gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MapNet: Geometry-Aware Learning of Maps for Camera Localization (2017)

Maps are a key component in image-based camera localization and visual SLAM systems: they are used to establish geometric constraints between images, correct drift in relative pose estimation, and relocalize cameras after lost tracking. The exact definitions of maps, however, are often application-specific and hand-crafted for different scenarios (e.g., 3D landmarks, lines, planes, bags of visual words). We propose to represent maps as a deep neural net called MapNet, which enables learning a data-driven map representation. Unlike prior work on learning maps, MapNet exploits cheap and ubiquitous sensory inputs like visual odometry and GPS in addition to images and fuses them together for camera localization. Geometric constraints expressed by these inputs, which have traditionally been used in bundle adjustment or pose-graph optimization, are formulated as loss terms in MapNet training and also used during inference. In addition to directly improving localization accuracy, this allows us to update the MapNet (i.e., maps) in a self-supervised manner using additional unlabeled video sequences from the scene. We also propose a novel parameterization for camera rotation which is better suited for deep-learning based camera pose regression. Experimental results on both the indoor 7-Scenes dataset and the outdoor Oxford RobotCar dataset show significant performance improvement over prior work.
Operating system protection against side-channel attacks that exploit memory latency (2007)

There is a new class of attacks (in particular against AES encryption) that allows a party that is able to execute code on a hardware system to learn critical data (such as AES encryption keys) used by other users of the system. The attacks come in several subclasses but they all depend on information being leaked through the timing behavior of memory systems that use caches. We can add to operating systems and hypervisors (anything that manages physical memory and page tables) support for protection against these cache-effect side channel attacks, such as those used to attack AES encryption, etc. This document describes ideas for how this can be done, both in the abstract, and also with some concrete implementation details.
Enabling Correct Interest Forwarding and Retransmissions in a Content Centric Network (2016)

We show that the mechanisms used in the name data networking (NDN) and the original content centric networking (CCN) architectures may not detect Interest loops, even if the network in which they operate is static and no faults occur. Furthermore, we show that no correct Interest forwarding strategy can be defined that allows Interest aggregation and attempts to detect Interest looping by identifying Interests uniquely. We introduce SIFAH (Strategy for Interest Forwarding and Aggregation with Hop-Counts), the first Interest forwarding strategy shown to be correct under any operational conditions of a content centric network. SIFAH operates by having forwarding information bases (FIBs) store the next hops and number of hops to named content, and by having each Interest state the name of the requested content and the hop count from the router forwarding an Interest to the content. We present the results of simulation experiments using the ndnSIM simulator comparing CCN and NDN with SIFAH. The results of these experiments illustrate the negative impact of undetected Interest looping when Interests are aggregated in CCN and NDN, and the performance advantages of using SIFAH.
Poly(<i>N</i>-vinylformamide) Nanogels Capable of pH-Sensitive Protein Release (2008)

Hydrogel particles have an historic presence in the field of drug formulation and delivery. Applications of particulate forms of gel materials continue to expand as a result of enhanced control over physicochemical properties including particle size, degradability, and environmental responsiveness. Here, acid-labile poly(N-vinylformamide) (PNVF) nanogels ∼100 nm in diameter were synthesized via inverse emulsion polymerization of N-vinylformamide in the presence of a ketal-containing cross-linker. The dissolution half-life of nanogels proved to be dramatically faster at low pH. Nanogels with a monomer:cross-linker ratio of seven demonstrated a 90 min half-life at pH 5.8 compared to ∼57 h at pH 7.4. Approximately 95% of lysozyme encapsulated in nanogels released over 200 min at pH 5.8 compared to only ∼15% released at pH 7.4. The encapsulation efficiency was moderate with optimal conditions leading to ∼60% encapsulation efficiency. In addition, released lysozyme retained about 50% of the original activity. Large differentials in PNVF nanogel dissolution time and protein release in response to slight changes in pH may ultimately provide a mechanism to selectively deliver macromolecular therapeutics to acidic tissues or intracellular vesicles.
Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes “On Water” (2006)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are exfoliated and functionalized into small bundles and individuals by vigorous stirring "on water" in the presence of a substituted aniline and an oxidizing agent. This is an example of an "on water" reaction that leads to functionalized SWNTs, and it represents a "green", or environmentally friendly, process. A variety of reaction conditions were explored. The products were analyzed with Raman, UV-vis-NIR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, atomic force and transmission electron microscopies, and thermogravimetric analysis.
Geometry effect on piezo-composite transducers with triangular pillars (2008)

