gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid Detection of Antimicrobial-Resistant Organism Carriage: an Unmet Clinical Need (2004)

The rates of antimicrobial resistance in the hospital continue to increase and contribute substantially to morbidity, mortality, and health care costs in the United States and worldwide. The two most important resistant organisms in U.S. hospitals are MRSA and VRE, both of which are commonly transmitted from patient to patient. Early and accurate detection of MRSA and VRE carriers is necessary to focus isolation and prevention strategies. While the potential for rapid (real-time) detection of MRSA and VRE now exists, it largely remains an unmet clinical need. Future development of rapid methods for detection of MRSA, VRE, and other epidemiologically important pathogens (e.g., Clostridium difficile and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing gram-negative organisms) should greatly improve our ability to focus prevention and control measures.
Calculation of the thermal resistance and temperature distribution in blue - green semiconductor lasers (1997)

The thermal resistance for lasers is calculated using a two-dimensional heat-flow model. Calculation was done considering various heat sources and taking into account the thickness and the thermal conductivity of the layers forming the heterostructure. The values thus obtained agree quite well with the experimental values reported for this structure. Our model provides better results than a previous one in which the whole structure was considered as a homogeneous medium. The temperature distribution in the laser structure is calculated analysing the influence of the voltage drop at the Au/p-ZnSe interface. The dependence of the thermal resistance on the cavity length and the stripe width is also discussed.
Study of Electrical Behavior of Metal‐Semiconductor Contacts on Exfoliated MoS<sub>2</sub> Flakes (2018)

While 2D materials have been investigated for their potential applications in nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices, their functionality is still not fully explored due to lack of proper understanding of metal contacts on these materials. The present work pertains to the study of electrical behavior of different metals such as chromium, silver, nickel, and platinum deposited on to exfoliated MoS 2 flakes. Comparative study of different metal contacts to MoS 2 shows that Ag/Au exhibits good ohmic behavior with high current injection efficiency and better linearity and symmetry of I–V curves than Cr/Au and Ni/Au contacts. Specific contact resistivity is measured to be 4.54 × 10 −4 Ω cm 2 using transmission line measurement (TLM) for Ag/MoS 2 contacts. Further, taking Ag/Au as ohmic contact, Pt/MoS 2 Schottky barrier diode is fabricated with a high rectification ratio of about 900. Barrier height and ideality factor of 0.56 eV and 2.1, respectively are obtained. This study opens up the possibility of having high quality metal contacts on MoS 2 with potential applications in nanoscale devices.
Versatile Structure‐Directing Roles of Deep‐Eutectic Solvents and Their Implication in the Generation of Porosity and Open Metal Sites for Gas Storage (2009)

Trap it in and burn it out: A deep-eutectic solvent provides a versatile medium for the creation of highly stable porous frameworks encapsulating neutral coordinating ligand molecules, which can escape intact from the pores upon heating to form crystals directly, leaving behind permanent porosity and coordinatively unsaturated metal sites with potential applications in gas storage and catalysis.
Extended incubation times improve corneal endothelial cell transplantation success. (1991)

To investigate the ability of extended incubation times to improve the success of endothelial cell transplantation, eight human donor corneas were denuded of their native endothelium, seeded twice during a 1-hr interval with a suspension of cultured infant human corneal endothelial cells, and then incubated for 144 hr under standard conditions. Subsequently the corneas were transplanted into African green monkeys using routine penetrating keratoplasty techniques. Rotational autografts and corneas devoid of endothelial cells served as controls. The seeded corneas appeared hazy at the time of surgery (mean pachymetry 48 hr postoperatively, 0.794 mm). Six corneas (75%) subsequently cleared, yielding a mean corneal thickness of 0.541 +/- 0.040 and 0.554 +/- 0.040 at 6 and 12 postoperative months, respectively. All control eyes showed advanced edema (thickness, greater than 1.0 mm) and developed extensive neovascularization. Clinically, the extended postseeding incubation corneas were observed to clear more rapidly and stabilize their thickness earlier than corneas incubated for only 24-48 hr. Scanning electron microscopy of extended postseeding incubation corneas revealed an intact monolayer of contact-inhibited cells with the hexagonal mosaic typical of corneal endothelium in vivo and improved intercellular contact compared with corneas incubated for only 24-48 hr.
The reflective properties of broadband optical multilayers (1997)

Binary multilayers with a certain kind of disorder may exhibit high reflection range over a very wide bandwidth. The dependencies of this bandwidth on the center wavelength, random layers sequence, refractive contrast of the coating materials, layer thickness errors and the angle of incidence have been studied numerically. Our simulations have shown that broadband reflectors can be designed for various applications. The reflective curves for staggered multilayers are also computed. The results show that the broadening effect of irregular multilayers is dominated by its degree of disorder. A broadband TiO2-SiO2 multilayer is fabricated. The measured width of the transmittance less than 1% for this multilayer covers 400 nm, from 700 to 1100 nm, which is just the tuning range of Ti: sapphire lasers.
The Moyle HVDC Interconnector: project considerations, design and implementation (2001)

