gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Agile Millimeter Wave Networks with Provable Guarantees (2017)

There is much interest in integrating millimeter wave radios (mmWave) into wireless LANs and 5G cellular networks to benefit from their multiple GHz of available spectrum. Yet unlike existing technologies, e.g., WiFi, mmWave radios require highly directional antennas. Since the antennas have pencil-beams, the transmitter and receiver need to align their antenna beams before they can communicate. Existing solutions scan the entire space to find the best alignment. Such a process has been shown to introduce up to seconds of delay, and is unsuitable for wireless networks where an access point has to quickly switch between users and accommodate mobile clients. This paper presents Rapid-Link, a new protocol that can find the best mmWave beam alignment without scanning the space. Given all possible directions for setting the antenna beam, Rapid-Link provably finds the optimal direction in logarithmic number of measurements. Further, Rapid-Link works within the existing 802.11ad standard for mmWave LAN, and can support both clients and access points. We have implemented Rapid-Link in a mmWave radio and evaluated it empirically. Our results show that it reduces beam alignment delay by orders of magnitude. In particular, for highly directional mmWave devices operating under 802.11ad, the delay drops from over a second to 2.5 ms.
Wide-Band Operation of Microstrip Circulators (1974)

Octave bandwidth operation of Y-junction stripline and microstrip circulators is predicted using Bosma's Green's function analysis. The width of the coupling transmission lines is found to be a significant design parameter. Theoretical and experimental results are presented which show that wide lines and a smaller than usual disk radius can be used to obtain wide-band operation. A microstrip circulator is reported which operates from 7-15 GHz. Also presented are an analysis of the input impedance and an approximate equivalent circuit for the Y-junction circulator which shows the relationship between Bosma's equivalent circuit and that of Fay and Comstock.
Polarization Stabilization in Optical Communications Systems (2006)

The control of the state of polarization (SOP) of light remains one of the open issues in optical communications. In particular, the achievement of a stabilization of the SOP can find many applications in advanced optical communication systems: from the mitigation of polarization-mode dispersion to the development of novel multilevel modulation formats. In this paper, theoretical and experimental aspects of polarization stabilization are dealt with, and a novel algorithm to overcome the issues related to the practical availability of finite-range birefringent components and to solve the requirement for endless stabilization is also presented. A complete analysis of the control algorithm, based on the Jones matrix formalism, is also presented. The practical implementation of the polarization stabilizer is discussed, and experimental demonstrations based on liquid crystal and magnetooptical retarders are shown
DeliveryMassager - Propagating Seismic Inversion Information into Reservoir Flow Models (2006)

We present a new open-source program for the integration of stochastic seismic inversion information generated from the freeware Bayesian seismic inversion tool Delivery (Gunning and Glinsky 2004) with reservoir simulation models commonly used in modeling and flow-simulation packages. This modeling tool is able to integrate the full range of complex knowledge inferable from probabilistic seismic inversion with auxiliary geological and petrophysical information to produce an integrated model; a process we call massaging. The major innovative achievement of this code is the synthesis of multi-layer multi-property correlations inferable by the inversion with the transverse correlations induced by geological processes. The massaged model(s) are then directly suitable for uncertainty studies of volumetrics, scenarios explorations, or fluid recovery risking.
Bulk growth of SiC – review on advances of SiC vapor growth for improved doping and systematic study on dislocation evolution (2008)

Abstract This paper reviews research on advanced bulk crystal growth of SiC. A brief review highlights the benefits of the so called Modified Physical Vapor Transport Technique which uses an additional gas pipe for fine tuning of the growth cell of a conventional Physical Vapor Transport setup with additional gases. Main emphasis, however, will be laid on a systematic dislocation evolution study for various growth parameter sets. Besides doping, growth temperature was considered. Two main results were found: (i) In p‐type SiC, irrespective of the incorporation of aluminum or boron acceptors, basal plane dislocations that are harmful for bipolar power devices appear less pronounced or are even absent compared to n‐type SiC. (ii) Growth at elevated seed temperature (i.e. 2300 °C and higher) is beneficial for low dislocation densities. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Binding of a Soluble <i>meso</i>-Tetraarylporphyrin to Human Galectin-7 Induces Oligomerization and Modulates Its Pro-Apoptotic Activity (2020)

