gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liposomal-encapsulated chemotherapy: preliminary results of a phase I study of a novel liposomal paclitaxel. (2001)

Liposome encapsulation of antineoplastic drugs entered clinical testing in the late 1980s. As carriers for a variety of agents, liposomes can allow successful delivery of agents that may be subject to rapid degradation in the serum and can modify the toxicity profile. In general, liposomes have demonstrated an ability to attenuate toxicities by their different pharmacokinetic profile and pattern of distribution. Differences in the constitution of the liposome can greatly affect the pharmacokinetic profile resulting in different patterns of toxicity. Characteristics such as size, charge, composition, and integrity can affect performance of the liposome. Liposome encapsulation of doxorubicin has been shown to reduce cardiac toxicity. Preliminary data suggest that encapsulation of paclitaxel can greatly modify neurotoxicity without the need for cremephor.
Atrophic Gastritis Serum Levels of Amidated Gastrin-17 and Pepsinogen I in Atrophic Gastritis: An Observational Case-Control Study (2002)

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is often diagnosed with non-endoscopic methods, such as serology or breath or antigen stool tests. These tests provide information on the presence or absence of the H. pylori gastritis only. We investigated whether atrophic gastritis can be diagnosed and typed nonendoscopically if the serum levels of pepsinogen I (S-PGI) and gastrin-17 (S-G-17) are assayed in connection with H. pylori testing. Methods: The present investigation is an observational case-control study comprising 100 selected dyspeptic outpatients with (cases) or without (controls) advanced (moderate or severe) atrophic gastritis. Before the blood tests, all patients underwent a diagnostic gastroscopy with multiple biopsies. The series of cases includes 56 patients. Eight had an advanced antrum limited atrophic gastritis, 13 had resected antrum (in two of whom the corpus mucosa in the stump was atrophic), and 30 had corpus-limited atrophic gastritis. Four patients had an advanced atrophic gastritis in both the antrum and corpus (multifocal atrophic gastritis), and the whole stomach was removed in one patient. Twenty of the 44 controls had a non-atrophic H. pylori gastritis. Both the antrum and corpus were normal and healthy in 24 patients. The S-PGI and S-G-17 were determined with EIA methods using monoclonal antibodies to PGI and amidated G-17. Postprandial S-G-17 (S-G-17prand) was measured 20 min after a protein-rich drink. The H. pylori antibodies were assayed with a polyclonal EIA method. Results: A low S-PGI (<25 μg/l; an empirical cut-off with best discrimination) was found in 31 of 37 patients (84%) with and in 3 of 63 patients (5%) without corpus atrophy in the biopsy specimens. A low S-G-17prand (<5 pmol/l) was found in all 8 patients with H. pylori -associated antral atrophy and in 11 of 14 patients (79%) with resected antrum but in 3 of 20 control patients (15%) with H. pylori -related non-atrophic gastritis. Median and mean values of both S-G-17prand and S-PGI decreased with increasing grade of antral and corpus atrophy, respectively. Among all patients with atrophic gastritis (multifocal atrophic gastritis, or atrophic gastritis limited to antrum or corpus) or resected stomach, 50 of 56 patients (89%; CI 95%: 81%-97%) had a low SPGI and/or a low S-G-17prand with positive H. pylori serology. Such low values were found in 3 of the 44 control patients (7%; CI 95%: 0%-14%). Conclusions: Low serum levels of G-17prand and PGI are conceivable biomarkers of atrophic antral and corpus gastritis, respectively. A low S-G-17prand is a sign of the multifocal or antrum-limited atrophic gastritis in patients infected with H. pylori .
Defining adipose tissue-derived stem cells in tissue and in culture. (2010)

