gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction of underwater sound from continuous and impulsive noise sources using tethered encapsulated bubbles (2012)

Arrays of encapsulated bubbles have been shown to be very effective in reducing underwater sound radiated from various sources [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131, 3356 (2012); J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131, 3506 (2012) ]. These arrays have been used to treat both sources of noise and to protect a receiving area from external noise. The system provides noise reduction using the combined effects of bubble resonance attenuation and acoustic impedance mismatching. Results are reviewed from experiments where tethered encapsulated bubble arrays were used to reduce underwater sound levels from both continuous and impulsive sound sources. In one set of experiments, the encapsulated bubble array attenuated continuous wave sound from a compact electromechanical source. In the other set of experiments, the continuous source was replaced by a combustive sound source [IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 20, 311--320 (1995)], which was intended to simulate real-world impulsive noise sources such as impact pile driving or airguns used in seismic surveys. For both the continuous and impulsive sources, the encapsulated bubbles provided as much as 45 dB of reduction in the 10 Hz to 600 Hz frequency band. [Work supported by Shell Global Solutions and ARL IR&D program.]
Dispersion in step-index silicone-clad fibers (1979)

Optical properties of materials making up multimode step-index fibers with inorganic glass cores and silicone cladding have been examined using bulk sample measurement techniques. Mode dispersion and numerical aperture for the wavelength range 0.4-1.4 microm for two fibers are reported.
50 μm Multimode Fibers for Mode Division Multiplexing (2015)

50-μm-diameter graded-index core multimode fibers can be adapted to mode-division-multiplexed transmissions that use multiple-input-multiple-output digital signal processing and selective mode multiplexing. We realize and characterize such fibers and compare them to low-differential-mode-group-delay few-mode fibers.
Predicting Labor Cost through IT Management Complexity Metrics (2007)

We propose a model for relating IT management complexity metrics to key business-level performance metrics like time and labor cost. In particular, we address the problem of quantifying and predicting the value that automation and IT service management process transformation will yield before their actual deployment. Our approach looks at this problem from a different, new perspective by regarding complexity as a surrogate for potential labor cost and human-error-induced problems: It consists in (1) assessing and evaluating the complexity of IT management processes and procedures, (2) separately measuring business-level performance metrics (3) relating the collected complexity metrics to business-level performance metrics by means of a quantitative model, and (4) validating the model through a field study. Algorithms are presented for selecting a subset of the complexity metrics to use as explanatory variables in a quantitative model and for constructing the quantitative model itself. Besides improving decision making for deploying automation technologies and transforming IT service management processes, our quantitative IT management complexity model can help service providers and outsourcers predict the amount of human effort and skills that will be needed to provide a given service, thus allowing them to more effectively evaluate costs and benefits of automation technologies and IT management process transformations.
A Single-Well Gas-Assisted Gravity Drainage Enhanced Oil Recovery Process for U.S. Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Operations (2021)

The U.S. Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (DGOM) area that has some of the most prolific oil reservoirs is still awaiting the development of a viable enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process. Without it, DGOM will remain severely untapped. Exorbitant well costs, in excess of $200 million, preclude having extensive injection patterns, commonly used in EOR design frameworks. Aside from injection patterns, even operationally waterflooding has met with significant challenges because of injectivity issues in these over pressurized turbidities. The gas-assisted gravity drainage (GAGD) EOR process, that holds promise for deepwater environments because of lesser injectivity issues, among others, has been adapted in this work to overcome these limitations. A novel design in the form of a single well—gas assisted gravity drainage (SW-GAGD) process, has been demonstrated to emulate the benefits of a GAGD process in a cost-effective manner. Unlike conventional GAGD processes, which need multiple injectors and separate horizontal production wells, the SW-GAGD process just uses a single well for injection and well production. The performance of the process has been established using partially scaled visual glass models based on dimensional analyses for scale up of the process. The recovery factor has been shown to be in the range of 65–80% in the immiscible mode alone, and the process is orders of magnitude faster than natural gravity drainage. A toe-to-heel configuration of the SW-GAGD process has also been tested and for the configuration to be immune from reservoir layering, the toe of the well should ideally end at the top of the payzone. Better sweep of the payzone and consequent high recovery factor of 80% OOIP was observed, if the heel part of the bottom lateral is located in a lower permeability zone.
Crocidolite asbestos and SV40 are cocarcinogens in human mesothelial cells and in causing mesothelioma in hamsters (2006)

