gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Local Electrical Detection of Single Nanoparticle Plasmon Resonance (2007)

We developed a technique for the local electrical detection of a plasmon resonance in a single metal nanoparticle. A gold nanoparticle is coupled to a GaAs photodetector placed in the particle's near field. Light scattered by the particle is coupled into the semiconductor cavity of the photodetector, providing efficient transduction. Strong multipolar resonances were recorded in the 650-920 nm wavelength range. This local detection technique allows the construction of sensitive nanoscale bioprobes and arrays thereof.
Computerized detection of abnormal asymmetry in digital chest radiographs (1994)

A technique for automated detection of abnormal asymmetry in digital chest radiographs is being developed. Such a method could be used to prescreen chest radiographs to bring obviously abnormal cases to the immediate attention of a radiologist. In addition, this technique may be used to detect large-area abnormalities which may cause other, more lesion-specific computer algorithms to fail. Asymmetric abnormalities are detected by multiple stages of gray-level thresholding. Lung contours are determined, and after a centroid test is used to eliminate contours external to the lungs, the areas of remaining contours are calculated. The present scheme, applied to a database of 70 chest images, yielded a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 80%.
Achieving a Fully-Flexible Virtual Network Embedding in Elastic Optical Networks (2019)

Network operators must continuously scale the capacity of their optical backbone networks to keep apace with the proliferation of bandwidth-intensive applications. Today’s optical networks are designed to carry large traffic aggregates with coarse-grained resource allocation, and are not adequate for maximizing utilization of the expensive optical substrate. Elastic Optical Network (EON) is an emerging technology that facilitates flexible allocation of fiber spectrum by leveraging finer-grained channel spacing, tunable modulation formats and Forward Error Correction (FEC) overheads, and baud-rate assignment, to right size spectrum allocation to customer needs. Virtual Network Embedding (VNE) over EON has been a recent topic of interest due to its importance for 5G network slicing. However, the problem has not yet been addressed while simultaneously considering the full flexibility offered by an EON. In this paper, we present an optimization model that solves the VNE problem over EON when lightpath configurations can be chosen among a large (and practical) set of combinations of paths, modulation formats, FEC overheads and baud rates. The VNE over EON problem is solved in its splittable version, which significantly increases problem complexity, but is much more likely to return a feasible solution. Given the intractability of the optimal solution, we propose a heuristic to solve larger problem instances. Key results from extensive simulations are: (i) a fully-flexible VNE can save up to 60% spectrum resources compared to that where no flexibility is exploited, and (ii) solutions of our heuristic fall in more than 90% of the cases, within 5% of the optimal solution, while executing several orders of magnitude faster.
Enhanced directivity of a tapered slot antenna for near-field imaging (2009)

This paper investigates the application of a novel feature called the ldquodirectorrdquo to a tapered slot antenna. This director, previously designed for a balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna, consists of a profiled piece of higher dielectric introduced in the antenna aperture. Its effect is to increase the antenna directivity in the near-field by focusing the radiated energy in the end-fire direction. Simulated results show that the director may be highly beneficial for the tapered slot design.
High-bitrate downhole telemetry system (2015)

The oil and gas industry is the driving force behind pushing embedded communication technologies beyond their original intention. The downhole power line communication design based on multicarrier modulation methods is commonly implemented in ADSL systems. The system is designed to transmit and receive high-bitrate data on a multi-conductor power transmission cable that is highly contaminated with broadband electrical noise generated by downhole equipment, requiring innovative crosstalk cancellation techniques in both the analog and digital domain to achieve better than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> bit error rate (BER) performance at 200°C operating temperatures.
Structure-Activity-Durability Relationships of (CM+PANI)-Me-C PGM-Free Catalysts (2017)

