gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Social media analysis for disaster management (2013)

People use social networks, with increasing frequency, to communicate and publish status information. Twitter and Facebook are prominent examples. This status information contains useful, disaster related data together with an overwhelming amount of noise. For this reason, there are dedicated tools that filter this information to aid in disaster discovery, management and relief. Their development requires a lot of time and effort, which results in high costs. Generic visual analytics tools are relatively well known, supported and continuously developed by large companies. They may be a valid alternative to specifically developed tools that require specific, non-transferable training. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate generic visual analytics tools with respect to their ability to handle disaster management scenarios. This includes, specifically, their ability to visualise and analyse the geospatial meta information provided by social media.
Smokeless tobacco: is it really safe? (2009)

Antismoking campaigns and government legislation have resulted in a decline in smoking. However, the use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) is on the increase. Smokeless tobacco is non-smoked tobacco used either intranasally or intraorally. The increase in its use is possibly due to the perception that SLT is a safe alternative to smoking. SLT includes tobacco products such as snuff (sniffed or placed in the oral cavity) and tobacco leaves (which are chewed). In South Africa, traditional and social practices influence SLT use. While the adverse health outcomes associated with smoking are well established, some health risks attributable to SLT use have not been studied conclusively, especially those that affect the cardiovascular system. Although some studies have found some relationships between SLT use and adverse health outcomes, others have found SLT use to be associated with risks not higher than those in non-users. This article reviews the available literature on the use of SLT, the associated health risks and adverse health outcomes with the aim of providing a scientific basis on which primary care physicians can make rational decisions when confronted with current SLT users or those who contemplate using SLT as a nicotine harm-reduction substance.
Wet etching of deep trenches on silicon with three-dimensional (3D) controllability (2014)

Trenches on silicon have found important applications in microelectromechanic system, microfluidic devices, photonic devices, capacitor memory devices and etc. Etching trenches with controllability of 3D geometry receives growing interests from academia as well as industry. In this paper we introduce a novel wet etching method, named metal assisted chemical etching, as a promising trench etching technology with 3D geometry variation. Both vertical and tapered etching results are presented. Slanted trenches from few-micron scale to sub-micron scale are also demonstrated with complex 3D features. Etchant composition, temperature and catalyst type are identified as key parameters in tuning 3D geometry of trenches by MaCE. Compared to currently available etching technology such as wet etching and reactive ion etching, the presented data in this paper demonstrate the merit of flexible 3D geometry capability, high-aspect ratio capability and low cost, which uniquely belongs to MaCE.
c-myc gene-induced alterations in protein kinase C expression: a possible mechanism facilitating myc-ras gene complementation. (1991)

The mechanism(s) by which the c-myc nuclear protein and the membrane-associated ras protein interact to mediate phenotypic changes is unknown. We now find that c-mcy gene expression is associated with alterations in the principal signal transduction pathway through which the ras protein is thought to function. We studied the transcript and protein expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in a culture line of human small cell lung cancer cells (NCI H209) in which expression of inserted c-myc and Ha-ras genes together, but not alone, causes a transition to a large cell phenotype. In control H209 cells, at the transcript and cell membrane protein levels, PKC-alpha is the dominant PKC species. In this cell line, the expression of an exogenous c-myc gene, but not of a viral Ha-ras gene, causes a 5- to 10-fold increase in the PKC-beta isoform transcript and protein. The insertion of ras into the exogenous myc-expressing 209 cells, in addition to causing phenotypic transition, results in the translocation of the PKC-beta protein from the cytosol to the membrane fraction and a decrease in membrane-associated PKC-alpha. Concomitant with these changes, the increased PKC isoform transcript levels induced by myc alone are completely reversed. These observations suggest that a complex set of PKC transcript and protein alterations, most prominently involving an increased PKC-beta protein level in the cell membrane, a decrease in PKC-alpha protein, and a decrease in all PKC isoform transcripts, may represent a fundamental event(s) for c-myc collaboration with Ha-ras to alter cell phenotype.
Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-building personal communication system design (1994)

The paper describes a geometrical optics based model to predict propagation within buildings for personal communication system (PCS) design. A ray tracing model for predicting propagation based on a building blueprint representation is presented for a transmitter and receiver located on the same floor inside a building. Measured and predicted propagation data are presented as power delay profiles that contain the amplitude and arrival time of individual multipath components. Measured and predicted power delay profiles are compared on a location-by-location basis to provide both a qualitative and a quantitative measure of the model accuracy. The concept of effective building material properties is developed, and the effective building material properties are derived for two dissimilar buildings based upon comparison of measured and predicted power delay profiles. Time delay comparison shows that the amplitudes of many significant multipath components are accurately predicted by this model. Path loss between a transmitter and receiver is predicted with a standard deviation of less than 5 dB over 45 locations in two different buildings.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using Computer Generated Holograms to Test Aspheric Wavefronts (1972)

