gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative phase gradient microscope based on multifunctional metasurfaces (Conference Presentation) (2020)

Quantitative phase imaging systems enable label-free imaging of transparent bio-samples. Miniaturization of these imaging systems will extend their potentials in biomedical and diagnostic applications. Here, we demonstrate a novel quantitative phase gradient microscope using two multifunctional metasurface layers. Thanks to the multi-functionality and compactness of the dielectric metasurfaces, the device simultaneously captures three differential interference contrast images to retrieve a quantitative phase gradient image in a single shot. Imaging experiments with diverse phase samples verify the capability to capture quantitative phase gradient data, with low noise levels and single cell resolution.
Phase-compensated ultra-bright source of entangled photons (2005)

While the most direct method to increase the brightness of a type-I entanglement source is to increase the collected solid angle of the down-conversion, this leads to effective decoherence caused by an angle-dependent phase shift. Using specially designed compensation crystals, we have reversed this effect and created the brightest source of entangled photons to date, over two million measured pairs per second, recorded while measuring the largest reported violation of Bell's inequality (1239 sigma).
Radiation Hardened Latch Designs for Double and Triple Node Upsets (2017)

As the process feature size continues to scale down, the susceptibility of logic circuits to radiation induced error has increased. This trend has led to the increase in sensitivity of circuits to multi-node upsets. Previously, work has been done to harden latches against single event upsets (SEU). Currently, there has been a concerted effort to design latches that are tolerant to double node upsets (DNU) and triple node upsets (TNU). In this paper, we first propose a novel DNU tolerant latch design. The latch is designed specifically to provide additional reliability when clock gating is used. Through experimentation, it is shown that the DNU tolerant latch is 11.3 percent more power efficient than existing latch designs suited for clock gating. In addition to the DNU tolerant design, we propose the first TNU tolerant latch. The TNU tolerant latch is shown to provide superior soft error resiliency while incurring a 40 percent overhead compared to DNU tolerant designs.
Fiber-optic polarization diversity detection for rotary probe optical coherence tomography (2014)

We report a polarization diversity detection scheme for optical coherence tomography with a new, custom, miniaturized fiber coupler with single mode (SM) fiber inputs and polarization maintaining (PM) fiber outputs. The SM fiber inputs obviate matching the optical lengths of the X and Y OCT polarization channels prior to interference and the PM fiber outputs ensure defined X and Y axes after interference. Advantages for this scheme include easier alignment, lower cost, and easier miniaturization compared to designs with free-space bulk optical components. We demonstrate the utility of the detection system to mitigate the effects of rapidly changing polarization states when imaging with rotating fiber optic probes in Intralipid suspension and during in vivo imaging of human airways.
SmartTouch - augmentation of skin sensation with electrocutaneous display (2003)

An electrocutaneous display system composed of three layers is implemented for augmentation of skin sensation. The first layer has electrodes on the front side of a thin plate, the second has optical sensors on the reverse side of the plate, and the third is a thin film force sensor between the other two layers. Visual images captured by the sensor are translated into tactile information, and displayed through electrical stimulation. Thus, visual surface information can be perceived through the skin while natural tactile sensation is unhindered. Based on the sensor the user can "touch" other modalities of surface information as well.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Experimental Verification to Determine Mechanism of Cosolvents on Increased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Yield from Glucose (2019)

Commercializing production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from glucose has been hindered by low conversion of glucose and moderate HMF yields and selectivity. While it is commonly known that solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile increase HMF yields, neither solvent has been investigated with the use of maleic acid and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) for HMF production. We present kinetic analysis of HMF production from glucose using maleic acid and AlCl3 in water/cosolvent mixtures. Notably, acetonitrile (40% v/v) improves glucose isomerization, while DMSO (20% v/v) doubles fructose dehydration while also inhibiting HMF degradation. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to demonstrate that acetonitrile likely increases glucose isomerization by reducing the average distance of water from glucose. Using a predictive model, we optimize reaction conditions for 30 wt % glucose. By reducing sugar concentration throughout the reaction, degradation of sugars to humins is reduced. We further show that HMF solubility at high concentrations drastically limit yields. This is partially overcome by combining acetonitrile and DMSO as cosolvents, resulting in over 30% molar HMF yield from 30 wt % glucose. This improved understanding of the conversion of glucose to HMF suggests that biphasic reaction systems with nonprotic cosolvents may result in more economic commercial production.
Optimization Strategies for Multi-Aperture SAR Imaging With High Performance (2007)

