gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Second Generation Advanced Reburning for High Efficiency N0x Control (1997)

Energy and Environmental Research Corporation is developing a family of high efficiency and low cost NO{sub x} control technologies for coal fired utility boilers based on Advanced Reburning (AR), a synergistic integration of basic reburning with injection of an N-agent. In conventional AR, injection of the reburn fuel is followed by simultaneous N-agent and overfire air injection. The second generation AR systems incorporate several components which can be used in different combinations. These components include: (1) Reburning Injection of the reburn fuel and overfire air. (2) N-agent Injection The N-agent (ammonia or urea) can be injected at different locations: into the reburning zone, along with the overfire air, and downstream of the overfire air injection. (3) N-agent Promotion Several sodium compounds can considerably enhance the NO{sub x} control from N-agent injection. These ''promoters'' can be added to aqueous N-agents. (4) Two Stages of N-agent Injection and Promotion Two N-agents with or without promoters can be injected at different locations for deeper NO{sub x} control. AR systems are intended for post-RACT applications in ozone non-attainment areas where NO{sub x} control in excess of 80% is required. AR will provide flexible installations that allow NO{sub x} levels to be lowered when regulations become more stringent. The total cost of NO{sub x} control for AR systems is approximately half of that for SCR. Experimental and kinetic modeling results for development of these novel AR systems are presented. Tests have been conducted in a 1.0 MMBtu/hr Boiler Simulator Facility with coal as the main fuel and natural gas as the reburning fuel. The results show that high efficiency NO{sub x} control, in the range 84-95%, can be achieved with various elements of AR. A comparative byproduct emission study was performed to compare the emissions from different variants of AR with commercial technologies (reburning and SNCR). For each technology sampling included: CO, SO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}O, total hydrocarbons, NH{sub 3}, HCN, SO{sub 3}, fly ash mass loading and size distribution, PM10, and carbon in ash. AR technologies do not generate significant byproduct emissions in comparison with basic reburning and SNCR processes under similar conditions. In most cases, byproduct emissions were found to be lower for the AR technologies. Kinetic modeling predictions qualitatively explain the experimental trends observed in the combustion tests. The detailed reaction mechanism can describe the interaction of NO and ammonia in the reburning and overfire air zones, the effect of mixing times, and the sodium promotion effect.
Formation of Aluminosilicate Glasses Containing Rare‐Earth Oxides (1982)

Formation of aluminosilicate glasses containing oxides of rare‐earth elements, e.g. Sc, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Yb, was studied by melting at 1550°C and air quenching. The upper limit of the amount of rare‐earth oxide which can be incorporated into the aluminosilicate glasses decreases according to the lanthanide contraction.
Hierarchical biphilic micro/nanostructures for a new generation phase-change heat sink with 1800 W/cm<sup>2</sup> CHF limit (2017)

The physics of membrane-based microchannel boiling process is explained. Through a set of fundamental studies conducted on several membrane-based heat sinks designed with different configurations incorporating surface micro- and nanostructures, the nature of critical heat flux (CHF) limit and its active control is explained. It is commonly known that the occurrence of CHF is accompanied by the formation of significant vapor adjacent to the heated surface such that liquid cannot rewet the surface. In the new approach, flow is constrained within a hydrophilic microstructure by a superhydrophobic vapor-permeable nanofibrous membrane. A bubble bounded between the two structures is pulled away from the hydrophilic heated structure and discharged from the flow, thus leading to rewetting of the heat transfer surface. Hierarchical micro- and nanostructures designed on the heat transfer surface allow to substantially increase the surface wettability. The maximum heat flux removed is approximately 1800 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with water used as the test fluid. Only vapor exits the heat sink. Hence, the heat sink exit vapor quality is 100%.
Identification of an Opioid κ Receptor Subtype-Selective N-Substituent for (+)-(3<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>)-Dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (1998)