The Moyle Interconnector will transmit power between the electricity systems in Ireland and Great Britain from the end of 2001. It will provide Northern Ireland with an important new source of electricity supply, promoting competition in the emerging markets in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and enhancing security and quality of supply. The overall project costs are approximately 150 million. The project is sponsored with a contribution of 52.5 million by the European Regional Development Fund. The implementation of the Moyle Interconnector involves the construction of 64 km of 275 kV AC overhead line in Scotland, HVDC converter stations in Scotland and Northern Ireland, underground DC cables from each station to the coast and the installation and protection of 2×55 km of subsea DC cable. The elements that make up the Moyle Interconnector project are required to be technically feasible, reliable and economically viable. They also require to be designed, constructed and operated taking into account environmental considerations. As imports over the interconnection will represent a significant proportion of the Northern Ireland system demand, the design of the link must ensure that quality of supply experienced by customers will be at least as good with the interconnection in service as prior to its introduction. A main criterion influencing the Interconnector design was that its performance in reliability and availability terms should be no worse than that of an equivalent sized onshore modern generating unit. The implementation of the Moyle Interconnector requires it to be economically viable with a balance between mitigation of any potential environmental impact in conjunction with the requirements of statutory bodies and a technical solution that delivers the requisite reliability and availability.
Highly crystalline ramsdellite as a cathode material for near-neutral aqueous MnO<sub>2</sub>/Zn batteries (2019)

Chemically-prepared MnO2 containing a highly crystalline ramsdellite phase was tested as a cathode material in aqueous Zn-salt (ZnSO4 and Zn(CF3SO3)2) based electrolytes for the first time. This aqueous MnO2/Zn cell has shown excellent performance and reversibility, retaining ≈65% of its initial capacity for more than 1000 cycles. The charge storage mechanism is complex and includes a ramsdellite/tetragonal spinel two-phase reaction.
La Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la competencia: planteamientos iniciales y resultado (2013)

En este articulo se examinaran los motivos que han llevado al Gobierno a crear la Comision Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC). Para ello se analizaran las diversas fases de tramitacion parlamentaria que ha experimentado la Ley 3/2013 asi como las distintas modificaciones que se han producido respecto de su planteamiento inicial. Especial atencion mereceran las preocupaciones manifestadas por la Comision Europea en relacion con la independencia del nuevo organismo.
Virtual Spectating: Hearing Beyond the Video Arcade (2011)

The latest in the most popular head-to-head fighting video series, Super Street Fighter IV by Capcom, now features spectating functionality. Coupled with audio chat, players can both watch and participate in matches with anyone in the world. We describe a video analysis of over 36 hours of gameplay in SSF4. Our results show that players can deftly structure audio when spectating to transform gameplay in SSF4. This new hybrid spectator sport in which boundaries between actor and audience are blurred exhibits three significant characteristics: the audio recreates the arcade culture, appropriates “invisible” but real players, and symbolically creates power relations between mute and speaking gamers. We also present exploratory evidence that suggests a starkly different experience for female gamers who wish to audibly join in virtual spectating.
X-ray phase scanning setup for non-destructive testing using Talbot-Lau interferometer (2016)

X-ray grating interferometry has a great potential for X-ray phase imaging over conventional X-ray absorption imaging which does not provide significant contrast for weakly absorbing objects and soft biological tissues. X-ray Talbot and Talbot-Lau interferometers which are composed of transmission gratings and measure the differential X-ray phase shifts have gained popularity because they operate with polychromatic beams. In X-ray radiography, especially for nondestructive testing in industrial applications, the feasibility of continuous sample scanning is not yet completely revealed. A scanning setup is frequently advantageous when compared to a direct 2D static image acquisition in terms of field of view, exposure time, illuminating radiation, etc. This paper demonstrates an efficient scanning setup for grating-based Xray phase imaging using laboratory-based X-ray source. An apparatus consisting of an X-ray source that emits X-rays vertically, optical gratings and a photon-counting detector was used with which continuously moving objects across the field of view as that of conveyor belt system can be imaged. The imaging performance of phase scanner was tested by scanning a long continuous moving sample at a speed of 5 mm/s and absorption, differential-phase and visibility images were generated by processing non-uniform moire movie with our specially designed phase measurement algorithm. A brief discussion on the feasibility of phase scanner with scanning setup approach including X-ray phase imaging performance is reported. The successful results suggest a breakthrough for scanning objects those are moving continuously on conveyor belt system non-destructively using the scheme of X-ray phase imaging.
Load Reduction of Floating Wind Turbines using Tuned Mass Dampers (2023)

