gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of CO sub 2 and H sub 2 O and their interaction in a novel slurry phase synthesis of methanol (1991)

Experimental results on the influence of CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O in a novel liquid phase concurrent'' synthesis of methanol are presented. The synthesis carried out in a single reactor under mild conditions (T = 150{degrees}C; P = 910 psig) likely involves the carbonylation of methanol to methyl formate followed by the hydrogenolysis of the methyl formate to two molecules of methanol; the net result is the hydrogenation of CO to give methanol. Carbon dioxide is not an intermediate in this system. The tolerance of the alkali methoxide/Cu-chromite catalyst system to CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O will be discussed.
Plasma source ion implantation: history, successes, failures, challenges, and future prospects (1995)

Summary form only given, as follows. Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII) represents a radical departure from conventional ion implantation technology. PSII circumvents the line of sight restriction inherent in conventional ion implantation. In PSII, targets to be implanted are placed directly in a plasma source and then pulse-biased to a high negative potential. A plasma ion matrix sheath forms around the target and ions bombard the entire target compared with conventional ion implantation, PSII minimizes the problems of shadowing and excessive sputtering of the target material, which can severely limit the retained dose of the implanted ion species. Uniformity can be achieved in a batch processing mode. The author presents: a historical overview of the development of PSII, a brief review of PSII physics and technology, a summary of world-wide PSII activities, a discussion of laboratory and industrial field test results with PSII, recent developments leading to scale-up and commercialization of PSII, recent extensions of PSII technology to semiconductor processing, and an assessment of future prospects for commercial development of PSII.
Hafnium oxide nanoparticles: toward an in vitropredictive biological effect? (2014)

Our preliminary results suggest a predictable in vitro biological effect of NBTXR3 nanoparticles exposed to ionizing radiation.
Functional polymers. XVI. Synthesis and polymerization of 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐isopropenylphenyl)‐2H‐benzotriazole and a new synthesis of 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐vinylphenyl)2H‐benzotriazole (1982)

Abstract 2(2‐Hydroxy‐5‐isopropenylphenyl)2H‐benzotriazole was synthesized in 40% overall yield starting from o ‐nitroaniline. Diazotization in aqueous hydrochloric acid gave o ‐nitrophenyl diazonium chloride which was condensed with p ‐hydroxyacetophenone; the azo compound was reduced to 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐acetylphenyl) 2H‐benzotriazole with zinc powder in sodium hydroxide solution and the 2‐hydroxy group of the compound was acetylated. Treatment of the acetyl compound with methyl Grignard reagent resulted in the methylation of the 5‐acetyl group to 2[2‐acetoxy‐5(2‐hydroxy‐2‐propyl)phenyl]2H‐benzotriazole which was then dehydrated with potassium hydrogen sulfate to the desired 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐isopropenylphenyl)2H‐benzotriazole. This monomer did not homopolymerize, but was copolymerized readily with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and n ‐butyl acrylate with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. 2(2‐Acetoxy‐5‐acetylphenyl)2H‐benzotriazole was also reduced with sodium borohydride to form 2[2‐acetoxy‐5‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)phenyl]2H‐benzotriazole which was dehydrated and hydrolyzed to the known 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐vinylphenyl)‐2H‐benzotriazole. This route provides a novel and simpler synthesis of 2(2‐hydroxy‐5‐vinylphenyl)2H‐benzotriazole.
Attenuation of sound in water through collections of very large bubbles with elastic shells (2013)

The ultimate goal of this work is to accurately predict the attenuation through a collection of large (on the order of 10 cm radius) tethered encapsulated bubbles used in an underwater noise abatement system. Measurements of underwater sound attenuation were performed during a set of lake experiments, where a low-frequency compact electromechanical sound source was surrounded by different arrays of encapsulated bubbles with various individual bubbles sizes and void fractions. The measurements are compared with an existing predictive model [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 1510--1521 (1995)] of the dispersion relation for linear propagation in liquid containing encapsulated bubbles. Although the model was originally intended to describe ultrasound contrast agents, it is evaluated here for large bubbles, and hence low frequencies, as a design tool for the underwater noise abatement system, and there is fairly good quantitative agreement between the data and the model. Refinements to the model to incorporate multiple scattering effects, which may be important at high void fractions, via an effective medium approach [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 168--173 (2002)] and comparison with the data will also be discussed. [Work supported by Shell Global Solutions.]
Real time phase diversity advanced image processing and wavefront sensing (2007)

