gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study of photon counting detector for producing effective atomic number image (2019)

Currently, energy resolving photon counting detectors (ERPCD) are the focus of attention as a promising technique for material identification based on the analysis of X-ray energies. To accomplish highly accurate material identification, consideration of the response of a multi-pixel-type ERPCD is important. This is because the detector response distorts initial energy information which is strongly related to material information such as effective atomic number (Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> ). In the analysis using the ERPCD, we should take into consideration the beam hardening effect depending on the Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> of an object. The aim of our study is to propose a novel material identification method with correction for both detector response and beam hardening effect. In order to derive the Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> of an object, we used the differences in attenuation factors which are calculated from the analysis of three different energy bins in the detected X-ray spectrum. For the detected X-ray spectrum, correction of detector response and beam hardening effect were applied to attenuation factors. Next, Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> of the object was derived from a novel procedure in which the theoretical relationship between attenuation factors and Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> s was parameterized as a reference curve. In order to demonstrate the accuracy of Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> determination, we evaluated our method by applying it to each pixel of an X-ray image measured with a proto-type imaging detector and the produced Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> image. In most of the cases, we verified that the Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> image can be obtained with an accuracy of Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> +/- 0.5. This study gives us the prospect to establish a novel quantitative diagnosis using an Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> image determined from plain X-ray diagnosis.
Intelligent highway by fuzzy logic: congestion detection and traffic control on multi-lane roads with variable road signs (2002)

Traffic control involves analysis of both detected traffic flow and environmental conditions. Due to individual behavior of traffic participants, and the inherent uncertainty of weather condition interpretations, a mathematical model can not fully describe traffic control problems. The paper discourses two aspects of a traffic management system for multi-lane highways with variable road signs. First, fuzzy logic is used to take into account the uncertainties of traffic data, and to detect traffic congestion in isolated road sections. Second, a traffic control approach using a fuzzy model based on experience is shown. Both approaches were implemented in an existing traffic control system of the B27, a state highway between Stuttgart city, Stuttgart airport, and Tuebingen. The paper compares the results of the new approach with the previous approach based on conventional control technology.
Biomedical diagnostics with elastic light scattering in cell suspensions and tissues (2002)

We review the principles and applications of elastically scattered light for noninvasive diagnostics and study of biological tissues and cells. The use of wavelengths from the ultraviolet to near-infrared as well as scattering effects of polarized light are discussed.
Sulfide removal process. [35 claims; 2 drawings] (1976)

Hydrogen sulfide and its precursors can be selectively sorbed from gas streams containing them by contacting the gas stream at elevated temperatures with a regenerable sorbent comprising a supported or unsupported lanthanum or rare earth metal component. Subsequent to sorption, the sorbent may be desorbed and regenerated by treatment with steam (desorption) and an oxidizing gas (regeneration). The sorbent capacity may be increased by the use of alkali or alkaline earth metal components as promoters.
Microfluidic detection of movements of <i>Escherichia coli</i> for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (2018)

Various nanomechanical movements of bacteria provide a signature of bacterial viability. Most notably, bacterial movements have been observed to subside rapidly and dramatically when the bacteria are exposed to effective antibiotics. Thus, monitoring bacterial movements, if performed with high fidelity, could offer a path to various clinical microbiological applications, including antibiotic susceptibility tests. Here, we introduce a robust and ultrasensitive electrical transduction technique for detecting the nanomechanical movements of bacteria. The technique is based on measuring the electrical fluctuations in a microfluidic channel, which the bacteria populate. The swimming of planktonic bacteria and the random oscillations of surface-immobilized bacteria both cause small but detectable electrical fluctuations. We show that this technique provides enough sensitivity to detect even the slightest movements of a single cell; we also demonstrate an antibiotic susceptibility test in a biological matrix. Given that it lends itself to smooth integration with other microfluidic methods and devices, the technique can be developed into a functional antibiotic susceptibility test, in particular, for urinary tract infections.
Isolation of Hemicellulose from Corn Fiber by Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Extraction (1997)

