gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technologies for magnetic tape recording at 100Gb/in<sup>2</sup> and beyond (2015)

Magnetic tape systems provide high reliability storage at a low total cost of ownership and are well suited for the long term storage of less frequently accessed data. The current explosive growth rate of digital data is driving demand for cost effective storage technologies and has resulted in a renaissance in applications for tape systems. Current state of the art tape systems operate with areal densities up to ~6 Gb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and provide cartridge capacities up to 10TB. The future success of tape systems depends on continued areal density and capacity scaling to maintain or increase the current cost advantage of tape over competing technologies. In this work we describe a set of technologies that enable the scaling of tape recording to areal densities of 100 Gb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and beyond.
Kinetic properties of galactose oxidase from Gibberella fujikuroi. (1984)

The kinetic properties of galactose oxidase of Gibberella fujikuroi were investigated. The enzyme oxidized D-galactose, 2-substituted D-galactoses, 2-epimer D-talose, and D-galactosecontaining oligosaccharides, but not other saccharides. The enzyme was highly specific for molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor. The enzymegave a nonlinear Lineweaver-Burk plot when the oxidation rate at a variety of galactose concentrations was investigated. The data were well explained by the assumption that the enzyme has two binding sites for galactose. K1 and K2, which are the dissociation constants for the first and second bindings of galactose to the enzyme, were calculated to be 1.3mM and 42mM, respectively. The 'enzyme was mixedly inhibited by dgalacturonic acid.
Ion Selective Ceramics for Waste Separations. Input for Annual Accomplishments Report (2015)

This report discusses“Ion-Selective Ceramics for Waste Separations” which aims to develop an electrochemical approach to remove fission product waste (e.g., Cs+ ) from the LiCl-KCl molten salts used in the pyroprocessing of spent nuclear fuel.
Photocurrent multiplication in organic single crystals (2002)

A photocurrent multiplication of up to 200 times has been observed in single crystals of naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride sandwiched between metal electrodes. Photocurrent multiplication arises from photoinduced electron injection occurring at the crystal/metal interface. The high-speed response of the multiplied photocurrent reached 500 ms.
Regulation of Proliferation and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Laminin‐5 (Laminin‐332) (2006)

Laminin-5 (laminin-332) is an important basement membrane protein that regulates cell attachment and motility. Recent studies have shown that laminin-5 is expressed in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in culture and that the laminin gamma2 chain is transiently expressed in chondrocytes during development. These studies suggest that laminin-5 may be involved in the regulation of chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. In this study, we examined a possible role of laminin-5 in the proliferation and differentiation of human MSCs. When MSCs were incubated in the presence of a coated or soluble form of laminin-5 in a growth medium, they proliferated more rapidly than nontreated cells, keeping their differentiation potential. On the other hand, laminin-5 potently suppressed the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. These activities were mediated mainly by integrin alpha3beta1. However, laminin-5 had no effect on the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. These results suggest that laminin-5 may contribute to the development of bone tissues by promoting the proliferation and by suppressing the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs.
AC oncise Flo wS ynthesis of Efavirenz (2015)

Efavirenz is an essential medicine for the treatment of HIV ,w hich is still inaccessible to millions of people worldwide .A novel, semi-continuous process provides rac- Efavirenz with an overall yield of 45 %. This streamlined proof-of-principle synthesis relies on the efficient copper- catalyze df ormation of an aryl isocyanate and as ubsequent intramolecular cyclization to install the carbamate core of Efavirenz in one step .T he three-step method represents the shortest synthesis of this life-saving drug to date. For the developing world, the affordability of critical medicines still remains the greatest obstacle to therapy. (1) While competition from generic manufacturers has led to ad ecrease in prices ,v irtually all active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are still produced by multiple distinct chemical transformations in batch reactors .O ver the past decade ,c ontinuous processes have emerged as an effective means to conduct chemical syntheses ,a st hey offer increased control over the reaction conditions .I mproved product quality and safety are accompanied by ar educed environ- mental impact compared to traditional batch syntheses. (2, 3) Accordingly ,p roduction costs can be significantly lowered through flow-enabled, improved manufacturing. (4) Efforts to streamline API syntheses have led to several linear (5 ,6 ) and divergent (7) continuous processes to meet the rising global demand for medicines. An efficient synthesis of Efavirenz, ad rug that is still inaccessible to millions of people worldwide ,h olds great potential both scientifically and socially. (8) This potent non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) is one of the preferred agents used in combination therapy for first-line treatment of the human immunodeficienc yv irus (HIV). (9) We sought to develop ac oncise ,a tom-economic ,a nd continuous synthetic route that avoids the toxic or expensive reagents
Scale Factor Correction In The Phase-Nulling Optical Gyro (1984)

