gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy consumption in Java: An early experience (2017)

There has been a 10,000-fold increase in performance of supercomputers since 1992 but only 300-fold improvement in performance per watt. Dynamic adaptation of hardware techniques such as fine-grain clock gating, power gating and dynamic voltage/frequency scaling, are used for many years to improve the computer's energy efficiency. However, recent demands of exascale computation, as well as the increasing carbon footprint, require new breakthrough to make ICT systems more energy efficient. Energy efficient software has not been well studied in the last decade. In this paper, we take an early step to investigate the energy efficiency of Java which is one of the most common languages used in ICT systems. We evaluate energy consumption of data types, operators, control statements, exception, and object in Java at a granular level. Intel Running Average Power Limit (RAPL) technology is applied to measure the relative power consumption of small code snippets. Several observations are found, and these results will help in standardizing the energy consumption traits of Java which can be leveraged by software developers to generate energy efficient code in future.
How do we identify and address barriers faced by young people leaving care?: Ask them (2016)

CREATE believes the successful transitioning to independence of young people from out-of-home care must be a priority for policy and decision-makers. This means better coordination across all tiers of government, with support from the non-government organisation (NGO) sector, to provide necessary support and consistency in service delivery. It is encouraging to see that Strategy 2 of the Third Action Plan (2015-2018), part of the National Framework for Protecting Australia's Children 1 focuses on helping young people in out-of-home care to thrive in adulthood. This strategy identifies actions to break the cycle of disadvantage for these young people. CREATE supports the objective of improving priority access to support services, including ensuring that the Transition to Independent Living Allowance is available to all young people with an out-of-home care experience.
Goserelin, a depot gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in the treatment of premenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer. German Zoladex Trial Group. (1989)

One hundred thirty-four pre- and perimenopausal patients presenting with metastatic breast cancer (median age, 42 years; range, 25 to 55) were treated with goserelin (Zoladex [ICI 118 630]; ICI Pharma, Plankstadt, Germany) a long-acting gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-analogue depot formulation, injected subcutaneously every 4 weeks, as a first-line therapy. One hundred eighteen patients were evaluable for response. Serum concentrations of estradiol, luteinizing hormones (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormones were significantly suppressed by Zoladex. Mean serum estradiol values fell into the range of castrated or postmenopausal women within 2 to 3 weeks of therapy. This suppression was maintained for the duration of therapy. Overall objective response was: 12 (10.2%) complete remission; 41 (34.7%) partial remission; 33 (28.0%) no change; and 32 (27.1%) progression. In responders, the median time to response was 4 months (range, 2 to 11 months), median duration of response was 8 + months (range 2 to 24 months), and median time to progression was 11 + months (range, 5 to 30 months). Objective responses were seen for different sites of metastases: loco-regional (62.5%), bone (46.7%), visceral (45.0%), and multiple (35.1%). Tumor remission was more common in patients in which the primary tumor was estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (49.3%) or ER-unknown (44.0%), but appreciable response rates were also observed in ER-poor patients (33.3%). Zoladex depot was well tolerated both locally and systemically. It produced effective castration and the objective response rates and duration of remission are at least comparable to those seen following oophorectomy; however, the side effects are less. The use of depot Zoladex avoids the psychological trauma and operative morbidity of the irreversible operative castration.
Theoretical and isotopic infrared absorption investigations of nitrogen-oxygen defects in silicon (1994)

The vibrational spectroscopy of NNO defects in Si introduced by 16O, 14N and 15N ion implantation is studied, and especially the N-isotopic shifts of the localized vibrational modes. These investigations show that the local modes of the three impurity atoms comprising the defect are only weakly coupled dynamically. Ab initio cluster calculations of the local mode frequencies of the defect are performed. Several models are investigated, and the model consisting of a bridging O atom adjacent to the N pair defect accounts for its dynamic properties.
The Magic video-on-demand server and real-time simulation system (1995)

