gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Thin Film Environmental Monitor (1991)

Abstract A device has been developed by researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for real-time monitoring of exposure to airborne contaminants, including in-mask respirator sampling. The device consists of a small breathing-zone sensor connected to a belt-mounted unit. The cylindrical sensor, which weighs 15 g and is 2 cm in diameter and 2.5 cm long, contains a thin film of chemical reagent that changes color upon exposure to a particular contaminant, and an optical system that monitors the color change. The belt-mounted unit (450 grams) provides power to the sensor, pulls air through it, and processes its electrical output. The output signal is a function of the total contaminant exposure, can be processed to provide real-time concentration data, can be recorded, or can be used to trigger an audible alarm. Five prototype devices were constructed and their capability to monitor ammonia and mercury was investigated. Evaluation of this device using a commercially-procured reagent film for ammonia, indicated good correlation for response of individual units as a function of dose and for interunit and intraunit response (R 2 = 0.99). However, evaluation with a reagent film for mercury vapor manufactured in-house produced varying results depending on the film's conditioning prior to use. Currently, the techniques for monitoring personal exposure to these contaninants are limited to conventional environmental sampling and analytical techniques which require laboratory analysis (producing only time-weighted average measurements) or instrumental techniques which provide a real-time determination of concentration, but seldom allow the determination of analyte in as workers breathing zone. From the present research, it was concluded that, when the proper film is available, this device provides a convenient method for accurate, real-time measurement of a contaminant at levels near the applicable environmental criteria. Therefore, the advancement of this monitoring technique will depend on the reliable production of suitable films based on the many colorimetric reactions already known.
A unipolar corona discharge microfabricated ionizer structure for gases at atmospheric pressure and composition (2004)

To miniaturize airborne participates sizing and counting apparatus for ubiquitous deployment in air quality monitoring and epidemiological studies, we developed a unipolar corona discharge microfabricated ionizer structure for gases at atmospheric pressure and composition. It consumes relatively low power at 150 mW or less, and operates with either single or multiple discharge electrodes. Potential difference of several kilovolts is maintained between the discharge electrodes within a chip size of less than 1 cm/sup 2/ without substrate breakdown or undesired sparkover. Mechanical oscillation of discharge electrode due to electrohydrodynamic effects is minimized. Corona charging currents of more than 40 /spl mu/A was achieved before streamers breakdown. Laplacian field simulation for both single and dual cathode design was performed using ANSYS/spl trade/.
A SIMO Fiber Aided Wireless Network Architecture (2006)

The concept of a fiber aided wireless network architecture (FAWNA) is introduced in [Ray et al., Allerton Conference 2005], which allows high-speed mobile connectivity by leveraging the speed of optical networks. In this paper, we consider a single-input, multiple-output (SIMO) FAWNA, which consists of a SIMO wireless channel and an optical fiber channel, connected through wireless-optical interfaces. We propose a scheme where the received wireless signal at each interface is quantized and sent over the fiber. Though our architecture is similar to that of the classical CEO problem, our problem is different from it. We show that the capacity of our scheme approaches the capacity of the architecture, exponentially with fiber capacity. We also show that for a given fiber capacity, there is an optimal operating wireless bandwidth and an optimal number of wireless-optical interfaces. The wireless-optical interfaces of our scheme have low complexity and do not require knowledge of the transmitter code book. They are also extendable to FAWNAs with large number of transmitters and interfaces and, offer adaptability to variable rates, changing channel conditions and node positions.
Optimal target‐oriented survey designs (2010)

A Bayesian methodology is described for designing experiments or surveys that will optimally complement all previously available information. This methodology assumes prior information to linearize the problem, and to guide the design toward maximally reducing forecast uncertainties in the interpretation of the future experiment. The prior information could possibly be correlated among model parameters or the observation noise. With no prior information this approach reduces to the fast recursive implementation of the D‐optimality criterion. Geophysical tomography examples are used to illustrate the benefits of this approach. The dependence of the design on the model representation is also discussed.
Understanding and Discrimination of Biofilms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (2016)

Biofilm formation is a defense mechanism for microorganisms to survive under both natural and stress conditions. Clinically relevant microorganisms threaten patient health through biofilm formation on medical devices and implants. It is very important to identify biofilm formation in order to suppress their pathogenic activities in early stages. With the aim for better understanding biofilm formation and possibility of detection, in this study, biofilm formation of clinically important microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans are monitored with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The SERS spectra were collected by mapping a dried droplet area where a volume of colloidal silver nanoparticle (AgNP) suspension is placed on microorganism culture plate. The spectral changes on the SERS spectra with increasing incubation time of the model microorganisms from 4 to 120 h are monitored. The unique spectra originating from the biofilms of three pathogenic microorganisms and the spectral changes as a result of time-dependent concentration fluctuations of biomolecular species in their biofilms including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and genetic materials allow not only identification but also discrimination of biofilms using principal component analysis.
The Generation of Hybrid Electrospun Nanofiber Layer with Extracellular Matrix Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells, for Regenerative Medicine Applications (2014)

