gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Simulator Based, Novice Driver Risk Awareness Training Program (2023)

An advanced training program on risk perception was developed and evaluated in a driving simulator. This training program included two elements. The first one was a PC-based Risk Awareness and Perception Program (RAPT) that had been developed and evaluated in several studies by researches at the Human Performance Lab within the last several years. Plan views of risky scenarios were used to explain to participants the location of potential hazards. The second element of the training (SIMRAPT) was newly developed for this study and used the portable low-cost driving simulator Drive Square Simulation System to train risk perception skills while the participant actually drove a real car in a virtual environment. A head mounted display was used to present the virtual world. Feedback was given to participants when they failed to scan appropriately for hazards. Twelve novice drivers served as experimental group and were trained with the combined RAPT/SIMRAPT training program. Twelve other novice drivers were given training not relevant to hazard anticipation and served as the control group. After training, both groups were evaluated on an advanced driving simulator (different from the Drive Square Simulation System used in SIMRAPT training) and the eye movements of both groups of drivers were measured. The drivers’ score was based on whether or not their eye-fixations indicated recognition of potential risks in different driving situations. The evaluation included eight scenarios used in the RAPT/SIMRAPT training (near transfer scenarios) and eight scenarios that were not used in the training (far transfer scenarios). The results indicated that trained drivers are more likely than untrained drivers to fixate on regions where potential risks might appear. Further the evaluation indicates that the training effect of the combined training using both the PC (RAPT) and a low-cost driving simulator (SIMRAPT) is larger than for training programs that only use the PC, though not significantly so.
Effects of Surfactant Structure on the Thermodynamics of Mixed Micellization (1984)

Calorimetric measurements are used to examine interactions between different surfactant components in nonideal mixed micelles and assess the effects of surfactant structure on the thermodynamics of mixed micellization. Results for some anionic/nonionic surfactant mixtures show that variations in surfactant structure can have important effects on heats of mixing in the micelles and significantly influence the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the mixed surfactant systems. Here, both the heats of mixing and deviations of the cmc from ideality are smaller for alkyl ethoxylate sulfates than alkyl sulfates when mixed with alkyl ethoxylate nonionics. The calorimetric results for these systems are also used to examine the appropriateness of the regular solution approximation used in pseudo-phase separation models for treating mixed micellization. The failure of the regular solution approximation to account for the observed heats of mixing in these systems suggests that the net interaction parameter of the nonideal mixed micelle models be interpreted as an excess free energy parameter in such cases.
Diversity‐Oriented Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Cyclic and Bicyclic Alcohols (2012)

The copper-catalyzed hetero-allylic asymmetric alkylation (h-AAA) of functionalized Grignard reagents that contain alkene or alkyne moieties has been achieved with excellent regio- and enantioselectivity. The corresponding alkylation products were further transformed into a variety of highly functionalized cyclic and bicyclic alcohols with excellent control over the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity.
Application Of High Resolution Laser Writers To Computer Generated Holograms And Binary Diffractive Optics (1989)

The Computer Imaging Branch of the Corporate Manufacturing Technology Center at Texas Instruments has developed a series of high precision laser writers with effective pixel sizes ranging from 10 microns to 0.5 micron. Although developed for printed circut board and semiconductor photomask applications, the speed and resolution of the systems make them useful for the generation of computer generated holograms, and for applications in binary diffractive optics. These laser writing systems are described, and some applications to computer generated holograpy and binary diffractive optics are presented.
Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Monomers:  Chain Propagation and Side Reactions. A DFT Theoretical Study Using Zwitterionic Ni(II) and Pd(II) Catalysts (2005)

