gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Doping carbons beyond nitrogen: an overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorus for energy applications (2013)

Heteroatom doped carbon materials represent one of the most prominent families of materials that are used in energy related applications, such as fuel cells, batteries, hydrogen storage or supercapacitors. While doping carbons with nitrogen atoms has experienced great progress throughout the past decades and yielded promising material concepts, also other doping candidates have gained the researchers' interest in the last few years. Boron is already relatively widely studied, and as its electronic situation is contrary to the one of nitrogen, codoping carbons with both heteroatoms can probably create synergistic effects. Sulphur and phosphorus have just recently entered the world of carbon synthesis, but already the first studies published prove their potential, especially as electrocatalysts in the cathodic compartment of fuel cells. Due to their size and their electronegativity being lower than those of carbon, structural distortions and changes of the charge densities are induced in the carbon materials. This article is to give a state of the art update on the most recent developments concerning the advanced heteroatom doping of carbon that goes beyond nitrogen. Doped carbon materials and their applications in energy devices are discussed with respect to their boron-, sulphur- and phosphorus-doping.
The kinetics and mechanisms of additions to olefinic substances. Part 16. Addition of halogens to 1,4-benzoquinone and to 1,4-napthoquinone, and dehydrohalogenation of the resulting adducts (1983)

The products of acid-catalysed halogenation of 1,4-benzoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone in acetic acid have been investigated under conditions which could lead to the formation of dichloride, dibromide, and bromochloride. The variation in ratio of bromochloride to dibromide with relative availability of bromine and chlorine as electrophile and nucleophile suggests that the first entering halogen atom is attached nucleophilically as the results of ‘1,4’-(rather than ‘1,2’-) addition, and that the second halogen atom is then attached electrophilically. Acetate ion does not compete effectively with chloride ion in the nucleophilic stage of the reaction; and chlorine acetate does not add, even with sulphuric acid as catalyst, to 1,4-benzoquinone. The mechanistic significance of these results is discussed. The kinetics and products of solvolytic eliminations from the dihalides derived from 1,4-benzoquinone have been studied in 95% ethanol; the effects of structure on the rate make it probable that the reactions lie towards the E1cB end of the spectrum of elimination mechanisms.
Prefetching in realtime database applications (1986)

In this paper a method is proposed how to achieve response times of main memory database systems without keeping the whole database in main memory. The method was originally developed for real-time systems in manufacturing automation, but it is applicable in environments where canned transactions interact with databases rather than people performing free transactions. The main idea is to preanalyse canned transactions in order to extract knowledge about their local access behaviour. This knowledge is used by the runtime system of the database when the transaction is started. Concepts for modules doing the preanalysis and the runtime tasks are described in detail. Furthermore a database architecture is developed incorporating these new components.
Cell- and biomarker-based assays for predicting nephrotoxicity (2014)

Traditional cell culture methods and cytotoxicity assays are well established as in vitro tests for nephrotoxicity but the correlation with in vivo results is extremely poor. Recently validated renal biomarkers show promise for early in vivo detection of nephrotoxicity, but have yet to be successfully applied for in vitro prediction of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Advanced culture technologies 'kidney-on-a-chip' and 3D culture can produce biomarker signatures from relevant kidney cell types that show promise as better predictive systems.
A low cost, radio controlled blimp as a platform for remote sensing (2002)

The authors propose using a radio-controlled blimp as a new platform for microwave remote sensing. Although blimps have been used for aerial photography, they have not been applied in precision remote sensing. Among the advantages suggested are low cost, low maintenance, ease of deployment, and minimal personnel requirements. Applications are given of typical radar systems for which a remotely controlled blimp is a suitable platform. Among these systems, the authors suggest microwave radar systems such as synthetic aperture radars (SAR), altimeters, and scatterometers. Such radar systems are currently used for archaeological and geological studies typically from aircraft or satellites, but they propose using a blimp as a low cost alternative for these systems. As an example, the authors present an altimeter system designed to support NASAs Jason-1 launch. In support of this launch, testing is scheduled for work on landslide detection and mean sea level measurement. For the altimeter the remote controlled blimp will be used as the platform for these measurements. They acknowledge the funding support of NASA for this study.
Efficient rate control for JPEG2000 image coding (2005)

