gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of cubic phase gallium nitride by modified molecular-beam epitaxy (1989)

Gallium nitride is a compound semiconductor with a wide direct band gap (3.45 eV) and a large saturated electron drift velocity. Nearly all single-crystal thin films grown to date have been wurtzite (hexagonal) structure. Cubic GaN has the potential for higher saturated electron drift velocity and somewhat lower band gap. These properties could increase its applicability for high-frequency devices (such as impact ionization avalanche transit time diodes) as well as short-wavelength light emitting diodes and semiconductor lasers. This paper reports the growth of cubic phase single-crystal thin-film GaN using a modified molecular-beam epitaxy technique. A standard effusion cell was used for gallium, but to activate nitrogen gas prior to deposition, a microwave glow discharge was used. Auger electron spectroscopy showed a nominally stoichiometric GaN film. Transmission electron microscopy with selected area diffraction indicated the crystal structure to be zinc blende.
Antigen binding allosterically promotes Fc receptor recognition (2018)

A key question in immunology is whether antigen recognition and Fc receptor (FcR) binding are allosterically linked. This question is also relevant for therapeutic antibody design. Antibody Fab and Fc domains are connected by flexible unstructured hinge region. Fc chains have conserved glycosylation sites at Asn297, with each conjugated to a core heptasaccharide and forming biantennary Fc glycan. The glycans modulate the Fc conformations and functions. It is well known that the antibody Fab and Fc domains and glycan affect antibody activity, but whether these elements act independently or synergistically is still uncertain. We simulated four antibody complexes: free antibody, antigen-bound antibody, FcR-bound antibody, and an antigen-antibody-FcR complex. We found that, in the antibody's "T/Y" conformation, the glycans, and the Fc domain all respond to antigen binding, with the antibody population shifting to two dominant clusters, both with the Fc-receptor binding site open. The simulations reveal that the Fc-glycan-receptor complexes also segregate into two conformational clusters, one corresponding to the antigen-free antibody-FcR baseline binding, and the other with an antigen-enhanced antibody-FcR interaction. Our study confirmed allosteric communications in antibody-antigen recognition and following FcR activation. Even though we observed allosteric communications through the IgG domains, the most important mechanism that we observed is the communication via population shift, stimulated by antigen binding and propagating to influence FcR recognition.
Semiconductor laser made of Bi<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Sb<sub><i>x</i></sub> (1984)

An experimental study was made of the emission of radiation of wavelengths near 100 μ by a laser made of Bi1–xSbx. Theoretical estimates were obtained of the threshold density n of electron-hole pairs. It was found that lasing appeared at n ≈ 4 × 1015cm−3 when the temperature was 16K and the current 1.4 A.
Interaction of Ergot Drugs with Central Monoamine Systems (1978)

Biochemical, histochemical and behavioural experiments suggest that many ergot drugs possess dopamine (DA) agonistic activity at the postsynaptic DA receptors. It seems likely that this action of bromocriptine and Lergotrile explains their unique anti-parkinsonian properties. Studies on DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase reveal only 10—30% increases of adenylate cyclase activity in striatum. It may, thus, be that small increases in adenylate cyclase activity may be sufficient to produce enhancement of DA neurotransmission in the brain. In agreement it was found that the increase caused by agroclavine in adenylate cyclase activity is significantly enhanced in denervated striata. With low concentrations of ergot drugs a positive interaction was found with DA at the level of the adenylate cyclase. Of all the ergots tested for DA agonistic activity agroclavine and elymoclavine were found to be the most potent in all models studied.
Adaptive Neural Filters with Fixed Weights (2007)

By the fundamental neural filtering theorem, a properly trained recursive neural filter with fixed weights that processes only the measurement process generates recursively the conditional expectation of the signal process with respect to the joint probability distributions of the signal and measurement processes and any uncertain environmental process involved. This means that said recursive neural filter with fixed weights has the ability to adapt to the uncertain environmental parameter. This ability is called accommodative ability. This paper shows that if the uncertain environmental process is observable (not necessarily constant) from the measurement process, then the estimate of the signal process generated by said recursive neural filter with fixed weights approaches the estimate of the signal process that would be generated as if the precise value of the uncertain environmental process were given and processed together with the measurement process by a minimal-variance filter.
Inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1): a patent review (2010-2015) (2016)

The search for the magic bullet in cancer immunotherapies is ongoing since more than 100 years, but only recent clinical success of immune checkpoint directed antibodies significantly revived the f...
GATT 제1조의 조의 해석과 적용 (2012)

This paper deals with the interpretation and application of Article I of the GATT based on the WTO case law. Article I provides that...
Dictionary of Accounting (2002)