Abstract- Multi-aperture synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems enable high performance SAR imaging thus meeting the rising demands of future remote sensing applications that conventional SAR cannot fulfill. To provide constant per-formance even in case of a non-uniformly sampled data array in azimuth caused by a non-optimum pulse repetition frequency (PRF), an appropriate coherent processing of the individual aperture signals is needed. An innovative multi-aperture reconstruction algorithm for such a ‘digital beam-forming on receive ’ was presented and investigated in [1]-[6]. This paper continues with a system design example to dem-onstrate the algorithm’s capability for high performance imaging. Further, innovative strategies and extended system architectures allowing for optimizing the system perform-ance are introduced and their effectiveness is shown by simulation results. In this context, the theoretical characteri-zation of the impact of the processing on the NESZ is extended to the new concepts. I.
Measurement accuracy and Cerenkov removal for high performance, high spatial resolution scintillation dosimetry (2005)

With highly conformal radiation therapy techniques such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy, radiosurgery, and tomotherapy becoming more common in clinical practice, the use of these narrow beams requires a higher level of precision in quality assurance and dosimetry. Plastic scintillators with their water equivalence, energy independence, and dose rate linearity have been shown to possess excellent qualities that suit the most complex and demanding radiation therapy treatment plans. The primary disadvantage of plastic scintillators is the presence of Cerenkov radiation generated in the light guide, which results in an undesired stem effect. Several techniques have been proposed to minimize this effect. In this study, we compared three such techniques-background subtraction, simple filtering, and chromatic removal-in terms of reproducibility and dose accuracy as gauges of their ability to remove the Cerenkov stem effect from the dose signal. The dosimeter used in this study comprised a 6-mm(3) plastic scintillating fiber probe, an optical fiber, and a color charge-coupled device camera. The whole system was shown to be linear and the total light collected by the camera was reproducible to within 0.31% for 5-s integration time. Background subtraction and chromatic removal were both found to be suitable for precise dose evaluation, with average absolute dose discrepancies of 0.52% and 0.67%, respectively, from ion chamber values. Background subtraction required two optical fibers, but chromatic removal used only one, thereby preventing possible measurement artifacts when a strong dose gradient was perpendicular to the optical fiber. Our findings showed that a plastic scintillation dosimeter could be made free of the effect of Cerenkov radiation.
033 Regulation of TGF‐β Responses by a Novel Accessory TGF‐β Receptor in Human Keratinocytes (2004)

The potential of TGF‐β isoforms to regulate wound healing and scarring is well documented in animal models. Since TGF‐β action is likely to be regulated at the level of its cell surface receptors, we analyzed TGF‐β receptor profiles and regulation of TGF‐β signaling in human keratinocytes. We identified a novel cell surface TGF‐β1 binding protein of 150 kDa (r150) on human keratinocytes that interacts with the TGF‐β signaling receptors. Further characterization of r150 demonstrated that it is a GPI‐anchored protein, that it can be released from the cell surface by an endogenous phospholipase C, and that the released form can bind to TGF‐β1. Recent cloning of r150 revealed it to be a novel protein of 1428 amino acids. Our objective was to determine the functional significance of r150 in regulating TGF‐β responses in keratinocytes. Affinity labeling of keratinocytes overexpressing r150 cDNA and immunoprecipitation stud‐ies using anti‐r150 antibodies show that the cloned cDNA represents r150. Importantly, over expression of r150 results in inhibition of TGF‐β1‐induced Smad 2 and Smad 3 phosphorylation, gene transcriptional activity, and keratinocyte migration. In contrast, loss of r150 function using antisense morpholino oligos of r150 leads to enhanced Smad 2 and Smad 3 phosphorylation, gene transcriptional activity and proliferation of keratinocytes. In summary, our results demonstrate that r150 is a potent inhibitor of TGF‐β signaling in keratinocytes, and that it may have potential therapeutic value in modulating TGF‐β action in human diseases where TGF‐β plays a pathophysiological role. As such, r150 may be of use in reducing hypertrophic scarring, and an r150 antagonist may promote wound healing.
In vivo imaging of human photoreceptor mosaic with wavefront sensorless adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (2015)

Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (WSAO-OCT) is a novel imaging technique for in vivo high-resolution depth-resolved imaging that mitigates some of the challenges encountered with the use of sensor-based adaptive optics designs. This technique replaces the Hartmann Shack wavefront sensor used to measure aberrations with a depth-resolved image-driven optimization algorithm, with the metric based on the OCT volumes acquired in real-time. The custom-built ultrahigh-speed GPU processing platform and fast modal optimization algorithm presented in this paper was essential in enabling real-time, in vivo imaging of human retinas with wavefront sensorless AO correction. WSAO-OCT is especially advantageous for developing a clinical high-resolution retinal imaging system as it enables the use of a compact, low-cost and robust lens-based adaptive optics design. In this report, we describe our WSAO-OCT system for imaging the human photoreceptor mosaic in vivo. We validated our system performance by imaging the retina at several eccentricities, and demonstrated the improvement in photoreceptor visibility with WSAO compensation.
Efficient Multi-Encoding Algorithms for HTTP Adaptive Bitrate Streaming (2021)

