gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pretreatment with glucose infusion prevents fatal outcome after hemorrhage in food deprived rats. (1993)

Twenty-four hour food deprivation increases mortality after experimental hemorrhage. Survival after hemorrhage is closely related to the capacity of the animal to develop hyperglycemia. In this study, 24 hr food deprived rats were given a 3-hr infusion of either 0.3 ml/100 g b.wt./h 30% glucose iv (n = 10) or the same volume of 0.9% NaCl (n = 10) prior to 60 min of standardized hemorrhage. Glucose infusion resulted in a transient hyperglycemia, and 600% greater hepatic glycogen content compared to saline (P < 0.001). During hemorrhage, glucose-treated rats developed substantial hyperglycemia while glucose levels fell in saline treated (P < 0.001). Concomitant developments in hematocrits indicated improved plasma refill in glucose treated animals (P < 0.01). While saline treated rats developed irreversible shock and died within 3 hr of bleeding, glucose treated rats had a MAP of 52 +/- 2 (mean +/- SEM) mm Hg by the end of hemorrhage (P < 0.01). All glucose-treated rats recovered and survived the seven-day observation period. It is concluded that glucose infusion leading to hepatic glycogen repletion alters outcome after experimental hemorrhage in food deprived animals. These experimental results may be of clinical relevance, since elective surgery is generally performed after overnight fasting, which substantially reduces the hepatic glycogen reserve.
Nine-state resonant tunneling diode memory (1992)

The authors demonstrate an epitaxial series combination of eight pseudomorphic AlAs/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As/InAs resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on InP. This series RTD produces an eight-peak multiple negative differential resistance characteristic with a peak-to-valley current ratio (PVR) exceeding 2 per peak at a peak current density of approximately 6 kA/cm/sup 2/. Hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristic is reduced by uniformly Si doping the double-barrier resonant tunneling region at a density of 5*10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/. Using this multiple-peak RTD in series with a field-effect transistor load, a nine-state multivalued memory circuit is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Governance by Data (2021)

Law and social science scholars have long elucidated ways of governing built around state governance of populations and subjects. Yet many are now grappling with the growing prevalence of practices of governance that depart, to varying degrees, from received models. The profusion of digital data, and the deployment of machine learning in its analysis, are redirecting states’ and international organizations’ attention away from the governance of populations as such and toward the amassing, analysis, and mobilization of hybrid data repositories and real-time data flows for governance. Much of this work does not depend on state data sources or on conventional statistical models. The subjectivities nurtured by these techniques of governance are frequently not those of choosing individuals. Digital objects and mediators are increasingly prevalent at all scales. This article surveys how scholars are beginning to understand the nascent political technologies associated with this shift toward governance by data.
Uptake of liposomes and liposome-encapsulated muramyl dipeptide by human peripheral blood monocytes. (1982)

The interaction of multilamellar liposomes with human peripheral blood monocytes, cultured in vitro, has been examined. Phagocytic engulfment is the principal mechanism by which the liposomes are taken up by these cells. Studies with radiolabeled liposomes revealed that they are taken up by monocytes as intact structures. The uptake is temperature sensitive and is affected by inhibitors of glycolysis and of microfilament activity. Monocytes take up negatively charged vesicles more rapidly than positively charged (3-fold) vesicles or neutral vesicles (5-fold). Increase in negative charge of liposomes enhances their uptake by the cells, but increased saturation of the phospholipids results in decreased uptake. Liposomes provide an effective means of enhancing the uptake of MDP derivatives (3H nor MDP) by monocytes, with a 20-fold greater uptake of liposome encapsulated drug than of the free compound. Monocytes do not degrade the 3H-nor MDP that they have internalized and radiolabel is only slowly released from the cells. These observations suggest a pharmacokinetic basis for the use of lipid vesicles as a system for the delivery of immunomodulating drugs to monocytes.
Contribution of Selected Vitamins and Trace Elements to Immune Function (2007)

