gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementation of atomic layer etching of silicon: Scaling parameters, feasibility, and profile control (2016)

Atomic or layer by layer etching of silicon exploits temporally segregated self-limiting adsorption and material removal steps to mitigate the problems associated with continuous or quasicontinuous (pulsed) plasma processes: selectivity loss, damage, and profile control. Successful implementation of atomic layer etching requires careful choice of the plasma parameters for adsorption and desorption steps. This paper illustrates how process parameters can be arrived at through basic scaling exercises, modeling and simulation, and fundamental experimental tests of their predictions. Using chlorine and argon plasma in a radial line slot antenna plasma source as a platform, the authors illustrate how cycle time, ion energy, and radical to ion ratio can be manipulated to manage the deviation from ideality when cycle times are shortened or purges are incomplete. Cell based Monte Carlo feature scale modeling is used to illustrate profile outcomes. Experimental results of atomic layer etching processes are illustrated on silicon line and space structures such that iso-dense bias and aspect ratio dependent free profiles are produced. Experimental results also illustrate the profile control margin as processes move from atomic layer to multilayer by layer etching. The consequence of not controlling contamination (e.g., oxygen) is shown to result in deposition and roughness generation.
A Single Procedure for Aging Both Modified and Unmodified Binders by the Rapid Microwave Method (2005)

The eight neat core asphalts used in the Strategic Highway Research Program were aged using the rapid microwave method. Their rheological properties agree with those obtained after the Rolling Thin Film Oven (short term aging) and the Pressure Aging Vessel (long term aging) methods. Another set of eight binders (three unmodified and five modified) were subjected to the same microwave aging procedure. Their rheological parameters, including the master curves, also agreed with those obtained after the currently used short and long term aging techniques. Precision of the proposed microwave method, as well as the statistical difference between the two aging techniques have earlier been reported. The rapid microwave aging procedure developed recently for modified binders proved suitable for unmodified binders as well.
Perivascular Stem Cells: A Prospectively Purified Mesenchymal Stem Cell Population for Bone Tissue Engineering (2012)

Adipose tissue is an ideal source of mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering: it is largely dispensable and readily accessible with minimal morbidity. However, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue is a heterogeneous cell population, which leads to unreliable bone formation. In the present study, we prospectively purified human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) from adipose tissue and compared their bone-forming capacity with that of traditionally derived SVF. PSCs are a population (sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting) of pericytes (CD146+CD34-CD45-) and adventitial cells (CD146-CD34+CD45-), each of which we have previously reported to have properties of mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we found that PSCs underwent osteogenic differentiation in vitro and formed bone after intramuscular implantation without the need for predifferentiation. We next sought to optimize PSCs for in vivo bone formation, adopting a demineralized bone matrix for osteoinduction and tricalcium phosphate particle formulation for protein release. Patient-matched, purified PSCs formed significantly more bone in comparison with traditionally derived SVF by all parameters. Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 increased in vivo bone formation but with a massive adipogenic response. In contrast, recombinant Nel-like molecule 1 (NELL-1; a novel osteoinductive growth factor) selectively enhanced bone formation. These studies suggest that adipose-derived human PSCs are a new cell source for future efforts in skeletal regenerative medicine. Moreover, PSCs are a stem cell-based therapeutic that is readily approvable by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, with potentially increased safety, purity, identity, potency, and efficacy. Finally, NELL-1 is a candidate growth factor able to induce human PSC osteogenesis.
Highly‐efficient Cd‐free CuInS<sub>2</sub> thin‐film solar cells and mini‐modules with Zn(S,O) buffer layers prepared by an alternative chemical bath process (2006)

