gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Guest Editorial Immersive Video Coding and Transmission (2019)

Immersive media are gaining in popularity today, and significant efforts are being undertaken in academia and industry to explore its immanent new scientific and technological challenges. There are significant activities in industry and standardization to provide enablers for production, coding, transmission, and consumption of this type of media and the new user experiences it enables. In terms of standardization, the topic has triggered multiple activities in the areas of systems, 3D graphics, audio, image, and video. The technological roadmap foresees an evolution from consumption of the visual media with three degrees of freedom (3DoF), i.e. the ability to look around at a fixed viewing position in an observed scene) to 3DoF+, enabling further limited modifications of the viewing position, and to different variants of six degrees of freedom (6DoF), allowing the user not only to look around but also to move around in the observed scene. Different terminology is used in various communities, referring to immersive or omnidirectional media, virtual reality (VR), or 360° video. While the coded representation of audio-visual media for 6DoF remains a field of active research, 3DoF technologies have sufficient maturity to progress towards specification in near-term standards and recommendations. At the video codec level, this includes coding of 2D and 3D virtual reality (VR) / 360° content using the HEVC standard (Rec. ITU-T H.265 | ISO/IEC 23008-2) as the initial step, with new Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) messages for omnidirectional video. For storage and delivery, the Omnidirectional Media Format (OMAF) (ISO/IEC 23090-2) provides a set of consistent enablers for download and over-the-top streaming of 3DoF content. At the same time, immersive still image coding formats are currently developed in JPEG Pleno.
An algorithm for reducing the peak to average power ratio is a multicarrier communications system (2003)

One of the main implementation disadvantages of a multicarrier communication system is the possibly high peak to average power ratio of the transmitted signals. One proposed solution is given by Jones and Wilkinson (see IEEE 46th Vehicular Technology Conference, Atlanta, p.904-8, 1996). It is based on applying a specific phase shift (not dependent on the codeword) to each dimension of the transmitted codewords. These phase shifts are known both to the transmitter and the receiver. Thus the phase shifts can be compensated for in the receiver without changing the distance properties of the code. Therefore, neither the rate nor the code performance is sacrificed. The phases need only once he computed off-line and the complexity of the system does not increase. Our contribution is to provide an algorithm to compute the phases that minimize the maximum peak to average power ratio taken over all possible transmitted signals. The new algorithm enables us to apply the Jones-Wilkinson method to various medium length as well as long codes of practical interest, a computational task for which no solution was known before. We apply our algorithm to some of the codes adapted for use in the physical layer of future wireless local area networks by the ETSI BRAN Hiperlan-II standardization committee. We report the computed reductions in peak to average power ratio.
Changes in translatable mRNA species associated with nutrient deprivation and protease synthesis in Metarhizium anisopliae (1991)

Summary: We have studied the regulation of the extracellular chymoelastase protease (PrI) of the fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. This enzyme is involved in the penetration of insect cuticle by Metarhizium and other entomopathogenic fungi. Changes in mRNA sequences during starvation-induced synthesis of chymoelastase were investigated by comparing poly(A+)RNAs and their complementary DNA in rapidly growing or nutrient-deprived cultures of Metarhizium. Hybrid-selected translation revealed that three novel polypeptides (41, 40·2 and 29·8 kDa) were produced rapidly (<1 h) during nutrient deprivation; the most intensely translated species (41 kDa) was identified as the primary translation product of Pr1 by examination with anti-Pr1-IgG. Measurement of starvation-specific RNA levels by dot-blot hybridization with [32P]cDNA showed that transcripts were not present in spores but were produced when the formation against a hard surface of infection structures was induced by depletion of endogenous nutrient reserves. Starvation-specific mRNA species failed to appear when new RNA synthesis was blocked with actinomycin D, indicating that control is at the level of transcription. Immunoblot analysis with anti-Pr1-IgG showed that Pr1 protein increased in concert with the appearance of Pr1 transcripts and active enzyme. Two very short lived precursors of Pr1, the primary translation product (41 kDa) and an intermediate (40·8 kDa) in addition to mature Pr1 (30 kDa) were detected by immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labelled cell extracts with anti-Pr1-IgG. Pulse-labelling experiments demonstrated that a time of about 7 min was required for [35S]methionine to be processed into extracellular Pr1. These results suggest that regulation of Pr1 gene expression occurs during starvation which, coupled with fast processing, allows very rapid secretion of Pr1. Isolates of four other entomopathogenic fungi (Verticillium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana, Tolypocladium niveum and Paecilomyces farinosus) produced Pr1-type enzymes during nutrient deprivation, suggesting our results may have widespread application in understanding entomopathogenicity.
Prediction of Volumetric Strain in Concrete Due to ASR Reactions Using Acoustic Emission Technique and Artificial Neural Network (2019)

An alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the alkaline in cement paste and the reactive silica found in many common aggregates used to make concrete. The swelling reaction causes the initiation and propagation of cracks in concrete structures, leading to their deterioration and eventual failure. Development of a reliable structural health monitoring method for detecting crack initiation and propagation, and evaluating concrete condition is important for assessing the integrity of structures. In this paper, we investigate the correlation between acoustic emission (AE) data and volumetric strain for concrete during ASR and develop an artificial neural network (ANN)-based model to predict volumetric strain using AE signals. The AE data and volumetric strain are collected from three concrete specimens. Two of the specimens contain reactive aggregates that accelerate the ASR reactions, while one specimen serves as a controlled specimen without ASR reactions. AE events of all three specimens are monitored using an array of piezoelectric sensors, and the volumetric strain of each specimen is measured monthly. The AE data collected from the sensors are then preprocessed to obtain damage sensitive features, such as count, amplitude, and signal strength. Using the preprocessed data, two back-propagation feedforward networks are trained to predict volumetric strain using either cumulative number of counts only or both cumulative number of counts and the number of counts per hour as inputs, respectively. The results show that the trained neural networks provide good prediction accuracy for the volumetric strains of concrete with ASR reactions after the volumetric strain exceeds 0.036%.
Optimal evaluation of array expressions on massively parallel machines (extended abstract) (1993)

We investigate the problem of optimal evaluation of Fortran-90 style array expressions on a massively parallel distributed-memory machine. On such machines, an elementwise operation can be performed in unit time for arrays whose corresponding elements are in the same processor. If the arrays are not aligned in this manner, the cost of alignment is part of the cost of expression evaluation. The choice of where to perform the operation then affects this cost. We demonstrate how a dynamic programming technique can be applied to solve this problem efficiently for a wide variety of interconnection schemes, including multidimensional grids and rings, hypercubes, and fat-trees. We also consider the variant where the operations may change the shape of the arrays, and show that our approach extends naturally to handle this case.
<title>Performance validation of an irradiance redistribution guide</title> (1997)

Science Applications International Corporation has used a unique nonimaging-optical global optimization computer code, NICOS, to design an innovative secondary concentrator for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). NICOS allows for the optimal design of such devices to achieve a variety of irradiance distributions on a desired target. The case of interest to NREL called for a uniform irradiance of concentrated sunlight over a relatively large area and at a reasonable working distance from the exit of the device. Because the irradiance at the nominal focal point of NREL's High-Flux Solar Furnace (HFSF) was reshaped from a near- Gaussian distribution to a nearly uniform one, the designs generated have been called irradiance redistribution guides (IRG). A design featuring reentrant optics was selected for fabrication and testing. This IRG has been fabricated and tested at the HFSF to compare predicted and measured performance. The IRG's performance is close to the theoretical predictions. Much of the performance difference can be explained by discrepancies between the actual HFSF performance relative to that assumed in the NICOS predictions. This IRG will be useful for applications in which uniform solar concentration at moderate flux is required. In general, the design methodology and resulting devices can provide a new way to satisfy diverse flux tailoring needs.
Catalytic Cleavage of the Androgen Receptor Messenger RNA and Functional Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Activity by a Hammerhead Ribozyme (1998)

Androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in cell growth both in the normal prostate and in prostate cancer. Androgen ablation and prolonged antiandrogen therapy can give rise to AR-dependent prostate tumors, which nonetheless can grow in the androgen-deprived milieu. Here we describe the ribozyme approach to selectively degrading the AR mRNA and thereby inhibiting AR function. A trans-acting hammerhead ribozyme was designed to cleave the rat AR mRNA at the position +1827/ 1828, a region predicted to be minimally involved in generating stable secondary structures. Using AR mRNA fragments as substrates, it was established that this ribozyme can specifically cleave the RNA target in a sequence-specific manner. Kinetic experiments determined a Km for the substrate of 77 nM and a kcat/Km value of 1.8 x 10(7) M(-1) x min(-1), suggesting a catalytic efficiency similar to that of protein enzymes such as the relatively nonspecific ribonuclease A and a sequence-specific endonuclease EcoRI. Transient cotransfections of prostate-derived PC3 cells with three plasmids, an AR-inducible chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter, an AR expression vector, and a ribozyme expression vector, showed that the ribozyme was capable of reducing the functional activity of AR. At an equimolar ratio of the AR expression plasmid to ribozyme expression plasmid, androgen-inducible CAT activity was inhibited 70%. Similar extents of inhibition were also observed at the cellular mRNA level using ribonuclease protection assays, indicating that the ribozyme functioned as an AR mRNA cleaving enzyme in cellulo. Immunocytochemical examination revealed a decline of AR immunoreactivity in ribozyme-transfected cells. In addition, no morphologically detectable cellular abnormalities were associated with ribozyme expression, indicating the absence of deleterious side effects. These results offer a new avenue for the control of AR function and cell growth, especially in the case of androgen-resistant, but AR-dependent, prostate cancer cells.
Challenges and Process Strategies Concerning Multi-Pass Double Sided Incremental Forming (2015)

The design domain of Double Sided Incremental Forming (DSIF) can be enhanced through the use of multipass strategies. The chosen tool gap in multipass DSIF, or multi-DSIF, is dependent on the estimated thickness of the sheet being formed, which is traditionally done through the Sine Law. In this work, a simple modification to the Sine Law is performed so as to prevent the tool gap from approaching zero at regions where the part contains a near vertical wall. Additionally, various multipass strategies regarding the design of the intermediate stages were trialed in an effort to increase geometric accuracy. Increasing the depth between subsequent stages of DSIF was found to provide the best results due to the accommodation of rigid body motion.
M.A.C. (2012)

Current tools and techniques for setting stereo in animated feature films lack intuitive ways to art direct the stereo, and are not capable of ensuring quality and consistency of stereo across shots or artists. In this paper, we present a new set of tools for setting stereo currently being used at DreamWorks Animation that address both of these concerns. The McNally AutoStereoscopic Calculator, or M. A. C., is a new set of tools for setting stereo that allows for greater creative control, a higher degree of consistency in establishing baseline cross-sequence stereo, and improved artist efficiency.
Calibration: Estimating Arterial Blood Magnetization (2017)

To get a measure of perfusion in absolute units from arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI measurements, a further calibration step is required. Using a separate image acquired at the same time as the main ASL data, a number of options exist to calculate the required value of arterial blood magnetization. This chapter outlines common approaches, along with their differing strengths and weaknesses, including using a reference region of tissue, or computation of the necessary calibration factor in each voxel of the image.
Reducing Cyclic Variability While Regulating Combustion Phasing in a Four-Cylinder HCCI Engine (2013)

