gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MBT Timing Detection and its Closed-Loop Control Using In-Cylinder Ionization Signal (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) timing for an internal combustion engine is the minimum advance of spark timing for best torque. Traditionally, MBT timing is an open loop feedforward control whose values are experimentally determined by conducting spark sweeps at different speed, load points and at different environmental operating conditions. Almost every calibration point needs a spark sweep to see if the engine can be operated at the MBT timing condition. If not, a certain degree of safety margin is needed to avoid pre-ignition or knock during engine operation. Open-loop spark mapping usually requires a tremendous amount of effort and time to achieve a satisfactory calibration. This paper shows that MBT timing can be achieved by regulating a composite feedback measure derived from the in-cylinder ionization signal referenced to a top dead center crank angle position. A PI (proportional and integral) controller is used to illustrate closed-loop control of MBT timing. The test results show that the control, using the ionization current based feedback signal, not only maintains the engine average ignition timing at its MBT timing but also reduces the cycle-to-cycle variations.</div>
Doubly constrained robust Capon beamformer (2004)

The standard Capon beamformer (SCB) is known to have better resolution and much better interference rejection capability than the standard data-independent beamformer when the array steering vector is accurately known. However, the major problem of the SCB is that it lacks robustness in the presence of array steering vector errors. In this paper, we will first provide a complete analysis of a norm constrained Capon beamforming (NCCB) approach, which uses a norm constraint on the weight vector to improve the robustness against array steering vector errors and noise. Our analysis of NCCB is thorough and sheds more light on the choice of the norm constraint than what was commonly known. We also provide a natural extension of the SCB, which has been obtained via covariance matrix fitting, to the case of uncertain steering vectors by enforcing a double constraint on the array steering vector, viz. a constant norm constraint and a spherical uncertainty set constraint, which we refer to as the doubly constrained robust Capon beamformer (DCRCB). NCCB and DCRCB can both be efficiently computed at a comparable cost with that of the SCB. Performance comparisons of NCCB, DCRCB, and several other adaptive beamformers via a number of numerical examples are also presented.
Front-End Electron Transfer Dissociation: A New Ionization Source (2013)

Electron transfer dissociation (ETD), a technique that provides efficient fragmentation while depositing little energy into vibrational modes, has been widely integrated into proteomics workflows. Current implementations of this technique, as well as other ion-ion reactions like proton transfer, involve sophisticated hardware, lack robustness, and place severe design limitations on the instruments to which they are attached. Described herein is a novel, electrical discharge-based reagent ion source that is located in the first differentially pumped region of the mass spectrometer. The reagent source was found to produce intense reagent ion signals over extended periods of time while having no measurable impact on precursor ion signal. Further, the source is simple to construct and enables implementation of ETD on any instrument without modification to footprint. Finally, in the context of hybrid mass spectrometers, relocation of the reagent ion source to the front of the mass spectrometer enables new approaches to gas phase interrogation of intact proteins.
Novel maltose-producing amylase from Bacillus megaterium G-2. (1989)

A novel maltose-producing amylase, which strictly hydrolyzes the α-I, 4-glucosidic linkages in starch with maltose units and releases α-maltose, was found in the culture filtrate of a strain of Bacillus megaterium newly isolated from soil. The enzyme was purified to almost homogeneity by means of ammonium suit ate fractionation, DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography and Bio-gel A 0.5m column chromatography. Its optimum pH and temperature were around 7.0 and around 60°C, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents such as mercuric chloride and p-chloromercuribenzoate, and the inhibition was recovered by cysteine. Its molecular weight was estimated to be about 60, 000 by the gel filtration method. Its enzymatic properties, including its action pattern, were very similar to those of β-amylase, except for the configuration of the maltose produced.
Virtual Machine Customization and Task Mapping Architecture for Efficient Allocation of Cloud Data Center Resources (2015)

Energy usage of large-scale data centers has become a major concern for cloud providers. There has been an active effort in techniques for the minimization of the energy consumed in the data centers. However, most approaches lack the analysis and application of real cloud backend traces. In existing approaches, the variation of cloud workloads and its effect on the performance of the solutions are not investigated. Furthermore, the focus of existing approaches is on virtual machine migration and placement algorithms, with little regard to tailoring virtual machine configuration to workload characteristics, which can further reduce the energy consumption and resource wastage in a typical data center. To address these weaknesses and challenges, we propose a new architecture for cloud resource allocation that maps groups of tasks to customized virtual machine types. This mapping is based on the task usage patterns obtained from the analysis of the historical data extracted from utilization traces. In our work, the energy consumption is decreased via efficient resource allocation based on the actual resource usage of tasks. Experimental results show that, when resources are allocated based on the discovered usage patterns, significant energy saving can be achieved.
A Rapid Prototyping Approach to Synthetic Data Generation for Improved 2D Gesture Recognition (2016)

