gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constitutive activation of <scp>STAT</scp>3 in breast cancer cells: A review (2015)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in numerous cancer types, including more than 40% of breast cancers. In contrast to tight regulation of STAT3 as a latent transcription factor in normal cells, its signaling in breast cancer oncogenesis is multifaceted. Signaling through the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway initiated by the binding of IL-6 family of cytokines (i.e., IL-6 and IL-11) to their receptors have been implicated in breast cancer development. Receptors with intrinsic kinase activity such as EGFR and VEGFR directly or indirectly induce STAT3 activation in various breast cancer types. Aberrant STAT3 signaling promotes breast tumor progression through deregulation of the expression of downstream target genes which control proliferation (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Survivin, Cyclin D1, c-Myc and Mcl-1), angiogenesis (Hif1α and VEGF) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (Vimentin, TWIST, MMP-9 and MMP-7). These multiple modes of STAT3 regulation therefore make it a central linking point for a multitude of signaling processes. Extensive efforts to target STAT3 activation in breast cancer had no remarkable success in the past because the highly interconnected nature of STAT3 signaling introduces lack of selectivity in pathway identification for STAT3 targeted molecular therapies or because its role in tumorigenesis may not be as critical as it was thought. This review provides a full spectrum of STAT3's involvement in breast cancer by consolidating the knowledge about its role in breast cancer development at multiple levels: its differential regulation by different receptor signaling pathways, its downstream target genes, and modification of its transcriptional activity by its coregulatory transcription factors.
Supercritical CO2 and Subcritical Propane Extraction of Spice Red Pepper Oil with Special Regard to Carotenoid and Tocopherol Content (1999)

A study is conducted to optimize the supercritical fluid extraction of spice paprika oil (oleoresin) using supercritical (SF) CO2 and subcritical propane as the solvents. The main focus is on carotenoid and tocopherol composition as the quality attributes of technological and nutritional interest. The maximum oil yield is 7.2 and 8.8 g per 100 g paprika with SF-CO2 and subcritical propane, respectively. For the implementation of complete extraction at the given conditions, the ratio of solvent to solid is found to be 6.0 and 1.0 using SF-CO2 and propane, respectively. The carotenoids, particularly fatty acid esters of red xanthophylls, are hardly solubilized by SF-CO2, whereas with subcritical propane, 80–94% of such components could be mildly extracted. Tocopherols were easy to extract using either fluid, with propane being the most efficient solvent. The result of the impact of extraction conditions on the major carotenoids (such as capsanthin monoester, β-carotene, capsorubin diesters, and capsanthin diesters, as well as α-, β- and γ-tocopherol) are tabulated with special focus on the degree of loss during extraction by the two solvents.
Cryoprotective effect of glycine betaine and glycerol is not based on a single mechanism. (2002)

The mechanism of action of the osmoregulatory substances glycine betaine and glycerol in the course of the freeze-thaw cycle was studied. Photochemical activity of isolated thylakoid membranes was effectively protected during freezing by both solutes by preventing dissociation of the peripheral cold labile proteins - the water splitting system and plastocyanin. It is suggested that the cryoprotective effect of glycine betaine and glycerol is based on a mechanism similar to the well documented stabilization of complex enzymes against dissociation into subunits at high salt concentrations. Specific solute-membrane interactions additionally contribute to the observed cryoprotective effect. The binding of the molecules of glycine betaine and glycerol is limited to the water lipid interface of thylakoid membranes.
Synthesis and Structure of 1,4-Diphenyl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene Palladium Complexes and Application in Catalytic Hydroarylation of Alkynes (2011)

An abnormal or mesoionic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), namely 1,4-diphenyl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (Tz), formed from 1,4-diphenyl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazolium iodide and silver oxide, gave the corresponding silver carbene complex. The transmetalation reaction of the silver carbene complex with PdCl2(CH3CN)2 gave a trans mononuclear complex, [(Tz)2PdCl2]. Reaction of the silver carbene complex with Pd(OAc)2 gave an acetate-bridged binuclear complex in which the palladium had undergone a C−H insertion at the ortho position of the phenyl group attached to the triazole nitrogen (1-position). The structures of these two complexes were established by single-crystal XRD data and spectroscopic data. The acetate complex was used as a catalyst for the stereoselective hydroarylation of alkynes.
Absolute Configuration of Amphidinol 3, the First Complete Structure Determination from Amphidinol Homologues:  Application of a New Configuration Analysis Based on Carbon−Hydrogen Spin-Coupling Constants (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTAbsolute Configuration of Amphidinol 3, the First Complete Structure Determination from Amphidinol Homologues: Application of a New Configuration Analysis Based on Carbon−Hydrogen Spin-Coupling ConstantsMichio Murata, Shigeru Matsuoka, Nobuaki Matsumori, Gopal K. Paul, and Kazuo TachibanaView Author Information Department of Chemistry, School of Science The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4, 870–871Publication Date (Web):January 16, 1999Publication History Received19 October 1998Revised9 December 1998Published online16 January 1999Published inissue 1 February 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja983655xhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja983655xrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1500Altmetric-Citations174LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Chemical structure,Degradation,Organic compounds,Pharmaceuticals,Stereochemistry Get e-Alerts
Living cationic polymerization of isobutyl propenyl ether as β‐substituted vinyl ether (1984)

