gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inclusive separation of acetophenone from petrochemical by‐product with 1‐phenylethanol via noncovalent interactions (2014)

Separation of the barely studied mixture of acetophenone and 1‐phenylethanol, a typical by‐product obtained by oil refinery plant, based on the preferential affinity of β‐cyclodextrin (abbreviated as β‐CD) for acetophenone is focused. To demonstrate the potential application of β‐CD for separation of acetophenone from 1‐phenylethanol, the noncovalent interactions of β‐CD with acetophenone and 1‐phenylethanol were compared from thermodynamic and conformational points of view. For the purpose of separation, a multicomponent coprecipitation technique has been established based on the selective noncovalent binding property of β‐CD, which has been proved rigorously. Under the optimized conditions, the acetophenone/1‐phenylethanol equimolar binary mixture can be separated with a separation factor >37. For the petrochemical by‐product, which contains 74.93 wt % of acetophenone, 17.79 wt % of 1‐phenylethanol, and other minor compounds, expanding the separation scale, content of acetophenone in complex can get 99.2%, and the separation efficiency of β‐CD kept stable after recycling twice. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 60: 2962–2975, 2014
Monoclonal Antibodies that Inhibit the Proteolytic Activity of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype/B (2015)

Existing antibodies (Abs) used to treat botulism cannot enter the cytosol of neurons and bind to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) at its site of action, and thus cannot reverse paralysis. However, Abs targeting the proteolytic domain of the toxin could inhibit the proteolytic activity of the toxin intracellularly and potentially reverse intoxication, if they could be delivered intracellularly. As such, antibodies that neutralize toxin activity could serve as potent inhibitory cargos for therapeutic antitoxins against botulism. BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B) contains a zinc endopeptidase light chain (LC) domain that cleaves synaoptobrevin-2, a SNARE protein responsible for vesicle fusion and acetylcholine vesicle release. To generate monoclonal Abs (mAbs) that could reverse paralysis, we targeted the protease domain for Ab generation. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) libraries from immunized mice or humans were displayed on yeast, and 19 unique BoNT/B LC-specific mAbs isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of these mAbs for BoNT/B LC ranged from 0.24 nM to 14.3 nM (mean KD 3.27 nM). Eleven mAbs inhibited BoNT/B LC proteolytic activity. The fine epitopes of selected mAbs were identified by alanine-scanning mutagenesis, revealing that inhibitory mAbs bound near the active site, substrate-binding site or the extended substrate-binding site. The results provide mAbs that could prove useful for intracellular reversal of paralysis and identify epitopes that could be targeted by small molecules inhibitors.
Model predictive control for wind turbine power boosting (2016)

We consider the operation of a wind turbine with the goal of maximizing the total energy generated while respecting temporary boost commands for the power delivered to the grid and limits on the rotor speed and generator power preceding a boost. Power boosting capability is required of wind turbines in a number of grid codes in order to help stabilize the grid. We transform the problem to one with linear dynamics and convex constraints and implement the optimal control problem in a receding horizon manner. We demonstrate how an intuitive formulation can control the turbine during the boost and the subsequent recovery phase such that the kinetic energy stored in the wind turbine rotor is not to drained to a critical low level. We provide extensive closed-loop tests with an industrial wind turbine simulator.
Emissive probe measurements of electron energy distribution function in radio-frequency plasma (2005)

