gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solution architecture for detecting and preventing fraud in real time (2007)

Fraud has been an issue since the very beginnings of commerce. Today, as business moved into the online era, this topic has become a major issue in e-commerce. In this paper, we introduce a solution architecture for detection and preventing fraud in real time by using an event-based system called SARI (sense and respond infrastructure). We present the architecture and components for a real-time fraud management solution which can be easily adapted to the business needs of domain experts and business users. The SARI system provides functions to monitor customer behavior as well as it can steer and optimize customer processes in real time. For illustrating our approach, we show fraud scenarios of an online gambling service provider.
Purification and Characterisation of Pyruvate Decarboxylase from Pea Seeds<i>(Pisum sativum</i>cv. Miko) (1995)

Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) was purified from pea seeds. The catalytically active holoenzyme is an oligomer of two types of subunits with molecular masses of about 65 kDa and 68 kDa, respectively. The active enzyme is a mixture of tetramers, octamers and even higher oligomers. These differences in the quaternary structure compared with PDC from yeast (tetramer) do not result in a different kinetic behaviour. The activity of pea PDC as well as that of yeast PDC is regulated by its substrate pyruvate resulting in a sigmoid shape of the v/S-plot. At the optimum pH of 6.0 a S0.5-value of 1 mM pyruvate is found that increases with rising pH and increasing concentrations of phosphate. The substrate analogue activator pyruvamide activates the enzyme resulting in a hyperbolic v/S-plot. The stability of PDC from pea seeds in solution is about one order of magnitude higher than that of yeast PDC. Despite the described similarities of the two enzymes no significant cross reactivity of the anti-pea PDC antibody with the enzyme from yeast occurs.
Microfluidic investigation of the deposition of asphaltenes in porous media (2014)

The deposition of asphaltenes in porous media, an important problem in science and macromolecular engineering, was for the first time investigated in a transparent packed-bed microreactor (μPBR) with online analytics to generate high-throughput information. Residence time distributions of the μPBR before and after loading with ~29 μm quartz particles were measured using inline UV-Vis spectroscopy. Stable packings of quartz particles with porosity of ~40% and permeability of ~500 mD were obtained. The presence of the packing materials reduced dispersion under the same velocity via estimation of dispersion coefficients and the Bodenstein number. Reynolds number was observed to influence the asphaltene deposition mechanism. For larger Reynolds numbers, mechanical entrapment likely resulted in significant pressure drops for less pore volumes injected and less mass of asphaltenes being retained under the same maximum dimensionless pressure drop. The innovation of packed-bed microfluidics for investigations on asphaltene deposition mechanisms could contribute to society by bridging macromolecular science with microsystems.
Angiotensin receptor blockers (2011)

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were developed to providean alternative approach to interrupting the renin–angiotensin system(RAS), which was pharmacologically distinct from that ofangiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. By selectivelyblocking the angiotensin II type 1 (AT<sub>1</sub>) receptor, ARBs werethought to offer the potential for more complete blockade of theRAS. Evidence had accumulated that angiotensin II could be generatedthrough enzymes other than ACE (e.g. chymase) and ARBsblock the action of angiotensin II, regardless of its source, at thereceptor level. Another fundamental difference betweenthe two approaches is the lack of effect of ARBs on bradykininwhich is metabolized by ACE (also known as kininase II).Accumulation of bradykinin with ACE inhibitors is responsible forcough and angioedema. Consequently, it was hoped that ARBswould be better tolerated than ACE inhibitors. Bradykinin, however, may also have beneficial effects, including vasodilatation,antithrombotic activity, and inhibition of pathological tissueremodelling. This latter perspective, that bradykinin might have beneficial actions, underpinned the hypothesis that the combinationof an ACE inhibitor and ARB might be better than an ACEinhibitor alone in heart failure (HF). In other words, the ARBwould maximize RAS inhibition and the ACE inhibitor wouldaugment bradykinin.
Absorption Spectra of Organic Dyes Containing Two Chromophores (1971)

