gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ammonia-based aeration control with optimal SRT control: improved performance and lower energy consumption (2019)

Ammonia-based aeration control (ABAC) is a cascade control concept for controlling total ammonia nitrogen (NH<sub>x</sub>-N) in the activated sludge process. Its main goals are to tailor the aeration intensity to the NH<sub>x</sub>-N loading and to maintain consistent nitrification, to meet effluent limits but minimize energy consumption. One limitation to ABAC is that the solids retention time (SRT) control strategy used at a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) may not be consistent with the goals of ABAC. ABAC-SRT control is a strategy for aligning the goals of ammonia-based aeration control and SRT control. A supervisory controller is used to ensure that the SRT is always optimal for ABAC. The methodology has the potential to reduce aeration energy consumption by over 30% as compared to traditional dissolved oxygen (DO) control. Practical implementation aspects are highlighted for implementation at full scale, such as proper selection of the set point for the supervisory controller, proper calculation of the rate of change in sludge inventory, using a mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) controller, and tuning of the controllers. In conclusion, ABAC-SRT is a promising approach for coordinated control of SRT, total ammonia nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen in the activated sludge process that balances both treatment performance and energy savings.
Customized Real-Time Interior-Point Methods for Onboard Powered-Descent Guidance (2016)

This paper presents a new onboard-implementable, real-time convex optimization-based powered-descent guidance algorithm for planetary pinpoint landing. Earlier work provided the theoretical basis of convexification, the equivalent representation of the fuel-optimal pinpoint landing trajectory optimization problem with nonconvex control constraints as a convex optimization problem. Once the trajectory optimization problem is convexified, interior-point method algorithms can be used to solve the problem to global optimality. Though having this guarantee of convergence motivated earlier convexification results, there were no real-time interior point method algorithms available for the computation of optimal trajectories on flight computers. This paper presents the first such algorithm developed for onboard use and flight-tested on a terrestrial rocket with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the NASA Flight Opportunities Program in 2013. First, earlier convexification results are summarized and the resulting second-order cone-programming problem for fuel-optimal trajectory optimization is presented. Then, the proposed, fairly generic, second-order cone-programming interior point method algorithm is presented in detail with an overview of the customization process for real-time computations. Customization exploits a specific problem structure to increase the computational speed, which is shown to decrease run times by two to three orders of magnitude in many applications. A new convexification result for maximal-divert trajectories with active velocity constraints is also presented herein.
On-chip clock network skew measurement using sub-sampling (2008)

We present a technique for an all-digital on-chip delay measurement system to measure the skews in a clock distribution network. It uses the principle of sub-sampling. Measurements from a prototype fabricated in a 65 nm industrial process, indicate the ability to measure delays with a resolution of 0.5 ps and a DNL of 1.2 ps.
A new approach for highly accurate, remote temperature probing using magnetic nanoparticles (2014)

In this study, we report on a new approach for remote temperature probing that provides accuracy as good as 0.017°C (0.0055% accuracy) by measuring the magnetisation curve of magnetic nanoparticles. We included here the theoretical model construction and the inverse calculation method, and explored the impact caused by the temperature dependence of the saturation magnetisation and the applied magnetic field range. The reported results are of great significance in the establishment of safer protocols for the hyperthermia therapy and for the thermal assisted drug delivery technology. Likewise, our approach potentially impacts basic science as it provides a robust thermodynamic tool for noninvasive investigation of cell metabolism.
Vertical silicon waveguide coupler bent by ion implantation (2015)

We propose and demonstrate that vertically curved waveguides (VCWs) enable vertical coupling between silicon wire waveguides and optical fibers with low wavelength dependence and polarization dependence for wide telecommunication wavelength band light. To bend these VCWs, we implanted silicon ions into silicon wire cantilevers from the vertical direction. The internal stress distribution that was induced by ion implantation drove the bending force, and we achieved vertical bending of the waveguides, with curvature radii ranging from 3 to 25 μm. At a radius of curvature of 6 μm, we obtained a coupling loss of 3 dB using a lens fiber.
Real-Time Rejection and Mitigation of Time Synchronization Attacks on the Global Positioning System (2018)

This paper introduces the time synchronization attack rejection and mitigation (TSARM) technique for time synchronization attacks over the global positioning system (GPS). The technique estimates the clock bias and drift of the GPS receiver along with the possible attack contrary to previous approaches. Having estimated the time instants of the attack, the clock bias and drift of the receiver are corrected. The proposed technique is computationally efficient and can be easily implemented in real time in a fashion complementary to standard algorithms for position, velocity, and time estimation in off-the-shelf receivers. The performance of this technique is evaluated on a set of collected data from a real GPS receiver. Our method renders excellent time recovery consistent with the application requirements. The numerical results demonstrate that the TSARM technique outperforms competing approaches in the literature.
A Field-Scale Real-Time Prediction of Reservoir Porosity from Advanced Mud Gas Data (2023)