JPEG2000 is the new image coding standard which can provide superior rate-distortion performance over the old JPEG standard. However, the conventional post-compression rate-distortion (PCRD) optimization scheme in JPEG2000 is not efficient. It requires entropy encoding all available data even though a large portion of them will not be included in the final output. In this paper, three rate control methods are proposed to efficiently reduce both the computational complexity and memory usage over the conventional PCRD method. The first method, called successive bit-plane rate allocation (SBRA), allocates the bit rate by using the currently available rate-distortion information only. The second method, called priority scanning rate allocation (PSRA), allocates bits according to certain prioritized ordering. The third method uses PSRA to achieve optimal truncation as PCRD without encoding of all the image details and is called priority scanning with optimal truncation (PSOT). Simulation results suggest that the three proposed methods provide different tradeoff among visual quality, computational complexity, coding delay and working memory size. SBRA is memoryless and causal and requires the least computational complexity, lowest coding delay and achieves good visual quality. PSRA achieves higher PSNR than SBRA at the expense of larger working memory size and longer coding delay. PSOT gives the best PSNR but requires even more computation, delay and memory.
Bifidobacteria and their role in human health (1990)

There is a growing consensus on the beneficial effects of bifidobacteria in human health. It is now clear that bifidobacteria that exist in the large intestine are helpful for maintenance of human health and are far more important than Lactobaeillus aeidophilus as beneficial intestinal bacteria throughout human life. In other words, the reduction or disappearance of bifidobacteria in the human intestine would indicate an "unhealthy" state. Oral administration of bifidobacteria may be effective for the improvement of intestinal flora and intestinal environment, for the therapy of enteric and hepatic disorders, for stimulation of the immune response, and possibly for the prevention of cancer and slowing the aging process. However, for consistent and positive results further well-controlled studies are urgently needed.
Religious Identity Formation Among Adolescents: The Role of Religious Secondary Schools (2012)

The purpose of this article is to examine the role religious secondary schools play in the religious identity formation of adolescents. Although several research studies have found a correlation between enrollment in private religious schools and adolescents’ religious identity formation, the researchers of these studies have only speculated about which specific characteristics of religious schools are responsible for this formation in the lives of adolescents. Through a review of the literature, the present article identifies several characteristics of religious secondary schools that may contribute to the process of religious identity formation: a community of religious peers, the presence of religious adults, and an exposure to religious instruction. Implications for Christian secondary school practitioners are also discussed.
Dual role of phenols as fragrances and antioxidants: mechanism, kinetics and drastic solvent effect (2012)

ABSTRACT The antioxidant activity of 18 phenols, including standard antioxidants (e.g. butylated hydroxytoluene, α ‐tocopherol) and fragrance molecules (e.g. eugenol, thymol) has been evaluated by measuring the rate constants for their reaction with the DPPH • (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical in m ‐xylene. Correlation with the bond dissociation energies supports the involvement of the hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. The radical trapping ability of α ‐tocopherol, eugenol and isoeugenol has been investigated in five solvents of different polarity and in a series of homologous alcohols. In comparison to α ‐tocopherol, the increase of the observed scavenging kinetics for eugenol and isoeugenol in alcohols suggests that the sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) takes place. The addition of acetic acid eliminates the SPLET mechanism and confirms its predominance in polar solvent. The major effects of the p K a of fragrant phenols and of the solvent dielectric constant on the SPLET mechanism are discussed. Some fragrance phenols, such as mesitol and eugenol, show a significant reactivity towards the DPPH • radical in m ‐xylene, which is more pronounced for eugenol derivatives in alcohols. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Restenosis Following Angioplasty in the Swine Coronary Artery Is Inhibited By an Orally Active PDGF-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, RPR101511A (1999)

