gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dual Multi-Phase Intermetallic Alloys Composed of Geometrically Close Packed Ni<sub>3</sub>X Structures (2007)

Dual two-phase intermetallic alloys composed of geometrically close packed (GCP) structures of Ni3Al(L12) and Ni3V(D022) containing Nb were investigated in terms of the microstructural evolution during low temperature annealing (aging) and the related mechanical properties. The eutectoid region, i.e. the prior Al phase (Ni solid solution) is composed of the lamellar-like structure consisting of Ni3Al(L12) and Ni3V(D022) phases. The lamellar-like structure tended to align along <001> direction and on {001} plane in the prior A1 phase (or the L12 phase). In a wide range of temperature, the dual two-phase intermetallic alloys showed high yield and tensile strength, and also reasonable tensile ductility, accompanied with ductile fracture mode.
Synergic effect of waste PET and sebacic acid on the rheology of crumb rubber modified bitumen (2019)

Existing research has shown that the inclusion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based additives can help in improving the performance of crumb rubber-modified bitumen (CRMB). However, its field applicability is limited as a result of inadequate storage stability and phase separation issues. This study was concerned with the further improvement in the stability of such binders by the incorporation of a dicarboxylic acid group into the blend, achieved with the addition of sebacic acid. The CRMB binders were prepared by the additives synthesised from waste PET and sebacic acid at different proportions, and tested through various conventional binder tests, storage stability test, superpave performance grading, Marshall Stability tests and Hamburg wheel tracking tests. The results indicated that the combination of sebacic acid and PET additives considerably improved the storage stability of CRMB, to within the acceptable limits for field applicability. It was further proposed that the chemical interaction of these additives with bitumen will help in increasing the phase integrity of CR in the bitumen matrix. From the various rheological tests conducted, it was also seen that the modified binders provided comparative performance at high temperatures when compared to CRMB, and improved performance at intermediate and low temperatures.
Multi-contrast photoacoustic microscopy (2012)

We developed multi-contrast photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) for in vivo anatomical, functional, metabolic, and molecular imaging. This technical innovation enables comprehensive understanding of the tumor microenvironment. With multi-contrast PAM, we longitudinally determined tumor vascular anatomy, blood flow, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and oxygen extraction fraction.
Ambipolar light-emitting field-effect transistors based on molecular thin films (2006)

Organic light-emitting field-effect transistors are a new class of electrooptical devices that could provide a novel architecture to address open questions concerning fundamental optoelectronic phenomena in organic semiconductors, and can be potentially used as key components in optical communication systems, advanced display technology, solid-state lighting and organic lasers. The realisation of Organic Light-Emitting Transistors (OLETs) with high quantum efficiency and fast switching time is crucial for the development of highly integrated organic optoelectronic systems. Organic molecular materials having intrinsically ambipolar transport and high charge mobility values are restricted in number and show poor light-emission efficiency. Here, we describe the device operation principles of OLETs and report on the approach of combining p-type and n-type molecular materials in a layered structure to achieve ambipolar transport and light emission. Imaging of the individual layers and a correlation between active layer structure and device electrical performances is achieved by means of the Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy.
Surface acoustic wave properties of zinc oxide film on quartz substrate (2000)

Substrates for surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices having various characteristics are realized by combining piezoelectric zinc oxide (ZnO) film and various substrates. This paper reports the following results: (1) the author realized Rayleigh SAW substrates having an appropriate electromechanical coupling factor (ks2 = 0.01—seven times that of ST-cut X-propagation quartz), a good temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF ⋍ 1 ppm/°C), and a zero power flow angle by combining ZnO film and an ST-cut 35° X-propagation quartz substrate, and (2) the author realized a high mode of leaky SAW substrates having a high velocity and a good TCF (⋍ 1 ppm/°C) by combining the ZnO film and an ST-cut 90° X-propagation quartz substrate. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 83(10): 1–9, 2000
Approaching optimality in spatially scalable video coding: From resampling and prediction to quantization and entropy coding (2013)

