gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chitosan-TPP Nanoparticle as a Release System of Antisense Oligonucleotide in the Oral Environment (2007)

Antisense oligonucleotide loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared and the release of oligonucleotide from chitosan-TPP/oligonucleotide nanoparticles was investigated. Morphological property, zeta potential and particle size of the prepared chitosan/oligonucleotide nanoparticles were investigated using Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and particle size analyzer. The interaction between chitosan and oligonucleotide was confirmed by using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), and the released oligonucleotides were determined by spectrophotometric method. Oligonucleotides formed the complexes with chitosan with a unique morphological property. The release of oligonucleotides from nanoparticles was dependent on loading methods and pH conditions. Chitosan/oligomer-TPP nanoparticles, which was prepared by adding TPP after the formation of chitosan/oligonucleotide complex, showed the lowest release percent of oligonucleotides with 41.3% at pH 7.0 among the loading methods. The percent release of oligonucleotide from oligonucleotide loaded chitosan nanoparticle at pH 10 was higher than the one in acidic condition (pH 5.0). The released oligonucleotides from chitosan/oligonucleotide nanoparticles were stable enough for 12 h under the 20% saliva solution. Our results suggest that the sustained release of oligonucleotide from chitosan nanoparticles may be suitable for the local therapeutic application in periodontal diseases.
Artificial Neural Networks (2017)

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are a form of computing for predicting a set of outputs from a set of input patterns (a set of variables). This machine learning method is motivated by the functioning of biological neural networks that consist of neurons and links (nerves). The neurons serve as the processing units and links serve as the connections between neurons. A commonly used form of ANN is a multiple‐layer feedforward network in which neurons are organized into layers: one input layer, zero, one or two hidden layer(s), and one output layer. The links connect the neurons from the different layers (input to hidden and hidden to output). Most ANNs just have one hidden layer. The neurons in the input layer receive input patterns and send those inputs through the links to the neurons on the hidden layer, which then process the inputs and send the results to neurons in the output layer for processing and presentation. The application of ANN consists of two general steps: network training and network application. Network training uses samples, each of which contains an input pattern and the expected output pattern for that sample, to develop associations between a set of input patterns and a set of output patterns. The network application step uses the trained network to predict an output pattern for a given input pattern whose corresponding output pattern is unknown.
Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase. Biochemical and electron microscope characterization of low ionic strength aggregates (1978)

The "tailed" molecules of Electrophorus (electric eel) acetylcholinesterase aggregate under conditions of low ionic strength. These aggregates have been studied by sedimentation analysis and high-resolution electron microscopy. They consist of bundles of at least half a dozen molecules, the tails of which are packed side by side, to form the core of the structure. Although aggregation is normally fully reversible, aggregates were irreversibly stabilized by methylene blue-sensitized photo-oxidation. This process was shown to consist of a singlet oxygen oxidation reaction and probably involves methionine or histidine residues. It did not modify the structural or hydrodynamic characteristics of the aggregates.
On Process Variation Tolerant Low Cost Thermal Sensor Design (2023)

Thermal management has emerged as an important design issue in a range of designs from portable devices to server systems. Internal thermal sensors are an integral part of such a management system. Process variations in CMOS circuits cause accuracy problems for thermal sensors which can be fixed by calibration tables. Stand-alone thermal sensors are calibrated to fix such problems. However, calibration requires going through temperature steps in a tester, increasing test application time and cost. Consequently, calibrating thermal sensors in typical digital designs including mainstream desktop and notebook processors increases the cost of the processor. This creates a need for design of thermal sensors whose accuracy does not vary significantly with process variations. Other qualities desired from thermal sensors include low area requirement so that many of them maybe integrated in a design as well as low power dissipation, such that the sensor itself does not become a significant source of heat. In this work, we developed a process variation tolerant thermal sensor design with (i) active compensation circuitry and (ii) signal dithering based self calibration technique to meet the above requirements in 32nm technology. Results show that we achieve 3ºC temperature accuracy, with a relatively small design which compares well with designs that are currently used.
An updated patent review of calpain inhibitors (2012 – 2014) (2014)

