gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Yet Another Compressed Cache (2016)

Cache memories play a critical role in bridging the latency, bandwidth, and energy gaps between cores and off-chip memory. However, caches frequently consume a significant fraction of a multicore chip's area and thus account for a significant fraction of its cost. Compression has the potential to improve the effective capacity of a cache, providing the performance and energy benefits of a larger cache while using less area. The design of a compressed cache must address two important issues: (i) a low-latency, low-overhead compression algorithm that can represent a fixed-size cache block using fewer bits and (ii) a cache organization that can efficiently store the resulting variable-size compressed blocks. This article focuses on the latter issue. Here, we propose Yet Another Compressed Cache (YACC), a new compressed cache design that targets improving effective cache capacity with a simple design. YACC uses super-blocks to reduce tag overheads while packing variable-size compressed blocks to reduce internal fragmentation. YACC achieves the benefits of two state-of-the art compressed caches—Decoupled Compressed Cache (DCC) [Sardashti and Wood 2013a, 2013b] and Skewed Compressed Cache (SCC) [Sardashti et al. 2014]—with a more practical and simpler design. YACC's cache layout is similar to conventional caches, with a largely unmodified tag array and unmodified data array. Compared to DCC and SCC, YACC requires neither the significant extra metadata (i.e., back pointers) needed by DCC to track blocks nor the complexity and overhead of skewed associativity (i.e., indexing ways differently) needed by SCC. An additional advantage over previous work is that YACC enables modern replacement mechanisms, such as RRIP. For our benchmark set, compared to a conventional uncompressed 8MB LLC, YACC improves performance by 8% on average and up to 26%, and reduces total energy by 6% on average and up to 20%. An 8MB YACC achieves approximately the same performance and energy improvements as a 16MB conventional cache at a much smaller silicon footprint, with only 1.6% greater area than an 8MB conventional cache. YACC performs comparably to DCC and SCC but is much simpler to implement.
Dysregulation of angiopoietin-1 plays a mechanistic role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (2016)

Cerebral malaria is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Interventions targeting the underlying pathophysiology of cerebral malaria may improve outcomes compared to treatment with antimalarials alone. Microvascular leak plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. The angiopoietin (Ang)-Tie-2 system is a critical regulator of vascular function. We show that Ang-1 expression and soluble Tie-2 expression were associated with disease severity and outcome in a prospective study of Ugandan children with severe malaria and in a preclinical murine model of experimental cerebral malaria. Ang-1 was necessary for maintenance of vascular integrity and survival in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. Therapeutic administration of Ang-1 preserved blood-brain barrier integrity and, in combination with artesunate treatment, improved survival beyond that with artesunate alone. These data define a role for dysregulation of the Ang-Tie-2 axis in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and support the evaluation of Ang-Tie-2-based interventions as potential adjunctive therapies for treating severe malaria.
Overview of femtocell support in advanced WiMAX systems (2011)

The femtocell concept is an integral part of the telecommunication industry's efforts to provide high-throughput, high quality services into the users' home. In contrast to conventional cell types which are well-planned by the operators, femtocell base stations are supposed to be installed by customers themselves, similar to a WiFi access point. Unlike WiFi, however, femtocells operate mainly in licensed bands, such that operators are in control of the radio interface. This brings new challenges as well as opportunities for femtocell design; these include sophisticated mobility and interference management, increased reliability, as well as deployment in a plug-and-play manner. Extensive progress in femtocell design has been made in Advanced WiMAX recently, which is associated with the IEEE 802.16m update in 2011. This article gives an overview and update on novel concepts and mechanisms for femtocell support in the network architecture and air interface that have been adopted into the WiMAX Forum network specifications and the IEEE 802.16m specification.
Managing approximation errors in quantum programs (2018)

We address the problem of distributing approximation errors in large-scale quantum programs. It has been known for some time that when compiling quantum algorithms for a fault-tolerant architecture, some operations must be approximated as they cannot be implemented with arbitrary accuracy by the underlying gate set. This leads to approximation errors which often can be grouped along subroutines that the given quantum algorithm is composed of. Typically, choices can be made as to how to distribute approximation errors so that the overall error is kept beneath a user- or application-defined threshold. These choices impact the resource footprint of the fault-tolerant implementation. We develop an automatic approximation error management module to tackle the resulting optimization problems. The module is based on annealing and can be integrated into any quantum software framework. Using the benchmark of simulating an Ising model with transverse field, we provide numerical results to quantify the benefits and trade-offs involved in our approach.
The reassigned spectrogram as a tool for voice identication (2007)

