gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sleep/wake measurement using a non-contact biomotion sensor (2010)

We studied a novel non-contact biomotion sensor, which has been developed for identifying sleep/wake patterns in adult humans. The biomotion sensor uses ultra low-power reflected radiofrequency waves to determine the movement of a subject during sleep. An automated classification algorithm has been developed to recognize sleep/wake states on a 30-s epoch basis based on the measured movement signal. The sensor and software were evaluated against gold-standard polysomnography on a database of 113 subjects [94 male, 19 female, age 53±13years, apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI) 22±24] being assessed for sleep-disordered breathing at a hospital-based sleep laboratory. The overall per-subject accuracy was 78%, with a Cohen's kappa of 0.38. Lower accuracy was seen in a high AHI group (AHI >15, 63 subjects) than in a low AHI group (74.8% versus 81.3%); however, most of the change in accuracy can be explained by the lower sleep efficiency of the high AHI group. Averaged across subjects, the overall sleep sensitivity was 87.3% and the wake sensitivity was 50.1%. The automated algorithm slightly overestimated sleep efficiency (bias of +4.8%) and total sleep time (TST; bias of +19min on an average TST of 288min). We conclude that the non-contact biomotion sensor can provide a valid means of measuring sleep-wake patterns in this patient population, and also allows direct visualization of respiratory movement signals.
Optical modeling with precise spatial-chromatic light distribution in phosphor-converted white LEDs (2015)

White light LEDs become more and more important in display and lighting in various structures. Here a new modeling algorithm for phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pcW-LEDs) is proposed, aiming to perform accurate simulation for color appearance, where potentially enabling optical designers to remove yellowish/bluish spots in LED lighting. The proposed modeling method is applied to simulate a pcW-LED with a hemi spherical lens. The simulation accurately predicts the blue and yellow light distribution. The model is further verified by applying a total internal reflector lens to the pcW-LED. In the midfield region, the blue and yellow light distribution exhibit large variations as the observation distance changed; this varying light pattern for both the blue and yellow lights can be accurately predicted by using the proposed model. The well-established optical model should facilitate designing a pcW-LED that features high-quality illumination and enhances color uniformity.
Locally targeted drug delivery to magnetic stents for therapeutic applications (2006)

The ability to safely and effectively deliver high dosages of drugs to specific sites in the human body is fundamental to the advancement of drug delivery research. Drugs with proven effectiveness under in vitro investigation often reach a major roadblock under in vivo testing due to a lack of an effective delivery strategy. In addition, many clinical scenarios require delivery of agents that are therapeutic at the desired delivery point, but otherwise systemically toxic. This paper proposes a method for targeted drug delivery by applying high magnetic field gradients within the body to an injected superparamagnetic colloidal fluid carrying a drug, without relying on magnetic coils held external to the body to provide the force. The experimental flow model presented gives insight into the use of magnetic carriers for site-specific delivery of therapeutic agents
Comparison of Known Food Weights with Image-Based Portion-Size Automated Estimation and Adolescents' Self-Reported Portion Size (2012)

The ability of humans to estimate portion sizes of foods remains a problem and a perceived burden. Errors in automated portion-size estimation can be systematically addressed while minimizing the burden on people. Future applications that take over the burden of these processes may translate to better diabetes self-management.
<title>Low-cost high-resolution non-shadow-mask hybrid LCD-CRT display</title> (1998)

A parent has been awarded for a new CRT design that eliminates the internal shadow mask, and promises a bright, rugged, high-resolution/large-format, multiscan/multi-sync display with potentially low manufacturing costs. The design incorporates a light-valve within the CRT. Modulation of the electron gun and the function of the shadow mask are replaced by two chemical reactions typical of phosphors: decay stimulation and quenching. These reactions are controlled through illumination of the phosphors by non- visible light projected through the light-valve. The image is generated in traditional raster form, but with a single, non-modulated electron gun; control of each pixel is made through modulation of the light-valve. The design decreases manufacturing alignment requirements and eliminates the need to focus the electron gun. Advantages include: high-G resistance due to elimination of the shadow mask; brighter displays because the electron beam is not occluded or absorbed by the shadow mask; elimination of decay rate as a parameter in phosphor choice and frame state; and digital interfacing to image sources. Applications include: large- format displays without the physical constraints of the shadow mask and by elimination of distortion control requirements of the electron beam at the image edges; variable rates by modulating the decay rate of the phosphors through quenching; and stereoscopic displays without crosstalk through control of left-right phosphor decay rates.
First-in-human phase I trial of prostate-specific membrane antigen antibody drug conjugate (PSMA ADC) in taxane-refractory prostate cancer. (2010)

