gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion Distribution Profiling in an Ion Mobility Spectrometer by Laser-Induced Fluorescence (2018)

Measuring the ion distribution pattern in a drift tube under atmospheric pressure is very useful for studies of ion motion and design of ion mobility spectrometers (IMS); however, no mature method is available for conducting such measurements at present. We propose a simple and low-cost technique for profiling the two-dimensional ion distribution in any cross section of a drift tube. Similar to particle-image velocimetry, we first send sample ions with fluorescence properties into the drift tube and use a receiving plate to collect and accumulate them. Then, the receiving plate is illuminated by exciting light, and the ion distribution appears as a fluorescence image. In this study, Rhodamine 6G was selected as a typical fluorescence-tracer particle. Electrospray ionization (ESI) was chosen as an ionization source to keep the fluorophore undamaged. A plasma-cleaned coverslip was placed at the detection position as a receiving plate. When a layer of ions was collected, the slide was placed under the exciting light with a wavelength of 473 nm. A camera with a 490 nm high-pass light filter was used to capture the fluorescence image representing the ion distribution. The measured-ion detection efficiency of the method was 156 ion/dN, which is equivalent to the level of IonCCD. In addition, we studied the ion-passing characteristics of a Bradbury-Nielsen (BN) ion shutter and the ion-focusing effect in the drift tube using this method. The two-dimensional ion-distribution images behind the ion shutter and the images of the focused ion spot were first observed experimentally. Further theoretical analysis yielded the same conclusions as the experimental results, proving the feasibility of this method and producing a deeper understanding of ion motion in the IMS. This method has promising prospective application to the design, debugging, and optimization of IMS instruments and hyphenated systems.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 6‐FATTY ACID ESTERS OF L‐ASCORBIC ACID (1977)

Abstract Die Veresterung von L‐Ascorbinsäure (I) mit Fettsäuren wie Palmitinsäure liefert in Gegenwart von rauchender Schwefelsäure über (II) die Ester (III).
Integrated optic a.d. convertor based on bulk acousto-optic interaction (1980)

A method is described using integrated optics to perform high data rate a.d. conversion. The approach uses the bulk acousto-optic interaction in optical waveguides, with a segmented transducer array to deflect light in response to an analogue signal applied to phase-shifting elements at the transducer.
Key frame extraction from consumer videos using sparse representation (2011)

Key frame extraction algorithms select a subset of the most informative frames from videos. Key frame extraction finds applications in several broad areas of video processing research such as video summarization, creating “chapter titles” in DVDs, video indexing, and prints from video. In this paper, a sparse representation based method to extract key frames from unstructured consumer videos is presented. In the proposed approach, video frames are projected to a low dimensional random feature space and theory from sparse signal representation is used to analyze the spatio-temporal information of the video data and generate key frames. The proposed approach is computationally efficient and does not require shot(s) detection, segmentation, or semantic understanding. A comparison of the results obtained by this method with the ground truth agreed by multiple judges and another approach based on camera operator's intent clearly indicates the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Unstable resonator semiconductor lasers. Part 1: Theory (1987)

We review the theory necessary to describe the class of semiconductor lasers with nonplanar mirrors whose resonator geometry is of the unstable resonator configuration. We present formulas from geometrical unstable resonator theory and calculate quantities relevant to semiconductor lasers, including quantum efficiency and the width limitation due to total internal reflection. We describe the mirror coupled mode formalism for analysing the modes of unstable res onator semiconductor lasers and present near-field patterns and calculations of loss as a function of length, width, and lateral index step. We show that the periodicity of losses as a function of length is determined by a quantity analogous to the equivalent Fresnel number of macroscopic unstable resonators, which is determined by the lateral index step within the laser.
High rate synthesis of diamond by dc plasma jet chemical vapor deposition (1988)

This letter describes the first successful attempt at synthesizing diamond by chemical vapor deposition with the use of a dc plasma jet. A plasma jet, formed by the dc arc discharge of CH4 diluted with H2, was sprayed onto a water-cooled substrate. The growth rate of the diamond film was 80 μm/h. The crystallinity measures well in terms of x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The quenching effect of the thermal plasma is discussed in relation to the high growth rate obtained.
The solution conformation Ac‐Pen‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Cys‐OH, a potent fibrinogen receptor antagonist (1993)