Abstract In our previous study, we presented the preliminary results of the first attempt to predict reservoir rock porosity from advanced mud gas (AMG) data within the wellbore. The objective was to investigate the feasibility of generating a porosity log while drilling prior to wireline logging and core description processes. Knowing that porosity remains a critical property of petroleum reservoirs, this work improves on the previous research to predict porosity within a field. The methodology leveraged the machine learning (ML) paradigm in the absence of established physical relationship between AMG data, comprising light and heavy flare gas components, and reservoir rock porosity. More than 15,000 data points collected from representative wells in a field were used to prove the possibility of predicting the missing porosity in a well within the field. Optimized models of artificial neural network (ANN), decision trees (DT) and random forest (RF) were applied to the combined dataset. The dataset was randomly split into training and validation subsets in 70:30 ratio simulating the complete and missing sections respectively. Comparing the results of the ANN, DT, and RF models using statistical model performance evaluation metrics, the RF model consistently outperformed the others. In one of the test cases, the RF model gave a correlation coefficient (R-Squared) value of 0.84 compared to 0.46, and 0.78 for ANN and DT models respectively. The RF model also has a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.001 compared to 0.02 and 0.01 respectively for ANN and DT models. Having showed in a previous publication that a multivariate linear regression model could not handle the complexity in the relationship between porosity and the flare gas components, these results have further confirmed the robustness of nonlinear solutions based on the ML methodology. It can be deduced that the ML approach to predicting reservoir rock porosity from advanced mud gas data is feasible and better results are achievable with more research. This study has confirmed the feasibility of predicting porosity at the field scale and the huge benefit in utilizing AMG data beyond the traditional fluid typing and petrophysical correlation processes. The presented approach has the capability to complement existing reservoir characterization processes in assessing reservoir quality at the early stage of exploration. Future work will investigate the impact of integrating the AMG with surface drilling parameters to possibly increase the prediction accuracy.
Isolation and characterization of the human parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene. (1989)

A parathyroid hormone-like peptide (PTH-LP) has recently been identified in human tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The peptide appears to be encoded by a single-copy gene that gives rise to multiple mRNAs that are heterogeneous at both their 5' and their 3' ends. Alternative RNA splicing is responsible for the 3' heterogeneity and results in mRNAs encoding three different peptides, each with a unique C terminus. We have isolated and characterized the human PTHLP gene. The gene is a complex transcriptional unit spanning more than 12 kilobases of DNA and containing six exons. Two 5' exons encode distinct 5' untranslated regions and are separated by a putative promoter element, indicating that the gene either has two promoter or is alternatively spliced from a single promoter upstream of the first exon. The middle portion of the PTHLP gene, comprising exons 2-4, has an organizational pattern of introns and exons identical to that of the parathyroid hormone gene, consistent with a common ancestral origin of these two genes. Exon 4 of the PTHLP gene encodes the region common to all three peptides and the C terminus of the shortest peptide, and exons 5 and 6 encode the unique C termini of the other two peptides. Northern analysis of mRNAs from four human tumors of different histological types reveals the preferential use of 3' splicing patterns by individual tumors.
Probe Station and Near-Field Scanner for Testing Antennas (2006)

A facility that includes a probe station and a scanning open-ended waveguide probe for measuring near electromagnetic fields has been added to Glenn Research Center's suite of antenna-testing facilities, at a small fraction of the cost of the other facilities. This facility is designed specifically for nondestructive characterization of the radiation patterns of miniaturized microwave antennas fabricated on semiconductor and dielectric wafer substrates, including active antennas that are difficult to test in traditional antenna-testing ranges because of fragility, smallness, or severity of DC-bias or test-fixture requirements. By virtue of the simple fact that a greater fraction of radiated power can be captured in a near-field measurement than in a conventional far-field measurement, this near-field facility is convenient for testing miniaturized antennas with low gains.
Method for the electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve and multichannel hearing prosthesis for carrying out the method (1984)

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Ultrasonic random-signal flow measurement system (1974)

