gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of flow in water‐saturated rock fractures using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) (1999)

The application of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) to the direct three‐dimensional measurement of flow in rough‐walled water‐saturated rock fractures is presented for the first time. The study demonstrates the abilities of NMRI to noninvasively measure rock‐water interfaces and water flow velocities in these fractures and investigates the effects of wall morphology on flow patterns inside a typical rock fracture. Two‐ and three‐dimensional flow‐encoded spin‐echo pulse sequences were applied. The stability and reproducibility of the water flow patterns were confirmed by analyzing two‐dimensional velocity images. A variety of geometrical and hydraulic features were determined from three‐dimensional velocity images, including the rock‐water interfaces, the fracture aperture distribution, and the critical aperture path; velocity profiles and volumetric flow rates; flow and stagnant regions; and the critical velocity path. In particular, the effects of a sharp step discontinuity of the fracture walls and the applicability of the cubic law were examined. As a result of the complex three‐dimensional geometry, velocity profiles are generally parabolic but often highly asymmetric, with respect to the fracture walls. These asymmetric velocity profiles are clustered together, with significant correlations; they are not just local random phenomena. However, theoretical considerations indicate that the effects of the measured asymmetry on volumetric flow rates and hydraulic conductivities are insignificant, in that the overall flow inside rough fractures still obeys the cubic law. The features discussed in this study emphasize the strong heterogeneity and the highly three‐dimensional nature of the flow patterns in natural rock fractures and consequently the need for three‐dimensional flow analysis.
Robust non-carbon Ti0.7Ru0.3O2 support with co-catalytic functionality for Pt: enhances catalytic activity and durability for fuel cells (2011)

Multifunctional binary metal oxide (Ti0.7Ru0.3O2), a novel functionalised co-catalytic support for Pt, is synthesized in a simple one-step hydrothermal process at low temperature. In practical applications Ti0.7Ru0.3O2 offers both excellent improvements in electrocatalytic activity and durability over commercial carbon supported Pt and PtRu catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), while at the molecular level it provides advantages in terms of its high surface area, and the strong interactions between Pt and the co-catalytic support. The Ti0.7Ru0.3O2 support acts as a co-catalyst supporting Pt activity, due to the high proton conductivity of hydrated Ti0.7Ru0.3O2 which underlies a ‘bifunctional mechanism’ and the synergistic effect between Pt and Ti0.7Ru0.3O2, modifying the electronic nature of the metal particles as well, which additionally enhances CO-tolerance, the catalytic activity and durability for methanol and hydrogen oxidation. Additionally, Ti0.7Ru0.3O2 can be fabricated as a much thinner catalyst layer resulting in improving mass transport kinetics, giving a broad scope for its wider application in other fuel cells, as demonstrated here by its application in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and can also be extended to other areas such as catalytic biosensor technology.
A Dual Activatable Photosensitizer toward Targeted Photodynamic Therapy (2014)

An unsymmetrical bisferrocenyl silicon(IV) phthalocyanine has been prepared in which the disulfide and hydrazone linkers can be cleaved by dithiothreitol and acid, respectively. The separation of the ferrocenyl quenchers and the phthalocyanine core greatly enhances the fluorescence emission, singlet oxygen production, intracellular fluorescence intensity, and in vitro photocytotoxicity. The results have been compared with those for the two symmetrical analogues which contain either the disulfide or hydrazone linker and therefore can only be activated by one of these stimuli. For the dual activatable agent, the greatest enhancement can be attained under a slightly acidic environment (pH = 4.5-6.8) and in the presence of dithiothreitol (in millimolar range), which can roughly mimic the acidic and reducing environment of tumor tissues. This compound can also be activated in tumor-bearing nude mice. It exhibits an increase in fluorescence intensity in the tumor over the first 10 h after intratumoral injection and can effectively inhibit the growth of tumor upon illumination.
Next generation JDBC database drivers for performance, transparent caching, load balancing, and scale-out (2017)

