gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface effects and electrochemical cell capacitance in desorption electrospray ionization (2008)

Time resolved measurements show that during a desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) experiment, the current initially rises sharply, followed by an exponential decrease to a relatively steady current. When the high voltage on the spray emitter is switched off, the current drops to negative values, suggesting that the direction of current flow in the equivalent DESI circuit is reversed. These data demonstrate that the DESI source behaves as a dc capacitor and that the addition of a surface between the sprayer and the counter electrode in DESI introduces a new electrically active element into the system. The charging and discharging behavior was observed using different surfaces and it could be seen both by making current measurements on a plate at the entrance to the mass spectrometer as well as by measuring ion current in the linear ion trap within the vacuum system of the mass spectrometer. The magnitude of the steady state current obtained without analyte present on the surface is different for different surface materials, and different capacitor time constants of the equivalent RC circuits were calculated for different DESI surfaces. The PTFE surface has by far the greatest time constant and is also able to produce the highest DESI currents. Surface properties play a crucial role in charge transfer during DESI in addition to the effects of the chemical properties of the analyte. It is suggested that surface energy (wettability) is an important factor controlling droplet behavior on the surface. The experimental data are correlated with critical surface tension values of different materials. It is proposed, based on the results presented, that super-hydrophobic materials with extremely high contact angles have the potential to be excellent DESI substrates. It is also demonstrated, using the example of the neurotransmitter dopamine, that the surface charge that develops during a DESI-MS experiment can cause electrochemical oxidation of the analyte.
Rotationally Constrained 2,4-Diamino-5,6-disubstituted Pyrimidines: A New Class of Histamine H<sub>4</sub>Receptor Antagonists with Improved Druglikeness and in Vivo Efficacy in Pain and Inflammation Models (2008)

A new structural class of histamine H 4 receptor antagonists (6-14) was designed based on rotationally restricted 2,4-diaminopyrimidines. Series compounds showed potent and selective in vitro H 4 antagonism across multiple species, good CNS penetration, improved PK properties compared to reference H 4 antagonists, functional H 4 antagonism in cellular and in vivo pharmacological assays, and in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive efficacy. One compound, 10 (A-943931), combined the best features of the series in a single molecule and is an excellent tool compound to probe H 4 pharmacology. It is a potent H 4 antagonist in functional assays across species (FLIPR Ca (2+) flux, K b < 5.7 nM), has high (>190x) selectivity for H 4, and combines good PK in rats and mice (t 1/2 of 2.6 and 1.6 h, oral bioavailability of 37% and 90%) with anti-inflammatory activity (ED 50 = 37 micromol/kg, mouse) and efficacy in pain models (thermal hyperalgesia, ED 50 = 72 micromol/kg, rat).
Surface Modification of Glass/PDMS Microfluidic Valve Assemblies Enhances Valve Electrical Resistance (2019)

Microfluidic instrumentation offers unique advantages in biotechnology applications including reduced sample and reagent consumption, rapid mixing and reaction times, and a high degree of process automation. As dimensions decrease, the ratio of surface area to volume within a fluidic architecture increases, which gives rise to some of the unique advantages inherent to microfluidics. Thus, manipulation of surface characteristics presents a promising approach to tailor the performance of microfluidic systems. Microfluidic valves are essential components in a number of small volume applications and for automated microfluidic platforms, but rigorous evaluation of the sealing quality of these valves is often overlooked. In this work, the glass valve seat of hybrid glass/PDMS microfluidic valves was surface modified with hydrophobic silanes, octyldimethylchlorosilane (ODCS) or (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)dimethylchlorosilane (PFDCS), to investigate the effect of surface energy on electrical resistance of valves. Valves with ODCS- or PFDCS-modified valve seats both exhibited >70-fold increases in electrical resistance (>500 GΩ) when compared to the same valve design with unmodified glass valve seats (7 ± 3 GΩ), indicative of higher sealing capacity. The opening times for valves with ODCS- or PFDCS-modified valve seats was ca. 5× shorter compared to unmodified valve seats, whereas the closing time was up to 8× longer for modified valve seats, although the total closing time was ≤1.5 s, compatible with numerous microfluidic valving applications. Surface modified valve assemblies offered sufficient electrical resistance to isolate sub-pA current signals resulting from electrophysiology measurement of α-hemolysin conductance in a suspended lipid bilayer. This approach is well-suited for the design of novel microfluidic architectures that integrate fluidic manipulations with electrophysiological or electrochemical measurements.
Accurate contact localization and indentation depth prediction with an optics-based tactile sensor (2017)

