gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biogenesis of peroxisomes (2005)

Genetic and proteomic approaches have led to the identification of 32 proteins, collectively called peroxins, which are required for the biogenesis of peroxisomes. Some are responsible for the division and inheritance of peroxisomes; however, most peroxins have been implicated in the topogenesis of peroxisomal proteins. Peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol and are imported post-translationally into pre-existing organelles (Lazarow PB & Fujiki Y (1985) Annu Rev Cell Biol1, 489-530). Progress has been made in the elucidation of how these proteins are targeted to the organelle. In addition, the understanding of the composition of the peroxisomal import apparatus and the order of events taking place during the cascade of peroxisomal protein import has increased significantly. However, our knowledge on the basic principles of peroxisomal membrane protein insertion or translocation of peroxisomal matrix proteins across the peroxisomal membrane is rather limited. The latter is of particular interest as the peroxisomal import machinery accommodates folded, even oligomeric, proteins, which distinguishes this apparatus from the well characterized translocons of other organelles. Furthermore, the origin of the peroxisomal membrane is still enigmatic. Recent observations suggest the existence of two classes of peroxisomal membrane proteins. Newly synthesized class I proteins are directly targeted to and inserted into the peroxisomal membrane, while class II proteins reach their final destination via the endoplasmic reticulum or a subcompartment thereof, which would be in accord with the idea that the peroxisomal membrane might be derived from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Structure of S1PR2–heterotrimeric G <sub>13</sub> signaling complex (2022)

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) regulates immune cell trafficking, angiogenesis, and vascular function via its five receptors. Inherited mutations in S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) occur in individuals with hearing loss, and acquired mutations in S1PR2 and G<sub>α13</sub> occur in a malignant lymphoma. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of S1P-bound S1PR2 coupled to the heterotrimeric G<sub>13</sub>. Interaction between S1PR2 intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) and transmembrane helix 4 confines ICL2 to engage the α5 helix of G<sub>α13</sub>. Transforming growth factor-α shedding assays and cell migration assays support the key roles of the residues in S1PR2-G<sub>α13</sub> complex assembly. The structure illuminates the mechanism of receptor disruption by disease-associated mutations. Unexpectedly, we showed that FTY720-P, an agonist of the other four S1PRs, can trigger G<sub>13</sub> activation via S1PR2. S1PR2<sup>F274I</sup> variant can increase the activity of G<sub>13</sub> considerably with FTY720-P and S1P, thus revealing a basis for S1PR drug selectivity.
Current treatment options for postmenopausal vaginal atrophy (2018)

Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) is a silent epidemic that affects up to 50%-60% of postmenopausal women who are suffering in silence from this condition. Hormonal changes, especially hypoestrogenism inherent in menopause, are characterized by a variety of symptoms. More than half of menopausal women are concerned about the symptoms of VVA, such as dryness, burning, itching, vaginal discomfort, pain and burning when urinating, dyspareunia, and spotting during intercourse. All these manifestations significantly reduce the quality of life and cause discomfort in the sexual sphere. However, according to research, only 25% of patients with the symptoms of VVA receive adequate therapy. This is probably due to the lack of coverage of this problem in the society and the insufficiently active position of specialists in the field of women's health regarding the detection of symptoms of VVA. Many patients are embarrassed to discuss intimate complaints with a specialist, which makes it difficult to verify the diagnosis in 75% of cases, and some patients regard the symptoms of VVA as manifestations of the natural aging process and do not seek help. Modern medicine has in the arsenal various options for treating this pathological condition, including systemic and topical hormone replacement therapy, the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators, vaginal dehydroepiandrosterone, use of lubricants and moisturizers, as well as non-drug therapies. Timely diagnosis and adequately selected therapy for the main symptoms of VVA lead to restoration and maintenance of the vaginal function and vaginal health.
Detection of distraction under naturalistic driving using Galvanic Skin Responses (2017)

Distracted driving is the major cause for injuries and fatalities due to road accidents. Driving is a continuous task which requires constant attention of the driver; a certain level of distraction can cause the driver lose his/her attention to the driving task which might lead to an accident. Thus, detection of distraction will help reduce the number of accidents. There has been much research conducted for automatic detection of driver distraction. Many previous approaches have employed camera based techniques. However these methods might detect the distraction rather late to warn the drivers. On the other hand, neurophysiological signals using Electroencephalography (EEG) have shown to be reliable indicator of distraction. However EEG signals are very complex and the technology is intrusive to the drivers, which creates serious doubt for its practical applications. The objective of this study is to investigate if Galvanic Skin Responses (GSR) can be used to detect distraction under naturalistic driving condition using a wrist band wearable. Six driver subjects participated in our realistic driving experiments. Our experimental results demonstrated high accuracies of detection under subject dependents scenarios. We also investigated the possibility of subject independent distraction detection employing non-linear space transformation based on kernel analysis and support vector machines (SVM).
OPC to reduce variability of transistor properties (2007)

