gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gaussian Mixture Modeling of vowel durations for automated assessment of non-native speech (2011)

This paper investigates using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) based vowel duration features for automated assessment of non-native speech. Two different types of models were compared: a single GMM trained on a reference corpus of native speech and separate GMMs for different proficiency levels trained on a large corpus of scored non-native speech. 13 vowel categories were evaluated separately (after normalization by rate of speech), and a multiple regression model was used to evaluate the performance of all vowel categories combined. Experiments on an English language proficiency assessment show that the non-native speech GMMs outperform the native speech GMMs, and that all 13 vowels have significant correlations with human scores when the non-native speech GMMs are used. The multiple regression combination obtained correlations with human scores of 0.71 when transcriptions were used to extract the vowel durations and 0.64 when the Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) output was used. The experiments demonstrate that the vowel duration feature based on non-native speech GMMs is a useful predictor of L2 proficiency and is robust to different datasets and situations.
Phase unwrapping algorithm using interlaced fringe for 3D shape measurement (2011)

A novel algorithm is proposed to solve the phase unwrapping problem in three-dimensional(3D) shape measurement.Firstly,the phase was computed by the four-step phase shift method.In each phase-shift fringe,a sinusoidal stripe with the length of a period could be acquired at the same position,so it could get four stripes with 90° phase-shift.Then the interlaced fringe was composed by coding the four stripes.In the measurement,by subtracting the interlaced fringe from the four phase-shift stripes acquired from the camera,four fringe-difference images which have 0-value stripes could be got.Thus the position and the characteristic of each stripe in the interlaced fringe could be distinguished,and then combining with the composing of the coding interlaced fringe,the order of the fringe could be obtained.The whole process needs only one assistant image.The results of experiment show that the algorithm works well in the measurement of object with complex surface or step height and can get the information rapidly and exactly.
Global Explanations of Neural Networks: Mapping the Landscape of Predictions (2019)

A barrier to the wider adoption of neural networks is their lack of interpretability. While local explanation methods exist for one prediction, most global attributions still reduce neural network decisions to a single set of features. In response, we present an approach for generating global attributions called GAM, which explains the landscape of neural network predictions across subpopulations. GAM augments global explanations with the proportion of samples that each attribution best explains and specifies which samples are described by each attribution. Global explanations also have tunable granularity to detect more or fewer subpopulations. We demonstrate that GAM's global explanations 1) yield the known feature importances of simulated data, 2) match feature weights of interpretable statistical models on real data, and 3) are intuitive to practitioners through user studies. With more transparent predictions, GAM can help ensure neural network decisions are generated for the right reasons.
Structured light 3D scanning in the presence of global illumination (2011)

Global illumination effects such as inter-reflections, diffusion and sub-surface scattering severely degrade the performance of structured light-based 3D scanning. In this paper, we analyze the errors caused by global illumination in structured light-based shape recovery. Based on this analysis, we design structured light patterns that are resilient to individual global illumination effects using simple logical operations and tools from combinatorial mathematics. Scenes exhibiting multiple phenomena are handled by combining results from a small ensemble of such patterns. This combination also allows us to detect any residual errors that are corrected by acquiring a few additional images. Our techniques do not require explicit separation of the direct and global components of scene radiance and hence work even in scenarios where the separation fails or the direct component is too low. Our methods can be readily incorporated into existing scanning systems without significant overhead in terms of capture time or hardware. We show results on a variety of scenes with complex shape and material properties and challenging global illumination effects.
Fabrication and Properties of Ceramic Laser Materials (2006)

We have developed a novel sintering process using in-house prepared powders to make transparent ceramics such as Yb:Y2O3. The properties of this material indicate that it is suitable for making a high power laser.
Liquid-crystal reconfigurable metasurface reflectors (2017)

