gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of bacterial membrane permeabilization by crotalicidin (Ctn) and its fragment Ctn(15–34), antimicrobial peptides from rattlesnake venom (2017)

Crotalicidin (Ctn), a cathelicidin-related peptide from the venom of a South American rattlesnake, possesses potent antimicrobial, antitumor, and antifungal properties. Previously, we have shown that its C-terminal fragment, Ctn(15-34), retains the antimicrobial and antitumor activities but is less toxic to healthy cells and has improved serum stability. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of action of Ctn and Ctn(15-34) against Gram-negative bacteria. Both peptides were bactericidal, killing ∼90% of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> cells within 90-120 and 5-30 min, respectively. Studies of ζ potential at the bacterial cell membrane suggested that both peptides accumulate at and neutralize negative charges on the bacterial surface. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that both peptides permeabilize the bacterial cell membrane but suggested slightly different mechanisms of action. Ctn(15-34) permeabilized the membrane immediately upon addition to the cells, whereas Ctn had a lag phase before inducing membrane damage and exhibited more complex cell-killing activity, probably because of two different modes of membrane permeabilization. Using surface plasmon resonance and leakage assays with model vesicles, we confirmed that Ctn(15-34) binds to and disrupts lipid membranes and also observed that Ctn(15-34) has a preference for vesicles that mimic bacterial or tumor cell membranes. Atomic force microscopy visualized the effect of these peptides on bacterial cells, and confocal microscopy confirmed their localization on the bacterial surface. Our studies shed light onto the antimicrobial mechanisms of Ctn and Ctn(15-34), suggesting Ctn(15-34) as a promising lead for development as an antibacterial/antitumor agent.
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) Holoenzymes Regulate Death-associated Protein Kinase (DAPK) in Ceramide-induced Anoikis (2010)

The tumor suppressor, death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), is a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-regulated Ser/Thr kinase with an important role in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Autophosphorylation within the calmodulin-binding domain at Ser-308 inhibits DAPK catalytic activity. Dephosphorylation of Ser-308 by a previously unknown phosphatase enhances kinase activity and proteasome-mediated degradation of DAPK. In these studies, we identified two holoenzyme forms of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), ABalphaC and ABdeltaC, as DAPK-interacting proteins. These phosphatase holoenzymes dephosphorylate DAPK at Ser-308 in vitro and in vivo resulting in enhanced kinase activity of DAPK. The enzymatic activity of PP2A also negatively regulates DAPK levels by enhancing proteasome-mediated degradation of the kinase. Overexpression of wild type DAPK induces cell rounding and detachment in HEK293 cells; however, this effect is not observed following expression of an inactive DAPK S308E mutant. Finally, activation of DAPK by PP2A was found to be required for ceramide-induced anoikis. Together, our results provide a mechanism by which PP2A and DAPK activities control cell adhesion and anoikis.
Has Wright Line Gone Wrong--Why Pretext Can Be Sufficient to Prove Discrimination under the National Labor Relations Act (2000)

Every year in the United States, thousands of employees are illegally fired for joining or supporting unions. These employees must bring their claims to the National Labor Relations Board (the “Board”), which applies its famous Wright Line standard to decide thousands of discrimination cases each year. Probably the most common issue in labor discrimination cases is “pretext.” In virtually every case, an employer claims that it fired an employee not for an illegal anti-union motive, but for a legitimate business reason. The pretext issue arises when the evidence shows that the legitimate reason asserted by the employer was most likely not the true reason for firing the employee. The role such evidence of pretext can play in proving anti-union discrimination has been controversial. The Board's position on that issue has fluctuated over the years, and the federal circuit courts that review the Board's decisions have often disagreed with the Board. This Article explains how the Board has resolved the pretext issue and analyzes whether the Board's resolution is correct. Based on comprehensive research of hundreds of Board and court decisions, the Article provides the first complete discussion of the role of evidence of pretext in discrimination cases. The Article identifies two fundamental questions at the heart of the controversy over evidence of pretext, and proposes solutions to both. The first question is whether evidence regarding the employer's reason for its action, particularly when presented by the employer, can be considered when deciding if the employee has proven discrimination. The Article explains that basic evidentiary principles from ordinary civil law, largely ignored in labor discrimination cases, make clear that the answer is yes. The second question is whether evidence of pretext can be the primary basis for finding discriminatory motivation. Here, the Article criticizes the Board and the courts for treating all types of evidence of pretext as equal, and explains which types of evidence of pretext provide a reasonable basis for finding discrimination.
Bioprinting of 3D hydrogels (2015)