Training gesture recognizers with synthetic data generated from real gestures is a well known and powerful technique that can significantly improve recognition accuracy. In this paper we introduce a novel technique called gesture path stochastic resampling (GPSR) that is computationally efficient, has minimal coding overhead, and yet despite its simplicity is able to achieve higher accuracy than competitive, state-of-the-art approaches. GPSR generates synthetic samples by lengthening and shortening gesture subpaths within a given sample to produce realistic variations of the input via a process of nonuniform resampling. As such, GPSR is an appropriate rapid prototyping technique where ease of use, understandability, and efficiency are key. Further, through an extensive evaluation, we show that accuracy significantly improves when gesture recognizers are trained with GPSR synthetic samples. In some cases, mean recognition errors are reduced by more than 70%, and in most cases, GPSR outperforms two other evaluated state-of-the-art methods.
Microhollow electrode discharge flat panel displays (2002)

Summary form only given, as follows. Microhollow electrode discharges, discharges between thin metal foils with submillimeter gap and submillimeter holes in cathode and anode, show three distinct modes of operation; (a) at low currents the predischarge mode, a glow discharge between the outer faces of the hollow electrodes, (b) at higher current a phase with increased ionization due to "pendulum" electrons in the cathode hole, and (c) at even higher current an abnormal glow discharge between the edges of cathode and anode hole. A fourth discharge mode, the so-called partial discharge seems to occur at high gas pressure at pressure times hole diameter values exceeding 10 Torr cm. Experiments in a 0.2 mm diameter hollow electrode geometry with Xe and Ar at atmospheric pressure have shown that the discharges emit excimer radiation. Control of these discharges which have a sustaining voltage of several hundred volts allows their use in flat panel displays. A second mode of operation which allows us to form addressable flat panel displays is the predischarge mode. It could be shown that with a third electrode close to the cathode, but outside the anode-cathode gap, the intensity of the discharge could be linearly varied by varying the voltage at the third electrode in a range below 100 V. The predischarges have a resistive behavior (positive slope of current-voltage characteristics) which allows us to place them in parallel without individual ballast and without segmentation of anode and cathode. This has been demonstrated in a small device with nine addressable microhollow cathode discharges.
Electrochemical characterization of a novel organic electrolyte gel (1994)

Abstract The fabrication and electrochemical characterization of a variety of self‐supported thermorevrsible organic electrolyte gels prepared using l,3:2,4‐dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) as a gelling agent are reported. Impedance analysis and cyclic voltammetry were used to examine these gel systems, which exhibit ionic conductivities similar to corresponding liquid electrolyte solutions.
1217. Predicting the Efficacy of an Antimicrobial Surface Coating Utilizing X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) (2019)

Abstract Background Contaminated surfaces are a critical risk factor for transmitting infectious disease. Current disinfection products provide short-term antimicrobial action; however, these surfaces can be re-contaminated within hours after cleaning. To address this limitation, long-lasting antimicrobial polymer coatings have been developed as an adjunct to traditional disinfecting and cleaning protocols. Due to the micro-scale thickness and transparency of the coating, confirmation of its presence on surfaces is difficult with conventional methods; therefore, this study explores a novel approach to measuring durable polymer coatings on stainless steel coupons to validate their presence and relative antimicrobial activity. Methods In this study, we utilized a hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) analyzer to quantitatively evaluate the amount of antimicrobial polymer coating deposited on stainless steel test surfaces. Stainless steel surfaces with amounts of coating ranging from 0.12 to 3.60 mg/in.2 were analyzed for their XRF profile using a hand-held spectrometer. Additionally, the relationship between the XRF spectra and antimicrobial activity was evaluated using a modified version of an existing sanitization protocol for hard surfaces using Staphylococcus epidermidis as the test organism. Results Comparison of the amount of antimicrobial polymer coating (in mg) and the XRF values (photon count) revealed a calibration curve with a high degree of linearity (R2 = 0.993) especially for surfaces that had lower mass (Figure 1). In addition, the relationship between XRF values and antimicrobial efficacy also were found to be well-correlated with a logarithmic trend (R2 = 0.9308) (Figure 2). Conclusion The observed trends between coating mass, XRF value and antimicrobial efficacy suggests that these analytical techniques are viable options for determining the presence of invisible antimicrobial polymer coatings. Additionally, laboratory-based calibration curves based on XRF values can be used to predict the level of antimicrobial activity of surfaces that have been treated with polymer coatings. These findings suggest that the use of a hand-held XRF spectrometer can be a rapid and cost-effective method for assessing the presence and efficacy of polymer coatings. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Photoacoustic image guidance for robot-assisted skull base surgery (2015)