Traditional methods to achieve high localization accuracy with tactile sensors usually use a matrix of miniaturized individual sensors distributed on the area of interest. This approach usually comes at a price of increased complexity in fabrication and circuitry, and can be hard to adapt for non planar geometries. We propose to use low cost optic components mounted on the edges of the sensing area to measure how light traveling through an elastomer is affected by touch. Multiple light emitters and receivers provide us with a rich signal set that contains the necessary information to pinpoint both the location and depth of an indentation with high accuracy. We demonstrate sub-millimeter accuracy on location and depth on a 20mm by 20mm active sensing area. Our sensor provides high depth sensitivity as a result of two different modalities in how light is guided through our elastomer. This method results in a low cost, easy to manufacture sensor. We believe this approach can be adapted to cover non-planar surfaces, simplifying future integration in robot skin applications.
Denoising method selection by comparison-based image quality assessment (2016)

Based on a diverse range of priors on natural scene images and noise, numerous denoising algorithms have been proposed in the literature. The image quality resulting from different denoising algorithms may vary significantly across a data set. In this work, we propose a denoising algorithm selection framework that chooses among different denoising algorithms using comparison-based image quality assessment. Extensive experiments on two databases show that the proposed comparison-based selection framework consistently selects the SSIM-optimal denoising algorithm without a reference image. The proposed selection method effectively removes the burden of selecting a denoising method for applications involving processing large data sets automatically.
The genes and proteins associated with poly-cystic kidney diseases. (2002)

Genetically based polycystic kidney diseases include autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and recessive (ARPKD) polycystic kidney diseases, nephronophthisis and medullary cystic disease. The PKD1 and PKD2 genes responsible for ADPKD and their respective encoded proteins polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 are under intense study and clues are developing as to their function and roles in the disease process. Structure-function analysis suggests that polycystins form multiprotein complexes with focal adhesion and cell-cell adherens junction proteins, which then initiate intracellular signaling events culminating in regulation of transcription of genes controlling proliferation and differentiation. Although less is known about the PKHD-encoded fibrocystin responsible for ARPKD or about the NPH1-encoded nephrocystin responsible for nephronophthisis, it is proposed that they function in the same cellular pathway involving protein-protein interactions, signal transduction and regulation of gene transcription. ADPKD epithelia are more adherent to collagen, less migratory, fail to recruit FAK to polycystin complexes and show aberrant, persistent expression of the fetal genes Erb-B2 and beta2 subunit of NaK-ATPase after birth. It is suggested that the function of the polycystin complex is to act as a key developmental regulator of renal tubule morphogenesis.
Similarity Between Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Generator Equivalent Circuits (2022)

This paper demonstrates that when thermal part of thermoelectric generator (TEG) is reflected to electric load side, resulting circuit is similar to low frequency equivalent of photovoltaic (PV) generator. Derivation of equivalent circuit is presented and verified in simulation of example system. It may then be concluded that ambient energy sources exhibit similar characteristics even when different energy types are examined. Parallels can then be drawn between the two energy sources and known PV control methodologies can be utilized in TEG applications.
A Novel Six-Band Dual CP Rectenna Using Improved Impedance Matching Technique for Ambient RF Energy Harvesting (2016)

