gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Safety of Heating Pads (2013)

The electric heating pad represents one of the medical devices that escaped the FDA safety net by a “grandfather” exemption. An amazing number of philosophical safety issues are introduced by this relatively innocuous commodity. Pain relief is a major attribute of heating pads followed by a minor in actual medical efficacy associated with the improvement of local blood circulation. By contrast, the historic downside is very dramatic featuring electrocution, fire, and skin burns. This paper begins with a brief introduction to current protocol for placing new medical devices into the stream of commerce. In the case of heating pads, it is fortunate that the Underwriters Laboratories Inc. developed and promulgated design rules that effectively mitigated the dangers of shock/electrocution and fire. On the other hand, UL has not undertaken a technical program that addresses the skin burn problem that is the focus of this paper. Nevertheless, many heating pad manufacturers are under the impression that their compliance with UL 130 has ameliorated the skin burn propensity of their pads. Heating pad manufacturers have attempted to control skin burn injuries exclusively through the means of on-product and in-manual warnings that have been promulgated by UL, FDA, and CPSC. This approach has tenaciously maintained a burn rate of 1600 cases per year. A different approach to the skin burn problem is automatically orchestrated by invoking the “Safety Hierarchy.” For example, falling asleep and causing prolonged skin exposures to a heated pad can be eliminated by a dead-man control. Exposure to extreme temperatures that arise when both faces of the pad are concurrently covered is perhaps the most prevalent cause of skin burns. This paper exploits the notion of monitoring both face temperatures and shutting off the pad when they are almost the same. We also explored shutting down the pad when the cycle rate of the bang-bang controls was sufficiently slow; higher heating rates are associated with an uncovered face.
Metamaterial Liner for MRI Excitation—Part 1: Theory, Modeling and Design (2022)

This work details the practical and theoretical concepts underlying the design of a metamaterial (MM) liner for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radio frequency (RF) excitation. The Part 2 companion to this paper details the practical design and performance comparison to a conventional birdcage coil. The operation of the MM liner relies on specifically engineered effective permittivity and permeability of a thin liner on the inner surface of the MRI bore, to enable the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves at frequencies below the natural-cutoff of the bore itself. Here, the effective anisotropic EM properties of the MM liner structure are calculated by a combined circuit- and effective-medium model, and the analytical dispersion characteristics are compared to full-wave eigenmode simulations. The results of the effective medium model representation of the MM liner agree fundamentally with simulation. The model may thus assist the design and tuning of the liner to achieve a standing-wave resonance with field distribution and mode spacing suitable for MRI RF excitation. The transmission properties and EM fields of a full-scale MM lined bore for <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{B}_{0}=4.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> T MRI are simulated including realistic losses. These methods enable robust design of thin MM liners for arbitrary bore sizes and B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> field strengths.
Providing 100% Throughput in a Buffered Crossbar Switch (2007)

Buffered crossbar switches have received great attention recently because they have become technologically feasible, have simpler scheduling algorithms, and achieve better performance than a bufferiess crossbar switch. Buffered crossbar switches have a buffer placed at each crosspoint. A cell is first delivered to a crosspoint buffer and then transferred to the output port. With a speedup of two, a buffered crossbar switch has previously been proved to provide 100% throughput. We propose what we believe is the first feasible scheduling scheme that can achieve 100% throughput without speedup and a finite crosspoint buffer. The proposed scheme is called SQUISH: a Stable Queue Input-output Scheduler with Hamiltonian walk. With SQUISH, each input/output first makes decisions based on the information from the virtual output queues and crosspoint buffers. Then it is compared with a Hamiltonian walk schedule to avoid possible "bad" states. We then prove that SQUISH can achieve 100% throughput with a speedup of one. Our simulation results also show good delay performance for SQUISH.
Texture analysis of CoGe2 alloy films grown heteroepitaxially on GaAs(100) using partially ionized beam deposition (1997)

Reflection x-ray pole figure analysis techniques were used to study the heteroepitaxial relationships of the cobalt germanide CoGe2 to GaAs(100). The alloy films were grown using the partially ionized beam deposition technique, in which low energy Ge+ ions are employed to alter the heteroepitaxial orientation of the CoGe2 deposits. The CoGe2[001](100)∥GaAs[100](001) orientation, which has the smallest lattice mismatch, was found to occur for depositions performed at a substrate temperature around 280 °C and with ∼1200 eV Ge+ ions. Lowering the substrate temperature or reducing the Ge+ ion energy leads to CoGe2(100) orientation domination with CoGe2[100](010)∥GaAs[100](001) and CoGe2[100](001)∥GaAs[100](001). Substrate temperature alone was seen to produce only the CoGe2(100) orientation. For CoGe2(001) films, additional energy was required from Ge+ ions in the evaporant stream.
Low-Power, Adaptive Digital Pre-Distortion Linearization of Ultra-Wideband RF Power Amplifiers (2019)