The selective targeting of protein-protein interactions remains a significant determinant for the proper modulation and regulation of cell apoptosis. Prototypic galectins such as human galectin-7 (GAL-7) are characterized by their ability to form homodimers that control the molecular fate of a cell by mediating subtle yet critical glycan-dependent interactions between pro- and anti-apoptotic molecular partners. Altering the structural architecture of GAL-7 can therefore result in resistance to apoptosis in various human cancer cells, further illustrating its importance in cell survival. In this study, we used a combination of biophysical and cellular assays to illustrate that binding of a water-soluble <i>meso</i>-tetraarylporphyrin molecule to GAL-7 induces protein oligomerization and modulation of GAL-7-induced apoptosis in human Jurkat T cells. Our results suggest that the integrity of the GAL-7 homodimer architecture is essential for its molecular function, in addition to providing an interesting porphyrin binding modulator for controlling apoptosis in mammalian cells.
Fluorescence energy transfer monitored competitive equilibria of nucleic acids: Applications in thermodynamics and screening (2002)

Precise thermodynamic characterization of nucleic acid complex stability is required to understand a variety of biologically significant events as well as to exploit the specific recognition capabilities of nucleic acids in biotechnology, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The development of a database of nucleic acid thermodynamics with sufficient precision to foster further developments in these areas requires new and improved measurement techniques. The combination of a competitive equilibrium titration with fluorescence energy transfer based detection provides a method for precise measurement of differences in free energy values for nucleic acid duplexes that far exceeds in precision those accessible via conventional methods. The method can be applied to detect and to characterize any deviation in a nucleic acid that alters duplex stability. Such deviations include, but are not limited to, mismatches; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP); chemically modified nucleotide bases, sugars or phosphates; and conformational anomalies or folding motifs, such as, loops or hairpins.
Imaging With WiFi (2019)

A new method of creating microwave imagery by capturing the signals emitted by a small set of wireless WiFi transmitters is presented. The imaging technique leverages the fact that the signals emitted by separate WiFi transmitters are sufficiently statistically independent to create a radiation pattern that is spatially incoherent, enabling the use of spatial frequency sampling using a small set of receiving antennas in a sparse array. In contrast to traditional microwave imaging, this method requires no mechanical or electrical beam scanning and no coordination between transmitters and receivers. Furthermore, the WiFi imaging system requires far less receiver gain than passive microwave imagers and significantly less bandwidth. We experimentally demonstrate the 2-D image reconstruction of reflecting metal spheres and an X-shaped reflecting target using three transmitters emitting independent 16-level quadrature amplitude modulated signals at 5.5 GHz matching commercial WiFi protocols 802.11n/ac.
Ultrasound Matrix Imaging—Part II: The Distortion Matrix for Aberration Correction Over Multiple Isoplanatic Patches (2022)

This is the second article in a series of two which report on a matrix approach for ultrasound imaging in heterogeneous media. This article describes the quantification and correction of aberration, i.e. the distortion of an image caused by spatial variations in the medium speed-of-sound. Adaptive focusing can compensate for aberration, but is only effective over a restricted area called the isoplanatic patch. Here, we use an experimentally-recorded matrix of reflected acoustic signals to synthesize a set of virtual transducers. We then examine wave propagation between these virtual transducers and an arbitrary correction plane. Such wave-fronts consist of two components: (i) An ideal geometric wave-front linked to diffraction and the input focusing point, and; (ii) Phase distortions induced by the speed-of-sound variations. These distortions are stored in a so-called distortion matrix, the singular value decomposition of which gives access to an optimized focusing law at any point. We show that, by decoupling the aberrations undergone by the outgoing and incoming waves and applying an iterative strategy, compensation for even high-order and spatially-distributed aberrations can be achieved. After a numerical validation of the process, ultrasound matrix imaging (UMI) is applied to the in-vivo imaging of a gallbladder. A map of isoplanatic modes is retrieved and is shown to be strongly correlated with the arrangement of tissues constituting the medium. The corresponding focusing laws yield an ultrasound image with drastically improved contrast and transverse resolution. UMI thus provides a flexible and powerful route towards computational ultrasound.
Glutamate Transporter Gene SLC1A1 Associated With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (2006)

