gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applications of multidirectional reflective light-control films on reflective polymer-dispersed liquid crystal displays for enhancement in image quality at lower viewing angles (2012)

In this paper, multidirectional light-control reflective (LCR) films are developed in order to create an active reflective structure that will enhance the image brightness and contrast ratio of reflective dye-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (D-PDLC) displays at lower viewing angles. Advantages of LCR films are that their production is low cost and they require a simple photolithographic fabrication method. The optimum design prism-type light-control reflective film succeeded in minimising the surface scattering effect; thus, the contrast ratio is much enhanced. The symmetric and asymmetric LCR films produced multidirectional scattering that enhances the reflectance at lower viewing angles, which has importance in future display applications. In particular, the prism LCR film has been found to be more influential on the reflectance of D-PDLC films due to multidirectional scattering of light by non-symmetric arrays. The improvement in contrast ratio has been confirmed by the enhancement of optical properties for reflective D-PDLC displays at lower viewing angles below 30°.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hyperbranched Aromatic Poly(ether imide)s with Varying Degrees of Branching (2000)

A series of high molecular weight hyperbranched poly(ether imide)s (HBPEI), derived from the AB2 monomer N-[3,5-di(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)phenyl]-4-fluorophthalimide (1), were synthesized in a single-step process involving a rapid fluoride-catalyzed arylation reaction. NMR analysis of the degree of branching shows that changes in the polymerization reaction time, from 2.5 to 20.0 min, result in hyperbranched polymers with degrees of branching ranging from 66% to 42%, respectively. Reactions of selected model compounds show that changes in the degree of branching are a result of molecular rearrangements occurring via a transetherification mechanism. Such rearrangements lead to an increase in Mw while Mn remains relatively constant. Correlations between rheological data and the degree of branching of the hyperbranched poly(ether imide)s were observed. For solutions of the hyperbranched poly(ether imide)s, rheological measurements showed that shear thinning and normal stress effects increased as the degree of branching decreased and that birefringence as a function of shear rate increased with decreasing degree of branching. While strong correlations between the degree of branching and rheological properties exist, light scattering GPC measurements show that Mw increases significantly with reaction time. This variation in Mw suggests that the differences in rheological properties may be largely due to changes in molecular weight and makes it difficult to determine the role that changes in the degree of branching, which are manifested in altered molecular architecture, have on macroscopic physical properties.
The use of accelerator mass spectrometry to obtain early human ADME/PK data (2005)

There is an increasing recognition within the pharmaceutical industry of the importance of the ADME studies in drug registration. Consequently, there has been a drive in recent times to conduct the ADME studies as early as possible in the development programme. There are, however, regulatory barriers, particularly in the administration of radiotracers to human volunteers, which place limitations on the timing of the ADME studies. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), a technology new to the pharmaceutical industry, is an ultrasensitive technique for measuring tracers such as (14)C. Using AMS, it is possible to lower the radioactive dose administered to humans to a point where many regulatory authorities consider it insignificant. With the removal of the regulatory hurdles, ADME data can be obtained much earlier in the development process. Tracers such as (14)C can be administered in minute amounts in the first in man studies (Phase I), or even in a preregulatory study known as microdosing (or human Phase 0). AMS also enables other studies such as absolute bioavailability to be conducted earlier if required.
Nanoscale Etching and Flattening of Metals with Ozone Water (2012)

Etchants used for metal etching are generally harmful to the environment. We propose an environmentally friendly method that uses ozone water to etch metals. We measured the dependencies of ozone water etching on the temperature and ozone concentration for several metals and evaluated the surface roughness of the etched surfaces. The etching rate was proportional to the dissolved ozone concentration, and the temperature and the surfaces were smoothed by etching.
Hairpin Ribozyme Structure and Dynamics (1997)

