gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The MOS Capacitor Amplifier (2004)

It is well known that low noise amplification can be performed by using a capacitor whose capacitance can be controlled. In this paper, it is shown that changing the inversion level of a MOS transistor allows voltage amplification. The theoretical characterization of this amplifier in terms of gain and harmonic distortion is made, and comparisons with HSPICE results are performed. Finally, some practical considerations to improve the performance of the circuit are presented.
SO2 removal by CuO on .GAMMA.-alumina. (1983)

Removal of SO2 gas from simulated flue gases was carried out, using copper oxide adsorbent. The copper oxide absorbent is made by impregnation of γ-alumina tablet in a solution of copper (II) nitrate, followed by oxidation. SO2 breakthrough curves were obtained by changing temperature and initial concentration in a tubular packed bed reactor. The kinetic parameters were determined by fitting breakthrough curves to the theoretical kinetic model, and the rate equation was obtained. The saturation capacities were calculated by the numerical integration of breakthrough curves, and the equation representing breakthrough curves was obtained. By means of this equation, the influence of space time on breakthrough curves was estimated.
Improved forage digestibility of tall fescue (<i>Festuca arundinacea</i>) by transgenic down‐regulation of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (2003)

Lignification of cell walls during plant development has been identified as the major factor limiting forage digestibility and concomitantly animal productivity. cDNA sequences encoding a key lignin biosynthetic enzyme, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), were cloned from the widely grown monocotyledonous forage species tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Recombinant tall fescue CAD expressed in E. coli exhibited the highest V(max)/K(m) values when coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde were used as substrates. Transgenic tall fescue plants carrying either sense or antisense CAD gene constructs were obtained by microprojectile bombardment of single genotype-derived embryogenic suspension cells. Severely reduced levels of mRNA transcripts and significantly reduced CAD enzymatic activities were found in two transgenic plants carrying sense and antisense CAD transgenes, respectively. These CAD down-regulated transgenic lines had significantly decreased lignin content and altered ratios of syringyl (S) to guaiacyl (G), G to p-hydroxyphenyl (H) and S to H units. No significant changes in cellulose, hemicellulose, neutral sugar composition, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid levels were observed in the transgenic plants. Increases of in vitro dry matter digestibility of 7.2-9.5% were achieved in the CAD down-regulated lines, thus providing a novel germplasm to be used for the development of grass cultivars with improved forage quality.
Utilization of Cyclocreatine Phosphate, an Analogue of Creatine Phosphate, by Mouse Brain During Ischemia and Its Sparing Action on Brain Energy Reserves (1980)

Abstract: Brains of mice fed the creatine analogue cyclocreatine accumulated 10 γmol/g fresh wt. of cyclocreatine, of which 93% occurred as the synthetic phosphagen, cyclocreatine‐P (l‐carboxymethyl‐2‐imino‐3‐phosphonoimidazolidine). In brains containing cyclocreatine‐P 2‐ , creatine‐P (phosphocreatine) levels were lowered 40%; levels of ATP, P 1 , and glucose were not altered: glutamate levels were lowered 17%: and aspartate levels were lowered 56%, relative to controls. When cyclocreatine was removed from the diet, brain cyclocreatine levels decreased with a half‐life of 17 to 28 days. Ischemia was initiated in brains by decapitation of mice previously injected with the centrally acting muscle relaxant mephenesin. The initial creatine‐P pool of 2‐3 γmol/g was completely depleted within 1 min in ischemic brains of both control and cyclocreatine‐fed mice. In brains of cyclocreatine‐fed mice, the much larger cyclocreatine‐P pool of 9.3 γmol/g decreased to 6 γmol/g after 2 min and to 2.2 γrnol/g after 4 min of ischemia, with a correspondingly increased accumulation of P 1 . Levels of total cellular ATP were sustained slightly longer during ischemia in brains containing cyclocreatine‐P. Available energy reserves of control brains were almost completely depleted after 2 min of ischemia, whereas generation and utilization of high‐energy phosphate continued for more than 3 min after initiation of ischemia in brains of cyclocreatine‐fed mice. These data suggest that during ischemic episodes cyclocreatine‐P can function as a supplemental reservoir of high‐energy phosphate and prolong the time required to exhaust the available energy stores of ischemic brain.
Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging of Coronary Arteries: Comparison of Intra- and Extravascular Contrast Agents in Swine (2001)

