gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low noise SQUID readout for detection of small magnetic field signal (2013)

A low noise superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) readout scheme is developed to detect the small magnetic field signal at frequency up to MHz. It consists of a low noise small signal amplifier and a direct-coupled flux-locked loop. The flux-locked loop keeps the working point stable by cancelling the low frequency flux interference from environment. Around the working point with the maximal flux-to-voltage transfer coefficient, the SQUID is operated as high frequency small signal flux-to-voltage converter and read out by a high frequency low noise matching amplifier using a step-up transformer and a junction field-effect transistor (JFET). Experimental tests of the readout on a conventional SQUID at 4.2 K show that the equivalent flux noise is below 5 μΦ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> /√Hz with frequency up to MHz.
Dynamic Selective Decode and Forward in wireless relay networks (2015)

In this paper, we propose a practical code design for a new relaying protocol, coined Dynamic Selective Decode-and-Forward (D-SDF), in half-duplex slow fading Multiple Access Multiple Relay Channel (MAMRC), defined as follows: (1) Multiple statistically independent sources communicate with a single destination with the help of multiple half-duplex relays; (2) The links between the different nodes are independent, and subject to slow fading and additive white Gaussian noise; (3) Sources and cooperating relays interfere (non-orthogonal transmission); (4) No channel state information at transmitter is available and no feedback is allowed. In D-SDF, each relay individually decides the end of its listening phase and the beginning of its cooperation phase, based on different source selection rules. Practical Joint Network Channel Coding (JNCC) schemes at the relays are proposed, as well as the corresponding Joint Network Channel Decoding (JNCD) algorithms at the relays and destination. The relays' and destination's receivers are designed to benefit from the signals of the previously activated relays to better decode the sources.
Detection of microcalcification clusters using neural networks (2002)

One of the earliest mammographic signs of breast cancer, a cluster of microcalcifications, is difficult to detect visually, due to the small size of microcalcifications and their resemblance to other bright structures in mammograms. A fully automated algorithm that we developed for detecting clusters of microcalcifications extracts features that represent individual microstructures using the contour map of the mammogram. This allows computations without using predetermined areas of interest (kernels). The extracted features quantify visual recognition criteria. Microcalcifications are discriminated from other microstructures using multi-layer feedforward neural networks whose inputs are the extracted features.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Differential Immune Responsiveness to the Immunodominant Epitopes of Regulatory Proteins (tax and rex) in Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I-Associated Myelopathy (1994)

Infection by human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is etiologically linked with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) or adult T cell leukemia (ATL). To evaluate the contribution of the viral regulatory proteins tax and rex during the development of disease, antibody responses to these proteins were analyzed in patients with HAM (n = 28) or ATL (n = 48) and in asymptomatic carriers (n = 69). Epitope mapping analysis identified immunodominant epitopes towards the amino terminus (Tax8(106-125)) and at the carboxyl terminus (Tax22(316-335), Tax23(331-350), and Tax24(336-353)) of tax and the amino terminus (Rex1(1-20), Rex2(16-35), Rex4(46-65), and Rex6(76-95)) of rex. Analysis of antibody reactivity to these immunodominant epitopes demonstrated preferential reactivity to Tax8, Tax22, Tax23, and Tax24 (71%-93%) and to Rex4 and Rex6 (52%) in patients with HAM when compared with reactivities in ATL patients (4%-31% for tax and 19%-24% for rex) or asymptomatic carriers (27%-37% for tax and 7%-23% for rex). In contrast, antibody responses to the immunodominant epitopes of the env proteins of HTLV-I (MTA, Env1, Env5) were similar in all of three clinical groups. Thus, differential immune responsiveness to the immunodominant epitopes of tax and rex in patients with HAM may play a role in disease pathogenesis in HTLV-I-infected persons.
<i>satG</i> , Conferring Resistance to Streptogramin A, Is Widely Distributed in <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> Strains but Not in Staphylococci (2000)

