gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectrally resolved interferometric auto-correlation technique for femtosecond optical measurements (2003)

Summary form only given. The last decade has demonstrated an advance from optical correlators to more complicated techniques, such as frequency resolved optical gating (FROG) or spectral phase interferometry for direct E-field reconstruction (SPIDER). Sub-10-fs pulses were characterized using these methods. When using second harmonic generation (SHG) and single-shot geometry, these methods allow non-scanning measurements of low energy pulses. While SPIDER uses interference patterns for non-iterative pulse reconstruction, SHG-FROG requires an iterative algorithm. A new diagnostic reported here, simplifies the pulse retrieval procedure and combines the advantage of interferometry with the reliability of FROG.
Development of Bellows Type Vertical Micro Contact Probe (2007)

In the semiconductor inspection, number of pads at unit area is increasing and pad array have become irregular 2-dimensional. So we develop a bellows type micro contact probe. Our micro contact probe is a vertical-type micro contact probe for area arrays and narrow pitch electrode pads. We choose bellows type micro contact probe to prevent stress concentration. Our design targets are 120 um pad pitch, 20-50 um OD(over drive) and over 5 mN reaction force. In this research, micro contact probe is made by electroplating(Ni-Co). structural analysis is accomplished by FEM. And characterization of micro contact probe is done by our own mechanical tester. So material property is measured for structural analysis and structural analysis result will be compared with experimental result.
Conditional-firing aerosol-fluorescence spectrum analyzer for individual airborne particles with pulsed 266-nm laser excitation (1996)

We report the operation of an aerosol-fluorescence spectrum analyzer capable of selectively measuring the fluorescence spectra of single micrometer-sized aerosol particles as they flow through the instrument. As the particle first traverses a cw 488-nm probe laser beam, the total fluorescence and elastic scattering are measured with photomultipliers. When the photomultiplier output levels meet preset logic conditions, a UV laser (at 266 nm) is fired and the particle fluorescence spectrum is recorded. Fluorescence spectra of biological airborne particles are presented. The ability of the analyzer to capture the fluorescence spectrum of one type of particle while ignoring others, based on the particle characteristics, is also demonstrated.
A dynamic threshold approach for skin tone detection in colour images (2011)

This paper presents a novel dynamic threshold approach to discriminate skin pixels and non-skin pixels in colour images. Fixed decision boundaries (or fixed threshold) classification approaches are successfully applied to detect human skin tone in colour images. These fixed thresholds mostly failed in two situations as they only search for a certain skin colour range: Therefore in this paper, instead of predefined fixed thresholds, novel online learned dynamic thresholds are used to overcome the above drawbacks. The experimental results show that our method is robust in overcoming these drawbacks.
Composition of before/after metaclasses in SOM (1994)

In SOM, the IBM System Object Model, a class is a run-time object that defines the behavior of its instances by creating an instance method table. Because classes are objects, their behavior is defined by other classes (called metaclasses). For example, a “Before/After Metaclass” can be used to define the implementation of classes that, by suitable construction of their instance method tables, arrange for each invocation of a method to be preceded by execution of a “before method” and followed by execution of an “after method”. This paper introduces and solves the problem of composing different Before/After Metaclasses in the context of SOM. An enabling element in the solution is SOM's concept of derived metaclasses, i.e., at run-time a SOM system derives the appropriate metaclass of a class based on the classes of its parents and an optional metaclass constraint.
Dual-Pump Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Temperature and CO Concentration Measurements (2003)

