gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bisphosphonates: mechanisms of action (2001)

The geminal bisphosphonates are a class of drug, developed in the last 30 years, characterised by a P-C-P bond. Consequently, they are analogues of pyrophosphate but are resistant to chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. The bisphosphonates bind strongly to hydroxyapatite crystals and inhibit their formation and dissolution. This physicochemical effect on crystal growth is the cause, in vivo, of the prevention of soft tissue calcification and, in some instances when given in large amounts, the inhibition of normal calcification. However, the main effect is to inhibit bone resorption, the mechanism involved in which is cellular and not physicochemical. The action is mediated by a direct effect on the osteoclasts, which become inhibited after engulfing the compounds during the process of dissolution of drug-containing mineral, and possibly by an inhibitory effect on the recruitment of osteoclasts. The inhibition of bone resorption is useful for the treatment of diseases characterised by an elevated bone destruction, such as Paget’s disease, tumour bone disease, as well as osteoporosis. This review will describe today’s preclinical knowledge on these compounds, with special emphasis on the patent claims, and on the latest developments in the field. In view of the orientation of this series, the clinical part was not reviewed, with the exception of the areas related to the patents. For more information about the bisphosphonates, their mechanism of action, and their therapeutic use, the reader can consult a recent book [1] and various reviews [2-4].
Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (recombinant human activated protein C) for the treatment of severe sepsis (2003)

Coagulopathy and systemic inflammation are almost universal in patients with severe sepsis. Treatment of this disorder with drotrecogin alfa (activated) directly addresses these derangements and substantially reduces morbidity and mortality rates with potential for bleeding during infusion as the only known risk.
A sputter equipment simulation system including molecular dynamical target atom scattering model (2002)

We have developed an advanced sputter equipment simulation system to design the deposition equipment for ULSI with high aspect ratios contact holes. The system is composed of a newly developed target atom scattering model and die profile model with the Monte Carlo (MC) method. The target atom scattering model uses the Molecular Dynamics (MD) technique combined with thermal analysis and derives ejection angle distribution. The simulated results of titanium (Ti) bottom coverage vs. applied voltage agree with experiments within 10% accuracy.
Above limb imaging of the 4.7-micron fundamental rotation-vibration CO lines (2004)

Presented are results from trans-limb scans of the 4.67-micron (2143 cm-1) fundamental rotation-vibration CO lines. The scan sequences were used to produce 2-D maps of the CO emission above the solar limb. The data were collected on 08 August 2002 at the McMath-Pierce solar telescope using the infrared spectrometer, a 256 x 256 InSb array detector and an image stabilizing system - the predecessor to the telescope's current prototype adaptive optics system. The spectrograph slit was oriented parallel to the solar limb to minimize scattered photospheric light into the spectrograph for spectra taken above the limb. The image stabilizer was used to accurately step the solar limb in 0.149 arcsecond increments across the 0.5 arcsecond slit. Although the image stabilizer canceled image motion in the axis parallel to the solar limb, seeing still distorted and degraded the limb image. Scan sequences were taken at the solar south polar limb to avoid possible active regions in the mid-latitudes. Frame selection techniques were used to construct spectroheliogram images from the best seeing spectral frames resulting in 2-D images approaching 1 arcsecond resolution. Continuum images were subtracted from CO line center grams resulting in images that clearly show both bright and dark structures in the CO that extend into the above-limb emission. The features seen support a thermally bifurcated model of the solar atmosphere. Cross limb measurements indicate that the strongest of the CO lines extend to roughly 500 km (0.7 arcseconds) above the solar limb consistent with earlier studies.
Optimum Cross-linking Spacer Length of Dimeric Neurokinin B Analogs for Interaction with NK-1 Tachykinin Receptors (1993)