A gene almost identical to satG was isolated from an Enterococcus faecium strain. This gene was transferred to a Staphylococcus aureus recipient strain where it conferred resistance to streptogramin A. satG was found to be widely distributed among E. faecium strains but not detected among staphylococci.
Interface and heterostructure design in polyelemental nanoparticles (2019)

Nanomaterials that form as heterostructures have applications in catalysis, plasmonics, and electronics. Multielement nanoparticles can now be synthesized through a variety of routes, but how thermodynamic phases form in such structures and how specific interfaces between them can be designed and synthesized are still poorly understood. We explored how palladium-tin alloys form mixed-composition phases with metals with known but complex miscibilities. Nanoparticles with up to seven elements were synthesized, and many form triphase heterostructures consisting of either three-interface or two-interface architectures. Density functional theory calculations and experimental work were used to determine the balance between the surface and interfacial energies of the observed phases. From these observations, design rules have been established for making polyelemental systems with specific heterostructures, including tetraphase nanoparticles with as many as six junctions.
FEM-Simulation of Magnetic Shape Memory Actuators (2014)

The magneto-mechanical behavior of magnetic shape memory (MSM) materials has been investigated by means of different simulation and modeling approaches by several research groups. The target of this paper is to simulate actuators driven by MSM alloys and to understand the MSM element behavior during actuation, which shall lead to an increased performance of the actuator. It is shown that internal and external stresses should be taken into consideration using numerical computation tools for magnetic fields in an efficient way.
Cloning and Expression of a 48-Kilodalton<i>Babesia caballi</i>Merozoite Rhoptry Protein and Potential Use of the Recombinant Antigen in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (1999)

A cDNA expression library prepared from Babesia caballi merozoite mRNA was screened with a monoclonal antibody BC11D against the rhoptry protein of B. caballi merozoite. A cDNA encoding a 48-kDa protein of B. caballi was cloned and designated BC48. The complete nucleotide sequence of the BC48 gene had 1,828 bp and was shown to contain no intron. Southern blotting analysis indicated that the BC48 gene contained more than two copies in the B. caballi genome. Computer analysis suggested that this sequence contained an open reading frame of 1,374 bp with a coding capacity of approximately 52 kDa. The recombinant protein expressed by the vaccinia virus vector in horse cells had an apparent molecular mass of 48 kDa, which was the same as that of the native B. caballi 48-kDa protein. Moreover, recombinant proteins expressed by the pGEX4T expression vector in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins were used for antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA was able to differentiate very clearly between B. caballi-infected horse sera and B. equi-infected horse sera or noninfected normal horse sera. These results suggest that this simple and highly sensitive test might be applicable to the detection of B. caballi-infected horses in the field.
Quantum-Cascade Lasers with One-Well Injector Operating at 1.59 THz (&#x003BB; = 188.5 &#x003BC;m) (2007)

We report quantum-cascade lasers operating at 1.59 THz using a single quantum-well injector, which significantly reduces photon re-absorption losses in the active-region. Continuous-wave operation up to 71K, and ≫0.65mW optical-power at 30K is demonstrated.
Design of Low-Power DSP-Free Coherent Receivers for Data Center Links (2017)

Coherent detection offers high spectral efficiency and receiver sensitivity, but digital signal processing (DSP)-based coherent receivers may be prohibitively power hungry for data centers even when optimized for short-reach applications, where fiber propagation impairments are less severe. We propose and evaluate low-power DSP-free homodyne coherent receiver architectures for dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) for inter- and intradata center links. We propose a novel optical polarization demultiplexing technique, for DP-QPSK and higher-order modulation formats, with three cascaded phase shifters driven by marker tone detection circuitry. We consider carrier recovery based on either optical or electrical phase-locked loops (PLLs). We propose a novel multiplier-free phase detector based on XOR gates, which exhibits less than 0.5 dB power penalty relative to a conventional Costas loop phase detector. We also study the relative performance of homodyne DP-differential QPSK, for which carrier phase recovery is unnecessary. Our proposed DSP-free architectures exhibit ~1 dB power penalty at small chromatic dispersion compared to their DSP-based counterparts. We estimate conservatively that the high-speed analog electronics of an electrical PLL-based coherent receiver consume nearly 4 W for 200 Gbit/s DP-QPSK, assuming a 90-nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor process.
From Particles to Self-Localizing Tracklets: A Multilayer Particle Filter-Based Estimation for Dynamic Grid Maps (2020)