We are developing a family of high-performance interactive computing systems, known as Magic, that act as both a video server and a video processor. As a video server, the system delivers thousands of fully interactive bit streams to thousands of independent viewers. As a video processor, Magic acquires, processes in continuous real time, and displays video sources at resolutions scaling beyond high-definition television. Currently, developers must measure design performance by constructing costly hardware prototypes that often fail to accurately emulate the performance of the targeted system. The Magic system enables the use of full resolution video sources to program and verify complex video system algorithms. Video systems are processed in continuous real time, thus letting developers accurately predict design performance. To date, no video server system has emerged that, by design, efficiently and cost-effectively delivers thousands of fully interactive video streams. Our fundamental intent in creating the Magic system was to process video in real time. Consequently, we structured its core processing element, input/output subsystem, local disk, memory interfaces, and its interprocessor communications buses to make accessing, processing, and displaying video a cost-effective and scaled process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dempster Shafer Sensor Fusion for Autonomously Driving Vehicles : Association Free Tracking of Dynamic Objects (2016)

Autonomous driving vehicles introduce challenging research areas combining diﬀer-ent disciplines. One challenge is the detection of obstacles with diﬀerent sensors and the combination of information to generate a comprehensive representation of the environment, which can be used for path planning and decision making.The sensor fusion is demonstrated using two Velodyne multi beam laser scanners, but it is possible to extend the proposed sensor fusion framework for diﬀerent sensor types. Sensor fusion methods are highly dependent on an accurate pose estimate, which can not be guaranteed in any case. A fault tolerant sensor fusion based on the Dempster Shafer theory to take the uncertainty of the pose estimate into account is discussed and compared using an example, although not implemented on the test vehicle.Based on the fused occupancy grid map, dynamic obstacles are tracked to give a velocity estimate without the need of any object or track association methods. Ex-periments are carried out on real world data as well as on simulated measurements, for which a ground truth reference is provided.The occupancy grid mapping algorithm runs on central- and graphical-processing units, which allows to give a comparison between the two approaches and to stress out which approach is preferably used, depending on the application.
Effect of inhaled menthol on citric acid induced cough in normal subjects. (1994)

Menthol is an effective antitussive agent in an evoked cough model.
New efficient approach for the synthesis of 2‐alkyl(aryl) substituted 4<i>H</i>‐pyrido[1,2‐<i>a</i>]pyrimidin‐4‐ones (2006)

Abstract magnified image A new, efficient and easy route for the preparation of a series of 2‐alkyl(aryl) substituted 4‐oxo‐4 H ‐pyrido‐[1,2‐ a ]pyrimidines, where alkyl = CH 3 ; aryl = C 6 H 5 , 4‐FC 6 H 4 , 4‐ClC 6 H 4 , 4‐BrC 6 H 4 , 4‐CH 3 C 6 H 4 , 4‐OCH 3 C 6 H 4 , 4‐NO 2 C 6 H 4 in 45–80 % yield from the reaction of β‐alkoxyvinyl trichloromethyl ketones with 2‐aminopyridine under mild conditions, is then reported.
Beta-blockers are poorly tolerated by the elderly: myth or reality? (2002)

beta-blocker therapy can reduce mortality and risk of major cardiovascular events in older patients. Even though ss-blockers can provide benefits nearly equal to those experienced by younger patients, the drugs remain underutilized by the elderly. Consequently, underuse contributes to higher mortality and hospitalization rates among these patients. This derives, in part, from many factors that include physiologic changes accompanying aging, presence of comorbid diseases, use of multiple medications, issues of drug tolerability, and poor patient compliance; however, education can overcome some of these to facilitate more widespread use among elderly patients.
Purines. XLVII. Dimroth rearrangement versus hydrolytic deamination of 1-ethyladenine. (1990)

