gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Barrier Poly(hydroxy amide ethers):  Effect of Polymer Structure on Oxygen Transmission Rates. 3 (1998)

The synthesis of a series of new high-barrier poly(hydroxy amide ethers) is described. The polymers are formed by the reactions of aromatic diglycidyl ethers, with N,N‘-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)adipamide, HOC6H4NHCO(CH2)4CONHC6H4OH, at 140−160 °C in propylene glycol monophenyl ether solvent using ethyltriphenylphosphonium acetate as initiator. Poly(hydroxy amide ethers) of general structure [−CH2CH(OH)CH2OArOCH2CH(OH)CH2OC6H4NHCO(CH2)4CONHC6H4O−]n are readily prepared in high molecular weight. The mainly amorphous thermoplastics have glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 78−146 °C and oxygen transmission rates (O2TR) that range from 0.2 to 1.8 cc·mil/(100 in.2·atm·day) (barrier units or BU) at 23 °C and 45−90% relative humidity. It was determined that barrier properties improve (i.e., O2TR decreases) as the aromatic core unit, Ar, becomes less bulky or more polar. For example, the poly(hydroxy amide ether) in which Ar is the aromatic unit based on 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane has an O2TR of 1.8 BU, while the poly(hydroxy amide ethers) in which Ar is based on the more compact 2,6-dihydroxynaphthylene or more polar 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide units have lower O2TR of 0.2 BU. In one instance, an amorphous poly(hydroxy amide ether) was induced to crystallize, yielding a semicrystalline polymer with significantly lower O2TR. The derivative in which Ar is the 4,4‘-biphenylene unit (O2TR = 0.3 BU, Tg = 110 °C) was annealed at 160 °C to yield a crystalline material with significant improvement in oxygen barrier (O2TR = 0.06 BU, Tg = 117 °C, Tm = 195 °C). Other effects that polymer structure has on O2TR and Tg are discussed.
TE and TM guided modes in air through a negative index material waveguide (2006)

We demonstrate that a planar waveguide with an air core and a negative index material cladding can support both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) guided modes with low losses.
Using robots to increase the accuracy of surgical interventions (2002)

In many surgical procedures the surgeons are faced with the difficulty to guide their instruments to the desired positions, because they do not have enough visual information about the target location, and/or cannot achieve the necessary precision without support of any technical equipment. This paper contributes to the solution of this problem by presenting a new concept which combines a passive digitizing system and an active robotic system. The desired position and orientation of the surgical instrument are calculated from intra-operative data which are supplied by a 3D digitizing system in combination with pre-operative image data. A robotic system is used to move the surgical instrument to the target locations with an adequate precision. The major aspects of the concept are discussed and demonstrated by applying it to an exemplary orthopaedic procedure.
The use of porous high surface area calcium carbonate for the adsorption of dissolved and colloidal substances from thermo mechanical pulp filtrates (2012)

Article The use of porous high surface area calcium carbonate for the adsorption of dissolved and colloidal substances from thermo mechanical pulp filtrates was published on August 1, 2012 in the journal Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal (volume 27, issue 3).
Animating fracture (2000)

We have developed a simulation technique that uses non-linear finite element analysis and elastic fracture mechanics to compute physically plausible motion for three-dimensional, solid objects as they break, crack, or tear. When these objects deform beyond their mechanical limits, the system automatically determines where fractures should begin and in what directions they should propagate. The system allows fractures to propagate in arbitrary directions by dynamically restructuring the elements of a tetrahedral mesh. Because cracks are not limited to the original element boundaries, the objects can form irregularly shaped shards and edges as they shatter. The result is realistic fracture patterns such as the ones shown in our examples. This paper presents an overview of the fracture algorithm, the details are presented in our ACM SIGGRAPH 1999 and 2002 papers.
QUANTITATIVE GSTP1 METHYLATION LEVELS CORRELATE WITH GLEASON GRADE AND TUMOR VOLUME IN PROSTATE NEEDLE BIOPSIES (2004)

