gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective distant electrostimulation by synchronized bipolar nanosecond pulses (2019)

Abstract A unique aspect of electrostimulation (ES) with nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP) is the inhibition of effects when the polarity is reversed. This bipolar cancellation feature makes bipolar nsEP less efficient at biostimulation than unipolar nsEP. We propose to minimize stimulation near pulse-delivering electrodes by applying bipolar nsEP, whereas the superposition of two phase-shifted bipolar nsEP from two independent sources yields a biologically-effective unipolar pulse remotely. This is accomplished by electrical compensation of all nsEP phases except the first one, resulting in the restoration of stimulation efficiency due to cancellation of bipolar cancellation (CANCAN-ES). We experimentally proved the CANCAN-ES paradigm by measuring YO-PRO-1 dye uptake in CHO-K1 cells which were permeabilized by multiphasic nsEP (600 ns per phase) from two generators; these nsEP were synchronized either to overlap into a unipolar pulse remotely from electrodes (CANCAN), or not to overlap (control). Enhancement of YO-PRO-1 entry due to CANCAN was observed in all sets of experiments and reached ~3-fold in the center of the gap between electrodes, exactly where the unipolar pulse was formed, and equaled the degree of bipolar cancellation. CANCAN-ES is promising for non-invasive deep tissue stimulation, either alone or combined with other remote stimulation techniques to improve targeting.
Unequal Death in T Helper Cell (Th)1 and Th2 Effectors: Th1, but not Th2, Effectors Undergo Rapid Fas/FasL-mediated Apoptosis (1997)

T helper cell (Th) 1, but not Th2, effectors undergo rapid Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated, activation-induced cell death upon restimulation with antigen. Unequal apoptosis is also observed without restimulation, after a longer lag period. Both effectors undergo delayed apoptosis induced by a non-Fas-mediated pathway. When Th1 and Th2 effectors are co-cultured, Th2 effectors survive preferentially, suggesting the responsible factor(s) is intrinsic to each population. Both Th1 and Th2 effectors express Fas and FasL, but only Th2 effectors express high levels of FAP-1, a Fas-associated phosphatase that may act to inhibit Fas signaling. The rapid death of Th1 effectors leading to selective Th2 survival provides a novel mechanism for differential regulation of the two subsets.
Intensive optimization of masks and sources for 22nm lithography (2009)

Traditional OPC is essentially an iterated feedback process, in which the position of each target edge is corrected by adjusting a controlling mask edge. However, true optimization adjusts the mask variables collectively, and in so-called SMO approaches (for Source Mask Optimization) the source variables are adjusted as well. Optimized masks often have high edge density if synthesis methods are used in an effort to obtain a more global solution, and the correspondence between individual mask edges and printed target edges becomes less clearcut than in traditionally OPC'd masks. Restrictions on phase shift and MEEF tend to reduce this departure from traditional solutions, but they trade off the theoretical performance advantage in dose and focus latitude that phase shift provides for a reduced sensitivity to thick mask topography and to manufacturing error. Mask variables couple across long distances only in the indirect sense of stitched connection across chains of neighbor-to-neighbor interactions, but source variables interact directly across entire masks. Source+mask optimization of large areas therefore involves long-range communication across the parts of the calculation, though the number of source variables involved is small. Tradeoffs between source structure, pattern diversity, and design regularity are illustrated, taking into account the limited (but unknown) number of binding features in a large layout. SMO's exploitation of complex source designs is shown to provide superior solutions to those obtained by mask optimization alone. Moreover, in development work the ability to adjust the source opens up new options in process engineering, and these will become particularly valuable when future exposure tools provide greater flexibility in programmable source control. Such capabilities can be explored in a preliminary way by using programmed multi-scans to compose optimized compound sources with e.g. multiple poles or annular elements.
Conceptual design of a 960-TW accelerator powered by impedance-matched Marx generators (2017)