This paper will describe a state-of-the-art approach to real time wavefront sensing and image enhancement. It will explore Boeing existing technology that realizes a 50 Hz frame rate (with a path to 1 KHz and higher). At this higher rate, Phase diversity will be readily applicable to compensate for distortions of large dynamic bandwidth such as those of the atmosphere. We will describe various challenges in aligning a two-camera phase diversity system. Such configurations make it almost impossible to process the captured images without additional upgrade in the algorithm to account for alignment errors. An example of an error is the relative misalignment of the two images, the "best-focus" and the diversity image where it is extremely hard to maintain alignment to less than a fraction of one pixel. We will show that the algorithm performance increases dramatically when we account for these errors in the phase diversity estimation process. Preliminary evaluation has assessed a NIIRS increase of ~ 3 from the "best-focus" to the enhanced image. Such a performance improvement would greatly increase the operating range (or, equivalently, decrease the weight) of many optical systems.
ChemInform Abstract: The Facile Synthesis of Lactones. (1976)

Abstract Die ω‐Hydroxysäuren (I) ergeben in Gegenwart des Pyridiniumjodids (II) unter milden Bedingungen die Lactone (III).
Liquid Crystalline Bispropargyl Thermosets (1998)

A series of rigid-rod bispropargyl thermoset monomers have been synthesized. These monomers were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot stage polarized optical microscopy. Enantiotropic or monotropic nematic liquid crystalline phases were observed for all but two monomers. Partial curing of these reactive liquid crystalline monomers resulted in the formation of stable liquid crystalline phases with broad nematic phase ranges. In one example, a monomer that was neither enantiotropic nor monotropic exhibited a stable nematic phase after partial curing. DSC investigations indicated that the onset temperature of thermally induced cross-linking was approximately 260 °C and insensitive to the phase type. The rate of cure was insensitive to the phase in which the cure occurred due to the unusual reaction mechanism for the propargyl end group.
Underwater wireless optical communications: From system-level demonstrations to channel modelling (2017)

In this paper, we discuss about recent experimental advances in underwater wireless optical communications (UWOC) over various underwater channel water types using different modulation schemes as well as modelling and describing the statistical properties of turbulence-induced fading in underwater wireless optical channels using laser beam intensity fluctuations measurements.
Simultaneous targeting of androgen receptor (AR) and MAPK-interacting kinases (MNKs) by novel retinamides inhibits growth of human prostate cancer cell lines (2014)

Androgen receptor (AR) and MNK activated eIF4E signaling promotes the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, we report that our Novel Retinamides (NRs) target both AR signaling and eIF4E translation in androgen sensitive and castration resistant PCa cells via enhancing AR and MNK degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Dual blockade of AR and MNK initiated eIF4E activation by NRs in turn induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibited cell proliferation. NRs also inhibited cell migration and invasion in metastatic cells. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of NRs on AR signaling, eIF4E translation initiation and subsequent oncogenic program were more potent than that observed with clinically relevant retinoids, established MNK inhibitors, and the FDA approved PCa drugs. Our findings provide the first preclinical evidence that simultaneous inhibition of AR and eIF4E activation is a novel and efficacious therapeutic approach for PCa, and that NRs hold significant promise for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines (2010)

