gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the complexity of escape analysis (1997)

Escape analysis is an abstract interpretation technique for statically optimizing storage management devised by Park & Goldberg [30]. The main application of escape analysis is the optimization of storage management and data locality in garbage-collected languages such as ML or JAVA.We improve the previously known exponential complexity bound of Park & Goldberg: we show that first-order escape analysis (EA1) can be solved in almost linear time, and that second-order escape analysis (EA2) is DEXPTIME-hard. We exhibit a fast, equational, path-compression based abstract interpretation algorithm for EA1. We prove that it is sound and complete, and that its time complexity is O(n log2 n).We sketch an extension of the analysis to higher-order functions and imperative operations that is approximate. Finally we briefly present some experimental evidence that escape analysis may be useful in practice.
Computational Study of Lithium Titanate as a Possible Cathode Material for Solid-State Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (2015)

LiS cells are currently built with metallic lithium as anode, a liquid electrolyte, and a cathode composed of a mixture of sulfur, carbon, and binder. While this type of cell produces good capacity during the early cycles, unwanted reactions with the electrolyte degrade the cathode and anode, making the whole cell not competitive with Li-ion batteries. A viable solution to mitigate this problem is the replacement of the carbon, binder, and electrolyte with a ceramic matrix, with high electronic and ionic conductivity. Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) spinel may be a potential candidate for the fabrication of composite cathodes, due to its mechanical robustness and its high electronic and Li-ion conductivity. In this paper, we present an ab initio molecular dynamics study complemented with experimental investigations, offering a novel interpretation for the Li-ion mobility in Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12 as well as for the chemical reactivity of these materials with molecular sulfur. Also, we present a model for the passivation of Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12 surfaces by lithium carbonate, addressing both Li-ion mobility at the interface and sulfur reactivity. On the basis of our results, the deployment of Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12 materials for sulfur-based battery technology is questioned mainly by the lower Li-ion conductivity of the carbonate-passivated surfaces and by the chemical reactivity of Li7Ti5O12 with sulfur molecules, which would lead to self-discharge, with resulting loss of capacity and inferior battery performance.
Efficacy of functional microarray of microneedles combined with topical tranexamic acid for melasma (2017)

To evaluate the efficacy of a functional microarray of microneedles (MNs) plus topical tranexamic acid (TA) for melasma in middle-aged women in China.Thirty female subjects with melasma were enrolled in this study. The left or right side of the face was chosen randomly to be pretreated with a functional microarray of MNs, followed by topical 0.5% TA solution once per week for 12 weeks. The other half-face was the control, treated with a sham device plus topical 0.5% TA solution. At baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12 of treatment, clinical (photographic) evaluations and parameters determined by Visia were recorded. At baseline and week 12, patient satisfaction scores and the biophysical parameters measured by Mexameter were also recorded. Side effects were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the 12 weeks.In total, 28 women (93.3%) completed the study. The brown spots' scores measured by Visia were significantly lower on the combined therapy side than on the control side at 12 weeks after starting treatment; there was no significant difference between sides at 4 or 8 weeks. After 12 weeks, melanin index (MI) decreased significantly in both 2 groups, and the MI was significantly less on the combined side at week 12. Transepidermal water loss, roughness, skin hydration, skin elasticity, and erythema index showed no significant differences between 2 sides at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after treatment. Physicians' evaluations of photographs showed better results at week 12 with combined therapy: >25% improvement was observed in the MNs plus TA side in 25 patients, and in the TA side in only 10 patients. Subjective satisfaction scores on both sides increased significantly. The participants were more satisfied with the results of the combined therapy side than the control side. No obvious adverse reactions were observed throughout the study.Combined therapy with a functional microarray of MNs and topical TA solution is a promising treatment for melasma.
Review of MEMS Based Fourier Transform Spectrometers (2020)

Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS), mostly working in infrared (IR) or near infrared (NIR) range, provide a variety of chemical or material analysis with high sensitivity and accuracy and are widely used in public safety, environmental monitoring and national border security, such as explosive detection. However, because of being bulky and expensive, they are usually used in test centers and research laboratories. Miniaturized FTS have been developed rapidly in recent years, due to the increasing demands. Using micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) micromirrors to replace the movable mirror in a conventional FTS system becomes a new realm. This paper first introduces the principles and common applications of conventional FTS, and then reviews various MEMS based FTS devices.
Cloverleaf test (modified Hodge test) for detecting carbapenemase production in Klebsiella pneumoniae: be aware of false positive results (2009)

False detection of carbapenemase production was observed by the MHT possibly as a result of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production coupled with porin loss as reported before. Clinical laboratories must be aware of this fact, especially in geographical areas where ESBL-producing isolates are highly prevalent.
A Novel, General Method for the Synthesis of Nitrile Oxides:  Dehydration of <i>O</i>-Silylated Hydroxamic Acids (2000)