Extracellular matrix (ECM) has been utilized as a biological scaffold for tissue engineering applications in a variety of body systems, due to its bioactivity and biocompatibility. In the current study we developed a modified protocol for the efficient and reproducible derivation of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) from human embryonic stem cells as well as human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) originating from hair follicle keratinocytes (HFKTs). ECM was produced from these MPCs and characterized in comparison to adipose mesenchymal stem cell ECM, demonstrating robust ECM generation by the excised HFKT-iPSC-MPCs. Exploiting the advantages of electrospinning we generated two types of electrospun biodegradable nanofiber layers (NFLs), fabricated from polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which provide mechanical support for cell seeding and ECM generation. Elucidating the optimized decellularization treatment we were able to generate an available "off-the-shelf" implantable product (NFL-ECM). Using rat subcutaneous transplantation model we demonstrate that this stem-cell-derived construct is biocompatible and biodegradable and holds great potential for tissue regeneration applications.
Option Pricing Formulas Based on a Non-Gaussian Stock Price Model (2002)

Options are financial instruments that depend on the underlying stock. We explain their non-Gaussian fluctuations using the nonextensive thermodynamics parameter q. A generalized form of the Black-Scholes (BS) partial differential equation and some closed-form solutions are obtained. The standard BS equation (q=1) which is used by economists to calculate option prices requires multiple values of the stock volatility (known as the volatility smile). Using q=1.5 which well models the empirical distribution of returns, we get a good description of option prices using a single volatility.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Calpain-regulated p35/cdk5 plays a central role in dopaminergic neuron death through modulation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2. (2006)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Calpain-regulated p35/cdk5 plays a central role in dopaminergic neuron death through modulation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2.
<title>Fluorescence scanner employing a macro scanning objective</title> (1996)

Quantification of fluorescently labeled DNA in a two dimensional array provides biologists with a powerful new tool and optical engineers with a new design challenge. An objective lens for a scanning macroscopic system for this application is critically dependent on field uniformity, color correction and collection efficiency. The design of a fluorescent macro scanning objective is compared with classic designs and optimization of a unique design is discussed and tested.
Stereotaxic implantation of 5‐fluorouracil‐releasing microspheres in malignant glioma (2004)

In this study, the authors demonstrated that biodegradable microspheres could be implanted by stereotaxy and were efficient systems for drug delivery into brain tumors. This method may have future applications in the treatment of patients other malignancies.
Reducing cache power with low-cost, multi-bit error-correcting codes (2010)

Technology advancements have enabled the integration of large on-die embedded DRAM (eDRAM) caches. eDRAM is significantly denser than traditional SRAMs, but must be periodically refreshed to retain data. Like SRAM, eDRAM is susceptible to device variations, which play a role in determining refresh time for eDRAM cells. Refresh power potentially represents a large fraction of overall system power, particularly during low-power states when the CPU is idle. Future designs need to reduce cache power without incurring the high cost of flushing cache data when entering low-power states. In this paper, we show the significant impact of variations on refresh time and cache power consumption for large eDRAM caches. We propose Hi-ECC, a technique that incorporates multi-bit error-correcting codes to significantly reduce refresh rate. Multi-bit error-correcting codes usually have a complex decoder design and high storage cost. Hi-ECC avoids the decoder complexity by using strong ECC codes to identify and disable sections of the cache with multi-bit failures, while providing efficient single-bit error correction for the common case. Hi-ECC includes additional optimizations that allow us to amortize the storage cost of the code over large data words, providing the benefit of multi-bit correction at same storage cost as a single-bit error-correcting (SECDED) code (2% overhead). Our proposal achieves a 93% reduction in refresh power vs. a baseline eDRAM cache without error correcting capability, and a 66% reduction in refresh power vs. a system using SECDED codes.
Comparative analysis of frequency selective surface geometry effect in Fabry-Perot Cavity antenna design (2015)

Fabry-Perot Cavity (FPC) antenna using a single radiating element with different frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented. The FSS designs are rectangular and square unit cells with rectangular and circular openings, respectively. A slot antenna is used as a primary source in the FPC antenna and the system is designed to operate in X-band. The effect of each FSS geometry on the radiation pattern of the source is investigated.
Prevention of T Cell Anergy by Signaling Through the γ <sub>c</sub> Chain of the IL-2 Receptor (1994)

