gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Joint source-channel coding for deep space image transmission using rateless codes (2011)

A new coding scheme for image transmission over noisy channel is proposed. Similar to standard image compression, the scheme includes a linear transform followed by embedded scalar quantization. Joint source-channel coding is implemented by optimizing the rate allocation across the source subbands, treated as the components of a parallel source model. The quantized transform coefficients are linearly mapped into channel symbols, using systematic linear encoders of appropriate rate. This fixed-to-fixed length “linear index coding” approach avoids the use of an explicit entropy coding stage (e.g., arithmetic or Huffman coding), which is typically non-robust to postdecoding residual errors. Linear codes over GF(4) codes are particularly suited for this application, since they are matched to the alphabet of the quantization indices of the dead-zone embedded quantizers used in the scheme, and to the QPSK modulation used on the deep-space communication channel. Therefore, we optimize a family of systematic Raptor codes over GF (4) that are particularly suited for this application since they allow for a continuum of coding rates, in order to adapt to the quantized source entropy rate (which may differ from image to image) and to channel capacity. Comparisons are provided with respect to the concatenation of state-of-the-art image coding and channel coding schemes used by Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL) for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission.
Nafion-based composite membrane with a permselective layered silicate layer for vanadium redox flow battery (2013)

Layered silicate AMH-3 forms a 3D ordered microporous structure and is potentially useful as a permselective barrier. Nafion-based composite membrane containing delaminated AMH-3 (D-AMH-3) layer was prepared by solution casting and hot pressing. The membrane structure was analyzed by FE-SEM and EDS, revealing a sandwich-type structure that included double Nafion outer layers and a central D-AMH-3 layer. The Nafion/D-AMH-3 membrane was employed as an ion exchange membrane for VRB application, and the vanadium permeability and single cell performance were evaluated. The Nafion/D-AMH-3 membrane exhibited a lower VO2+ permeability compared to N117, resulting in higher Coulombic efficiency and lower capacity loss per cycle. The results indicated that D-AMH-3 layer is potentially suitable as a permselective barrier for reducing vanadium crossover and improving cell performance.
Embedded Test Decompressor to Reduce the Required Channels and Vector Memory of Tester for Complex Processor Circuit (2007)

An embedded test stimulus decompressor is presented for the test patterns decompression, which can reduce the required channels and vector memory of automatic test equipment (ATE) for complex processor circuit. The proposed decompressor mainly consists of a periodically alterable MUX network which has multiple configurations to decode the input information flexibly and efficiently. In order to reduce the number of test patterns and configurations, a test patterns compaction algorithm, using CI-Graph merging, is proposed. With the proposed periodically alterable MUX network and the patterns compaction algorithm, smaller test data volume and required external pins can be achieved as compared to previous techniques
Transcriptional Regulation of Type I Diabetes by NF-κB (2003)

Development of type I diabetes requires coordinated expression of myriad genes responsible for the initiation and progression of the disease. Expression of these genes are regulated by a small number of transcription factors including the Rel/NF-kappaB family. To determine the roles of the Rel/NF-kappaB family in type I diabetes, we studied multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice deficient in either c-Rel or NF-kappaB1. We found that mice deficient in each of these NF-kappaB subunits were resistant to streptozotocin-induced diabetes. However, the mechanisms of the disease resistance may differ in different cases. Deficiency in c-Rel selectively reduced Th1, but not Th2 responses, whereas NF-kappaB1 deficiency had little effect on T cell responses to anti-CD3 stimulation. Death of dendritic cells was accelerated in the absence of NF-kappaB1, whereas death of macrophages and granulocytes was affected primarily by c-Rel deficiency. Furthermore, Stat-1 expression was significantly reduced in macrophages deficient in NF-kappaB1, but not c-Rel. These results indicate that both c-Rel and NF-kappaB1are essential for the development of type I diabetes and that strategies targeting each of these subunits would be effective in preventing the disease.
Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers on a Ruthenium Surface (2017)

We have modified and stabilized the ruthenium surface by depositing a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-hexadecanethiol on a polycrystalline ruthenium thin film. The growth mechanism, dynamics, and stability of these monolayers were studied. SAMs, deposited under ambient conditions, on piranha-cleaned and piranha + H2SO4 cleaned substrates were compared to monolayers formed on H-radical-cleaned Ru surfaces. We found that alkanethiols on H-radical-cleaned Ru formed densely packed monolayers that remained stable when kept in a nitrogen atmosphere. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows a distinct sulfur peak (BE = 162.3 eV), corresponding to metal–sulfur bonding. When exposed to ambient conditions, the SAM decayed over a period of hours.
Focusing particles by induced charge electrokinetic flow in a microchannel (2015)

