gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The carboxy‐terminal peptide of detyrosinated α tubulin provides a minimal system to study the substrate specificity of tubulin–tyrosine ligase (1994)

The ATP-dependent tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL) restores the carboxy-terminal tyrosine of alpha tubulin in alpha beta tubulin that has been previously detyrosinated. Here we show that the carboxy-terminal tetradecapeptide of detyrosinated alpha tubulin is used by TTL as a substrate, albeit at 50-fold lower efficiency than alpha beta tubulin. The minimal system provided by the TTL/peptide combination mirrors the TTL/tubulin system in all aspects tested, and shows a pronounced substrate inhibition. Synthetic peptides varying in length and/or containing single amino acid replacements were used to analyze the TTL specificity for the carboxy-terminal sequence of detyrosinated alpha tubulin. Peptides ending like alpha tubulin with the sequence Gly-Glu-Glu are optimally tyrosinated once a peptide length of 12 residues is reached. Position -1 of this recognition sequence, to which the tyrosine is added, must be glutamic acid. Position -2 accepts only an acidic amino acid but glutamic acid is by far preferred over aspartic acid. These results explain why a subpopulation of brain alpha tubulin, which ends with the sequence Gly-Glu, is not tyrosinated by TTL. The carboxy-terminal dodecapeptide of brain alpha tubulin with its polyglutamyl side-chain on position -6 shows the same substrate activity as the corresponding synthetic peptide lacking the side-chain. We discuss the substrate specificity of TTL for different alpha tubulins and speculate why tubulin is a better substrate than the optimal peptide covering the carboxy-terminal of detyrosinated alpha tubulin.
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Entry into Host Cells Occurs through the Multivesicular Body and Requires ESCRT Regulators (2014)

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne bunyavirus causing outbreaks of severe disease in humans, with a fatality rate approaching 30%. There are no widely accepted therapeutics available to prevent or treat the disease. CCHFV enters host cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is subsequently transported to an acidified compartment where the fusion of virus envelope with cellular membranes takes place. To better understand the uptake pathway, we sought to identify host factors controlling CCHFV transport through the cell. We demonstrate that after passing through early endosomes in a Rab5-dependent manner, CCHFV is delivered to multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Virus particles localized to MVBs approximately 1 hour after infection and affected the distribution of the organelle within cells. Interestingly, blocking Rab7 activity had no effect on association of the virus with MVBs. Productive virus infection depended on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity, which meditates the formation of functional MVBs. Silencing Tsg101, Vps24, Vps4B, or Alix/Aip1, components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway controlling MVB biogenesis, inhibited infection of wild-type virus as well as a novel pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) bearing CCHFV glycoprotein, supporting a role for the MVB pathway in CCHFV entry. We further demonstrate that blocking transport out of MVBs still allowed virus entry while preventing vesicular acidification, required for membrane fusion, trapped virions in the MVBs. These findings suggest that MVBs are necessary for infection and are the sites of virus-endosome membrane fusion.
Influence of the intrinsic length on <i>p<sup>+</sup>‐i‐n<sup>+</sup></i> Si nanowire avalanche photodetectors on flexible plastic substrates (2014)

Abstract In this paper, we report the construction of avalanche photodetectors (APDs) consisting of p + ‐type/intrinsic/ n + ‐type ( p + ‐ i ‐ n + ) Si nanowires (NWs) on a flexible plastic substrate and investigate the photomultiplication characteristics of the APDs with different intrinsic lengths. The maximum avalanche gain and responsivity of the APDs excited by the 633 nm wavelength light are estimated to be 5.9×10 4 and 1.4×10 –3 A/W, respectively, for an intrinsic length of 0.5 μm. The maximum avalanche gain is associated with an improvement of the photomultiplication properties and results in the efficient generation of photogenerated charge carriers in the intrinsic region of the Si NWs. Furthermore, the breakdown phenomena in our APDs in the flat and upwardly bent states are investigated. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ozone‐induced cell death occurs via two distinct mechanisms in <i>Arabidopsis</i>: the role of salicylic acid (1999)

