gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intimate coupling of photocatalysis and biodegradation in a photocatalytic circulating‐bed biofilm reactor (2008)

Coupling advanced oxidative pretreatment with subsequent biodegradation demonstrates potential for treating wastewaters containing biorecalcitrant and inhibitory organic constituents. However, advanced oxidation is indiscriminate, producing a range of products that can be too oxidized, unavailable for biodegradation, or toxic themselves. This problem could be overcome if advanced oxidation and biodegradation occurred together, an orientation called intimate coupling; then, biodegradable organics are removed as they are formed, focusing the chemical oxidant on the non-biodegradable fraction. Intimate coupling has seemed impossible because the conditions of advanced oxidation, for example, hydroxyl radicals and sometimes UV-light, are severely toxic to microorganisms. Here, we demonstrate that a novel photocatalytic circulating-bed biofilm reactor (PCBBR), which utilizes macro-porous carriers to protect biofilm from toxic reactants and UV light, achieves intimate coupling. We demonstrate the viability of the PCBBR system first with UV only and acetate, where the carriers grew biofilm and sustained acetate biodegradation despite continuous UV irradiation. Images obtained by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy show bacteria living behind the exposed surface of the cubes. Second, we used slurry-form Degussa P25 TiO2 to initiate photocatalysis of inhibitory 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) and acetate. With no bacterial carriers, photocatalysis and physical processes removed TCP and COD to 32% and 26% of their influent levels, but addition of biofilm carriers decreased residuals to 2% and 4%, respectively. Biodegradation alone could not remove TCP. Photomicrographs clearly show that biomass originally on the exterior of the carriers was oxidized (charred), but biofilm a short distance within the carriers was protected. Finally, we coated TiO2 directly onto the carrier surface, producing a hybrid photocatalytic-biological carrier. These carriers likewise demonstrated the concept of photocatalytic degradation of TCP coupled with biodegradation of acetate, but continued TCP degradation required augmentation with slurry-form TiO2.
Rewritable 3D Bit Optical Data Storage in a PMMA-Based Photorefractive Polymer (2001)

3D bit optical data storage has the ability to reach Tbytes on a recording medium no larger than a compact disc using two-photon excitation and multi-layer recording. The introduction of a poly-vinyl carbazole (PVK) based photorefractive polymer as the recording material allows the system to rewrite the recorded information via the photorefractive effect.[1,2] In this paper, we demonstrate the use of continuous wave illumination for three-dimensional (3D) bit optical data storage under two-photon excitation in a new poly(methylmethacrylate)-based (PMMA) photorefractive polymer. This achievement makes it possible to develop a cheap, compact, sub Tbyte rewritable optical data storage system to further extend the capabilities of compact disc and digital versatile disc technology.
Adaptive predictive power control for the uplink channel in ds-cdma cellular systems (2003)

In this paper, we analyze the conventional closed-loop power-control system. We explain that the system behaves essentially as a companded delta modulator and then derive an expression for the power-control error in terms of the channel fading, which suggests methods for reducing the error variance. This is achieved by using a prediction technique for estimating the channel-power fading profile. The prediction module is combined with several proposed schemes for closed-loop power control. The resulting architectures are shown to result in improved performance in simulations.
Detection and Identification of a Water Mixture of E. coli Cells and B. subtilis Spores with Raman Chemical Imaging Microscopy (2007)

Raman chemical imaging microscopy was used to visualize and discriminate between biological substances with Raman spectral database identification. Water suspensions were investigated for mixtures of different concentrations of E. coli and Bacillus subtilis spores.
Mapping T‐cell epitopes of rubella virus structural proteins E1, E2, and C recognized by T‐cell lines and clones derived from infected and immunized populations (1993)