[reaction: see text] O-Silylated hydroxamic acids serve as stable, readily accessible, crystalline precursors to nitrile oxides when treated with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride and triethylamine. Under these mild conditions in the presence of olefins O-silylated hydroxamic acids afford isoxazoline cycloadducts. This procedure represents a novel, general method for the one-step generation of nitrile oxides, which complements existing protocols.
Efficacy of Antidepressants as Analgesics: A Review (2011)

Persistent pain disorders are usually not adequately alleviated by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or other simple analgesics. Use of antidepressants as adjuvant therapy for the control of persistent pain is currently being practiced in disorders such as fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid conditions, low back pain, and headache. This review describes the various mechanisms of analgesic activity of antidepressants along with their efficacy and tolerability profiles. Meta-analyses and clinical studies of these agents were retrieved through the use of MEDLINE, Google scholar, and Cochrane databases. Antidepressants are effective in both neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain and have diverse mechanisms independent of their antidepressant effects. Tricyclic antidepressants (amitryptiline, nortryptiline, desipramine) are effective compounds in the treatment of neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, low back pain, and headaches. Studies are ongoing for the dual serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine, venlafaxine) in several persistent pain conditions and these may be recommended in neuropathic pain, migraines, and fibromyalgia. Evidence suggests that although the analgesic effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, citalopram) are limited and inconsistent, yet they have a superior tolerability profile compared with tricyclic antidepressants.
Hierarchical Structure-Based Fast Mode Decision for H.265/HEVC (2015)

The mode decision strategy adopted in the High Efficiency Video Coding test model increases the complexity drastically. In this paper, we present a course of low-complexity fast mode decision algorithms. First, the depth information of the colocated block from a previous frame is used to predict the size of current block. Next, for a certain sized block, the inter-prediction residual is analyzed to determine whether to terminate the mode decision process or to skip unnecessary modes and split the block into smaller sizes. After inter-prediction, a hardware-oriented low-complexity fast intra-mode decision algorithm is proposed. A fast discrete cross difference is adopted to detect the dominant direction of the block. In addition, four simple but efficient early termination strategies are proposed to terminate the rate-distortion optimization process properly. The simulation results show that these proposed algorithms reduce the encoding time by 54.0%-68.4% without incurring any noticeable performance degradation. Hardware synthesis results demonstrate that the proposed fast intra-mode decision algorithm can be easily implemented on a hardware platform with fewer resources consumed.
Cryo-cooled sapphire oscillator with ultra-high stability (2002)

We present test results and design details for the first short-term frequency standard to achieve ultra-high stability without the use of liquid helium. With refrigeration provided by a commercial cryocooler, the compensated sapphire oscillator (10 K CSO) makes available the superior short-term stability and phase noise performance of cryogenic oscillators without periodic interruptions for cryogen replacement. Technical features of the 10 K CSO include use of a a-stage cryocooler with vibration isolation by helium gas at atmospheric pressure, and a new sapphire/ruby resonator design giving compensated operation at 8-10 K with Q=1-2/spl times/10/sup 9/. Stability of the first unit shows an Allan Deviation of /spl sigma//sub y//spl les/2.5/spl times/10/sup -15/ for measuring times of 200 seconds /spl les//spl tau//spl les/600 seconds. We also present results showing the capability of the 10 K CSO to eliminate local oscillator degradation for atomic frequency standards. Configured as L.O. for the LITS-7 trapped mercury ion frequency standard, the CSO/LITS combination demonstrated a limiting performance of 3.0/spl times/10/sup -14///spl tau//sup 1/2/, the lowest value measured to date for a passive atomic frequency standard, and virtually identical to the value calculated from photon statistics.
Column collapse of granular rods (2010)

We investigate the collapse of granular rodpiles as a function of particle (length/diameter) and pile (height/radius) aspect ratio. We find that, for all particle aspect ratios below 24, there exists a critical height Hl below which the pile never collapses, maintaining its initial shape as a solid, and a second height Hu above which the pile always collapses. Intermediate heights between Hl and Hu collapse with a probability that increases linearly with increasing height. The linear increase in probability is independent of particle length, width, or aspect ratio. When piles collapse, the runoff scales as a piecewise power law with pile height, with rf ~H(1.2±0.1) for pile heights below H(c) ≈ 0.74 and r(f) ≈ H(0.6±0.1) for taller piles.
Evidence of HIV-1 Adaptation to HLA-Restricted Immune Responses at a Population Level (2002)