A three-component library of compounds was prepared in parallel using multiple simultaneous solution-phase synthetic methodology. The compounds were biased toward opioid receptor antagonist activity by incorporating (+)-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (a potent, nonselective opioid pure antagonist) as one of the monomers. The other two monomers, which included N-substituted or unsubstituted Boc-protected amino acids and a range of substituted aryl carboxylic acids, were selected to add chemical diversity. Screening of these compounds in competitive binding experiments with the kappa opioid receptor selective ligand [3H]U69,593 led to the discovery of a novel kappa opioid receptor selective ligand, N-¿(2'S)-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido]-3'-methylbutyl¿-(3R, 4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (8, RTI-5989-29). Additional structure-activity relationship studies suggested that 8 possesses lipophilic and hydrogen-bonding sites that are important to its opioid receptor potency and selectivity. These sites appear to exist predominantly within the kappa receptor since the selectivity arises from a 530-fold loss of affinity of 8 for the mu receptor and an 18-fold increase in affinity for the kappa receptor relative to the mu-selective ligand, (+)-N-[trans-4-phenyl-2-butenyl]-(3R, 4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (5a). The degree of selectivity observed in the radioligand binding experiments was not observed in the functional assay. According to its ability to inhibit agonist stimulated binding of [35S]GTPgammaS at all three opioid receptors, compound 8 behaves as a mu/kappa opioid receptor pure antagonist with negligible affinity for the delta receptor.
A Malaria Vaccine That Elicits in Humans Antibodies Able to Kill Plasmodium falciparum (2005)

This is the first malaria vaccine clinical trial to clearly demonstrate antiparasitic activity by vaccine-induced antibodies by both in vitro and in vivo methods. The results, showing the induction of long-lasting antibodies directed to a fully conserved polypeptide, also challenge current concepts about malaria vaccines, such as unavoidable polymorphism, low antigenicity, and poor induction of immune memory.
<title>Photodynamic effects of silicon phthalocyanines in model cells and tumors (Invited Paper)</title> (1992)

A series of silicon and aluminum phthalocyanines is being investigated in this laboratory for their potential as photosensitizers for photodynamic tumor therapy (PDT). Of these, one of the silicon phthalocyanines [SiPc(OH)OSi(CH<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>(CH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>N(CH<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>] (Pc IV) has proven to be highly efficient in a series of in vitro assays and in PDT in vivo. When compared to sulfonated or non-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine and/or Photofrin II, Pc IV produced greater effects at lower concentrations in a clonogenic assay with V79 cells, and in photoenhancement of lipid peroxidation in human erythrocyte membranes. Physiological responses of treated cells in vitro appeared similar to those produced by PDT with other sensitizers; however, the responses, such as the induction of apoptosis in murine lymphoma, occurred with greater efficiency when Pc IV served as photosensitizer. In order to evaluate the efficacy of Pc IV in vivo, the dye was suspended in corn oil or incorporated into liposomes and injected intraperitoneally into C3H mice bearing RIF-1 tumors. Pharmacokinetic studies showed efficient uptake of Pc IV into the tumor, as well as into liver and kidney. For PDT, tumors were irradiated with 675 nm light from an argon-pumped dye laser. Treatment of tumors up to 100 mm<SUP>3</SUP> with 1.0 mg/kg Pc IV and 135 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> produced ablation of the tumor within 48 hours. Tumors > 200 mm<SUP>3</SUP> could be ablated with 2.0 mg/kg Pc IV. The data suggest that Pc IV may be a highly efficient photosensitizer for tumor PDT.
Ultrathin layer alkaline earth metals as stable electron-injecting electrodes for polymer light emitting diodes (2000)

Polymer light emitting diodes in which the cathode comprises an ultrathin layer of alkaline earth metal show much better operating lifetime, especially at high temperatures, in comparison with devices fabricated with cathodes from the same metals with thickness greater than 100 Å. The operating lifetime is dependent on the specific low work function metal used. Among the alkali and alkaline earth metals, devices with ∼30 Å Ba as cathode show the best half life during continuous operation. Using an ultrathin Ba cathode with an Al or Ag capping layer and poly[2-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)-5-methoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene] as luminescent polymer, the half life reaches 400 h at 85 °C and exceeds 10 000 h at room temperature when operated at a current density of 8.3 mA/cm2 with a luminance of 100–140 cd/cm2.
1-Acyltriazoles as antiinflammatory agents (1982)