This paper presents a fully adaptive digital pre-distortion using a multi-dimensional nonlinear model that is implemented in hardware without the use of any digital multipliers and operates at very wide instantaneous bandwidths (>1 GHz instantaneous bandwidth). This multi-dimensional compensator effectively mitigates linear and nonlinear distortion in RF power amplifiers by modeling the state of the device by tracking multiple functions of the input, which can include: the present input signal value; delayed values of the input (for memory effects); derivatives of the input (including higher order derivatives); integration of the input (including higher order integrals); signal statistics (e.g., mean, variance); current power level (RMS or peak); and polynomial functions of the input. The processing is implemented with memory instead of digital multipliers for low-power applications. It is calibrated using simple arithmetic operations that can be completed with low processing requirements and very quickly to track parameters that rapidly change over time, temperature, and power level such as in frequency-hopping systems. The approach has been demonstrated in realtime hardware providing 15-30 dB improvement in distortion.
The anti-Mullerian hormone type II receptor: insights into the binding domains recognized by a monoclonal antibody and the natural ligand (2004)

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) [also called Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS)] is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta family. AMH and its type II receptor (AMHR-II) are involved in the regression of the Müllerian ducts in the male embryo, and in gonadal functions in the adult. AMH is also known to be a marker of granulosa and Sertoli cell tumours. We selected a high-affinity monoclonal antibody, mAb 12G4, specific for human AMHR-II (hAMHR-II), by FACS analysis, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining of a hAMHR-II-transfected CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell line, normal adult testicular tissue and granulosa cell tumours. Using peptide array screening, we identified the binding sequences of mAb 12G4 and AMH on the receptor. Identification of Asp53 and Ala55 as critical residues in the DRAQVEM minimal epitopic sequence of mAb 12G4 definitively accounted for the lack of cross-reactivity with the murine receptor, in which there is a glycine residue in place of an aspartic acid residue. In a structural model, the AMH-binding interface was mapped to the concave side of hAMHR-II, whereas the mAb 12G4-binding site was located on the convex side. mAb 12G4, the first mAb to be raised against hAMHR-II, therefore has unique properties that could make it a valuable tool for the immunotargeting of tumours expressing this receptor.
Designing LC VCOs Using Capacitive Degeneration Techniques (2005)

In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of VCOs using a capacitively degenerated negative resistance cell. The negative resistance cell using capacitive degeneration has a higher maximum attainable oscillation frequency and a smaller equivalent shunt capacitance when compared to the widely used cross-coupled negative-g m cell. These properties are of particular interest for the design of high-frequency and/or wide tuning range VCOs. The negative resistance provided by a traditional capacitively degenerated negative resistance cell is lower than that provided by a cross-coupled negative-g m cell. We present an active capacitive degeneration topology that overcomes this limitation. To validate this circuit topology we use two test vehicles. The first test vehicle is a 5.3 GHz VCO designed in a 0.25 μm CMOS technology and the second test vehicle is a 20 GHz VCO designed in a 0.25 μm BiCMOS technology. Measurement and simulation results from both test vehicles effectively demonstrate the efficacy of the capacitive degeneration technique.
Effects of monomer/liquid crystal compositions on electro-optical properties of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (2011)

A polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal is one of the candidates for the next-generation display material. In this study, effects of monomer/liquid crystal compositions on electro-optical characteristics of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals were investigated. By optimizing monomer/liquid crystal compositions, lower operating voltage, reduction in hysteresis and residual birefringence were achieved. However, some technical issues remain to be overcome.
Abstract 3411: Targeting of EWS-FLI1 with small molecule YK-4-279 reduces xenograft growth by disruption of disordered protein-protein interactions (2010)

Abstract Introduction: EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein is expressed as a result of a tumor-specific translocation that occurs in patients with Ewing's Sarcoma. Development of strategies to therapeutically target EWS-FLI1 revealed its significant intrinsically disordered regions. The intrinsically disordered regions enhance protein-protein interactions while presenting an opportunity for small molecule targeting. We hypothesized that a small molecule could bind to EWS-FLI1 and prevent a key protein-protein interaction with RNA Helicase A (RHA) leading to decreased cell growth. Methods: Small molecule library screening was performed using surface plasmon resonance. Chemical optimization followed by fluorescence polarization enhanced and confirmed compound binding to EWS-FLI1, respectively. Testing of compounds included co-immunoprecipitation, cell growth, caspase-3, and xenografts. Results: A library of 3000 compounds (NCI, DTP) was screened for EWS-FLI1 binding. NSC635437 had an RUactual: RUtheorhetic of 0.9 and was chosen for further evaluation based upon potential for chemical derivatization. One optimized compound, YK-4-279, significantly reduced the protein-protein interaction between EWS-FLI1 and GST-RHA(647-1075). SPR measurement of the KD was 9.48 microM for the affinity of YK-4-279 with EWS-FLI1. YK-4-279 has an IC50 of 1 microM for a series of ESFT cell lines, while cell lines that lack EWS-FLI1 are 10-30 fold more resistant to the compound. YK-4-279 reduced the growth of Ewing's Sarcoma xenografts while not affecting the growth of PC3 prostate tumors. PONDR analysis of EWS-FLI1 and RHA indicate that their interaction is occurring in an ordered-disordered transition region of RHA. Conclusions: The lead compound derivative YK-4-279 demonstrates that the EWS-FLI1/RHA interaction can be blocked with a detrimental effect on Ewing's Sarcoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. These findings both validate the interaction of EWS-FLI1 with RHA as an oncogenic target and provide a lead compound for therapeutic development. Additional studies are underway to evaluate the contributions of the disordered regions to small molecule binding and developing strategies of optimization. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3411.
A Bayesian model for highly accelerated phase-contrast MRI (2015)

