gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel and Robust Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Based Devices for On-Chip ESD Protection (2004)

Silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) are frequently used to build on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection structures, but SCRs are not sufficiently robust to meet a wide range of ESD requirements in various integrated circuits. In this paper, a novel and robust SCR-based device called the HHLVTSCR is presented. It is demonstrated that HHLVTSCR can exhibit various characteristics useful for ESD solutions. An example is also included to illustrate how HHVLTSCRs can be used to provide ESD protection to a practical application.
<title>Practical steganalysis of digital images: state of the art</title> (2002)

Steganography is the art of hiding the very presence of communication by embedding secret messages into innocuous looking cover documents, such as digital images. Detection of steganography, estimation of message length, and its extraction belong to the field of steganalysis. Steganalysis has recently received a great deal of attention both from law enforcement and the media. In our paper, we classify and review current stego-detection algorithms that can be used to trace popular steganographic products. We recognize several qualitatively different approaches to practical steganalysis - visual detection, detection based on first order statistics (histogram analysis), dual statistics methods that use spatial correlations in images and higher-order statistics (RS steganalysis), universal blind detection schemes, and special cases, such as JPEG compatibility steganalysis. We also present some new results regarding our previously proposed detection of LSB embedding using sensitive dual statistics. The recent steganalytic methods indicate that the most common paradigm in image steganography - the bit-replacement or bit substitution - is inherently insecure with safe capacities far smaller than previously thought.
On the Sub-Packetization Size and the Repair Bandwidth of Reed-Solomon Codes (2018)

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are widely used in distributed storage systems. In this paper, we study the repair bandwidth and sub-packetization size of RS codes. The repair bandwidth is defined as the amount of transmitted information from surviving nodes to a failed node. The RS code can be viewed as a polynomial over a finite field $GF(q^\ell)$ evaluated at a set of points, where $\ell$ is called the sub-packetization size. Smaller bandwidth reduces the network traffic in distributed storage, and smaller $\ell$ facilitates the implementation of RS codes with lower complexity. Recently, Guruswami and Wootters proposed a repair method for RS codes when the evaluation points are the entire finite field. While the sub-packization size can be arbitrarily small, the repair bandwidth is higher than the minimum storage regenerating (MSR) bound. Tamo, Ye and Barg achieved the MSR bound but the sub-packetization size grows faster than the exponential function of the number of the evaluation points. In this work, we present code constructions and repair schemes that extend these results to accommodate different sizes of the evaluation points. In other words, we design schemes that provide points in between. These schemes provide a flexible tradeoff between the sub-packetization size and the repair bandwidth. In addition, we generalize our schemes to manage multiple failures.
Advanced Approach to Universal Video Format Conversion (1995)

With the continuing evolution of the variety of digital video formats, a high quality conversion between formats is essential. This paper provides an overview of digital video format conversion and introduces a scalable parallel processing architecture that addresses spacial conversions. Video formats vary by sampling rate, line rate, aspect ratio, frame rate, and scan type. In a conversion between formats, these differences must be resolved through spatial resampling, frame rate conversion, and de-interlacing. — The architecture that is introduced tackles the two dimensional conversion that is needed for the sampling rate, line rate, and aspect ratio discrepancies. A resizing filter is at the heart of this processor for the sample and line scaling that is needed. The high sampling frequencies of high definition formats make it difficult to implement the required digital signal processing functions with existing technology. Therefore, a parallel processing approach is taken that permits processing at a more reasonable clock rate.
A method to vectorize the dose distribution, the dose volume histogram and create a dose vector histogram (2012)

The method is an effective means to combine spatial information with DVH metrics and provides a practical means of specifying the location of dose features with respect other structures in the treatment plan.
A Diplexer Based on the Spatial Filtering Property of Planar Anisotropic Transmission-Line Metamaterials (2006)

