gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Surfactant Flooding in Shale Oil Reservoirs: Dynamic Interfacial Tension, Adsorption, and Wettability (2014)

The recovery factor of waterflood operations is constrained by formation geology and pore trapping mechanisms. This is particularly important for unconventional reservoirs such as shale oil with ultra-low permeability and porosity. Surfactant flooding can be used in these reservoirs to reduce oil trapping and increase sweep efficiency due to a reduction in interfacial tension and wettability alteration. On the other hand, a major concern with surfactant flooding is the adsorption of surface-active agents on the reservoir rock leading to loss of chemicals. In this study, the behavior of a non-ionic surfactant was investigated in order to enhance oil recovery from a producing shale oil reservoir using reservoir crude oil and rock samples. In the preliminary experiments, phase behavior tests were performed in the presence of reservoir shale rock to monitor micro-emulsion stability. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of this surfactant was determined by both surface tension measurements and spectroscopy. Dynamic interfacial tensions (IFT) and contact angles (CA) of the non-ionic surfactant in brine/oil/shale systems were then measured by the rising/captive bubble technique using a state-of-the-art IFT/CA apparatus at reservoir conditions (6840 psi and 116℃) for different surfactant concentrations (0.005 to 0.5 wt%). The amount of surfactant adsorption from surfactant-brine solutions onto crushed shale rocks were measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy at different surfactant concentrations. The data could be fit to a Langmuir type adsorption isotherm. The adsorption parameters were determined and results were compared and discussed. This work shows that the non-ionic surfactant is able to reduce the reservoir oil-brine IFT from its original value (27 mN/m) down to 15 mN/m while exhibiting minimal adsorption on the shale surface.
Three-dimensional steerable magnetic field antenna for metal target classification (2003)

This paper describes a prototype three-dimensional electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor system that has the potential to measure directly the multiple components of buried metal targets' magnetic polarizability tensor without the need to invert spatial data from single-axis EMI sensors. This novel sensor is called a three-dimensional steerable magnetic field (3DSMF) sensor system. The 3DSMF sensor is a high-time resolution, wide-bandwidth time-domain EMI system combined with a 3-axis magnetic field generator (3AMFG) and magnetic field receivers. The 3AMFG differs from previous 3-axis magnetic field generators in a number of ways: the projected magnetic field is relatively uniform in space and is steerable. These two features offer the potential to greatly improve target classification. This paper discusses the 3DSMF sensor system design philosophy and modeling results.
Passive millimeter-wave imaging for airborne and security applications (2003)

As a result of its relatively short wavelength coupled with relatively high penetration of such things as fog, bad weather and clothing, millimeter-wave imaging provides a powerful tool for both airborne and security type applications. By using a passive approach such as that implemented here, it is possible to image through bad weather or detect concealed weapons and articles all without generating any form of radiation that might either help an enemey or raise health concerns. In this paper we will show imagery from our second generation state-of-the-art unit and discuss the technology involved.
Pressurized water extraction (PWE) of terpene trilactones from Ginkgo biloba leaves (2003)

As a simple and green chemistry procedure, pressurized water extraction (PWE) was developed for removing the terpene trilactones, ginkgolides and bilobalide, from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. Compared with conventional boiling-solvent extraction methods, PWE is a more effective, selective, economical and environmentally benign technique for the extraction of intermediate to polar compounds from herbal plants. In contrast to high temperature extraction, PWE at low temperature can minimize undesirable reactions such as thermal decomposition or degradation and remove much smaller amounts of impurities from the herbal materials. The other important advantage of PWE is that the extraction efficiency can be quantitatively assessed using a kinetic extraction model. Experimental results were proven to be closely consistent with the predicted values. After PWE, the terpene trilactones could be easily enriched by a liquid–liquid extraction and the extracts readily determined with a GC-FID method.
Adenoviral transduction of human osteoblastic cell cultures: A new perspective for gene therapy of bone diseases (1999)

