gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of Minerals Composition in Cement Clinker Containing Clacium Sulphoaluminate (2009)

The influence of additive on the burning and minerals composition of cement clinker containing calcium sulphoaluminate were researched by chemical analysis and X-Ray diffraction.The results show that the additive must be added in the raw meal for the preparation of the clinker containing calcium sulphoaluminate.The suitable amount of additive can decrease the burning temperature of the clinker containing calcium sulphoaluminate,promote the adopt of f-CaO and improve the burnability of the raw meal.At the relative low temperature(1300 ℃ or 1350 ℃),the clinker containing calcium sulphoaluminate can be preparaed successfully.
Evolution of catalyst particle size during carbon single walled nanotube growth and its effect on the tube characteristics (2006)

A series of Fe catalysts, with different mean diameters, supported on alumina with different molar ratios, was studied before and after carbon single walled nanotubes growth using magnetic measurements and Raman scattering techniques (laser excitation wavelengths from 1.17to2.54eV) to follow changes on catalyst particle size and composition, as well as the relationship between particle size and diameter of nanotubes grown. In all cases, an increase and redistribution of the particle size after the growth was concluded based on the blocking temperature values and Langevin function analysis. This is explained in terms of agglomeration of particles due to carbon-induced liquefaction accompanied with an increase in the catalyst mobility. For large particles no direct correlation between the catalyst size and the nanotube diameters was observed.
On the Effects of Spatial Sampling Quantization in Super-Resolution Ultrasound Microvessel Imaging (2018)

Ultrasound super-resolution (SR) microvessel imaging technologies are rapidly emerging and evolving. The unprecedented combination of imaging resolution and penetration promises a wide range of preclinical and clinical applications. This paper concerns spatial quantization error in SR imaging, a common issue that involves a majority of current SR imaging methods. While quantization error can be alleviated by the microbubble localization process (e.g., via upsampling or parametric fitting), it is unclear to what extent the localization process can suppress the spatial quantization error induced by discrete sampling. It is also unclear when low spatial sampling frequency will result in irreversible quantization errors that cannot be suppressed by the localization process. This paper had two goals: 1) to systematically investigate the effect of quantization in SR imaging and establish principles of adequate SR imaging spatial sampling that yield minimal quantization error with proper localization methods and 2) to compare the performance of various localization methods and study the level of tolerance of each method to quantization. We conducted experiments on a small wire target and on a microbubble flow phantom. We found that the Fourier analysis of an oversampled spatial profile of the microbubble signal could provide reliable guidance for selecting beamforming spatial sampling frequency. Among various localization methods, parametric Gaussian fitting and centroid-based localization on upsampled data had better microbubble localization performance and were less susceptible to quantization error than peak intensity-based localization methods. When spatial sampling resolution was low, parametric Gaussian fitting-based localization had the best performance in suppressing quantization error, and could produce acceptable SR microvessel imaging with no significant quantization artifacts. The findings from this paper can be used in practice to help intelligently determine the minimum requirement of spatial sampling for robust microbubble localization to avoid adding or even reduce the burden of computational cost and data storage that are commonly associated with SR imaging.
Classification of voiceband data signals using the constellation magnitude (1995)

We discuss the real time classification of high speed (/spl ges/4800 b/s) voiceband data signals using blind or self-recovering equalization techniques. After equalization, the signals are classified, by means of their constellation magnitude, using a new classification scheme which computes the probability that the unknown test signal belongs to each of several predetermined classes. Heuristic rules are applied to these probability functions to perform the actual signal detection. Even in the presence of added channel impairments, the use of this new approach resulted in an overall classification accuracy of greater than 98%, measured using 5100 test segments collected from 6 classes of signals produced by V.29, V.32, and V.33 modems. Classification times range from median values of 0.090 s and 0.219 s for the V.29 modem at 4800 and 7200 b/s, respectively, up to a worse case time of 3.33 s for the 9600 b/s default class, chosen only if no other signal is detected within a prescribed amount of time.
Isolation, structure elucidation and <i>In Vivo</i> hepatoprotective potential of <i>trans</i>‐tetracos‐15‐enoic acid from <i>Indigofera tinctoria</i> Linn. (2006)