Since video accounts for the majority of today's internet traffic, the popularity of HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) is increasing steadily. In HAS, each video is encoded at multiple bitrates and spatial resolutions (i.e., representations) to adapt to a heterogeneity of network conditions, device characteristics, and end-user preferences. Most of the streaming services utilize cloud-based encoding techniques which enable a fully parallel encoding process to speed up the encoding and consequently to reduce the overall time complexity. State-of-the-art approaches further improve the encoding process by utilizing encoder analysis information from already encoded representation(s) to improve the encoding time complexity of the remaining representations. In this paper, we investigate various multi-encoding algorithms (i.e., multi-rate and multi-resolution) and propose novel multi-encoding algorithms for large-scale HTTP Adaptive Streaming deployments. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed multi-encoding algorithm optimized for the highest compression efficiency reduces the overall encoding time by 39% with a 1.5% bitrate increase compared to stand-alone encodings. Its optimized version for the highest time savings reduces the overall encoding time by 50% with a 2.6% bitrate increase compared to standalone encodings.
Development of a wide tuning range MEMS tunable capacitor for wireless communication systems (2002)

We present results on the development of a novel micromachined parallel-plate tunable capacitor with a wide tuning range. Different from conventional two-parallel-plate tunable capacitors, this novel tunable capacitor consists of one suspended top plate and two fixed bottom plates. One of the two fixed plates and the top plate form a variable capacitor, where as the other fixed plate and the top plate are used to provide electrostatic actuation for capacitance tuning. For the fabricated prototype tunable capacitors, a maximum controllable tuning range of 69.8% has been achieved experimentally, exceeding the theoretical tuning range limit (50%) of conventional two-parallel-plate tunable capacitors. This novel tunable capacitor also exhibits very low return loss (<0.6 dB between 45 MHz and 10 GHz). Its fabrication process is completely compatible with the existing standard IC fabrication technology, which makes it useful in integrated wireless communication systems.
A nested mutual authentication protocol (1999)

This paper describes an authentication protocol that is suited to modern, object-based, client-server systems. Each object in a chain, whether acting in a client or server role, handles authentication with its neighbours, without any need to be aware of the resultant global behaviour. Session keys are returned by an authentication server which services a client-server chain as a whole: nested requests are built along the forward chain; the final server presents the whole package to the authentication server; and sessions keys are delivered back down the chain. The protocol, as described, avoids entanglement with the politics of cryptography by using One-Way-Hash-Functions throughout. The authentication chain might traverse different legal jurisdictions, but adjacent applications can use returned session keys for any legitimate purpose, including message sealing or encryption.
Tribological Investigation of a Low Friction, Low Wear Polymer/Polymer Composite (2005)

Wear resistant and low friction solid lubricants offer the design engineer attractive options for extreme environment lubrication, particularly in situations where the use of fluid lubricants are precluded. Past work with wear resistant PTFE nanocomposites made with sub 100nm particles of alumina showed that the nanoparticles decorate the PTFE surface during jet-milling process. Subsequent compression molding of these powders is believed to result in a compartmentalize PTFE composite. It is hypothesized that these reinforcing nanoparticles arrest crack propagation, although there is qualitative evidence that they weaken strength of the composite. The hypothesis for this investigation was to use small particles of PEEK as the filler, which can act to compartmentalize damage and form a structural filler network that would not require matrix/filler strength for mechanical integrity. The tribological properties of composite samples ranging from 0–100 weight percent PEEK filled PTFE were evaluated in this study.
Development of Novel Environment-Friendly Magnesium Alloys (2008)

Novel environment-friendly magnesium alloys have been developed by alkaline earth metal oxides addition without increasing cost and damaging process-ability. They can establish simultaneously ① cleaner processing routes with reduced or without SF6 gas, ② melt cleanliness in furnace and during transfer and pouring, ③ improved process abilities of casting, forming, welding and powder metallurgy such as fluidity, hot tearing susceptibility, inclusion and eutectic phase, ④ cost reduction with low-cost elements as well as by reducing or eliminating high-cost protective gas like SF6 gas, ⑤ original process abilities, ⑥ improved mechanical properties by grain refinement and internal soundness, ⑦ improved welding performance and joint properties, ⑧ safety during applications by improving oxidation and flame resistance and ⑨ improved remelting and recycling abilities. CaO, one of alkaline earth metal oxides, added Mg alloys can be well manufactured by conventional melting and casting without protective gas. This paper will discuss the effect of CaO on optimum protective gas usage, oxidation resistance and flame behavior of magnesium alloys.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Automated Detection of Early Repolarization in Standard 12‐Lead Electrocardiography (2014)

