gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A scalable carboxylation route to furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (2017)

2-Furoic acid is converted to furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid in high yield on a mole scale using carbonate-promoted C–H carboxylation.
Is cadmium a cause of human pancreatic cancer? (2000)

Little is known about the etiology of pancreatic cancer, which is an important cause of cancer mortality in developed countries. We hypothesize that exposure to cadmium is a cause of pancreatic cancer. Cadmium is a nonessential metal that is known to accumulate in the human pancreas. The major risk factors for pancreatic cancer (increasing age, cigarette smoking, residence in Louisiana, and occupations involving exposure to metalworking and pesticides) are all associated with increased exposure to cadmium. Our meta-analysis of cohorts with high exposure to cadmium is also consistent with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer (standardized mortality ratio = 166; 95% confidence interval, 98-280; P = 0.059). Cadmium can cause the transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells, increases in the synthesis of pancreatic DNA, and increases in oncogene activation. Thus, cadmium is a plausible pancreatic carcinogen. The cadmium hypothesis provides a coherent explanation for much of the descriptive epidemiology of pancreatic cancer and suggests new avenues for analytical research.
A urine-based Exosomal gene expression test stratifies risk of high-grade prostate Cancer in men with prior negative prostate biopsy undergoing repeat biopsy (2020)

The EPI test provided good performance using the 15.6 cut-point for ruling out HGPCa / GG2 or higher in men undergoing a repeat prostate biopsy with a PSA of 2-10 ng/ml. Furthermore, the test utilizes gene expression data independent of clinical features to predict the likelihood of HGPCa / GG2 on a subsequent needle biopsy.
NFA-Based Pattern Matching for Deep Packet Inspection (2011)

Many network security applications in today's networks are based on deep packet inspection, checking not only the header portion but also the payload portion of a packet. For example, traffic monitoring, layer-7 filtering, and network intrusion detection all require an accurate analysis of packet content in search for predefined patterns to identify specific classes of applications, viruses, attack signatures, etc. Pattern matching is a major task in deep packet inspection. The two most common implementations of Pattern matching are based on Non-deterministic Finite Automata (NFAs) and Deterministic Finite Automata (DFAs), which take the payload of a packet as an input string. In this paper, we propose an efficient NFA-based pattern matching in Binary Content Addressable Memory(BCAM), which uses data search words consisting of 1s and 0s. Our approach can process multiple characters at a time using limited BCAM entries, which makes our approach scalable well. We evaluate our algorithm using patterns provided by Snort, a popular open-source intrusion detection system. The simulation results show that our approach outperforms existing CAM-based and software-based approaches.
Resonant Magnetic Field Sensor With Frequency Output (2006)

This paper presents a novel type of resonant magnetic field sensor exploiting the Lorentz force and providing a frequency output. The mechanical resonator, a cantilever structure, is embedded as the frequency-determining element in an electrical oscillator. By generating an electrical current proportional to the position of the cantilever, a Lorentz force acting like an additional equivalent spring is exerted on the cantilever in the presence of a magnetic field. Thus, the oscillation frequency of the system, which is a function of the resonator's equivalent spring constant, is modulated by the magnetic field to be measured. The resonant magnetic field sensor is fabricated using an industrial CMOS process, followed by a two-mask micromachining sequence to release the cantilever structure. The characterized devices show a sensitivity of 60 kHz/Tesla at their resonance frequency f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0 </sub> =175 kHz and a short-term frequency stability of 0.025 Hz, which corresponds to a resolution below 1 muT. The devices can thus be used for Earth magnetic field applications, such as an electronic compass. The novel resonant magnetic field sensor benefits from an efficient continuous offset cancellation technique, which consist in evaluating the frequency difference measured with and without excitation current as output signal
Real-time transition dynamics and stability of chip-scale dispersion-managed frequency microcombs (2020)

Femtosecond mode-locked laser frequency combs have served as the cornerstone in precision spectroscopy, all-optical atomic clocks, and measurements of ultrafast dynamics. Recently frequency microcombs based on nonlinear microresonators have been examined, exhibiting remarkable precision approaching that of laser frequency combs, on a solid-state chip-scale platform and from a fundamentally different physical origin. Despite recent successes, to date, the real-time dynamical origins and high-power stabilities of such frequency microcombs have not been fully addressed. Here, we unravel the transitional dynamics of frequency microcombs from chaotic background routes to femtosecond mode-locking in real time, enabled by our ultrafast temporal magnifier metrology and improved stability of dispersion-managed dissipative solitons. Through our dispersion-managed oscillator, we further report a stability zone that is more than an order-of-magnitude larger than its prior static homogeneous counterparts, providing a novel platform for understanding ultrafast dissipative dynamics and offering a new path towards high-power frequency microcombs.
Cover Picture: Easily Prepared Air‐ and Moisture‐Stable Pd–NHC (NHC=N‐Heterocyclic Carbene) Complexes: A Reliable, User‐Friendly, Highly Active Palladium Precatalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction / A User‐Friendly, All‐Purpose Pd–NHC (NHC=N‐Heterocyclic Carbene) Precatalyst for the Negishi Reaction: A Step Towards a Universal Cross‐Coupling Catalyst (Chem. Eur. J. 18/2006) (2006)