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) are routinely isolated from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of homogenized adipose tissue. Similar to other types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), ADSC remain difficult to define due to the lack of definitive cellular markers. Still, many types of MSC, including ADSC, have been shown to reside in a perivascular location, and increasing evidence shows that both MSC and ADSC may in fact be vascular stem cells (VSC). Locally, these cells differentiate into smooth muscle and endothelial cells that are assembled into newly formed blood vessels during angiogenesis and neovasculogenesis. Additionally, MSC or ADSC can also differentiate into tissue cells such as adipocytes in the adipose tissue. Systematically, MSC or ADSC are recruited to injury sites where they participate in the repair/regeneration of the injured tissue. Due to the vasculature's dynamic capacity for growth and multipotential nature for diversification, VSC in tissue are individually at various stages and on different paths of differentiation. Therefore, when isolated and put in culture, these cells are expected to be heterogeneous in marker expression, renewal capacity, and differentiation potential. Although this heterogeneity of VSC does impose difficulties and cause confusions in basic science studies, its impact on the development of VSC as a therapeutic cell source has not been as apparent, as many preclinical and clinical trials have reported favorable outcomes. With this understanding, ADSC are generally defined as CD34+CD31- although loss of CD34 expression in culture is well documented. In adipose tissue, CD34 is localized to the intima and adventitia of blood vessels but not the media where cells expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) exist. By excluding the intima, which contains the CD34+CD31+ endothelial cells, and the media, which contains the CD34-CD31- smooth muscle cells, it leaves the adventitia as the only possible location for the CD34+ ADSC. In the capillary, CD34 and CD140b (a pericyte marker) are mutually exclusively expressed, thus suggesting that pericytes are not the CD34+ ADSC. Many other cellular markers for vascular cells, stem cells, and stem cell niche have also been investigated as possible ADSC markers. Particularly the best-known MSC marker STRO-1 has been found either expressed or not expressed in cultured ADSC. In the adipose tissue, STRO-1 appears to be expressed exclusively in the endothelium of certain but not all blood vessels, and thus not associated with the CD34+ ADSC. In conclusion, we believe that ADSC exist as CD34+CD31-CD104b-SMA- cells in the capillary and in the adventitia of larger vessels. In the capillary these cells coexist with pericytes and endothelial cells, both of which are possibly progenies of ADSC (or more precisely VSC). In the larger vessels, these ADSC or VSC exist as specialized fibroblasts (having stem cell properties) in the adventitia.
Bandwidth-Based Control Strategy for a Series HEV With Light Energy Storage System (2016)

The twin goals of maximizing fuel economy (FE) and improving consumer acceptance by reducing the cost of the energy storage system (ESS) in a series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) powertrain is addressed here by using energy storage as a means for filtering drive-cycle power demands on the engine, rather than an energy source for supplying an all-electric drive mode. The concept is intended to minimize, if not eliminate, the battery in the SHEV without resorting to full-range proportional control of the engine and generator. An initial optimization study reported for a mid-size SHEV showed that a 4.5-kWh lithium-ion battery pack was still required. In this paper, a sports-car-class SHEV was studied, where the challenge is to reduce the size of the ESS even more because the available space allocation is only one fourth that of the mid-size vehicle. In this paper, a controller is developed, which allows a hybridized SHEV to be realized with a light ESS. The controller includes a duty-cycling feature that manages the engine performance in multiple efficient regions and a bandwidth-limited (BWL) proportional controller feature that limits low-bandwidth battery current. The performance of the controller has been validated for a SHEV powertrain model with an 80-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dc</sub> 1.125-kWh battery, plus an 80-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dc</sub> 46.4-F ultracapacitor module using a customized Autonomie vehicle model. The results show that the combined FE of the new design is increased by 13%, compared with the corresponding FE in the equivalent conventional vehicle. Additional FE improvement is possible by reducing the engine size further to reflect the average power demand imposed by real drive cycles.
Surface-plasmon opto-magnetic field enhancement for all-optical magnetization switching (2017)

