gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased serum trypsinogen 2 and trypsin 2-α <sub>1</sub> antitrypsin complex values identify endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography induced pancreatitis with high accuracy (1997)

Serum trypsinogen 2 and trypsin 2-AAT reflect pancreatic injury after ERCP. High concentrations are associated with severe pancreatic damage. The delayed increase in trypsin 2-AAT compared with trypsinogen 2 appears to reflect the pathophysiology of AP. A greater than threefold increase in trypsinogen 2 six hours after ERCP is an accurate indicator of pancreatitis.
Design, analysis, and fabrication of two lightweight, high L' railguns (1993)

Design, analysis, and fabrication of two railguns with 90 and 30 mm bores utilizing a laminated containment structure are discussed. Laminations are insulated from each other by layers of sheet adhesive, and a composite overwrap is applied to the laminations for longitudinal stiffness. The 90 mm-bore gun is being fabricated for testing as the 9 MJ range gun. Performance specifications for the 90 mm-bore gun are 3.2 MA peak current, 4.0 km/s maximum velocity, and 12 MJ muzzle energy. The 30 mm-bore gun is a one-third scale version of the 90 mm-bore gun, built to develop construction techniques and verify performance. It is designed to be operated at 1 MA with a maximum muzzle energy of 400 kJ.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Signal processing and coding for two-dimensional optical storage (2004)

The paper introduces the concept of two-dimensional optical storage (TwoDOS). In this concept, bits are written in a broad spiral consisting of a number of bit-rows stacked together in a hexagonal packing. Bits with a value '1' are represented physically as circular pit-holes on the disc, while bits with a value '0' are characterized by the absence of such a pit-hole. A scalar diffraction model is used to calculate the signal levels for various diameters of the pits. A stripe-wise Viterbi detector is proposed to perform 2D bit-detection with a limited state complexity of the trellis. Simulation results are shown for various diameters of the pits. A 2D modulation code is applied to eliminate patterns that yield a high probability of erroneous detection.
Ultraviolet light-emitting diode of a cubic boron nitride <i>p</i> <i>n</i> junction made at high pressure (1988)

Injection luminescence in the ultraviolet is observed from a cubic boron nitride pn junction diode made at high pressure. Microscopic observation and spectroscopic studies show that the light emission occurs near the junction region only in the forward-bias condition. The spectra extend from ∼215 nm to the red, having a few peaks mainly in the ultraviolet.
Experimental Combined Systemic and Local Chemotherapy for Intraocular Malignancy (1980)

Greene melanoma was transplanted into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. These animal models were divided into four groups. Group 1 received carmustine (1,3 bis [2-chloroethyl]-1-nitrosourea) intravenously. Group 2 received the drug by sub-Tenon-retrobulbar (periocular) injection. Group 3 received both periocular and intravenous administration; the combined dose was the same as that in group 1. Group 4 served as untreated control. The effectiveness of the various administration routes was compared by clinical observation of the size of the tumor growing in the eye, weight of the enucleated eyes, and histopathologic examination. Administration of carmustine delayed the growth of Greene melanoma in rabbit eye of all three treated groups, but effectiveness of treatment was considerably enhanced by combining periocular and intravenous administration of a lower dose of carmustine.
CALCIUM CITRATE: REDUCED PROPENSITY FOR THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF CALCIUM OXALATE IN URINE RESULTING FROM INDUCED HYPERCALCIURIA OF CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION (1985)

The effect of calcium citrate (800 mg calcium/day in 4 divided doses) on urinary biochemistry and crystallization of calcium salts was examined in 18 normal subjects. During treatment, urinary calcium increased significantly (from 150 +/- 65 (SD) to 248 +/- 77 mg/day). Urinary citrate rose from 611 +/- 208 to 730 +/- 225 mg/day, owing largely to the alkali load. The urinary saturation of calcium oxalate rose by only 41% during calcium citrate treatment, due mainly to citrate complexation of calcium (rather than by 62% without such complexation). Moreover, the formation product of calcium oxalate rose during treatment, indicating that the enhanced citrate excretion augmented the inhibitor activity against calcium oxalate crystallization. Thus, calcium citrate may not be attendant with the risk for stone formation usually associated with calcium supplementation.
Surface characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) coated human red blood cells by particle electrophoresis (2003)