A wide range of experimental methods have been used to explore the structure and function of the hairpin ribozyme. In vitro selection methods has provided comprehensive information on RNA secondary structure and the identity of essential bases within the two internal loops of the ribozyme-substrate complex. Crosslinking analysis has identified a tertiary structure motif within ribozyme loop B that is also found in rRNA. The ribozyme contains two domains that fold independently. A sharp bend at the junction between the two domains is necessary for the two domains to interact in the active complex. Biphasic kinetic behavior in pre-steady state cleavage kinetics results from partitioning of the ribozyme between the active, bent conformer, and an inactive conformer in which the two domains are coaxially stacked, thus preventing their interaction. Novel strategies have been used to reconstruct the ribozyme in such a way that folding into the active conformer is strongly favored.
Field evaluation of onsite near real-time monitors for surface contamination by 5-fluorouracil (2018)

The data indicate that there are many areas in hospitals that are contaminated with 5-fluorouracil and the monitors will be useful in identifying this contamination.
Evaluation of the Function of ASFV Gene E66L in the Process of Virus Replication and Virulence in Swine (2023)

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of an economically important disease of swine currently affecting large areas of Africa, Eurasia and the Caribbean. ASFV has a complex structure harboring a large dsDNA genome which encodes for more than 160 proteins. One of the proteins, E66L, has recently been involved in arresting gene transcription in the infected host cell. Here, we investigate the role of E66L in the processes of virus replication in swine macrophages and disease production in domestic swine. A recombinant ASFV was developed (ASFV-G-∆E66L), from the virulent parental Georgia 2010 isolate (ASFV-G), harboring the deletion of the E66L gene as a tool to assess the role of the gene. ASFV-G-∆E66L showed that the E66L gene is non-essential for ASFV replication in primary swine macrophages when compared with the parental highly virulent field isolate ASFV-G. Additionally, domestic pigs infected with ASFV-G-∆E66L developed a clinical disease undistinguishable from that produced by ASFV-G. Therefore, E66L is not involved in virus replication or virulence in domestic pigs.
Simple, robust and highly concurrent b-trees with node deletion (2004)

Why might B-tree concurrency control still be interesting? For two reasons: (i) currently exploited "real world" approaches are complicated; (ii) simpler proposals are not used because they are not sufficiently robust. In the "real world", systems need to deal robustly with node deletion, and this is an important reason why the currently exploited techniques are complicated. In our effort to simplify the world of robust and highly concurrent B-tree methods, we focus on exactly where B-tree concurrency control needs information about node deletes, and describe mechanisms that provide that information. We exploit the B/sup link/ -tree property of being "well-formed" even when index term posting for a node split has not been completed to greatly simplify our algorithms. Our goal is to describe a very simple but nonetheless robust method.
Flexible Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Thin‐Film Transistors Using All‐Transparent Component Materials (2007)

Inorganic-organic hybrid TFTs have been fabricated at room temperature using IAD-derived high-quality semiconducting In2O3 and a crosslinked spin-coatable polymer gate dielectric. TFTs exhibiting field-effect mobilities up to 160 cm2 V–1 s–1, on Si and 10 cm2 V–1 s–1 on PET substrates have been demonstrated. TFTs on PET combine good transport characteristics as well as optical transparency and flexibility.
Direct Aryloxylation/Alkyloxylation of Dialkyl Phosphonates for the Synthesis of Mixed Phosphonates (2018)

A strategy for the direct functionalization strategy of inertial dialkyl phosphonates with hydroxy compounds to afford diverse mixed phosphonates with good yields and functional-group tolerance has been developed. Mechanistic investigations involving both NMR studies and DFT studies suggest that an unprecedented highly reactive P<sup>V</sup> species (phosphoryl pyridin-1-ium salt), a key intermediate for this new synthetic transformation, is generated in situ from dialkyl phosphonate in the presence of Tf<sub>2</sub> O/pyridine.
Recent advances in high-power metamaterial microwave sources at UESTC (2017)

Metamaterials are a new type of artificial materials engineered to have some exotic properties such as Reversed Cherenkov radiation (RCR). Due to the attractive advantages such as high-power, high-efficiency, miniaturization, and easy fabrication, metamaterial microwave sources have been developed at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC). In this talk, we first introduce the RCR and report the recent advances in the RCR experiment. Secondly, two kinds of S band high-power metamaterial microwave sources are reported. Finally, their potential applications are addressed.
Faster Batched Shortest Paths in Road Networks (2011)