The objective of this work is to investigate the possible use of metamaterials to achieve frequency diplexing. The metamaterial of interest is a planar anisotropic metamaterial proposed by Balmain et al. in [1]. It was shown in [2] that this metamaterial is magnetically anisotropic and could be described by a diagonal permeability tensor. For a certain range of frequencies, two of the three diagonal elements of the permeability tensor become opposite in sign. Under this condition, plane-wave propagation is governed by a hyperbolic dispersion equation and the metamaterial could be referred to as a hyperbolic metamaterial [3]. As a result, under point-source excitation, resonance cones form as a consequence of the singularity associated with the characteristic surface of the hyperbolic dispersion equation. Since the resonance cone angle, which describes the direction of power flow [4], varies with the frequency of the propagating wave, the phenomenon may properly be termed “spatial filtering.” The diplexer presented in this work exploits this inherent spatial filtering property of the hyperbolic metamaterial to achieve frequency diplexing.
Large‐scale phosphoproteome analysis of human liver tissue by enrichment and fractionation of phosphopeptides with strong anion exchange chromatography (2008)

The mixture of phosphopeptides enriched from proteome samples are very complex. To reduce the complexity it is necessary to fractionate the phosphopeptides. However, conventional enrichment methods typically only enrich phosphopeptides but not fractionate phosphopeptides. In this study, the application of strong anion exchange (SAX) chromatography for enrichment and fractionation of phosphopeptides was presented. It was found that phosphopeptides were highly enriched by SAX and majority of unmodified peptides did not bind onto SAX. Compared with Fe(3+) immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Fe(3+)-IMAC), almost double phosphopeptides were identified from the same sample when only one fraction was generated by SAX. SAX and Fe(3+)-IMAC showed the complementarity in enrichment and identification of phosphopeptides. It was also demonstrated that SAX have the ability to fractionate phosphopeptides under gradient elution based on their different interaction with SAX adsorbent. SAX was further applied to enrich and fractionate phosphopeptides in tryptic digest of proteins extracted from human liver tissue adjacent to tumorous region for phosphoproteome profiling. This resulted in the highly confident identification of 274 phosphorylation sites from 305 unique phosphopeptides corresponding to 168 proteins at false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.96%.
<i>In Vitro</i> Bioaccessibility of Low‐Crystallinity Phytosterol Nanoparticles Generated Using Nanoporous Starch Bioaerogels (2019)

Phytosterols are natural health-promoting bioactive compounds; however, phytosterols have very limited bioavailability due to their crystalline lipophilic structure. With the aim of improving bioaccessibility, low-crystallinity phytosterol nanoparticles were generated by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO<sub>2</sub> ) impregnation of phytosterols into nanoporous starch aerogels (NSAs). The in vitro bioaccessibility of the phytosterol nanoparticles (35%) was significantly higher than that of the crude phytosterols (3%) after sequential oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion. The percentages of starch hydrolysis were not different among the various NSA preparations and reached to 64% after sequential digestion. The zeta potential of the phytosterol nanoparticles was higher compared to that of crude phytosterols in the micellar phase; indicating higher stability. The findings of this study support the use of NSA to produce nanoparticles of reduced crystallinity to improve the bioaccessibility of the lipophilic bioactive compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This novel process can decrease the size and crystallinity of phytosterols and thus improve phytosterols' bioavailability. It is a blueprint to apply to other water insoluble food bioactives. This novel approach may (i) improve the health benefits of water-insoluble bioactives; (ii) enable food manufacturers to add water-insoluble bioactives into low- and high-fat foods to produce health-promoting foods; and (iii) enhance the cost-benefit ratio of water insoluble bioactives.
Apparatus and method for assembly and disassembly of interchangeable surgical acoustic members (1990)

First Page
Performance of a Multiprocessor Multidisk CD-ROM Image Server (1996)