Only a fraction of subjects exposed to asbestos develop malignant mesothelioma (MM), suggesting that additional factors may render some individuals more susceptible. We tested the hypothesis that asbestos and Simian virus (SV40) are cocarcinogens. Asbestos and SV40 in combination had a costimulatory effect in inducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity in both primary Syrian hamster mesothelial cells (SHM) and primary human mesothelial cells (HM). Ap-1 activity caused the expression and activation of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 and MMP-9, which in turn led to cell invasion. Experiments using siRNA and chemical inhibitors confirmed the specificity of these results. The same effects were observed in HM and SHM. Experiments in hamsters showed strong cocarcinogenesis between asbestos and SV40: SV40 did not cause MM, asbestos caused MM in 20% of hamsters, and asbestos and SV40 together caused MM in 90% of hamsters. Significantly lower amounts of asbestos were sufficient to cause MM in animals infected with SV40. Our results indicate that mineral fibers and viruses can be cocarcinogens and suggest that lower amounts of asbestos may be sufficient to cause MM in individuals infected with SV40.
Differentiating virulent 027 and non-027<i>Clostridium difficile</i>strains by molecular methods (2015)

Our findings confirm the concept that there are closely related outliers to hypervirulent 027 clones that can be misclassified as 027, and that these comprise numerous ribotypes, including previously reported four ribotypes (198, 176, 244, 019), and additional three (016, v046, 080) identified in the present study.
Economic Analysis of a Freeze-Drying Cycle (2020)

Freeze-drying has always been considered an extremely expensive procedure to dehydrate food or pharmaceutical products, and for this reason, it has been employed only if strictly necessary or when the high added value of the final product could justify the costs. However, little effort has been made to analyze the factors that make this technology so unaffordable. In this work, a model was proposed to calculate in detail the operational (OC) and capital costs (CC) of a freeze-drying cycle and an evaluation of the process bottlenecks was made. The main result is that the process itself, contrary to the classic belief, is not the most expensive part of freeze-drying, while the initial investment is the real limiting factor. Under this consideration, the optimization of a freeze-drying cycle should be formulated in order to fit more cycles in the lifespan of the apparatus, instead of merely reducing the power consumption of the machine.
Synthesis of H/sub 2/ and CH/sub 4/ from H/sub 2/S and CO (1985)

Hydrogen and methane are synthesized from a gaseous feed comprising a mixture of H/sub 2/S and CO by contacting said feed with a catalyst comprising a sulfided rutile titania at a temperature of at least about 275/sup 0/ C.
The sensitivity of mastitis‐causing bacteria to the antibacterial activity of honey (1997)

Abstract The use of honey as a wound dressing is well established in traditional and modern medicine. There are many reports of its effectiveness in clearing bacterial infections in ulcers and abscesses, which suggest that it may be suitable for the intramammary treatment of mastitis. To evaluate this possibility, the species of bacteria that commonly cause mastitis in dairy cows were tested for their sensitivity to the antibacterial activity of honey. The growth of all seven species tested was completely inhibited by a typical honey (with antibacterial activity attributed to its content of hydrogen peroxide) at a concentration of 10% (v/ v) in the agar plates, and two by 5% honey. Six of the species were completely inhibited by a typical manuka honey (with antibacterial activity attributed to its content of a non‐peroxide component) at a concentration of 5% (v/v). Only one species was inhibited by 10% (v/v) artificial honey (sugars and gluconic acid as in honey). As honey is harmless to tissues and would leave no undesirable residues in milk, it would be of interest to now evaluate it therapeutically in clinical mastitis.
Noise-aided computation within a synthetic gene network through morphable and robust logic gates (2011)

An important goal for synthetic biology is to build robust and tunable genetic regulatory networks that are capable of performing assigned operations, usually in the presence of noise. In this work, a synthetic gene network derived from the bacteriophage λ underpins a reconfigurable logic gate wherein we exploit noise and nonlinearity through the application of the logical stochastic resonance paradigm. This biological logic gate can emulate or "morph" the AND and OR operations through varying internal system parameters in a noisy background. Such genetic circuits can afford intriguing possibilities in the realization of engineered genetic networks in which the actual function of the gate can be changed after the network has been built, via an external control parameter. In this article, the full system characterization is reported, with the logic gate performance studied in the presence of external and internal noise. The robustness of the gate, to noise, is studied and illustrated through numerical simulations.
Gold Nanorods as Absorption Contrast Agents for the Noninvasive Detection of Arterial Vascular Disorders Based on Diffusion Reflection Measurements (2014)

In this study we report the use of gold nanorods (GNRs) as absorption contrast agents in the diffusion reflection (DR) method for the in vivo detection of atherosclerotic injury. The early detection and characterization of atherosclerotic vascular disease is considered to be one of the greatest medical challenges today. We show that macrophage cells, which are major components of unstable active atherosclerotic plaques, uptake gold nanoparticles, resulting in a change in the optical properties of tissue-like phantoms and a unique DR profile. In vivo DR measurements of rats that underwent injury of the carotid artery showed a clear difference between the DR profiles of the injured compared with healthy arteries. The results suggest that DR measurements following GNRs administration represent a potential novel method for the early detection of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
Design of Continuous Deadbeat Control (1992)

