gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction and learning of finite-state controllers from simulation (2012)

We propose a method to generate agent controllers, represented as state machines, to act in partially observable environments. Such controllers are used to constrain the search space, applying techniques from Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning. We define a multi-step process, in which a simulator is employed to generate possible traces of execution. Those traces are then utilized to induce a non-deterministic state machine, that represents all reasonable behaviors, given the approximate models and planners used in simulation. The state machine will have multiple possible choices in some of its states. Those states are choice points, and we defer the learning of those choices to the deployment of the agent in the actual environment. The controller obtained can therefore adapt to the actual environment, limiting the search space in a sensible way.
The Structure of the Gene for the Second Chain of the Human Interferon-γ Receptor (1996)

The gene for the second chain of the human interferon-gamma receptor was analyzed from cosmid DNA clones. The gene spans over 33 kilobases of DNA and contains seven exons. The signal peptide is encoded by exons 1 and 2, the extracellular domain by exons 2, 3, 4, 5, and by part of 6. Exon 6 also encodes the whole transmembrane domain and part of the intracellular domain. Exon 7 encodes the remainder of the intracellular domain and contains the 3'-untranslated region. The sequences at the exon/intron boundaries are well conserved with respect to canonical acceptor/donor sites (AG/GT). The 5'-flanking region was sequenced and analyzed for transcription factor binding sites. No TATA or CAAT boxes in the promoter region were identified. Consistent with the lack of a TATA box, analysis of the mRNAs by primer extension showed multiple transcription start sites. Promoter activity of the 5'-flanking region was investigated with a luciferase reporter gene and the cytomegalovirus minimal promoter. Segments of the 5' region with promoter activity were identified.
Effect of LoSal on Wettability and Oil Recovery of Carbonate and Sandstone Formation (2011)

Abstract Modification of injection water salinity to improve oil recovery is not a new idea and the process has been investigated as far back as the 70's prior to the use of other chemical processes to improve oil recovery. In practice in planning water flooding project oil companies focused only on the compatibility of injection water and formation water issue to eliminate any possibility of formation damage. Many investigators recently had focused their research on the role of water salinity alteration to improve oil recovery. A number of possible mechanisms concerning alteration of water flooding salinity have been proposed in the literature. This project describes an experimental investigation of contact angle changes as function of time, and water flood performance using limestone and sand stone rocks for various injection brines. Carbonate rocks, sandstone rocks obtrained from a Libyan oil reservoir, high salinity water, sea water, low salinity water, and water contains different sulfate concentrations were employed in this study. The results of this research will shed more light on the mechanism of modified salinity flooding (MSFTM) and will help operating companies to better plan water flooding process. Introduction Water flooding has been used for many years to improve recovery from oil reservoirs. In the past, no attention has been given to the effect of the water composition and/or concentration on the possibility of increased oil recovery by alteration of salinity type and concentration. Historically the engineering design of water flooding focused only on avoiding formation damage by making sure no interaction between injected brine and indigenous brine. Morrow et al. (1996) concluded that alteration of brine composition of injected water can result in optimization of oil recovery. Tang and Morrow 1999; and McGuire et al. 2005, investigated further the effect of salinity on oil recovery and they have proved that decreasing brine salinity can improve oil recovery. Jerauld et al. 2008 indicated that more than 20 core floods using low salinity of sandstone reservoirs at reservoir conditions and at secondary and tertiary modes has been reported in the literature. Results of experimental work demonstrated an improvement of recovery efficiency due to low salinity by 5 to 38% and that manifested by reduction of residual oil saturation by 3 to 17% pore volume. Nasralla et al. 2011, indicated that injection of deionized water in the secondary mode resulted in a significant improvement in oil recovery compared to seawater. Different hypothesis have been introduced to explain the improvement in oil recovery by low salinity water injection. These include interfacial tension reduction, wettability alteration, change in pH (increase) resulting in in-situ saponification, emulsion formation, and clay migration.
Distributed brokerage offices through information technology (1991)

article Free Access Share on Distributed brokerage offices through information technology Authors: Maxine L. Rockoff Clark, Roekoff and Associates Clark, Roekoff and AssociatesView Profile , Rich Malone Edward D. Jones and Co Edward D. Jones and CoView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGOIS BulletinVolume 12Issue 2-3Nov. 1991 pp 165–170https://doi.org/10.1145/127769.122849Online:01 October 1991Publication History 0citation222DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads222Last 12 Months0Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
High stability miniature size OCXO using a SC-cut crystal resonator and simultaneous oscillations (2017)