High frequency transducers/arrays made of piezo- composite materials have the advantages of lower acoustic impedances, which better match tissue and a flexibility that allows focusing without the use of an acoustic lens. However, developing a high-frequency piezo-composite material for such arrays is still a challenge due to the extremely small pillar dimensions required to avoid the interference from the lateral resonances. Recently, success in developing high-frequency transducers made of piezo-composite materials with triangular pillars has been reported. The use of triangular pillar piezo-composite material was shown to suppress lateral resonances that appear in square pillar composites. To further understand how the geometry of the pillars affects the lateral resonance, piezo- composite materials with different triangular pillar angles are investigated in this work. The performance of composite transducers with triangular pillar angles of 30deg, 40deg, 45deg, 50deg and 60deg were simulated using PZFlex. The electrical impedances of these different transducers show large differences in lateral resonances. The lateral resonances cause a secondary pulse to appear after the main pulse in the time response and ripples in the pass-band of the frequency response. This secondary pulse will produce a ghost in imaging and need to be suppressed. The simulation results show that the composite with a 45deg pillar angle has the lowest secondary pulse amplitude (-22 dB below the main pulse). The secondary pulse becomes larger when the angle deviates from 45deg. Composites with 30deg and 60deg angles have secondary pulse amplitude -15 dB and -10 dB below the main pulse amplitude, respectively. Experimental composite samples have also been fabricated and acoustical and impedance measurements compared with simulation predictions. Three composite transducers with pillar angles of 30deg, 45deg and 60deg were made from PZT5H and Epotek 301 epoxy. The electrical impedances and the pulse echoes were measured to compare with theoretical predictions.
Phthalocyanine polymers. V. Novel type of thermally stable polyimides derived from metal phthalocyanine tetraamines and pyromellitic dianhydride (1982)

Abstract New poly(metal phthalocyanine) pyromellitimides of copper, cobalt, nickel, and zinc were synthesized and elemental, IR, TGA, and inherent viscosity measurement studies were done to characterize these polymers. They showed exceptional thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability with char yields at 800°C ranging from 75 to 87% in a nitrogen atmosphere. The ratio of the polymer decomposition temperatures in air and nitrogen (PDT) (air)/PDT (N 2 ) varied from 0.91 to 0.97, which indicated that the onset of degradation of these polymers is greatly affected by the presence of an oxidizing atmosphere. Isothermal studies were done to evaluate the long‐term thermal stability of these polymers.
Cleavage of human high molecular weight kininogen by factor XIa in vitro. Effect on structure and function. (1985)

We have recently demonstrated that human high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) is a pro-cofactor that is cleaved by kallikrein to yield a two-chain cofactor (HMWKa) and the nanopeptide bradykinin. This proteolysis enhances its association with an activating surface, an event necessary for expression of its cofactor activity. We now report that factor XIa is capable of hydrolyzing HMWK and releasing bradykinin in a purified system as well as cleaving and inactivating HMWK in a plasma environment during the contact-activation process. The profile of proteolysis differs from that produced by kallikrein and by factor XIIa in that the first cleavage by factor XIa yields 75- and 45-kDa polypeptides, whereas both factor XIIa and kallikrein initially produce 65- and 56-kDa species. Further proteolysis by all three enzymes eventually produces similar heavy chains (Mr = 65,000) and light chains (Mr = 45,000). However, the amount of factor XIa generated in plasma during contact activation further degrades the light chain of HMWK, eventually destroying its coagulant activity. Furthermore, in a purified system, enhancement of the degradation of HMWK coagulant activity by factor XIa was achieved when kallikrein was included in the incubation mixture, suggesting that the preferred substrate for factor XIa is the active form of HMWK (HMWKa), and not the pro-cofactor. These data suggest that factor XIa has the potential to act as a regulator of contact-activated coagulation by virtue of its ability to destroy the cofactor function of HMWK after its generation by either kallikrein, factor XIIa, or to a lesser extent, factor XIa, itself.
A Demonstration of Total Internal Reflection Holographic Microscopy for the Study of Cellular Motion (2008)

