gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging Fluid Design with Enhanced Proppant Carrying Capacity: An Integrated Geomechanical Workflow (2020)

The overall success of a hydraulic fracturing treatment and the resulting fracture properties, such as length, height extent, and conductivity, are dictated by the proppant -transport- distribution and its mechanical behavior -effectiveness- within the stimulated fracture network. With the goal of minimizing (eliminating) proppant settling and optimize required horse power on location reducing equipment foot print and volume of water required; an engineered low-viscosity fluid with high proppant carrying capacity has been implemented to improve proppant transport and zone coverage in stimulated fracture networks. An integrated methodology to optimize the emerging fluid design and proppant placement, is presented. To evaluate and quantify the efficiency of the proppant transport process with a novel low viscosity fluid, an integrated geomechanics workflow was developed combining quick look analysis (i.e. candidate selection) with advanced computational models (i.e. geomechanical models) to improve proppant deliverability. Experiments were conducted to quantify the shear thinning behavior and proppant carrying capacity of the engineered fracturing fluid under different flowing conditions. By honoring experimental results, multiple analytical and numerical models/modules were developed and utilized within the framework of the workflow to assess the designed efficiency. The novel fracturing fluid is characterized as low viscosity (comparable to that of linear gel), yet it can suspend and transport conventional proppants similarly to a high-viscosity fluid (e.g. crosslink gel), decoupling the need for viscosity with proppant transport. Our analysis indicates that the fluid design (viscosity & proppant carrying capability) and proppant selection type should be customized and evaluated based on the local GeoMechanical conditions. If engineered accurately, fit-for-purpose, fluid can effectively distribute proppant into the fracture surface area, sustaining closure stresses, reducing embedment, and achieving longer effective fracture length(s) and larger conductive reservoir volume with enhanced production. The formulated workflow can provide an optimized design or improve existing designs based on the reservoir properties and field limitations by iteratively optimizing relevant controls (such as fluid design, proppant type, pumping schedule) of a fracturing operation. Our engineered fluid (EF) technology together with a proposed workflow, demonstrates that fluid design and proppant placement and operational parameters can be customized to maximize production, without compromising for settling and zone coverage.
ProAlignNet: Unsupervised Learning for Progressively Aligning Noisy Contours (2020)

Contour shape alignment is a fundamental but challenging problem in computer vision, especially when the observations are partial, noisy, and largely misaligned. Recent ConvNet-based architectures that were proposed to align image structures tend to fail with contour representation of shapes, mostly due to the use of proximity-insensitive pixel-wise similarity measures as loss functions in their training processes. This work presents a novel ConvNet, "ProAlignNet," that accounts for large scale misalignments and complex transformations between the contour shapes. It infers the warp parameters in a multi-scale fashion with progressively increasing complex transformations over increasing scales. It learns --without supervision-- to align contours, agnostic to noise and missing parts, by training with a novel loss function which is derived an upperbound of a proximity-sensitive and local shape-dependent similarity metric that uses classical Morphological Chamfer Distance Transform. We evaluate the reliability of these proposals on a simulated MNIST noisy contours dataset via some basic sanity check experiments. Next, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models in two real-world applications of (i) aligning geo-parcel data to aerial image maps and (ii) refining coarsely annotated segmentation labels. In both applications, the proposed models consistently perform superior to state-of-the-art methods.
Novel antigens expressed by Aeromonas salmonicida grown in vivo (1993)

