gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thyroid FNAC cytology: can we do it better? (2007)

This article reviews recent developments in thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). While thyroid nodules are common, carcinoma is comparatively rare. Although histological assessment is used in most studies as the benchmark, the differential diagnosis on cytology or histology is not always reproducible. The literature shows wide variations in criteria for inadequate thyroid FNAC and study inclusion or exclusion criteria. In-clinic assessment of specimen adequacy and in-clinic reporting of thyroid FNAC has become popular although the costs and resource implications of in-clinic thyroid FNAC assessment and reporting are substantial. Many centres continue to use conventional techniques although liquid-based cytology and ultrasound-guided FNAC are gaining in popularity. Standardized categorical systems for FNAC reporting can make results easier to understand for clinicians and give clear indications for therapeutic action. Multidisciplinary case review is also essential, especially when there is diagnostic uncertainty. While currently of limited use, molecular pathology testing holds out some promise for the future.
Calibration of medical ultrasonic equipment-procedures and accuracy assessment (1988)

A beam-plotting facility has been developed to provide a reference measurement system for determining the acoustic output of medical ultrasonic equipment. It consists of two coordinate-positioning systems controlled by stepping motors and a minicomputer. One system is used for holding and manipulating an ultrasonic transducer and the other for a hydrophone. A membrane hydrophone made from polyvinylidene fluoride of 9-mum thickness with an active element of 0.5-mm diameter is used for most measurements. The hydrophone is connected to an amplifier and digitizer, also controlled by the minicomputer, and the whole system has a measurement bandwidth of 75 MHz (-3 dB). A detailed description of this system is given together with a full assessment of measurement uncertainties and the methods used to correct for the effects of nonlinear distortion and spatial averaging. Typical overall uncertainties (95% confidence) for the determination of the peak-positive acoustic pressure, peak-negative acoustic pressure, spatial-peak pulse-average intensity and spatial-peak temporal-average intensity are +/-13%, +/-8%, +/-17%, and +/-23%, respectively.
Fast MR imaging: technical strategies. (1995)

Since the introduction of MR imaging for medical use in the early 1980s, there has been a continuous trend toward reduction in scan times. Whereas it took over 24 hr to acquire and display the earliest MR images [1], scan times of well under a second are now feasible. The trend toward shorter scan times is based on a need to reduce motion-related artifacts, to provide more comprehensive studies in a reasonable examination time (such as those with multiple pulse sequences, multiple planes, or contrast media), or to increase patient throughput to reduce per-patient examination costs.
Evidence for the involvement of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> proteins in the formation of new permeability pathways in the erythrocyte membrane (2006)

Summary The intraerythrocytic developmental stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum are responsible for the clinical symptoms associated with malaria tropica. The non‐infected human erythrocyte is a terminally differentiated cell that is unable to synthesize proteins and lipids de novo , and it is incapable of importing a number of solutes that are essential for parasite proliferation. Approximately 12–15 h after invasion the parasitized cell undergoes a marked increase in its permeability to a variety of different solutes present in the extracellular milieu. The increase is due to the induction in the erythrocyte membrane of ‘new permeability pathways’ which have been characterized in some detail in terms of their transport and electrophysiological properties, but which are yet to be defined at a molecular level. Here we show that these pathways are resistant to trypsin but are abolished by treatment of intact infected erythrocytes with chymotrypsin. On resuspension of chymotrypsinized cells in chymotrypsin‐free medium the pathways progressively reappear, a process that can be inhibited by cytotoxic agents, and by brefeldin A which inhibits protein secretion. Our results provide evidence for the involvement of parasite encoded proteins in the generation of the pathways, either as components of the pathways themselves or as auxiliary factors.
Bipolar Electrodes for Next‐Generation Rechargeable Batteries (2020)