Abstract Isobutyl propenyl ether [IBPE; CH 3 CH=CHOCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ] was polymerized with a mixture of hydrogen iodide and iodine (HI/I 2 initiator) in n ‐hexane at −40°C to yield living polymers with a nearly monodisperse molecular weight distribution (MWD) (M̄ w /M̄ n ≈ 1.1). The number‐average molecular weight (M̄ n ) of the polymers increased proportionally to IBPE conversion and further increased when a new monomer feed was added to a completely polymerized solution. The M̄ n was controlled by the initial concentration of hydrogen iodide if the acid was charged in excess over iodine. In polymerization by iodine alone the M̄ n of the polymers obtained in nonpolar solvents ( n ‐hexane and toluene) also increased with conversion, but their MWD was broader (M̄ w /M̄ n = 1.3–1.4) than in the HI/I 2 ‐initiated systems under similar conditions. The iodine‐initiated polymerization in polar CH 2 Cl 2 solvent, in contrast, led to nonliving polymers with a broad MWD (M̄ n /M̄ n = 1.6–1.8) and M̄ n , independent of conversion. The living polymerization of IBPE was also compared with that of the corresponding isobutyl vinyl ether, to determine the effect of the β‐methyl group in IBPE.
Expression of a LINE-1 endonuclease variant in gastric cancer: its association with clinicopathological parameters (2013)

GCRG213p could be a variant of L1-EN, a functional member of L1-EN family. Overexpression of GCRG213p is common in both primary gastric cancer and lymph node metastasis. These findings provide evidence of somatic L1 expression in gastric cancer, and its potential consequences in the form of tumor.
Endogenous Myc controls mammalian epidermal cell size, hyperproliferation, endoreplication and stem cell amplification (2005)

The transcription factor Myc (c-Myc) plays an important role in cell growth and cell death, yet its physiological function remains unclear. Ectopic activation of Myc has been recently suggested to regulate cell mass, and Drosophila dmyc controls cellular growth and size independently of cell division. By contrast, it has been proposed that in mammals Myc controls cell division and cell number. To gain insights into this debate we have specifically knocked out Myc in epidermis. Myc epidermal knockout mice are viable and their keratinocytes continue to cycle, but they display severe skin defects. The skin is tight and fragile, tears off in areas of mechanical friction and displays impaired wound healing. Steady-state epidermis is thinner, with loss of the proliferative compartment and premature differentiation. Remarkably, keratinocyte cell size, growth and endoreplication are reduced, and stem cell amplification is compromised. The results provide new and direct evidence for a role for endogenous Myc in cellular growth that is required for hyperproliferative cycles and tissue homeostasis.
An endonuclease from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that cleaves the sequence TATA. (1986)

An endodeoxyribonuclease, designated CreI, was purified 16,000-fold from zygotes of the eukaryote Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. CreI preferentially attacks the sequence TATA producing double strand breaks with 3'-phosphomonoester and 5'-hydroxyl termini. The endonuclease has an Mr = 27,000 and requires Ca2+ at pH 7.5 for optimal activity.
[Broodstocks management, fecundity and the relationship between egg size and embryo survival ability of Sinocyclocheilus grahami]. (2011)

