gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Adjuvant Effect of Peritoneal Fluid in Experimental Peritonitis (1984)

At laparotomy, many surgeons routinely instill crystalloid solutions into the peritoneal cavity, presumably to dilute out necrotic debris, bacteria, and adjuvant substances which foster bacterial growth. We examined the effect on mortality, bacterial growth, clearance, and phagocytosis of various volumes of saline instilled into the peritoneal cavity of rats during Escherichia coli peritonitis. Minimal intraperitoneal bacterial growth was seen after the introduction of a nonlethal inoculum of viable E. coli in 1 ml of saline, while administration of an identical inoculum in 30 ml of saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) led to increased 48-hour mortality (p less than 0.01), and associated rapid bacterial proliferation (p less than 0.01). Clearance of nonviable radiolabelled E. coli from the peritoneal cavity was delayed, bacterial association with host peritoneal leukocytes was decreased, and blood uptake of radiolabelled bacteria was diminished in animals receiving 30 ml of saline i.p., compared to controls which received the identical inoculum in 1 ml of saline i.p. The clinical relevance of these studies is manifold: (1) they provide a possible explanation why patients with ascites due to cirrhosis or the nephrotic syndrome, or those patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis are more susceptible to primary and secondary bacterial peritonitis, possibly on the basis of impaired peritoneal clearance or diminished phagocytosis and, (2) although irrigation of the peritoneal cavity with crystalloid solution would seem prudent during laparotomy, these solutions must be removed prior to closure to prevent interference with normal peritoneal host defense mechanisms.
Functional Staging of ADP/ATP Carrier Translocation across the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (1999)

The ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) is the major representative of the inner membrane carrier proteins of mitochondria that are synthesized without cleavable presequences. The characterization of the import pathway of AAC into mitochondria has mainly depended on an operational staging system. Here, we introduce two approaches for analyzing the import of AAC, blue native electrophoresis and folding-induced translocation arrest, that allow a functional staging of AAC transport across the outer membrane. (i) Blue native electrophoresis permits a direct monitoring of the receptor stage of AAC and its chase into mitochondria. Binding to this stage requires the receptor protein Tom70 but not Tom37 or Tom20. (ii) A fusion protein between AAC and dihydrofolate reductase can be selectively arrested in the general import pore complex of the outer membrane by ligand induced folding of the passenger protein. Cross-linking demonstrates that the arrested preprotein is in close contact not only with several receptors and Tim10 but also with the channel protein Tom40, providing the first direct evidence that cleavable preproteins and carrier preproteins interact with the same outer membrane channel. The staging system presented here permits a molecular dissection of AAC transport across the outer mitochondrial membrane, relates it to functional units of the translocases, and indicates a coordinated and successive cooperation of distinct translocase subcomplexes during transfer of the preprotein.
Built-in resistance compensation (BRC) technique for fast charging Li-Ion battery charger (2008)

This paper presents a BRC technique to speed up the charging time of the Li-Ion battery. Based on the physical properties of the battery cell, the charger circuit charges the cell with three stages, which are trickle current (TC), constant current (CC), and constant voltage (CV) stages. Due to the internal parasitic resistance of the Li-Ion battery pack system, the charger circuit switches from the CC stage to the CV stage without fully charging the cell to the rated voltage value. At the CV stage, the cell is needed to be charged by a degrading current. The longer the cell stays at the CV stage, the longer the charging time is due to the degrading current. The BRC technique can dynamically estimate the internal resistance of the battery pack system to extend the period of the CC stage. The test chip was fabricated in TSMC 0.35-μm process. Experimental results show the period of the CC stage can extended to about 40% that of the original design. The charging time can be effectively reduced.
DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY OF INVESTMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION (2004)