Protein immobilization is particularly significant in proteomics, interactomics, and in vitro drug screening. It is an essential primary step for numerous biological techniques that rely on immobilized proteins with controlled orientation, high conformational stability, and high activity (CHH). These have challenged the current immobilization strategy and demanded increasing efforts for an efficient method to meet the CHH immobilization in a single step. Herein, we proposed a covalent inhibitor-based, one-step method for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) immobilization inspired by the covalent reaction between an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tag and its inhibitor ibrutinib. We immobilized endothelin receptor A (ETA) containing a fusion EGFR tag onto an ibrutinib-coated macroporous silica gel. The immobilized ETA proved to have demonstrable ligand-binding activity and specificity, thus resulting in a chromatographic technology allowing receptor-ligand interaction analysis and lead identification. Such immobilization method is attractable, owing to the properties of mild reacting conditions, fast rate, high yield, and good stability of the conjugated protein. It will be applicable to biochips, biosensors, and biocatalysts.
Automated epicardial fat volume quantification from non-contrast CT (2014)

Epicardial fat volume (EFV) is now regarded as a significant imaging biomarker for cardiovascular risk strat-ification. Manual or semi-automated quantification of EFV includes tedious and careful contour drawing of pericardium on fine image features. We aimed to develop and validate a fully-automated, accurate algorithm for EVF quantification from non-contrast CT using active contours and multiple atlases registration. This is a knowledge-based model that can segment both the heart and pericardium accurately by initializing the location and shape of the heart in large scale from multiple co-registered atlases and locking itself onto the pericardium actively. The deformation process is driven by pericardium detection, extracting only the white contours repre- senting the pericardium in the CT images. Following this step, we can calculate fat volume within this region (epicardial fat) using standard fat attenuation range. We validate our algorithm on CT datasets from 15 patients who underwent routine assessment of coronary calcium. Epicardial fat volume quantified by the algorithm (69.15 ± 8.25 cm<sup>3</sup>) and the expert (69.46 ± 8.80 cm<sup>3</sup>) showed excellent correlation (<i>r</i> = 0.96, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) with no significant differences by comparison of individual data points (<i>p</i> = 0.9). The algorithm achieved a Dice overlap of 0.93 (range 0.88 - 0.95). The total time was less than 60 sec on a standard windows computer. Our results show that fast accurate automated knowledge-based quantification of epicardial fat volume from non-contrast CT is feasible. To our knowledge, this is also the first fully automated algorithms reported for this task.
Diagnosis of Clinically Significant Portal Hypertension Using CT- and MRI-based Vascular Model (2023)

Background Currently, the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) remains the reference standard for diagnosis of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) but is limited by its invasiveness and availability. Purpose To investigate a vascular geometric model for noninvasive diagnosis of CSPH (HVPG ≥10 mm Hg) in patients with liver cirrhosis for both contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent HVPG measurement from August 2016 to April 2019 were included. Patients without hepatic diseases were included and marked as non-CSPH to balance the ratio of CSPH 1:1. A variety of vascular parameters were extracted from the portal vein, hepatic vein, aorta, and inferior vena cava and then entered into a vascular geometric model for identification of CSPH. Diagnostic performance was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results The model was developed and tested with retrospective data from 250 patients with liver cirrhosis and 273 patients without clinical evidence of hepatic disease at contrast-enhanced CT examination, including 213 patients with CSPH (mean age, 49 years ± 12 [SD]; 138 women) and 310 patients without CSPH (mean age, 50 years ± 9; 177 women). For external validation, an MRI data set with 224 patients with cirrhosis (mean age, 49 years ± 10; 158 women) and a CT data set with 106 patients with cirrhosis (mean age, 53 years ± 12; 71 women) were analyzed. Significant reductions in mean whole-vessel volumes were observed in the portal vein (ranging from 36.9 cm<sup>3</sup> ± 16.0 to 29.6 cm<sup>3</sup> ± 11.1; <i>P</i> < .05) and hepatic vein (ranging from 35.3 cm<sup>3</sup> ± 21.5 to 22.4 cm<sup>3</sup> ± 15.7; <i>P</i> < .05) when CSPH occurred. Similarly, the mean whole-vessel lengths were shorter in patients with CSPH (portal vein: 1.7 m ± 1.2 vs 3.0 m ± 2.4, <i>P</i> < .05; hepatic vein: 0.9 m ± 1.5 vs 1.8 m ± 1.5, <i>P</i> < .05) than in those without CSPH. The proposed vascular model performed well in the internal test set (mean AUC, 0.90 ± 0.02) and external test sets (mean AUCs, 0.84 ± 0.12 and 0.87 ± 0.11). Conclusion A contrast-enhanced CT- and MRI-based vascular model was proposed with good diagnostic consistency for hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement. ClinicalTrials.gov registration nos. NCT03138915 and NCT03766880 © RSNA, 2023 <i>Supplemental material is available for this article.</i> See also the editorial by Roldán-Alzate and Reeder in this issue.
Novel power electronics three-dimensional heat exchanger (2014)