Professionals in various fields such as medical imaging, biology, and civil engineering require rapid access to huge amounts of image data. Multimedia interfaces further increase the demand for high-performance image and media servers. We consider a parallel image server architecture that relies on arrays of intelligent disk nodes, each disk node consisting of one processor and one or more disks. The multiprocessor multidisk design is applied in an original way to provide both high-performance real-time access and unlimited, inexpensive mass storage capacities through the use of removable CD-ROM medium. Reading uncompressed or lossless compressed image data striped across multiple CD-ROM disks yields sustained performance of up to 2.5 Mbytes/s. Unlike RAID storage devices, the proposed CD-ROM architecture offers information distribution control and local processing capabilities. Two application fields that benefit from such features are presented.
Will you still compile me tomorrow? static cross-version compiler validation (2013)

This paper describes a cross-version compiler validator and measures its effectiveness on the CLR JIT compiler. The validator checks for semantically equivalent assembly language output from various versions of the compiler, including versions across a seven-month time period, across two architectures (x86 and ARM), across two compilation scenarios (JIT and MDIL), and across optimizations levels. For month-to-month comparisons, the validator achieves a false alarm rate of just 2.2%. To help understand reported semantic differences, the validator performs a root-cause analysis on the counterexample traces generated by the underlying automated theorem proving tools. This root-cause analysis groups most of the counterexamples into a small number of buckets, reducing the number of counterexamples analyzed by hand by anywhere from 53% to 96%. The validator ran on over 500,000 methods across a large suite of test programs, finding 12 previously unknown correctness and performance bugs in the CLR compiler.
Synthesis of 5<i>H</i>‐tetrazolo[5,1‐<i>c</i>][1,4]benzodiazepines (1985)

Abstract A three step synthesis of 5 H ‐tetrazolo[5,1‐ c ][1,4]benzodiazepin‐11‐ones 8a‐d via the reaction of a substituted benzyl azide and ethyl cyanoformate is described. The derived lactams are converted to the corresponding 11‐thiones 9a‐d and, through the S ‐methylated derivatives, to the 11‐amino analogs 11a‐f. All of the described compounds are representatives of a novel ring system.
Telaprevir with Peginterferon and Ribavirin for Chronic HCV Genotype 1 Infection (2009)

Treatment with a telaprevir-based regimen significantly improved sustained virologic response rates in patients with genotype 1 HCV, albeit with higher rates of discontinuation because of adverse events. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00336479.)
Innovative confocal laser method for exact dioptric power measurement of intraocular lens implants (2008)

We present a novel confocal laser method (CLM) for precise testing of the dioptric power of both positive and negative intraocular lens (IOL) implants. The CLM principle is based on a simple fiber-optic confocal laser design including a single-mode fiber coupler that serves simultaneously as a point light source used for formation of a collimated Gaussian laser beam, and as a highly sensitive confocal point receiver. The CLM approach provides an accurate, repeatable, objective, and fast method for IOL dioptric power measurement over the range from 0 D to greater than 30 D under both dry and in-situ simulated conditions.
Pilot study for compact microbeam radiation therapy using a carbon nanotube field emission micro-CT scanner (2014)

The authors have demonstrated the feasibility of creating microbeam dose distributions at a high dose rate using a proposed compact MRT system. The flexibility of CNT field emission x-ray sources could possibly bring compact and low cost MRT devices to the larger research community and assist in the translational research of this promising new approach to radiation therapy.
Facile Synthesis of Nickel Nanofoam Architectures for Applications in Li‐Ion Batteries (2016)