This paper describes a high stability miniature size OCXO using a SC-cut crystal resonator with simultaneous oscillations as the method of taking two signals from one crystal, compared with the Twin-Crystal technology [2] which had the high accuracy temperature sensor by the two crystal units. This 9 × 7 mm size OCXO has satisfied around +/- 1 to 2 ppb in a range of ambient temperature from -40 to +85 °C by the ideal temperature sensor.
Lithium–Olefin π-Complexes and the Mechanism of Carbolithiation: Synthesis, Solution Behavior, and Crystal Structure of (2,2-Dimethylpent-4-en-1-yl)lithium (2019)

We describe the first crystallographically characterized example of a nonconjugated olefin bound in a simple dihapto fashion to a lithium center, as part of a study of two alkyllithium compounds that contain C═C double bonds at the alkyl chain terminus: (2,2-dimethylbut-3-en-1-yl)lithium (1) and the related pentenyl compound (2,2-dimethylpent-4-en-1-yl)lithium (2). The Li–olefin interactions in the crystal structure of 2 serve as a model for those proposed to be present in the [RLi···olefin] intermediate in olefin carbolithiation reactions. As seen in other systems, the Li–olefin interaction is correlated with deshielding of the 1H NMR resonances of the olefinic hydrogen atoms. DOSY and NOE measurements show that 1 and 2 remain tetrameric in cyclohexane and that the lithium–olefin interactions persist in solution. Addition of a Lewis base such as THF to these ω-alkenyllithium species has two effects: the THF displaces the lithium–olefin interactions while accelerating the rate of carbolithiation. A deuteration experiment shows that compound 2 undergoes reversible carbolithiation to the corresponding cyclobutylmethyllithium species in the presence of Lewis bases, but this transformation is thermodynamically uphill owing to ring strain. In comparison, the longer chain hexenyl species (2,2-dimethylhex-5-en-1-yl)lithium is thermodynamically unstable with respect to the intramolecular carbolithiation product [(3,3-dimethylcyclopentyl)methyl]lithium (3). We suggest that rate-determining step in carbolithiation reactions may not always be formation of the C–C bond, as is often assumed, but in some cases may be formation of the lithium–olefin complex; the coordination of the olefin to lithium may occur in a concerted fashion with disaggregation of lithium clusters. Finally, we point out that activation enthalpies can be obtained solely from NMR line shapes above the coalescence point.
Blocking lithium dendrite growth in solid-state batteries with an ultrathin amorphous Li-La-Zr-O solid electrolyte (2021)

Abstract Lithium dendrites have become a roadblock in the realization of solid-state batteries with lithium metal as high-capacity anode. The presence of surface and bulk defects in crystalline electrolytes such as the garnet Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) facilitates the growth of these hazardous lithium filaments. Here we explore the amorphous phase of LLZO as a lithium dendrite shield owing to its grain-boundary-free microstructure, stability against lithium metal, and high electronic insulation. By tuning the lithium stoichiometry, the ionic conductivity can be increased by 4 orders of magnitude while retaining a negligible electronic conductivity. In symmetric cells, plating-stripping shows no signs of lithium penetration up to 3.2 mA cm −2 . The dense conformal nature of the films enables microbatteries with an electrolyte thickness of only 70 nm, which can be cycled at 10C for over 500 cycles. The application of this material as a coating on crystalline LLZO lowers the interface resistance and increases the critical current density. The effectiveness of the amorphous Li-La-Zr-O as dendrite blocking layer can accelerate the development of better solid-state batteries.
A Novel Urine Exosome Gene Expression Assay to Predict High-grade Prostate Cancer at Initial Biopsy (2016)

This urine exosome gene expression assay is a noninvasive, urinary 3-gene expression assay that discriminates high-grade (≥GS7) from low-grade (GS6) cancer and benign disease. In this study, the urine exosome gene expression assay was associated with improved identification of patients with higher-grade prostate cancer among men with elevated PSA levels and could reduce the total number of unnecessary biopsies.
Selective area growth of high quality InP on Si (001) substrates (2010)

In this work, we demonstrate the selective area growth of high quality InP layers in submicron trenches on exactly (001) oriented Si substrates by using a thin Ge buffer layer. Antiphase domain boundaries were avoided by annealing at the Ge surface roughening temperature to create additional atomic steps on the Ge buffer layer. The mechanism of Ge surface atomic step formation and the corresponding step density control method are illustrated. The elimination of antiphase boundaries from the optimized Ge buffer layer, together with the defect necking effect, yield defect-free top InP layers inside the trenches.
Promoting microstructural homogeneity during flash sintering of ceramics through thermal management (2021)

