gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulopathy: Hemodynamic considerations (1988)

Early stages of diabetes mellitus are characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration in humans and experimental animals. In diabetic rats, single nephron hyperfiltration results from elevations in the glomerular capillary plasma flow rate and hydraulic pressure, which are in turn associated with progressive albuminuria and morphologic injury. Interventions that ameliorate these hemodynamic adaptations afford protection against structural injury. Dietary protein restriction, which lowers glomerular filtration, perfusion, and hydraulic pressure, retards glomerular injury and limits capillary basement membrane thickening in both the glomerular and retinal circulatory beds. Alternatively, selective control of glomerular capillary hypertension using angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor therapy limits glomerular injury in this model as well. Each of these interventions is effective even in the absence of improved metabolic control, implying that hemodynamic factors per se are important in this pathogenic process. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of diabetic hyperfiltration remain incompletely elucidated. Recent studies invoke a potential role for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Strict metabolic control abolishes the elevations of glomerular filtration rate and of plasma ANP levels in moderately hyperglycemic diabetic rats. Moreover, infusion of a specific ANP antibody reverses hyperfiltration in diabetic rats. Thus, hyperglycemia-induced chronic volume expansion may trigger ANP release, which in turn contributes to diabetic hyperfiltration. Hemodynamic factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of extrarenal microangiopathy as well. Elevated peripheral capillary blood flows and/or hydraulic pressure may be found in many peripheral capillaries, in association with thickening of the capillary basement membrane. Dietary protein restriction, which lowers blood flow to many organs, limits retinal as well as glomerular basement membrane thickening in diabetic rats, suggesting that hemodynamically mediated structural injury is a diffuse phenomenon in the diabetic state.
Packet‐Level Wireless Channel Model (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Finite-state Markov Model for Fast Fading Channels Channel Model for Frequency-selective Fading Wireless Channels Channel Model for Indoor UWB Wireless Channels with Shadowing Summary Problems
Suppressing the Thermal and Ultraviolet Sensitivity of Kevlar by Infiltration and Hybridization with ZnO (2017)

Polyaramides, such as Kevlar, are of great technological importance for their extraordinary mechanical performance. As fibers, they are used in personal safety, for reinforcement of tires and ropes, and in further material composites that require extreme mechanical stability. However, the properties of the polymer depend on the environmental conditions. Specifically, elevated temperatures and/or irradiation with UV light seriously affect its toughness. Classical approaches to protect polyaramide fibers from these external factors rely on coatings with resins or metal oxides, which typically increase the weight and reduce the flexibility of the polymer. Here, we present a bioinspired approach to stabilize the mechanical properties of the polyaramide. With our solvent free vapor phase approach, zinc oxide is infiltrated into the polymer structure, resulting in intermolecular cross-linking of the polymer chains. The procedure results in an increased degradation temperature of the polyaramide, while at the same time it protects the fibers against UV-induced degradation. The chemical interaction between the zinc oxide and the polymer is theoretically modeled, and a chemical structure of the resulting organic–inorganic hybrid material is proposed.
Pyrolysis and Combustion Behavior of Coal Gangue in O<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> Mixtures Using Thermogravimetric Analysis and a Drop Tube Furnace (2013)

Combustion of coal gangue is extensively used for power generation in China. In this paper, pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of a low-rank coal gangue have been investigated under oxy-fuel (O2/CO2) and air (N2/O2) conditions using a drop tube furnace and thermogravimetric analysis. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in N2 and CO2 environments, which are the main diluting gases of air and oxy-fuel environments, respectively. The burnout and yields of volatile matter were analyzed during DTF experiments. At lower temperatures, the weight loss rate of coal gangue during pyrolysis in N2 was higher than that in CO2. However, further weight loss took place in CO2 atmosphere at temperatures above 800 °C due to CO2 gasification of chars. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirmed that the pyrolysis in CO2 environment can be divided into three stages: moisture release, devolatilization, and char gasification by CO2 in a higher temperature zone. Combustion experiments were carried out in four different atmospheres: air, an oxygen-enriched air environment (30% O2–70% N2 and 40% O2–60% N2), an oxy-fuel environment (21% O2–79% CO2), and an oxygen-enriched oxy-fuel environment (30% O2–70% CO2 and 40% O2–60% CO2). Coal gangue reactivity under oxy-fuel conditions differed from that under air combustion conditions. The combustion rate of coal gangue increased with increasing O2 concentration while the ignition and burnout points shifted to lower temperatures and complete combustion was achieved at lower temperatures and shorter times. Comparison of the combustion performance of coal gangue in N2/O2 and CO2/O2 environments for equivalent O2 concentrations indicated that the combustion characteristics of coal gangue in a CO2/O2 environment were similar to those in a N2/O2 environment at 21 vol % O2 oxygen concentrations. However, increasing O2 partial pressures resulted in a higher combustion rate under oxy-fuel conditions. Kinetic constants for the samples were calculated by using the isoconventional method. The activation energy decreased with increasing O2 partial pressure under oxy-fuel combustion conditions and reached lower values compared to air combustion cases. The mineral matter reactions during coal gangue combustion were investigated by means of XRD analysis. During combustion at 1200 °C, mineral phases in coal gangue were transformed to ash comprised of kaolinite, quartz, mullite, magnetite, hematite, and anhydrite.
Fundamentals of Kinematics and Dynamics of Machines and Mechanisms (2000)