Broodstock management, fecundity and egg size of the golden-line barbel Sinocyclocheilus grahami were studied from 2007 to 2010. The induced spawning success of female S. grahami was 25.2% in 2007 and dramatically increased to 91.3% in 2010. The nucleus deviation rate and hatching success were 61.5% and 30.4%, respectively, in 2007 and increased to 85.2% and 44.5%, respectively, in 2010. Providing nutritious food for broodstocks of S. grahami can ensure optimum breeding conditions as well as high-quality eggs and fingerlings. There also seems to be a relationship between absolute fecundity (F) and standard length (SL), as described by the power-exponent function F=0.0004826SL(3.166) (R(2)=0.6424,P<0.05). The average of number of spawn egg was 2118.4+/-899.1 from 2007 to 2010, the average of absolute fecundity was 2402.9+/-881.9 from 2007 to 2010, and the average of relative fecundity was 70.4+/-20.8 from 2007 to 2010. The number of spawn egg, absolute fecundity and relative fecundity increased in individuals with a longer body length. Additionally, egg size contributed to the survival rate of embryos. The different batches reached an asymptotic, low or stable embryonic mortality during the first two days; the balance was broken in the subsequent seven days, as high embryonic mortality was observed in smaller eggs. The mortality of embryos from eggs larger than 2.0 mm was, contrastingly, rather stable. Embryos from bigger eggs have stronger survival potential, as bigger eggs can provide more energy and thus, a more favorable environment for early development.
Tuning Main Group Redox Chemistry through Steric Loading: Subvalent Group 13 Metal Complexes of Carbazolyl Ligands (2011)

The ability of substituted carbazol-9-yl systems to ligate in σ fashion through the amido N-donor, or to adopt alternative coordination modes through the π system of the central five-membered ring, can be tuned by systematic variation in the steric demands of substituents in the 1- and 8-positions. The differing affinities of the two modes of coordination for hard and soft metal centres can be shown to influence not only cation selectivity, but also the redox properties of the metal centre. Thus, the highly sterically sterically demanding 1,3,6,8-tetra-tert-butylcarbazolyl ligand can be used to generate the structurally characterised amido-indium(I) complex, [{(tBu(4)carb)In}(n)], (together with its isostructural thallium counterpart) in which the metal centre interacts with the central pyrrolyl ring in η(3) fashion [d(In-N)=2.679(3) Å; d(In-C)=2.819(3), 2.899(3) Å]. By contrast, the smaller 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazolyl system is less able to restrict the metal centre from binding at the anionic nitrogen donor in the plane of the carbazolyl ligand (i.e. in σ fashion). Analogous chemistry with In(I) precursors therefore leads to disproportionation to the much harder In(II) [and In(0)], and the formation of the mixed-valence product, [In(2){In(2)(tBu(2)carb)(6)}], a homoleptic molecular [In(4)(NR(2))(6)] system. This chemistry reveals a flexibility of ligation for carbazolyl systems that contrasts markedly with that of the similarly sterically encumbered terphenyl ligand family.
Powder-Solution-Composite Technique for Measuring Electrical Conductivity of Ceramic Powders (2003)

A method for measuring the conductivity of ceramic powders has been developed using effective medium theory and impedance spectroscopy. Powders to be tested are mixed with aqueous solutions of varying NaCl concentrations to form a composite slurry. The impedance response of these powder-solution-composites (PSCs) is measured and analyzed using composite equivalent circuit and effective medium theories. Values obtained for a test powder of copper aluminate match closely to four-point dc values measured on bulk sintered bars. A comparison was also made in a system with highly composition-dependent conductivity (YITO, to evaluate the upper and lower bounds for accurate measurements. Results from the PSC method matched the sintered bar four-point dc values within the range of NaCl solutions employed © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
TSPC-DICE: A single phase clock high performance SEU hardened flip-flop (2010)

This paper presents a true single-phase clock (TSPC) flip-flop that is robust against radiation-induced single event upsets (SEUs) or soft errors. The flip-flop consists of an input stage that uses a single phase clock to pass the data to a storage unit at the positive edge of the clock. The single phase clock enables designing power-efficient and easily-routed clock-tree and reducing the NBTI effect on the setup and hold times. The storage unit consists of the SEU robust dual interlocked cell (DICE), which has four nodes that replicate the data bit and its complement for recovering from a single event transient (SET). Two nodes with the same logic value inside the storage unit drive a C-element at the output. The C-element masks the propagation of any SET from the internal nodes of the storage unit to the output. The proposed flip-flop consists of only 22 transistors, consumes smaller area, and exhibits as much as 12% lower power-delay product when compared with a recently reported SEU robust flip-flop implemented in a commercial 65nm CMOS technology.
Peak shape analysis and plate theory for plasma chromatography (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPeak shape analysis and plate theory for plasma chromatographyGlenn E. Spangler and Charles I. CollinsCite this: Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 3, 403–407Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1975https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60353a013RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views420Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (526 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Sucrose Concentration on Xylogenesis in Lettuce Pith Explants; Possible Mediation by Ethylene Biosynthesis (1994)