The use of computer generated holograms for the testing of aspheric wavefronts is described. An analysis of the errors produced by emulsion movement, incorrect hologram size and position, and distortion in hologram plotter and photoreduction lens is given, and it is shown that all the errors are proportional to the slope of the aspheric wavefront. Experimental results verifying the error analysis are shown for testing rotationally nonsymmetric wavefronts having slopes as large as 125 waves per radius and departures as large as sixty-five waves.
Sofosbuvir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection (2014)

About 2%–3% of the world’s population is infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), with an estimated prevalence of 0.8% in Canada or more than 240 000 Canadians infected.[1][1] Of the six HCV genotypes, genotype 1 is the most prevalent in Canada. Despite therapeutic advances afforded by the NS3/4A
Electrophysiological Differences between the Epicardium and the Endocardium of the Left Atrium (2010)

The electrophysiological characteristics of the atrial epicardium are different from the endocardium with a shorter ERP and more frequent ARR induction by programed stimulation.
VLSI implementation in multiple-valued logic of an FIR digital filter using residue number system arithmetic (1986)

Computer simulations using SPICE establish the feasibility of implementing a highly pipelined high-speed FIR digital filter using Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL) Read-Only Memories (ROM's) to implement Residue Number System (RNS) Arithmetic in VLSI technology. A single VLSI chip can be used to convert from 8-bit binary to a 16-bit RNS with one additional chip to convert back. The basic approach proposed could be implemented in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I^{2}L</tex> , MOS, CMOS, or ECL technologies. A detailed design and simulation using ECL technology yields less than 20 000 gates and less than 13-W power dissipation per filter weight. A maximum throughput rate of 30 MHz can be achieved with an ECL design based on partitioning the circuit into 2.5 VLSI chips.per filter weight. A MOS or CMOS design can yield a considerable power savings with a corresponding reduction in throughput rate and number of VLSI chips while an (Integrated Injection Logic) <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(I^{2} L)</tex> design can achieve moderate speed and moderate power consumption with relative/low power supply voltages.
Role of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> Tat pathway in outer membrane integrity (2003)

The Escherichia coli Tat system serves to export folded proteins harbouring an N-terminal twin-arginine signal peptide across the cytoplasmic membrane. Previous work has demonstrated that strains mutated in genes encoding essential Tat pathway components are highly defective in the integrity of their cell envelope. Here, we report the isolation, by transposon mutagenesis, of tat mutant strains that have their outer membrane integrity restored. This outer membrane repair of the tat mutant arises as a result of upregulation of the amiB gene, which encodes a cell wall amidase. Overexpression of the genes encoding the two additional amidases, amiA and amiC, does not compensate for the outer membrane defect of the tatC strain. Analysis of the amiA and amiC coding sequences indicates that the proteins may be synthesized with plausible twin-arginine signal sequences, and we demonstrate that they are translocated to the periplasm by the Tat pathway. A Tat+ strain that has mislocalized AmiA and AmiC proteins because of deletion of their signal peptides displays an identical defective cell envelope phenotype. The presence of genes encoding amidases with twin-arginine signal sequences in the genomes of other Gram-negative bacteria suggests that a similar cell envelope defect may be a common feature of tat mutant strains.
Multiple daily amphetamine administration: behavioral and neurochemical alterations (1980)

In rats, multiple daily amphetamine injections (2.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, injected subcutaneously every 4 hours for 5 days) resulted in a progressive augmentation in response, characterized by a more rapid onset and an increased magnitude of stereotypy. By contrast, offset times of both the stereotypy and the poststereotypy hyperactivity periods were markedly shortened. When the animals were retested with the same dose of amphetamine 8 days after the long-term treatment was discontinued, the time of offset of the stereotypy and hyperactivity phases had recovered to values found with short-term amphetamine treatment, whereas the more rapid onset of stereotypy persisted. Brain monoamine and amphetamine concentrations and tyrosine hydroxylase activity were determined in comparably treated rats at times corresponding to the behavioral observations. The behavioral data indicate that enhanced responsiveness to amphetamine following its repeated administration may contribute to the development of amphetamine psychosis.
Design and synthesis of multifunctional glycidyl ethers that undergo frontal polymerization (2006)