The study of the kinematics and dynamics of machines lies at the very core of a mechanical engineering background. Although tremendous advances have been made in the computational and design tools now available, little has changed in the way the subject is presented, both in the classroom and in professional references.Fundamentals of Kinematics and Dynamics of Machines and Mechanisms brings the subject alive and current. The author's careful integration of Mathematica software gives readers a chance to perform symbolic analysis, to plot the results, and most importantly, to animate the motion. They get to "play" with the mechanism parameters and immediately see their effects. The downloadable resources contain Mathematica-based programs for suggested design projects.As useful as Mathematica is, however, a tool should not interfere with but enhance one's grasp of the concepts and the development of analytical skills. The author ensures this with his emphasis on the understanding and application of basic theoretical principles, unified approach to the analysis of planar mechanisms, and introduction to vibrations and rotordynamics.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) in Trauma and Disease (2015)

First isolated as a chemical compound by a Russian chemist in 1866, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) proved to be a near-perfect solvent for decades before its remarkable biological and medical activities were discovered. DMSO is one of the most prodigious agents ever to come out of the world of drug development. Its wide range of biological actions invol
Non-Canonical Hh Signaling in Cancer—Current Understanding and Future Directions (2015)

As a major regulatory pathway for embryonic development and tissue patterning, hedgehog signaling is not active in most adult tissues, but is reactivated in a number of human cancer types. A major milestone in hedgehog signaling in cancer is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of a smoothened inhibitor Vismodegib for treatment of basal cell carcinomas. Vismodegib can block ligand-mediated hedgehog signaling, but numerous additional clinical trials have failed to show significant improvements in cancer patients. Amounting evidence indicate that ligand-independent hedgehog signaling plays an essential role in cancer. Ligand-independent hedgehog signaling, also named non-canonical hedgehog signaling, generally is not sensitive to smoothened inhibitors. What we know about non-canonical hedgehog signaling in cancer, and how should we prevent its activation? In this review, we will summarize recent development of non-canonical hedgehog signaling in cancer, and will discuss potential ways to prevent this type of hedgehog signaling.
Intramucosal pH and oxygen extraction in the gastrointestinal tract after major liver resection in rats. (1993)

To assess the influence of 70% and 90% liver resection on oxygen extraction and intramucosal and intraluminal pH in the gastrointestinal tract in rats.Random control trial.63 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats.Laparotomy with separation of liver from surrounding tissue (sham operation), 70% hepatectomy, or 90% hepatectomy (n = 21 in each group). At 1, 2, and 4 hours (n = 7/timepoint), the animals in each of the three groups had the following variables studied: intestinal oxygen delivery; blood gas analysis of arterial, caval, and portal venous blood; and direct intraluminal pH together with indirect measurements of intramucosal pH of the gastrointestinal tract.There was a temporary increase in the pH of arterial blood two hours after 70% hepatectomy. There was a reduction in intramucosal pH after 90% hepatectomy which started two hours after operation and became significant at four hours. The intraluminal pH of the gastrointestinal tract was increased two and four hours after both 70% and 90% hepatectomy, compared with the sham operated group. Systemic oxygen extraction increased immediately after hepatectomy. Gastrointestinal oxygen extraction increased gradually in the rats that had undergone 70% hepatectomy, but was reduced in those subjected to 90% hepatectomy.Major liver resection induces alterations in both systemic and gut physiology. These may go some way towards explaining the disturbances in enteric bacterial ecology, the increase in bacterial adherence on the surface of the intestine, and the translocation of bacteria from the gut, after major liver resection in rats.
Analysis of Disordered Materials Using Total Scattering and the Atomic Pair Distribution Function (2006)