One of the indispensable functions of a self-driving vehicle is to estimate its dynamic world, which includes various traffic participants within complex driving scenarios. The estimation mechanism has to be flexible, fast, and robust; however, achieving these requirements is still challenging. Dynamic grid maps are one of the possible ways to combine and estimate multisensory information at an intermediate level. In this article, we present a particle filter (PF)-based grid map estimation that addresses several challenges. First, we propose a multilayer PF-based tracking solution that uses two measurement grid channels as inputs: an occupancy grid and a semantic grid. Second, we introduce the concept of structuring the particle population into batches, where each batch represents an individual tracklet. Rather than using one PF for estimating the entire grid, we employ multiple individual PFs (tracklets) that share the same world. Third, a concept of "self-localizing" tracklets is presented. Similar to simultaneous localization and mapping approaches, in our tracking solution, every particle state is extended with a small set of landmarks. This allows a tracklet to "selflocalize" itself with respect to a tracked-object boundary and leads to a more precise velocity estimation. Finally, we introduce an advanced tracklet-management mechanism that allows executing some specific PF operations at the tracklet level. This optimization provides multiple advantages. Experimental results with ground-truth data show improvement in estimation accuracy when compared to similar techniques.
Development of a solid phase extraction (SPE) based purification method for production of the amyloid imaging agent [18F]flutemetamol (2010)

140 Objectives [18F]flutemetamol, the fluorine-18 analogue of [11C]PIB, is under development as a marker of brain amyloid. The general synthetic route on the FASTlab synthesiser, involves nucleophilic substitution of a nitro group in the precursor AH111907 by [18F]fluoride followed by deprotection. However, the physico-chemical similarity of the product to its deprotected precursor (AH111832) requires the use of HPLC to effect the required purification. While the HPLC approach is acceptable during clinical trials, it is highly desirable to replace the inconvenient and costly HPLC step for commercialisation with a user friendly, fully automated, cheaper cartridge based purification. Methods Initial studies carried out on the separation of (non-radioactive) flutemetamol from the major by-product AH111832 via SPE, demonstrated that this was practically impossible. However by selective chemical transformation of the nitro group of the un-reacted precursor, AH111907, by use of reducing agents or strong bases, the un-reacted precursor was transformed to more polar/hydrophilic species. This resulted in an increase in the separation between (non-radioactive) flutemetamol and the chemically modified precursor, thus increasing the chances for a successful SPE purification. Several strong bases and reducing agents were screened under a variety of different reaction conditions, together with several SPE stationary phases. Results Sodium methoxide reacts selectively with the nitro-containing precursor, to give species which are much more polar than flutemetamol. Flutemetamol was succesfully separated from these polar species using 2 reverse phase and 1 normal phase SPE cartridges. Conclusions A SPE process was succesfully developed, allowing the replacement of HPLC purification with a simple cassette based process, increasing ease of use, and improved final yield, reducing overall synthesis time and giving product of comparable purity to the HPLC process
Correction: High yield 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural production from biomass sugars under facile reaction conditions: a hybrid enzyme- and chemo-catalytic technology (2017)

Correction for ‘High yield 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural production from biomass sugars under facile reaction conditions: a hybrid enzyme- and chemo-catalytic technology’ by Siamak Alipour, <italic>Green Chem.</italic>, 2016, <bold>18</bold>, 4990–4998.
Purification and Properties of a Carbonyl Reductase Useful for Production of Ethyl (<i>S</i>)-4-Chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate from <i>Kluyveromyces lactis</i> (2002)

