gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structured illumination quantitative phase microscopy for enhanced resolution amplitude and phase imaging (2013)

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is an established microscopy technique typically used to image samples at resolutions beyond the diffraction limit. Until now, however, achieving sub-diffraction resolution has predominantly been limited to intensity-based imaging modalities. Here, we introduce an analogue to conventional SIM that allows sub-diffraction resolution, quantitative phase-contrast imaging of optically transparent objects. We demonstrate sub-diffraction resolution amplitude and quantitative-phase imaging of phantom targets and enhanced resolution quantitative-phase imaging of cells. We report a phase accuracy to within 5% and phase noise of 0.06 rad.
A high throughput SNP based KIR genotyping system for use in allogeneic transplantation and outcomes analyses (2004)

Recent evidence suggests that interactions between an individual’s Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) molecular profile and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) ligands may play an important role in stem cell transplant outcome (Ruggerri et al., Science 2002; Gagne et al., Human Immunology 2002). If these early results are replicated, it may be necessary to assess KIR genotypes as part of the donor selection process. Like the HLA genes, the KIR genes are highly polymorphic. As the characterization of the total diversity of these genes is still in its infancy, novel variants are reported frequently. We are developing a novel, high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based KIR genotyping methodology. In this assay, the nucleic acid mass differences generated in a SNP-based primer extension reaction are analyzed on a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF). The method uses 384-well microarray chips, and is by nature both highly accurate and rapid. More importantly this method is capable of identifying novel polymorphisms as well as recognizing polymorphisms that have already been identified as informative for distinguishing the various alleles. When fully developed the method will be two-tiered i.e., capable of resolving KIR genotypes with locus-specificity or at an allele-specific level of resolution. We present data from previously characterized control DNA samples and transplant samples using this novel typing method to demonstrate that the method is capable of accurately defining KIR genotypes.
Analytical Solution for Energy Management of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2017)

An analytical method is proposed to solve the optimization problem of energy management for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle. This method is based on Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle (PMP) for a class of Hybrid Dynamic Systems (HDS). Therefore, the analytical models are used, which are an approximation of the reference models. A numerical method based on the reference models is also used in order to validate the analytical solution by comparing their results. In this paper, two types of optimization variables are considered: continuous and discrete. The first type is the power split between the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the Electric Machine (EM). The second one is the transmission ratio, which includes the ICE On/Off decision. The results show that the analytical and the numerical solutions are almost the same. In addition, the analytical approach requires less computing time and requires less memory space than the numerical method.
Effects of porous-hydroxyapatite incorporated into glass-ionomer sealants (2015)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the mechanical and chemical properties of a novel glass ionomer cement for use as a pit and fissure sealant containing a porous hydroxyapatite, namely, apatite ionomer cement (AIC). Control sealant samples were used Fuji III (GIC-S). The experiment sealant samples (AIC-S) consisted of porous spherical hydroxyapatite (HApS) particles added at 28 wt% to GIC-S powder. The GIC-S and AIC-S samples were evaluated through mechanical strength measurements, scanning electron microscopy observations, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, fluoride ion release tests, and antibacterial tests. The flexural strength of the AIC-S was significantly higher than that of GIC-S for each period, 1 h, 24 h and 1 year. The fluoride release dose for AIC-S was consistently higher than that for GIC-S. In addition, the antibacterial properties of AIC-S were superior to those of GIC-S. The novel AIC-S may be a more suitable sealant material for pits and fissures with intact and/or infected enamel.
Dynamic Reconfigurable Shaders with Load Balancing for Embedded Graphics Processing (2009)

The increasing demand for application specific processing on portable devices is driving the design with highly efficient hardware. Many applications are streamlined, and the delays of all streamline stages better be equalized. Unfortunately, loads at each stage of streamlined processing may vary depending on input data, making load monitoring and balancing very desirable hardware features. The aim of this paper is to solve the load-imbalance problem of heterogeneous shading processors using a dynamically reconfigurable architecture. We begin with arithmetic analysis of required computations at different processors, determining basic building blocks for assorted functional units. Next we design reconfiguration controller capable of configuring a number of these blocks into desires functional units. Then, we measure load distribution and variations of concerned processors, and design load monitor to generate reconfiguration controller stimulus. Finally, we put all these together to propose our idea. Vertex and pixel processors are used in this study, due to that number of vertices to be processed versus number of pixels has noticeable variations along time. To evaluate this idea, clock cycle-based simulation using 3Dmark05 is conducted. Silicon area and processing cycles are measured in the experiments, and results are compared against a design using the same number of (vertex+pixel) shaders under the best partition for the test workloads. As a result, the measured data show that 60% improvement in speed and 30% improvement in hardware utilization can be achieved. In addition, using 27~35% less silicon area, the same performance can be achieved. The most valuable contribution is more than area and time saving of just the involved stages: with load monitoring and balancing, delays in different streamline stages can be well balanced, squeezing out the ultimate performance of the entire system.
Prostate boundary segmentation from 2D ultrasound images (2000)