Research Article| January 01, 2006 Analysis of Disordered Materials Using Total Scattering and the Atomic Pair Distribution Function Thomas Proffen Thomas Proffen Lujan Neutron Scattering Center Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, U.S.A. LA-UR 06-0622, e-mail: tproffen@lanl.gov Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Thomas Proffen Lujan Neutron Scattering Center Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, U.S.A. LA-UR 06-0622, e-mail: tproffen@lanl.gov Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America First Online: 13 Jul 2017 © The Mineralogical Society Of America Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2006) 63 (1): 255–274. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.63.11 Article history First Online: 13 Jul 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Thomas Proffen; Analysis of Disordered Materials Using Total Scattering and the Atomic Pair Distribution Function. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2006;; 63 (1): 255–274. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.63.11 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search Without a doubt, our ability to determine the atomic structure of complex materials has revolutionized our understanding of these materials over the last decades. Neutron scattering with its unique abilities has contributed greatly to this success. The range of applications of neutron scattering in geosciences are apparent when reading through this volume of Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry. Usual structure determination, the realm of crystallography, is based on the analysis of Bragg intensities. In this article we want to look beyond or underneath the Bragg peaks and discuss the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) method as an approach to more... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
Modelling Credit Value Adjustment Using Defaultable Options Approach (2013)

This thesis calculates Credit Value Adjustment on defaultable options. The prices of default- able European options are computed through analytical, quadrature approximation and Monte Carlo simulations under the assumption of a constant rate of default. Subsequently, we propose to inversely relate the company’s instantaneous rate of default to its underlying stock price, re- sulting in a non-constant rate of default. This allows for a new approach to estimate the default of company different from previous work where default is calculated through historical data. The rationale behind this idea relies on the fact that price of the stock plunges before the event of default. For a given set of option parameters, we show that it is possible to find an optimal intensity, which produces the same prices of European options under a simpler framework. However, this intensity fluctuates with changes in other parameters. Implementation details and analysis of the results are provided.
The Intramolecular Junctions of Carbon Nanotubes (2008)

Abstract For the miniaturization of microelectronics, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are regarded as ideal candidates for the next generation of nanoelectronics because of their excellent properties. To realize CNT‐based electronics, intramolecular junctions are required components, which can not only connect different CNTs for integration, but can also act as functional building blocks in the circuit, such as rectifiers, field‐effect transistors, switches, amplifiers, photoelectrical devices, etc. Therefore, intense attention has been focused on this topic and many advances have been achieved, especially in recent years. On the other hand, some challenges also exist. To provide researchers with a comprehensive overview of this field, this review discusses the synthesis, properties, and applications of intramolecular junctions of CNTs in detail. Among them, the applications of CNT integration are discussed specially. Furthermore, a brief summary and an outlook of future work are provided. magnified image
Isoguanine and 5‐Methyl‐Isocytosine Bases, In Vitro and In Vivo (2015)

The synthesis, base-pairing properties and in vitro and in vivo characteristics of 5-methyl-isocytosine (isoC(Me) ) and isoguanine (isoG) nucleosides, incorporated in an HNA(h) (hexitol nucleic acid)-DNA(d) mosaic backbone, are described. The required h-isoG phosphoramidite was prepared by a selective deamination as a key step. As demonstrated by Tm measurements the hexitol sugar showed slightly better mismatch discrimination against dT. The d-isoG base mispairing follows the order T>G>C while the h-isoG base mispairing follows the order G>C>T. The h- and d-isoC(Me) bases mainly mispair with G. Enzymatic incorporation experiments show that the hexitol backbone has a variable effect on selectivity. In the enzymatic assays, isoG misincorporates mainly with T, and isoC(Me) misincorporates mainly with A. Further analysis in vivo confirmed the patterns of base-pair interpretation for the deoxyribose and hexitol isoC(Me) /isoG bases in a cellular context, through incorporation of the bases into plasmidic DNA. Results in vivo demonstrated that mispairing and misincorporation was dependent on the backbone scaffold of the base, which indicates rational advances towards orthogonality.
Simulation of Circular Dichroism by Chromophores Coupled with Selective Reflection by Cholesteric Stacks (2019)

The Good-Karali theory is extended to simulate composite circular dichroism (CD) through a cholesteric stack by incorporating chromophore's selective absorption (SA) and cholesteric stack's selective reflection (SR). Based on the independently evaluated anisotropic refractive indices and absorption coefficients, helical sense and pitch length, and film thickness, the theory is capable of describing transmission, reflection, and absorption through spin-cast cholesteric glassy liquid crystal films of nonafluorene. The resulting composite CD spectra agree quite well with experimental observations. The theory informs that SA plays a dominant role over SR in the composite CD. Specifically, the right-handed stack of the chromophore with its absorption dipole aligned with the local director in the cholesteric stack preferentially absorbs the left-handed over the right-handed circularly polarized light. The algebraic sign of the predicted composite CD flips by reversing the cholesteric host film's handedness without altering other parameter values. The established theory and computation constitute a solid foundation for optimizing circular polarizers by exploring the readily accessible parameter space targeting various potential applications.
Fault Grading Techniques of Software Test Libraries for Safety-Critical Applications (2019)