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently emerged as an extension of 3D material printing, by using biocompatible or cellular components to build structures in an additive, layer-by-layer methodology for encapsulation and culture of cells. These 3D systems allow for cell culture in a suspension for formation of highly organized tissue or controlled spatial orientation of cell environments. The in vitro 3D cellular environments simulate the complexity of an in vivo environment and natural extracellular matrices (ECM). This paper will focus on bioprinting utilizing hydrogels as 3D scaffolds. Hydrogels are advantageous for cell culture as they are highly permeable to cell culture media, nutrients, and waste products generated during metabolic cell processes. They have the ability to be fabricated in customized shapes with various material properties with dimensions at the micron scale. 3D hydrogels are a reliable method for biocompatible 3D printing and have applications in tissue engineering, drug screening, and organ on a chip models.
On implicit filter level sparsity in convolutional neural networks (2020)

We investigate filter level sparsity that emerges in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) which employ Batch Normalization and ReLU activation, and are trained with adaptive gradient descent techniques and L2 regularization or weight decay. We conduct an extensive experimental study casting our initial findings into hypotheses and conclusions about the mechanisms underlying the emergent filter level sparsity. This study allows new insight into the performance gap obeserved between adapative and non-adaptive gradient descent methods in practice. Further, analysis of the effect of training strategies and hyperparameters on the sparsity leads to practical suggestions in designing CNN training strategies enabling us to explore the tradeoffs between feature selectivity, network capacity, and generalization performance. Lastly, we show that the implicit sparsity can be harnessed for neural network speedup at par or better than explicit sparsification / pruning approaches, with no modifications to the typical training pipeline required.
Effects of growth regulators on fruit and seed development in eggplant (<i>Solanum melongena L.</i>) (1975)

SummaryTreatments with gibberellin (GA3) induced the development of completely seedless fruits during all seasons. The auxin-like substances, 2, 4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and napthoxyacetic acid (NOA), induced the development of degenerated seeds, both in the period of normal seed development (summer) and in the period of climate-induced seedlessness (winter). The apparent cause of seed degeneration and of seedlessness, as affected by different factors, is discussed.
An automatic algorithm for the segmentation and morphological analysis of microvessels in immunostained histological tumour sections (2010)

A fully automatic segmentation and morphological analysis algorithm for the analysis of microvessels from CD31 immunostained histological tumour sections is presented. Development of the algorithm exploited the distinctive hues of stained vascular endothelial cells, cell nuclei and background, to provide the seeds for a 'region-growing' method for object segmentation in the 3D hue, saturation, value (HSV) colour model. The segmented objects, identified as microvessels by CD31 immunostaining, were post-processed with three morphological tasks: joining separate objects that were likely to belong to a single vessel, closing objects that had a narrow gap around their periphery, and splitting objects with multiple lumina into individual vessels. The automatic segmentation was validated against a hand-segmented set of 44 images from three different SW1222 human colorectal carcinomas xenografted into mice. 96.3 ± 0.9% of pixels were found to be correctly classified. Automated segmentation was carried out on a further 53 images from three histologically distinct mouse fibrosarcomas (MFs) for morphological comparison with the SW1222 tumours. Four morphometric measurements were calculated for each segmented vessel: vascular area (VA), ratio of lumen area to vascular area (lu/VA), eccentricity (e), and roundness (ro). In addition, the total vascular area relative to tumour tissue area (rVA) was calculated. lu/VA, e and ro were found to be significantly smaller in MF tumours than in SW1222 tumours (p < 0.05; unpaired t-test). The algorithm is available through the website http://www.caiman.org.uk where images can be uploaded, processed and sent back to users. The output from CAIMAN consists of the original image with boundaries of segmented vessels overlaid, the calculated parameters and a Matlab file, which contains the segmentation that the user can use to derive further results.
Selective blood sampling for FGF-23 in tumor-induced osteomalacia (2017)

Tumor-induced osteomalacia is a rare condition compared to other paraneoplastic syndromes.It causes complex symptoms such as progressive reduction of physical capacity, exhaustion, fatigue, a decompensated pain syndrome of the musculoskeletal system and fractures of several bones.Elevated serum levels of FGF-23 implicate massive phosphate elimination and resulting hypophosphatemia.The diagnosis is often established over a period of several years because the localization of small FGF-23-producing tumors is complicated.It is the combination of MRI and selective blood sampling for FGF-23 which permits reliable identification of tumors causing TIO and leads to accurate localization.In a patient with generalized pain and reduced physical capacity, osteological parameters such as phosphate, 25-OH vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and 1,25-(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>, as well as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels in serum should be determined. Hypophosphatemia should always lead to further diagnostic investigations aiming at the detection of an FGF-23-producing tumor.
Digitally Tunable Microfluidic Bioprinting of Multilayered Cannular Tissues (2018)