Although pulsed Doppler radar systems are widely used, ultrasonic pulsed Doppler systems which are potentially useful for flow measurement in liquids carrying sound scatterers (such as blood) have been limited in their useful range to a few centimeters due to range-ambiguity problems. An ultrasonic random-signal flow measurement system is described which is shown to have no range ambiguity and to be able to transmit continuously, thus having a low peak to average power ratio. Experimental data from a working random-signal system are: presented demonstrating its advantages over conventional pulsed Doppler systems. The system should be useful for many large-scale flow applications, ranging from measurements in deep-lying blood vessels to wake measurements around ships.
Dark spatial solitons for guiding light by light using thermal non-linearities in slab waveguides (1993)

Previous work 1 has shown that it is possible to use dark spatial solitons to write reconfigurable waveguides in self-defocussing non-linear media.
Discovering Fully Dependent Patterns (2002)

1 Introduction As it becomes feasible to collect large volumes of data, businesses are increasingly looking for ways to capitalize on these data, especially market data. To date, the focus has been frequent patterns, especially frequent association rules. However, in applications such as detecting anomalies in computer networks and identifying security intrusions, there is much more interest in patterns that predict undesirable situations, such as service disruptions. Such patterns are often infrequent (at least in well managed systems) and are characterized by statistical dependency rather than their frequency. Unfortunately, the statistical dependency based on the dependency test yields neither upward nor downward closure, and hence efficient algorithms cannot be constructed. Herein, we circumvent this problem by proposing fully dependent patterns, d-patterns. D-patterns are defined so as to ensure downward closure, which makes it possible for us to construct an efficient algorithm for their discovery. We apply our algorithm to data from a network at a large insurance company and show that several patterns of interest are discovered[8]. For example, a group of hosts generated port-scan events three times in a week. This provides a possible indicator of a security intrusion. In another example, we observed three events: network interface card failure, unreachable destination, and “cold start” trap often occurred together, although not frequent. The last event indicates that the router has failed and restarted. Then, the first two events may provide advance warning of when the third will occur.
Knowledge- and Simulation-Based Synthesis of Area-Efficient Passive Loop Filter Incremental Zoom-ADC for Built-In Self-Test Applications (2018)

We propose a fully differential, synthesizable zoom-ADC architecture with a passive loop filter for low-frequency Built-In Self-Test (BIST) applications, along with a synthesis tool that can target various design specifications. We present the detailed ADC architecture and a step-by-step process for designing the zoom-ADC. The design flow does not rely on the extensive knowledge of an experienced ADC designer. Two ADCs have been synthesized with different performance requirements in the 65nm CMOS process. The first ADC achieves a 90.4dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in 512μs measurement time and consumes 17μW power. The second design achieves a 78.2dB SNR in 31.25μs measurement time and consumes 63μW power.
Progressive Cellular Architecture in Microscale Gas Chromatography for Broad Chemical Analyses (2021)

Gas chromatography is widely used to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds for applications ranging from environmental monitoring to homeland security. We investigate a new architecture for microfabricated gas chromatography systems that can significantly improve the range, speed, and efficiency of such systems. By using a cellular approach, it performs a partial separation of analytes even as the sampling is being performed. The subsequent separation step is then rapidly performed within each cell. The cells, each of which contains a preconcentrator and separation column, are arranged in progression of retentiveness. While accommodating a wide range of analytes, this progressive cellular architecture (PCA) also provides a pathway to improving energy efficiency and lifetime by reducing the need for heating the separation columns. As a proof of concept, a three-cell subsystem (PCA3mv) has been built; it incorporates a number of microfabricated components, including preconcentrators, separation columns, valves, connectors, and a carrier gas filter. The preconcentrator and separation column of each cell are monolithically implemented as a single chip that has a footprint of 1.8 × 5.2 cm<sup>2</sup>. This subsystem also incorporates two manifold arrays of microfabricated valves, each of which has a footprint of 1.3 × 1.4 cm<sup>2</sup>. Operated together with a commercial flame ionization detector, the subsystem has been tested against polar and nonpolar analytes (including alkanes, alcohols, aromatics, and phosphonate esters) over a molecular weight range of 32-212 g/mol and a vapor pressure range of 0.005-231 mmHg. The separations require an average column temperature of 63-68 °C within a duration of 12 min, and provide separation resolutions >2 for any two homologues that differ by one methyl group.
The ClpP Protease of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Modulates Virulence Gene Expression and Protects against Fatal Pneumococcal Challenge (2004)