The cyclic variability (CV) at late phasing conditions in autoignition engines with high residuals limits the operating range of such advanced combustion strategies. A model has been recently proposed by the authors that captures the experimental observations of CV in lean autoignition combustion in a single-cylinder engine. The model is here tuned to multicylinder engine data and is used to design controllers that reduce the CV. The dynamics are only stable for certain amounts of residual gas. At late phasing, with low amounts of residual gas, a cascade of period-doubling bifurcations occur leading to seemingly chaotic behavior. The deterministic dynamics are also mixed with significant levels of noise in the residual gas fraction. The approach to reduce CV is to control the fuel injection timing, which is an effective way of influencing the combustion phasing in the individual cylinders, with feedback from the combustion phasing. A PI controller and a reduced-order linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller are designed and evaluated in experiments. Integral action is utilized for maintaining the average combustion phasing between open loop and closed loop, which is shown to be essential for a proper evaluation because of the high sensitivity of CV on the combustion phasing close to unstable operation. A quantitative analysis of the experimental results show that CV is notably reduced for various levels of residual gas fraction at one speed and load. The standard deviation of the combustion phasing is reduced by 17% on average over the open-loop behavior, which results in a 15% smaller coefficient of variation of the indicated work.
Primers for Bonding Polyolefin Substrates with Alkyl Cyanoacrylate Adhesive (1993)

Abstract Polyolefins, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, are among the most commonly-utilized plastics in the world, but, because of their non-polar surfaces, are among the most difficult to bond with adhesives. A surface treatment is required before adhesive application to achieve good adhesion. Alkyl cyanoacrylates are widely used instant adhesives, e.g. Super Glue®, for bonding a variety of substrates, such as metal, plastics, glass, wood, and leather. It would be desirable to bond polyolefins with these adhesives because of their availability and ease of use. Amines and ammonium carboxylates, possessing long alkyl chains, were evaluated as adhesion promoting primers for alkyl cyanoacrylate adhesives on polyolefins. Among trialkyl amines, trialkylammonium carboxylates, and tetraalkylammonium carboxylates, trialkylammonium carboxylate primers produced an adhesive bond so strong that the failure occurred at the polyolefin substrate. Trialkylammonium carboxylate primers also demonstrated excellent performance retention over prolonged atmospheric exposure prior to application of the adhesive. Trialkyl amines and tetraalkylammonium carboxylates also promoted adhesion but lost maximum effectiveness on exposure to the atmosphere. The cause of the deterioration in amine primer effectiveness over prolonged exposure was identified to be trialkylammonium bicarbonate formation and/or diffusion of the primer into the polyolefin surface.
The use of chromophore and fluorophore degradation to quantitate UV dose: FD&C dyes as chemical identicators for UV sterilization (2012)

The accurate measurement of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, especially within a container or vessel is one of the challenges facing the broad implementation of UV sterilization. Currently, biological indicators are the best method to determine whether an applied UV dose has the necessary efficacy to achieve sterilization. To overcome some of the challenges of using a biological indicator, chemical indicators based upon the degradation of food, drug and cosmetic (FD&C) dyes were developed. In this work, the relationship between UV dose and dye degradation was elucidated and used to create standard curves which could be used as a quantitative measurement system. The use of dye degradation as a measurement of UV dose is especially useful when the levels of UV irradiation within a container cannot be measured directly. Additionally, due to the highly colored nature of the FD&C dyes, the visual changes present upon dye irradiation can be used as a qualitative visual indicator of the UV dose.
Automated Radar Mount-Angle Calibration in Automotive Applications (2019)

Precise knowledge of alignment and orientation of radar sensors around the vehicle is imperative to determining location of objects that it sees in ADAS applications. Experience has shown that erroneous sensor alignment and orientation leads to biased object location estimates, which manifest itself in incorrect decision making. Determining the location and orientation of sensor with respect to an origin on the vehicle is referred to as sensor calibration. Though many have acknowledged the problem of sensor calibration and emphasized on the need for its solution, to the best of our knowledge, there is no method publicly available to address this issue. In this paper, we present a new method for sensor calibration that is easy to execute, is repeatable with minimal supervision, and yields close-to-accurate results. We have demonstrated the viability of proposed calibration method by using the results obtained in an occupancy grid mapping application.
A Bandpass /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ RF-DAC with Embedded FIR Reconstruction Filter (2006)