Abstract A series of dimeric analogs of neurokinin B (NKB) COOH-terminal heptapeptide were synthesized in order to find an optimum length of cross-linking spacer for bivalent interaction with tachykinin receptors. Dimerization was carried out at the NH2-terminus of heptapeptide with succinyl bis[(Gly)n–OH], in which the number of glycine varies from 0 to 4. Dimers D–(Gly)n–NKB4—10, namely succinyl bis[(Gly)n–Asp–Ser–Phe–Val–Gly–Leu–Met–NH2] (n = 0—4), were almost inactive in the assay using rat vas deferens, indicating that they have no interaction with NK-2 receptor subtype. In contrast, these dimers were very active in guinea pig ileum (GPI) containing all of NK-1, 2, and 3 receptors. Relative activity was highest when the cross-linking spacer with oligoglycine of n = 2, and decreased sharply for dimers with shorter and longer chain lengths (n = 0 and 1; 3 and 4). In order to specify receptor subtype (NK-1 or NK-3) in GPI to which dimers bind, dimers were examined under the conditions that NK-1 receptors are desensitized by substance P methyl ester. All dimers exhibited drastically diminished contractile activity, indicating that dimers exclusively interact with NK-1. This was further confirmed by blocking the response of NK-3 receptors with atropine, which had no effect on the contractile activity of dimers. The results suggested that dimers interact bivalently with NK-1 receptors by bridging adjacent two binding sites.
Mobile big data analytics using deep learning and apache spark (2016)

The proliferation of mobile devices, such as smartphones and Internet of Things gadgets, has resulted in the recent mobile big data era. Collecting mobile big data is unprofitable unless suitable analytics and learning methods are utilized to extract meaningful information and hidden patterns from data. This article presents an overview and brief tutorial on deep learning in mobile big data analytics and discusses a scalable learning framework over Apache Spark. Specifically, distributed deep learning is executed as an iterative MapReduce computing on many Spark workers. Each Spark worker learns a partial deep model on a partition of the overall mobile, and a master deep model is then built by averaging the parameters of all partial models. This Spark-based framework speeds up the learning of deep models consisting of many hidden layers and millions of parameters. We use a context-aware activity recognition application with a real-world dataset containing millions of samples to validate our framework and assess its speedup effectiveness.
Investigation of Reactivity and Selectivity of DNA‐Alkylating Duocarmycin Analogues by High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry (2006)

DNA alkylation: The reactivity and selectivity of DNA-alkylating duocarmycin analogues were determined by direct ESI-FTICRMS (negative-ion mode) measurements. The high efficiency of a new seco drug for the alkylation of duplex DNA has been determined in this way for the first time (picture: drug bound covalently to an oligodeoxynucleotide). The corresponding, less toxic prodrug and the enantiomer of the seco drug show, in contrast, only a very low alkylation tendency.
Comparative analysis of methods used in the design of DTMF tone detectors (2007)

Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) Signals are used in touch-tone telephones as well as many other areas. Since analog devices are rapidly being replaced with digital devices, digital DTMF decoders with superior quality have become the ideal replacement. In this paper a comparative analysis on the four DTMF detector designs are studied. They are namely, filter design approach, Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT), Goertzel Algorithm and Sub-Band Non-Uniform DFT (SB-NDFT). The algorithms are developed in the MatLab environment and the implementation is done on a Digital Signal Processor, TMS320 C6713.The figure of merit and computational complexity are used as a performance measure and in both cases the SB-NDFT is found to be the best.
Four New Prenylated Flavonoids, Glyasperins A, B, C, and D from the Roots of Glycyrrhiza aspera (1992)

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Enantioselective Synthesis of Planar-Chiral Phosphaferrocenes by Molybdenum-Catalyzed Asymmetric Interannular Ring-Closing Metathesis (2010)

Enantioselective synthesis of planar-chiral phosphaferrocenes was realized for the first time by molybdenum-catalyzed asymmetric ring-closing metathesis (ARCM) in up to 99% ee, which is the first application of ARCM to induction of chirality in molecules devoid of stereogenic centers.
Generalized Partial Directed Coherence (2007)