Previous studies suggest that salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in influencing plant resistance to ozone (O3). To further define the role of SA in O3-induced responses, we compared the responses of two Arabidopsis genotypes that accumulate different amounts of SA in response to O3 and a SA-deficient transgenic Col-0 line expressing salicylate hydroxylase (NahG). The differences observed in O3-induced changes in SA levels, the accumulation of active oxygen species, defense gene expression, and the kinetics and severity of lesion formation indicate that SA influences O3 tolerance via two distinct mechanisms. Detailed analyses indicated that features associated with a hypersensitive response (HR) were significantly greater in O3-exposed Cvi-0 than in Col-0, and that NahG plants failed to exhibit these HR-like responses. Furthermore, O3-induced antioxidant defenses, including the redox state of glutathione, were greatly reduced in NahG plants compared to Col-0 and Cvi-0. This suggests that O3-induced cell death in NahG plants is due to the loss of SA-mediated potentiation of antioxidant defenses, while O3-induced cell death in Cvi-0 is due to activation of a HR. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that inhibition of NADPH-oxidases reduced O3-induced H2O2 levels and the O3-induced cell death in Cvi-0, while no major changes were observed in NahG plants. We conclude that although SA is required to maintain the cellular redox state and potentiate defense responses in O3 exposed plants, high levels of SA also potentiate activation of an oxidative burst and a cell death pathway that results in apparent O3 sensitivity.
Variable-retardance, Fourier-transform imaging spectropolarimeters for visible spectrum remote sensing (2001)

An imaging, variable-retardance, Fourier-transform spectropolarimeter is presented that is capable of creating spectropolarimetric images of scenes with independent characterization of spatial, spectral, and polarimetric information. The device has a spectral resolution of approximately 225 cm(-1), making it truly hyperspectral in nature. Images of canonical targets such as spheres and cylinders obtained in a laboratory setup are presented. The results demonstrate the capability of developing systems to collect spectropolarimetric data of field images by use of the concept of pushbroom scanning and serial collection of polarimetric information. Further development of a parallelized collection strategy would allow the collection of near-real-time images of real-world targets.
IDE Support for test-driven development and automated grading in both Java and C++ (2005)

Students need to learn testing skills, and using test-driven development on assignments is one way to help students learn. We use a flexible automated grading system called Web-CAT to assess student assignments, including the validity and completeness of their own test cases. By building on existing educational plug-ins for Eclipse, and adding our own plug-ins for electronic submission and for unit testing support in C++, we are able to use Eclipse as a portal to all the services our students will need, allowing them to accomplish all their tasks entirely within the IDE, from their project's inception to its submission and evaluation. Further, we are able to carry students through the transition from Java programming to C++ programming within this same environment.
Empowering women: from the N9 microbicide to the Dimba and Laobe of Senegal. (1995)

For many years it has been argued that women must be empowered in order to be able to negotiate safe sex practices and protect themselves from AIDS. As the percentage of female AIDS victims has risen, both the biomedical lobby and the developmental lobby have called for changes in the approach to AIDS prevention which would address women's issues. The biomedical lobby would provide better quality health care for women and develop female-controlled methods of prevention. The best bet for the latter is development of a microbicide which could be used without the partner's knowledge and could take many different forms such as a sponge, gel, or cream. This product would allow women to conceive while protecting themselves from AIDS. At present, some beneficial effects of the contraceptive nonoxynol-9 have been found, but there are doubts about the safety of high-dose, high-frequency use of this product, and the correct dosage to protect from HIV is unknown. Since little profit is anticipated from the development of microbicides, it will probably occur as a result of public sector investment. The developmental lobby would approach the issue of women's status by tackling the root causes of inequality and by calling for practical changes such as eliminating inheritance laws which impoverish widows. Multidisciplinary approaches also avoid fostering the association between condom use and infidelity. Traditional women's groups (the Dimba and the Laobe) have been used in Senegal to supply AIDS prevention information and condoms. There are powerful communication channels for community-based prevention programs.
Molecular mechanisms of sorafenib action in liver cancer cells (2012)

Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, recently received FDA approval for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, as the clinical application of sorafenib evolves, there is increasing interest in defining the mechanisms underlying its anti-tumor activity. Considering that this specific inhibitor could target unexpected molecules depending on the biologic context, a precise understanding of its mechanism of action could be critical to maximize its treatment efficacy, while minimizing adverse effects. Two human HCC cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7), carrying different biological and genetic characteristics, were used in this study to examine the intracellular events leading to sorafenib-induced HCC cell-growth inhibition. Sorafenib inhibited cell growth in both cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner and significantly altered expression levels of 826 and 2011 transcripts in HepG2 and Huh7 cells, respectively. Genes functionally involved in angiogenesis, apoptosis, transcription regulation, signal transduction, protein biosynthesis and modification were predominantly upregulated, while genes implicated in cell cycle control, DNA replication recombination and repair, cell adhesion, metabolism and transport were mainly downregulated upon treatment. However, each sorafenib-treated HCC cell line displayed specificity in the expression and activity of crucial factors involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. The altered expression of some of these genes was confirmed by semiquantitative and quantitative RT-PCR and by western blotting. Many novel genes emerged from our transcriptomics analysis that had not previously been reported to be effected by sorafenib. Further functional analyses may determine whether these genes can serve as potential molecular targets for more effective anti-HCC strategies.
Mutual Consent in Formation of Financial Contracts: A Juristic Analysis (2016)