Summary form only given. A new method to measure electron energy distribution function by an emissive probe has been proposed. The method is based on measurement of the functional relationship of the floating potential and the heating voltage of emissive probe. From the measured data of the floating potential change as a function of the heating voltage, the curve of the probe collection current-voltage is analytically obtained and subsequently the electron energy distribution function is obtained by the second derivative method. The present method has several important advantages of the following: (1) it is even applicable to radio-frequency plasma in which the potentials are usually fluctuating, (2) also applicable to plasmas which are produced in non-conductive containers. In the experiment, the emissive probe 30 micrometer diameter tungsten was heated by 40 kHz pulse voltage, and the floating potential at the heating voltage off period and the floating potential difference between the heating off and on period were measured by digital oscilloscope in argon plasma. The measurements were made in both the capacitively coupled and inductively coupled plasmas. The data acquisitions were performed by GPIB and the data analysis was made with a personal computer. It was shown that the plasma electron energy probability function could be obtained without any RF compensating circuit even in capacitively coupled plasmas. In particular, since the method is very sensitive near the plasma potential, the clear depletion of the low energy electron, which has already been found and analyzed by Godyak and Piejak, could be obtained. This low energy electron depletion is due to high plasma potential. Therefore, in the inductively coupled plasma this low energy electron depletion was obtained near the induction antenna, but at the further positions from the antenna the energy distribution became Maxwellian. This feature has also been reported by Godyak recently. This change in the electron energy distribution found in ICP was very systematic with the gas pressures and the distances from the antenna. Thus the present method is quite innovative in that it is applicable to the potential fluctuating RF plasma and measurements are all done in a floating condition of probe.
Regulation of Dimorphism in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> : Involvement of the Novel Protein Kinase Homolog Elm1P and Protein Phosphatase 2A (1993)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ELM1, ELM2, and ELM3 were identified on the basis of the phenotype of constitutive cell elongation. Mutations in any of these genes cause a dimorphic transition to a pseudohyphal growth state characterized by formation of expanded, branched chains of elongated cells. Furthermore, elm1, elm2, and elm3 mutations cause cells to grow invasively under the surface of agar medium. S. cerevisiae is known to be a dimorphic organism that grows either as a unicellular yeast or as filamentous cells termed pseudohyphae; although the yeast-like form usually prevails, pseudohyphal growth may occur during conditions of nitrogen starvation. The morphologic and physiological properties caused by elm1, elm2, and elm3 mutations closely mimic pseudohyphal growth occurring in conditions of nitrogen starvation. Therefore, we propose that absence of ELM1, ELM2, or ELM3 function causes constitutive execution of the pseudohyphal differentiation pathway that occurs normally in conditions of nitrogen starvation. Supporting this hypothesis, heterozygosity at the ELM2 or ELM3 locus significantly stimulated the ability to form pseudohyphae in response to nitrogen starvation. ELM1 was isolated and shown to code for a novel protein kinase homolog. Gene dosage experiments also showed that pseudohyphal differentiation in response to nitrogen starvation is dependent on the product of CDC55, a putative B regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, and a synthetic phenotype was observed in elm1 cdc55 double mutants. Thus, protein phosphorylation is likely to regulate differentiation into the pseudohyphal state.
A Soft Robotic Gripper With Gecko-Inspired Adhesive (2018)

Previous work has demonstrated the versatility of soft robotic grippers using simple control inputs. However, these grippers still face challenges in grasping large objects and in achieving high-strength grasps. This work investigates the combination of fluidic elastomer actuators and gecko-inspired adhesives to both enhance existing soft gripper properties and generate new capabilities. On rocky or dirty surfaces where adhesion is limited, the gripper retains the functionality of a pneumatically actuated elastomer gripper with no measured loss in performance. Design strategies for using the unique properties of the gecko-inspired adhesives are presented. By modeling fluidic elastomer actuators as a series of joints with associated joint torques, we designed an actuator that takes advantage of the unique properties of the gecko-inspired adhesive. Experiments showed higher strength grasps at lower pressures compared to nongecko actuators, in many cases enabling the gripper to actuate more quickly and use less energy. The gripper weighs 48.7 g, uses $7.25 of raw materials, and can support loads of over 50 N. A second gripper, using three fingers for a larger adhesive surface, demonstrated a grasping force of 111 N (25 lbf) when actuated at an internal pressure of 40 kPa.
Lippmann Holographic Storage with Homodyne Detection and Single Side Access (2008)

Lippmann interference photography is an elegant process to record colour photographs. From this principle, wavelength multiplexed data storage systems were developed. Hereafter, we propose to further simplify and enhanced the performances of these Lippmann architectures. Therefore, we describe the implementation of an homodyne detection for enhancing the readout signal combined with an architecture in which the access to a single side of the recording medium is required for both recording and readout.
Feasibility Study of an Electrodialysis System for In-Home Water Desalination and Purification in Urban India (2015)

