gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using Dopants to Tune Oxygen Vacancy Formation in Transition Metal Oxide Resistive Memory (2017)

Introducing dopants is an important way to tailor and improve electronic properties of transition metal oxides used as high-k dielectric thin films and resistance switching layers in leading memory technologies, such as dynamic and resistive random access memory (ReRAM). Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> has recently received increasing interest because Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-based ReRAM demonstrates high switching speed, long endurance, and low operating voltage. However, advances in optimizing device characteristics with dopants have been hindered by limited and contradictory experiments in this field. We report on a systematic study on how various metal dopants affect oxygen vacancy formation in crystalline and amorphous Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> from first principles. We find that isoelectronic dopants and weak n-type dopants have little impact on neutral vacancy formation energy and that p-type dopants can lower the formation energy significantly by introducing holes into the system. In contrast, n-type dopants have a deleterious effect and actually increase the formation energy for charged oxygen vacancies. Given the similar doping trend reported for other binary transition metal oxides, this doping trend should be universally valid for typical binary transition metal oxides. Based on this guideline, we propose that p-type dopants (Al, Hf, Zr, and Ti) can lower the forming/set voltage and improve retention properties of Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> ReRAM.
The Impact of Genomic Changes on Treatment of Lung Cancer (2013)

The remarkable success of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements, respectively, introduced the era of targeted therapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), shifting treatment from platinum-based combination chemotherapy to molecularly tailored therapy. Recent genomic studies in lung adenocarcinoma identified other potential therapeutic targets, including ROS1 rearrangements, RET fusions, MET amplification, and activating mutations in BRAF, HER2, and KRAS in frequencies exceeding 1%. Lung cancers that harbor these genomic changes can potentially be targeted with agents approved for other indications or under clinical development. The need to generate increasing amounts of genomic information should prompt health-care providers to be mindful of the amounts of tissue needed for these assays when planning diagnostic procedures. In this review, we summarize oncogenic drivers in NSCLC that can be currently detected, highlight their potential therapeutic implications, and discuss practical considerations for successful application of tumor genotyping in clinical decision making.
Azimuthally varying AVO response for fractured reservoirs (1996)

The presence of vertical parallel cracks in an isotropic matrix leads to azimuthal anisotropy described by the transversely isotropic model with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI) (Cram pin, 1985). Azimuthal anisotropy has a first-order influence on shear waves that split into two components traveling with different velocities. The fractional difference between the velocities of split shear waves at vertical incidence (Thomsen's coefficientry) is close to the crack density, one of the most important reservoir parameters.
Barriers to implementing simulation in health care (1994)

The members of this panel were asked to provide their perspectives on the barriers to implementing simulation in health care, and how to remove them. Some common barriers are presented throughout the discussions, such as the variety of players in the health care field and their different priorities, as well as their lack of familiarity with the process and terminology of simulation. However, each discussant lends a slightly different perspective to the problem.
Type II Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase from <i>Claviceps purpurea</i> with Ricinoleic Acid, a Hydroxyl Fatty Acid of Industrial Importance, as Preferred Substrate (2009)

