gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patlak Image Estimation From Dual Time-Point List-Mode PET Data (2014)

We investigate using dual time-point PET data to perform Patlak modeling. This approach can be used for whole body dynamic PET studies in which we compute voxel-wise estimates of Patlak parameters using two frames of data for each bed position. Our approach directly uses list-mode arrival times for each event to estimate the Patlak parametric image. We use a penalized likelihood method in which the penalty function uses spatially variant weighting to ensure a count independent local impulse response. We evaluate performance of the method in comparison to fractional changes in SUV values (%DSUV) between the two frames using Cramer Rao analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to compare performance in differentiating tumors relative to background based on the dynamic data sets. Using area under the ROC curve as a performance metric, we show superior performance of Patlak relative to %DSUV over a range of dynamic data sets and parameters. These results suggest that Patlak analysis may be appropriate for analysis of dual time-point whole body PET data and could lead to superior detection of tumors relative to %DSUV metrics.
A Facile Synthesis of an Advanced Glycosylation Endproduct 2-(2′-furoyl)-4(5)-(2′-furanyl)-1<i>H</i>-imidazole (1997)

Abstract Abstract: A three step synthesis of the advanced glycosylation endproduct 2-(2′-furoyl)-4(5)-(2′-furanyl)-1H-imidazole (4, FFI) has been achieved from 2-acetylfuran. The key step in the synthesis was the rearrangement of the hydrazinium bromide 3 in refluxing methanol.
A new hierarchical approach for simultaneous control of multi-joint powered prostheses (2012)

Advanced upper-limb prostheses capable of actuating multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) are now commercially available. Pattern recognition based algorithms that use surface electromyography (EMG) signals measured from residual muscles show great promise as multi-DOF controllers. Unfortunately, current pattern recognition systems are limited to sequential control of each DOF. This study introduces a hierarchy of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifiers arranged to provide simultaneous DOF control. This approach and two other simultaneous control strategies were evaluated using healthy subjects controlling up to four DOFs, where any two DOFs could be controlled simultaneously. The new hierarchical approach was the most promising with classification errors at or below 15% on average for discrete and combined motions. The classification performance was significantly better (p <; 0.05) than using a single LDA classifier trained to recognize both discrete and combined motions or classifying each DOF using a set of parallel classifiers. The high accuracy of the hierarchical approach suggests that pattern recognition techniques can be extended to permit simultaneous control, potentially allowing amputees to produce more fluid, life-like movements, ultimately increasing their quality of life.
Room temperature “<i>optical nanodiamond hyperpolarizer</i>”: Physics, design, and operation (2020)

Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) is a powerful suite of techniques that deliver multifold signal enhancements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MRI. The generated athermal spin states can also be exploited for quantum sensing and as probes for many-body physics. Typical DNP methods require the use of cryogens, large magnetic fields, and high power microwave excitation, which are expensive and unwieldy. Nanodiamond particles, rich in Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers, have attracted attention as alternative DNP agents because they can potentially be optically hyperpolarized at room temperature. Here, unraveling new physics underlying an optical DNP mechanism first introduced by Ajoy et al. [Sci. Adv. 4, eaar5492 (2018)], we report the realization of a miniature “optical nanodiamond hyperpolarizer,” where 13C nuclei within the diamond particles are hyperpolarized via the NV centers. The device occupies a compact footprint and operates at room temperature. Instrumental requirements are very modest: low polarizing fields, low optical and microwave irradiation powers, and convenient frequency ranges that enable miniaturization. We obtain the best reported optical 13C hyperpolarization in diamond particles exceeding 720 times of the thermal 7 T value (0.86% bulk polarization), corresponding to a ten-million-fold gain in averaging time to detect them by NMR. In addition, the hyperpolarization signal can be background-suppressed by over two-orders of magnitude, retained for multiple-minute long periods at low fields, and deployed efficiently even to 13C enriched particles. Besides applications in quantum sensing and bright-contrast MRI imaging, this work opens possibilities for low-cost room-temperature DNP platforms that relay the 13C polarization to liquids in contact with the high surface-area particles.
A Head-Mounted Microphone Array for Binaural Rendering (2021)