The use of cancer vaccines to induce anti-tumor immune responses holds huge potential to complement traditional cancer therapies. Cancer vaccines are designed to re-calibrate the existing host-tumour interaction, tipping the balance from tumor acceptance towards tumor control to the benefit of the cancer patient. Additionally, the highly specific character of the host immune response minimizes the risk for unattractive adverse effects associated with most other cancer therapies in use today. It is now well recognized that the immune system is in fact capable of recognizing spontaneous cancers. Thus, even in the absence of treatment, cells of the immune system in the cancer patients specifically recognize cancer cells. This review will focus on various strategic considerations in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. We will especially address the following five aspects of therapeutic vaccination against cancer: 1) Targets that elicit immune responses against tumors with the focus on proteins that are essential for function, survival and growth of cancer cells. 2) Adjuvants that enhance the efficiency of cancer vaccines either by eliciting cellular or humoral immunity. 3) The activation of appropriate immune responses in patients. Various effector mechanisms of both the innate and the adoptive immune system contribute to effective eradication of cancer cells in many different ways. 4) Combination therapy. Therapeutic vaccination can be combined with standard as well as experimental therapies, such as chemotherapy and adoptive immunotherapy, with synergistic effect. 5) Commercial cancer vaccines in clinical phase III testing. The results of several clinical phase II and III studies leaves little doubt that cancer vaccines will be part of standard anticancer treatment in the future. However, several challenges remain to explore the full potential of therapeutic vaccination against cancer. Keywords: Cancer, vaccine, targets, adjuvants, combination therapy, phase III trials
High Precision Processing of Spotlight SAR Data Using the Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm (1998)

This paper presents a new processing algorithm for spotlight SAR data processing. The Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm (ECS) for spotlight SAR processing allows the processing of dechirped raw data. Dueto the use of a novel frequency scaling and SPECAN combined with azimuth scaling, the whole processing is performed without interpolations.
Abstract P054: Immune determinants of the association between tumor mutational burden and immunotherapy response across cancer types (2022)

Abstract The FDA has recently approved a high tumor mutational burden (TMB-High, defined by ≥10 mutations/Mb) as a biomarker for the treatment of advanced solid tumors with pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) that targets PD1. However, recent studies have shown that this TMB-high biomarker is only able to stratify ICI responders in a subset of cancer types, where the mechanisms underlying this observation have remained unknown. We hypothesized that the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) may determine the ability of high-TMB to stratify responders of ICI (termed TMB power) in each cancer type. To systematically study this hypothesis, we first inferred the levels of 31 immune-related factors characteristic of the TME of different cancer types in the TCGA. We next integrated this information with a cohort of 2,277 ICI-treated patients with TMB and response measures, to identify the key immune factors that can determine TMB power across 14 different cancer types. This cohort was created by collating the largest publicly available cohort comprising 1959 patients together with a new cohort of 318 patients, where TMB has been quantified using the MSK-IMPACT panel. We find that high levels of M1 macrophages and low levels of resting dendritic cells in the TME characterize cancer types with high TMB power. These findings are aligned with prior reports that M1 macrophages could be anti-tumorigenic by fostering an inflammation response and activating CD8 T cells against tumor, and that resting dendritic cells may induce tolerance to tumor antigens via inducing T cell death or their anergic state. A model based on these two immune factors strongly predicts TMB power across cancer types (Spearman Rho=0.76, P&lt;3.6E-04). Using this model, we provide predictions of the TMB power in nine additional cancer types, including rare cancers, for which TMB and ICI response data are not yet publicly available on a large scale. These predictions can be used to prioritize the clinical trials testing the usage of TMB-high biomarker in new cancer types. In this line, our analysis indicates that TMB-High may be strongly predictive of ICI response in cervical squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that such a study should be prioritized. Citation Format: Neelam Sinha, Sanju Sinha, Christina Valero, Alejandro A. Schaffer, Kenneth Aldape, Kevin Litchfield, Timothy A. Chan, Luc G. T. Morris, Eytan Ruppin. Immune determinants of the association between tumor mutational burden and immunotherapy response across cancer types [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2021 Oct 5-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(1 Suppl):Abstract nr P054.
Polyphosphazene membranes. III. Solid-state characterization and properties of sulfonated poly[bis(3-methylphenoxy)phosphazene] (1999)

