gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactive‐Sinter‐Processing and Attractive Mechanical Properties of Bulk and Nanostructured Titanium Boride (2011)

An approach to synthesize bulk nanostructured titanium boride ( TiB ) ceramic material having a whisker‐like microstructure with a very attractive combination of mechanical properties is presented. The material is made of a three‐dimensional network of high aspect ratio TiB whiskers that are created in situ during reaction sintering of micron‐sized component powders at pressures of 15–20 MPa and at relatively low temperatures (<1400°C). It is shown that the properties are sensitive to the amount of titanium used in the reaction‐sintering process. The mechanism of formation of nanostructured TiB whiskers and the process of densification, both facilitated by tri‐modal powder particle packing and liquid/β‐phase regions, are illustrated. Mechanical property evaluations indicate that, unlike conventional nanoceramics, a good combination of hardness, strength, and toughness can be achieved by the control of microstructure. For example, the best TiB composition synthesized here resulted in a Vickers hardness of 16 GPa, an elastic modulus of 425 GPa, a mean flexural strength of 800 MPa, and a SEPB fracture toughness of 5.2 MPa√m. This combination of properties, from the perspective of room temperature applications, places the material on par with certain grades of silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) indicating that the material offers significant potential for further development.
Detection of adeno‐associated virus DNA in human genital tissue and in material from spontaneous abortion (1994)

The human helper virus-dependent parvovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV) has never been associated with disease in humans [Berns et al. (1987): Advances in Virus Research 32:243-306; Siegl et al. (1985): Intervirology 23:61-73]. However, in pregnant mice, infection with AAV induces early abortion [Botquin et al. (1993): Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 119:24]. We investigated whether this common human virus may be found in human genital tissue or in curettage material from spontaneous abortion. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) AAV type 2 DNA was amplified in histological sections of 19 of 30 biopsies of the uterine mucosa. In addition, AAV-2 DNA was detected in abortion material during the first trimester of pregnancy (12/30 cases were positive) but not in material of abortion from the second or third trimester (9 cases). Whereas in tissues from the uterus AAV DNA was found only by PCR, large amounts of viral DNA were detectable by Southern blot analysis in abortion material. In situ hybridization revealed DNA of AAV to be present in the villous moiety (trophoblast) of the placenta but not in the embryo or decidua. in the same cells, AAV proteins (including the replication-associated rep proteins) were detected by immunofluorescence analysis. These results suggest (1) that AAV infects the uterine mucosa (possibly persistently) and (2) that it can replicate in trophoblast cells. This might disturb placenta development and may play a role in early miscarriage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Apodized pickup coils for improved spatial resolution of SQUID magnetometers (1990)

The spatial resolution of a SQUID magnetometer is known to be determined by the size of the magnetometer pickup coil and the distance of this coil from the source of the magnetic field. With the advent of spatial-filtering techniques for converting magnetic field maps to current density images, it is clear that the quality and spatial resolution of the current image is also affected by the detailed characteristics of the transfer function between the current sources and the pickup coil. We show that the quality of a current image can be improved over that obtained with conventional pickup coils by using a multiturn pickup coil whose interturn spacing is adjusted to provide a source-coil transfer function with specific characteristics. This process is functionally equivalent to apodization techniques applied in optical image processing, in which the aperture function of the telescope is adjusted to improve spatial resolution. In coil design, the process of apodization involves designing a magnetometer coil whose transfer function has its first zero at a relatively large spatial frequency. Using apodization, we can decrease coil size and increase the number of turns without a large increase in coil inductance. Our model calculations demonstrate that apodization allows us to optimize the ability of a coil design to image a current distribution, subject to the constraints of signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution, and coil inductance.
Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes with a Robust C−C Bond at the Central Position of the Chromophore (2006)

Novel, highly fluorescent, monofunctional, water-soluble heptamethine cyanine dyes containing a robust C-C bond at the central position of the near-infrared fluorophore system were prepared by the Suzuki-Miyaura method. The reaction proceeded efficiently to replace the meso-chlorine atom with a carboxy-functionalized aryl moiety and afforded the desired compounds in high yields. This methodology is particularly attractive due to its versatility and the utilization of environmentally friendly water as solvent. The new compounds possess excellent spectral properties and readily label bioactive molecules on solid support. The results demonstrate the potential of using the new compounds as fluorescent antennae for molecular imaging, spectroscopy, microscopy, and chemical or biological molecular recognition studies.
MERS (2016)

