gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power and thermal challenges in mobile devices (2013)

In spite of significant advances in the development of low-power designs and power management techniques, power remains and will remain a first-class design constraint for mobile devices. The functionality integrated into mobile devices will only continue to grow with the increasing transition from PCs to super-phones. Power remains one of the critical hurdles to this transition, and without continued innovations in power management, the term "mobile" devices will be rendered moot. In addition to (and closely related to) power challenges in mobile devices are thermal challenges. Increasingly complex and rich functionality in mobile devices leads to higher power dissipation, and consequently, higher temperatures. However, thermal constraints are constant across successive device generations. Thermal limits, even more than power, will become the fundamental bottleneck to increasing the capabilities of such devices, making thermal management techniques crucial. This paper discusses some of the major challenges in power management and thermal management for current and next-generation mobile devices from a semiconductor industry perspective. Specifically, this paper discusses challenges in three areas: process-variability-aware power management, thermally aware power management and thermal management for mobile devices. Broadcom mobile chipsets feature multiple such advanced power and thermal management techniques, with active on-going research and development in each of these areas.
Low bandgap π‐conjugated copolymers based on fused thiophenes and benzothiadiazole: Synthesis and structure‐property relationship study (2009)

Abstract A series of low bandgap conjugated polymers consisting of benzothiadiazole alternating with dithienothiophene (DTT) or dithienopyrrole (DTP) unit with or without 3‐alkylthiophene bridge have been synthesized. Effect of the fused rings and 3‐alkylthiophene bridge on the thermal, optical, electrochemical, charge transport, and photovoltaic properties of these polymers have been investigated. These polymers show broad absorption extending from 300 to 1000 nm with optical bandgaps as low as 1.2 eV; the details of which can be varied either by incorporating 3‐alkylthiophene bridge or by replacing DTT with DTP. The LUMO levels (−2.9 to −3.3 eV) are essentially unaffected by the specific choice of donor moiety, whereas the HOMO levels (−4.6 to −5.6 eV) are more sensitive to the choice of donor. The DTT and DTP polymers with 3‐alkylthiophene bridge were found to exhibit hole mobilities of 8 × 10 −5 and 3 × 10 −2 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , respectively, in top‐contact organic field‐effect transistors. Power conversion efficiencies in the range 0.17–0.43% were obtained under simulated AM 1.5, 100 mW cm −2 irradiation for polymer solar cells using the DTT and DTP‐based polymers with 3‐alkylthiophene bridge as donor and fullerene derivatives as acceptor. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5498–5508, 2009
Performance degradation of thermal parameters during cycle ageing of high energy density Ni-Mn-Co based Lithium-Ion battery cells (2016)

The accelerated demand for electrifying the transportation sector, coupled with the continuous improvement of rechargeable batteries' characteristics, have made modern high-energy Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries the standard choice for hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs). Consequently, Li-ion batteries' electrochemical and thermal characteristics are very important topics, putting them at the forefront of the research. Along with the electrical performance of Li-ion battery cells, their thermal behavior needs to be accurately predicted during operation and over the lifespan of the application as well, since the thermal management of the battery is crucial for the safety of the EV driver. Moreover, the thermal management system can significantly lower the degradation rate of the battery pack and thus reduce costs. In this paper, the thermal characterization of a commercially available Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) based Li-ion battery cell was performed under different operating conditions: state-of-charge (SOC) levels, charge/discharge current rates and operating temperatures. Moreover, by carrying out accelerated cycle ageing tests on a total of nine NMC-based Li-ion battery cells, the effect of ageing on the most important thermal parameters was investigated.
Low electric-field-induced switching in the B1 bent-core liquid crystal phase (2007)