The Review begins with consideration of the absorption spectra of dyes whose molecules contain non-conjugated (isolated) chromophores. The major portion of the Review, however, is devoted to the spectra of dyes having two conjugated chromophores. According to the view adopted until recently the interaction of conjugated chromophores is apparent in a displacement of the absorption band to longer wavelengths and in an increase in its intensity. The Reviewer and his coworkers have recently established that this view is valid only for the particular case of conjugated chromophores which absorb similar light quanta and lie on the same straight line. If the light quanta absorbed by the conjugated chromophores are very different, the chromophores do not interact. If the conjugated chromophores are at an angle, their absorption bands do not merge into a single band: on the contrary, they either split or move apart. The intensities of the two new bands are then determined by the angle between the interacting chromophores. The spectra of bis-dyes which illustrate these principles are examined, and an elementary theory is given for the interaction of conjugated chromophores. A list of 61 references is included.
Thermal Metrology of Silicon Microstructures Using Raman Spectroscopy (2007)

Thermal metrology of an electrically active silicon heated atomic force microscope cantilever and doped polysilicon microbeams was performed using Raman spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the Stokes Raman peak location and the Stokes to anti-Stokes intensity ratio calibrated the measurements, and it was possible to assess both temperature and thermal stress behavior with resolution near 1mum. The devices can exceed 400degC with the required power depending upon thermal boundary conditions. Comparing the Stokes shift method to the intensity ratio technique, non-negligible errors in devices with mechanically fixed boundary conditions compared to freely standing structures arise due to thermally induced stress. Experimental values were compared with a finite element model, and were within 9% of the thermal response and 5% of the electrical response across the entire range measured
Hydrogenation of sputtered ZnO:Al layers for double side poly-Si/SiO<sub>x</sub> solar cells (2022)

This work presents the development and the application of innovative and sustainable transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials for contacting polysilicon (poly-Si) on oxide (SiO x ) stacks used as passivating contacts in solar cell devices. Adding hydrogen into ZnO:Al (AZO) layers deposited by magnetron sputtering potentially leads to a twofold positive effect. First, it brings hydrogen atoms into the layers, which can enhance both electrical and optical material properties of the TCO. Second, hydrogen can significantly improve cell performances, by fixing dangling bonds at the SiO x /substrate interface and by passivating bulk defects. In situ and ex situ hydrogenation processes have been compared on those multiple aspects with investigation about anneals at 350 °C. AZO layers have been successfully integrated on the front side of complete solar cells featuring poly-Si/SiO x -based passivating contacts, leading to a record conversion efficiency of 22.4% for a cell with AZO. The results show that using AZO instead of an indium based TCO is suitable for passivated contacts solar cell with high temperature route. Thus, it increases the credibility towards large-scale deployments of TCO-based high efficiency silicon solar cells in terms of cost and resources.
Use of arabinogalactan to obtain washed murine platelets free of contaminating plasma proteins and appropriate for studies of function, morphology, and thrombopoiesis. (1988)

A simplified procedure for preparing washed murine platelets, free of contaminating plasma proteins, has been developed. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared from diluted whole blood from C57BL/6N mice by two centrifugations at 100 x g for 12 minutes. Platelets were concentrated and then washed by centrifugation through isosmolar 10% arabinogalactan (Stractan). Platelet recovery was 85% +/- 6% (1 SD) (n = 10) from whole blood to PRP and 86% +/- 4% (1 SD) (n = 6) from PRP to Stractan-washed platelets. Overall recovery of platelets with this technique was 73% +/- 10% (1 SD). Contamination of platelets with plasma proteins could not be detected with use of unlabeled platelets that had been incubated with radiolabeled plasma proteins followed by washing with Stractan. The Stractan-washed platelets were assessed for function by using aggregometry. The response of Stractan-washed platelets to collagen and thrombin was identical to that of unwashed platelets. Stractan-washed platelets did not respond to 20 mumol/L adenosine diphosphate unless supplemented with 12% platelet-free plasma. The morphology of the Stractan-washed platelets indicated that degranulation had not occurred. With use of antibodies directed against the alpha granule membrane protein GMP-140 or fibrinogen, no evidence of secretion or plasma protein contamination was observed. The use of this method resulted in an improved assay for the rate of thrombopoiesis, based on detection of radioactive proteins in newly synthesized platelets, by eliminating contamination by radioactive plasma proteins. Our results indicate that this procedure is a convenient method for the separation of platelets from platelet-rich plasma, free of plasma proteins, which are suitable for bioassays, functional studies, and morphologic investigations.
T cell regulation of IgG subclass antibody production in response to T-independent antigens. (1981)