This paper presents concept of an electronically beam-steerable flat reflector antennas using liquid-crystal-loaded metasurface. Primary reflector of the proposed antenna concept utilizes metasurface comprising of a large number of reconfigurable true-time-delay (TTD) unit cells. Consequently, reflective phase of the metasurface reflector can be electronically reconfigured in real time to achieve effective beam collimation and beam steering by varying DC voltage distribution of the TTD cells.
Analysis of the high temperature characteristics of InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum-well lasers (1992)

The effect of high temperature on the threshold gain and threshold current density of an In/sub 0.15/Ga/sub 0.85/As strained quantum-well laser is examined both theoretically and experimentally. It is found that the nonlinearity of the gain-versus-current relationship increases with temperature. The implications of this result on laser cavity design for optimal high-temperature performance are discussed. The effect of high temperature on modulation bandwidth is also considered. While the numerical results are specific to an In/sub 0.15/Ga/sub 0.85/As strained quantum-well laser, qualitatively they apply to all quantum-well lasers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Preparation of a Diverse Purine-Scaffold Library via One-Step Palladium Catalyzed Cross-Coupling (2012)

In our ongoing efforts to prepare Hsp90 inhibitors, various cross-coupling reactions (Suzuki, Stille, Heck, and Sonogashira) were used to construct a diverse library of substituted purines in a single step from PU-H71 (1).We show that these reactions, particularly Suzuki coupling, are highly efficient, do not require protection of the pendant amine, and due to the wide variety of commercially available substrates, allow for the rapid development of a diverse purine library.The products derived from these reactions will enable us to explore the chemical space occupied by the key 6'-iodine of PU-H71 through molecules with diverse physical and chemical properties with the potential to be useful for diseases in which Hsp90 is implicated.OMe MeO 90 °C, 9 h 8 90 °C, 3 h 9 90 °C, 4 h 10 90 °C, 4 h 11 90 °C, 20 h 12 90 °C, 20 h 13 90 °C, 24 h 94 HETEROCYCLES, Vol.87, No. 1, 2013 90 °C, 3 h 70 90 °C, 20 h 30 a 90 °C, 4 h 55 90 °C, 5 h 45 90 °C, 4 h 72 90 °C, 4 h 42 b O CHO 90 °C, 4 h 34 90 °C, 4 h 90 90 °C, 4 h 22 c 90 °C, 4 h 30 b,c 90 °C, 4 h 8 90 °C, 4 h 53 b,c 90 °C, 2 h 74 b rt, 24 h 43 d -CH 2 CN 90 °C, 4 h 49 d
A Recombinant Baculovirus-Expressed<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>Receptor-Binding Domain of Erythrocyte Binding Protein EBA-175 Biologically Mimics Native Protein (2000)

EBA-175 of Plasmodium falciparum is a merozoite ligand that binds its receptor glycophorin A on erythrocytes during invasion. The ligand-receptor interaction is dependent on sialic acids as well as the protein backbone of glycophorin A. Region II (RII) of EBA-175 has been defined as the receptor-binding domain. RII is divided into regions F1 and F2, which contain duplicated cysteine motifs. We expressed RII in a baculovirus and show that RII binds erythrocytes with a specificity identical to that of the native protein. We found that, consistent with the binding of erythrocytes to COS cells expressing F2, recombinant baculovirus-expressed F2 bound erythrocytes. About 20% of all baculovirus-expressed RII is N-glycosylated, unlike native P. falciparum proteins that remain essentially unglycosylated. However, glycosylation of recombinant RII did not affect its immunogenicity. Antibodies raised against both glycosylated and unglycosylated baculovirus-expressed RII recognized P. falciparum schizonts in immunofluorescence assays and also gave similar enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers. Furthermore, these antibodies have similar abilities to block native EBA-175 binding to erythrocytes. These results allow the development of RII as a vaccine candidate for preclinical assessment.
Sensitivity of Bimodal Listeners to Interaural Time Differences with Modulated Single- and Multiple-Channel Stimuli (2010)