When stimulated through their antigen receptor without requisite costimulation, T cells enter a state of antigen-specific unresponsiveness termed anergy. In this study, signaling through the common gamma chain of the interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-7 receptors in the presence of antigen was found to be sufficient to prevent the induction of anergy. After culture with IL-2, IL-4, or IL-7, Jak3 kinase was tyrosine-phosphorylated, which correlated with the prevention of anergy. Therefore, a signal through the common gamma chain may regulate the decision of T cells to either clonally expand or enter a state of anergy.
Pathogenesis of Gastric Erosive Ulcer Associated with Okadaella gastrococcus Infection (2006)

Purpose: Okadaella gastrococcus (Og) is an intracellular gram negative coccoid bacterium that has been discovered from a man with multiple gastric and duodenal ulcers by one of our authors (T.O.) in January 1997. The intra-lesional presence of Og suggests that the organism might be one of the initial agents of gastric erosive ulcer (GEU). The aim of this study was to elucidate the possible developmental process of GEU associated with Og infection. Methods: Data collected over 9 years in vivo and in vitro were used for analysis. The developmental mechanism of GEU in Og infection was based on the findings of histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy on biopsy and cultured samples obtained at the time of EGD, and video-taped records. The recent concept of cytokines and bacterial infection was also used to deduce the possible induction of cytokines associated with Og infection. Results: Og is mobile in the gastric mucosa via flagella and could colonize it. Og adheres to the gastric epithelium via pili and unique pedicles. Og invades it directly, but also indirectly via endocytosis. The gastric epithelia affected by Og develop cellular swelling and multiple vacuoles, which might lead to the development of edema and foveolar hyperplasia. Some of the cells undergo necrosis, degeneration, and eventual mucosal destruction. Og internalized HeLa cells by direct invasion and endocytosis could destroy them in vitro. Some of GEU resolve by a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) but develop again without PPI. These findings suggest that GEU might be induced by constant gastric acid exposure on these mucosal damages caused by Og. Og were also found in intercellular space, stroma (including leukocyte and macrophage), and blood vessels. Attachment on the host cells, invasion, and destruction of these cells could trigger cytokine and chemokine release, and eventual inflammation of gastric mucosa. The cellular and structural damages in the mucosa further exacerbate the development of gastritis and GEU. Conclusions: The possible pathogenesis of GEU and the induction of cytokine that are associated with Og infection, were proposed. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the hypothesis.
Nanoscale Silver Paste and its Sintering for Attaching Semiconductor Devices (2006)

Summary form only given. Nanoscale silver paste is a promising material for device interconnection. It can be sintered at 300 degC or lower, has superior thermal, electrical and mechanical properties over silver and can withstand higher service temperatures. The paste, consisting of silver nanopowder and an organic binder system, was used to attach SiC devices on silver and gold-metallized Ni-coated alumina and aluminum nitride direct-bond-copper substrates. The silver paste sintered at 280 degC had a density greater than 80%, a thermal conductivity around 55% that of bulk silver (2.38 W/K-cm), and an electrical resistivity that is 2.4 times that of bulk silver. SiC devices attached to the silver-metallized DBC at 300 degC developed a die-shear strength of 40 MPa after 40 minutes. Devices attached on gold-metallized DBC only had half the strength because of the longer sintering time required for the gold-silver bond to develop full strength. Thermal cycling from room temperature to 250degC caused the joints on the AlN BDC to lose half of their strength after 6000 cycles. Joints on the Ag-metallized alumina DBC lost half of their strength earlier at around 4000 to 5000 cycles
A second-generation microRNA-based assay for diagnosing tumor tissue origin (2010)

Abstract Background: Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) constitutes 3%~5% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases. It presents a major diagnostic challenge due to the therapeutic implications of the tissue origin of the cancer. Accurate tumor of origin (ToO) assignment could help guide use of specific therapy which may impact survival. MicroRNAs are a family of noncoding, regulatory RNA genes that are involved in development, differentiation and cell cycle and were shown to be involved in oncogenesis. MicroRNAs are highly tissue specific and therefore ideal candidates for CUP diagnosis. We have previously presented a biologically-motivated classification assay to identify the tissue of origin using a set of 48 microRNAs measured on a qRT-PCR platform. This assay can differentiate 25 different tumor types from 17 origins. We present here the development and validation of a second generation assay that can identify 43 different tumor types using a custom array platform. The assay is based on the normalized expression of less than 70 microRNAs. We will present performance data including inter-laboratory concordance from the validation of the assay. Methods: Over 1200 primary and metastatic tumor FFPE samples were used for the training and development of the next generation assay. High-quality RNA, including the well-preserved microRNA fraction, was extracted from the FFPE blocks using proprietary protocols previously described. Expression levels of all known and additional Rosetta's proprietary microRNAs were profiled using a custom array platform. MicroRNAs containing information about the ToO were identified and two classifiers were developed to utilize the information of the microRNA expression patterns for the diagnosis of ToO. The assay reports a ToO based on these two classifications, where in most cases the assay result is a single ToO reported. Results: The developed assay is able to accurately identify more than 40 tumor types based on the expression of only several dozens microRNAs. The results of a comprehensive validation study using hundreds of independent tumor and metastases FFPE samples will be presented, including inter-laboratory concordance data. Conclusions: Previous studies have highlighted the tissue-specificity of microRNA expression, and have demonstrated their potential use for classification of human malignancies. An assay utilizing microRNA expression in a biopsy for identifying the tissue of origin was developed. Here we present the development and the performance of a second generation assay, designed to identify over 40 tumor types. This assay will provide an important new tool for diagnosing tumor tissue origin.
A Hitless Defragmentation Method for Self-optimizing Flexible Grid Optical Networks (2012)

