gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The secondary immune response of young carp, <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L., following injection of cortisol (1985)

Cyprinus carpio immunized at 9 weeks after hatching with either human gamma globulin or trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells either fail to respond or respond poorly on secondary exposure at 17 weeks of age. Injection of cortisol either simultaneously with the antigen, or 3 days prior to, or 3 days after antigen, permits the antibody response to proceed upon subsequent challenge. The implication of these results for the ontogeny of the fish immune response is discussed.
Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Associated with Healthcare-Associated Infections Summary of Data Reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009–2010 (2012)

While the proportion of resistant isolates did not substantially change from that in the previous 2 years, multidrug-resistant gram-negative phenotypes were reported from a moderate proportion of facilities.
Biometric system design under zero and non-zero effort attacks (2013)

An increasing number of studies have reported that the quality of biometric samples has a significant impact on the performance of the system. However, to our best knowledge, these studies are limited to impersonation attempts from different subjects, i.e., zero-effort attack, and they do not take into account the possibility of spoof attack, also called non-zero effort attack. In order to thwart the spoof attack, one way is to assess the likelihood of a spoof attempt by using biometric liveness measures. Since both biometric sample quality and liveness measures are different, and possibly complementary, we propose an information fusion framework that combines them under both zero- and nonzero effort (spoof) attacks. We implemented this framework using three generative classifiers, namely, Gaussian Mixture Model, Gaussian Copula, and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis. Experimental results on LivDet 11 spoof fingerprint database demonstrate that the proposed framework can reduce the error rate of the baseline system by about 56%, under both types of attack.
Spaceborne GNSS-R from the SMAP Mission: First Assessment of Polarimetric Scatterometry over Land and Cryosphere (2017)

This work describes the first global scale assessment of a Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) experiment performed on-board the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission for soil moisture and biomass determination. Scattered GPS L2 signals (1227.6 MHz) were collected by the SMAP’s dual-polarization (Horizontal H and Vertical V) radar receiver and then processed on-ground using a known replica of the GPS L2C code. The scattering properties over land are evaluated using the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), the Polarimetric Ratio (PR), and the width of the waveforms’ trailing and leading edges. These parameters show sensitivity to the effects of the Earth’s topography and Above Ground Biomass (ABG) even over Amazonian and Boreal forests. These effects are shown to be an important factor in precise soil moisture and biomass determination. Additionally, it is found that PR shows sensitivity to soil moisture content over different land cover types. In particular, the following values of the PR are found over: (a) tropical forests ~−1.2 dB; (b) boreal forests ~0.8 dB; (c) Greenland ~2.8 dB; and (d) the Sahara Desert ~3.2 dB.
Association Between SSCP Haplotypes at the Bovine Growth Hormone Gene and Milk Protein Percentage (1996)

The bovine Growth Hormone gene (bGH) is an attractive candidate gene for milk production in cattle. Single-strand conformation polymorphisms at bGH were identified and used to define haplotype configurations at this gene in the Israeli Holstein dairy cattle population (Bos taurus) and in the parent animals of the International Bovine Reference Family Panel (a collection of B. taurus and B. indicus crosses). B. taurus and B. indicus haplotypes at the bGH gene differed qualitatively, confirming the previously proposed long evolutionary separation of these cattle subraces. Only a small number of bGH haplotypes were present in the Israel Holstein population. One of the haplotypes, apparently of B. indicus origin, was found to have a highly significant positive effect on milk protein percentage. This illustrates the utility of the haplotype approach for uncovering candidate gene involvement in quantitative genetic variation in agricultural populations. The strong effect of an indicine haplotype in a taurine background raises the possibility that indicine alleles at other candidate genes may comprise a genetic resource for improvement of taurine populations. It is proposed that haplotype analysis may be a useful adjunct to measures of genetic distance for evaluating rare breeds with respect to gene conservation.
DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBRE ACOUSTIC SENSORS - FUTURE APPLICATIONS IN AUDIO AND ACOUSTICS ENGINEERING (2023)

First successful experiments with optical fibre acoustic sensors were performed in 1970s by Bucaro et al.1 and Cole et al.2. Those and later developments were primarily concerned with point sensors which are equivalent to single microphone or a microphone array with fixed number of microphone. Optical fibre acoustic sensors utilise pressure induced variations in the refractive index of the fibre and its geometrical deformation caused by flexural wave to measure acoustic disturbance3. Single point optical fibre acoustic sensors are usually more expensive than microphones. However, if a large number of sensors is needed, distributed optical fibre sensors can offer a cost-effective alternative to microphone array due to the possibility of mapping the sound pressure level as a function of distance. Historically the oldest application of distributed optical fibre sensors (DOFS) were to measure the integrity of optical fibres along long telecom optical links. Just recently the focus has shifted towards distributed measurements of sound and vibration4. This paper briefly reviews the optical fibre distributed acoustic sensor technology. First, we look into distributed sensing principles in more details and compare different methods. In the next section,we will discuss the principle of Phase Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (phi-OTDR) and Rayleigh backscattering, which is used in the system designed and built by Masoudi et al.5. We will discuss the limitations of the system from acoustics point of view. Then, we propose possible applications of such a system in acoustic measurements. In sections 4–6, the results of the preliminary experiment performed in a reverberation chamber are presented and discussed.
Routing Multiple Vehicles Cooperatively: Minimizing Road Network Breakdown Probability (2017)