Virulent and avirulent Aeromonas salmonicida strains grown inside intraperitoneal implants in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined for unique antigen expression. Western blots (immunoblots), performed with immune rabbit serum raised against in vivo-grown cells, revealed several unique antigens. With the exception of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), these novel antigens were destroyed after proteinase K treatment. The majority of these antigens were not induced in vitro in response to either iron limitation or anaerobiosis. In addition, electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of a putative capsule on in vivo-grown cells. Purification and fractionation of this carbohydrate material from cells grown in carbon-rich synthetic media resulted in the isolation and separation of an antigenically distinct LPS not seen with cells grown in standard media. Antiserum raised against in vivo-grown cells recognized both this LPS and the typical LPS of A. salmonicida apparent in in vitro-grown cells. Antiserum raised against in vitro-grown cells recognized only the LPS expressed in vitro. Antiserum directed against in vivo-grown cells was approximately 10 times more sensitive than serum directed against in vitro-grown cells in detecting A. salmonicida in infected fish kidney tissue.
Eight-dimensional modulation for coherent optical communications (2013)

We propose several 8-dimensional modulation formats for coherent fiber-optic communications. For spectral efficiencies of 1.75 and 2 b/s/Hz/pol, the proposed modulations offer up to 1 dB gain over DP-QPSK.
Diazonium-Based Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes: XPS and GC-MS Analysis and Mechanistic Implications (2004)

A reaction product analysis of single wall carbon nanotubes functionalized by solvent-free and aqueous-based arenedia­zonium species is discussed. Both GC-MS on the thermolysis products along with XPS analysis of the materials, suggests that the only functionality on the SWNT is the arene group. The mechanism is indicative of either direct aryl radical addition to the SWNT or (a) electron injection from the nanotube to the arenediazonium species, (b) reaction of the SWNT-radical cation with an aryl radical, followed by (c) an electron transfer to the nanotube. A method for ­defunctionalizing the nanotubes is disclosed wherein the SWNTs are resuspendable in organic solvent.
Balanced media access methods for wireless networks (1998)

The wireless medium is a s=ce shared resource in mobde computing. Consequently, the media access control (MAC) layer influences the fairness and robustness of the wireless network. According to the current MAC protocok, stations are not able to gain access equdy to the shared wireless medium. This problem is conunody known as the fairness problem. The fairness problem occurs mostly bemuse of the existence of hidden stations and the presumption of a non-Wy connected wird=s network topology. This paper addresses solutions to the fairness problem in wireless networks. persistent carrier sense mdtiple access based dgr ithms are proposed in which a fair wirel=s access for each user is accomplished using a precsdtiated N acce~Probabfity, Pij, . .
Targeting Phosphotyrosine in Native Proteins with Conditional, Bispecific Antibody Traps (2020)

Engineering sequence-specific antibodies (Abs) against phosphotyrosine (pY) motifs embedded in folded polypeptides remains highly challenging because of the stringent requirement for simultaneous recognition of the pY motif and the surrounding folded protein epitope. Here, we present a method named phosphotyrosine Targeting by Recombinant Ab Pair, or pY-TRAP, for <i>in vitro</i> engineering of binders for native pY proteins. Specifically, we create the pY protein by unnatural amino acid misincorporation, mutagenize a universal pY-binding Ab to create a first binder B1 for the pY motif on the pY protein, and then select against the B1-pY protein complex for a second binder B2 that recognizes the composite epitope of B1 and the pY-containing protein complex. We applied pY-TRAP to create highly specific binders to folded Ub-pY59, a rarely studied Ub phosphoform exclusively observed in cancerous tissues, and ZAP70-pY248, a kinase phosphoform regulated in feedback signaling pathways in T cells. The pY-TRAPs do not have detectable binding to wild-type proteins or to other pY peptides or proteins tested. This pY-TRAP approach serves as a generalizable method for engineering sequence-specific Ab binders to native pY proteins.
Microwave-aided synthesis of lithium thiophosphate solid electrolyte (2018)

Solid electrolyte synthesis: as easy as microwaving your dinner!
Automatic exposure control for multispectral cameras (2013)

