gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic therapy in malignant gliomas revisited (2012)

The cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and its prospects for anti-angiogenic cancer therapy are major issues in almost all current concepts of both cancer biology and targeted cancer therapy. Currently, (1) sprouting angiogenesis, (2) vascular co-option, (3) vascular intussusception, (4) vasculogenic mimicry, (5) bone marrow-derived vasculogenesis, (6) cancer stem-like cell-derived vasculogenesis and (7) myeloid cell-driven angiogenesis are all considered to contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Many of these processes have been described in developmental angiogenesis; however, the relative contribution and relevance of these in human brain cancer remain unclear. Preclinical tumor models support a role for sprouting angiogenesis, vascular co-option and myeloid cell-derived angiogenesis in glioma vascularization, whereas a role for the other four mechanisms remains controversial and rather enigmatic. The anti-angiogenesis drug Avastin (Bevacizumab), which targets VEGF, has become one of the most popular cancer drugs in the world. Anti-angiogenic therapy may lead to vascular normalization and as such facilitate conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, preclinical and clinical studies suggest that anti-VEGF therapy using bevacizumab may also lead to a pro-migratory phenotype in therapy resistant glioblastomas and thus actively promote tumor invasion and recurrent tumor growth. This review focusses on (1) mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis in human malignant glioma that are of particular relevance for targeted therapy and (2) controversial issues in tumor angiogenesis such as cancer stem-like cell-derived vasculogenesis and bone-marrow-derived vasculogenesis.
The Cytolytic Amphipathic β(2,2)-Amino Acid LTX-401 Induces DAMP Release in Melanoma Cells and Causes Complete Regression of B16 Melanoma (2016)

In the present study we examined the ability of the amino acid derivative LTX-401 to induce cell death in cancer cell lines, as well as the capacity to induce regression in a murine melanoma model. Mode of action studies in vitro revealed lytic cell death and release of danger-associated molecular pattern molecules, preceded by massive cytoplasmic vacuolization and compromised lysosomes in treated cells. The use of a murine melanoma model demonstrated that the majority of animals treated with intratumoural injections of LTX-401 showed complete and long-lasting remission. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of LTX-401 as an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of solid tumors.
Synthesis and characterization of the biodegradable copolymers from succinic acid and adipic acid with 1,4‐butanediol (2001)

Abstract Biodegradable homopolyesters such as poly(butylene succinate) (PBSU) and poly(butylene adipate) (PBAD) and copolyesters such as poly(butylene succinate‐ co ‐butylene adipate) (PBSA) were synthesized, respectively, from succinic acid (SA) and adipic acid (AA) with 1,4‐butanediol through a two‐step process of esterification and deglycolization. The polyester compositions and physical properties of both homopolyesters and copolyesters were investigated by 1 H– and 13 C–NMR, DSC, GPC, WAXD, and optical polarizing microscopy. The melting point ( T m ) of these copolyesters decreased gradually as the contents of butylene adipate increased and the glass‐transition temperature ( T g ) of these copolyesters decreased linearly as the contents of the adipoyl unit increased. PBSA copolyesters showed two types of XRD patterns of PBSU and PBAD homopolyesters. Furthermore, the biodegradation and hydrolytic degradation of the high molecular weight PBSU homopolyester, PBAD homopolyester, and PBSA copolyesters were investigated in the composting soil and NH 4 Cl aqueous solutions at a pH level of 10.6. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2808–2826, 2001
A Fiber Supercapacitor with High Energy Density Based on Hollow Graphene/Conducting Polymer Fiber Electrode (2016)

A hollow graphene/conducting polymer composite fiber is created with high mechanical and electronic properties and used to fabricate novel fiber-shaped supercapacitors that display high energy densities and long life stability. The fiber supercapacitors can be woven into flexible powering textiles that are particularly promising for portable and wearable electronic devices.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN δ OPIOID RECEPTORS AND α<sub>2A</sub>‐ADRENOCEPTORS (2004)

1. Several studies have reported functional interactions between different subtypes of opioid and alpha2A-adrenoceptors in the induction of spinal cord analgesia. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well characterized. We propose that direct receptor-receptor associations could account for some of the observed functional interactions. In the present study, we examined the presence of delta opioid receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors in interacting complexes and the functional implications of such interactions on receptor activity. 2. Using the proximity based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay, we found that the delta opioid receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors are in close enough proximity (< 100 A) in live cells that can foster physical interactions. 3. Using coimmunoprecipitation of differentially epitope-tagged receptors, we found that delta opiate receptors exist in interacting complexes with alpha2A-adrenoceptors in heterologous cells. 4. Finally, using receptor activity mediated neurite outgrowth in Neuro 2A cells as a physiological readout, we found that interactions between delta opiate receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors have functional consequences. The expression of alpha2A-adrenoceptors is sufficient to promote delta opiate receptor-mediated neurite outgrowth, suggesting that the presence of inactive alpha2A-adrenoceptors can enhance delta opiate receptor-mediated signalling. 5. Taken together, these findings suggest that modulation of receptor function as a result of physical associations between delta opiate receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors may account for the observed synergy between opiate and adrenergic agonists in spinal analgesia.
3-D linearized scattering of surface waves and a formalism for surface wave holography (1986)

