gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation Mechanism and Some Properties of Super-hard Nano-polycrystalline Diamond Synthesized by Direct Conversion Sintering (2006)

High-purity and super-hard nano-polycrystalline diamond has been successfully synthesized by direct conversion from high-purity graphite under static pressures above 15 GPa and temperatures above 2573 K. TEM analysis revealed that the polycrystalline diamond has a mixed texture of a homogeneous fine structure (particle size: 10-30 nm, formed in a diffusion process) and a lamellar structure (formed in a martensitic process). Differences in the direction of maximum compression force on graphite particles create different conversion processes to cubic diamond, leading to the mixed texture. Results of indentation hardness tests using super-hard synthetic diamond Knoop indenter showed the polycrystalline diamond has very high Knoop hardness of 120-145 GPa. On the contrary, the polycrystalline diamonds synthesized from the non-graphitic carbons at 15-18 GPa and 1873-2273 K have a single texture consisting of a very fine homogeneous structure (5-10 nm, formed in a diffusion process) without a lamellar structure and containing no hexagonal diamond phase. The hardness values of such single-nano polycrystalline diamonds from non-graphitic carbons (70-90 GPa) are significantly lower than that of polycrystalline diamond from graphite. The excessively small size of diamond particles and the absence of the lamella structure seem to lower the hardness of the polycrystalline diamond.
Fiber Bragg grating polarizer (2004)

An optical fiber polarizer is constructed with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based on birefringence effects induced by a transverse force applied to a section of the grating. In this work we present the principle of operation and experimental results of this device. We show how this fiber polarizer can be used in transmission mode if the affected region of the grating is about one percent of the grating length. When the affected region of the grating is equal to or greater than 10 percent, the grating is a good candidate as polarizer in reflection mode, in a configuration completely different from the first one. Both configurations can be spectrally tuned according to the applied force and/or pressed region along the grating.
Quantification of the Balance Error Scoring System with Mobile Technology (2015)

The kinematic data provided by the iPad are of sufficient quality relative to motion capture data to accurately quantify postural stability in healthy young adults. The iBESS volume provides a more sensitive measure of postural stability than error scoring alone, particularly in conditions 1 and 4, which often suffer from floor effects, and condition 5, which can experience ceiling effects. The iBESS metric is ideally suited for clinical and in the field applications in which characterizing postural stability is of interest.
Development, progression, and androgen-dependence of prostate tumors in probasin-large T antigen transgenic mice: a model for prostate cancer. (1998)

Probasin (PB) gene product is prostate-specific, epithelial cell in origin, and androgen-regulated. A large 12-kb promoter fragment of the PB gene (LPB) was linked to the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (Tag) deletion mutant (that removes the expression of the small t antigen) to deliver consistently high levels of transgene expression to the transgenic mouse prostate. Seven male founders, their male offspring, and all the male offspring from two female founders developed at least prostatic epithelial cell hyperplasia by 10 weeks of age, indicating that the incidence of transformation was 100%. Tumorigenesis in the LPB-Tag animals progressed in a manner similar to that observed in the human prostate. Initially, multifocal proliferating lesions were detected in the prostatic epithelium, which continued to progress into hyperplasia involving the entire epithelium and then low-grade dysplasia. Reactive stromal proliferation was induced and continued to develop throughout the progression to high-grade dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that most stromal cells stained positively for both androgen receptor and smooth muscle alpha-actin, suggesting that stromal overgrowth largely represented mesenchymal cells that had differentiated into smooth muscle cells. Epithelial cell transformation was accompanied by the down-regulation of differentiated function, as suggested by the loss of dorsolateral prostate-specific secretory proteins. Tumor growth was regarded as androgen-dependent because tumors regressed in animals castrated at 11 weeks of age, and androgen treatment restored both epithelial/stromal cell ratio and tumor growth. Furthermore, small populations of prostatic epithelial cells in castrated animals continued to proliferate, suggesting the potential for androgen-independent growth. Although prostatic metastasis to other organs was not observed, local invasion was detected. In summary, the LPB-Tag animal model is unique in that it is the only model generated with the Tag alone, thereby eliminating any influences of the small t antigen on prostate tumor formation. Moreover, this model undergoes molecular changes similar to those found in human prostate including: (a) the multi-focal nature of tumorigenesis, (b) the progressive histopathologic changes from low- to high-grade dysplasia similar to human prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, (c) stimulation of reactive stromal proliferation, and (d) the androgen-dependent growth of the primary tumor. Thus, the LPB-Tag prostate tumor model will be useful for studying the sequential mechanisms underlying the development of multistep tumorigenesis.
The endothelial cell protein C receptor augments protein C activation by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. (1996)

