gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and performance of the prototype full field breast tomosynthesis system with selenium based flat panel detector (2005)

We have developed a breast tomosynthesis system utilizing a selenium-based direct conversion flat panel detector. This prototype system is a modification of Selenia, Hologic’s full field digital mammography system, using an add-on breast holding device to allow 3D tomosynthetic imaging. During a tomosynthesis scan, the breast is held stationary while the x-ray source and detector mounted on a c-arm rotate continuously around the breast over an angular range up to 30 degrees. The x-ray tube is pulsed to acquire 11 projections at desired c-arm angles. Images are reconstructed in planes parallel to the breastplate using a filtered backprojection algorithm. Processing time is typically 1 minute for a 50 mm thick breast at 0.1 mm in-plane pixel size, 1 mm slice-to-slice separation. Clinical studies are in progress. Performance evaluations were carried out at the system and the subsystem levels including spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, spectra optimization, imaging technique, and phantom and patient studies. Experimental results show that we have successfully built a tomosynthesis system with images showing less structure noise and revealing 3D information compared with the conventional mammogram. We introduce, for the first time, the definition of “Depth of Field” for tomosynthesis based on a spatial resolution study. This parameter is used together with Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) to evaluate 3D resolution of a tomosynthesis system as a function of system design, imaging technique, and reconstruction algorithm. Findings from the on-going clinical studies will help the design of the next generation tomosynthesis system offering improved performance.
EMI reduction in PWM inverters using adaptive frequency modulation carriers (2020)

In this paper, we propose deterministic carrier frequency modulation (FM) techniques instead of random carrier frequency modulation (RCFM) to reduce EMI of carrier harmonics in PWM inverters. In particular, we first propose a linear frequency modulation (LFM) method to spread the carrier harmonic energy out in a certain frequency range. Second, considering the characteristic of EMI propagation from the EMI source to the victim under test, we propose a nonlinear frequency modulation (NFM) method to adaptively modulate the carrier frequency based on the EMI spectrum received by the victim such that the influence of propagation path can be properly compensated. Consequently the EMI spectrum received by the victim is flattened and the carrier harmonic EMI level is reduced. Simulation and experimental results validate our EMI reduction scheme using deterministic carrier frequency modulations.
Identification of a highly cross-reactive outer surface protein B epitope among diverse geographic isolates of Borrelia spp. causing Lyme disease (1994)

The outer surface lipoprotein B (OspB) of Borrelia burgdorferi is a major component of the borrelial protein profile and has been shown to be highly immunogenic in experimentally immunized and infected mammals. However, the ospB loci of different strains show considerable heterology at the nucleic acid sequence level, and the progeny of a clonal strain of B. burgdorferi exhibited OspB polymorphisms with respect to apparent molecular weights and reactivities with monoclonal antibodies. These data suggest that OspB is not a good candidate for vaccination or diagnostic purposes. The present study describes a monoclonal antibody, designated 84C, directed against a very highly conserved domain of the OspB lipoprotein. Western immunoblot analysis with 84C demonstrated reactivity in 84.2% of human, tick, and other vertebrate isolate strains examined from widely diverse geographic regions, including strains of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and two closely related species, B. garinii and B. afzelii. The 84C-binding region was delimited to a highly conserved 11-amino-acid region in the carboxyl terminus of OspB as demonstrated by (i) DNA sequence analysis of wild-type and 84C-resistant mutant ospB alleles and (ii) deletion mutagenesis of a recombinant ospB gene in Escherichia coli. Finally, the 84C epitope was demonstrated to be exposed on the borrelial surface in situ as (i) the monoclonal antibody 84C was able to agglutinate borrelias in culture and (ii) 84C-resistant escape variants were isolated. These data suggest that the potential value of OspB as a vaccine candidate or diagnostic tool be examined more closely, in the context of the 84C-reactive domain.
Hybrid-Polarity SAR Architecture (2007)

A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) often is constrained to transmit only one polarization. Within this constraint, two aggressive measurement objectives are 1) full characterization and exploitation of the backscattered field, and 2) invariance to geometrical orientations of features in the scene. Full characterization implies coherent dual-polarization to support the four Stokes parameters. These are rotationally invariant with respect backscatterer orientation if and only if the transmission is circularly polarized. Given that the data products are the Stokes parameters, the receivers can use any orthogonal polarization basis. A SAR in hybrid-polarity architecture (CL-pol) transmits circular polarization and receives two orthogonal mutually coherent linear polarizations, which is one manifestation of compact polarimetry. The resulting radar is relatively simple to implement, and has unique self-calibration features and low susceptibility to noise and cross-channel errors. It is the architecture of choice for two lunar radars scheduled for launch in 2008. Data from a CL-pol SAR yield to decomposition strategies such as the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> -delta method introduced in this paper.
The multifunction automated crawling system (MACS) (2002)