To design a safe and effective synthetic peptide vaccine against rubella virus (RV) infection, it is necessary to identify immunodominant T-cell epitopes of RV structural proteins. To define such epitopes, 49 overlapping synthetic peptides (17-34 residues in length) corresponding to more than 95% of the amino acid sequence of RV virion proteins E1 (23 peptides) and C (11 peptides) and all of E2 (15 peptides) were synthesized and tested for their capacities to induce proliferative responses of rubella-specific T-cell lines and T-cell clones derived from 4 study groups (5 women infected with RV in pregnancy, 5 patients with congenital rubella syndrome, 5 seropositive healthy donors, and 5 RV vaccine recipients). The most frequently recognized epitopes were E1-21 (residues 358-377) with 11/20 responders, E2-4 (residues 54-74) with 6/20 responders, and C11 (residues 255-280) with 11/20 responders, respectively. E1-10 (residues 174-193), E1-16 (residues 272-291) and E1-18 (residues 307-326) were responded to strongly by corresponding T-cell clones, and were recognized by 4 or 5 T-cell lines. T-cell lines derived from three congenital rubella syndrome patients did not respond to any of the synthetic peptides. The results showed that more T-cell epitopes were present in E1 (19/23) and C (10/11) than in E2 (8/15). The identification of T cell sites recognized frequently by RV-infected or -immunized populations could provide the basis for selecting candidate T-cell epitopes for the development of an effective synthetic vaccine against rubella.
Active semiconductor optical switches with blue-shifted channel waveguides (1990)

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical design study of active optical switches constructed from III-V semiconductor multiple-quantum-well waveguides. New designs are given for 4 × 4 matrix switches, 1 × 4 tree switches, and 4-delay optical transversal filters. The designs feature ∼ 0 dB insertion loss and ∼ 30 dB crosstalk isolation. Low injection currents are predicted because pumping is eliminated on ∼ 70 percent of the channel waveguide area by an induced-disorder treatment that blue-shifts the material's absorption edge. The active networks also feature etched facet reflectors that facilitate the dense packing of guides.
Synthesis of Non-nucleoside Analogs of Toyocamycin, Sangivamycin, and Thiosangivamycin:  The Effect of Certain 4- and 4,6-Substituents on the Antiviral Activity of Pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidines (1996)

A number of 4-substituted 7-(ethoxymethyl)- and 7-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl]pyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile and -5-thiocarboxamide derivatives and several 7-substituted 4,6-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, -5-carboxamide, and -5-thiocarboxamide analogs related to the nucleoside antibiotics toyocamycin and sangivamycin were prepared and tested for activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Biologically, modifications at the 4-position were not well tolerated in cell culture, and in almost all cases no activity against HCMV or HSV-1 was observed. Furthermore, none of the compounds inhibited the growth of L1210 murine leukemic cells in vitro. In sharp contrast to the 4-substituted compounds, all of the 4,6-diamino 5-nitrile and the 5-thioamide analogs were active against HCMV, whereas the 5-carboxamides were inactive. The corresponding 4-amino 6-methylamino and 6-dimethylamino 5-nitrile analogs were inactive against HCMV, establishing that an amino group at both C-4 and C-6 is a likely requirement for antiviral activity. Overall, our results demonstrate that an amino group at C-4 and a thioamide moiety at C-5 of a 7-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine are essential for activity against HCMV, whereas a 4,6-diamino analog does not necessarily require a thioamide group at C-5 for activity against HCMV.
The hBP-tree: A Modified hB-tree Supporting Concurrency, Recovery and Node Consolidation (1995)

We describe a new access method, the hB”-tree, an adaptation of the hB-tree index to the constraints of the II-tree . The II-trees, a generalization of the Blink-trees, provide high concurrency with recovery, because they break down structure modification into a series of short atomic actions. In addition, the IItrees include a node consolidation algorithm. The hB-tree is, a multi-attribute index which is highly insensitive to dimensionality, but which has no node consolidation algorithm and has a flaw in its split/post algorithm in certain special cases. The hB”-tree corrects the splitting/posting algorithm and adapts the concurrency, recovery and node consolidation of the II-tree to the hB-tree. The combination makes the hBn-tree suitable for inclusion in a general purpose database management system.supporting multi-attribute and spatial queries. keywords: indexing, B-trees, multi-attribute access methods, spatial access methods, concurrency, recovery
A fast approximate acoustic match for large vocabulary speech recognition (1993)