We confirmed that the quantitative GSTP1 methylation assay reliably discriminates benign and malignant prostate tissues, thus, augmenting the routine histological evaluation of prostate needle biopsies. In addition, quantitative GSTP1 methylation also correlated with prostate cancer Gleason grade and cancer volume, suggesting that quantitative GSTP1 methylation may be of prognostic significance.
Characterization of space charge layer deep defects in n+-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells by temperature dependent capacitance spectroscopy (2013)

Temperature Dependent Capacitance Spectroscopy (TDCS) was used to identify carrier trapping defects in thin film n+-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells, made with evaporated Cu as a primary back contact. By investigating the reverse bias junction capacitance, TDCS allows to identify the energy levels of depletion layer defects. The trap energy levels and trap concentrations were derived from temperature-dependent capacitance spectra. Three distinct deep level traps were observed from the high-temperature (T &gt; 300 K) TDCS due to the ionization of impurity centers located in the depletion region of n+-CdS/p-CdTe junction. The observed levels were also reported by other characterization techniques. TDCS seems to be a much simpler characterization technique for accurate evaluation of deep defects in n+-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells.
Abstract B241: Bispecific antibody targeting EGFR and cMet demonstrates superior activity compared to the combination of single pathway inhibitors. (2013)

Abstract Many tumors respond initially to targeted therapy, only to develop resistance over time thereby allowing the tumors to progress. In patients treated with EGFR small molecule inhibitors, the cMet pathway is often upregulated, either through MET gene amplification or an increase in the ligand HGF, to compensate and provide resistance to the EGFR monotherapy. Because both EGFR and cMet signal through some of the same survival and growth-promoting pathways, dual inhibition of these receptors may improve efficacy and prevent resistance through these mechanisms. We have designed a bispecific EGFR-cMet antibody (EM1-mAb) with multiple mechanisms of action resulting in superior activity compared to a combination of single EGFR and cMet inhibitors. Fab arm exchange was used to produce EM1-mAb, a technique that allows for efficient large-scale preparation of bispecific antibodies. EM1-mAb prevented binding of the ligands EGF and HGF to their respective receptors, EGFR (IC50 = 10 nM) and cMet (IC50 = 30 nM). Ligand-induced phosphorylation of each receptor was inhibited in cell-based assays. Blocking signaling from both EGFR and cMet with a combination of single monospecific antibodies resulted in an enhanced inhibition of pERK, a downstream effector of both receptors. The bispecific EM1-mAb further increased the potency of inhibition of pERK (55-65-fold) compared to the combination of single monospecific antibodies, suggesting an avidity effect on downstream signaling. EM1-mAb was evaluated in SCID-beige mice implanted with tumor cells engineered to express human HGF. Complete regression of 8/8 tumors was observed upon treatment with EM1-mAb dosed twice a week at 20 mg/kg. After the dosing period of four weeks, mice were monitored for an additional 10 weeks and no tumor regrowth was observed. Our data demonstrate that the bispecific antibody EM1-mAb, generated using Fab arm exchange, inhibited EGFR and cMet pathways simultaneously, resulting in superior activity in cellular downstream signaling compared to the combination of single pathway inhibitors. These attributes allow for a more efficient path toward clinical development. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):B241. Citation Format: Sheri Moores, Mark Chiu, Barbara Bushey, Kristen Chevalier, Diana Chin, Susan Chippari, Peter Haytko, Frank McCabe, Joost Neijssen, Paul Parren, Janine Schuurman, Sam Wu, Ricardo Attar, Mark Anderson. Bispecific antibody targeting EGFR and cMet demonstrates superior activity compared to the combination of single pathway inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B241.
Production and Purification of an Active Bovine Lysozyme in Tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>):  Utilization of Value-Added Crop Plants Traditionally Grown under Intensive Agriculture (1997)