Calculations utilizing anionic substituted derivates of the cationic N(wedge)N--Ni(II) and Pd(II) diimine Brookhart complex have been carried out on the barriers of ethylene and acrylonitrile insertion into a M- methyl, propyl and CH(CN)Et bond for M = Ni, Pd. The possibility of side reactions such as chelate formation with the polar functionality and oligomerization of the active species after acrylonitrile insertion are explored. The diimine ring system N--N = -NR' 'CR(1)CR(2)NR' ' with R' ' = 2,6-C(6)H(3)(i-Pr)(2) and R(1),R(2) = Me was functionalized by adding one or two anionic groups (BF(3)(-), etc.) in place of i-Pr on the aryl rings or by replacing one Me diimine backbone group (R(1)) with BH(3)(-). The objective of this investigation is computationally to design catalysts for ethylene/acrylonitrile copolymerization that have activities that are comparable to that of the cationic Ni(II) diimine or at least the Pd(II) diimine Brookhart system for ethylene homopolymerization. Complexes that might meet this objective are discussed.
Real-Time Capacity Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Utilizing Thermal Dynamics (2019)

Increasing longevity remains one of the open challenges for Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology. We envision a health-conscious advanced battery management system, which implements monitoring and control algorithms that increase battery lifetime while maintaining performance. For such algorithms, real-time battery capacity estimates are crucial. In this paper, we present an online capacity estimation scheme for Li-ion batteries. The key novelty lies in: 1) leveraging thermal dynamics to estimate battery capacity and 2) developing a hierarchical estimation algorithm with provable convergence properties. The algorithm consists of two stages working in cascade. The first stage estimates battery core temperature and heat generation based on a two-state thermal model, and the second stage receives the core temperature and heat generation estimation to estimate state-of-charge and capacity. Results from numerical simulations and experimental data illustrate the performance of the proposed capacity estimation scheme.
Regulation of Cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA Stability by the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase p38 Signaling Cascade (2000)

A tetracycline-regulated reporter system was used to investigate the regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) mRNA stability by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 signaling cascade. The stable beta-globin mRNA was rendered unstable by insertion of the 2, 500-nucleotide Cox-2 3' untranslated region (3' UTR). The chimeric transcript was stabilized by a constitutively active form of MAPK kinase 6, an activator of p38. This stabilization was blocked by SB203580, an inhibitor of p38, and by two different dominant negative forms of MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK-2), a kinase lying downstream of p38. Constitutively active MAPKAPK-2 was also able to stabilize chimeric beta-globin-Cox-2 transcripts. The MAPKAPK-2 substrate hsp27 may be involved in stabilization, as beta-globin-Cox-2 transcripts were partially stabilized by phosphomimetic mutant forms of hsp27. A short (123-nucleotide) fragment of the Cox-2 3' UTR was necessary and sufficient for the regulation of mRNA stability by the p38 cascade and interacted with a HeLa protein immunologically related to AU-rich element/poly(U) binding factor 1.
Phage Therapy: Going Temperate? (2018)

Strictly lytic phages have been consensually preferred for phage therapy purposes. In contrast, temperate phages have been avoided due to an inherent capacity to mediate transfer of genes between bacteria by specialized transduction - an event that may increase bacterial virulence, for example, by promoting antibiotic resistance. Now, advances in sequencing technologies and synthetic biology are providing new opportunities to explore the use of temperate phages for therapy against bacterial infections. By doing so we can considerably expand our armamentarium against the escalating threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Perceptual Speech Enhancement Using a Hilbert Transform Based Time-Frequency Representation of Speech (2015)

A new Time-Frequency (TF) representation of speech signal is introduced and used for speech enhancement. TF representa-tion and speech enhancement algorithm are both based on perceptual properties of human auditory system in which the concept of band analysis is exploited. TF representation is carried out by the means of analytic decomposition of speech signal in the hearing Critical Bands (CB) where the envelope and phase components of the analytic signals are used. For the purpose of enhancement a time varying gain function is used which takes into account the threshold of hearing. This thresh-old is calculated on the basis of masking effects using a per-ception model. Signal is reconstructed from the modified envelopes and the phases of noisy signal decomposed in criti-cal bands. Experiments show that using the threshold of hear-ing in which temporal masking is included can effectively eliminate the musical noise without a significant decrease in intelligibility. Results using noise estimation by Voice Activity Detector (VAD) and Speech Presence Probability (SPP) are reported on.
Phase Restructuring in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Highly Stable Energy Storage (2016)