Certain 1-acyl-3-phenyl-5-alkyltriazoles were synthesized and evaluated for antiinflammatory activity using the mouse active Arthus (MAA) reaction as the test system. Modification of the acyl group, 4-phenyl substituent, and alkyl group led to the selection of the most active member of this series, 1-acetyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazole (3c), for further evaluation as a novel nonacidic antiinflammatory agent.
Non-resonant surface-micromachined Z-axis gyroscopes utilizing torsional out-of-plane detection (2006)

The paper reports a novel gimbal-type torsional z-axis micromachined gyroscope with a non-resonant actuation scheme. The design concept is based on employing a 2 degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) drive-mode oscillator to achieve dynamic amplification of oscillations and a flat region in the frequency response. By utilizing dynamic amplification of torsional oscillations in the drive-mode instead of resonance, large oscillation amplitudes of the sensing element is achieved with small actuation amplitudes, providing improved linearity and stability despite parallel-plate actuation. With the flat region in the frequency response, the drive direction amplitude and phase are inherently constant within the same frequency band, while the device operates at resonance in the sense direction for improved sensitivity. Thus, the design concept is expected to overcome the small actuation and sensing capacitance limitations of surface-micromachined gyroscopes, while achieving improved excitation stability and robustness against fabrication imperfections and fluctuations in operating conditions.
Stirring and mixing of liquids using acoustic radiation force (2009)

The possibility of using acoustic radiation force in standing waves for stirring and mixing small volumes of liquids is theoretically analyzed. The principle of stirring considered in this paper is based on moving the microparticles suspended in a standing acoustic wave by changing the frequency so that one standing wave mode is replaced by the other, with differently positioned minima of potential energy. The period-average transient dynamics of solid microparticles and gas microbubbles is considered, and simple analytical solutions are obtained for the case of standing waves of variable amplitude. It is shown that bubbles can be moved from one equilibrium position to another two to three orders of magnitude faster than solid particles. For example, radiation force in a standing acoustic wave field may induce movement of microbubbles with a speed of the order of a few m/s at a frequency of 1MHz and ultrasound pressure amplitude of 100kPa, whereas the speed of rigid particles does not exceed 1cm∕s under the same conditions. The stirring effect can be additionally enhanced due to the fact that the bubbles that are larger and smaller than the resonant bubbles move in opposite directions. Possible applications of the analyzed stirring mechanism, such as in microarrays, are discussed.
ABC++: Concurrency by inheritance in C++ (1995)

Many attempts have been made to add concurrency to C++, often by extensive compiler extensions, but much of the work has not exploited the power of C++. This paper shows how the object-oriented facilities of C++ are powerful enough to encapsulate concurrency creation and control. We have developed a concurrent C++-based prototype system (ABC++) and describe how we can provide, with a standard compiler, almost all of the functionality offered by a new or extended language. Active objects, object distribution, selective method acceptance, and synchronous and asynchronous object interaction are supported. Concurrency control and synchronization are encapsulated at the active object level. The goal of ABC++ is to allow users to write concurrent programs without dealing with explicit synchronization and mutual exclusion constructs, with as few restrictions on the use of C++ as possible. ABC++ can be implemented on either a shared memory multiprocessor or a cluster of homogeneous workstations. It is presently implemented on a network of RISC System/6000® processors and on the IBM Scalable POWERparallel™ System 1 (SP1™).
Regio- and Diastereoselective Intermolecular [2+2] Cycloadditions Photocatalyzed by Quantum Dots (2019)

Here we show that colloidal quantum dots serve as visible-light chromophores, photocatalysts, and resuable scaffolds for homo- and hetero-intermolecular [2+2] photocycloadditions of 4-vinylbenzoic acid derivatives, with >90% tunable regioselectivity and up to 98% diastereoselectivity for the previously minor syn-cyclobutane products, including the syn-heda-to-tail cyclobutane, which has never been produced as the major product of a photochemical reaction.
Low cost compact electronically scanned millimeter wave antenna (2002)