Recent studies have shown that the covalent attachment of poly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated as PEG, to the surface of human red blood cells (RBC) leads to masking of membrane antigenic sites and inhibition of RBC aggregation. The effects of PEG coating on the regions near the RBC glycocalyx were thus explored using cell micro-electrophoresis. Both linear (3.35, 18.5, 35.0) and an 8-arm 35.9 kDa reactive PEG were used; in one series, thick cross-linked coats were obtained using a branched PEG amine as a cross-linker. The results indicate marked decreases of RBC mobility (up to 90%) which were affected by polymer molecular mass and geometry. Since PEG is neutral and its covalent attachment is predominantly to primary amine groups, such decreases of mobility most likely reflect structural changes near and within the RBC glycocalyx rather than decreased surface charge density. Experimental data were analyzed using a theoretical approach which allows calculation of the thickness and friction of the polymer layers: (1) for linear PEGs, thickness increased and friction decreased with polymer mass; (2) compared to linear PEGs of similar molecular mass, thickness was less and friction was greater for the branched PEG; (3) cross-linked PEG coatings were more than 50 nm thick and were insensitive to changes of ionic strength. These observations are consistent with the aggregation behavior of PEG-coated RBC and indicate the usefulness of micro-electrophoresis methods for studies of covalently-attached polymers: the resulting calculated thickness and friction factors should be of value in achieving desired cellular surface characteristics or levels of cell-cell interaction.
Optimal operation of commercial building microgrids using multi-objective optimization to achieve emissions and efficiency targets (2012)

This paper presents an optimization model for optimal energy management of commercial building microgrid (μG) systems. The objectives are to increase efficiency of energy utilization, minimize operational costs and reduce environmental impacts of energy utilization in commercial buildings. Thus, mathematical models of a Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) μG including gas-fired Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs), Gas Boilers (GB), Micro Turbines (MTs), Fuel Cells (FCs), Heat Exchanger (HE), and Absorption Refrigeration (AR) are developed. Also, mathematical models for solar PhotoVoltaic (PV) generation, thermal energy storage, and battery storage devices are formulated. Based on the developed models, a multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to optimally operate these multi-carrier hybrid AC/DC μGs, minimizing their energy costs and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The proposed method is applied to a commercial building μG to investigate the best strategies to operate the μG to achieve Department of Energy's (DOE's) 2020 emissions and efficiency targets for μGs. The presented simulation case studies show promising results by reducing total costs and attaining the efficiency and emissions reductions targets.
Interpretable Counting for Visual Question Answering (2017)

Questions that require counting a variety of objects in images remain a major challenge in visual question answering (VQA). The most common approaches to VQA involve either classifying answers based on fixed length representations of both the image and question or summing fractional counts estimated from each section of the image. In contrast, we treat counting as a sequential decision process and force our model to make discrete choices of what to count. Specifically, the model sequentially selects from detected objects and learns interactions between objects that influence subsequent selections. A distinction of our approach is its intuitive and interpretable output, as discrete counts are automatically grounded in the image. Furthermore, our method outperforms the state of the art architecture for VQA on multiple metrics that evaluate counting.
Nano-structured Chitosan Self-Aggregates as a Drug Delivery Carrier (2005)

Colloidal delivery systems including polymeric selfaggregates have been widely investigated to date, as these formulations may reduce unwanted side effects and may improve the therapeutic effects. Various characteristics of self-aggregates prepared from deoxycholic acid-modified chitosan were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopic and dynamic light scattering methods, and found to be controlled by the degree of substitution of hydrophobic groups, and pH and ionic strength of the medium. Chitosan self-aggregates can form complexes with plasmid DNA, and can be used to transfect COS-1 cells in vitro. Adriamycin can be also entrapped into chitosan selfaggregates and released in a sustained manner in vitro. These self-aggregates may find potential applications as a delivery vehicle of genes and anti-cancer drugs.
Femtosecond induced Bragg gratings in silica and exotic optical fibers (2010)

IR-femtosecond radiation can inscribe Bragg gratings in a large variety of optical fibers that are glassy or crystalline in nature. The inscription method, fiber properties and applications are presented.
Anti‐angiogenic effects of novel cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors with a pyrazolo[4,3‐<i>d</i>]pyrimidine scaffold (2016)

Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine is a novel scaffold for the development of potent CDK inhibitors with in vivo potential. Such structures are good candidates for broadening our pharmacological arsenal against various tumours.
Traffic engineering for software-defined radio access networks (2014)

We consider central traffic engineering in a software-defined radio access network (SD-RAN) consisting of routers, wireless access nodes, and wired/wireless links. We present a multi-path traffic engineering formulation for downlink transmission considering both backhaul and wireless access constraints. We show large throughput and quality of experience (QoE) gains over traditional single-path transmission. In order to increase robustness against unpredicted changes in the radio access network, we propose using link buffer status as feedback to traffic engineering and present a heuristic method for traffic engineering to adjust flow allocations according to buffer status observation.
Hydrothermal Processing of Macroalgal Feedstocks in Continuous-Flow Reactors (2013)