In this paper we present a method to automatically control the exposure of multispectral cameras. To this end, we use an input image taken using camera pre-sets. This pre-set exposure time and the input image are then used to recover an updated exposure time making use of the spectral power. This yields a setting where the spectral power is computed using a photopic function. Moreover, the exposure time can then be recovered using a bounded least squares optimisation effected upon the histogram equalised spectral power. We illustrate the utility of the method for exposure time recovery on multispectral images using a calibration chart, where we compare the timings yielded by our method against those recovered through manual photometric calibration. We also show results on real-world imagery under several lighting conditions.
Bright Cathodoluminescent Thin Films for Scanning Nano-Optical Excitation and Imaging (2013)

Demand for visualizing nanoscale dynamics in biological and advanced materials continues to drive the development of subdiffraction optical probes. While many strategies employ scanning tips for this purpose, we instead exploit a focused electron beam to create scannable nanoscale optical excitations in an epitaxially grown thin-film of cerium-doped yttrium aluminum perovskite, whose cathodoluminescence response is bright, robust, and spatially resolved to 18 nm. We also demonstrate lithographic patterning of the film's luminescence at the nanoscale. We anticipate that converting these films into free-standing membranes will yield a powerful near-field optical microscopy without the complication of mechanical scanning.
Phase Diagram for Assembly of Biologically-Active Peptide Amphiphiles (2007)

We construct a phase diagram for self-assembling biologically active peptide amphiphiles. The structure and stability of the assemblies are studied as a function of pH and salinity of the solution. The general features of the phase diagram are predicted based on theoretical modeling of the self-assembly process, as well as experimental data, and further experiments are performed to verify and ascertain the boundary locations of the diagram. Depending on solution conditions, the amphiphiles can form cylindrical or spherical micelles, intermediate structures between these, or may not assemble at all. We also demonstrate that changing conditions may result in phase transitions among these structures. This type of phase diagram could be useful in the design of certain supramolecular nanostructures by providing information on the necessary conditions to form them.
Blending Different Molecular Weight Distributions: Its Effect on Extrusion Coating (1997)

In extrusion coating, polyethylenes of different molecular weight distributions (MWDs) require different extrusion conditions to provide thin coat ings. Those with broad MWDs coat to their thinnest at lower extruder output rates and slower line speeds. Those with narrow MWDs draw down best at higher extruder outputs and faster line speeds. Blends of the two MWD extremes show interesting coating performances.
<title>Bubble chamber for chemical analysis: a new concept</title> (1995)

A new technique for the detection of trace concentrations of molecules in solution has been developed. This system utilizes the amplification characteristics of a bubble chamber in which energy deposition from laser absorption is monitored. In the experimental set-up, a trace quantity of solute is introduced into liquid propane that is contained in a small (10 ml) stainless steel cell at 120 psi. The propane is superheated by sudden reduction of the cell pressure. Before wall nucleated boiling occurs, target solute molecules are energized by a laser pulse. Absorption of pump laser energy results in the formation of nucleation centers which develop into bubbles and which in turn are detected by CCD camera. Preliminary experiments with crystal violet used as a test absorber have demonstrated detection sensitivity of 10 parts per trillion (ppt).
Piston and process for achieving controlled ignition and combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in internal combustion engines by generation and management (1990)

This patent describes an improvement in a piston for a reciprocating piston internal combustion engine in which a combustion cycle is carried out in a variable volume combustion chamber defined by the piston reciprocating in a close ended cylinder into which a fuel and air charge is periodically supplied. The cycle includes intake, compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust portions. The piston crown is recessed and contains the majority of the charge when the combustion chamber is at minimum volume.
Phosphorescent labeling reagents of platinum(II) and palladium(II) coproporphyrin-II: Preparation and performance characteristics (2002)