Abstract Recent progress in fabricating Cd‐ and Se‐free wide‐gap chalcopyrite thin‐film solar devices with Zn(S,O) buffer layers prepared by an alternative chemical bath process (CBD) using thiourea as complexing agent is discussed. Zn(S,O) has a larger band gap ( E g = 3·6–3·8 eV) than the conventional buffer material CdS ( E g = 2·4 eV) currently used in chalcopyrite‐based thin films solar cells. Thus, Zn(S,O) is a potential alternative buffer material, which already results in Cd‐free solar cell devices with increased spectral response in the blue wavelength region if low‐gap chalcopyrites are used. Suitable conditions for reproducible deposition of good‐quality Zn(S,O) thin films on wide‐gap CuInS 2 (‘CIS’) absorbers have been identified for an alternative, low‐temperature chemical route. The thickness of the different Zn(S,O) buffers and the coverage of the CIS absorber by those layers as well as their surface composition were controlled by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy. The minimum thickness required for a complete coverage of the rough CIS absorber by a Zn(S,O) layer deposited by this CBD process was estimated to ∼15 nm. The high transparency of this Zn(S,O) buffer layer in the short‐wavelength region leads to an increase of ∼1 mA/cm 2 in the short‐circuit current density of corresponding CIS‐based solar cells. Active area efficiencies exceeding 11·0% (total area: 10·4%) have been achieved for the first time, with an open circuit voltage of 700·4 mV, a fill factor of 65·8% and a short‐circuit current density of 24·5 mA/cm 2 (total area: 22·5 mA/cm 2 ). These results are comparable to the performance of CdS buffered reference cells. First integrated series interconnected mini‐modules on 5 × 5 cm 2 substrates have been prepared and already reach an efficiency (active area: 17·2 cm 2 ) of above 8%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correntropy Based Matched Filtering (2006)

In this paper a non-linear extension to the matched filter is proposed and applied to signal detection. The decision statistic used in this novel method is derived from ideas on kernel-based learning theory and in fact, is a generalization of the correlation statistic used in the matched filter. The optimality of the matched filter is merely based on second order statistics and hence leaves room for improvement, especially when the assumption of Gaussianity is no longer valid. The proposed method incorporates higher order moments in the decision statistic and shows different behavior than the matched filter and improvement in the detection rate for non-Gaussian noise. Moreover, unlike kernel based approaches, this method is still computationally tractable and can easily be implemented in real-time
An optimal-control-based framework for trajectory planning, threat assessment, and semi-autonomous control of passenger vehicles in hazard avoidance scenarios (2010)

This paper formulates the vehicle navigation task as a constrained optimal control problem with constraints bounding a traversable region of the environment. A model predictive controller iteratively plans an optimal vehicle trajectory through the constrained corridor and uses this trajectory to establish the minimum threat posed to the vehicle given its current state and driver inputs. Based on this threat assessment, the level of controller intervention required to prevent departure from the traversable corridor is calculated and driver/controller inputs are scaled accordingly. Simulated and experimental results are presented to demonstrate multiple threat metrics and configurable intervention laws.
Pangaea (2002)

Pangaea is a planetary-scale file system designed for large, multi-national corporations or groups of collaborating users spread over the world. Its goal is to handle people's daily storage needs---e.g., document sharing, software development, and data crunching---that can be write intensive. Pangaea uses pervasive replication to achieve low access latency and high availability. It creates replicas dynamically whenever and wherever requested, and builds a random graph of replicas for each file to propagate updates efficiently. It uses an optimistic consistency semantics by default, but it also offers a manual mechanism for enforcing consistency. This paper overviews Pangaea's philosophy and architecture for accommodating such environments and describes randomized protocols for managing large numbers of replicas efficiently.
Preparation of Lithium Sulfide-Carbon Composites Using Spark-Plasma-Sintering Process and their Electrochemical Properties (2010)