Decision making is associated with ranking problems aimed to obtain a set of preference order of solutions. People can make mistakes choosing the best object for investments. Due to high cost of such mistakes, such a choice should be well founded. A major goal of paper is to develop a theoretical basis for creating a decision support system aimed to increase building construction and reconstruction investment efficiency by applying multiattribute decision making approaches and mathematical modelling. To achieve the goal, the following problems have to be solved: to analyse new models currently used in developing investment strategies in building construction and reconstruction, to make a classification of construction investment projects and to describe the stages of determining the efficiency of construction investments, to create a family of multiattribute decision methods to be used in the analysis of investment projects in building construction and reconstruction, to create multiple attribute decision support system based on the multiattribute methods developed for determining the efficiency of construction and reconstruction investment projects.
Pig islet xenografts are susceptible to "anti-pig" but not Gal alpha(1,3)Gal antibody plus complement in Gal o/o mice. (1998)

Hyperacute rejection due to Galalpha(1,3)Gal (Gal) Ab plus complement (C') is a major problem in xenografting vascularized organs from pigs to primates, but the fate of neovascularized xeno islets is unclear. Nonendocrine islet cells are Gal+, and there is a large rise in Gal Abs after transplantation, but graft remnants persist for some days in monkeys and humans. To define the role of alphaGal Ab plus C' in porcine islet graft rejection, cultured porcine fetal islets were grafted to mice lacking the alpha(1,3)galactosyltransferase gene. Anti-Gal Ab plus C' did not cause islet damage or rejection in mice lacking the alpha(1,3)galactosyltransferase gene, even when additional Ab plus C' was given; in addition, hyperimmune mice (titer >1/ 20,000) did not reject pig islets, showing that islets are resistant to Gal Ab plus C'. However, islets can be destroyed by polyclonal mouse anti-pig Abs. Thus, the focus of islet xenografting should not be on Gal Ab plus C'.
Hybrid Architecture for Accelerating DNA Codeword Library Searching (2007)

A large and reliable DNA codeword library is the key to the success of DNA based computing. Searching for the set of reliable DNA codewords is an NP-hard problem, which can take days on the state-of-art high performance cluster computers. This work presents a hybrid architecture that consists of a general purpose microprocessor and a hardware accelerator for accelerating the discovery of DNA reverse complement, edit distance codes. Two applications of this architecture were implemented and evaluated, including a code generator that uses a genetic algorithm (GA) to produce nearly locally optimal codes in a few minutes, and a code extender that uses exhaustive search to produce locally optimum codes in about 1.5 hours for the case of length 16 codes. The experimental results demonstrate that the GA can find ~99% of the words in locally optimum libraries, and that the hybrid architecture provides more than 1000X speed-up compared to a software only implementation
Physicochemical properties of irradiated and loaded LDPE films with polyfunctional monomers (2003)

Abstract Polyfunctional monomers (PFMs), namely, trimethylol propane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), trimethylol propane triacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and diethylene glycol diacrylate were blended with low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and exposed to different doses of EB irradiation. Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet and UV–vis spectroscopy of the unirradiated, irradiated, unloaded, and PFMs‐loaded LDPE films were studied under various irradiation doses up to 300 kGy. The degree of crosslinking and oxidative degradation, as measured by the spectroscopic parameters, were dependent on both the irradiation dose and the type of loaded PFMs. For all of the loaded monomers, the extent of crosslinking increased at different rates as a function of irradiation dose. TMPTMA monomer was the most efficient in enhancing the crosslinking of LDPE films compared to the other loaded monomers. However, the unloaded LDPE film showed the least extent of crosslinking. In addition, the EB‐radiation‐induced changes, such as trans ‐vinylene formation, a decrease in vinyl and vinylidene unsaturation; and carbonyl double‐bond formation and change in crystallinity were correlated. The importance of these results on the prediction of the role of polyfunctional monomers in the production of crosslinked polymers is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2025–2035, 2003
Semi-supervised Named Entity Recognition: Learning to recognize 100 entity types with little supervision (2007)