Protein C activation on the surface of the endothelium is critical to the negative regulation of blood coagulation. We now demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies that block protein C binding to the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) reduce protein C activation rates by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex on endothelium, but that antibodies that bind to EPCR without blocking protein C binding have no effect. The kinetic result of blocking the EPCR-protein C interaction is an increased apparent Km for the activation without altering the affinity of thrombin for thrombomodulin. Activation rates of the protein C derivative lacking the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain, which is required for binding to EPCR, are not altered by the anti-EPCR antibodies. These data indicate that the protein C activation complex involves protein C, thrombin, thrombomodulin, and EPCR. These observations open new questions about the control of coagulation reactions on vascular endothelium.
N alpha acetylation is required for normal growth and mating of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)

Acetylation is the most frequently occurring chemical modification of the alpha-NH2 group of eucaryotic proteins and is catalyzed by N alpha-acetyltransferase. The yeast enzyme is encoded by the AAA1 (amino-terminal alpha-amino acetyltransferase) gene. A null mutation (aaa1-1) created by gene replacement, while not lethal, slows cell growth and results in heterogeneous colony morphology. In comparison with wild-type cells, aaa1-1/aaa1-1 diploids cannot enter stationary phase, are sporulation defective, and are sensitive to heat shock. In addition, the aaa1-1 mutation specifically reduces mating functions of MATa cells. These results indicate that N alpha acetylation plays a crucial role in yeast cell growth and mating.
Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of substituted (2-pyrimidinylthio)acetamidoximes (1975)

A series of (2-pyrimidinylthiomethyl)carbonitriles and -carboxamidoximes was synthesized and the antiarrhythmic effects were evaluated against ventricular arrhythmias as measured by the electrical fibrillatory threshold in the anesthetized dog. Structure-activity studies indicated 2-[4-(p-chlorobenzylamino)-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinylthio]acetamidoxime dihydrochloride (6a) and 2-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylamino-6-propyl-2-pyrimidinylthio]acetamidoxime (6g) to be the most potent members of the series.
Defects evaluation system for spherical optical surfaces based on microscopic scattering dark-field imaging method (2016)

In the field of automatic optical inspection, it is imperative to measure the defects on spherical optical surfaces. So a novel spherical surface defect evaluation system is established in this paper to evaluate defects on optical spheres. In order to ensure the microscopic scattering dark-field imaging of optical spheres with different surface shape and radius of curvature, illumination with variable aperture angle is employed. In addition, the scanning path of subapertures along the parallels and meridians is planned to detect the large optical spheres. Since analysis shows that the spherical defect information could be lost in the optical imaging, the three-dimensional correction based on a pin-hole model is proposed to recover the actual spherical defects from the captured two-dimensional images. Given the difficulty of subaperture stitching and defect feature extraction in three-dimensional (3D) space after the correction, the 3D subapertures are transformed into a plane to be spliced through geometric projection. Then, methods of the surface integral and calibration are applied to quantitatively evaluate the spherical defects. Furthermore, the 3D panorama of defect distribution on the spherical optical components can be displayed through the inverse projective reconstruction. Finally, the evaluation results are compared with the OLYMPUS microscope, testifying to the micrometer resolution, and the detection error is less than 5%.
Modal characterization of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers in the time-domain (2015)

We present a collection of modal characterization techniques based on time-of-flight, that are applicable to multimode fibers for data transmission, with particular focus on hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers.
Alternative Buffer Architectures for High Critical Current Density YBCO Superconducting Deposits on Rolling Assisted Biaxially-Textured Substrates (1999)

Although high critical current density ( J c ) YBCO can be deposited on rolling assisted biaxially-textured substrates (RABiTS) with the YSZ/CeO 2 /Ni architecture, improvement in uniformity is needed due to the presence of two-component YBCO epitaxy and cracking in the CeO 2 buffer. We have determined that Yb 2 O 3 is an excellent buffer material that provides a single-component YBCO epitaxy. In addition, crack-free epitaxial Y 2 O 3 can be consistently deposited onto textured Ni substrates. High quality YBCO films have been deposited, and J c as high as 1.8 ×10 6 A/cm 2 at 77 K has been obtained on this Yb 2 O 3 /Y 2 O 3 /Ni alternative RABiTS architecture.
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZED SULFUR CONCRETES (1979)