Major advances made in calpain inhibitor research between 2012 and 2014 include: i) the discovery of cytosolic-stable carboxamide calpain inhibitors; ii) synthesis of epoxysuccinates with excellent bioavailability; iii) disclosure of the X-ray crystal structures of novel α-mercaptoacrylates bound to the pentaEF hand region from human calpain; and iv) disclosure of calpain inhibitors as anti-sickling agents. Several calpain inhibitors were reported but limited effort was directed towards the discovery of calpain isoform selective agents, which continues to dampen the therapeutic potential of calpain inhibitors.
Expression of laminin 5-γ2 chain in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and its role in tumour invasion (2011)

Laminin-5 (Ln5), a heterotrimer composed of three chains (α3, β3, and γ2), is a major component of the basement membrane in most adult tissues. One of the chains, Ln5-γ2, is a marker of invasive tumours because it is frequently expressed as a monomer in malignant tumours. Recent studies from our laboratories detected higher levels of Ln5-γ2 expression in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) than in trichoblastoma. Furthermore, Ln5-γ2 overexpression tended to correlate with aggressiveness in BCC. In this study, we compared the expression of Ln5-γ2 in invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, n=62) of the skin to that in preinvasive Bowen’s disease (BD, n=51), followed by analysis of the role of Ln5-γ2 in cancer invasion in vitro. Immunohistochemically, the proportion of SCC cases (86%) strongly positive for Ln5-γ2 expression was higher than that of BD (16%). Real-time RT–PCR showed Ln5-γ2 overexpression in SCC cell line, A431, compared with normal keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. Ln5-γ2 monomer and proteolytically cleaved, biologically active fragments of Ln5-γ2 were identified in SCC tumour extracts. In in vitro raft cultures, which simulate in vivo conditions, Ln5-γ2 siRNA significantly suppressed epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated A431 cell invasion. Our results indicate that Ln5-γ2 has a role in cutaneous SCC invasion.
Intermittency and chaos in intracavity doubled lasers. II (1990)

We describe the nonlinear dynamics of intracavity doubled multimode lasers. Baer [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 1175 (1986)] observed irregular amplitude fluctuations in a multimode yttrium aluminum garnet laser with an intracavity potassium titanyl phosphate frequency-doubling crystal; we identify type-III intermittency as the route to chaos. Subsequently, Oka and Kubota [Opt. Lett. 13, 805 (1988)] demonstrated the stabilization of such a laser by the introduction of a quarter wave plate into the cavity. A generalized model of rate equations for this case is introduced. It is shown that a second route to chaos through a Hopf bifurcation, synchronization, and period-doubling sequence occurs on rotation of the quarter wave plate within the cavity. In addition, we predict that the laser output may be stable for particular lengths of the doubling crystal.
A novel approach to prevent grid collapsing based on frequency estimation with increased user visibility (2014)

One of the most important parameters of a power system is the system frequency. The frequency can vary over a small range due to generation-load mismatches. That is, when the power consumed by loads and overall losses is greater than the generated power, the system operating frequency will decrease, resulting in a situation known as the underfrequency condition. The main reasons can be either the loss of any one or more generators in the generating side stations or if there is a sudden increase in the power consumed during certain peak hours of a day. Indeed, if the loads in a system are suddenly lost or disconnected from the system, it also leads to a condition called as the overfrequency condition. This condition is characterised by greater input power than the consumed power by the loads. The rest of the loads in the system will absorb the extra power and the generator inertia, leading to an increase in the system frequency. In both the cases, the system frequency changes from the safer frequency range, leading to tripping off of the substation and further collapsing of the entire system. In this paper, the author is proposing a novel approach, by which employing a smart meter, which estimates the system frequency change caused by overload or underload condition and comparing it with a preset frequency value set by the Load Dispatching Authority, the line responsible for the frequency change is being isolated from rest of the power system or being given only the demanded power. The preset frequency is determined by analysing the parameters of electric power-based on a load forecasting. The method is employed with an embedded system along with an algorithm and Network Synchronisation with central server.
Improving the Stability of CeO<sub>2</sub> Catalyst by Rare Earth Metal Promotion and Molecular Insights in the Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis from CO<sub>2</sub> and Methanol with 2-Cyanopyridine (2018)