Named Entity Recognition (NER) aims to extract and to classify rigid designators in text such as proper names, biological species, and temporal expressions. There has been growing interest in this field of research since the early 1990s. In this thesis, we document a trend moving away from handcrafted rules, and towards machine learning approaches. Still, recent machine learning approaches have a problem with annotated data availability, which is a serious shortcoming in building and maintaining large-scale NER systems. In this thesis, we present an NER system built with very little supervision. Human supervision is indeed limited to listing a few examples of each named entity (NE) type. First, we introduce a proof-of-concept semi-supervised system that can recognize four NE types. Then, we expand its capacities by improving key technologies, and we apply the system to an entire hierarchy comprised of 100 NE types. Our work makes the following contributions: the creation of a proof-of-concept semi-supervised NER system; the demonstration of an innovative noise filtering technique for generating NE lists; the validation of a strategy for learning disambiguation rules using automatically identified, unambiguous NEs; and finally, the development of an acronym detection algorithm, thus solving a rare but very difficult problem in alias resolution. We believe semi-supervised learning techniques are about to break new ground in the machine learning community. In this thesis, we show that limited supervision can build complete NER systems. On standard evaluation corpora, we report performances that compare to baseline supervised systems in the task of annotating NEs in texts.
Seizure Prediction and Detection via Phase and Amplitude Lock Values (2016)

A robust seizure prediction methodology would enable a "closed-loop" system that would only activate as impending seizure activity is detected. Such a system would eliminate ongoing stimulation to the brain, thereby eliminating such side effects as coughing, hoarseness, voice alteration, and paresthesias (Murphy et al., 1998; Ben-Menachem, 2001), while preserving overall battery life of the system. The seizure prediction and detection algorithm uses Phase/Amplitude Lock Values (PLV/ALV) which calculate the difference of phase and amplitude between electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes local and remote to the epileptic event. PLV is used as the seizure prediction marker and signifies the emergence of abnormal neuronal activations through local neuron populations. PLV/ALVs are used as seizure detection markers to demarcate the seizure event, or when the local seizure event has propagated throughout the brain turning into a grand-mal event. We verify the performance of this methodology against the "CHB-MIT Scalp EEG Database" which features seizure attributes for testing. Through this testing, we can demonstrate a high degree of sensivity and precision of our methodology between pre-ictal and ictal events.
A Turbo Coding System for High Speed Communications (2007)

This paper presents a new turbo coding scheme for high data rate applications. It uses a special interleaver structure that is naturally suited for parallel processing and a multiple-round early stopping test involving both sign check and a CRC code. A memory (storage) management mechanism is included as a critical part of the decoder. The proposed coding scheme offers new design options and tradeoffs that are not available to conventional convolutional turbo codes (CTCs). In particular, it becomes possible for the decoder to employ an efficient inter-block collaborative decoding algorithm, passing the information obtained from stopping test proved blocks to other unproved blocks. It also becomes important to have a proper decoding schedule. The combined effect is improved performance and reduction in the average decoding latency. We show that the memory manager has a modular-like effect in that additional memory units render enhanced performance due not only to less forced early stopping but to possible increases of the interleaving depth. It also provides additional design tradeoff amongst performance, speed and required memory size. Depending on the decoding schedule, the degree of parallelism and other decoding resources available, the proposed scheme admits a variety of decoder architectures that meet a large range of speed and performance demands.
Vagus nerve stimulation: current status and clinical applications (1997)