The adoption of complex and technologically advanced integrated circuits (ICs) in safety-critical applications (e.g., in automotive) forced the introduction of new solutions to guarantee the achievement of the required reliability targets. One of these solutions lies in performing in-field test (i.e., the test performed when the device is already deployed in the mission environment) to detect faults that may arise in this phase of electronic circuit life. In this scenario, one increasingly adopted approach is based on the software test libraries (STLs), i.e., suitable code which is run by the CPU included in the system and is able to detect the existence of possible permanent faults both in the CPU itself and in the rest of the system. In order to assess the effectiveness of the STLs, fault simulation is performed, so that the achieved fault coverage (e.g., in terms of stuck-at faults) can be computed. This paper explains why the fault simulation of the STLs represents a different problem with respect to the classical fault simulation of test stimuli (for which very effective algorithms and tools are available), shows why it can be highly computationally expensive, and overviews some solutions to reduce the computational cost and possibly trade-off between results accuracy and cost.
DEAD-box RNA helicase Belle/DDX3 and the RNA interference pathway promote mitotic chromosome segregation (2011)

During mitosis, faithful inheritance of genetic material is achieved by chromosome segregation, as mediated by the condensin I and II complexes. Failed chromosome segregation can result in neoplasm formation, infertility, and birth defects. Recently, the germ-line-specific DEAD-box RNA helicase Vasa was demonstrated to promote mitotic chromosome segregation in Drosophila by facilitating robust chromosomal localization of Barren (Barr), a condensin I component. This mitotic function of Vasa is mediated by Aubergine and Spindle-E, which are two germ-line components of the Piwi-interacting RNA pathway. Faithful segregation of chromosomes should be executed both in germ-line and somatic cells. However, whether a similar mechanism also functions in promoting chromosome segregation in somatic cells has not been elucidated. Here, we present evidence that belle (vasa paralog) and the RNA interference pathway regulate chromosome segregation in Drosophila somatic cells. During mitosis, belle promotes robust Barr chromosomal localization and chromosome segregation. Belle's localization to condensing chromosomes depends on dicer-2 and argonaute2. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated that Belle interacts with Barr and Argonaute2 and is enriched at endogenous siRNA (endo-siRNA)-generating loci. Our results suggest that Belle functions in promoting chromosome segregation in Drosophila somatic cells via the endo-siRNA pathway. DDX3 (human homolog of belle) and DICER function in promoting chromosome segregation and hCAP-H (human homolog of Barr) localization in HeLa cells, indicating a conserved function for those proteins in human cells. Our results suggest that the RNA helicase Belle/DDX3 and the RNA interference pathway perform a common role in regulating chromosome segregation in Drosophila and human somatic cells.
Measurement of Carbon Atom Density in High Density Plasma Process (1997)

Carbon atom densities in an inductively coupled radio frequency (13.56 MHz) CO and CO and H 2 mixed plasmas were successfully measured for the first time using ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy (UVAS) with a carbon hollow cathode lamp. This method, developed for monitoring carbon atoms in-situ in the plasmas, is very useful for the investigation of etching and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes containing carbon atoms and the sputtering system employing a carbon target.
Addition of Purified Basal Lamina Molecules Enables Schwann Cell Ensheathment of Sympathetic Neurites in Culture (1995)

Our aim was to determine the effect of purified basal lamina components on the differentiation of non-myelin-forming Schwann cells accompanying rat sympathetic neurons in culture. Previous work has demonstrated that Schwann cells contacting superior cervical ganglion neurons cultured in the presence of ascorbate and serum fail to effectively deposit matrix and ensheathe neurites unless fibroblasts are also present. We questioned if an increase in the amount of available basal lamina components could mimic fibroblast-induced Schwann cell differentiation. Superior cervical ganglion neuron plus Schwann cell cultures were supplemented with purified basal lamina molecules for up to 7 weeks. The addition of laminin, type IV collagen, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, or a combination of all three components, led to increased basal lamina deposition and increased neurite ensheathment compared with cultures with no additions. In long-term cultures receiving component additions, however, ensheathment was exaggerated, and the Schwann cells were hypertrophic. The ensheathing conformations adopted by these Schwann cells surpassed normal-appearing ensheathment and resembled more unusual unmyelinated nerve morphology found in vivo by others in normal senescence and in several peripheral neuropathies. These experiments show that increased availability of exogenous basal lamina components leads to increased basal lamina deposition and that basal lamina elaboration can have dramatic effects on the morphology of nonmyelinating Schwann cells. These findings suggest that influences of extracellular matrix should be considered when unusual Schwann cell/axon conformations are seen in vivo.