A novel method of sheathless particle focusing by induced charge electrokinetic flow in a microchannel is presented in this paper. By placing a pair of metal plates on the opposite walls of the channel and applying an electrical field, particle focusing is achieved due to the two pairs of vortex that constrain the flow of the particle solution. As an example, the trajectories of particles under different electrical fields with only one metal plate on one side channel wall were numerically simulated and experimentally validated. Other flow focusing effects, such as the focused width ratio (focused width/channel width) and length ratio (focused length/half-length of metal plate) of the sample solution, were also numerically studied. The results show that the particle firstly passes through the gaps between the upstream vortices and the channel walls. Afterwards, the particle is focused to pass through the gap between the two downstream vortices that determine the focused particle position. Numerical simulations show that the focused particle stream becomes thin with the increases in the applied electrical field and the length of the metal plates. As regards to the focused length ratio of the focused stream, however, it slightly increases with the increase in the applied electrical field and almost keeps constant with the increase in the length of the metal plate. The size of the focused sample solution, therefore, can be easily adjusted by controlling the applied electrical field and the sizes of the metal plates.
Data-Driven Originalism (2019)

define individual words; they don't typically define phrases or allow for consideration of broader linguistic context.And while dictionaries can provide a list of possible senses, they can't tell us which sense is the most ordinary (or common).Originalists have also turned to other methods, but those methods have also fallen short.But all is not lost.Big data-and the tools of linguists-have the potential to bring greater rigor and transparency to the practice of originalism.This article will explore the application of corpus linguistic methodology to aid originalism's inquiry into the original communicative content of the Constitution.We propose to improve this inquiry by use of a newly released corpus (or database) of founding-era texts: the beta version of the Corpus of Founding-Era American English.This paper will showcase how typical tools of a corpus-concordance lines, collocation, clusters (or n-grams), and frequency data-can aid in the search for original communicative content.We will also show how corpus data can help determine whether a word or phrase in question is best thought of as an ordinary one or a legal term of art.To showcase corpus linguistic methodology, this paper will analyze important clauses in the Constitution that have generated litigation and controversy over the years (commerce, public use, and natural born citizen) and another whose original meaning has been presumed to be clear (domestic violence).We propose best practices, and also discuss the limitations of corpus linguistic methodology for originalism.
Novel oxygen showering process (OSP) for extreme damage suppression of sub-20nm high density p-MTJ array without IBE treatment (2015)

A novel damage recovery scheme using the oxygen showering post-treatment (OSP) is proposed to recover patterning damages and to improve electric and magnetic properties of p-MTJs, and its array yield. By applying our OSP to 25nm p-MTJs cell array, the MR was increased from 99% to 116% and the I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sw</inf> was decreased from 41.1uA to 28.7uA. Moreover, electric short fails of MTJs array due to metallic by-products reduced dramatically by the selective oxidation of the damaged layer and its isolation from damage-less area. The OSP process makes the switching efficiency of 25nm patterned MTJs to be improved more than 30% compared with IBE treatment process. The mechanism of this enhancement is that spin directions of damaged area is changed from perpendicular to in-plane and, by this change, the energy barrier of damaged area is reduced. By the OSP treatment, we could develop the robust patterning process for sub-20nm STT-MRAM.
Synthesis, morphology and compositional evolution of silicon nanowires directly grown on SnO<sub>2</sub>substrates (2008)

We here propose an all-in situ method for growing vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) silicon nanowires (SiNWs) directly on SnO(2) substrates in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. The tin catalysts are formed by a well-controlled H(2) plasma treatment of the SnO(2) layer. The lowest temperature for the tin-catalyzed VLS SiNWs growth in a silane plasma is ∼250 °C. The effects of substrate temperature and H(2) dilution of silane on the morphology and compositional evolution of the SiNWs were systematically investigated. The catalyst content in the SiNWs can be effectively controlled by the deposition temperature. Moreover, enhanced absorption (down to ∼1.1 eV) is achieved due to the strong light trapping and anti-reflection effects in the straight and long tapered SiNWs.
Visualization and scheduling of non-functional requirements for agile processes (2013)