Traffic congestion has always been an impending challenge for drivers as well as traffic authorities. It causes frustrations to millions of passengers. The estimated financial cost is $2,200 billion per year in developed countries worldwide. In this paper, we propose an intelligent routing algorithm to minimize the traffic jam occurrence through directing the paths of multiple vehicles cooperatively. According to Kerner's breakdown minimization principle, we can claim that the traffic network optimum has been achieved if the probability for spontaneous traffic jam occurrence over the entire road network during a given observation time period is minimized. The proposed multivehicle routing approach is fully scalable and distributed, which essentially makes it directly applicable to real traffic networks such as that in Singapore. Through numerical studies, the proposed algorithm is much faster in terms of convergence speed than that of state-of-the-art distributed computation approaches. Moreover, our approach always maintains a feasible route guidance solution during the computation process, which is applicable to scenarios with real time decision making requirements, i.e., the reaction time must be within seconds. Simulation results in arbitrarily large road networks with realistic settings show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Sequencegram: n-gram modeling of system calls for program based anomaly detection (2011)

Our contribution in this paper is two fold. First we provide preliminary investigation results establishing program based anomaly detection is effective if short system call sequences are modeled along with their occurrence frequency. Second as a consequence of this, built normal program model can tolerate some level of contamination in the training dataset. We describe an experimental system Sequencegram, designed to validate the contributions. Sequencegram model short sequences of system calls in the form of n-grams and store in a tree (for the space efficiency) called as n-gram-tree. A score known as anomaly score is associated with every short sequence (based on its occurrence frequency) which represents the probability of short sequence being anomalous. As it is generally assumed that, there is a skewed distribution of normal and abnormal sequences, more frequently occurring sequences are given lower anomaly score and vice versa. Individual n-gram anomaly score contribute to the anomaly score of a program trace.
Liposome as a Drug Delivery System-A Review (2012)

A liposome is a spherical vesicle with a membrane composed of a phospholipids bilayer used to deliver drug or genetic material into a cell. Liposomes can be composed of naturally-derived phospholipids with mixed lipid chain like egg phosphatidylethonalimine or of pure components like DOPE (dioleolylphosphatidylethanolamine). There are number of the structural and nonstructural components of liposomes, major structural components of liposomes are: phospholipids and cholesterol. Liposomes are usually classified according to their lamellarity and size is MLV, LUV, SUV. Various methods used for the preparation of liposome are Passive loading techniques, Active loading technique. Therapeutic Application of Liposome are Liposome as drug/protein delivery vehicles, Liposome in antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral therapy, Liposome in tumour therapy. Liposome in gene delivery, Liposome in immunology, etc.
Heat Shock protein 90: Role in Enterovirus 71 Entry and Assembly and Potential Target for Therapy (2013)

Although several factors participating in enterovirus 71 (EV71) entry and replication had been reported, the precise mechanisms associated with these events are far from clear. In the present study, we showed that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a key element associated with EV71 entry and replication in a human rhabdomyosarcoma of RD cells. Inhibition of HSP90 by pretreating host cells with HSP90β siRNA or blocking HSP90 with a HSP90-specific antibody or geldanamycin (GA), a specific inhibitor of HSP90, as well as recombinant HSP90β resulted in inhibiting viral entry and subsequent viral replication. Co-immunprecipitation of EV71 with recombinant HSP90β and colocalization of EV71-HSP90 in the cells demonstrated that HSP90 was physically associated with EV71 particles. HSP90 seems to mediate EV71 replication by preventing proteosomal degradation of the newly synthesized capsid proteins, but does not facilitate viral gene expression at transcriptional level. This was evident by post-treatment of host cells with GA, which did not affect the expression of viral transcripts but accelerated the degradation of viral capsid proteins and interfered with the formation of assembled virions. In vivo studies were carried out using human SCARB2-transgenic mice to evaluate the protection conferred by HSP90 inhibitor, 17-allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), an analog of geldanamycin, that elicited similar activity but with less toxicity. The results showed that the administration of 17-AAG twice conferred the resistance to hSCARB2 mice challenged with C2, C4, and B4 genotypes of EV71. Our data supports HSP90 plays an important role in EV71 infection. Targeting of HSP90 with clinically available drugs might provide a feasible therapeutic approach to treat EV71 infection.
Advance in Post-Combustion CO2 Capture with Alkaline Solution: A Brief Review (2012)