Hardware Trojan detection has emerged as a critical challenge to ensure security and trustworthiness of integrated circuits. A vast majority of research efforts in this area has utilized side-channel analysis for Trojan detection. Functional test generation for logic testing is a promising alternative but it may not be helpful if a Trojan cannot be fully activated or the Trojan effect cannot be propagated to the observable outputs. Side-channel analysis, on the other hand, can achieve significantly higher detection coverage for Trojans of all types/sizes, since it does not require activation/propagation of an unknown Trojan. However, they have often limited effectiveness due to poor detection sensitivity under large process variations and small Trojan footprint in side-channel signature. In this paper, we address this critical problem through a novel side-channel-aware test generation approach, based on a concept of Multiple Excitation of Rare Switching (MERS), that can significantly increase Trojan detection sensitivity. The paper makes several important contributions: i) it presents in detail the statistical test generation method, which can generate high-quality testset for creating high relative activity in arbitrary Trojan instances; ii) it analyzes the effectiveness of generated testset in terms of Trojan coverage; and iii) it describes two judicious reordering methods can further tune the testset and greatly improve the side channel sensitivity. Simulation results demonstrate that the tests generated by MERS can significantly increase the Trojans sensitivity, thereby making Trojan detection effective using side-channel analysis.
Generation and evolution of human antibody repertoires (2007)

This thesis, which is based on five original papers, covers different aspects of antibody specificity and diversity, with the overall goal to understand the makeup of antibody repertoires and their functionality as they occur in vivo or as they are developed in the laboratory. Besides their importance in the adaptive immune response, antibodies have emerged as an invaluable tool in applications ranging from basic research to disease diagnostics and therapy. Antibody library technologies have during the past two decades revolutionized our ability to develop antibodies without the machinery of the immune system. However, in order to successfully create antibodies with desired binding properties a deep understanding of the antigen-antibody interaction is required. Part of this work deals with different aspects of the molecular recognition mechanism of antibodies and how this knowledge can be used to construct antibody libraries with improved characteristics. In the first part of the thesis, I describe the development of a novel approach to create antibody libraries with increased functionality with respect to pre-defined groups of antigens. By constructing a library based on a hapten specific antibody sequence, a library highly enriched for binders to small antigens was created. Importantly, we could show that this library was a superior source of hapten-binders compared to a larger multi-purpose library. These kinds of focused libraries offer an attractive alternative when conventional libraries fail to deliver useful binders. Antibody library technologies have also allowed the investigation of antibody repertoires as they develop in vivo. In the second part of this thesis, we have studied the composition and specificity of antibodies of the IgE repertoire. This antibody isotype is of extensive medical importance as it is a key mediator of type I hypersensitivity or allergy. By using library and selection technologies it was possible to delineate the specificity of over 25% of the IgE-producing transcripts in a grass-pollen allergic individual. Apart from providing valuable insights into the pathogenesis of allergy, we have established a range of antibodies that can aid us in the quest to define ways through which human IgE antibodies recognize grass pollen allergens, which in turn can provide important clues in the design of new allergy vaccines.
Micro-Cathode Arc Thruster Development and Characterization (2011)

The performance of the micro-cathode arc thruster (μCAT) and coaxial micro-cathode arc thruster (CA-μCAT) have been investigated. In particular, mass consumption rate of these thruster variants was measured. Using the mass consumption rate, the specific impulse of the μCAT was calculated from the thrust data and compared to the ion velocity measurements. This comparison suggests that plasma plume is highly ionized. Moreover, two thruster performance have been compared. The potential application for both thruster have been discussed in the paper.
Naphthalene in Formosan Subterranean Termite Carton Nests (1998)

Naphthalene was detected in nest cartons of Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. The concentration of naphthalene ranges from 50.56 to 214.6 μg/kg. This is the first report of naphthalene being associated with termites. Some possible functions of naphthalene in a termite society are discussed. Keywords: Naphthalene; Coptotermes formosanus; termite nest
Metal Ion Macrocyclic Complexes as Artificial Ribonucleases (1996)

Macrocyclic ligands that form thermodynamically stable or kinetically inert complexes with metal ions are used in the design of metal complexes that behave as artificial ribonucleases. Artificial ribonucleases are compounds that cleave RNA by transesterification of the phosphate diester linkages. Zn(II) complexes of tetraaza and triaza macrocycles promote RNA cleavage, but cleavage rates are modest. Hexadentate Schiff base macrocyclic complexes of the trivalent lanthanides promote rapid cleavage of RNA oligomers. New ligands that encapsulate the trivalent lanthanides have been constructed from the addition of four pendent ligating groups to the 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane macrocycle. Several of the new lanthanide complexes are resistant to metal ion release and show promise as artificial ribonucleases. The mechanism of RNA cleavage by metal complexes and the effect of RNA structure on cleavage are discussed.
Abstract 4007: Defining the role of ERG-mediated repression of HPGD in prostate tumorigenesis (2011)