The development of advanced rechargeable batteries provides a great opportunity for basic and applied researchers to collectively overcome challenging scientific and technological barriers that directly address a critical need for energy storage. In addition to novel battery chemistries often scientifically reviewed, advanced battery structures via technological innovations that boost battery performance are also worthy of attention. In this context, bipolar electrodes (BEs) are capable of improving the specific power, simplifying cell components, and reducing manufacturing costs for rechargeable batteries. By focusing on the fundamentals and applications of BEs in rechargeable batteries, the rational utilization of BEs from an academic perspective is considered. The progress and challenges of BEs are discussed and summarized in detail. Key techniques and materials for enabling BEs are highlighted and an outlook for the future directions of BEs that involve emerging concepts, such as wearable devices, all-solid-state batteries, fast spraying fabrication, and recyclable secondary batteries, is also presented.
A 1-V, 10-bit rail-to-rail successive approximation analog-to-digital converter in standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology (2002)

Two architectures for a 1-V, 10-bit 200-kS/s successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC) implemented in a standard CMOS 0.18 /spl mu/m digital process are presented. A track-and-hold circuit based on a novel implementation of the bootstrapped low-voltage analog CMOS switch with a novel rail-to-rail track-and-latch comparator circuit is described. A pMOS-only ladder containing a rail-to-rail current-to-voltage converter, performs the DAC function in the second ADC topology whereas a conventional R-2R ladder is used in the first one. Successive approximation and control logic is implemented using of robust single clock phase D flip flop.
Tunable Infrared Emission From Printed Colloidal Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite Films on Flexible Substrates (2010)

A simple and robust device structure for a flexible, multicolor infrared (IR) display is described. The display operates by optical downconversion of AC-driven blue phosphor electroluminescence using different-sized, IR-emitting colloidal quantum dots. Deposition of the IR emissive layer via inkjet printing facilitates side-by-side multicolor pixel definition with low material losses.
Topoisomerase levels determine chemotherapy response <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (2008)

Topoisomerase poisons are chemotherapeutic agents that are used extensively for treating human malignancies. These drugs can be highly effective, yet tumors are frequently refractory to treatment or become resistant upon tumor relapse. Using a pool-based RNAi screening approach and a well characterized mouse model of lymphoma, we explored the genetic basis for heterogeneous responses to topoisomerase poisons in vitro and in vivo. These experiments identified Top2A expression levels as major determinants of response to the topoisomerase 2 poison doxorubicin and showed that suppression of Top2A produces resistance to doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. Analogously, using a targeted RNAi approach, we demonstrated that suppression of Top1 produces resistance to the topoisomerase 1 poison camptothecin yet hypersensitizes cancer cells to doxorubicin. Importantly, lymphomas relapsing after treatment display spontaneous changes in topoisomerase levels as predicted by in vitro gene knockdown studies. These results highlight the utility of pooled shRNA screens for identifying genetic determinants of chemotherapy response and suggest strategies for improving the effectiveness of topoisomerase poisons in the clinic.
Clipping-induced impulse noise and its effect on bit-error performance in AM-VSB/64QAM hybrid lightwave systems (1994)

We demonstrate that the impulse noise generated from clipping AM signals limits QAM bit-error performance in AM-VSB/M-QAM hybrid optical transmission systems. A new technique is developed to adequately predict QAM bit-error rate by defining a measurable parameter which can be obtained from impulse counting using a standard spectrum analyzer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Left-hemisphere specialization for the processing of acoustic transients (1997)

Previous work suggests that speech sounds incorporating short-duration spectral changes (such as the formation transitions of stop consonants) rely on left hemisphere mechanisms for their adequate processing to a greater degree than do speech sounds incorporating spectral changes of a longer duration (such as vowel sounds). Ten normal subjects were scanned using positron emission tomography while discriminating pure tone stimuli incorporating frequency glides of either short or long duration. A comparison of these two conditions yielded significant activation foci in left orbitofrontal cortex, left fusiform gyrus, and right cerebellum. Because non-linguistic stimuli were used, these foci must reflect some basic low level aspect of neural processing that may be relevant to speech but cannot be a consequence of accessing the speech system itself.
Gaschromatographische Enantiomerentrennung an Cyclodextrinderivaten (1990)