RPR101511A, which acts by inhibition of the PDGFr-TK, completely prevented angiographic loss of gain following PTCA and significantly reduced histological intimal hyperplasia.
Petersilia, Joan (2014)

Joan Petersilia is an American criminologist who studies community corrections and prisoner reentry. She is most famous for conducting a randomized field experiment to examine the impact of intensive supervision probation and parole, for program evaluation research in corrections generally, and for her recent cutting‐edge collaborative partnership with policy makers to reform the parole system in California.
Modeling correction of severe urea cycle defects in the growing murine liver using a hybrid recombinant adeno‐associated virus/piggyBac transposase gene delivery system (2015)

Using a hybrid rAAV/piggyBac transposon vector system, we achieved stable therapeutic protection in two urea cycle defect mouse models; a clinically conceivable early application of this technology in the management of severe urea cycle defects could be as a bridging therapy while awaiting liver transplantation; further improvement of the system will result from the development of highly human liver-tropic capsids, the use of alternative strategies to achieve transient transposase expression, and engineered refinements in the safety profile of piggyBac transposase-mediated integration.
How molecules stick together in organic crystals: weak intermolecular interactions (2009)

This tutorial review introduces the fundamentals of intermolecular interactions in terms of the underlying physics and goes on to illustrate the most popular methods for the computer simulation of intermolecular interactions, from atom-atom potentials to ab initio methods, including intermediate, hybrid methods, with an appreciation of their relative merits and costs. Typical results are critically presented, culminating in the most difficult exercise of all, the computer prediction of crystal structures. Perspectives on our present and future ability to understand and exploit intermolecular interactions are given.
Induction of bicellular pollen by trifluralin treatment and occurrence of triploids and aneuploids after fertilization in maize (1999)

By spraying tassels of maize (Zea mays L.) with a trifluralin solution before flowering, viable bicellular pollen grains (with one vegetative nucleus and one mitotically arrested diploid generative cell) were produced. Fertilization between a central cell (2n) of diploid plants and the mitotically arrested generative cell (2n) of the bicellular pollen induced by trifluralin treatment was detected by the presence of shriveled kernels on pollinated ears. A covered method (tassels covered with aluminum foil for 24 h after spraying) and a non-covered method were compared, and the non-covered treatment with 0.2-0.4% trefanocide solutions was the most effective treatment in producing viable bicellular pollen. About 40-50% of the kernels were shriveled on pollinated ears from the treatments. Chromosome counts on seedlings obtained from 0.3% non-covered treatment revealed 24% were triploid and 4% were aneuploid (2n = 19, 21, and 22).Key words: aneuploid, bicellular pollen, trifluralin, triploid, Zea mays L.
Physical markers for landmarking fluorescently stained gels that facilitate automated spot-picking (2001)

The quantitative comparison of spot patterns relies heavily on protein stains that do provide an appropriate dynamic range. Unfortunately most spot picking robot devices are still limited to nonfluorescent protein stains and the appropriate equipment is still quite expensive. These problems are solved by the application of a newly developed "GelMarker" that combines a spot picking robot device and a UV scanner. The "GelMarkers" are detectable in both the visible and UV range of light and permit the comparison of gel pictures taken by such different devices. The application of these "GelMarkers" together with the transformation of spot coordinates by using a "spot matching" procedure allows the automated excision of selected protein spots. The obtained picking accuracies are as good as those obtainable from visible stained gels due to the shape stability of the gels even over a longer time period.
Semi-convolutional Operators for Instance Segmentation (2018)