Despite having a significant impact on overall data system performance, database drivers connecting the application to the database system have not innovated at the same pace as the database systems themselves. This work describes a database driver designed for the requirements of cloud-based systems requiring flexibility, high availability, scaling, and performance. The unique contribution is a rule-based query routing system that supports real-time configurations and optimizations without requiring any changes to the application code or database system. With the increasing migration of applications and databases to the cloud as well as different database technologies such as NoSQL systems, this flexibility allows application owners to optimize and migrate legacy applications to exploit the advantages of new database technologies. Experimental results demonstrate how queries cached by the driver can improve query response times by an order of magnitude and reduce the overall load on the database system by up to 50+.
Digital Mammography (1987)

We investigated the spatial resolution requirement and the effect of unsharp-mask filtering on the detectability of subtle microcalcifications in digital mammography. Digital images were obtained by digitizing conventional screen-film mammograms with a 0.1 X 0.1 mm2 pixel size, processed with unsharp masking, and then reconstituted on film with a Fuji image processing/simulation system (Fuji Photo Film Co., Tokyo, Japan). Twenty normal cases and 12 cases with subtle microcalcifications were included. Observer performance experiments were conducted to assess the detectability of subtle microcalcifications in the conventional, the unprocessed digital, and the unsharp-masked mammograms. The observer response data were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and LROC (ROC with localization) analyses. Our results indicate that digital mammograms obtained with 0.1 X 0.1 mm2 pixels provide lower detectability than the conventional screen-film mammograms. The detectability of microcalcifications in the digital mammograms is improved by unsharp-mask filtering; the processed mammograms still provide lower accuracy than the conventional mammograms, however, chiefly because of increased false-positive detection rates for the processed images at each subjective confidence level. Viewing unprocessed digital and unsharp-masked images in pairs resulted in approximately the same detectability as that obtained with the unsharp-masked images alone. However, this result may be influenced by the fact that the same limited viewing time was necessarily divided between the two images.
Animal models of AIDS (1989)

Animal models of AIDS are essential for understanding the pathogenesis of retrovirus-induced immune deficiency and encephalopathy and for development and testing of new therapies and vaccines. AIDS and related disorders are etiologically linked to members of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses; these lymphocytopathic lentiviruses are designated human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human immuno-deficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2). The only animals susceptible to experimental HIV-1 infection are the chimpanzee, gibbon ape, and rabbit but AIDS-like disease has not yet been reported in these species. Macaques can be persistently infected with some strains of HIV-2 but no AIDS-like disease has resulted. It is not yet clear how suitable HIV-infected SCID-hu mice will be as a model for AIDS. Several subfamilies of naturally occurring cytopathic retroviruses cause immune suppression, including fatal immunodeficiency syndromes in chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. Domestic cats suffer immunosuppression from both an onco-virus, feline leukemia virus, and a member of the lentivirus subfamily, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Asian macaques are susceptible to fatal simian AIDS from a type D retrovirus, indigenous in macaques, and from a lentivirus, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which is indigenous to healthy African monkeys. SIV is the animal lentivirus most closely related to HIV. Of these animal models, the lentivirus infections of cats (FIV) and macaques (SIV) appear to bear the closest similarity in their pathogenesis to HIV infection and AIDS. This review will summarize these various animal model systems for AIDS and illustrate their usefulness for antiviral therapy and vaccinology.
Genome-wide, Single-Cell DNA Methylomics Reveals Increased Non-CpG Methylation during Human Oocyte Maturation (2017)