TPS245 Background: PSMA is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein with abundant and restricted expression on prostate cancer cells. PSMA ADC comprises a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to PSMA linked to the antitubulin agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). PSMA ADC demonstrated potent activity against human prostate tumors in preclinical studies (Ma et al, Clin Canc Res 12:2591). This report describes an ongoing phase I dose escalation study of PSMA ADC in patients (pts) with progressive taxane refractory metastatic prostate cancer (metCRPC). The goals of the trial are to determine a maximum tolerated dose (MTD), identify potential dose limiting toxicities, describe the pK profile of free MMAE and the parent compound, and detect potential antitumor activity of PSMA ADC. Methods: Eligible pts are ≥18 years with metCRPC after failure of a taxane-containing regimen and ECOG status of 0 or 1. PSMA ADC is administered by IV infusion Q3W for up to 4 cycles. Adverse events, pK, PSA, circulating tumor cells, clinical disease progression, and immunogenic response to PSMA ADC or its components are assessed. Serum concentrations of study drug (PSMA ADC) and total antibody (PSMA mAb + PSMA ADC) are measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and serum concentrations of free toxin (MMAE) are measured by a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. Using a modified Fibonacci sequence, dosing began at 0.4 mg/kg in the first cohort. Pts perceived to be benefitting from treatment may be enrolled in an extension study of PSMA ADC at the same dose. Current Status:Fifteen patients have been treated to date; Cohort 1 (0.4 mg/kg), 3 pts; Cohort 2 (0.7 mg/kg), 3 pts; Cohort 3 (1.1 mg/kg), 3 pts; Cohort 4 (1.8 mg/kg), 6 pts. Two pts have enrolled in the extension study. Enrollment is ongoing. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Laser scanning microscope: Differential phase images (1987)

A beam-deflection type laser scanning microscope for differential phase contrast images using the split-detector technique is developed and the images are obtained in real time (30 images/s). The special optical design allows transfer of the pupil information necessary to the imaging of the differential phase contrast images during beam deflection and the use of acousto-optic deflectors with the associated correction system enables real time imaging. Differential phase images of surface details of crystals are simply obtained without silver coating or etching, which are indispensable in a normal DIC. Biological specimens are also observed.
Crowd wisdom enhanced by costly signaling in a virtual rating system (2019)

Costly signaling theory was developed in both economics and biology and has been used to explain a wide range of phenomena. However, the theory's prediction that signal cost can enforce information quality in the design of new communication systems has never been put to an empirical test. Here we show that imposing time costs on reporting extreme scores can improve crowd wisdom in a previously cost-free rating system. We developed an online game where individuals interacted repeatedly with simulated services and rated them for satisfaction. We associated ratings with differential time costs by endowing the graphical user interface that solicited ratings from the users with "physics," including an initial (default) slider position and friction. When ratings were not associated with differential cost (all scores from 0 to 100 could be given by an equally low-cost click on the screen), scores correlated only weakly with objective service quality. However, introducing differential time costs, proportional to the deviation from the mean score, improved correlations between subjective rating scores and objective service performance and lowered the sample size required for obtaining reliable, averaged crowd estimates. Boosting time costs for reporting extreme scores further facilitated the detection of top performances. Thus, human collective online behavior, which is typically cost-free, can be made more informative by applying costly signaling via the virtual physics of rating devices.
Endocavity ultrasound and photoacoustic system for fetal and maternal imaging: design, implementation, and ex-vivo validation (2021)