This paper builds on our recent work on optimal prediction in spatially scalable video coding, and is inspired by earlier work in our lab on optimal approaches for quality (or SNR) scalability. The approach we propose herein complements the optimal enhancement-layer prediction, enabled by transform domain resampling that ensures the base layer information is maximally accessible and usable at the enhancement layer despite their differing signal resolutions, with an optimal approach to quantization and entropy coding that exploits all available information, encapsulated in the appropriate conditional distribution for transform coefficients, to yield a unified coding engine for spatial scalability. For such quantizers to fully exploit base layer information, the enhancement layer transform block size must proportionally match the signal block transformed at the base layer. The overall system incorporates switching that applies the full estimation-theoretic quantizer and entropy coder at the right block size, but may optionally employ other block sizes where it defaults to optimal prediction followed by standard quantization. It is experimentally shown that the proposed scheme provides considerable performance gains over conventional codec and other leading competitors.
Achromatic waveguide couplers (1992)

Achromatic prism/grating and double-grating waveguide input/output couplers are fabricated. The chromatic characteristics of these couplers are measured and are compared with those of conventional prism and grating couplers. The waveguides used consisted of Corning 7059 on a Pyrex substrate, and the prism material was Schott SF1. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions and demonstrate that as much as several orders of magnitude improvement in the usable wavelength range relative to the uncorrected couplers can be achieved. For the achromatic prism/grating coupler, a usable wavelength range of 33 nm is demonstrated given a tolerance on the coupling angle of +or-0.005 degrees . For the double-grating coupler configuration, the usable range is found to be 12 nm. The corresponding intervals for the uncorrected prism and grating couplers are 6 and 0.08 nm, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Propagation and reflection properties of magnetoelastic wave in FeSiB amorphous wire (1996)

Propagation and reflection properties of magnetoelastic waves in Fe77.5Si7.5B15 amorphous wires are studied. The attenuation constant increases with increasing the driving frequency of the wave. As the attenuation constant of the wave driving at 500 kHz is quite small (0.18 m−1), the wave is expected to be observed after the propagation of 20 or 30 m. As for the reflection, the magnetoelastic wave is reflected with the efficiency as much as 0.9 at the driving frequency below 2 MHz using a clamp as reflector.
A New Strategy to Generate Functional Insulin-Producing Cell Lines by Somatic Gene Transfer into Pancreatic Progenitors (2009)

Somatic gene transfer into pancreatic progenitors represents an alternative strategy to generate functional beta cell lines in rodent. Moreover, this approach can be generalized to derive cells lines from various tissues and most importantly from tissues of human origin.
Ultrasound imaging for high intensity focused ultrasound therapy (2005)

We have investigated the use of ultrasound-based imaging to develop a non-invasive, safe and real-time method of guidance and monitoring for HIFU therapy. HIFU application was synchronized with the imaging frame rate to allow interference-free visualization of the region of interest. The regions treated with HIFU at intensities above the cavitation threshold appear immediately (within 30–60 ms) as hyperechoic structures in ultrasound images, confirmed to be due to microbubble activity at the focus. This HIFU dose is shown to produce minimal tissue damage, in the form of capillary rupture in an area of approximately 0.5 mm around the focus. The appearance of hyperechoic regions is potentially useful for pre-treatment targeting to ensure that the focus is located at the correct spot. The hyperechoic structures persist for 1–2 min, while the microbubbles still remain at the focus, before being absorbed. Microbubbles at the focus also provide a shield for HIFU, to prevent thermal damage of the healthy tissues located post-focally. Challenges of ultrasound-image-guided HIFU are in monitoring the tissue thermal behavior in and around the focus, and follow-up monitoring of tissues treated with HIFU. Ultrasound imaging is developing into a promising method for guidance of HIFU therapy. [Work funded by DoD, NIH.]
Improved circuits for microchip identification using SRAM mismatch (2011)