We have developed a conceptual design of a next-generation pulsed-power accelerator that is optimized for advanced high-energy-density-physics experiments. The prime power source of the machine consists of 210 impedance-matched Marx generators (IMGs). Each IMG drives a 150-ns-long coaxial-transmission-line impedance transformer. The coaxial lines provide a minimum of 300 ns of transit-time isolation between each pair of IMGs. The lines in turn drive six radial-transmission-line impedance transformers, which transport the power generated by the IMGs to a six-level vacuum-insulator stack. The stack is connected to six conical outer magnetically insulated vacuum transmission lines (MITLs); these are joined in parallel at a 12-cm radius by a triple-post-hole vacuum convolute. The convolute sums the electrical currents at the outputs of the six outer MITLs, and delivers the combined current to a single short inner MITL. The inner MITL transmits the combined current to the accelerator's physics load. Since the accelerator would be the largest and most-powerful pulsed-power machine developed to date, we refer to it as Jupiter. The conceptual design of Jupiter is 72 m in diameter, stores 140 MJ of electrical energy, and generates 960 TW of peak electrical power at the output of the IMG system. The design delivers 2700 TW, 67 MA, and 9.2 MJ in a 110-ns pulse to a 0D magnetized-liner inertial-fusion (MagLIF) target. The principal goal of the design is to achieve high-yield thermonuclear fusion; i.e., a fusion yield that exceeds the energy initially stored by the accelerator's capacitors.
Evidence of a Generalized Defect of Acinar Cell Function in Shwachman‐Diamond Syndrome (2010)

: Mutations in the SBDS gene cause a generalized functional abnormality of exocrine acinar cells.
Zika virus-based immunotherapy enhances long-term survival of rodents with brain tumors through upregulation of memory T-cells (2020)

Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) exhibits a tropism for brain tumor cells and has been used as an oncolytic virus to target brain tumors in mice with modest effects on extending median survival. Recent studies have highlighted the potential for combining virotherapy and immunotherapy to target cancer. We postulated that ZIKV could be used as an adjuvant to enhance the long-term survival of mice with malignant glioblastoma and generate memory T-cells capable of providing long-term immunity against cancer remission. To test this hypothesis mice bearing malignant intracranial GL261 tumors were subcutaneously vaccinated with irradiated GL261 cells previously infected with the ZIKV. Mice also received intracranial injections of live ZIKV, irradiated ZIKV, or irradiated GL261 cells previously infected with ZIKV. Long-term survivors were rechallenged with a second intracranial tumor to examine their immune response and look for the establishment of protective memory T-cells. Mice with subcutaneous vaccination plus intracranial irradiated ZIKV or intracranial irradiated GL261 cells previously infected with ZIKV exhibited the greatest extensions to overall survival. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells within the brains of long-term surviving mice after tumor rechallenge revealed an upregulation in the levels of T-cells, including CD4 + and tissue-resident memory CD4 + T-cells, in comparison to long-term survivors that were mock-rechallenged, and in comparison to naïve untreated mice challenged with intracranial gliomas. These results suggest that ZIKV can serve as an adjuvant to subcutaneous tumor vaccines that enhance long-term survival and generate protective tissue-resident memory CD4 + T-cells.
Rapid Impedance Spectrum Measurements for State-of-Health Assessment of Energy Storage Devices (2012)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Harmonic Compensated Synchronous Detection (HCSD) is a technique that can be used to measure wideband impedance spectra within seconds based on an input sum-of-sines signal having a frequency spread separated by harmonics. The battery (or other energy storage device) is excited with a sum-of-sines current signal that has a duration of at least one period of the lowest frequency. The voltage response is then captured and synchronously detected at each frequency of interest to determine the impedance spectra. This technique was successfully simulated using a simplified battery model and then verified with commercially available Sanyo lithium-ion cells. Simulations revealed the presence of a start-up transient effect when only one period of the lowest frequency is included in the excitation signal. This transient effect appears to only influence the low-frequency impedance measurements and can be reduced when a longer input signal is used. Furthermore, lithium-ion cell testing has indicated that the transient effect does not seem to impact the charge transfer resistance in the mid-frequency region. The degradation rates for the charge transfer resistance measured from the HCSD technique were very similar to the changes observed from standardized impedance spectroscopy methods. Results from these studies, therefore, indicate that HCSD is a viable, rapid alternative approach to acquiring impedance spectra.</div></div>
Targeted N-glycan deletion at the receptor-binding site retains HIV Env NFL trimer integrity and accelerates the elicited antibody response (2017)