Means to correct scale factor in the phase-nulling optical gyro are presented. In particular, methods are described that allow the wavelength of the light source to be tracked to high accuracy. A derivative of this technique, allowing the phase-nulling optical gyro to execute an in-flight cold start, is also described.
Photon accelerated turn-on of high-voltage ESD diode breakdown (2013)

The avalanche breakdown delay in HV ESD diodes poses a serious threat to their protection effectiveness especially under voltage pre-bias. A novel device solution significantly shortens the turn-on behavior by utilizing near-by emitted photons from an auxiliary structure. The physical background is addressed and measurements demonstrate the effectiveness of the measures.
Identification and Development of Biphenyl Substituted Iminosugars as Improved Dual Glucosylceramide Synthase/Neutral Glucosylceramidase Inhibitors (2014)

This work details the evaluation of a number of N-alkylated deoxynojirimycin derivatives on their merits as dual glucosylceramide synthase/neutral glucosylceramidase inhibitors. Building on our previous work, we synthesized a series of D-gluco and L-ido-configured iminosugars N-modified with a variety of hydrophobic functional groups. We found that iminosugars featuring N-pentyloxymethylaryl substituents are considerably more potent inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase than their aliphatic counterparts. In a next optimization round, we explored a series of biphenyl-substituted iminosugars of both configurations (D-gluco and L-ido) with the aim to introduce structural features known to confer metabolic stability to drug-like molecules. From these series, two sets of molecules emerge as lead series for further profiling. Biphenyl-substituted L-ido-configured deoxynojirimycin derivatives are selective for glucosylceramidase and the nonlysosomal glucosylceramidase, and we consider these as leads for the treatment of neuropathological lysosomal storage disorders. Their D-gluco-counterparts are also potent inhibitors of intestinal glycosidases, and because of this characteristic, we regard these as the prime candidates for type 2 diabetes therapeutics.
Immunologic characterization and specificity of three monoclonal antibodies against the 58-kilodalton protein of Legionella pneumophila (1991)

Three monoclonal antibodies against the Legionella pneumophila 58-kDa protein were produced. By using immunoblot analysis, the percentages of reactivity against 47 serogroups of Legionella representing 29 species were determined to be 80.9, 87.2, and 95.6 for monoclonal antibodies GB5BE8, GB5AF6, and CA4AF5, respectively. Specificities obtained from testing 63 heterologous organisms representing 22 genera and 46 species were 90.7, 92.2, and 95.3% for monoclonal antibodies GB5BE8, GB5AF6, and CA4AF5, respectively. No single heterologous strain was reactive with all three monoclonal antibodies. These monoclonal antibodies successfully identified all 10 clinical isolates of Legionella examined in a dot blot assay and should be excellent reagents for use in genuswide diagnostic immunoassays.
A Novel Antioxidant Mechanism of Ebselen Involving Ebselen Diselenide, a Substrate of Mammalian Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Reductase (2002)