Total internal reflection holographic microscopy (TIRHM) is a synthesis of evanescent wave microscopy with digital holography being developed for real-time quantitative phase microscopy of the interface of biological cells moving over a glass substrate.
Electrokinetic methods for arthroscopic detection of cartilage degeneration in synovial joints (2002)

This study focuses on two approaches for the nondestructive measurement of certain electrokinetic properties of articular cartilage that provide a sensitive measure of tissue degradation in degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. The first method involves measurement of current generated stress (electrical to mechanical transduction) using a newly developed surface probe to apply a standing wave of electric current to the articular surface and measure the resulting bulk mechanical stress detectable at the surface. The second method involves simultaneous measurement of cartilage oscillatory stiffness and streaming potential (mechanical to electrical transduction) using an electrokinetic indentation probe. The authors report the dependence of the response on the frequency and wavelength of the stimulus and the geometry of the specimen, using excised cartilage and intact animal joints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An About 50,000-Dalton Protein in Adrenal Medulla: a Common Precursor of [Met]- and [Leu]Enkephalin (1980)

A protein that may be an enkephalin precursor has been identified in extracts of bovine adrenal medulla. This protein (about 50,000 daltons) appears to contain seven copies of [Met]enkephalin and one copy of [Leu]enkephalin. Digestion with trypsin and carboxypeptidase B yields [Met]enkephalin and [Leu]enkephalin in a ratio of almost 7 to 1. The enkephalins were identified by chromatography and by their binding to opiate receptors. Some characteristics of several other adrenal peptides that may serve as intermediates in the biosynthesis of the enkephalins are presented.
High yield aldose–ketose transformation for isolation and facile conversion of biomass sugar to furan (2013)

Traditional approaches to producing furfural from C5 biomass sugars have several limitations which include high reaction temperatures/pressures, significant sugar loss to side-reactions, modest furfural yields, and high purification costs. We present a novel method for converting the C5 sugar xylose to furfural at facile conditions in very high yield. In this approach, we isomerize xylose to its ketose isomer in high yield via a simultaneous-isomerization-and-reactive-extraction (SIRE) scheme, concentrate and purify xylulose by back-extraction (BE) into an acid medium, and then rapidly dehydrate the xylulose sugar to furfural at relatively low temperature (∼110 °C) with no additional catalyst. To our knowledge, production of furfural from concentrated xylulose (30 g l−1) has not been reported previously; this is likely due to the difficulty of producing relatively large quantities of high-purity xylulose in a cost-effective manner. Through simple strategies, such as addition of an aprotic solvent to the aqueous medium or in situ extraction of furfural during the dehydration, furfural yields of up to 90% were achieved. The mild process conditions associated with each of the steps in the process (SIRE, BE and dehydration), along with the ability to concentrate the incoming sugar stream and recycle process streams and catalysts, results in minimal chemical and energy inputs and have a significant favorable impact on the overall process economics.
New Generation Lidar Technology and Applications (1999)