Object detection and instance segmentation are dominated by region-based methods such as Mask RCNN. However, there is a growing interest in reducing these problems to pixel labeling tasks, as the latter could be more efficient, could be integrated seamlessly in image-to-image network architectures as used in many other tasks, and could be more accurate for objects that are not well approximated by bounding boxes. In this paper we show theoretically and empirically that constructing dense pixel embeddings that can separate object instances cannot be easily achieved using convolutional operators. At the same time, we show that simple modifications, which we call semi-convolutional, have a much better chance of succeeding at this task. We use the latter to show a connection to Hough voting as well as to a variant of the bilateral kernel that is spatially steered by a convolutional network. We demonstrate that these operators can also be used to improve approaches such as Mask RCNN, demonstrating better segmentation of complex biological shapes and PASCAL VOC categories than achievable by Mask RCNN alone.
Temporal code in the vibrissal system–Part II: Roughness surface discrimination (2007)

Previous works have purposed hypotheses about the neural code of the tactile system in the rat. One of them is based on the physical characteristics of vibrissae, such as frequency of resonance; another is based on discharge patterns on the trigeminal ganglion. In this work, the purpose is to find a temporal code analyzing the afferent signals of two vibrissal nerves while vibrissae sweep surfaces of different roughness. Two levels of pressure were used between the vibrissa and the contact surface. We analyzed the afferent discharge of DELTA and GAMMA vibrissal nerves. The vibrissae movements were produced using electrical stimulation of the facial nerve. The afferent signals were analyzed using an event detection algorithm based on Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). The algorithm was able to detect events of different duration. The inter-event times detected were calculated for each situation and represented in box plot. This work allowed establishing the existence of a temporal code at peripheral level.
Novel Drag-Reducing Agents for Fracturing Treatments Based on Polyacrylamide Containing Weak Labile Links in the Polymer Backbone (2011)

Abstract Water-soluble polymers have found extensive use in the oil and gas industry. For instance, high molecular-weight polymers are very efficient drag/friction-reducing agents and viscosifiers. Unfortunately, the adsorption of the polymer on the reservoir formation reduces the effectiveness of the recovery of oil and gas from tight low-permeability formations, such as shale. The availability of water-soluble polymers containing weak links in the backbone of the polymer that can be degraded upon experiencing a certain trigger, such as temperature, pH, or reducing agent, would be very advantageous. Because of the ability of weak links to degrade under certain conditions, such polymers can be used for their intended application and afterwards be degraded in a controlled and predetermined way. The resulting lower molecular-weight fractions of that polymer lead to reduced viscosity, quick partitioning in the water phase, and they are also less likely to adsorb onto formation surfaces. Additionally, no oxidizers need to be pumped to break or clean the deposited polymer, thus, saving time and money. It has been proved that using a bifunctional reducing agent containing degradable groups and oxidizing metal ion as a redox couple is a facile method to initiate the free-radical polymerisation and build degradable groups into the backbone of the vinyl polymers. Temperature-degradable but hydrolytically stable azo groups showed the most desirable results. The presence of azo groups in the backbone of the synthesized polyacrylamide (PAM) was confirmed by rf-NMR spectra and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The degradation behavior of the PAM with temperature-sensitive azo groups was characterised using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) system and proved the multiple labile links were built into the polymer backbone. It was also found that PAM with azo links in the polymer backbone is as good a drag-reducing agent as pure PAM. However, PAM with azo links in the backbone loses its drag-reduction properties once subjected to elevated temperature, which for some applications is viewed as an advantage.
‘‘Tracking’’ tunneling microscopy (1988)

Simple modification of the electronics of a STM allows operation in various tracking modes. Profiles of steepest inclination, equal height, equipotential, electrical field lines, etc., can be traced out. The tunnel tip can also be locked to a surface extremity for indefinite time. Some of these possibilities were tested experimentally.
A direct interaction between NQO1 and a chemotherapeutic dimeric naphthoquinone (2016)