Scattering of surface waves by lateral heterogeneities is analysed in the Born approximation. It is assumed that the background medium is either laterally homogeneous, or smoothly varying in the horizontal direction. A dyadic representation of the Green's function simplifies the theory tremendously. Several examples of the theory are presented. The scattering and mode conversion coefficients are shown for scattering of surface waves by the root of an Alpine-like crustal structure. Furthermore a 'great circle theorem' in a plane geometry is derived. A new proof of Snell's law is given for surface wave scattering by a quarter-space. It is shown how a stationary phase approximation can be used to simplify the Fourier synthesis of the scattered wave in the time domain. Finally a procedure is suggested t o do 'surface wave holography'.
Phosphomonoesters Predict Early Mortality in Porcine Hemorrhagic Shock (2004)

Baseline elevation in muscle PME levels predicts mortality in an animal model of severe hemorrhagic shock.
Bovine placental protease specificity toward muscle connective tissue proteins. (2000)

Enzymes currently used to tenderize meat are not substrate-specific, resulting in extensive myofibrillar protein degradation that often produces an undesirable texture. Bovine placental metalloproteases, which selectively hydrolyze connective tissue proteins while leaving myofibrillar proteins intact, may tenderize meat without causing texture problems. Therefore, our objective was to extract and crudely purify bovine metalloproteases from bovine placenta for possible use as tenderizers in meat systems. Enzymes were extracted from homogenized tissue and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Samples were collected before (crude enzyme) and after gel filtration on a Sephadex G-100 column. Spectrophotometric analysis identified one major peak (filtered enzyme). Gelatin, casein, and type I acid-soluble collagen zymography were used to determine substrate specificity. Beef myofibrillar proteins were incubated with crude and filtered enzyme fractions, enzymes quenched, and substrate degradation visualized using SDS-PAGE. Active gelatinases and collagenases exhibiting molecular weights of 57 to 65 kDa were detected on zymograms. Banding patterns from crude enzyme indicated two enzymes with both gelatinase and collagenase activity and a third enzyme with gelatinase activity only. Banding patterns from filtered enzyme indicated two enzymes with both gelatinase and collagenase activity. Proteolytic activity was not detected with casein, actin, or myosin heavy-chain substrates. Due to specificity for collagen and gelatin, these enzymes may be capable of improving the tenderness of certain cuts relatively high in connective tissue, while avoiding myofibrillar protein hydrolysis.
Secure Key Management of Mobile Agent System Using TPM-Based Technology on Trusted Computing Platform (2008)

As an important new paradigm for distributed computing, the mobile agent (MA) technology has a lot of potential applications in practical fields. However, the success of MA depends on its security. The common important problem of all existing security solutions in MA system is secure key management. This paper presented the key management tree architecture provided by core hardware module of trusted computing platform. So the keypsilas secure storage feature was discussed. Then generation and using of secure session key were proposed on the application to secure communication between host and agent.
Hemorrhage From Cavernous Malformations of the Brain (2008)

A consistent approach to clinical and brain imaging classification of CM hemorrhage will improve the external validity of future CM research.
A software metric combination model for software reuse (2002)

Software reuse is an important approach to increase software quality and productivity. In a software reuse procedure, extracting the software components with high reuse potential and high quality is a key step that may directly affect the steps that follow. Some software metrics can measure the quality characteristics of the RSC (Reusable Software Component) However, individual software metric cannot measure the overall quality characteristic of the RSC. Therefore, the software metrics shall be combined, and the conflict situations in metric combination should be reduced. In this paper, we propose a rule-based metric combination model that is based on dynamically weighted linear combinations and conflicts reducing production rules. Applying this model, a highly flexible and practical metric combination approach can be created, the conflict situations in metric combination can be reduced, and a RSC extraction tool can be generated.
Imaging Zonular Abnormalities Using Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (1998)

Ultrasound biomicroscopy can detect zonular loss and stretching directly. Increased lenticular sphericity and ciliary body flattening are signs of zonular defects. Angle closure mechanisms include pupillary block and direct iridal rotation.
Kernel Slicing: Scalable Online Training with Conjunctive Features (2010)

