gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase Behavior of Diblock Copolymers between Styrene and <i>n</i>-Alkyl Methacrylates (1998)

In contrast to most diblock copolymers which exhibit the classical upper critical ordering transition (UCOT), polystyrene-b-poly n-butyl methacrylatePS-b-PBMAhas been shown to undergo ordering upon heating through a lower critical ordering transition (LCOT). Here we report the phase behavior of a family of diblock copolymers formed from styrene and a homologous series of n-alkyl methacrylates, as determined by combined dynamic rheological testing and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). It is shown that the shortest side chain methacrylates, with the exception of methyl methacrylate, exhibit the LCOT, while for side chains longer than n-butyl, the copolymers exhibit the classical UCOT behavior. Combined group contribution/lattice fluid model calculations of the solubility parameter and specific volume of the corresponding homopolymers qualitatively support these observations. The same calculations were further employed to molecularly design LCOT behavior into a new diblock material consisting of styrene and a random copolymer of methyl and lauryl methacrylate, denoted PS-b-P(MMA-r-LMA). The success of this approach suggests a simple semiquantitative method for predicting and designing the phase behavior of weakly interacting polymer pairs.
Student loans in an international perspective : The World Bank experience (2003)

This document presents a panorama of international experiences and recent trends. After evoking the rationale for student loans, it discusses the development of this form of student finance from a global perspective. It then summarizes the most salient lessons which can be drawn from on-going World Bank projects and activities in support of student loans schemes in developing and transition economies. In a growing number of countries throughout the world, public resources are proving increasingly insufficient to finance tertiary education. In these countries, cost-sharing between government and the students is becoming the norm. But cost-sharing cannot be implemented equitably without adequate student support mechanisms for academically qualified but needy students. There are two ways of offering financial support: through targeted scholarship schemes and through student loan programs that make funds available to all students who wish to borrow for their education. A great number of institutions and countries have introduced loan schemes which are repaid from subsequent earnings after graduation. Although there is a great variety of lending schemes from an organizational viewpoint, the basic principles remain the same. Students receive loans to cover the direct cost of education (tuition fees, education supplies, including computers) and, in some cases, living expenses until they finish their studies. Then, after a short grace period to find a job, usually from six to twelve months, the graduate starts repaying the loan on a monthly basis.
Prostaglandin photoaffinity probes: synthesis and biological activity of azide-substituted 16-phenoxy- and 17-phenyl-PGF2.alpha. prostaglandins (1989)

The development of a prostaglandin PGF2 alpha photoaffinity probe led to the synthesis and biological evaluation of azide-substituted 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha and 16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2 alpha derivatives. Two approaches for the preparation of iodinated versions of these prostaglandins were evaluated: (1) iodination of a phenyl azide bearing an activating hydroxyl group and (2) iodination of an aniline precursor to the phenyl azide group and subsequent conversion of the aniline to the phenyl azide. In the first approach, 17-(4-azido-2-hydroxyphenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha, 16-(5-azido-3-hydroxyphenoxy)-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2 alpha, and 16-(4-azido-2-hydroxyphenoxy)-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2 alpha were prepared by using the Corey synthesis, but were biologically inactive presumably as a result of the hydrophilic phenolic hydroxyl group. In the second approach, the iodination of a 17-(4-aminophenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha derivative delivered 17-(4-azido-3-iodophenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha, which exhibited competitive binding with natural [3H]PGF2 alpha to ovine luteal cells and to plasma membranes of bovine corpora lutea. [125I]-17-(4-Azido-3-iodophenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha was utilized in a preliminary photoaffinity cross-linking experiment.
Solid-State Power Conversion Handbook (1993)

