gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antifibrotic therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: time to treat (2019)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with a dismal prognosis. The average life expectancy of untreated patients with IPF is only 3 to 4 years. Decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) in patients with IPF appears to be almost linear, with patients with well-preserved FVC at baseline experiencing the same rate of decline in FVC as patients with more advanced disease. Two antifibrotic therapies have been approved for the treatment of IPF: nintedanib and pirfenidone. These drugs slow decline in lung function and reduce the risk of acute respiratory deteriorations, which are associated with very high morbidity and mortality. Individual clinical trials have not been powered to show reductions in mortality, but analyses of pooled data from clinical trials, as well as observational studies, suggest that antifibrotic therapies improve life expectancy. Despite this, many individuals with IPF remain untreated. In many cases, this is because the physician perceives that the disease is stable and so does not warrant therapy, or has concerns over the potential side-effects of antifibrotic drugs. There remains a need to educate pulmonologists that IPF is a progressive, irreversible and fatal disease and that prompt treatment is critical to preserving patients' lung function and improving outcomes. Most individuals can tolerate antifibrotic therapy, and dose adjustment has been shown to be effective at reducing side effects without compromising efficacy. In addition to anti-fibrotic therapies, individuals with IPF benefit from a holistic approach to their care that includes symptom management and supportive care tailored to the needs of the individual. An animation illustrating the themes covered in this article will be available at: http://www.usscicomms.com/respiratory/maher/treatment-of-IPF .
Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease in Black populations: A scoping review (2021)

Abstract Background Black/African American (B/AA) older adults have roughly double the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and greater risk for being undiagnosed compared to non‐Hispanic whites (NHW)( 2020 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures ). There is a dearth of research on AD biomarkers in the B/AA community. Biomarkers identify those at risk for or in the preclinical stages of AD, establish clinical trial eligibility, and inform diagnosis and treatment. This study reviews current literature on AD biomarkers in the B/AA population. Method A scoping review was conducted of B/AA study samples that examined three widely accepted AD biomarkers and the risk of disease conferred by each. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and the e4 allele, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) values of aBeta and tau, and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) were included. Articles were reviewed independently by two researchers using the Colquhoun et al. (2014) method. Result Initial searches yielded 326 APOE results, 46 CSF, and 33 amyloid PET. After review, 64 remained for APOE, 4 for CSF, and 8 for amyloid PET. Within APOE, e4 presence conferred similar (Graff‐Radford 2002; Sawyer 2009) or lower (Evans 2003; Rajabli 2018) AD risk in B/AA versus NHW, with no consensus on the protection offered by e2 (Allred 2016; Graff‐Radford 2002). CSF literature highlighted that B/AA had lower levels of total tau and phosphorylated tau 181 (Morris 2019; Howell 2017; Garrett 2019), with lower (Garrett 2019; Howell 2017) or similar (Morris 2019; Babulal 2020) levels of beta amyloid. In amyloid PET, B/AA amyloid burden was similar (Morris 2019; Amariglio 2020) to or above (Gottesman 2016; Hughes 2018) NHW, but longitudinal investigation suggested faster decline among B/AA (Amariglio 2020). The role of APOE e4 in amyloid burden is incompletely understood. One study found increased amyloid in both races (Morris 2019) among e4 carriers, while another study identified greater amyloid among B/AA even after adjusting for APOE status (Gottesman 2016). Conclusion Unique AD biomarker profiles among B/AA relative to NHW may be a contributor to diagnostic inequities across groups, particularly missed or late diagnoses among B/AA. These differences warrant in‐depth investigation and highlight the need for inclusive outreach and engagement approaches in research.
Providing response identity and authentication in IP telephony (2006)

The traditional circuit switched infrastructure for telephony services are being replaced by voice over IP (VoIP) for many forthcoming benefits. At the same time, there are some new security issues due to the introduction of new packet switched infrastructure and new VoIP protocols. One of crucial security issues faced by the current VoIP protocols is about the end-to-end user identity and how to authenticate it. This is especially important for guaranteeing integrity and privacy of the response information, because the current proposal solutions fail in many real-world scenarios. In this study, we demonstrate one new mechanism for providing and authenticating response identify, based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). In order to prevent several kinds of malicious attacks through response and protect the integrity of response message, another new per-hop authentication mechanism was proposed to handle SIP response. With the combination of these proposed mechanisms, response identity can be securely provided, and spam IP telephony (SPIT) or other malicious attacks can be identified and prevented from attacking the VoIP service.
Binary partition based algorithms for mining association rules (2002)