A novel six-band dual circular polarization (CP) rectenna for ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting is presented. Due to the nonlinearity and complex input impedance of the rectifying circuit, the design of a multiband and/or broadband rectenna is always challenging and its performance can be easily affected by variation in the input power level and load. Therefore, an improved impedance matching technique is introduced, which is aimed to improve the performance of the rectifier with a varying condition. A broadband dual CP receiving antenna is proposed, which has a very wide bandwidth (from 550 to 2.5 GHz) and a compact size. An annular ring structure and a novel feeding technique are employed in order to reduce the size and improve the antenna performance. As a result, the proposed rectenna is the first design that covers six frequency bands, including part of the digital TV and most cellular mobile and WLAN bands in the U.K., while the optimal load range for a constant conversion efficiency is from 10 to 75 kΩ. The measured results show that the maximum harvested dc power of the rectenna in typical outdoor and indoor environments are 26 and 8 μW, respectively; it can therefore be applied to a range of low-power wireless applications.
Attitude-correlated frames approach for a star sensor to improve attitude accuracy under highly dynamic conditions (2015)

The attitude accuracy of a star sensor decreases rapidly when star images become motion-blurred under dynamic conditions. Existing techniques concentrate on a single frame of star images to solve this problem and improvements are obtained to a certain extent. An attitude-correlated frames (ACF) approach, which concentrates on the features of the attitude transforms of the adjacent star image frames, is proposed to improve upon the existing techniques. The attitude transforms between different star image frames are measured by the strap-down gyro unit precisely. With the ACF method, a much larger star image frame is obtained through the combination of adjacent frames. As a result, the degradation of attitude accuracy caused by motion-blurring are compensated for. The improvement of the attitude accuracy is approximately proportional to the square root of the number of correlated star image frames. Simulations and experimental results indicate that the ACF approach is effective in removing random noises and improving the attitude determination accuracy of the star sensor under highly dynamic conditions.
57.2: Novel Single Cell Gap Transflective Liquid Crystal Display Without Sub Pixels Separation (2007)

Abstract Twisted Nematic (TN) liquid crystal display is optimized for transflective liquid crystal displays. This new configuration does not need to separate the pixel into two sub‐pixels of transmissive and reflective mode. Each pixel is partially transmissive and reflective with the help of a semi transparent mirror. The electro‐optical characteristics in the transmissive mode and reflective mode match each other, which indicates that the transmissive and reflective function could be controlled using the same voltage in a transflective LCD. This TN LCD configuration has a good contrast, viewing angle, response time and color coordination. Also it is very easy to fabricate and suitable for high quality transflective TFT‐LCDs.
Effects of Peptide 6A on Coronary Blood Flow Dynamics in Canine Coronary Thrombosis (1989)

Intracoronary thrombi resulting in acute myocardial ischemia can often be lysed by thrombolytic agents. We examined the potential of a fibrin(ogen)-degradation product pentapeptide 6A (Ala-Arg-Pro-Ala-Lys), which increases coronary blood flow partly by stimulation of prostacyclin release, in reestablishing coronary blood flow in dogs with experimentally induced thrombus. An occlusive thrombus in the circumflex coronary artery was created by electrical stimulation of the endothelial surface. After the occlusive thrombus was stable without electrical current for at least 15 min, peptide 6A (5 mumol/min for 20 min intracoronary) or tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) [10 micrograms/kg/min for 20 min intravenously (i.v.)] was randomly administered. Peptide 6A administration reestablished coronary blood flow (peak 16 +/- 2 ml/min, mean +/- SE) in 6 of 12 animals with occlusive coronary thrombus. Mean time to blood flow reestablishment was 5.3 +/- 2.2 min, but the reflow was short lived (mean duration of reflow: 15.7 +/- 1.6 min). t-PA reestablished coronary blood flow (peak 19 +/- 3 ml/min) in 4 of 10 animals. The time of flow reestablishment was 12.0 +/- 3.9 min and the reflow persisted for 22.0 +/- 3.1 min. Peptide 6A administration was associated with an increase in coronary venous plasma 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, indicating stimulation of prostacyclin release. This study demonstrates the potential of peptide 6A in reestablishing coronary blood flow in a canine model of coronary thrombosis. This transient effect is associated with release of prostacyclin, which may be beneficial because of its vasodilator and platelet inhibitory effects.
Automated vehicle detection in forward-looking infrared imagery (2004)