The effect of T lymphocytes on the IgM, IgG3, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2a responses of B lymphocytes to the type-2 T-independent antigens, trinitrophenylated (TNP)-Ficoll, and TNP-Levan, was investigated. T cell-bearing nu/+ mice were found to produce substantially higher IgG2 serum anti-TNP antibody than their athymic counterparts, and nu/nu and nu/+ IgG2a titers exhibiting more disparity than nu/nu and nu/+ IgG2b titers. The Igm, IgG3, and IgG1 anti-TNP levels in nu/nu and nu/+ mice were indistinguishable. By cell transfer experiments, it was determined that this variance in nude and heterozygote IgG2 responses could not be explained by B cell differences between the two strains or by suppressive effects on IgG2 production within nu/nu mice. Rather, the difference was shown to be the result of the absence of T cells at the time B cells were responding to antigen. In the absence of T cells, the strength of the nu/nu anti-TNP antibody response was found to be in the following order: IgM > IgG3 > IgG1 > IgG2b > IgG2a, a heirarchy identical with the recently proposed heavy chain gene order. The possibilities that T cells influence IgG2 production via their specific recognition of IgG2-bearing B cells or via signals to increase heavy chain switching of responding B cell clones are discussed.
Status of hyperthermia in the treatment of advanced liver cancer (2001)

The vast majority of patients with malignant liver tumors have inoperable disease. These patients must rely on chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and various locoregional treatments. Although these treatments have demonstrated encouraging response rates, symptom palliation and occasional down staging of tumors, their impact on survival is minor. As a result there has been renewed interest in hyperthermia as a treatment option. This study reviews the current modalities of hyperthermia in terms of clinical results, side effects, limitations, and therapeutic standing.
A Laboratory Method for Estimation of Storage Capacity of Rock Samples under Effective Stress (2019)

Abstract Fluid storage capacity measurements of core-plugs in the laboratory considers pore-volume as a function of effective stress. The latter is equal to (Applied Confining Pressure) − (Effective Stress Coefficient) x (Applied Pore Pressure). However, results are often reported as a function of difference in the applied pressures, because the coefficient is unknown and depends on the sample. This creates confusion during the interpretation of laboratory data and leads to added uncertainties in the analysis of storage capacity. In this paper we present a new laboratory method that allows simultaneous prediction of the sample pore volume, coefficient of isothermal pore compressibility, and the stress coefficient. These quantities are necessary to predict the fluid storage as a function of effective stress. The method requires two stages of gas (helium) uptake by the sample under confining pressure and pore pressure and measures pressure-volume data. Confining pressure is always kept larger than the equilibrium pore-pressure but their values at each stage are changed arbitrarily. The method considers gas leakage adjustments at high pore pressure. The analysis is simple and includes simultaneous solutions of two algebraic equations including the measured pressure-volume data. The model is validated by taking the reference pore volume near zero stress. The reference volume predicted matches with that measured independently using the standard helium porosimeter. For sandstone and shale, the pore compressibility is on average 10-5 psi-1 and the effective stress coefficient is slightly higher than 1. The effective stress coefficient in isotropic elastic porous materials is known as the Biot coefficient and the value we predict indicates the relationship between the bulk and grain volume moduli. Interestingly the effective stress coefficient predicted using shale samples rich in clays and organic matter is slightly higher than for sandstone. This indicates that other features of the sample such as fine-scale texture (laminations, and anisotropy, etc.) could come into play during the fluid storage measurements.
Adaptive interference cancellation with diversity combining for a DS-CDMA system in Rayleigh fading (2003)