The development of durable and highly active platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) electrocatalysts is key to overcoming the greatest barrier in the commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles: the high cost and limited availability of PGM catalysts utilized in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. While the majority of research on PGM-free catalysts has focused on developing active and selective materials for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), minimal work has been devoted to the understanding of the physical and chemical structure of active PGM-free catalysts and its relationship with the long-term stability of these novel materials. This understanding is imperative for the further development of next-generation PGM-free catalysts with improved activity and durability that could ultimately replace PGM-based ORR catalysts in fuel cells. PGM-free catalysts with high volumetric activity, four-electron selectivity ( i.e. , low hydrogen peroxide yield), and long-term stability in highly acidic and strongly oxidizing environment of the fuel cell cathode are desired as replacements for PGM-based ORR catalysts. For this presentation, state-of-the-art PGM-free ORR catalysts, developed by our group [1, 2], which are obtained via high-temperature treatment of dual nitrogen precursors, cyanamide (CM) and polyaniline (PANI), different transition metal precursors (Fe, Co, Mn), and with or without carbon support are used as model PGM-free catalyst systems. Depending on the transition metal used, catalysts with different physical and electrochemical characteristic properties are obtained. Specifically, Fe-based catalysts are generally known for their high activity and low peroxide yield generation. However, Co- and Mn-based catalysts generate highly graphitic structures which could improve catalyst long-term stability. In this work, structure-activity-durability relationships are developed based on comprehensive physical, chemical, and electrochemical characterization of highly active (CM+PANI)- Me -C catalysts ( Me = Fe, Co, Mn), correlating properties such as carbon structure, elemental speciation, and CO 2 generation. Acknowledgement Financial support for this research by DOE-EERE through Fuel Cell Technologies Office is gratefully acknowledged. [1] Chung, H.T., Holby, E.F., Purdy, G.M., Babu, S.K., Litster, S., Cullen, D.A. More, K.L., Zelenay, P. (2015). “Combining Nitrogen Precursors in Synthesis of Non-Precious Metal ORR Catalysts with Improved Fuel Cell Performance.” ECS Meeting Abstracts , MA2015-02 (37), 1278. [2] Martinez, U., Holby, E.F., Dumont, J.H., Chung, H.T., Zelenay, P. (2016) “Non-PGM ORR Catalysts Based on Transition Metals Alternative to Iron.” ECS Meeting Abstracts, MA2016-01, 1719.
Toward dynamic real-time geo-location databases for TV white spaces (2015)

Recent FCC regulations on TV white spaces allow geo-location databases to be the sole source of spectrum information for white space devices. Geo-location databases protect TV band incumbents by keeping track of TV transmitters and their protected service areas, based on each transmitter location and transmission parameters using sophisticated propagation models. In this article, we show that keeping track of both TV transmitters and TV receivers (i.e., TV sets) can achieve significant improvement in the availability of white spaces. We first identify temporal and spatial wasted spectrum opportunities due to the current approach to white space detection. We then propose our DynaWhite architecture, which is responsible for orchestrating the detection and dissemination of highly dynamic, real-time, and fine-grained TV white space information, based on both TV transmitter and receiver information. DynaWhite proposes the development of a new generation of geo-location databases that combine conventional geo-location databases with novel unconventional sensing approaches based on the detection of passive TV receivers using standard cell phones. We present a quantitative evaluation of the potential gains, reaching 24 extra 6 MHz channels in some cases, in white space availability for potential deployments of DynaWhite. We finally identify research challenges associated with the adoption of our DynaWhite architecture.
Transparent, near-infrared organic photovoltaic solar cells for window and energy-scavenging applications (2011)

We fabricate near-infrared absorbing organic photovoltaics that are highly transparent to visible light. By optimizing near-infrared optical-interference, we demonstrate power efficiencies of 1.3±0.1% with simultaneous average visible transmission of &gt;65%. Subsequent incorporation of near-infrared distributed-Bragg-reflector mirrors leads to an increase in the efficiency to 1.7±0.1%, approaching the 2.4±0.2% efficiency of the opaque cell, while maintaining high visible-transparency of &gt;55%. Finally, we demonstrate that a series-integrated array of these transparent cells is capable of powering electronic devices under near-ambient lighting. This architecture suggests strategies for high-efficiency power-generating windows and highlights an application uniquely benefiting from excitonic electronics.
Secoisolariciresinol Dehydrogenase Purification, Cloning, and Functional Expression (2001)

Matairesinol is a central precursor in planta in the biosynthesis of numerous lignans, including that of the important antiviral and anticancer agent, podophyllotoxin. In this study, the approximately 32-kDa NAD-dependent secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the enantiospecific conversion of (-)-secoisolariciresinol into (-)-matairesinol in Forsythia intermedia, was purified >6,000-fold to apparent homogeneity. The 831-base pair cDNA clone encoding this 277-amino acid protein was next obtained from a library constructed from F. intermedia stem tissue, whose fully functional recombinant protein, produced by expression of this cDNA in Escherichia coli, catalyzed the same enantiospecific conversion via the corresponding lactol intermediate. A homologous secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase gene was also isolated from a Podophyllum peltatum rhizome cDNA library, whose 834-base pair cDNA clone encoded a 278-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of approximately 32 kDa. Expression of this protein in E. coli produced a fully functional recombinant protein that also catalyzed the enantiospecific conversion of (-)-secoisolariciresinol into (-)-matairesinol via the intermediary lactol. Various kinetic parameters were defined and established conversion of the intermediary lactol as being rate-limiting. With this overall enzymatic conversion now unambiguously defined, the entire biochemical pathway to the lignans, secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol, has been elucidated. Last, both secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol are metabolized in the gut of mammals, following digestion of high fiber dietary grains, seeds, and berries, into the so-called "mammalian" lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, respectively; these in turn confer significant protection against the onset of breast and prostate cancers.
Development of a new dynamometer for measuring grip strength applied on a cylindrical handle (2009)