Mining association rules is an important data mining problem. A fast binary partition-based algorithm (BPA) for mining association rules in large databases is presented in this paper. Basically, the framework of BPA is similar to that of the algorithm Apriori. In the first pass, all the frequent 1-item sets are divided into two disjoint parts. Accordingly, in each subsequent pass k, we partition the set of all the frequent k-item sets into three subsets. Any two different partitions are disjoint. If necessary, this partitioning procedure can be a recursive one. Therefore, we get a binary partition tree in the first pass and a corresponding ternary partition tree in each subsequent pass k. Due to such a partition, BPA can be very easily parallelized, assuming a shared-memory architecture.
Light-induced shape recovery of deformed shape memory polymer micropillar arrays with gold nanorods (2015)

Micropillars, made of light-responsive shape memory polymer with gold nanorods, were bent above its <italic>T</italic><sub>g</sub> and cooled to lock the structures. Between bent and straight pillars, we demonstrated tunable transmittance and wetting.
Short-term parenteral application of α-tocopherol leads to increased concentration in plasma and tissues of the rat (1998)

Numerous studies suggest that supplemental vitamin E prior to or during vast surgeries might diminish or even prevent ischemia/reperfusion-induced injuries. In the present placebo-controlled study male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplemented parenterally or orally with alpha-tocopherol for three consecutive days. The applied amount of alpha-tocopherol was 2.3 micromol per day for oral and 1.2 micromol per day for parenteral supplementation. The enrichment of vitamin E concentrations in plasma and tissue samples (aortic endothelium, liver, and lung) was determined by HPLC. The vitamin E level was elevated following intravenous supplementation in plasma (21.4 +/- 1.9 micromol/L vs. 10.2 +/- 1.7 micromol/L in parenteral control group), in aortic endothelium (1.1 +/- 0.2 pmol/mm2 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.1 pmol/mm2) and in liver and lung (41.3 +/- 7.5 pmol/mg vs. 22.9 +/- 6.5 pmol/mg and 75.6 +/- 13.6 pmol/mg vs. 51.7 +/- 5.9 pmol/mg, respectively). Oral supplementation for three days also led to an increased level in liver (38.2 +/- 7.7 pmol/mg vs. 22.9 +/- 6.6 pmol/mg in oral control group) and in lung (67.8 +/- 5.7 pmol/mg vs. 51.7 +/- 9.3 pmol/mg) but not in aortic endothelium or plasma (0.8 +/- 0.3 pmol/mm2 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.3 pmol/mm2 and 12.0 +/- 2.2 micromol/L vs. 10.7 +/- 2.6 micromol/L).
Time course of compensatory mechanisms after GSM-modulated 900 MHz radiation on cerebral activity using a picrotoxin-model in rats (2010)