Measurements of temperature and CO2 concentration using dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, (CARS) are described. The measurements were performed in laboratory flames,in a room-temperature gas cell, and on an engine test stand at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. A modeless dye laser, a single-mode Nd:YAG laser, and an unintensified back-illuminated charge-coupled device digital camera were used for these measurements. The CARS measurements were performed on a single-laser-shot basis. The standard deviations of the temperatures and CO2 mole fractions determined from single-shot dual-pump CARS spectra in steady laminar propane/air flames were approximately 2 and 10% of the mean values of approximately 2000 K and 0.10, respectively. The precision and accuracy of single-shot temperature measurements obtained from the nitrogen part of the dual-pump CARS system were investigated in detail in near-adiabatic hydrogen/air/CO2 flames. The precision of the CARS temperature measurements was found to be comparable to the best results reported in the literature for conventional two-laser, single-pump CARS. The application of dual-pump CARS for single-shot measurements in a swirl-stabilized combustor fueled with JP-8 was also demonstrated.
Promotion of Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep and Activation of Reticular Thalamic Neurons by a Novel MT<sub>2</sub>Melatonin Receptor Ligand (2011)

Melatonin activates two brain G-protein coupled receptors, MT(1) and MT(2), whose differential roles in the sleep-wake cycle remain to be defined. The novel MT(2) receptor partial agonist, N-{2-[(3-methoxyphenyl) phenylamino] ethyl} acetamide (UCM765), is here shown to selectively promote non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) in rats and mice. The enhancement of NREMS by UCM765 is nullified by the pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of MT(2) receptors. MT(2), but not MT(1), knock-out mice show a decrease in NREMS compared to the wild strain. Immunohistochemical labeling reveals that MT(2) receptors are localized in sleep-related brain regions, and notably the reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt). Microinfusion of UCM765 in the Rt promotes NREMS, and its systemic administration induces an increase in firing and rhythmic burst activity of Rt neurons, which is blocked by the MT(2) antagonist 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin. Since developing hypnotics that increase NREMS without altering sleep architecture remains a medical challenge, MT(2) receptors may represent a novel target for the treatment of sleep disorders.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Production Method for Nitridosilicate‐Type Phosphors. (2013)

Abstract M 2‐x Eu x Si 5 N 8 (M: Ca, Sr, Eu) orange‐to‐red phosphors for white‐LED applications are prepared by reacting SiCl 4 with liquid NH 3 in which Ca, Sr, or Eu metals are dissolved, or Eu[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 is suspended.
Frequency Domain Blind Source Separation Exploiting Higher-Order Dependencies (2006)

We propose a novel approach to the blind source separation (BSS) that exploits frequency dependencies within a source. In contrast to conventional algorithms that separate the sources independently in each frequency bin, we assume that dependencies exist between frequency bins in a source signal. In this manner, we can reduce or eliminate the well-known frequency permutation problem. We derive the learning algorithm by defining a cost function as an extension of mutual information between multivariate random variables and by introducing a source prior that models the inherent frequency dependencies. This results in a simple form of a multivariate score function. In simulations and real recording experiments, we evaluate the performance of the proposed method and compare it against other well-known algorithms under various conditions. Our results indicate that modeling dependencies yields improved performance and robust scaling to higher number of sources and mixtures.
Growth of Planar and Reduced‐defect Density Nonpolar GaN Films by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Planar a-plane GaN Growth Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth of a-plane GaN Films Planar m-plane GaN Heteroepitaxy Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth of m-plane GaN Conclusion References
Ultrastructural characterization of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma- associated herpesvirus) in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions: electron microscopy permits distinction from cytomegalovirus (CMV) (1997)

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has been shown by molecular techniques to be associated with infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8/KSHV), but specific ultrastructural characterization of the virus has been impaired by the frequent presence in these lesions of other herpesviruses, particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV). Since the ultrastructural appearance of HHV8/KSHV has been studied in the cell line KS-1 uninfected with other viruses including CMV, it was possible to undertake a comparative study of CMV and HHV8/KSHV in KS lesions. HHV8/KSHV was sparsely present and lytic infection was restricted to endothelial cells. The following specific ultrastructural features allowed distinction between HHV8/KSHV and CMV: the viral particles were more delicate and less numerous in cases of HHV8/KSHV infection; the viral tegument was more electron-dense in CMV than in HHV8/KSHV; dense bodies characteristic of CMV were absent in HHV/KSHV; complete CMV viral particles were more variable in size and generally larger (150-200 nm) than HHV8/KSHV (120-150 nm); and finally, the viral envelope was more pleomorphic in CMV than in KSHV/HHV8. Similarities between CMV and HHV8/KSHV included the basic structure of the nucleocapsids and the presence of capsids lacking central DNA cores (so-called non-infectious enveloped particles). These observations show that electron microscopy can be used to identify HHV8/KSHV and confirm the relationship between HHV8/KSHV and KS.
New Immunocapture Enzyme (ICE) Assay for Quantification of Cancer Procoagulant Activity: Studies of Inhibitors (1994)