The authors observe an electric-field-induced structural transition in the B1 columnar liquid crystalline phase at surprisingly low field strengths in a bent-core liquid crystal material with asymmetric alkyl chains. A possible B1 to B2 transition at applied electric fields of 10V∕μm is observed. After this E-field-induced transition, switching is observed at much lower voltages, down to a fraction of a V∕μm. This study is based on polarized microscopy, electro-optical studies, and differential scanning calorimetry.
Regulation of average length of complex PCR product (1999)

A method to achieve the preference towards longer products during PCR is described. The extent of this preference can be adjusted by slight variation of the PCR conditions. Being combined with the natural tendency of PCR to amplify shorter fragments more efficiently than longer ones, it allows one to regulate the average length of the complex PCR product over a very wide range to make it most suitable for further manipulations. The technique can be used for amplifying any complex DNA sample.
A Long Purine-Pyrimidine Homopolymer Acts as a Transcriptional Diode (1995)

Polypurine-polypyrimidine (R.Y) sequences have the unusual ability to form DNA triple helices. Such tracts are overrepresented upstream of eukaryotic genes, although a function there has not been clear. We report that transcription in vitro into one such upstream R.Y tract in the direction that makes a predominantly purine RNA is effectively blocked by formation of an intramolecular triple helix. The triplex is triggered by transcription and stabilized by the binding of nascent purine RNA to the template. Transcription in the opposite direction is not restricted. Polypurine-polypyrimidine DNA may provide a dynamic and selective block to transcription without the aid of accessory proteins.
GeNIeRate: An Interactive Generator of Diagnostic Bayesian Network Models (2005)

Constructing diagnostic Bayesian network models is a complex and time consuming task. In this paper, we propose a methodology to simplify and speed up the design of very large models. The models are based on two simplifying assumptions: (1) the structure of the model has three levels of variables and (2) the interaction among the variables can be modeled by Noisy-MAX gates. The methodology is implemented in an application named: GeNIeRate, which aims at supporting construction of diagnostic Bayesian network models consisting of hundreds or even thousands of variables. Preliminary qualitative evaluation of this application shows great promise. We are planning to conduct a systematic study to compare GeNIeRate to traditional techniques for building Bayesian network models and we hope to be able to present the results at the workshop. 1
Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Activity of 6-(2-Aminoethyl)Amino-5-Chlorouracil, a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Thymidine Phosphorylase, in Combination with the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Trap (2009)

These studies show antitumor activity for a drug targeting TP and suggest that inhibitors of TP could be used to augment the clinical efficacy of drugs targeting the VEGF pathway.
Proteomic biomarker discovery in cerebrospinal fluid for neurodegenerative diseases (2006)

The clinical diagnosis of major neurodegenerative disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and dementia with Lewy body, remains unsatisfactory based on current clinical criteria and limited laboratory investigations. The possibility of identifying multiple novel biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, those related to disease pathogeneses in particular, has been greatly enhanced with recent advances in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In this chapter, we will be reviewing a few issues related to proteomic identification of proteins in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as unique protein markers that could be used for clinical diagnosis of various neurodegenerative diseases or monitoring their progression. Great attention has been directed to practical considerations and limitations of several major aspects of proteomic analysis of human CSF.
Ocotillol, a Majonoside R2 Metabolite, Ameliorates 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Mice by Restoring the Balance of Th17/Treg Cells (2015)