Antigen-specific T cell immunity is HLA-restricted. Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) mutations that allow escape from host immune responses may therefore be HLA allele-specific. We analyzed HIV-1 reverse transcriptase sequences from a large HLA-diverse population of HIV-1-infected individuals. Polymorphisms in HIV-1 were most evident at sites of least functional or structural constraint and frequently were associated with particular host HLA class I alleles. Absence of polymorphism was also HLA allele-specific. At a population level, the degree of HLA-associated selection in viral sequence was predictive of viral load. These results support a fundamental role for HLA-restricted immune responses in driving and shaping HIV-1 evolution in vivo.
80 Gb/s DQPSK modulator (2007)

We present high-speed differential quadrature-shift-keying modulators based on LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> waveguide device technologies, which can be applicable for over 80 Gb/s transmission systems. Bias condition monitor technique is also investigated for automatic bias stabilization scheme.
SOCIAL, POLITICAL, LEGAL, AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT (1991)

Wildlife damage management practices are more influenced by our social environ-ment today than in any other period during history. Change is clearly in the wind, and the scope and range of that change will be defined by the social, legal, political, and ethical constraints determined by all seg-ments of society. By defining the decision-making environment, however, management decisions can be made with a clearer under-standing of potential ramifications and, hopefully, a refinement of uncertain princi-ples that influence management decisions affecting natural resource use (Holling 1978).
Minimum Probability of Error Image Retrieval (2004)

We address the design of optimal architectures for image retrieval from large databases. Minimum probability of error (MPE) is adopted as the optimality criterion and retrieval formulated as a problem of statistical classification. The probability of retrieval error is lower- and upper-bounded by functions of the Bayes and density estimation errors, and the impact of the components of the retrieval architecture (namely, the feature transformation and density estimation) on these bounds is characterized. This characterization suggests interpreting the search for the MPE feature set as the search for the minimum of the convex hull of a collection of curves of probability of error versus feature space dimension. A new algorithm for MPE feature design, based on a dictionary of empirical feature sets and the wrapper model for feature selection, is proposed. It is shown that, unlike traditional feature selection techniques, this algorithm scales to problems containing large numbers of classes. Experimental evaluation reveals that the MPE architecture is at least as good as popular empirical solutions on the narrow domains where these perform best but significantly outperforms them outside these domains.
Comparison of THz and near-IR scattering effects from air-solid interfaces (2011)

Scattering attenuation from roughened glass surfaces is studied experimentally in the near-IR and THz regions. The IR attenuation is substantial - up to 3-dB per interface in the 1.55-micron region - on samples having ~1-μm RMS surface roughness. The same samples show negligible scattering attenuation in the THz region. This is important for biomedical applications, such as skin-burn and corneal sensing, for which THz and IR technologies are competing for acceptance.
The Engineering of Bacteria Bearing Azido‐Pseudaminic Acid‐Modified Flagella (2009)

Catch a tiger by the tail: We have demonstrated that by feeding nonmotile mutant C. jejuni bacteria with a neutral azide-labelled pseudaminic acid precursor we can restore their ability to generate functional flagella. The presence of azido-pseudaminic acid on the surface of the flagella provides a bio-orthogonal chemical handle that can be used to modify the flagellar proteins.
Microwave and Radio-Frequency Technologies in Agriculture (2015)

Humanity’s ability to produce enough food is mostly due to adoption of new methods and technologies by the agricultural industries as they became available. New information, communication and high speed processing and precision agriculture technologies have the potential to transform the agricultural industry. These technologies incorporate radio-frequency and microwave radiation into their systems. This book presents an overview of how these technologies are being used in agricultural systems. The main purpose of the book is to provide a glimpse of what is possible and encourage practitioners in the engineering and agricultural industries to explore how radio-frequency and microwave systems might further enhance the agricultural industry. The authors have extensive experience in agricultural and microwave engineering, instrumentation and communication systems.
Comparison of Netilmicin with Gentamicin in the Therapy of Experimental <i>Escherichia coli</i> Meningitis (1978)

Netilmicin (SCH 20569), a new broad-spectrum aminoglycoside derived from sisomicin, was compared with gentamicin in the therapy of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis in rabbits. Meningitis was produced in 48 animals by the intracisternal inoculation of 10(5)E. coli colony-forming units. The minimum bactericidal concentration was 2 mug/ml against the test strain for both gentamicin and netilmicin. The two aminoglycosides demonstrated comparable penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The mean percent penetration [(CSF concentration/serum concentration) x 100%] was 22.5 +/- 6.0 and 20.6 +/- 7.2 for netilmicin and gentamicin, respectively (P = 0.18). However, netilmicin achieved bactericidal activity in the CSF at lower levels than did gentamicin. When mean CSF concentrations ranged from 4 to 8 mug/ml, mean CSF bacterial titers decreased 2.98 logs in rabbits treated with netilmicin but only 0.16 log in rabbits treated with gentamicin. A 2-log decrease in CSF bacterial counts was produced by a mean CSF concentration of 1.4 mug of netilmicin per ml as compared to 14.1 mug of gentamicin per ml. Because of its reduced toxicity and greater in vivo bactericidal activity, netilmicin may offer an advantage over gentamicin in the therapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis.
The vocal microphone: Technology and practice (2016)