We are investigating the use of photoacoustic (PA) imaging to detect critical structures, such as the carotid artery, that may be located behind the bone being drilled during robot-assisted endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. In this system, the laser is mounted on the drill (via an optical fiber) and the 2D ultrasound (US) probe is placed elsewhere on the skull. Both the drill and the US probe are tracked relative to the patient reference frame. PA imaging provides two advantages compared to conventional B-mode US: (1) the laser penetrates thin layers of bone, and (2) the PA image displays targets that are in the laser path. Thus, the laser can be used to (non-invasively) extend the drill axis, thereby enabling reliable detection of critical structures that may reside in the drill path. This setup creates a challenging alignment problem, however, because the US probe must be placed so that its image plane intersects the laser line in the neighborhood of the target anatomy (as estimated from preoperative images). This paper reports on a navigation system developed to assist with this task, and the results of phantom experiments that demonstrate that a critical structure can be detected with an accuracy of approximately 1 mm relative to the drill tip.
Working Fluids for Increasing Capacities of Heat Pipes (2004)

A theoretical and experimental investigation has shown that the capacities of heat pipes can be increased through suitable reformulation of their working fluids. The surface tensions of all of the working fluids heretofore used in heat pipes decrease with temperature. As explained in more detail below, the limits on the performance of a heat pipe are associated with the decrease in the surface tension of the working fluid with temperature, and so one can enhance performance by reformulating the working fluid so that its surface tension increases with temperature. This improvement is applicable to almost any kind of heat pipe in almost any environment. The heat-transfer capacity of a heat pipe in its normal operating-temperature range is subject to a capillary limit and a boiling limit. Both of these limits are associated with the temperature dependence of surface tension of the working fluid. In the case of a traditional working fluid, the decrease in surface tension with temperature causes a body of the liquid phase of the working fluid to move toward a region of lower temperature, thus preventing the desired spreading of the liquid in the heated portion of the heat pipe. As a result, the available capillary-pressure pumping head decreases as the temperature of the evaporator end of the heat pipe increases, and operation becomes unstable. Water has widely been used as a working fluid in heat pipes. Because the surface tension of water decreases with increasing temperature, the heat loads and other aspects of performance of heat pipes that contain water are limited. Dilute aqueous solutions of long-chain alcohols have shown promise as substitutes for water that can offer improved performance, because these solutions exhibit unusual surface-tension characteristics: Experiments have shown that in the cases of an aqueous solution of an alcohol, the molecules of which contain chains of more than four carbon atoms, the surface tension increases with temperature when the temperature exceeds a certain value. There are also other liquids that have surface tensions that increase with temperature and could be used as working fluids in heat pipes. For example, as a substitute for ammonia, which is the working fluid in some heat pipes, one could use a solution of ammonia and an ionic surfactant.
A code generation approach to optimizing high-performance distributed data stream processing (2009)

We present a code-generation-based optimization approach to bringing performance and scalability to distributed stream processing applications. We express stream processing applications using an operator-based, stream-centric language called SPADE, which supports composing distributed data flow graphs out of toolkits of type-generic operators. A major challenge in building such applications is to find an effective and flexible way of mapping the logical graph of operators into a physical one that can be deployed on a set of distributed nodes. This involves finding how best operators map to processes and how best processes map to computing nodes. In this paper, we take a two-stage optimization approach, where an instrumented version of the application is first generated by the SPADE compiler to profile and collect statistics about the processing and communication characteristics of the operators within the application. In the second stage, the profiling information is fed to an optimizer to come up with a physical data flow graph that is deployable across nodes in a computing cluster. This approach not only creates highly optimized applications that are tailored to the underlying computing and networking infrastructure, but also makes it possible to re-target the application to a different hardware setup by simply repeating the optimization step and re-compiling the application to match the physical flow graph produced by the optimizer. Using real-world applications, from diverse domains such as finance and radio-astronomy, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on System S -- a large-scale, distributed stream processing platform.
Addressing mode driven low power data caches for embedded processors (2004)