In a previous study, it was shown that users of a cochlear implant and a contralateral hearing aid are sensitive to interaural time differences (ITDs). In the current study, we investigated (1) the influence on ITD sensitivity of bilaterally varying the place of excitation in the cochlea and of modulation frequency, and (2) the sensitivity to ITD with a 3-channel stimulus generated using continuous-interleaved-sampling (CIS)-like processing. The stimuli were (1) a high-frequency carrier (acoustic sinusoid and single-electrode electric pulse train), modulated with a half-wave-rectified low-frequency sinusoid (a so-called transposed stimulus), and (2) a 3-channel stimulus, generated by sending an acoustic click train through processing similar to the CIS strategy. Four bimodal listeners were sensitive to ITD for both stimulus types. For the first stimulus type, there was no significant influence on ITD sensitivity of the acoustic carrier frequency. Performance decreased with increasing modulation frequency with a limit of sensitivity at around 150–200 Hz. Sensitivity was similar for the single- and 3-channel stimulus. The results indicate the possibility of ITD perception with adapted clinical processors, which can lead to improved sound source localization and binaural unmasking.
GMPLS and IP+MPLS interworking technologies - routing and signaling (2004)

When nodes that support generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) are introduced into existing networks the GMPLS nodes co-exist with conventional Internet protocol (IP) and multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) (IP+MPLS) nodes that do not support GMPLS. In this case, the GMPLS nodes must interwork with IP+MPLS nodes. This paper proposes an architecture for GMPLS and IP+MPLS interworking based on extended routing and signaling. In the extended routing, information about some nodes and links in a GMPLS network emulates information that can be understood by IP+MPLS nodes. The emulated information is advertised to the IP+MPLS network. In the extended signaling, MPLS signaling packets are forwarded to the GMPLS data plane. An MPLS label switched path (LSP) is established through a GMPLS LSP tunnel. As a result, the IP+MPLS network can interwork with the GMPLS network without upgrading the IP+MPLS nodes. We developed GMPLS prototype nodes that support this interworking architecture and show interworking experimental results.
Applying of gold nanoparticle to avoid diffusion of the conserved peptide of avian influenza nonstructural protein from membrane in Western blot (2012)

The Western blot technique is a useful method for protein detection, but detection of small molecules of proteins or peptides is difficult. Nanotechnology makes peptide detection possible by making a metal-coated membrane of immobilin-polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. In this research, we used this technique for the diagnosis of avian influenza. Some immunodominant sequences of the nonstructural 1 protein of the avian influenza virus were selected with which to perform this technique for detection of antibodies in poultry sera. Gold nanoparticles were used to coat the immobilin-polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. This metal was able to bind to the functional groups of amino acids, such as the sulfhydryl group and the amine group, but it kept small molecules on the metal membrane and avoided diffusing peptides and small protein molecules to the metal-coated membrane during Western blotting. The size of the nonstructural 1 peptide was less than 2 kDa.
Clinical, genetic, and biochemical characterization of a Leber hereditary optic neuropathy family containing both the 11778 and 14484 primary mutations (2001)

Four mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations at nps 3460, 11778, 14484, and 14459 account for roughly 90% of cases of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and are designated as "primary" LHON mutations since they act as major predisposition factors for LHON. Although each primary mutation can arise independently on different mtDNA backgrounds during human evolution, they characteristically do not co-occur in LHON patients. We report here a family with the simultaneous occurrence of the 11778A and 14484C mutations. Neuro-ophthalmological examination of the proband, a nine-year-old Caucasian female, revealed the bilateral optic atrophy, central scotomas, and reduced visual acuity typical of LHON. Her mother had normal appearing optic discs and is today visually asymptomatic. Analysis of the proband blood mtDNA revealed that she harbored both the 11778A (heteroplasmic, 94% mutant) and the 14484C (homoplasmic mutant) mutation. This genotype was maintained in proband lymphoblasts and transmitochondrial cybrids. The mother also had both mutations, with the 14484C mutation homoplasmic in all cell types examined. However, only 31% of her blood mtDNAs carried the 11778 mutation, which segregated to essentially 100% wild-type in lymphoblast and cybrid mtDNA. Complex I-linked respiration and specific enzyme activity were consistently lowest in proband lymphoblast and cybrid mitochondria compared to those from the mother, 11778A patients, 14484C patients, or controls, thus demonstrating both a deleterious synergistic interaction between the 11778A and 14484C mutations and the magnitude of 11778A-associated complex I dysfunction. Remarkably, spontaneous vision recovery occurred in the proband, highlighting the complexities encountered when associating mtDNA genotype and complex I function with LHON expression.
Adaptive Notch Filter Using Real-Time Parameter Estimation (2010)