Abstract Numbers of tracheary elements differentiating in lettuce pith explants rose with increase in concentration of sucrose in the medium up to an optimal concentration of 0·2%, and fell with further increase in concentration to about one-tenth maximal at 3% sucrose. Although a few tracheary elements formed without exogenous sucrose, a very low concentration of sucrose (0·001%) was sufficient to stimulate additional xylogenesis. Pretreatment of explants with 3% sucrose caused a persisting inhibition of xylogenesis, especially in tissue that had been near the site of sucrose application (sandwich technique). The requirement for adequate, but not inhibitory, concentrations of sucrose for xylogenesis may underlie the development of xylem alongside the sucrose-rich phloem in normal apical morphogenesis. For callus growth the response to sucrose was different: the optimal concentration was 3%, with a broad plateau from 1 to 4% sucrose. Sucrose concentrations of 2 to 3%, used in many tissue culture media, are thus roughly optimal for callus growth, but ten times the optimum for xylogenesis in lettuce pith explants. It is surprising that 0·001% (0·03 mM) sucrose, applied exogenously, can stimulate xylogenesis: endogenous sugar concentrations are normally higher. Perhaps the stimulation is mediated by ethylene biosynthesis, which is known to be xylogenic. Rates of ethylene production per explant rose with increasing sucrose concentration from about 0·1 nl h -1 at 0% sucrose to a slightly (significantly) higher level at 0·004% sucrose and to about 0·5 nl h -1 at 3% sucrose. d -glucose resembled sucrose in its effects on xylogenesis and ethylene production, but l -glucose yielded no xylogenesis and little stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis.
Suckling Time of Oxytocin and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Hibiscus Sabdariffa l. to Aid Gland Evacuation (2014)

Suckling time to aid gland evacuation of oxytocin and ethyl acetate fraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa l. seed was evaluated in lactating rats. The 12 lactating rats were allocated at random to 2 treatment groups to determine the rate of suckling with the aid of oxytocin and ethyl acetate fraction H i b i s c u s s a b d a r i f f a l . The 2 treatments were 6 different suckling times of 3-96 minutes arranged in geometric progression. Each of the suckling time in the 2 treatments was applied with the aid of subcutaneous injection of 0.1 iu oxytocin immediately prior to suckling and 50mg/kg ethyl acetate fraction Hibiscus sabdariffa l. respectively. Treatments were carried out on days The amount of milk sucked by the litters in the various suckling times showed that, the oxytocin enabled the pups to remove the milk more rapidly than the ethyl acetate fraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa l. Oxytocin a lactogenic hormone causes myoepithelial contraction for milk letdown through ejection reflex during lactation, while ethyl acetate fraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa l. has a relaxing effect.
Advances in spotted microarray resources for expression profiling (2003)

The new millennium has ushered in a new era in human biology. The elucidation of the human genome sequence, together with those of model organisms, provides us with an unprecedented insight into the makeup of our genetic blueprint. The challenge now is to figure out how all the constituent pieces fit together to form the whole picture, and the consequences of what happens when the process goes awry. One experimental tool that has the potential to provide enormous insights into this complex process is expression profiling using microarrays. The past few years have seen a considerable growth in the availability and use of microarrays. Fuelled in part by the many genome projects currently underway, there has been a large increase in the number of organisms for which microarray reagents are available from both commercial and academic sources. In addition to the increasing number of genome-wide probe sets that are available, a significant amount of attention has been focussed on generating more targeted probe sets that focus in on specific pathways or biological processes. Finally, the microarray field is starting to see a shift away from the use of cDNAs or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products as probes towards the use of 50-70mer oligonucleotide probes with all of the potential advantages that they offer. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of what is currently available in terms of spotted microarray reagents both with respect to pre-made arrays and to probe sets available for arraying.
Discrimination of cancerous and healthy colon tissues: A new laser‐based method (2018)

The fs-LIMS method provides a powerful novel approach to identify and analyze tissues. This promising method provides a fast and reliable (free of human mistakes) diagnosis and guidance for pathologists, surgeons, and patients during surgical operations, as well as increase the significance of mass spectrometric tissue analysis methods, especially with those capability of molecular identification of tissues. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How much work is expended for respiration? (1993)

The rate of work expended to move air in the respiratory system has been determined for five different airflow waveshapes, a non-linear respiratory model and five exercise levels. As expected, the rectangular waveshape was the most efficient. Model conditions were then changed one a time: (i) starting lung volume was allowed to vary, (ii) exhalation flow limitation was added, (iii) respiration was considered to be a metabolic burden determining part of the ventilation requirement and (iv) a respirator mask was added. Although there is no direct work advantage to varying initial lung volume, such volume changes appear to be dictated by the asymmetry of lung recoil pressure about the lung relaxation volume; allowing the work of respiration to become a metabolic burden clearly shows why respiratory waveforms change from rest to exercise; and, adding a respirator imposes a severe respiratory burden on the wearer engaging in moderate, heavy and very heavy exercise.