Extensive shielding by N-glycans on the surface of the HIV envelope glycoproteins (Env) restricts B cell recognition of conserved neutralizing determinants. Elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in selected HIV-infected individuals reveals that Abs capable of penetrating the glycan shield can be generated by the B cell repertoire. Accordingly, we sought to determine if targeted N-glycan deletion might alter antibody responses to Env. We focused on the conserved CD4 binding site (CD4bs) since this is a known neutralizing determinant that is devoid of glycosylation to allow CD4 receptor engagement, but is ringed by surrounding N-glycans. We selectively deleted potential N-glycan sites (PNGS) proximal to the CD4bs on well-ordered clade C 16055 native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers to potentially increase recognition by naïve B cells in vivo. We generated glycan-deleted trimer variants that maintained native-like conformation and stability. Using a panel of CD4bs-directed bNAbs, we demonstrated improved accessibility of the CD4bs on the N-glycan-deleted trimer variants. We showed that pseudoviruses lacking these Env PNGSs were more sensitive to neutralization by CD4bs-specific bNAbs but remained resistant to non-neutralizing mAbs. We performed rabbit immunogenicity experiments using two approaches comparing glycan-deleted to fully glycosylated NFL trimers. The first was to delete 4 PNGS sites and then boost with fully glycosylated Env; the second was to delete 4 sites and gradually re-introduce these N-glycans in subsequent boosts. We demonstrated that the 16055 PNGS-deleted trimers more rapidly elicited serum antibodies that more potently neutralized the CD4bs-proximal-PNGS-deleted viruses in a statistically significant manner and strongly trended towards increased neutralization of fully glycosylated autologous virus. This approach elicited serum IgG capable of cross-neutralizing selected tier 2 viruses lacking N-glycans at residue N276 (natural or engineered), indicating that PNGS deletion of well-ordered trimers is a promising strategy to prime B cell responses to this conserved neutralizing determinant.
Electrical-energy storage in hybrid ultracapacitors (2012)

There are several ways of storing electrical energy in chemical and physical forms and retrieving it on demand, and ultracapacitors are one among them. This article presents the taxonomy of ultracapacitor and describes various types of rechargeable-battery electrodes that can be used to realize the hybrid ultracapacitors in conjunction with a high-surface-area-graphitic-carbon electrode. While the electrical energy is stored in a\nbattery electrode in chemical form, it is stored in physical form as charge in the electrical double-layer formed between the electrolyte and the high-surface-area-carbon electrodes. This article discusses various types of hybrid ultracapacitors along with the possible\napplications.
DARTs: Efficient scale-space extraction of DAISY keypoints (2010)

Winder et al. have recently shown the superiority of the DAISY descriptor in comparison to other widely extended descriptors such as SIFT and SURF. Motivated by those results, we present a novel algorithm that extracts viewpoint and illumination invariant keypoints and describes them with a particular implementation of a DAISY-like layout. We demonstrate how to efficiently compute the scale-space and re-use this information for the descriptor. Comparison to similar approaches such as SIFT and SURF show higher precision vs recall performance of the proposed method. Moreover, we dramatically reduce the computational cost by a factor of 6x and 3x, respectively. We also prove the use of the proposed method for computer vision applications.
Sub-&#x003BC;g Ultra-Low-Noise MEMS Accelerometers Based on CMOS-Compatible Piezoelectric AlN Thin Films (2007)