Claviceps purpurea, the fungal pathogen that causes the cereal disease ergot, produces glycerides that contain high levels of ricinoleic acid [(R)-12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid] in its sclerotia. Recently, a fatty acid hydroxylase (C. purpurea FAH [CpFAH]) involved in the biosynthesis of ricinoleic acid was identified from this fungus (D. Meesapyodsuk and X. Qiu, Plant Physiol. 147:1325-1333, 2008). Here, we describe the cloning and biochemical characterization of a C. purpurea type II diacylglycerol acyltransferase (CpDGAT2) involved in the assembly of ricinoleic acid into triglycerides. The CpDGAT2 gene was cloned by degenerate RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR). The expression of this gene restored the in vivo synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) in the quadruple mutant strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae H1246, in which all four TAG biosynthesis genes (DGA1, LRO1, ARE1, and ARE2) are disrupted. In vitro enzymatic assays using microsomal preparations from the transformed yeast strain indicated that CpDGAT2 prefers ricinoleic acid as an acyl donor over linoleic acid, oleic acid, or linolenic acid, and it prefers 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol over 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol as an acyl acceptor. The coexpression of CpFAH with CpDGAT2 in yeast resulted in an increased accumulation of ricinoleic acid compared to the coexpression of CpFAH with the native yeast DGAT2 (S. cerevisiae DGA1 [ScDGA1]) or the expression of CpFAH alone. Northern blot analysis indicated that CpFAH is expressed solely in sclerotium cells, with no transcripts of this gene being detected in mycelium or conidial cells. CpDGAT2 was more widely expressed among the cell types examined, although expression was low in conidiospores. The high expression of CpDGAT2 and CpFAH in sclerotium cells, where high levels of ricinoleate glycerides accumulate, provided further evidence supporting the roles of CpDGAT2 and CpFAH as key enzymes for the synthesis and assembly of ricinoleic acid in C. purpurea.
Evaluation of the chemical quality traits of soybean seeds, as related to sensory attributes of soymilk (2014)

The soybean seed chemical quality traits (including protein content, oil content, fatty acid composition, isoflavone content, and protein subunits), soymilk chemical character (soluble solid), and soymilk sensory attributes were evaluated among 70 genotypes to determine the correlation between seed chemical quality traits and soymilk sensory attributes. Six sensory parameters (i.e., soymilk aroma, smoothness in the mouth, thickness in the mouth, sweetness, colour and appearance, and overall acceptability) and a seven-point hedonic scale for each parameter were developed. Significant positive correlations were observed between overall acceptability and the other five evaluation parameters, suggesting that overall acceptability is an ideal parameter for evaluating soymilk flavour. The soymilk sensory attributes were significantly positively correlated with the characteristics of the glycinin (11S)/beta-conglycinin (7S) protein ratio, soluble solid, and oil content but negatively correlated with glycitein and protein content. Our results indicated that soymilk sensory attributes could be improved by selecting the desirable seed chemical quality traits in practical soybean breeding programs.
Swelling–deswelling behavior of poly(acrylamide‐<i>co</i>‐maleic acid) hydrogels (2001)

Abstract In this study the poly(acrylamide‐ co ‐maleic acid) hydrogels containing small amounts of maleic acid have been synthesized, and the effect of pH, ionic strength, and nature of counterions on the equilibrium water uptake has been investigated. The incorporation of small amount of maleic acid results in the transition of swelling mechanism from Fickian to non‐Fickian. The equilibrium mass swelling has been found to increase with pH of the swelling medium while increase in ionic strength causes a decrease in the swelling. The amount of maleic acid present in the hydrogel affects the swelling behavior in rather an unusual way. With lower acid contents, the equilibrium mass swelling increases while higher concentrations of maleic acid cause a decrease in the degree of swelling. The hydrogels have been found to undergo a number of swelling–deswelling cycles when pH of the swelling medium changes from 8.0 to 2.0. Hydrogels require more time to deswell compared to the time required for swelling, which has been explained on the basis of the fact that gels follow different mechanisms for the two processes. Various swelling parameters such as equilibrium mass swelling, diffusion coefficient, intrinsic diffusion coefficient, swelling exponent, etc., have been evaluated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2782–2789, 2001
The Adventures of Sonic Hedgehog in Development and Repair. II. Sonic hedgehog and liver development, inflammation, and cancer (2008)