Abstract Activation of the ETS Related Gene (ERG) was originally identified in subsets of Ewing sarcomas, myeloid leukemias and, recently, in the majority of prostate cancers (CaP). Emerging studies in experimental models underscore functions of ERG in prostate tumorigenesis. However, biological functions of ERG in CaP remains to be better understood. Evaluation of ERG downstream targets identified 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase gene (HPGD) in response to ERG knockdown. Several recent studies have indicated that HPGD, the main catabolizing enzyme of prostaglandins and lipoxins and a tumor suppressor, is down-regulated in a majority of lung, colon, breast, and bladder cancers. However, the regulation of HPGD within the biological context of ERG expressing prostate tumors remains to be defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ERG on the prostaglandin signaling pathway in prostate cancer. Correlation between HPGD and ERG expression was evaluated at the mRNA and protein levels in prostate cancer specimens and cell lines by Western blot, QRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assays. Small interference RNA against human ERG and HPGD were used to knock-down their respective expressions. Functional consequences of ERG and HPGD knockdown in VCaP cells harboring TMPRSS2-ERG fusions were assessed by ChIP and BrdU cell proliferation assays. The experiments showed that loss of ERG expression leads to a robust overexpression of HPGD in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we observed altered PGE2 production, decreased expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4), and inhibition of prostaglandin E2 induced cell growth. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed direct binding of ERG protein to the HPGD core promoter. Comparison of HPGD expression in TMPRSS2-ERG positive and negative prostate tumors indicated a trend towards decreased HPGD expression. In conclusion ERG activation, as a consequence of TMPRSS2-ERG fusions, may influence the components of the prostaglandin signaling pathway in prostate tumorigenesis disrupting the tumor suppressor functions of HPGD. These findings suggests for a new biological role of ERG in CaP that may be further evaluated as a target for prevention, as well as early therapeutic intervention in CaP. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4007. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4007
LIGHT SENSITIVE LIPOSOMES (1983)

Abstract Two phospholipids were designed and synthesized that have the property of forming liposomes which undergo a dramatic increase in permeability when irradiated with light (360 nm). Liposomes prepared from these phospholipids leak 100% of entrapped aqueous space marker, carboxyfluorescein, when irradiated for 30‐120 s (average light intensity 50 W/m 2 ). Liposomes not irradiated showed much lower rates of temperature dependent release. Such liposomes may be useful as biochemical tools or drug delivery systems in vitro and in vivo.
Stink Bug Feeding Induces Fluorescence in Developing Cotton Bolls (2011)

The observed characteristic fluorescence peaks associated with stink bug damage give rise to a fluorescence-based method to rapidly distinguish between undamaged and stink bug damaged cotton bolls. Based on the fluorescent fingerprint, we envision a fluorescence reflectance imaging or a fluorescence ratiometric device to assist pest management professionals with rapidly determining the extent of stink bug damage in a cotton field.
Membrane Photolithography: Direct Micropatterning and Manipulation of Fluid Phospholipid Membranes in the Aqueous Phase Using Deep‐UV Light (2004)

A wet photolithography approach using light-activated, localized, oxidative chemistry can directly pattern fluid phospholipid bilayers submerged in aqueous phases. Targeted incorporation of secondary components within pattern voids (see Figure) allows many membrane dynamical processes to be probed and optically defined arrays of holes, functional membrane microdomains, and proteins embedded in a lipidic background can be designed.
Coating Silicon-Based Ceramics With Durable Mullite (1996)

Improved plasma-spraying process deposits mullite on silicon carbide substrates. Prevents formation of amorphous mullite by maintaining high temperature of sprayed deposite to allow crystallization to occur. Deposited mullite adheres to substrate and exhibits little or no cracking during thermal cycling. Provides substantially greater resistance to oxidation in dry air and corrosion by molten salt. Process expected useful in depositing mullite on substrates made of other silicon-based ceramics and other ceramic substrates having coefficients of thermal expansion similar to those of mullite.
Toward the development of monoclonal antibody-based assays to probe virion-like epitopes in hepatitis B vaccine antigen (2014)

Prophylactic vaccines against hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection were produced in different expression systems under different processing conditions. Since the recombinant HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in these vaccines is a cysteine-rich protein with 14 cysteines among a total of 226 amino acids, the epitopes are dependent on the formation of intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds. A panel of 22 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed and evaluated with respect to their sensitivity to disulfide reduction treatment of recombinant HBsAg. Not surprisingly, different mAbs showed different degree of sensitivity to controlled HBsAg disulfide reduction. With a view to exploring the functionality of anti-HBsAg mAbs to be used in HBsAg quality analysis, in vitro neutralization activity for the mAbs was assessed. One of the mAbs tested, 5F11, which showed high sensitivity to the disulfide integrity in HBsAg, was shown also to be highly effective in neutralizing HBV in vitro. Conversely, 42B6, while exhibiting similar neutralization activity, showed comparable binding HBsAg with or without reduction treatment. Based on these mAb characteristics, a sandwich ELISA with 42B6 being the capture Ab and detection Ab was developed to quantify HBsAg (like a "mass" assay) during antigen bioprocessing or in vaccine products. In parallel, when 5F11 was used as the detection Ab (with the same capture Ab), the assay can be used to probe disulfide-dependent and virion-like epitopes in intermediates or final products of hepatitis B vaccine, serving as a surrogate marker for vaccine efficacy to elicit neutralizing antibodies. This approach enables the comparative epitope specific antigenicity analysis of HBsAg antigen preparations from different sources.
Hunting Malicious TLS Certificates with Deep Neural Networks (2018)