Abstract An investigation of the photoactivated cationic ring‐opening frontal polymerizations of a series of alkyl glycidyl ethers has been carried out with the aid of a novel technique, optical pyrometry. With this technique, the effects of the monomer structure on the frontal behavior of these monomers have been examined. Upon irradiation with UV light, the photopolymerizations of many alkyl glycidyl ethers display a prolonged induction period at room temperature as the result of the formation of long‐lived, relatively stable secondary oxonium ions. The input of only a small amount of thermal activation energy is required to induce the further reaction of these species with a consequent autoaccelerated exothermic ring‐opening polymerization. Photoactivated frontal polymerizations have been observed for both mono‐ and polyfunctional alkyl glycidyl ether monomers. The ability of monomers to exhibit frontal behavior has been found to be related to their ability to stabilize the secondary oxonium ion intermediates through multiple hydrogen‐bonding effects to the ether groups present in the molecule. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6435–6448, 2006
Targeting chemoresistant colorectal cancer via systemic administration of a BMP7 variant (2019)

Despite intense research and clinical efforts, patients affected by advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) have still a poor prognosis. The discovery of colorectal (CR) cancer stem cell (CSC) as the cell compartment responsible for tumor initiation and propagation may provide new opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Given the reduced sensitivity of CR-CSCs to chemotherapy and the ability of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) to promote colonic stem cell differentiation, we aimed to investigate whether an enhanced variant of BMP7 (BMP7v) could sensitize to chemotherapy-resistant CRC cells and tumors. Thirty-five primary human cultures enriched in CR-CSCs, including four from chemoresistant metastatic lesions, were used for in vitro studies and to generate CR-CSC-based mouse avatars to evaluate tumor growth and progression upon treatment with BMP7v alone or in combination with standard therapy or PI3K inhibitors. BMP7v treatment promotes CR-CSC differentiation and recapitulates the cell differentiation-related gene expression profile by suppressing Wnt pathway activity and reducing mesenchymal traits and survival of CR-CSCs. Moreover, in CR-CSC-based mouse avatars, BMP7v exerts an antiangiogenic effect and sensitizes tumor cells to standard chemotherapy regardless of the mutational, MSI, and CMS profiles. Of note, tumor harboring PIK3CA mutations were affected to a lower extent by the combination of BMP7v and chemotherapy. However, the addition of a PI3K inhibitor to the BMP7v-based combination potentiates PIK3CA-mutant tumor drug response and reduces the metastatic lesion size. These data suggest that BMP7v treatment may represent a useful antiangiogenic and prodifferentiation agent, which renders CSCs sensitive to both standard and targeted therapies.
A single chip NMOS ethernet controller (1983)

The design of an integrated NMOS controller for a 10Mb Ethernet will be described. In addition to handling protocol, redundancy checking and preamble, the chip includes a self-calibrating tapped delay line for clock and data extraction.
St Jude Epic heart valve bioprostheses versus native human and porcine aortic valves - comparison of mechanical properties (2009)

Epic bioprostheses have non-linear stress-strain behavior similar to native valve tissue, but they are significantly stiffer and hence less elastic compared to native porcine and human aortic valves. These differences in mechanical properties may cause variations in stress distribution within leaflets of the bioprosthetic valves and accelerate their deterioration.
Synthesis, Structure Solution, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of TNU-10:  A High-Silica Zeolite with the STI Topology (2004)

A high-silica zeolite (Si/Al = 7.1) with the STI framework topology, denoted TNU-10, has been synthesized in the presence of 1,4-bis(N-methylpyrrolidinium)butane and Na(+) cations as structure-directing agents, and its structure in the proton form has been refined against laboratory powder X-ray data in space group Fmmm (a = 13.533(1) A, b = 17.925(2) A, c = 17.651(2) A). The space group symmetry is supported by electron diffraction and energy minimization studies. The as-made and proton form of TNU-10 are extensively characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, scanning electron microscopy, N(2) adsorption, multinuclear solid-state NMR, IR, and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, and the location of the organic structure-directing agent in the channel system is determined by molecular modeling. The catalytic properties of H-TNU-10 and Co-TNU-10 are evaluated for the skeletal isomerization of 1-butene to isobutene and the selective reduction of NO with methane, respectively. When compared to H-ferrierite, a low selectivity to isobutene is observed for H-TNU-10. However, it is found that Co-TNU-10 exhibits a maximum NO conversion of 93% at 823 K under conditions of high concentrations of methane (16,000 ppm) and water vapor (10%) and in the presence of 2.6% O(2), which is considerable higher than even the value (74%) obtained from Co-ferrierite, known as the best catalyst for this reaction, under the identical conditions.
Sequential updating of conditional probabilities on directed graphical structures (1990)