The demand for faster magnetization switching speeds and lower energy consumption has driven the field of spintronics in recent years. The magnetic tunnel junction is the most developed spintronic memory device in which the magnetization of the storage layer is switched by spin-transfer-torque or spin-orbit torque interactions. Whereas these novel spin-torque interactions exemplify the potential of electron-spin-based devices and memory, the switching speed is limited to the ns regime by the precessional motion of the magnetization. All-optical magnetization switching, based on the inverse Faraday effect, has been shown to be an attractive method for achieving magnetization switching at ps speeds. Successful magnetization reversal in thin films has been demonstrated by using circularly polarized light. However, a method for all-optical switching of on-chip nanomagnets in high density memory modules has not been described. In this work we propose to use plasmonics, with CMOS compatible plasmonic materials, to achieve on-chip magnetization reversal in nanomagnets. Plasmonics allows light to be confined in dimensions much smaller than the diffraction limit of light. This in turn, yields higher localized electromagnetic field intensities. In this work, through simulations, we show that using localized surface plasmon resonances, it is possible to couple light to nanomagnets and achieve significantly higher opto-magnetic field values in comparison to free space light excitation.
Flow-assisted automated solid-phase microextraction for the determination of chloroethers in aqueous matrices (2015)

In this study a method of flow-assisted automated solid-phase microextraction (FA-SPME) was developed for the determination of organic pollutants in aqueous samples. A CTC Combi-PAL autosampler coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to automate the entire extraction process. In this method, the SPME fibre was exposed to 100 mL of sample in a direct immersion mode for 10 min. After exposure, the fibre was desorbed at the injection port of GC–MS. To demonstrate the applicability of FA-SPME, chloroethers were selected as model compounds. Good linear correlation was found over a concentration range of 0.5–100 µg/L. The detection limits of the method were determined between 0.02 and 0.05 µg/L with the coefficients of determination (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) from 0.9980 to 0.9996. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the FA-SPME for three sequential FA-SPME analyses were determined to be in the range between 1.2% and 6.2% (<i>n</i> = 3). The applicability of the method was assessed by means of recovery studies and satisfactory values for all compounds were obtained. This optimised method was used in the analysis of water and human urine samples to show the matrix effect on FA-SPME. This FA-SPME/GC–MS is substantially faster and suitable for the routine continuous flow-mode environmental monitoring applications.
Large Field, High Resolution Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography: A Pre-clinical Study of Human Breast Tissue and Cancer Assessment (2013)

We present a benchmark pilot study in which high-resolution Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography (FF-OCT) was used to image human breast tissue and is evaluated to assess its ability to aid the pathologist's management of intra-operative diagnoses. FF-OCT imaging safety was investigated and agreement between FF-OCT and routinely prepared histopathological images was evaluated. The compact setup used for this study provides 1 mm3 resolution and 200 mm imaging depth, and a 2.25 cm2 specimen is scanned in about 7 minutes. 75 breast specimens were imaged from 22 patients (21 women, 1 man) with a mean age of 58 (range: 25-83). Pathologists blind diagnosed normal/benign or malignant tissue based on FF-OCT images alone, diagnosis from histopathology followed for comparison. The contrast in the FF-OCT images is generated by intrinsic tissue scattering properties, meaning that no tissue staining or preparation is required. Major architectural features and tissue structures of benign breast tissue, including adipocytes, fibrous stroma, lobules and ducts were characterized. Subsequently, features resulting from pathological modification were characterized and a diagnosis decision tree was developed. Using FF-OCT images, two breast pathologists were able to distinguish normal/benign tissue from lesional with a sensitivity of 94% and 90%, and specificity of 75% and 79% respectively.
Continuous wave optically pumped iodine monofluoride <i>B</i> 3Π(0+) → <i>X</i> 1Σ+ laser (1985)

A continuous wave optically pumped iodine monofluoride laser operating on the B 3Π(0+) → X 1Σ+ system is described. The laser operated on a series of rovibronic lines originating from v′=2–5. By tuning the dye laser pump source over a single rovibronic line, spectral structure was produced on the IF laser output that was analyzed and found to be consistent with hyperfine structure in IF. Hyperfine coupling constants were determined in this analysis. Implications for a chemically pumped IF laser are also presented.
Correction: An auxiliary electrode mediated membrane-free redox electrochemical cell for energy storage (2021)

Correction for ‘An auxiliary electrode mediated membrane-free redox electrochemical cell for energy storage’ by Senthil Velan Venkatesan <italic>et al.</italic>, <italic>Sustainable Energy Fuels</italic>, 2020, <bold>4</bold>, 2149–2152, DOI: 10.1039/c9se00734b.
A joint sparsity model for video anomaly detection (2012)