The antioxidant mechanism of ebselen involves recently discovered reductions by mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and thioredoxin (Trx) forming ebselen selenol. Here we describe a previously unknown reaction; ebselen reacts with its selenol forming an ebselen diselenide with a rate constant of 372 m(-1)s(-1). The diselenide also was a substrate of TrxR forming the selenol with K(m) of 40 microm and k(cat) of 79 min(-1) (k(cat)/K(m) of 3.3 x 10(4) m(-1)s(-1)). Trx increased the reduction because of its fast reaction with diselenide (rate constant 1.7 x 10(3) m(-1)s(-1)). Diselenide stimulated the H2O2 reductase activity of TrxR, even more efficiently with Trx present. Because the mechanism of ebselen as an antioxidant has been assumed to involve glutathione peroxidase-like activity, we compared the H2O2 reductase activity of ebselen with the GSH and Trx systems. TrxR at 50 nm, far below the estimated physiological level, gave 8-fold higher activity compared with 1 mm GSH; addition of 5 microm Trx increased this difference to 13-fold. The rate constant of ebselen selenol reacting with H2O2 was estimated to be faster than 350 m(-1)s(-1). We propose novel mechanisms for ebselen antioxidant action involving ebselen selenol and diselenide formation, with the thioredoxin system rather than glutathione as the predominant effector and target.
Delta 6 Desaturases From Primulaceae, Expressing Plants And Pufa-containing Oils (Patent US 2005/0089865 A1) (2005)

The present invention relates to an improved method for the specific production of unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and a method for the production of triglycerides having an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular omega-3 fatty acids having more than three double bonds. The invention relates to the production of a transgenic organism, preferably a transgenic plant or a transgenic microorganism, having an increased content of fatty acids, oils or lipids having Delta 6 double bonds due to the expression of a Delta 6-desaturase from Primulaceae. The invention additionally relates to expression cassettes containing a nucleic acid sequence, a vector and organisms containing at least one nucleic acid sequence or an expression cassette. The invention further relates to unsaturated fatty acids and triglycerides having an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids and use thereof.
A novel genital human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV type 74, found in immunosuppressed patients (1996)

The genome of a novel human papillomavirus (HPV) type, HPV74, was cloned from an iatrogenically immunosuppressed woman with persisting low-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. HPV74 was found to be phylogenetically related to the low-risk HPV types 6, 11, 44, and 55. HPV74 or a variant of this type was found in specimens from three additional immunosuppressed women but not in about 3,000 anogenital specimens from immunocompetent patients.
Multiband multislice GE‐EPI at 7 tesla, with 16‐fold acceleration using partial parallel imaging with application to high spatial and temporal whole‐brain fMRI (2010)

Parallel imaging in the form of multiband radiofrequency excitation, together with reduced k-space coverage in the phase-encode direction, was applied to human gradient echo functional MRI at 7 T for increased volumetric coverage and concurrent high spatial and temporal resolution. Echo planar imaging with simultaneous acquisition of four coronal slices separated by 44mm and simultaneous 4-fold phase-encoding undersampling, resulting in 16-fold acceleration and up to 16-fold maximal aliasing, was investigated. Task/stimulus-induced signal changes and temporal signal behavior under basal conditions were comparable for multiband and standard single-band excitation and longer pulse repetition times. Robust, whole-brain functional mapping at 7 T, with 2 x 2 x 2mm(3) (pulse repetition time 1.25 sec) and 1 x 1 x 2mm(3) (pulse repetition time 1.5 sec) resolutions, covering fields of view of 256 x 256 x 176 mm(3) and 192 x 172 x 176 mm(3), respectively, was demonstrated with current gradient performance.
Indian Turmeric and its Use in Cationic Photopolymerizations (2006)

Abstract Curcumin, an intensely yellow dye isolated from Indian turmeric is an excellent electron‐transfer photosensitizer for cationic vinyl and ring‐opening polymerizations. Especially attractive features of curcumin are its strong absorption, broad spectral sensitivity, efficient electron‐transfer, low toxicity and low cost. Using curcumin as a photosensitizer, the cationic photopolymerizations of a variety of monomers were carried out including such naturally derived monomers as epoxidized terpenes and epoxidized vegetable oils. The impact of this technology on applications such as housing, boat‐building and water distribution is discussed.
A photochromic porphyrin–perinaphthothioindigo conjugate and its two-photon absorption properties (2007)

