gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the applications space of diffraction based overlay metrology by increasing throughput and target pitch flexibility (2020)

Metrology requirements at advanced nodes are not only tightening on specifications but also broadening in terms of flexibility needed to cover variety of product stacks. Metrology targets need to be process compatible and at the same time these targets should also be readable by the metrology system. In some cases, process conditions require a target pitch that is large compared to the wavelength used by the metrology system. Examples of these situations include for instance topography transfer or stacks with thick resist (for e.g. 3D-NAND). Traditionally overlay is extracted from the asymmetry in the positive and negative first diffraction order generated from μDBO targets. However, when the pitch is large, the targets generate multiple higher diffraction orders. Current state-of-the-art diffraction based overlay systems do not take into account the effect of these higher diffraction orders and typically only select the first diffraction order. This is done by reducing the pitch of the target, tuning the wavelength or by changing the angle of incidence of the illumination light. To address wavelength over pitch flexibility an advanced algorithm was introduced on a new metrology system in the fab, providing full flexibility in the selection of measurement wavelength and pitch. To obey the specifications on accuracy and throughput, we will present a new metrology system that is, compared to its predecessor, about 2x faster and able to measure more accurately because of the ability to measure multiple wavelengths within the same time frame.
PLFS (2009)

Parallel applications running across thousands of processors must protect themselves from inevitable system failures. Many applications insulate themselves from failures by checkpointing. For many applications, checkpointing into a shared single file is most convenient. With such an approach, the size of writes are often small and not aligned with file system boundaries. Unfortunately for these applications, this preferred data layout results in pathologically poor performance from the underlying file system which is optimized for large, aligned writes to non-shared files. To address this fundamental mismatch, we have developed a virtual parallel log structured file system, PLFS. PLFS remaps an application's preferred data layout into one which is optimized for the underlying file system. Through testing on PanFS, Lustre, and GPFS, we have seen that this layer of indirection and reorganization can reduce checkpoint time by an order of magnitude for several important benchmarks and real applications without any application modification.
<title>Pre- and postoperative optical resolution of the cornea: a preliminary report</title> (1993)

The effect of novel refractive surgical techniques on visual acuity and contrast sensitivity is normally determined by the outcome of human clinical trials. For example, ArF laser photorefractive keratoplasty follows an algorithm based on the patient's preoperative data for keratometry, refraction, pachometry, and ocular length all measured with ultrasound. A normalized ablation rate (which is function of the laser fluence), and the desired refractive correction are then used to calculate the ablation depth. On the day of surgery, the epithelium is mechanically removed and the bare cornea photoablated. Finally, the cornea may be medicated with a topical application of antibiotics and the eye is patched. On postoperative day 7, the epithelium is healed and visual acuity and keratometry are measured. With PRK, the theoretical outcome refraction should be within +/- 0.25 D. Thus far however, reproducibility is only of +/- 2 D. We believe the large discrepancy between theory and practice is due to several parameters that vary patient-to-patient.
A synthetic snRNA m3G-CAP enhances nuclear delivery of exogenous proteins and nucleic acids (2009)

Accessing the nucleus through the surrounding membrane poses one of the major obstacles for therapeutic molecules large enough to be excluded due to nuclear pore size limits. In some therapeutic applications the large size of some nucleic acids, like plasmid DNA, hampers their access to the nuclear compartment. However, also for small oligonucleotides, achieving higher nuclear concentrations could be of great benefit. We report on the synthesis and possible applications of a natural RNA 5'-end nuclear localization signal composed of a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap (m(3)G-CAP). The cap is found in the small nuclear RNAs that are constitutive part of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes involved in nuclear splicing. We demonstrate the use of the m(3)G signal as an adaptor that can be attached to different oligonucleotides, thereby conferring nuclear targeting capabilities with capacity to transport large-size cargo molecules. The synthetic capping of oligos interfering with splicing may have immediate clinical applications.
Fullerene Derivatives Prevent Packaging of Viral Genomic RNA into HIV-1 Particles by Binding Nucleocapsid Protein (2021)