The establishment of DNA methylation patterns in oocytes is a highly dynamic process marking gene-regulatory events during fertilization, embryonic development, and adulthood. However, after epigenetic reprogramming in primordial germ cells, how and when DNA methylation is re-established in developing human oocytes remains to be characterized. Here, using single-cell whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we describe DNA methylation patterns in three different maturation stages of human oocytes. We found that while broad-scale patterns of CpG methylation have been largely established by the immature germinal vesicle stage, localized changes continue into later development. Non-CpG methylation, on the other hand, undergoes a large-scale, generalized remodeling through the final stage of maturation, with the net overall result being the accumulation of methylation as oocytes mature. The role of the genome-wide, non-CpG methylation remodeling in the final stage of oocyte maturation deserves further investigation.
Experience using GATE for NLP R&D (2000)

GATE, a General Architecture for Text Engineering, aims to provide a software infrastructure for researchers and developers working in NLP. GATE has now been widely available for four years. In this paper we review the objectives which motivated the creation of GATE and the functionality and design of the current system. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the current system, identify areas for improvement.
Troubleshooting Reproductive Records to Determine Potential Problems (2002)

THE NUTS AND BOLTS Reproductive records can either be the easiest or the hardest to analyze because they are influenced by so many factors such as producer goals, environment, nutrition, inseminator competency, heat detection abilities, disease, and more. Analysis is made harder because of the significant time lag between the reproductive event and the determination of the results of that event. For example, it may be 35-45 days after insemination before you know whether the cow is pregnant. In order to determine what the problem might be, it is necessary to know where to look. This means that you should be looking at numbers that you can control. If you can’t control the number, you can’t change it. Of all the numbers monitored for reproduction, there are only three that can be directly controlled by the manager: voluntary wait period, heat detection rate and conception rate. From these come all of the other variables such as days open, days to first service, and, ultimately, calving interval (a number which you can’t control directly). The voluntary wait period (VWP) is the point after calving at which you will breed a cow if she comes into heat. Many producers set this value for 60 days, but if cows are on feed, gaining weight and healthy, moving it back to 50 days will provide you with more opportunities to get a cow bred back. Regardless, once you set a voluntary wait period, stick to it! The calculation and interpretation of many reproductive parameters monitored on a dairy are influenced by this value. Heat detection rate (HDR) is one of the hidden problems on most herds. There are several ways to calculate this number. I have included the two that I use. Equation a. is calculated for you every month on your herd summary; equation b. is not. The big difference between the two equations is that one measures what you plan to do (eq. a), the other what you actually did (eq. b). The two values should be reasonably close if you are adhering to your VWP.
CD30 is a signal-transducing molecule that defines a subset of human activated CD45RO+ T cells. (1993)

CD30 has been extensively studied as a cell surface marker expressed by Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease and other hematologic malignancies, although little is known about its expression by normal lymphoid cells. We therefore characterized the requirements for the induction of CD30 expression and identified the subsets of T cells that express CD30. CD30 is inducible on approximately 15% of normal PBMC stimulated with any of a variety of nonspecific T cell activators, including PHA, Con A, anti-T11(2) + T11(3), and anti-CD3; ionomycin alone induced lower percentages of CD30+ T cells (3 +/- 2%) compared to other stimuli. Maximal numbers of CD30+ cells were observed at 48 to 72 h of activation and the addition of rIL-2 did not affect these kinetics. However, CD30 expression was enhanced by the addition of exogenous rIL-2 to any of the stimuli tested, although rIL-2 alone did not lead to CD30 expression. The induction of CD30 during anti-CD3 mitogenesis was completely inhibitable by anti-IL-2 antibodies and partially inhibitable by rIL-4, indicating a requirement for both TCR triggering and IL-2 for its expression. Dual immunofluorescence analysis revealed that CD30+ cells were confined to CD3+ T cells that coexpressed higher levels of the p55 IL-2 receptor (CD25) than the CD30- population. Furthermore, CD30 expression was restricted to a subset of cells derived from CD45RO+ T cell precursors. Cell cycle analysis showed that CD30+ expression was not cell cycle dependent. Cross-linking of membrane CD30 induced Ca2+ in TCR+, but not TCR- Jurkat T cells. These results demonstrate that CD30 can serve as a T cell signal-transducing molecule and expressed by a unique subset of activated CD45RO+ T cells.
Regional blackouts: protection of broadcast content on 3G networks (2004)