This comprehensive dictionary covers a wide range of topics related to accountancy, including personal finances, investments and company accounts. Ideal for accountancy professionals, bookkeepers, student of accountancy and all those working in company accounts departments. 'Clear as day...This dictionary provides an extremely thorough guide to the terms we use in accounting...For students beginning the AAT qualification and people from a non-accounting background, this book will be extremely useful.' - Accounting Technician
Type IV pili‐dependent gliding motility in the Gram‐positive pathogen <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> and other Clostridia (2006)

Bacteria can swim in liquid media by flagellar rotation and can move on surfaces via gliding or twitching motility. One type of gliding motility involves the extension, attachment and retraction of type IV pili (TFP), which pull the bacterium towards the site of attachment. TFP-dependent gliding motility has been seen in many Gram-negative bacteria but not in Gram-positive bacteria. Recently, the genome sequences of three strains of Clostridium perfringens have been completed and we identified gene products involved in producing TFP in each strain. Here we show that C. perfringens produces TFP and moves with an unusual form of gliding motility involving groups of densely packed cells moving away from the edge of a colony in curvilinear flares. Mutations introduced into the pilT and pilC genes of C. perfringens abolished motility and surface localization of TFP. Genes encoding TFP are also found in the genomes of all nine Clostridium species sequenced thus far and we demonstrated that Clostridium beijerinckii can move via gliding motility. It has recently been proposed that the Clostridia are the oldest Eubacterial class and the ubiquity of TFP in this class suggests that a Clostridia-like ancestor possessed TFP, which evolved into the forms seen in many Gram-negative species.
Bovine Bone Marrow Lipids (1982)

ABSTRACT Characteristics of marrow lipids in bones from three different anatomical locations (cervical, lumbar, femur) in steers and cows on low energy (range) or high energy (feedlot) diets are reported. Cervical marrow contained the least and femur marrow the most total lipid and triglycerides (TG) were the major type of lipid present in all marrows. Phosphatidyl choline was the major PL present in all marrows. The predominant fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0 and cis 18:1. There were no consistent effects due to anatomical location of bone, diet or sex upon any of the acids measured. TG structures were similar in all marrows and the fatty acid composition of TG from steer marrow resembled that of steer intramuscular TG.
Mechanical Properties of Fine‐Grained Substoichiomebic Titanium Carbide (1983)

An attempt was made to lower the ductile‐to‐brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of polycrystalline TiC and to prevent the premature intergranular fracture noted in stoichiometric Tic at high temperatures by producing four substoichiometric compositions chosen from the single‐phase TiC phase field. Each desired composition was prepared by blending and vacuum hot‐pressing the appropriate mixture of Ti powder and stoichiometric TiC powder. Each billet was characterized for density, hardness, lattice parameter, and microstructure. The actual bulk compositions were determined by averaging electron probe microanalysis data collected randomly from a polished section of each billet. Specimens cut from the billets were strength‐tested in four‐point bending from room temperature to 1400°C and in compression from room temperature to 1200°C. A qualitative determination of the material's ductility was obtained from a load vs deflection plot and by optical microscopy of polished surfaces after deformation. Both the hardness and strength dropped with decreasing C/Ti atom ratios. Billets produced at the lower C/Ti atom ratios showed a significant deviation from linearity of the load/ deflection curve at temperatures as low as 1200°C in bending, with little or no drop in strength, and as low as 600°C in compression.
Bill-of-material configuration generation (2002)

A novel system which combines elements of database management, object-oriented technology and artificial intelligence is described. This system addresses certain bill-of-material (BOM) configuration generation problems and should not be confused with the more typical BOM recursive traversal problems. The BOM configuration system automatically extracts design rules from existing BOM designs. The system then, in turn, applies the rules to generate new BOM designs. It is shown that there are special requirements of the applications that make BOM configuration a difficult process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spontaneous preterm birth, a clinical dilemma: Etiologic, pathophysiologic and genetic heterogeneities and racial disparity (2008)

Preterm labor leading to preterm delivery (<37 weeks' gestation) affects approximately 5-7% of live births in developed countries, but significantly higher in developing countries. Prematurity due to preterm birth (PTB) accounts for around 28% of neonatal mortality worldwide. Approximately 45-50% of PTBs are idiopathic or spontaneous, 30% are related to preterm rupture of membranes, and another 15-20% are attributed to medically indicated or elective preterm deliveries. The rate of spontaneous PTB is also increasing and the exact cause is still unclear. Generalized approaches in screening for high risk status of preterm labor and interventions have failed to reduce PTB rates. PTB presents a clinical dilemma due to etiologic, pathophysiologic and genetic heterogeneities. Racial disparity in PTB rates observed in the US further complicates its understanding. PTB is a complex phenotype and is not initiated by a single etiologic agent. Etiologic factors operate through multiple pathophysiologic pathways, and these pathways include highly overlapping biomarkers and molecular factors creating pathophysiologic heterogeneities. In this article, the current understanding of PTB pathophysiology is reviewed and the need for a much broader approach in research, analysis and interpretation of data is explained, where environmental and race/ethnicity specific risk factors may dictate specific pathways leading to PTB. Recent data on amniotic fluid biomarkers and maternal and fetal genetic variants, which indicate huge disparity between races in the US, are also reviewed. These data suggest that gene-gene interactions and gene-environmental interactions produce distinct pathophysiologic pathways with respect to an individual's genetic make-up and environmental risk exposure. Current strategies of high risk screening and intervention measures may not be generalized, and a more individualized approach may be required to understand PTB and its prevention.
Bio-Heat Transfer Model of Deep Brain Stimulation Induced Temperature changes (2006)