We study the problem of computing batched shortest paths in road networks efficiently. Our focus is on computing paths from a single source to multiple targets (one-to-many queries). We perform a comprehensive experimental comparison of several approaches, including new ones. We conclude that a new extension of PHAST (a recent one-to-all algorithm), called RPHAST, has the best performance in most cases, often by orders of magnitude. When used to compute distance tables (many-to-many queries), RPHAST often outperforms all previous approaches.
Low Contrast Detectability and Contrast/Detail Analysis in Medical Ultrasound (1983)

Abstruct-The first- and second-order statistics of envelope detected ultrasound (US)B-mode images for the case of a scattering phantom with many scatteiers per resolution cell have been previously derived. These characteristics are integrated over the region of a simulated focal (disk) lesion and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for lesion detectability is obtained. This SNR requires the average number of independent speckle cells over the lesion area (analogous to the number of x-ray photons over the lesion area in incoherent light or x-ray imaging). This number is obtained from our autocorrelation analysis (second-order statistics). By setting the SNR expression equal to the threshold value SNRT required to detect a lesion in the presence of speckle noise, the dependence of lesion contrast on lesion diameter at threshold is found, i.e., the contrast/detail function. This is a simple inverse relation for ideal observers of US B-scans. It is also found that the contrast/detail results for envelope detectionin diagnostic ultrasound are almost identical with the results for square law detection (the usual laser case) with the latter serving as an upper limit for performance in lesion detection. Finally, the results of human observer performance using a contrast/ detail phantom are compared with the predictions for optimal or ideal 2cm Fig. 1. Schematic of contrast/detail phantom for diagnostic ultrasound. performance. The results are comparable with results for photon imaging systems, with valuesof the SNR at threshold in the neighborhood of 2-3.
Removal of SO/sub 2/ from gases (1978)

Sulfur dioxide is separated from an aqueous solution containing the same by subjecting the stream to electrodialytic water splitting. In particular a novel method for removing SO/sub 2/ from dilute gas streams by means of alkaline solution scrubbing, regeneration of the scrubbing solution and liberation of concentrated SO/sub 2/ effected by means of a two-compartment membrane water splitter is provided. Optionally, waste sulfate produced in the process may be converted to sulfuric acid in a separate membrane water splitter or otherwise processed by conventional means.
A Multi‐Epitope Synthetic Peptide and Recombinant Protein for the Detection of Antibodies to<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>in Radioimmunoprecipitation‐Confirmed and Consensus‐Positive Sera (1999)

Peptide epitopes of Trypanosoma cruzi have been identified through expression cloning. A tripeptide (2/D/E) containing three epitopes (TcD, TcE, PEP-2) was used in ELISA to detect antibodies to T. cruzi in 239 of 240 consensus-positive sera and 41 of 42 sera confirmed positive by radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The 1 discrepant consensus-positive serum was used to expression-clone a novel gene that contained a repeat sequence. A peptide corresponding to this sequence, TcLo1.2, was specific for T. cruzi. This antigen detected the discrepant consensus-positive serum and enhanced reactivity of low-positive sera in the tripeptide assay. A branched synthetic peptide, 2/D/E/Lo1.2, or a linear recombinant, r2/D/E/Lo1.2, realized all of the diagnostic features of the four epitopes, including the ability to boost reactivity of low-reactive sera. These studies show that peptides and recombinants containing multiple repeat epitopes are powerful tools for developing assays for T. cruzi antibody detection and have direct application in blood screening.
Optical probe for the cytochrom P-450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (1992)

This patent describes a method for quantifying the activity of the P-450[sub scc] enzyme in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone in steroidogenesis, forming a fluorogenic probe having a cholesterol-based steroid connected through a linking group at the C-22 position with a chromophore effective to have a low optical response when attached to the steroid and a high optical response as an anion, incorporating the probe in a process for the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone; reacting the probe with the P-450[sub scc] enzyme to cleave the side-chain from the probe and form the anion having the high optical response from the chromophore; and exciting the anion to obtain the high optical response; and optically detecting the response as a measure of the P-450[sub scc] enzyme activity.
Synthesis and evaluation of antineurotoxicity properties of an amyloid-β peptide targeting ligand containing a triamino acid (2014)

