gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting Enhanced Production through Deep Carbonate Stimulation: Stabilized Acid Emulsions (2016)

Abstract To meet rising global demands for energy, the oil and gas industry continuously strives to develop innovative oilfield technologies. A large portion of the world's oil and gas reserves are trapped in carbonate reservoirs, particularly in the Middle East. Well stimulation treatments for these highly heterogeneous formations have traditionally relied upon the use of strong mineral acids, e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl). However, fast rock/acid reaction rates and corrosion issues pose a significant challenge to the longevity and practical application of such treatments. Alternative approaches have been proposed to slow down this process, among the most popular being emulsified acids. In this case, the release mechanism of live acid is governed by droplet contact with the surface of the formation in conjunction with suitable downhole conditions (i.e., temperature, pressure, pH). Upon release, the acid proceeds to rapidly react with the carbonate formation thereby unveiling a conductive wormhole network. This paper presents a systematic experimental study targeting deeper well stimulation using an improved emulsified acid system. The current study demonstrates the success of an emulsion-based system that is stable at elevated temperatures (e.g. up to 300°F/150°C) for a prolonged period of time. To gain a deeper understanding of the dissolution behavior and resultant wormhole morphology, a systematic coreflood study was conducted to identify key parameters that influence the overall performance of the newly developed stabilized emulsified acid. The parameters investigated include: (1) pore pressure, i.e. up to 7,000 psi, (2) flow rate, i.e. up to 5 cm3/min, (3) acid-rock contact time, and (4) fluid treatment composition. Indeed, the stabilized emulsified acid exhibited superior performance as confirmed from coreflood experiments performed at 3,000 psi and 300°F. In this study, 0.65 PV of fluid was injected into a 12″ core and shut-in for a period of 15h, thus giving the emulsion ample time to break in all cases. Interestingly, a 3-fold enhancement in carbonate permeability was observed for the stabilized emulsified acid as compared to the conventional acid-in-diesel emulsion. Moreover, the CT images for the treated core samples show that the stabilized acid system had less face dissolution and had the desired wormhole characteristics, i.e. narrow and directional propagation behavior with deeper penetration into the core sample. Finally, additives were defined and used to improve the performance of emulsified acid systems at high temperature, which in turn improved the acid penetration rate and wormhole propagation.
Regional Brain Atrophy Rate Predicts Future Cognitive Decline: 6-year Longitudinal MR Imaging Study of Normal Aging (2003)

Among healthy elderly individuals, increased MTL atrophy rate appears to be predictive of future memory decline.
<i>tert</i>‐Butyldimethylsilyl‐Directed Highly Enantioselective Approach to Axially Chiral α‐Allenols (2012)

A highly efficient and enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral α-allenols was realized in practical yields with 96-99% ee or de from TBS-protected propargylic alcohols, aldehydes, and a commercially available, inexpensive, chiral, secondary amine (S)-α,α-diphenylprolinol or its enantiomer followed by desilylation. The easily removable TBS group not only acts as a protecting group, but also as a possible sterically directing group for the excellent enantioselectivity and in situ prevention of possible allene racemization.
Chinese input with keyboard and eye-tracking (2001)

Chinese input presents unique challenges to the field of human computer interaction. This study provides an anatomical analysis of today's standard Chinese input process, which is based on pinyin, a phonetic spelling system in Roman characters. Through a combination of human performance modeling and experimentation, our study decomposed the Chinese input process into sub-tasks and found that choice reaction time and numeric keying, two component resulted from the large number of homophones in Chinese, were the major usability bottlenecks. Choice reaction alone took 36% of the total input time in our experiment. Numeric keying for multiple candidates selection tends to take the user's attention away from the computer visual screen. We designed and implemented the EASE (Eye Assisted Selection and Entry) system to help maintaining complete touch-typing experience without diverting visual (spacebar) and implicit eye-tracking to replace the numeric keystrokes. Our experiment showed that such a system could indeed work, even with today's imperfecteye-tracking technology.
A cofactor, TIP30, specifically enhances HIV-1 Tatactivated transcription (1998)

Replication of HIV-1 requires the viral Tat protein, which increases the extent of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II after activation at the single viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter. This effect of Tat on transcription requires Tat interactions with a 5' region (TAR) in nascent transcripts as well as Tat-specific cofactors. The present study identifies a cellular protein, TIP30, that interacts with Tat and with an SRB-containing RNA polymerase II complex both in vivo and in vitro. Coexpression of TIP30 specifically enhances transactivation by Tat in transfected cells, and immunodepletion of TIP30 from nuclear extracts abolishes Tat-activated transcription without affecting Tat-independent transcription. These results implicate TIP30 as a specific coactivator that may enhance formation of a Tat-RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex.
Computationally Efficient Sub-module Selection Scheme for Voltage Balancing Controller of Modular Multilevel Converter (2012)