There is a growing interest in the use of chronic deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of medically refractory movement disorders and other neurological and psychiatric conditions. Fundamental questions remain about the physiologic effects and safety of DBS. Previous basic research studies have focused on the direct polarization of neuronal membranes by electrical stimulation. The goal of this paper is to provide information on the thermal effects of DBS using finite element models to investigate the magnitude and spatial distribution of DBS induced temperature changes. The parameters investigated include: stimulation waveform, lead selection, brain tissue electrical and thermal conductivity, blood perfusion, metabolic heat generation during the stimulation. Our results show that clinical deep brain stimulation protocols will increase the temperature of surrounding tissue by up to 0.8 deg C depending on stimulation/tissue parameters.
Glycopeptide synthesis (1999)

Most eukaryotic proteins, some bacterial and many viral proteins carry structurally diverse carbohydrates that are covalently attached through N- or O-glycosidic bonds to the side chains of asparagine, serine, threonine, hydroxylysine, tyrosine, and hydroxyproline. In nature, N-linked glycoproteins are assembled by post-translational, enzymatic attachment of a common oligosaccharide having the composition Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 to the side chain of asparagine. This saccharide is then modified enzymatically, thereby giving structural variation to the part remote from the protein. However, N-linked glycoproteins have a common pentasaccharide core (Manα3(Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc) in which the chitobiose moiety (GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc) is bound to asparagine. By contrast, O-linked glycoproteins are built up by sequential attachment of monosaccharides by different enzymes to hydroxylated amino acids in the protein, and therefore no common core is formed. Thus, N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine attached to serine and threonine is found in mucin secreted from epithelial cells. β-D-Xylosyl serine is found in many proteoglycans, whereas β-D-galactosyl hydroxylysine is common in collagen found in connective tissue. α-L-Fucosyl residues linked to serine and threonine are found in fibrinolytic and coagulation proteins. N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosamine attached to serine and threonine occurs frequently in glycoproteins located in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas glycoproteins produced by yeast have α-D-mannosyl residues linked to serine and threonine. Larger structures are usually formed by attachment of additional saccharides to the O-linked 2-4 when found in glycoproteins. Structures 5,10, and 11 can also carry additional monosaccharides. In recent years numerous glycoproteins have been isolated and characterized, but the roles for the protein-bound carbohydrates have only just begun to be unravelled. It is now well established that glycosylation affects both the physiochemical properties and the biological functions of a glycoprotein. For instance, glycosylation has been found to influence uptake, distribution, excretion, and proteolytic stability. It is also known to have important roles in communication between cells and in attachment of bacteria and viruses to the host. Efforts to understand the role of glycosylation of proteins, or to develop glycopeptides as tools in drug discovery and drug design, have led to substantial progress in development of methodology for the synthesis of glycopeptides during the last decades.
Speaker adaptation method for HMM-based speech recognition (2003)

The authors describe a speaker adaptation method consisting of two stages. In the first stage, label prototypes, which represent spectral features, are modified to reduce the total distortion error of vector quantization for a new speaker. In the second stage, well-trained hidden Markov model (HMM) parameters are transformed by using a linear mapping function. This is estimated by counting the correspondences along the alignment between a state sequence of an HMM and a label sequence of a new speaker utterance. This adaptation procedure was tested in an isolated word recognition task using 150 confusable Japanese words. The original label prototypes and HMM parameters were estimated for a male speaker, who spoke each word 10 times. When the adaptation procedure was applied with 25 words, the average error rate for another seven male speakers was reduced from 25.0% to 5.6%, which was roughly the same as that for the original speaker. This procedure was also effective for adaptation between male and female speakers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bioprocesses for air pollution control (2009)

Abstract Bioprocesses have been developed as relatively recent alternatives to conventional, non‐biological technologies, for waste gas treatment and air pollution control in general. This paper reviews major biodegradation processes relevant in this field as well as both accepted and major innovative bioreactor configurations studied or used nowadays for the treatment of polluted air, i.e. biofilters, one‐ and two‐liquid phase biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, membrane bioreactors, rotating biodiscs and biodrums, one‐ and two‐liquid phase suspended growth bioreactors, as well as hybrid reactor configurations. Some of these bioreactors are being used at full‐scale for solving air pollution problems, while others are still at the research and development stage at laboratory‐ or pilot‐scale. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling Indirect Vision Driving With Fixed Flat Panel Displays: Task Performance and Mental Workload (2002)