Agile software development and project management methodologies, such as Scrum and Extreme Programming, have become very popular in quickly delivering quality Functional Requirements (FRs). However, agile project management methodologies have not adequately captured planning and visualization activities for crosscutting concerns and non-functional requirements in agile practices. This research proposes a planning and visualization framework that would be used to schedule software non-functional requirements implementations while utilizing agile software development and project management agile techniques. The approach is validated through visual simulation and a case study. Results showed that utilizing a risk-driven agile planning approach that involve non-functional requirements resulted in shortening the project schedule by one to two months over a traditional “Highest-Business-Value-First” agile scheduling technique.
Austenite films in bainitic microstructures (1995)

Bainitic microstructures in which fine platelets of ferrite are intimately mixed with films of austenite are known to exhibit good combinations of strength and toughness. It isfound that the thickness of these austenite films can be estimated by assuming that the carbon diffusion field around an existing plate of ferrite prevents the close approach of another parallel plate. This is because the regions of austenite with the highest carbon concentration are unable to transform to bainite.MST/3052
Experimental Investigation on an Absorption Refrigerator Driven by Solar Cells (2013)

This experiment is to study an absorption refrigerator driven by solar cells. Hand-held or carried in vehicle can be powered by solar energy in places without power. In the evenings or rainy days, it is powered by storage battery, and it can be directly powered by alternating current (AC) power supply if available, and the storage battery can be charged full as a backup supply. The proposed system was tested by the alternation of solar irradiance 550 to 700 W/m 2 as solar energy and 500ml ambient temperature water as cooling load. After 160 minutes, the proposal refrigerator can maintain the temperature at 5–8°C, and the coefficient of performance (COP) of NH 3 -H 2 O absorption refrigeration system is about 0.25. Therefore, this system can be expected to be used in remote areas for refrigeration of food and beverages in outdoor activities in remote and desert areas or long-distance road transportation of food or low temperature refrigeration of vaccine to avoid the deterioration of the food or the vaccines.
Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (2008)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTGenetically Encoded Calcium IndicatorsMarco Mank and Oliver Griesbeck*View Author Information Max-Planck-Institut für Neurobiologie, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 5, 1550–1564Publication Date (Web):May 1, 2008Publication History Received9 November 2007Published online1 May 2008Published inissue 1 May 2008https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr078213vhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr078213vreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6989Altmetric-Citations226LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biotechnology,Calcium,Fluorescence,Peptides and proteins,Sensors Get e-Alerts
Activation of protein kinase C is required for protection of cells against apoptosis induced by singlet oxygen (1998)

We evaluated the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of apoptosis triggered by singlet oxygen. Activation of PKC by short-term 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) treatment inhibited apoptosis, whereas inhibition of PKC with several inhibitors potentiated this process. The antiapoptotic effect of TPA was accompanied by phosphorylation of extracelluar signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Pretreatment of cells with MEK inhibitor, PD98059, inhibited TPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the cytoprotective ability of TPA. These results suggest that activation of PKC in HL-60 cells confers protection against apoptosis induced by singlet oxygen and that ERK1/2 mediates antiapoptotic signaling of PKC.
The statistical approach to spoken language translation (2005)

This paper gives an overview of our work on statistical machine translation of spoken dialogues, in particular in the framework of the VERBMOBIL project. The goal of the VERBMOBIL project is the translation of spoken dialogues in the domains of appointment scheduling and travel planning. Starting with the Bayes decision rule as in speech recognition; we show how the required probability distributions can be structured into three parts: the language model, the alignment model and the lexicon model. We describe the components of the system and report results on the VERBMOBIL task. The experience obtained in the VERBMOBIL project, in particular a largescale end-to-end evaluation, showed that the statistical approach resulted in significantly lower error rates than three competing translation approaches: the sentence error rate was 29% in comparison with 52% to 62% for the other translation approaches. Finally, we discuss the integrated approach to speech translation as opposed to the serial approach that is widely used nowadays.
Reducing the effects of shot noise using nanoparticles (2014)

We report a new method to remove the effects of fluctuations in the pattern dimensions caused by statistical variations in the impinging photons/particles at the nanoscale. By using precisely size-controlled nanoparticles as a template in conjunction with resist reflow, the method is capable of reducing the transistor source, drain contact hole dimensions to <20 nm, while remaining compatible with currently available fabrication methods.
Delayed Treatment with Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Decoys Reduces Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis (2009)

We examined the capacity of delayed inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) to reduce tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in mice. Small peptides mimicking parts of urokinase (uPA) and tissular plasminogen activator (tPA) and serving as decoy molecules for PAI-1 were administered daily during the late stages (3 to 8 days) of UUO. Treatment with PAI-1 decoys reduced interstitial deposition of fibronectin, collagen III and collagen IV without changes in macrophage and myofibroblast infiltration. Interestingly, while PAI-1 activity was reduced and the combined uPA and tPA activity was increased, the antifibrotic effect was obtained without modification of plasmin activity but with increased of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression. We show for the first time that treatment with small PAI-1 decoy peptides reduces established tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This protective effect probably resulted from increased degradation of the extracellular matrix by an HGF dependent mechanism.
Comparative Structural Studies of Iodide Complexes of Uranium(III) and Lanthanide(III) with Hexadentate Tetrapodal Neutral N-Donor Ligands (2004)