Outlining, or segmenting, the prostate is a very important task in the assignment of appropriate therapy and dose for cancer treatment; however, manual outlining is tedious and time-consuming. In this paper, an algorithm is described for semiautomatic segmentation of the prostate from 2D ultrasound images. The algorithm uses model-based initialization and the efficient discrete dynamic contour. Initialization requires the user to select only four points from which the outline of the prostate is estimated using cubic interpolation functions and shape information. The estimated contour is then deformed automatically to better fit the image. The algorithm can easily segment a wide range of prostate images, and contour editing tools are included to handle more difficult cases. The performance of the algorithm with a single user was compared to manual outlining by a single expert observer. The average distance between semiautomatically and manually outlined boundaries was found to be less than 5 pixels (0.63 mm), and the accuracy and sensitivity to area measurements were both over 90%.
ALIGNMENT OF CARBON NANOTUBES USING MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES (2009)

Carbon nanotubes are driving scientific research nowadays. This field has several important directions in basic research, including chemistry, electronic transport, mechanical, and field emission properties. The most eye-catching features of carbon nanotubes are their electronic, mechanical, optical, and chemical characteristics, which open a way to future applications. One of the most important applications of nanotubes based on their properties will be as reinforcements in composite materials. One of the biggest concerns to nanotube industry is the alignment problem which has limited the usage and utilizations of carbon nanotubes in composites. The ability to impose a preferred alignment of carbon nanotubes in a composite will increase the effectiveness of utilizing nanotubes in composite applications. The alignment of nanotubes will maximize the interfacial bonding across the nanotube matrix interface. In this research, we developed a methodology and a process to align nanotubes in polymer nanocomposites by means of a magnetic field. By doing so, we will get a very strong nanocomposite that can be used in the composites industry. The proposed mechanism aims at aligning the carbon nanotubes by means of nanomagnetic particles that are adsorbed on the nanotube surfaces and by applying an external magnetic field. SEM analysis have shown that nanomagnetic particles with the assistance of the magnetic field were able to align the carbon nanotubes in the desired direction.
Volatile and Thermally Stable Mid to Late Transition Metal Complexes Containing α-Imino Alkoxide Ligands, a New Strongly Reducing Coreagent, and Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of Ni, Co, Fe, and Cr Metal Films (2013)

Treatment of MCl2 (M = Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr) with 2 equiv of α-imino alkoxide salts K(RR'COCNtBu) (R = Me, tBu; R' = iPr, tBu) afforded M(RR'COCNtBu)2 or [Mn(RR'COCNtBu)2]2 in 9-75% yields. These complexes combine volatility and high thermal stability and have useful atomic layer deposition (ALD) precursor properties. Solution reactions between Ni, Co, and Mn complexes showed that BH3(NHMe2) can reduce all to metal powders. ALD growth of Ni, Co, Fe, and Cr films is demonstrated. Mn film growth may be possible, but the films oxidize completely upon exposure to air.
New quaternary benzyl chloride salts for inclusion in hair cream rinse formulations (1974)

Abstract Quaternary ammonium salts have been prepared from benzyl chloride and amino amides and an amino ester of a long chain fatty acid. These benzyl salts were incorporated in simple hair conditioner formulations containing the quaternary salt, anhydrous lanolin, cetyl alcohol, and water. Preliminary evaluations indicated that the formulations were effective in the removal of tangles and snarls following washing with ordinary shampoo. The dried hair was easily manageable and had good luster.
Finding new therapies for sepsis: the need for patient stratification and the use of genetic biomarkers (2011)

Reversing the immunoparalysis associated with septic shock remains a priority for improving the outcome of patients suffering from sepsis. The efficacy of future therapies may be better studied under an effective system of patient stratification. Gene expression biomarkers offer a mechanism by which patients may be appropriately stratified in such clinical trials.
All-Pole Phase-Locked Tracking Filters (1982)

This paper describes the design and synthesis of second-, third-, and fourth-order all-pole, phase-locked tracking filters for those applications in which the signal-to-noise ratio is large. Higher order transfer functions are also realizable as a cascade of these basic structures. Using cataloged analog filter data allows the phase-locked loop to be designed so that its transfer function and associated responses duplicate tabulated filter responses. Phase-locked loop parameters for seven classical filter responses have been tabulated. Also included are discussions of acquisition, open-loop characteristics, phase margin, error signal, noise bandwidth, and loop-filter realizations. Finally, an example illustrates the introduced procedures.
Lithography Wand-Fabrication And Applications Of Novel Microstructures For Electron And Ion Beam Nanometer Lithography (1989)