Offshore wind turbines have the potential to be an important part of the United States' energy production profile in the coming years. In order to accomplish this wind integration, offshore wind turbines need to be made more reliable and cost efficient to be competitive with other sources of energy. To capitalize on high speed and high quality winds over deep water, floating platforms for offshore wind turbines have been developed, but they suffer from greatly increased loading. One method to reduce loads in offshore wind turbines is the application of structural control techniques usually used in skyscrapers and bridges. Tuned mass dampers are one structural control system that have been used to reduce loads in simulations of offshore wind turbines. This thesis adds to the state of the art of offshore wind energy by developing a set of optimum passive tuned mass dampers for four offshore wind turbine platforms and by quantifying the effects of actuator dynamics on an active tuned mass damper design.\nThe set of optimum tuned mass dampers are developed by creating a limited degree-of-freedom model for each of the four offshore wind platforms. These models are then integrated into an optimization function utilizing a genetic algorithm to find a globally optimum design for the tuned mass damper. The tuned mass damper parameters determined by the optimization are integrated into a series of wind turbine design code simulations using FAST. From these simulations, tower fatigue damage reductions of between 5 and 20% are achieved for the various TMD configurations.\nA previous study developed a set of active tuned mass damper controllers for an offshore wind turbine mounted on a barge. The design of the controller used an ideal actuator in which the commanded force equaled the applied force with no time lag. This thesis develops an actuator model and conducts a frequency analysis on a limited degree-of-freedom model of the barge including this actuator model. Simulations of the barge with the active controller and the actuator model are conducted with FAST, and the results are compared with the ideal actuator case. The realistic actuator model causes the active mass damper power requirements to increase drastically, by as much as 1000%, which confirms the importance of considering an actuator model in controller design.
How to Make the Ionic Si−O Bond More Covalent and the Si−O−Si Linkage a Better Acceptor for Hydrogen Bonding (2009)

Variation of a bond angle can tune the reactivity of a chemical compound. To exemplify this concept, the nature of the siloxane linkage (Si-O-Si), the most abundant chemical bond in the earth's crust, was examined using theoretical calculations on the molecular model compounds H(3)SiOSiH(3), (H(3)Si)(2)OHOH, and (H(3)Si)(2)OHOSiH(3) and high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments on 5-dimethylhydroxysilyl-1,3-dihydro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2,1,3-benzoxadisilole (1), a molecular compound that gives rise to the formation of very rare intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the silanol groups and the siloxane linkages. For theoretical calculations and experiment, electronic descriptors were derived from a topological analysis of the electron density (ED) distribution and the electron localization function (ELF). The topological analysis of an experimentally obtained ELF is a newly developed methodology. These descriptors reveal that the Si-O bond character and the basicity of the siloxane linkage strongly depend on the Si-O-Si angle. While the ionic bond character is dominant for Si-O bonds, covalent bond contributions become more significant and the basicity increases when the Si-O-Si angle is reduced from linearity to values near the tetrahedral angle. Thus, the existence of the exceptional intermolecular hydrogen bond observed for 1 can be explained by its very small strained Si-O-Si angle that adopts nearly a tetrahedral angle.
Activation of bitter taste receptors (tas2rs) relaxes detrusor smooth muscle and suppresses overactive bladder symptoms (2016)

Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are traditionally thought to be expressed exclusively on the taste buds of the tongue. However, accumulating evidence has indicated that this receptor family performs non-gustatory functions outside the mouth in addition to taste. Here, we examined the role of TAS2Rs in human and mouse detrusor smooth muscle (DSM). We showed that mRNA for various TAS2R subtypes was expressed in both human and mouse detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) at distinct levels. Chloroquine (CLQ), an agonist for TAS2Rs, concentration-dependently relaxed carbachol- and KCl-induced contractions of human DSM strips. Moreover, 100 µM of CLQ significantly inhibited spontaneous and electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions of human DSM strips. After a slight contraction, CLQ (1 mM) entirely relaxed carbachol-induced contraction of mouse DSM strips. Furthermore, denatonium and quinine concentration-dependently decreased carbachol-induced contractions of mouse DSM strips. Finally, we demonstrated that CLQ treatment significantly suppressed the overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms of mice with partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO). In conclusion, we for the first time provide evidence of the existence of TAS2Rs in the urinary DSM and demonstrate that TAS2Rs may represent a potential target for OAB. These findings open a new approach to develop drugs for OAB in the future.
The legality of emolument attachment orders (2013)

Possible tips and pointers for CFOS to determine the legality of emolument attachment orders before they are deducted from employees' earnings.
Development of Sulfhydryl-Reactive Silica for Protein Immobilization in High-Performance Affinity Chromatography (2007)