Low cost, compact, electronically scanned antennas are needed for commercial as well as military applications. This antenna is being realized by constructing a Ka-band millimeter wave Rotman lens. Various lens designs were generated and input into a mathematical model. The core of the model is an integral equation formulation that relates the various field components in the waveguide apertures. The S-matrices output by the model were processed to provide beam patterns and insertion loss. The beam patterns, in turn, were evaluated to determine the sidelobe levels. Maximum sidelobe levels of the order of -30 dB and a one way insertion loss /spl les/3 dB were obtained with this modeling process.
CMOS image sensor readout employing in-pixel transistor current sensing (2008)

We propose an analog CMOS image sensor with 10X faster readout settling time than standard active pixel sensor (APS) designs. The pixel in the proposed design is a standard APS source follower configuration thus retaining high fill factor. Negative feedback is applied to the readout of the pixel from a column shared circuit to increase its current driving capabilities and thereby reduce the settling time between correlated double sampling (CDS) samples, which significantly reduces the 1/f noise contributed by the in-pixel source follower transistor. In addition, we describe an improved active reset utilizing the current sensing method. We present analysis and simulations of the proposed current sensing active pixel (CSAP) sensor design in a standard 0.35 um CMOS process operating from a 3.3 V power supply.
Optimal link-state hop-by-hop routing (2013)

Current intra-domain routing protocols like OSPF and IS-IS use link-state routing algorithms with hop-by-hop forwarding that sacrifice traffic engineering performance for ease of implementation and management. Though optimal traffic engineering algorithms exist, they tend to be either not link-state algorithms or to require source routing - characteristics that make them difficult to implement. As the focus of this paper, we introduce HALO, the first optimal link-state routing algorithm with hop-by-hop forwarding, where link weights can be calculated locally. Furthermore, our solution can adapt to changing traffic patterns automatically. The optimality of the algorithm is proved theoretically and also verified numerically.
Slice accelerated diffusion‐weighted imaging at ultra‐high field strength (2013)

From the results and compared with earlier studies at these resolutions, it can be seen that scan time is significantly reduced, while image quality is preserved.
Orally Active, Antimetastatic, Nontoxic Diphenyl Ether‐Derived Carbamoylphosphonate Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors (2011)

Seven 4-phenoxybenzenesulfonamidopolymethylene carbamoylphosphonates (CPOs) bearing two to eight methylene units in the polymethylene chain were synthesized and evaluated as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors. The five lowest homologues [(CH₂)₂-₆] are selective MMP-2 inhibitors, whereas the two with the longest linkers [(CH₂)₇,₈] lack inhibitory activity. The most potent homologues are those with (CH₂)₅,₆; these two were evaluated for antimetastatic activity in a murine melanoma model and showed good potency both by oral and intraperitoneal administration without any toxic--including musculoskeletal--side effects. In contrast to the previously reported cis-ACCP, which was shown to inhibit MMP-2 for ∼30 min, the new compounds inhibit MMP activity for the duration of measurement, lasting several hours. Pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed, on the one hand, low oral bioavailability; on the other hand, a relatively large calculated volume of distribution, consistent with the observed reversible absorption of CPO 5 to hydroxyapatite, as a model for bone.
High Quality Synthetic Single Crystal Diamond for Novel Optical Applications (2009)

Recent breakthroughs in single crystal diamond synthesis by chemical vapor deposition have lead to reproducible material of exceptionally high quality and of practical size, for a range of novel laser and photonics applications.
Toward single-photon imaging at short wave infrared (SWIR) (2010)

We present our latest results from a novel nano-injector-base photon detector. Previously, we have demonstrated the excellent noise performance and large linear gain of single-element devices at room temperature. Here we demonstrate the first focal plane array (FPA) made from this unique device, and show that they hold their high gain and low noise performance at a good array uniformity. The high internal gain produces significantly better images at high frame rates, or at low light level conditions.
Waveform design for electroseismic exploration (2005)

