gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study of Designing Compact Recognizers of Handwritten Chinese Characters Using Multiple-Prototype Based Classifiers (2010)

We present a study of designing compact recognizers of handwritten Chinese characters using multiple-prototype based classifiers. A modified Quick prop algorithm is proposed to optimize a sample-separation-margin based minimum classification error objective function. Split vector quantization technique is used to compress classifier parameters. Benchmark results are reported for classifiers with different footprints trained from about 10 million samples on a recognition task with a vocabulary of 9282 character classes which include 9119 Chinese characters, 62 alphanumeric characters, 101 punctuation marks and symbols.
Computational Insights on the Challenges for Polymerizing Polar Monomers (2002)

Taking Pd di-imine catalysts as an example, we use first principles density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G) to investigate the chain propagation steps for polymerization of polar monomers. We start with the complex formed from insertion of ethylene into the polymer chain and consider insertion into the Pd-C bond for each of four polar monomers: methyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and acrylonitrile. We find 2,1-insertion is favored in each case (by 3 to 5 kcal/mol), resulting in a product with a strong interaction of the polar group for the growing polymer chain with the metal. Next, we insert another unit of the same polar monomer or an ethylene unit (except for acrylonitrile). We optimize the structures for all important intermediates and transition states using a continuum dielectric to account for solvation effects. These studies pinpoint the critical difficulties in designing catalysts to polymerize polar monomers.
Modeling large air fraction holey optical fibers (2000)

We develop a modal decomposition approach to solve the full vector wave equation for holey optical fibers (HF). This model can be used to explore the modal properties of a wide range of HFs, including those with large air holes. The optical properties of HF can be tailored via the arrangement of the air holes, and this flexibility leads to a wide range of practical applications.
Implementation and Evaluation of an Efficient 2D Parallel Delaunay Triangulation Algorithm, (1997)

Abstract : This paper describes the derivation of an empirically efficient parallel two-dimensional Delaunay triangulation program from a theoretically efficient CREW PRAM algorithm. Compared to previous work, the resulting implementation is not limited to datasets with a uniform distribution of points, achieves significantly better speedups over good serial code, and is widely portable due to its use of MPI as a communication mechanism. Results are presented for a loosely-coupled cluster of workstations, two distributed-memory multicomputers, and a shared-memory multiprocessor. The Machiavelli toolkit used to transform the nested data parallelism inherent in the divide-and-conquer algorithm into achievable task and data parallelism is also described and compared to previous techniques.
High accuracy current sense amplifier with extended input common mode range (2014)

A high accuracy current sense amplifier with input common mode range extending beyond the positive supply rail is presented. The offset voltage is minimized using an auto-zero topology with a fully differential internal path. Characteristics of the presented amplifier include an input voltage range of 30V, independent of the supply rail, a fixed gain with a typical gain error of 0.05% and a referred-to-input offset voltage of less than 10μV in the -40°C to 125°C temperature range. The proposed architecture was implemented in a 0.5μm CMOS process and its performances were confirmed by post-layout simulation results.
Low <i>f</i>-number photoacoustic lens for tight ultrasonic focusing and free-field micro-cavitation in water (2016)

We demonstrate a photoacoustic lens with a low f-number of 0.61 and a high focal gain of 220 at 15-MHz frequency for laser-generated focused ultrasound (LGFU), which enables free-field micro-cavitation in water. Due to tight ultrasonic focusing (90 μm in lateral and 200 μm in longitudinal spot widths at a distance of 9.2 mm), the lens produces a peak pressure of 20 MPa (positive) using an input laser energy of only 1 mJ/pulse (6-ns temporal width). Remarkably, we confirm single-pulsed micro-cavitation in a free-field condition by using this lens, which has not previously been achieved with LGFU. The free-field cavitation was monitored and characterized in terms of a bubble radius, a lifetime, and a probability. Our result demonstrates that LGFU amplitudes can be sufficiently higher than a threshold for free-field cavitation at a microscale spot, which is a crucial step for cavitation-based therapy with high precision.
Enhanced-performance of AlGaN-GaN HEMTs grown on grooved sapphire substrates (2005)