We describe an algorithm for the detection and clutter rejection of military vehicles in forward-looking infrared (FLIR) imagery. The detection algorithm is designed to be a prescreener that selects regions for further analysis and uses a spatial anomaly approach that looks for target-sized regions of the image that differ in texture, brightness, edge strength, or other spatial characteristics. The features are linearly combined to form a confidence image that is thresholded to find likely target locations. The clutter rejection portion uses target-specific information extracted from training samples to reduce the false alarms of the detector. The outputs of the clutter rejecter and detector are combined by a higher-level evidence integrator to improve performance over simple concatenation of the detector and clutter rejecter. The algorithm has been applied to a large number of FLIR imagery sets, and some of these results are presented here.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON ANTICOCCIDIAL AGENTS PART 2, SYNTHESIS AND ANTICOCCIDIAL ACTIVITY OF PYRIDOXOL ANALOGS (1975)

Abstract Das aus (I) hergestellte Pyridoxol (IIa) liefert mit Thionylchlorid die Chlorverbindung (IIb), die zu (III) hydrogenolysiert wird.
SDZ RAD, A NEW RAPAMYCIN DERIVATIVE (1997)

SDZ RAD and cyclosporine show synergism in immunosuppression, both in vitro and in vitro. They form a promising synergistic drug combination in allotransplantation.
A Model of Temporal Sensitivity during Electrical Stimulation of the Human Retina (2007)

We will describe how the high temporal sensitivity of the visual system allows for the ability to control the quality of the percept through manipulation of the timing properties of the electrical signal.
Adaptation of High-Growth Influenza H5N1 Vaccine Virus in Vero Cells: Implications for Pandemic Preparedness (2011)

Current egg-based influenza vaccine production technology can't promptly meet the global demand during an influenza pandemic as shown in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Moreover, its manufacturing capacity would be vulnerable during pandemics caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Therefore, vaccine production using mammalian cell technology is becoming attractive. Current influenza H5N1 vaccine strain (NIBRG-14), a reassortant virus between A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus and egg-adapted high-growth A/PR/8/1934 virus, could grow efficiently in eggs and MDCK cells but not Vero cells which is the most popular cell line for manufacturing human vaccines. After serial passages and plaque purifications of the NIBRG-14 vaccine virus in Vero cells, one high-growth virus strain (Vero-15) was generated and can grow over 10(8) TCID(50)/ml. In conclusion, one high-growth H5N1 vaccine virus was generated in Vero cells, which can be used to manufacture influenza H5N1 vaccines and prepare reassortant vaccine viruses for other influenza A subtypes.
Greenhouse and Field Evaluation of Biological Control of Fusarium Head Blight on Durum Wheat (2002)

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that causes extensive yield and quality losses to wheat and barley. In durum wheat, the pathogen-produced toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is retained in semolina at ˜50%, and the causal agent of FHB, Gibberella zeae, has a strong adverse effect on pasta color. Two bacteria and two yeast strains with known efficacy against G. zeae on hexaploid wheats were produced in liquid culture and assayed on two cultivars of durum wheat in greenhouse bioassays. All antagonists reduced FHB severity on cultivar Renville, and three of the four reduced severity on cultivar Ben, with Bacillus subtilis strain AS 43.3 decreasing FHB severity by as much as 90%. In separate greenhouse bioassays, the car-bon:nitrogen ratio of the medium used to produce antagonists did not consistently influence antagonist efficacy. All antagonist/production medium combinations but one were effective in reducing disease on both durum cultivars. Of six antagonists tested at field sites, Cryptococcus sp. OH 71.4 and C. nodaensis OH 182.9 reduced disease severity by as much as 57% in Peoria, IL, while Cryptococcus sp. OH 181.1 reduced disease severity by as much as 59% in a trial at Langdon, ND. Antagonists did not influence the DON content of grain in the Peoria trial. Relative performance indices for four antagonists calculated from greenhouse and field results on the two durum cultivars demonstrated that the bioassay location, but not the cultivar of durum, influenced the relative performance of antagonists. Yeast antagonists OH 71.4, OH 181.1, and OH 182.9 appear to have the highest potential for contributing to the reduction of FHB on du-rum wheat in the field.
A phantom study to cross-validate multimodality shear wave elastography techniques (2012)