In einer Forschung, die sich mit dem Phänomen der molekularen Chiralität auseinandersetzt, ist die gaschromatographische Enantiomeranalytik unzersetzt verdampfbarer, flüchtiger Verbindungen ein wertvolles Instrumentarium mit stetig wachsender Bedeutung. Ein wesentlicher Durchbruch auf dem Gebiet der analytischen gaschromatographischen Enantiomerentrennung wurde in den letzten drei Jahren durch den Einsatz alkylierter α-, β- und γ-Cyclodextrine als chirale Stationärphasen für Hochauflösungskapillarsäulen erzielt. Zwei komplementäre Methoden werden bisher in der Forschung sowie kommerziell genutzt: Einerseits werden alkylierte Cyclodextrine mit Polysiloxanen verdünnt und auf Glas- und Fused-Silica-Kapillaren aufgebracht, andererseits werden lipophile Per-n-pentylcyclodextrine und hydrophile Di-n-pentyl- und Hydroxyalkyldimethylcyclodextrine als fluide Phasen direkt auf geeignet vorbehandelte Glas- oder Fused-Silica-Oberflächen aufgebracht. Neben polaren Diolen und Alkoholen, derivatisierten Hydroxycarbonsäuren, Aminosäuren, Zuckern und Alkylhalogeniden werden auch unpolare Alkene, gesättigte cyclische Kohlenwasserstoffe und Metall-π-Komplexe in die Enantiomere getrennt. Für praktische Anwendungen ist bedeutsam, daß zahlreiche Enantiomerentrennungen ohne vorherige Derivatisierung gelingen. Während die Racemattrennung unfunktionalisierter Kohlenwasserstoffe auf eine enantioselektive Wirt-Gast-Inclusion zurückgeführt wird, deuten mehrere Befunde auf die Rolle zusätzlicher enantioselektiver Wechselwirkungen für polare Gastmoleküle hin. Die neuen chiralen Stationärphasen können in einem weiten Temperaturbereich (25–250 °C) eingesetzt werden. Es wird mit einer schnellen Verbreitung dieser Methode zur einfachen, genauen und hochempfindlichen Enantiomeranalyse unzersetzt verdampfbarer chiraler Verbindungen gerechnet, die in Zukunft auch die Suche nach universellen Cyclodextrinphasen sowie die Aufklärung der Mechanismen der Enantiomerendiskriminierung befruchten wird.
(100) Orientation-Controlled Ge Giant-Stripes on Insulating Substrates by Rapid-Melting Growth Combined with Si Micro-Seed Technique (2010)

Orientation-controlled single-crystal Ge stripes on insulating substrates are desired to achieve high-performance thin-film transistors. The rapid-melting growth process of amorphous Ge has been examined by using polycrystalline Si islands as the growth seed. Rotational growth is found for Ge stripes initiated from (110) and (111) orientations, however, the lateral-growth initiated from the (100) orientation propagates continuously keeping its orientation. Based on these findings, an advanced rapid-melting growth method is developed by combining with the Si(100) micro-seed technique. This enables single-crystal Ge(100) giant-stripes with 400 µm length on insulating substrates. High hole mobility exceeding 1000 cm2 V-1 s-1 is also demonstrated.
Early Prehospital Management of ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Patient symptom recognition, public education strategies and activation of the prehospital emergency medical system Prehospital diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction Prehospital management of ST elevation myocardial infarction Integration of prehospital strategies in a system-wide reperfusion program Conclusion References
Transannular reactions of dibenzo[a,d]cycloalkenes. 1. Synthesis of dibenzo[a,d]cycloocten-6,12-imines and dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imines (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransannular reactions of dibenzo[a,d]cycloalkenes. 1. Synthesis of dibenzo[a,d]cycloocten-6,12-imines and dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-iminesMarcia E. Christy, Paul S. Anderson, Susan F. Britcher, C. Dylion Colton, Ben E. Evans, David C. Remy, and Edward L. EngelhardtCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 18, 3117–3127Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01332a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01332a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views552Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Supervised Learning for Linking Named Entities to Knowledge Base Entries. (2011)