The deadbeat control, also known as, finite time settling control is supposed to be effective exclusively in sampled data controls. In 1957, O. J. M. Smith proposed Posicast control to obtain the finite time settling response to a command input for continuous control systems. He mentioned in his paper the finite time settling response to a disturbance as well. His method is, however, impractical because inverse transfer functions of controlled objects would be required.
A 150MS/s 133μW 7b ADC in 90nm digital CMOS Using a Comparator-Based Asynchronous Binary-Search sub-ADC (2008)

In this paper, a 2-step 7b ADC consists of a TVH, followed by a 1b comparison and D/A conversion, and a 6b comparator-based asynchronous binary-search (CABS) conversion. The 7b ADC operates as follows: the passive T/H samples the input signal on a capacitance, the 1b comparator determines the sign of the input and steers a capacitive DAC. The DAC subtracts 1/4 of the full-scale range in charge from one of the input nodes, changing simultaneously differential signal and common-mode level to be in range of the 6b CABS converter. The clock buffer generates the 1b coarse A/D clock signal and starts the 6b fine conversion after the 1b D/A conversion has finished.
Castable Bulk Metallic Glass Strain Wave Gears: Towards Decreasing the Cost of High-Performance Robotics (2016)

The use of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) as the flexspline in strain wave gears (SWGs), also known as harmonic drives, is presented. SWGs are unique, ultra-precision gearboxes that function through the elastic flexing of a thin-walled cup, called a flexspline. The current research demonstrates that BMGs can be cast at extremely low cost relative to machining and can be implemented into SWGs as an alternative to steel. This approach may significantly reduce the cost of SWGs, enabling lower-cost robotics. The attractive properties of BMGs, such as hardness, elastic limit and yield strength, may also be suitable for extreme environment applications in spacecraft.
Development of moisture loss models in steam turbines (2011)

Abstract This paper describes physics‐based moisture loss models for designing wet‐steam turbines. Steam turbines operating under wet‐steam conditions experience thermodynamic and mechanical losses caused by the presence of moisture. The developed moisture loss models are composed of six categories: supersaturation loss, condensation loss, acceleration loss, braking loss, capturing loss, and pumping loss. These losses are calculated according to the wetness levels in the stationary blade and moving blade rows, and defined by the functions of steam properties and design factors of turbine stages. The supersaturation loss produced by non‐equilibrium expansion of the wet steam is modeled using the pressure ratio and the isentropic exponent of the supersaturated steam. The loss models are compared to full‐size test turbine data for prediction of the overall moisture losses. As a result, the developed loss models are found to be very effective for estimating the moisture losses of turbine stages. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 42(7): 651–664, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20395
Monoclonal Antibodies as Structural Probes for Oligomeric Human Interferon-Gamma (1985)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) B1 and B3, specific for human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) failed to immunoprecipitate heat-inactivated human IFN-gamma in solution. However, both MAb retained some reactivity with denatured IFN-gamma immobilized on vinyl plates. The two MAb have been employed in a sensitive immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). In this IRMA one MAb was bound to polystyrene beads and used as immunoadsorbent. The second MAb, labeled with 125I, was used as the tracer to quantitate the amount of IFN-gamma bound to the immobilized MAb. Addition of unlabeled MAb B1 did not inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled MAb B3 (and vice versa), indicating that the two MAb react with two different and nonoverlapping epitopes. Yet, when the same MAb was used in IRMA as both immunoadsorbent and tracer, the amount of labeled MAb bound to a given concentration of natural or E. coli-derived recombinant human IFN-gamma was very similar as with two different MAb, indicating that a single IFN-gamma molecule must have two or more identical binding sites for each of the two MAb. These findings show that biologically active natural and recombinant human IFN-gamma exist in oligomeric form.
Diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders: current techniques and future directions (2004)

Lysosomal storage disorders represent a group of over 45 distinct genetic diseases. The broad spectrum of clinical presentation of this group of disorders has led to the development of diagnostic protocols to facilitate their rapid and accurate diagnosis. However, with the development of new therapies, testing for many of these disorders now extends beyond diagnosis of affected individuals. The efficacy of many current and proposed therapies will rely heavily upon early detection and treatment prior to the onset of irreversible pathology. Newborn screening holds the promise of early detection. However, presymptomatic diagnosis raises a number of issues relating to patient management and treatment. Methods for prognoses and monitoring therapy in asymptomatic individuals will be required.
Efficient RTL power estimation for large designs (2003)