In a large vocabulary speech recognition system using hidden Markov models, calculating the likelihood of an acoustic signal segment for all the words in the vocabulary involves a large amount of computation. In order to run in real time on a modest amount of hardware, it is important that these detailed acoustic likelihood computations be performed only on words which have a reasonable probability of being the word that was spoken. The authors describe a scheme for rapidly obtaining an approximate acoustic match for all the words in the vocabulary in such a way as to ensure that the correct word is, with high probability, one of a small number of words examined in detail. Using fast search methods, they obtain a matching algorithm that is about a hundred times faster than doing a detailed acoustic likelihood computation on all the words in the IBM Office Correspondence isolated word dictation task, which has a vocabulary of 20000 words. Experimental results showing the effectiveness of such a fast match for a number of talkers are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Z-DNA binding protein from chicken blood nuclei. (1993)

A protein (Z alpha) that appears to be highly specific for the left-handed Z-DNA conformer has been identified in chicken blood nuclear extracts. Z alpha activity is measured in a band-shift assay by using a radioactive probe consisting of a (dC-dG)35 oligomer that has 50% of the deoxycytosines replaced with 5-bromodeoxycytosine. In the presence of 10 mM Mg2+, the probe converts to the Z-DNA conformation and is bound by Z alpha. The binding of Z alpha to the radioactive probe is specifically blocked by competition with linear poly(dC-dG) stabilized in the Z-DNA form by chemical bromination but not by B-form poly(dC-dG) or boiled salmon-sperm DNA. In addition, the binding activity of Z alpha is competitively blocked by supercoiled plasmids containing a Z-DNA insert but not by either the linearized plasmid or by an equivalent amount of the parental supercoiled plasmid without the Z-DNA-forming insert. Z alpha can be crosslinked to the 32P-labeled brominated probe with UV light, allowing us to estimate that the minimal molecular mass of Z alpha is 39 kDa.
Effects of Ghrelin on the Insulin and Glycemic Responses to Glucose, Arginine, or Free Fatty Acids Load in Humans (2003)

Ghrelin possesses central and peripheral endocrine actions including influence on the endocrine pancreatic function. To clarify this latter ghrelin action, in seven normal young subjects [age (mean +/- SEM), 28.3 +/- 3.1 yr; body mass index, 21.9 +/- 0.9 kg/m(2)), we studied insulin and glucose levels after acute ghrelin administration (1.0 microg/kg i.v.) alone or combined with glucose [oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 100 g orally], arginine (ARG, 0.5 g/kg i.v.) or free fatty acid (FFA, Intralipid 10%, 250 ml). Ghrelin inhibited (P < 0.05) insulin and increased (P < 0.05) glucose levels. OGTT increased (P < 0.01) glucose and insulin levels. FFA increased (P < 0.05) glucose but did not modify insulin levels. ARG increased (P < 0.05) both insulin and glucose levels. Ghrelin did not modify both glucose and insulin responses to OGTT as well as the FFA-induced increase in glucose levels; however, ghrelin administration was followed by transient insulin decrease also during FFA. Ghrelin blunted (P < 0.05) the insulin response to ARG and enhanced (P < 0.05) the ARG-induced increase in glucose levels. In all, ghrelin induces transient decrease of spontaneous insulin secretion and selectively blunts the insulin response to ARG but not to oral glucose load. On the other hand, ghrelin raises basal glucose levels and enhances the hyperglycemic effect of ARG but not that of OGTT. These findings support the hypothesis that ghrelin exerts modulatory action of insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in humans.
Design of more potent antagonists of the antidiuretic responses to arginine-vasopressin (1982)