CO2 emission from combustion flue gases has become the primary factor in global warming. Chemical methods of absorbing CO2 from combustion flue gases have been widely used in engineering, because of its simple and convenient operation, high absorption efficiency and economic value. This paper analyses the domestic and foreign researches on chemical methods of absorbing CO2 from combustion flue gases, and summaries the effect of the reactors structure, absorbent type and operating conditions on absorption efficiency. This article also forecasts present developmental directions, and expects to have a certain reference to later research and development.
Expression and function of microRNA in pluripotent stem cells (2013)

Embryonic stem(ES)cells and induced pluripotent stem(iPS)cells hold immense promise for the regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal and potential ability for differentiation.The isolation of either ES or iPS cell still remains at low efficiency,and the mechanism regarding the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency has not been clear so far.Recent studies show that microRNAs(miRNAs)possibly play essential role in the self-renewal and pluripotency of both ES and iPS cells.These findings provide new insights into the research process of stem cells.In this review,the expression of miRNAs as well as their roles in cell proliferation and pluripotent maintenance in both ES and iPS cells will be focused,furnishing a reference for related studies.
Regional rural banks - Changing role in new Era banking (2012)

The balance sheet of banks can never be ignored in today modern type of banking where profits, sustainability and customer satisfaction are the three major issues in front of every type of bank. Keeping this thing in mind, a comparative study of regional rural banks and local area banks is done with respect to various parameters of their balance sheet. The results of the study shows that local area banks are performing better than regional rural banks on most of the selected parameters of the balance sheet and thus proves helpful in serving the needs of the Indian banking system and Indian economy.
Clear coherent imaging in turbid microfluidics by multiple holographic acquisitions (2012)

Recently it has been demonstrated that digital holography is a powerful means allowing imaging of both amplitude and phase objects in turbid flowing media. However, in quasi-static turbid microfluidics, multiple scattering contributions through the colloids superimpose coherently to the recording device, resulting in speckle noise and hindering a clear vision of the objects. In this Letter we exploit the Brownian motion of the colloidal particles to get multiple uncorrelated holograms, and we combine them to reduce the speckle contrast. In this way we get a multi-look gain without losing image resolution.
Pressurized Xenon-Filled Multiwire Proportional Chamber for Radionuclide Imaging (1978)

A pressurized multiwire proportional chamber radionuclide imaging system has been constructed which has operated at pressures of up to 11 atmospheres absolute using a xenon-methane gas mix. The experimental detector has an active imaging area of 25 sq. cm. and an effective depth of 11 cm. An all digital readout system has been constructed with an intrinsic resolution of 1.3 mm FWHM. The FWHM has been measured for various radionuclides: iodine-125 (28 keV), 1.3 mm; thallium - 201 (75 keV), 2 mm; technetium-99 m (140 keV), 3 mm. Our primary goal has been the investigation of properties of such detectors that offer advantages over conventional gamma cameras, including high data rate and improved spatial resolution, particularly for isotopes with photon energies below 100 keV. We have fabricated a gas purification system which permits long term operation of the system without degradation and have investigated construction techniques to produce reliable devices which could be used in a hospital environment.
Efficient Learning Machines: Theories, Concepts, and Applications for Engineers and System Designers (2015)