Poly[bis(3-methylphenoxy)phosphazene] was sulfonated in a solution with SO3 and solution-cast into 100–200-μm-thick membranes from N,N-dimethylacetamide. The degree of polymer sulfonation was easily controlled and water-insoluble membranes were fabricated with an ion-exchange capacity (IEC) as high as 2.1 mmol/g. For water-insoluble polymers, there was no evidence of polyphosphazene degradation during sulfonation. The glass transition temperature varied from −28°C for the base polymer to −10°C for a sulfonated polymer with an IEC of 2.1 mmol/g. The equilibrium water swelling of membranes at 25°C increased from near zero for a 0.04-mmol/g IEC membrane to 900 % when the IEC was 2.1 mmol/g. When the IEC was < 1.0 mmol/g, SO3 attacked the methylphenoxy side chains at the para position, whereas sulfonation occurred at all available aromatic carbons for higher ion-exchange capacities. Differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and polarized microscopy showed that the base polymer, poly[bis(3-methylphenoxy)phosphazene], was semicrystalline. For sulfonated polymers with a measurable IEC, the 3-dimensional crystal structure vanished but a 2-dimensional ordered phase was retained. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 387–399, 1999
Mesoscopic spin systems as quantum entanglers (2020)

We quantify the resources required for entangling two uncoupled spin qubits through an intermediate mesoscopic spin system (MSS) by indirect joint measurement. Indirect joint measurement benefits from coherent magnification of the target qubits' state in the collective magnetization of the MSS, such that a low-resolution collective measurement on the MSS suffices to prepare postselected entanglement on the target qubits. A MSS consisting of two noninteracting halves, each coupled to one of the target qubits, is identified as a geometry that allows implementing the magnification process with experimentally available control tools. It is proved that the requirements on the amplified state of the target qubits and the MSS perfectly map to the specifications of micro-macro entanglement between each target qubit and its nearby half of the MSS. In the light of this equivalence, the effects of experimental imperfections are explored; in particular, bipartite entanglement between the target qubits is shown to be robust to imperfect preparation of the MSS. Our study provides an approach for using an intermediate spin system for connecting separated qubits. It also opens another path in exploring entanglement between microscopic and mesoscopic spin systems.
Linear Laplacian Discrimination for Feature Extraction (2007)

Discriminant feature extraction plays a fundamental role in pattern recognition. In this paper, we propose the linear Laplacian discrimination (LLD) algorithm/or discriminant feature extraction. LLD is an extension of linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Our motivation is to address the issue that LDA cannot work well in cases where sample spaces are non-Euclidean. Specifically, we define the within-class scatter and the between-class scatter using similarities which are based on pairwise distances in sample spaces. Thus the structural information of classes is contained in the within-class and the between-class Laplacian matrices which are free from metrics of sample spaces. The optimal discriminant subspace can be derived by controlling the structural evolution of Laplacian matrices. Experiments are performed on the facial database for FRGC version 2. Experimental results show that LLD is effective in extracting discriminant features.
Investigation of electron transfer between cellobiose dehydrogenase from Myriococcum thermophilum and gold electrodes (2007)

Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a monomeric protein consisting of two subdomains: a larger flavin-associated domain (DHcdh) and a smaller heme-binding domain (CYTcdh), connected via a protease cleavable linker region. In this study, the inter-domain electron transfer, using the CDH from the ascomycete fungus Myriococcum thermophilum and thiol (SAM) modified gold electrodes, was investigated with cyclic voltammetry and UV-VIS spectroelectrochemistry. The effect of the SAM and pH on the formal potential of the heme domain of CDH and on the current generated by the electrocatalytic oxidation of cellobiose and lactose was evaluated with voltammetric techniques. The oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials of the DHcdh, CYTcdh, and whole CDH unit were estimated at different pH values using a long-optical-pathway thin capillary-type spectroelectrochemical cell.
Making Convolutional Networks Recurrent for Visual Sequence Learning (2018)