The Dimroth rearrangement of 1-ethyladenine (6) to give N6-ethyladenine (11)(91% yield) was accompanied with unusual hydrolytic deaminations to produce hypoxanthine (8)(2%) and 1-ethylhypoxanthine (14)(2%), when carried out in 0.2N aqueous NaOH at 100°C for 7h. Probable pathways leading to these by-products are discussed on the basis of the results of alkaline hydrolysis of 5-amino-N'-ethylimidazole-4-carboxamidine dihydrochloride (5), which yielded both 5-aminoimidazoli-4-carboxamide (9) and 5-amino-N-ethylimidazole-4-carboxamide (12). For structural identification, 14 was alternatively synthesized from inosine (17) through 1-ethylinosine (16), and 12 was synthesized from 16 through 5-amino-N-ethyl-1-β-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (15). Comparison of the reaction rates in the Dimroth rearrangements of 6·HClO4 and 1-ethyl-9-methyladenine perchlorate [1·HClO4 (R1=Et; R2=Me)] in H2O at pH 6.92 and 8.70 (ionic strength 1.0) at 70°C has revealed that nonsubstitution at the 9-position decreases the rearrangement rate by a factor of 4-30 under these conditions.
Generalization of monod kinetics for analysis of growth data with substrate inhibition (1987)

The inhibitory effect of butanol on yeast growth has been studied for the strain Candida utilis ATCC 8205 growing aerobically on butanol under batch conditions. A mathematical expression was then proposed to fit the kinetic pattern of butanol inhibition on the specific growth rate: micro = micro mS/Ks + S [1 - S/Sm]n. The maximum allowable butanol concentration above which cells do not grow was predicted to be 9.16g/L. The proposed model appears to accurately represent the experimental data obtained in this study and the literature data developed for a variety of batch culture systems at widely ranging substrate concentrations.
Boundary Conditions with Mass-Loss: General Considerations (1977)

I begin by stating very explicitly and unambiguously that I completely disagree with any idea that a stellar atmosphere can be in any sense a boundary of the star, or that the atmosphere sets boundary conditions on stellar structure. Such an idea is what underlies all the single-layer, LTE atmospheric models, which misdirected atmospheric studies for so many years by introducing a false separation between “normal” and “extended” atmospheric phenomena. On the contrary, I assert that a more correct physical picture for the atmosphere than as a boundary comes from the characterization of star and atmosphere as: (1) The STAR is: a concentration of matter and energy, C (M, E), in its parental environment, the interstellar medium (ISM); with boundary conditions on stellar structure being set by the way one models (a) storage modes for matter and energy in the star and ISM, and (b) energy generation in the star.
Ki-67 immunostaining in Pap smears of cervix: assessment of proliferation in preinvasive and invasive squamous epithelial lesions. (2004)

Ki-67 is a novel proliferation marker. Its use has been extensively studied in biopsy sections of preinvasive and invasive squamous epithelial lesions of cervix. However, only limited work has been done on its application on Pap smears of cervix. We applied Ki-67 immunostaining on cytology smears of various grades of squamous epithelial lesions of cervix. Sixty cases were chosen for immunostaining by Peroxidase antiperoxidase method using DAB as a chromogen. High level of Ki-67 labelled proliferation was measured in squamous cell carcinomas of cervix. Statistically significant difference was observed between preinvasive and invasive squamous epithelial lesions of cervix. Ki-67 could prove as a useful adjunctive test to routine Pap smear in triage of patients harboring lesions of cervix.
Simulation of B-Scan Images from Two-Dimensional Transducer Arrays: Part I - Methods and Quantitative Contrast Measurements (1992)

Recently, theoretical investigations of the beamforming capability of two-dimensional (2-D) transducer arrays have characterized the array parameters required to steer a symmetrically focused ultrasound beam up to 45° off-axis. These investigations have also shown that the number of elements in a steered 2-D array can be dramatically reduced by using a sparse set of elements, randomly distributed throughout the aperture of the transducer. The penalty paid for the use of a sparse array is the development of a “pedestal” sidelobe in the beam profile, the amplitude of which increases as the number of elements in the array decreases. In this paper the potential of 2-D arrays for medical imaging is assessed by simulating B-scan images of spherical lesions, both cystic and scattering, embedded in a large random scattering volume. Similar contrast characteristics over a range of cyst sizes are demonstrated for a dense 2-D array and a sparse array with 1/8th the number of elements, both operating at 5 MHz. A 32nd order sparse array is shown to perform at a reduced level, producing unacceptable artifactual echoes within images of cysts. The 8th order sparse array pattern has been fabricated on a fixed-focus poly(vinylidene difluoride) transducer using photolithographic, techniques. Experimental images from this transducer are used to verify some of the theoretical predictions made in this paper. Comparisons between simulated B-scan images from linear and 2-D phased arrays are presented in a companion paper.
Liquid sensor based on high-Q slot photonic crystal cavity in silicon-on-insulator configuration (2014)