<b>Purpose:</b> Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) is a widely used real-time and non-invasive imaging technique for fetal and maternal care. It can provide structural and functional measurements about the fetal brain, such as blood vessel diameter and blood flow. However, it lacks certain biochemical estimations, such as hemoglobin oxygen saturation ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>SO</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ), which limits its ability to indicate a fetus at risk of birth asphyxia. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has been steadily growing in recognition as a complement to ultrasound (US). Studies have shown PA imaging is capable of providing such biochemical estimations as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>SO</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> at relatively high penetration depth (up to 30 mm). <b>Approach:</b> In this study, we have designed and developed a multi-modal (US, PA, and Doppler) endocavity imaging system (ECUSPA) around a commercialized TVUS probe (Philips ATL C9-5). <b>Results:</b> The integrated system was evaluated through a set of <i>in-vitro</i>, <i>ex-vivo</i>, and <i>in-vivo</i> studies. Imaging of excised sheep brain tissue demonstrated the system's utility and penetration depth in transfontanelle imaging conditions. The accuracy of using the spectroscopic PA imaging (sPA) method to estimate <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>SO</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> was validated by comparing sPA oximetry results with the gold standard measurements indicated by a blood gas analyzer. The ability of US and Doppler to measure moving blood volume was evaluated <i>in-vivo</i>. Spectral unmixing capabilities were tested using fluorophores within sheep brains. <b>Conclusion:</b> The developed system is a high resolution (about <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>200</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> at 30 mm depth), real-time (at 30 Hz), and quantitative ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>SO</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> estimation error <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) imaging tool with a total diameter less than 30 mm, making it suitable for intrapartum applications such as fetal and maternal diagnostics.
Single Transistor Learning Synapses (1994)

We describe single-transistor silicon synapses that compute, learn, and provide non-volatile memory retention. The single transistor synapses simultaneously perform long term weight storage, compute the product of the input and the weight value, and update the weight value according to a Hebbian or a backpropagation learning rule. Memory is accomplished via charge storage on polysilicon\nfloating gates, providing long-term retention without refresh. The synapses efficiently use the physics of silicon to perform weight updates; the weight value is increased using tunneling and the weight\nvalue decreases using hot electron injection. The small size and low power operation of single transistor synapses allows the development of dense synaptic arrays. We describe the design, fabrication, characterization, and modeling of an array of single transistor synapses. When the steady state source current is used as\nthe representation of the weight value, both the incrementing and decrementing functions are proportional to a power of the source current. The synaptic array was fabricated in the standard 2μm double - poly, analog process available from MOSIS.
Effective and ineffective digital watermarks (2002)

We have entered an era where inexpensive and readily-available equipment can produce perfect copies of digital multimedia materials, such as CD-quality audio, publication-quality images, or digital video. In this environment, it has become easier for malicious parties to make salable copies of copyrighted content without compensation to the content owner. Many media content owners are concerned about the potential loss of revenue from multimedia piracy, especially when the content will be exposed to the Internet. Digital watermarking is seen by many as a potential solution to this problem. Many different watermarking schemes have been proposed. Often, however there is little discussion of how effective a proposed watermarking technique may be at solving a particular problem. We describe a number of proposed image-watermarking application scenarios and form a small number of watermark-application categories. Then, with these applications in mind, we discuss the desired technical properties of watermarks for each category. Finally we discuss some watermarking techniques developed by the authors, in light of the desired properties.
Hybrid vibration isolator: Single axis control study (2006)

Results are presented for a laboratory study of a compact, single-axis hybrid (active-passive) vibration isolator. The passive system component demonstrates a very high level of vibration isolation at frequencies roughly a factor of 3 above the fundamental system resonance. The active component complements the system by significantly reducing the transmitted vibration levels at lower frequencies, where the passive-only system is ineffective. The device consists of three basic components, a passive compliant spring, force and velocity sensing, and a piezoelectric actuation layer. The experimental system is typically excited at 50Hz with response characteristics measured over the band from ∼10 to 2000Hz. The isolation performance is evaluated for an optimized passive stage as well as for all relevant hybrid layer configurations. The optimal physical control law is determined by identifying positions in the device stack where actuation and sensing are most effective at minimizing the downstream base velocity and power flow through the mount. Local force and velocity minimization are implemented via a least mean squared adaptive control filter. The role of harmonic distortion and actuator nonlinearity is examined by comparing the system performance and out-of-band enhancement obtained using PZT-4, PZT-5H, and single-crystal PMN-PT actuator materials.
The impact of pulmonary nodule size estimation accuracy on the measured performance of automated nodule detection systems (2008)