This paper re-examines the definition of partial directed coherence (PDC) which was recently introduced as a linear frequency-domain quantifier of the multivariate relationship between simultaneously observed time series for application in functional connectivity inference in neuroscience. The present reappraisal aims at improving PDC's performance under scenarios that involve severely unbalanced predictive modelling errors (innovations noise). The present modification turns out to be more robust in estimating imprecisions associated with finite time series samples.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total Synthesis of Trimeric Indole Alkaloid, Psychotrimine. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Engineering Zeolitic‐Imidazolate Framework (ZIF) Thin Film Devices for Selective Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (2015)

Thin films of sodalite‐type zeolitic‐imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs, ZIF‐7, 8, 9, 67, 90, and ZIF‐65‐Zn) with different metal centers and functional moieties are fabricated on SiO 2 coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) substrates using automatic program controlled repeated direct growth method. The repeated direct growth procedure manipulated here shows great applicability for rapid growth of uniform ZIF thin films with controllable thickness. The fabricated ZIF/QCM devices are used to detect vapor phase volatile organic compounds including alcohol/water, BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers), and hexane isomers. The ZIF/QCM devices exhibit selective detection behavior upon exposure to these chemical vapors. The effects of ZIF pore size, limited pore diameter, surface functionality, and structural flexibility on the sensing performances of ZIF/QCM devices are systematically investigated, which would be beneficial for the practical application of ZIF sensors based on array‐sensing technology. Furthermore, the selective adsorption behavior suggests that these ZIF materials have great potentials in the applications of biofuel recovery and the separation of benzene/cyclohexane, xylene, and hexane isomers.
A hybrid lumped capacitance-CFD model for the simulation of data center transients (2014)

AbstractTransient thermal events in air-cooled data centers may lead to undesirable operating conditions such as the formation of hot spots and associated degradation of equipment reliability. These transients may be caused by cooling equipment failures, server load changes, or other time-dependent scenarios in data center operations. This paper introduces a fast-executing hybrid computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/Lumped-Capacitance model for predicting server inlet temperatures resulting from common transient events such as server shutdown, partial or total chilled water interruption, or partial or total failure of the computer room air handlers (CRAH). The model uses initial steady-state CFD or experimental data in combination with several lumped-capacitance models of the various thermal masses in the data center, including the servers, the room enclosure, the CRAHs and the underfloor plenum. The inclusion of these thermal capacitances and their associated thermal conductance was found to be an important contributor to the overall transient response of the data center air-space. The model predictions have been compared with experimental data obtained in a three-rack data-center test cell and found to agree well with the experimental measurements. Examples of the application of the model to more realistic data center configurations are also given. AcknowledgmentsThe authors express their gratitude to the IBM Corporation for supporting the work described in this article. They are also grateful for the support received from the Syracuse Center of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems.NomenclatureC=server thermal capacitance, J/K=air flow heat capacity rate, W/Kj=server indexNu=Nusselt number, -NTU=number of transfer unitsPr=Prandtl number, -=heat generation rate, WR=thermal resistance, K/WRe=Reynolds number, -S=number of serversT=temperature, °C=average temperature, °CT*=pre-set temperature, °Ct=time, sUA=thermal conductance, W/Kϵ=heat exchange effectivenessλ=fraction of CRAH cold air that leaksΨ=capture indexτ=time constant, sSubscripts and superscripts:0=initial conditiona=airb=lumped capacitance blockc=CRAH airC=CRAH bodyD=hydraulic diametere=exit (for the server before the fan at the exit)en=enclosure (room)f=fanhx=heat exchangeri=inletin=inlet volumej=server indexm=mixed room air conditionsp=pipeR=room thermal massr=recirculations=servert=tilex=server exhaust (after the fan)w=watera=thermal diffusivity, m2/sλ=leakage
Metabolic tinker: an online tool for guiding the design of synthetic metabolic pathways (2013)