In a preliminary experiment, majonoside R2 (MR2), isolated from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), inhibited differentiation to Th17 cells and was metabolized to ocotillol via pseudoginsenoside RT4 (PRT4) by gut microbiota. Therefore, we examined the inhibitory effects of MR2 and its metabolites PRT4 and ocotillol against Th17 cell differentiation. These ginsenosides significantly suppressed interleukin (IL)-6/tumor growth factor beta-induced differentiation of splenic CD4(+) T cells into Th17 cells and expression of IL-17 in vitro. Among these ginsenosides, ocotillol showed the highest inhibitory effect. We also examined the anti-inflammatory effect of ocotillol in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Oral administration of ocotillol significantly suppressed TNBS-induced colon shortening, macroscopic score, myeloperoxidase activity, and production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Ocotillol treatment increased TNBS-suppressed expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in the colon. Treatment with ocotillol inhibited TNBS-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β, as well as activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Moreover, treatment with ocotillol inhibited TNBS- induced differentiation to Th17 cells in the lamina propria of colon, as well as expression of T-bet, RORγt, IL-17, and IL-23. Ocotillol treatment also increased Treg cell differentiation and Foxp3 and IL-10 expression. These findings suggest that orally administered MR2 may be metabolized to ocotillol in the intestine by gut microbiota and the transformed ocotillol may ameliorate inflammatory diseases such as colitis by restoring the balance of Th17/Treg cells.
Resurrection of a Bull by Cloning from Organs Frozen without Cryoprotectant in a −80°C Freezer for a Decade (2009)

Frozen animal tissues without cryoprotectant have been thought to be inappropriate for use as a nuclear donor for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). We report the cloning of a bull using cells retrieved from testicles that had been taken from a dead animal and frozen without cryoprotectant in a -80 degrees C freezer for 10 years. We obtained live cells from defrosted pieces of the spermatic cords of frozen testicles. The cells proliferated actively in culture and were apparently normal. We transferred 16 SCNT embryos from these cells into 16 synchronized recipient animals. We obtained five pregnancies and four cloned calves developed to term. Our results indicate that complete genome sets are maintained in mammalian organs even after long-term frozen-storage without cryoprotectant, and that live clones can be produced from the recovered cells.
FTIR Spectroscopic Evidence for the Involvement of an Acidic Residue in Quinone Binding in Cytochrome <i>bd</i> from <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2002)

In this work, FTIR difference spectroscopy is used to search for possible binding partners and protonable groups involved in the binding of the quinol to cytochrome bd from Escherichia coli. In addition, the electrochemically induced FTIR difference spectra are compared for preparations of the enzyme isolated from cells grown at different oxygen levels in which the quinone content of the membrane is altered. On this basis, difference signals can be tentatively attributed to the vibrational modes of the different quinones types that are associated with the enzyme depending on growth conditions. Furthermore, vibrational modes due to the redox-dependent reorganization of the protein vary depending on the quinone associated with the isolated enzyme. Of particular interest are the observations that a mode at 1738 cm(-1) is decreased and a mode at 1595 cm(-1) is increased as observed in direct comparison to the data obtained from samples grown anaerobically. These signals indicate a change in the protonation state of an aspartic or glutamic acid. Since these changes are observed when the ubiquinone ratio in the preparation increases, the data provide evidence for the modulation of the binding site by the interacting quinone and the involvement of an acidic group in the binding site. The tentative assignments of the vibrational modes are supported by electrochemically induced FTIR difference spectra of cytochrome bd in the presence of the specific quinone binding site inhibitors heptylhydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO) or 2-methyl-3-undecylquinolone-4. Whereas HQNO leads to strong shifts in the FTIR redox difference spectrum, 2-methyl-3-undecylquinolone-4 induces a specific shift of a mode at 1635 cm(-1), which likely originates from the displacement of the C=O group of the bound quinone.
One-dimensional Fermi liquids (1995)