A 1b bandpass DeltaSigma DAC followed by a current steering FIR reconstruction filter and an embedded up-conversion mixer is presented. The RF DAC is implemented in 0.25μm digital CMOS, can be used in low-power digital-IF transmitters and eliminates the need for a transimpedance stage and a separate mixer. The RF DAC draws 49mA from a 2.5V supply, achieving -64.7dBc IM3 at 1.03GHz with an SFDR of 72dB in a 15MHz bandwidth
In Situ Detection of Double-Strand DNA Breaks with Terminal 5'OH Groups (2003)

DNA fragmentation is often used as a marker of programmed cell death in tissue sections. It is a sensitive indicator of apoptosis, particularly when utilized in combination with morphological verification. At least two types of DNA breaks are present in apoptotic cells: 1. Breaks with 3′OH and 5′PO4 groups at the ends of the break, which can be generated by DNase I and DNase I-like nucleases; 2. Breaks with the inverted distribution of these chemical groups—3′ PO4/5′OH, produced by DNase II and DNase II-like nucleases (1-4).
High-Performance Graphene-Based Transparent Flexible Heaters (2011)

We demonstrate high-performance, flexible, transparent heaters based on large-scale graphene films synthesized by chemical vapor deposition on Cu foils. After multiple transfers and chemical doping processes, the graphene films show sheet resistance as low as ∼43 Ohm/sq with ∼89% optical transmittance, which are ideal as low-voltage transparent heaters. Time-dependent temperature profiles and heat distribution analyses show that the performance of graphene-based heaters is superior to that of conventional transparent heaters based on indium tin oxide. In addition, we confirmed that mechanical strain as high as ∼4% did not substantially affect heater performance. Therefore, graphene-based, flexible, transparent heaters are expected to find uses in a broad range of applications, including automobile defogging/deicing systems and heatable smart windows.
Fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass with the ionic liquid 1-butylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (2014)

The application of the protic ionic liquid 1-butylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate in the deconstruction (aka pretreatment) and fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass has been investigated. A cellulose rich pulp and a lignin fraction were produced. The pulp was subjected to enzymatic saccharification which allowed recovery of up to 90% of the glucan as fermentable glucose. The influence of the solution acidity on the deconstruction of Miscanthus giganteus was examined by varying the 1-butylimidazole to sulfuric acid ratio. Increased acidity led to shorter pretreatment times and resulted in reduced hemicellulose content in the pulp. Addition of water to the ionic liquid resulted in enhanced saccharification yields. The ability to tune acidity through the use of protic ionic liquids offers a significant advantage in flexibility over dialkylimidazolium analogues.
<i>In vitro</i> assessment of water resistance of sun care products: a reproducible and optimized <i>in vitro</i> test method (2007)

The aim of the study was to develop a simple reproducible and reliable in vitro water resistance (WR) method to assess the sun care products. This paper is the result of a scientific collaboration between seven different international industrial laboratories and testing institutes. The same group has already achieved an in vitro protocol for the sun protection factor (SPF) determination [1]. The in vitro WR of sunscreens was tested by applying the same principle as in vivo, which determines the percentage of retention of sunscreen products by assessing the SPF before and after water immersion. Special care was taken to study the parameters influencing the WR and the possibility to follow the kinetics of sunscreen retention during water immersion. The influence of different water qualities has been tested, and osmosed water (1-3 microS cm(-1)) was chosen for the main ring study. Measurement was carried out after 5, 20 and 40 min of immersion. Histograms of selected products demonstrate the percentage of WR at all measuring times and centres, and the regression coefficient to the in vivo determination was shown and statistical calculations clearly demonstrate the reproducibility of the results between the different evaluation centres. The presented method is a practical, convenient and relevant tool for WR screening of sun care and skin care products. It even has the potential to be the starting point for the replacement of the in vivo method in future.