The control of flexible systems is often difficult due to the exact frequencies of the elastic modes being hard to identify. These flexible modes may change over time, or vary between units of the same system. The variation in the modal dynamics may cause a degradation in performance or even instabilities unless compensated for by the control scheme. Controllers designed for these types of systems use notch filters for suppression, however variation in the parameters of the flexible modes cause the need for wide notch filters. An adaptive scheme is proposed which uses an online estimator based on plant parameterization. Since the estimator is able to identify the modal dynamics, an adaptive notch filter is able to track an incorrectly modeled or varying flexible mode. The adaptive notch filter can be designed narrower, adding less phase lag at lower frequencies, thereby allowing an increase in bandwidth and disturbance rejection capability. Simulation and experimental verification of the adaptive mode suppression scheme is given through the use of a laser beam pointing system. The adaptive scheme is compared to a nonadaptive scheme, and is able to decrease the standard deviation of the experimentally measured tracking error by 14% even when the flexible dynamics are unknown.
p38α Regulates Expression of DUX4 in a Model of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (2020)

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by the loss of repression at the <i>D4Z4</i> locus leading to aberrant double homeobox 4 (DUX4) expression in skeletal muscle. Activation of this early embryonic transcription factor results in the expression of its target genes causing muscle fiber death. Although progress toward understanding the signals driving DUX4 expression has been made, the factors and pathways involved in the transcriptional activation of this gene remain largely unknown. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of p38<i>α</i> as a novel regulator of DUX4 expression in FSHD myotubes. By using multiple highly characterized, potent, and specific inhibitors of p38<i>α</i>/<i>β</i>, we show a robust reduction of DUX4 expression, activity, and cell death across patient-derived FSHD1 and FSHD2 lines. RNA-seq profiling reveals that a small number of genes are differentially expressed upon p38<i>α</i>/<i>β</i> inhibition, the vast majority of which are DUX4 target genes. Our results reveal a novel and apparently critical role for p38α in the aberrant activation of DUX4 in FSHD and support the potential of p38<i>α</i>/<i>β</i> inhibitors as effective therapeutics to treat FSHD at its root cause. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Using patient-derived facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) myotubes, we characterize the pharmacological relationships between p38<i>α</i>/<i>β</i> inhibition, double homeobox 4 (DUX4) expression, its downstream transcriptional program, and muscle cell death. p38<i>α</i>/<i>β</i> inhibition results in potent and specific DUX4 downregulation across multiple genotypes without significant effects in the process of myogenesis in vitro. These findings highlight the potential of p38<i>α</i>/<i>β</i> inhibitors for the treatment of FSHD, a condition that today has no approved therapies.
Ni-base high corrosion-and wear-resistant alloy produced by the reaction sintering process. (1990)