Peptide-like compounds containing an arginine have been shown to bind and stabilize the central helix of the Alzheimer's disease related amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in an α-helical conformation, thereby delaying its aggregation into cytotoxic species. Here we study a novel Aβ targeting ligand AEDabDab containing the triamino acid, N(γ)-(2-aminoethyl)-2,4-diaminobutanoic (AEDab) acid. The new AEDab triamino acid carries an extra positive charge in the side chain and is designed to be incorporated into a ligand AEDabDab where the AEDab replaces an arginine moiety in a previously developed ligand Pep1b. This is done in order to increase the Aβ-ligand interaction, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the stability of the Aβ central helix in the presence of the AEDabDab ligand shows further stabilization of the helical conformation of Aβ compared to the previously reported Pep1b as well as compared to the AEOrnDab ligand containing an N(δ)-(2-aminoethyl)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid unit which has an additional methylene group. To evaluate the effect of the AEDabDab ligand on the Aβ neurotoxicity the AEDab triamino acid building block is synthesized by reductive alkylation of N-protected-glycinal with α-amino-protected diaminobutanoic acid, and the Aβ targeting ligand AEDabDab is prepared by solid-phase synthesis starting with attachment of glutarate to the Wang support. Replacement of the arginine residue by the AEDab triamino acid resulted in an improved capability of the ligand to prevent the Aβ1-42 induced reduction of gamma (γ) oscillations in hippocampal slice preparation.
Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding a secreted tripeptidyl aminopeptidase from Streptomyces lividans 66 (1995)

The gene encoding a tripeptidyl aminopeptidase (Tap) from Streptomyces lividans was cloned by using a simple agar plate activity assay. Overexpression of the cloned gene results in the production of a secreted protein which has an apparent subunit molecular weight of 55,000 and is responsible for the major amino-terminal degradative activity in culture broths of S. lividans strains. A DNA sequence analysis revealed a potential protein-encoding region of the size expected to encode the observed protein, which contained a sequence that exhibited significant homology around a putative active site serine residue observed for lipases, esterases, and acyl transferases. Preceding the amino terminus of the secreted protein was a predicted signal peptide of 36 amino acids followed by a tripeptide, which could be autocatalytically removed from a secreted Tap precursor. The transcriptional start site for the gene was mapped by primer extension. Mutant strains of S. lividans lacking detectable Tap activity were able to grow and sporulate normally. Cross-species hybridization experiments showed that DNA homologs of the tap gene are present in most of the Streptomyces strains tested.
Neurotrophin-3: a Neurotrophic Factor Related to NGF and BDNF (1990)

The development and maintenance of the nervous system depends on proteins known as neurotrophic factors. Although the prototypical neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), has been intensively studied for decades, the discovery and characterization of additional such factors has been impeded by their low abundance. Sequence homologies between NGF and the recently cloned brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were used to design a strategy that has now resulted in the cloning of a gene encoding a novel neurotrophic factor, termed neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). The distribution of NT-3 messenger RNA and its biological activity on a variety of neuronal populations clearly distinguish NT-3 from NGF and BDNF, and provide compelling evidence that NT-3 is an authentic neurotrophic factor that has its own characteristic role in vivo.
A vaccine containing OprF311-341/OprI/type A- and B-flagellin fusion proteins provides enhanced clearance of nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa (129.3) (2009)