The bioassay guided fractionation of the dried aerial part of Indigofera tinctoria Linn. led to the identification of an active fraction labelled as indigotin. On further chemical analysis, a compound isolated from indigotin was identified and characterized as trans-tetracos-15-enoic acid (TCA). The chemical structure of this compound was established on the basis of physical properties and spectral data, including NMR. It afforded significant hepatoprotection against carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in experimental models. Silymarin, a well known plant based hepatoprotective agent, and N-acetylcysteine, which has proven efficacy as a replenisher of sulfhydryls, were used for relative efficacy. TCA was found to reverse the altered hepatic parameters in experimental liver damage. In the safety evaluation study the oral LD50 was found to be more than 2000 mg/kg, with no signs of abnormalities or any mortality for the 15 day period of observation after administration of a single dose of drug in mice. The studies revealed significant and concentration dependent hepatoprotective potential of TCA as it reversed the majority of the altered hepatic parameters in experimental liver damage in rats and mice and may be useful in the management of liver disorders.
Multivariable Adaptive Closed-Loop Control of an Artificial Pancreas Without Meal and Activity Announcement (2013)

Regulation of blood glucose concentration with an AP using adaptive control techniques was successful in clinical studies, even without any meal and physical activity announcement.
A Polarisation Splitter In Integrated Optics (1989)

Though in many applications in optoelectronics light amplitude is the most important parameter for carrying the information flow, in some cases the phase or the polarisation of the guided waves is more relevant (optical sensors, Faraday rotators, coherent telecommunications...). Here we report on a polarisation beam splitter based on a Y-fed directional coupler with propagation along the Z axis of a LiNb03 crystal.
Simplified buried contact solar cell process (1996)

The buried contact solar cell (BCSC) was originally developed as a high performance technology capable of taking full advantage of the high voltages and efficiencies able to be achieved with floatzone substrates. In this process, three lengthy high temperature processes are necessary. In recent months, a simplified process has been developed that eliminates these three lengthy high temperature processes associated with groove diffusion, back surface field formation and the growth of a thick thermal oxide on the surface. Although considerable performance loss is sustained when applied to floatzone substrates, the simplified process appears capable of achieving similar efficiencies to the conventional BCSC process when applied to solar grade Czochralski and multicrystalline substrates. Just as importantly, the simplified BCSC process has been developed for implementation onto existing screen printing production lines using virtually all the same equipment except for the addition of the grooving process which is applied to the virgin wafer prior to any other processing. This process appears to be particularly well suited to existing manufacturers of screen printed solar cells, where the higher performance and lower cost of the BCSC can be achieved without the need for the decommissioning of existing equipment or large scale investment in new infrastructure and equipment.
A general theoretical formalism for X-ray phase contrast imaging (2003)

The in-line phase-contrast imaging has great potential for clinical imaging applications. This work presents a general theoretical formalism for the in-line phase-contrast imaging. The theoretical formalism developed in this work is derived by taking a new strategy to calculate the Fourier transform of image intensity directly. Different from the transport of intensity equation (TIE) formalism for phase-contrast imaging in literature [6], this general formalism covers both the near field regime and the holography regime of phase-contrast imaging. The image intensity formulas have been derived in both the image space and frequency space. Especially our results show that the Fresnel diffraction image intensity is a sum of convolutions of the cosine- and sine-Fresnel filters with the object attenuation A20(x) and attenuated phase A20(x)φ(x), respectively. The Pogany-Gao-Wilkins (PGW) formalism is recovered as a special case of our general formalism. In addition, in the low-resolution approximation, the general formula is reduced a spherical wave-generalization of the TIE-based formula for phase-contrast imaging. This spherical wave-generalization will be useful for phase-contrast imaging with a micro-focus x-ray tube. The transition of the formalism from 1-D to 2-D cases has been provided as well.
Joint clock synchronization and position estimation in time of arrival–based passive positioning systems (2018)

A widely used scheme for target localization is to measure the time of arrival of a wireless signal emitted by a tag, which requires the clocks of the anchors (receivers at known locations) to be accurately synchronized. Conventional systems rely on transmissions from a timing reference node at a known location for clock synchronization and therefore are susceptible to reference node failure. In this article, we propose a novel localization scheme which jointly estimates anchor clock offsets and target positions. The system does not require timing reference nodes and is completely passive (non-intrusive). The positioning algorithm is formulated as a maximum likelihood estimation problem, which is solved efficiently using an iterative linear least square method. The Cramér–Rao lower bound of positioning error is also analyzed. It is shown that the performance of the proposed scheme improves with the number of targets in the system and approaches that of a system with perfectly synchronized anchors.
A Study on Hourglass-Worm Gearing Designed to Concentrate Surface Normals. A Gear Design Using an Hourglass-Worm Gearing Whose Worm Tooth Surface Is Generated by the Grinding Wheel with an Involute Helicoid. (1991)