Abstract Metal foams are utilized in various applications, such as in the automotive industries and for electrochemical devices. Herein, a Ni nanofoam is synthesized using a facile method for Li‐ion batteries. Self‐aligned Ni wires or randomly linked webs are produced with or without magnetic field, respectively. Ni granular beads or spiky clusters form at 370 or 450 °C, respectively. The surface area of Ni wires is increased by oxalic acid etching at 80 °C using 5–30 wt % water, leading to Ni oxalate nanosheets, nanowires (NWs), or nanoleaves. Metallic Ni NWs are obtained by reducing Ni oxalate NWs with H 2 at 350 °C in 10 min. Carbon‐coated Si nanoparticles on Ni NW foam (C‐Si NP/Ni NWF) show 38 % rate enhancement (1222 vs. 889 mAh g −1 ) in comparison to C‐Si NP/Cu foil. Higher stability of C‐Si NP/Ni NWF with a capacity retention of 91 % is reached vs. 73 % for C‐Si NP/Cu foil over 180 cycles. The ambient‐pressure solution process with low temperature and fast reaction time could make large‐scale production plausible for these nanoarchitectures.
Target Simulator for Synthetic-Aperture Radars (1985)

In proposed Target Simulator for Testing Synthetic-Aperture Radars, radar transmitter output received, mixed down to video frequencies, and passed through variable digital delay. Delayed signal mixed up to original carrier frequency and transmitted back to radar. Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) generates return signal that contains range-curvature information in addition to Doppler-frequency information.
Cata-Fisheye Camera for Panoramic Imaging (2008)

We present a novel panoramic imaging system which uses a curved mirror as a simple optical attachment to a fish- eye lens. When compared to existing panoramic cameras, our "'cata-fisheye" camera has a simple, compact and inexpensive design, and yet yields high optical performance. It captures the desired panoramic field of view in two parts. The upper part is obtained directly by the fisheye lens and the lower part after reflection by the curved mirror. These two parts of the field of view have a small overlap that is used to stitch them into a single seamless panorama. The cata-fisheye concept allows us to design cameras with a wide range of fields of view by simply varying the parameters and position of the curved mirror. We provide an automatic method for the one-time calibration needed to stitch the two parts of the panoramic field of view. We have done a complete performance evaluation of our concept with respect to (i) the optical quality of the captured images, (ii) the working range of the camera over which the parallax is negligible, and (iii) the spatial resolution of the computed panorama. Finally, we have built a prototype cata-fisheye video camera with a spherical mirror that can capture high resolution panoramic images (3600times550pixels) with a 360deg (horizontal) x 55deg (vertical) field of view.
Solution-Deposited Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Multilayer Gate Dielectrics. Design, Synthesis, Microstructures, and Electrical Properties with Thin-Film Transistors (2011)

We report here on the rational synthesis, processing, and dielectric properties of novel layer-by-layer organic/inorganic hybrid multilayer dielectric films enabled by polarizable π-electron phosphonic acid building blocks and ultrathin ZrO(2) layers. These new zirconia-based self-assembled nanodielectric (Zr-SAND) films (5-12 nm thick) are readily fabricated via solution processes under ambient atmosphere. Attractive Zr-SAND properties include amenability to accurate control of film thickness, large-area uniformity, well-defined nanostructure, exceptionally large electrical capacitance (up to 750 nF/cm(2)), excellent insulating properties (leakage current densities as low as 10(-7) A/cm(2)), and excellent thermal stability. Thin-film transistors (TFTs) fabricated with pentacene and PDIF-CN(2) as representative organic semiconductors and zinc-tin-oxide (Zn-Sn-O) as a representative inorganic semiconductor function well at low voltages (<±4.0 V). Furthermore, the TFT performance parameters of representative organic semiconductors deposited on Zr-SAND films, functionalized on the surface with various alkylphosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers, are investigated and shown to correlate closely with the alkylphosphonic acid chain dimensions.
Nitrogen doping of graphene and its effect on quantum capacitance, and a new insight on the enhanced capacitance of N-doped carbon (2012)