This paper proposes an efficient online method that trains a classifier with many conjunctive features. We employ kernel computation called kernel slicing, which explicitly considers conjunctions among frequent features in computing the polynomial kernel, to combine the merits of linear and kernel-based training. To improve the scalability of this training, we reuse the temporal margins of partial feature vectors and terminate unnecessary margin computations. Experiments on dependency parsing and hyponymy-relation extraction demonstrated that our method could train a classifier orders of magnitude faster than kernel-based online learning, while retaining its space efficiency. 1
Effects of correlated shadowing signals on channel reuse in mobile radio systems (1991)

The authors present a study to evaluate the cochannel interference probability for the desired and interference signals which are correlated due to shadowing. The effects of correlation on the normalized reuse distance are investigated. A generalized expression for the cochannel interference probability is derived by combining uncorrelated (fast) Rayleigh fading and correlated (slow) log-normal signals. The cochannel interference probability for sectorized cell layouts is compared with the lower bound of cochannel interference probability for omnidirectional antenna systems. It is found that omnidirectional cell layouts cause the highest level of cochannel interference probability. An omnidirectional system requires a higher cluster size than a directional system to maintain acceptable cochannel interference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Porphyrin-embedded organosilicas for detection and decontamination (2009)

Porphyrin-embedded materials (PEMs) combine the tunable binding selectivity, high surface area, and low materials density of a highly ordered pore network with the unique properties of porphyrins. Porphyrins are a family of large, nearly planar molecules which strongly absorb visible light and fluoresce intensely. They are highly sensitively to alterations in their immediate environment making porphyrins valuable as indicators. They are well established electroand photocatalysts and have been used in this capacity in a wide range of applications. Surfactant-templated nanoporous organosilicas have great potential for the adsorption of small molecule contaminants. They can be synthesized with high surface areas, uniform pore dimensions, and ordered nanostructures while incorporating organic bridging groups in the pore walls that may be tuned for adsorption of a specific class of compounds. In the porphyrin-embedded materials, the organosilica scaffold stabilizes the porphyrin and facilitates optimal orientation of porphyrin and target. The materials can be stored under ambient conditions and offer exceptional shelf-life. The selectivity of the materials can be controlled both through incorporation of varying organic bridging groups in the organosilica structure and through selection of the porphyrin component.
Enrichment of Cations via Bipolar Electrode Focusing (2012)

We have previously demonstrated up to 5 × 10(5)-fold enrichment of anionic analytes in a microchannel using a technique called bipolar electrode focusing (BEF). Here, we demonstrate that BEF can also be used to enrich a cationic fluorescent tracer. The important point is that chemical modification of the microchannel walls enables reversal of the electroosmotic flow (EOF), enabling cations, instead of anions, to be enriched via an electric field gradient focusing mechanism. Reversal of the EOF has significant consequences on the formation and shape of the region of the buffer solution depleted of charge carriers (depletion zone). Electric field measurements and numerical simulations are used to elucidate the factors influencing the depletion zone. This information is used to understand and control the location and shape of the depletion zone, which in turn influences the stability and concentration of the enriched band.
Foreign Exchange Rates and FDI Behavior of Multinational Enterprises: Comparative Analysis Before and After the 1997 Korean Financial Crisis (2010)

This paper investigates whether the investment strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs) have changed as a result of the 1997 financial crisis in Korea. Estimation results using balanced panel data indicate that the investment decisions of global MNEs seem to have changed following the crisis. The crisis seems to have served as a “cold shower” for MNEs making investment decisions, as they have taken exchange rate “volatility” into account to a greater extent following the crisis. In contrast, there is no robust evidence that the investment decisions of foreign investors are closely correlated with the level of exchange rate, either before or after the crisis.
Mitochondrial Dynamics and Peripheral Neuropathy (2007)

Peripheral neuropathy is perhaps the archetypal disease of axonal degeneration, characteristically involving degeneration of the longest axons in the body. Evidence from both inherited and acquired forms of peripheral neuropathy strongly supports that the primary pathology is in the axons themselves and points to disruption of axonal transport as an important disease mechanism. Recent studies in human genetics have further identified abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics--the fusion, fission, and movement of mitochondria--as a player in the pathogenesis of inherited peripheral neuropathy. This review provides an update on the mechanisms of mitochondrial trafficking in axons and the emerging relationship between the disruption of mitochondrial dynamics and axonal degeneration. Evidence suggests mitochondria are a "critical cargo" whose transport is necessary for proper axonal and synaptic function. Importantly, understanding the regulation of mitochondrial movement and the consequences of decreased axonal mitochondrial function may define new paths for therapeutic agents in peripheral neuropathy and other neurodegenerative diseases.
An enhanced time domain approach for dielectric characterization using stripline geometry (2002)

A time-domain approach for dielectric characterization using a stripline geometry is presented. The technique uses both time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and time-domain transmission (TDT) measurements for determining an optimum frequency-dependent lossy transmission-line model for the stripline under test. The optimization is done in the time domain by comparing the experimental TDR and TDT response waveforms with the simulated ones using a nonlinear least squares fit. The material properties such as the complex permittivity of the dielectric material are determined from the optimum lossy transmission line model. Both simulated and experimental results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Noninvasive optical activation of Flp recombinase for genetic manipulation in deep mouse brain regions (2019)