Machine learning techniques provide cost-effective alternatives to traditional methods for extracting underlying relationships between information and data and for predicting future events by processing existing information to train models. Efficient Learning Machines explores the major topics of machine learning, including knowledge discovery, classifications, genetic algorithms, neural networking, kernel methods, and biologically-inspired techniques.Mariette Awad and Rahul Khannaâs synthetic approach weaves together the theoretical exposition, design principles, and practical applications of efficient machine learning. Their experiential emphasis, expressed in their close analysis of sample algorithms throughout the book, aims to equip engineers, students of engineering, and system designers to design and create new and more efficient machine learning systems. Readers of Efficient Learning Machines will learn how to recognize and analyze the problems that machine learning technology can solve for them, how to implement and deploy standard solutions to sample problems, and how to design new systems and solutions.Advances in computing performance, storage, memory, unstructured information retrieval, and cloud computing have coevolved with a new generation of machine learning paradigms and big data analytics, which the authors present in the conceptual context of their traditional precursors. Awad and Khanna explore current developments in the deep learning techniques of deep neural networks, hierarchical temporal memory, and cortical algorithms.Nature suggests sophisticated learning techniques that deploy simple rules to generate highly intelligent and organized behaviors with adaptive, evolutionary, and distributed properties. The authors examine the most popular biologically-inspired algorithms, together with a sample application to distributed datacenter management. They also discuss machine learning techniques for addressing problems of multi-objective optimization in which solutions in real-world systems are constrained and evaluated based on how well they perform with respect to multiple objectives in aggregate. Two chapters on support vector machines and their extensions focus on recent improvements to the classification and regression techniques at the core of machine learning.
The role of probiotics in women with recurrent urinary tract infections (2018)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) still represent a significant bother for women and result in high costs to the health system. Increasing antimicrobial resistance has stimulated interest in non-antibiotic prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs. Evidence shows that the microorganisms inhabit many sites of the body, including the urinary tract which has long been assumed to be sterile in healthy individuals, might have a role in maintaining urinary health. Studies of the urinary microbiota (UM) have identified remarkable differences between healthy populations and those with urologic diseases. The depletion of these organisms in women susceptible to UTIs raised the question of whether artificial supplementation of these microorganisms as probiotics could lower infection rates. In the literature, probiotic interventions were shown to have some efficacy in the treatment and prevention of urogenital infections. Despite previous controversy regarding the use of probiotics, as treatment for UTIs, there are increasing signs that it may be possible to use them as a first step in regulating the UM so as to reduce the risk of or as a treatment for certain urinary diseases. However, further future clinical trials, involving large numbers of patients, will be mandatory to achieve definite evidence of the preventive and curative role of probiotics in UTIs. Details about correct formulations in terms of amount of bacteria, viability and associated growth factors, will be required in order to standardize the administration schedule and achieve homogeneous and comparable results on selected patients.
RNA sequence of astrovirus: distinctive genomic organization and a putative retrovirus-like ribosomal frameshifting signal that directs the viral replicase synthesis. (1993)

The genomic RNA of human astrovirus was sequenced and found to contain 6797 nt organized into three open reading frames (1a, 1b, and 2). A potential ribosomal frameshift site identified in the overlap region of open reading frames 1a and 1b consists of a "shifty" heptanucleotide and an RNA stem-loop structure that closely resemble those at the gag-pro junction of some retroviruses. This translation frame-shift may result in the suppression of in-frame amber termination at the end of open reading frame 1a and the synthesis of a nonstructural, fusion polyprotein that contains the putative protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Comparative sequence analysis indicated that the protease and polymerase of astrovirus are only distantly related to the respective enzymes of other positive-strand RNA viruses. The astrovirus polyprotein lacks the RNA helicase domain typical of other positive-strand RNA viruses of similar genome size. The genomic organization and expression strategy of astrovirus, with the protease and the polymerase brought together by predicted frameshift, most closely resembled those of plant leuteoviruses. Specific features of the sequence and genomic organization support the classification of astroviruses as an additional family of positive-strand RNA viruses, designated Astroviridae.
Studies on the Reactivity of 4-Acetoxy-3-acylamino-2-azetidinones: Stereospecific<u>trans</u>Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation (1983)

Abstract The recent publication of Reuschling and co-workers2 on the synthesis of a carbapenem utilizing, as the key step in the sequence, the stereospecific C-C coupling of 3-substituted-acetoxy-2-azetidinones with cuprates, prompts us to report our related work in this area.
Relaxation and Reinforcing Effects of Polyrotaxane in an Epoxy Resin Matrix (2006)

Polyrotaxanes with a low threading ratio of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) on a poly(ethylene glycol) chain effectively acted as both the relaxation and reinforcing reagents in Novolac-type epoxy resin. The polyrotaxanes were incorporated into the epoxy resin during the curing process to produce transparent and rigid epoxy resin/polyrotaxane (E/PR) alloys. From dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of the E/PR alloys, it was found that the polyrotaxane contributed not only as a stress-relaxation component but also as a reinforcing modifier in the epoxy resin matrix. The morphology and chemical structures of polyrotaxanes in the epoxy resin matrices were assumed to be in a nanoscale dispersion, forming an interpenetrate network structure with multi cross-linking bonds on threaded α-CDs. This assumption was made based on their transparency, differential scanning calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and DMA analyses. This is the first report on the unique properties of polyrotaxanes added in a rigid matrix.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (2011)

A near-normal life expectancy and a highly satisfactory quality of life are now realistic treatment goals for patients with HCM.
Design of Plasmid DNA Constructs for Vaccines (2006)

For more than three decades, plasmids have been widely used in the biotechnology arena. Historically, they have been most often employed for the expression of heterologous proteins in a variety of microorganisms. More recently, plasmids have been used as vectors for the delivery of antigen encoding genes in order to elicit immune responses in higher order animals. In this chapter, we discuss methods for constructing vectors with this unique purpose. Considerations for choosing the replicon, antigen, expression elements, and host cells are discussed within the context of developing a commercially viable vaccine vector.