The unmatched efficiency of the direct dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis from CO2 and methanol over CeO2 catalysts in the presence of an organic dehydrating agent (2-cyanopyridine, 2-CP) was recently reported with high DMC yield (>90%) in both batch and continuous operations. However, the CeO2 catalyst gradually deactivates in the time scale of days due to suggested surface poisoning by 2-picolinamide (2-PA) produced by hydration of 2-CP. This work seeks active and stable CeO2-based catalysts and aims to understand the material factors influencing the catalytic performance. Surface modification of CeO2 by the addition of rare earth metal (REM) was found to be effective for improving the catalyst stability. Surface basicity and reducibility of the Ce4+ species play important roles in preventing catalyst deactivation by stabilizing the reactive methoxy species in comparison to the poisoning species (2-PA or species alike). This has been evidenced by in situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. CeO2 materials promoted with 1 wt % rare earth metals (La, Gd, and Pr) greatly enhanced the catalyst stability while retaining the high catalytic activity of CeO2. Among them, 1 wt % Pr promotion to CeO2 was the most effective, affording 35% higher DMC yield in comparison to that of bare CeO2 after 150 h on stream under the optimized reaction conditions of 30 bar and 120 °C.
Review of techniques for on-line monitoring and inspection of laser welding (2005)

Laser welding has been applied to various industries, in particular, automotive, aerospace and microelectronics. However, traditional off-line testing of the welds is costly and inefficient. Therefore, on-line inspection systems with low cost have being developed to increase productivity and maintain high welding quality. This paper presents the applications of acoustic, optical, visual, thermal and ultrasonic techniques and latest development of laser welding monitoring. The advantages and limitations of these techniques are also discussed.
Modeling of dengue outbreak prediction in Malaysia: A comparison of Neural Network and Nonlinear Regression Model (2008)

Malaysia has a good dengue surveillance system but there have been insufficient findings on suitable model to predict future dengue outbreak. This study aims to design a neural network model (NNM) and nonlinear regression model (NLRM) using different architectures and parameters incorporating time series, location and rainfall data to define the best architecture for early prediction of dengue outbreak. Four architecture of NNM and NLRM were developed in this study. Architecture I involved only dengue cases data, Architecture II involved combination of dengue cases data and rainfall data, Architecture III involved proximity location dengue cases data, while Architecture IV involved the combination of all criterion. The parameters studied in this research were adjusted for optimal performance. These parameters are the learning rate, momentum rate and number of neurons in the hidden layer. The performance of overall architecture was analyzed and the result shows that the MSE for all architectures by using NNM is better compared by NLRM. Furthermore, the results also indicate that architecture IV performs significantly better than other architecture in predicting dengue outbreak and it is therefore proposed as a useful approach in the problem of time series prediction of dengue outbreak.
Excellent ultrasonic absorption ability of carbon-nanotube-reinforced bulk metallic glass composites (2003)

Zr 52.5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 Ti 5 bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs) containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are found to have a strong ultrasonic wave absorption ability. Ultrasonic attenuation coefficients of Zr-based BMGCs increase dramatically with increasing volume fraction of CNTs. The excellent ultrasonic wave absorption ability is attributed mainly to the multiscattering caused by the CNTs and ZrC phase dispersing randomly in the glass matrix.
Trends in Antibiotic Resistance Among Diarrheal Pathogens Isolated in Thailand Over 15 Years (1998)