Gadomer-17 provided greater and more persistent CNR improvements than did gadopentetate dimeglumine; further evaluation of its utility for coronary imaging in humans is warranted.
Crowdsourcing (2018)

This entry presents the origins and commonly used definitions of the journalistic practice of “crowdsourcing.” Following a brief overview, journalistic crowdsourcing activities are situated within the news production process. Subsequently, benefits but also challenges, risks, and costs of crowdsourcing in journalism as discussed in the literature are elaborated. The entry concludes with avenues for future research.
Imaging a nuclear reactor using cosmic ray muons (2013)

The passage of muons through matter is dominated by the Coulomb interaction with electrons and nuclei. The muon interaction with electrons leads to continuous energy loss and stopping of the muons. The muon interaction with nuclei leads to angular diffusion. We present experimental images of a nuclear reactor, the AGN-201M reactor at the University of New Mexico, using data measured with a particle tracker built from a set of sealed drift tubes. The data are compared with a geant4 model. In both the data and simulation, we identify specific regions corresponding to elements of the reactor structure, including its core, moderator, and shield.
Effects of variation in time and dose of cyclophosphamide injection on delayed hypersensitivity and antibody formation (1977)

A single injection of Cyclophosphamide (CY) in a dose of 300 mg of CY/kg of mice resulted in enhanced delayed hypersensitivity (DH) when administered between at least 7 days prior to and 15 days after intracutaneous (ic) immunization of sheep red blood cells in Freund's complete adjuvant. The maximal enhancement occurred when CY was applied 8 hr before the antigen. Using the latter interval, the effect of varying the dose of CY before ic or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of antigen was studied. Combined with ic immunization, increasing doses of CY resulted in increasing DH. The ip route of immunization needed CY in amounts of at least 100 mg/kg to augment DH to a detectable level. The enhancing effect of lower doses of CY was more pronounced when the interval between immunizing and eliciting injections was reduced. Administration of 300 or 200 mg of CY/kg before ip immunization suppressed the antibody formation, when measured S and 7 days later. A dose of 100 mg of CY/kg caused a suppression of antibody formation on Day 5, but an enhancement on Day 7. With this dose, a maximal enhancement of DH was found on both days. The results suggest that CY interferes with more than one regulatory mechanism of the immune response.
A administração precoce de hormônio de crescimento resulta em efeitos deletérios na remodelação ventricular após o infarto agudo do miocárdio (2005)

The early administration of GH in the experimental infarction model in rats may result in adverse effects on the process of ventricular remodeling.
Schottky barrier diodes from semiconducting polymers (1997)

Schottky barrier diodes based on Al/poly(3-methylthiophene)/Au have been fabricated and their electrical behaviour investigated. I–V characteristics revealed a dependence on the fabrication conditions, specifically on the time under vacuum prior to evaporation of the rectifying contact and post-metal annealing at elevated temperature. The available evidence is consistent with the formation of a thin insulating layer between the metal and the polymer following these procedures. Long periods under vacuum prior to deposition of the aluminium electrode reduced the likelihood of such a layer forming. Capacitance–voltage plots of the devices were stable to voltage cycling, so long as the forward voltage did not exceed ~1 V. Above this a small degree of hysteresis was observed, which is attributed to the filling/emptying of interface states or traps in the polymer.
Noninvasive assessment of pressure drop in mitral stenosis by Doppler ultrasound. (1978)