Achieving homogeneous phase transition and uniform charge distribution is essential for good cycle stability and high capacity when phase conversion materials are used as electrodes. Herein, we show that chemical lithiation of bulk 2H-MoS<sub>2</sub> distorts its crystalline domains in three primary directions to produce mosaic-like 1T' nanocrystalline domains, which improve phase and charge uniformity during subsequent electrochemical phase conversion. 1T'-Li<sub>x</sub>MoS<sub>2</sub>, a macroscopic dense material with interconnected nanoscale grains, shows excellent cycle stability and rate capability in a lithium rechargeable battery compared to bulk or exfoliated-restacked MoS<sub>2</sub>. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that the interconnected MoS<sub>2</sub> nanocrystals created during the phase change process are reformable even after multiple cycles of galvanostatic charging/discharging, which allows them to play important roles in the long term cycling performance of the chemically intercalated TMD materials. These studies shed light on how bulk TMDs can be processed into quasi-2D nanophase material for stable energy storage.
Dose coefficients for radionuclides produced in a spallation neutron source (2019)

Internal and external dose coefficient values have been calculated for 14 anthropogenic radionuclides which are not currently presented in Federal Guidance Reports No. 11, 12, and 13 or Publications 68 and 72 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Internal dose coefficient values are reported for inhalation and ingestion of 1 mum and 5 mum particulates along with the f1 values and absorption types for the adult worker. Internal dose coefficient values are also reported for inhalation and ingestion of 1 mum particulates as well as the f 1 values and absorption types for members of the public. Additionally, external dose coefficient values for air submersion, exposure to contaminated ground surface, and exposure to soil contaminated to an infinite depth are also presented; Information obtained from this study will be used to support the siting and licensing of future accelerator-driven nuclear initiatives within the U.S. Department of Energy complex, including the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) and Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) Projects.
Cholinergic aspects of schizophrenia (1999)

While increased dopamine activity is central to our current understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, dysregulation of a single neurotransmitter is unlikely to explain the disorder adequately. It is argued here that the muscarinic aspects of schizophrenia should be reassessed for a number of reasons. These include current evidence that cholinergic modulation affects both positive and negative symptoms, and neuroendocrine and polysomnographic data that suggest an increased muscarinic cholinergic activity in schizophrenia. In addition, the interactions between the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems are becoming better understood and appear to occur especially in regions that are thought to be relevant is schizophrenia. The fact that the highest affinity of clozapine, with its unique therapeutic profile, is to the muscarinic receptor encourages further evaluation. Finally, the use of anticholinergic agents to treat extrapyramidal side-effects and the fact that many antipsychotic agents have intrinsic anticholinergic activity suggest that the role of the cholinergic system in schizophrenia needs to be more clearly delineated.
Performance investigation of dual band millimetre wave SiGe low noise amplifier (LNA) (2015)

SiGe HBT technology transistor provides performance comparable with III-V technologies along with the processing maturity and integration levels commonly associated with Si technology. The present work utilizes 130nm SiGe HBT transistors to investigate the performance of low noise amplifier (LNA) for 40GHz and 60GHz wireless personal area networks (WPANs). The transfer gain S2i was found >9dB with 3-dB bandwidth (BW)>5GHz in the bands of interest. Excellent simultaneous matching at input (S11≤-20dB) and output (S22≤-10dB) with noise figure (NF)<;2.5dB at both the bands were obtained. Theoretically, predicted S-parameters of the LNA were found closely matched with corresponding simulated results. The input third-order intercept (IIP3) was found > 3.0dBm in the bands of interest. The graph of performance ratio (R=S21/PDC) versus noise factor F gives significant advantage for SiGe HBT LNA (i.e. achieve high R at low F) as compared to GaAs HBT and Si CMOS technologies. A new figure-of-merit (FoM) involving S2i, noise factor F, IIP3 and power consumption PDC was found to be significantly higher for SiGe LNA than a previously published experimental result for silicon CMOS LNA.
Dysphagia after total laryngectomy (2001)