Fullerene derivatives with hydrophilic substituents have been shown to exhibit a range of biological activities, including antiviral ones. For a long time, the anti-HIV activity of fullerene derivatives was believed to be due to their binding into the hydrophobic pocket of HIV-1 protease, thereby blocking its activity. Recent work, however, brought new evidence of a novel, protease-independent mechanism of fullerene derivatives' action. We studied in more detail the mechanism of the anti-HIV-1 activity of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl[70]fulleropyrrolidinium iodide fullerene derivatives. By using a combination of <i>in vitro</i> and cell-based approaches, we showed that these C<sub>70</sub> derivatives inhibited neither HIV-1 protease nor HIV-1 maturation. Instead, our data indicate effects of fullerene C<sub>70</sub> derivatives on viral genomic RNA packaging and HIV-1 cDNA synthesis during reverse transcription-without impairing reverse transcriptase activity though. Molecularly, this could be explained by a strong binding affinity of these fullerene derivatives to HIV-1 nucleocapsid domain, preventing its proper interaction with viral genomic RNA, thereby blocking reverse transcription and HIV-1 infectivity. Moreover, the fullerene derivatives' oxidative activity and fluorescence quenching, which could be one of the reasons for the inconsistency among reported anti-HIV-1 mechanisms, are discussed herein.
Hyperspectral Imager Based on Coded-Aperture Spectroscopy (2007)

A hyperspectral imager based on coded-aperture spectroscopy has excellently generated 3-D data cube that provides 2-D images of a sample with high selectivity of wavelength as well as spectrum with meaningful spectral features.
Detection of early dental caries using polarized Raman spectroscopy (2006)

A new technique based on polarized Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated for detecting early dental caries on extracted human teeth. Sound tooth enamel exhibited strong Raman polarization anisotropy whereas early caries consistently showed a lower degree of Raman polarization anisotropy. In particular, for sound enamel, the Raman peak arising from the symmetric nu1 vibration of PO(4) (3-) at 959 cm(-1) is strongly polarized. This is in contrast to the spectra of carious lesions that displayed weaker polarization dependence at 959 cm(-1). Such difference in the degree of Raman polarization anisotropy allows for discrimination between early dental caries and sound enamel.
Advanced Dopant Metrology for 45 nm and Beyond (2008)

An overview of the advanced (45 nm and beyond) ion implant and USJ metrology applications using the modulated optical reflectance (MOR) technology is provided.
The semiconductor junction igniter: a novel RF and ESD insensitive electro-explosive device (1993)

The description and characterization of a monolithic, solid-state electroexplosive device are presented. The structure is inherently immune to radio frequency (RF) radiation and also offers protection from electrostatic discharge (ESD). Interconnection to the device can be accomplished by a variety of techniques, such as soldering, epoxy, etc. Standard microelectronic techniques were utilized for fabrication. The devices can be manufactured very economically and in large quantities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Floodlight Quantum Key Distribution: Breaking The One-Photon-Per-Bit Barrier (2015)

Existing quantum key distribution protocols typically transmit at most one photon per bit, so that the no-cloning theorem ensures their security. As a result, their key rates suffer dramatically in long-distance transmission because of channel loss. We introduce floodlight quantum key distribution (FL-QKD), which breaks the one photon per bit barrier and overcomes loss by exploiting a huge number of optical modes per bit. FL-QKD is capable of 2 Gbps secret-key rates over a 50 km fiber link. Its security follows from employing less than one photon per mode and using photon-coincidence channel monitoring.
Abstract 214: Reduction of Scar Tissue after GHRH-A Treatment in a Swine Model of Sub-acute Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (2014)