Although requiring replication in larger samples, these findings provide preliminary evidence that sequence variation in SLC1A1 is associated with susceptibility to OCD, particularly in males. Furthermore, these results provide support for the role of altered glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of OCD.
Generation of 500-MW peak power pulses from an injection mode-locked Q-switched Nd:glass moving slab laser (1988)

The output power density of a Q-switched Nd:glass laser is limited to 250-500 MW/cm2 by the surface damage of optical components in the resonator, whereas the B-integral limit is 2-10 GW/cm2. The peak power can be increased to the B-integral limit, if the energy is extracted in short pulses, preferably <1 ns in duration.
Heterogeneity in the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors during limb regeneration in newts (<i>Notophthalmus viridescens</i>) (1993)

Two closely related fibroblast growth factor receptors, FGFR1 and FGFR2, have been cloned from a newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) limb blastema cDNA library. Sequence analysis revealed that we have isolated both the bek and KGFR variants of FGFR2. These two variants differ only in the second half of the last of their three Ig-like domains. The expression patterns of FGFR1 and FGFR2 during limb regeneration have been determined by in situ hybridization. During the preblastema stages of regeneration, FGFR2 expression is observed in the basal layer of the wound epithelium and in the cells of the periosteum. As regeneration progresses to the blastema stages, FGFR2 expression continues to be observed in the basal layer of the wound epithelium with additional hybridization seen in the blastema mesenchyme closely associated with the bisected bones. From the early bud to the mid-bud blastema stage, FGFR1 expression is observed throughout the blastema mesenchyme but, unlike FGFR2, is distinctly absent from the wound epithelium. In the differentiation stages of regeneration, the mesenchymal expression of FGFR2 becomes restricted to the cells of the condensing cartilage and later to the perichondrium. During these later stages of regeneration, the wound epithelium hybridization to the FGFR2 probe is no longer observed. The expression patterns of these receptors suggest that FGFR1 and FGFR2 have distinct roles in limb regeneration, despite their sharing a number of the FGF ligands. Further investigation regarding the potential sources of the FGF ligands will help establish the role that FGFs and FGFRs play in limb regeneration.
Optical Computer Switching Network (1985)

In this paper we present the design for an optical switching system for minicomputers that uses an optical spatial light modulator such as a Hughes liquid crystal light valve. The switching system is designed to connect 80 minicomputers coupled to the switching system by optical fibers. The system has two major parts: the connection system that connects the data lines by which the computers communicate via a two-dimensional optical matrix array and the control system that controls which computers are connected. We first present the basic system, then describe the matrix-based connecting system and review some of the optical components to be used. Finally, the details of the control system are given and illustrated with a discussion of timing.
High temperature diamond film deposition on a natural diamond anvil (1995)

We report on the growth and characterization of a 100 {mu}m thick by 350 {mu}m diameter diamond layer on the culet of a type Ia brilliant cut natural diamond anvil by microwave plasma-assisted CVD (MPCVD). While our previous work [1] on diamond anvils resulted in homoepitaxial film growth at a rate of approximately 20 {mu}m/hr, the present 100 {mu}m thick diamond layer grew in less than 2 hours. This unprecedented growth rate of {approximately} 50 {mu}m/hr is believed to be the result of the extremely high substrate temperature (1800{degrees}-2100{degrees}C) during deposition. The translucent diamond layer was characterized by micro-Raman, low temperature photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation spectroscopy, as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM). Raman analysis shows the deposit to be of high quality. The PL spectra show numerous features, including prominent emission bands at 575 nm (2.16 eV), 636 nm (1.95 eV), 735 nm (1.68 eV) and 777 run, (1.60 eV).
Time and frequency response characteristics of bacteriorhodopsin-based photodetectors (2006)