We recently presented a method for obtaining a spherical harmonic representation of a sound field based on microphones along the equator of a rigid spherical object that ideally has a size similar to that of a human head. We refer to this setup as an equatorial microphone array. Even more recently, we presented an extension of this method that allows for employing a scattering object that is approximately spherical such as a human head. The present paper provides an overview as well as a juxtaposition of the two solutions. We present an instrumental evaluation based on the application of binaural rendering of the captured sound fields by analysing simulated binaural transfer functions of both methods for a variety of scenarios.
Effect of Reserpine on Serum Prolactin, Growth Hormone, and Glucocorticoids in Dairy Cows (1977)

Nonlactating, nonpregnant Holstein cows were used to examine the effects of an im injection of reserpine. A 5-mg reserpine injection resulted in a rapid (within 0.5 hr) and sustained (at least 24 hr) elevation of serum prolactin. Peak prolactin levels (283 ng/ml) occurred 3 hr postinjection. Serum glucocorticoid and growth hormone concentrations were unaffected by reserpine injection. Two sequential injections of 5 mg of reserpine given at 48-hr intervals gave nearly identical prolactin responses. The prolactin response to reserpine was dose dependent with 1 mg giving approximately 39.5% of the response obtained with 5 mg of reserpine.
Electrical Interaction between Implantable Vagus Nerve Stimulation Device and Implantable Cardiac Rhythm Management Device (2018)

Even at maximum neural stimulation intensity of 3.5 mA, at an electrode separation of at least 3.0 cm, neural stimulation did not result in a detectable level of interference with either bipolar or unipolar sensing. Because this separation is significantly smaller than the minimum electrode separation of 15 cm in clinical practice, VNS Therapy is not expected to interfere with the function of implantable cardiac devices.
Gain equalization of EDFA's with Bragg gratings (1999)

Flat-gain amplifiers are needed to ensure proper amplification of every channel in wavelength-division-multiplexed communication systems. Such amplifiers can be realized by combining a precisely tailored filter with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). In this letter, we show that Bragg gratings can lead to accurate EDFA gain equalization. Reflection and transmission gratings have been used to demonstrate gain equalization over 32 nm with excursion inferior to /spl plusmn/0.1 and /spl plusmn/0.3 dB, respectively. A maximum 0.04-dB noise-figure penalty results from this process. By extension, Bragg gratings could also equalize the gain of any arbitrary gain profile, over any arbitrary bandwidth.
Presentation of HER2 epitopes using a filamentous plant virus-based vaccination platform (2014)

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive cancers are aggressive, have poor prognoses, and have a high rate of metastasis and relapse. Immunotherapy (e.g. trastuzumab) has shown improvement in the outcome for HER2 patients. Development of drug resistance and short half-lives limiting the duration of the therapy are barriers in the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, while passive immunotherapy provides treatment, it does not reduce the risk of recurrence of the disease. These barriers have fueled the development of active immunotherapies using HER2 vaccines. We turned toward the development of a nanoparticle-based peptide vaccine. Specifically, we integrated HER2 epitopes on the plant-produced vaccination platform potato virus X (PVX) to overcome immunological tolerance against HER2. The carrier acts as an adjuvant and improves stability and B cell presentation of the epitopes. Immunizations of FVB/N mice resulted in the production of HER2-specific antibodies, as shown by ELISA and confocal microscopy using HER2-positive human cancer cell lines.
WindINERTIA{sup TM} : controlled inertial response from GE wind turbine generators (2008)

Many larger electricity grids are now experiencing an increased penetration of wind power. Modern variable speed turbine generators do not cause system inertia, and can result in deeper frequency excursions for system disturbances and cascading outages. By contrast, inertial responses increase system security in large-scale integrated wind power systems. This presentation discussed a wind turbine generator control concept designed by GE Energy that used control systems to extract stored inertial energy and provide incremental energy contributions during the first few seconds of grid events. The double-fed asynchronous wind turbine generator was comprised of a wound-rotor generator; AC windings, stators and rotors; and a rotor converter network. The control system used basic machine equations for all rotating machines. Rotation slowed when electrical torque was greater than mechanical torque in order to store inertial energy from the rotating mass. A pitch control system was used for uncontrolled wind speeds. Controls are also used to increase electric power during the initial stages of a significant downward frequency event. A case study of the system used with a 14 GW hydro-electric system was included. tabs., figs.
Lithium‐Free Synthesis of Sodium 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidide and Its Synthetic Applications (2019)