Despite advances in the bioprinting technology, biofabrication of circumferentially multilayered tubular tissues or organs with cellular heterogeneity, such as blood vessels, trachea, intestine, colon, ureter, and urethra, remains a challenge. Herein, a promising multichannel coaxial extrusion system (MCCES) for microfluidic bioprinting of circumferentially multilayered tubular tissues in a single step, using customized bioinks constituting gelatin methacryloyl, alginate, and eight-arm poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate with a tripentaerythritol core, is presented. These perfusable cannular constructs can be continuously tuned up from monolayer to triple layers at regular intervals across the length of a bioprinted tube. Using customized bioink and MCCES, bioprinting of several tubular tissue constructs using relevant cell types with adequate biofunctionality including cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation is demonstrated. Specifically, cannular urothelial tissue constructs are bioprinted, using human urothelial cells and human bladder smooth muscle cells, as well as vascular tissue constructs, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human smooth muscle cells. These bioprinted cannular tissues can be actively perfused with fluids and nutrients to promote growth and proliferation of the embedded cell types. The fabrication of such tunable and perfusable circumferentially multilayered tissues represents a fundamental step toward creating human cannular tissues.
Total synthesis of carbohydrates. 5. Stereochemistry of the epoxidations of acyclic allylic amides. Applications towards the synthesis of 2,3,6-trideoxy-3-aminohexoses (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of carbohydrates. 5. Stereochemistry of the epoxidations of acyclic allylic amides. Applications towards the synthesis of 2,3,6-trideoxy-3-aminohexosesWilliam R. Roush, Julie A. Straub, and Richard J. BrownCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 23, 5127–5136Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00232a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00232a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1716Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Review of Hydrophilic Silicon Wafer Bonding (2014)

Hydrophilically activated direct wafer bonding is a technique for gluelessly attaching oxide-coated wafers together. This ability is a vital step in the construction of many microelectronic and microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices. In particular this technique is widely used in the production of 3d interconnected devices due to the lack of interlayer.
Quantitative analysis of time-lapse seismic monitoring data at the Sleipner CO2 storage operation (2010)

The CO2 storage operation at Sleipner in the Norwegian North Sea provides an excellent demonstration of the application of time-lapse surface seismic methods to CO2 plume monitoring under favorable conditions. Injection commenced at Sleipner in 1996 with CO2 separated from natural gas being injected into the Utsira Sand, a major saline aquifer of late Cenozoic age. CO2 injection is via a near-horizontal well at a depth of about 1012 m below sea level (bsl) some 200 m below the reservoir top, at a rate approaching 1 million tonnes (Mt) per year, with more than 11 Mt currently stored.
The reaction of 2‐substituted‐4,5‐dichloro‐3(2<i>H</i>)‐pyridazinones with alkoxides and alkylthiolates (1988)

Abstract The reaction of 2‐substituted‐4,5‐dichloro‐3(2 H )‐pyridazinones 1a‐b with alkoxides and alkylthiolates was investigated. Regiospecific displacement of either the 4 or 5 chlorine atom could be achieved in most cases by appropriate selection of the reaction solvent.
Expression of E-cadherin in embryogenetic ingression and cancer invasion (1993)

Homophilic interactions of E-cadherin serve the organization of embryonic and adult epithelia and counteract cancer invasion. The role of E-cadherin as an invasion-suppressor molecule has been demonstrated cancer. Regulation of embryonic ingression and cancer invasion via E-cadherin occurs at transcriptional, translational and post-translation levels.
JAK2/IDH-mutant–driven myeloproliferative neoplasm is sensitive to combined targeted inhibition (2018)

Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) frequently progress to bone marrow failure or acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and mutations in epigenetic regulators such as the metabolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) are associated with poor outcomes. Here, we showed that combined expression of Jak2V617F and mutant IDH1R132H or Idh2R140Q induces MPN progression, alters stem/progenitor cell function, and impairs differentiation in mice. Jak2V617F Idh2R140Q-mutant MPNs were sensitive to small-molecule inhibition of IDH. Combined inhibition of JAK2 and IDH2 normalized the stem and progenitor cell compartments in the murine model and reduced disease burden to a greater extent than was seen with JAK inhibition alone. In addition, combined JAK2 and IDH2 inhibitor treatment also reversed aberrant gene expression in MPN stem cells and reversed the metabolite perturbations induced by concurrent JAK2 and IDH2 mutations. Combined JAK2 and IDH2 inhibitor therapy also showed cooperative efficacy in cells from MPN patients with both JAK2mut and IDH2mut mutations. Taken together, these data suggest that combined JAK and IDH inhibition may offer a therapeutic advantage in this high-risk MPN subtype.
Class V β-tubulin alters dynamic instability and stimulates microtubule detachment from centrosomes (2011)