This study investigated the effects of mobile-phone-type radiation on the cerebral activity of seizure-prone animals. The experimental set-up used in this research for exposure of small animals to radiofrequency standing waves allows direct measurement of the power absorbed by the animal. Essentially, the setup consists of a metallic box containing an antenna and experimental animal immobilized in a methacrylate holder; a signal generator feeding the antenna; and a power meter. In addition, the box can also contain a video camera to record the animal's behavior, and a receiving antenna (connected externally to a power meter and a spectrum analyser) to detect undesired (external) radiation and possible harmonics of the radiating system. The absorbed power measurement trivially allows calculation of whole-body mean SAR from the animal's weight; an assuming local SARs to be proportional to whole-body mean SAR, the latter can be used to adjust organ-specific SAR predictions obtained by simulation using a commercial FDTD program with a numerical phantom. In an experiment the rats were transformed into an experimental model of seizure-proneness by acute subconvulsive doses of picrotoxin were exposed to 2 hours GSM-modulated 900MHz radiation at intensity similar to that emitted by mobile phones. In this study we analyzed -by means of immunochemical testing of relevant anatomical areas- the relationship between the induction of c-fos (neuronal marker) and GFAP (glia marker) in acute experimentally models to establish the effects on the CNS (Central Nervous System) of 72 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats after 60 minutes, 24 hours and 3 days of exposure to EMF radiation. The parameters of radiation absorbed power, incident power, for the calculus of average SAR exp , Peak SAR values calculated for picrotoxin-treated and untreated irradiated rats showed non thermal values. The significance of between-group differences in c-fos positive cell counts was assessed by ANOVA: a) considering all brain regions together, with factors Treatment (picrotoxin, or no picrotoxin) and Radiation (no radiation, modulated radiation) and Time (90 min, 1 day, 3 days); b) considering each brain region separately, with factors Treatment, Radiation, Area and Time (i.e. areas within that region); and c) considering each brain area separately, with factors Treatment and Radiation and Time. Similar studies were carried out for GFAP positive cells but only at time =3 days. Natural logarithm transformations were applied to data to obtain normality and homoscedasticity. Differences between regions and areas were considered significant at P 3 areas (p< 0.001, p= 0.016), but not in remaining areas. The treatment-by-radiation interaction was significant globally and in the entorhinal area (p<=0.001). These results showed that the compensatory mechanism of radiation in brain tissues depends on the time in every neuronal expression of c-fos. But the glia population had a limited response in several areas or regions for same level of radiation.
Graphical visualization of vortical flows by means of helicity (1990)

Helicity density and normalized helicity are introduced as important tools for the graphical representation of three-dimensional flowfields that contain concentrated vortices. The use of these two quantities filters out the flowfield regions of low vorticity, as well as regions of high vorticity but low speed where the angle between the velocity and vorticity vectors is large (such as in the boundary layer). Their use permits the researcher to identify and accentuate the concentrated vortices, differentiate between primary and secondary vortices, and mark their separation and reattachment lines. The method also allows locating singular points in the flowfield and tracing the vortex-core streamlines that emanate from them. Nomenclature H = helicity Hd = helicity density Hn — normalized helicity MOO = freestream Mach number ReD = Reynolds number V = velocity a = angle of attack co = vorticity
On Real-Time Performance of Ahead-of-Time Compiled Java (2005)

One of the main challenges in getting acceptance for safe object-oriented languages in hard real-time systems is to combine automatic memory management with hard real-time constraints, while providing adequate general execution performance. An approach to real-time Java based on ahead-of-time compilation is presented, and real-time properties and problems are examined. In particular, achieving both low latency and high throughput in an environment where neither the back-end compiler nor the scheduler is aware of automatic memory management is considered. Optimizations in both the compiler and run-time system, aimed at reducing the execution time overhead while still allowing very short latency times, is presented and experimentally verified.
Dual targeting of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and Janus kinase 3 with rationally designed inhibitors prevents graft‐<i>versus</i>‐host disease (GVHD) in a murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation model (2004)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with a specific BTK inhibitor, alpha-cyano-beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-N-(2,5-dibromophenyl)-propenamide (LFM-A13), for prevention of acute fatal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a murine model of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Vehicle-treated control C57BL/6 mice receiving bone marrow/splenocyte grafts from allogeneic BALB/c donors developed severe multi-organ acute GVHD and died after a median survival time (MST) of 40 d. LFM-A13 treatment (25 mg/kg/d) significantly prolonged the MST of the BMT recipients to 47 d. The probability of survival at 2 months after BMT was 2 +/- 2% for vehicle-treated control mice and 22 +/- 6% for mice treated with LFM-A13 (P = 0.0008). Notably, the combination regimen of LFM-A13 plus the standard anti-GVHD drug methotrexate (MTX) (10 mg/m(2)/d) was more effective than LFM-A13 alone, while the combination regimen of LFM-A13 plus the novel anti-GVHD drug JANEX-1 (60 mg/kg/d), targeting Janus kinase 3, was more effective than LFM-A13, JANEX-1 or MTX alone. More than 70% of recipients receiving this most effective GVHD prophylaxis (LFM-A13 + JANEX-1) remained alive throughout the 80-d observation period with an MST of >80 d. Taken together, these results indicate that targeting BTK with the chemical inhibitor LFM-A13 may attenuate the severity of GVHD, especially when it is combined with other anti-GVHD drugs, such as MTX and JANEX-1.
Absolute and arbitrary orientation of single molecule shapes (2020)