As various quantitative shear wave elastography techniques are being implemented commercially and used clinically, it is important to understand what elastic modulus is measured by those techniques and to assess technical factors influencing measurement accuracy. Cross-validated in this study were four shear wave elastography techniques including ultrasound elastography point quantification (ElastPQ), magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), 1-D transient elastography (TE), and a Verasonics ultrasound system based elastography feature. ElastPQ is an acoustic radiation force (ARF) based technique implemented on an ultrasound system iU22 for a curvilinear probe C5-1. MRE measurements were made at a shear wave frequency of 100 Hz. The 1-D TE system uses an external mechanical vibrator at 100 Hz to generate shear waves and a 7.5 MHz single element transducer to track shear wave propagation. The Verasonics ultrasound system with a linear probe L7-4 uses a plane wave transmit imaging mode to measure propagation speed of shear waves induced by ARF. Six custom-made elasticity phantoms were measured selectively and were assumed purely elastic by the four techniques. The results show good agreement between two ARF based techniques: ElastPQ and Verasonics based feature. When comparing ElastPQ to 1-D TE, the discrepancy for the hardest phantom could be explained by the diffraction artifact in the latter system. Further improvements on the 1D-TE reconstruction algorithm are ongoing. The overestimation by ElastPQ and Verasonics against MRE could be attributed to frequency dispersion due to slight viscosity in phantoms. MRE measures shear wave speed at a single frequency 100 Hz, whereas the other two estimate an effective group velocity over a larger bandwidth for a broadband shear wave signal. 1-D TE and MRE measurements are in closest agreement due to similar shear wave frequencies. More validation of these techniques is required on real patients in clinical settings.
Upgrading of coal liquids for use as power generation fuels. Annual report, February 1976--January 1977 (1977)

This report describes the results from the first year of a two-year program on upgrading coal liquids for use as gas turbine fuels. A previous report (RP 361-1) had identified product specifications and exploratory process conditions. The hydroprocessing of coal liquids (derived from the H-Coal and SRC processes) in fixed bed pilot units using commercially available catalysts is described. Distillate coal liquids can be upgraded to the quality levels of existing petroleum-derived turbine fuels. Hydrogen consumption and processing severity are dependent upon the hydrogen and nitrogen contents of the feed. Product quality (e.g., heteroatom and aromatic content) is quantified in terms of process conditions by a kinetic reaction model. The distillate coal liquids are compatible with petroleum-derived fuels. Hydroprocessing of the non-distillable SRC product/process solvent (SRC) blends removes up to 90 wt.% of the heteroatoms and converts large quantities of the SRC to lower boiling, less aromatic material suitable as turbine fuel. Severe hydroprocessing is required to significantly improve the compatibility of SRC with heavy petroleum fuel.
Applications of Hilbert Spectral Analysis for Speech and Sound Signals (2003)

A new method for analyzing nonlinear and nonstationary data has been developed, and the natural applications are to speech and sound signals. The key part of the method is the Empirical Mode Decomposition method with which any complicated data set can be decomposed into a finite and often small number of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF). An IMF is defined as any function having the same numbers of zero-crossing and extrema, and also having symmetric envelopes defined by the local maxima and minima respectively. The IMF also admits well-behaved Hilbert transform. This decomposition method is adaptive, and, therefore, highly efficient. Since the decomposition is based on the local characteristic time scale of the data, it is applicable to nonlinear and nonstationary processes. With the Hilbert transform, the Intrinsic Mode Functions yield instantaneous frequencies as functions of time, which give sharp identifications of imbedded structures. This method invention can be used to process all acoustic signals. Specifically, it can process the speech signals for Speech synthesis, Speaker identification and verification, Speech recognition, and Sound signal enhancement and filtering. Additionally, as the acoustical signals from machinery are essentially the way the machines are talking to us. Therefore, the acoustical signals, from the machines, either from sound through air or vibration on the machines, can tell us the operating conditions of the machines. Thus, we can use the acoustic signal to diagnosis the problems of machines.