Wet macroalgal slurries have been converted into a biocrude by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in a bench-scale continuous-flow reactor system. Carbon conversion to a gravity-separable oil product of 58.8% was accomplished at relatively low temperature (350 °C) in a pressurized (subcritical liquid water) environment (20 MPa) when using feedstock slurries with a 21.7% concentration of dry solids. As opposed to earlier work in batch reactors reported by others, direct oil recovery was achieved without the use of a solvent, and biomass trace mineral components were removed by processing steps so that they did not cause processing difficulties. In addition, catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) was effectively applied for HTL byproduct water cleanup and fuel gas production from water-soluble organics. Conversion of 99.2% of the carbon left in the aqueous phase was demonstrated. As a result, high conversion of macroalgae to liquid and gas fuel products was found with low levels of residual organic contamination in byproduct water. Both process steps were accomplished in continuous-flow reactor systems such that design data for process scale-up was generated.
A CMOS image sensor with reconfigurable resolution for energy harvesting applications (2009)

In this paper, we propose a CMOS image sensor with reconfigurable resolution for energy harvesting applications such as video sensor networks. Depending on the available energy, the spatial resolution of the imager can be adaptively reconfigured to save energy for other units on the sensor node. In contrast to early attempts of energy harvesting image sensor, we propose an asynchronous sensor in which the photodetector itself within the pixel can be used as an energy harvesting device, so that the total available energy will be increased. Low power operation is achieved since the time-to-first spike (TFS) pixel only fires once per frame. Utilizing address-event-representation, the imager can make efficient use of the output bandwidth. System architecture and operation are discussed together with the simulation results. Measurement results for a test structure fabricated in standard 0.35 ¿m CMOS process are also provided. A system model is developed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Characteristics of accuracy for CD metrology (1999)

The evaluation of a critical dimension (CD) metrology tool foes beyond determining precision. A year ago at this conference, a paper was presented which described the efforts of the SEMATECH metrology group to describe the characteristics of a CD metrology SEM. In that referenced paper there was a description of accuracy, or characteristics of accuracy, that needed evaluation as well. In this paper these characteristics are further developed. Tool evaluation for accuracy requires well characterized artifacts. Constructing these share many of the same hurdles as constructing true standards. Evaluation artifacts must have properties that vary similarly to the products to be measured in the manufacturing line. They also must be characterized by a reference measurement system (RMS) sufficiently well to make the result of an evaluation reflect upon the tool under investigation and not the RMS. This paper details the construction of such an artifact using SEM measurements of cross sections as part of the RMS and the use of this artifact in the evaluation of several CD SEMs. Application of this project to SEMATECH evaluation artifacts currently under construction is also discussed.
Novel Genus of Phages Infecting Streptococcus thermophilus: Genomic and Morphological Characterization (2020)

<i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> is a lactic acid bacterium commonly used for the manufacture of yogurt and specialty cheeses. Virulent phages represent a major risk for milk fermentation processes worldwide, as they can inactivate the added starter bacterial cells, leading to low-quality fermented dairy products. To date, four genetically distinct groups of phages infecting <i>S. thermophilus</i> have been described. Here, we describe a fifth group. Phages P738 and D4446 are virulent siphophages that infect a few industrial strains of <i>S. thermophilus</i> The genomes of phages P738 and D4446 were sequenced and found to contain 34,037 and 33,656 bp as well as 48 and 46 open reading frames, respectively. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that the two phages are closely related to each other but display very limited similarities to other <i>S. thermophilus</i> phages. In fact, these two novel <i>S. thermophilus</i> phages share similarities with streptococcal phages of nondairy origin, suggesting that they emerged recently in the dairy environment.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Despite decades of research and adapted antiphage strategies such as CRISPR-Cas systems, virulent phages are still a persistent risk for the milk fermentation industry worldwide, as they can cause manufacturing failures and alter product quality. Phages P738 and D4446 are novel virulent phages that infect the food-grade Gram-positive bacterial species <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> These two related viruses represent a fifth group of <i>S. thermophilus</i> phages, as they are significantly distinct from other known <i>S. thermophilus</i> phages. Both phages share similarities with phages infecting nondairy streptococci, suggesting their recent emergence and probable coexistence in dairy environments. These findings highlight the necessity of phage surveillance programs as the phage population evolves in response to the application of antiphage strategies.
In-plane poling of doped-polymer films: creation of two asymmetric directions for second-order optical nonlinearity (1991)