Electric-drive systems, which include electric machines and power electronics, are a key enabling technology to meet increasing automotive fuel economy standards, improve energy security, address environmental concerns, and support economic development. Enabling cost-effective electric-drive systems requires reductions in inverter power semiconductor area, which increases challenges associated with heat removal. In this paper, we demonstrate an integrated approach to the design of thermal management systems for power semiconductors that matches the passive thermal resistance of the packaging with the active convective cooling performance of the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger concept builds on existing semiconductor thermal management improvements described in literature and patents, which include improved bonded interface materials, direct cooling of the semiconductor packages, and double-sided cooling. The key difference in the described concept is the achievement of high heat transfer performance with less aggressive cooling techniques by optimizing the passive and active heat transfer paths. An extruded aluminum design was selected because of its lower tooling cost, higher performance, and scalability in comparison to cast aluminum. Results demonstrated a 102% heat flux improvement and a package heat density improvement over 30%, which achieved the thermal performance targets.
Equine applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1988)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a rapidly developing technique on the threshold of several equine applications. This technique measures phosphorus and hydrogen compounds non-invasively, in real time and in vivo. It has great potential as a powerful new laboratory and clinical tool. There are 2 separate modalities: imaging of tissues (MRI) from the resonance of protons [1H] in soft tissues, and as a chemical spectrometer (MRS). A magnetic resonance spectrometer can monitor the dynamics of muscle energetics during exercise; measuring ATP, PCr, Pi and H+ directly. ADP can also be derived from the Pi/PCr ratio. In principle, muscle lactate may also be obtained from 1H and muscle glycogen from 13C. Analysis of Pi/PCr as a function of work rate provides a direct measure of biochemical efficiency and capacity. Typically an animal is placed in the bore of a cylindrical superconducting magnet. A radio-frequency coil is placed over the muscle to detect molecular resonance within the tissue. Signal spectra are resolved by Fourier transformation, then computer enhanced so that compounds of known resonance can be quantified. This is more relevant to cellular function than conventional biochemistry, because with MRS only metabolically active (unbound) molecules are included. Furthermore MRS avoids biopsy and the consequent disruption of cells. Horses are ideal for spectroscopy since inherent problems of slow data acquisition and poor signal-to-noise markedly improves with their higher muscle mass and mitochondrial density. This device has great potential applications to equine practice; although it is still under development, and a large-scale system has yet to be constructed. It is also, with horses, a major technical and financial challenge.
Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of Potent, Ethylenediamine-Based, Mammalian Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents (2010)

A potent class of anticancer, human farnesyltransferase (hFTase) inhibitors has been identified by "piggy-backing" on potent, antimalarial inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum farnesyltransferase (PfFTase). On the basis of a 4-fold substituted ethylenediamine scaffold, the inhibitors are structurally simple and readily derivatized, facilitating the extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study reported herein. Our most potent inhibitor is compound 1f, which exhibited an in vitro hFTase IC(50) value of 25 nM and a whole cell H-Ras processing IC(50) value of 90 nM. Moreover, it is noteworthy that several of our inhibitors proved highly selective for hFTase (up to 333-fold) over the related prenyltransferase enzyme geranylgeranyltransferase-I (GGTase-I). A crystal structure of inhibitor 1a co-crystallized with farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) in the active site of rat FTase illustrates that the para-benzonitrile moiety of 1a is stabilized by a π-π stacking interaction with the Y361β residue, suggesting a structural explanation for the observed importance of this component of our inhibitors.
<title>Achromatic features for optically variable devices</title> (2002)

We have studied the use of achromatic features in Optically Variable Devices (OVD) for document security applications. We present various forms of matt structures as we have implemented them in OVD designs. By tailoring the scattering characteristics of the surface relief, we have created OVDs which appear in various intensities of white or gray, and whose brightness can vary as the viewing conditions are changed. Furthermore, we have realized surface reliefs which appear bright and colorless when viewed within a predetermined solid angle and appears dark in all other viewing directions. The gratings appear bright and colorless when viewed from one side of the grating normal; however, when these gratings are rotated by 180 degrees in their plane, the gratings appear dark. We will show gratings of this type, where the surface reliefs have been engineered so that the bright and colorless appearance covers an enlarged solid angle.
Optical study of the band structure of wurtzite GaP nanowires (2016)