A noninvasive method is described for measuring the pressure drop across the mitral valve in mitral stensois by Doppler ultrasound. A maximum frequency estimator was used to record maximum velocity in the Doppler signal from the mitral jet. Provided the angle between the ultrasound beam and the maximum velocity is close to zero the pressure drop can be calculated directly. Good correlation was found between Doppler measurements and simultaneous pressure recordings during heart catheterisation in 10 patients. No false negative or false positive diagnoses of mitral stenosis were made among 55 patients (35 patients with mitral stenosis and 20 patients with other valve lesions). The measurements were easy to perform in most patients and the method seems well suited both to diagnose and to follow patients with mitral stenosis.
Experience with and Attitudes toward Explicit Sexual Materials<sup>1</sup> (1973)

The data reported in this paper come from a national probability sample survey designed to provide an empirical description of the national experience with explicit sexual materials, the public's attitudes toward these types of material, and social‐psychological correlates of both experience and attitudes. An overwhelming majority of adults report having been exposed at some time in their life to very explicit sexual materials that are often labeled pornography. Nevertheless, considerable variation in experience does exist. Differential exposure is related to the content of depictions, mode of depiction, and characteristics of the viewer. The data do not support a concept of a “contemporary community standard” relating to the representation of sexual matters: There does not exist anything approaching consensus in attitudes regarding the availability of sexual materials; attitudes toward availability vary greatly according to the circumstances of availability; and attitudes vary considerably among groups formed on the basis of demographic characteristics.
Fabrication of thin films of multi-cation oxides (YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7−δ</sub>) starting from nanoparticles of mixed ions (2006)

A new route, starting from nanoparticles of mixed ions, has been used to synthesize high-quality thin films of a complex perovskite (YBa2Cu3O7-delta, YBCO). Currently, the most promising approach for making YBCO films uses metal trifluoroacetates. In comparison, the present method using a colloidal dispersion of nanoparticles is seen to produce crystalline, well textured films at much faster heating rates and having much lower porosity. Whereas there is scope for further optimization, this effort has rapidly yielded superconducting films with transition temperature of 89.5 K and self-field critical current density up to 2.4 MA cm(-2) at 77 K.
Genetic diversity and disease response of rust in bread wheat collected from Waziristan Agency, Pakistan (2011)

In the present study, thirty indigenous landraces exclusively collected from Waziristan Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Pakistan along with 14 cultivars were investigated for genetic diversity and resistance to fungal diseases. The germplasm was evaluated for morphological traits, response to rust and smut, and seed protein markers. A low level of allelic variation was observed for morphological trait, while the agronomic traits exhibited higher level of coefficient of variation. In the present study, six lines (MIRALI (ECDOCK) NWA, MIRALI NWA-1, MIRALI NWA-2, BANNU PROPER-1 and FR-BANNU DOMEL) were highly resistant to rust disease. The SDS-PAGE was carried out to assess the genetic diversity and selection of elite genotypes based on proteomic homology of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin (Glu-A1) using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. Almost 16% genetic diversity (low level) was observed in HMW glutenin protein and the germplasm was grouped into five clusters. The cluster 5 sorted resistant lines, while the others were inter-spread, although few of these were grouped on the basis of collection sites. The genotype from Chakdara-2 of Cluster 1 was unique due to the presence of all the polypeptides of HMW glutenin protein. Based on HMW glutenin, the resistant line from Bannu Proper-1 and FR-Bannu Domel were similar to the improved line RAJ and BAKHTAWAR-92. On the basis of this initial investigation it is suggested to investigate this germplasm for their adaptability and for molecular markers to employ this unique germplasm in modern wheat cultivars.
Personalizing Mobile Web Search for Location Sensitive Queries (2011)

General Web search engines characterized by "onesize fits all" provide the same results for the same keyword queries even though these latter are submitted by different users with different intentions. In mobile Web search, the expected results for some queries could vary depending upon the user'slocation. We believe that identifying user's geographic intent in Web search can help to personalize search results by ranking local search results higher in the search results lists. Therefore, the objective of this paper is twofold: first to identify whether a mobile user query is location sensitive and second to personalize Web search results for these queries. In order to achieve these objectives, we propose to build a location language model for queries as a location query profile. Based on this latter, we compute two features issued from the domains of probability theory and Information theory, namely the Kurtosis and Kullback-Leibler Divergence measures in order to automatically classify location sensitive queries. The classification scheme is then integrated into a personalization process according to two approaches: refinement and re-ranking. Experimental evaluation using a sample of queries from AOL log and top documents returned by Google search, shows that the proposed model achieves high accuracy in identifying local sensitive queries and shows significant improvement on search relevance when integrated to a search engine.
Assaying Phospholipase A<SUB>2</SUB> Activity (2004)