The adoption of register-transfer level (RTL) sign-off in ASIC design methodologies, and the increasing scale of system-on-chip integration, are leading to unprecedented accuracy and efficiency demands on RT level estimation tools. In this work, we focus on the deployment of a simulation-based RTL power estimation tool in a commercial design flow, and describe several enhancements that improve its efficiency and scalability for large, industrial designs. We profile the computational effort involved in RTL power estimation, and propose a suite of acceleration techniques, including (i) transformation of the enhanced RTL description (functional model with annotations for power estimation) to be more simulator-friendly, (ii) computation vs. storage tradeoffs, and (iii) a novel variation of statistical sampling, called partitioned sampling. Our techniques result in an optimized allocation of the overall computational effort for power estimation and minimize the computational effort involved in the evaluation of power models. Extensive experimental results in the context of a commercial design flow have yielded promising results (e.g., up to 31/spl times/ reduction in power estimation time with negligible loss of accuracy) on industrial designs of up to 1.25 million transistors. In addition to accurate power estimation for an entire circuit, these acceleration techniques result in superior accuracy of local power estimates for individual components or small sub-circuits, compared to conventional sampling or test-bench compaction techniques.
Secure cookies on the Web (2000)

Web servers and browsers typically use cookies to capture information for subsequent communications, which provides continuity and state across HTTP connections. At present, Internet e-commerce is somewhat limited in using cookies because sensitive information cannot be securely stored and communicated in typical cookies. Secure cookies offer a potential solution to this problem.
Patterns of Use of Triptans and Reasons for Switching Them in a Tertiary Care Migraine Population (2004)

A variety of treatment attributes are important in determining the reasons involved in switching a triptan. To assess this attributes can provide additional information to supplement the traditional tests of efficacy provided by randomized clinical trials.
Bandpass sampling of high-frequency tissue motion (2011)

The characterization of tissue viscoelastic properties requires the measurement of tissue motion over a region of interest at frequencies that significantly exceed the frame rates of conventional ultrasound systems. In this paper, we propose that the bandpass sampling technique be applied to tissue motion sampling. With this approach, high-frequency signals limited to a frequency band can be sampled and reconstructed without aliasing at a sampling frequency that is lower than the Nyquist rate. We first review this approach and discuss the selection of the tissue excitation frequency band and of the feasible sampling frequencies that allow signal reconstruction without aliasing. We then demonstrate the approach using simulations based on the finite element method and ultrasound simulations. Finally, we perform experiments on tissue-mimicking materials and demonstrate accurate motion estimation using a lower sampling rate than that required by the conventional sampling theorem. The estimated displacements were used to measure the elasticity and viscosity in a phantom in which an inclusion has been correctly delineated. Thus, with bandpass sampling, it is feasible to use conventional beamforming on diagnostic ultrasound systems to perform high-frequency dynamic elastography. The method is simple to implement because it does not require beam interleaving, additional hardware, or synchronization.
Discrimination of ventricular tachycardia from ventricular fibrillation by morphologic analysis of electrograms (2002)

To determine whether ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) can be discriminated by time-domain analysis, correlation waveform analysis (CWA) was performed using bipolar intracardiac electrograms of 12 consecutive patients during sinus rhythm (SR) and induced monomorphic VT and VF. Using a best fit template-signal alignment, CWA separated SR from 10/12 VTs (83%) and 12/12 VFs (100%), respectively. The individual variances for VT and VF were significantly different, and a threshold midway between the average variance in VT and VF was a successful discriminant in 11/12 cases (92%). These results suggest that time-domain analysis can discriminate VT and VF from SR, and the magnitude of the variance in VT and VF can be used to distinguish VT from VF.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Immunoisolation techniques for islet cell transplantation (2002)

Diabetes remains a devastating disease, with tremendous cost in terms of human suffering and healthcare expenditures. The burden of diabetes is primarily related to the multiple complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disease that can develop as the disease progresses. It has been shown that these complications can be prevented, and in some cases, reversed by islet cell transplantation, which, until recently, had remained elusive as a viable routine treatment modality. In recent studies, islet cell transplantation has shown great promise as a viable alternative to solid pancreas transplantation. However, severe shortage of human pancreases and the need to use immunosuppressive drugs to prevent transplant rejection, remain major obstacles to routine use of islet cell transplants for the treatment of patients with Type 1 diabetes. In the attempt to overcome these barriers, many procedures have been designed to immunoisolate islet cells for transplantation. The ultimate goal in islet cell transplantation is the availability of unlimited supply of cells to be transplanted in a simple procedure performed with little or no use of immunosuppressive drugs. The development of reliable procedures to immunoisolate islets by microencapsulation prior to transplantation has a great deal of potential to accomplish this objective.