SUMMARY Modular multilevel converter (MMC) type topology is considered an enabling technology for expanding the voltage sourced converter (VSC) applications and thus providing its operational benefits with low switching power loss comparable to that of the conventional thyristor-based line commutated converters. However, due to its inherent topological and consequently control complexity, computational efficiency of the algorithms for fully simulating and then implementing the features of MMC are always pursued. MMC uses a stack of identical converter sub-modules, providing a step in the multilevel waveform, and the number of sub-modules may increase to more than 200 for the high power applications. Selection of the sub-modules set to be switched in or out, thus controlling and balancing the capacitor voltage for realizing the best performance at each control instant, may be the most crucial but time-consuming functions as well. Implementation steps of these functions are briefly discussed below: Generate reference signals for determining how many sub-modules in total are to be in the on-state condition at each control instant. This is called modulation process. Next select the sub-modules to be in. Note again that this process is for controlling the capacitor voltage of individual sub-modules. By balancing the capacitor voltage of each sub-module, it is possible to optimally utilize the stored energy and evenly distribute power losses to the installed electrical devices while avoiding concentration of thermal stress on specific sub-modules, which harmfully affects the life span of each submodule and the reliability of the MMC. Prior research efforts for designing voltage balancing controller have relied on sorting algorithm: individual capacitor voltages are first measured and are then sorted by their magnitudes. In case of positive arm current, the sub-module with the lowest voltage level is selected to charge its capacitor. In case of negative arm current, the sub-module with the highest voltage is selected to supply the output voltage level. This may be a straightforward way for selecting the sub-modules. However, as the number of sub-module increases for high voltage applications, the computational intensity to sort the capacitors increases: Note that it may require more than 200 sub-modules for the HVDC system and heavy computation should be a great challenge. Two representative sorting algorithms are considered in this study, i.e., bubble and quick sorting algorithms. Bubble sorting method takes computational time in the order of O(n 2 ) theoretically. Quick sort requires computational time of O(nlogn) on average.
Monolithic integration of GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well modulators and micron gate-length silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors (1993)

It is now generally recognized that one likely scenario in which photonics is used in a switching environment is where it is integrated with electronics. This concept takes advantage of the greater capacity of electronics for complexity, functionality, and memory, and the greater capacity of photonics for communications. Silicon electronics seems to be the most effective technology where complex systems such as microprocessors or memory is concerned. Since the benefit of increased communication capacity to the chip is most attractive when the chip contains a great number of computing elements, it appears that the strongest impact of photonics will be as optical input/output for silicon integrated circuits. Since simultaneous operation of large arrays (e.g., thousands) of surface-emitting lasers has not been demonstrated, and their operation would be thermally problematic, whereas such arrays of surface-normal modulators have been demonstrated, it appears that surface-normal modulators grown on silicon ICs are the logical device for this application. In this paper we demonstrate a multiple quantum well (MQW) modulator grown on a silicon IC that was obtained from a standard 0.9-μm linewidth fabrication line. The modulator functioned, although with reduced performance because of spectral misalignment of the integral mirror with the exciton of the MQW. We then metalized and tested a 1-μm gate length transistor on the IC and it functioned near the specifications of the fabrication line.
A novel channel estimator for Zero-Tail DFT-spread-OFDM (2016)

Zero-tail Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (ZT DFT-s-OFDM) waveform is considered as an attractive candidate for a 5th Generation (5G) radio access technology given its flexibility and spectral containment properties. However, high quality channel estimation in ZT DFT-s-OFDM is compromised by the necessity of accommodating a zero head/tail in the transmit signal. This zero-insertion affects negatively reference sequence properties such as cyclic zero-autocorrelation and flat frequency response. In this paper, we propose a novel channel estimator for ZT DFT-s-OFDM which circumvents such limitations by enabling the correlation of the received signal against the original sequence rather than its zero-padded version. Simulation results prove the benefits in terms of mean square error (MSE) of the proposed channel estimator with respect to existing solutions.
Stretched-pulse additive pulse mode-locking in fiber ring lasers: theory and experiment (1995)

Stretched-pulse additive pulse mode-locking uses segments of fiber of large positive and large negative group velocity dispersion (GVD) in the cavity. The changes in pulse width per pass due to the varying GVD can be an order of magnitude or more. A theory is developed based on the master equation that covers this case of large pulse changes in one transit. The general predictions of the theory are verified by experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Radar signature analysis using information theory (2008)