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have emerged as a powerful model for a broad range of machine learning problems that involve sequential data. While an abundance of work exists to understand and improve RNNs in the context of language and audio signals such as language modeling and speech recognition, relatively little attention has been paid to analyze or modify RNNs for visual sequences, which by nature have distinct properties. In this paper, we aim to bridge this gap and present the first large-scale exploration of RNNs for visual sequence learning. In particular, with the intention of leveraging the strong generalization capacity of pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we propose a novel and effective approach, PreRNN, to make pre-trained CNNs recurrent by transforming convolutional layers or fully connected layers into recurrent layers. We conduct extensive evaluations on three representative visual sequence learning tasks: sequential face alignment, dynamic hand gesture recognition, and action recognition. Our experiments reveal that PreRNN consistently outperforms the traditional RNNs and achieves state-of-the-art results on the three applications, suggesting that PreRNN is more suitable for visual sequence learning.
Cellular Response to Exponentially Increasing and Decreasing Dose Rates (2016)

1354 Objectives The treatment of cancer using targeted radionuclide therapy is of interest to the radiation oncology field due to its potential for killing tumor cells while minimizing dose-limiting toxicities to normal tissue. Ionizing radiation emitted by targeted radionuclide therapy delivers radiation absorbed doses over protracted periods of time with continuously varying dose rates. As RIT becomes a more prominent part of cancer therapy, accurate models for predicting biologically effective dose (BED) or equieffective dose (EQD2α/β) will become essential. This study examines the radiobiological impact of the dose rate increase half-time during the uptake phase of the radiopharmaceutical. Methods V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts were irradiated acutely or with continuously varying dose rates with 137Cs γ-rays for 168 h. The following dose rate patterns were delivered: acute, monoexponentially decreasing (Td=64 h), and exponentially increasing and decreasing with different increase half-times (Ti=2 h and Td=64 h, Ti=8 h and Td=64 h, Ti=24 h and Td=64 h). Cell survival assays were carried out and surviving fractions were calculated. Results Data obtained from survival assays demonstrated that increasing Ti leads to increasing cell sparing. Conventional dose response models (BED and EQD2α/β) were not able to fit the cell survival data; they underestimate both BED and EQD2α/β at high dose rates and overestimate both at low dose rates. Cell cycle analysis suggested that differences in radiosensitivity cannot be attributed to redistribution. Accordingly, the expressions for BED and EQD2α/β were modified empirically with an adaptive response function that fit the experimental data more accurately. Conclusions Our experimental data demonstrates a marked increase in cell survival when the dose rate increase half-time is increased, thereby suggesting an adaptive response arising as a consequence of this phase of the irradiation. We have modified conventional radiobiological models to account for this phenomenon.
Heel and Toe Clearance Estimation for Gait Analysis Using Wireless Inertial Sensors (2012)

Tripping is considered a major cause of fall in older people. Therefore, foot clearance (i.e., height of the foot above ground during swing phase) could be a key factor to better understand the complex relationship between gait and falls. This paper presents a new method to estimate clearance using a foot-worn and wireless inertial sensor system. The method relies on the computation of foot orientation and trajectory from sensors signal data fusion, combined with the temporal detection of toe-off and heel-strike events. Based on a kinematic model that automatically estimates sensor position relative to the foot, heel and toe trajectories are estimated. 2-D and 3-D models are presented with different solving approaches, and validated against an optical motion capture system on 12 healthy adults performing short walking trials at self-selected, slow, and fast speed. Parameters corresponding to local minimum and maximum of heel and toe clearance were extracted and showed accuracy ± precision of 4.1 ± 2.3 cm for maximal heel clearance and 1.3 ± 0.9 cm for minimal toe clearance compared to the reference. The system is lightweight, wireless, easy to wear and to use, and provide a new and useful tool for routine clinical assessment of gait outside a dedicated laboratory.