We investigated the optical properties of wurtzite (WZ) GaP nanowires by performing photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL measurements in the temperature range from 4 K to 300 K, together with atom probe tomography to identify residual impurities in the nanowires. At low temperature, the WZ GaP luminescence shows donor-acceptor pair emission at 2.115 eV and 2.088 eV, and Burstein-Moss band-filling continuum between 2.180 and 2.253 eV, resulting in a direct band gap above 2.170 eV. Sharp exciton α-β-γ lines are observed at 2.140–2.164–2.252 eV, respectively, showing clear differences in lifetime, presence of phonon replicas, and temperature-dependence. The excitonic nature of those peaks is critically discussed, leading to a direct band gap of ∼2.190 eV and to a resonant state associated with the γ-line ∼80 meV above the Γ8C conduction band edge.
Sera from Children with Autism Induce Autistic Features Which Can Be Rescued with a CNTF Small Peptide Mimetic in Rats (2015)

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized clinically by impairments in social interaction and verbal and non-verbal communication skills as well as restricted interests and repetitive behavior. It has been hypothesized that altered brain environment including an imbalance in neurotrophic support during early development contributes to the pathophysiology of autism. Here we report that sera from children with autism which exhibited abnormal levels of various neurotrophic factors induced cell death and oxidative stress in mouse primary cultured cortical neurons. The effects of sera from autistic children were rescued by pre-treatment with a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) small peptide mimetic, Peptide 6 (P6), which was previously shown to exert its neuroprotective effect by modulating CNTF/JAK/STAT pathway and LIF signaling and by enhancing brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Similar neurotoxic effects and neuroinflammation were observed in young Wistar rats injected intracerebroventricularly with autism sera within hours after birth. The autism sera injected rats demonstrated developmental delay and deficits in social communication, interaction, and novelty. Both the neurobiological changes and the behavioral autistic phenotype were ameliorated by P6 treatment. These findings implicate the involvement of neurotrophic imbalance during early brain development in the pathophysiology of autism and a proof of principle of P6 as a potential therapeutic strategy for autism.
Effect of nitric oxide annealing on the interface trap densities near the band edges in the 4H polytype of silicon carbide (2000)

Results of capacitance–voltage measurements are reported for metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors fabricated using the 4H polytype of silicon carbide doped with either nitrogen (n) or aluminum (p). Annealing in nitric oxide after a standard oxidation/reoxidation process results in a slight increase in the defect state density in the lower portion of the band gap for p-SiC and a significant decrease in the density of states in the upper half of the gap for n-SiC. Theoretical calculations provide an explanation for these results in terms of N passivating C and C clusters at the oxide–semiconductor interface.
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 gene variants in human essential hypertension (2002)

Essential hypertension has a heritability as high as 30-50%, but its genetic cause(s) has not been determined despite intensive investigation. The renal dopaminergic system exerts a pivotal role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and participates in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension. In genetic hypertension, the ability of dopamine and D(1)-like agonists to increase urinary sodium excretion is impaired. A defective coupling between the D(1) dopamine receptor and the G protein/effector enzyme complex in the proximal tubule of the kidney is the cause of the impaired renal dopaminergic action in genetic rodent and human essential hypertension. We now report that, in human essential hypertension, single nucleotide polymorphisms of a G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK4gamma, increase G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) activity and cause the serine phosphorylation and uncoupling of the D(1) receptor from its G protein/effector enzyme complex in the renal proximal tubule and in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Moreover, expressing GRK4gammaA142V but not the wild-type gene in transgenic mice produces hypertension and impairs the diuretic and natriuretic but not the hypotensive effects of D(1)-like agonist stimulation. These findings provide a mechanism for the D(1) receptor coupling defect in the kidney and may explain the inability of the kidney to properly excrete sodium in genetic hypertension.
Adaptive epileptic seizure prediction system (2003)

Current epileptic seizure "prediction" algorithms are generally based on the knowledge of seizure occurring time and analyze the electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings retrospectively. It is then obvious that, although these analyses provide evidence of brain activity changes prior to epileptic seizures, they cannot be applied to develop implantable devices for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this paper, we describe an adaptive procedure to prospectively analyze continuous, long-term EEG recordings when only the occurring time of the first seizure is known. The algorithm is based on the convergence and divergence of short-term maximum Lyapunov exponents (STLmax) among critical electrode sites selected adaptively. A warning of an impending seizure is then issued. Global optimization techniques are applied for selecting the critical groups of electrode sites. The adaptive seizure prediction algorithm (ASPA) was tested in continuous 0.76 to 5.84 days intracranial EEG recordings from a group of five patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. A fixed parameter setting applied to all cases predicted 82% of seizures with a false prediction rate of 0.16/h. Seizure warnings occurred an average of 71.7 min before ictal onset. Similar results were produced by dividing the available EEG recordings into half training and testing portions. Optimizing the parameters for individual patients improved sensitivity (84% overall) and reduced false prediction rate (0.12/h overall). These results indicate that ASPA can be applied to implantable devices for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Mechanical, Microstructural, and Electrochemical Characterization of NaSICON Sodium Ion Conductors. (2021)

Abstract not provided.