Lithium sulfide (Li2S)-carbon composite positive electrodes were prepared by the spark-plasma-sintering (SPS) process for use in rechargeable lithium batteries. By the SPS treatment of Li2S and acetylene black (AB) blended powder, the strong binding between the active materials and the carbon powders were formed. Such contact effect improved the electrochemical performance of the cells with liquid electrolytes (1M LiFP6/(EC+DMC)), probably due to the increase in conductivity of the positive electrodes, though the samples prepared by the ball-milling process showed no significant capacity in the electrochemical tests.
Removal of fluoride impurities from UF.sub.6 gas (1985)

A method of purifying a UF.sub.6 gas stream containing one or more metal fluoride impurities composed of a transuranic metal, transition metal or mixtures thereof, is carried out by contacting the gas stream with a bed of UF.sub.5 in a reaction vessel under conditions where at least one impurity reacts with the UF.sub.5 to form a nongaseous product and a treated gas stream, and removing the treated gas stream from contact with the bed. The nongaseous products are subsequently removed in a reaction with an active fluorine affording agent to form a gaseous impurity which is removed from the reaction vessel. The bed of UF.sub.5 is formed by the reduction of UF.sub.6 in the presence of UV light. One embodiment of the reaction vessel includes a plurality of UV light sources as tubes on which UF.sub.5 is formed.
Efficient Text Classification by Weighted Proximal SVM (2006)

In this paper, we present an algorithm that can classify large-scale text data with high classification quality and fast training speed. Our method is based on a novel extension of the proximal SVM mode (Fung and Mangasarian, 2001). Previous studies on proximal SVM have focused on classification for low dimensional data and did not consider the unbalanced data cases. Such methods will meet difficulties when classifying unbalanced and high dimensional data sets such as text documents. In this work, we extend the original proximal SVM by learning a weight for each training error. We show that the classification algorithm based on this model is capable of handling high dimensional and unbalanced data. In the experiments, we compare our method with the original proximal SVM (as a special case of our algorithm) and the standard SVM (such as SVM light) on the recently published RCV1-v2 dataset. The results show that our proposed method had comparable classification quality with the standard SVM. At the same time, both the time and memory consumption of our method are less than that of the standard SVM.
Accelerated subcritical drying of large alkoxide silica gels (1992)

Fracture during drying has been the key hurdle in fabrication of large monolithic silica glass from alkoxide gels. Although existing literature suggests pore enlargement, aging, chemical additives, supercritical drying and freeze drying as helpful in avoiding fracture during drying, successful accelerated sub-critical drying of large silica monoliths from alkoxide gels has not yet been reported. In the present approach, acid catalyzed sols of TEOS, ethanol and water (pH equals 2) were cast as cylindrical rods in plastic molds of 8.0 and 10.0 cm diameter with volumes of 2000 cc and 3000 cc respectively. The resultant gels were aged for about 7 days and dried in a specially designed chamber under sub-critical conditions of the pore field. We have obtained monolithic dry gels in drying times of 3 - 7 days for sizes of 2000 - 3000 cc. The dry gels have narrow unimodal pore size distributions, with average pore radius of about 20 angstroms as measured by BET. Although capillary stress during drying increases with reduction of pore size, it was found that in this approach it is easier to dry gels of smaller pore size.
High-quality production of human α-2,6-sialyltransferase in Pichia pastoris requires control over N-terminal truncations by host-inherent protease activities (2014)

Functional expression of human ST6Gal-I as secretory protein in P.pastoris necessitates that N-terminal truncations promoted by host-inherent proteases be tightly controlled. N-terminal FLAG-Tag contributes extra stability to the N-terminal region as compared to N-terminal His-Tag. Proteolytic degradation proceeds up to residues 108 - 114 and of the resulting short-form variants, only Δ108ST6Gal-I seems to be active. FLAG-Δ108ST6Gal-I transfers sialic acids to monoclonal antibody substrate with sufficient yields, and because it is stably produced in P.pastoris, it is identified here as an interesting glycoengineering catalyst.
Alternative Oxidants for the Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane (2020)