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling modulates tissue remodeling by controlling the fate of Hh-responsive cells. Healthy adult livers exhibit little Hh activity. However, cells involved in adult liver repair, including myofibroblasts and progenitors, are capable of producing and responding to Hh ligands. During adult liver injury, Hh ligand production increases and populations of Hh-responsive cells expand. This process is accompanied by fibrosis. Ligand production and Hh-responsive cells diminish as fibrosis resolves and normal hepatic architecture is restored, but Hh signaling persists in hepatocellular carcinomas. These findings suggest that the Hh pathway mediates remodeling responses that are triggered by adult liver damage.
Interferometry for end point prediction during plasma etching of various structures in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor device fabrication (1999)

We present results of an interferometric end point prediction technique for use in plasma etching of various gate and localized oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) structures in advanced complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor device fabrication. Etch experiments were carried out in a production high-density plasma source (decoupled plasma source) reactor made by Applied Materials. The end point prediction technique has been applied successfully to many samples and types of structures commonly found in integrated circuit manufacturing. These include: doped and undoped polysilicon material; patterned and unpatterned wafers; flat and topographic surfaces; resist and hard-mask patterned wafers with oxide underlayers of various thicknesses; and product wafers with varied pattern density. The ability to predict endpoint and avoid breakthrough of gate oxides as thin as 19 Å has been investigated. The end point detection system has also been shown to be effective in other etch processes including LOCOS etch, where the end point of the Si3N4 etch on the underlying SiO2 must be triggered as early as possible to avoid excessive oxide loss or etching of the Si substrate. The flexibility of the end point algorithm together with the external trigger controller are demonstrated to be crucial for successful end point prediction.
Identification and Suppression of Thermal Reflections in Infrared Thermal Imaging (2004)

Thermal reflections are a common source of problems in interpreting infrared (IR) thermal images. In particular, atomically smooth surfaces like glass, metals, or wet surfaces, and also brick and concrete, may easily give rise to reflections of infrared radiation from often uncared sources. If unnoticed, these thermal reflections may give rise to misinterpretations of the object temperature. After analyzing the differences between object IR radiation and thermal reflections theoretically, possibilities to suppress or at least identify such reflections by use of IR polarizers are discussed. Theoretical predictions and experimental results are very promising.
HT-PEFC Systems Operating with Diesel and Kerosene for APU Application (2012)

HT-PEFC systems designed for operation with diesel and kerosene are currently being developed in Jülich. Fuel processing reactors consisting of an autothermal reformer, a two-stage water-gas shift reactor and a catalytic burner were designed with the aim of maximizing heat integration and minimizing system volume. The stack is designed for operation with reformate coming from fuel processing.This paper highlights the system architecture as well as experimental results in the 5 kWel power class. The integrated system concept was characterized via sub-system experiments. The stack performance was tested under system-relevant conditions. Finally, actual system performance was compared with APU targets.
Grain Boundary (GB) Studies in Nano- and Micro- Crystalline Materials (2011)

Polycrystalline materials are composed of grains and grain boundaries. The total volume of occupied grain boundaries in polycrystalline material depends on the grain size. When grain size decreases the volume fraction of grain boundaries increases. For example, when grain size is 10 nm grain boundary volume fraction is ~ 25%. In polycrystalline materials, different properties (mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic) are affected by the size of their grains and by the atomic structure of their grain boundaries. Nanocrystalline materials have unique properties compared to coarse grain counterpart because of the presence of more grain boundaries. Increased understanding of the role of grain boundaries play in nanocrystalline materials promotes the tunning of materials properties. In order to study the grain boundaries in different materials, fully dense bulk materials are processed using Current Activated Pressure Assisted Densification (CAPAD) technique. CAPAD is a unique technique for materials processing. It offers faster processing of nanoscale materials compared to traditional sintering technique. Joule heating and pressure are used to densify the materials in CAPAD system. X-ray analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) are used to characterize the materials.There are three different parts in this dissertation: (1) Affect of grain size on grain boundary curvature on different materials; for example, nano and micro crystalline aluminum (metallic bond), silicon (covalent bond) and iron oxide (ionic bond); (2) Grain boundary geometry analysis of nanocrystalline materials and (3) Grain size dependent electrical and optical property investigation.In the first part of the dissertation, the effect of grain size on the grain boundary curvature is investigated. Several different types of materials were chosen, such as, micro and nano crystalline aluminum (Al), silicon (Si) and iron oxide (Fe2O3). It is found that the slope of grain boundary curvature is grain size and material dependent. Nanocrystalline materials have higher grain boundary curvature compare to microcrystalline materials.In the second part of the dissertation, grain boundary geometry of iron oxide is investigated by Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) method. Coincident Site lattice (CSL) value of 5 and 19 was dominating in iron oxide system. Finally, both nano and micro crystalline optically transparent strontium titanate are processed. Grain size dependent relative permittivity, dielectric loss and optical transparency are investigated. Relative permittivity of densified strontium titanate measured at room temperature at 1 MHz shows very high and it is in between 180 to 268. Relative permittivity increases by increasing grain size. By performing TEM-EDS point analysis, it is found that in addition to grain size space charge potential at grain boundaries gives higher relative permittivity.
Bcl-2 as a prognostic factor for survival in small-cell lung cancer. (2008)