In this work, we propose a new signal detection scheme for a DS-CDMA system in frequency flat Rayleigh fading channels. The proposed detector exploits the space diversity and the adaptive interference cancellation to mitigate the effects of both channel fading and multiple-access interference. It consists of L diversity antennas, L adaptive interference cancellers (one for each diversity branch), and a diversity combiner. The diversity combining method considered in this work is just a kind of simple selection combining. Simulation results show that for a moderate loading of the system a significant performance improvement can be achieved from using the proposed detector with diversity order of only two.
Multichannel Wiener deconvolution of vertical seismic profiles (1994)

Abstract We describe a technique for performing optimal, least-squares deconvolution of vertical seismic profile (VSP) data. The method is a two-step process that involves (1) estimating the source signature and (2) applying a least-squares optimum deconvolution operator that minimizes the noise not coherent with the source signature estimate. The optimum inverse problem, formulated in the frequency domain, gives as a solution an operator that can be interpreted as a simple inverse to the estimated aligned signature multiplied by semblance across the array. An application to a zero-offset VSP acquired with a dynamite source shows the effectiveness of the operator in attaining the two conflicting goals of adaptively spiking the effective source signature and minimizing the noise. Signature design for seismic surveys could benefit from observing that the optimum deconvolution operator gives a flat signal spectrum if and only if the seismic source has the same amplitude spectrum as the noise.
Understanding drug ototoxicity: molecular insights for prevention and clinical management (2006)

Ototoxicity is a trait shared by aminoglycoside and macrolide antibiotics, loop diuretics, platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents, some NSAIDs and antimalarial medications. Because their benefits in combating certain life-threatening diseases often outweigh the risks, the use of these ototoxic drugs cannot simply be avoided. In this review, the authors discuss some of the most frequently used ototoxic drugs and what is currently known about the cell and molecular mechanisms underlying their noxious effects. The authors also provide suggestions for the clinical management of ototoxic medications, including ototoxic detection and drug monitoring. Understanding the mechanisms of drug ototoxicity may lead to new strategies for preventing and curing drug-induced hearing loss, as well as developing new pharmacological drugs with less toxic side effects.
Rotor bars breakage in railway traction squirrel cage induction motors and diagnosis by MCSA technique Part I : Accurate fault simulations and spectral analyses (2005)

In this paper the rotor bar fault diagnosis problem for a particular induction motor (1.13 MW) employed in high speed-railway traction is considered, by getting realistic simulations of the electromechanical converter behaviour in specified working and feeding conditions. The use of a complete motor phase model and the implementation of the real GTO-inverter waveforms (three-pulses PWM modulation) allow accurate computation of the machine currents (both stator and rotor currents), and of the real mechanical internal stresses. The numerous data needed for model settings were obtained by F.E.M. and identification of the inductance parameters was performed starting from few measured values and some informations about internal machine structure. Some simulations are shown, and matched with measured waveforms. Bar breakages are easily recognized as produced by PWM-generated harmonic torques. The simulated stator phase currents are then analyzed by FFT in healthy and faulty rotor conditions. Finally, all the fault-related harmonic current components (sidebands) are found, and diagnostic criteria are evaluated and discussed. In a companion paper theoretical formulations were developed for frequency and amplitude sidebands prediction and calculation.
A semi‐empirical velocity‐porosity‐clay model for petrophysical interpretation of P‐ and S‐velocities (1998)