This article confirms the susceptibility of osteoblastic cells to adenoviral transduction. Osteoblasts were harvested from human cancellous bone. Cells were transduced, using various amounts of adenoviral vectors carrying the cDNA encoding interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra), or the marker genes beta-galactosidase and luciferase. Expression of the transgenes and the biological activity of IL-1 Ra produced by gene transfer were measured quantitatively in a time-course by ELISA. The rate of transduction was 100% after exposure to 1 x 10(7) infective particles of adeno-LacZ. No expression of IL-1Ra was seen after transduction with adeno-IL-1Ra at titers of 1 x 10(4) and less. However, after transduction at titers of 1 x 10(7), infective particles cells expressed IL-1 Ra consistently for 72 days, with levels up to 1 microg IL-1 Ra/1 x 10(6) cells/ 48 hours. None of the control samples expressed detectable levels of IL-1 Ra. The biological activity of the transgenic IL-1 Ra was demonstrated by its ability to suppress successfully IL-1-induced nitric oxide synthesis by rabbit articular chondrocytes. After transduction with 1 x 10(7) infective particles of the adenoluciferase vector, up to 81,000 Units transgenic luciferase/x 10(6) osteoblastic cells were measured 2 days after gene transfer. Our results show that adenovirus transduces osteoblastic cells at a high rate in vitro.
Recent Progress in Multimodal Photoacoustic Tomography (2015)

Abstract Since its first demonstration of functional imaging in small animals about a decade ago, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has quickly become one of the fastest growing biomedical imaging modalities. Combining optical excitation with acoustic detection, PAT can provide detailed images of tissues deep in the body. While PAT technology continues to improve significantly, substantial efforts have also been made to develop multimodal PAT systems. These systems not only provide complementary information for more comprehensive characterization of tissue, they also generate data that can be used to further improve PAT reconstruction. This review will present current progress in multimodal PAT imaging, focusing on the technical aspects of integration and its applications in biomedicine.
Bioluminescence monitor and method for enzymatic determinations. [Patents] (1981)

An on-line, nonreferenced apparatus for measuring the concentration of a biomarker species in authentic biological samples in solution comprises conduit means for conducting said sample solution from a source of said solution, stream diversion means disposed within the conduit for diverting a predetermined amount of said sample for analysis, means for introducing and independently regulating the flow of one or more reactants disposed in fluid communication with said diverted stream, incubating means within the diverted stream for reacting said reactants and biomarkers to produce a bioluminescence emission, and means disposed within the diverted stream for monitoring said emission intensity which is correlatable to said biomarker concentration.
P2Y2 Receptor Promotes High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity (2020)

P2Y<sub>2</sub>, a G protein-coupled receptor (R), is expressed in all organs involved in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. To explore the role of it in diet-induced obesity, we fed male P2Y<sub>2</sub>-R whole body knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice (B6D2 genetic background) with regular diet (CNT; 10% calories as fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 60% calories as fat) with free access to food and water for 16 weeks, and euthanized them. Adjusted for body weights (BW), KO mice consumed modestly, but significantly more HFD vs. WT mice, and excreted well-formed feces with no taint of fat or oil. Starting from the 2nd week, HFD-WT mice displayed significantly higher BW with terminal mean difference of 22% vs. HFD-KO mice. Terminal weights of white adipose tissue (WAT) were significantly lower in the HFD-KO vs. HFD-WT mice. The expression of P2Y<sub>2</sub>-R mRNA in WAT was increased by 2-fold in HFD-fed WT mice. Serum insulin, leptin and adiponectin levels were significantly elevated in the HFD-WT mice, but not in the HFD-KO mice. When induced <i>in vitro</i>, preadipocytes derived from KO mice fed regular diet did not differentiate and mature as robustly as those from the WT mice, as assessed by cellular expansion and accumulation of lipid droplets. Blockade of P2Y<sub>2</sub>-R by AR-C118925 in preadipocytes derived from WT mice prevented differentiation and maturation. Under basal conditions, KO mice had significantly higher serum triglycerides and showed slightly impaired lipid tolerance as compared to the WT mice. HFD-fed KO mice had significantly better glucose tolerance (GTT) as compared to HFD-fed WT mice. Whole body insulin sensitivity and mRNA expression of insulin receptor, IRS-1 and GLUT4 in WAT was significantly higher in HFD-fed KO mice vs. HFD-fed WT mice. On the contrary, the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules MCP-1, CCR2, CD68, and F4/80 were significantly higher in the WAT of HFD-fed WT vs. HFD-fed KO mice. These data suggest that P2Y<sub>2</sub>-R plays a significant role in the development of diet-induced obesity by promoting adipogenesis and inflammation, and altering the production of adipokines and lipids and their metabolism in adipose tissue, and thereby facilitates HFD-induced insulin resistance.
Genome screening for linkage disequilibrium in a Costa Rican sample of patients with bipolar-I disorder: A follow-up study on chromosome 18 (2001)