A novel multiple electron or ion beam methodology has been developed with the potential for gigahertz patterning data rates and patterning of nanometer features. The technique is based on the concept of a combined aperture-deflector-and-lens microstructure which is fabricated into a silicon wafer. The microstructure, designated as the lithography wand, can be used to shape and control large numbers of charged particle beams for pattern generation as it generates a linear wave of patterns as its beam array is scanned across a prepared surface. The wand consists of an array of apertures which shape an incoming broad beam into individual beams and allow simultaneous deflection of individual beams along with common focusing for the aggregate of beams. Fabrication of a wand control structure with a five pole Einzel lens has been demonstrated. The multipole lens is constructed from a stack of various conductor and insulator layers that are deposited on a micromachined silicon substrate and subsequently patterned and etched to form lens poles and deflectors. Microfabrication techniques utilizing trilayer resist are used to construct a sub-tenth micron wand aperture and a multipole wand lens, with precision dimensional control. A near-UV trilayer resist structure was used for fabrication of the lens and aperture beamline. An E-beam trilayer resist process was used in conjunction with precision etching to generate 400 nm patterns with excellent dimensional control to fabricate 80 nm square apertures with ± 10% dimensional control (2σ). In this paper, design concepts relative to a wand based multibeam lithography system are described. Fabrication of the central controller wand microstructure is described. Construction of versions of these structures with 80 nm apertures and with aperture/Einzel lens combinations are demonstrated using Shipley SAL600 negative electron beam resist. Far submicron (0.10 μm) resist patterns generated using microstructures in an electron beam column are demonstrated.
Detection of Haemophilus influenzae by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of the outer membrane protein P6 gene. (2007)

It is difficult and time-consuming to distinguish Haemophilus influenzae from the genotypically similar Haemophilus parainfluenzae, which is a commensal of the human oral cavity. The novel nucleic acid amplification technique of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), which amplifies DNA under isothermal conditions (63 degrees C) with high specificity, efficiency, and rapidity, was evaluated for H. influenzae detection. A H. influenzae-specific LAMP primer set was designed for the outer membrane protein P6 gene. Primer set specificity was validated using 4 Haemophilus spp. and 13 other species. Within 60 min, LAMP detected 100 or more copies of purified DNA with a sensitivity that was 10-fold higher than that of conventional PCR. This method can be used to differentiate H. influenzae from H. parainfluenzae strains. Thus, LAMP may represent a sensitive and reliable means of diagnosing H. influenzae infection.
Formation of highly conductive polycrystalline GaAs from annealed amorphous (Ga,As) (2003)

Polycrystalline (Ga,As) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is compared to polycrystalline (Ga,As) formed by annealing amorphous (Ga,As) also grown by MBE. Both amorphous and polycrystalline materials were grown at 100 °C and crystallinity is controlled by the As overpressure. As the amorphous material was annealed at varying temperatures from 300 to 500 °C several properties of the material changed such as levels of excess As in the material, grain structure of annealed material, strength and adhesion of crystallized layer, and conductivity of the material. After annealing at temperatures around 400 °C, the material is specular, polycrystalline, has good adhesion, and is very conductive. Resistivity values of less than 2 mΩ cm and acceptor concentrations near 5×1020 cm−3 were detected according to Hall/van der Pauw measurements. Conduction is believed to be due to the large amount of excess As in the material forming an As conduction path when the material is annealed. Material grown in a polycrystalline form by MBE differs in both grain structure and conductivity from material crystallized from an amorphous form.
Closed-Loop Cadence and Instantaneous Power Control on a Motorized Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycle (2019)

Motorized functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling is a rehabilitation therapy in which electrical stimulation is used to activate lower body muscles to pedal a cycle in conjunction with motorized assistance. FES cycling has been demonstrated to improve cardiovascular parameters, muscle mass, and motor control of people with neurological conditions (NCs). A common FES cycling objective is simultaneous cadence and power (torque) tracking; however, it is unclear how to best coordinate the FES and motor contributions and if power should be tracked instantaneously or averaged over a period of time. This article develops a new FES cycling controller using a switched Lyapunov-like dwell-time analysis for the nonlinear, uncertain cycling system to conclude global exponential cadence tracking and uniformly ultimately bounded power tracking. To evaluate the performance of the developed controller, comparisons are made with two previously developed FES cycling controllers through experiments on seven able-bodied participants and six participants with NCs. For a desired cadence of 50 RPM and a desired power of 10 W, the developed controller demonstrated the smallest tracking errors with an average cadence and power error of 0.01±1.03 RPM and 0.00±0.94 W, respectively, in the able-bodied population and an average cadence and power error of 0.02±1.87 RPM and 0.00±2.46 W, respectively, in the population of people with NCs. Results suggest that the electric motor should be used to track cadence and the FES induced muscle torques should be used to track instantaneous power.
Mirror: enabling proofs of data replication and retrievability in the cloud (2016)