The solution conformation of Ac-Pen-Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys-OH, a potent fibrinogen receptor antagonist, was characterized in DMSO-d6 by the combination of nmr and molecular modeling. The conformational space available to the peptide was explored using a distance geometry algorithm with distance constraints derived from 1H-nmr spectra. The dynamics of the peptide were examined by relaxation time measurements and low temperature studies. The results from the low temperature studies suggest that the peptide backbone does not exist in a single, well-defined conformation but undergoes exchange between multiple conformers. This result is consistent with the inability to find a single structure that satisfies all the nmr-derived constraints. The constraints could only be satisfied by considering pairs of conformers to represent the experimental data. The low energy conformers comprise type II' or type V beta-turns with distinct side-chain directionality. The Arg-Gly-Asp portion of the ring is flexible and can be described by amide-plane rotations of the Arg-Gly and Gly-Asp peptide bonds. Although some backbone flexibility is evident, the incorporation of beta,beta-dimethyl cysteine imparted greater conformational rigidity as compared to the previously studied cyclic pentapeptide, Ac-Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys-OH.
Fuzzy observer design for local model network based battery state of charge estimation (2013)

The correct determination of the state of charge (SoC) is an important task in hybrid electrical vehicles. In this paper, a systematic approach to state of charge estimator design using the fuzzy observer architecture is presented. The nonlinear observer is based on a dynamic battery model which describes the nonlinear system behaviour of the cell terminal voltage in dependance of the charge/discharge current. In this paper, a purely data driven modelling approach is chosen in order to to enable the application for any type of battery chemistry. The proposed local model network (LMN) is shortly reviewed, an augmented state space representation of the LMN is derived and the nonlinear observer design and parametrisation is presented. In combination with LMNs, the architecture of the fuzzy observer helps to reduce the computational complexity of the global nonlinear filter significantly. Each of the local models in an LMN is a linear time-invariant dynamic system. The global filter is then derived from a linear combination of the local filters. The proposed concepts for SoC estimation are validated experimentally by means of a Lithium Ion power cell.
Novel approach to the design of direct digital frequency synthesizers based on linear interpolation (2003)

This paper presents a novel approach to the design of direct digital frequency synthesizers (DDFSs) with phase-to-sinusoid amplitude conversion blocks based on linear interpolation. For such DDFSs, the first quadrant of the sine function is approximated with a number of linear segments. Simple control circuitry reconstructs a full sine wave by symmetry. DDFS architectures using linear interpolation are first discussed, and an analysis of their spectral properties is given. From this analysis, an upper bound is provided for the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) that can be attained for a given number of linear segments. A detailed and systematic procedure for the selection of linear segment coefficients achieving a desired SFDR is then proposed. A generalized multiplierless linear interpolation DDFS architecture is described, and specific designs achieving 84 and 96 dBc of SFDR are discussed and compared with previous work. It is shown that the complexity of synthesizers based on the new approach, in terms of the number of transistors and silicon area, is significantly less than that of previously presented DDFS designs of similar performance.
Leveraging Re-costing for Online Optimization of Parameterized Queries with Guarantees (2017)

Parametric query optimization (PQO) deals with the problem of finding and reusing a relatively small number of plans that can achieve good plan quality across multiple instances of a parameterized query. An ideal solution to PQO would process query instances online and ensure (a) tight, bounded cost sub-optimality for each instance, (b) low optimization overheads, and (c) only a small number of plans need to be stored. Existing solutions to online PQO however, fall short on at least one of the above metrics. We propose a plan re-costing based approach that enables us to perform well on all three metrics. We empirically show the effectiveness of our technique on industry benchmark and real-world query workloads with our modified version of the Microsoft SQL Server query optimizer.
Synthesis of DNA Using a New Two-Step Cycle (2004)

For the first time a new, two-step method is described for synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid. The approach uses 5'-carbonate protected 2'-deoxynucleoside-3'-phosphoramidites as synthons and a peroxy anion buffer that removes the carbonate protecting group and oxidizes the internucleotide linkage. Following synthesis via this two-step cycle, oligomers are isolated by standard procedures.
A comprehensive map of the influenza A virus replication cycle (2013)

The FluMap is a comprehensive pathway map that can serve as a graphically presented knowledge-base and as a platform to analyze functional interactions between IAV and host factors. Publicly available webtools will allow continuous updating to ensure the most reliable representation of the host-virus interaction network. The FluMap is available at http://www.influenza-x.org/flumap/.
An anti-viral peptide derived from the preS1 surface protein of hepatitis B virus (2008)

The preS1 surface protein of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a key factor involved in initial viral entry into hepatocytes. It has been long postulated that an anti-HBV effect should be achievable using peptide fragments of the preS1. Recent reports demonstrated that several preS1-derived lipo-peptides in genotype D HBV exhibit nano to picomolar inhibitory activity against HBV infection. In this study, an acylated analog of a preS1 fragment, a 21-residue lipo-peptide (named 7524 BVS7) with a sequence of palmitoyl-GMGTNLSVPNPLGFFPDHQLDC-NH2, from genotype C HBV was produced base upon a previous structural study and was shown potently inhibits HBV infection with an IC(50) of approximately 20 nM.
Drug resistance mechanisms in Japanese anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive non–small cell lung cancer and the clinical responses based on the resistant mechanisms (2020)