Scaling toward 65 nm and beyond, process variations are increased and influences both functional yield and parametric yield. The process variations consist of systematic components and random components. Systematic variations are caused by predictable design and process procedures, therefore systematic variations should be removed from process corner model for LSI design. With the effect of scaling, print images on a wafer shows complicated distortion. The method of calculating distorted transistor properties without slicing into individual rectangular transistors has been previously proposed. Using this calculation method, transistor properties with distortion are able to be calculated, reduction of transistor property variations is expected. Transistor property variations caused by layout dependence could be reduced by using OPC with SPICE for each transistor, however, the calculation time of gate length retarget with SPICE is not realistic. Therefore we have investigated approximation for transistor properties using statistics of gate length distribution and layout parameters, and found that parameter fitting by average and &sgr; of gate length distribution of each transistor is useful. According to the results of application to standard cell libraries using OPC with transistor property estimation, we have achieved that our new OPC reduces threshold voltage and drive current variations greatly without increasing throughput. It is difficult to suppress variation about all properties without area penalty, however, property priority required for each transistor is different. Therefore performance improvement of the whole circuit and chip is possible by the argument of priority between manufacturing engineer and circuit designer or using design intents.
Resonant reset forward topologies for low output voltage on board converters (2002)

The minimization of size and losses are the main goals in the design of high power density and low output voltage onboard DC/DC power converters. Forward topology with resonant reset combines the simplicity of its power stage with the feasibility to implement self driven synchronous rectification. Several operation modes for this topology are proposed and analyzed in this paper: fixed frequency PWM and constant off-time variable frequency, with and without zero voltage switching (ZVS). Design guidelines and experimental results are also provided for 3.3 V output voltage converters, featuring efficiencies up to 90%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ATMOSPHERIC AND TERRAIN CORRECTION OF IKONOS IMAGERY USING ATCOR3 (2005)

When ordering very high resolution (VHR) imagery of IKONOS or QuickBird a cloud coverage up to 20 % within the scenes has to be accepted. This indicates the high impact of atmospheric conditions to VHR imagery. Beside clouds the images are influenced by haze oftentimes. This haze could be removed using new atmospheric correction algorithms, which were not available for VHR data so far. Furthermore, effects caused by the terrain are influencing the classification quality of VHR imagery in particular in areas of high relief energy. These effects can be eliminated using a high resolution digital elevation model (DEM) within the correction process. The main reason for atmospheric correction is that multi-temporal scenes become comparable, because digital numbers are substituted by surface reflectances. Thus, classification schemes developed once can easily be applied to other subsequent recorded scenes. The haze removal and atmospheric-topographic correction algorithms are implemented in the software ATCOR3 which is available as an extension of standard remote sensing software, like ERDAS IMAGINE 8.7 or PCI Geomatica, and as stand-alone software based on IDL as well. The software was tested and improved in cooperation between users and the developers using IKONOS data, but it is also applicable to other VHR data (QuickBird etc.). Within the paper the procedure and the results of correcting two hazy IKONOS scenes will be demonstrated and evaluated from an end-user’s point of view. On the other hand the terrain correction of this imagery using a VHR laser scanning DEM is in the focus of the investigation.
Design and evaluation of a wind display for virtual reality (2004)

One of the goals in the design of virtual environments (VE) is to give the user the feeling of existence within the VE, known as presence. Employing multimodality is one way to increase presence, and as such, numerous multimodal input and output devices have been used in the context of virtual reality (VR). However, the simulation and investigation into the effects of the wind (or air flow) has not been treated much in the VR research community. In this paper, we introduce a wind display system, called the "WindCube," designed for virtual reality applications. The WindCube consists of a number of small fans attached to a cubical structure in which a VR system user interacts with the VE. We first discuss the design parameters of the proposed display device such as the type of the fan used, and the appropriate number, locations and directions of the fans in relation to providing the minimum level of the wind effects and enhanced presence. In order to simulate the effects of the wind, a wind field is first specified within the virtual environment. We describe how the specified wind field is rendered to the user through the proposed device. Finally, we investigate the effects of the proposed wind display to user felt presence through an experiment. It is our belief that wind display is very important and cost effective modality to consider and employ, because it involves "air," a medium that makes the VE felt more "livable," in contrast to many VE's that looks vaccum.
Quantum computation patent mapping - a strategic view for the information technique of tomorrow (2005)