A porphyrin-perinaphthothioindigo conjugate having two-photon absorption cross-sections of approximately 2000 GM and approximately 700 GM for trans- and cis-isomers, respectively, was synthesized and exhibited clear photochromic behavior upon one-photon and two-photon excitation.
Enzymatic esterification of dihydroxystearic acid (2000)

Abstract Dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) ester was synthesized enzymatically to overcome the problems associated with chemical processes. Immobilized enzyme, Lipozyme IM and Novozym 435, were employed as catalysts in the esterification reaction between DHSA and monohydric alcohol. Various factors that may affect the esterification reaction were studied, such as initial water content ( a w ), organic solvent, substrate concentration and the influence of alcohol chain length. It was found that the percent conversion was higher in organic solvents with log P (the logarithm of the partition coefficient of solvent in octanol/water system) from 2.0 to 4.0. The reaction was not affected by a w from 0.09 to 0.96. Increasing the mole ratio of alcohol to acid above 2.0 did not increase the percent converions of ester. The ester was identified by Fourier transform infrared and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Lasers for phase only Holographic projection and head up display applications (2013)

We have developed a laser holographic projection engine that is an order of magnitude more optically efficient than conventional projection displays. The image is formed by beam propagation from the hologram plane, which places stricter demands on the light source when compared to conventional displays. In this paper we discuss the laser requirements (technical and commercial) for Holographic projection.
Photonic Logic Gate Design Based on Frequency-Sensitive Optical Response of an EIT Photonic Crystal (2011)

The frequency-sensitive optical response due to two-photon resonance of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a tunable band structure of an EIT-based layered medium is considered. The unit cells of this periodic layered structure are composed of dielectric (e.g., GaAs) and EIT atomic vapor. The frequency-sensitive behavior of controllable reflectance and transmittance depending on the external control field can be applicable to new device design (e.g., it can serve as the fundamental working mechanism for photonic switches and photonic logic gates). Some two-input logic gates (e.g., OR and NAND gates) are designed based on the present effect of sensitive switching control that results from the two-photon resonance.
Expansion of Human-Phone Interface By Sensing Structure-Borne Sound Propagation (2016)

ForcePhone is a novel system that enables commodity phones to recognize the force applied to their touch screen and body. Researchers have shown the usefulness and importance of this expressive input interface (especially for the one-hand operation), but this advanced function has not yet been realized and deployed in most state-of-the-art smartphones. Instead of employing or augmenting specialized/proprietary sensors, ForcePhone uses only the phone's built-in sensors to measure the applied force via a physical property called structure-borne sound propagation. ForcePhone has been implemented and evaluated on both iOS and Android phones. Multiple demo applications, such as getting the option menu by hard-pressing a button or surfing the previous webpage by squeezing the phone, have been implemented and tested successfully. The estimated force is shown highly correlated to the real applied force and the estimation error is less than 54g when the phone is stationary. Users can easily control the applied force at two different levels with a 97% accuracy. Moreover, ForcePhone can detect the squeeze of the phone body with a higher than 90% accuracy. Most participants in our usability study were able to master the ForcePhone-based apps and find them very useful.
Improved solvent suppression and increased spatial excitation bandwidths for three‐dimensional press CSI using phase‐compensating spectral/spatial spin‐echo pulses (1997)