Mammalian cells contain many structurally and functionally diverse phospholipases A2 (PLA2) that catalyze the hydrolysis of sn-2 fatty acid from membrane phospholipid. Assays are described for measuring the activity of Group IVA cytosolic PLA2alpha(cPLAalpha) and for secreted PLA2s (sPLA2) that are suitable for purified enzymes and for measuring activity in crude cell lysates and culture medium. The assay for cPLA2alpha involves measuring the calcium-dependent release of radiolabeled sn-2 arachidonic acid from small unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine. Methods are described for distinguishing cPLA2alpha activity in cell lysates from other PLA2s. sPLA2 activity is monitored using a fluorimetric assay that measures the continuous calcium-dependent formation of albumin-bound pyrene fatty acid from the sn-2 position of phosphatidylglycerol.
Characterization of standard CMOS pixel imagers as ionizing radiation detectors (2010)

Recent developments in the domain of the standard CMOS imagers for visible light, mainly in the reduction of the pixel size, has led us to investigate the suitability of some of these devices as ionizing radiation detectors. A standard 640x480 imager with 5.6x5.6 micrometer pixel size (Aptina product MT9SH06) has been characterized with X-ray (55Fe and 8 keV X-ray tube) and charged particles sources (500 MeV electrons). The main results obtained are: a small average pixel multiplicity (4-5), for the detection of either X-ray or charged particles; a good linearity of the response; a S/N ratio of 29 for a Minimum Ionizing Particle and an estimated sensitivity to X-rays down to 1 keV.
Model Based Requirements Analysis and Testing of Automotive Systems with Timed Usage Models (2010)

In the automotive industry requirements are often still composed of natural language text, spreadsheets, drawings, and formal models. Models are often used to describe partial aspects from the whole set of requirements. Hence, flaws and vagueness in requirements are common and hard to discover. Upcoming standards like ISO 26262 request the automotive industry to be more strict and formal on the requirements. Formal notation and unambiguitiy is explicitely stated. In the field of system and acceptance testing requirements are the basis for all activities. Although, requirements are often not close to testing. To overcome this we introduced the Timed Usage Model (TUM) as a formal representation of requirements specification. During the creation of the model the requirements are analyzed and brought into an unambiguous and formal representation. Traceability is achieved, as each path in the model must be based upon a requirement. The formulation of the requirements in form of an unambiguous model clarifies the requirements and helps to detect design errors. During the creation of the model omissions and flaws in the requirements are discovered. The model serves as a communication medium when functionality responsibles are involved to clarify these aspects. Timed Usage Models were created for power train functionality and the energy management. Moreover, the model as a formalized representation of the requirements served as the basis for the whole testing process, including test planning, test case generation, and test campaign analysis.
One-Pot Pyrolysis to N-Doped Graphene with High-Density Pt Single Atomic Sites as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Alkene Hydrosilylation (2018)

Development of noble-metal single atomic site catalysts with high metal loading is highly required for many important chemical reactions but proves to be very challenging. Herein, we report a Na2CO3 salt-assisted one-pot pyrolysis strategy from EDTA–Pt complex to N-doped graphene with isolated Pt single atomic sites (Pt-ISA/NG) with Pt loading up to 5.3 wt %. The X-ray absorption fine structure analysis and spherical aberration-correction electron microscopy demonstrate an atomic dispersion of single Pt species on graphene support and stabilized by nitrogen in Pt–N4 structure. The Pt-ISA/NG catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity and reusability for anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation of various terminal alkenes with industrially relevant tertiary silanes under mild conditions. In hydrosilylation of 1-octene, the Pt-ISA/NG catalyst delivers an overall turnover frequency of 180 h–1, which is a 4-fold enhancement compared with commercial Pt/C.
Radiometric Camera Calibration (2008)