Video anomaly detection can be used in the transportation domain to identify unusual patterns such as traffic violations, accidents, unsafe driver behavior, street crime, and other suspicious activities. A common class of approaches relies upon object tracking and trajectory analysis. A key challenge is the ability to effectively handle occlusions among objects and their trajectories. Another challenge is the detection of joint anomalies between multiple moving objects. Recently sparse reconstruction techniques have been used for image classification, and shown to provide excellent robustness to occlusion. This paper proposes a new joint sparsity model for anomaly detection that effectively addresses both the robustness to occlusion and the detection of joint anomalies involving multiple objects. Experimental results on real and synthetic data demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for both single-object and multi-object anomalies.
Electrochemical preparation of silicon nanowires from nanometre silica in molten calcium chloride (2009)

Here we report Si nanowire growth by electrochemical reduction of nanometre silica in molten CaCl2; to our knowledge, this is the first report of an electrochemical route that provides crystalline Si nanowires in large quantities.
A Low-Latency Decoder for Punctured/Shortened Reed-Solomon Codes (2006)

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are practically the most frequently used error correction codes with applications ranging from the compact disc, communications, to the exploration of the solar system. In communication systems, RS codes are often punctured and/or shortened to provide different levels of error-correction capability for different services. Previously, standard RS decoding algorithms are also used to decode the shortened/punctured codes, and that results in a undue decoding latency. In this paper, a low-latency decoder is proposed for the punctured/shortened RS codes. The decoding latency matches up to that with the shortened code length rather than the original code length. Therefore, the saving in decoding latency can be significant, if the code length of the shortened/punctured codes is much smaller than the original one. As an example, the proposed decoder is designed for the IEEE 802.16a WiMAX system, where six shortened/punctured RS codes are specified. Numerical results of decoding latency are also provided in this work.
A proposed scheme for comprehensive characterization of the measured geometric distortion in magnetic resonance imaging using a three-dimensional phantom (2004)

Recently, a 3-dimensional phantom that can provide a comprehensive, accurate and complete measurement of the geometric distortion in MRI has been developed. In this paper, a scheme for characterizing the measured geometric distortion using the 3-D phantom is described. In the proposed scheme, a number of quantitative measures are developed and used to characterize the geometric distortion. These measures encompass the overall and spatial aspects of the geometric distortion. Two specific types of volume of interest, rectangular parallelepipeds (including cubes) and spheres are considered in the proposed scheme. As an illustration, characterization of the geometric distortion in a Siemens 1.5T Sonata MRI system using the proposed scheme is presented. As shown, the proposed scheme provides a comprehensive assessment of the geometric distortion. The scheme can be potentially used as a standard procedure for the assessment of geometric distortion in MRI.
Approaches to the rational design of selective melanocortin receptor antagonists (2011)

Though there has been progress, there are still few drugs available that address the many significant biological activities and diseases that are associated with these receptors, which is possibly due to the lack of receptor selectivity that these designed ligands are currently showing. The authors believe that further studies into the antagonists' 3D conformational and topographical properties in addition to future mutagenesis studies will provide greater insight into these ligands which could play a role in the treatment of various diseases in the future.
Sentinel plot surveillance of cotton leaf curl disease in Pakistan- a case study at the cultivated cotton-wild host plant interface (2023)