One of the driving forces behind the development of 3G systems is the potential to deliver complex content to consumers. This is evident from the growing collaboration between broadcast and mobile network operators, and the expectation that future broadcast receivers will be able to forward content to mobile devices. One challenge in providing such a service is the requirement for content protection. An aspect of this that is particularly relevant to mobile systems is the ability to control where content is viewed. Although 3G networks can provide location of a user’s receiver, this device may be in a different location from the device that renders the content. Thus the pro-vider cannot be certain where the content will be viewed. This paper proposes two protocols that will provide the location of the end device in a secure manner that can be trusted by the content provider. 1
Implementation of EOG-based Gaze Estimation in HMD with Head-tracker (2008)

Head-mounted displays (HMDs) are effective devices for creating immersive virtual environments. Intuitive move-ment field-of view (FOV) is possible in virtual reality (VR) space with a HMD equipped with a head-tracker. However, gaze targets are not accurately detectable by the measure-ment of head movements alone. An eye-tracker is needed to determine gaze positions; however, such trackers currently negatively influence the experience of immersion in VR. In this study, EOG-based gaze estimation was imple-mented by mounting EOG equipment on a HMD equipped with a head-tracker. This method of gaze estimation ensured that the HMD screen was not hindered and head movements were possible. Disk electrodes attached to swimming gog-gles and a gyro-sensor were attached to the HMD in order to evaluate performance of this system. Additionally, digital filters were used as denoising algorithms. Accuracy of gaze estimation was experimentally deter-mined to be 68.9 % for a HMD screen which was partitioned into eight target areas. Head-tracking with the gyro-sensor showed 99.4 % accuracy. Time until input by the detection of eye movements was 0.37 seconds. These findings suggest that rough gaze positions are detectable by combining gaze estimation and head-tracking. 1.
[Three-dimensional finite element analysis of one-piece computer aided design and computer aided manufacture involved zirconia post and core]. (2015)

The results of the Three-dimensional finite element analysis infers that one-piece zirconia post and core restoration is more beneficial to disperse the bite force than the prefabricated zirconia post and the cast gold alloy post and core. The one-piece of zirconia post and core is good to protect the teeth and keep the restoration intact.
Low-cost microoptical modules for mcm level optical interconnections (2003)

A multichannel free-space microoptical module for dense MCM-level optical interconnections has been designed and fabricated. Extensive modeling proves that the module is scalable with a potential for multi-Tb/s/spl middot/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> aggregate bit rate capacity while alignment and fabrication tolerances are compatible with present-day mass replication techniques. The microoptical module is an assembly of refractive lenslet-arrays and a high-quality microprism. Both components are prototyped using deep lithography with protons and are monolithically integrated using a vacuum casting replication technique. The resulting 16-channel high optical-grade plastic module shows optical transfer efficiencies of 46% and inter-channel cross talks as low as -22 dB, sufficient to establish workable multichannel MCM-level interconnections. This microoptical module was used in a feasibility demonstrator to establish intra-chip optical interconnections on a 0.6 μm CMOS optoelectronic field programmable gate array. This optoelectronic chip combines fully functional digital logic, driver and receiver circuitry and flip-chipped VCSEL and detector arrays. With this test-vehicle multichannel on-chip data-communication has been achieved for the first time to our knowledge. The bit rate per channel was limited to 10 Mb/s because of the limited speed of the chip tester.
Servo control of amplitude modulation in frequency-modulation spectroscopy: demonstration of shot-noise-limited detection (1985)

We describe and demonstrate a new method to reduce actively the amplitude modulation of a phase-modulated laser to the shot-noise limit. This theoretical limit of ultrahigh sensitivity of FM spectroscopy is achieved in a linear absorption experiment with iodine.
New N-allylmaleimide-based copolymers: Synthesis and thermal properties (2015)