One of the primary aims of synthetic biology is to (re)design metabolic pathways towards the production of desired chemicals. The fast pace of developments in molecular biology increasingly makes it possible to experimentally redesign existing pathways and implement de novo ones in microbes or using in vitro platforms. For such experimental studies, the bottleneck is shifting from implementation of pathways towards their initial design. Here, we present an online tool called 'Metabolic Tinker', which aims to guide the design of synthetic metabolic pathways between any two desired compounds. Given two user-defined 'target' and 'source' compounds, Metabolic Tinker searches for thermodynamically feasible paths in the entire known metabolic universe using a tailored heuristic search strategy. Compared with similar graph-based search tools, Metabolic Tinker returns a larger number of possible paths owing to its broad search base and fast heuristic, and provides for the first time thermodynamic feasibility information for the discovered paths. Metabolic Tinker is available as a web service at http://osslab.ex.ac.uk/tinker.aspx. The same website also provides the source code for Metabolic Tinker, allowing it to be developed further or run on personal machines for specific applications.
Liposomes Containing Lipid-Soluble Zn(II)–Bis-dipicolylamine Derivatives Show Potential To Be Targeted to Phosphatidylserine on the Surface of Cancer Cells (2016)

Here we used a lipid-soluble Zn(II)-bis-dipicolylamine derivative as a membrane component to develop liposomal carriers that have potential to be targeted to phosphatidylserine (PS) rich surfaces on cancer cells and to preferentially kill cancer cells without using anticancer drugs. This DPA derivative (abbreviated as DPA-Cy3[22,22]) contains the fluorophore cyanine 3 (Cy3) and two 22-carbon chains that can be anchored into liposomal membrane bilayers. DPA-Cy3[22,22]/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) unilamellar vesicles (∼150 nm) showed selective binding to PS-containing liposomes as demonstrated by anion exchange chromatography. This binding does not result in vesicle fusion or aggregation. Flow cytometry showed that DPA-Cy3[22,22]/POPC liposomes have preferential binding to MCF-7 breast cancer cells over MCF-12A noncancer cells due to 3-7 times more PS exposures on MCF-7. The extent of liposome binding with MCF-7 cells was increased by two times after cells were pretreated with the apoptotic inducer camptothecin, which increased PS exposure to the cell surface. Moreover, our flow cytometry data also suggest that local cell membrane perturbations may occur upon liposome binding and internalization. This implies that DPA-Cy3[22,22]/POPC liposomes alone may have a PS-dependent cytotoxic effect. This assertion was supported by the cell proliferation assay, which showed that 9.1 mol % DPA-Cy3[22,22]/POPC liposomes exert cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells 3.5 times higher than that on MCF-12A cells. These results indicate that DPA-Cy3[22,22]-containing liposomes hold great promise as efficient nano drug carriers.
Mobile Communication Network with Directive/Adaptive Antennas (1999)

The final report is composed of two parts: (1) The first six months report which outlines the problems studied, and (2) Abstracts of publications summarizing research over the remaining term of the contract. There were brief periods of time during which support was given to students working on impulse radio, a novel technology of significant interest to the U.S. Army.
Embedded MRAM Macro for eFlash Replacement (2018)

In this paper, we have presented 28-nm embedded 8Mb 64 I/O Spin-Transfer-Torque Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM) Macro. Besides being the one of the world's first mass product solution for embedded Flash (eFlash) replacement for Internet-of-Things (IoT) chips, it is also serves as a comprehensive storage memory solution in high-end System-on-Chip (SoC). The read and write cycle times are 20ns. Thanks to process and temperature compensated reference concept, the Macro gives a non-fail read at Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) RP and RAP resistances variation up to 1sigma 8% and at weak Tunnel Magnetic Resistance (TMR) down to 150%. Macro operates in industrial temperature range. The integrated adaptive Read-and-Write biasing circuit improves MTJ endurance and optimizes the memory's power consumption by 20%. The presented STT-MRAM saves 15 to 40% of area, compared to the same process eFlash.
Hepatitis B virus‐induced defect of monocyte‐derived dendritic cells leads to impaired T helper type 1 response <i>in vitro</i>: mechanisms for viral immune escape (2003)

Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells and play a central role in the induction of antiviral immune responses. Recently, we have shown that monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are functionally impaired. In our present study MoDC from healthy subjects were propagated in vitro and inoculated with HBV particles to investigate the precise mechanisms that underly MoDC dysfunction. T-cell proliferation assays revealed an impaired allostimulatory capacity of HBV-inoculated MoDC (HBV-MoDC) as well as a lower potential of stimulating autologous T cells against a recall antigen in comparison to control-MoDC. Interleukin-2, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma production by T cells in proliferation assays with HBV-MoDC was significantly lower than with control-MoDC and correlated with lower IL-12 production in HBV-MoDC cultures. The presence of the nucleoside analogue lamivudine (3TC), an inhibitor of HBV replication, restored impaired allostimulatory function of HBV-MoDC and up-regulated major histocompatibility complex class II expression. These results show that HBV infection compromises the antigen-presenting function of MoDC with concomitant impairment of T helper cell type 1 responses. This may play an important role for viral immune escape leading to chronic HBV infection. However, 3TC treatment can overcome HBV-MoDC-related T-cell hyporeactivity and this underscores its important role in enhanced immune responses to HBV.
Physiological role for zinc in prevention of apoptosis (gene-directed death). (1991)

Chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) cells were used to study regulation of apoptosis by Zn2+. Apoptosis occurred spontaneously in a proportion of the cells during culture for 18h and in most of the cells exposed to colchicine. Spontaneous and colchicine-induced DNA fragmentation and cell death were completely inhibited in the presence of physiological concentrations of Zn2+ with Zn2+ ionophores. Chelation of intracellular Zn2+ induced DNA fragmentation and morphological changes of apoptosis in most CLL cells within 5hr, but not in a population of CLL cells which were resistant to other apoptotic stimuli. Phorbol esters inhibited apoptosis induced by colchicine and other stimuli, but had no effect on apoptosis induced by chelation of intracellular Zn2+. We propose that an intracellular pool of chelatable Zn2+ blocks apoptosis and that this pool is increased by uptake from the medium.
Remdesivir plus standard of care versus standard of care alone for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): a phase 3, randomised, controlled, open-label trial (2021)

For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Up and coming SIGWEB supported conferences (2009)

SIGWEB supports several specialized conferences, short courses, and workshops, as well as the Annual Hypertext Conference. SIGWEB sponsored conferences focus on timely topics in applied and computational hypertext and Web disciplines and provide a place for members and the entire applied Hypermedia and Web community to exchange ideas and to meet with and expand their network of colleagues. In this article, we provide a brief overview of SIGWEB sponsored conferences, in addition to events that are in cooperation with SIGWEB.
Über eine neue Methode zur positionsselektiven Einführung von Trifluormethyl-Gruppen in Heteroaromaten, Teil 2.<sup>1</sup>Nucleophile Substitution an 5-fluor-4-trifluormethyl-substituierten 1,3-Azolen (1988)

A New Method for Regioselective Introduction of Trifluoromethyl Groups into Heteroarenes; Part2. Nucleophilic Substitution of 5-Fluoro-4- trifluoromethyl-1,3-azoles 5-Fluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-azoles are readily susceptible to nucleophilic displacement reactions at C-5. With binucleophiles, the reactioncan be used for linking trifluoromethyl-substituted 1,3-azoles to aromatic, heteroaromatic, and heterocyclic systems, linearly or angularly,directly or across various bridging groups respectively.
Language modeling with gated convolutional networks (2017)

The pre-dominant approach to language modeling to date is based on recurrent neural networks. Their success on this task is often linked to their ability to capture unbounded context. In this paper we develop a finite context approach through stacked convolutions, which can be more efficient since they allow parallelization over sequential tokens. We propose a novel simplified gating mechanism that outperforms Oord et al. (2016b) and investigate the impact of key architectural decisions. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art on the WikiText-103 benchmark, even though it features long-term dependencies, as well as competitive results on the Google Billion Words benchmark. Our model reduces the latency to score a sentence by an order of magnitude compared to a recurrent baseline. To our knowledge, this is the first time a non-recurrent approach is competitive with strong recurrent models on these large scale language tasks.