We report second harmonic generation studies of an amorphous polymer (polymethylmethacrylate) containing hyperpolarizable dye species poled in an in-plane geometry where the electrodes are thinner than the polymer film. It is found that polymers poled in this geometry exhibit optical nonlinearity both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the poling field. It is determined that charge injection into the film is responsible for the nonlinearity in the perpendicular direction. This nonlinearity is much stronger than that predicted solely on the basis of dipole moment -- poling field interactions.
Deconvolution processing for increasing the resolution of magnetic force microscopy measurements (2004)

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a widely used form of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) that is used for obtaining a magnetic image from a surface with nanoscale resolution. Currently, the resolution of MFM is limited to approximately 20 nm due to the long-range nature of magnetic interactions between the MFM probe's tip and the magnetic medium. This paper describes an optimal signal processing solution to the problem of achieving high resolution MFM with the goal of significantly exceeding the level at which MFM metrology currently performs, thus providing metrologists with a means of resolution increase that is believed will enable, for example, the rapid development of high-density magnetic recording media (>100 Gbit in−2). This is achieved by using focused-ion beam trimming of a conventional tip to create a probe tip of predictable magnetic characteristics and then, provided that the sample could be approximated as a thin-film, using knowledge of this tip's sensitivity field for performing a deconvolution on the measured signal to better estimate the magnetic state of the surface under study. Stated differently, as the MFM measured signal is modelled as the convolution of the magnetized surface and the tip's sensitivity field, we exploit knowledge of the tip's properties to increase the resolution of the MFM image. Details of the deconvolution approach as well as images resulting from this processing are the focus of this paper.
Protein Crystallization Using Short Pulse Laser (2004)

We investigated an effect of short pulse laser irradiation on protein crystallization in supersaturated solution. Effective crystallization of a protein molecule was confirmed by applying a femtosecond laser. We call this process laser irradiated growth technique (LIGHT). Protein crystals were obtained by LIGHT from normally uncrystallized conditions. Experimental results indicate that protein nucleation depends on the laser-irradiated conditions, and thus we must optimize the laser condition to obtain high-quality protein crystals. The crystallization will be promoted by nonlinear phenomena of the femtosecond laser. However, the mechanism is not clear. The challenge is to investigate what really happened.
Thickness scalability of large volume Cadmium Zinc Telluride high resolution radiation detectors (2008)

In an effort to optimize the spectroscopic performance of large volume Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) radiation detectors grown by the Traveling Heater Method (THM), especially for higher energy gamma detection applications, bulk material and pixellated detector performance of THM CZT crystals at 15mm-thick and 10mm-thick were compared to that at 5mm-thick. We demonstrate that the outstanding performance of monolithic pixellated THM CZT detectors was thickness-scalable. For the same monolithic 20×20 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> “Compton Camera” pixellated detector configuration, detector performance can certainly be significantly improved as the thickness of the detector increases from 5mm to 10mm and thicker as demonstrated via both <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">57</sup> Co 122 keV and <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">137</sup> Cs 662 keV spectral responses. Depth of interaction information obtained from 3D depth sensing measurement system, IR microscopy and x-ray topography were used to study the correlation between structural quality and detector performance. Additional material characterizations and detector performances of various sizes and configurations were also presented and discussed.
Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide, a new antiviral agent (1983)

The relative in vitro antiviral activities of three related nucleoside carboxamides, ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), tiazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide), and selenazole (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide), were studied against selected DNA and RNA viruses. Although the activity of selenazole against different viruses varied, it was significantly more potent than ribavirin and tiazofurin against all tested representatives of the families Paramyxoviridae (parainfluenza virus type 3, mumps virus, measles virus), Reoviridae (reovirus type 3), Poxviridae (vaccinia virus), Herpes-viridae (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2), Togaviridae (Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus), Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley fever virus, sandfly fever virus [strain Sicilian], Korean hemorrhagic fever virus), Arenaviridae (Pichinde virus), Picornaviridae (coxsackieviruses B1 and B4, echovirus type 6, encephalomyocarditis virus), Adenoviridae (adenovirus type 2), and Rhabdoviridae (vesicular stomatitis virus). The antiviral activity of selenazole was also cell line dependent, being greatest in HeLa, Vero-76, and Vero E6 cells. Selenazole was relatively nontoxic for Vero, Vero-76, Vero E6, and HeLa cells at concentrations of up to 1,000 micrograms/ml. The relative plating efficiency at that concentration was over 90%. The effects of selenazole on viral replication were greatest when this agent was present at the time of viral infection. The removal of selenazole from the medium of infected cells did not reverse the antiviral effect against vaccinia virus, but there was a gradual resumption of viral replication in cells infected with parainfluenza type 3 or herpes simplex virus type 1 (strain KOS). However, the antiviral activity of ribavirin against the same viruses was reversible when the drug was removed.