Abstract Lithium‐free synthetic methods for sodium 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperide (NaTMP) have been developed using sodium dispersion as a sole sodium source. The prepared NaTMP was used as a Brønsted base, that exhibited some differences in reactivities from LiTMP. magnified image
7-(2-Aminomethylphenylacetamido)-3-(1-carboxymethyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid. (1976)

The synthesis of 7-(2-aminomethylphenylacetamido)-(1-carboxymethyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (BL-S786) is described and the antimicrobial activities are compared with cefazolin and cefamandole. The compound exhibits broad antimicrobial spectrum, produces high intramuscular blood levels in mice and demonstrates a high degree of therapeutic efficacy in experimental bacterial infections in rodents.
Role of Endothelin in Central Cardiorespiratory Control: Modern and Classical Approaches (1995)

Mutant mice deficient in endothelin-1 (ET-1) were created by using gene-targeting techniques. ET-1 +/- heterozygous mice showed elevated arterial pressure accompanied by diminished arterial PO2 and impaired respiratory reflexes. Endogenous ET-1 thus plays a physiological role in cardiorespiratory control. Neural structures in the ventral medulla oblongata appear to participate in this process.
Binding to Gangliosides Containing <i>N</i> -Acetylneuraminic Acid Is Sufficient To Mediate the Immunomodulatory Properties of the Nontoxic Mucosal Adjuvant LT-IIb(T13I) (2010)

By use of a mouse mucosal immunization model, LT-IIb(T13I), a nontoxic mutant type II heat-labile enterotoxin, was shown to have potent mucosal and systemic adjuvant properties. In contrast to LT-IIb, which binds strongly to ganglioside receptors decorated with either N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc), LT-IIb(T13I) binds NeuAc gangliosides much less well. Rather, LT-IIb(T13I) binds preferentially to NeuGc gangliosides. To determine if the adjuvant properties of LT-IIb(T13I) are altered in the absence of NeuGc ganglioside receptors, experiments were conducted using a Cmah-null mouse line which is deficient in the synthesis of NeuGc gangliosides. Several immunomodulatory properties of LT-IIb(T13I) were shown to be dependent on NeuGc gangliosides. LT-IIb(T13I) had reduced binding activity for NeuGc-deficient B cells and macrophages; binding to NeuGc-deficient T cells and dendritic cells (DC) was essentially undetectable. Treatment of Cmah-null macrophages with LT-IIb(T13I), however, upregulated the transcription of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-17, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), four cytokines important for promoting immune responses. The production of mucosal IgA and serum IgG against an immunizing antigen was augmented in NeuGc-deficient mice administered LT-IIb(T13I) as a mucosal adjuvant. Notably, NeuGc gangliosides are not expressed in humans. Still, treatment of human monocytes with LT-IIb(T13I) induced the secretion of IL-6, an inflammatory cytokine that mediates differential control of leukocyte activation. These results suggested that NeuAc gangliosides are sufficient to mediate the immunomodulatory properties of LT-IIb(T13I) in mice and in human cells. The nontoxic mutant enterotoxin LT-IIb(T13I), therefore, is potentially a new and safe human mucosal adjuvant.
Adaptive array antenna for mobile communication (2002)

Digital beamforming (DBF) antennas are developing as advanced phased array antennas. The microwave signal received at each element antenna of the DBF array antenna is converted to a digital signal after downconversion. Beamforming is carried out in a digital processor, so both excitation amplitudes and phases can be controlled more precisely in the DBF than in the conventional phased array antenna. The DBF also has the advantage of adaptive array antenna signal processing. This allows the nulls of an antenna radiation pattern to be steered in the directions of interference signals. Adaptive array antennas are applied to the base station antennas of mobile communications. In this presentation, in TDMA and CDMA communication systems, the adaptive array antenna fit to each system is shown.
Phase Change Memory Cell Using Si<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> Material (2010)