The ability to make radar signature databases portable for use within similar sensor systems is critical to the affordability of airborne signature exploitation systems. The capability to hybridize measured and synthetic signature database components will maximize the impact of the investment required to build complex radar signature databases. Modal mutual information is developed as a measure of similarity to compare measured field data to modeled synthetic data. The approach is demonstrated using synthetic signature sets comprised of both ldquosimilar targetsrdquo and ldquodissimilar targetsrdquo.
Localization of the Isthmus in Reentrant Circuits by Analysis of Electrograms Derived from Clinical Noncontact Mapping During Sinus Rhythm and Ventricular Tachycardia (2004)

In selected patients with VT who have a complete endocardial circuit, isthmus location and shape can be discerned by analysis of sinus rhythm or tachycardia electrograms, and an effective ablation site can be predicted without the need to construct activation maps of reentrant circuits.
Transparent notch width sensitivity improvers for polycarbonate (1980)

Abstract Notch width sensitivity, a serious deficiency of polycarbonate, can be improved by addition of 3–10 percent of specially modified methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene (MBS) graft polymers. Blends of these modifiers with polycarbonate are transparent, in contrast to polycarbonate blends with previously reported notch width sensitivity improvers which are opaque. The synthesis of these modifiers is described together with physical properties of polycarbonate/modifier blends.
Purification and some properties of a lung-derived growth factor that differentially stimulates the growth of tumor cells metastatic to the lung. (1989)

The ability of malignant cells to respond to growth factor(s) present in or secreted by a distant target organ may be important in tumor metastasis. We used metastatic cell lines and clones of the rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma that show reproducible spontaneous metastatic behavior from the mammary fat pad to regional lymph nodes and lung sites. Whereas poorly lung metastatic MTPa and MTC cells did not grow in response to lung-conditioned medium, highly lung-metastatic MTLn3 cells responded and grew rapidly in lung-conditioned medium. The major growth-promoting factor for MTLn3 cells from porcine and rat lung-conditioned media was purified by using hydroxylapatite affinity and anion exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing, size exclusion chromatography, and preparative native gel electrophoresis. The activity in each of the purification fractions was measured by determining their ability to increase the number of MTLn3 cells in serum-deprived culture. The major component that differentially stimulated the growth of highly metastatic MTLn3 cells was a glycoprotein of Mr approximately 66,000. Under reducing conditions, its apparent Mr was approximately 72,000. This lung-derived mitogen was stable at pH 4.0-9.0, possessed a pI of 6.9-7.0, and preferentially promoted the growth of lung-metastasizing tumor lines over their poorly lung-metastasizing counterparts in rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma and murine B16 melanoma tumor systems. The activity of porcine lung-derived growth factor was not affected by pretreatment with antisera to porcine insulin, human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, human platelet-derived growth factor, or murine epidermal growth factor. It was inactivated by reduction with dithiothreitol or exposure to high temperature (95 degrees C). The results suggest that specific organ-derived growth factors are important in metastatic colonization and organ growth of particular malignant cells.
Solution‐Processable Red Phosphorescent Dendrimers for Light‐Emitting Device Applications (2004)

High efficiency, solution‐processed electroluminescent devices are realized using two new red‐light‐emitting phosphorescent dendrimers (see Figure). By modulating the dendrimer architecture (changing the structure of the luminescent core), tuning of the emission spectra is demonstrated. Processability in organic solvents is achieved by incorporating the red‐emitting cores into dendrimers with suitable surface groups and dendrons.
A Precoder Design for Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Systems with Linear Receivers (2014)

In this paper, we propose a 2×2 relay precoder design for two-way amplify-and-forward (AF) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay systems. By exploring the asymptotic behavior of the sum of mean-squared errors (sum-MSE) of the received signals at the two source nodes, we find that it is dominated by the smallest singular values (or the smallest eigenvalues) of the effective MIMO channels of the corresponding relay system. This implies that the sum-MSE performance strongly depends on the sum of the condition numbers of the effective MIMO channels, where the condition number of a MIMO channel is defined as the ratio of the largest to the smallest singular value. With this observation, unlike the conventional precoder designs that are obtained in an iterative manner based on minimizing the sum-MSE, the proposed design is derived by using the Gram-Schmidt process based on minimizing the sum of the condition numbers of the effective MIMO channels. Compared to conventional iterative methods, the proposed approach achieves close performance with much lower computational complexity for both perfect and imperfect channel estimations.
Audio watermarking based on inverse difference decomposition (2005)

A new approach for audio watermarking in the phase-frequency domain is presented, based on the inverse difference decomposition (IDD) with complex Hadamard transform (CHT). The main advantages of the method, compared with others based on the discrete Fourier and wavelet transforms, are the absence of quantization noise, the lower computational complexity and the ability for the owner of the audio contents and authorized distributors to insert different watermarks in the protected audio signal. Additionally, there is watermark transparency, high resistance against fraud and "pirate" attacks, and the capability for exact watermark extraction without using the original audio signal.
Assessment of corneal hydration sensing in the terahertz band:<i>in vivo</i>results at 100 GHz (2012)