A multigene family produces tubulin isotypes that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner, but the role of these isotypes in microtubule assembly and function is unclear. Recently we showed that overexpression or depletion of β5-tubulin, a minor isotype with wide tissue distribution, inhibits cell division. We now report that elevated β5-tubulin causes uninterrupted episodes of microtubule shortening and increased shortening rates. Conversely, depletion of β5-tubulin reduces shortening rates and causes very short excursions of growth and shortening. A tubulin conformation-sensitive antibody indicated that the uninterrupted shortening can be explained by a relative absence of stabilized patches along the microtubules that contain tubulin in an assembly-competent conformation and normally act to restore microtubule growth. In addition to these changes in dynamic instability, overexpression of β5-tubulin causes fragmentation that results from microtubule detachment from centrosomes, and it is this activity that best explains the effects of β5 on cell division. Paclitaxel inhibits microtubule detachment, increases the number of assembly-competent tubulin patches, and inhibits microtubule shortening, thus providing an explanation for why the drug can counteract the phenotypic effects of β5 overexpression. On the basis of these observations, we propose that cells can use β5-tubulin expression to adjust the behavior of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Diluted magnetic semiconductors: Issues and opportunities (1986)

We review the crystallography, band structure, and optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS), with emphasis on ternary alloys of the type AII1−xMnxBVI (e.g., Hg1−xMnxTe). Considerable attention in the review is given to spectacular novel effects which arise from the selective enhancement of spin-dependent properties due to exchange interaction between the localized magnetic moments (Mn+2) and band electrons. We then identify the major issues currently facing the field of DMS, and we discuss the major opportunities which these materials hold in store, both in the area of further scientific discoveries and in technological applications. In particular, we stress the need for a systematic concerted effort in the area of controlling impurities and defects in DMS, and we argue that exchange interaction in these materials offers an additional tool for studies in this area. We then describe, as examples of important future opportunities, the emerging field of Fe-based DMS (e.g., Hg1−xFexSe), and the rapidly evolving area of DMS superlattices and heterostructures. In connection with the latter, we give special attention to the unique features arising from the exchange interaction in the quantum well situation in alternating DMS/non-DMS structures.
A Controlled Trial of Interferon Gamma to Prevent Infection in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (1991)

For patients with chronic granulomatous disease, interferon gamma therapy is an effective and well-tolerated treatment that reduces the frequency of serious infections.
Subsystem for Remote Monitoring of Network Elements (2018)

The article considers the issues of development of an application for monitoring of remote servers of a corporate network. The software allows to monitor (in real time) physical availability and activity of the server, its technical specifications (disk space, RAM) and applications hosted on it. The subsystem promptly notifies the system's owner/administrator of failures through a user-friendly interface, as well as via e-mail. The article also considers the issues of the subsystem's fine-tuning by inclusion into it of the tools for combining of disparate network components into a single logical structure, with subsequent analysis of critical processes performed on them. The application can easily be integrated into any automated system of network maintenance and management.
PLL-Based Seamless Transfer Control Between Grid-Connected and Islanding Modes in Grid-Connected Inverters (2013)

This paper proposes a phase-locked loop (PLL)-based seamless transfer control method between grid-connected and islanding modes in a three-phase grid-connected inverter. The PLL is used to synchronize the phase of the load voltage to a grid voltage in grid-connected operation, and to generate an angle with the desired frequency in islanding operation. The stability of both the grid current loop for grid-connected operation and the load voltage control loop for islanding operation is analyzed. The phase and magnitude of the load voltage are successively matched to the grid voltage for a seamless transfer from islanding to grid-connected operation. When grid voltage sag occurs, an operating sequence including a PLL operation is suggested in order to transfer smoothly to islanding operation and to provide a stable and seamless voltage to a sensitive load under the voltage sag condition. The simulation and experimental results are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
<title>Free-space evolution of monochromatic mixed screw-edge wavefront dislocations</title> (1998)

We show how to synthesize a wave with monochromatic mixed screw-edge dislocation. We obtained theoretically and experimentally that a mixed screw-edge dislocation embedded in a monochromatic Gaussian beam does not propagate as a self- similar stable object, but transforms into several pairs of opposite-sign optical vortices in near field, and produces single-charge optical vortices in far field.