gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Light Delivery Techniques for Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (2003)

Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), also known as hybrid recording, has been proposed to enable storage densities greater than 1 Tb/in2 in hard disc drives while circumventing the superparamagnetic limit. Light is delivered in the near field to the recording medium to heat just the spot which is to be recorded. Techniques based on apertures, antennas, waveguides, and solid immersion lenses have been suggested for delivering substantial amounts of optical power into subwavelength spots in the near field. A practical transducer for HAMR may require a combination of techniques.
Control of and experimentation on an active dual-mode twisted string actuation mechanism (2017)

In this paper, we present the control of and experimentation on an active dual-mode twisted string actuation mechanism for automatic transmission. This mechanism has a two-stage transmission ratio and is implemented by changing the twisted radius of the string in each mode (force mode or speed mode). Control algorithms for implementing different transmission ratios are proposed and experimentally verified. Moreover, this mechanism was able to change its compliance characteristics depending on the mode and it was also experimentally confirmed by impulse testing. Since this is a compact and simple transmission mechanism, it can be simply applied to small robotic system and provide a wide operating range and variable compliance.
Fine Mapping of Pre-S Sequence Requirements for Hepatitis B Virus Large Envelope Protein-Mediated Receptor Interaction (2009)

Previous studies showed that the N-terminal 75 amino acids of the pre-S1 domain of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) L protein are essential for HBV and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infectivity. Consistently, synthetic lipopeptides encompassing this sequence or only parts of it efficiently block HBV and HDV infection, presumably through specific interference with a cellular receptor. Crucial for both virus infectivity and the inhibitory activity of the peptides are N-terminal myristoylation and a highly conserved motif within the N-terminal 48 amino acids. To refine the sequence requirements, we synthesized a series of HBV pre-S1 peptides containing deletions, point mutations, d-amino acid exchanges, or genotype-specific sequence permutations. Using the HepaRG cell line and a genotype D-derived virus, we determined the specific inhibitory activities of the peptides and found that (i) lipopeptides with an artificial consensus sequence inhibit HBV genotype D infection more potently than the corresponding genotype D peptides; (ii) point mutations, d-amino acid exchanges, or deletions introduced into the highly conserved part of the pre-S1 domain result in an almost complete loss of activity; and (iii) the flanking sequences comprising amino acids 2 to 8, 16 to 20, and, to a less pronounced extent, 34 to 48 gradually increase the inhibitory activity, while amino acids 21 to 33 behave indifferently. Taken together, our data suggest that HBV pre-S1-mediated receptor interference and, thus, HBV receptor recognition form a highly specific process. It requires an N-terminal acyl moiety and a highly conserved sequence that is present in primate but not rodent or avian hepadnaviruses, indicating different entry pathways for the different family members.
A Novel Function for Kojic Acid, a Secondary Metabolite from Aspergillus Fungi, as Antileishmanial Agent (2014)

Kojic acid (KA) is a fungal metabolite used as a topical treatment skin-whitening cosmetic agent for melasma in humans; however its potential as an anti-leishmanial agent is unknown. Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for Leishmaniasis. However, the drugs available are expensive, invasive, require long-term treatment and have severe side effects. Thus, the development of new effective leishmanicidal agents is a necessity. In this study we investigated the anti-leishmanial effect of KA on L. amazonensis, following in vitro and in vivo infections. KA (50 μg/mL) was found to decrease the growth by 62% (IC50 34 μg/mL) and 79% (IC50 27.84 μg/mL) of promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis of KA-treated amastigotes showed the presence of vesicles bodies into the flagellar pocket, and an intense intracellular vacuolization and swelling of the mitochondrion. During the in vitro interaction of parasites and the host cell, KA reverses the superoxide anions (O2-) inhibitory mechanism promoted by parasite. In addition, 4 weeks after KA-topical formulation treatment of infected animals, a healing process was observed with a high production of collagen fibers and a decrease in parasite burden. Thus, these results demonstrated the great potential of KA as an anti-leishmanial compound.
A Diffserv measurement-based admission control utilizing effective envelopes and service curves (2002)