Streptococcus pneumoniae usually colonizes the nasopharynx of humans asymptomatically but occasionally translocates from this niche to the lungs, the brain, and the blood, causing potentially fatal infections. Spread to other host tissues requires a significant morphological change and the expression of virulence factors, such as capsular polysaccharide, and virulence proteins, such as pneumolysin (Ply), PspA, and CbpA. Modulation of the expression of pneumococcal virulence genes by heat shock and by heat shock proteins ClpL and ClpP, as well as the attenuation of virulence of a clpP mutant in a murine intraperitoneal infection model, was demonstrated previously. In this study, we further investigated the underlying mechanism of virulence attenuation by the clpP mutation. The half-lives of the mRNAs of ply and of the first gene of the serotype 2 capsule synthesis locus [cps2A] in the clpP mutant were more than twofold longer than those of the parent after heat shock, suggesting that the mRNA species were regulated posttranscriptionally by ClpP. In addition, the clpP mutant was defective in colonization of the nasopharynx and survival in the lungs of mice after intranasal challenge. The mutant was also killed faster than the parent in the murine macrophage RAW264.7 cell line, indicating that ClpP is required for colonization and intracellular survival in the host. Furthermore, fractionation studies demonstrated that ClpP was translocated into the cell wall after heat shock, and immunization of mice with ClpP elicited a protective immune response against fatal systemic challenge with S. pneumoniae D39, making ClpP a potential vaccine candidate for pneumococcal disease.
CXCL13 levels are elevated in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia, and are predictive of major response to ibrutinib (2017)

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is characterized by bone marrow (BM) infiltration of monoclonal Immunoglobulin M (IgM) secreting lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), and typically presents with anemia. MYD88 and CXCR4 activating somatic mutations ( CXCR4MUT ) are common in WM, and found in 90–95
Film-Cooling Effectiveness on Squealer Cavity and Rim Walls of Gas-Turbine Blade Tip (2006)

Effects of shaped holes on the tip pressure side, coolant jet impingement on the pressure side squealer rim from tip holes, and varying blowing ratios for a squealer blade tip were examined on film-cooling effectiveness. The film-cooling effectiveness distributions were measured on the blade tip, near tip pressure side, and the inner pressure side rim wall using pressure-sensitive-paint technique. Air and nitrogen gas were used as the film-cooling gases, and the oxygen concentration distribution for each case was measured. The film-cooling effectiveness information was obtained from the difference of the oxygen concentration between air and nitrogen gas cases by applying the mass-transfer analogy. The internal coolant-supply passages of the squealer tipped blade were modeled similar to those in the GE-E3 rotor blade with two separate serpentine loops supplying coolant to the film-cooling holes. A row of compound angled cylindrical film-cooling holes was arranged along the camber line on the tip and another row of compound angled shaped film-cooling holes was arranged along the span of the pressure side just below the tip. The average blowing ratio of the cooling gas was controlled to be 0.5,1.0, and 2.0. Tests were conducted in a five-bladed linear cascade in a blowdown facility with a tip gap clearance of 1.5%, The freestream Reynolds number, based on the axial chord length and the exit velocity, was 1.48 x 10 6 , and the inlet and the exit Mach number were 0.23 and 0.65, respectively. Turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet was 9.7%. Numerical predictions were also performed using Fluent to simulate the experiment at the same inlet flow conditions. Predictions for film cooling are presented. Results show a good correlation between experimental and predicted data. The shape and location of the film-cooling holes along with varying blowing ratios can have significant effects on film-cooling performance.
Selection of Suitable Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Air Separation: A Thermodynamic Approach (2012)

The increasing demand for oxygen combined with the need for improved economic performance necessitates the search for alternative methods of oxygen production. Chemical looping air separation (CLAS) is one of these alternatives with a relatively small energy footprint. The present paper describes the results of a comprehensive thermodynamic study conducted by our group to identify suitable oxygen carriers for CLAS at medium to low temperatures. The thermodynamic simulations were carried out using Fact-Sage 6.1 for 20 different metal oxides forming 40 oxygen carrier systems. An Ellingham diagram was developed to relate the Gibbs free energy of the relevant reactions to the temperature for all metal oxide systems. Furthermore, the equilibrium partial pressure of oxygen was calculated at elevated temperatures. The mass balance calculations were also performed for identifying the steam/CO2 requirements for the reduction reactor. On the basis of the comprehensive thermodynamic study, oxides of manganese, cobalt, and copper have been found most suitable for the CLAS process. Additionally, the possibility of carbonate and hydroxide formation during the reduction with CO2 and steam, respectively, was calculated. The formation of the mixed oxide phases or the spinel structures between the metal oxides and various supports (such as SiO2 and Al2O3) has also been thermodynamically investigated. Several other important factors were also qualitatively assessed. The Cu oxides with SiO2 and the Co oxides with Al2O3 were found to be the most suitable oxygen carriers for CLAS.