Dysphagia after total laryngectomy is a common occurrence with multiple accompanying functional deficits and lifestyle changes. Total laryngectomy mediates some degree of swallowing dysfunction in all patients because of the altered swallowing dynamics of the neopharynx. Swallowing function can further be compromised by extent of disease, method of reconstruction, radiation therapy, and postoperative complications. This article reviews the problem of dysphagia after total laryngectomy including etiologic factors, diagnostic considerations, and medical, surgical, and behavioral management of postlaryngectomy dysphagia.
Orientation filtering for crystalline films (2023)

A substrate is coated with a film to be recrystallized. A pattern of crystallization barriers is created in the film, for example, by etching voids in the film. An encapsulation layer is generally applied to protect the film, fill the voids and otherwise enhance a recrystallization process. Recrystallization is carried out such that certain orientations pass preferentially through the barrier, generally as a result of growth-velocity anisotropy. The result is a film of a specific predetermined crystallographic orientation, a range of orientations or a set of discrete orientations.
Hybrid structured light for scalable depth sensing (2012)

Time multiplexing and spatial neighborhood are two mainstream structured light techniques widely used for 3D shape measurement. In this paper, we explore a way to subtly integrate their advantages for scalable depth sensing. This is realized through a set of elaborate hybrid structured patterns, which consists of three sinusoidal fringe patterns with different initial phases modulated by a pseudo-random speckle signal. For temporally static scenes, a high resolution, high accuracy depth map can be recovered from the latest three frames by the phase-shifting method; for dynamic scenes, a decent depth map can still be recovered from the current single frame by image matching. Since it provides seamless transition between high quality and quick response options, our method validates a new paradigm of scalable depth sensing in practice.
Luminescence study of Eu3+ doped GdVO4 nanoparticles: Concentration, particle size, and core/shell effects (2008)

Nanoparticles of GdVO4 doped with Eu3+ and core/shell of GdVO4:Eu3+/GdVO4 are prepared by urea hydrolysis method using ethylene glycol as capping agent as well as reaction medium at 130 °C. Unit cell volume increases when GdVO4 is doped with Eu3+ indicating the substitution of Gd3+ lattice sites by Eu3+. From luminescence study, it is confirmed that there is no particle size effect on emission positions of Eu3+. Optimum luminescence intensity is found to be in 5–10 at. % Eu3+. Above these concentrations, luminescence intensity decreases due to concentration quenching effect. There is an enhancement in luminescence intensity of core/shell nanoparticles. This has been attributed to the reduction in surface inhomogenities of Eu3+ surroundings by bonding to GdVO4 shell. The lifetime for D50 level increases with annealing and core/shell formation.
Laser-based vehicles tracking and classification using occlusion reasoning and confidence estimation (2008)

In this paper, we present a robust approach for the detection, tracking and classification of multiple vehicles using a vehicle mounted laser scanner working independently in highways an urban centers. Our classification is based on different criteria: geometrical configuration, occlusion reasoning, sensor specifications and tracking information. The estimated confidence level is thus computed accounting the classification, the geometrical configuration and the tracking duration. Our system has been validated under various conditions (highways, urban centers) with three different laser scanners and proved is robustness on real data and with real time constraints.
A Mechanism for Mercury Oxidation in Coal-Derived Exhausts (2002)