Specialized sulfur concretes were developed by the Federal Bureau of Mines as a result of research for the beneficial utilization of sulfur in construction materials. Materials were developed for use in acid and salt corrosive environments where portland cement concrete has been found to deteriorate. Because the mineral aggregates also come into contact with the corrosive media, concretes were developed utilizing both limestone and quartz aggregates. The sulfur binder used with both aggregates was modified by reaction with 5 pct dicyclopentadiene to improve product durability. Sulfur quartz aggregate concrete was found to have moderately high strength characteristics (6,000 psi compressive) and was extremely resistant to chemical attack by both acid and salt solutions. Sulfur limestone aggregate concrete exhibited very high strength characteristics (9,000 psi compressive) and was extremely resistant to chemical attack of salt solutions. Both types of concretes maintained their strength and integrity after long-term testing in acid and salt solutions and exhibited considerable resistance to damage by the action of freezing and thawing. Potential uses include leach tanks, electrolytic cells, thickeners, bridge decking, industrial flooring, pipe, and tile.
Applied joint-space torque and stiffness control of tendon-driven fingers (2010)

Existing tendon-driven fingers have applied force control through independent tension controllers on each tendon, i.e. in the tendon-space. The coupled kinematics of the tendons, however, cause such controllers to exhibit a transient coupling in their response. This problem can be resolved by alternatively framing the controllers in the joint-space of the manipulator. This work presents a joint-space torque control law that demonstrates both a decoupled and significantly faster response than an equivalent tendon-space formulation. The law also demonstrates greater speed and robustness than comparable PI controllers. In addition, a tension distribution algorithm is presented here to allocate forces from the joints to the tendons. It allocates the tensions so that they satisfy both an upper and lower bound, and it does so without requiring linear programming or open-ended iterations. The control law and tension distribution algorithm are implemented on the robotic hand of Robonaut-2.
Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as a plant diagnosis tool in protected horticulture (2008)

In spite of the usefulness of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as a tool to obtain plant physiological information from intact plant without contact, the use of the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as a plant diagnosis technique is not active in protected horticulture. In order to apply this technique to monitor plant status under practical conditions of protected horticulture, some appropriate modifications of commercially available chlorophyll fluorescence measurement instruments and/or formulation of own measurement protocols that suit for the research objectives should be done. To do them, fundamental knowledge of chlorophyll fluorescence and its measurement is indispensable. Here, we firstly explain the basics of chlorophyll fluorescence and its measurement, then introduce two examples of plant diagnosis with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging.
A Partially Insulated Field-Effect Transistor (PiFET) as a Candidate for Scaled Transistors (2004)

Highly manufacturable partially insulated field-effect transistors (PiFETs) were fabricated by using Si-SiGe epitaxial growth and selective SiGe etch process. Owing to these technologies, pseudo-silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures, partially insulating oxide (PiOX) under source/drain (PUSD) and PiOX under channel (PUC), could be easily realized with excellent structural and process advantages. We are demonstrating their preliminary characteristics and properties. Especially, in the PUSD PiFET, junction capacitance, leakage current, and DIBL in bulk devices could be reduced and the floating body problem in SOI devices was also cleared without any area penalty. Thus, this PiFET structure can be a promising candidate for the future DRAM cell transistor.
A novel diffractive backlight concept for mobile displays (2008)

Abstract— Power‐efficiency demands on mobile communications device displays have become severe with the emergence of full‐video‐capable cellular phones and mobile telephony services such as third‐generation (3G) networks. The display is the main culprit for power consumption in the mobile‐phone user interface and the backlight unit (BLU) of commonly used active‐matrix liquid‐crystal displays (AMLCDs) is the main power drain in the display. One way of reducing the power dissipation of a mobile liquid‐crystal display is to efficiently distribute and outcouple the light available in the backlight unit to direct the primary wavelength bands in a spectrum‐specific fashion through the respective color subpixels. This paper describes a diffractive‐optics approach for a novel backlight unit to realize this goal. A model grating structure was fabricated and the distribution of outcoupled light was studied. The results verify that the new BLU concept based on an array of spectrum‐specific gratings is feasible.
High-efficiency longitudinal diode bar pumping of solid state lasers (1993)

A longitudinal diode bar pumping scheme for a solid state laser has been conceived which can concentrate tens of watts of pump power into a 300 micrometers spot with 90 to 95% efficiency.
Surface Reconstruction from Two-view Body Scanner Data (2008)

We propose an effective algorithm based on subdivision surface representation for reconstruction of the human body from the data of a two-view body scanner. In the case that the scan data can be grouped into front and back views, we firstly rearrange the data by resampling in the frontal projection plane, and triangulate each set of data points followed by zippering the front and back contours with an Add—Delete method to create an initial mesh. Then the initial mesh is simplified to produce a control mesh as the base of a subdivision surface. Finally, the control mesh is optimized by fitting its subdivision surface to the original data, and, accordingly, a piecewise smooth body model is reconstructed. Experimental results show that the algorithm is capable of gap and hole filling, is robust to noise, and is computationally efficient.
Multiplexed Mass Spectrometric Immunoassay in Biomarker Research:  A Novel Approach to the Determination of a Myocardial Infarct (2006)