Evolving technologies for converting acoustic pressure into an electrical signal have driven changes in the performance practice and sound of pop singers.
Gaze-Assisted User Intention Prediction for Initial Delay Reduction in Web Video Access (2015)

Despite the remarkable improvement of hardware and network technology, the inevitable delay from a user's command action to a system response is still one of the most crucial influence factors in user experiences (UXs). Especially for a web video service, an initial delay from click action to video start has significant influences on the quality of experience (QoE). The initial delay of a system can be minimized by preparing execution based on predicted user's intention prior to actual command action. The introduction of the sequential and concurrent flow of resources in human cognition and behavior can significantly improve the accuracy and preparation time for intention prediction. This paper introduces a threaded interaction model and applies it to user intention prediction for initial delay reduction in web video access. The proposed technique consists of a candidate selection module, a decision module and a preparation module that prefetches and preloads the web video data before a user's click action. The candidate selection module selects candidates in the web page using proximity calculation around a cursor. Meanwhile, the decision module computes the possibility of actual click action based on the cursor-gaze relationship. The preparation activates the prefetching for the selected candidates when the click possibility exceeds a certain limit in the decision module. Experimental results show a 92% hit-ratio, 0.5-s initial delay on average and 1.5-s worst initial delay, which is much less than a user's tolerable limit in web video access, demonstrating significant improvement of accuracy and advance time in intention prediction by introducing the proposed threaded interaction model.
Identification and Analysis of the GASR Gene Family in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Characterization of TaGASR34, a Gene Associated With Seed Dormancy and Germination (2019)

Seed dormancy and germination are important agronomic traits in wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) because they determine pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance and thus affect grain production. These processes are regulated by <i>Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Regulator</i> (<i>GASR</i>) genes. In this study, we identified 37 <i>GASR</i> genes in common wheat, which were designated <i>TaGASR1-37</i>. Moreover, we identified 40 pairs of paralogous genes, of which only one had a Ka/Ks value greater than 1, indicating that most <i>TaGASR</i> genes have undergone negative selection. Chromosomal location and duplication analysis revealed 25 pairs of segmentally duplicated genes and seven pairs of tandemly duplicated genes, suggesting that large-scale duplication events may have contributed to the expansion of <i>TaGASR</i> gene family. Microarray analysis of the expression of 18 <i>TaGASR</i> genes indicated that these genes play diverse roles in different biological processes. Using wheat varieties with contrasting seed dormancy phenotypes, we investigated the expression patterns of <i>TaGASR</i> genes and the corresponding seed germination index phenotypes in response to water imbibition, exogenous ABA and GA treatment, and low- and high-temperature treatment. Based on these data, we identified the <i>TaGASR34</i> gene as potentially associated with seed dormancy and germination. Further, we used a SNP mutation of the <i>TaGASR34</i> promoter (-16) to develop the CAPS marker GS34-7B, which was then used to validate the association of <i>TaGASR34</i> with seed dormancy and germination by evaluating two natural populations across environments. Notably, the frequency of the high-dormancy <i>GS34-7Bb</i> allele was significantly lower than that of the low-dormancy <i>GS34-7Ba</i> allele, implying that the favorable <i>GS34-7Bb</i> allele has not previously been used in wheat breeding. These results provide valuable information for further functional analysis of <i>TaGASR</i> genes and present a useful gene and marker combination for future improvement of PHS resistance in wheat.
The Use of a Biodegradable Mesh to Prevent Radiation-Associated Small-Bowel Injury (1991)

Radiation-associated small bowel injury occurs in up to 50% of patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy following pelvic cancer surgery. We describe our experience using a biodegradable mesh that allows the small bowel to be supported above the pelvic inlet and is totally absorbed following radiation therapy. Between 1985 and 1989, 45 procedures were performed in patients with carcinoma of the rectum (anterior resection in 15 patients, abdominoperineal resection in 23 patients, pelvic exenteration in six patients, and proctocolectomy in one patient). In 30 patients a polyglycolic acid (Dexon) mesh was used, and in 15 patients a polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) mesh was used. Forty-four patients received postoperative radiotherapy. The mean (+/- SEM) dose was 56.8 +/- 18.4 Gy. There were no immediate complications related to the mesh. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 53 months (median follow-up, 34 months). With the exception of two patients who had a polyglactin 910 mesh and who developed bowel obstruction due to adhesions under the anterior abdominal wall, there has been no documented incidence of clinical radiation-associated small bowel injury. The use of the absorbable mesh may permit us to use higher doses of postoperative radiotherapy without the associated hazard of radiation-associated small bowel injury.