Integrated circuit authentication requires identification using un-clonable digital fingerprints. SRAM power-up state is one such fingerprinting method. In this paper we present a new, more robust hardware technique for generating secret keys and unique serial numbers using SRAM cells' inherent mismatch due to process variations in the constituent transistors. The improved method can be used in operation and is amenable to devices using power-up BIST. It is experimentally demonstrated and analyzed on a 90 nm test chip.
REVIEW ■ : Interleukin-1 and Neurodegeneration (1998)

The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been implicated in many forms of neurodegeneration. Expression of IL-1 is increased in the brain (mainly by microglia) of animals and humans in response to acute insults (e.g., stroke and brain injury) and in chronic neurodegenerative conditions. Although IL-1 does not kill otherwise healthy neurons, small quantities of the cytokine dramatically enhance ischemic, traumatic, or excitotoxic damage in animals. Inhibition of the synthesis, release, or action of IL-1 (e.g., by administration of IL-1 receptor antagonist) markedly reduces all of these forms of experimental neurodegeneration, indicating that approaches to block or inhibit IL-1 activity may be of benefit in clinical neurodegenerative disease. NEURO SCIENTIST 4:195-201, 1998
Thin Liquid Crystal Lens with Low Driving Voltages (2009)

A thin liquid crystal (LC) lens of 2.0 mm aperture diameter and less than 1 mm thickness is realized by placing a highly resistive film in an LC cell. Two LC layers of 30 µm thickness are used to achieve a lens power ranging from approximately -6.5 to 6.7 m-1. The cell is driven by two voltages under 40 Vrms.
The synthesis of methanol by a novel method (1990)

A new method for synthesizing methanol from CO and H{sub 2} in a slurry reactor is described and some recent experimental results are presented. At the temperatures and pressures used (100-160{degree}C, 50 atm) the methanol product remains in the liquid phase and constitutes the bulk of the liquid phase. Small amounts of other products (less than 6% total) are also present. Methanol is both a reactant and a product. The reaction is believed to proceed in two steps. In the first, methanol is carbonylated to methyl formate, and then the methyl formate is hydrogenated to methanol. A homogeneous catalyst such as potassium methoxide is used for the carbonylation reaction and a heterogeneous catalyst such as copper chromite is used for the hydrogenation reaction. Rates for the concurrent reaction (both reactions taking place in the same reactor) are greater than predicted from studies of the individual reactions. The improved performance can be explained by an interaction between the two catalysts in the surface layer adjacent to the heterogeneous catalyst. 9 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
The Effects of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol on Motion‐Induced Emesis in<i>Suncus murinus</i> (2008)

The effect of cannabinoids on motion-induced emesis is unknown. The present study investigated the action of phytocannabinoids against motion-induced emesis in Suncus murinus. Suncus murinus were injected intraperitoneally with either cannabidiol (CBD) (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg), Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC; 0.5, 3, 5 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle 45 min. before exposure to a 10-min. horizontal motion stimulus (amplitude 40 mm, frequency 1 Hz). In further investigations, the CB(1) receptor antagonist, N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM 251; 5 mg/kg), was injected 15 min. prior to an injection of Delta(9)-THC (3 mg/kg). The motion stimulus was applied 45 min. later. The number of emetic episodes and latency of onset to the first emetic episode were recorded. Pre-treatment with the above doses of CBD did not modify the emetic response to the motion stimulus as compared to the vehicle-treated controls. Application of the higher doses of Delta(9)-THC induced emesis in its own right, which was inhibited by AM 251. Furthermore, pre-treatment with Delta(9)-THC dose-dependently attenuated motion-induced emesis, an effect that was inhibited by AM 251. AM 251 neither induced an emetic response nor modified motion-induced emesis. The present study indicates that Delta(9)-THC, acting via the CB(1) receptors, is anti-emetic to motion, and that CBD has no effect on motion-induced emesis in Suncus murinus.
Cryopreservation of Adherent Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells with Disaccharides (2012)