Among the trends in quality of service (QoS) provisioning is the differentiated services (Diffserv) architecture. The successful deployment of Diffserv requires an effective connection admission control (CAC), which needs to be scalable and relatively simple to implement. An efficient CAC provides a high degree of network resource sharing among multiple traffic classes while satisfying their quality-of-service requirements. We present a novel effective measurement-based CAC based on the so-called global effective envelopes of an arriving traffic aggregate and the service curves of the corresponding departing traffic aggregate. This approach provides the statistical service guarantees to a variety of service classes within a Diffserv domain. We show that the novel CAC algorithm does not depend on the underlying network topology and is scalable. To evaluate this approach. We perform a set of simulations on a number of bursty video traffic sources.
Exceptional points in three-dimensional plasmonic nanostructures (2016)

Exceptional points (EPs) are degeneracies in open wave systems where at least two energy levels and their corresponding eigenstates coalesce. We report evidence of the existence of EPs in three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic nanostructures. The systems are composed of coupled plasmonic nanoresonators and can be judiciously and systematically driven to EPs by controlling symmetry-compatible modes via their near-field and far-field interactions. The proposed platform opens the way to the investigation of EPs for enhanced light-matter interactions and applications in communication, sensing, and imaging.
Method and apparatus for gas-metal arc deposition (1989)

Method and apparatus for gas-metal arc deposition of metal, metal alloys, and metal matrix composites are presented. The apparatus contains an arc chamber for confining a DC electrical arc discharge, the arc chamber containing an outlet orifice in fluid communication with a deposition chamber having a deposition opening in alignment with the orifice for depositing metal droplets on a coatable substrate. Metal wire is passed continuously into the arc chamber in alignment with the orifice. Electric arcing between the metal wire anode and the orifice cathode produces droplets of molten metal from the wire which pass through the orifice and into the deposition chamber for coating a substrate exposed at the deposition opening. When producing metal matrix composites, a suspension of particulates in an inert gas enters the deposition chamber via a plurality of feed openings below and around the orifice so that reinforcing particulates join the metal droplets to produce a uniform mixture which then coats the exposed substrate with a uniform metal matrix composite. 1 fig., 2 tabs.
Computer-aided Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodules: Results of a Large-Scale Observer Test (1999)

CAD has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy in the detection of lung nodules on digital radiographs.
Design of an Electrolysis Cell for Highly Tritiated Water (1985)

Within the framework of the European fusion technology programme, SCK/CEN has started the development of a 100 ml per day electrolyser for decomposing the highly tritiated water that will be formed when tritium is extracted from the breeder or when the plasma exhaust is purified. Safety and reliability of this electrolytic system will have to be guaranteed for at least 104 working hours. Three different cell configurations are being studied one of which is most promising because of its low tritiated water inventory (∼ 12 ml), its low working temperature (< 10 °C) and other advantages such as avoiding any recirculation of radioactive streams.
Three-Dimensional Engineered High Fidelity Normal Human Lung Tissue-Like Assemblies (TLA) as Targets for Human Respiratory Virus Infections (2003)

Unlike traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, three-dimensional (3D) tissue-like assemblies (TLA) (Goodwin et aI, 1992, 1993, 2000 and Nickerson et aI. , 2001,2002) offer high organ fidelity with the potential to emulate the infective dynamics of viruses and bacteria in vivo. Thus, utilizing NASA micro gravity Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV) technology, in vitro human broncho-epithelial (HBE) TLAs were engineered to mimic in vivo tissue for study of human respiratory viruses. These 3D HBE TLAs were propagated from a human broncho-tracheal cell line with a mesenchymal component (HBTC) as the foundation matrix and either an adult human broncho-epithelial cell (BEAS-2B) or human neonatal epithelial cell (16HBE140-) as the overlying element. Resulting TLAs share several characteristic features with in vivo human respiratory epithelium including tight junctions, desmosomes and cilia (SEM, TEM). The presence of epithelium and specific lung epithelium markers furthers the contention that these HBE cells differentiate into TLAs paralleling in vivo tissues. A time course of infection of these 3D HBE TLAs with human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) wild type A2 strain, indicates that virus replication and virus budding are supported and manifested by increasing virus titer and detection of membrane-bound F and G glycoproteins. Infected 3D HBE TLAs remain intact for up to 12 days compared to infected 2D cultures that are destroyed in 2-3 days. Infected cells show an increased vacuolation and cellular destruction (by transmission electron microscopy) by day 9; whereas, uninfected cells remain robust and morphologically intact. Therefore, the 3D HBE TLAs mimic aspects of human respiratory epithelium providing a unique opportunity to analyze, for the first time, simulated in vivo viral infection independent of host immune response.
Hierarchically Controlled Inside‐Out Doping of Mg Nanocomposites for Moderate Temperature Hydrogen Storage (2017)