The proposed approach enables accurate quantification of blood flow from highly undersampled data. The technique is extensible to four-dimensional flow imaging, where higher acceleration may be possible due to additional redundancy. Magn Reson Med 76:689-701, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast Discrete Distribution Clustering Using Wasserstein Barycenter with Sparse Support (2015)

In a variety of research areas, the weighted bag of vectors and the histogram are widely used descriptors for complex objects. Both can be expressed as discrete distributions. D2-clustering pursues the minimum total within-cluster variation for a set of discrete distributions subject to the Kantorovich-Wasserstein metric. D2-clustering has a severe scalability issue, the bottleneck being the computation of a centroid distribution, called Wasserstein barycenter, that minimizes its sum of squared distances to the cluster members. In this paper, we develop a modified Bregman ADMM approach for computing the approximate discrete Wasserstein barycenter of large clusters. In the case when the support points of the barycenters are unknown and have low cardinality, our method achieves high accuracy empirically at a much reduced computational cost. The strengths and weaknesses of our method and its alternatives are examined through experiments, and we recommend scenarios for their respective usage. Moreover, we develop both serial and parallelized versions of the algorithm. By experimenting with large-scale data, we demonstrate the computational efficiency of the new methods and investigate their convergence properties and numerical stability. The clustering results obtained on several datasets in different domains are highly competitive in comparison with some widely used methods in the corresponding areas.
A longitudinal analysis of CA125 glycoforms in the monitoring and follow up of high grade serous ovarian cancer (2019)

CA125-STn showed promise as a useful biomarker in the monitoring and follow up of patients with HGSC utilizing a robust and affordable technique. Our findings are topical as a suitable indicator of tumor load facilitates patient selection in an era of new targeted therapies.
Scaling up discrete distribution clustering using ADMM (2014)

The discrete distribution as a sparse representation, equipped with the Kantorovich-Wasserstein metric, has been proven effective in learning tasks on imagery data. However, clustering based on the Kantorovich metric under a principled optimization criterion is computationally challenging, and has not been adequately explored. In this paper, we focus on the scalability issue and develop a new algorithm for clustering distributions. An optimal centroid or representative distribution in the sense of the Kantorovich metric is solved for each cluster. The key idea is to adapt the state-of-the-art distributed optimization approach called alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The new algorithm achieves linear complexity in the update of each centroid and can be easily parallelizable, improving significantly over the existing method. It is also observed that in practice, satisfactory results can be obtained after a few tens of iterations. We conduct experiments on both synthetic and real data to demonstrate the computational efficiency and accuracy of the new algorithm.
Estimation of peripheral artery radius using non-invasive sensors and Kalman filtering of local dynamics (2017)

Changes in peripheral arterial radius are tracked using non-invasive sensors and a simple local model for artery and tissue behavior. Sensing is performed using a conventional pulse plethysmograph and a custom-built piezoelectric pressure sensor. A simple mechanical model is used to relate sensor outputs to peripheral artery pressure and radius, using only radial tissue deformation under an assumption of close proximity of the two sensors. Applying an extended Kalman filter to the model to track arterial radius as an augmented state results in estimates of local vascular resistance that track well with systemic vascular resistance (SVR) measured invasively for a swine test subject.
Pre-Bond Probing of Through-Silicon Vias in 3-D Stacked ICs (2013)

Through-silicon via (TSV)-based 3-D stacked ICs are becoming increasingly important in the semiconductor industry, yet pre-bond testing of TSVs continues to be difficult with current technologies. In this paper, we present a test and discrete Fourier transform method for pre-bond testing of TSVs using probe technology. We describe the on-die test architecture and probe technique needed for TSV testing, in which individual probe needles make contact with multiple TSVs at a time. We also describe methods for capacitance and resistance measurements, as well as stuck-at and leakage tests. Simulation results using HSPICE are presented for a TSV network. We demonstrate that we can achieve high resolution in these measurements, and therefore high accuracy in defect detection when we target one or multiple TSVs at a time. We also show that the test outcome is reliable even in the presence of process variations or multiple defective TSVs.
Aspartame effect in sickle cell anemia (2001)