There is a need for mammalian cell cryopreservation methods that either avoid or improve upon outcomes employing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant. DMSO was the second effective cryoprotectant to be discovered (Lovelock, 1959). Cell cryopreservation usually involves slow rate freezing with DMSO in culture medium and storage below -135°C for later use. Typically as long as there are enough cells surviving to start an expanding proliferating culture the yield of viable cells after thawing is not an important consideration. However, there are instances where cell yield and viability can be very important. Examples include minimization of expensive delays when starting cultures for bioreactor protein manufacturing runs and cellular therapies that involve administering cells into patients for treatment of various diseases, such as cancer. While some cells, for example fibroblasts, are easily cryopreserved other cell types like keratinocytes, hepatocytes, and cardiac myocytes do not freeze well and cell yields are often <50%. Furthermore, current opinion is that DMSO should be removed before cells are infused into patients (Caselli et al., 2009; Junior et al., 2008; Mueller et al., 2007; Otrock et al., 2008; Schlegel et al., 2009). The mechanism for DMSO cytotoxicity has not been determined, however, it is thought to modify membrane fluidity, induce cell differentiation, cause cytoplasmic microtubule changes and metal complexes (Barnett 1978; Katsuda et al., 1984, 1987; Miranda et al., 1978). DMSO also decreases expression of collagen mRNAs in a dose-dependent manner (Zeng et al., 2010).
Technical Assessment of Load Commutation Switch in Hybrid HVDC Breaker (2014)

The development of a large-scale high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power grid requires a reliable, fast, and low-loss circuit breaker. The load commutation switch (LCS) is an essential part of ABB's 1200-MW hybrid HVDC breaker concept, which builds up a low-loss conducting path for the load current. The technical requirements for the LCS are expressed in this paper by studying the operation principle of the hybrid HVDC breaker. The voltage stress over the LCS is determined based on a dc grid with 320 and 2 kA rated voltage and current. A system model of the hybrid HVDC breaker is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC to study the design criteria for snubber circuit and arrester blocks. It is observed that conventional snubber circuits are not suitable for a bidirectional LCS as the current of snubber capacitors prevent the fast interruption action. A modified snubber circuit is proposed in this paper along with two more alternatives for the LCS to overcome this problem. Moreover, the power loss model for a semiconductor device is discussed in this paper based on the 4.5-kV StakPak IGBT. The model is used to calculate the conduction power losses for different LCS topologies. Ultimately, a matrix of 3 X 3 IGBT modules is selected to provide a reliable LCS design which can handle several internal fault cases with no interruption of operation. A full-scale prototype has been constructed and tested in ABB HVDC Center, Ludvika, Sweden. The experimental test results are also included in the paper in order to verify the calculation and simulation study.
Nonuniform smoothing of depth maps before image-based rendering (2004)

In a technique called depth image based rendering, new images are generated using information from an original source image and its corresponding depth map, such that the new images appear to have been taken from different camera viewpoints. This technique is bandwidth-efficient and is ideal for multiview display systems, such as autostereoscopic 3D-TV. In a previous study, we demonstrated that uniform smoothing of depth maps through Gaussian filtering helps improve the image quality of the rendered images. In the present study we investigated the potential benefits of two non-uniform smoothing methods: asymmetric smoothing, where the horizontal extent of smoothing was smaller than that in the vertical direction, and adaptive smoothing, where the level and extent of smoothing was based on the local depth magnitude. In this vein, ten viewers assessed image quality and depth quality of four stereoscopic images in which the view to one eye was a rendered image based on one of the three smoothing methods: uniform, asymmetric, or adaptive. The experimental results showed an improvement in ratings of image quality for all three methods as the level of smoothing was increased. The results also indicated a slight advantage in image quality for asymmetric smoothing over the other two methods. Ratings of overall depth quality were significantly higher than corresponding non-stereoscopic references for all three methods, although the ratings decreased at the highest level of smoothing that was used in the present study. In general, ratings of depth quality tended to be marginally lower for the asymmetric method.
Selective prodrug activation: Using the cancer cell environment to activate a protein switch. (2008)