This paper addresses the challenging information extraction problem of linking named entities in text to entries in a knowledge base. Our approach uses supervised learning to (a) rank candidate knowledge base entries for each named entity, (b) classify the top-ranked entry as the correct disambiguation or not, and (c) group together the named entities without a corresponding entry in the knowledge base. We analyze the fundamental design challenges involved in the development of a learningbased entity-linking system, and we provide extensive experimental results for a wide range of methods and feature sets. Our experiments over the datasets from the Text Analysis Conference (TAC) Entity Linking Task demonstrate the effectiveness of supervised learning methods, showing that out-ofthe-box algorithms and relatively simple to compute features can obtain very competitive results.
Pectin/Zein Beads for Potential Colon-Specific Drug Delivery: Synthesis and<i>in Vitro</i>Evaluation (2006)

Novel complex hydrogel beads were prepared from two edible polymers: pectin, a carbohydrate from citrus fruits, and zein, a protein from corn. The pectin/zein complex hydrogels did not swell in physiological environments, but hydrolyzed in the presence of pectinases. An in vitro study showed the capacity of the hydrogels to endure protease attack and residence time variation. The physical and biological properties of the new hydrogels were attributed to molecular entanglement of the two polymers. The pectin networks were stabilized by the bound zein molecules. In turn, the pectin networks shielded the bound zein from protease digestion.
Indications and Limitations of Class II and III Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Atrial Fibrillation (1994)

In summary, the Class III antiarrhythmic agents amiodarone and sotalol are effective in restoring sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation with a higher effectiveness of amiodarone. Both agents successfully prevent recurrent episodes of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion and both can control heart rate in persistent atrial fibrillation. Amiodarone appears to be particularly suitable in patients with atrial fibrillation and concomitant congestive heart failure because it lacks clinically relevant negative inotropic activity. Both substances are also effective in controlling ventricular arrhythmias that are frequently present in patients with atrial fibrillation. Finally, both drugs possess antiadrenergic activity, which makes the substances particularly attractive in patients with coronary heart disease as the underlying cause of atrial fibrillation.
Sequential multiple‐step europium ion implantation and annealing of GaN (2014)

Abstract Sequential multiple Eu ion implantations at low fluence (1×10 13 cm ‐2 at 300 keV) and subsequent rapid thermal annealing (RTA) steps (30 s at 1000 °C or 1100 °C) were performed on high quality nominally undoped GaN films grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) and medium quality GaN:Mg grown by hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE). Compared to samples implanted in a single step, multiple implantation/annealing shows only marginal structural improvement for the MOCVD samples, but a significant improvement of crystal quality and optical activation of Eu was achieved in the HVPE films. This improvement is attributed to the lower crystalline quality of the starting material, which probably enhances the diffusion of defects and acts to facilitate the annealing of implantation damage and the effective incorporation of the Eu ions in the crystal structure. Optical activation of Eu 3+ ions in the HVPE samples was further improved by high temperature and high pressure annealing (HTHP) up to 1400 °C. After HTHP annealing the main room temperature cathodo‐ and photoluminescence line in Mg‐doped samples lies at ∼ 619 nm, characteristic of a known Mg‐related Eu 3+ centre, while after RTA treatment the dominant line lies at ∼ 622 nm, typical for undoped GaN:Eu. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Weight gain and metabolic screening in young people with early psychosis on long acting injectable antipsychotic medication (aripiprazole vs paliperidone) (2020)