Desalination of high salinity water is an effective way of improving the aesthetic quality of drinking water and has been demonstrated to be a characteristic valued by consumers. Across India, 60% of the groundwater, the primary water source for millions, is brackish or contains a high salt content with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 500 parts per million (ppm) to 3,000ppm. The government does not provide sufficient desalination treatment before the water reaches the tap of a consumer. Therefore consumers have turned to in-home desalination. However, current products are either expensive or have low recovery, product water output per untreated feed water, (∼30%) wasting water resources. Electrodialysis (ED) is a promising technology that desalinates water while maintaining higher recovery (up to 95%) compared to existing consumer reverse osmosis (RO) products. This paper first explores the in-home desalination market to determine critical design requirements for an in-home ED system. A model was then used to evaluate and optimize the performance of an ED stack at this scale and designated salinity range. Additionally, testing was conducted in order to validate the model and demonstrate feasibility. Finally, cost estimates of the proposed in-home ED system and product design concept are presented. The results of this work identified a system design that provides consumers with up to 80% recovery of feed water with cost and size competitive to currently available in-home RO products.
Deep Learning-Based Encoder for One-Bit Quantization (2019)

This paper proposes a deep learning-based error correction coding for AWGN channels under the constraint of one-bit quantization in receivers. An autoencoder is designed and integrated with a turbo code that acts as an implicit regularization. This implicit regularizer facilitates approaching the Shannon bound for the one-bit quantized AWGN channels even if the autoencoder is trained suboptimally, since one-bit quantization stymies ideal training. Our empirical results show that the proposed coding scheme gives better results at finite block lengths than conventional turbo codes even for QPSK modulation, which can achieve the Shannon bound at infinite block length despite one-bit quantization. Furthermore, the proposed coding method makes one- bit quantization operational even for 16-QAM, which is unprecedented.
Microencapsulation of water‐soluble herbicide by interfacial reaction. I. Characterization of microencapsulation (2000)

A new microencapsulation was established in which small microcapsules with a hydrophilic polymeric wall could be fabricated, capsulizing the water-soluble content. The new microencapsulation is based on an emulsion interfacial reaction technique that combines the characteristics of an interfacial reaction and conventional emulsion processes. In this technique, hydrophilic polymers [poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan] were used as the wall material of the microcapsules. The microencapsulation process was composed mainly of the following steps: preparation of a water/oil (w/o) emulsion 1 containing hydrophilic polymers and a water-soluble core material and w/o emulsion 2 containing a water-soluble crosslinking agent and catalyst; the formation of microcapsules by mixing emulsion 1 and emulsion 2; and washing and drying the formed microcapsules. In the new technique an insoluble polymer film was formed easily by the fast crosslinking reaction on the surface of tiny emulsified polymer solution particles in contact with the emulsified crosslinking agent solution particles under mixing with high speed agitation. Thereby, small stable microcapsules were formed. The emphasis in this study was on the establishment of the microencapsulation process by which microcapsules were formed and controlled. The microencapsulation was characterized by analysis of the size distribution of microcapsules fabricated with process conditions. The clarification of the effect of the preparation conditions was also made on the morphology and diameter of the microcapsules. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 1645–1655, 2000
Population Variation Reveals Independent Selection toward Small Body Size in Chinese Debao Pony (2015)

Body size, one of the most important quantitative traits under evolutionary scrutiny, varies considerably among species and among populations within species. Revealing the genetic basis underlying this variation is very important, particularly in humans where there is a close relationship with diseases and in domestic animals as the selective patterns are associated with improvements in production traits. The Debao pony is a horse breed with small body size that is unique to China; however, it is unknown whether the size-related candidate genes identified in Western breeds also account for the small body size of the Debao pony. Here, we compared individual horses from the Debao population with other two Chinese horse populations using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified with the Equine SNP 65 Bead Chip. The previously reported size-related candidate gene HMGA2 showed a significant signature for selection, consistent with its role observed in human populations. More interestingly, we found a candidate gene TBX3, which had not been observed in previous studies on horse body size that displayed the highest differentiation and most significant association, and thus likely is the dominating factor for the small stature of the Debao pony. Further comparison between the Debao pony and other breeds of horses from around the world demonstrated that TBX3 was selected independently in the Debao pony, suggesting that there were multiple origins of small stature in the horse.
Sub-100-fs pulses at watt-level powers from a fiber laser (2009)