Two techniques were developed for the immobilization of proteins and other ligands to silica through sulfhydryl groups. These methods made use of maleimide-activated silica (the SMCC method) or iodoacetyl-activated silica (the SIA method). The resulting supports were tested for use in high-performance affinity chromatography by employing human serum albumin (HSA) as a model protein. Studies with normal and iodoacetamide-modified HSA indicated that these methods had a high selectivity for sulfhydryl groups on this protein, which accounted for the coupling of 77-81% of this protein to maleimide- or iodoacetyl-activated silica. These supports were also evaluated in terms of their total protein content, binding capacity, specific activity, nonspecific binding, stability, and chiral selectivity for several test solutes. HSA columns prepared using maleimide-activated silica gave the best overall results for these properties when compared to HSA that had been immobilized to silica through the Schiff base method (i.e., an amine-based coupling technique). A key advantage of the supports developed in this work is that they offer the potential of giving greater site-selective immobilization and ligand activity than amine-based coupling methods. These features make these supports attractive in the development of protein columns for such applications as the study of biological interactions and chiral separations.
The green tea polyphenol EGCG inhibits <scp><i>E</i></scp><i>. coli</i> biofilm formation by impairing amyloid curli fibre assembly and downregulating the biofilm regulator CsgD via the σ<sup>E</sup>‐dependent sRNA RybB (2016)

In bacterial biofilms, which are often involved in chronic infections, cells are surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix that contains amyloid fibres, exopolysaccharides and other biopolymers. The matrix contributes to the pronounced resistance of biofilms against antibiotics and host immune systems. Being highly inflammatory, matrix amyloids such as curli fibres of Escherichia coli can also play a role in pathogenicity. Using macrocolony biofilms of commensal and pathogenic E. coli as a model system, we demonstrate here that the green tea polyphenol epigallocatachin gallate (EGCG) is a potent antibiofilm agent. EGCG virtually eliminates the biofilm matrix by directly interfering with the assembly of curli subunits into amyloid fibres, and by triggering the σ(E) cell envelope stress response and thereby reducing the expression of CsgD - a crucial activator of curli and cellulose biosynthesis - due to csgD mRNA targeting by the σ(E) -dependent sRNA RybB. These findings highlight EGCG as a potential adjuvant for antibiotic therapy of biofilm-associated infections. Moreover, EGCG may support therapies against pathogenic E. coli that produce inflammatory curli fibres along with Shigatoxin.
The Pharmacokinetic Profile of a New Gastroresistant Capsule Preparation of Eicosapentaenoic Acid as the Free Fatty Acid (2015)

Supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may be beneficial for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In this study we analyzed the pharmacokinetic profile of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as the free fatty acid (FFA), in an enteric-coated preparation, in 10 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 10 Crohn's disease (CD) patients and 15 healthy volunteers (HV). Subjects received 2 g daily of EPA-FFA for 8 weeks. Plasma phospholipid and red blood cell (RBC) membrane fatty acid content were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. There was a rapid incorporation of EPA into plasma phospholipids by 2 weeks and a slower, but highly consistent, incorporation into RBC membranes (4% total fatty acid content; coefficient of variation 10-16%). There was a concomitant reduction in relative n-6 PUFA content. Elongation and desaturation of EPA into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) via docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were apparent and DHA content also increased in membranes. EPA-FFA is well tolerated and no difference in the pharmacokinetic profile of n-3 PUFA incorporation was detected between IBD patients and HV. Our data support the concept that EPA can be considered the "universal donor" with respect to key n-3 PUFAs and that this enteric-coated formulation allows long term treatment with a high level of compliance.
Architectural Limitations in Multi-User Computer-Aided Engineering Applications (2013)

The engineering design process evolves products by a collaborative synthesis of specifications, personnel and organizations. Unfortunately, collaborative effectiveness is thwarted by existing single-user computer-aided applications like computer-aided design, computer-aided analysis, and others. These applications and associated file management systems assign editing rights to one technical person, e.g., a designer, analyst, or a process planner. In the absence of collaborative computer-aided engineering applications, we conducted a survey to establish that product collaboration is limited to interactive, either formal or ad-hoc design sessions, social communication tools, serial model sharing, terminal/screen sharing, and to conference call interactions. Current computer-aided (CAx) tools do not permit simultaneous model changes by a collaborative team editing the same model. Although over a decade of prior research has demonstrated multi-user feasibility for computer-aided applications, the architectural breadth of this research has apparently not yet compelled developers and end-users to develop and adopt new multi-user computer-aided applications devoted to product development. Why have collaborative engineering CAx tools not been commercialized for mainstream use? This paper uses several multi-user prototypes, including the first Computer-Aided Engineering multi-user prototype called CUBIT Connect, to expose additional architectural hurdles to implementing new multi-user collaborative paradigms. These challenges relate to variable algorithmic performance times, multi-threading and event driven client notification processes, distributed access level security, and model change management in design sessions.