Two classes of coded waveforms are presented for the detection of linear and nonlinear electroseismic (ES) conversions. These source waveforms are implemented in the novel Power Waveform Synthesizer and form an important part of the overall electroseismic exploration system.
Anisotropy in diamond etching with molten cerium (1994)

An orientation-dependent etching behavior has been observed during diffusional thinning of single crystal diamond by molten cerium. The etching rate at 920 °C was in the order of {111}≳{100}≳{110} with a relative ratio of about 5:2:1. This diamond etching anisotropy is tentatively attributed to the orientation-dependent difference in the energy required to break the bonds on each atomic plane. It is interesting to note that the easiest-etching plane found here, {111}, is the most difficult plane to polish mechanically, and the most difficult plane to etch, {110}, is the easiest plane for mechanical polishing.
Diffusion-based placement migration (2005)

Placement migration is the movement of cells within an existing placement to address a variety of post-placement design closure issues, such as timing, routing congestion, signal integrity, and heat distribution. To fix a design problem, one would like to perturb the design as little as possible while preserving the integrity of the original placement. This work presents a new diffusion-based placement method based on a discrete approximation to a closedform solution of the continuous diffusion equation. It has the advantage of smooth spreading, which helps preserve neighborhood characteristics of the original placement. Applying this technique to placement legalization demonstrates significant improvements in wire length and timing compared to other commonly used techniques.
Higher Binding Affinity and <i>In Vitro</i> Potency of Reslizumab for Interleukin-5 Compared With Mepolizumab (2019)

Reslizumab and mepolizumab are recently approved monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of severe (uncontrolled) eosinophilic asthma. Both are effective in neutralizing the function of interleukin-5 (IL-5). This study is the first to compare the binding affinity and <i>in vitro</i> potency of both antibodies in head-to-head assays. Two assays assessed binding affinity (using the equilibrium dissociation constant [K<sub>D</sub>]) of each drug for human IL-5. In the Biacore surface plasmon resonance assay, the association constant (k<sub>on</sub>) values for human IL-5 for reslizumab and mepolizumab were 3.93 × 10⁶ and 1.83 × 10⁵, respectively. The dissociation constant (k<sub>off</sub>) values were 4.29 × 10⁻⁴ and 2.14 × 10⁻⁴, respectively. Calculated K<sub>D</sub> values for human IL-5 for reslizumab and mepolizumab were 109 and 1,170 pM, respectively, representing an approximately 11-fold stronger binding affinity with reslizumab. In the Kinetic Exclusion Assay, the k<sub>on</sub> values for human IL-5 for reslizumab and mepolizumab were 3.17 × 10⁶ and 1.32 × 10⁵, respectively. The k<sub>off</sub> values were 1.36 × 10⁻⁵ and 1.48 × 10⁻⁵, respectively. Measured K<sub>D</sub> values for human IL-5 for reslizumab and mepolizumab were 4.3 and 112 pM, respectively, representing an approximately 26-fold stronger binding affinity for reslizumab. A human-IL-5-dependent cell proliferation assay was developed to assess <i>in vitro</i> potency, based on a human cell line selected for enhanced surface expression of IL-5 receptor-alpha and consistent proliferation response to IL-5. The concentration at which 50% inhibition occurred (IC₅₀) was determined for both antibodies. Reslizumab and mepolizumab inhibited IL-5-dependent cell proliferation, with IC₅₀ values of approximately 91.1 and 286.5 pM, respectively, representing on average 3.1-fold higher potency with reslizumab. In conclusion, comparative assays show that reslizumab has higher affinity binding for and <i>in vitro</i> potency against human IL-5 compared with mepolizumab. However, these results do not take into consideration the different methods of administration of reslizumab and mepolizumab.
Paradoxical DNA Repair and Peroxide Resistance Gene Conservation in Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 (2007)

This study identifies several candidate genes for further research into UV and H2O2 resistance. These findings will help explain the resistance of B. pumilus and are applicable to understanding sterilization survival strategies of microbes.