Piezoelectric accelerometers based on aluminum nitride thin films offer a number of advantages in microelectromechanical systems such as high signal-to-noise ratio, low dielectric loss, low power requirements and CMOS process compatibility. This paper reports the state-of-the-art piezoelectric accelerometer design with an emphasis on maximizing the sensitivity per area. The accelerometers have a novel sensing structure to increase the sensitivity without increasing the sensing area using the approach of stress concentrations. Furthermore, the sensing structure is designed to have low off-axis sensitivity and to be reliable with symmetric balanced bars between sensing beams. Experimental results confirm the significantly improved sensitivity of the accelerometers obtained with the new sensing structures. The tested charge sensitivity is 5.2pC/g and the measured total noise floor of sensor plus interface electronics is as low as 670ng/√Hz.
Phase I Study on Human Monoclonal Antibody Against Cytomegalovirus (1991)

MAb C23, a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody (MAb) against cytomegalovirus, was administered to 20 healthy volunteers. Sixteen of them received a single infusion of a dose ranging from 5 to 80 mg. The plasma clearance curves fit a two-compartment model, with half-lives of 31.0 +/- 23.6 h in the diffusion phase and 24.2 +/- 5.8 days in the equilibration phase. The plasma after administration had the virus neutralization activities that were equivalent to the plasma MAb C23 levels. The remaining four subjects, who received three infusions of 60, 20, and 20 mg at 1-week intervals, showed pharmacokinetics that were very consistent with those of the single infusion. No antibody response against MAb C23 was observed in any of the subjects at any time, when monitored for approximately 60 days after the single infusion or the third infusion of the three repeated doses. None of the 20 subjects showed any treatment-related clinical signs or changes. These results suggest that a human IgG MAb has the same pharmacokinetic characteristics as those of natural human serum IgG, and that it is not immunogenetic and is safe in humans.
High frequency of memory and effector gag specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV seropositive individuals (1990)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been detected in most patients following infection. It has also been suggested that the specific CTL response, which may play an important role in delaying disease in infected humans, may decline during the course of disease progression. We have measured HIV peptide specific CTL precursor frequency by limiting dilution analysis in two healthy seropositive patients whose fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) specifically lysed MHC matched target cells (restricted by HLA B27 and B8 respectively). The frequency of HIV peptide specific CTL precursors is high (3 x 10(-3)-10(-4], but lower than estimates of circulating CTL with the same specific cytotoxic activity present directly in peripheral blood using the same sample (10(-2)-10(-3]. We suggest that this difference may result from terminal effector CTL differentiation in the T cell lineage. This implies that only a subset of CTL effectors have growth potential, whereas relatively higher levels of CTL with lytic activity can be detected in PBM of healthy HIV seropositive patients.
Protein polymer MRI contrast agents: Longitudinal analysis of biomaterials in vivo (2010)

Despite recent advances in tissue engineering to regenerate biological function by combining cells with material supports, development is hindered by inadequate techniques for characterizing biomaterials in vivo. Magnetic resonance imaging is a tomographic technique with high temporal and spatial resolution and represents an excellent imaging modality for longitudinal noninvasive assessment of biomaterials in vivo. To distinguish biomaterials from surrounding tissues for magnetic resonance imaging, protein polymer contrast agents were developed and incorporated into hydrogels. In vitro and in vivo images of protein polymer hydrogels, with and without covalently incorporated protein polymer contrast agents, were acquired by magnetic resonance imaging. T(1) values of the labeled gels were consistently lower when protein polymer contrast agents were included. As a result, the protein polymer contrast agent hydrogels facilitated fate tracking, quantification of degradation, and detection of immune response in vivo. For the duration of the in vivo study, the protein polymer contrast agent-containing hydrogels could be distinguished from adjacent tissues and from the foreign body response surrounding the gels. The hydrogels containing protein polymer contrast agent have a contrast-to-noise ratio 2-fold greater than hydrogels without protein polymer contrast agent. In the absence of the protein polymer contrast agent, hydrogels cannot be distinguished by the end of the gel lifetime.
Broadband Rydberg Atom-Based Electric-Field Probe for SI-Traceable, Self-Calibrated Measurements (2014)

