gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Research on CAPTCHA Designing and Breaking Techniques (2019)

The Internet plays an increasingly important role in people's lives, but it also brings security problems. CAPTCHA, which stands for Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart, has been widely used as a security mechanism. This paper outlines the scientific and technological progress in both the design and attack of CAPTCHAs related to these three CAPTCHA categories. It first presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments for each CAPTCHA type in terms of usability, robustness and their weaknesses and strengths. Second, it summarizes the attack methods for each category. In addition, the differences between the three CAPTCHA categories and the attack methods will also be discussed. Lastly, this paper provides suggestions for future research and proposes some problems worthy of further study.
A mesoporous ruthenium silica hybrid aerogel with outstanding catalytic properties in the synthesis of N,N-diethylformamide from CO2, H2 and diethylamine (1999)

A mesoporous ruthenium silica hybrid aerogel containing well dispersed bidentate RuCl2[Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2]2 complexes, synthesized using a sol–gel method, affords turnover frequencies up to 18400 h–1 and 100% selectivity from CO2, H2 and diethylamine for the formation of N,N-diethylformamide.
Outcome Success in Obesity (2001)

Intentional weight loss improves many of the medical complications associated with obesity. Moreover, many of these beneficial effects have a dose-dependent relationship with the amount of weight lost and begin after only modest weight losses of 5% to 10% of initial body weight. There is no conclusive evidence that weight loss decreases mortality in obese people. The therapeutic effect of weight loss on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (insulin resistance and diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) has received the most attention in clinical trials. The hazard of developing coronary heart disease is directly related to the concomitant burden of risk factors. Modest weight loss can affect the entire cluster of risk factors simultaneously. Both negative energy balance and weight loss improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Most studies have found that weight loss decreases serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and increases serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. Regain of weight leads to relapse in triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. Weight loss, independent of sodium restriction, decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Dietary intervention is the cornerstone of weight-loss therapy. Most diets proposed for losing weight vary in two principal dimensions: energy content and macronutrient composition. Manipulation of food macronutrient content, energy density, and portion size can help decrease energy intake and facilitate weight loss.
α-proteobacterial RNA degradosomes assemble liquid-liquid phase separated RNP bodies (2018)

Abstract Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules play an important role in organizing eukaryotic mRNA metabolism via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of mRNA decay factors into membrane-less “droplet” organelles in the cytoplasm. Here we show that the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus Ribonuclease (RNase) E assembles RNP LLPS droplets that we term b acterial R NP-bodies (BR-bodies) similar to eukaryotic P-bodies and stress granules. RNase E requires RNA to assemble a BR-body, and disassembly requires RNA cleavage, suggesting BR-bodies provide localized sites of RNA degradation. The unstructured C-terminal domain of RNase E is both necessary and sufficient to assemble the core of the BR-body, is functionally conserved in related α-proteobacteria, and influences mRNA degradation. BR-bodies are rapidly induced under cellular stresses and provide enhanced cell growth under stress. To our knowledge, Caulobacter RNase E is the first bacterial protein identified that forms LLPS droplets, providing an effective strategy for subcellular organization in cells lacking membrane bound compartments.
A systematic structural comparison of all solved small proteins deposited in PDB. The effect of disulfide bonds in protein fold (2021)