A new robotic crawler is being developed for inspection of large aircraft external surfaces. The multifunction automated crawling system (MACS) has been designed and fabricated to carry miniature instrumentation to perform a wide variety of tasks while being attached to an aircraft's surface. The immediate application of MACS is inspection of the exterior of large military aircraft such as the C-5. Various inspection payload modules could be incorporated onto the MACS crawler to perform the desired inspections. MACS employs ultrasonic motors for mobility and suction cups for surface adherence. MACS has two legs for linear motion and a rotation element for turning, enabling any simultaneous combination of motion from linear to rotation about a central axis.
Structure−Activity Relationships of New 1<i>H</i>-Imidazo[4,5-<i>c</i>]quinolin-4-amine Derivatives as Allosteric Enhancers of the A<sub>3</sub>Adenosine Receptor (2006)

1H-Imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine derivatives have been synthesized as allosteric modulators of the human A3 adenosine receptor (AR). Structural modifications were made at the 4-amino and 2 positions. The compounds were tested in both binding and functional assays, and many were found to be allosteric enhancers of the action of A3AR agonists by several different criteria. First, a potentiation of the maximum efficacy of the agonist Cl-IB-MECA was observed for numerous derivatives. Also, a number of these compounds decreased the rate of dissociation of the agonist [125I]I-AB-MECA from the A3AR. Most prominently, compound 43 (LUF6000) was found to enhance agonist efficacy in a functional assay by 45% and decrease dissociation rate similarly without influencing agonist potency. The structural requirements for allosteric enhancement at the A3AR were distinct from the requirements to inhibit equilibrium binding. Thus, we have prepared allosteric enhancers of the human A3AR that have an improved allosteric effect in comparison to the inhibition of equilibrium binding at the orthosteric site.
Elevated Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in a Woman with Metastatic Breast Cancer (2000)

To the Editor: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced almost exclusively by the prostate. Although various tissues in females have been found to produce very small amounts of PSA, serum PSA levels in females are quite low and are measurable only with ultrasensitive PSA immunoassays.1 In a study of 1064 women, the highest serum PSA levels were less than 1 μg per liter, and only 1.5 percent of the women had levels that were higher than 0.1 μg per liter; the median value was 0.002 μg per liter.2 Significantly higher values have been reported in women with benign breast . . .
Structural identification of cation binding pockets in the plasma membrane proton pump (2010)

The activity of P-type plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases is modulated by H(+) and cations, with K(+) and Ca(2+) being of physiological relevance. Using X-ray crystallography, we have located the binding site for Rb(+) as a K(+) congener, and for Tb(3+) and Ho(3+) as Ca(2+) congeners. Rb(+) is found coordinated by a conserved aspartate residue in the phosphorylation domain. A single Tb(3+) ion is identified positioned in the nucleotide-binding domain in close vicinity to the bound nucleotide. Ho(3+) ions are coordinated at two distinct sites within the H(+)-ATPase: One site is at the interface of the nucleotide-binding and phosphorylation domains, and the other is in the transmembrane domain toward the extracellular side. The identified binding sites are suggested to represent binding pockets for regulatory cations and a H(+) binding site for protons leaving the pump molecule. This implicates Ho(3+) as a novel chemical tool for identification of proton binding sites.
An Amperometric Glucose Sensor Integrated into an Insulin Delivery Cannula: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation (2017)

Considering in vitro and in vivo findings together, it became clear that the mechanism of interference is the oxidation, at high bias potentials, of phenolic preservatives present in insulin formulations. This effect can be avoided by the use of redox mediator chemistry using a low bias potential.
Review of Metasurface Antennas for Computational Microwave Imaging (2020)

This article covers recent advances in the fusion of metasurface antenna design and computational imaging (CI) concepts for the realization of imaging systems that are planar, fast, and low cost. We start by explaining the operation of metamaterial antennas which can generate diverse radiation patterns. Their advantages and distinctions from previous antennas are elucidated. We then provide an intuitive overview of the CI framework and argue that metamaterial antennas are a near ideal platform for implementing such schemes at microwave frequencies. We describe two metamaterial antenna implementations: frequency diverse and electronically reconfigurable. The tradeoffs governing the design and operation of each architecture are examined. We conclude by examining the outlook of metamaterial antennas for microwave imaging and propose various future directions.
Growth and characterization of cesium lithium borate (1995)

There is currently much interest in borate crystals for ultraviolet (UV) nonlinear optics (NLO), because all-solid-state UV lasers obtained by NLO are strongly requested. The borate crystals, such as LiB3O5 (LBO) and β-BaB2O4 (BBO), have been used to generate UV light by frequency mixing of the NdrYAG laser output.1,2 Recently, a new NLO crystal, CsLiB6O10 (CLBO) has been found.3 In this work we report the growth of CLBO and its NLO properties.
Application of Ostrich Antibodies to the Restoration of Hair Growth, a Preliminary and Case Report (2018)

The hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the catalyst 5α-reductase play very important roles in the hair loss due to androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Recently, some chemicals against these hormones have been commercialized as therapeutics for AGA. In the present study, we have attempted to find out the potential effects of antibodies on AGA therapeutics as an inhibitor of androgenic hormones. The immune system of the ostrich is believed to be the most versatile and powerful of any animal on the planet, and antibodies derived from the ostrich egg yolk are now being developed for a wide range of diseases and ailments. Ostrich antibodies against DHT and 5α-reductase have been produced and combined with antibodies against harmful skin bacteria to restore normal hair growth in AGA cases. Preliminary testing with six volunteer subjects showed that ostrich antibodies were clearly quite effective in hair regrowth.
Multiline visible emission from a barium low-pressure discharge (2000)

A multiline visible emission spectrum, yielding “white” light, has been observed from a low-pressure Ba discharge. A five atomic level numerical model reproduces the observations qualitatively, suggesting that a low-pressure Ba discharge light source is capable of a significantly better color rendering than previously thought.
Multiple Cylinder Free-Piston Stirling Machinery (2008)

In order to improve the specific power of piston-cylinder type machinery, there is a point in capacity or power where an advantage accrues with increasing number of piston-cylinder assemblies. In the case of Stirling machinery where primary energy is transferred across the casing wall of the machine, this consideration is even more important. This is due primarily to the difference in scaling of basic power and the required heat transfer. Heat transfer is found to be progressively limited as the size of the machine increases. Multiple cylinder machines tend to preserve the surface area to volume ratio at more favorable levels. In addition, the spring effect of the working gas in the so-called alpha configuration is often sufficient to provide a high frequency resonance point that improves the specific power. There are a number of possible multiple cylinder configurations. The simplest is an opposed pair of piston-displacer machines (beta configuration). A three-cylinder machine requires stepped pistons to obtain proper volume phase relationships. Four to six cylinder configurations are also possible. A small demonstrator inline four cylinder alpha machine has been built to demonstrate both cooling operation and power generation. Data from this machine verifies theoretical expectations and is used to extrapolate the performance of future machines. Vibration levels are discussed and it is argued that some multiple cylinder machines have no linear component to the casing vibration but may have a nutating couple. Example applications are discussed ranging from general purpose coolers, computer cooling, exhaust heat power extraction and some high power engines.
Characterization of Geraniol Synthase from the Peltate Glands of Sweet Basil (2004)

The monoterpene fraction of the lemon-scented sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) cv Sweet Dani consists mostly of citral (a mixture of geranial and neral), with lower levels of geraniol and nerol. These compounds are stored in the peltate glands found on the leaf epidermis. Younger leaves, which have a higher density of such glands, also have a higher content of monoterpenes than older leaves. Geraniol synthase (GES) activity, generating geraniol from geranyl diphosphate, was shown to be localized exclusively or almost exclusively to glands. GES activity resides in a homodimeric protein that was purified to near homogeneity. Basil GES requires Mn2+ as a divalent metal cofactor for activity and produces only geraniol from geranyl diphosphate. Km values of 21 and 51 microM were obtained for geranyl diphosphate and Mn2+, respectively. In the presence of 18O-labeled water, GES catalyzed the formation of 18O-geraniol from geranyl diphosphate, indicating that the reaction mechanism of GES is similar to that of other monoterpene synthases and is different from the action of phosphatases. A GES cDNA was isolated based on analysis of a glandular trichome expressed sequence tag database, and the sequence of the protein encoded by this cDNA shows some similarity to sequences of other terpene synthases. The expression of the GES cDNA in Escherichia coli resulted in a protein with enzymatic activity essentially identical to that of plant-purified GES. RNA gel-blot analysis indicated that GES is expressed in glands but not in leaves of basil cv Sweet Dani, whose glands contain geraniol and citral, and not in glands or leaves of another basil variety that makes other monoterpenes but not geraniol or citral.
Stable semiconducting thiophene polymers and their field effect transistor characteristics (2005)