We discuss a fundamentally new approach for the measurement of electric (E) fields that will lead to the development of a broadband, direct SI-traceable, compact, self-calibrating E-field probe (sensor). This approach is based on the interaction of radio frequency (RF) fields with alkali atoms excited to Rydberg states. The RF field causes an energy splitting of the Rydberg states via the Autler-Townes effect and we detect the splitting via electromagnetically induced transparency. In effect, alkali atoms placed in a vapor cell act like an RF-to-optical transducer, converting an RF E-field strength measurement to an optical frequency measurement. We demonstrate the broadband nature of this approach by showing that one small vapor cell can be used to measure E-field strengths over a wide range of frequencies: 1 GHz to 500 GHz. The technique is validated by comparing experimental data to both numerical simulations and far-field calculations for various frequencies. We also discuss various applications, including: a direct traceable measurement, the ability to measure both weak and strong field strengths, compact form factors of the probe, and sub-wavelength imaging and field mapping.
On-spot (n,k) Compensation by CCD for Precision Optical Flying Height Measurement (2006)

An on the on-spot CCD (n, k) compensation approach was used for slider flying height measurement in commercial hard disk drives, and compared the results to tests on the same sliders using an average n, k. The approach relies on using an average slider n and k value from off-line ellipsometry.
Concolic testing with adaptively changing search heuristics (2019)

We present Chameleon, a new approach for adaptively changing search heuristics during concolic testing. Search heuristics play a central role in concolic testing as they mitigate the path-explosion problem by focusing on particular program paths that are likely to increase code coverage as quickly as possible. A variety of techniques for search heuristics have been proposed over the past decade. However, existing approaches are limited in that they use the same search heuristics throughout the entire testing process, which is inherently insufficient to exercise various execution paths. Chameleon overcomes this limitation by adapting search heuristics on the fly via an algorithm that learns new search heuristics based on the knowledge accumulated during concolic testing. Experimental results show that the transition from the traditional non-adaptive approaches to ours greatly improves the practicality of concolic testing in terms of both code coverage and bug-finding.
Load-balanced CICB packet switch with support for long round-trip times (2005)

Combined input-crosspoint buffered (CICB) packet switches relax arbitration timing and provide high-performance switching. However, the amount of memory in buffered crossbars required to achieve 100% throughput under flows with high data rates is proportional to the number of ports, N, and the crosspoint buffer size k, which is defined by the distance between the line cards and the buffered crossbar. Long distances between the line cards and the buffered crossbar can make a CICB switch costly to implement. In this paper, we propose a load-balanced CICB packet switch to support long distances between the buffered crossbar and the line cards using crosspoint buffers of small size. The proposed switch reduces the required crosspoint buffer size by a factor of N and keeps the cells in sequence.
Single-Spatial Light Modulator Bistable Optical Matrix Device Using Optical Feedback (1980)

For an array of independent picture elements on a spatial light modulator (SLM), we present a configuration where each element is in one of two stable equilibrium states. Their stability as well as the means for switching between them is exhibited theoretically and experimentally. The distinguishing feature of the array of the independent bistable switching elements is that the implementation of each involves only a single active element in the feedback loop so that optimum use of the active area of the SLM is made.
Identification of common traits in improved xylose‐growing <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> for inverse metabolic engineering (2008)

Four recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with enhanced xylose growth (TMB3400, C1, C5 and BH42) were compared with two control strains (TMB3399, TMB3001) through genome-wide transcription analysis in order to identify novel targets for inverse metabolic engineering. A subset of 13 genes with changed expression levels in all improved strains was selected for further analysis. Thirteen validation strains and two reference strains were constructed to investigate the effect of overexpressing or deleting these genes in xylose-utilizing S. cerevisiae. Improved aerobic growth rates on xylose were observed in five cases. The strains overexpressing SOL3 and TAL1 grew 19% and 24% faster than their reference strain, and the strains carrying deletions of YLR042C, MNI1 or RPA49 grew 173%, 62% and 90% faster than their reference strain.