Displacement of the worm axis relative to the wheel axis under load is considered to be the helical movement rotating about the instantaneous axis. In order to avoid the influence of the displacement of gear axes under load upon tooth contact, the authors propose that the surface normals should be intersected perpendicular to the direction of helical velocity of the displacement. This idea was applied to the gear design using all hourglass-worm gearing whose worm tooth surface is generated by the grinding wheel with an involute helicoid. Numerical analyses indicated that as much as 80% of the theoretical area of the utilized gear contributed to meshing at their estimated displacement positions.
Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemistry of Silver Niobium Oxyfluorides for Lithium Batteries (2009)

An electroactive nanostructured silver niobium oxyfluoride (SNOF) was successfully synthesized through the mechanochemical reaction of and . Throughout a wide composition range of , the AgF-based SNOF was shown to be a cubic perovskite structure. For -based SNOF, a cubic perovskite developed at , a structural phase transition to monoclinic and tetragonal was observed at and , respectively. The SNOF (AgF) perovskite phases with proper control of composition exhibited a three-electron silver reduction occurring at a voltage of at modest rates of discharge without the use of any conductive matrix.
Targets for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (2017)

Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is responsible for half of all HF cases and will be the most common form of HF within the next 5 years. Previous studies of pharmacological agents in HFPEF have proved neutral or negative, in part due to phenotypic heterogeneity and complex underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes the key molecular and cellular pathways characterized in HFPEF as well as current and future therapies that target these mechanisms.
Reduced field of view MRI with rapid, <i>B</i><sub>1</sub>‐robust outer volume suppression (2011)

MRI scans are inefficient when the size of the anatomy under investigation is small relative to the subject's full extent. The field of view must be expanded, and acquisition times accordingly prolonged. Shorter scans are feasible with reduced field of view imaging (rFOV) using outer volume suppression (OVS), a magnetization preparation sequence that attenuates signal outside a region of interest (ROI). This work presents a new OVS sequence with a cylindrical ROI, short duration, and improved tolerance for B(1)+ inhomogeneity. The sequence consists of a nonselective adiabatic tipdown pulse, which provides B(1)+-robust signal suppression, and a fast 2D spiral cylindrical tipback pulse. Analysis of the Bloch equations with transverse initial magnetization reveals a conjugate symmetric constraint for tipback pulses with small flip angles. This property is exploited to achieve two-shot performance from the single-shot tipback pulse. The OVS sequence is validated in phantoms and in vivo with multislice spiral imaging at 3 T. The relative signal-to-noise ratio efficiency of the proposed sequence was 98% in a phantom and 75-90% in vivo. The effectiveness is demonstrated with cardiovascular rFOV imaging, which exhibits improved resolution and reduced artifacts compared to conventional, full field of view imaging.
Novel helper phage design: intergenic region affects the assembly of bacteriophages and the size of antibody libraries (1995)

Phagemid vectors for display of proteins/peptides on the surface of filamentous phage utilize a plasmid genome carrying the phage origin of replication, along with the gene fused to a fragment of gene III. Generation of phage particles displaying the fusion protein also requires superinfection of the host bacterium with a helper virus. We describe here the construction of a new gene III mutant of M13 KO7 bacteriophage and compare its ability to act as helper phage with two mutants derived from Fd tet (fKN 16 and fCA 55). Furthermore, we investigate their capability to act as helper phages in SAP selection, where non-infectious helper phage, expressing antibody fragments but not protein 3, can still infect by first reacting with a soluble antigen-protein 3 fusion protein. Gene III mutants were found to be non-infectious, and high titers of infective particles were obtained only when the helper phage was grown in cells harbouring a gene III-containing plasmid. An amplification of the phage titer of 106× was achieved in M13-derived phages, when used for the selection of specific antibody fragments.
Future Segmentation Using 3D Structure (2018)

Predicting the future to anticipate the outcome of events and actions is a critical attribute of autonomous agents; particularly for agents which must rely heavily on real time visual data for decision making. Working towards this capability, we address the task of predicting future frame segmentation from a stream of monocular video by leveraging the 3D structure of the scene. Our framework is based on learnable sub-modules capable of predicting pixel-wise scene semantic labels, depth, and camera ego-motion of adjacent frames. We further propose a recurrent neural network based model capable of predicting future ego-motion trajectory as a function of a series of past ego-motion steps. Ultimately, we observe that leveraging 3D structure in the model facilitates successful prediction, achieving state of the art accuracy in future semantic segmentation.
Denoising with kernel prediction and asymmetric loss functions (2018)