As per the ruling of Islamic law, any kind of exchange in wealth, acquisition, possession, and the like will not be valid unless it is grounded on mutual consent of the contracting parties. This paper aims to study the issue of mutual consent and its function in the formation of contracts from the viewpoints of prominent Schools of Islamic law. This is a theoretical study and qualitative in nature. Classical sources of Islamic jurisprudence as well as understanding of the primary texts of Islamic law are used as the key tools in the process of drafting this paper. The paper discusses the various ways to express the consent along with the juristic analysis thereof. Also, this study explicates the practices lead to the invalidity of contracts due to lack of demonstration of assent. The paper concludes that no agreement will be considered sound in Islamic jurisprudence unless there is sufficient manifestation of mutual consent of parties concerned in the contract.
SubUNets: End-to-End Hand Shape and Continuous Sign Language Recognition (2017)

We propose a novel deep learning approach to solve simultaneous alignment and recognition problems (referred to as “Sequence-to-sequence” learning). We decompose the problem into a series of specialised expert systems referred to as SubUNets. The spatio-temporal relationships between these SubUNets are then modelled to solve the task, while remaining trainable end-to-end. The approach mimics human learning and educational techniques, and has a number of significant advantages. SubUNets allow us to inject domain-specific expert knowledge into the system regarding suitable intermediate representations. They also allow us to implicitly perform transfer learning between different interrelated tasks, which also allows us to exploit a wider range of more varied data sources. In our experiments we demonstrate that each of these properties serves to significantly improve the performance of the overarching recognition system, by better constraining the learning problem. The proposed techniques are demonstrated in the challenging domain of sign language recognition. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on hand-shape recognition (outperforming previous techniques by more than 30%). Furthermore, we are able to obtain comparable sign recognition rates to previous research, without the need for an alignment step to segment out the signs for recognition.
Bioabsorbable Poly-L-Lactic Acid Cages for Lumbar Interbody Fusion (2002)

The current study showed that poly-L-lactic acid cage devices are feasible for lumbar interbody fusion. New poly-L-lactic acid cages designed for clinical practice might be a viable alternative to current nonabsorbable cage devices.
Plague: Past, Present, and Future (2008)

[Introduction] Recent experience with SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) [1] and avian flu shows that the public and political response to threats from new\nanthropozoonoses can be near-hysteria. This can readily make\nus forget more classical animal-borne diseases, such as plague (Box 1).\nThree recent international meetings on plague (Box 2)\nconcluded that: (1) it should be re-emphasised that the\nplague bacillus (Yersinia pestis) still causes several thousand human cases per year [2,3] (Figure 1); (2) locally perceived risks far outstrip the objective risk based purely on the number of cases [2]; (3) climate change might increase the risk of plague outbreaks where plague is currently endemic and new plague areas might arise [2,4]; (4) remarkably little is known about the dynamics of plague in its natural reservoirs and hence about changing risks for humans [5]; and, therefore, (5) plague should be taken much more seriously by the international community than appears to be the case.
Permanent computer-generated holograms embedded in silica glass by femtosecond laser pulses (2005)

We present a novel technique to directly fabricate permanent computer-generated holograms inside silica glass with femtosecond laser pulses. The Fourier transform of an object is performed using a computer and the complex amplitude distribution is encoded by the detour phase method. The resulted cell-oriented hologram is directly written inside a bulk of silica glass by femtosecond laser-induced microexplosion. The image is then reconstructed with a collimated He-Ne laser beam.
Um safári de estratégia no Cerrado Mineiro: concepções de estratégia em micro, pequenas e médias empresas (2014)

Nós analisamos as concepções de estratégia de empresários que participam do Programa Empreender, desenvolvido pela Associação Comercial e Industrial de Uberlândia - ACIUB. O objetivo foi identificar quais escolas (MINTZBERG; AHLSTRAND; LAMPEL, 2000) fundamentam as concepções, visto que o programa busca formar agentes estratégicos para conquistar mercados e atuar no desenvolvimento da cidade e da região. Para a coleta de dados, empregamos a observação direta extensiva por meio de formulário e o método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostram que a atuação ampla e transformadora que se espera desses agentes pode ser limitada por um imaginário dominado pela escola do planejamento e a concepção da estratégia é deliberada como plano.
Efficient particle filtering for road-constrained target tracking (2007)

The variable-structure multiple-model particle filtering approach for state estimation of road-constrained targets is addressed. The multiple models are designed to account for target maneuvers including "move-stop-move" and motion ambiguity at an intersection; the time-varying active model sets are adaptively selected based on target state and local terrain condition. The hybrid state space is partitioned into the mode subspace and the target subspace. The mode state is estimated based on random sampling; the target state as well as the relevant likelihood function associated with a mode sample sequence is approximated as Gaussian distribution, of which the conditional mean and covariance are deterministically computed using a nonlinear Kalman filter which accounts for road constraints in its update. The importance function for the sampling of the mode state approximates the optimal importance function under the same Gaussian assumption of the target state.
An empirical evaluation of virtual circuit holding times in IP-over-ATM networks (2002)