Adequate intakes of vitamins and trace elements are required for the immune system to function efficiently. Micronutrient deficiency suppresses immune functions by affecting the innate T-cell-mediated immune response and adaptive antibody response, and leads to dysregulation of the balanced host response. This increases the susceptibility to infections, with increased morbidity and mortality. In turn, infections aggravate micronutrient deficiencies by reducing nutrient intake, increasing losses, and interfering with utilization by altering metabolic pathways. Insufficient intake of micronutrients occurs in people with eating disorders, in smokers (both active and passive), in individuals with chronic alcohol abuse, in patients with certain diseases, during pregnancy and lactation, and in the elderly. With aging a variety of changes are observed in the immune system, which translate into less effective innate and adaptive immune responses and increased susceptibility to infections. Antioxidant vitamins and trace elements (vitamins C, E, selenium, copper, and zinc) counteract potential damage caused by reactive oxygen species to cellular tissues and modulate immune cell function through regulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and affect production of cytokines and prostaglandins. Adequate intake of vitamins B(6), folate, B(12), C, E, and of selenium, zinc, copper, and iron supports a Th1 cytokine-mediated immune response with sufficient production of proinflammatory cytokines, which maintains an effective immune response and avoids a shift to an anti-inflammatory Th2 cell-mediated immune response and an increased risk of extracellular infections. Supplementation with these micronutrients reverses the Th2 cell-mediated immune response to a proinflammatory Th1 cytokine-regulated response with enhanced innate immunity. Vitamins A and D play important roles in both cell-mediated and humoral antibody response and support a Th2-mediated anti-inflammatory cytokine profile. Vitamin A deficiency impairs both innate immunity (mucosal epithelial regeneration) and adaptive immune response to infection resulting in an impaired ability to counteract extracellular pathogens. Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with a higher susceptibility to infections due to impaired localized innate immunity and defects in antigen-specific cellular immune response. Overall, inadequate intake and status of these vitamins and minerals may lead to suppressed immunity, which predisposes to infections and aggravates malnutrition.
Substrate specificities and properties of human phospholipases A2 in a mixed vesicle model. (1992)

Studies of the specificity of phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) for different substrates have usually been carried out in vesicles or mixed micelles, where differences in shape, size, or charge of vesicles formed with different phospholipids may give misleading results. Another factor is binding of the enzyme to the phospholipid surface, which has recently been addressed using vesicles of an anionic phospholipid, dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphomethanol (DMPM) to which some extracellular PLA2s were shown to bind with a very high affinity (Jain, M. K., and Berg, O. G. (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1002, 127-156). In the present report we have used a similar system to study the substrate preferences of two human PLA2s that are thought to be physiologically relevant in the metabolism of arachidonic acid: a recombinant form of the human synovial fluid (14 kDa) PLA2 and the cytosolic (85 kDa) PLA2 found in monocytic cells. It is shown that both human enzymes bind tightly to DMPM vesicles and follow the basic characteristics of processive hydrolysis in this model using analysis of progress curves and substrate competition experiments. Mixed vesicles containing DMPM with small amounts (3-5 mol%) of other phospholipids have been used to study the substrate selectivity of the two human isoenzymes. The synovial fluid PLA2 shows a clear preference (approximately 7-fold) for sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine over sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Within glycerophosphocholines, this enzyme displays little preference for the sn-2 fatty acyl group, and a slight preference for phospholipids with sn-1-acyl versus sn-1-alkyl substituents. In contrast, the cytosolic PLA2 shows a marked selectivity for arachidonoyl in the sn-2 position and only minor differences in selectivity for the polar head group in the sn-3 position. This enzyme does not distinguish between sn-1-acyl and sn-1-alkyl subclasses of glycerophosphocholines.
Understanding the Sacred Undergarments: An Outsider's Perspective (2015)

In the United States, clothing is seen as the expression of the person who is wearing it, and people have almost unlimited options for what to put on their body. Compared to early-twentieth-century standards, American culture now seems to allow most adults to dress much more provocatively because of the idea of individual freedom. One group that is openly fighting against the lack of standardized dress is the Latter-day Saints (the Mormon Church). Among the standards that the LDS Church has set for its members is that they are mandated to wear sacred undergarments. These clothing standards are set up to ensure that Mormons remain sexually chaste, both men and women, until they are married and sealed in the temple. These clothing standards are intended to remove any form of sexuality to the bedroom and limit it to private interactions between a husband and a wife. However, while clothing standards are established for both men and women, it is clear that the standards are stricter for women. These standards are harsher for women because the focus is on women’s bodies. Women control the sexual standards for both men and women of the church, so women’s bodies need to be covered up in order to protect the LDS society.
Study of the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte using imaginary impedance spectroscopy (2002)

Polymeric electrolytes of (PEO1)(10) LiClO4-Al2O3 (PEO: poly (ethyleneoxide)) and (PEO2)(16)LiClO4-EC (EC: ethylene carbonate) were prepared. We proposed an equivalent circuit and gave the meaning of the concerned circuit elements. When the impedance spectrum deformed severely, the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte was determined by using the maximum of imaginary impedance, which is a convenient method.
YB-1 Bridges Neural Stem Cells and Brain Tumor–Initiating Cells via Its Roles in Differentiation and Cell Growth (2011)

The Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is upregulated in many human malignancies including glioblastoma (GBM). It is also essential for normal brain development, suggesting that YB-1 is part of a neural stem cell (NSC) network. Here, we show that YB-1 was highly expressed in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of mouse fetal brain tissues but not in terminally differentiated primary astrocytes. Conversely, YB-1 knockout mice had reduced Sox-2, nestin, and musashi-1 expression in the SVZ. Although primary murine neurospheres were rich in YB-1, its expression was lost during glial differentiation. Glial tumors often express NSC markers and tend to loose the cellular control that governs differentiation; therefore, we addressed whether YB-1 served a similar role in cancer cells. YB-1, Sox-2, musashi-1, Bmi-1, and nestin are coordinately expressed in SF188 cells and 9/9 GBM patient-derived primary brain tumor-initiating cells (BTIC). Silencing YB-1 with siRNA attenuated the expression of these NSC markers, reduced neurosphere growth, and triggered differentiation via coordinate loss of GSK3-β. Furthermore, differentiation of BTIC with 1% serum or bone morphogenetic protein-4 suppressed YB-1 protein expression. Likewise, YB-1 expression was lost during differentiation of normal human NSCs. Consistent with these observations, YB-1 expression increased with tumor grade (n = 49 cases). YB-1 was also coexpressed with Bmi-1 (Spearmans 0.80, P > 0.001) and Sox-2 (Spearmans 0.66, P > 0.001) based on the analysis of 282 cases of high-grade gliomas. These proteins were highly expressed in 10/15 (67%) of GBM patients that subsequently relapsed. In conclusion, YB-1 correlatively expresses with NSC markers where it functions to promote cell growth and inhibit differentiation.
Morphological Classification for Traffic Sign Recognition (2014)

In this paper, a novel method is proposed for the Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) using the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLPs) network. In particular to the proposed morphological classification method, the candidate signs are individually detected from two chrome components of the YCbCr space and then classified into three shape classes: circle, square, and triangle based on computing the rotated version correlations. The PCA-based features of these sign objects will be used for the MLPs as the training system corresponding to previously determined class. This approach not only reduces the time but also increases the performance in the recognition process. In simulation, the proposed method is estimated with over 500 statistic images and its accuracy rate is up to 96%.
Novel Biocomposites with Feather Keratin (2007)

This work deals with the preparation and characterisation of cellulose-keratin biocomposites. A method of manufacturing fibrous composite materials by wet spinning is presented. We used natural polymers, biomodified cellulose and keratin obtained from chicken feath ers. Keratin waste is a potential renewable starting material. Spinning solutions were prepared from these polymers, and after filtration and aeration they were used for the for mation of fibres and fibrids . The investigations included the preparation of biomodified cel lulose-keratin spinning solutions of different keratin content, estimation of the influences of formation speed and drawing on the fibre properties, estimation of the sorption properties of the composites obtained. The biomodified cellulose-keratin fibres obtained are charac terised by better sorption properties, higher hygroscopicity and smaller wetting angle, than those of cellulose fibres. The introduction of keratin into cellulose fibres lowered their me chanical properties, but they reach a level which enables the application of these fibres for manufacturing composite fibrous materials. Composting tests, carried out at 50 0C, showed the better biodegradability of composite fibres than that of cellulose fibres. The biomodi fied cellulose-keratin fibrids are also characterised by better sorption properties than those of cellulose fibrids. As a result of the lyophilisation of composite fibrids cellulose-keratin sponges were obtained.
Intragenic Control of Expression of a Rice MADS Box Gene OsMADS1 (2008)

OsMADS1 is a rice MADS box gene necessary for floral development. To identify the key cis-regulatory regions for its expression, we utilized transgenic rice plants expressing GUS fusion constructs. Histochemical analysis revealed that the 5.7-kb OsMADS1 intragenic sequences, encompassing exon 1, intron 1, and a part of exon 2, together with the 1.9-kb 5' upstream promoter region, are required for the GUS expression pattern that coincides with flower-preferential expression of OsMADS1. In contrast, the 5' upstream promoter sequence lacking this intragenic region caused ectopic expression of the reporter gene in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Notably, incorporation of the intragenic region into the CaMV35S promoter directed the GUS expression pattern similar to that of the endogenous spatial expression of OsMADS1 in flowers. In addition, our transient gene expression assay revealed that the large first intron following the CaMV35S minimal promoter enhances flower-preferential expression of GUS. These results suggest that the OsMADS1 intragenic sequence, largely intron 1, contains a key regulatory region(s) essential for expression.
Assessment of a microwave‐based clinical waste decontamination unit (1994)