The first structure of a dimeric naphthoquinone-NQO1 complex was reported, which can be used for design and synthesis of more potent next generation dimeric naphthoquinones to target NQO1 with higher affinity and specificity.
Jointly Optimizing Expressional and Residual Models for 3D Facial Expression Removal (2022)

This article proposes a facial expression removal method to recover a 3D neutral face from a single 3D expressional or non-neutral face. We treat a 3D non-neutral face as the sum of its neutral one and the residual. This can be satisfied if the correspondence between 3D vertices of expressional faces and those of neutral faces is established. We propose a non-rigid deformation method to establish the correspondence between 3D faces. Then, according to algebra inequality, the minimization of a neutral face model can be replaced by the minimization of its upper bound, i.e., the errors of an expressional face model and a residual model. Thus, we co-optimize the representation errors of the latter two models and build the relationship between the representation coefficients of the two models. Given an expressional face as the input, its corresponding neutral face can be inferred by the associative representation parameters in these two models. In the testing stage, we use an iterative joint fitting scheme to obtain a more accurate recovery. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate our method. The results show that our method obtains considerably better performance than existing methods in terms of average root mean square errors and recognition rates, and also better visual effects.
Enhanced Production of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2 (MIP-2) by In Vitro and In Vivo Infections with Encephalomyocarditis Virus and Modulation of Myocarditis with an Antibody against MIP-2 (2001)

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemotactic cytokine for neutrophils and lymphocytes. Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) is a murine counterpart of IL-8. The present study was performed to determine whether MIP-2 aggravates murine myocarditis. We examined (i) the MIP-2-producing activity of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-infected cultured macrophages, (ii) serial plasma MIP-2 levels in EMC virus-induced mice by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and (iii) the effects of antimouse MIP-2 monoclonal antibody (MAb) in vivo upon myocarditis. The production of MIP-2 increased in an infection dose- and time-dependent manner in virus-infected RAW 264. 7 macrophages. Five-week-old C(3)H/He mice were inoculated with EMC virus. Plasma MIP-2 levels were significantly elevated in mice on days 7 and 14 postinfection. Mice were injected subcutaneously with anti-MIP-2 MAb at 10 microg/day (group 2) or 100 microg/day (group 3) on days 0 to 5 and were observed until day 21. Uninfected control mice (group 1) were prepared. The survival rate was higher in the anti-MIP-2-treated group (group 3), but not in group 2, than in the control group. Histopathological analysis revealed that cellular infiltration and myocardial necrosis with macrophage and T-cell accumulation were less prominent in the anti-MIP-2 MAb-treated group, but not in group 2, compared to the level in the controls. MIP-2 is an important naturally occurring inflammatory cytokine in myocarditis, and anti-MIP-2 MAb treatment may prevent the inflammatory response.
Efficacy of Treatment of Non-hereditary Angioedema (2016)

Non-hereditary angioedema (AE) with normal C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH) can be presumably bradykinin- or mast cell-mediated, or of unknown cause. In this systematic review, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus to provide an overview of the efficacy of different treatment options for the abovementioned subtypes of refractory non-hereditary AE with or without wheals and with normal C1INH. After study selection and risk of bias assessment, 61 articles were included for data extraction and analysis. Therapies were described for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced AE (ACEi-AE), for idiopathic AE, and for AE with wheals. Described treatments consisted of ecallantide, icatibant, C1INH, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), tranexamic acid (TA), and omalizumab. Additionally, individual studies for anti-vitamin K, progestin, and methotrexate were found. Safety information was available in 26 articles. Most therapies were used off-label and in few patients. There is a need for additional studies with a high level of evidence. In conclusion, in acute attacks of ACEi-AE and idiopathic AE, treatment with icatibant, C1INH, TA, and FFP often leads to symptom relief within 2 h, with limited side effects. For prophylactic treatment of idiopathic AE and AE with wheals, omalizumab, TA, and C1INH were effective and safe in the majority of patients.