gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election (2017)

In this study, we analyze both mainstream and social media coverage of the 2016 United States presidential election. We document that the majority of mainstream media coverage was negative for both candidates, but largely followed Donald Trump’s agenda: when reporting on Hillary Clinton, coverage primarily focused on the various scandals related to the Clinton Foundation and emails. When focused on Trump, major substantive issues, primarily immigration, were prominent. Indeed, immigration emerged as a central issue in the campaign and served as a defining issue for the Trump campaign. We find that the structure and composition of media on the right and left are quite different. The leading media on the right and left are rooted in different traditions and journalistic practices. On the conservative side, more attention was paid to pro-Trump, highly partisan media outlets. On the liberal side, by contrast, the center of gravity was made up largely of long-standing media organizations steeped in the traditions and practices of objective journalism. Our data supports lines of research on polarization in American politics that focus on the asymmetric patterns between the left and the right, rather than studies that see polarization as a general historical phenomenon, driven by technology or other mechanisms that apply across the partisan divide. The analysis includes the evaluation and mapping of the media landscape from several perspectives and is based on large-scale data collection of media stories published on the web and shared on Twitter.
Incoherent fractional Fourier transform and its optical implementation (1995)

The fractional Fourier transform is redefined for working with incoherent light. As a real transformation, the incoherent fractional Fourier transform overcomes coherent system disadvantages such as the speckle effect and the need for incoherent-coherent conversion. It also might have some applications for digital image and signal processing owing to its decreased computing complexity. An incoherent optical implementation of the new transform based on the shearing interferometer is suggested. Laboratory experimental results are given.
The United States and Israel: Influence in the Special Relationship. By Bernard Reich. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1984. Pp. xiii + 236. $29.95, cloth; $13.95, paper.) (1986)

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Loss of the limbic mineralocorticoid receptor impairs behavioral plasticity (2005)

Corticosteroid action in the brain is mediated by the mineralocorticoid (MR) and the glucocorticoid (GR) receptor. Disturbances in MR- and GR-mediated effects are thought to impair cognition, behavior, and endocrine control. To assess the function of the limbic MR in these processes, we inactivated the MR gene in the forebrain of the mouse using the Cre/loxP-recombination system. We screened the mice with a limbic MR deficiency in various learning and exploration tests. The mutant mice show impaired learning of the water-maze task and deficits in measures of working memory on the radial maze due to behavioral perseverance and stereotypy. They exhibit a hyperreactivity toward a novel object but normal anxiety-like behavior. The behavioral changes are associated with abnormalities of the mossy fiber projection and an up-regulation of GR expression in the hippocampus. Adult mutant mice show normal corticosterone levels at circadian trough and peak. This genetic model provides important information about the consequences of a permanently altered balance between limbic MR and GR, with implications for stress-related neuroendocrine and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Contributions to public health around the world (2018)

The paramedic profession continues to establish itself in many healthcare settings across the world. A lack of common understanding of the role globally, as well as the differing nature of healthcare systems, can result in difficulties relating research carried out in one setting to another. The current article discusses the issues related to contextualising research in paramedic practice. Paramedics have progressed in many developed nations from being primarily providers of a medical transportation service to now being independent pre-hospital practitioners. This is contrasted by the situation found in some developing healthcare systems, however, where pre-hospital care services remain under-developed. The more recent contribution to wider public health outcomes made by the emerging paramedic profession needs to be viewed within the context in which it was developed. When research into paramedic care is considered for implementation in developing systems, the context in which the research was initially conducted should be accounted for.
New players in the preventive treatment of migraine (2015)

Migraine is a common, chronic disorder of the brain causing much disability, as well as personal, familial and societal impact. Several oral preventive agents are available in different countries for the prevention of migraine, but none have performed better than 50% improvement in 50% of patients in a clinical trial. Additionally, each has various possible adverse events making their tolerability less than optimal. Recently, three monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ligand (LY2951742, ALD403 and TEV-48125) and one targeting the CGRP receptor (AMG 334) have completed phase 2 trials, and the results have been reported. These early results show them all to be somewhat more effective than placebo, with no serious adverse events. Three have been studied for episodic migraine, and only TEV-48125 has been studied for both high frequency episodic and chronic migraine. Moreover, preliminary data suggests that neurostimulation is effective in migraine treatment, including stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion, transcutaneous supraorbital and supratrochlear nerve, and transcutaneous vagus nerve. In this article, these innovative therapies will be reviewed.
A carbon nanotube capacitor structure (2007)