I attempt to give a pedagogical overview of the progress which has occurred during the past decade in the description of one-dimensional correlated fermions. Fermi liquid theory based on a quasi-particle picture, breaks down in one dimension because of the Peierls divergence and because of charge-spin separation. It is replaced by a Luttinger liquid whose elementary excitations are collective charge and spin modes, based on the exactly solvable Luttinger model. I review this model and various solutions with emphasis on bosonization (and its equivalence to conformal field theory), and its physical properties. The notion of a Luttinger liquid implies that all gapless 1D systems share these properties at low energies. Chapters 1 and 2 of the article contain an introduction and a discussion of the breakdown of Fermi liquid theory. Chapter 3 describes in detail the solution of the Luttinger model both by bosonization and by Green's functions methods and summarizes the properties of the model, expressed thorugh correlation functions. The relation to conformal field theory is discussed. Chapter 4 of the article introduces the notion of a Luttinger liquid. It describes in much detail the various mappings applied to realistic models of 1D correlated fermions, onto the Luttinger model, as well as important corrections to the Luttinger model properties discussed in Ch.3. Chapter 5 describes situations where the Luttinger liquid is not a stable fixed point, and where spin or charge gaps open in at least one channel. Chapter 6 discusses multi-band and multichain problems, in particular the stability of a Luttinger liquid with respect to interchain hopping. Ch. 7 gives a brief summary of experimental efforts to uncover Luttinger liquid correlations in quasi-1D materials.
Effect of Radius of Yoke Curvature on Leakage Flux outside the Yoke in Permanent Magnet Assemblies (1976)

The amount of the leakage flux outside the yoke was measured for five kinds of barrel type magnet assemblies with various curvature radii at yoke corners in order to find a suitable yoke shape which provides a stable magnetic field between pole pieces. The path length of the leakage flux which was expressed as the product of the magnetic circuit length of yoke and the ratio of the magnetic fields in and outside the yoke, was exponentially increased with increasing curvature radius of an intermediate plane of the yoke. The leakage flux was calculated for various shapes of the yoke using the experimental results.
The Adjustable Half-Moon: An Alternative Device for Tricuspid Valve Annuloplasty (1984)

The adjustable half-moon consists of a flexible braided Dacron tube fitted with two internal Teflon-impregnated sutures. The sutures are anchored at each end of the tube and can be tightened at its centre. Implantation is performed along the annular tissue corresponding to the anterior and posterior tricuspid leaflets. Shortening of the half-moon in unilateral or bilateral fashion can be accomplished after its implantation. Two prosthetic sizes are available, "small" and "large", with a tolerance between 4.5 and 9.0 cm. The device preserves the natural tricuspid valve configuration, avoids the cardiac conduction tissue, permits annular adjustment after completed implantation and provides proper support. Following positive experience in 5 cases with severe functional tricuspid incompetence further use of the adjustable half-moon is advocated.
The role of oxygen radicals in dye-mediated photodynamic effects in Escherichia coli B. (1987)

Photosensitive dyes representative of the thiazines, xanthenes, acridines, and phenazines mediated phototoxicity in Escherichia coli B. The observed phototoxicity was sensitizer-, light-, and oxygen-dependent and is therefore a photodynamic effect. Hydroxyl radical scavengers conferred protection against the photodynamic action of all of the representative dyes. The extent of protection was dependent on the concentration of scavenger and on the in vitro reactivity of the scavenger with the hydroxyl radical. Exogenous superoxide dismutase and catalase partially protected the cells against the dye-mediated phototoxicity, and prior induction of intracellular superoxide dismutase and catalase by growth in glucose minimal medium containing manganese and paraquat substantially protected E. coli B against the photodynamic action of all of the dyes examined. Combinations of protective treatments against the phototoxicity of all four classes of dyes, including superoxide dismutase and catalase preinduction and addition of extracellular superoxide dismutase and catalase or the addition of hydroxyl radical scavengers, provided nearly complete protection against the oxygen-dependent component of dye-mediated lethality. E. coli B grown in glucose minimal medium containing manganese and photosensitive dyes induced manganese superoxide dismutase. The extent of induction was correlated with the dyes' ability to photooxidize NADH in vitro. Thus, oxygen radicals are primarily responsible for the oxygen-dependent toxicity of the photosensitive dyes examined, and one adaptive response of E. coli B to a dye-mediated oxidative threat is to induce superoxide dismutase.
Power combining techniques into unbalanced loads for Class-E and inverse Class-E amplifiers (2008)