A new, sensitive and specific immunocapture enzyme (ICE) assay for quantitation of the enzymatic activity of cancer procoagulant (CP) has been developed. The assay had good reproducibility (inter- and intra-assay CV were 6.4% and 5.7% respectively) and was linear for concentrations of CP from 0.5 microgram/ml to 10 micrograms/ml (r2 = 0.995). Using this assay the inhibition of CP by iodoacetamide, mercuric chloride, E-64, leupeptin and antipain was demonstrated. There was no significant effect of cystatin and natural plasma proteinase inhibitors alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin and antithrombin-III/heparin, on the activity of the CP.
Fluorescence lifetime measurements in a flow cytometer by amplitude demodulation using digital data acquisition technique (1994)

We have developed a method for fluorescence lifetime measurements in a flow cytometer based upon the amplitude demodulation of the fluorescence signals using digital data acquisition techniques. Amplitude demodulation is one of the two methods by which excited state lifetimes may be investigated in the frequency domain. The other method involves the phase-shift measurements. In frequency-domain measurement techniques, the amplitude-demodulation and phase-shift data serve mutually complementary roles to enhance the analytical capabilities of the measurements. The purpose of having amplitude demodulation measurement capability is to obtain information that supplements, rather than replaces, that obtained by the phase-shift method alone. Application of amplitude demodulation measurements has been widely explored in static, cuvette-based, frequency domain systems. However, due to time dependence of the amplitude of the modulated fluorescence signal in a flow cytometer, the amplitude demodulation measurements in flow turns out to be more complicated than similar measurements in a static system. The goal of the present work is to explore the problems involved in amplitude demodulation measurements in flow (using digital method), through detailed theoretical modeling and use the model to develop a practical method that can be incorporated into a flow cytometer to measure amplitude modulation lifetimes. We experimentally verify the amplitude demodulation measurement capability of this method using fluorescent microspheres. The experimental measurements show good agreement with static frequency-domain measurements on microspheres in bulk suspensions.
Optimization and Design of Next-Generation Geothermal Systems Created by Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing (2022)

Abstract Multistage hydraulic stimulation has the potential to greatly expand the production of geothermal in the United States and worldwide. Zonal isolation and limited-entry completion overcome the problem of flow localization and generate hundreds or thousands of conductive fractures throughout a large volume of rock. In contrast, conventional geothermal stimulation designs are bullheaded as a single stage into a vertical or deviated wellbore, resulting in a small number of dominant flow-pathways. In this study, we perform a modeling study to investigate key physical processes and design considerations for a geothermal system created from multistage hydraulic stimulation. We use a simulator that fully integrates a wellbore simulator, a hydraulic fracturing simulator, and a thermal/compositional reservoir simulator. Thermoelastic and poroelastic stress changes are included, which enables the model the simulate mechanical opening (separation of fracture walls) due to cooling during long-term fluid circulation between wells. The simulator can handle the full life-cycle in a single continuous simulation – multistage fracturing (including crack propagation, proppant, limited-entry, etc.) and long-term circulation. We start by reviewing historic background on the application of hydraulic stimulation to improve geothermal energy production. Next, we discuss key uncertainties regarding stimulation mechanism and fracture geometry. Drawing on this background information, we set up simulations of multistage hydraulic fracturing and long-term fluid circulation through an injector/producer pair. The simulations demonstrate how multistage fracturing enables large flow rates and relatively efficient sweep of heat through large volumes of rock. However, the simulations demonstrate how mechanical opening of fractures due to thermal contraction exacerbates thermal short-circuiting. Produced temperature drops rapidly once mechanical opening reaches the production well. Parameters such as well spacing, fracture spacing, and flow rate can be designed to mitigate thermal breakthrough and maximize discounted return on investment. We integrate the simulator with an optimization algorithm to solve a hypothetical engineering design problem to maximize net present value by optimizing well spacing, fracture spacing, and flow rate. The optimization shows how a balance can be struck between rate acceleration and mitigation of thermal breakthrough.
High Performance, Spatially Coherent, Multicolor Distributed Feedback Lasers in Optically Pumped Colloidal Quantum Dots (2013)