Transient Analysis, Circuit Analysis, and Waveforms. Semiconductors, Resistors, and Capacitors. Transformers, Inductors, and Conductors. Rectifiers and Filters. Phase Control Circuits. Transistor Inverters. Thyristor Inverters. Switching Regulators. dc-dc Converters. Resonant Mode Converters. Modulator and Control Analysis. Pulse-Forming Networks and Modulators. Protection and Safety. Electromagnetic Compatibility and Grounding. Semiconductor and Equipment Cooling. Reliability and Quality. Regulated Power Supplies. Uninterruptible Power Systems. Power Factor Correction. Glossary. Index.
Sputtered multilayer films for digital magnetic recording (1979)

Layered films of cobalt over chromium deposited by dc sputtering onto heated substrates exhibit magnetic properties suitable for digital saturation recording. A cobalt layer of a few tens of nanometers thickness deposited over a chromium layer of several hundred nanometers has coercivity between 1100 and 300 Oe and remanence-thickness product between 0.014 and 0.07 G.cm with squareness between 0.7 and 0.95. Additional alternate layers of chromium and cobalt can increase remanent flux without reduction of coercivity. Magnetic properties can be tailored to specific needs by varying layer thicknesses.
Bridged ZnO nanowires across trenched electrodes (2007)

Using a hydrothermal synthesis approach, large scale and laterally bridged nanowires have been grown across trenched Au∕Si, Au∕SiO2∕Si, and ZnO∕Si electrodes. This technique shows a low temperature (80°C) approach for growing ZnO nanowires on a prepatterned substrate, showing its potential for integrating with silicon based technology. The I-V characteristics of the nanowires have been measured and their nonlinear behavior has been analyzed. It is suggested that the nonlinear behavior might be due to the dominant phonon scattering and the impurity involved grain boundaries in the multinanowire bridges. The bridged nanowire arrays could be useful for fabricating gas, chemical, or biochemical nanosensor arrays.
Rugae-like FeP nanocrystal assembly on a carbon cloth: an exceptionally efficient and stable cathode for hydrogen evolution (2015)

There is a strong demand to replace expensive Pt catalysts with cheap metal sulfides or phosphides for hydrogen generation in water electrolysis. Earth-abundant Fe can be electroplated on carbon cloth (CC) to form high surface area rugae-like FeOOH assembly. Subsequent gas phase phosphidation converts the FeOOH to FeP or FeP2 and the morphology of the crystal assembly is controlled by the phosphidation temperature. FeP prepared at 250 °C presents lower crystallinity and that prepared at higher temperatures of 400 °C and 500 °C possesses higher crystallinity, but lower surface area. The phosphidation at 300 °C produces nanocrystalline FeP and preserves the high-surface area morphology; thus, it exhibits the highest HER efficiency in 0.5 M H2SO4, i.e., the required overpotential to reach 10 and 20 mA cm(-2) is 34 and 43 mV, respectively. These values are lowest among the reported non-precious metal phosphides on CC. The Tafel slope for FeP prepared at 300 °C is around 29.2 mV dec(-1), which is comparable to that of Pt/CC; this indicates that the hydrogen evolution for our best FeP is limited by the Tafel reaction (same as Pt). Importantly, the FeP/CC catalyst exhibits much better stability in a wide-range working current density (up to 1 V cm(-2)), suggesting that it is a promising replacement of Pt for HER.
<title>Magnetorheological fluids exploiting nanometer-sized particles</title> (2002)