The size and speed of first-level caches and SRAMs of embedded processors continue to increase in response to demands for higher performance. In power-sensitive devices like PDAs and cellular handsets, decreasing power consumption while increasing performance is desirable. Contemporary caches typically exploit locality in memory access patterns but do not exploit locality information encoded in addressing modes used to access memory. We present two schemes that use locality information inherent in memory addressing modes to reduce power consumption of cache or SRAM nearest to the processor. The level-0 data buffer scheme introduces a set of data buffers controlled by the addressing mode to eliminate over a third of all reads to the next level of memory (cache or SRAM). These buffers can also reduce load-use penalty in processors with long load pipelines. The address register tag-buffer scheme exploits the addressing mode to reduce tag array look-up in set associative first-level caches.
Using the Business Process Model and Notation for Modeling Enterprise Integration Patterns (2014)

Enterprise Integration Patterns (EIP) are a collection of widely used stencils for integrating enterprise applications and business processes. These patterns represent a "de-facto" standard reference for design decisions when integrating enterprise applications. For each of these patterns we present the integration semantics (model) and the conceptual translation (syntax) to the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), which is a "de-facto" standard for modelling business process semantics and their runtime behavior.
Structural and electrical properties of polycrystalline silicon produced by low-temperature Ni silicide mediated crystallization of the amorphous phase (2000)

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) film was crystallized at 500 °C, using a thin Ni layer. The crystallization proceeds by the migration of NiSi2 precipitates through the a-Si network. The crystallization kinetics change with the density of NiSi2 precipitates on the a-Si. The high density of NiSi2 precipitates, formed at a thick Ni layer, leads to vertical migration of the NiSi2 precipitates. With decreasing Ni thickness on a-Si, the spacing between NiSi2 precipitates increases and leads to lateral growth of crystallites. The room temperature conductivity is around 10−5 S/cm, and the activation energy is around 0.49 eV when the average Ni thickness is 24 Å or less. The sheet resistance of the ion-doped, poly-Si film decreases with the average Ni thickness because the crystalline quality improves as the Ni thickness is decreased.
Processor modeling and code selection for retargetable compilation (2001)

Embedded processors in electronic systems typically are tuned to a few applications. Development of processor-specific compilers is prohibitively expensive and, as a result, such compilers, if existing, yield code of an unacceptable quality. To improve this code quality, we developed a processor model that captures the connectivity, the parallelism, and all architectural peculiarities of an embedded processor. We also implemented a retargetable and optimizing compiler working on this model. We present the graph-based processor model, and formally define the code generation task as binding the intermediate representation of an application to this model. We also present a new method for code selection, based on this processor model, that is capable of handling directed acyclic graphs instead of trees.
<i>SCN1A</i>mutations and epilepsy (2005)

SCN1A is part of the SCN1A-SCN2A-SCN3A gene cluster on chromosome 2q24 that encodes for α pore forming subunits of sodium channels. The 26 exons of SCN1A are spread over 100 kb of genomic DNA. Genetic defects in the coding sequence lead to generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) and a range of childhood epileptic encephalopathies of varied severity (e.g., SMEI). All published mutations are collated. More than 100 novel mutations are spread throughout the gene with the more debilitating usually de novo. Some clustering of mutations is observed in the C-terminus and the loops between segments 5 and 6 of the first three domains of the protein. Functional studies so far show no consistent relationship between changes to channel properties and clinical phenotype. Of all the known epilepsy genes SCN1A is currently the most clinically relevant, with the largest number of epilepsy related mutations so far characterized. Hum Mutat 25:535–542, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Smooth Local-Path Planning for Autonomous Vehicles1 (1997)

We propose a new method for generating smooth paths for vehicle path planning. The problem of finding the "smoothest path" joining two given configurations is solved (a configu ration is a position and a direction). Generally, we solve the problem using two "simple " path segments. The most important issue is how to define the smoothness cost of a path. We pro pose two distinct definitions: the first is the path curvature, and the second is the derivative of the path curvature. We use cir cular arcs with the first definition, and we use "cubic spirals" with the second for "simple curves" respectively. The set of cubic spirals has several advantages when used in smooth-path planning, one of which is curvature continuity. This theory also reveals other important concepts in robotics, such as "symmet ric configurations " and "symmetric means. " This algorithm has been successfully implemented on the autonomous mobile robot Yamabico-11 at the University of California at Santa Barbara and at the Naval Postgraduate School.
Detection of Differential Gliding Characteristics of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Tendon and Subsynovial Connective Tissue Using Color Doppler Sonographic Imaging (2007)

Color Doppler imaging can identify and track SSCT motion separately from that of its associated tendons. Analysis of SSCT motion characteristics by color Doppler imaging may be useful for studying its function clinically.