A sentinel plot case study was carried out to identify and map the distribution of begomovirus-betasatellite complexes in sentinel plots and commercial cotton fields over a four-year period using molecular and high-throughput DNA 'discovery' sequencing approaches. Samples were collected from 15 study sites in the two major cotton-producing areas of Pakistan. Whitefly- and leafhopper-transmitted geminiviruses were detected in previously unreported host plant species and locations. The most prevalent begomovirus was cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus-Burewala (CLCuKoV-Bu). Unexpectedly, a recently recognized recombinant, cotton leaf curl Multan virus-Rajasthan (CLCuMuV-Ra) was prevalent in five of 15 sites. cotton leaf curl Alabad virus (CLCuAlV) and cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus-Kokhran, 'core' members of CLCuD-begomoviruses that co-occurred with CLCuMuV in the 'Multan' epidemic were detected in one of 15 sentinel plots. Also identified were chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus and 'non-core' CLCuD-begomoviruses, okra enation leaf curl virus, squash leaf curl virus, and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) was the most prevalent CLCuD-betasatellite, and less commonly, two 'non-core' betasatellites. Recombination analysis revealed previously uncharacterized recombinants among helper virus-betasatellite complexes consisting of CLCuKoV, CLCuMuV, CLCuAlV and CLCuMuB. Population analyses provided early evidence for CLCuMuV-Ra expansion and displacement of CLCuKoV-Bu in India and Pakistan from 2012-2017. Identification of 'core' and non-core CLCuD-species/strains in cotton and other potential reservoirs, and presence of the now predominant CLCuMuV-Ra strain are indicative of ongoing diversification. Investigating the phylodynamics of geminivirus emergence in cotton-vegetable cropping systems offers an opportunity to understand the driving forces underlying disease outbreaks and reconcile viral evolution with epidemiological relationships that also capture pathogen population shifts.
Applying a Macro Model of Ad Hoc Networks to Access Control (2008)

Our previous work proposes a macro model that controls the flows across naturally occurring bottlenecks in multi-hop wireless networks. The macro model resembles a conventional wired network, and allows us to apply extant research on flow control directly to ad hoc networks. In this paper, we further justify the feasibility of applying our macro model of ad hoc networks to access control and the validity of only controlling the flows across bottlenecks. We describe a simple rule that partitions the network into super-nodes. We then introduce a probabilistic geographic routing protocol that routes packets between bottlenecks to avoid congestion within super-nodes. Simulation results show that not only is the average flow in non- bottlenecked areas less than the average flow across bottlenecks, but the flows in each of the transmission areas that is not in a bottleneck are less than the flows in the transmission areas within the bottleneck.
Flotation deinking of toner-printed papers using frother spray (1998)

A l'aide d'un pulverisateur ordinaire d'agent moussant, nous avons procede a des essais nouveaux de desencrage par flottation des papiers imprimes avec un toner, afin d'essayer de controler plusieurs variables importantes du processus touchant l'extraction de l'encre, la stabilite de la mousse, la dynamique des fluides dans la mousse, la contamination de la fibre, les pertes de fibres et d'eau, et la consommation d'agent moussant. Au lieu d'ajouter l'agent moussant dans la pâte liquide directement avant la flottation comme dans le processus classique, nous avons pulverise sous pression la solution moussante a partir du haut de la colonne de flottation pendant la flottation. Les resultats obtenus dans la cellule de flottation d'une colonne de laboratoire ont indique que la pulverisation d'un agent moussant peut reduire la perte de fibre de 50 % et d'eau de 75 %, ainsi que la consommation d'agent moussant de 95 %, sans reduire l'efficacite du desencrage. La methode proposee peut aussi prevenir la contamination de la fibre par l'agent moussant. Encore plus important, la presente etude a permis de mettre au point une methode simple pour controler mecaniquement la stabilite de la mousse lorsque les proprietes physico-chimiques de la source de pâte varient.
Deep Voice: Real-time Neural Text-to-Speech (2017)

We present Deep Voice, a production-quality text-to-speech system constructed
entirely from deep neural networks. Deep Voice lays the groundwork for truly
end-to-end neural speech synthesis. The system comprises five major building
blocks: a segmentation model for locating phoneme boundaries, a
grapheme-to-phoneme conversion model, a phoneme duration prediction model, a
fundamental frequency prediction model, and an audio synthesis model. For the
segmentation model, we propose a novel way of performing phoneme boundary
detection with deep neural networks using connectionist temporal classification
(CTC) loss. For the audio synthesis model, we implement a variant of WaveNet
that requires fewer parameters and trains faster than the original. By using a
neural network for each component, our system is simpler and more flexible than
traditional text-to-speech systems, where each component requires laborious
feature engineering and extensive domain expertise. Finally, we show that
inference with our system can be performed faster than real time and describe
optimized WaveNet inference kernels on both CPU and GPU that achieve up to 400x
speedups over existing implementations.