Novel distributed feedback lasers were created in densely packed colloidal quantum dot single exciton gain media. The optically pumped lasers demonstrated internal efficiency of 28%, spatially coherent beams, average power of 400 μW.
Tupni (2008)

Recent work has established the importance of automatic reverse engineering of protocol or file format specifications. However, the formats reverse engineered by previous tools have missed important information that is critical for security applications. In this paper, we present Tupni, a tool that can reverse engineer an input format with a rich set of information, including record sequences, record types, and input constraints. Tupni can generalize the format specification over multiple inputs. We have implemented a prototype of Tupni and evaluated it on ten different formats: five file formats (WMF, BMP, JPG, PNG and TIF) and five network protocols (DNS, RPC, TFTP, HTTP and FTP). Tupni identified all record sequences in the test inputs. We also show that, by aggregating over multiple WMF files, Tupni can derive a more complete format specification for WMF. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of Tupni by using the rich information it provides for zero-day vulnerability signature generation, which was not possible with previous reverse engineering tools.
Tailorable 3D microfabrication for photonic applications: two-polymer microtransfer molding (2006)

For photonic devices, extending beyond the planar regime to the third dimension can allow a higher degree of integration and novel functionalities for applications such as photonic crystals and integrated optical circuits. Although conventional photolithography can achieve both high quality and structural control, it is still costly and slow for three-dimensional (3D) fabrication. Moreover, as diverse functional polymers emerge, there is potential to develop new techniques for quick and economical fabrication of 3D structures. We present a 3D microfabrication technique based on the soft lithographic technique, called two-polymer microtransfer molding (2P-μTM) to accomplish low cost, high structural fidelity and tailorable 3D microfabrication for polymers. Using 2P-μTM, highly layered polymeric microstructures are achievable by stacking planar structures layer by layer. For increased processing control, the surface chemistry of the polymers is characterized as a function of changing ultraviolet dosage to optimize yield in layer transfer. We discuss the application of the 2P-μTM to build polymer templates for woodpile photonic crystals, and demonstrate methods for converting the polymer templates to dielectric and metallic photonic crystal structures. Finally, we will show that 2P-μTM is promising for fabricating 3D polymeric optical waveguides.
Wrinkle-Free Nanomechanical Film:  Control and Prevention of Polymer Film Buckling (2006)

For the first time, we report on methods to control and prevent polymer films from buckling. Buckled morphologies were created by thermally cycling or mechanically compressing a poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrate coated with a polyelectrolyte multilayer film. By variation of the dimensions of the surface topography relative to the buckling wavelength (e.g., pattern size is less than, equal to, and greater than the buckling wavelength), the orientation and the local morphology of the buckled films were controlled. On the basis of the information obtained, we demonstrate how to alleviate the unavoidable buckling by incorporating nanoparticles into the film. In addition, we studied the effect of the silica layer that results from oxygen plasma treatment and the critical temperature for permanent film buckling.
Learning-based spine vertebra localization and segmentation in 3D CT image (2016)