Defensins are small proteins, usually ranging from 3 to 6 kDa, amphipathic, disulfide-rich, and with a small or even absent hydrophobic core. Since a hydrophobic core is generally found in globular proteins that fold in an aqueous solvent, the peculiar fold of defensins can challenge tertiary protein structure predictors. We performed a Protein Data Bank survey of small proteins (3-6 kDa) to understand the similarities of defensins with other small disulfide-rich proteins. We found no differences when we compared defensins with non-defensins regarding the proportion of apolar, polar and charged residues and their exposure to the solvent. Then we divided all small proteins (3-6 kDa) in the Protein Data Bank into two groups, one group with at least one disulfide bond (bonded, defensins included) and another group without any disulfide bond (unbonded). The group of bonded proteins contained apolar residues more exposed to the solvent than the unbonded group. The <i>ab initio</i> algorithm for tertiary protein structure prediction Robetta was more accurate at predicting unbonded than bonded proteins. On the other hand, the trRosetta algorithm, which uses artificial intelligence, improved the prediction of most bonded proteins, while for the unbonded group no improvement was obtained. Our work highlights one more layer of complexity for the prediction of protein tertiary structure: The ability of small disulfide-rich proteins to fold even with a poorly hydrophobic core.
Lack of DNA mismatch repair protein MSH6 in the rat results in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer-like tumorigenesis (2008)

To understand genetic instability in relation to tumorigenesis, experimental animal models have proven very useful. The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) machinery safeguards genomic integrity by repairing mismatches, insertion or deletion loops and responding to genotoxic agents. Here, we describe the functional characterization of a novel rat mutant model in which the MMR gene Msh6 has been genetically inactivated by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-driven target-selected mutagenesis. This model shows a robust mutator phenotype that is reflected by microsatellite instability and an increased germ line point mutation frequency. Consequently, these rats develop a spectrum of tumors with a high similarity to atypical hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer in humans. The MSH6 knockout rat complements existing models for studying genetic instable tumorigenesis as it provides experimental opportunities that are not available or suboptimal in current models.
Genetic variance of Derzsy�s disease strains isolated in Poland (2009)

The aim of this study was the assessment of the genetic variance of Derzy's disease (GPV) strains isolated from cases occurring in Poland. The nucleotide and predicted aminoacid sequences of VP2 and VP3 surface proteins of the Polish GPV strains were compared with other strains previously isolated in Hungary, France, Germany, China and Taiwan. The observed genetic variance of the aminoacid sequence within the group of Polish strains was low and reached 5% of the overall analysed sequence. Considerable differences in aminoacid sequence were found in the case of Polish field GPV strains and Muscovy duck parvovirus strain MDPV FM which was also analysed in this study. The conducted investigations confirmed the presupposition that Polish GPV strains and strains previously isolated in Hungary and France share a common origin.
Atomically layered heteroepitaxial growth of single-crystal films of superconducting Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O<i>x</i> (1990)

Atomic layering of high-temperature superconducting compounds has been employed to grow films of Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox, in situ, on SrTiO3 substrates. Atomic monolayers of the constituent atoms were sequentially deposited by shuttering the fluxes from thermal effusion cells, and oxidation of the film was accomplished using a beam of ozone. The films were superconducting as-grown, with complete resistive transitions as high as 86 K. Moreover, reflection high-energy electron diffraction patterns observed during growth, as well as post-growth analysis by x-ray diffraction and high-resolution scanning electron micrography, indicate the films to be single crystal and heteroepitaxial, with in-plane a-b twinning.
Regulatory T Cells in Peripheral Blood, Lymph Node, and Thyroid Tissue in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (2010)

Abstract Background Immunological response of the human body is controlled by the suppressive characteristics of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In various diseases a change in the number of Tregs is evident. For example, whereas Tregs are reduced in auto‐immunological processes, an increase of Tregs is found with various malignant tumors. Regarding medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) no such studies have been performed to date. Methods Expression of CD4 and CD25 in CD45+ leukocytes from blood and lymph nodes was studied by flow cytometry in patients with MTC and patients with benign goiter. We also examined the marker forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), an intracellular transcription factor, which is supposed to be the most specific marker for Tregs. Immunohistochemical staining for FoxP3 was performed on lymph node and thyroid tissue. Results The number of FoxP3+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood was significantly higher in patients with MTC than in controls ( p = 0.02). This result was confirmed immunohistochemically in lymph node and thyroid tissue, as well as in carcinoma tissue. No difference in CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes was observed between the two groups. After clinical staging (International Union against Cancer—UICC—stages) of MTC patients, triplication of FoxP3+ lymphocytes could be observed from MTC < UICC II to MTC > UICC II. Conclusions An increase of FoxP3+ lymphocytes could be shown in peripheral blood of patients with MTC but not in patients with benign goiter; this increase also correlates with findings in lymph nodes and thyroid gland. The number of FoxP3+ cells correlated with the patients’ prognosis. Therefore, FoxP3+ lymphocytes are a good diagnostic criterion for malignancy in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma, and their presence at staging may influence therapeutic decisions.
Performance improvement of current-controlled PWM inverter by means of dithering (2005)