Dual phase-compensating spectral/spatial echo-planar (EP) spin-echo (SE) pulses were incorporated into the point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) excitation sequence to improve water and lipid suppression for 1H chemical shift imaging (CSI) and to decrease the dependence of the PRESS box location upon chemical shift. The asymmetric EPSE pulses (either minimum or maximum phase in the chemical shift domain) were substituted for the two PRESS SE pulses to yield zero phase spectra. Three different pulses were designed and tested at 1.5 T. Pulse 1, targeted for brain CSI (TE > 85 msec), passed choline to lipid resonances, suppressed water, and rephased the methyl lactate doublet independently of TE. Pulse 2, targeted for general purpose shorter TE PRESS, possessed both high chemical shift and spatial domain bandwidths. Pulse 3, designed for prostate CSI, passed choline to citrate resonances while suppressing lipids and water. The three pulses possessed spatial bandwidths ranging between 3.3 and 5.0 kHz, more than three times higher than that offered by one-dimensional SE pulses of equivalent maximum B1 amplitude. Phantom and in vivo experimental results demonstrated that, for EPSE pulses 1 and 2, suppression factors higher than 10(4) were achieved. The increased spatial bandwidths resulted in less contamination by signals from outside the designated PRESS excited region and a significant improvement in the uniformity of metabolite intensities for voxels located near edges of the PRESS box.
Detecting Significant Events in Personal Image Collections (2009)

The organization and retrieval of images and videos is a problem for the typical consumer. A typical image collection includes many pictures of common activities that are not considered to be important by the user. These images inflate the number of assets in a collection to the point where it is difficult to find significant events when browsing. It is useful for the user to be able to browse an overview of important events in their collection. This paper proposes a new approach for identifying a small sub-set of events in a large collection that have a high probability of being significant. Using techniques from time-series modeling, a representation of a user's picture-taking behavior is constructed. The detection of significant events is based on the deviation from this learned representation. The results match a user's judgment of significance and enables efficient browsing and searching of the collection by focusing on a small set of images.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes fabricated by in situ dry etching and molecular beam epitaxial regrowth (1993)

The authors report the first buried active region vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes fabricated using in situ dry etching and molecular beam epitaxial regrowth. The laser emissions of the etched/regrown devices persist over a greater current range and exhibit maximum output powers larger than air-post lasers. The lasers are anisotropically etched into the lower monolithic distributed Bragg reflector using an electron cyclotron resonance SiCl/sub 4/ plasma etch. After transfer in ultra-high vacuum, epitaxial AlGaAs current blocking layers are regrown around the etched mesas. Polycrystalline deposition on the SiO/sub 2/ mask is removed by reactive ion etching to allow electrical contact and top surface emission. The etched/regrown laser characteristics demonstrate efficient current confinement and low thermal impedance. The vacuum integrated processing described offers the prospect of further device performance enhancements and greater functionality.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Series Connected Buck Boost Regulator Concept for High Efficiency Light Weight DC Voltage Regulation (2003)

Improvements in the efficiency and size of DC-DC converters have resulted from advances in components, primarily semiconductors, and improved topologies. One topology, which has shown very high potential in limited applications, is the Series Connected Boost Unit (SCBU), wherein a small DC-DC converter output is connected in series with the input bus to provide an output voltage equal to or greater than the input voltage. Since the DC-DC converter switches only a fraction of the power throughput, the overall system efficiency is very high. But this technique is limited to applications where the output is always greater than the input. The Series Connected Buck Boost Regulator (SCBBR) concept extends partial power processing technique used in the SCBU to operation when the desired output voltage is higher or lower than the input voltage, and the implementation described can even operate as a conventional buck converter to operate at very low output to input voltage ratios. This paper describes the operation and performance of an SCBBR configured as a bus voltage regulator providing 50 percent voltage regulation range, bus switching, and overload limiting, operating above 98 percent efficiency. The technique does not provide input-output isolation.
Integrated multiplexed biosensors based on liquid core optical ring resonators and antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (2006)

The authors demonstrate integrated biosensors utilizing antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) to excite the whispering gallery modes of a liquid core optical ring resonator (LCORR) sensor. Because this architecture is based on integration, it is robust and well suited for dense multiplexing of sensors. They analytically and experimentally characterize the coupling between the ARROW structure and the LCORR and show good agreement between the coupling theory and experimental results. The multiplexing capability is experimentally demonstrated by exciting multiple ring resonators along a single LCORR using the ARROW array. Also, they show the label-free detection of bovine serum albumin with this LCORR-ARROW system.