The syntheses, the solution structures, and the crystal structures of the two new tetrapodal N-donor ligands N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyrazylmethyl)-1,3-trimethylenediamine (tpztn), 1, and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyrazylmethyl)-trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (tpzcn), 2, are described. Two different geometric isomers of the cation [La(tpztn)I(2)](+) were isolated in which the ligand adopts two different conformations leading to strong differences in the metal-ligand bond distances. The crystal structure of isostructural complexes of La, U, Ce, and Nd were determined by X-ray diffraction studies for the ligands tpztn and tpzcn. In both series of complexes the two methylpyrazyl arms and the diamine spacer (trimethylene or cyclohexane) around each aliphatic nitrogen adopt the same helical configuration. The complexes crystallize as a racemic mixture of Lambda,Lambda and Delta,Delta enantiomers with distorted square antiprism geometries. In these complexes the M-N(pyrazine) distances show a decrease from La to Ce and from La to Nd which corresponds well to the decrease in ionic radius as expected in a purely ionic bonding model. Conversely the mean value of the U-N(pyrazine) distances is shorter (0.043(3) A for tpztn and 0.054(11) A for tpzcn) than the mean value of the La-N(pyrazine) distances. These differences are significantly larger than the decrease expected from the variation of the ionic radii and can be interpreted in terms of a stronger M-N interaction for U(III). Previously reported extraction studies have shown that while the tripod tris[(2-pyrazyl)methyl]amine (tpza) containing three pyrazyl nitrogens extracts An(III) preferentially to Ln(III), tpztn and tpzcn display no selectivity despite the presence of four pyrazyl groups connected to a different spacer. The structural studies described here show that despite the lack of selectivity observed in the extraction conditions, the arrangement of pyrazyl nitrogens in the tetrapodal architectures of tpztn and tpzcn allows for metal-ligand interaction similar to that observed for tpza.
Relation of a Hypoxia Metagene Derived from Head and Neck Cancer to Prognosis of Multiple Cancers (2007)

Affymetrix U133plus2 GeneChips were used to profile 59 head and neck squamous cell cancers. A hypoxia metagene was obtained by analysis of genes whose in vivo expression clustered with the expression of 10 well-known hypoxia-regulated genes (e.g., CA9, GLUT1, and VEGF). To minimize random aggregation, strongly correlated up-regulated genes appearing in >50% of clusters defined a signature comprising 99 genes, of which 27% were previously known to be hypoxia associated. The median RNA expression of the 99 genes in the signature was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival in a publicly available head and neck cancer data set, outdoing the original intrinsic classifier. In a published breast cancer series, the hypoxia signature was a significant prognostic factor for overall survival independent of clinicopathologic risk factors and a trained profile. The work highlights the validity and potential of using data from analysis of in vitro stress pathways for deriving a biological metagene/gene signature in vivo.
Effect of electrostatic interactions on the structure and dynamics of a model polyelectrolyte. II. Intermolecular correlations (1999)

The peak in the small angle x-ray scattering and the dynamic light-scattering slow mode for a 20 base-pair duplex oligonucleotide (“B-DNA”) are studied as functions of oligonucleotide and added-salt (NaCl) concentrations. Both the x-ray peak intensity and the relative intensity of the slow mode decrease as the added-salt concentration is increased. The hydrodynamic radius of the slow mode increases as the added-salt concentration is decreased. The x-ray peak gradually disappears with increasing salt while the slow mode decreases in intensity, but still has some residual intensity at the highest added-salt concentration studied. There is no abrupt change in either the peak or the slow mode with increasing salt. The existence and behavior of both the x-ray peak and the slow mode indicate local ordering in the solution due to electrostatic forces. The x-ray peak position for the oligonucleotide is correlated with the static light-scattering peak seen by other workers for dilute solutions of larger polyions. A simple model shows that the reduced electrostatic potential at the average distance between neighboring polyions is approximately the same for these polyelectrolytes. The slow mode has a hydrodynamic radius that increases with decreasing q at low added-salt concentrations, indicating a large correlation volume. The x-ray peak is a more local indicator of nearest-neighbor correlations among the polyions.