Abstract Demand for pragmatic alternatives to carbon‐intensive fossil fuels is growing more strident. Hydrogen represents an ideal zero‐carbon clean energy carrier with high energy density. For hydrogen fuel to compete with alternatives, safe and high capacity storage materials that are readily cycled are imperative. Here, development of such a material, comprised of nickel‐doped Mg nanocrystals encapsulated by molecular‐sieving reduced graphene oxide (rGO) layers, is reported. While most work on advanced hydrogen storage composites to date endeavor to explore either nanosizing or addition of carbon materials as secondary additives individually, methods to enable both are pioneered: “dual‐channel” doping combines the benefits of two different modalities of enhancement. Specifically, both external (rGO strain) and internal (Ni doping) mechanisms are used to efficiently promote both hydriding and dehydriding processes of Mg nanocrystals, simultaneously achieving high hydrogen storage capacity (6.5 wt% in the total composite) and excellent kinetics while maintaining robustness. Furthermore, hydrogen uptake is remarkably accomplished at room temperature and also under 1 bar—as observed during in situ measurements—which is a substantial advance for a reversible metal hydride material. The realization of three complementary functional components in one material breaks new ground in metal hydrides and makes solid‐state materials viable candidates for hydrogen‐fueled applications.
Adaptive playout for real-time media streaming (2003)

When media is streamed over best-effort networks, a buffer at the client protects against playout interruptions due to variations in the data arrival rate. While the amount of protection offered grows with the size of the client's buffer, so does the latency that is introduced. In this paper we show how adaptive media playout (AMP) - the variation of the playout speed of media frames depending on the condition of the channel - allows smaller buffer sizes and correspondingly smaller delays for a given level of protection against buffer underflow. We demonstrate this with the results of Markov chain analyses and with simulations. In addition, we consider AMP as a form of receiver-driven rate scalability, allowing clients access to streams encoded at higher source rates than their connections would ordinarily allow.
Space-time block coding for switched beam systems (2004)

A scheme for selecting two beams in a switched beam antenna system for providing downlink transmit diversity based on space-time block coding (STBC) technique is proposed. The scheme involves selecting a pair of beams based on the uplink reception of the switched beam antenna system, and determining from the pair of beams a corresponding pair of orthogonal beams. The scheme also involves providing the pair of orthogonal beams as pair of transmit beams, the switched beam antenna system achieves nearly the same system performance, in terms of bit error rate (BER), as much complex adaptive antenna system with STBC. Simulation results demonstrate the promising scheme.
Color displays for the color blind (1997)

Color is a powerful medium for coding, structuring and emphasizing visual information and, as such, used in many computer applications. However, this tool is less effective, or even counterproductive, in the case of people with impaired color vision. This problem can be remedied to a reasonable extent, provided the display designer is able to anticipate the chromatic trouble spots of a particular color palette. For that purpose, a color editor was designed that allows an image to be displayed as if viewed through the eyes of a color-deficient observer. The model used for computing the color transformations, makes use of state-of-the-art knowledge concerning the polymorphism of human cone pigment and the spectral filtering of the eye lens and macular pigment. As a result, the color editor not only enables the emulation of dichromatic color vision, but also of anomalous trichromatism, the more complex, but also more frequently occurring form of deficient color vision (75% of the colorblind population). In addition to its use as a diagnostic design tool, the editor also provides the means for adjusting the color look-up table to the individual needs of a color-deficient display user.
The antitumor properties of a nontoxic, nitric oxide–modified version of saquinavir are independent of Akt (2009)