Synthesis of monofunctional derivatives of platinum(II) and palladium(II) coproporphyrin-II with the isothiocyanato reactive group is presented. The compounds exhibit strong phosphorescence at room temperature in deoxygenated aqueous solutions and they enable facile covalent labeling of proteins and other biomolecules under slightly alkaline conditions. The performance of the compounds as phosphorescent labeling reagents is studied and the results are considered in relation to the results for the respective labeling reagent of coproporphyrin-I isomer. The results show that the derivatives of coproporphyrin-II exhibit similar reactivity and emission efficiency to that of the derivatives of coproporphyrin-I isomers. Thus, the coproporphyrin-II derivatives serve as alternative labels to coproporphyrin-I in the design of sensitive bioassays based on phosphorescence and time-resolved fluorescence detection.
ADAM 12 as a second‐trimester maternal serum marker in screening for Down syndrome (2007)

ADAM 12 is an efficient second-trimester marker for DS. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether it may be a useful additional or alternative marker to those currently used in the second-trimester.
Fabricating translucent materials using continuous pigment mixtures (2013)

We present a method for practical physical reproduction and design of homogeneous materials with desired subsurface scattering. Our process uses a collection of different pigments that can be suspended in a clear base material. Our goal is to determine pigment concentrations that best reproduce the appearance and subsurface scattering of a given target material. In order to achieve this task we first fabricate a collection of material samples composed of known mixtures of the available pigments with the base material. We then acquire their reflectance profiles using a custom-built measurement device. We use the same device to measure the reflectance profile of a target material. Based on the database of mappings from pigment concentrations to reflectance profiles, we use an optimization process to compute the concentration of pigments to best replicate the target material appearance. We demonstrate the practicality of our method by reproducing a variety of different translucent materials. We also present a tool that allows the user to explore the range of achievable appearances for a given set of pigments.
MLSE and equalization of space-time coded signals (2002)

Diversity transmission at the base station is an effective technique to combat adverse effects of fading. This is suggested as an alternative to diversity at the terminal, thereby reducing the implementation complexity. Space-time coding has been proposed as a coding technique for diversity transmission that will provide additional performance gains. We describe a maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) for space-time coded signals that exploits the structure present in some of these codes. Simulation results of the proposed equalizer show a substantial improvement over single antenna transmission.
Vibration-Based Multi-Axis Force Sensing: Design, Characterization, and Modeling (2020)

It is strongly desirable but challenging to obtain force sensing mechanisms that are low-cost, volumetrically compact, away from contact location, and can be easily integrated into existing and emerging robot systems. For example, having a bulky force sensor near the tip of surgical robot tools may be impractical as it may require a large incision, infect biological tissues, and negatively affect surgeon's operation. In this letter, a new vibration-based approach was proposed to measure the force applied to a structure utilizing the structure's acceleration signals. By exciting the structure using a vibration motor, the structure's acceleration signals in time domain showed discernible ellipse-shaped profiles when a force was applied. For the first time, these acceleration profiles were characterized via regression and employed for estimating the direction and magnitude of the applied force. Experimental results showed that, the achieved resolutions with the proposed approach in estimating the direction and magnitude of the applied force were 10° and 0.098 N, respectively. The sensing errors were within the range of 8-18%. This force-sensing approach has strong potential for a wide area of robotic applications.
Analysis of expression of CagA and VacA virulence factors in 43 strains of Helicobacter pylori reveals that clinical isolates can be divided into two major types and that CagA is not necessary for expression of the vacuolating cytotoxin (1995)

Colonization of the mucosa of the stomach and the duodenum by Helicobacter pylori is the major cause of acute and chronic gastroduodenal pathologies in humans. Duodenal ulcer formation strongly correlates with the expression of an antigen (CagA) that is usually coeexpressed with the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), a protein that causes ulceration in the stomach of mice. However, the relationship between these two virulence factors is unknown. To define whether CagA and VacA are coexpressed in all clinical isolates and their relationships, we collected 43 clinical isolates of H. pylori and studied their genetic and phenotypic properties. Based on this analysis, most of the strains could be classified into two major types. Type I bacteria had the gene coding for CagA and expressed the CagA protein and the vacuolating cytotoxin. Type II bacteria did not have the gene coding for CagA and did not express either the CagA protein or the vacuolating cytotoxin. Type I and type II bacteria represented 56 and 16%, respectively, of the 43 clinical isolates, while the remaining 28% had an intermediate phenotype, expressing CagA independently of VacA or vice versa. This finding shows that although it is present in most cytotoxic strains, CagA is not necessary for the expression of the vacuolating cytotoxin.
Hierarchically Porous Ceramics via Direct Writing of Binary Colloidal Gel Foams (2021)