One precatalyst fits all! The ease‐of‐synthesis, high reactivity, and low cost of the PEPPSI (pyridine‐enhanced precatalyst, preparation, stabilization, and initiation) precatalyst greatly improves the ease‐of‐use and reliability of the methodology based on the use of palladium N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. M. Organ et el. report on its use in Suzuki–Miyaura reactions on page 4743 ff. and in Negishi reactions on page 4749 ff.
Fucosylated haptoglobin is a novel marker for pancreatic cancer: Detailed analyses of oligosaccharide structures (2008)

Changes in oligosaccharide structures have been reported in certain types of malignant transformation and thus can be used as tumor markers in certain types of cancer. In the case of pancreatic cancer (PC) cell lines, a variety of fucosylated proteins are secreted into the conditioned media. To identify fucosylated proteins in the sera of patients with PC, we performed Western blot analysis using Aleuria Aurantia Lectin (AAL), which is specific for fucosylated structures. An approximately 40 kD protein was found to be highly fucosylated in PC and N-terminal analysis revealed that it was the beta chain of haptoglobin. While the appearance of fucosylated haptoglobin has been reported in other diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer, the incidence was significantly higher in the case of PC. Fucosylated haptoglobin was observed more frequently at the advanced stage of PC and disappeared after operation. Haptoglobin has four sites of N-glycans and site-directed oligosaccharide analysis involving MS was performed. Site-specific increases in fucosylation of bi-antennary glycans of sites 2 and 4, and of tri-antennary glycans of all sites were observed in PC, compared to in normal volunteers and chronic pancreatitis. Therefore, increases in fucosylation seem to be not due to inflammation, but cancer itself. Coculturing of a human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, with PC cells-induced production of fucosylated haptoglobin, suggesting that PC produces a factor that induces the production of fucosylated haptoglobin. On clinical investigation of 100 cases of colorectal cancer, cases in which it was located near the liver showed a higher positive rate of fucosylated haptoglobin, suggesting that the location of the cancer might also be an important factor for fucosylated haptoglobin if cancer tissues produce such inducible factors. Thus, fucosylated haptoglobin could become a novel tumor marker for PC and complicated mechanisms would be involved in its production.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW ANTICANCER AGENTS: SYNTHESIS OF 1,2‐DIHYDROPYRIDO(3,4‐B)PYRAZINES (1‐DEAZA‐7,8‐DIHYDROPTERIDINES) (1983)

Abstract Die Aminooxime (II) reagieren mit den Chlorpyridinen (I) zu den Aminopyridinen (III), deren Hydrierung unter Ringschluß zu denDihydropyridopyrazinen (IV) führt.
Expression of Bovine Cytochrome P450c17 cDNA in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1989)

We constructed expression plasmids for bovine adrenal cytochrome P450c17 (P450c17) by inserting the corresponding cDNA between the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter and terminator of the expression vector pAAH5. Plasmids pA alpha 1 and pA alpha 2 contained the entire coding region for bovine P450c17, whereas pAC alpha 1 included the cDNA coding for chimeric P450c alpha consisting of the amino-terminal 45 amino acid residues of rat P450c and the carboxy-terminal 482 amino acid residues of bovine P450c17. The transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22/pA alpha 1, AH22/pA alpha 2, and AH22/pAC alpha 1 cells produced about 1 x 10(5), 1 x 10(5), and 2 x 10(4) molecules per cell of the corresponding P450 hemoproteins, respectively. On incubation with the cultures of each of the three strains, progesterone was specifically converted into 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, which was not further converted into androstenedione, indicating that the three strains showed 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity, but almost no C17,20-lyase activity. The microsomal fraction prepared from the AH22/pA alpha 1 cells showed 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity toward progesterone and pregnenolone to higher extents, and exhibited C17,20-lyase activity toward 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone to a lesser extent and almost no C17,20-lyase activity toward 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. These results indicated that bovine P450c17 synthesized in S. cerevisiae cells manifests the 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity, but not the C17,20-lyase activity.
A Case Report of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone to Treat Recurrent Focal Segmental Glomerular Sclerosis Post-Transplantation and Biomarker Monitoring (2015)

ACTH therapy was associated with improvement in renal function within 4 weeks. The use of rFSGS biomarkers may aid in predicting development of rFSGS.
Demulsification of Heavy Crude Oil Emulsions Using Ionic Liquids (2013)