Background: Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor agonists (GHRH-A) stimulate cardiac repair following myocardial infarction (MI) through the activation of the GHRH signaling pathway within the heart. We tested the hypothesis that the administration of GHRH-A prevents ventricular remodeling in a swine sub-acute MI model. Methods: Twelve female Yorkshire swine (25-30 Kg) underwent transient occlusion of the LAD coronary artery (MI). Two-weeks post-MI, swine were randomized to receive injections of either 30 μg/Kg GHRH-A (MR-409) (GHRH-A group; n=6) or vehicle (placebo group; n=6). Cardiac MRI, pressure volume loops and measures of endothelial function were obtained at multiple time points. Infarct-, border- and remote- (non-infarcted) zones were assessed by immunohistochemistry for the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR). Results: Four-weeks of GHRH-A treatment resulted in reduced scar mass (GHRH-A group: –21.9±6.42%; p=0.02; placebo group: 10.9±5.88%; p=0.25; Two-way ANOVA; p=0.003), and reduced scar size (percent of left ventricle mass) (GHRH-A group: –38.38±4.63; p=0.0002; placebo group: –14.56± 6.92; p=0.16; Two-way ANOVA; p=0.02). Moreover, peripheral endothelial function was significantly increased compared to baseline values in the GHRH-A group (paired t-test; p=0.006) but not in the placebo group (p=0.99). Unlike in rats, this reduced infarct size in swine was not accompanied by improved cardiac function as measured by serial hemodynamic pressure-volume analysis. GHRH receptors were abundant in cardiac tissue, with a greater density in the border zone of the GHRH-A group compared to the placebo group. These data support the concept of direct post-infarction activation of cardiac signal transduction, and of enhancing this activation with systemic treatment by GHRH. Conclusions: Daily subcutaneous administration of GHRH-A is feasible and safe in female swine. Furthermore, GHRH-A therapy significantly reduced infarct size and increased endothelial function, suggesting that a local activation of the GHRH pathway leads to the regenerative process and preservation of peripheral endothelial function.
Increase in Thermostability of Recombinant Barley<i>β</i>-Amylase by Random Mutagenesis (1995)

Random mutations were introduced into recombinant barley beta-amylase by modified PCR to increase its thermostability. Two clones were obtained. One was found to have a change of Ser-351 to Pro and another, a change of Ala-376 to Ser, and 2.3 degrees C and 1.0 degrees C increases, respectively, in the thermostabilities compared with that of native recombinant beta-amylase.
An Optical Fiber Heterodyne Interferometry Displacement Sensor. (1991)

An optical non-contacting displacement sensor is introduced for in-process measurements, three dimensional coordinate measuring machines and robots. In the senor, (1) a rampshaped frequency-modulated laser diode is used as a light source, (2) a single-mode fiber coupler and a selfoc lens are used to compose a common-pass interferometer, and (3) the displacement of the work surface is detected from the phase change of heterodyne beat signal. The probe of the sensor is simply the selfoc lens itself whose diameter is only 3mm. The sensor has excellent characteristics; (1) the sensitivity, working range and linearity are almost constant for different surface materials and roughnesses, (2) the working range is 26 mm with a resolution of 20 nm, and (3) it is not cruicial whether the work surface is exactly perpendicular to the probe or not.
<title>Amorphous diamond: a unique product of laser ablation</title> (1996)

Composed of sp<SUP>3</SUP> bonded nodules of carbon, amorphic diamond films are deposited in vacuum onto almost any substrate by condensing carbon ions carrying keV energies. These multiply charged ions are obtained from the laser ablation of graphite at intensities in excess of 10<SUP>11</SUP> W cm<SUP>-2</SUP>. The high energy of condensation provides both for the chemical bonding of such films to a wide variety of substrates and for low values of residual compressive stress, 0.6 - 0.8 GPa. On selected films hardness cannot be measured because of deformation of the diamond indenter and only a lower limit of 78 GPa can be reported. Coatings of 2 - 5 micrometer thicknesses have extended lifetimes of materials such as Si, Ti, ZnS, ZnSe, Ge and stainless steel against the erosive wear from high-speed particles by factors of tens to thousands. The mechanical properties of amorphic diamond films are further enhanced by a low coefficient of friction of about 0.1. The combination of these mechanical properties seems to make amorphic diamond an attractive material for use as a protective coating in current industrial applications. Deposited upon silicon, quartz or sapphire, amorphic diamond films have interesting electrical properties including a very high coefficient of emissivity.
Blockade of epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) abrogates infection of<i>Chlamydia muridarum</i>murine genital infection model (2009)