Spine segmentation is important for spinal screening and examination in the assistance of pathological progression evaluation and therapies. In this paper, we propose a novel solution for spine vertebra localization and segmentation in 3D volumetric CT data. Our spine vertebra localization includes: (1) spine centerline and spine canal centerline extraction and (2) vertebra centers and intervertebral disc centers localization. The final spine segmentation is based on the results of spine vertebra localization. Our solution is characterized by three key ingredients: First, we present a new and efficient way to extract spine centerline and spine canal centerline. Second, the vertebra center and intervertebral disc center localization are estimated by probabilistic inference approach. Third, a case-specific foreground and background constraints are constructed for each vertebra digit in the segmentation framework. For evaluation, the proposed method is applied to a data set which contains 10 CT volumes. Our approach achieves average detection error of 1.6 mm for both vertebra center and intervertebral disc center. Segmentation results also demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Study of improvement of gap tolerance in laser MIG arc hybrid welding of aluminium alloy (2009)

Hybrid welding combining YAG laser or fibre laser with MIG arc was carried out on aluminium alloy, and the effects of set-up conditions of a laser beam and a wire, and the laser beam parameters on wire melting phenomena and gap tolerance in butt joint were investigated. It was found that, in order to obtain a deeper penetration, the laser beam should be separated from the wire with a distance at which there was no direct interaction between a laser beam and a droplet during its transfer. On the contrary, in order to get a wider gap tolerance for a butt joint, for example, it was better for the laser beam to be set to cross with a wire over 2 mm so that the laser beam could directly irradiate on the wire surface to melt it. As a result, the arc current could be decreased so efficiently that the molten pool size formed by MIG is decreased and the gap tolerance increased. In the case of the utilization of a fibre laser, it was found that the wire melting phenomena were affected by the laser beam parameters such as the beam diameter and the defocused conditions when welding was not done at a focal position. It was clarified that even at the same laser beam diameter on the work surface, the wire melting phenomena could be different under the different defocused conditions. In the defocused conditions where the focal position was over the work surface, the molten droplet on the wire tip evaporated more easily than the case where the focal position was within the work surface. From the viewpoint of laser absorption by the wire or the molten droplet, according to an arc phenomenon approach, it was found that about 10% of laser energy was absorbed during hybrid welding when the laser beam was directly irradiated on the wire surface.
Left ventricular pacing lead insertion via the coronary sinus cardioplegia cannula: A novel method for temporary biventricular pacing during reoperative cardiac surgery (2010)

Wang, Daniel Y. MD; Gerrah, Rabin MD; Rusanov, Alexander MD; Yalamanchi, Vinay BA; Cabreriza, Santos E. MBA; Spotnitz, Henry M. MD, FACS Author Information
MOS multiplier/divider cell for analogue VLSI (1989)

A novel all-MOS continuous-time multiplier/divider parameterised cell is introduced. It comprises eight MOS transistors and a single operational amplifier. The new cell is highly reconfigurable, versatile, extremely simple to design and its output is conveniently programmed via DC control voltages. Some of the many applications of the new cell in analogue VLSI signal processing include analogue multiplication, signal squaring, division, signal inversion, amplitude modulation and RMS/DC conversion. Moreover, the new cell is easily extendable to achieve analogue vector multiplication, and hence it lends itself naturally to analogue MOS VLSI implementation of feedback/feedforward neural networks.
Efficient Construction of Oligocholate Foldamers via “Click” Chemistry and Their Tolerance of Structural Heterogeneity (2008)

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between an alkynyl-terminated cholate trimer and an azido-functionalized cholate hexamer readily afforded the nonamer and dodecamer derivatives, whereas amide coupling employed in previous oligocholate synthesis failed beyond the octamer. Unlike typical oligocholate foldamers with exclusively head-to-tail arrangement of the repeat units, the newly synthesized "clicked" oligocholates contained head-to-head arrangement and flexible tethers in the sequence. Despite large structural perturbations, the clicked oligocholates folded similarly as the parent foldamers, demonstrating the robustness of the solvophobically driven folding mechanism.