The goals of this study were to express bovine lysozyme in tobacco and to purify the protein with a scaleable process to >90% homogeneity while retaining antimicrobial characteristics. Results showed that the enzyme was expressed at levels equivalent to 1−1.5% of total fraction 2 protein in each of five different transformant groups. The enzyme was subsequently purified to 93% homogeneity using an easily scaleable process while retaining high activity. It was concluded that tobacco was an excellent choice for expression of the recombinant protein and that the purification process developed in this study demonstrates methodology for isolation of high-value enzymes from tobacco and other crop plants. Keywords: Transgenic; lysozyme; recombinant protein; antimicrobial; Nicotiana tabacum
Cylindrical polarimetric phased array radar: Beamforming and calibration for weather applications (2017)

Future weather radar systems will need to provide rapid updates within a flexible multifunctional overall radar network. This naturally leads to the use of electronically scanned phased array antennas. However, the traditional multifaced planar antenna approaches suffer from having radiation patterns that are variant in both beam shape and polarization as a function of electronic scan angle; even with practically challenging angle-dependent polarization correction, this places limitations on how accurately weather can be measured. A cylindrical array with commutated beams, on the other hand, can theoretically provide patterns that are invariant with respect to azimuth scanning with very pure polarizations. This paper summarizes recent measurements of the cylindrical polarimetric phased array radar demonstrator, a system designed to explore the benefits and limitations of a cylindrical array approach to these future weather radar applications.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease: role of amyloid‐β peptide alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) (2005)

An important means of determining how amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) affects cells is to identify specific macromolecular targets and assess how Abeta interaction with such targets impacts on cellular functions. On the one hand, cell surface receptors interacting with extracellular Abeta have been identified, and their engagement by amyloid peptide can trigger intracellular signaling cascades. Recent evidence has indicated a potentially significant role for deposition of intracellular Abeta in cell stress associated with amyloidosis. Thus, specific intracellular targets of Abeta might also be of interest. Our review evaluates the potential significance of Abeta interaction with a mitochondrial enzyme termed Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD), a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase-reductase family concentrated in mitochondria of neurones. Binding of Abeta to ABAD distorts the enzyme's structure, rendering it inactive with respect to its metabolic properties, and promotes mitochondrial generation of free radicals. Double transgenic mice in which increased levels of ABAD are expressed in an Abeta-rich environment, the latter provided by a mutant amyloid precursor protein transgene, demonstrate accelerated decline in spatial learning/memory and pathologic changes. These data suggest that mitochondria ABAD, ordinarily a contributor to metabolic homeostasis, has the capacity to become a pathogenic factor in an Abeta-rich environment.
Shear horizontal surface acoustic wave microsensor for Class A viral and bacterial detection. (2008)

The rapid autonomous detection of pathogenic microorganisms and bioagents by field deployable platforms is critical to human health and safety. To achieve a high level of sensitivity for fluidic detection applications, we have developed a 330 MHz Love wave acoustic biosensor on 36{sup o} YX Lithium Tantalate (LTO). Each die has four delay-line detection channels, permitting simultaneous measurement of multiple analytes or for parallel detection of single analyte containing samples. Crucial to our biosensor was the development of a transducer that excites the shear horizontal (SH) mode, through optimization of the transducer, minimizing propagation losses and reducing undesirable modes. Detection was achieved by comparing the reference phase of an input signal to the phase shift from the biosensor using an integrated electronic multi-readout system connected to a laptop computer or PDA. The Love wave acoustic arrays were centered at 330 MHz, shifting to 325-328 MHz after application of the silicon dioxide waveguides. The insertion loss was -6 dB with an out-of-band rejection of 35 dB. The amplitude and phase ripple were 2.5 dB p-p and 2-3{sup o} p-p, respectively. Time-domain gating confirmed propagation of the SH mode while showing suppression of the triple transit. Antigen capture and mass detection experiments demonstrate a sensitivity of 7.19 {+-} 0.74{sup o} mm{sup 2}/ng with a detection limit of 6.7 {+-} 0.40 pg/mm{sup 2} for each channel.
An Emergent Self-Adapting Behavior Model for NASA Swarm-Based Exploration Missions (2008)