A novel carbonyl reductase (KLCR1) that reduced ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate (ECAA) to synthesize ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ((S)-ECHB) was purified from Kluyveromyces lactis. KLCR1 catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of ECAA enantioselectively but not the oxidation of (S)-ECHB. From partial amino acid sequences, KLCR1 was suggested to be an alpha subunit of fatty acid synthase (FAS) but did not have FAS activity.
A Stability Tester for MTI Radar Transmitters (1990)

Modern radars rely heavily on multiple coherent pulses for reduction of clutter. This has become more important in the case of military radar. Discusses stability testingf for MTI radar transmission.
Theoretical study on photonic devices based on a commensurate two-pattern photonic crystal (2011)

In two-dimensional optical chip applications, the optical wave is classified to two modes according to its polarization: TE and TM. It is desirable to integrate multiple optical wave control devices for different polarizations onto the same plane at the scale of the wavelength. Here we demonstrate a periodic two-pattern photonic crystal with a large, complete photonic bandgap (PBG). It comes from the superposition of two substructures: one contributes the TM PBG and the other contributes the TE PBG. By purposely introducing defects into the substructures, photonic devices for different polarizations can be integrated to bend, split, and resonate TM/TE waves simultaneously on the same plane.
Improving solubility and storage stability of rifaximin <i>via</i> solid-state solvation with Transcutol® (2019)

Crystallization of rifaximin from Transcutol® affords the new anhydrous τ-form, which combines a high dissolution rate with a high storage stability, as it is not affected by exposure to humidity.
Binding Site Characterization and Resistance to a Class of Non-nucleoside Inhibitors of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase (2005)

The virally encoded NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has emerged as a prime target in the search for specific HCV antivirals. A series of benzimidazole 5-carboxamide compounds inhibit the cellular RNA replication of a HCV subgenomic replicon and we have advanced our understanding of this class of inhibitors through a combination of complementary approaches that include biochemical cross-linking experiments with a photoreactive analogue followed by mass spectrometry analysis of the enzyme. A novel binding site has been localized for these inhibitors at the junction of the thumb domain and the N-terminal finger loop. Furthermore, the isolation and characterization of resistant replicon mutants that co-localize to this region distinguished this class of compounds from other non-nucleoside NS5B inhibitors that bind to distinct allosteric sites. Resistant mutations that emerged with the benzimidazole 5-carboxamide and related compounds were found at three amino acid positions in the thumb domain: Pro(495) with substitutions to Ser, Leu, Ala, or Thr; Pro(496) substitutions to Ser or Ala; and a V499A substitution. Mutations at each of these positions conferred different levels of resistance to this drug class: the Pro(495) changes provided the greatest shifts in compound potency, followed by moderate changes in potency with the Pro(496) substitutions, and finally only minor shifts in potency with V499A. Combinations that include the benzimidazole 5-carboxamide polymerase inhibitors and compounds that bind other sites or other HCV targets, including HCV protease inhibitors, are complementary in cell culture models of HCV RNA replication at suppressing the emergence of resistant variants. This novel class of compounds and unique binding site expand the diversity of HCV antivirals currently under development and offer the potential to improve the treatment of chronic HCV infection.
Further Research On Helicopter Tail-Boom Strakes (1994)

Two documents discuss results of additional investigations of concept introduced in Helicopter Tail-Boom Strakes (LAR-13233). Essence of concept that strake or pair of strakes on side of tail boom facing retreating side of main rotor of helicopter perturbs flow in such way to increase aerodynamic pressure on that side, contributing force to thrust from tail rotor. Because of force, thrust required of tail rotor for yaw control reduced. Important advantage in low-speed flight, especially in sideward flight, in which tail-rotor thrust in absence of strake sometimes insufficient.
Recent development of a jet-diffuser ejector (1980)

The paper considers thrust augmenting ejectors in which the processes of mixing and diffusion are partly carried out downstream of the ejector solid surfaces. A jet sheet surrounding the periphery of a widely diverging diffuser prevents separation and forms a gaseous, curved surface to provide effective diffuser ratio and additional length for mixing of primary and induced flows. Three-dimensional potential flow methods achieved a large reduction in the length of the associated solid surface; primary nozzle design further reduced the volume required by the jet-diffuser ejectors, resulting in thrust augmentation in excess of two, and an overall length of about 2 1/2 times the throat width.
Tensile strength of SiO sub 2 -ZrO sub 2 fibers prepared by the sol-gel method; Effects of preparation artifacts and thermal treatments (1992)