This paper evaluates an elementary reaction mechanism for Hg0 oxidation in coal-derived exhausts consisting of a previously formulated homogeneous mechanism with 102 steps and a new three-step heterogeneous mechanism for unburned carbon (UBC) particles. Model predictions were evaluated with the extents of Hg oxidation monitored in the exhausts from a pilot-scale coal flame fired with five different coals. Exhaust conditions in the tests were very similar to those in full-scale systems. The predictions were quantitatively consistent with the reported coal-quality impacts over the full range of residence times. The role of Cl atoms in the homogeneous mechanism is hereby supplanted with carbon sites that have been chlorinated by HCl. The large storage capacity of carbon for Cl provided a source of Cl for Hg oxidation over a broad temperature range, so initiation was not problematic. Super-equilibrium levels of Cl atoms were not required, so Hg was predicted to oxidize in systems with realistic quench rates. Whereas many fundamental aspects of the heterogeneous chemistry remain uncertain, the information needed to characterize Hg oxidation in coal-derived exhausts is now evident: complete gas compositions (CO, hydrocarbons, H2O, O2 NOx, SOx), UBC properties (size, total surface area), and the ash partitioning throughout the exhaust system are required.
The performance of active cooling in a mobile phone (2008)

Power dissipation levels in mobile electronics devices are heading towards five watts and above. With this power dissipation level, products such as mobile phones will require active cooling to ensure that the devices operate within an acceptable temperature envelop from both user comfort and reliability perspectives. To the authors knowledge no studies to date have been carried out to determine the potential performance of fans within mobile phone architectures. In this paper a centrifugal fan is implemented into a Nokia mobile phone. Its performance is compared in terms of aerodynamic characteristics, maximum phone surface temperature, and allowable phone heat dissipation, for various levels of blockage in the phone, which are simulated using perforated plates with varying porosity. The results show that for the best case scenario, with minimal blockage increased power dissipation levels of order 75% can be achieved but with realistic blockages this value is more likely to be in the region of 50%.
The chemistry of the metabolites of cyclophosphamide. (1999)

This is primarily an overview of the spontaneous (non-enzymatic) chemistry of the metabolites of cyclophosphamide, viz., cis- and trans-4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, aldophosphamide (and its hydrate), iminophosphamide, phosphoramide mustard, acrolein, and chloroethylaziridine. A brief description of detoxification products obtained through enzyme catalyzed reactions appears. Included as the historical basis for the development of cyclophosphamide is the chemistry of nitrogen mustards. Among the topics covered are: perturbations to metabolite distributions and half-lives effected by buffer, structure, pH and nucleophiles; effects of pH on mechanism; alkylation versus P-N bond hydrolysis; the influence of nucleophiles on alkylation product distributions; the influence of substituents on alkylation rates; and preactivated forms of cyclophosphamide as metabolite precursors (4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and mafosfamide). A review with 66 references.
Synthesis of Oligoribonucleotides by Using 2′-<i>O</i>-(1-Methyl-1-methoxy)ethyl Nucleosides (1987)

Abstract 3′,5′-O-Tetraisopropyldisiloxanylnucleosides smoothly react with 2-methoxypropene to give 2′-O-(1-methyl-1-methoxy)ethyl nucleosides in high yields without formation of diastereoisomers. These nucleosides were used as intermediates for oligonucleotide synthesis by the phosphotriester method. The (1-methyl-1-methoxy)ethyl group was removed rapidly from oligonucleotides by acid treatment.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells Are Activated and Proliferate in Response to Specific T Helper Cells (2013)

There is increasing interest in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) microenvironment and the mechanisms that may promote CLL cell survival and proliferation. A role for T helper (Th) cells has been suggested, but current evidence is only circumstantial. Here we show that CLL patients had memory Th cells that were specific for endogenous CLL antigens. These Th cells activated autologous CLL cell proliferation in vitro and in human → mouse xenograft experiments. Moreover, CLL cells were efficient antigen-presenting cells that could endocytose and process complex proteins through antigen uptake pathways, including the B cell receptor. Activation of CLL cells by Th cells was contact and CD40L dependent. The results suggest that CLL is driven by ongoing immune responses related to Th cell-CLL cell interaction. We propose that Th cells support malignant B cells and that they could be targeted in the treatment of CLL.