Abstract The catalytic oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C 2 hydrocarbons with oxygen (O 2 ‐OCM) has garnered renewed worldwide interest in the past decade due to the emergence of enormous new shale gas resources. However, the C 2 selectivity of typical OCM processes is significantly challenged by overoxidation to CO x products. Other gaseous reagents such as N 2 O, CO 2 , and S 2 have been investigated to a far lesser extent as alternative, milder oxidants to replace O 2 . Although several authoritative review articles have summarized OCM research progress in depth, recent oxidative coupling developments using alternative oxidants (X‐OCM) have not been overviewed in detail. In this perspective, we review and analyze OCM research results reporting the implementation of N 2 O, CO 2 , S 2 , and other non‐O 2 oxidants, highlighting the unique chemistries of these systems and their advantages/challenges compared to O 2 ‐OCM. Current outlook and potential areas for future study are also discussed.
Application of Micro-specialization to Query Evaluation Operators (2012)

Relational database management systems support a wide variety of data types and operations. Such generality involves much branch condition checking, which introduces inefficiency within the query evaluation loop. We previously introduced micro-specialization, which improves performance by eliminating unnecessary branching statements and the actual code branches by exploiting invariants present during the query evaluation loop. In this paper, we show how to more aggressively apply micro-specialization to each individual operator within a query plan. Rather than interpreting the query plan, the DBMS dynamically rewrites its object code to produce executable code tailored to the particular query. We explore opportunities for applying micro-specialization to DBMSes, focusing on query evaluation. We show through an examination of program execution profiles that even with a simple query in which just a few operators are micro-specialized, significant performance improvement can be achieved.
(2<i>R</i>)-4-Oxo-4-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-<i>a</i>]pyrazin- 7(8<i>H</i>)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine:  A Potent, Orally Active Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2004)

A novel series of beta-amino amides incorporating fused heterocycles, i.e., triazolopiperazines, were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (2R)-4-Oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine (1) is a potent, orally active DPP-IV inhibitor (IC(50) = 18 nM) with excellent selectivity over other proline-selective peptidases, oral bioavailability in preclinical species, and in vivo efficacy in animal models. MK-0431, the phosphate salt of compound 1, was selected for development as a potential new treatment for type 2 diabetes.
Dynamically Quantifying and Improving the Reliability of Distributed Storage Systems (2008)

In this paper, we argue that the reliability of large-scale storage systems can be significantly improved by using better reliability metrics and more efficient policies for recovering from hardware failures. Specifically, we make three main contributions. First, we introduce NDS (Normalcy Deviation Score), a new metric for dynamically quantifying the reliability status of a storage system. Second, we propose MinI (Minimum Intersection), a novel recovery scheduling policy that improves reliability by efficiently reconstructing data after a hardware failure. MinI uses NDS to tradeoff reliability and performance in making its scheduling decisions. Third, we evaluate NDS and MinI for three common data-allocation schemes and a number of different parameters. Our evaluation focuses on a distributed storage system based on erasure codes. We find that MinI improves reliability significantly, as compared to conventional policies.
A model of motion attention for video skimming (2003)

One of the key issues in video manipulation is video abstraction in the form of skimmed video. For this purpose, an important task is to determine the content significance of each chunk of frames in a video sequence. In this paper, we present a new computational model of motion attention and the approach to applying this model in video skimming. The effectiveness of our architecture and model is demonstrated by user studies of visual skimming experiments. The results indicate that the precision of motion attention detection is over 80%, and the user satisfaction of visual skimming is beyond 70%.
Zero-Forcing Beamforming for Non-Collaborative Space Division Multiple Access (2006)