Abstract Radiometric calibration is a method of capturing digital images and processing the digital image data so that the pixel values represent actual measurements of light. Radiometric camera calibration converts ordinary digital images into radiometric images. Absolute radiometric calibration means that the image pixels are calibrated with reference to physical units such as watts per steradian per square meter (W.sr −1 .m −2 ) or photon counts. Relative radiometric calibration means that the image pixels are calibrated with reference to each other — the ratio of two image pixels is the same as the ratio of the corresponding physical measurements of light. Radiometric calibration, both absolute and relative, has a wide range of applications in science and technology, including astronomy, remote sensing, and machine vision. Methods for radiometric calibration typically involve up to four steps. First, the camera response is corrected to be linear. Second, the camera's black response is subtracted. Third, corrections are applied for spatial variations in the effective aperture of the lens and the sensor sensitivity. This correction yields a relative radiometric calibration. A final step converts the relative calibration to absolute calibration by applying an appropriate scaling factor. This article first explains the basis of radiometric calibration — the additive property of light and the formation of digital images. Techniques for radiometric calibration are then explained, focusing on the four steps of estimating the camera response function, measuring the black response, correcting for vignetting and sensitivity, and using calibration targets. Finally, applications of radiometric imaging are discussed briefly.
Distribution of IS<i>1311</i>and IS<i>1245</i>in<i>Mycobacterium avium</i>Subspecies Revisited (2005)

We demonstrated that IS1245 is not present in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by restriction fragment length polymorphism and that the designated three-banded bird pattern of IS1245 in M. avium subsp. avium consists of one copy of IS1245 and two copies of IS1311. Cross hybridization between the two elements can be avoided by using more specific probes.
Apoptotic induction in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines treated with a protein kinase C𝛃 inhibitor (2011)

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in adults exhibits a 5-year disease-free survival rate of only 25-40% after currently available treatment. Protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ) is under active consideration as a rational therapeutic target in several B-cell malignancies, but studies of its possible utility in B-ALL are lacking. Expression of PKCβ1 and PKCβ2 isoforms was demonstrated in five B-ALL cell lines characterized by distinctive chromosomal translocations, and sensitivity to PKCβ-selective inhibition was examined. Inhibitor treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in viability in all cell lines, although pro-B ALL with t(4;11)(q21;q23) was most sensitive. Apoptotic induction was evident after 24-48 h of treatment, and an inhibition of cell cycle progression was detected in one cell line. Treatment resulted in a rapid induction of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, indicating caspase-3-mediated apoptosis, and a rapid reduction in phosphorylation of AKT and its downstream target glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). These results indicate that PKCβ targeting should be considered as a potential treatment option in B-ALL.
Modulation of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Signaling Network by 2-Methoxyestradiol in Prostate Cancer Cells Is Mediated through Multiple Signal Transduction Pathways (2006)

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME(2)), a promising anticancer drug, induces growth arrest and apoptosis in various androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and -independent (DU145 and PC-3) prostate cancer cell lines. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis indicated a novel dual impact of 2-ME(2) on the cell division cycle of prostate cancer cells. Chronic exposure of high doses of 2-ME(2) enhance the accumulation of cells in S and G2/M phases, while cell numbers in the G1 phase were reduced significantly by this treatment. Because cyclin B1 overexpression, induction of cdc2 phosphorylation, and its regulatory proteins wee1 and phospho-cdc25C (interphase and mitotic forms) by 2-ME(2) treatment correlated with the induction of apoptosis, growth arrest at the G2/M phase, and accumulation of the S phase, we reasoned that cyclin B1 and cdc2 phosphorylation and its upstream regulatory molecular networks may be associated with the ultimate impacts of 2-ME(2). Because phosphorylation of cdc2 and upregulation of wee1 by 2-ME(2) can be abolished by both extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) inhibitor (U0126) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125), our studies indicate that the 2-ME(2)-induced upregulation of wee1 and subsequent cdc2 phosphorylation are mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-ERK-JNK signaling pathways.