New thermally curable copolymers of N-allylmaleimide with N-vinylpyrrolidone and 2,2-diallyl1,1,3,3-tetraethylguanidinium chloride have been obtained via bulk radical copolymerization as well as in methanol and dimethylsulfoxide solutions in the presence of AIBN at 70–90°C. The kinetic laws of reaction have been studied, and the relative activities of monomers have been determined. It has been shown that random copolymers are formed, and the copolymerization in methanol shows a high tendency toward alternation of monomer units. Thermal properties of the copolymers have been examined. It has been found that heating in the absence of the catalyst results in a network polymer owing to the interaction of allyl groups of N-allylmaleimide.
Looking Back 2006 - 2016 - Ten Years of Data Driven Well Rate Estimates for Real-Time Surveillance and Optimization (2016)

Abstract On the tenth anniversary of the first Intelligent Energy Conference held in 2006, it is appropriate to look back at some of the technologies introduced at the time, and report out on how these have been progressed. This paper discusses one of the technologies: the use of data driven models for well rate estimation, to support and enable real-time surveillance and optimization. In the early 2000s real-time data from oil and gas fields became available in abundance on engineering central office desktops via process data historians and wide area / global communications networks. A key challenge to production management, then, as now, was: "What are the wells producing?" The April 2006 SPE Paper 99963 introduced data driven modelling for continuous well production surveillance leveraging on the suddenly abundant and often very revealing PI data. Today, ten years later, a stream of success stories on the use real time well rate estimates based on data driven models continue to be reported, and these tools are seen as best practice in many different operational scenarios. This paper reviews the key concepts introduced in 2006, and extensions and applications of the technology to various aspects of production surveillance and optimization. As with all innovations, the most challenging elements in the journey have been related to people and processes. The paper discusses these issues in relation to the important role played by technology integration themes such as Smart Fields.
A phase II study of IMGN242 (huC242-DM4) in patients with CanAg-positive gastric or gastroesophageal (GE) junction cancer (2009)

e15625 Background: IMGN242 is a conjugate of the cytotoxic maytansinoid DM4 and the monoclonal antibody huC242, which binds to CanAg. In a Phase I study, the maximum tolerated dose for IMGN242 was determined to be 168 mg/m 2 , with ocular changes the primary dose-limiting toxicity. This Phase II study was initiated to assess IMGN242 for the treatment of gastric cancer. Methods: In this open-label, multi-center study, IMGN242 is given as a single IV infusion every three weeks to patients with CanAg-expressing metastatic or locally-advanced gastric or GE junction cancer. Patients must have been treated with at least one prior therapy to qualify for enrollment. The study has a 2-step design: If ≥1 objective response is achieved among the first 23 patients (Step 1), a total of 39 response-evaluable patients will be enrolled (Step 2). Results: Overall, 9 patients have received IMGN242. The first 6 were treated with 168 mg/m 2 , and 1 of these patients showed a marked biologic response by the FDG-PET scan in Cycle 1 followed by an unconfirmed partial response based on CT scan in Cycle 2. However, 3 of these 6 patients developed ocular toxicities assessed to be study drug related. Only patients with low plasma CanAg levels (<1000 U/ml) developed ocular toxicities, and clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analyses revealed that plasma CanAg affects study drug exposures. The study was amended to differentiate the IMGN242 doses (126 mg/m 2 or 168 mg/m 2 ) administered based on the patient's plasma CanAg levels (< or >1000 U/mL). To date, 3 patients have received IMGN242 with this dosing strategy and no ocular toxicities have been reported. Conclusions: IMGN242 showed preliminary evidence of activity in this patient population. A novel Phase II dosing strategy is being used that should enhance tolerability. Patient enrollment is ongoing and updated results will be reported. [Table: see text]