Magnetorheological(MR) fluids are suspensions of magnetic particles in a carrier fluid. The rheological properties of MR fluids undergo changes on application of magnetic field. MR fluids made using nanometer sized soft magnetic iron particles were studied for their benefits vis-a-vis flow characteristics and settling properties. Three kinds of MR fluids were synthesized using the microwave process (1) 30 micrometers sized iron particles (2) 26.5 nm sized iron particle (3) a mixture of micron and nanometer sized iron particles . The fluids were suspensions of micron, nanometer as well as a mixture of nanometer and micron sized powders. Standard static and dynamic yield stress measurements were performed using a parallel disc oscillatory rheometer. The flow properties of these fluids were then characterized using the Bingham-Plastic, Eyring-Plastic and the Herschel-Buckley models. This paper investigates the rheological properties of these fluids and assesses their advantages and disadvantages. The pure micron powder yielded an MR fluid with highest yield stress, but had the most rapid settling. The nano sized powders overcame the problem of settling because of the predominance of thermodynamic forces at that scale, but they yielded a considerably lower yield stresses. A hybrid combination of micron and nano sized powders was an effective compromise to exploit the high yield stress provided by the micron powders and the self dispersing properties of the nano sized powders. We characterized these mixtures using existing rheological models. A key conclusion is that it may be possible to synthesize MR fluids with significant yield stress, while mitigating settling through the use of nanoscale powders.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Active Solubilization and Refolding of Stable Protein Aggregates By Cooperative Unfolding Action of Individual Hsp70 Chaperones (2004)

Hsp70 is a central molecular chaperone that passively prevents protein aggregation and uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to solubilize, translocate, and mediate the proper refolding of proteins in the cell. Yet, the molecular mechanism by which the active Hsp70 chaperone functions are achieved remains unclear. Here, we show that the bacterial Hsp70 (DnaK) can actively unfold misfolded structures in aggregated polypeptides, leading to gradual disaggregation. We found that the specific unfolding and disaggregation activities of individual DnaK molecules were optimal for large aggregates but dramatically decreased for small aggregates. The active unfolding of the smallest aggregates, leading to proper global refolding, required the cooperative action of several DnaK molecules per misfolded polypeptide. This finding suggests that the unique ATP-fueled locking/unlocking mechanism of the Hsp70 chaperones can recruit random chaperone motions to locally unfold misfolded structures and gradually disentangle stable aggregates into refoldable proteins.
qGDR: A Via-Minimization-Oriented Routing Tool for Large-Scale Superconductive Single-Flux-Quantum Circuits (2019)

Single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuit technologies are promising digital circuit technologies with high-speed and extremely low-power characteristics. However, heavy wire routing tasks are finished either by considerable human effort or by commercial routing tools with few physical considerations for the SFQ circuits. In this paper, we present an integrated global and detailed router for the SFQ circuits, qGDR, which aims at reducing the impedance mismatch during signal transfer by minimizing the total number of used vias. The global router allocates routing resources while minimizing the via usage by a dynamic layer assignment algorithm. The detailed router follows the global routing results to complete the routing task by resorting to a maze routing algorithm. Following the MIT-LL SFQ5ee process technology, qGDR can use only two routing layers to route an 8-bit integer divider with more than 40 000 Josephson junctions in less than one hour.
TADAM: Task dependent adaptive metric for improved few-shot learning (2018)

Few-shot learning has become essential for producing models that generalize from few examples. In this work, we identify that metric scaling and metric task conditioning are important to improve the performance of few-shot algorithms. Our analysis reveals that simple metric scaling completely changes the nature of few-shot algorithm parameter updates. Metric scaling provides improvements up to 14% in accuracy for certain metrics on the mini-Imagenet 5-way 5-shot classification task. We further propose a simple and effective way of conditioning a learner on the task sample set, resulting in learning a task-dependent metric space. Moreover, we propose and empirically test a practical end-to-end optimization procedure based on auxiliary task co-training to learn a task-dependent metric space. The resulting few-shot learning model based on the task-dependent scaled metric achieves state of the art on mini-Imagenet. We confirm these results on another few-shot dataset that we introduce in this paper based on CIFAR100. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/ElementAI/TADAM.
Millimeter-Wave Lange and Ring-Hybrid Couplers in a Silicon Technology for E-Band Applications (2006)

Five compact millimeter-wave 90deg and 180deg distributed couplers are realized in the back-end-of-the-line of a 0.13mum SiGe BiCMOS technology. Lange couplers smaller than 160 mum on a side have been implemented showing -4 dB through, -5 dB coupling, 14 dB return loss, and 15 dB isolation for 60- and 77-GHz versions. Ring hybrids with phase-inverters have been implemented showing -4 dB through, -5.6 dB coupling, 18 dB return loss, and 21 dB isolation for 60- and 77-GHz versions. The rings are smaller than 330 mum on a side
Angular scan optical coherence tomography imaging and metrology of spherical gradient refractive index preforms (2015)