We describe a biologically-inspired approach to modeling self-adapting behavior for NASA swarm-based exploration missions, whereby individuals can sacrifice themselves for the greater good of the entire system. Our approach is inspired by the self-sacrifice behavior observed in some hive cultures.
Selective zeolite catalyst for alkylation of benzene with ethylene to produce ethylbenzene (2012)

In this work, a selective catalyst of BXE ALKCAT zeolite has been developed with about 30 % of ZSM-5 balanced with kaolinite, and applied for gas-phase alkylation of benzene (BZ) with ethylene (E). The catalyst has been tested in a fixed-bed down-pass flow reactor under different conditions of temperatures ranging between 300 and 450 °C with BZ to E mole ratios ranging between 1:1, 3:1 and 6:1 under atmospheric pressure and space velocity ranges between 0.1 and 150 h−1. The BXE ALKCAT zeolite catalyst has been characterized using: scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, specific surface area, pore volumes, pore size distributions, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and differential thermal analysis, and thermo-gravimetric analyses. Ethylbenzene was the main product of alkylation, and diethylbenzene isomers (ortho-, meta-, and para-) were the minor products. In the case of 1:1 mol ratio of BZ to E, the selectivity of EB about 85.5 % at highest conversion of BZ was obtained after 1 h of reaction on stream at 450 °C. A decrease in the temperature to 300 °C (with 1:1 mol ratio) caused the selectivity of EB to decrease to 73.0 %. EB and DEBs yields were found to increase with increasing the reaction temperature and decreasing the mole ratio of BZ to E. The conversion of BZ appeared to be depending strongly on mole ratio of BZ to E at a given temperature. The study has shown that the BXE ALKCAT zeolite is active as a catalyst for the alkylation reaction and selective to EB compared with other zeolite catalysts.
Superthin O/N/O stacked dielectrics formed by oxidizing thin nitrides in low pressure oxygen for high-density memory devices (1994)

High-performance superthin oxide/nitride/oxide (O/N/O) stacked dielectrics have been successfully achieved by oxidizing thin nitride films in low-pressure dry-oxygen at 850/spl deg/C for 30 min. Since the nitrides exhibit a better oxidation resistance to the low-pressure dry-oxygen than to the atmospheric-pressure dry-oxygen and wet-oxygen, the low pressure oxidation obtains a thinner oxidized nitride for the high-density dynamic-random-access-memories (DRAM's) and metal-oxide-nitride-oxide-semiconductor (MONO'S) memory devices. In addition, this dielectric possesses low leakage current and excellent time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown (TDDB) characteristics. Therefore, this novel recipe is promising for future ULSI technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Determination and Evaluation of the Surface Region of Breast Tumors Using Ultrasonic Echohraphy (2006)

In this paper, we proposed a method for the determination and evaluation of the surface region of breast tumors using ultrasound echography. The breast tumor volume data is obtained using conventional ultrasound diagnostic equipment with a magnetic position sensor attached to the probe for tracking its position and orientation. The surface region of breast tumor is determined using fuzzy reasoning whose fuzzy membership functions are generated by a three-dimensional Laplacian of Gaussian filter. This deals with the brightness variation of the ultrasonic images, which occurs with the changes in circumstances of the patient’s mammary gland and the ultrasound diagnostic equipment settings. Two parameters, which are the surface area to volume ratio and the standard deviation of the distances from the center of gravity of the tumor region to the surface points, are investigated to evaluate the surface roughness of the tumor for quantitatively diagnosing the breast cancer. The experimental results for thirty-two cases of malignant and eleven cases of benign tumors demonstrate the efficient and reliable performance of the proposed method. It is shown that the method has the potential to significantly improve breast cancer screening using ultrasound echography.
Time Allocation in wireless network coding (2009)

Network coding is attracting significant research interest from the academic and industrial research communities, mainly due to its simplicity of application and the large number of applications it can be suited for. Recently, more works have been targeting wireless network coding as the broadcast properties of the wireless medium render it a fertile ground for the application of network coding. One common assumption in most of the literature is that different nodes access the channel for an equal duration of time. However, such a resource allocation does not always guarantee a well partitioned system. In this work, we study two static time allocation schemes for the network coding based uplink relay channel. We derive the closed-form SINR and capacity expressions for the two schemes and provide the corresponding system level simulation results. In addition, we look at how the relative time allocation among transmitting nodes would affect the fairness/performance tradeoff.
Regenerative Braking Systems (2014)