As part of a program aimed at designing more potent and selective antagonists of the antidiuretic responses to arginine-vasopressin (AVP), we substituted O-alkyl-D-tyrosine (where alkyl = methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or n-propyl) at position 2 in our eight previously reported O-alkyl-L-tyrosine antagonists of antidiuretic and vasopressor responses to AVP. We also substituted D-tyrosine for L-tyrosine in two vasopressor antagonists with weak antidiuretic agonistic activity, [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid),4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin [d(CH2)5VDAVP] and its L-arginine isomer [d(CH2)5VAVP]. The ten analogues, synthesized by the solid-phase method, are as follows: 1, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(Me)VDAVP; 2, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(Et)VDAVP; 3, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(i-Pr)VDAVP; 4, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(n-Pr)VDAVP; 5, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(Me)VAVP; 6, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(Et)VAVP; 7, d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(n-Pr)VAVP; 8, d-(CH2)5-D-Tyr(i-PR)VAVP; 9, d(CH2)5-D-TyrVDAVP; 10, d(CH2)5-D-TyrVAVP. These analogues were tested for agonistic and antagonistic activities in rat antidiuretic and rat vasopressor systems. All ten D-tyrosine analogues possess transient weak antidiuretic activities (0.004--0.05 U/mg). Subsequent doses of AVP are reversibly antagonized for 1--3 h, depending on the dose of the antagonist. They exhibit the following antiantidiuretic pA2 values: 1, 7.19 +/- 0.11; 2, 7.59 +/- 0.04; 3, 7.51 +/- 0.06; 4, 7.60 +/- 0.05; 5, 7.77 +/- 0.07; 6, 7.81 +/- 0.07; 7, 7.66 +/- 0.11; 8, 7.61 +/- 0.06; 9, 7.03 +/- 0.05; 10, 7.51 +/- 0.08. They are all effective antagonists of vasopressor responses to AVP. Analogues 1--8 are two to ten times more potent than their respective O-alkyl-L-tyrosine isomers as antidiuretic antagonists. Since the vasopressor potencies of the O-alkyl-L-tyrosine analogues have either diminished or remained virtually unchanged, these analogues exhibit a selective increase in their antiantidiuretic/antivasopressor ratios with respect to their respective O-alkyl-L-tyrosine analogues. The finding that the substitution of an unalkylated D-tyrosine for L-tyrosine in d(CH2)5VDAVP and d(CH2)5VAVP converts these weak antidiuretic agonists into potent antagonists of antidiuretic responses to AVP is highly significant, especially in view of the relative ease of synthesis and much higher yields of unalkylated vs. alkylated tyrosine analogues. These ten new analogues are potentially useful as pharmacological tools and as therapeutic agents. The findings presented here have also obvious potential for the design of even more potent and selective antidiuretic antagonists.
Small Molecules, Big Effects: Tuning Adsorption and Catalytic Properties of Metal–Organic Frameworks (2021)

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a highly tunable class of porous materials, and in particular, zirconium-based MOFs (Zr-MOFs) have demonstrated the potential to address challenges in a variety of practical applications due to their excellent chemical and thermal stabilities. However, Zr-MOFs are typically synthesized using flammable and toxic organic solvents. An effective, green, scalable route to obtain high-quality Zr-MOFs has yet to be developed as these procedures typically yield Zr-MOFs with relatively lower crystallinities and porosities than those obtained via the former route. Herein, we report the aqueous synthesis of MOF-808, a versatile Zr-MOF, that yields products with high crystallinities and porosities that are comparable to those of solvothermally synthesized MOF-808. We demonstrate that modifying the carboxylic acid-based modulator used in this hydrothermal procedure enables the straightforward tuning of the pore environment in MOF-808. This approach can be leveraged to tune both the water adsorption properties of MOF-808 and the solid-state catalytic performance of MOF-808 toward the hydrolysis of a nerve agent simulant. We anticipate that the insight gained here extends beyond MOF-808 and that it will lead to similar advancements for other Zr-MOFs.
Structural and morphological characteristics of planar (1120) <i>a</i>-plane gallium nitride grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (2003)

This letter discusses the structural and morphological characteristics of planar, nonpolar (112̄0) a-plane GaN films grown on (11̄02) r-plane sapphire by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Specular films with thicknesses over 50 μm were grown, eliminating the severely faceted surfaces that have previously been observed for hydride vapor phase epitaxy-grown a-plane films. Internal cracks and crack healing, similar to that in c-plane GaN films, were observed. Atomic force microscopy revealed nanometer-scale pitting and steps on the film surfaces, with rms roughness of ∼2 nm. X-ray diffraction confirmed the films are solely a-plane oriented with on-axis (112̄0) and 30° off-axis (101̄0) rocking curve peak widths of 1040 and 3000 arcsec, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a typical basal plane stacking fault density of 4×105 cm−1. The dislocation content of the films consisted of predominately edge component (bedge=±[0001]) threading dislocations with a density of 2×1010 cm−2, and mixed-character Shockley partial dislocations (b=13〈11̄00〉) with a density of 7×109 cm−2.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Mechanistic Considerations Case Study: Developing a Ruthenium-Carbene Catalyst for Acrylonitrile Metathesis Applications of Ruthenium-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis in Organic Synthesis Ring-Closing Metathesis Cross Metathesis Combination Metathesis Processes Summary
Ultracompliant thermal probe array for scanning non-planar surfaces without force feedback (2004)