Abstract Flash sintering (FS) is a novel field-assisted sintering technology, where the ceramic is heated internally by the Joule effect. While FS promises a tremendous reduction of ceramic firing time and furnace temperature, it has been applied only at the laboratory scale to date. The key limitation of scaling up the technique to the industrial manufacturing level is the intrinsic difficulty managing the heat generation and obtaining homogenous microstructures in components of industrial interest. Heterogeneous regions primarily originate from the different types of thermal gradients that develop during FS; therefore, the management of heat generation is crucial to achieve uniformity. In this article, we discuss the advantages of controlling the microstructural homogeneity of ceramics during FS, and the technical routes to achieve this. The origin and formation mechanisms of thermal gradients upon flash sintering are outlined. Possible approaches to reduce thermal and microstructural gradients are identified. The opportunities and challenges in scale-up of FS are discussed from both industrial and scientific perspectives.
Compiler-based side channel vulnerability analysis and optimized countermeasures application (2013)

Modern embedded systems manage sensitive data increasingly often through cryptographic primitives. In this context, side-channel attacks, such as power analysis, represent a concrete threat, regardless of the mathematical strength of a cipher. Evaluating the resistance against power analysis of cryptographic implementations and preventing it, are tasks usually ascribed to the expertise of the system designer. This paper introduces a new security-oriented data-flow analysis assessing the vulnerability level of a cipher with bit-level accuracy. A general and extensible compiler-based tool was implemented to assess the instruction resistance against power-based side-channels. The tool automatically instantiates the essential masking countermeasures, yielding a x2.5 performance speedup w.r.t. protecting the entire code.
Models to Predict Intestinal Absorption of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins (2012)

Prediction of human intestinal absorption is a major goal in the design, optimization, and selection of drugs intended for oral delivery, in particular proteins, which possess intrinsic poor transport across intestinal epithelium. There are various techniques currently employed to evaluate the extension of protein absorption in the different phases of drug discovery and development. Screening protocols to evaluate protein absorption include a range of preclinical methodologies like in silico, in vitro, in situ, ex vivo and in vivo. It is the careful and critical use of these techniques that can help to identify drug candidates, which most probably will be well absorbed from the human intestinal tract. It is well recognized that the human intestinal permeability cannot be accurately predicted based on a single preclinical method. However, the present social and scientific concerns about the animal well care as well as the pharmaceutical industries need for rapid, cheap and reliable models predicting bioavailability give reasons for using methods providing an appropriate correlation between results of in vivo and in vitro drug absorption. The aim of this review is to describe and compare in silico, in vitro, in situ, ex vivo and in vivo methods used to predict human intestinal absorption, giving a special attention to the intestinal absorption of therapeutic peptides and proteins.
Targeting Angiogenesis in Cancer Therapy: Moving Beyond Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (2015)

Significant advances in cancer treatment have been achieved with the development of antiangiogenic agents, the majority of which have focused on inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. VEGF targeting alone, however, has not proven to be as efficacious as originally hoped, and it is increasingly clear that there are many interconnected and compensatory pathways that can overcome VEGF-targeted inhibition of angiogenesis. Maximizing the potential of antiangiogenic therapy is likely to require a broader therapeutic approach using a new generation of multitargeted antiangiogenic agents.
INSecS: An Intelligent Network Security System (2018)

There are new challenges in network security, introduced by the nature of modern networks like IoT systems, Cloud systems, and other distributed systems. System resource limitations in IoT, delays in processing the large stream of data from Cloud and distributed system, incapability to handle multi-step attacks due to delay in updates, limited datasets used for Intrusion Detection System (IDS) training which impacts the system performance are some of the pressing issues. To address these challenges, the author proposes Intelligent Network Security Systems, a framework that can handle these issues and also be as accurate as a commercial grade IDS. The proposed framework consists of three components: a Dataset Creation Software (DCS), an Intrusion Detection System and a Learning module. This thesis presents implementation details and validation results for DCS and IDS.\nThe first component is a highly customizable software framework capable of generating labeled network intrusion datasets on demand. This software is able to collect data from a live network as well as from a pre-recorded packet capture file. The output can be either Raw packet capture (PCAP) with selected attributes per packet or a processed dataset with customized attributes related to both individual packet features and overall traffic behavior within a time window. The abilities of this component are compared with a state-of-the-art dataset creation system through a feature comparison.\nThe proposed Intrusion Detection System is a novel, distributed IDS that is able to perform in real-time in a distributed system. Hierarchical decision making is used to reduce traffic overhead on the IDS and allow faster Intrusion Detection. The IDS also detects multi-step attacks faster by updating the system rules when a reconnaissance attack is detected, without any human intervention. Internal attacks are also detected easily because of the distributed nature of the IDS. The performance tests show that the IDS performs 8 times faster on averages with the hierarchical decision-making structure and still maintains the same level of accuracy as Snort.
A P2X Ion Channel–Triggered NF-κB Pathway Enhances TNF-α–Induced IL-8 Expression in Airway Epithelial Cells (2009)