In this abstract, we present additional details on a new capacitor, CNCAP (carbon nanotube capacitor), compare it to existing integrated circuit capacitor technologies, and address its manufacturability. Properties of metallic, single wall CNTs (large surface area and relatively low resistance) allow for the creation of a very high density capacitor structure. In the CNCAP, each CNT electrode is surrounded by four CNTs connected to the opposing electrode. This structure allows for a potential capacitance/area greater than 100 fF/mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The electrical model of two parallel metallic, single wall, CNTs. The principle scattering mechanism in a CNT is due to acoustic phonons (under low bias) and the ideal CNT resistance is based on its length R = (h/4e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> )(1+L/lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">acc</sub> ) where lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">acc</sub> is the mean free path. The inductance, L, of the CNTs is taken as 4.07 nH/mum, which corresponds to the kinetic inductance. The quantum capacitance per unit length (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</sub> ) of the CNTs is 388 aF/mum.
Adaptive joint mapping generalised spatial modulation (2012)

Generalised spatial modulation (GSM) is a recently proposed transmission technology for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless system, which extends the concept of spatial modulation (SM) and increases the spectral efficiency of SM. In this paper, a novel adaptive joint mapping scheme for GSM is presented. In adaptive joint mapping generalised spatial modulation (AJM-GSM) system, the input information bits are jointly mapped to a mapping table which indicates both the spatial constellation and the signal constellation. The mapping table is updated adaptively according to the channel state information, so the symbol error ratio (SER) performance of AJM-GSM is superior to GSM and SM. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to validate the performance of AJM-GSM.
Quantitative analysis of serpentine and ajmalicine in plant tissues of <i>Catharanthus roseus</i> and hyoscyamine and scopolamine in root tissues of <i>Datura stramonium</i> by thin layer chromatography‐densitometry (1992)

Abstract Sensitive and rapid thin layer chromatographic‐densitometric methods have been developed for the quantification of the indole alkaloids, ajmalicine and serpentine, and of the tropane alkaloids, hyosycamine and scopolamine. The concentration ranges in which accurate and reproducible results can be obtained are 1‐8 μg for the tropane alkaloids, 1‐10 μg for ajmalicine and 200–1400 ng for serpentine. The limit of detection for serpentine is 20 ng and 500 ng for the other alkaloids. The methods have been successfully employed for the determination of alkaloids in tumours and calli of Catharanthus roseus , in root tissues of Datura stramonium and also in the respective liquid culture media.
Isolation and characterization of ovarian cancer antigen CA 125 using a new monoclonal antibody (VK-8): identification as a mucin-type molecule (1997)

A new murine monoclonal antibody (MAb VK-8), detecting the CA 125 ovarian cancer antigen, was used to purify this antigen from OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells by affinity chromatography. The biochemical properties of the purified antigen are characteristic of a mucin-type glycoprotein: (1) the molecule is highly glycosylated (77% w/w), mainly with galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylgalactosamine, (2) the protein moiety is rich in serine, threonine and proline, (3) many of the serine and threonine residues are glycosylated, (4) the glycan chains are almost entirely O-linked, with core 2 [Galbeta1 --> 3(GlcNAcbeta1 --> 6)GalNAc] structures predominating and (5) these chains carry fucosylated Type 2 (Le(y) and Le(x) and H type 2) blood group structures. The antigen exhibited a very high m.w. (> 10(3) kDa) in aqueous buffer as well as in urea, but was degraded by proteolytic enzymes to smaller fragments that no longer reacted with the antibody. Although this result, and other immunochemical data, indicate that OC125, the original MAb to CA125, and VK-8 antibodies detect epitopes on the protein portion of the molecule, the involvement of carbohydrate cannot be ruled out. Further insight into the structure and function of the CA125 antigen will come from cloning the gene coding for the peptide backbone, and from more detailed carbohydrate structural analysis.
Superantigen-Driven, CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Down-Regulation: CD95 (Fas)-Dependent Down-Regulation of Human Ig Responses Despite CD95-Independent Killing of Activated B Cells (1998)

Staphylococcal superantigens, including staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), promote vigorous T cell-dependent Ig responses at low dose (0.01 ng/ml). In contrast, more mitogenic high dose SEB (100 ng/ml) profoundly inhibits the Ig responses. To assess the contribution of CD8+ T cells to this inhibition, high dose SEB-dependent killing of activated B cells and down-regulation of Ig responses were determined. Rapid killing (4 h) of activated B cells was effected by high dose SEB-activated CD8+ T cells (CD8*), but not by high-dose SEB-activated CD4+ T cells (CD4*), and required the presence of high dose SEB during the cytotoxicity assay. This killing was abrogated by chelation of extracellular calcium or by treatment with concanamycin A but was only modestly affected by treatment with brefeldin A, suggesting a perforin-based pathway of killing. Despite their widely disparate abilities to rapidly kill activated B cells, CD8* and CD4* demonstrated similar quantitative abilities to effect high dose SEB-dependent down-regulation of Ig responses. Antagonist anti-CD95 mAb substantially reversed high dose SEB-dependent downregulation effected by CD8* but had no appreciable effects on high dose SEB-dependent killing of activated B cells. These observations strongly suggest that the small fraction of activated B cells that secrete Ig are selectively sensitive to CD95-based killing but resistant to CD95-independent killing. This finding may help explain why clinical autoimmunity associated with increased titers of autoantibodies is a predominant feature of defects in CD95 or CD95 ligand.
Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 Catalyzes Substrate Dimethylation in a Distributive Fashion (2014)