We design a velocity–porosity model for sand‐shale environments with the emphasis on its application to petrophysical interpretation of compressional and shear velocities. In order to achieve this objective, we extend the velocity–porosity model proposed by Krief et al ., to account for the effect of clay content in sandstones, using the published laboratory experiments on rocks and well log data in a wide range of porosities and clay contents. The model of Krief et al . works well for clean compacted rocks. It assumes that compressional and shear velocities in a porous fluid‐saturated rock obey Gassmann formulae with the Biot compliance coefficient. In order to use this model for clay‐rich rocks, we assume that the bulk and shear moduli of the grain material, and the dependence of the compliance on porosity, are functions of the clay content. Statistical analysis of published laboratory data shows that the moduli of the matrix grain material are best defined by low Hashin–Shtrikman bounds. The parameters of the model include the bulk and shear moduli of the sand and clay mineral components as well as coefficients which define the dependence of the bulk and shear compliance on porosity and clay content. The constants of the model are determined by a multivariate non‐linear regression fit for P‐ and S‐velocities as functions of porosity and clay content using the data acquired in the area of interest. In order to demonstrate the potential application of the proposed model to petrophysical interpretation, we design an inversion procedure, which allows us to estimate porosity, saturation and/or clay content from compressional and shear velocities. Testing of the model on laboratory data and a set of well logs from Carnarvon Basin, Australia, shows good agreement between predictions and measurements. This simple velocity‐porosity‐clay semi‐empirical model could be used for more reliable petrophysical interpretation of compressional and shear velocities obtained from well logs or surface seismic data.
A slit laser scanning moire method and a simple method for distinguishing between depression and elevation (1991)

Three-dimensional shape measurement is a very important subject for the shape recognition of three-dimensional objects. Moire topography is a very useful method for three-dimensional shape measurement because the moire image is formed as a contour line image and it includes three-dimensional shape information. However, in practical use, moire topography has several problems, such as the formation of high-contrast and uniform moire images in an illuminated room, a method for distinguishing between depression and elevation, and a simple method for extracting three-dimensional shape data by image processing. This paper presents a new moire formation method using slit laser scanning and the image accumulation properties of a TV camera, a simple method for distinguishing between depression and elevation, and an automatic image processing measurement system. This new moire method enables the formation of a moire image in an illuminated room, which is a realistic industrial environment. The proposed method for distinguishing between depression and elevation is based on a binary image distinguished by whether the gradient of the measuring surface is positive or negative. This binary image is formed by processing the video signal from a deformed grating image at the same time as the moire image is formed.
Longitudinal RNA-Seq Analysis of the Repeatability of Gene Expression and Splicing in Human Platelets Identifies a Platelet <i>SELP</i> Splice QTL (2019)

We conclude that the platelet transcriptome is generally stable over 4 years. We demonstrate the use of repeatability of gene expression and splicing to identify novel platelet expression QTLs and splice QTLs. rs6128 is a platelet splice QTL that alters <i>SELP</i> exon 14 skipping and soluble versus transmembrane P-selectin protein production.
The KRAKEN normal mode program (1992)

In the late 1970's several normal-mode models existed which were widely used for predicting acoustic transmission-loss in the ocean; however, each had its own problems. Typical difficulties included numerical instabilities for certain types of sound-speed profiles and failures to compute a complete set of ocean modes. In short, there was a need for a model that was robust, accurate, and efficient. In order to resolve these problems a new algorithm was developed forming the basis for the KRAKEN normal mode model. Over subsequent years, KRAKEN was greatly extended, with options for modeling ocean environments that are range-independent, range-dependent or fully 3-dimensional. The current version offers a specialist a vast number of options for treating ocean-acoustics problems (or more generally acousto-elastic waveguides). On the other hand, it is easy for a less sophisticated user to learn the small subset of tools needed for the common problem of transmission-loss modeling in range-independent ocean environments. This report addresses the need for a more complete user's guide to supplement the on-line help files. The first chapters give a fairly technical description of the mathematical and numerical basis of the model. Additional chapters give a simpler description of its use and installation in a manner that is accessible to less scientifically-oriented readers.