This paper describes a novel current control strategy of a voltage-source PWM (pulse width modulation) inverter by means of dithering. There have been two principal methods to achieve the current control, i.e. a sinusoidal PWM (sub-harmonic) method by using PI regulators and a triangular wave carrier, and a relay (bang-bang) control method by using hysteresis elements as current regulators. It is inherently impossible to achieve PWM-pattern optimization, quick response and current-error minimization with those conventional methods at the same time. The method proposed in this paper is based on dithering of the hysteresis bands in the current regulators, where thresholds of the hysteresis elements are modulated by a triangular wave with minute amplitude and high frequency. The control characteristics of this system mostly depend on the amplitude of the dither signal and all the drawbacks of the conventional methods can be simultaneously overcome by setting the amplitude as small as the hysteresis bands. This paper presents a basic concept of the proposed method and the operating characteristics compared with the commonly known current control methods. Consequently, remarkable performance improvement by the proposed method has been confirmed through experimental tests as well as computer simulations.
The Bordetella Secreted Regulator BspR Is Translocated into the Nucleus of Host Cells via Its N-Terminal Moiety: Evaluation of Bacterial Effector Translocation by the Escherichia coli Type III Secretion System (2015)

Bordetella bronchiseptica is genetically related to B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, which cause respiratory tract infections in humans. These pathogens possess a large number of virulence factors, including the type III secretion system (T3SS), which is required for the delivery of effectors into the host cells. In a previous study, we identified a transcriptional regulator, BspR, that is involved in the regulation of the T3SS-related genes in response to iron-starved conditions. A unique feature of BspR is that this regulator is secreted into the extracellular milieu via the T3SS. To further characterize the role of BspR in extracellular localization, we constructed various truncated derivatives of BspR and investigated their translocation into the host cells using conventional translocation assays. In this study, the effector translocation was evaluated by the T3SS of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), since the exogenous expression of BspR triggers severe repression of the Bordetella T3SS expression. The results of the translocation assays using the EPEC T3SS showed that the N-terminal 150 amino acid (aa) residues of BspR are sufficient for translocation into the host cells in a T3SS-dependent manner. In addition, exogenous expression of BspR in HeLa cells demonstrated that the N-terminal 100 aa residues are involved in the nuclear localization. In contrast, the N-terminal 54 aa residues are sufficient for the extracellular secretion into the bacterial culture supernatant via the EPEC T3SS. Thus, BspR is not only a transcriptional regulator in bacteria cytosol, but also functions as an effector that translocates into the nuclei of infected host cells.
Exercise induced muscle damage increases skeletal muscle blood flow during dynamic exercise (2004)

Exercise induced muscle damage increases skeletal muscle blood flow during dynamic exercise
Monolithic Highly Stable Yb-Doped Femtosecond Fiber Lasers for Applications in Practical Biophotonics (2012)

Operational and environmental stability of ultrafast laser systems is critical for their applications in practical biophotonics. Mode-locked fiber lasers show great promise in applications such as supercontinuum sources or multiphoton microscopy systems. Recently, substantial progress has been made in the development of all-fiber nonlinear-optical laser control schemes, which resulted in the demonstration of highly stable monolithic, i.e., not containing any free-space elements, lasers with direct fiber-end delivery of femtosecond pulses. This paper provides an overview of the progress in the development of such all-fiber mode-locked lasers based on Yb-fiber as gain medium, operating at the wavelength around 1 μm, and delivering femtosecond pulses reaching tens of nanojoules of energy.
Longitudinal acoustic modes and Brillouin-gain spectra for GeO_2-doped-core single-mode fibers (1989)