Alloy Produced by the Reaction Sintering Process.
Two DHH Subfamily 1 Proteins Contribute to Pneumococcal Virulence and Confer Protection against Pneumococcal Disease (2011)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human bacterial pathogen, causing such infections as pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and otitis media. Current capsular polysaccharide-based conjugate vaccines protect against a fraction of the over 90 serotypes known, whereas vaccines based on conserved pneumococcal proteins are considered promising broad-range alternatives. The pneumococcal genome encodes two conserved proteins of an as yet unknown function, SP1298 and SP2205, classified as DHH (Asp-His-His) subfamily 1 proteins. Here we examined their contribution to pneumococcal pathogenesis using single and double knockout mutants in three different strains: D39, TIGR4, and BHN100. Mutants lacking both SP1298 and SP2205 were severely impaired in adherence to human epithelial Detroit 562 cells. Importantly, the attenuated phenotypes were restored upon genetic complementation of the deleted genes. Single and mixed mouse models of colonization, otitis media, pneumonia, and bacteremia showed that bacterial loads in the nasopharynx, middle ears, lungs, and blood of mice infected with the mutants were significantly reduced from those of wild-type-infected mice, with an apparent additive effect upon deletion of both genes. Minor strain-specific phenotypes were observed, i.e., deletion of SP1298 affected host-cell adherence in BHN100 only, and deletion of SP2205 significantly attenuated virulence in lungs and blood in D39 and BHN100 but not TIGR4. Finally, subcutaneous vaccination with a combination of both DHH subfamily 1 proteins conferred protection to nasopharynx, lungs, and blood of mice infected with TIGR4. We conclude that SP1298 and SP2205 play a significant role at several stages of pneumococcal infection, and importantly, these proteins are potential candidates for a multicomponent protein vaccine.
Apolipoprotein M (2013)

Plasma apoM is mainly bound to HDL. The roles of apoM in atherosclerosis and lipoprotein metabolism have been given much attention. New in the field is the discovery of apoM as a chaperone for S1P. S1P is a bioactive lipid with effects on angiogenesis, lymphocyte trafficking, endothelial cell migration, and inflammation. A drug targeting the S1P-system (fingolimod) is now used for treatment of multiple sclerosis. It improves the blood-brain barrier and inhibits migration of lymphocytes into the brain. Further exploration of the apoM/S1P axis may uncover its potential as a biomarker and target for new treatments.
Inhibitors of the CDC25 phosphatases. (2003)

As essential cell cycle regulators, the CDC25 phosphatases are currently considered as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we review the function and regulation of CDC25 phosphatases, their involvement in cancer and Alzheimer's disease, and the properties of several recently identified inhibitors.
Recycling of Nd–Fe–B Sintered Magnets Sludge via the Reduction–Diffusion Route To Produce Sintered Magnets with Strong Energy Density (2018)

Recently, recycling of severely contaminated Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets sludge had drawn considerable attention due to the concern of environmental burden and high cost of traditional wet process recycling. In the present study, we describe a new technology that utilizes distillation, reduction–diffusion (RD), and nanoparticle-doping techniques to prepare recycled Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets from Nd–Fe–B sludge in an efficient and environmentally friendly way. The sludge was purged first to remove both organic impurities and nonmagnetic impurities. The purged products were then treated with calcium-assisted RD reaction to obtain Nd2Fe14B single-crystalline powders. After doping with NdHx or DyHx nanoparticles, the powders were fabricated into recycled Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets by the conventional sintering method. The recycled magnets bear comparable magnetic properties to the original magnets. With 10% doping of NdHx, the energy product of the original magnets is recovered by 88%; with 15% doping of DyHx, the coercivity of the recycled magnets increases by 34% compared to the original magnets. Furthermore, comparison between the conventional recycling method and our new technology demonstrates that our new technology is an economical and environmentally friendly strategy for sintered Nd–Fe–B sludge recycling.
A Real-Time, Interactive Method for Fast Modification of Large-Scale CAE Mesh Models (2000)

Abstract An interactive mesh manipulation method is presented. Utilizing a Direct Surface Manipulation technique, the tool allows the user to define a specific region on an existing mesh model and modify the vertices within this region. Specific mathematical functions are applied to allow direct, precise, and coordinated modification of the vertices. The method was implemented on a prototype interactive graphics system and has demonstrated the capability to allow quick modification of large-scale automotive CAE models. One important benefit of the tool is to significantly shorten the time needed to perform CAE-based Design of Experiments (DoE), where a series of slightly different CAE mesh models must be generated in search for optimum design parameters.