Abstract A directed acyclic graph or influence diagram is frequently used as a representation for qualitative knowledge in some domains in which expert system techniques have been applied, and conditional probability tables on appropriate sets of variables form the quantitative part of the accumulated experience. It is shown how one can introduce imprecision into such probabilities as a data base of cases accumulates. By exploiting the graphical structure, the updating can be performed locally, either approximately or exactly, and the setup makes it possible to take advantage of a range of well‐established statistical techniques. As examples we discuss discrete models, models based on Dirichlet distributions and models of the logistic regression type.
Transcriptional and translational control of ornithine decarboxylase during Ras transformation (2004)

ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) activity is induced following ras activation. However, the Ras effector pathways responsible are unknown. These experiments used NIH-3T3 cells expressing partial-loss-of-function Ras mutants to activate selectively pathways downstream of Ras and examined the contribution of each pathway to ODC induction. Overexpression of Ras12V, a constitutively active mutant, resulted in ODC activities up to 20-fold higher than controls. Stable transfections of Ras partial-loss-of-function mutants and constitutively active forms of MEK (MAPK kinase) and Akt indicated that activation of more than one Ras effector pathway is necessary for the complete induction of ODC activity. The increase in ODC activity in Ras12V-transformed cells is not owing to a substantial change in ODC protein half-life, which increased by <2-fold. Northern-blot analysis and reporter assays suggested that the mechanism of ODC induction involves both a modest increase in the transcription of ODC mRNA and a much more considerable increase in the translation of mRNA into protein. ODC transcription was controlled through a pathway dependent on Raf/MEK/ERK (where ERK stands for extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) activation, whereas activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the Raf/MEK/ERK pathways were necessary for translational regulation of ODC. The increase in ODC synthesis was accompanied by changes in phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and its binding protein 4E-BP1. Results show that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway regulates phosphorylation of both proteins, whereas the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway affects only the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E phosphorylation.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) regulation of the immune response: LPS influence on oral tolerance induction. (1982)

Abstract Our studies have been directed to determine the environmental influence of bacterial endotoxin from the indigenous Gram-negative flora on gut-associated lympho-reticular tissue (GALT), e.g., Peyer’s patches (PP) and the IgA response. In the present study, we have compared LPS responsive and nonresponsive mice for induction of systemic unresponsiveness to antigen given for prolonged periods by the oral route (oral tolerance). Daily gastric intubation (Gl) of LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) for 2 wk resulted in oral tolerance, whereas similar treatment of LPS-nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice primed these animals for anamnestic responses. In vitro studies demonstrated that spleen cells from C3H/HeN mice given SRBC either by Gl or by Gl followed by a single i.p. administration of SRBC were unresponsive to this antigen. On the other hand, spleen cells from similarly treated C3H/HeJ mice yielded significant direct (IgM) and indirect (lgG1, lgG2, and IgA) responses to SRBC. Prolonged Gl of C3H/HeJ mice with SRBC did not result in oral tolerance, although lower responses were seen after Gl of SRBC for longer periods (28 to 60 days). Hybrid (F,) mice from crosses between C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ animals gave low but significant splenic anti-SRBC PFC responses to systemically administered antigen after daily Gl with SRBC for a 2-wk period. However, when SRBC was given by Gl for longer periods, F, mice gave somewhat lower responses, a pattern similar to that seen with C3H/HeJ mice. When C3H/HeN mice were first given SRBC by i.p. administration followed by daily Gl for 2 wk, oral tolerance was induced, suggesting that systemic unresponsiveness occurs even in the presence of memory cells. The cellular basis for induction of oral tolerance was suggested by the finding that splenic T cells from C3H/HeN mice exhibited significant T suppressor cell activity. On the other hand, T cells from spleen of identically treated C3H/HeJ mice exhibited mainly T helper cell activity. These results suggest that oral administration of a thymic-dependent antigen to LPS-responsive mice induced a T suppressor cell population that suppressed responses to systemically administered antigen. LPS-nonresponsive mice lack this T suppressor cell pathway and continually respond to oral and systemic administration of antigen.
Technical detail of BLADE (2010)

The motion of patients induces obvious artifacts or ghosts in phase encoding direction during MR scanning.Artifacts or ghosts are generally considered as the result of different position of tissue between shots due to motion.Techniques like 1D or 2D navigator are widely used to eliminate or alleviate artifacts or ghosts in clinical scanning, while another sequence BLADE or PROPELLER with self navigator is introduced in this work which combines Turbo Spin Echo and radial sampling.This work will firstly introduce the sampling trajectory, motion correction and image reconstruction, and end up with the discussion of scanning time, advantage and disadvantage of BLADE.