Hierarchically porous ceramics with a high specific surface area and interconnected porosity may find potential application as particulate filters, catalyst supports, and battery electrodes. We report the design and programmable assembly of cellular ceramic architectures with controlled pore size, volume, and interconnectivity across multiple length scales via direct foam writing. Specifically, binary colloidal gel foams are created that contain entrained bubbles stabilized by the irreversible adsorption of attractive alumina and carbon (porogen) particles at their air-water interfaces. Composition effects on foam ink rheology and printing behavior are investigated. Sintered ceramic foams exhibited specific permeabilities that increased from 2 × 10<sup>-13</sup> to 1 × 10<sup>-12</sup> m<sup>2</sup> and compressive strengths that decreased from 40 to 1 MPa, respectively, with increasing specific interfacial area. Using direct foam writing, 3D ceramic lattices composed of open-cell foam struts were fabricated with tailored mechanical properties and interconnected porosity across multiple length scales.
Lightweight Boom For Rescue Helicopter (1993)

Telescoping boom and associated mechanisms attached to helicopter aid rescue operations by extending lifeline beyond sweep of main rotor. Pilot observes rescuee and control position of helicopter more effectively than if rescuee directly below and hidden from pilot's view. Rescuee outside downdraft of rotor, which is often powerful enough to blow away or submerge someone in water. Used for marine or land operations. Boom thin and lightweight because it need not support weight of rescuee. Lifeline pulls away from boom after secured around rescuee, who is lifted directly into cabin by winch. Potential application for in situ erection of telescopic space structures.
Monitoring the fetal heart non-invasively: a review of methods (2001)

Doppler ultrasound, ultrasound M-mode analysis, fetal electrocardiography, and fetal magnetocardiography are methods by which the fetal heart can be monitored non-invasively. In this paper, they are evaluated and compared. Customarily, it is solely the fetal heart rate, which is monitored using the Doppler ultrasound technique since it is both simple to use and cheap. However, this method inherently produces an averaged heart rate and therefore cannot give the beat-to-beat variability. Fetal electrocardiography has similar advantages, but in addition offers the potential for monitoring beat-to-beat variability and performing electrocardiogram morphological analysis. Its disadvantage is that its reliability is only 60%, although it is the only technique that offers truly long-term ambulatory monitoring. Ultrasound M-mode analysis allows a estimation of atrial and ventricular coordination, as well as an estimation of PR intervals. Bradycardias, supraventricular tachycardias, extra systoles are readily diagnosed using this method although timing will be inaccurate. Fetal magnetocardiograms can be detected reliably and used for accurate beat-to-beat measurements and morphological analysis. Consequently, they can be used for the classification of arrhythmias and the diagnosis of a long QT syndrome and some congenital heart diseases.
Potent Small Agonists of Protease Activated Receptor 2 (2015)

Many proteases cut the PAR2 N-terminus resulting in conformational changes that activate cells. Synthetic peptides corresponding to newly exposed N-terminal sequences of PAR2 also activate the receptor at micromolar concentrations. PAR2-selective small molecules reported here induce PAR2-mediated intracellular calcium signaling at nanomolar concentrations (EC50 = 15-100 nM, iCa(2+), CHO-hPAR2 cells). These are the most potent and efficient small molecule ligands to activate PAR2-mediated calcium release and chemotaxis, including for human breast and prostate cancer cells.