Abstract Although chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, there is no approved vaccine for human use against P. aeruginosa. The goal of this study was to establish whether a multivalent vaccine containing type A and B flagellins as well as the outer membrane proteins OprF and OprI would promote enhanced clearance of P. aeruginosa. Intramuscular immunization with flagellins + OprI (separate), or OprI/flagellins fusion proteins generated significant anti-flagellin IgG responses. However, only OprI/flagellins generated anti-OprI IgG. Immunization with OprF311-341/OprI/Flagellins elicited high affinity anti-flagellins, OprI, and OprF-specific IgG. Anti-flagellin, OprI, and OprF IgG promoted deposition of C3 on P. aeruginosa. Although these antibodies exhibited potent antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing of nonmucoid bacteria, they were significantly less effective with mucoid isolates. Mice immunized with OprF311-341/OprI/Flagellins had a significantly lower bacterial burden three days post-challenge and cleared the infection at a significantly faster rate than control mice. Based on our results, OprF311-341/OprI/A- and B-flagellin fusion proteins have substantial potential as a vaccine against nonmucoid P. aeruginosa. Funded by Cystic Fibrosis Foundation MIZEL0810
Suitable Choice of Optical Compensation Film Based on Inclined Optical Indicatrix for Twisted-Nematic Liquid-Crystal Displays (2003)

A suitable compensation film composed of discotic compounds and a triacetylcellose (TAC) substrate was chosen through a process of experiment in order to improve the viewing characteristics of twisted nematic liquid crystal displays (TN-LCDs). A suitable selection was also carried out in terms of the color-shift in the black-state. In particular, in the upper direction, the viewing angle with the contrast ratio of 50:1 and higher increased greatly from 25° to 50°. Furthermore, the color difference between the viewing angles of 0° and 60° was kept at 0.045 of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) 1967 (u',v') uniform-chromaticity-scale (UCS) diagram. Moreover, in order to obtain a high contrast ratio from the normal direction, we found out that the retardation value (Re) of the compensation film should be near 40–45 nm in the case of TN-LCDs where Δn·d equals 391 nm.
Saturating Intrinsic Detection Efficiency of Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors via Defect Engineering (2019)

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) with high system detection efficiency (SDE) would enable remarkable experiments in quantum information processing. However, realizing a NbN SNSPD with saturated intrinsic detection efficiency (IDE) that retains high SDE at near-infrared wavelengths is challenging, due to the high critical temperature of NbN. This study uses defect engineering by helium-ion irradiation to enhance the IDE of NbN SNSPDs to saturation without sacrificing SDE. This technique also allows direct comparison of irradiation-induced changes in detector performance, making it a useful tool for studying the physics of superconducting devices.
Cover Picture: Photoinduced Reduction of Pt<sup>IV</sup> within an Anti‐Proliferative Pt<sup>IV</sup>–Texaphyrin Conjugate (Chem. Eur. J. 29/2014) (2014)

Novel platinum(IV)–texaphyrin conjugates were designed and synthesized in order to target cancer cells preferentially and to deliver platinum. Protected from light, these compounds are inert in aqueous environments and do not interact with DNA. However, following exposure to ambient light, a reduced, active PtII species, namely cisplatin, is released and binds to DNA. As a result, potent anti-proliferative activity in ovarian cancer cell lines is observed for the PtIV–texaphyrin conjugates. For more details see the Full Paper by J. L. Sessler et al. on page 8942 ff.
Short Chemoenzymatic Azide‐Free Synthesis of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): Approaching the Potential for Process Efficiency (2009)

Abstract A short chemoenzymatic and azide‐free synthesis of oseltamivir was attained with the key steps consisting of a one‐pot Dauben–Michno oxidative transposition and amination and a reductive transposition of an acrylate.
Composition of before/after metaclasses in SOM (1994)

In SOM, the IBM System Object Model, a class is a run-time object that defines the behavior of its instances by creating an instance method table. Because classes are objects, their behavior is defined by other classes (called metaclasses). For example, a “Before/After Metaclass” can be used to define the implementation of classes that, by suitable construction of their instance method tables, arrange for each invocation of a method to be preceded by execution of a “before method” and followed by execution of an “after method”. This paper introduces and solves the problem of composing different Before/After Metaclasses in the context of SOM. An enabling element in the solution is SOM's concept of derived metaclasses , i.e., at run-time a SOM system derives the appropriate metaclass of a class based on the classes of its parents and an optional metaclass constraint.