ABSTRACT For the first time, alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) extraction conditions were used to isolate hemicellulose (arabinoxylan) from destarched corn fiber. Yields of the water‐soluble hemicellulose B ranged from 35% (24 hr extraction at 25°C) to 42% (2 hr extraction at 60°C). The hemicellulose B resulting from the 2 hr extraction (pH 11.5) was off‐white in color, and a very low proportion (1.7%) of water‐insoluble hemicellulose A was extracted. AHP treatment caused delignification and facilitated the alkaline extraction of hemicellulose from the lignocellulosic fiber matrix. In the absence of H 2 O 2 , yields were reduced by more than one‐third when using otherwise identical extraction conditions of time, temperature and pH. In the standard protocol, corn fiber, NaOH solution, and H 2 O 2 were mixed in a 1:25:0.25 (w/v/w) ratio. Extractions were conducted at pH 11.5 at 25°C or 60°C. The pH was adjusted to 11.5 by addition of NaOH at ambient and elevated temperatures. The optimum hemicellulose yield (51.3%; dry, starch‐free basis) was obtained when the pH was increased to 12.5 for the final one‐half of the extraction period. Products obtained after extraction at pH values greater than 11.5 were tan in color, however, and the goal of the research has been to isolate white hemicellulose B and then evaluate its properties. Under most conditions, the yields ofhemicellulose B, potentially the most useful form for food and industrial applications, exceeded those of hemicellulose A by more than 10‐fold. The hemicellulose B products were lighter in color than those obtained using traditional alkaline extraction conditions of refluxing with calcium or sodium hydroxide. Steps prior to extractions with alkaline H 2 O 2 , such as grinding to 20 mesh and extracting with azeotropic toluene‐ethanol, were found to be unnecessary.
Structure−Activity Relationship Development of Dihaloaryl Triazole Compounds as Insecticides and Acaricides. 1. Phenyl Thiophen-2-yl Triazoles (2007)

An extended lipophilic system that incorporated some key elements of first-generation 2,6-dihaloaryl actives, such as 1, demonstrated desirable efficacy against chewing insects as well as sap-feeding insects. These four-ring systems, based on 2, were accessed primarily via Suzuki couplings of halothiophene derivatives with appropriately substituted boronic acids. In particular, phenylthiophene systems that incorporated haloxyether groups, such as those in 3, 4, and 5, had the broadest spectrum of activity across chewing and sap-feeding insect pests. Expansion of this structure-activity relationship to include compounds with differing substitution patterns on the thiophene-C-ring and aryl-D-rings was undertaken. The synthesis and insecticidal activity of 3-aryl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-[1,2,4]triazoles will be described.
Four Clones of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> Sensu Stricto Cause Invasive Infection in Humans (1999)

Lyme disease begins at the site of a tick bite, producing a primary infection with spread of the organism to secondary sites occurring early in the course of infection. A major outer surface protein expressed by the spirochete early in infection is outer surface protein C (OspC). In Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, OspC is highly variable. Based on sequence divergence, alleles of ospC can be divided into 21 major groups. To assess whether strain differences defined by ospC group are linked to invasiveness and pathogenicity, we compared the frequency distributions of major ospC groups from ticks, from the primary erythema migrans skin lesion, and from secondary sites, principally from blood and spinal fluid. The frequency distribution of ospC groups from ticks is significantly different from that from primary sites, which in turn is significantly different from that from secondary sites. The major groups A, B, I, and K had higher frequencies in the primary sites than in ticks and were the only groups found in secondary sites. We define three categories of major ospC groups: one that is common in ticks but very rarely if ever causes human disease, a second that causes only local infection at the tick bite site, and a third that causes systemic disease. The finding that all systemic B. burgdorferi sensu stricto infections are associated with four ospC groups has importance in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease.
Recent developments in silicon molecular beam epitaxy (1983)

This paper reviews recent advances in silicon molecular beam epitaxy. Discussion includes the following topics: Innovations in the apparatus for increased substrate size, control, uniformity, and versatility; a comparison of work on substrate preparation techniques, such as flash annealing, ion sputtering, and laser irradiation; ion doping experiments; growth, both on and of metals and insulators; device structures; and patterned epitaxy.
Polarization Demultiplexing by Independent Component Analysis (2010)

Independent component analysis has been applied to polarization demultiplexing for coherent optical fiber communications. Polarization-multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulated signals were successfully demultiplexed by a tensor-based algorithm without using any knowledge of the modulation format.
Interval modulation coding (2003)

We propose a new modulation scheme and a new architecture for the design of communication and storage systems. The modulation scheme is based on modulating pulse width and the architecture is based on time measurement circuitry.
Identification of CRMP4 as a Convergent Regulator of Axon Outgrowth Inhibition (2007)

Myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) contribute to failed regeneration after neuronal injury. MAIs and CSPGs stimulate intracellular signals including the activation of RhoA and Rho kinase to block axonal extension through targeted modifications to the cytoskeleton. RhoA and ROCK are promising targets for therapeutic intervention to promote CNS repair; however, their ubiquitous expression will limit the specificity of drugs targeted to these molecules. We have identified the cytosolic phosphoprotein CRMP4b (collapsin-response mediator protein 4b) as a protein that physically and functionally interacts with RhoA to mediate neurite outgrowth inhibition. Short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of CRMP4 promotes neurite outgrowth on myelin substrates, indicating a critical role for CRMP4 in neurite outgrowth inhibition. Disruption of CRMP4b-RhoA binding with a competitive inhibitor attenuates neurite outgrowth inhibition on myelin and aggrecan substrates. Stimulation of neuronal growth cones with Nogo leads to colocalization of CRMP4b and RhoA at discrete regions within the actin-rich central and peripheral domains of the growth cone, indicative of a potential function in cytoskeletal rearrangements during neurite outgrowth inhibition. Together, these data indicate that a RhoA-CRMP4b complex forms in response to inhibitory challenges in the growth cone environment and regulates cytoskeletal dynamics at distinct sites necessary for axon outgrowth inhibition. Competitive inhibition of CRMP4b-RhoA binding suggests a novel, highly specific therapeutic avenue for promoting regeneration after CNS injury.
Microwave Single Pixel Imager (MSPI) Antenna Assembly (2019)

The antenna assembly concept for the MSPI system is presented. The unique antenna assembly is a metasurface-based center-fed parabolic reflector and traditional feed horn that supports the compressive sensing that will be performed by MSPI. Quantified performance simulations are included, with discussion of how these results align with the needs of the algorithm (presented in a companion paper, [2] ).
Radially and azimuthally polarized beams generated by space-variant dielectric subwavelength gratings (2002)

We present a novel method for forming radially and azimuthally polarized beams by using computer-generated subwavelength dielectric gratings. The elements were deposited upon GaAs substrates and produced beams with a polarization purity of 99.2% at a wavelength of 10.6 microm . We have verified the polarization properties with full space-variant polarization analysis and measurement, and we show that such beams have certain vortexlike properties and that they carry angular momentum.
A Composite Capacitor/Inductor Assembly for Resonant Circuits (2001)

Abstract : Resonant structures are of interest due to their ability to produce oscillatory voltages in circuits. Past resonant structures have typically been designed using a lumped element capacitor for energy storage and a separate inductor. A composite capacitor/inductor assembly has been developed which merges the capacitance utilized for energy storage into the inductor, creating a consolidated electrical component. Composite capacitor/inductor assemblies are of interest due to the ability of these devices to produce resonant responses with one half the number of parts required by more traditional resonant structures. This composite capacitor/inductor could be utilized in applications of frequency band suppression or frequency band pass for frequencies in excess of 100 MHz, or where a resonant circuit is required to reside in an area of minimum space - such as a printed circuit board or an integrated circuit. The device and the mathematical treatment to predict the device's performance are described.
Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices (2010)

Electromagnetic resonators strongly coupled through their near-fields [A. Karalis, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, Ann. Phys. 323, 34 (2008); A. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, P. Fisher, and M. Soljačić, Science 317, 83 (2007)] are able to achieve efficient wireless power transfer from a source to a device separated by distances multiple times larger than the characteristic sizes of the resonators. This midrange approach is therefore suitable for remotely powering several devices from a single source. We explore the effect of adding multiple devices on the tuning and overall efficiency of the power transfer, and demonstrate this scheme experimentally for the case of coupling objects of different sizes: a large source (1 m2 in area) powering two smaller devices (each ≃0.07 m2 in area).
O5–06–01: Monoclonal antibody therapy targeting the shared pathological conformer of both beta‐amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau (2013)

Currently there is no effective therapy for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Active and passive immunomodulation still holds promise but current attempts only address one side of the pathology: either amyloid β (Aβ) or the hyperphosphorylated tau (ptau) protein. Furthermore current approaches are not specific for the pathological conformers of either protein. From our novel immunization method targeting pathological β-sheet conformation (PLoS ONE 5(10): e13391, 2010) we have developed monoclonal antibodies, some of them with promising binding capacities; and we propose to characterize a monoclonal specific for pathological conformers of Aβ and tau (TAB1) to be used for immunotherapy in AD mouse models. Monoclonal antibodies were obtained from our conformational inoculation of BALBc mice. Positive hybridomas were selected by their shared reactivity against Aβ, PHF and PrP Res. The best conformational candidate (TAB1) was selected after characterization by blots, ELISA and histology against pathological conformers in AD tissue. TAB1 is being used of treatment by intraperitoneal injection in 3xTg mice with both tau and Aβ related pathology. TAB1 on tissue sections specifically immunolabels AD tissue with no labeling in young, health normal control brains. On Western blots TAB1 detects purified paired helical filament preparations, aggregated/oligomeric Aβ and PrP Res, extracted from CJD brain tissue. Use of TAB1 therapeutically in 3xTg mice is on-going. We have developed a novel immunization procedure which we have used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize multiple pathological proteins, including PrP Res, oligomer A b and ptau. We have characterized one of these mAbs, TAB1, which gives specific immunolabeling in AD tissue and on Western blots to pathological conformers. We believe that immunotherapy that specifically targets the most toxic, oligomeric forms of Aβ and ptau, has the greatest chance of success with little risk of toxicity.
Apparatus for utilization of Aggregated Weather Data for Road Surface Condition Estimate (2020)