Abstract Regenerative braking is a feature of hybrid electric and electric vehicles that use electrical energy. It involves the generation of braking force by using motors as generators during deceleration. The amount of energy recovered by regenerative braking can be set to various levels based on the purpose of the vehicle. Fuel efficiency improves as the amount of energy recovered is increased. Braking systems have been developed in recent years, which increase the amount of energy recovered using regenerative braking. This chapter describes the configuration and controls of braking systems that utilize regenerative braking.
Dietary Carnitine and Lysine Affect Channel Catfish Lipid and Protein Composition (1994)

Abstract The effects of carnitine (L‐carnitine) at 0.1% were tested at three levels of dietary lysine (L‐lysine‐HCl), 1.1, 1.4 or 1.7%, with fingerling channel caffish. Semipurified diets containing 30% protein and 3.44 kcal digestible energy/g were fed for 8 wk in flow‐through water at 26.5 ± 0.5 C. Carnitine did not significantly ( P > 0.71) affect channel catflsh weight gain over this time interval. Weight gain was less when 1.1% dietary lysine was fed without supplemented carnitine than when diets contained 1.4 or 1.7% lysine. Carnitine reduced muscle lipid ( P < 0.0003) and liver lipid (P < 0.0001) significantly. Percentage visceral fat was reduced with added dietary carnitine ( P < 0.0001) but not with dietary lysine although there was a combined effect of carnitine and lysine ( P < 0.0008). Channel catfish wholebody lipid content was reduced by supplemented dietary carnitine, lysine, or both. Protein content of channel catfish wholebody increased with added carnitine, lysine, and their interaction ( P < 0.19, P < 0.003 and P < 0.001). Under these conditions, dietary carnitine improves caffish tissue characteristics by reducing fat content and increasing protein content.
Identification of H-2Db-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Epitopes From Mouse VEGFR2 That Can Inhibit Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth (2005)

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2/KDR) plays a crucial role in tumor-associated angiogenesis and vascularization. It has been established that monoclonal antibodies against VEGFR2 can inhibit angiogenesis. In this study, two naturally processed CD8 T-cell epitopes (VILTNPISM and FSNSTNDILI) were identified from murine KDR. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeting endothelial cells could be directly monitored by KDR2 and KDR3 Elispots or major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer staining. Immunization with these two peptides effectively reduced angiogenesis and inhibited tumor growth in mouse models. Thus, vaccination with KDR peptides alone or in combination with other anti-angiogenesis agents may afford a novel immunotherapy for inhibition of tumor growth.
Separation of Protactinium Employing Sulfur-Based Extraction Chromatographic Resins (2018)

Protactinium-230 ( t<sub>1/2</sub> = 17.4 d) is the parent isotope of <sup>230</sup>U ( t<sub>1/2</sub> = 20.8 d), a radionuclide of interest for targeted alpha therapy (TAT). Column chromatographic methods have been developed to separate no-carrier-added <sup>230</sup>Pa from proton irradiated thorium targets and accompanying fission products. Results reported within demonstrate the use of novel sulfur bearing chromatographic extraction resins for the selective separation of protactinium. The recovery yield of <sup>230</sup>Pa was 93 ± 4% employing a R<sub>3</sub>P═S type commercially available resin and 88 ± 4% employing a DGTA (diglycothioamide) containing custom synthesized extraction chromatographic resin. The radiochemical purity of the recovered <sup>230</sup>Pa was measured via high purity germanium γ-ray spectroscopy to be >99.5% with the remaining radioactive contaminant being <sup>95</sup>Nb due to its similar chemistry to protactinium. Measured equilibrium distribution coefficients for protactinium, thorium, uranium, niobium, radium, and actinium on both the R<sub>3</sub>P═S type and the DGTA resin in hydrochloric acid media are reported, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time.