Guided longitudinal-acoustic modes, which give rise to Brillouin gain, are theoretically clarified for a single-mode fiber with a GeO2-doped core and pure-silica cladding. Longitudinal-acoustic L0m modes are found from the theoretical analysis to interact with the electromagnetic field of the HE11 mode. Brillouin-gain spectra are measured for clarifying the theory. A few gain peaks in the Brillouin-gain spectra are successfully explained by taking account of the phase-velocity characteristics of the L01, L02 and L03 modes guided in the GeO2-doped core region. Furthermore, Brillouin frequency shifts per unit dopant concentration for GeO2 and F are experimentally obtained to confirm the dispersion characteristics of the guided acoustic modes. The evaluated frequency shifts per unit dopant concentration are 107 and 356 MHz/mol% for GeO2 and F, respectively, at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
Pharmacokinetics of an Antiangiogenic Ribozyme (ANGIOZYME™) in the Mouse (1999)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a growth factor that contributes to the angiogenesis of developing tumors. To interfere with the action of VEGF, a nuclease-stabilized ribozyme, ANGIOZYME, has been developed against VEGF receptor subtype Flt-1 mRNA. To determine which routes of administration would be useful for systemic delivery of this ribozyme, a dose of 30 mg/kg [32P]ANGIOZYME was administered as an i.v., i.p., or s.c. bolus. Concentrations of ANGIOZYME in plasma, femur, kidney, liver, and lung were examined. ANGIOZYME was well absorbed after i.p. (90%) or s.c. administration (77%), with peak plasma concentrations occurring 30 minutes after dosing. Total body clearance after a single dose of 30 mg/kg ANGIOZYME was 20 ml/min/kg, and the elimination half-life was 33 minutes. The apparent volume of distribution at steady-state ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 L/kg. ANGIOZYME was detected in the four tissues examined through the 3 hour sampling period after i.v. or i.p. administration. After s.c. administration, ANGIOZYME was detected in femur, kidney, and lung but not in the liver. The highest concentrations of ANGIOZYME were found in kidney and femur with all three routes. Because of the rapid and extensive absorption after extravascular injections, either i.p. or s.c. administration could be considered for use in pharmacodynamic studies examining the effects of ANGIOZYME or other ribozymes with similar chemical modifications.
Effect of sulodexide on endothelial glycocalyx and vascular permeability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2010)

An unrestricted Novartis Foundation for Cardiovascular Excellence grant (2006) to M. Nieuwdorp/E. S. G. Stroes, Dutch Heart Foundation (grant number 2005T037).
Hepatic artery stenosis and thrombosis in transplant recipients: Doppler diagnosis with resistive index and systolic acceleration time. (1994)

Doppler spectral wave form analysis provides excellent screening for detection of hepatic allograft arterial stenosis or thrombosis.
Microwave applications of superconducting materials (1977)

After recalling the characteristic properties of a superconductor, the authors present theoretical and experimental results concerning the microwave surface resistance and upper-limit values of the radio frequency fields in a resonant cavity. Details are also given on technological processes used for the fabrication of resonators with high-quality metal surfaces. A great part of the paper is then devoted to the most important field of applications of superconducting resonators: the frequency stabilisation of microwave generators for metrological purposes, and the realisation of electron (or ion) continuous-wave linear accelerators. Other applications also based upon a very low surface resistance are briefly reviewed. Microwave Josephson devices are not considered.
Chain Gangs: New Aspects of Hyaluronan Metabolism (2011)