We present the realization of an optical sensor based on an infiltrated high-Q slot photonic crystal cavity in a nonfreestanding membrane configuration. Successive infiltrations by liquids with refractive indices ranging from 1.345 to 1.545 yield a sensitivity S of 235 nm/RIU (refractive index unit), while the Q-factor is comprised between 8000 and 25,000, giving a sensor figure of merit up to 3700. This sensor has a detection limit of 1.25×10⁻⁵. The operation of this device on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate allows a straightforward integration in the silicon photonics platform, while providing a compliant mechanical stability.
Non-Invasive Electromagnetic Biological Microwave Testing (2017)

Blood glucose monitoring is a primary tool for the care of diabetic patients. At present, there is no noninvasive monitoring technique of blood glucose concentration that is widely accepted in the medical industry. New noninvasive measurement techniques are being investigated. This work focuses on the possibility of a monitor that noninvasively measures blood glucose levels using electromagnetic waves. The technique is based on relating a monitoring antenna’s resonant frequency to the permittivity, and conductivity of skin, which in turn, is related to the glucose levels. This becomes a hot researched field in recent years. Different types of antennas (wideband and narrowband) have been designed, constructed, and tested in free space. An analytical model for the antenna has been developed, which has been validated with simulations. Microstrip antenna is one of the most common planar antenna structures used. Extensive research development aimed at exploiting its advantages such as lightweight, low cost, conformal configurations, and compatibility with integrated circuits have been carried out. Rectangular and circular patches are the basic shapes that are the most commonly used in microstrip antennas. Ideally, the dielectric constant εr, however, and other performance requirements may dictate the use of substrate whose dielectric constant can be greater. As in our prototype blood sensor, the miniaturized size is one of the main challenges.
Characterization of a <i>PR-10</i> Pathogenesis-Related Gene Family Induced in Rice During Infection with <i>Magnaporthe grisea</i> (2001)

A partial cDNA with homology to the PR-10 class of pathogenesis-related proteins was used to screen a rice genomic library. One 16-kb genomic clone contained three genes with PR-10 similarity. These genes, RPR10a, RPR10b, and RPR10c, were arranged in tandem and separated by approximately 2.5 kb. RPR10a cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis revealed that RPR10a and RPR10b encode predicted proteins of 158 and 160 amino acids, respectively, and share 71% amino acid identity. RPR10c appears to be a nonfunctional pseudogene. Gene-specific probes were used to study transcript accumulations of the three RPR10 genes in rice plants following inoculation with Magnaporthe grisea. RPR10a transcripts were induced from a low basal level within 12 h after inoculation and showed a second higher level induction at 48 h, which continued throughout the 144 h it was examined. In addition, RPR10a was induced strongly by salicylic and jasmonic acid applications to rice plants. Transcripts of RPR10b also were enhanced by M. grisea, but were not strongly visible until 48 h after inoculation. Tissue prints of M. grisea-infected rice leaves when the RPR10a-specific probe was used indicate that RPR10a is expressed most strongly in a localized fashion in response to the pathogen.
Approximate Ranking from Pairwise Comparisons (2018)

A common problem in machine learning is to rank a set of n items based on pairwise comparisons. Here ranking refers to partitioning the items into sets of pre-specified sizes according to their scores, which includes identification of the top-k items as the most prominent special case. The score of a given item is defined as the probability that it beats a randomly chosen other item. Finding an exact ranking typically requires a prohibitively large number of comparisons, but in practice, approximate rankings are often adequate. Accordingly, we study the problem of finding approximate rankings from pairwise comparisons. We analyze an active ranking algorithm that counts the number of comparisons won, and decides whether to stop or which pair of items to compare next, based on confidence intervals computed from the data collected in previous steps. We show that this algorithm succeeds in recovering approximate rankings using a number of comparisons that is close to optimal up to logarithmic factors. We also present numerical results, showing that in practice, approximation can drastically reduce the number of comparisons required to estimate a ranking.
Toll‐like receptor 4 contributes to poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (2011)