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) methods offer great promise for mapping complex traits, but have thus far been applied sparingly. In this paper we describe an LD mapping study of severe bipolar disorder (BP-I) in the genetically isolated population of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. This study provides the first complete screen of a chromosome for a complex trait using LD mapping and presents the first application of a new LD mapping statistic (ancestral haplotype reconstruction (AHR)) that evaluates haplotype sharing among affected individuals. The results of this chromosome-wide analysis are instructive for genome-wide LD mapping in isolated populations. Furthermore, the analysis continues to support a possible BP-I locus on 18pter, suggested by previous analyses in this population. Evidence for a possible BP-I locus on 18q12.2 is also described.
Artificial human telomeres from DNA nanocircle templates (2002)

Human telomerase is a reverse-transcriptase enzyme that synthesizes the multikilobase repeating hexamer telomere sequence (TTAGGG)n at the ends of chromosomes. Here we describe a designed approach to mimicry of telomerase, in which synthetic DNA nanocircles act as essentially infinite catalytic templates for efficient synthesis of long telomeres by DNA polymerase enzymes. Results show that the combination of a nanocircle and a DNA polymerase gives a positive telomere-repeat amplification protocol assay result for telomerase activity, and similar to the natural enzyme, it is inhibited by a known telomerase inhibitor. We show that artificial telomeres can be engineered on human chromosomes by this approach. This strategy allows for the preparation of synthetic telomeres for biological and structural study of telomeres and proteins that interact with them, and it raises the possibility of telomere engineering in cells without expression of telomerase itself. Finally, the results provide direct physical support for a recently proposed rolling-circle mechanism for telomerase-independent telomere elongation.
Millimeter-Wave Wireless Intra-/Inter Chip Communications in 3D Integrated Circuits Using Through Glass Via (TGV) Disc-Loaded Patch Antennas (2016)

A Through Glass Via (TGV) disc-loaded patch antenna is integrated in a glass interposer layer for millimeter-wave intra-/inter chip wireless communication applications in W-band (75GHz -- 110GHz). The circular disc on the bottom side is utilized as a main radiator (patch antenna) and the TGV is for a vertical feeding line connected to the coplanar waveguide (CPW) on the top side of the glass substrate. A broadside radiation pattern formed by the circular patch antenna enables out-of-plane wireless communications whose distance would be a few mm to a few cm. By using such a wireless interconnect approach, problems such as cross talk and time delay associated with the conventional wired interconnects could be reduced. A TGV fed patch antenna is designed and fabricated, which shows a return loss of 20.88 dB at 84.8 GHz, a 10 dB bandwidth of 31.3 % (80.39 GHz to 107.06 GHz). The measured results are matched well with the simulation ones. The simulated peak gain of the antenna is 3.14 dBi.
Implant sprays: compression of progressive tetrahedral mesh connectivity (1999)