Both LAI medications were associated with substantial weight increases over time. These results build on emerging evidence showing that aripiprazole is not weight neutral in young people. Our recommendation is that weight-management programs should be offered from the start of medication initiation.
Near unity ideality factor and Shockley-Read-Hall lifetime in GaN-on-GaN <i>p-n</i> diodes with avalanche breakdown (2015)

Textbook-like device characteristics are demonstrated in vertical GaN p-n diodes grown on bulk GaN substrates. These devices show simultaneously an avalanche breakdown voltage (BV) of &gt;1.4 kV under reverse bias, an ideality factor plateau of ∼2.0 in a forward bias window followed by a near unity ideality factor of 1.1, which are consistently achieved over a temperature range of 300–400 K. At room temperature (RT), the diode with a mesa diameter of 107 μm showed a differential on-resistance Ron of 0.12 mΩcm2, thus resulting in a record figure-of-merit BV2/Ron of ∼16.5 GW/cm2, which is the highest ever demonstrated in any semiconductors. Analytical models are used to fit experimental I-Vs; based on the recombination current with an ideality factor of ∼2.0, a Shockley-Read-Hall lifetime of 12 ns is extracted at RT with an estimated recombination center concentration of 3 × 1015 cm−3.
Productive Replication of Ebola Virus Is Regulated by the c-Abl1 Tyrosine Kinase (2012)

Ebola virus causes a fulminant infection in humans resulting in diffuse bleeding, vascular instability, hypotensive shock, and often death. Because of its high mortality and ease of transmission from human to human, Ebola virus remains a biological threat for which effective preventive and therapeutic interventions are needed. An understanding of the mechanisms of Ebola virus pathogenesis is critical for developing antiviral therapeutics. Here, we report that productive replication of Ebola virus is modulated by the c-Abl1 tyrosine kinase. Release of Ebola virus-like particles (VLPs) in a cell culture cotransfection system was inhibited by c-Abl1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) or by Abl-specific kinase inhibitors and required tyrosine phosphorylation of the Ebola matrix protein VP40. Expression of c-Abl1 stimulated an increase in phosphorylation of tyrosine 13 (Y(13)) of VP40, and mutation of Y(13) to alanine decreased the release of Ebola VLPs. Productive replication of the highly pathogenic Ebola virus Zaire strain was inhibited by c-Abl1-specific siRNAs or by the Abl-family inhibitor nilotinib by up to four orders of magnitude. These data indicate that c-Abl1 regulates budding or release of filoviruses through a mechanism involving phosphorylation of VP40. This step of the virus life cycle therefore may represent a target for antiviral therapy.
An inducible CRISPR-ON system for controllable gene activation in human pluripotent stem cells (2017)

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are an important system to study early human development, model human diseases, and develop cell replacement therapies. However, genetic manipulation of hPSCs is challenging and a method to simultaneously activate multiple genomic sites in a controllable manner is sorely needed. Here, we constructed a CRISPR-ON system to efficiently upregulate endogenous genes in hPSCs. A doxycycline (Dox) inducible dCas9-VP64-p65-Rta (dCas9-VPR) transcription activator and a reverse Tet transactivator (rtTA) expression cassette were knocked into the two alleles of the AAVS1 locus to generate an iVPR hESC line. We showed that the dCas9-VPR level could be precisely and reversibly controlled by the addition and withdrawal of Dox. Upon transfection of multiplexed gRNA plasmid targeting the NANOG promoter and Dox induction, we were able to control NANOG gene expression from its endogenous locus. Interestingly, an elevated NANOG level promoted naïve pluripotent gene expression, enhanced cell survival and clonogenicity, and enabled hESCs to integrate with the inner cell mass (ICM) of mouse blastocysts in vitro. Thus, iVPR cells provide a convenient platform for gene function studies as well as high-throughput screens in hPSCs.