Antibiotic resistance trends were examined for Shigella species, nontyphoidal Salmonella species, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and Campylobacter species isolates from indigenous persons and travelers in Thailand for up to 15 years. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was found in >90% of Shigella and 40% of ETEC and nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates. Resistance to nalidixic acid was found in 97%-100% of Shigella dysenteriae 1 strains isolated between 1992 and 1995. Ciprofloxacin resistance was detected in 1% of ETEC isolates in 1994 and 1995 and in one of 349 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates in 1995. Ciprofloxacin resistance among Campylobacter species increased from zero before 1991 to 84% in 1995 (P < .0001). Azithromycin resistance was found in 7%-15% of Campylobacter isolates in 1994 and 1995, as well as 15% of ETEC and 3% of Salmonella isolates in 1995. Enteric pathogens in Thailand have developed resistance to virtually all antibiotics routinely used in the treatment of diarrhea, as well as the newer fluoroquinolone and macrolide classes of drugs.
Characterization of human recombinant somatostatin sst<sub>5</sub> receptors mediating activation of phosphoinositide metabolism (1997)

We have functionally characterized the human recombinant somatostatin (SRIF) sst 5 receptor in Chinese hamster ovary‐K1 (CHOsst 5 ) cells by measuring total [ 3 H]‐inositol phosphate ([ 3 H]‐InsPx) accumulation, in the presence of 10 m M LiCl, in cells labelled with [ 3 H]‐ myo ‐inositol. In CHOsst 5 cells, SRIF, SRIF‐28 and the cyclic hexapeptide, L‐362,855, produced time‐ and concentration‐related increases in [ 3 H]‐InsPx accumulation, with similar potency (pEC 50 values of 6.5, 6.8 and 7.2, respectively). L‐362,855 behaved as a partial agonist, producing approximately 30% of the SRIF maximum response. The other peptide analogues of SRIF, BIM‐23027 and BIM‐23056, were inactive as agonists. Increasing concentrations of L‐362,855 increased [ 3 H]‐InsPx accumulation and simultaneously produced rightward shifts of SRIF concentration‐effect curves, with an estimated p K p value of 7.6, confirming that it was acting as a partial agonist. BIM‐23056, but not BIM‐23027, potently antagonized SRIF‐induced [ 3 H]‐InsPx accumulation, with an estimated p K B value of 7.4. BIM‐23056 did not antagonize [ 3 H]‐InsPx accumulation induced by uridine 5′‐triphosphate (UTP). SRIF‐ but not UTP‐induced [ 3 H]‐InsPx accumulation was inhibited by increasing concentrations of pertussis toxin (0.01–100 ng ml −1 ), indicating the involvement of pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐proteins. These findings show that the human recombinant sst 5 receptor, when stably expressed in CHO‐K1 cells, is able to mediate activation of phosphoinositide metabolism in a pertussis toxin‐sensitive manner. In this system L‐362,855 behaved as a partial agonist while BIM‐23056 was a specific antagonist. These agents should provide useful tools for functionally characterizing endogenous SRIF receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 121 , 91–96; doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701116
Arene molybdenum chemistry: arene(π-allyl)molybdenum derivatives containing carboxylate, aminocarboxylate, and related ligands (1973)

The carboxylato-compounds benzene Mo(π-C3H5)L, where L = O2CH, O2CMe, O2CPh, O2CCH2[Fe(CO)2[π-(π-C5H5)], and related derivatives are described. The complexes where L = NH2CH2CO2 or NH2[CH2]2S have been prepared. The latter reacts with methyl iodide forming the cation {C6H6Mo(π-C3H5)(MeS[CH2]2NH2)}+. β-Diketone derivatives where L = MeCOCHCOMe or MeCOCHCO(OEt) have also been isolated.
Tutorial on Oxidative Addition (2015)

This tutorial introduces oxidative addition as a reactivity pattern and organizing principle for organometallic chemistry. The history, characteristics, and scope of oxidative addition are briefly surveyed, followed by a detailed examination of the variety of mechanisms found for the oxidative addition of alkyl halides and their relevance to practical applications.
Recognition and Blocking of Innate Immunity Cells by Candida albicans Chitin (2011)