As the automatic algorithm has high sensitivity, it could be used as a prescreening tool for ER; only the electrocardiograms graded positive by the algorithm would be reviewed manually. This would reduce the need for manual labor by 90%.
Global and gene-specific epigenetic patterns in human bladder cancer genomes are relatively stable in vivo and in vitro over time. (2001)

We used a methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed PCR technique to analyze, in a nonselective manner, methylation alterations at GC-rich regions of the genome in metachronous tumors and their derived cell lines from two patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The methylation status of the majority of evaluable sequences (83%) remained unchanged in the tumors from both patients relative to a panel of normal urothelium samples obtained from individuals free of bladder disease, in which we measured <1% interindividual variation. The 17% of methylation alterations represents sequences altered in either a cancer-specific (3%), tumor-specific (1%), or patient-specific (13%) manner. The proportion of the altered sequences analyzed that were CpG islands corresponds to approximately 7000 CpG islands altered in the genome. Surprisingly, few additional changes in methylation patterns were observed in cell lines derived from the tumors; however, all of the cell lines showed altered methylation in a common set of 3% of evaluable sequences. Three genes known to be aberrantly methylated in bladder cancer (p16, p15, and PAX6) were studied in detail by methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension and showed increased methylation in culture at preexisting methylated sites for all of the exons but no de novo methylation in culture for the promoters in any cell line. Therefore, our investigation provides the first serial as well as parallel quantitation of the global epigenetic stability in two independent bladder cancer genomes over the course of progression and in culture. In addition, our investigation also provides the first direct comparison of the epigenetic and genetic patterns on the global scale, showing the epigenetic pattern to be relatively stable in vivo and in vitro over time within an individual.
A Universal Concept for Stacking Neutral Analytes in Micellar Capillary Electrophoresis (1999)

Unlike recent studies that have depended on manipulation of separation buffer parameters to facilitate stacking of neutral analytes in micellar capillary electrophoresis (MCE) mode, we have developed a method of stacking based simply on manipulation of the sample matrix. Many solutions for sample stacking in MCE are based on strict control of pH, micelle type, electroosmotic flow (EOF) rate, and separation-mode polarity. However, a universal solution to sample stacking in MCE should allow for free manipulation of separation buffer parameters without substantially affecting separation of analytes. Analogous to sample stacking in capillary zone electrophoresis by invoking field amplification of charged analytes in a low-conductivity sample matrix, the proposed method utilizes a high-conductivity sample matrix to transfer field amplification from the sample zone to the separation buffer. This causes the micellar carrier in the separation buffer to stack before it enters the sample zone. Neutral analytes moving out of the sample zone with EOF are efficiently concentrated at the micelle front. Micelle stacking is induced by simply adding salt to the sample matrix to increase the conductivity 2-3-fold higher than the separation buffer. This solution allows free optimization of separation buffer parameters such as micelle concentration, organic modifiers, and pH, providing a method that may complement virtually any existing MCE protocol without restricting the separation method.
High‐energy density storage of natural gas in light Hydrocarbon solutions (1997)

Abstract The storage of natural gas in other light hydrocarbons is one procedure for automotive natural gas usage that reduces the requirement of high‐pressure or cryogenic storage. Model solutions of methane in n‐butane, propane, and a liquefied‐bottled‐gas mixture were simulated using the Benedict‐Webb‐Rubin‐Starling equation of state to determine the pressures necessary to maintain a liquid phase with perturbations in both temperature (−1°C to 38°C) and mole fraction (50 to 80 mol% methane). Methane storage in these liquid solutions is between 45 and 93% of an equal “tank” volume of compressed natural gas (CNG) at 21 MPa and 15°C. The simulation results indicate that solutions of this type contain 40 to 67% of the energy of gasoline at pressures that range from 60 to 40% that of CNG at 21 MPa and 15°C.
Pharmacology of Polymyxins: New Insights into an ‘Old‘ Class of Antibiotics (2013)

Increasing antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, presents a global medical challenge. No new antibiotics will be available for these 'superbugs' in the near future due to the dry antibiotic discovery pipeline. Colistin and polymyxin B are increasingly used as the last-line therapeutic options for treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This article surveys the significant progress over the last decade in understanding polymyxin chemistry, mechanisms of antibacterial activity and resistance, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. In the 'Bad Bugs, No Drugs' era, we must pursue structure-activity relationship-based approaches to develop novel polymyxin-like lipopeptides targeting polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative 'superbugs'. Before new antibiotics become available, we must optimize the clinical use of polymyxins through the application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic principles, thereby minimizing the development of resistance.