The fabrication of high-performance spherical gradient refractive index (S-GRIN) optics requires nondestructive metrology techniques to inspect the samples. We have developed an angular-scan, swept-source-based, Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system centered at 1318 nm with 5 mm imaging depth capable of 180° polar scan and 360° azimuthal scan to investigate polymeric S-GRIN preforms. We demonstrate a method that enables simultaneous mapping of the group optical thickness, physical thickness, the radially-averaged group refractive index, and the transmitted wavefront of the S-GRIN preforms. The angular scan OCT imaging and metrology enables direct visualization, molding uniformity characterization, and optical property evaluations of the preforms. The results on two generations of S-GRIN preforms are discussed that showcase the evolution of the manufacturing process in response to the OCT metrology feedback.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Biosci. 5/2004 (2004)

Cover: The picture on the cover presents surface‐grafted polystyrene (PS) beads with comb‐like poly(methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains. The resulting PS‐ sg ‐PEG beads consist of a PS core and a flexible PEG shell layer and show good swelling properties in various solvents ranging from toluene to water. The grafted hydrophilic PEG chains on the surface of the PS beads overcome the limitations posed by hydrophobic PS beads, such as non‐specific protein adsorption. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by J.‐W. Byun, J.‐U. Kim, W.‐J. Chung, Y.‐S. Lee * on page 512.
Effect of Oral Linoleic and γ-Linolenic Acid on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (2007)

Therapy with linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid tablets along with eyelid hygiene improves symptoms and reduces eyelid margin inflammation in MGD more than either omega-6 fatty acids or eyelid hygiene alone.
Clinical Performance of a Mid-Viscosity Artificial Tear for Dry Eye Treatment (2007)

This 1% CMC mid-viscosity tear showed protection of the ocular surface after instillation and significant reduction in signs and symptoms of dry eye. Improvements were greater than with low-viscosity tears. The mid-viscosity artificial tear was rated well in comfort, duration of benefit, and general acceptability.
An Origami Playing Simulator in the Virtual Space (1996)

A virtual manipulation system for origami (paper folding) is described. A piece of paper defined in a computer can be deformed interactively by picking and moving a corner vertex of a paper face on a graphic screen using a mouse. Three kinds of folding operations and a curving operation transform the paper into a three-dimensional figure made of flat or curved surfaces. The roundness of the curved surfaces is calculated in real-time by minimizing an elastic energy function. The simulated paper has traditional Japanese decoration applied as a texture to give a more realistic appearance. It is rendered with shading in real-time.
Novel Therapies for Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2011)

Recent advances in tumor biology have made remarkable achievements in the development of therapy for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. These advances reflect a growing appreciation for the role of the tumor microenvironment in promoting prostate cancer progression. Prostate cancer is no longer viewed predominantly as a disease of abnormally proliferating epithelial cells but rather as a disease of complex interactions between prostate cancer epithelial cells (epithelial compartment) and the surrounding tissues (stromal compartment) in which they reside. For example, prostate cancers frequently metastasize to bone, an organ that contains a microenvironment rich in extracellular matrix proteins and stromal cells including hematopoietic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes, immune cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Multiple signaling pathways provide crosstalk between the epithelial and the stromal compartments to enhance tumor growth, including androgen receptor signaling, tyrosine kinase receptor signaling, and immune surveillance. The rationale to disrupt this "two-compartment" crosstalk has led to the development of drugs that target tumor stromal elements in addition to the cancer epithelial cell.
CO2 storage in cement and concrete by mineral carbonation (2022)