The treatment for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive lung cancer has been rapidly evolving since the introduction of several ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK-TKI) in clinical practice. However, the acquired resistance to these drugs has become an important issue. In this study, we collected a total of 112 serial biopsy samples from 32 patients with ALK-positive lung cancer during multiple ALK-TKI treatments to reveal the resistance mechanisms to ALK-TKI. Among 32 patients, 24 patients received more than two ALK-TKI. Secondary mutations were observed in 8 of 12 specimens after crizotinib failure (G1202R, G1269A, I1171T, L1196M, C1156Y and F1245V). After alectinib failure, G1202R and I1171N mutations were detected in 7 of 15 specimens. G1202R, F1174V and G1202R, and P-gp overexpression were observed in 3 of 7 samples after ceritinib treatment. L1196M + G1202R, a compound mutation, was detected in 1 specimen after lorlatinib treatment. ALK-TKI treatment duration was longer in the on-target treatment group than that in the off-target group (13.0 vs 1.2 months). In conclusion, resistance to ALK-TKI based on secondary mutation in this study was similar to that in previous reports, except for crizotinib resistance. Understanding the appropriate treatment matching resistance mechanisms contributes to the efficacy of multiple ALK-TKI treatment strategies.
Direct-to-Reverberant ratio estimation on the ACE corpus using a Two-channel beamformer (2015)

Direct-to-Reverberant Ratio (DRR) is an important measure for characterizing the properties of a room. The recently proposed DRR Estimation using a Null-Steered Beamformer (DENBE) algorithm was originally tested on simulated data where noise was artificially added to the speech after convolution with impulse responses simulated using the image-source method. This paper evaluates the performance of this algorithm on speech convolved with measured impulse responses and noise using the Acoustic Characterization of Environments (ACE) Evaluation corpus. The fullband DRR estimation performance of the DENBE algorithm exceeds that of the baselines in all Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs) and noise types. In addition, estimation of the DRR in one third-octave ISO frequency bands is demonstrated.
GaN-based waveguide devices for long-wavelength optical communications (2003)

Refractive indices of AlxGa1−xN with different Al concentrations have been measured in infrared wavelength regions. Single-mode ridged optical waveguide devices using GaN/AlGaN heterostructures have been designed, fabricated, and characterized for operation in 1550 nm wavelength window. The feasibility of developing photonic integrated circuits based on III-nitride wide-band-gap semiconductors for fiber-optical communications has been discussed.
Magneto-optical Imaging by Scanning Near-field Optical Microscope Using Polarization Modulation Technique (1999)

A polarization modulation technique has been applied to a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM), in order to improve sensitivity and resolution of a magneto-optical (MO) imaging. Polarized light modulated by a photoelastic modulator (PEM) was introduced into a bent-type optical fiber probe operated as an AFM cantilever, and transmitted MO signals were detected using a lock-in amplifier. Ar ion laser (488 nm) was used as a light source. By using this technique. images of recorded marks on a Pt/Co disk were successfully obtained. which were written by a magnetic field modulation method with a length of 1μm and a track pitch of 1.6 μm on a multilayer of Pt (0.8 nm) / Co (0.3 nm) with thickness of 15 nm. A resolution of approximately 90 nm was obtained in the MO imaging.
Demand Response and Distribution Grid Operations: Opportunities and Challenges (2010)

Demand response (DR) is becoming an integral part of power system and market operations. Smart grid technologies will further increase the use of DR in everyday operations. Once the volume of the DR reaches a certain threshold, the effect of the DR events on the distribution and transmission system operations will be hard to ignore. This paper proposes changing the business process of DR scheduling and implementation by integrating DR with distribution grid topology. Study cases using OATI webDistribute show the potential DR effect on distribution grid operations and the distribution grid changing the effectiveness of the DR. These examples illustrate the need of integrating demand response with the distribution grid.
Intelligent front-end sample preparation tool using acoustic streaming. (2009)