Quantum computation, or quantum information in a more general terminology, is deemed the information technique (IT) of next generation. Our research shows that the market of quantum information techniques has just begun and grows up steadily. Moreover, this market is patent-oriented. By our previous study (Chang, 2004), patent, or more generally, intellectual property right (IPR), is the core of sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) for a company in the present knowledge economy era, and we should have a strategic view for this market based upon Sun Tzu. As required by the Sun Tzu's philosophy, we should know the enemy (competitor) and ourself during the competition. Patinformatics encompasses all forms of analyzing patent information, which includes patent intelligence, patent mapping and patent citation analysis (Trippe, 2002). It provides a strategic view of the market which allows us to understand our competitors, ourself, the risk and the chance. Moreover, patinformatics will provide competition situation awareness to those vigorous executive managers for guiding the research activities and company strategy. In our research project, "patent mapping for quantum computation techniques" sponsored by the Scientific and Technology Information Center, National Science Council, Executive Yuan, the Republic of China, we set up 19 keyword combinations for USPTO patent database full-text search. Up to 10 February 2005, we obtain more than a thousand patents and thirteen hundred patent applications from our full-text search by these 19 keyword combinations. Further, we screen out 210 related patents and 351 related patent applications. By these informations, we obtain some views about the market of quantum information in the future.
Dielectric Investigation of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Thin-Film Capacitor (2000)

The dielectric properties of BaTiO 3 thin film were investigated on a highly c -axis-oriented epitaxial thin crystal. It was confirmed by X-ray diffraction that the film thickness was 120 Å and that it was high-quality single-crystal film. The spread of crystal orientation of the BaTiO 3 thin film was the same as that of SrTiO 3 substrate. However, the dielectric properties of this thin film were different from those of the BaTiO 3 bulk crystals and were explained by the space-charge effect. The space-charge polarization of this film strongly depends on temperature and this behavior was observed after the incubation time had passed. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the interaction between the polarities of domain and space charges.
Using branch-and-bound with constraint satisfaction in optimization problems (1997)

This work 1 integrates three related AI search techniques -- constraint satisfaction, branch-and-bound and solution synthesis -- and applies the result to constraint satisfaction problems for which optimal answers are required. This method has already been shown to work well in natural language semantic analysis (Beale, et al, 1996); here we extend the domain to optimizing graph coloring problems, which are abstractions of many common scheduling problems of interest. We demonstrate that the methods used here allow us to determine optimal answers to many types of problems without resorting to heuristic search, and, furthermore, can be combined with heuristic search methods for problems with excessive complexity. Introduction Optimization problems can be solved using a number of different techniques within the constraint satisfaction paradigm. Full lookahead (Haralick &amp; Elliott, 1980) is popular because it is easy to implement and works on a large variety of problems. Tsang and Foster...
Complex Determinants in Specific Members of the Mannose Receptor Family Govern Collagen Endocytosis (2014)

Members of the well-conserved mannose receptor (MR) protein family have been functionally implicated in diverse biological and pathological processes. Importantly, a proposed common function is the internalization of collagen for intracellular degradation occurring during bone development, cancer invasion, and fibrosis protection. This functional relationship is suggested by a common endocytic capability and a candidate collagen-binding domain. Here we conducted a comparative investigation of each member's ability to facilitate intracellular collagen degradation. As expected, the family members uPARAP/Endo180 and MR bound collagens in a purified system and internalized collagens for degradation in cellular settings. In contrast, the remaining family members, PLA2R and DEC-205, showed no collagen binding activity and were unable to mediate collagen internalization. To pinpoint the structural elements discriminating collagen from non-collagen receptors, we constructed a series of receptor chimeras and loss- and gain-of-function mutants. Using this approach we identified a critical collagen binding loop in the suggested collagen binding region (an FN-II domain) in uPARAP/Endo180 and MR, which was different in PLA2R or DEC-205. However, we also found that an active FN-II domain was not a sufficient determinant to allow collagen internalization through these receptors. Nevertheless, this ability could be acquired by the transfer of a larger segment of uPARAP/Endo180 (the Cys-rich domain, the FN-II domain and two CTLDs) to DEC-205. These data underscore the importance of the FN-II domain in uPARAP/Endo180 and MR-mediated collagen internalization but at the same time uncover a critical interplay with flanking domains.
Information theoretic clustering (2002)