The development of p-type semiconducting polymers demonstrating good stability under ambient operation is of importance for the development of low cost, printed electronics. We present here the synthesis and full characterisation of two soluble terthiophene polymers, and examine the effect of introducing a fused aromatic heterocycle, thieno[2,3-b]thiophene, into a terthiophene polymer backbone. This heterocycle contains a cross-conjugated central double bond, and its inclusion was shown to have a marked influence on the optical, thermal and electrical properties of the terthiophene polymer. Transistors were fabricated from both polymers, and the operation and storage lifetime under ambient operation was compared.
Structural studies of West Nile virus in complex with neutralizing antibodies (2008)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a positive strand RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae, which includes members such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, yellow fever and Hepatitis C. As with other members of the genus, it is arthropod transmitted and has recently established itself as an endemic virus in the United States. Although most infections are asymptomatic, clinical manifestations of WNV include encephalitis and death. We have been interested in investigating the nature of the immune response with particular emphasis on the role of antibodies in reducing the level of infection. We have used a combination of techniques, but primarily structure, as a tool to probe the nature of antibody-mediated virus neutralization. Our results suggest that neutralization of virus particles is more complex than originally envisioned, with multiple mechanisms utilized. Using a combination of Xray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, several virus-antibody complexes have been determined at pseudo-atomic resolution. These studies suggest the following: 1) flavivirus particles exhibit dynamic motions or breathing that transiently expose cryptic epitopes; 2) although there are 180 potential binding sites for each monoclonal antibody the quasi-equivalent nature of the virion usually permits only a subset of sites to be utilized; 3) the availability of these sites, the epitope itself, and the avidity of antibody directly influence the mechanism of neutralization; and 4) particles thought to be incapable of infecting cells, so-called immature viruses, may play a critical role in immune surveillance and reactivity. The structure of the flavivirus virion and complexes of monoclonal antibodies will be presented along with data to support mechanisms antibody-mediated flavivirus neutralization. from Infectious diseases of the nervous system: pathogenesis and worldwide impact Paris, France. 10–13 September 2008
<title>Development of resonance ionization spectroscopy for genome mapping and DNA sequencing using stable isotopes as DNA labels</title> (1993)

Stable isotopes can be used as alternatives to radioisotopes or fluorescent DNA labels. After the labeled DNA has been banded on electrophoresis gels the stable isotopes may be located by scanning the gel with resonance ionization spectroscopy. Methods for synthesizing appropriate labels and for detecting isotopes of iron and tin directly on polyacrylamide gels are described.
PASSAT: Efficient SAT-Based Test Pattern Generation for Industrial Circuits (2005)

Automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) based on Boolean satisfiability (SAT) has been proposed as an alternative to classical search algorithms. SAT-based ATPG turned out to be more robust and more effective by formulating the problem as a set of equations. In this paper, we present an efficient ATPG algorithm that makes use of powerful SAT-solving techniques. Problem specific heuristics are applied to guide the search. In contrast to previous SAT-based algorithms, the new approach can also cope with tri-states. The algorithm has been implemented as the tool PASSAT. Experimental results on large industrial circuits are given to demonstrate the quality and efficiency of the algorithm.
Radiometric Consistency in Source Specifications for Photolithography (2011)

Simulations to design photomasks are made consistent with the brightness theorem if the source map is rescaled by pixel-solid-angle. Standard Fresnel radiometry factors preserve consistency during propagation, and are derivable from rigorous vector diffraction integrals.
Reflection-Mode Bandstop Filters With Minimum Through-Line Length (2015)

This paper presents a technique that enables the design of high-order microwave bandstop filters with a total through-line length of significantly less than one quarter-wavelength at the filter center frequency. The total through-line length using this technique can be zero regardless of the filter order in theory, but it is limited in practice by the finite line length required to obtain a desired coupling magnitude between the through line and a resonator. A fifth-order quasi-elliptic reflection-mode bandstop filter design is shown with total through-line length of less than 1/15th of a wavelength in suspended-stripline technology. The measured response has a 42-MHz 30-dB bandwidth at a center frequency of 3 GHz and four reflection zeros. The bandstop filter design technique described in this paper shows great promise for reducing the size and weight of microwave bandstop filters.
MICROWAVE PHOTONICS APPLICATIONSOF WHISPERING GALLERY MODE RESONATORS (2007)

Vhispering gallery resonators (WGRs)madeofelectro-optic crystals are suitable fortherealization ofwidely tunable microwave photonic filters as well as electro-optical modulators. We review recent progressinthefield anddiscuss possible solutions ofproblemns related todesign andfabrication ofnarrow-band widely tunable highorderfilters basedon high-QLiNbO3WGRs anddemonstrate fifth-order filter function withtheresonators.
A scheme of primary path switching for mobile terminals using SCTP handover (2007)

Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a new transport layer protocol for end-to-end data transport. SCTP can be used to support soft handover for mobile terminal with the help of the SCTP multihoming feature. For SCTP handover, a mobile terminal is required to switch the primary path to one of the promising alternative paths. This paper proposes a new scheme of the primary path switching for SCTP handover, which is based on the absolute gap and relative ratio of the Round Trip Times (RTTs) measured for the primary and alternative paths. For experiments, we consider the ping-pong movement pattern, which a mobile terminal moves around the two different IP networks. From the experiments we see that a conservative scheme is preferred for primary switching in the networks with relatively small absolute gaps of RTTs, whereas an aggressive scheme needs to be considered in the cases with large absolute RTT gaps.