Application of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir (Saq) to cancer chemotherapy is limited by its numerous side effects. To overcome this toxicity, we modified the original compound by covalently attaching a nitric oxide (NO) group. We compared the efficacy of the parental and NO-modified drugs in vitro and in vivo. The novel compound saquinavir-NO (Saq-NO) significantly reduced the viability of a wide spectrum of human and rodent tumor cell lines at significantly lower concentration than the unmodified drug. In contrast to Saq, Saq-NO had no effect on the viability of primary cells and drastically reduced B16 melanoma growth in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. In addition, at the equivalent of the 100% lethal dose of Saq, Saq-NO treatment caused no apparent signs of toxicity. Saq-NO blocked the proliferation of C6 and B16 cells, up-regulated p53 expression, and promoted the differentiation of these two cell types into oligodendrocytes or Schwann-like cells, respectively. Although it has been well documented that Saq decreases tumor cell viability by inhibiting Akt, the anticancer properties of Saq-NO were completely independent of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, Saq-NO transiently up-regulated Akt phosphorylation, delivering a protective signal that could be relevant for primary cell protection and the absence of drug toxicity in vivo. It was unlikely that released NO was independently responsible for these drug effects because Saq-NO treatment increased intracellular and secreted NO levels only slightly. Rather, the chemical modification seems to have produced a qualitatively new chemical entity, which may have a unique mode of action against cancer cells.
Design and Synthesis of an Expanded Porphyrin That Has Selectivity for the c-MYC G-Quadruplex Structure (2005)

Cationic porphyrins are known to bind to and stabilize different types of G-quadruplexes. Recent studies have shown the biological relevance of the intramolecular parallel G-quadruplex as a transcriptional silencer in the c-MYC promoter. TMPyP4 also binds to this G-quadruplex and most likely converts it to a mixed parallel/antiparallel G-quadruplex with two external lateral loops and one internal propeller loop, suppressing c-MYC transcriptional activation. To achieve therapeutic selectivity by targeting G-quadruplexes, it is necessary to synthesize drugs that can differentiate among the different types of G-quadruplexes. We have designed and synthesized a core-modified expanded porphyrin analogue, 5,10,15,20-[tetra(N-methyl-3-pyridyl)]-26,28-diselenasapphyrin chloride (Se2SAP). Se2SAP converts the parallel c-MYC G-quadruplex into a mixed parallel/antiparallel G-quadruplex with one external lateral loop and two internal propeller loops, resulting in strong and selective binding to this G-quadruplex. A Taq polymerase stop assay was used to evaluate the binding of TMPyP4 and Se2SAP to G-quadruplex DNA. Compared to TMPyP4, Se2SAP shows a greater selectivity for and a 40-fold increase in stabilization of the single lateral-loop hybrid. Surface plasmon resonance and competition experiments with duplex DNA and other G-quadruplexes further confirmed the selectivity of Se2SAP for the c-MYC G-quadruplex. Significantly, Se2SAP was found to be less photoactive and noncytotoxic in comparison to TMPyP4. From this study, we have identified an expanded porphyrin that selectively binds with the c-MYC G-quadruplex in the presence of duplex DNA and other G-quadruplexes.
Subwavelength optical microscopy in the far field (2011)

We present a procedure for subwavelength optical microscopy. The identical atoms are distributed on a plane and shined with a standing wave. We rotate the plane to different angles and record the resonant fluorescence spectra in the far field, from which we can obtain their distance and location information. This procedure also works for atomic separation above one wavelength and therefore provides a seamless microscopy.
Characterization of data transmission through a maritime free-space optical channel with a custom bit error rate tester (2010)

Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications channels can exhibit high percentage availability, yet are subject to frequent intensity fades due to turbulence effects. For gigabit class links, tremendous amounts of data can still be transported through a fading channel, but an efficient network protocol is required to overcome the effects of fades. We describe a custom error detector that can process a digital signal from a channel which has frequent fades below system sensitivity and can provide data link statistics with bit-level timing accuracy. The statistics measured by the instrument include bit level counters that allow the device to be used as a traditional bit error rate tester (BERT), as well as block-based counters, which provide insight to the channel for packet based transmission formats. Synchronization parameters are adjustable to accommodate different link dynamics. Additionally, stretched error and sync pulse outputs provide useful live indicators of link performance when plotted against optical channel power. This paper will discuss the performance of the custom bit error rate tester (cBERT) in testing a 2.5 Gbps channel over a maritime FSO link trial conducted off the mid-Atlantic coast near Wallops Island, VA, in July and September 2009. Additionally, the overall design of the cBERT will be presented.
Single-frequency Brillouin distributed feedback fiber laser (2012)

We demonstrate a single-frequency Brillouin distributed feedback laser (DFB). The DFB laser cavity was a 12.4 cm long fiber Bragg grating with a π-phase shift offset from the grating center. It exhibited a threshold of 30 mW and conversion efficiency from pump to Stokes wave as high as 27%. Higher-order Stokes waves were suppressed by more than 20 dB. The Stokes output of the laser could be obtained in either the forward or backward direction, simply by changing the orientation of the offset of the discrete phase shift with respect to the pump propagation direction. The DFB laser operated over a pump frequency range of 1.2 GHz, more than 60 times larger than the SBS gain bandwidth.
Using ILA testing for BIST in FPGAs (2002)

We present an improved Built-In Self-Test (BIST) approach for the programmable logic blocks (PLBs) of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), which repeatedly reconfigures the FPGA as a group of C-testable iterative logic arrays. The new architecture is easily scalable with increasing size of FPGAs and ensures routability of the various configurations required to completely test the FPGA in three test sessions. In addition, the BIST approach addresses RAM mode testing as well as testing the adder/subtractor modes in FPGAs.
COMPARISON OF A NOVEL MULTIPLEX PCR ASSAY AND CLOtest TEST FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF H. PYLORI (2004)

Purpose: Several methods may be used clinically to diagnose H. pylori infection, including endoscopy with biopsy, rapidurease test, urea breath test, serologic antibody test, and stool antigen assay. If the test results indicate H. pylori infection, appropriate medication can successfully eradicate H. pylori in most individuals. The CLOtest rapid urease test is widely used in clinical practice to detect the urease enzyme of H. pylori in gastric mucosal biopsies and many physicians even considered it as a gold standard method. However, all the common clinical tests are not sensitive and specific enough to accurately diagnose H. pylori infection. Although PCR is a rapid, sensitive method for the detection of H. pylori from gastric biopsy specimens, the potential problems of many conventional PCR methods are false positive or negative results. To overcome those problems, a novel one-step multiplex PCR detection system was developed. This system can amplify 10 DNA fragments from 5 DNA regions (0.86kb DNA fragment, 706bp and 574bp; Urea A gene, 526bp and 465bp; 16S RNA, 371bp and 315bp; 26kDa, 277bp and 183bp; HpaAgene, 138bpand 118bp) in the genome of H. pylori at the same time. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of this new multiplex PCR assay to detect H. pylori infection, by comparison with the common clinically used CLOtest methodTable: Sensitivity and specifity of CLOtest relative to Multiplex PCR methodMethods: This study was performed in 76 patients with dyspepsia symptoms undergoing endoscopy in Evanston Northwestern Healthcare. To overcome the problem of patchy H. pylori, the same gastric specimen was used for both CLOtest and PCR assay. The CLOtest test was performed first, once the result (waiting from 20 minutes to 24 hours) was read, the specimen in the CLOtest gel was collected, and then DNA isolation and the one-step multiplex PCR were performed. Results: Positive results were achieved in 64/% (49/76) with multiplex PCR and 43/% (33/76) with CLOtest respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of CLOtest relative to Multiplex PCR is 65% (32/49) and 96% (26/27) respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that our multiplex PCR method is a highly specific and sensitive method in the detection of H. pylori when an invasive diagnostic is justified.