The relation between mental workload and situational awareness and the effects on vehicle performance are of interest to designers of future combat ground vehicles. In this report, a micro-state task time line analysis of attention workload is used to describe a model of driving performance and mental workload for indirect vision driving. The model is based on the results of a field study in which a military vehicle was driven with flat panel, liquid crystal displays fixed in the cab and a forward viewing monocular camera array mounted on the front roof. The task load times for the model are calculated with a mathematical equation for vehicle speed as a function of the camera field of view. The vehicle speed equation is derived with consideration given to the effects of scene compression on the informational needs of the driver in a self-paced task. An analysis shows that the task performance and mental workload are separable for the short course runs used in the field study. The effect of indirect vision driving on mental workload is determined from the subjective ratings of perceived task loading that were reported in the field study. Along with the perceived workload, the study participants rated the mental measures of task allocated attention, situational awareness, motion sickness, and subjective stress. Because of collinearity, the perceived workload is regressed on the factorial components of a cognitive loading space derived from a factorial analysis of the mental measures. Following rotation to a 'skills-rules-knowledge' cognitive processing space derived from the clustering of the measures, the perceived workload is shown to be a function of the skills and rule-based components. On this basis, a micro-state time line model is proposed for the task information processing.
Parametric analysis of a combined dew point evaporative-vapour compression based air conditioning system (2016)

A dew point evaporative-vapour compression based combined air conditioning system for providing good human comfort conditions at a low cost has been proposed in this paper. The proposed system has been parametrically analysed for a wide range of ambient temperatures and specific humidity under some reasonable assumptions. The proposed system has also been compared from the conventional vapour compression air conditioner on the basis of cooling load on the cooling coil working on 100% fresh air assumption. The saving of cooling load on the coil was found to be maximum with a value of 60.93% at 46 °C and 6 g/kg specific humidity, while it was negative for very high humidity of ambient air, which indicates that proposed system is applicable for dry and moderate humid conditions but not for very humid conditions. The system is working well with an average net monthly power saving of 192.31 kW h for hot and dry conditions and 124.38 kW h for hot and moderate humid conditions. Therefore it could be a better alternative for dry and moderate humid climate with a payback period of 7.2 years.
Development of Demand Prediction Model for Video Contents Using Digital Big Data (2022)

영화 시장에서 흥행을 기록하는데 어떤 요인들이 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구는 관련 산업의 리스크를 줄이고 영화 산업을 발전시키는데 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 영화흥행에 영향이 있는 독립변수들의 상관의 정 도를 찾아내기 위해서 먼저 AHP 기법을 이용한 영화전문가들에 대한 설문조사를 실시하여 측정요인별 중요도를 평가 하였다. 또한, 스마트폰 보급과 사용의 증가로 검색 포털 및 SNS 관련 빅데이터에서 도출된 요인이 영화흥행에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설을 설정하였다. 그리고 앞에서 언급한 전문가 서베이 정보와 빅데이터를 모두 반영한 예측모형을 제안하였다. 제안한 모형의 예측의 정확도를 알아보기 위해 실 데이터를 가지고 검증한 결과 기존모형보다 향상됨 (10.5%)을 확인하였다. 따라서 제안한 모형은 영화제작사 및 배급사들의 의사 결정에 도움이 될 것이라 판단된다.
Ionic liquids: Functionalization and absorption of SO 2 (2017)

Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs), which have excellent properties, such as high gas absorption abilities, extremely low volatility and tunable structures, are regarded as environmentally-friendly absorbents and widely used in SO2 absorption and separation. As a result, a large number of ILs have been synthesized to capture SO2 from flue gas or simulated gas, but a part of them just have physical interaction with SO2 and can hardly absorb SO2 when the content of SO2 is very low. Hence, functional ILs, which can chemically absorb a large amount of SO2 with low contents, have been designed and synthesized for SO2 capture. Up to now, many kinds of functional ILs were investigated for SO2 absorption from flue gas. In this review, the functional ILs are classified into guanidinium based ILs, hydroxyl ammonium based ILs, imidazolium/pyridinium based ILs, quaternary ammonium based ILs, phosphonium based ILs, and other kinds of ILs according to their cations. The capacities of SO2 absorption in these ILs, the mechanism of the absorption, and the ways to enhance the absorption are briefly introduced. The prospect of functional ILs for their application in SO2 removal is presented. The present problems and the further studies are also discussed. Keywords: Ionic liquid, SO2, Absorption, Functionalization