the most common molecular basis of AT. Transcript analyses demonstrated single exon skipping as the consequence of most splice site substitutions, but a more complex pattern was observed for two mutations. Immunoblot studies of cell lines carrying ATM missense substitutions or in-frame deletions detected residual ATM protein in four cases. One of these mutations, a valine deletion proximal to the kinase domain, resulted in ATM protein levels >20% of normal in an AT lymphoblastoid cell line. In summary, our results survey and characterize a plethora of variations in the ATM gene identified by exon scanning sequencing and indicate a high diversity of mutations giving rise to AT in a non-isolated population.
Constrained diameter Steiner trees for multicast conferences in overlay networks (2004)

We consider a variation of a constrained Steiner minimal tree problem that is applicable for multicast conferencing. We assume a network having a cost and delay values associated with each edge. Then, we find an optimal shared tree with minimal cost subject to the constraint that the delay between any two nodes of the tree must be bounded by some maximal value. Such a constraint on the delay is appropriate for an application such as a multicast conference that uses a shared tree. We consider a new heuristic algorithm for solving this problem. Our approach is inspired by Lagrangian relaxation techniques. We first develop a novel distance metric on trees, termed delta diameter. Using this metric, our algorithm then uses a Prim-like labeling algorithm coupled with the Takahashi Matsuyama Steiner tree algorithm. Simulation results show how cost and delay can be traded off smoothly. Using simulation, we also compare our heuristic with the optimal achievable. We believe that our approach is practical for dynamically building shared trees to support applications such as real-time video conferencing with delay constraints.
Rivaroxaban with or without Aspirin in Stable Cardiovascular Disease (2017)

Among patients with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease, those assigned to rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) plus aspirin had better cardiovascular outcomes and more major bleeding events than those assigned to aspirin alone. Rivaroxaban (5 mg twice daily) alone did not result in better cardiovascular outcomes than aspirin alone and resulted in more major bleeding events. (Funded by Bayer; COMPASS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01776424 .).
Genotype and phenotype correlations in congenital glaucoma. (2006)

The majority of cases in the cohort had compound heterozygous CYP1B1 mutations. Specific CYP1B1 mutations may be associated with severe or moderate angle abnormalities.
Modeling and Formalization of Fuzzy Finite Automata for Detection of Irregular Fire Flames (2011)

Fire-flame detection using a video camera is difficult because a flame has irregular characteristics, i.e., vague shapes and color patterns. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel fire-flame detection method using fuzzy finite automata (FFA) with probability density functions based on visual features, thereby providing a systemic approach to handling irregularity in computational systems and the ability to handle continuous spaces by combining the capabilities of automata with fuzzy logic. First, moving regions are detected via background subtraction, and the candidate flame regions are then identified by applying flame color models. In general, flame regions have a continuous irregular pattern; therefore, probability density functions are generated for the variation in intensity, wavelet energy, and motion orientation and applied to the FFA. The proposed algorithm is successfully applied to various fire/non-fire videos, and its detection performance is better than that of other methods.
High-resolution autostereoscopic immersive imaging display using a monocentric optical system (2003)

An autostereoscopic display system was designed and constructed. The design, which uses pupil imaging with a curved mirror, is described. It employs a monocentric configuration to enable a wide field of view and large pupils while keeping the lens diameters small to fit them within the interoccular separation. For each eye, image formation was accomplished using 1920 x 1200 liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulators in a 3-panel configuration. The design employs custom curved diffusers, which were developed to optimize throughput, contrast, and pupil illumination uniformity.
Parameter estimation for OFDM with transmit receive diversity (2002)

This paper proposes a channel parameter estimation technique, for Q transmit and L receive (Q /spl times/ L), space time diversity combining scheme. The algorithm is further specialised for the case when 2 transmit and L receive antennas are used along with Alamouti's (see IEEE JSAC, vol.16, no.8, 1998) space time diversity combining technique. OFDM modulation is used and channel parameters are estimated with the help of pilot symbols. The estimated parameters are the channel coefficients and the noise variance. The proposed algorithm provides results that are within 1.5 dB of the theoretical performance curve obtained with a perfect knowledge of the channel. Low computational complexity and good accuracy of the proposed algorithm deems it appropriate for various wireless applications.
Site-specific integration in Streptomyces ambofaciens: localization of integration functions in S. ambofaciens plasmid pSAM2 (1989)

In Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 15154, an 11.1-kilobase element, pSAM2, exists as a single integrated copy in the chromosome. In S. ambofaciens 3212 (a derivative of ATCC 15154), pSAM2 exists as a free, circular plasmid as well as an integrated element. BclI fragments from the free form of pSAM2 were cloned into an Escherichia coli plasmid vector. By using gene transplacement methods, the chromosomally integrated form of pSAM2 was marked with a gene coding for apramycin resistance. This enabled us to isolate both a segregant that had lost the integrated pSAM2 element and a cosmid clone containing integrated pSAM2 along with the flanking chromosomal sequences. One of the BclI fragments derived from free pSAM2 was shown to contain all the plasmid-specified information required to direct site-specific recombination in a derivative of S. ambofaciens lacking the resident pSAM2 element as well as in a number of other Streptomyces strains. The attachment sites used by the plasmid and the chromosome in site-specific recombination and the junctions created after integration were cloned and sequenced. Certain structural features in common with other integrating elements in actinomycetes were noted.