We report significantly improved dc characteristics and RF performance of AlGaN-GaN HEMTs grown on grooved sapphire substrates. Grooves 60 nm deep with 2-μm-wide ridges and 4-μm-wide trenches were created along the <101~0> orientation of the substrate by inductively coupled-plasma reactive ion etching. Device mesas were defined over the trench regions where superior crystalline quality was observed by other characterization techniques. Compared to conventional HEMTs grown on the planar area, the devices on the grooved substrate show increased drain saturation current and peak transconductance. Their reverse gate leakage current is over three orders of magnitude lower. These devices also show increased off-state breakdown voltage with hard breakdown characteristics. For nominal 1-μm-gate-length HEMTs, the best current gain and power gain cutoff frequencies were 15 and 54 GHz, respectively. The on-wafer output power, gain, and power-added efficiency of an unpassivated device measured at 4 GHz were 3.26 W/mm, 25.7 dB, and 55.6%. The enhanced performance is attributed to low-density mixed dislocations and high crystalline quality over the trench regions.
Ultrastable modelocked diode lasers (2003)

Pulsetrain RF noise characteristics of a modelocked external cavity semiconductor laser is examined and photonic RF synthesis and potential for arbitrary waveform generation is demonstrated.
Detection of NO and NO_2 by (2 + 2) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization and photoacoustic spectroscopy near 454 nm (1996)

Trace concentrations of NO and NO2 are detected with a dye laser operating near 454 nm. NO is detected by a (2 + 2) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization process by means of NO A2∑+–X2Π(0, 0) transitions with miniature electrodes, and NO2 is detected by a one-photon absorption photoacoustic process by means of NO2A˜′2B1(0,8,0)−X˜2A1(0,0,0) transitions with a miniature microphone. Rotationally resolved excitation spectra show that the spectral resolution is sufficiently high to identify these species at 1 atm. The technique’s analytical merits are evaluated as functions of concentration, pressure, and laser intensities. Low laser intensities favor NO2 photoacoustic detection whereas high laser intensities favor NO ionization. Limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio 3) of 160 parts in 109 for NO and 400 parts in 109 for NO2 are determined at 1 atm for a 10-s integration time. Signal response and noise analyses show that three decades of NO/NO2 mixtures can be measured with a computational relative error in concentration that is three times the relative error in measuring the NO and NO signals.2
P‐glycoprotein promotes epithelial T helper 2–associated cytokine secretion in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (2014)

P-gp overactivity promotes Th2-associated epithelial cytokine secretion in nasal polyps, suggesting a novel mechanism for maintaining chronic inflammation in CRSwNP.
Staircase Electrode-Wall Configuration for MHD (Magnetohydrodynamic) Generators. (1982)

Abstract : A staircase electrode-wall configuration for a MHD generator which uses fluid dynamic means to protect the electrodes form substantial damage due to arcing and chemical attack. The electrode walls of a MHD generator duct have periodic conductor/insulator elements where channel divergence or convergence is accomplished in a stepwise fashion. The electrode is situated within the insulator of each element to be back-ward-facing so as not to be directly exposed to the hot gas flow. The turbulence which exists at the backward-facing electrode moves the arc spot about the surface to prevent severe local damage. Chemical attack is inhibited by a laminated electrode surface of a low corrosive material and the turbulence which aids in cooling the electrode face. Additional cooling may be obtained by a purge jet at the electrode face.
A Novel CDR-Based Low-Cost Time-Interleaved-ADC Timing Calibration (2020)