Extracellular ATP, acting at P2Y and P2X receptors, has recently been shown to contribute to airway inflammation. The aim of our study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the ATP-dependent regulation of IL-8 production by airway epithelial cells. Treatment of human normal tracheal (NT)-1 cells with ATP or its two analogs, alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP) and 2'- and 3'-O-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl)-ATP (BzATP) activated NF-kappaB through the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, a process requiring Ca(2+), calmodulin (CaM), and Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent kinase (CaMK), but independent from phospholipase C. alpha,beta-meATP-induced IKK activation also occurred in the alveolar A549 cell line. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that NT-1 and A549 cells expressed P2X(4), P2X(5),and P2X(6) subtype mRNAs, whereas P2X(7) mRNAs were only detected in NT-1 cells. Polarized human primary nasal epithelial cells expressed all four P2X subtypes. Both alpha,beta-meATP and BzATP caused Ca(2+)-dependent binding of phosphorylated p65 (S536) NF-kappaB subunit to the endogenous IL-8 gene promoter in NT-1 cells. Although these agonists did not induce significant IL-8 gene expression by these cells, they markedly enhanced TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation, resulting in increased IL-8 expression and release. Application of alpha,beta-meATP or BzATP at the apical side of polarized human primary nasal epithelial cells sufficed to cause CaMK-dependent IL-8 release by these cells. Thus, ATP promotes TNF-alpha-elicited IL-8 expression through P2X ion channel-triggered Ca(2+) entry, leading to CaMK-dependent IKK activation and binding of active p65 to IL-8 gene promoter.
HSV as a vector in vaccine development and gene therapy (2008)

The very deep knowledge acquired on the genetics and molecular biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV), major human pathogen whose lifestyle is based on a long-term dual interaction with the infected host characterized by the existence of lytic and latent infections, has allowed the development of potential vectors for several applications in human healthcare. These include delivery and expression of human genes to cells of the nervous system, selective destruction of cancer cells, prophylaxis against infection with HSV or other infectious diseases and targeted infection of specific tissues or organs. Three different classes of vectors can be derived from HSV-1: replication-competent attenuated vectors, replication-incompetent recombinant vectors and defective helper-dependent vectors known as amplicons. This chapter highlights the current knowledge concerning design, construction and recent applications, as well as the potential and current limitations of the three different classes of HSV-1-based vectors.
The unfolded protein response in amyotrophic later sclerosis: results of a phase 2 trial (2021)

Strong evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) through altered regulation of proteostasis. Robust preclinical findings demonstrated that guanabenz selectively inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2α-phosphatase, allowing misfolded protein clearance, reduces neuronal death and prolongs survival in in vitro and in vivo models. However, its safety and efficacy in patients with ALS are unknown. To address these issues, we conducted a multicentre, randomized, double-blind trial with a futility design. Patients with ALS who had displayed an onset of symptoms within the previous 18 months were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive 64 mg, 32 mg or 16 mg of guanabenz or placebo daily for 6 months as an add-on therapy to riluzole. The purpose of the placebo group blinding was to determine safety but not efficacy. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients progressing to higher stages of disease within 6 months as measured using the ALS Milano-Torino staging system, compared with a historical cohort of 200 patients with ALS. The secondary outcomes were the rate of decline in the total revised ALS functional rating scale score, slow vital capacity change, time to death, tracheotomy or permanent ventilation and serum light neurofilament level at 6 months. The primary assessment of efficacy was performed using intention-to-treat analysis. The treatment arms using 64 mg and 32 mg guanabenz, both alone and combined, reached the primary hypothesis of non-futility, with the proportions of patients who progressed to higher stages of disease at 6 months being significantly lower than that expected under the hypothesis of non-futility and a significantly lower difference in the median rate of change in the total revised ALS functional rating scale score. This effect was driven by patients with bulbar onset, none of whom (0/18) progressed to a higher stage of disease at 6 months compared with those on 16 mg guanabenz (4/8; 50%), the historical cohort alone (21/49; 43%; P = 0.001) or plus placebo (25/60; 42%; P = 0.001). The proportion of patients who experienced at least one adverse event was higher in any guanabenz arm than in the placebo arm, with higher dosing arms having a significantly higher proportion of drug-related side effects and the 64 mg arm a significantly higher drop-out rate. The number of serious adverse events did not significantly differ between the guanabenz arms and the placebo. Our findings indicate that a larger trial with a molecule targeting the unfolded protein response pathway without the alpha-2 adrenergic related side-effect profile of guanabenz is warranted.