We have successfully developed a nucleic acid extraction system based on a microacoustic lysis array coupled to an integrated nucleic acid extraction system all on a single cartridge. The microacoustic lysing array is based on 36{sup o} Y cut lithium niobate, which couples bulk acoustic waves (BAW) into the microchannels. The microchannels were fabricated using Mylar laminates and fused silica to form acoustic-fluidic interface cartridges. The transducer array consists of four active elements directed for cell lysis and one optional BAW element for mixing on the cartridge. The lysis system was modeled using one dimensional (1D) transmission line and two dimensional (2D) FEM models. For input powers required to lyse cells, the flow rate dictated the temperature change across the lysing region. From the computational models, a flow rate of 10 {micro}L/min produced a temperature rise of 23.2 C and only 6.7 C when flowing at 60 {micro}L/min. The measured temperature changes were 5 C less than the model. The computational models also permitted optimization of the acoustic coupling to the microchannel region and revealed the potential impact of thermal effects if not controlled. Using E. coli, we achieved a lysing efficacy of 49.9 {+-} 29.92 % based on a cell viability assay with a 757.2 % increase in ATP release within 20 seconds of acoustic exposure. A bench-top lysing system required 15-20 minutes operating up to 58 Watts to achieve the same level of cell lysis. We demonstrate that active mixing on the cartridge was critical to maximize binding and release of nucleic acid to the magnetic beads. Using a sol-gel silica bead matrix filled microchannel the extraction efficacy was 40%. The cartridge based magnetic bead system had an extraction efficiency of 19.2%. For an electric field based method that used Nafion films, a nucleic acid extraction efficiency of 66.3 % was achieved at 6 volts DC. For the flow rates we tested (10-50 {micro}L/min), the nucleic acid extraction time was 5-10 minutes for a volume of 50 {micro}L. Moreover, a unique feature of this technology is the ability to replace the cartridges for subsequent nucleic acid extractions.
<i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe isp4</i> encodes a transporter representing a novel family of oligopeptide transporters (1998)

We have recently cloned an oligopeptide transport gene from Candida albicans denoted OPT1. This gene showed significant sequence similarity to three open reading frames (ORFs) with no previously established function: isp4 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJL212C and YPR194C, identified during the genome project. The S. pombe gene isp4 was originally identified by Sato et al. as a gene that was upregulated through nitrogen starvation induction of meiosis. However, an isp4delta strain exhibited a wild-type phenotype with respect to sexual differentiation. We have found that the same isp4delta strain is deficient in tetrapeptide transport activity as measured by its resistance to toxic tetrapeptides, by its inability to accumulate a radiolabelled tetrapeptide and by the inability to use tetrapeptides as a sole source of an amino acid to satisfy an auxotrophic requirement. Similarly, we found that the ORF YPR194C from S. cerevisiae encodes an oligopeptide transporter. Sequence analyses as well as physiological evidence has led us to propose that the proteins encoded by isp4 and the genes identified from S. cerevisiae and C. albicans comprise a new group of transporters specific for small oligopeptides, which we have named the OPT family.
<title>Improved successive refinement for wavelet-based embedded image compression</title> (1999)

In this paper we consider a new form of successive coefficient refinement which can be used in conjunction with embedded compression algorithms like Shapiro's EZW (Embedded Zerotree Wavelet) and Said & Pearlman's SPIHT (Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees). Using the conventional refinement process, the approximation of a coefficient that was earlier determined to be significantly is refined by transmitting one of two symbols--an `up' symbol if the actual coefficient value is in the top half of the current uncertainty interval or a `down' symbol if it is the bottom half. In the modified scheme developed here, we transmit one of 3 symbols instead--`up', `down', or `exact'. The new `exact' symbol tells the decoder that its current approximation of a wavelet coefficient is `exact' to the level of precision desired. By applying this scheme in earlier work to lossless embedded compression (also called lossy/lossless compression), we achieved significant reductions in encoder and decoder execution times with no adverse impact on compression efficiency. These excellent results for lossless systems have inspired us to adapt this refinement approach to lossy embedded compression. Unfortunately, the results we have achieved thus far for lossy compression are not as good.
Microfluidic pumping based on dielectrophoresis for thermal management of microelectronics (2008)

Micropumps that can be directly integrated into microelectronic devices or microchannel heat sinks are of great interest due to performance, reliability, packaging and cost issues. One alternative is to generate the required flow directly in the microfluidic channels by inducing strong electromechanical forces in the fluid using integrated microelectrodes. In this work, a novel microfluidic pumping approach using traveling-wave dielectrophoresis (twDEP) of microparticles is presented. The dielectrophoretic motion of small particles arises when the suspended particles in a fluid medium are exposed to non-uniform electric fields causing interaction between the induced dipole on the particles and the fields. As the particles move, the surrounding fluid is dragged in the same direction due to viscous effects. The fluidic driving mechanisms due to the particle-fluid and particle-particle hydrodynamic interactions under twDEP are analyzed, and quantitative information on the induced flow field is obtained from numerical simulations. Experimental measurements of the flow velocity in a prototype DEP micropumping device using micro-particle image velocimetry show satisfactory agreement with the numerical predications. Results from this work indicate that the DEP-induced micropumping scheme holds promise for devising chip-integrated micropumping systems for thermal management.