Lidar has been a tool for atmospheric research for several decades. Until recently routine operational use of lidar was not known. Problems have involved a lack of appropriate technology rather than a lack of applications. Within the last few years, lidar based on a new generation of solid state lasers and detectors have changed the situation. Operational applications for cloud and aerosol research applications are now well established. In these research applications, the direct height profiling capability of lidar is typically an adjunct to other types of sensing, both passive and active. Compact eye safe lidar with the sensitivity for ground based monitoring of all significant cloud and aerosol structure and the reliability to operate full time for several years is now in routine use. The approach is known as micro pulse lidar (MPL). For MPL the laser pulse repetition rate is in the kilohertz range and the pulse energies are in the micro-Joule range. The low pulse energy permits the systems to be eye safe and reliable with solid state lasers. A number of MPL systems have been deployed since 1992 at atmospheric research sites at a variety of global locations. Accurate monitoring of cloud and aerosol vertical distribution is a critical measurement for atmospheric radiation. An airborne application of lidar cloud and aerosol profiling is retrievals of parameters from combined lidar and passive sensing involving visible, infrared and microwave frequencies. A lidar based on a large pulse, solid state diode pumped ND:YAG laser has been deployed on the NASA ER-2 high altitude research aircraft along with multi-spectral visible/IR and microwave imaging radiometers since 1993. The system has shown high reliability in an extensive series of experimental projects for cloud remote sensing. The retrieval of cirrus radiation parameters is an effective application for combined lidar and passive sensing. An approved NASA mission will soon begin long term lidar observation of atmospheric structure from space. The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) of the Earth Observing System is scheduled for deployment in the 2001 time frame. GLAS is both a cloud and aerosol lidar and a surface altimeter, principally for monitoring of polar ice sheets. The GLAS instrument is based on all solid state lasers operating at 40 Hz and high efficiency, solid state detectors. The design lifetime is three to five years. Data from the GLAS mission is expected to revolutionize some aspects of our understanding of the global distribution of cloud and aerosols for global climate prediction.
Reversible Crease Formation in Cotton Cellulose Dicyclopentadienedicarboxylate Fabrics (1969)

Cotton cellulose fabric was reacted with dicyclopentadienedicarboxylic acid and with dicyclopentadienemonocarboxylic acid in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride. The fabric cross-linked with dicyclopentadienedicarboxylic acid had wrinkle recovery angles of 223° (wet) and 191° (conditioned). The wet and conditioned wrinkled recovery angles increased to 274° and 264° when the fabric was heated. Sharp creases were obtained when the fabric was held in a folded position and heated at 145 to 160°C for 15 min or more. These creases were durable to ironing, but could be removed by heating the fabric for extended periods while it was held in a flat position. This reversible crease formation is believed to result from the reversible dissociation and rearrangement of the cross links at high temperatures. When cotton cellulose dicyclopentadienemonocarboxylate fabric was heated at 160°C for two hours, it developed high wrinkle recovery and retained sharp creases as a result of the dissociation of the substituent groups and the recombination of the cyclopentadienecarboxylate groups remaining on the cellulose.
Temporal subtraction in chest radiography: Mutual information as a measure of image quality (2009)

The results of this study establish a relationship between mutual information and temporal subtraction registration accuracy and demonstrate the ability of mutual information to objectively indicate the presence of misregistration artifacts.
Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate by Transesterification of Glycerol with Urea Over Zn/Al Mixed Oxide (2014)

Reactions of glycerol carbonate using glycerol and urea have been carried out previously using ZnSO4 and ZnO catalysts, and high yields have been reported using ZnSO4 as catalyst. However, this salt is soluble in glycerol, and recycling of catalyst is difficult after the reaction. In this study, we prepared a mixed metal oxide catalyst using Zn and Al, and this catalyst consisted of a mixture of ZnO and ZnAl2O4. We confirmed the conversion of glycerol and the yield of glycerol carbonate of the amount of Al. As a result, we obtained a yield of 82.3% and a conversion of 82.7%. In addition we obtained high yield in recycling of catalyst. The yield of the glycerol carbonate increases with an increase of acid and base site of catalysts and the highest catalytic activity was obtained when acid/base ratio was approx. 1. From this result, we may conclude that the acid and base site density and ratio of catalysts were very important parameters in the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from urea and glycerol.
Factor J: Isolation and Characterization of a New Polypeptide Inhibitor of Complement C1 (1989)