New methods are needed to eradicate or prevent Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Blockade of epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) by genetic silencing or neutralizing polyclonal antibody reduced chlamydial infectivity in vitro. This study tests the prediction that recombinant anti-EMP2 diabody could reduce early chlamydial infection of the genital tract in vivo. In a murine infection model, pretreatment with anti-EMP2 diabody, as compared with control diabody, significantly reduced bacterial load, tissue production of inflammatory cytokines, recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and local tissue inflammation. These findings support EMP2 as a potential preventative and therapeutic target for genital chlamydial infection.
Omission of column washing operations in the solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides (2023)

A systematic approach to the reduction and removal of each wash step in oligonucleotide synthesis was conducted, and a critical analysis of the results of this study is provided.
Isotope-Selective Breath Analysis (2017)

Isotope-selective breath analysis offers a non-invasive, fast and reliable alternative to traditional methods in numerous clinical applications. Especially stable isotopologues of carbon dioxide have been applied to tens of different studies.
<i>Gaussia</i> Luciferase Variant for High-Throughput Functional Screening Applications (2009)

Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) is a sensitive reporter for studying different biological processes such as gene expression, promoter activity, protein-protein interactions, signal transduction, as well as tumor cell growth and response to therapy. Since Gluc is naturally secreted, the kinetics of these processes can be monitored in real-time by measuring an aliquot of conditioned medium in culture or a few microliters of blood in vivo at different time points. Gluc catalyzes light emission with a short half-life which is unfavorable for certain applications. We isolated a Gluc mutant that catalyzes enhanced light stability in the presence of a detergent, in combination with high sensitivity, making it an attractive luciferase for high-throughput functional screening applications.
Actual application of FEM to analysis of large scale mechanical problems in welding (2007)

The finite element method is a powerful tool for predicting welding distortion. However, the mechanical phenomena are strongly non-linear and transient and thus, thermo–elastic–plastic finite element analyses of the phenomena require very long computational time. To overcome this problem, an interactive substructure method was developed as an approach to reduce the computational time in three-dimensional analyses. In this paper, in order to confirm calculation efficiency for a large scale problem, a pipe model with 538 200 degrees of freedom was computed. Furthermore, the residual distortion in an engine component was computed and the applicability of the calculation for problems in welding practices was demonstrated.
Intradiscal Thermal Therapy Does Not Stimulate Biologic Remodeling in an In Vivo Sheep Model (2006)

While a high temperature thermal protocol had a detrimental effect on the disc, the effects of low temperature treatment were relatively minor. Thermal therapy did not stimulate significant biologic remodeling. Future studies should focus on the effects of low-dose therapy on tissue innervation and pro-inflammatory factor production.
Fabrication of nanometer linewidth structures in Si (1992)

Techniques for fabrication of large, uniform arrays of semiconductor structures with nanometer-scale dimensions are of great interest for investigating quantum size effects. We report on a simple technique for fabricating arrays of Si wires with transverse dimensions ≤ 10 nm. This technique takes advantage of the capabilities of optical interferometric lithography to produce very high spatial frequency gratings and the strongly directional KOH etching of Si. A <110> Si wafer is prepared with thin (50-nm) Si 3 N 4 and standard photoresist (0.15 mm) layers. A submicrometer period grating is interferometrically exposed in the photoresist (0.2-1 mm pitch) by using a cw Ar-ion laser source (361 or 488 nm). Following resist development, the grating pattern is transferred into the Si 3 N 4 by CF 4 plasma etching. Large area patterns with ~500-1000 nm lines are readily produced. For lines aligned in the <110> direction, a 40% KOH solution provides a highly selective (500:1) wet etch that produces very high aspect ratio Si lines. The etch selectivity also serves to reduce any nonuniformities or edge roughness induced in the lithography and etching steps. At this stage, Si structures with widths of 30-100 nm and depths of 0.5- 1 mm are obtained. Finally, a controlled dry oxidation (~800°C) is used to further reduce the Si dimensions. Large areas of uniform nanometer scale structures, including Si wires isolated by SiO 2 from the substrate, are produced. Photoluminescence and Raman scattering studies will be presented.
Novel method for the production of finely spaced Bradbury–Nielson gates (2001)