Proofs of Retrievability (POR) and Data Possession (PDP) are cryptographic protocols that enable a cloud provider to prove that data is correctly stored in the cloud.PDP have been recently extended to enable users to check in a single protocol that additional file replicas are stored as well.To conduct multi-replica PDP, users are however required to process, construct, and upload their data replicas by themselves.This incurs additional bandwidth overhead on both the service provider and the user and also poses new security risks for the provider.Namely, since uploaded files are typically encrypted, the provider cannot recognize if the uploaded content are indeed replicas.This limits the business models available to the provider, since e.g., reduced costs for storing replicas can be abused by users who upload different files-while claiming that they are replicas.In this paper, we address this problem and propose a novel solution for proving data replication and retrievability in the cloud, Mirror, which allows to shift the burden of constructing replicas to the cloud provider itself-thus conforming with the current cloud model.We show that Mirror is secure against malicious users and a rational cloud provider.Finally, we implement a prototype based on Mirror, and evaluate its performance in a realistic cloud setting.Our evaluation results show that our proposal incurs tolerable overhead on the users and the cloud provider.
An Intelligent Computerized Stretch Reflex Measurement System For Clinical And Investigative Neurology (1987)

We describe the design of a reliable, user-friendly preprototype system for quantifying the tendon stretch reflexes in humans and large mammals. A hand-held, instrumented reflex gun, the impactor of which contains a single force sensor, interfaces with a computer. The resulting test system can deliver sequences of reproducible stimuli at graded intensities and adjustable durations to a muscle's tendon ("tendon taps"), measure the impacting force of each tap, and record the subsequent reflex muscle contraction from the same tendon -- all automatically. The parameters of the reflex muscle contraction include latency; mechanical threshold; and peak time, peak magnitude, and settling time. The results of clinical tests presented in this paper illustrate the system's potential usefulness in detecting neurologic dysfunction affecting the tendon stretch reflexes, in documenting the course of neurologic illnesses and their response to therapy, and in clinical and laboratory neurologic research.
Rapid synthesis of bicyclic lactones via palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylative lactonizations (2017)

A novel and efficient palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylative lactonization of amino propargylic alcohols has been developed to provide rapid access to various bicyclic lactones especially dihydropyrrole-fused furanones, which are novel structures and have not been explored in biological and medicinal settings. This method can also be used to access β-lactone products such as 16. Preliminary biological evaluations revealed that compounds 13h and 13s demonstrated promising activity against Clostridium difficile and compounds 13h, 13k, 13s, and 16b showed activity against several important fungal pathogens.
Polarization modulation techniques for intensity modulated links (2015)

The use of a polarization modulator for intensity modulation is detailed. Issues encountered are discussed such as the state of polarization drift over time for various fiber lengths and the nonlinear effects of polarization dependent loss on link fidelity.
Vascular endothelial growth factor controls neuronal migration and cooperates with Sema3A to pattern distinct compartments of the facial nerve (2004)

Developing neurons accurately position their somata within the neural tube to make contact with appropriate neighbors and project axons to their preferred targets. Taking advantage of a collection of genetically engineered mouse mutants, we now demonstrate that the behavior of somata and axons of the facial nerve is regulated independently by two secreted ligands for the transmembrane receptor neuropilin 1 (Nrp1), the semaphorin Sema3A and the VEGF164 isoform of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Although Sema3A is known to control the guidance of facial nerve axons, we now show that it is not required for the pathfinding of their somata. Vice versa, we find that VEGF164 is not required for axon guidance of facial motor neurons, but is essential for the correct migration of their somata. These observations demonstrate, for the first time, that VEGF contributes to neuronal patterning in vivo, and that different compartments of one cell can be co-ordinately patterned by structurally distinct ligands for a shared receptor.
A Novel Topology for Process Variation-Tolerant Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (2018)

This paper presents a novel architecture for piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUT) allowing for a drastic reduction in the impact of process variations on the accuracy of the resonant frequency. At the core of this new topology is a toroidal anchoring technique. Measurement results show that inter- and intra-die resonant frequency standard variations can be reduced from 101 kHz to 23 kHz and from 20 kHz to 5.9 kHz, respectively, by using the method proposed in this paper, showcasing devices fabricated using the PiezoMUMPs commercial fabrication technology. From the 16 chips that have been fabricated, each holding 12 PMUT devices of two different topologies, resonant frequency results are presented and analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach. In addition, as a proof of concept, the fabricated PMUT are demonstrated to perform distance ranging measurements.