-This invention suggests a system that utilizes aggregated weather data to enable accurate estimation of road friction estimates.-A novel communication system between vehicles using cloud-based information processing modules enables accurate RFE measurements.-A novel process for continuous ground condition (RSC) estimation is proposed that can provide information regarding route slipperiness to drivers.
Genetic analysis of Arabidopsis GATA transcription factor gene family reveals a nitrate‐inducible member important for chlorophyll synthesis and glucose sensitivity (2005)

The Arabidopsis GATA transcription factor family has 30 members, the biological function of most of which is poorly understood. Homozygous T-DNA insertion lines for 23 of the 30 members were identified and analyzed. Genetic screening of the insertion lines in defined growth conditions revealed one line with an altered phenotype, while the other lines showed no obvious change. This line, SALK_001778, has a T-DNA insertion in the second exon of At5g56860 which prevents the expression of the GATA domain. Genetic analysis of the mutant demonstrated that the phenotypic change is caused by a single gene effect and is recessive to the wild-type allele. In wild-type plants, the expression of At5g56860 is shoot-specific, occurs at an early stage of development and is inducible by nitrate. Loss of expression of At5g56860 in the loss-of-function mutant plants resulted in reduced chlorophyll levels. A transcript profiling experiment revealed that a considerable proportion of genes downregulated in the loss-of-function mutants are involved in carbon metabolism and At5g56860 is thus designated GNC (GATA, nitrate-inducible, carbon metabolism-involved). gnc mutants with no GNC expression are more sensitive to exogenous glucose, and two hexose transporter genes, with a possible connection to glucose signaling, are significantly downregulated, while GNC over-expressing transgenic plants upregulate their expression and are less sensitive to exogenous glucose. These observations suggest a function for GNC in regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
Double-side IGBT phase leg architecture for reduced recovery current and turn-on loss (2003)

A double-side IGBT (DIGBT) phase leg architecture that uses the DIGBT as a substitute for a free wheeling diode to achieve reduced turn-on loss and reduced reverse recovery peak current during turn-on is described and characterized. Approximately a 50% reduction in reverse recovery peak current and an 80% reduction in recovery charge are achieved. In addition, low power dissipation (/spl ap/1 A current level) protection circuitry is described that can be incorporated into the DIGBT phase leg architecture to allow the flow of reverse current even if the gate driver circuit is disabled so that conventional high current free wheeling diodes are not required to provide protection.
Apparatus and method of geothemal energy conversion (1979)

A system using a number of flash chambers for converting the heat energy of geothermal brine to useful work is disclosed. The system uses steam from flashed brine to vaporize a portion of distilled water or distillate in one or more heat exchangers to produce steam to drive a turbine which, in turn, operates a generator or the like to produce useful work. Before the distillate reaches the heat exchanger, it is preheated as it flows through a series of flash chambers in countercurrent relatioship to the flow of geothermal brine therethrough. The brine flashes in each flash chamber and the flashed vapor mixes with the distillate flowing through the flash chamber to pre-heat the distillate. The heat energy of the unvaporized part of the distillate in the heat exchanger can form additional steam which is also supplied to the turbine. The heat content of the unflashed part of the distillate can be used in several ways to heat a working fluid in a closed loop containing a second turbine. The unflashed distillate can either be directed through a second heat exchanger which also receives a second working fluid so as to heat the latter, or the unflashed distillate canmore » be flashed and the flashed vapor is placed in heat exchange relationship to the working fluid. Condensate formed in the latter case can be used as fresh product water. Inorganic salts from the brine can also be derived from the system.« less
Powdered G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (2016)

Preparation and storage of functional membrane proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucial to the processes of drug delivery and discovery. Here, we describe a method of preparing powdered GPCRs using rhodopsin as the prototype. We purified rhodopsin in CHAPS detergent with low detergent to protein ratio so the bulk of the sample represented protein (ca. 72% w/w). Our new method for generating powders of membrane proteins followed by rehydration paves the way for conducting functional and biophysical experiments. As an illustrative application, powdered rhodopsin was prepared with and without the cofactor 11-cis-retinal to enable partial rehydration of the protein with D<sub>2</sub>O in a controlled manner. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering studies using both spatial motion and energy landscape models form the basis for crucial insights into structural fluctuations and thermodynamics of GPCR activation.