Encryption is widely used across the internet to secure communications and ensure that information cannot be intercepted and read by a third party. However, encryption also allows cybercriminals to hide their messages and carry out successful malware attacks while avoiding detection. Further aiding criminals is the fact that web browsers display a green lock symbol in the URL bar when a connection to a website is encrypted. This symbol gives a false sense of security to users, who are in turn more likely to fall victim to phishing attacks. The risk of encrypted traffic means that information security researchers must explore new techniques to detect, classify, and take countermeasures against malicious traffic. So far there exists no approach for TLS detection in the wild. In this paper, we propose a method for identifying malicious use of web certificates using deep neural networks. Our system uses the content of TLS certificates to successfully identify legitimate certificates as well as malicious patterns used by attackers. The results show that our system is capable of identifying malware certificates with an accuracy of 94.87% and phishing certificates with an accuracy of 88.64%.
Naphthoxazepine Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Integrase: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation (2008)

Two sets of compounds derived from the fusion of a diversely annulated naphthoxazepinedione system with 1,3-thiazole and 1,3-oxazole are described. These compounds are close analogues of previously reported thiazolothiazepine inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase (HIV-1 IN). Some of the new derivatives show potency similar to that of the reference compounds, thus gaining further insight into the structure-activity relationship of this class of IN inhibitors.
Remote Maintenance Monitoring (1990)

Automated system gives new life to aging network of computers. Remote maintenance monitoring system developed to diagnose problems in large distributed computer network. Consists of data links, displays, controls, software, and more than 200 computers. Uses sensors to collect data on failures and expert system to examine data, diagnose causes of failures, and recommend cures. Designed to be retrofitted into launch processing system at Kennedy Space Center. Reduces downtime, lowers workload and expense of maintenance, and makes network less dependent on human expertise.
Abstract 1369: Synthesis of substituted N-[(3-(1H-pyrrol-1yl)methyl]-5,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl) benzamide/benzene sulfonamide as anticancer agents (2011)

Abstract Cancer has proven to be one of the most intractable human diseases, and as yet no anticancer agents that are highly effective and safe are available. Therefore, synthesis of novel, potent, selective and less toxic anticancer agents remains the most pressing goal of many investigators. Tetrahydropyridine (THP) ring moieties have attracted synthetic interests for being essential structures in many agrochemicals as well as medicinal agents. The anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of compounds consisting of reduced pyridine ring systems were investigated in our laboratory. The pharmacological activities of the (THP) derivatives depended on the nature of the substituents on the THP ring moiety. In the current investigation, we synthesized many analogs maintaining the N-(3-[(1-H-pyrrol-1-yl)methyl]-5,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl) benzamide/benzene sulfonamides, at which the phenyl ring was substituted with groups having different electronic, steric and lipophilic properties. Mesitylene sulfonyl chloride was added with stirring to a solution of ethylacetohydroxymate and triethylamine in dimethylformamide at 0o C. Hydrolysis of this compound with the mixture of p-dioxane-70% perchloric acid and allowing them to react for 45 min gave a white solid of O-mesitylene sulfonyl hydroxylamine (MSH). MSH was used to prepare the N-amino salt since it served as an aminating agent. 3-[(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methyl]pyridine was reacted with MSH in dichloromethane to produce 3-[(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methyl]-1-aminopyridinium mesitylenesulfonate, the N-amino salt. Reaction of the amino salt with substituted benzoyl chloride/benzenesulfonyl chloride in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran containing triethylamine gave stable benzoyl/benzene sulfonyl imino ylides. This was followed by reduction with sodium borohydride in absolute ethanol, which furnished the target compounds substituted N-(3-[(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methyl]-5,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl) benzamide/benzene sulfonamides. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cell line, and Ishikawa cells, using the CellTiter-Glo (CTG) luminescent cell viability assay. N-(3-[(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methyl]-5,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl)-4-methoxybenzene- sulfonamide showed the most potent cytotoxicity with an IC50 values of 47, 28, and 44 µM on MCF-7, Ishikawa and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. This research was supported by NIH/ RCMI Grant # G12 RR 03020 and Pharmaceutical Research Center NIH/NCRR Grant 1 C06 RR12512-01. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1369. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1369