Many researchers have used nitrogen (N) as a dopant and/or N-containing functional groups to enhance the capacitance of carbon electrodes of electrical double layer (EDL) capacitors. However, the physical mechanism(s) giving rise to the interfacial capacitance of the N-containing carbon electrodes is not well understood. Here, we show that the area-normalized capacitance of lightly N-doped activated graphene with similar porous structure increased from 6 μF cm−2 to 22 μF cm−2 with 0 at%, and 2.3 at% N-doping, respectively. The quantum capacitance of pristine single layer graphene and various N-doped graphene was measured and a trend of upwards shifts of the Dirac Point with increasing N concentration was observed. The increase in bulk capacitance with increasing N concentration, and the increase of the quantum capacitance in the N-doped monolayer graphene versus pristine monolayer graphene suggests that the increase in the EDL type of capacitance of many, if not all, N-doped carbon electrodes studied to date, is primarily due to the modification of the electronic structure of the graphene by the N dopant. It was further found that the quantum capacitance is closely related to the N dopant concentration and N-doping provides an effective way to increase the density of the states of monolayer graphene.
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression in eyelid specimens of rosacea (2021)

MYD88 is enriched in eyelid specimens of rosacea. This finding further implicates the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of rosacea, and is consistent with previous reports regarding the role of this protein in ocular surface disease and the previously-implicated cellular features of the disease. Inhibition of MYD88 may be a successful treatment strategy to manage rosacea.
$I^{2}$ Average Current Mode Control for Switching Converters (2013)

Constant frequency average current mode (ACM) control is a widely used control scheme for converters requiring precise current control. However, its transient response is relatively slow, while the switching loss and driving loss significantly diminish the light load efficiency. To solve these issues, the I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> control ACM is proposed. By combining the fast direct current feedback and integral feedback, the I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> control achieves both wide bandwidth and accurate current control. As a particular embodiment of this concept, by adopting constant on-time modulation, constant on-time I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> control needs no artificial ramp, and has a fast dynamic response. Moreover, due to the decrease of the switching frequency, constant on-time I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> control improves the efficiency in discontinuous conduction mode. The concept of I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> control can be extended to other modulations. A small-signal model using the describing-function-based equivalent circuit model is proposed. The model is accurate up to 1/2 switching frequency. Based on the model, the design guidelines are discussed. The proposed control is verified with simulation and hardware measurement results.
Synthesis gas technology large‐scale applications (2016)

Abstract Natural gas is the dominant feedstock for large‐scale production of many chemicals, such as methanol and synthetic fuels, either using the TIGAS process to produce gasoline or using Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis to produce diesel. Significant research has gone into the development of processes that convert natural gas directly into the end product. However, the most economical route today, and in the years to come, is a process in two stages with synthesis gas production as the first step. The most capital‐ and energy‐intensive aspect of producing synthetic fuels and chemicals is synthesis gas production. This paper outlines and compares key technologies for large‐scale production of synthesis gas. We find that auto‐thermal reforming at a low steam‐to‐carbon ratio is the most economic and efficient technology for synthesis gas production in plants both for producing methanol and synthetic fuels.
Trapping of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Intermediates by Phenylpropenamide Assembly Accelerators (2010)

Understanding the biological self-assembly process of virus capsids is key to understanding the viral life cycle, as well as serving as a platform for the design of assembly-based antiviral drugs. Here we identify and characterize the phenylpropenamide family of small molecules, known to have antiviral activity in vivo, as assembly effectors of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid. We have found two representative phenylpropenamides to be assembly accelerators, increasing the rate of assembly with only modest increases in the stability of the HBV capsids; these data provide a physical-chemical basis for their antiviral activity. Unlike previously described HBV assembly effectors, the phenylpropenamides do not misdirect assembly; rather, the accelerated reactions proceed on-path to produce morphologically normal capsids. However, capsid assembly in the presence of phenylpropenamides is characterized by kinetic trapping of assembly intermediates. These traps resolve under conditions close to physiological, but we found that trapped intermediates persist under conditions that favor phenylpropenamide binding and strong core protein-protein interactions. The phenylpropenamides serve as chemical probes of the HBV capsid assembly pathway by trapping on-path assembly intermediates, illustrating the governing influence of reaction kinetics on capsid assembly.