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a histone-modifying enzyme whose activity is aberrantly upregulated in various cancers and thereby contributes to a progrowth phenotype. Indeed, knockdown of PRMT5 leads to growth arrest and apoptosis, suggesting that inhibitors targeting this enzyme may have therapeutic utility in oncology. To aid the development of inhibitors targeting PRMT5, we initiated mechanistic studies geared to understand how PRMT5 selectively catalyzes the symmetric dimethylation of its substrates. Toward that end, we characterized the regiospecificity and processivity of bacterially expressed Caenorhabditis elegans PRMT5 (cPRMT5), insect cell-expressed human PRMT5 (hPRMT5), and human PRMT5 complexed with methylosome protein 50 (MEP50), i.e., the PRMT5·MEP50 complex. Our studies confirm that arginine 3 is the only site of methylation in both histone H4 and H4 tail peptide analogues and that sites distal to the site of methylation promote the efficient symmetric dimethylation of PRMT5 substrates by increasing the affinity of the monomethylated substrate for the enzyme. Additionally, we show for the first time that both cPRMT5 and the hPRMT5·MEP50 complex catalyze substrate dimethylation in a distributive manner, which is assisted by long-range interactions. Finally, our data confirm that MEP50 plays a key role in substrate recognition and activates PRMT5 activity by increasing its affinity for protein substrates. In total, our results suggest that it may be possible to allosterically inhibit PRMT5 by targeting binding pockets outside the active site.
Michelson interferometer for precision angle measurement (1999)

An angle-measuring technique based on an optical interferometer is reported. The technique exploits a Michelson interferometric configuration in which a right-angle prism and a glass strip are introduced into a probe beam. Simultaneous rotation of both components along an axis results in an optical path difference between the reference and the probe beams. In a second arrangement two right-angle prisms and glass strips are introduced into two beams of a Michelson interferometer. The prisms and the strips are rotated simultaneously to introduce an optical path difference between the two beams. In our arrangement, optimization of various parameters makes the net optical path difference between the two beams approximately linear for a rotation as great as +/-20 degrees . Results are simulated that show an improvement of 2-3 orders of magnitude in error and nonlinearity compared with a previously reported technique.
GaAs MOSFET High-Speed Logic (1980)

Enhancement-mode GaAs MOSFET integrated logic shows superior potential for applications in low-power high-speed integrated circuits. The speed / power performance of this logic was investigated by using GaAs MOSFET ring oscillators, fabricated using a low-temperature plasma oxidation technique for gate insulation. With an enhancement-depletion (E/D)-type ring oscillator, a minimum propagation delay of 110 ps per gate is obtained, with a power/speed product of 2.0 pJ. With an enhancement-enhancement (E/E) type, a minimum power/speed product of 26 fJ is obtained, with a 385-ps delay. These performances are equal to or better than those of GaAs MESFET logic, after adjustments are made for gate size. With further refinements in device geometry and improvements in gate oxide, GaAs MOSFET logic will be of great use in high-speed very-large-scale integrated circuits.
Alcohol, smoking, and risk of <scp>H</scp>er2‐overexpressing and triple‐negative breast cancer relative to estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer (2018)

Epidemiological evidence is limited on how alcohol consumption and smoking are associated with risk of different subtypes of breast cancer, such as triple-negative (TN) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing (H2E) breast cancers, which may have different etiologies from more common luminal (estrogen receptor [ER+]) breast cancers. In this population-based case-case study, we evaluated the association between alcohol, smoking, and risk of H2E and TN breast cancer, compared with ER+ breast cancers, among women aged 20-69 years. Using polytomous regression, associations between alcohol consumption, smoking, and breast cancer risk were evaluated in 909 ER+, 1,290 TN, and 489 H2E breast cancer patients, with ER+ breast cancer patients as the reference group. Current alcohol consumption at diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of H2E breast cancer (odds ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval: 0.58-0.92) relative to ER+ cancers. No difference in association was observed by menopausal status. No association between alcohol consumption and TN breast cancer relative to ER+ breast cancer was observed. Women who smoked did not have an altered risk of TN or H2E breast cancer, relative to ER+ cancer. Our results suggest that alcohol is associated with lower risk of H2E breast cancer relative to ER+ breast cancer. This study adds to the body of epidemiologic evidence that breast cancer etiology differs by breast cancer subtype.
Different Domains of <i>Phytophthora sojae</i> Effector Avr4/6 Are Recognized by Soybean Resistance Genes <i>Rps</i>4 and <i>Rps</i>6 (2010)