A clinical waste decontamination unit that used microwave-generated heat was assessed for operator safety and efficacy. Tests with loads artificially contaminated with aerosol-forming particles showed that no particles were detected outside the machine provided the seals and covers were correctly seated. Thermometric measurement of a self-generated steam decontamination cycle was used to determine the parameters needed to ensure heat disinfection of the waste reception hopper, prior to entry for maintenance or repair. Bacterial and thermometric test pieces were passed through the machine within a full load of clinical waste. These test pieces, designed to represent a worst case situation, were enclosed in aluminium foil to shield them from direct microwave energy. None of the 100 bacterial test pieces yielded growth on culture and all 100 thermal test pieces achieved temperatures in excess of 99 degrees C during their passage through the decontamination unit. It was concluded that this method may be used to render safe the bulk of of ward-generated clinical waste.
Carbon nanotube yarns as strong flexible conductive capacitive electrodes (2014)

Carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn, consisting of 23 μm diameter CNT filaments, can be used as capacitive electrodes that are long, flexible, conductive and strong, for applications in energy and electrochemical water treatment. We measure the charge storage capacity as function of salt concentration, and use Gouy–Chapman–Stern theory to describe the data. CNT yarn can also be used as conductive scaffold for the application of a porous activated carbon (AC) layer. We show the potential of CNT yarn for the generation of electrical energy from environmental entropy differences, by coating yarn (both with and without AC coating) with ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and generating power from the salt concentration difference between river water and seawater. The use of flexible and conductive CNT yarns as capacitive electrodes and electrode scaffolds breaks with the paradigm of planar static electrodes, and opens up a range of alternative designs for electrochemical cells with enhanced performance.
A population‐based study of mild mental handicap in children: preliminary analysis of obstetric associations (1990)

One hundred and twenty-nine children in the 8- to 12-year-old age group in Cardiff were ascertained to have mild mental deficiency. Detailed obstetric data were obtained which indicated that nearly 69% of the children were associated with adverse obstetric factors. Fifty-five per cent had the combined pathogenetic risk factors of pre-, peri- and neonatal adversities. Forty-two per cent of the cases had non-optimal perinatal factors and 45% were considered to have prenatal causation. There were four children with chromosomal anomalies. The various adverse obstetric influences are discussed separately.
3D Pose Estimation for Fine-Grained Object Categories (2018)

Existing object pose estimation datasets are related to generic object types and there is so far no dataset for fine-grained object categories. In this work, we introduce a new large dataset to benchmark pose estimation for fine-grained objects, thanks to the availability of both 2D and 3D fine-grained data recently. Specifically, we augment two popular fine-grained recognition datasets (StanfordCars and CompCars) by finding a fine-grained 3D CAD model for each sub-category and manually annotating each object in images with 3D pose. We show that, with enough training data, a full perspective model with continuous parameters can be estimated using 2D appearance information alone. We achieve this via a framework based on Faster/Mask R-CNN. This goes beyond previous works on category-level pose estimation, which only estimate discrete/continuous viewpoint angles or recover rotation matrices often with the help of key points. Furthermore, with fine-grained 3D models available, we incorporate a dense 3D representation named as location field into the CNN-based pose estimation framework to further improve the performance. The new dataset is available at www.umiacs.umd.edu/~wym/3dpose.html
Impact of the Alkyl Side Chains on the Optoelectronic Properties of a Series of Photovoltaic Low-Band-Gap Copolymers (2010)

The design of novel low-band-gap conjugated polymers with appropriate frontier orbital energy levels and good charge transport is needed to improve the conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic devices. In this article, we describe the synthesis and structure−property relationships of a series of photovoltaic copolymers with a common conjugated backbone and differing solubilizing side chains. The copolymer optoelectronic properties and the related photovoltaic device performances are reported. Our results clearly show that the side chains have a major impact on the material and device properties. The electronic band gap can be varied by more than 0.3 eV, the charge mobilities by orders of magnitude, and the optimized fullerene content of photovoltaic devices by a factor of 4 by barely changing the side-chain positioning and/or by switching from linear to branched alkyl chains. A power conversion efficiency of 2.7% could be achieved with devices using the most promising polymer.
Stereoscopic imaging technology for medical video endoscope (2002)

With the development of the minimally invasive surgeries (MIS), the quality of information provided to surgeons becomes more and more important. Consequently it has been a trend that stereoscope replaces the traditional monocular endoscopes. This 3D video endoscope system acquires separate left and right images by a pair of stereo-objective lenses replicating human binocular vision. The system employs time multiplexing technique accomplished by images processor. The separate left and right images will been seen with an active matrix liquid crystal screen and a circular polarized eyewear at different moments at the same time. The clinical evaluation shows that when the system is adopted to perform the MIS, the procedure is safer, more effective, and less invasive.