Immunopositivity was present in 26 (60%) of SCLC patients. Twenty-three of 40 (57.5%) patients had limited disease at presentation, and 17 of 40 (42.5%) had extensive disease. There was not any correlation with Bcl-2 protein expression and clinicopathological parameters such as sex, age, smoking history and performance status. According to the extent of the disease, Bcl-2 expression was significantly higher in patients with extensive disease (p < 0.009). Bcl-2 expression was associated with significant shorter survival in patients with SCLC (Log Rank = -5.26; p = 0.00001). Cox regression analysis controlling for age, sex and tumor stage, confirmed that Bcl-2 expression (HR = 0.049 p < 0.0001) and N stage (HR = 0.152 p < 0.012) were an independent prognostic markers for poor prognosis. In CONCLUSION Bcl-2 oncoprotein was expressed in most cases of SCLC and its expression may have prognostic importance.
Hardware/software techniques for DRAM thermal management (2011)

The performance of the main memory is an important factor on overall system performance. To improve DRAM performance, designers have been increasing chip densities and the number of memory modules. However, these approaches increase power consumption and operating temperatures: temperatures in existing DRAM modules can rise to over 95°C. Another important property of DRAM temperature is the large variation in DRAM chip temperatures. In this paper, we present our analysis collected from measurements on a real system indicating that temperatures across DRAM chips can vary by over 10°C. This work aims to minimize this variation as well as the peak DRAM temperature. We first develop a thermal model to estimate the temperature of DRAM chips and validate this model against real temperature measurements. We then propose three hardware and software schemes to reduce peak temperatures. The first technique introduces a new cache line replacement policy that reduces the number of accesses to the overheating DRAM chips. The second technique utilizes a Memory Write Buffer to improve the access efficiency of the overheated chips. The third scheme intelligently allocates pages to relatively cooler ranks of the DIMM. Our experiments show that in a high performance memory system, our schemes reduce the peak DRAM chip temperature by as much as 8.39°C over 10 workloads (5.36°C on average). Our schemes also improve performance mainly due to reduction in thermal emergencies: for a baseline system with memory bandwidth throttling scheme, the IPC is improved by as much as 15.8% (4.1% on average).
Primary cementing: why many conventional jobs fail (1982)

New information surfacing from several sources is showing that with even the best of cementing techniques, results can be poor. One explanation contends that reduced radial-effective stress occurs in the borehole during drilling, and unless regenerated, it will be impossible to achieve an adequate seal load between cement and formation. This paper discusses that theory.
Solid‐State Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles at Room Temperature: Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as a Tool (2009)