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as demulsifiers of water-in-crude oil emulsions represents a new field of study. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of five ILs, [C4mim]+[NTf2]−, [C8mim]+[NTf2]−, [C12mim]+[NTf2]−, [C4py]+[NTf2]−, and [C8mim]+[ [OTf]−, and a set of operation parameters on the demulsification process, including the heating type (conventional and microwave), IL concentration (0.74–8.9 μmol/g), effect of alkyl chain length, and effect of cation and anion type on demulsification efficiency. The results indicated that the demulsification was favored when more hydrophobic ILs and longer cation alkyl chains were employed, such as [C12mim]+[NTf2]−, reaching values close to 92% of water removal. Moreover, the joint use of microwaves and hydrophobic ILs allowed us to maximize the demulsification efficiency.
A Probabilistic Framework for Base Level Context Awareness of a Mobile or Wearable Device User (2019)

A framework for determining probabilistic context awareness of a mobile or wearable device user with single or multiple sensors is presented. The functionality of this module or subsystem consists of acquisition of raw data from single or multiple, homogeneous or heterogeneous sensors and processing it to derive contextual information for the device user. The framework takes into consideration the base level context of continuous motion and voice activities of the device user and spatial environment surrounding the user along with other deterministic input. The output of that framework is posteriorgram i.e. a posteriori probabilities of each class of each descriptor of context. The framework has several advantages of being expressive, simple, scalable and extendable along with providing output in probabilistic form. The usefulness of such a framework lies in the fact that providing base level context awareness as input gives flexibility to develop various types of application programming interfaces (APIs) and its adaptability to increase or decrease the descriptors of context to be inferred, without change in the base level framework of context awareness. The base level context awareness comprising of deterministic and probabilistic context can be used to derive meta level context awareness of various kinds.
A nonsense mutation in cGMP-dependent type II protein kinase ( <i>PRKG2</i> ) causes dwarfism in American Angus cattle (2009)

Historically, dwarfism was the major genetic defect in U.S. beef cattle. Aggressive culling and sire testing were used to minimize its prevalence; however, neither of these practices can eliminate a recessive genetic defect. We assembled a 4-generation pedigree to identify the mutation underlying dwarfism in American Angus cattle. An adaptation of the Elston-Steward algorithm was used to overcome small pedigree size and missing genotypes. The dwarfism locus was fine-mapped to BTA6 between markers AFR227 and BM4311. Four candidate genes were sequenced, revealing a nonsense mutation in exon 15 of cGMP-dependant type II protein kinase (PRKG2). This C/T transition introduced a stop codon (R678X) that truncated 85 C-terminal amino acids, including a large portion of the kinase domain. Of the 75 mutations discovered in this region, only this mutation was 100% concordant with the recessive pattern of inheritance in affected and carrier individuals (log of odds score = 6.63). Previous research has shown that PRKG2 regulates SRY (sex-determining region Y) box 9 (SOX9)-mediated transcription of collagen 2 (COL2). We evaluated the ability of wild-type (WT) or R678X PRKG2 to regulate COL2 expression in cell culture. Real-time PCR results confirmed that COL2 is overexpressed in cells that overexpressed R678X PRKG2 as compared with WT PRKG2. Furthermore, COL2 and COL10 mRNA expression was increased in dwarf cattle compared with unaffected cattle. These experiments indicate that the R678X mutation is functional, resulting in a loss of PRKG2 regulation of COL2 and COL10 mRNA expression. Therefore, we present PRKG2 R678X as a causative mutation for dwarfism cattle.
Introduction of Bacterial L-arabinose Metabolic Pathway to Candida tropicalis (2010)

Many yeasts and fungi can assimilate L-arabinose via a complex pathway consisting of two reduction, two oxidation and phosphorylation.Unspecific aldose reductase catalyzes the reduction of L-arabinose to L-arabitol, and L-arabitol dehydrogenase (LAD) oxidizes L-arabitol to L-xylulose. This is subsequently reduced to xylitol by L-xylulose reductase (LXR). After that, xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) catalyzes the oxidation of xylitol to D-xylulose. D-xylulose is converted to D-xylulose 5-phosphate by xylulose kinase (XK) and then enters the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). However, Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336 cannot grow on media containing L-arabinose as the sole carbon, which indicates that there is not L-arabinose metabolic pathway in this strain. For consumption of L-arabinose via PPP, bacterial L-arabinose metabolic pathway was introduced to C. tropicalis. Bacillus licheniformis L-arabinose isomerase (araA, AI), E. coli L-ribulokinase (araB, RK) and L-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase (araD, RPE) were selected and backtranslated using the preferred codons in C. tropicalis.Codon-optimized genes were synthesized and expressed in C. tropicalis.The resulting recombinant yeast expressed araBAD successfully and survived utilizing L-arabinose as a sole carbon source.
Semi‐Synthetic Mithramycin <scp>SA</scp> Derivatives with Improved AntiCancer Activity (2013)