An Mr 20,000 protein inhibitor of C1, the first component of complement, has been purified from human urine and characterized. This inhibitor, tentatively designated factor J, is apparently distinct from known complement inhibitors. During purification on QAE-Sephadex, Mono Q, and heparin-Sepharose, factor J was detected by its ability to inhibit the complement-mediated lysis of sheep erythrocytes bearing antibody, C1, and activated C4 (EAC14). The purity of factor J was documented by the concordant elution from a hydroxylapatite column of functional activity and the UV absorbance as measured at three different wavelengths (220, 254, and 280 nm). The relative Mr of 20,000 was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-slab gel electrophoresis of radioiodinated protein. Amino acid analysis indicated a high cysteine content and allowed calculations of a specific activity of 7 functional units/pmol. The target of factor J inhibitory activity on the lysis of EAC14 was localized to C1 by the following criteria: factor J inhibited C1 in a C1 transfer assay, but had no effect on C42 activity or decay, and had no effect on the efficiency of isolated C2 or C3-C9 as provided in serum-EDTA. Factor J inhibition was rapid and not significantly influenced by temperature. In a second functional assay, factor J inhibited the association of the tetrameric complex C1r2s2 with 125I-C1q, and the results, when analyzed graphically by a reciprocal plot, were consistent with noncompetitive inhibition (Ki = 529-760 pM range). Functional and/or antigenic data indicated that factor J is distinct from the other known inhibitors of C1, namely the C1 inhibitor and the C1q inhibitor. Antihuman serum precipitated radioiodinated factor J, indicating that an antigen identical or cross-reacting with factor J exists in serum. In summary, factor J is a newly described potent inhibitor of C1 function.
Two-colour immunocytochemical staining of gamma (γ) and epsilon (ε) type haemoglobin in fetal red cells (1998)

We have developed a two-colour immunocytochemical staining method for the detection of fetal and embryonic haemoglobin in erythroid cells. The method was applied to study these haemoglobin types in fetal red cells. Specimens from fetal blood (10 weeks), cord blood and fetal liver (14 weeks) as well as chorionic villus samples (10-13 weeks) were stained for gamma and epsilon chains using CY3 and FITC labelled antibodies. Morphometric analysis was applied to determine cell size. Samples from organs involved in early embryonic development contained relatively large erythroblasts expressing the epsilon globin chain (megaloblasts); later in gestation the gamma chain was co-expressed by the same cells which ultimately became smaller and contained HbF (alpha 2 gamma 2) only. This phenomenon was confirmed in CVS samples in which all cell types were abundantly present. Since fetal erythroblasts are considered candidate cells for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis using FISH, we studied the phenotype of erythroblasts circulating in the maternal blood. The majority of erythroblasts in maternal blood appeared to be of the relatively small gamma globin-containing cell type. However, careful screening of the same maternal blood samples also revealed erythroblasts expressing epsilon or epsilon and gamma globins simultaneously, although at low frequency. Control specimens from non-pregnant women did not show nucleated red cells expressing either of the haemoglobin types. These observations may contribute to the better recognition of fetal cells in the maternal blood for prenatal diagnosis.
Application of scanning electrochemical microscopy to biological samples. (1990)

The scanning electrochemical microscope can be used in the feedback mode in two-dimensional scans over biological substrates to obtain topographic information at the micrometer level. In this mode, the effect of distance between a substrate (either conductive or insulating) and a scanning ultramicroelectrode tip on the electrolytic current flowing at the tip is recorded as a function of the tip x-y position. Scans of the upper surface of a grass leaf and the lower surface of a Ligustrum sinensis leaf (which show open stomata structures) immersed in aqueous solution are shown. Scans of the upper surface of an elodea leaf in the dark and under irradiation, where the tip reaction is the reduction of oxygen produced by photosynthesis, demonstrate the possibility of obtaining information about the distribution of reaction sites on the substrate surface.