All software for the kinetic, thermodynamic, and EM simulations associated with the journal paper are presented here. Additionally the AFM images and codes for analyzing the orientation of right triangles as well as e-beam and DNA origami design files associated with the paper is included.
High Electron Mobility Transistor Logic (1981)

A high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) logic is described. Ring oscillators with enhancement-mode switching and depletion-mode load HEMTs with a 1.7 µm-gate length have been fabricated to assess logic performance capability. Switching delays down to 56.5 ps at room temperature and down to 17.1 ps at liquid nitrogen temperature have been obtained. The switching delay of 17.1 ps is the lowest of all the semiconductor logic technologies reported thus far.
Soft Layer-Specific Multi-Task Summarization with Entailment and Question Generation (2018)

An accurate abstractive summary of a document should contain all its salient information and should be logically entailed by the input document.We improve these important aspects of abstractive summarization via multi-task learning with the auxiliary tasks of question generation and entailment generation, where the former teaches the summarization model how to look for salient questioning-worthy details, and the latter teaches the model how to rewrite a summary which is a directed-logical subset of the input document.We also propose novel multitask architectures with high-level (semantic) layer-specific sharing across multiple encoder and decoder layers of the three tasks, as well as soft-sharing mechanisms (and show performance ablations and analysis examples of each contribution).Overall, we achieve statistically significant improvements over the state-ofthe-art on both the CNN/DailyMail and Gigaword datasets, as well as on the DUC-2002 transfer setup.We also present several quantitative and qualitative analysis studies of our model's learned saliency and entailment skills.
Male–Female Missionary Pairings among Jesus’ Disciples (2021)

This chapter expands on aspects of Joan Taylor’s previous argument that the designation ‘two by two’, δύο δύο‎, in Mark 1:7 suggests that the twelve male apostles appointed by Jesus in Galilee were not paired off internally as masculine teams but were paired with unnamed and obscured female companions as they went to heal and preach in Galilee. It is argued that the use of δύο δύο‎ in Mark, found without a preposition, needs to be distinguished from the usage in Luke 10:1 in regard to the seventy (or seventy-two) apostles sent out ἀνὰ δύο δύο‎, since the Gospel of Peter [9].35 indicates this latter expression means ‘two after two’: namely, pairs going off in sequence, successively. The expression δύο δύο‎, without any preposition, is not idiomatic Koinē but rather is an expression reliant on the Semitic pattern of distributive repetition, and in Sirach 33:14–15 it is used precisely in regard to pairs of opposites, or contraries, created by God, which would normatively include the binary pair of male and female, in accordance with Aristotelian archetypes.
Some aspects of acylation of cellulose under homogeneous solution conditions (1999)

Commercially available cellulose (Avicell PH101) was successfully acylated under homogeneous solution conditions by the following procedure: 2.0 g of cellulose were stirred with 75 mL of N,N-dimethylacetamide for 1 h at 150°C, 3.5 g of LiCl were added, the temperature was raised to 170°C, ca. 18.5 mL of the solvent were distilled and the suspension was cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. The temperature of the clear cellulose solution was raised to 110°C, kept at that temperature for 1 h, an acid anhydride was added and the solution stirred at 110°C for additional 4 h. Acetates, propionates, butyrates, and acetate/propionate mixed ester were prepared with excellent control of the degree of substitution, DS, 1 to 3 for acetates, 2 and 3 for propionates and butyrates, and 3 for acetate/propionate. The degree of polymerization of cellulose is negligibly affected under these reaction conditions. The distribution of the acetyl moiety among the three OH groups of the anhydroglucose unit shows a preference for the C6 position. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 1357–1363, 1999
A New Architecture for Managing Enterprise Log Data (2002)