Together, these data identify a critical role for TLR4 signaling in perihematomal inflammation and injury and indicate this pathway may be a target for therapeutic intervention.
Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy of n-GaSb and n-GaInAsSb for Low Resistance Ohmic Contacts (2003)

A comparison of n-GaSb and n-GaInAsSb epilayers for ohmic contacts in GaSb-based devices is studied. The epilayers were grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy and doped with Te. At similar electron concentrations, the atomic Te concentration, as determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, is more than 2 times higher in n-GaSb compared to n-GaInAsSb. In addition, the electron mobility is lower in n-GaSb than n-GaInAsSb at similar electron concentrations. The electron concentration saturates at about 1.3 x 10{sup 18} cm{sup -3} for n-GaSb, but linearly increases for n-GaInAsSb. Pd/Ge/Au/Pt/Au metallization was studied for ohmic contacts. A specific contact resistivity of 1 x 10{sup -5}{Omega}-cm{sup 2} for n-GaSb was measured. The specific contact resistivity can be greatly improved by contacting n-GaInAsSb, and a significantly lower specific contact resistivity of 2 x 10{sup -6} {Omega}-cm{sup 2} for n-GaInAsSb was measured.
Characterization of the ompL1 gene of pathogenic Leptospira species in China and cross-immunogenicity of the OmpL1 protein (2008)

Three types of the ompL1 gene are present in pathogenic leptospires in China. OmpL1 is an immunoprotective GP-Ag which should be considered in the design of new universal vaccines and serodiagnostic methods against leptospirosis.
Bimodal Waveguide Interferometer RI Sensor Fabricated on Low-Cost Polymer Platform (2019)

A refractive index sensor based on bimodal waveguide interferometer is demonstrated on the low-cost polymer platform for the first time. Different from conventional interferometers which make use of the interference between the light from two arms, bimodal waveguide interferometers utilize the interference between the two different internal modes in the waveguide. Since the utilized first higher mode has a wide evanescent tail which interacts with the external environment, the interferometer can reach a high sensitivity. Instead of vertical bimodal structure which is normally employed, the lateral bimodal waveguide is adopted in order to simplify the fabrication process. A unique offset between the centers of single mode waveguide and bimodal waveguide is designed to excite the two different modes with equal power which contributes to the maximum fringe visibility. The bimodal waveguide interferometer is finally fabricated on optical polymer (Ormocore) which is transparent at both infrared and visible wavelengths. It is fabricated using the UV-based soft imprint technique which is simple and reproductive. The bulk sensitivity of fabricated interferometer sensor with a 5 mm sensing length is characterized using different mass concentration sodium chloride solutions. The sensitivity is obtained as 316π rad/RIU and the extinction ratio can reach 18 dB.
An optical 3D force sensor for biomedical devices (2012)

In this paper we describe the development of an optical sensor that is low profile, inexpensive, physically robust, and suitable for contact with soft tissue. It is constructed using commercially available integrated circuits, a printed circuit board, and layers of silicone elastomer. The sensor exhibits modest drift and hysteresis, as well as some temperature sensitivity, for which we compensate. We demonstrate how the raw sensor signals can be used to infer both normal and shear forces. The sensor proves to be particularly sensitive to shear forces, reporting them accurately and with minimal coupling between them.
New Cobalt‐ and Iron‐Catalyzed Reactions of Organozinc compounds (1996)

A wide range of polyfunctional ketones and allylic compounds is accessible under mild reaction conditions through an efficient CoII-catalyzed acylation or allylation of diorganozinc compounds (see below). The remarkable stability of the intermediate σ-alkyl transition metal complexes is crucial for the success of the reactions.