Chitin is a skeletal cell wall polysaccharide of the inner cell wall of fungal pathogens. As yet, little about its role during fungus-host immune cell interactions is known. We show here that ultrapurified chitin from Candida albicans cell walls did not stimulate cytokine production directly but blocked the recognition of C. albicans by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and murine macrophages, leading to significant reductions in cytokine production. Chitin did not affect the induction of cytokines stimulated by bacterial cells or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), indicating that blocking was not due to steric masking of specific receptors. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and Mincle (the macrophage-inducible C-type lectin) were not required for interactions with chitin. Dectin-1 was required for immune blocking but did not bind chitin directly. Cytokine stimulation was significantly reduced upon stimulation of PBMCs with heat-killed chitin-deficient C. albicans cells but not with live cells. Therefore, chitin is normally not exposed to cells of the innate immune system but is capable of influencing immune recognition by blocking dectin-1-mediated engagement with fungal cell walls.
Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents (1989)

The fluoroquinolones, a new class of potent orally absorbed antimicrobial agents, are reviewed, considering structure, mechanisms of action and resistance, spectrum, variables affecting activity in vitro, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy, emergence of resistance, and tolerability. The primary bacterial target is the enzyme deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase. Bacterial resistance occurs by chromosomal mutations altering deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase and decreasing drug permeation. The drugs are bactericidal and potent in vitro against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus spp., and Neisseria spp., have good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococci, and (with several exceptions) are less potent against streptococci and have fair to poor activity against anaerobic species. Potency in vitro decreases in the presence of low pH, magnesium ions, or urine but is little affected by different media, increased inoculum, or serum. The effects of the drugs in combination with a beta-lactam or aminoglycoside are often additive, occasionally synergistic, and rarely antagonistic. The agents are orally absorbed, require at most twice-daily dosing, and achieve high concentrations in urine, feces, and kidney and good concentrations in lung, bone, prostate, and other tissues. The drugs are efficacious in treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, including uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections, bacterial gastroenteritis, and gonorrhea, and show promise for therapy of prostatitis, respiratory tract infections, osteomyelitis, and cutaneous infections, particularly when caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Fluoroquinolones have also proved to be efficacious for prophylaxis against travelers' diarrhea and infection with gram-negative bacilli in neutropenic patients. The drugs are effective in eliminating carriage of Neisseria meningitidis. Patient tolerability appears acceptable, with gastrointestinal or central nervous system toxicities occurring most commonly, but only rarely necessitating discontinuance of therapy. In 17 of 18 prospective, randomized, double-blind comparisons with another agent or placebo, fluoroquinolones were tolerated as well as or better than the comparison regimen. Bacterial resistance has been uncommonly documented but occurs, most notably with P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and occasionally other species for which the therapeutic ratio is less favorable. Fluoroquinolones offer an efficacious, well-tolerated, and cost-effective alternative to parenteral therapies of selected infections.
ER-AE: Differentially Private Text Generation for Authorship Anonymization (2019)

Most of privacy protection studies for textual data focus on removing explicit sensitive identifiers. However, personal writing style, as a strong indicator of the authorship, is often neglected. Recent studies, such as SynTF, have shown promising results on privacy-preserving text mining. However, their anonymization algorithm can only output numeric term vectors which are difficult for the recipients to interpret. We propose a novel text generation model with a two-set exponential mechanism for authorship anonymization. By augmenting the semantic information through a REINFORCE training reward function, the model can generate differentially private text that has a close semantic and similar grammatical structure to the original text while removing personal traits of the writing style. It does not assume any conditioned labels or paralleled text data for training. We evaluate the performance of the proposed model on the real-life peer reviews dataset and the Yelp review dataset. The result suggests that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art on semantic preservation, authorship obfuscation, and stylometric transformation.