Bradbury–Nielson gates for the modulation of beams of charged particles, particularly ion beams in mass spectrometry, have been produced with an adjustable wire spacing down to 0.075 mm. The gates are robust, they can be fabricated in less than 3 h, and the method of production is reproducible. In time-of-flight mass spectrometers, fine wire spacing leads to improvements in mass resolution and modulation rates. Gates that were produced using this new method have been installed in a Hadamard transform time-of-flight mass spectrometer in order to demonstrate their utility.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of (K,Na)NbO<sub>3</sub> Particles (2008)

(K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) particles were successfully prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The results showed that Na+ reacted more readily with Nb to form NaNbO3 than K+. For the purpose of obtaining KNN particles with K/Na=1, a mixed alkaline solution with K+/Na+ ratios ranging from 3.5/1 to 4/1 was required as a starting solution. The morphology and size of KNN particles synthesized strongly depended on K/Na ratio in the KNN particles. The KNN particles synthesized from the starting alkaline solution with K+/Na+=3.5/1 were the smallest with a pelletlike morphology affected by NaNbO3- and KNbO3-based particles. Surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SH) were used to synthesize well dispersed and small KNN particles. Platelike KNN particles with 100 nm thickness and 1.5 µm width were obtained in this study.
Evaluating a trainable sentence planner for a spoken dialogue system (2001)

Techniques for automatically training modules of a natural language generator have recently been proposed, but a fundamental concern is whether the quality of utterances produced with trainable components can compete with hand-crafted template-based or rule-based approaches. In this paper We experimentally evaluate a trainable sentence planner for a spoken dialogue system by eliciting subjective human judgments. In order to perform an exhaustive comparison, we also evaluate a hand-crafted template-based generation component, two rule-based sentence planners, and two baseline sentence planners. We show that the trainable sentence planner performs better than the rule-based systems and the baselines, and as well as the hand-crafted system.
An Extension to Proxy Mobile IPv6 for Local Routing Optimization (2010)

This document extends local routing in proxy Mobile IPv6 and defines a
simplified localized routing optimization protocol within one PMIPv6
domain. The protocol supports IPv4 transport network operation, IPv4
home address mobility and handover. The Local mobility anchor/mobile
access gateway initiates local routing for the mobile and
correspondent node by sending messages to each mobile access
gateway/local mobility anchor. In case the correspondent node is
connected to another local mobility anchor, the local mobility anchors
connected by the correspondent node needs to be discovered firstly so
that it can notify its mobile access gateways to the mobile access
gateway attached by the mobile node afterwards. Mobile access gateways
create and refresh bindings using proxy binding update and
acknowledgement messages.
Chitosan/Pectin Laminated Films (1996)

Chitosan/lactic acid films were cast upon pectin films with either glycerol or lactic acid as plasticizer to give clear laminated films with dynamic mechanical properties similar to those for pectin films alone. To prevent fungal growth, lactic acid was used to replace glycerol in the pectin film without significant change in dynamic mechanical properties. The storage modulus and loss modulus of chitosan/pectin laminated films were significantly greater than respective moduli of chitosan films alone. Water vapor permeation of pectin or chitosan films, made with lactic acid, was unchanged by lamination. Keywords: Films; chitosan/lactic acid; pectin
Emission guided radiation therapy for lung and prostate cancers: A feasibility study on a digital patient (2012)

As a new radiation therapy modality with inherent tumor tracking, EGRT has the potential to substantially improve targeting in radiation therapy in the presence of intrafractional and interfractional motion.