This paper describes an array of micromachined thermal probes for scanning thermal microscopy for which the structural design and choice of materials virtually eliminate the need for z-axis mechanical feedback in contact mode scans. The high mechanical compliance accommodates significant topographical variation in the sample surface and prevents damage to soft samples. Thin film metal bolometers are molded into tips at the end of each cantilever in the array, and are sandwiched between two layers of polyimide that serves as the structural material. The probes overhang a Si substrate on which they are fabricated. Since integrated actuators and accompanying circuitry are no longer required, the prospect of scaling from the present eight-probe version to large numbers of probes for high speed, high resolution thermal mapping of large areas with simple detection circuitry is enhanced. The scalability and performance of the eight-probe prototype are evaluated, addressing issues of speed versus resolution, and thermal and mechanical decoupling. The results demonstrate that contact mode scans can provide better than 2 m spatial resolution at speeds greater than 200 m s -1 and show a 6.5 bit topographical resolution over a 7 m dynamic range. Line scans obtained with a single-shank probe suggest that there are good prospects of obtaining images showing a lateral spatial resolution of less than 50 nm.
Synchronization of High-Power Broad-Area Semiconductor Lasers (2004)

Semiconductor lasers offer significant operational advantages due to their compactness and high electrical-optical conversion efficiency. The major drawback in considering semiconductor lasers for many applications is the relatively small emission power that can be obtained from a single semiconductor laser. Synchronization of laser arrays provides a unique solution to this limitation. In this paper, we describe our recent research on the synchronization of high-power broad-area semiconductor lasers and laser arrays. We demonstrate experimental results on 1) simultaneous injection locking of multiple broad-area lasers to achieve single longitudinal/transverse mode beams and 2) synchronization and coherent beam combination of an integrated 19 broad-area laser array based on a scalable external cavity. A number of issues in the synchronization of broad-area lasers have been addressed in this paper. These include the effects of laser coupling on the array synchronization performance and the gigahertz complementary intensity oscillations occurring at different transverse modes of broad-area lasers subject to the optical injection.
Scalable coding with side information for packet loss recovery (2009)

This paper presents a packet loss recovery method that uses an incomplete secondary encoding based on scalar quantization as redundancy. The method is redundancy bit rate scalable and allows an adaptation to varying loss scenarios and a varying packeting strategy. The recovery is performed by minimum mean squared error estimation incorporating a statistical model for the quantizers to facilitate real-time adaptation. A bit allocation algorithm is proposed that extends 'reverse water filling' to the problem of scalar encoding dependent variables for a decoder with a final estimation stage and available side information. We apply the method to the encoding of line-spectral frequencies (LSFs), which are commonly used in speech coding, illustrating the good performance of the method.
Angular-dependent polarization-based plasmon light scattering for bioaffinity sensing (2005)

We describe an approach to affinity biosensing based on the depolarization of plasmon scatter of biotinylated-bovine serum albumin coated 20 nm gold colloids crosslinked by streptavidin. Our model system employs nanoparticles which initially scatter incident light with <i>P≈</i> 1, in a Rayleigh-like manner, However, upon aggregation, the nanoparticles show a decreased polarization and an increased forward scatter, consistent with both plasmon near-field coupling and Mie like scatter, enabling large changes in polarization detectable at angles approaching 180°.
Use of ceragenins to create novel biofouling resistant water-treatment membranes. (2008)

Scoping studies have demonstrated that ceragenins, when linked to water-treatment membranes have the potential to create biofouling resistant water-treatment membranes. Ceragenins are synthetically produced molecules that mimic antimicrobial peptides. Evidence includes measurements of CSA-13 prohibiting the growth of and killing planktonic Pseudomonas fluorescens. In addition, imaging of biofilms that were in contact of a ceragenin showed more dead cells relative to live cells than in a biofilm that had not been treated with a ceragenin. This work has demonstrated that ceragenins can be attached to polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, though work needs to improve the uniformity of the attachment. Finally, methods have been developed to use hyperspectral imaging with multivariate curve resolution to view ceragenins attached to the RO membrane. Future work will be conducted to better attach the ceragenin to the RO membranes and more completely test the biocidal effectiveness of the ceragenins on the membranes.