Phase memory cell based on Si 2 Sb 2 Te 3 film shows reversible phase change ability between low and high resistance states. Crystalline Si 2 Sb 2 Te 3 is a nano composite material consisted of amorphous Si and crystalline Sb 2 Te 3 , without separated Te phase. The thermally stable Si 2 Sb 2 Te 3 material has a better data retention ability (10 years at 407 K) than that of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 material (10 years at 383 K). Moreover, the Si 2 Sb 2 Te 3 based phase change memory cell shows good properties including faster operation speed and lower power consumption than those of the Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 based cell.
Effect of Silica Gel Carriers on Thermal Stability of the Anti-microbial Material with Thiosulfato Silver Complex. (1996)

シリカゲル担体にチオスルファト銀錯体を担持させて抗菌剤を調製し,担持効果が抗菌剤の熱安定性に与える影響を研究した。担体の比表面積の増加あるいは細孔容積の減少に伴い抗菌剤を含む成形樹脂の色調変化に抑制効果が認められた。熱分析,樹脂加工時の熱による樹脂色調の測定結果から,シリカゲル担体に熱処理を施すことにより,抗菌剤の熱安定性向上が認められた。抗菌剤添加成形樹脂の色調変化は,樹脂成形の加熱加工に伴う担体シリカゲルから遊離した吸着水分によるチオスルファト銀錯体の分解,酸化と考えられる,シリカゲル担体の熱処理により,担体に吸着保持される水分量を低減させ,その結果,樹脂加熱加工時に遊離する水分量を低減させることで,色調変化を抑制したものと考えられる。
Combining Optical Coherence Tomography and Raman Spectroscopy for Investigating Dental and Other Mineralized Tissues (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Optical Coherence Tomography Raman Spectroscopy of Mineralized Tissues Towards Clinical Dental Relevance Conclusions: Our Multi Modal Approach for Evaluating Early Dental Caries Acknowledgments References
Identification and characterization of multiple HLA-A24-restricted HIV-1 CTL epitopes: strong epitopes are derived from V regions of HIV-1 (1997)

HIV-1-specific CTL has a crucial role in the elimination of the virus. However, a restricted number of common HLA class I alleles has been studied for their presentation of HIV-1 CTL epitopes. We have attempted to identify HIV-1 CTL epitopes presented by HLA-A*2402 using reverse immunogenetics. Fifty-three HLA-A*2402-binding HIV-1 peptides were used to induce specific CTL in PBL of four HIV-1-infected individuals carrying HLA-A24. Twelve peptides were strongly suggested to be HLA-A*2402-restricted HIV-1 CTL epitopes because these peptides induced the specific CTL that killed both the target cells pulsed with the specific peptides and those infected with the vaccinia HIV-1 recombinant virus in at least one HIV-1-infected individual. Of these epitopes, 11 were confirmed by the generation of the specific CTL clones. Six were the Env epitopes while three, one, and one were derived from Gag, Pol, and Nef proteins, respectively. Analysis of 12 HIV-1-infected individuals using these peptides showed that 5 derived from the Env protein and one from the Nef protein were strong epitopes. These strong epitopes were derived from the diverse region of HIV-1 while weak epitopes were conserved in the HIV-1 clade B strain. Analysis of CTL recognition of mutations in these strong epitopes suggested that the mutations in the Env epitopes may critically influence CTL recognition in vivo.
Synthesis of pyrimidine analogs of 2,6‐Di‐<i>tert</i>‐butylphenol antiinflammatory agents (1995)

Abstract The preparation of pyrimidine analogs of the 2,6‐di‐ tert ‐butylphenol antiinflammatory agents Prifelone (R‐830), Tebufelone (NE‐11740) and Ym‐13,162 is described. Grignard addition to the N ‐methoxy‐ N ‐methylamide derived from 4,6‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid yielded a series of 2‐pyrimidinyl ketones. Further elaboration of an ethyl ketone and cyclization with sodium cyanate gave a pyrimidinylimidazole.
Automatic solar panel recognition and defect detection using infrared imaging (2015)