We present an auto-defragmentation method to continuously ‘defrag’ flexible grid optical networks without service disruption. Signal dependency map is introduced to identify candidate signals to be retuned and their retune sequence. Simulation results show up to 76% reduction in request blocking and 38% reduction in the number of stranded slots.
Rapid PCR Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 by Targeting the Restriction-Modification System Carrying <i>sau1-hsdS1</i> (2010)

A PCR targeting sau1-hsdS1 was developed for rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398 (CC398). High sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) were shown by evaluating the test on a large strain collection (n = 1,307). We recommend this test for accurate, rapid, and inexpensive diagnosis of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) CC398 in hospitals and on farms.
An Unobstructive Sensing Method for Indoor Air Quality Optimization and Metabolic Assessment within Vehicles (2020)

This work investigates the use of an intelligent and unobstructive sensing technique for maintaining vehicle cabin's indoor air quality while simultaneously assessing the driver metabolic rate. CO<sub>2</sub> accumulation patterns are of great interest because CO<sub>2</sub> can have negative cognitive effects at higher concentrations and also since CO<sub>2</sub> accumulation rate can potentially be used to determine a person's metabolic rate. The management of the vehicle's ventilation system was controlled by periodically alternating the air recirculation mode within the cabin, which was actuated based on the CO<sub>2</sub> levels inside the vehicle's cabin. The CO<sub>2</sub> accumulation periods were used to assess the driver's metabolic rate, using a model that considered the vehicle's air exchange rate. In the process of the method optimization, it was found that the vehicle's air exchange rate (λ [h<sup>-1</sup>]) depends on the vehicle speeds, following the relationship: λ = 0.060 × (speed) - 0.88 when driving faster than 17 MPH. An accuracy level of 95% was found between the new method to assess the driver's metabolic rate (1620 ± 140 kcal/day) and the reference method of indirect calorimetry (1550 ± 150 kcal/day) for a total of N = 16 metabolic assessments at various vehicle speeds. The new sensing method represents a novel approach for unobstructive assessment of driver metabolic rate while maintaining indoor air quality within the vehicle cabin.
Low-temperature selective-area deposition of metals: Chemical vapor deposition of gold from ethyl(trimethylphosphine)gold(I) (1993)

Chemical vapor deposition of high purity gold is demonstrated using ethyl(trimethylphosphine)gold(I) at temperatures as low as room temperature. Total selectivity for growth on atomically clean metallic surfaces in the presence of insulating surfaces is found over a ∼200 °C temperature range and confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A key processing parameter is shown to be ultrahigh vacuum, particularly for growth on reactive metals such as chromium. These results suggest low-temperature selectivity can be extended to other known precursors.
<title>Polarization dependence of the mean wavelength of Er-doped superfluorescent fiber sources</title> (1998)

Changes in the pump polarization state are shown to have a large effect on the mean wavelength of erbium-doped superfluorescent fiber sources due to polarization-dependent gain. This effect causes long-term drift as the fiber birefringence in the source changes over time. By depolarizing the pump, this effect is reduced to under 3 ppm, the noise level of our instrument. A second depolarizer is used to compensate for polarization-dependent transmission of the other source components, namely the WDM coupler and the isolator. The resulting source is insensitive to drifts in the fiber birefringence due to environmental effects.
Effect of laser parameters on the exposure and selective etch rate in photostructurable glass (2002)

Photostructurable glass-ceramic materials have received significant attention due to their utility in aerospace engineering and micro technology. For example, the ability to fabricate structures in glass is important in the design and integration of micro scale electronic, optical and fluidic devices. Direct-write pulsed UV laser processing techniques have been utilized recently to create patterned 3D microstructures in a lithium-aluminosilicate glass. The direct-write microfabrication process involves the formation of an initial latent image in the glass via UV laser radiation. Thermal-induced ceramization is utilized to develop the latent image into a permanent image. Material removal and microstructure fabrication are then accomplished by preferential isotropic etching of the developed regions.