Further evaluations of the efficacy of aspartame for sickle crisis and crisis prevention appears to be warranted.
3D image processing architecture for camera phones (2010)

Putting high quality and easy-to-use 3D technology into the hands of regular consumers has become a recent challenge as interest in 3D technology has grown. Making 3D technology appealing to the average user requires that it be made fully automatic and foolproof. Designing a fully automatic 3D capture and display system requires: 1) identifying critical 3D technology issues like camera positioning, disparity control rationale, and screen geometry dependency, 2) designing methodology to automatically control them. Implementing 3D capture functionality on phone cameras necessitates designing algorithms to fit within the processing capabilities of the device. Various constraints like sensor position tolerances, sensor 3A tolerances, post-processing, 3D video resolution and frame rate should be carefully considered for their influence on 3D experience. Issues with migrating functions such as zoom and pan from the 2D usage model (both during capture and display) to 3D needs to be resolved to insure the highest level of user experience. It is also very important that the 3D usage scenario (including interactions between the user and the capture/display device) is carefully considered. Finally, both the processing power of the device and the practicality of the scheme needs to be taken into account while designing the calibration and processing methodology.
Episodes of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Are Preceded and Followed within 48 Hours by Measurable Disturbances in Blood Glucose<sup>1</sup> (2000)

This study quantifies blood glucose (BG) disturbances occurring before and after episodes of severe hypoglycemia (SH). For 6-8 months, 85 individuals with type 1 diabetes and a history of SH (age, 44+/-10 yr; 41 women and 44 men; duration of diabetes, 26+/-11 yr; hemoglobin A1c, 7.7+/-1.1%) used Lifescan One Touch BG meters for self-monitoring three to five times daily and recorded the date and time of SH episodes in diaries. For each subject, the timing of SH episodes was located in the temporal stream of SMBG readings recorded by the meter, and characteristics, including the Low BG index (LBGI), were computed in 24-h increments. In the 24-h period before the SH episode LBGI rose (P < 0.001), average BG was lower (P = 0.001), and BG variance increased (P = 0.001). In the 24 h after SH, LBGI and BGvariance remained elevated (P < 0.001), but average BG returned to baseline. These disturbances disappeared in 48 h. On the basis of LBGI we identified subjects at low, moderate, and high risk of SH, who reported, on the average, 1.7, 3.4, and 7.4 SH episodes (P < 0.005) during the study. In addition, we designed an algorithm that predicted 50% of all SH episodes that occurred in this subject group. We conclude that episodes of SH are preceded and followed by quantifiable BG disturbances, which could be used to devise warnings of imminent SH.
Novel approach for modeling Bell-Shaped Vibratory Angular Rate Gyro (2015)

The Bell-Shaped Vibratory Angular Rate Gyro (abbreviated as BVG) is a novel shell vibratory gyroscope which has not only the advantage of low cost, low power, long work life, high sensitive and so on, but also the simple structure, good anti-impact performance for low and medium rotation speed measurements. Building dynamic equation of Bell-Shaped resonator in the orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system using theory of shells to analyze the precession effect. Because of the dynamic equation is too complex to analyze, it is presented the equivalent dynamic equation based on principle of virtual work and simplified governing equation. The character of parameters is presented. Through comparing with experiment result, it is can be demonstrated that the simplified governing equation is valid and correct. It provides a basis for how deeply to design control loops and process signal.
Two-dimensional photonic crystal lasers (2002)

In this article, we report on a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PhC) laser with a surface-emitting function. First of all, 2D PhC laser with triangular-lattice structure is described. A uniform 2D coherent lasing oscillation based on coupling of lightwaves propagating to six equivalent Gamma-X directions is successfully demonstrated. A large area 2D lasing oscillation over 300 micrometers in diameter and correspondingly a very narrow divergence angle less than 2 degree are observed. Then, the properties of a square-lattice PhC laser are described where the geometry of unit cell structure is designed appropriately to control the polarization mode of emitted light of the device. As the band diagram of the square-lattice photonic crystal is influenced by the unit cell structure, the electromagnetic field distributions at individual band edges are strongly modified and become unified or linear by changing the structure from a circular to an elliptical geometry. We fabricate a laser with a square-lattice PhC of which unit cell structures are elliptical. In spite of the very large diameter, single wavelength at 1.3micrometers and linear polarization mode are observed at representative positions. These results encourage us to realize lasers with desirable features such as perfect single-mode emission over a large area, high output power, and surface emission with a very narrow divergence angle.