Despite the recent introduction of new anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), many patients with epilepsy, especially those with partial-onset seizures, continue to have seizures that are refractory to pharmacotherapy. Other patients are unable to tolerate the side-effects of AEDs given singly or in combination. Cerebral resective surgery may be an option for a sub-group of these patients; however, many patients with refractory partial epilepsy are not optimal candidates for epilepsy surgery. Consequently, the introduction of left vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for those patients who have been afflicted by seizures or medication side-effects has opened up a new, non-pharmacological approach to epilepsy treatment. The mechanism of action of VNS is uncertain. VNS exerts an anticonvulsant effect in a variety of animal seizure models; has no effect on hepatic metabolic processes, serum concentrations of AEDS, or laboratory values; and has no clinically significant effect on vagally-mediated physiological processes. VNS is safe and well-tolerated in patients with long-standing, medically-refractory, partial-onset epilepsy. Adverse effects are usually mild to moderate in severity and related to stimulation, and almost always resolve with adjustment in stimulation settings. Controlled studies of patients on AED therapy show that adjunctive VNS is effective for partial-onset seizures when given every 5 min for 30 s intervals. Results of studies in paediatric patients are encouraging.
Heat shock protein 72 (HSP72), hyperthermia-inducible immunogenic determinant on leukemic K562 and Ewing's Sarcoma cells (1997)

Following non-lethal heat stress (41.8 degrees C) and a recovery period at 37 degrees C, the inducible 72kDa HSP (HSP72) is detectable selectively on the cell surface of human Ewing's Sarcoma (ES) and of leukemic K562 cells but not on EBV transformed B cells (B-LCL) which were generated from PBL of healthy human volunteers. The HSP72 expression was measured by flowcytometric analysis using a monoclonal antibody (moAb) that specifically recognizes HSP72, the inducible form of the HSP70 group. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression, detected with moAb W5/32 was not affected by non-lethal heat exposure and a recovery period at 37 degrees C for 12 h: ES cells express MHC class I molecules on about 80% of the cells; K562 cells exhibited no MHC class I expression neither before nor after heat shock. Inhibition of RNA-(actinomycin D) of protein-synthesis (cycloheximide) prior to heat treatment completely inhibits the expression of HSP72 on the cell surface of both tumour cells, thus indicating that de novo protein synthesis is required for HSP72 cell surface expression. Since, apart from HSP72, protein synthesis in general is down-modulated by heat shock we speculate that HSP72 molecules that are expressed on the cell surface of tumour cells might be recruited from newly synthesized proteins. The heat-inducible HSP72 cell surface expression on tumour cells could be correlated with an increased sensitivity of leukemic and sarcoma cells to lysis mediated by NK effector cells. The results of cold target inhibition assays revealed that histologically different tumour cells (sarcoma and leukemic cells) that were exposed to non-lethal temperatures have to share a similar if not identical HSP72 immunogenic determinant.
Development and in Vitro Characterization of Photochemically Crosslinked Polyvinylpyrrolidone Coatings for Drug-Coated Balloons (2013)

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a conventionally applied hydrophilic lubricious coating on catheter-based cardiovascular devices, used in order to ease movement through the vasculature. Its use as drug reservoir and transfer agent on drug-coated balloons (DCB) is therefore extremely promising with regard to the simplification of its approval as a medical device. Here, we developed a PVP-based coating for DCB, containing paclitaxel (PTX) as a model drug, and studied the impact of crosslinking via UV radiation on drug stability, wash off, and transfer during simulated use in an in vitro vessel model. We showed that crosslinking was essential for coating stability and needed to be performed prior to PTX incorporation due to decreased drug bioavailability as a result of photodecomposition and/or involvement in vinylic polymerization with PVP under UV radiation. Moreover, the crosslinking time needed to be carefully controlled. While short radiation times did not provide enough coating stability, associated with high wash off rates during DCB insertion, long radiation times lowered drug transfer efficiency upon balloon expansion. A ten minutes radiation of PVP, however, combined a minimized drug wash off rate of 34% with an efficient drug transfer of 49%, underlining the high potential of photochemically crosslinked PVP as a coating matrix for DCB.
Different Types of nsP3-Containing Protein Complexes in Sindbis Virus-Infected Cells (2008)