The time and frequency response behavior of a new class of photodetectors based on a light-sensitive protein, known as bacteriorhodopsin (bR), is described. Each bR-based detector consists of an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode/bR thin film/indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode structure. The response of the photodetector to square-wave and transient pulse illumination are both simulated using an equivalent resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit and experimentally observed. The investigative study demonstrates that the physical dimensions of the sensor surface, load resistance and capacitance, and the illumination conditions all have an impact on the transient response and gain-bandwidth characteristics. It is observed that changing the sensing area of the detector only affects the amplitude of the response, but not the bandwidth. Increasing the load resistance produces a higher gain, but reduces bandwidth. Increasing the load capacitance has the effect of dramatically reducing both gain and bandwidth. The observations and conclusions derived from this research provide design guidelines for developing hybrid photoelectric sensors and imaging arrays using bacteriorhodopsin thin films.
Single-Frequency 1310-nm AlGaInAs-InP Grating-Outcoupled Surface-Emitting Lasers (2004)

Single-frequency 1310-nm grating-outcoupled surface-emitting (GSE) semiconductor lasers with output slope efficiencies exceeding 0.1 mW/mA into multimode fibers, threshold currents below 22 mA, and >30-dB sidemode suppression ratios are reported. These GSE lasers consist of 500-μm-long active ridges that excite one end of surface-emitting second-order outcoupling gratings with 200-μm-long first-order distributed Bragg reflector gratings terminating the laser cavities at both ends. The grating outcouplers range from 10 to 50 μm in length. These lasers have an open eye pattern for nonreturn-to-zero signals at 2.5 Gb/s into single-mode fibers. The full-width half-maximum far-field beam divergences range from 1.5/spl deg/ × 8/spl deg/ to 5/spl deg/ × 8/spl deg/.
Terabit/s-Class Optical PCB Links Incorporating 360-Gb/s Bidirectional 850 nm Parallel Optical Transceivers (2011)

We report here on the design, fabrication, and characterization of highly integrated parallel optical transceivers designed for Tb/s-class module-to-module data transfer through polymer waveguides integrated into optical printed circuit boards (o-PCBs). The parallel optical transceiver is based on a through-silicon-via silicon carrier as the platform for integration of 24-channel vertical cavity surface-emitting laser and photodiode arrays with CMOS ICs. The Si carrier also includes optical vias (holes) for optical access to conventional surface-emitting 850 nm optoelectronic devices. The 48-channel 3-D transceiver optochips are flip-chip soldered to organic carriers to form transceiver optomodules. Fully functional optomodules with 24 transmitter + 24 receiver channels were assembled and characterized with transmitters operating up to 20 Gb/s/ch and receivers up to 15 Gb/s/ch. At 15 Gb/s, the 48-channel optomodules provide a bidirectional aggregate bandwidth of 360 Gb/s. In addition, o-PCBs have been developed using a 48-channel flex waveguide assembly attached to FR4 electronic boards. Incorporation of waveguide turning mirrors and lens arrays facilitates optical coupling to/from the o-PCB. Assembly of optomodules to the o-PCB using a ball grid array process provides both electrical and optical interconnections. An initial demonstration of the full module-to-module optical link achieved >; 20 bidirectional links at 10 Gb/s. At 15 Gb/s, operation at a bit error ratio of <; 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">- 12</sup> was demonstrated for 15 channels in each direction, realizing a record o-PCB link with a 225 Gb/s bidirectional aggregate data rate.
Ketosis and hyperbaric oxygen metabolic therapy elicits potent anti‐cancer effects <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (2015)