Digital signal processing (DSP)-based system is a common architecture for high-speed communication links. One of the most important components for DSP-based architectures is the analog-to-digital convertor (ADC). Most of the high-speed ADCs are implemented as time interleaved ADC (TI-ADC). One of the major challenges in TI-ADC is the timing mismatch between the parallel sub-ADCs. The calibration of this mismatch increases system cost and complexity. In this article we propose a new background calibration method based on existing clock and data recovery (CDR) circuits. The timing mismatch can be calibrated using a simple and unique CDR per sub-ADC. Using the existing phase error detector and pulse gain estimator of the regular CDR, the calibration circuit becomes very low-cost, requiring only a first order loop, and a slow numerically controlled oscillator (NCO). VCSEL-based lab experiments are performed, which demonstrate the proposed method efficiency, performance and robustness.
Effective Sampling for Lightweight Data-Race Detection (2008)

Data races are one of the most common and subtle causes of pernicious concurrency bugs. Static techniques for preventing data races are overly conservative and do not scale well to large programs. Past research has produced several dynamic data race detectors that can be applied to large programs and are precise in the sense that they only report actual data races. However, these dynamic data race detectors incur a high performance overhead, slowing down a program’s execution by an order of magnitude. In this paper we present FeatherLite, a very lightweight data race detector that samples and analyzes only selected portions of a program’s execution. We show that it is possible to sample a multi-threaded program at a low frequency and yet find infrequently occurring data races. We implemented FeatherLite using Microsoft’s Phoenix compiler. Our experiments with several Microsoft programs show that FeatherLite is able to find more than 75% of data races by sampling less than 5% of memory accesses in a given program execution.
Phase I/II study of dianhydrogalactitol in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. (2015)

2023 Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common brain cancer. Front-line systemic therapy with temozolomide is often ineffective due to O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT)-mediated resistance. Dianhydrogalactitol (VAL-083) is a bi-functional DNA alkylating agent that crosses the blood-brain barrier and overcomes resistance to MGMT in vitro. The goal of this clinical trial is to determine an appropriate dose for phase III trials in refractory GBM. Methods: Open-label, single-arm phase I/II dose-escalation study in patients with histologically-confirmed GBM, previously treated with radiation and must have failed both bevacizumab and temozolomide, unless contraindicated. The study utilizes a 3+3 dose-escalation design. Patients receive VAL-083 IV on days 1, 2, and 3 of a 21-day cycle. Tumor response is assessed according to RANO criteria prior to every other 21-day treatment cycle. Results: 25 patients have been enrolled across 8 dose cohorts ranging from 1.5 to 50mg/m2/d. A dose limiting toxicity consisting of grade 4 thrombocytopenia was observed at dose level 8 (50mg/m2/d). The DLT-related symptoms resolved rapidly and spontaneously without concomitant treatment. Prior to this, other treatment related toxicities have been mild to moderate and included two grade 1 lymphopenias and one grade 1 thrombocytopenia. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) will be determined based on 3+3 design. Three patients had a response (stable disease or partial response) reporting improved clinical signs (maximum response of 84 wks). Pharmacokinetic analyses show dose-dependent linear systemic exposure with a short plasma 1-2h terminal half-life; Cmax ranged from 1130–739 ng/mL (7.7–5.1µM) at 40mg/m2/d. Compared to historical trials, the present regimen delivers substantively more drug by Cmax and dose intensity. A dose intensity of 25 mg/m2/wk in combination with radiation was previously shown superior to radiation alone against GBM; a dose intensity of 50 mg/m2/wk is achieved in the current trial. Conclusions: VAL-083 dosing may be limited by myelosuppression. The MTD will be studied in a Phase II expansion and possible phase III registration trial. Clinical trial information: NCT01478178.
Redesigning database systems in light of cpu cache prefetching (2005)