At least 12 avirulence genes have been genetically identified and mapped in Phytophthora sojae, an oomycete pathogen causing root and stem rot of soybean. Previously, the Avr4 and Avr6 genes of P. sojae were genetically mapped within a 24 kb interval of the genome. Here, we identify Avr4 and Avr6 and show that they are actually a single gene, Avr4/6, located near the 24-kb region. Avr4/6 encodes a secreted protein of 123 amino acids with an RXLR-dEER protein translocation motif. Transient expression of Avr4/6 in soybean leaves revealed that its gene product could trigger a hypersensitive response (HR) in the presence of either Rps4 or Rps6. Silencing Avr4/6 in P. sojae stable transformants abolished the avirulence phenotype exhibited on both Rps4 and Rps6 soybean cultivars. The N terminus of Avr4/6, including the dEER motif, is sufficient to trigger Rps4-dependent HR while its C terminus is sufficient to trigger Rps6-mediated HR. Compared with alleles from avirulent races, alleles of Avr4/6 from virulent races possess nucleotide substitutions in the 5' untranslated region of the gene but not in the protein-coding region.
Role of Nanoparticle Valency in the Nondestructive Magnetic-Relaxation-Mediated Detection and Magnetic Isolation of Cells in Complex Media (2009)

Nanoparticle-based diagnostics typically involve the conjugation of targeting ligands to the nanoparticle to create a sensitive and specific nanosensor that can bind and detect the presence of a target, such as a bacterium, cancer cell, protein, or DNA sequence. Studies that address the effect of multivalency on the binding and detection pattern of these nanosensors, particularly on magnetic relaxation nanosensors that sense the presence of a target in a dose-dependent manner by changes in the water relaxation times (DeltaT2), are scarce. Herein, we study the effect of multivalency on the detection profile of cancer cells and bacteria in complex media, such as blood and milk. In these studies, we conjugated folic acid at two different densities (low-folate and high-folate) on polyacrylic-acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles and studied the interaction of these magnetic nanosensors with cancer cells expressing the folate receptor. Results showed that the multivalent high-folate magnetic relaxation nanosensor performed better than its low folate counterpart, achieving single cancer cell detection in blood samples within 15 min. Similar results were also observed when a high molecular weight anti-folate antibody (MW 150 kDa) was used instead of the low molecular weight folic acid ligand (MW 441.4 kDa), although better results in terms of sensitivity, dynamic range, and speed of detection were obtained when the folate ligand was used. Studies using bacteria in milk suspensions corroborated the results observed with cancer cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that nanoparticle multivalency plays a key role in the interaction of the nanoparticle with the cellular target and modulate the behavior and sensitivity of the assay. Furthermore, as detection with magnetic relaxation nanosensors is a nondestructive technique, magnetic isolation and further characterization of the cancer cells is possible.
Multi-sensory fusion and model-based recognition of complex objects (2002)

Perception with complementary sensors like a color camera and a laser range finder, make easier the recognition of objects in a 3D scene. This paper copes with the recognition of non-polyhedral objects, described each one by a REV graph and an aspect table, required to afford reasoning about visibility. The authors focus on the relations between segmentation and recognition strategies. A set of segmentation operators, executed by logical sensors, can be requested with respect to the state of the recognition task, in order to extract the more suitable set of features from the sensory data; if needed, the fusion of perceptual data can provide the more accurate estimates of the perceived geometric features. The control module of the recognition task, follows a classical "hypothesize and test" paradigm; this paper concerns only the hypothesis generation and verification, after one acquisition. Recognition strategies could be compiled off line, according to the object and the sensor models. The authors show how such strategies allow one to limit complexity of the segmentation and recognition processes; experimental results on real perceptual data, validate this method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
FlexSlot: Moving Hadoop Into the Cloud with Flexible Slot Management (2014)

Load imbalance is a major source of overhead in Hadoop where the uneven distribution of input data among tasks can significantly delays the job completion. Running Hadoop in a private cloud opens up opportunities for mitigating data skew with elastic resource allocation, where stragglers are expedited with more resources, yet introduces problems that often cancel out the performance gain: (1) performance interference from co running jobs may create new stragglers, (2) there exist a semantic gap between Hadoop task management and resource pool-based virtual cluster management preventing efficient resource usage. We present Flex Slot, a user-transparent task slot management scheme that automatically identifies map stragglers and resizes their slots accordingly to accelerate task execution. Flex Slot adaptively changes the number of slots on each virtual node to promote efficient usage of resource pool. Experimental results with representative benchmarks show that Flex Slot effectively reduces job completion time by 46% and achieves better resource utilization.