We present a modular convolutional architecture for denoising rendered images. We expand on the capabilities of kernel-predicting networks by combining them with a number of task-specific modules, and optimizing the assembly using an asymmetric loss. The source-aware encoder---the first module in the assembly---extracts low-level features and embeds them into a common feature space, enabling quick adaptation of a trained network to novel data. The spatial and temporal modules extract abstract, high-level features for kernel-based reconstruction, which is performed at three different spatial scales to reduce low-frequency artifacts. The complete network is trained using a class of asymmetric loss functions that are designed to preserve details and provide the user with a direct control over the variance-bias trade-off during inference. We also propose an error-predicting module for inferring reconstruction error maps that can be used to drive adaptive sampling. Finally, we present a theoretical analysis of convergence rates of kernel-predicting architectures, shedding light on why kernel prediction performs better than synthesizing the colors directly, complementing the empirical evidence presented in this and previous works. We demonstrate that our networks attain results that compare favorably to state-of-the-art methods in terms of detail preservation, low-frequency noise removal, and temporal stability on a variety of production and academic datasets.
Clustering and Symbolic Analysis of Cardiovascular Signals: Discovery and Visualization of Medically Relevant Patterns in Long-Term Data Using Limited Prior Knowledge (2007)

This paper describes novel fully automated techniques for analyzing large amounts of cardiovascular data. In contrast to traditional medical expert systems our techniques incorporate no a priori knowledge about disease states. This facilitates the discovery of unexpected events. We start by transforming continuous waveform signals into symbolic strings derived directly from the data. Morphological features are used to partition heart beats into clusters by maximizing the dynamic time-warped sequence-aligned separation of clusters. Each cluster is assigned a symbol, and the original signal is replaced by the corresponding sequence of symbols. The symbolization process allows us to shift from the analysis of raw signals to the analysis of sequences of symbols. This discrete representation reduces the amount of data by several orders of magnitude, making the search space for discovering interesting activity more manageable. We describe techniques that operate in this symbolic domain to discover rhythms, transient patterns, abnormal changes in entropy, and clinically significant relationships among multiple streams of physiological data. We tested our techniques on cardiologist-annotated ECG data from forty-eight patients. Our process for labeling heart beats produced results that were consistent with the cardiologist supplied labels 98.6 of the time, and often provided relevant finer-grained distinctions. Our higher level analysis techniques proved effective at identifying clinically relevant activity not only from symbolized ECG streams, but also from multimodal data obtained by symbolizing ECG and other physiological data streams. Using no prior knowledge, our analysis techniques uncovered examples of ventricular bigeminy and trigeminy, ectopic atrial rhythms with aberrant ventricular conduction, paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, and pulsus paradoxus.
Delegated persist ordering (2016)

Systems featuring a load-store interface to persistent memory (PM) are expected soon, making in-memory persistent data structures feasible. Ensuring persistent data structure recoverability requires constraints on the order PM writes become persistent. But, current memory systems reorder writes, providing no such guarantees. To complement their upcoming 3D XPoint memory, Intel has announced new instructions to enable programmer control of data persistence. We describe the semantics implied by these instructions, an ordering model we call synchronous ordering. Synchronous ordering (SO) enforces order by stalling execution when PM write ordering is required, exposing PM write latency on the execution critical path. It incurs an average slowdown of 7.21x over volatile execution without ordering in PM-write-intensive benchmarks. SO tightly couples enforcing order and flushing writes to PM, but this tight coupling is unneeded in many recoverable software systems. Instead, we propose delegated ordering, wherein ordering requirements are communicated explicitly to the PM controller, fully decoupling PM write ordering from volatile execution and cache management. We demonstrate that delegated ordering can bring performance within 1.93x of volatile execution, improving over SO by 3.73x.
Characterization of HYPRES' 4.5&lt;tex&gt;$rm kA/cm^2$&lt;/tex&gt;&amp; 8&lt;tex&gt;$rm kA/cm^2$&lt;/tex&gt;&lt;tex&gt;$rm Nb/AlO_rm x/rm Nb$&lt;/tex&gt;Fabrication Processes (2005)

HYPRES has developed new fabrication processes for higher critical current density Josephson junctions (JJs). These processes incorporate an additional anodization step for junction insulation, which enables fabrication of junctions down to submicron sizes. A set of new processing tools has been employed, including a high density (ICP) plasma etching of niobium and aluminum, and low temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of interlayer dielectric (SiO/sub 2/) from a TEOS source. A set of new parametric control monitor (PCM) test chips has been designed and implemented. Results of electric and SEM characterization of JJ's, wiring, and contact-hole etching are presented. The critical current spreads and shunt resistance uniformity along with the effects of junction shape are discussed. The critical current 1/spl sigma/ spreads of 1.2% have been achieved for the 4.5 kA/cm/sup 2/ process.