A power combining strategy for Class-E and inverse Class-E amplifiers operating at high frequencies such that they can operate into unbalanced loads is proposed. This power combining method is particularly important for the inverse Class-E amplifier configuration whose single-stage topology is naturally limited for small-to-medium power applications. Design examples for the power combining synthesis of classical Class-E and then inverse Class-E amplifiers with specification 3 V–1.5 W–2.5 GHz are given. For this specification, it is shown that a three-branch combiner has a natural 50 Ω output impedance. The resulting circuits are simulated within Agilent Advanced Design Systems environment with good agreement to theoretical prediction. Further the performance of the proposed circuits when operated in a Linear amplification using Nonlinear Components transmitter configuration whereby two-branch amplifiers are driven with constant amplitude conjugate input phase signals is investigated.
The Effect of Mass Flow Rate on the Enhanced Heat Transfer Charactristics in A Corrugated Plate Type Heat Exchanger (2012)

Heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one medium to another medium across a corrugation angle plate surface. In many leather, textile, dying, and chemical process industries are making a salt separation (or) solid separation process by using of heat exchanging device in shell and tube heat exchanger. It was provided a lower heat transfer rate compare to plate type heat exchanger. This present work can be designed for corrugated plate type heat exchanger with different mass flow rates and corrugation angle. In the plate type heat exchanger having a advantages over the shell and tube heat exchanger as large area can be provided in smaller space. The basic objective of providing corrugated (or) embossed patterns is to import high turbulence to the fluids which result in high heat transfer co efficient as high as 2-5 times of those obtainable in shell and tube heat exchanger for similar duties.
Examining the temporo-mandibular joint from a biotensegrity perspective: A change in thinking (2016)

The temporo-mandibular joint is a characteristic feature of mammalian development, and essential to mastication and speech, yet it causes more problems than any other joint in the body and remains the least understood. While it is generally accepted that the normal joint is loaded under compression, the problems and controversies surrounding this view remain unresolved and the disparity in opinion over its treatment continues. Although difficulties in the acquisition of reliable information have undoubtedly contributed to this situation, it is now considered that deficits in neural control and shortcomings in the underlying biomechanical theory and analysis have also played a part, and that a re-assessment from a different perspective could resolve these.Biotensegrity considers the TMJ from this position, where the mandible is suspended within a tensioned network that extends over a much wider anatomical field than is generally recognized and significant motion control is contained within the structure itself. It is an evolutionary-conserved arrangement that enables the system to rapidly respond to changing functional demands and provides a more complete model of joint physiology that can be used to guide further research.
Refined Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Pb<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>6</sub> for Hard Radiation Detectors (2016)

The refined synthesis and optimized crystal growth of high quality Pb2P2Se6 single crystals are reported. Improved experimental procedures were implemented to reduce the oxygen contamination and improve the stoichiometry of the single crystal samples. The impact of oxygen contamination and the nature of the stoichiometry deviation in the Pb2P2Se6 system were studied by first-principles density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations as well as experimental methods. The DFT calculations indicated that the presence of interstitial oxygen atoms (Oint) leads to the formation of a deep level located near the middle of the gap, as well as a shallow acceptor level near the valence band maximum. In addition, total energy calculations of the heat of formation of Pb2P2Se6 suggest that the region of thermodynamic stability is sufficiently wide. By refining the preparative procedures, high quality Pb2P2Se6 single crystal samples were reproducibly obtained. These Pb2P2Se6 single crystals exhibited excellent optical transparency, electrical resistivity in the range of 1011 Ω·cm, and a significant increase in photoconductivity. Infrared photoluminescence of the Pb2P2Se6 single crystals was observed over the temperature range of 15–75 K. Detectors fabricated from boules yielded a clear spectroscopic response to both Ag Kα X-ray and 57Co γ-ray radiation. The electron and hole mobility-lifetime product (μτ) of the current Pb2P2Se6 detectors were estimated to be 3.1 × 10–4 and 4.8 × 10–5 cm2/V, respectively.