Mithramycin (MTM) is a potent anti-cancer agent that has recently garnered renewed attention. This manuscript describes the design and development of mithramycin derivatives through a combinational approach of biosynthetic analogue generation followed by synthetic manipulation for further derivatization. Mithramycin SA is a previously discovered analogue produced by the M7W1 mutant strain alongside the improved mithramycin analogues mithramycin SK and mithramycin SDK. Mithramycin SA shows decreased anti-cancer activity compared to mithramycin and has a shorter, two carbon aglycon side chain that is terminated in a carboxylic acid. The aglycon side chain is responsible for an interaction with the DNA-phosphate backbone as mithramycin interacts with its target DNA. It was therefore decided to further functionalize this side chain through reactions with the terminal carboxylic acid in an effort to enhance the interaction with the DNA phosphate backbone and improve the anti-cancer activity. This side chain was modified with a variety of molecules increasing the anti-cancer activity to a comparable level to mithramycin SK. This work shows the ability to transform the previously useless mithramycin SA into a valuable molecule and opens the door to further functionalization and semi-synthetic modification for the development of molecules with increased specificity and/or drug formulation.
Preliminary data on the efficacy of a Giardia vaccine in puppies. (1997)

Twenty puppies were vaccinated with a trophozoite-derived Giardia vaccine on day 0 and boosted on day 21 (Group 1); 10 control puppies received only saline (Group 2). Both groups were experimentally infected on day 35 with 1 x 10(6) Giardia duodenalis trophozoites by intraduodenal injection. Immunization provided protection to experimental Giardia infection.
TMS with fast and accurate electronic control: measuring the orientation sensitivity of corticomotor pathways (2021)

Abstract Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils allow only a slow, mechanical adjustment of the stimulating electric field (E-field) orientation in the cerebral tissue. Fast E-field control is needed to synchronize the stimulation with the ongoing brain activity. Also, empirical models that fully describe the relationship between evoked responses and the stimulus orientation and intensity are still missing. Objective We aimed to (1) develop a TMS transducer for manipulating the E-field orientation electronically with high accuracy at the neuronally meaningful millisecond-level time scale and (2) devise and validate a physiologically based model describing the orientation selectivity of neuronal excitability. Methods We designed and manufactured a two-coil TMS transducer. The coil windings were computed with a minimum-energy optimization procedure, and the transducer was controlled with our custom-made electronics. The electronic E-field control was verified with a TMS characterizer. The motor evoked potential amplitude and latency of a hand muscle were mapped in 3° steps of the stimulus orientation in 16 healthy subjects for three stimulation intensities. We fitted a logistic model to the motor response amplitude. Results The two-coil TMS transducer allows one to manipulate the pulse orientation accurately without manual coil movement. The motor response amplitude followed a logistic function of the stimulus orientation; this dependency was strongly affected by the stimulus intensity. Conclusion The developed electronic control of the E-field orientation allows exploring new stimulation paradigms and probing neuronal mechanisms. The presented model helps to disentangle the neuronal mechanisms of brain function and guide future non-invasive stimulation protocols.
Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies that differentiate between potato and tomato glycoalkaloids and aglycons (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleDevelopment and characterization of monoclonal antibodies that differentiate between potato and tomato glycoalkaloids and aglyconsLarry H. Stanker, Carol Kamps-Holtzapple, and Mendel FriedmanCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994, 42, 10, 2360–2366Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00046a053https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00046a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views154Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fullerenes, PAH, Carbon Nanostructures, and Soot in Low Pressure Diffusion Flames (1997)

The formation of fullerenes C60 and C7O is known to occur in premixed laminar benzene/oxygen/argon flames operated at reduced pressures. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of material collected from these flames has identified a variety of multishelled nanotubes and fullerene 'onions' as well as some trigonous structures. These fullerenes and nanostructures resemble the material that results from commercial fullerene production systems using graphite vaporization. As a result, combustion is an interesting method for fullerenes synthesis. If commercial scale operation is to be considered, the use of diffusion flames might be safer and less cumbersome than premixed flames. However, it is not known whether diffusion flames produce the types and yields of fullerenes obtained from premixed benzene/oxygen flames. Therefore, the formation of fullerenes and carbon nanostructures, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot, in acetylene and benzene diffusion flames is being studied using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).
Short Synthesis of (3<i>S</i>,4<i>R</i>)- and (3<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>)-3-Hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-4-butanolides, Two Lactones from Levoglucosenone (1995)

Abstract Two lactones, (3S,4R)- and (3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-4-butanolides, were easily and stereoselectively synthesized in good yield from levoglucosenone (1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-β-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyranos-2-ulose).