When carrying Internet Protocol (IP) traffic over an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network, the ATM adaptation layer must determine how long to hold a virtual circuit opened to carry an IP datagram. The authors present a formal statement of the problem and an empirical study of holding time policies taking network pricing into account. They find that IP traffic shows temporal locality of reference and so least recently used (LRU)-based policies perform well. A system-wide timeout, which is a special case of an LRU policy, is quite effective when the timeout value is chosen correctly. The policies proposed are easy to implement and solve the problem satisfactorily.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Use of 25-Grid Point of 3D Biharmonic Equation in Human Face Recognition (2015)

The paper addressed model of human face images using Mathematical methods. Human face recognition becomes a major issue and has occupied an active area in many fields. It has strong links to the general area of pattern recognition and it is demanded in commercial and security applications as they are subject to biometric systems. The basic problem in face recognition is the difficulty in solving the fourth - order Biharmonic Equation numerically to generate an Elliptic Surface. It’s also not easy to combine the Elliptic Surface discrete quantities with human face images. The study concerned with the efficiency of solving the three dimensional Biharmonic Equation in the field of human face recognition along with the modeling of face images in order to identify human by facial information. The process has involved the division of the surface by using forward finite differences method in order to get the coefficient matrices of the grid points which represent the elliptic surface and then taking the human face images by using 3D Camera and from data base. The images then have been used to get the statistic data information and the plotting curves of these data by using MATLAB. It has been found that the 25-grid point's surface is conservative field.
Natural Language Processing based Jaro-The Interviewing Chatbot (2019)

Recently, recruiters have find the taxing to communicate with all their candidates about the interview process and it results in the hassle of conducting interviews. Also, in cases, where there are large volumes of applicants, communicating with thousands of candidates and conducting other screening duties add to the heap of recruitment problems. The proposed system, JARO addresses the common concerns that a candidate faces when it comes to attend the mass interviews. Some of the challenges faced are inconsistency in questions, different days, different times of the day, interviewer's mood, venue of the interview and the list goes on. Therefore, JARO accelerates the interview process towards an unbiased decision-making process by proposing a chatbot that would conduct interviews by analyzing the candidates Curriculum Vitae (CV), based on which, it then prepares a set of questions to be asked to the candidate. The system will consist of features like resume analysis and automatic interview processes. The software would also ask questions based on the previous responses of the candidate by utilizing a Natural Language Processing (NLP) model which is very helpful in this process. After the interview process, the software would analyze the data collected to determine the right choice for the position offered. Thus, the project, JARO chatbot mainly intends to streamline the process of hiring employees.
Signal reconstruction from Fourier transform sign information (1985)

In this paper, we present new results on the reconstruction of signals from only the sign of the real part of the Fourier transform. Specifically, we develop new theoretical results which state conditions under which two-dimensional signals are uniquely specified to within a scale factor with this information and show that these conditions include a broad class of signals. Furthermore, we apply this result to the problem of reconstructing two-dimensional signals from their zero crossings. We also present two algorithms for reconstructing a signal from sign information in either the time or frequency domain.
Radikalische Additionen, IX. Radikalische Addition von Brommalononitril an Allene (1981)

Abstract Brommalononitril ( 1 ) lieferte mit Allen ( 2a ) und den Alkylallenen 2b‐h unter Belichtung die 1:1‐Additionsprodukte 5‐8 (70‐95%). Mit steigendem Substitutionsgrad wächst der Anteil des Angriffs des Dicyanmethyl‐Radikals auf das sp‐C‐Atom. An Allen ( 2a ), 3‐Methyl‐1,2‐butadien ( 2d ) und 1,2‐Cyclononadien ( 2f ) findet regiospezifische Addition statt.
Technology literature review: Quantitative sensory testing (2004)

The development of the personal computer has simplified the process of quantitating sensory thresholds using various testing algorithms. We reviewed the technical aspects and reproducibility of different methods to determine threshold for light touch-pressure, vibration, thermal, and pain stimuli. Clinical uses and limitations of quantitative sensory testing (QST) were also reviewed. QST is a reliable psychophysical test of large- and small-fiber sensory modalities. The results of QST are highly dependent on methodology and the full cooperation of the subject. QST has been shown to be reasonably reproducible over a period of days or weeks in normal subjects. The use of QST in research and patient care should be limited to instruments and their corresponding methodologies that have been shown to be reproducible. Literature data do not allow conclusions regarding the relative merits of individual QST instruments.