In this paper we explore non-collaborative beamforming techniques for space division multiple access (SDMA) scenarios where the base station (BS) and subscriber stations (SS) are equipped with multiple antennas. In non-collaborative SDMA, the SS array weights are designed independent of the BS and of one another. We consider zero-forcing beamforming schemes where the BS ensures that the signal stream to one user does not interfere with others. We derive an expression for average SNR achieved per user in the system and show that the average receive SNR per user degraded linearly with increasing number of users in the system. Further, we show that the dominant right singular vector of the channel matrix is the optimal choice of SS beamforming vector. Simulation results are included to verify our theoretical results
Gaze2Segment: A Pilot Study for Integrating Eye-Tracking Technology into\n Medical Image Segmentation (2016)

This study introduced a novel system, called Gaze2Segment, integrating\nbiological and computer vision techniques to support radiologists' reading\nexperience with an automatic image segmentation task. During diagnostic\nassessment of lung CT scans, the radiologists' gaze information were used to\ncreate a visual attention map. This map was then combined with a\ncomputer-derived saliency map, extracted from the gray-scale CT images. The\nvisual attention map was used as an input for indicating roughly the location\nof a object of interest. With computer-derived saliency information, on the\nother hand, we aimed at finding foreground and background cues for the object\nof interest. At the final step, these cues were used to initiate a seed-based\ndelineation process. Segmentation accuracy of the proposed Gaze2Segment was\nfound to be 86% with dice similarity coefficient and 1.45 mm with Hausdorff\ndistance. To the best of our knowledge, Gaze2Segment is the first true\nintegration of eye-tracking technology into a medical image segmentation task\nwithout the need for any further user-interaction.\n
Brief subjective durations contract with repetition (2008)

Neural responses to a repeated stimulus typically diminish, an effect known as repetition suppression. We here demonstrate what appear to be parallel effects of repetition on subjective duration, even when stimuli are presented too rapidly for explicit temporal judgments. When a brief visual stimulus (e.g., a letter, word, object, or face) was serially flashed in different locations, several stimuli appeared to be present simultaneously due to persistence of vision-we term this the Proliferation Effect. Critically, fewer stimuli were perceived to be simultaneously present when the same stimulus was flashed repeatedly than when a different stimulus was used for each flash, indicating that persistence of vision (and hence subjective duration) shrinks for predictable stimuli. These short-timescale experiments demonstrate that subjective durations are computed at a preconscious and implicit level of processing, thereby changing the temporal interpretation of visual scenes. Further, these findings suggest a new, instant diagnostic test for deficits in repetition suppression, such as those found in schizophrenia.
Alterations of a Zinc Finger-Encoding Gene, <i>BCL-6</i> , in Diffuse Large-Cell Lymphoma (1993)

The molecular pathogenesis of diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLCL), the most frequent and clinically relevant type of lymphoma, is unknown. A gene was cloned from chromosomal translocations affecting band 3q27, which are common in DLCL. This gene, BCL-6, codes for a 79-kilodalton protein that is homologous with zinc finger-transcription factors. In 33 percent (13 of 39) of DLCL samples, but not in other types of lymphoid malignancies, the BCL-6 gene is truncated within its 5' noncoding sequences, suggesting that its expression is deregulated. Thus, BCL-6 may be a proto-oncogene specifically involved in the pathogenesis of DLCL.
BrailleRing: a flexible Braille display (2020)

Abstract The “BrailleRing” is a refreshable Braille display that allows blind people to read tactile characters on the inside of a rotating ring. Dots are not displayed by moving pins, but by fixed patterns on rotating cuboids. The concept allows for a flexible line-length as well as for a more robust and easy-to-clean device, because it needs far fewer actuators than piezo-electric Braille displays, and these actuators are mechanically isolated from the Braille cells.
High Performance Transmittive Bistable Twisted Nematic Liquid Displays (2000)

Several new transmittive bistable twisted nematic liquid display (BTN-LCD) modes are developed. Unlike previous versions, these BTN modes do not require cross polarizers. Experiments confirmed that these modes have high contrast ratio and reasonably high transmittance. The dispersion characteristics of some of these modes are comparable to ordinary waveguiding TN modes. That is, they afford true black/white operations without any need for further color compensation.