The objective of this study is to enhance the understanding of the hand grip force applied to a cylindrical handle and to develop a new dynamometer for measuring maximum grip force or grip strength. Specifically, a 40 mm instrumented cylindrical handle with six measuring arms was developed. A theoretical model was proposed and used to analyze the principle of the measurement. Human test subjects were used in conducting two sets of experiments to evaluate the handle and to assess the measurement method. This study confirmed that some friction force exists in the grip-only action, but its level is not comparable with the normal force. This study also found that the friction force can stabilize the grip action and marginally increase the grip strength. No reliable correlation between the grip strengths measured with the 40 mm cylindrical handle and Jamar handle with a 47.6 mm span was observed. This suggests that grip strength measured with Jamar handle may not be reliably applicable to the design and risk assessment of some tools or machines with cylindrical handles. In contrast, the cylindrical handle proved to be able to determine the overall grip strength for a subject, as well as show the grip force distribution around the circumference of the handle. The handle is accurate with less than 4% error, and it demonstrates that the measurement is independent of the loading position along the handle. Therefore, this study concluded that this new dynamometer is suitable for measuring grip strength with sufficient precision.
The Role of Adjuvants in the Efficacy of a Peptide Vaccine for Myasthenia Gravis (2001)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune (EA) MG, are caused by interference with neuromuscular transmission by autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on muscle. Previously, we have shown that two peptides, denoted RhCA 67-16 and RhCA 611-001, designed to be complementary in structure to the main immunogenic region and the dominant Lewis rat T cell epitope (alpha-chain residues 100-116) of the AChR, respectively, are effective vaccines that prevent EAMG in rats by inducing antiidiotypic/clonotypic antibodies (Ab) and lowering levels of AChR Ab. These studies employed keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as a carrier and complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA). In advance of a clinical trial the present study tested the efficacy of RhCA 611-001 when combined with different adjuvants that are approved for use in humans. Adjuvants chosen for comparison were incomplete Freunds adjuvant (IFA) and aluminum hydroxide (Alum). As a second goal we evaluated diphtheria toxin (DT) as an alternative carrier protein to KLH. Alum was found to be an effective adjuvant, particularly when used with the peptide conjugated to DT. This combination of carrier and adjuvant provided protection against EAMG comparable with that observed with CFA and KLH. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Ab against RhCA 611-001, it was found that disease protection is qualitatively, but not quantitatively, related to the anti-peptide Ab response. Our results demonstrate a vaccine formulation that should be useful in the first soon-to-be-conducted clinical trials of peptide vaccines to specifically correct aberrant T and B cell responses in an autoimmune disease.
Bichromophoric Photochromes Based on the Opening and Closing of a Single Oxazine Ring (2007)

We have designed bichromophoric photochromes based on the photoinduced opening and thermal closing of a [1,3]oxazine ring. In particular, we have synthesized six compounds incorporating fused 3H-indole and 4-nitrophenoxy fragments and pendant biphenyl, styryl, biphenylvinyl, or stilbenylvinyl groups. The laser excitation of two of these six molecules cleaves a [C-O] bond and opens their [1,3]oxazine ring in less than 6 ns with quantum yields of 0.08 and 0.28, respectively. This photoinduced process generates simultaneously a 4-nitrophenolate anion and a 3H-indolium cation. Both chromophores absorb in the same region of the electromagnetic spectrum. As a result, an intense band appears at ca. 440 nm upon the photoinduced opening of the [1,3]oxazine ring. In both instances, the photogenerated species switches back to the original isomer with first-order kinetics and lifetimes of 38 and 140 ns, respectively. Both compounds have excellent fatigue resistances and retain their photochemical behavior within rigid poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices. However, the thermal reisomerization within the polymer matrix is significantly slower and requires several microseconds to occur. The other four compounds do not undergo ring opening upon excitation under otherwise identical experimental conditions. Indeed, either photoinduced electron transfer or intersystem crossing compete successfully with the ring-opening process.
Application of unsupervised learning to hyperspectral imaging of cardiac ablation lesions (2018)

Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. It is being effectively treated using the radiofrequency ablation (RFA) procedure, which destroys culprit tissue and creates scars that prevent the spread of abnormal electrical activity. Long-term success of RFA could be improved further if ablation lesions can be directly visualized during the surgery. We have shown that autofluorescence-based hyperspectral imaging (aHSI) can help to identify lesions based on spectral unmixing. We show that use of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> -means clustering, an unsupervised learning method, is capable of detecting RFA lesions without <i>a priori</i> knowledge of the lesions' spectral characteristics. We also show that the number of spectral bands required for successful lesion identification can be significantly reduced, enabling the use of increased spectral bandwidth. Together, these findings can help with clinical implementation of a percutaneous aHSI catheter, since by reducing the number of spectral bands one can reduce hypercube acquisition and processing times, and by increasing the spectral width of individual bands one can collect more photons. The latter is of critical importance in low-light applications such as intracardiac aHSI. The ultimate goal of our studies is to help improve clinical outcomes for atrial fibrillation patients.
MMSE Noise Plus Interference Power Estimation in Adaptive OFDM Systems (2007)

Noise variance and signal-to-noise ratio are important parameters for adaptive orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems since they serve as a standard measure of signal quality. Conventional algorithms assume that the noise statistics remain constant over the OFDM frequency band and, thereby, average the instantaneous noise samples to get a single estimate. In reality, noise is often made up of white Gaussian noise, along with correlated colored noise that unevenly affects the OFDM spectrum. This paper proposes a minimum mean square error (MMSE) filtering technique to estimate the noise power that takes into account the variation of the noise statistics across the OFDM subcarrier index, as well as across OFDM symbols. The proposed method provides many local estimates that allow tracking of the variation of noise statistics in frequency and time. The MMSE filter coefficients are obtained from the mean-squared-error expression, which can be calculated using the noise statistics. Evaluation of the performance with computer simulations shows that the proposed method tracks the local statistics of the noise more efficiently than conventional methods.
Thermodynamic Aspects of Cathode Coatings for Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2014)

Metal oxide cathode coatings are capable of scavenging the hydrofluoric acid (HF) (present in LiPF 6 ‐based electrolytes) and improving the electrochemical performance of Li‐ion batteries. Here, a first‐principles thermodynamic framework is introduced for designing cathode coatings that consists of four elements: i) HF‐scavenging enthalpies, ii) volumetric and iii) gravimetric HF‐scavenging capacities of the oxides, and iv) cyclable Li loss into coating components. 81 HF‐scavenging reactions involving binary s‐, p‐ and d‐block metal oxides and fluorides are enumerated and these materials are screened to find promising coatings based on attributes (i‐iv). The screen successfully produces known effective coating materials (e.g., Al 2 O 3 and MgO), providing a validation of our framework. Using this design strategy, promising coating materials, such as trivalent oxides of d‐block transition metals Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn and Y, are predicted. Finally, a new protection mechanism that successful coating materials could provide by scavenging the wide bandgap and low Li ion conductivity LiF precipitates from the cathode surfaces is suggested.
A Sequential Study of Experimental Infection of Pigs with Porcine Circovirus and Porcine Parvovirus: Immunostaining of Cryostat Sections and Virus Isolation (2000)

The sequential tissue distribution of virus was investigated using virus isolation and immunofluorescence tests in 1-day-old piglets inoculated with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and/or porcine parvovirus (PPV). Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were seen in the pig inoculated with PCV2 alone and killed at 26 days post-inoculation (PI). One of the pigs inoculated with PCV2 and PPV and killed at 21 days PI had an enlarged liver. The pig killed at 26 days PI in this group had enlarged liver, kidneys and heart. Histopathological changes were seen in lymphoid tissues of the pigs inoculated with PCV2 alone and killed at 14 and 26 days PI. Similar, but more severe, lesions were observed in the pigs infected with PCV2 and PPV and killed from 10 days PI onwards. Histological lesions of nephritis, pneumonia and hepatitis were also apparent in these animals. Mild nephritis was also seen in the pigs infected with PPV alone and killed at 14 and 26 days PI. Moderate amounts of PPV antigen were detected in tissues from the pigs inoculated with PPV alone and killed at 14 days PI. Low levels of PCV antigen were detected, mainly in lymphoid tissues, in the pigs inoculated with PCV alone and killed at 14 days PI. Low to moderate amounts of PCV antigen were detected in a wider range of tissues in the pig in this group killed at 26 days PI. In the pigs inoculated with both viruses, PPV antigen was detected in tissues of pigs killed from 3 to 26 days PI with maximal amounts detected between 6 and 14 days PI. PCV2 antigen was detected in low to moderate amounts in the tissues of pigs killed at 14 days PI. Large amounts of PCV2 antigen were detected in most of the tissues from pigs in this group killed between 17 and 26 days PI. Virus isolation results for PCV2 generally correlated well with the results for immunofluorescent staining. PPV was isolated from almost all tissues from pigs inoculated with PCV2 and PPV, a much higher incidence of positive tissues than observed for immunofluorescent staining.