Alphaviruses represent a serious public health threat and cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from severe encephalitis, which can result in death or neurological sequelae, to mild infection, characterized by fever, skin rashes, and arthritis. In the infected cells, alphaviruses express only four nonstructural proteins, which function in the synthesis of virus-specific RNAs and in modification of the intracellular environment. The results of our study suggest that Sindbis virus (SINV) infection in BHK-21 cells leads to the formation of at least two types of nsP3-containing complexes, one of which was found in association with the plasma membrane and endosome-like vesicles, while the second was coisolated with cell nuclei. The latter complexes could be solubilized only with the cytoskeleton-destabilizing detergent. Besides viral nsPs, in the mammalian cells, both complexes contained G3BP1 and G3BP2 (which were found in different ratios), YBX1, and HSC70. Rasputin, an insect cell-specific homolog of G3BP1, was found in the nsP3-containing complexes isolated from mosquito cells, which was suggestive of a high conservation of the complexes in the cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate origin. The endosome- and plasma membrane-associated complexes contained a high concentration of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), which is indicative of their function in viral-RNA synthesis. The dsRNA synthesis is likely to efficiently proceed on the plasma membrane, and at least some of the protein-RNA complexes would then be transported into the cytosol in association with the endosome-like vesicular organelles. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism of SINV replication and virus-host cell interactions.
엽록체 DNA 및 핵 DNA 염기서열에 근거한 한국산 나문재속(명아주과)의 분류학적 연구 (2018)

The purpose of this study was to identify the phylogenetic relationships of the plants in the Korean genus Suaeda and to find out the molecular markers that could confirm the interspecies relationships in the family tree through molecular phylogenetic studies. We used the nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS and the chloroplast DNA matK, psbA-trnH, and trnL-trnF as the molecular markers. We could not distinguish between S. japonica and S. maritima and between S. maritima and S. australis in the ITS region and could not distinguish between S. japonica and S. australis with the base sequence in the psbA-trnH and trnL-trnF region. However, we analyzed the combinations of four molecular marker regions and confirmed that each of five plant species of the genus Suaeda formed the independent line. Therefore, it is considered that combinations of molecular markers would be useful for the analysis of phylogenetic relationships in the genus Suaeda. Further investigations of the ecological and morphological characteristics would be needed to understand the phylogenetic relationship and lineage diversification in the genus Suaeda.
High performance metasurfaces based on inverse design (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Metasurfaces have traditionally employed building blocks with physically intuitive optical responses. Many of these concepts utilize dielectric posts, which serve as waveguides and are stitched together with sufficient spacing to minimize coupling between adjacent elements. These design principles can produce single wavelength devices with good performance, but are difficult to generalize to multi-wavelength devices with exceptional performance. We show that concepts in inverse design can be used to produce dielectric metasurfaces with capabilities that exceed the current state-of-the-art. With swarm and topology optimization, we incorporate optical coupling between waveguide elements in the device designs, which yield physically non-intuitive mode profiles and coupling dynamics. To demonstrate the power and versatility of our design approach, we fabricate silicon devices that can efficiently deflect light to 75 degree angles and multi-functional devices that can steer beams to different diffraction orders based on wavelength. We also show that single crystal silicon can be used to realize efficient metasurface devices across the entire visible spectrum, ranging from 480 to 700 nanometers. Alternative forms of silicon, such as polycrystalline and amorphous silicon, suffer from higher absorption losses and do not yield efficient metasurfaces across this wavelength range. We envision that metasurfaces based on inverse design will serve as a hardware platform for the efficient routing, sorting, and manipulation of single or few photons for quantum optics applications.
Picosecond optical electronic sampling: Characterization of high-speed photodetectors (1982)

A photoconducting sampling gate which is triggered by a picosecond optical pulse and has an aperture of approximately 12 ps has been used to measure accurately the response of a high-speed, solid-state photodiode. The sample gate, which is made from a radiation-damaged semiconductor, is demonstrated to have better speed, lower noise level, negligible jitter, and fewer reflections than conventional sampling oscilloscopes. In addition, it can be used over a wide temperature range by direct mounting in a variable temperature cryostat.