Computer systems have enjoyed an exponential growth in processor speed for the past 20 years, while main memory speed has improved only moderately. Today a cache miss to main memory takes hundreds of processor cycles. Recent studies have demonstrated that on commercial databases, about 50% or more of execution time in memory is often wasted due to cache misses. In light of this problem, a number of recent studies focused on reducing the number of cache misses of database algorithms. In this thesis, we investigate a different approach: reducing the impact of cache misses through a technique called cache prefetching. Since prefetching for sequential array accesses has been well studied, we are interested in studying non-contiguous access patterns found in two classes of database algorithms: the B+-Tree index algorithm and the hash join algorithm. We re-examine their designs with cache prefetching in mind, and combine prefetching and data locality optimizations to achieve good cache performance. 
For B+-Trees, we first propose and evaluate a novel main memory index structure, Prefetching B+Trees, which uses prefetching to accelerate two major access patterns of B+-Tree indices: searches and range scans. We then apply our findings in the development of a novel index structure, Fractal Prefetching B+-Trees, that optimizes index operations both for CPU cache performance and for disk performance in commercial database systems by intelligently embedding cache-optimized trees into disk pages. 
For hash joins, we first exploit cache prefetching separately for the I/O partition phase and the join phase of the algorithm. We propose and evaluate two techniques, Group Prefetching and Software-Pipelined Prefetching, that exploit inter-tuple parallelism to overlap cache misses across the processing of multiple tuples. Then we present a novel algorithm, Inspector Joins, that exploits the free information obtained from one pass of the hash join algorithm to improve the performance of a later pass. This new algorithm addresses the memory bandwidth sharing problem in shared-bus multiprocessor systems. 
We compare our techniques against state-of-the-art cache-friendly algorithms for B+-Trees and hash joins through both simulation studies and real machine experiments. Our experimental results demonstrate dramatic performance benefits of our cache prefetching enabled techniques.
Unique volatolomic signatures of TP53 and KRAS in lung cells (2014)

Our results demonstrate that minimal genetic changes in bronchial airway cells lead to detectable differences in levels of specific VOCs identified by TD-GC-MS or of patterns of VOCs identified by sensor array output. From the clinical aspect, these results suggest the possibility of breath analysis for detection of minimal genetic changes for earlier diagnosis or for genetic typing of lung cancers.
Digital Droplet PCR for Monitoring Tissue‐Specific Cell Death Using DNA Methylation Patterns of Circulating Cell‐Free DNA (2019)

Cell death involves the release of short DNA fragments into blood, termed circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Sequencing of cfDNA in the plasma has recently emerged as a liquid biopsy for detecting fetal chromosomal aberrations, tumor DNA, and graft rejection. However, in cases where cfDNA is derived from tissues with a normal genome, its primary sequence is not informative regarding the tissue of origin. We developed a method of determining the tissue origins of cfDNA, allowing inference of tissue-specific cell death, based on tissue-specific methylation patterns. We have previously described a version of the method that uses next generation sequencing (NGS) to determine methylation patterns in specific marker loci. Here we describe a rapid and simple procedure for cfDNA methylation analysis using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) on bisulfite treated cfDNA to accurately count the number of molecules carrying a specific methylation signature. Specificity and sensitivity of the assay increases by simultaneously interrogating four to six cytosines in the same molecule using two fluorescent probes. cfDNA methylation analysis using ddPCR can find multiple applications in the non-invasive study of human tissue dynamics in health and disease. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reversal of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with terlipressin plus albumin vs. placebo plus albumin in a pooled analysis of the <scp>OT</scp>‐0401 and <scp>REVERSE</scp> randomised clinical studies (2017)

Terlipressin plus albumin resulted in a significantly higher rate of HRS reversal vs. albumin alone in patients with HRS-1. Terlipressin treatment is associated with improved renal function. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: OT-0401, NCT00089570; REVERSE, NCT01143246).
Specific labeling of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase by reaction with O6-(p-hydroxy[3H]methylbenzyl)guanine. (1995)