Silver nanoparticles have been used for a long time and recently various methods have been additionally developed for their production. Here we report for the first time a solid-state high-speed vibration milling method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, in which poly(vinylpyrrolidone) is used for the reduction of the silver salt. The synthesis is performed at room temperature and no surfactant to direct the anisotropic growth of the nanoparticles is required. The formation of the nanoparticles was studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The nanoparticles synthesized were found to be uniform in size and shape with an average diameter of less than 5 nm. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of these silver nanoparticles was investigated against Escherichia coli and found to be positive.
Platelet Activation in Depression and Effects of Sertraline Treatment: An Open-Label Study (2000)

Sertraline diminished the increased platelet secretion found among depressed patients, although the findings are limited by a lack of a placebo control group.
CRS interference cancellation in heterogeneous networks for LTE-Advanced downlink (2012)

Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) for co-channel deployment of pico-cells throughout a macro-cell layout is a promising solution to increase system capacity and network coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced systems. The use of both pico-cell Range Extension (RE) and time domain eICIC (TDM muting) in this scenario has been proved to provide high gains compared to the traditional homogeneous network. Nevertheless, performance results in literature assume ideal Common Reference Signals (CRS) interference cancellation in the pico-UEs during Almost Blank Subframes (ABS), i.e., receivers are capable of perfectly suppressing all CRS interference from all neighbour cells. In this paper we investigate the impact of non-ideal CRS Interference Cancellation (IC) in eICIC systems. We propose a simple RSRP-based CRS IC criterion not requiring any extra signaling. The performance is evaluated and compared to the ideal case in the downlink by means of extensive system level simulations that follow the 3GPP guidelines. Results confirm that TDM eICIC can still provide significant gains when realistic CRS IC is considered.
Recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi antigens and Chagas' disease diagnosis: analysis of a workshop (1991)

A workshop organized by the Ibero-American Project of Biotechnology evaluated the diagnostic potential of several cloned Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant antigens for Chagas' disease serodiagnosis.A set of recombinants, Antigen 2, Antigen 13, SAPA, H49, A13, JL5, JL7, JL8, JL9, and RA1 provided by three different South American laboratories were probed with a panel of 236 South American serum samples.Antigens JL7, H49, Antigen 2, and A13 scored as the best diagnostic recombinant reagents.The results suggested that the main advantage of using cloned peptides for chronic Chagas' disease diagnosis resided in their highly specific immunoreactive properties.
Forensic use of photo response non-uniformity of imaging sensors and a counter method (2014)

Analogous to use of bullet scratches in forensic science, the authenticity of a digital image can be verified through the noise characteristics of an imaging sensor. In particular, photo-response non-uniformity noise (PRNU) has been used in source camera identification (SCI). However, this technique can be used maliciously to track or inculpate innocent people. To impede such tracking, PRNU noise should be suppressed significantly. Based on this motivation, we propose a counter forensic method to deceive SCI. Experimental results show that it is possible to impede PRNU-based camera identification for various imaging sensors while preserving the image quality. (C)2014 Optical Society of America
Knowledge-based system for multi-target tracking in a littoral environment (2006)

The paper addresses how to efficiently exploit the knowledge-base (KB), e.g. environmental maps and characteristics of the targets, in order to gain improved performance in the tracking of multiple targets via measurements provided by a ship-borne radar operating in a littoral environment. In this scenario, the nonhomogeneity of the surveillance region makes the conventional tracking systems (not using the KB) very sensitive to false alarms and/or missed detections. It is demonstrated that an effective use of the KB can be exploited at various levels of the tracking algorithms so as to significantly reduce the number of false alarms, missed detections, and false tracks and improve true target track life. The KB is exploited at two different levels. First, some key parameters of the tracking system are made dependent upon the track location, e.g., sea, land, coast, meteo zones (i.e., zones affected by meteorological phenomena) etc. Second, modifications are introduced to cope with a priori identified regions nit hi high clutter density (e.g. littoral areas, roads, meteo zones etc.). To evaluate the behavior of the proposed knowledge-based tracking systems, extensive results are presented using both simulated and real radar data