Terahertz corneal hydration sensing has shown promise in ophthalmology applications and was recently shown to be capable of detecting water concentration changes of about two parts in a thousand in ex vivo corneal tissues. This technology may be effective in patient monitoring during refractive surgery and for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring in diseases of the cornea. In this work, Fuchs dystrophy, cornea transplant rejection, and keratoconus are discussed, and a hydration sensitivity of about one part in a hundred is predicted to be needed to successfully distinguish between diseased and healthy tissues in these applications. Stratified models of corneal tissue reflectivity are developed and validated using ex vivo spectroscopy of harvested porcine corneas that are hydrated using polyethylene glycol solutions. Simulation of the cornea's depth-dependent hydration profile, from 0.01 to 100 THz, identifies a peak in intrinsic reflectivity contrast for sensing at 100 GHz. A 100 GHz hydration sensing system is evaluated alongside the current standard ultrasound pachymetry technique to measure corneal hydration in vivo in four rabbits. A hydration sensitivity, of three parts per thousand or better, was measured in all four rabbits under study. This work presents the first in vivo demonstration of remote corneal hydration sensing.
Synthesis and biological activity of nucleosides and nucleotides related to the antitumor agent 2-.beta.-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide (1984)

Phosphorylation of 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide (1) provided the 5'-phosphate 2, which was converted to the corresponding 5'-triphosphate 4 and the cyclic 3',5'-phosphate 5. Treatment of 2-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)thiazole-4-carbonitrile (6) with NH3-NH4Cl provided 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamidine hydrochloride (7), and treatment with H2S-pyridine provided the corresponding 4-thiocarboxamide 9. Compound 9 was treated with ethyl bromopyruvate, followed by treatment with methanolic ammonia, to yield 2'-(2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazol-4-yl)thiazole-4'-carboxamide (11). 5'-Phosphate 2 was cytotoxic to L1210 cells in culture and significantly effective against the intraperitoneally implanted murine leukemias in mice. Amidine 7 was slightly toxic to L1210 in culture and inhibitory to purine nucleoside phosphorolysis. The cyclic 3',5'-phosphate 5 was less effective than the corresponding 5'-phosphate 2 or the parent nucleoside 1 as an antitumor agent.
Mycobacteriophages: Cornerstones of Mycobacterial Research (2014)

This chapter describes the ways that a systematic use of phages led to the development of novel cloning vectors and ultimately transformation of mycobacteria. In addition, it describes how the detailed characterization of one phage, L5, has provided an abundance of novel insights into and genetic tools for mycobacterial molecular genetics. Lastly, it also describes how the combination of a reporter gene with a mycobacteriophage has breathed new life into rapid assessment of drug susceptibilities in clinical samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is also providing a useful tool for screening novel antituberculosis compounds. Mycobacteriophage L5 is the best characterized of the mycobacteriophages. L5 lysogens of M. smegmatis contain a copy of the L5 prophage integrated site specifically into the bacterial chromosome. The introduction of the BACTEC system for clinical analysis of M. tuberculosis has considerably shortened the time needed for drug susceptibility determination. Luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages have the potential of greatly reducing the time needed for M. tuberculosis analysis in a simple and relatively inexpensive assay. The attractions in using luciferase reporter phages for drug screening are many. First, they can provide a readout of results in as little as 2 h. Second, they can be easily adapted to an automated system that uses microtiter plates. The finding of even a single new antituberculosis drug could have an important impact on the control of tuberculosis, and the authors believe that the search for such a drug warrants efforts to develop luciferase reporter antibiotic screening systems for M. tuberculosis.
Synthesis of a novel class of heteroaromatic amino acids and their use in the preparation of analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (1984)

A novel class of heterocyclic aromatic amino acids based on the 3-(2-benzimidazolyl)alanine system has been generated by chiral synthesis from D- or L-aspartic acid. The use of variously substituted o-phenylenediamines for condensation with the beta-carboxyl function of alpha-benzyl N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-D-aspartate has led to a series of amino acids of graded hydrophobicity with a steric bulk similar to that of tryptophan. In a similar fashion, we have prepared 3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-D-alanine from o-aminothiophenol and 3-(2-benzoxazolyl)-D-alanine from o-aminophenol. Incorporation of these amino acids into the 6-position of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) led to a series of very potent agonist analogues (up to 160 times LH-RH potency), active in doses ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 microgram by twice daily injection in a rat estrus cyclicity suppression assay designed to show the paradoxical antifertility effects of these compounds.