Spatiotemporal control of gene expression or labeling is a valuable strategy for identifying functions of genes within complex neural circuits. Here, we develop a highly light-sensitive and efficient photoactivatable Flp recombinase (PA-Flp) that is suitable for genetic manipulation in vivo. The highly light-sensitive property of PA-Flp is ideal for activation in deep mouse brain regions by illumination with a noninvasive light-emitting diode. In addition, PA-Flp can be extended to the Cre-lox system through a viral vector as Flp-dependent Cre expression platform, thereby activating both Flp and Cre. Finally, we demonstrate that PA-Flp-dependent, Cre-mediated Ca<sub>v</sub>3.1 silencing in the medial septum increases object-exploration behavior in mice. Thus, PA-Flp is a noninvasive, highly efficient, and easy-to-use optogenetic module that offers a side-effect-free and expandable genetic manipulation tool for neuroscience research.
Effects of osmotic gradients on water and solute transport: in vivo studies in rat duodenum and ileum. (1979)

We examined effects of luminal osmolality on net water and solute movements in rat duodenum and ileum. Solutions of sodium chloride (permeating solute) or mannitol (nonpermeating solute) at hypo-, iso-, or hyperosmotic concentrations were recirculated through in situ segments. Luminal osmolality increased towards that of plasma with hyposmotic solutions of both solutes. With isosmotic solutions, luminal osmolality did not change with sodium chloride, but increased with mannitol. With hyperosmotic solutions, luminal osmolality always decreased toward that of plasma with sodium chloride; with mannitol, however, decreases were significant only when initial concentrations were above 400 mosmol/kg. The decrease in osmolality of hyperosmotic sodium chloride resulted from sodium absorption and water secretion. Thus, both hypo- and hyperosmotic solutions of sodium chloride adjusted toward isomolality with plasma by the usual mechanisms of water and solute movement. With mannitol, however, osmotic adjustment of hypertonic luminal contents was restricted or even absent due to movement of sodium down its concentration gradient and reduced hydraulic conductivity of the gut.
Affordability of drug treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (2018)

e18619 Background: Novel treatments have been approved for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to improve patient outcomes; however, their high costs could pose significant barriers to their widespread use. We examined changes in drug-specific prices in Medicare from 2010 to 2017 to provide insights into drug affordability in advanced NSCLC for products covered on the medical benefit (Part B) and on the outpatient prescription drug benefit (Part D). Methods: We used the Prescription Drug Pricing file and the Average Sales Price data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to obtain price information for Part D (oral drugs) and Part B (mostly infused drugs) drugs, respectively. We identified median point-of-sale drug prices for each drug and year and calculated expected out-of-pocket costs for each drug using the standard Part D benefit design in 2017 or assuming a 20% coinsurance for Part B. Results: Over time higher entry prices at FDA approval were observed for drugs covered under Part D, from $2,293/month in 2010 to $14,079/month in 2017. Older drugs covered under Part D also experienced considerable price hikes (up to 244%). In contrast, Part B drug prices have remained stable over time. Over the study period traditional chemotherapies were priced below $100/month; products with new formulations (e.g., albumin-bound paclitaxel) or newer chemotherapy agents (e.g., pemetrexed) were $8,000/month or more. Prices for novel targeted therapies were high on both Part B and Part D; > $10,000/month (immunotherapy, Part B), $8,000/month (EGFR-targeted agents, Part D), and > $13,000/month (ALK-targeted therapy, Part D). In 2017, expected patient out-of-pocket spending was estimated to range from < $40-$3,000/month for a Part B drug and $1,800-$3,500/month for a Part D drug. Conclusions: Treatment affordability is likely to present continued challenges for advanced NSCLC patients given current plan benefits and ever-increasing drug prices. A sustainable mechanism to control/monitor drug price (e.g., value-based pricing) and provide financial access to these medications is needed to ensure optimal patient outcomes.
Micromachined step-tapered high frequency waveguide inserts and antennas (2008)

Applications of high frequency radiation, in the ranges of 30–300 GHz (millimeter-wave) and 300–1000 GHz (terahertz), require the development of specialized components, specifically low-loss waveguides and antennas. Conventional waveguide antennas must be flared in both lateral dimensions requiring a large space and are challenging to fabricate. Previous work has shown the promise of tapered dielectric rod antennas for their high transmission and ease of integration into waveguide systems. However, practical repeatable machining techniques are neglected. This work develops the design, manufacturing, and analysis of step-tapered waveguide inserts and antennas, fabricated via controlled acid etching of high resistivity silicon, optimized for good transmission in the range of 75–110 GHz.