B6 In general, current chemotherapeutic agents used for cancer treatment suffer from a lack of selectivity for cancer cells over normal cells. The need for more targeted therapies lead to the development of alternative methods, such as GDEPT. In GDEPT, a “suicide” gene that is capable of converting a prodrug into a toxin is delivered to cancer cells. This is followed by the systematic administration of that prodrug, which is converted into a toxin within the cancer cell. However, the selectivity for cancer cells over normal cells still remains an issue for GDEPT. Normal cells are often transfected with the suicide gene, making it necessary to develop vehicles for specific delivery of the suicide gene to cancer cells. We propose to circumvent the need for specific delivery vehicles by creating a “cancer-sensing” therapeutic protein whose prodrug converting activity is dependent upon the cancer cell environment. This therapeutic protein can be delivered, non-specifically, to cells within and surrounding a tumor. The cancer cells producing this therapeutic protein will convert a systematically administered prodrug into a toxin within the cancer cell, thereby killing it, while the therapeutic protein will be inactive in normal cells.  	Our lab has invented a novel protein engineering strategy by combining the domains of two independent proteins into a single hybrid protein. As a proof of principle, we have created maltose-activated beta-lactamases by combining maltose binding protein with TEM1 beta-lactamase. These “switch” proteins’ beta-lactamase enzyme activity is increased 500-fold in the presence of maltose, but they are inactive in the absence of maltose. We envision that a therapeutic protein switch could be created in the same fashion as the maltose-activated proteins, by combining a prodrug activating enzyme and a protein that binds a cancer-specific marker. We are focusing on hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1a) as the cancer-specific marker. HIF-1a is completely absent in normal tissue due to rapid degradation, but is overexpressed within many types of cancer. In this manner, the therapeutic protein will be inactive in normal tissue and will be activated by HIF-1a to convert the prodrug into a toxin in cancer cells. We are using the HIF-1a binding domain from the p300 protein and a cytosine deaminase to make our therapeutic switch. Cytosine deaminase (CD) is an enzyme that is able to convert the relatively harmless 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) prodrug into the toxic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Cancer cells that overexpress HIF-1a will activate the protein switch to convert 5-FC into 5-FU, thereby killing the cancer cells. This therapeutic protein could have the potential to be used in a treatment method that is analogous to GDEPT, but will have superior “killing” efficiency with reduced side-effects because the selectivity of our method arises at the molecular level.
Differential association of protein tyrosine kinases with the T cell receptor is linked to the induction of anergy and its prevention by B7 family-mediated costimulation. (1996)

When stimulated through their antigen receptor, without costimulation, T cells enter a state of antigen-specific unresponsiveness, termed anergy. B7-mediated costimulation, signaling via CD28, is sufficient to prevent the induction of anergy. Here we show that ligation of T cell receptor (TCR) by alloantigen alone, which results in anergy, activates tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR zeta and its association with fyn. In contrast, TCR ligation in the presence of B7 costimulation, which results in productive immunity, activates tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR zeta and CD3 chains, which associate with activated lck and zeta-associated protein (ZAP) 70. Under these conditions, CD28 associates with activated lck and TCR zeta. These data suggest that the induction of anergy is an active signaling process characterized by the association of TCR zeta and fyn. In addition, CD28-mediated costimulation may prevent the induction of anergy by facilitating the effective association of TCR zeta and CD3 epsilon with the critical protein tyrosine kinase lck, and the subsequent recruitment of ZAP-70. Strategies to inhibit or activate TCR-associated, specific protein tyrosine kinase-mediated pathways may provide a basis for drug development with potential applications in the fields of transplantation, autoimmunity, and tumor immunity.
A charge transfer recursive filter (1977)

THE OPTIMUM PROCESS for identifying a signaling waveform in the presence of noise is correlation against a noise free version of itself. Frequently, a replica of the transmitted waveform can be used as a reference, but when the transmission channel is dispersive, a noise-free version of the received signal is required.