We report a mode-locked fiber laser that generates 31-nJ chirped pulses at 70-MHz repetition rate, for an average power of 2.2 W. After dechirping outside the cavity, 80-fs pulses, with 200-kW peak power, are obtained.
LLC synchronous rectification using Coordinate Modulation (2016)

LLC resonant converters have gained popularity in a variety of applications due to their natural ability to provide soft switching conditions. Although LLC features good efficiency, conductive losses in the output rectifier remains a barrier to achieve enhanced efficiency, specially for high output current applications. This paper introduces a new strategy referred to as Coordinate Modulation, which is designed to drive the synchronous rectification MOSFETs. The main challenge to successfully drive synchronous rectifier is to detect/find the rectifier conduction angles with a cost-effective strategy. This paper proposes and analyzes a robust and simple detection method in the vinv - nvsec coordinate plane. The plane allows a remarkable ability to detect conduction angles with two lines, producing proper pulses to drive synchronous rectifier. In order to validate the theoretical analysis, a 1.2KW prototype LLC converter is implemented and the experimental results using the Coordinate Modulation are presented. At the nominal output power, the converter's efficiency was measured at 97.1%. In comparison with a conventional LLC converter, the proposed modulation method increases the efficiency by 3%.
Transparent wood for functional and structural applications (2017)

Optically transparent wood combines mechanical performance with optical functionalities is an emerging candidate for applications in smart buildings and structural optics and photonics. The present review summarizes transparent wood preparation methods, optical and mechanical performance, and functionalization routes, and discusses potential applications. The various challenges are discussed for the purpose of improved performance, scaled-up production and realization of advanced applications.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology'.
Amphiphilic Gels with Controlled Mesh Dimensions for Insulin Delivery (2002)

Introduction Our ultimate goal is the development of a functioning bioartificial pancreas to provide long term correction of blood glucose levels in individuals with Type 1 diabetes. Our device consists of porcine islets or islet fragments enclosed in a fully synthetic precision designed polymer membrane that is flexible, biocompatible and permeable to glucose, insulin, and oxygen, but impermeable to immune cells and proteins greater than ~ 60,000 g/mol, e.g. immunoglobulins. The membranes are designed such that upon implantation, the encapsulated porcine islets are able to sense and regulate the glucose level in the blood of diabetic individuals and at the same time are isolated from the onslaught of the immune system. In this manner, the bioartificial device can remain functional for an extended period of time and then be readily removed and replaced. Encapsulation of islets has been investigated by various groups of researchers employing a variety of materials. A
Analysis and correction of gradient nonlinearity bias in apparent diffusion coefficient measurements (2013)

The proposed simplified correction algorithm appears sufficient to control ADC non-uniformity errors in clinical studies using three orthogonal diffusion measurements. The most efficient reduction of ADC bias for anisotropic medium is achieved with non-lab-based diffusion gradients.
Actions of the pyrethroid insecticides cismethrin and cypermethrin on house flyVssc1 sodium channels expressed inXenopus oocytes (1998)

Voltage-sensitive sodium channels encoded by the Vssc1 gene of the house fly (Musca domestica) were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes in combination with the tipE gene product of Drosophila melanogaster and were characterized by two-electrode voltage clamp. Vssc1/tipE sodium channels expressed in oocytes were highly sensitive to tetrodotoxin; half-maximal inhibition of sodium currents by tetrodotoxin was obtained at a concentration of 2.4 nM. Cismethrin, a pyrethroid that produces Type I effects on intact nerve, slowed the inactivation of sodium currents carried by Vssc1/tipE channels during a depolarizing pulse and induced a tail current after repolarization that decayed with a first-order time constant of approximately 650 ms. The voltage dependence of activation and steady-state inactivation of cismethrin-modified channels were shifted to more negative potentials. Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid with Type II effects on intact nerve, also prolonged the inactivation of Vssc1/tipE sodium channels and induced a tail current. However, the cypermethrin-induced tail current was extremely persistent, decaying with a first-order time constant of approximately 42 s. Unlike cismethrin, the effect of cypermethrin was use dependent, requiring repeated depolarizing pulses for the full development of modified sodium currents. The divergent effects of cismethrin and cypermethrin on Vssc1/tipE sodium channels expressed in oocytes are consistent with the actions of these and related compounds on sodium channels in invertebrate and vertebrate nerve preparations and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the production of Type I and II effects on neuronal excitability.