The performance of automated pulmonary nodule detection systems is typically qualified with respect to some minimum size of nodule to be detected. Also, an evaluation dataset is typically constructed by expert radiologists with all nodules larger than the minimum size being designated as true positives while all other smaller detected "nodules" are considered to be false positives. In this paper, we consider the negative impact that size estimation error, either in the establishment of ground truth for the evaluation dataset or by the automated detection method for the size estimate of nodule candidates, has on the measured performance of the detection system. Furthermore, we propose a modified evaluation procedure that addresses the size estimation error issue. The impact of the size measurement error was estimated for a documented research image database consisting of whole-lung CT scans for 509 cases in which 690 nodules have been documented. We compute FROC curves both with and without size error compensation and we found that for a minimum size limit of 4 mm the performance of the system is underestimated by a sensitivity reduction of 5% and a false positive rate increase of 0.25 per case. Therefore, error in nodule size estimation should be considered in the evaluation of automated detection systems.
A heated electrospray source for mass spectrometry of analytes from aqueous solutions (1994)

An electrospray interface is described that provides high sensitivity and signal stability for mass spectrometric detection of analytes in solvents with high water content including 100% water. The electrospray capillary tip section is heated close to the boiling point of the solvent. An approximately 20°C hotter airstream, with flow coaxial to the electrospray tip and codirectional to the electrospray.. is also used. With this arrangement, the analyte signal sensitivity and stability obtained with neat water is equal to that obtained with neat methanol. The heated electrospray also affords the use of a wide range of flow rates: 1-100 μL/min.
Transmit filter design methods for magnetic particle imaging (2011)

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has emerged as a new imaging modality that uses the nonlinear magnetization behavior of superparamagnetic particles. Due to the need to avoid contamination of particle signals with the simultaneous excitation signal, MPI transmit systems require different design considerations from those in MRI, where excitation and detection are temporally decoupled. Specifically, higher order harmonic distortion in the transmit spectrum can feed through to and contaminate the received signal spectrum. In a prototype MPI scanner, this distortion needs to be attenuated by 90 dB at all frequencies. In this paper, we describe two methods of filtering out harmonic distortion in the transmit spectrum. The first method uses a Butterworth topology while the second a cascaded Butterworth-elliptic topology. We show that whereas the Butterworth filter alone achieves around 16 and 32 dB attenuation at the second and third harmonics, the cascaded filter can achieve around 65 and 73 dB at these harmonics. Finally, we discuss how notch placement in the stopband can also be applied to design highpass filters for MPI detection systems.
Device for detailed analysis of leakage current paths in photovoltaic modules under high voltage bias (2014)

High voltages used in photovoltaic (PV) systems are known to induce long-term power loss in PV modules due to leakage current flowing through the module packaging materials. It has been difficult to identify the specific materials and interfaces responsible for degradation based on an analysis of only the total leakage current. A detailed investigation of the leakage current paths within the PV modules, under high voltage bias, is carried out by utilizing a device that measures the independent contributions of various paths in real-time. Knowledge about dominant leakage current paths can be used to quantify the physical and chemical changes occurring within the module packaging materials.
Short undeniable signatures (2006)

Digital signatures are one of the main achievements of public-key cryptography and constitute a fundamental tool to ensure data authentication. Although their universal verifiability has the advantage to facilitate their verification by the recipient, this property may have undesirable consequences when dealing with sensitive and private information. Motivated by such considerations, undeniable signatures, whose verification requires the cooperation of the signer in an interactive way, were invented. This thesis is mainly devoted to the design and analysis of short undeniable signatures. Exploiting their online property, we can achieve signatures with a fully scalable size depending on the security requirements. To this end, we develop a general framework based on the interpolation of group elements by a group homomorphism, leading to the design of a generic undeniable signature scheme. On the one hand, this paradigm allows to consider some previous undeniable signature schemes in a unified setting. On the other hand, by selecting group homomorphisms with a small group range, we obtain very short signatures. After providing theoretical results related to the interpolation of group homomorphisms, we develop some interactive proofs in which the prover convinces a verifier of the interpolation (resp. non-interpolation) of some given points by a group homomorphism which he keeps secret. Based on these protocols, we devise our new undeniable signature scheme and prove its security in a formal way. We theoretically analyze the special class of group characters on Z*n. After studying algorithmic aspects of the homomorphism evaluation, we compare the efficiency of different homomorphisms and show that the Legendre symbol leads to the fastest signature generation. We investigate potential applications based on the specific properties of our signature scheme. Finally, in a topic closely related to undeniable signatures, we revisit the designated confirmer signature of Chaum and formally prove the security of a generalized version.