This paper reports that fibers of composition 80SiO{sub 2}.20ZrO{sub 2} (mol%) were prepared by the sol-gel method, starting from silicon and zirconium alkoxides, and heated up to 1500{degrees}C. Chemical processes in solution and heating procedure provided well-densified products. ZrO{sub 2} crystallization afforded stable tetragonal ZrO{sub 2} crystallites with an average dimension smaller than 30 nm; SiO{sub 2} crystallized as cristobalite above 1200{degrees}C. The tensile strength was determined as a function of diameter for samples heated at 900{degrees} and 1200{degrees}C. Strength data, analyzed using a Weibull approach, showed that surface and bulk defects are responsible for the measured tensile strength.
Positioning Autonomy of a Fixed-Wing UAV through VDM/INS Integration with Experimental Results (2017)

In this paper, practical realization of a previously proposed VDM based integrated navigation for UAVs is presented. This method utilizes the vehicle dynamic model (VDM) fed by autopilot control commands as main process model within the navigation filter and treats IMU, GNSS or other sensory data as observations. Extensive Monte Carlo simulation results utilizing this approach in previous publications suggested significant improvement in navigation accuracy during long GNSS outages, attitude determination for photogrammetry applications, and robustness in different wind profiles. Preliminary experimental results are presented in this paper on positioning autonomy of an in-house fixed-wing UAV with MEMS IMU onboard during 3 minutes of GNSS outage, revealing more than 20 times improvement in positioning autonomy compared to conventional INS/GNSS integration.
Removal of proteins from natural rubber with urea (2004)

Abstract Removal of proteins from natural rubber was achieved by incubation of the rubber latex with urea in the presence of a surfactant to prevent the latex‐allergy caused with thin film products. Temperature, pH and time for the incubation were investigated to remove the proteins effectively, in which nitrogen content of the rubber was reduced to 0.02 from 0.38 wt% under the optimum condition. To remove further the proteins, deproteinization of natural rubber was made by incubation of the latex with proteolytic enzyme in the presence of a surfactant followed by incubation with urea. Amount of allergen decreased through the procedure to less than 0.7 μg/ml, which is a small amount of allergen compared to that for the commercial, deproteinized natural rubber. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retinal Vascular Regeneration (2005)

We discuss the potential use of stem cells for therapeutic angiogenesis in the treatment of retinal diseases. We demonstrate that the clinical utility of these EPC may be not limited in the treatment of ischemic retinal diseases but may also have application for the treatment of retinal degenerative disorders and for a form of cell-based gene therapy. One of the greatest potential benefits of bone marrow derived EPC therapy is the possible use of autologous grafts. Nonetheless, potential toxicities and unregulated cell growth will need to be carefully evaluated before this approach is brought to the clinics.
Divergence of Antiangiogenic Activity and Hepatotoxicity of Different Stereoisomers of Itraconazole (2016)

These results demonstrate the segregation of influence of stereochemistry at different positions of itraconazole on its antiangiogenic activity and hepatotoxicity, with the 2 and 4 positions affecting the former and the 2' position affecting the latter. They also suggest that IT-C may be superior to the racemic mixture of itraconazole as an anticancer drug candidate due to its lower hepatotoxicity and improved antiangiogenic activity. Clin Cancer Res; 22(11); 2709-20. ©2016 AACR.
Isocyanate-Based Dendritic Building Blocks: Combinatorial Tier Construction and Macromolecular-Property Modification (1998)

Used individually or combinatorially, unique isocyanate-based dendritic monomers generate homo- and heterofunctional materials (the sketch shows schematically a molecule with a heterofunctional surface). Tier construction by combinatorial monomer addition offers new avenues to macromolecular architectural design and the control of physical properties.