Reported here is the development of a multiplexed mass spectrometric immunoassay (MSIA) for the detection of myocardial infarction (MI). The assay is the product of a study that systematically progresses from biomarker discovery--to identification and verification--to assay design, data analysis, and statistical challenge. During targeted population proteomics investigations, two novel biomarkers, serum amyloid A1alpha and S-sulfated transthyretin, were found to be responsive to MI. These putative markers were subsequently screened in larger cohorts of individuals to verify their responsiveness toward MI. Upon verification, a multiplexed assay was designed that was capable of simultaneously monitoring the new markers plus a previously established MI-marker (myoglobin). The multiplexed MSIA was applied to two 96-sample sets comprised of 48-MI/48-healthy and 19-MI/77-healthy, which served as training and case cohorts, respectively. Data evaluation using either preset reference levels or multivariate analysis exhibited sensitivities and specificities of >97%. These findings illustrate the importance of using systematic approaches in clinical proteomics to discover biomarkers and produce high-performance assays relevant to disease.
Piezoelectric ultrasonic probe using an epoxy resin and iron carbonyl acoustic matching layer (1987)

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Low Quantum Defect Fiber Lasers via Yb-Doped Multicomponent Fluorosilicate Optical Fiber (2018)

A low quantum defect (QD <1.5%) fiber laser based on an Yb-doped multicomponent fluorosilicate optical fiber is presented. Modeling results indicate that the fiber laser is scalable and that QD values below 1% are feasible.
Scalable Image Coding based on Epitomes (2017)

In this paper, we propose a novel scheme for scalable image coding based on the concept of epitome. An epitome can be seen as a factorized representation of an image. Focusing on spatial scalability, the enhancement layer of the proposed scheme contains only the epitome of the input image. The pixels of the enhancement layer not contained in the epitome are then restored using two approaches inspired from local learning-based super-resolution methods. In the first method, a locally linear embedding model is learned on base layer patches and then applied to the corresponding epitome patches to reconstruct the enhancement layer. The second approach learns linear mappings between pairs of co-located base layer and epitome patches. Experiments have shown that the significant improvement of the rate-distortion performances can be achieved compared with the Scalable extension of HEVC (SHVC).
Absorbed dose calorimetry (2019)

This article reviews the development and summarizes the state-of-the-art in absorbed dose calorimetry for all the common clinical beam modalities covered in reference dosimetry codes of practice, as well as for small and nonstandard fields, and brachytherapy. It focuses primarily on work performed in the last ten years by national laboratories and research institutions and is not restricted to primary standard instruments. The most recent absorbed dose calorimetry review article was published over twenty years ago by Ross and Klassen (1996 Phys. Med. Biol. 41 1-29), and even then, its scope was limited to water calorimeters. Since the application of calorimetry to the measurement of radiation has a long and often overlooked history, a brief introduction into its origins is provided, along with a summary of some of the landmark research that have shaped the current landscape of absorbed dose calorimeters. Technical descriptions of water and graphite calorimetry are kept general, as these have been detailed extensively in relatively recent review articles (e.g. McEwen and DuSautoy (2009 Metrologia 46 S59-79) and Seuntjens and Duane (2009 Metrologia 46 S39-58). The review categorizes calorimeters by the radiation type for which they are applied; from the widely established standards for Co-60 and high-energy x-rays, to the prototype calorimeters used in high-energy electrons and hadron therapy. In each case, focus is placed on the issues and constraints affecting dose measurement in that beam type, and the innovations developed to meet these requirements. For photons, electrons, proton and carbon ion beams, a summary of the ionization chamber beam quality conversion factors (k <sub>Q</sub> ) determined using said calorimeters is also provided. The article closes with a look forward to some of the most promising new techniques and areas of research and speculates about the future clinical role of absorbed dose calorimetry.
Cholesteric metronomes with flexoelectrically-programmable amplitude (2018)

We experimentally demonstrate fast flexoelectro-optic switching in a liquid crystal cell containing bimesogen-doped and polymer-stabilized cholesteric. The device exhibits a response time of less than 0.7 ms and with low hysteresis and color dispersion which is suitable for potential applications including field-sequential color displays.
Fast Simultaneous Feasibility Test for Security Constrained Unit Commitment (2022)

<p>This paper presents a novel fast security analysis method to perform simultaneous feasibility test (SFT) for security constrained unit commitment (SCUC). The method uses the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula to calculate DC power flow with the incremental topology changes across time intervals and with the contingencies for each interval. The extremely fast SFT allows the SCUC Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) solver to check network security constraints in a callback, leading to a significant performance improvement over the traditional MIP-SFT iteration method.</p>