The production of cement is responsible for about 8% of man-made CO2 emissions. CO2 fixation by mineral carbonation in Ca- and Mg-rich raw materials such as cement-based concrete in various stages of its lifetime and magnesium silicate-based rocks (e.g. olivine) can provide a significant and long-lasting sink of CO2. Carbonated material can be used in novel construction materials, which potentially could even be CO2 negative. Despite first applications beyond pilot stage, further research is needed to reach economically and environmentally friendly processes. The properties of the novel construction materials, their reaction mechanisms, suitable mix designs, mechanical properties, and durability need to be explored further.
B<scp>IOLOGICAL</scp> C<scp>ONTROL OF</scp> L<scp>OCUSTS AND</scp> G<scp>RASSHOPPERS</scp> (2001)

Control of grasshoppers and locusts has traditionally relied on synthetic insecticides, and for emergency situations this is unlikely to change. However, a growing awareness of the environmental issues associated with acridid control as well as the high costs of emergency control are expanding the demand for biological control. In particular, preventive, integrated control strategies with early interventions will reduce the financial and environmental costs associated with large-scale plague treatments. The recent development of effective oil formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae spores in Africa, Australia, and Brazil opens new possibilities for environmentally safe control operations. Metarhizium biopesticide kills 70%-90% of treated locusts within 14-20 days, with no measurable impact on nontarget organisms. An integrated pest management strategy, with an emphasis on the use of Metarhizium, that incorporates rational use of chemical pesticides with biological options such as the microsporidian Nosema locustae and the hymenopteran egg parasitoids Scelio spp., has become a realistic option.
Under Review: Researching Technology Education: Methods and Techniques by Howard Middleton (2017)

Neophyte researchers in technology education or those looking for new methods to examine their core research issues will find an interesting mix of approaches for qualitative research studies in the collection presented by Howard Middleton in Researching Technology Education, (2008).Readers may detect a somewhat English spin to this collection since most of the contributors are from Australia or the United Kingdom.This international view emphasizes that technology teacher education and research are issues for countries across the globe.The chapter written by Richard Kimbell on Design Performance: Digital Tools: Research Processes provides an excellent description on anticipated and unexpected outcomes researchers using technology to assist in their assessments may encounter.This chapter alone may be worth the price of the book. This collection of research techniques presented in, ResearchingTechnology Education: Methods and Techniques (Middleton, 2008), points out "that to understand technology education we need to use research methods that are appropriate for technology education" (p.1), and presents several innovative tools for the researcher to consider.Researching Technology Education promises to make the ____________
El proceso electrónico (2016)

espanolLos avances tecnologicos han penetrado con fuerza en nuestros Juzgados y Tribunales tambien en el ambito del proceso, adoptandose planes y programas para que el esquema judicial sea fiable, dando lugar a formas ya anunciadas y reguladas en la Ley 18/2011, de 5 de julio, y que la Ley 41/2015, de 5 de octubre, ha venido a desarrollar en aras a la necesaria modernizacion del sistema respetando las normas procesales. Es precisamente de esta adaptacion donde han surgido problemas relativos a aspectos formales de la tramitacion procesal, que han supuesto una autentica revolucion, transformando la tradicional constancia del papel en expediente electronico, con las naturales dificultades que se estan apreciando. Este trabajo trata de anotar algunos de estos problemas derivados de esta «invasion informatica» que afecta a todos los actos procesales, de tal manera que se ha llegado a plantear la presencia de un nuevo derecho procesal. EnglishTechnological developments have entered into our courts, including their procedural activities, with a great strength by adoption of action plans and programs for the elaboration of reliable judicial scheme based on the forms already established and regulated by the Law 18/2011 of 5th of July and developed by the Law 42/2015 of 5th of October in line with a need of modernization of system maintaining respect to rules of the civil process. These last modifications resulted in problems related to formal aspects of process and meant authentic revolution that substitute traditional paper proof by an electronic judicial file with noticed natural difficulties. This analysis spells out some problems originated from this «electronic invasion» that affects all procedural actions in such a manner that it has begun to be considered as new procedural law.