The Warburg effect and tumor hypoxia underlie a unique cancer metabolism characterized by glucose dependency and abnormal mitochondrial function. We have previously shown that this phenotype can be exploited therapeutically by glucose restriction with the ketogenic diet, dietary ketone supplementation, or hyperbaric oxygen (HBOT). We hypothesized that combining these therapies would be an effective non‐toxic treatment regimen, so we tested this combination therapy in the VM‐M3 mouse model of metastatic cancer. Treated mice exhibited decreased tumor growth rate, tumor vascularization, and metastatic spread, and lived twice as long as controls. To further characterize the effects of these therapies, we measured proliferation, viability, ROS production, and expression of key signaling molecules in VM‐M3 cells exposed to the following conditions: high glucose (control), low glucose (LG), ketone supplementation (βHB), hyperbaric oxygen (HBOT), or combination therapy (LG+βHB+HBOT). Proliferation and viability of VM‐M3 cells were significantly decreased in LG, βHB, HBOT, and combination‐treated cells at all‐time points tested. ROS (superoxide) production was increased in HBOT and combination‐treated cells compared to controls. Treatment with βHB significantly decreased expression of HIF‐1α and pAkt in VM‐M3 cells while HBOT inhibited HIF‐1α expression but increased pAkt expression. This data strongly supports further investigation into mechanisms of action and the use of these metabolic therapies as a potential cancer treatment.
Hydrophobic Meshes for Oil Spill Recovery Devices (2013)

Widespread use of petrochemicals often leads to accidental releases in aquatic environments, occasionally with disastrous results. We have developed a hydrophobic and oleophilic mesh that separates oil from water continuously in situ via capillary action, providing a means of recovering spilt oil from surface waters. Steel mesh is dip-coated in a xylene solution of low-density polyethylene, creating a hydrophobic surface with tunable roughness and opening size. The hydrophobic mesh allows oil to pass through the openings while preventing the concomitant passage of water. A bench-top prototype demonstrated the efficacy of such an oil recovery device and allowed us to quantify the factors governing the ability of the mesh to separate oil and water. Preliminary data analysis suggested that the oleophilic openings behave somewhat like capillary tubes: the oil flux is inversely proportional to oil viscosity, and directly proportional to the size of the mesh openings. An unpinned meniscus model was found to predict the water intrusion pressure successfully, which increased as the opening size decreased. The trade-off between water intrusion and oil flow rate suggests an optimal pore size for given oil properties and sea conditions.
A high-brightness circular charged-particle beam system (2007)

A method is presented for the design of a high-brightness nonrelativistic circular beam system including a charged-particle emitting diode, a diode aperture, a circular beam tunnel, and a focusing magnetic field that matches the beam from the emitter to the beam tunnel. The applied magnetic field is determined by balancing the forces throughout the gun and transport sections of the beam system. The method is validated by three-dimensional simulations.
Novel objective lens for low voltage electron beam imaging (1997)

Low energy electron beams are increasingly being used in semiconductor manufacturing for wafer and mask inspection because of their low level of damage to the sample, and the reduced charging effects when the electron energy is close to EII where secondary electron yield is unity. Also due to the short range of the electrons with the sample and the reduced proximity effect, electron beams with even lower energies are attractive for a variety of other applications such as surface studies, thin film microscopy, and lithography. However, achieving high resolution and high secondary electron detection efficiency at 100 eV landing energy and below meets serious electron optical challenges. To address this issue, we describe a low aberration objective lens that is combined with an efficient secondary electron detector. The objective lens has a final electrode just in front of the sample to minimize the electric field at the sample surface. We have optimized the design for minimum beam diameter and high secondary electron collection efficiency, subject to constraints imposed by practical concerns, such as arcing. The lens was fabricated using a combination of conventional machining and silicon micromachining. By inserting the lens into the sample chamber of a traditional scanning electron microscope (SEM), we obtained images of many kinds of samples at landing energies as low as 20 eV. Resolution of better than 30 nm is achieved at 100 eV landing energy. The degradation from the expected resolution (17 nm) is in part due to limitations imposed by the SEM resulting in a nonoptimal convergence angle. At these very low energies the image is seen to be very sensitive to contamination on the sample surface; this illustrates its possible application for viewing ultrathin films. We have calibrated the magnification versus landing energy relationship for the lens and carried out detailed signal and noise analyses for the electronics system.