Irregular tetrahedral meshes, which are popular in many engineering and scientific applications, often contain a large number of vertices. A mesh of V vertices and T tetrahedra requires 48 V bits or less to store the vertex coordinates, 4/spl middot/T/spl middot/log/sub 2/(V) bits to store the tetrahedra-vertex incidence relations, also called connectivity information, and kV bits to store the k-bit value samples associated with the vertices. Given that T is 5 to 7 times larger than V and that V often exceeds 32/sup 3/, the storage space required for the connectivity is larger than 300 V bits and thus dominates the overall storage cost. Our implants compression approach introduced in the paper reduces this cost to about 30 V bits or less-a 10:1 compression ratio. Furthermore, implant spray supports the progressive refinement of a crude model through a series of vertex-splits operations.
A First-Tier Rapid Assay for the Serodiagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi Infection (2001)

This sensitive and specific rapid assay, which is suited for the physician's office, streamlines the 2-tier system by allowing the physician to determine if a Western blot is necessary at the time of the initial office visit.
Derivation of endothelial cells from pluripotent stem cells in a feeder‐free, two‐dimensional niche (2011)

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offer an unlimited source of progenitors for the derivation of vascular cells, which can then be engineered to recreate functional vasculature and advance regenerative medicine. Previous methods to derive endothelial cells (ECs), which make up the inner lining of blood vessels, involve co-culture with mouse cells, which is not clinically relevant, or embryoid body formation, which can yield inconsistent results. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a feeder-free, 2D protocol to differentiate human PSCs, i.e. human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, toward endothelial lineages. Results indicate that our hPSC niche generates cells expressing early endothelial markers, which upon sorting and re-culture, can mature into ECs. The differentiation products, analyzed by RT-PCR, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and culture on Matrigel, demonstrate enrichment of EC-specific genes and proteins and functional capillary formation upon addition of vascular endothelial growth factor. These findings reveal that control over microenvironmental cues with appropriate signaling molecules is able to robustly produce critical cells of the vasculature, which may in turn serve as novel therapies for vascular diseases or be incorporated into engineered tissue. This research was funded by the March of Dimes.
SPECIFIC SUPPRESSION OF ALLOGRAFT REJECTION AFTER TREATMENT OF RECIPIENT MICE WITH ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND ALLOGENEIC SPLEEN CELLS (1988)

Sensitization of UV-irradiated mice with alloantigen results in suppression of the immune response against that antigen. The induction of delayed hypersensitivity and the proliferative response of spleen cells isolated from the UV-irradiated mice are significantly suppressed. We demonstrate here that the rejection of tissue allografts is also suppressed after treatment of the recipient animals with UVR. Two signals, UVR and antigenic sensitization are required to suppress allograft rejection, exposure to UVR alone is not sufficient. The resulting immunosuppression is specific for the antigen used to sensitize the UV-irradiated animal. The induction of graft-versus-host disease was also significantly suppressed when spleen cells from UV-irradiated alloantigen sensitized mice were used to reconstitute lethally irradiated allogeneic mice. Our interpretation of these data is that the antigen-specific suppressor T cells present in the spleens of the UV-irradiated alloantigen sensitized mice are suppressing the immune response against the alloantigen. Thus, the induction of suppression by UVR serves as a novel method of suppressing graft rejection.
Effect of over-expression of an E. coli fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase gene in planta on photosynthesis, carbon metabolism and plant growth (2001)

Fructose 1,6 biphosphate aldolase (fda) is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction converting triose phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. This reaction occurs in both chloroplast (the Calvin cycle and starch synthesis) and cytosol (sucrose synthesis and glycolysis). To study whether fda plays any important roles in controlling photosynthesis, metabolic flux and plant growth we have successfully increased its activity in planta by transforming an E. coli class II fda gene into tobacco, potato and cotton under the control of a constitutive promoter. This E. coli fda enzyme differs from its plant counterpart which is a class I enzyme in that the E. coli enzyme is a metalloaldolase and the plant enzyme is a Schiff base-forming aldolase. When expressed in planta, the E. coli fda protein is specifically targeted into chloroplast through a chloroplast targeting sequence. Transgenic cotton plants expressing the E. coli fda showed up to 6-fold increase in fda activity, little effect on photosynthesis, but altered carbon partitioning and significant increase in starch accumulation in leaves. Under the standard greenhouse conditions trangenic cotton plants showed improved boll retention and lint yield. Significant increase in root biomass and tuber yield were observed in the transgenic tobacco and potato, respectively.
Phycocyanin: Laser activation, cytotoxic effects, and uptake in human atherosclerotic plaque (1988)