Hyaluronan is a matrix polymer prominent in tissues undergoing rapid growth, development, and repair, in embryology and during malignant progression. It reaches 10(7) Daltons in size but also exists in fragmented forms with size-specific actions. It has intracellular forms whose functions are less well known. Hyaluronan occurs in all vertebrate tissues with 50% present in skin. Hyaluronan provides a scaffold on which sulfated proteoglycans and matrix proteins are organized. These supramolecular structures are able to entrap water and ions to provide tissues with hydration and turgor. Hyaluronan is recognized by membrane receptors that trigger intracellular signaling pathways regulating proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Cell responses are often dependent on polymer size. Catabolic turnover occurs by hyaluronidases and by free radicals, though proportions between these have not been determined. New aspects of hyaluronan biology have recently become realized: involvement in autophagy, in the pathology of diabetes., the ability to modulate immune responses through effects on T regulatory cells and, in its fragmented forms, by being able to engage several toll-like receptors. It is also apparent that hyaluronan synthases and hyaluronidases are regulated at many more levels than previously realized, and that the several hyaluronidases have functions in addition to their enzymatic activities.
Lateral Meningomyelocele in a Neonate: A Case Report. (2016)

Lateral presentation of meningocele and meningomyelocele is extremely rare. Most of the lateral meningocele described are associated with other syndromes. Isolated lateral meningomyelocele cases are rarer still. We herein report a neonate with isolated lateral gluteal meningomyelocele.
GEOMETRIC PROXIMITY GRAPHS FOR IMPROVING NEAREST NEIGHBOR METHODS IN INSTANCE-BASED LEARNING AND DATA MINING (2005)

In the typical nonparametric approach to classification in instance-based learning and data mining, random data (the training set of patterns) are collected and used to design a decision rule (classifier). One of the most well known such rules is the k-nearest-neighbor decision rule (also known as lazy learning) in which an unknown pattern is classified into the majority class among its k nearest neighbors in the training set. Several questions related to this rule have received considerable attention over the years. Such questions include the following. How can the storage of the training set be reduced without degrading the performance of the decision rule? How should the reduced training set be selected to represent the different classes? How large should k be? How should the value of k be chosen? Should all k neighbors be equally weighted when used to decide the class of an unknown pattern? If not, how should the weights be chosen? Should all the features (attributes) we weighted equally and if not how should the feature weights be chosen? What distance metric should be used? How can the rule be made robust to overlapping classes or noise present in the training data? How can the rule be made invariant to scaling of the measurements? How can the nearest neighbors of a new point be computed efficiently? What is the smallest neural network that can implement nearest neighbor decision rules? Geometric proximity graphs such as Voronoi diagrams and their many relatives provide elegant solutions to these problems, as well as other related data mining problems such as outlier detection. After a non-exhaustive review of some of the classical canonical approaches to these problems, the methods that use proximity graphs are discussed, some new observations are made, and open problems are listed.
Conformational analysis of supramolecular polymerization processes of disc-like molecules (2011)

N,N′,N′′-Trialkylbenzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTAs) cooperatively self-assemble into one-dimensional, helical supramolecular polymers in apolar alkane solutions. Previous studies revealed that the position and configuration of the methyl group on the aliphatic side-chain gives rise to an ‘odd–even effect’ both in the shape and the sign of the CD-effect. In this study, we elucidate the molecular origin of this odd–even effect by a combination of TD-DFT calculations and spectroscopic experiments. In addition, we observed a pronounced effect of the molecular structure of the alkane solvent on the shape of the Cotton effects and the thermodynamic parameters describing the cooperative supramolecular polymerization. The results revealed a different ability of solvent molecules governed by the shape of their structure to intercalate into the helical stacks, which influences the conformation of the monomer within the supramolecular polymer. The solvent affects the dihedral angle (θ) between the CO group and the benzene central core of the BTA molecule. These findings help to increase a molecular-level understanding of how the solvent controls the conformation of repeating units in a supramolecular system.