Server systems invariably write detailed activity logs whose value is widespread, whether measuring marketing campaigns, detecting operational trends or catching fraud or intrusion. Unfortunately, production volumes overwhelm the capacity and manageability of traditional data management systems, such as relational databases. Just loading 1,000,000 records is a big deal today, to say nothing of the billions of records often seen in high-end network security, network operations and web applications. Since the magnitude of the problem is scaling with increases in CPU and networking speeds, it doesn’t help to wait for faster systems to catch up. This paper discusses the issues involving large-scale log management, and describes a new type of data management platform called a Log Management System, which is specifically designed to cost effectively compress, manage and analyze log records in their original, unsummarized form. To quote Tom Lehrer, ‘‘I have a modest example here’ ’ – in this case commercial software that can store and process logs in parallel across a cluster of Linux-based PCs using a combination of SQL and perl. The paper concludes with some lessons we learned in building the system.
Ensuring Trust and Security in the Industrial IoT (2016)

Industrial Internet of Things (IOT) is a distributed network of smart sensors that enables precise control and monitoring of complex processes over arbitrary distances. The great advantage of the industrial IoT is counterbalanced by a security weakness. The insertion of a smart device capable of extracting protected data or malicious actions can infect the whole network with relative ease. Thus it becomes imperative to discover whether or not new devices have the right capabilities and compatibilities with other sensors. This article presents a zero knowledge protocol that achieves precisely that objective while keeping the sensor data private.
Activation kinetics of implanted Si+ in GaN and application to fabricating lateral Schottky diodes (2003)

The electrical activation characteristics of implanted Si+ in GaN were investigated as a function of annealing temperature (1000 °C–1200 °C). The maximum activation percentage for an ion dose of 2.5×1014 cm−2 was ∼30% with an apparent activation energy for electrical activation of 1.65±0.15 eV obtained from the temperature dependence of the saturated carrier density. Lateral Schottky diodes fabricated on this material showed forward ideality factors of ∼2 and a temperature coefficient of −0.15 V K−1 for their reverse breakdown voltage. These results show the feasibility of creating n+ tubs in p-GaN such as are needed as sources of minority carriers to achieve inversion in GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors.
A simple high-speed calorimeter (1990)

A calorimeter is described to measure the increase in enthalpy, ΔH(T)=H(T)−H(T0), of metallic materials from room temperature (T0=300 K) to at least the melting temperature Tm, with Tm up to 2500 K. Heating rates are φ=dT/dt between about 105 and 107 K/s; accuracies are better than 2% in ΔH, and better than 5% in T.
Enhancement of microfluidic mixing using time pulsing (2003)

Many microfluidic applications require the mixing of reagents, but efficient mixing in these laminar (i.e., low Reynolds number) systems is typically difficult. Instead of using complex geometries and/or relatively long channels, we demonstrate the merits of flow rate time dependency through periodic forcing. We illustrate the technique by studying mixing in a simple "T" channel intersection by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as well as physically mixing two aqueous reagents. The "T" geometry selected consists of two inlet channel segments merging at 90 degrees to each other, the outlet segment being an extension of one of the inlet segments. All channel segments are 200 microm wide by 120 microm deep, a practical scale for mass-produced disposable devices. The flow rate and average velocity after the confluence of the two reagents are 48 nl s(-1) and 2 mm s(-1) respectively, which, for aqueous solutions at room temperature, corresponds to a Reynolds number of 0.3. We use a mass diffusion constant of 10(-10) m(2) s(-1), typical of many BioMEMS applications, and vary the flow rates of the reagents such that the average flow rate remains unchanged but the instantaneous flow rate is sinusoidal (with a DC bias) with respect to time. We analyze the effect of pulsing the flow rate in one inlet only as well as in the two inlets, and demonstrate that the best results occur when both inlets are pulsed out of phase. In this case, the interface is shown to stretch, retain one fold, and sweep through the confluence zone, leading to good mixing within 2 mm downstream of the confluence, i.e. about 1 s of contact. From a practical viewpoint, the case where the inlets are 180 degrees out of phase is of particular interest as the outflow is constant.