O6-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) is an important DNA repair protein that removes adducts from the O6 position of guanine by transferring them to a cysteine residue within its amino acid sequence. Mammalian AGTs are readily inactivated by incubation with O6-benzyl-guanine (BG), which is an alternative substrate for the protein. To examine this inactivation in more detail and to develop a procedure for the specific labeling of human AGT, we synthesized a BG derivative, O6-(p-hydroxy[3H]methylbenzyl_guanine ([3H]HMBG) and examined its interaction with AGT in HT29 cell extracts and in HT29 cells. Incubation of human AGT with [3H]HMBG led to the incorporation of radioactivity in the protein in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. This reaction was specific, since neither AGT that was first inactivated by reaction with BG nor proteins other than AGT were labeled. Digestion of the labeled AGT with trypsin showed that a single peptide contained the label. Sequencing of this peptide indicated that the label was bound to cysteine-145. These results demonstrate that AGT accepts HMBG as a substrate and becomes inactivated by transfer of a p-hydroxymethylbenzyl residue to the cysteine-145 acceptor site. When [3H]HMBG was added to cultures of HT29 cells which are Mer+ and express active AGT, radioactivity was incorporated in a macromolecule and could be detected by autoradiography. No such labeling occurred with BE or CHO cells, which are Mer- and lack AGT. Examination of the interaction of [3H]HMBG with mutant AGT proteins that differ greatly in their abilities to react with BG showed that there was a strong correlation between the reaction with BG and the labeling with [3H]HMBG. These results indicate that [3H]HMBG is a potentially useful reagent for the detection and localization of AGT activity and for the investigation of its mechanism of action.
Specificity of glial fibrillary acidic protein IgG autoantibody (GFAP-IgG) for Autoimmune Meningoencephalomyelitis Diagnosis (S20.002) (2017)

To describe the disease specificity of GFAP-IgG for autoimmune meningoencephalomyelitis.
Innovative CFCC Prestressed Decked Bulb T Beam Bridge System (2012)

<p>Precast prestressed beams have been widely deployed in bridge construction due to their high load carrying capacities and their low-span-to-depth ratio. However, durability issues associated with the corrosion of the steel reinforcement have been a major concern for this type of bridge superstructures. To overcome the problem of steel corrosion, this study investigates a new concept for bridge construction using decked bulb T beams reinforced/prestressed with corrosion-free carbon fibre composite cable (CFCC) strands instead of the conventional steel reinforcement. An experimental investigation has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the new bridge superstructure under service and ultimate limit states. The investigation comprised the construction, instrumentation, and testing of three single decked bulb T beams prestressed/reinforced with different reinforcement materials and a one-half-scale bridge model composed of five adjacent CFCC prestressed decked bulb T beams. The bridge model had a total span of 9,750 mm, a width of 2,590 mm, and a depth of 356 mm. To expedite the construction process, no cast-in-place deck slab was provided. Instead, the decked bulb T beams in the bridge model were interconnected at their top flanges and at the diaphragms using ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) shear key joints.</p><p>The key objectives of the study are to investigate the performance of CFCC reinforced decked bulb T beams under different limit states and to evaluate the behaviour of a newly developed shear key joint between the top flanges of the adjacent beams. The experimental investigation revealed that CFCC precast prestressed decked bulb T beam bridge superstructures has a consistent, reliable, and predictable performance. In addition, UHPC shear key joints are stronger than the flanges of the beams. Therefore, it is concluded that the newly developed bridge superstructure can be easily deployed in bridge construction to achieve an enhanced performance, expedited construction process, and extended lifespan.</p>
Growth factor-mediated combination therapy to treat large local human alveolar ridge defects. (2012)

The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a matrix consisting of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB (rhPDGF-BB)-hydrated cancellous allogenic block graft in the reconstruction of large local human alveolar ridge defects. The results suggest improved bone regeneration when combining rhPDGF-BB with the allogenic block graft. The clinical and histologic evidence of new bone formation as well as bone remodeling supports the clinical potency of this growth factor-mediated therapy.