Phycocyanin is a phycobiliprotein with peak absorption at 620 nm. The laser activation, cytotoxic effects, and uptake into atherosclerotic plaque of phycocyanin was studied. Optimal activation was produced by argon dye laser at 0.5 W and a total energy dose of 300 J/cm2 at 620 nm and 650 nm, irradiated through blood with a hematocrit of 8%. Activation was evidenced by reduction of optical density by 0.3 units at 340 nm caused by oxidation of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in a buffered reaction solution containing 0.1 mg/ml of phycocyanin. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring viability of mouse myeloma cells in culture after incubation with phycocyanin (0.25 mg/ml) and irradiated by 300 J/cm2 at 514 nm. After 72 hours post-treatment the cells showed 15% viability compared to 69% and 71% for control cells exposed to laser only or phycocyanin only, respectively. Atherosclerotic artery segments obtained within 5 hours postmortem were perfused with 0.1 mg/ml phycocyanin in oxygenated Krebs Ringer solution at 30 mm Hg for 5 minutes followed by washout with phycocyanin-free Krebs for 10 minutes. Artery sections examined histologically by light and fluorescence microscopy showed specific fluorescence localization within the plaque particularly at the elastic laminae and to a larger extent at the internal elastic lamina but not in the medial muscle layer. In conclusion, phycocyanin is a cytotoxic photosensitizer that exhibits specific binding to plaque and is activated at a wavelength minimally absorbed by blood. These properties suggest potential therapeutic use for plaque localization and regression.
Porous-Floating-Gate Field-Effect Transistor (1990)

Porous-floating-gate, field-effect transistor proposed as programmable analog memory device especially suitable for use in electronic neural networks. Analog value of electrical conductance of device represents synaptic weight (strength of synaptic connection) repeatedly modified by application of suitable writing or erasing voltage. Suited for hardware implementations of massively parallel neural-network architectures for two important reasons: vertical transistor structure requires only two external electrodes, and use of tailored amorphous semiconductors provides choice of very wide range of low conductivity values, dictated by overall power dissipation requirements in massively parallel neural-network circuits.
Self‐Healing Materials with Interpenetrating Microvascular Networks (2009)

Interpenetrating microvascular networks are embedded in an epoxy substrate via direct-write assembly. Each network is filled with one component of a two-part epoxy resin. This novel epoxy coating/substrate architecture enables repeated healing of at least 30 cycles of mechanical damage in the coating by independently supplying both healing agents to the damaged region(s). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Development of Enriched Borated Aluminum Alloy for Basket Material of Cask for Spent Nuclear Fuel (2002)

New enriched borated aluminum alloys manufactured by melting process are developed, which resulted in supplying structural basket materials for spent nuclear fuel packagings. In this process, the borated aluminum alloys were melted in a vacuum induction furnace at elevated temperature than that of ordinary aluminum melting processes. Boron dissolves into the matrix at the temperature of 1273K or more, and fine aluminum diboride is precipitated and uniformly dispersed upon cooling rapidity. It is confirmed that boron is homogeneously dispersed with the fine particles of approximate 5µm in average size in the product. Tensile strength and creep property at elevated temperature in 1mass-%B 6061-T651 plate and 1mass-%B 3004 extruded rectangular pipe as structural materials are examined. It is confirmed that the both of borated aluminum alloys have stable strength and creep properties that are similar to those of ordinary aluminum alloys.