Clustering is an important topic in pattern recognition. Since only the structure of the data dictates the grouping (unsupervised learning), information theory is an obvious criteria to establish the clustering rule. The paper describes a novel valley seeking clustering algorithm using an information theoretic measure to estimate the cost of partitioning the data set. The information theoretic criteria developed here evolved from a Renyi entropy estimator (A. Renyi, 1960) that was proposed recently and has been successfully applied to other machine learning applications (J.C. Principe et al., 2000). An improved version of the k-change algorithm is used in optimization because of the stepwise nature of the cost function and existence of local minima. Even when applied to nonlinearly separable data, the new algorithm performs well, and was able to find nonlinear boundaries between clusters. The algorithm is also applied to the segmentation of magnetic resonance imaging data (MRI) with very promising results.
Primal-dual Algorithm for Convex Markov Random Fields (2005)

Computing maximum a posteriori configuration in a first-order Markov Random Field has become a routinely used approach in computer vision. It is equivalent to minimizing an energy function of discrete variables. In this paper we consider a subclass of minimization problems in which unary and pairwise terms of the energy function are convex. Such problems arise in many vision applications including image restoration, total variation minimization, phase unwrapping in SAR images and panoramic image stitching. We give a new algorithm for computing an exact solution. Its complexity is K · T (n, m) where K is the number of labels and T (n, m) is the time needed to compute a maximum flow in a graph with n nodes and m edges. This is the fastest maxflow-based algorithm for this problem: previously best known technique takes T (nK, mK 2) time for general convex functions. Our approach also needs much less memory (O(n + m) instead of O(nK + mK 2)). Experimental results show for the panoramic stitching problem our method outperforms other techniques.
Applications of C–H Functionalization Logic to Cyclobutane Synthesis (2014)

The application of C-H functionalization logic to target-oriented synthesis provides an exciting new venue for the development of new and useful strategies in organic chemistry. In this article, C-H functionalization reactions are explored as an alternative approach to access pseudodimeric cyclobutane natural products, such as the dictazole and the piperarborenine families. The use of these strategies in a variety of complex settings highlights the subtle geometric, steric, and electronic effects at play in the auxiliary guided C-H functionalization of cyclobutanes.
Employing a MEMS plasma switch for conditioning high-voltage kinetic energy harvesters (2020)

Triboelectric nanogenerators have attracted wide attention due to their promising capabilities of scavenging the ambient environmental mechanical energy. However, efficient energy management of the generated high-voltage for practical low-voltage applications is still under investigation. Autonomous switches are key elements for improving the harvested energy per mechanical cycle, but they are complicated to implement at such voltages higher than several hundreds of volts. This paper proposes a self-sustained and automatic hysteresis plasma switch made from silicon micromachining, and implemented in a two-stage efficient conditioning circuit for powering low-voltage devices using triboelectric nanogenerators. The hysteresis of this microelectromechanical switch is controllable by topological design and the actuation of the switch combines the principles of micro-discharge and electrostatic pulling, without the need of any power-consuming control electronic circuits. The experimental results indicate that the energy harvesting efficiency is improved by two orders of magnitude compared to the conventional full-wave rectifying circuit.
Eumelanin and Phaeomelanin Contents of Human Epidermis and Cultured Melanocytes (1995)

There are two chemically distinct types of melanin: the red-yellow phaeomelanins and the brown-black eumelanins. While both melanins have been detected in human epidermis and cultured melanocytes, it is unknown how the phaeomelanin/eumelanin ratio in human melanocytes maintained in vitro relates to that in the epidermis from which they were isolated. This study uses high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify the eumelanin and phaeomelanin contents of epidermis and/or cultured melanocytes from 12 Europeans with lightly pigmented skin and 9 non-Europeans with more deeply pigmented skin. Epidermis from non-Europeans contained the highest levels of both eumelanin and phaeomelanin and had the lowest phaeomelanin/eumelanin ratios. In contrast, while cultured melanocytes from non-Europeans also had higher levels of eumelanin and phaeomelanin than melanocytes from Europeans, there was no difference in the phaeomelanin/eumelanin ratios in the two groups. However, the phaeomelanin/eumelanin ratios were higher in the cultured melanocytes than in the corresponding epidermis so that while eumelanin was the predominant melanin in these epidermis, phaeomelanin was the major melanin in the cultured melanocytes. These observations may have important implications for the use of cultured human melanocytes in the study of melanogenesis in man.
A pilot clinical trial of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome (2017)

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01597635 . Registered on 26 January 2012.
MSA-NRTL model for the description of the thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions (2002)

The mean spherical approximation (MSA) approach for electrolyte solutions is combined with a modified non-random two-liquid (NRTL) approach. The resulting model is suitable for a description of the thermodynamic properties of electrolyte-multisolvent systems. The ability of this MSA-NRTL model is investigated by examining activity and osmotic coefficients of binary and ternary electrolyte solutions. Especially for non-aqueous solutions, the model is superior to standard semi-empirical calculations used in the chemical industry.