Failure-free operation of solar panels is of fundamental importance for modern commercial solar power plants. To achieve higher power generation efficiency and longer panel life, a simple and reliable panel evaluation method is required. By using thermal infrared imaging, anomalies can be detected without having to incorporate expensive electrical detection circuitry. In this paper, we propose a solar panel defect detection system, which automates the inspection process and mitigates the need for manual panel inspection in a large solar farm. Infrared video sequences of each array of solar panels are first collected by an infrared camera mounted to a moving cart, which is driven from array to array in a solar farm. The image processing algorithm segments the solar panels from the background in real time, with only the height of the array (specified as the number of rows of panels in the array) being given as prior information to aid in the segmentation process. In order to “count” the number the panels within any given array, frame-to frame panel association is established using optical flow. Local anomalies in a single panel such as hotspots and cracks will be immediately detected and labeled as soon as the panel is recognized in the field of view. After the data from an entire array is collected, hot panels are detected using DBSCAN clustering. On real-world test data containing over 12,000 solar panels, over 98% of all panels are recognized and correctly counted, with 92% of all types of defects being identified by the system.
Low-temperature synthesis of Si nanowires using multizone chemical vapor deposition methods (2008)

With a multitemperature zone chemical vapor deposition reactor, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were synthesized at temperatures below the Au–Si eutectic point, with Au nanoparticles as the growth seeds. Nanoparticle seeds with diameters less than 60nm were used to grow NWs at temperatures below 350°C. A strong dependence on the growth rate with the synthesis temperature and the size of the Au nanoparticle seeds was observed. With 10nm particles, SiNWs were reproducibly synthesized at a temperature of 290°C. We suggest that the governing role for the synthesis lies in the diffusion of Si feeding into the growth seeds.
RDF Graph Digest Techniques and Potential Applications (2004)

Digests are short digital abbreviations computed from original content. This paper compares existing algorithms for computing the digest of a Resource Description Framework (RDF) graph and discusses potential applications. Digest computation is complicated by blank node relabeling and statement reordering. We treat these separately: surveying four techniques for handling blank node identity and three algorithms for dealing with statement ordering. It is possible to avoid the issue of blank nodes by limiting permissible graph operations, placing restrictions on allowable graph content, or modifying the RDF specification. Assuming none of those are reasonable, then practical solutions are still possible but they require adding additional information to the graph. To deal with statement ordering, the simplest approach is to use a sort with the attending O(Nlog(N)) runtime. An incremental algorithm is also possible. This is theoretically faster, offering O(N) runtime but may be slower in practice for applications which do not benefit from the incrementality. Graph digests are applicable to digital signatures. Other applications include verifying integrity, detecting changes, generating content-based identifiers, and improving efficiency when accessing remote stores.
Self-Stabilizing Synchronization of Arbitrary Digraphs in Presence of Faults (2012)

a bounded skew among independent local time clocks. A distributed system is said to be self-stabilizing if, from an arbitrary state, it is guaranteed to reach a legitimate state in a finite amount of time and remain in a legitimate state. For clock synchronization, a legitimate state is a state where all parts in the system are in synchrony. The self-stabilizing distributed-system clock synchronization problem is, therefore, to develop an algorithm (i.e., a protocol) to
MEMS As a Continuous Time Recurrent Neuron (CTRN) Computing Unit (2018)

Smart analysis of sensory data in real time is growing more important by the advent of the internet of things (IoT). Currently, this demand is being met by microprocessors utilizing classical computing algorithms or using simple machine learning schemes; which, aside from their high computing power requirements, are projected to reach an imminent plateau as transistor shrinking is reaching a physical limit. In this paper, we show the potential of transforming the dynamics of micro-electro-mechanical system MEMS by activating electrical resonance to perform simple neurological processes, such as detection and memory, similar to those existing in recurrent neurons.
Opportunistic interference management: a new approach for multiantenna downlink cellular networks (2014)

Abstract A new approach for multiantenna broadcast channels in cellular networks based on multiuser diversity concept is introduced. The technique called opportunistic interference management achieves dirty paper coding capacity asymptotically with minimum feedback required. When there are K antennas at the base station with M mobile users in the cell, the proposed technique only requires K integer numbers related to channel state information between mobile users and base station. The encoding and decoding complexity of this scheme is the same as that of point‐to‐point communications, which makes the implementation of this technique easy. An antenna selection scheme is proposed at the base station to reduce the minimum required mobile users significantly at the expense of reasonable increase in feedback. In order to guarantee fairness, a new algorithm is presented that incorporates opportunistic interference management into existing Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) standard. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.