gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Use of Nanofibrillar Cellulose Hydrogel As a Flexible Three-Dimensional Model to Culture Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2013)

Human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have great potential in research and therapies. The current in vitro culture systems for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) do not mimic the three-dimensional (3D) in vivo stem cell niche that transiently supports stem cell proliferation and is subject to changes which facilitate subsequent differentiation during development. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that a novel plant-derived nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) hydrogel creates a flexible 3D environment for hPSC culture. The pluripotency of hPSCs cultured in the NFC hydrogel was maintained for 26 days as evidenced by the expression of OCT4, NANOG, and SSEA-4, in vitro embryoid body formation and in vivo teratoma formation. The use of a cellulose enzyme, cellulase, enables easy cell propagation in 3D culture as well as a shift between 3D and two-dimensional cultures. More importantly, the removal of the NFC hydrogel facilitates differentiation while retaining 3D cell organization. Thus, the NFC hydrogel represents a flexible, xeno-free 3D culture system that supports pluripotency and will be useful in hPSC-based drug research and regenerative medicine.
Discovery of MK-4409, a Novel Oxazole FAAH Inhibitor for the Treatment of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain (2014)

We report herein the identification of MK-4409, a potent and selective fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor. Starting from a high throughput screening (HTS) hit, medicinal chemistry efforts focused on optimizing of FAAH inhibition in vitro potency, improving the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, and increasing in vivo efficacy in rodent inflammatory and neuropathic pain assays.
Stabilizing inductively coupled plasma source impedance and plasma uniformity using a Faraday shield (2001)

Standing waves unavoidably develop on inductively coupled plasma sources because they are mismatched transmission line systems. In addition, the electrical properties of the induction coil (or plasma source) are coupled to those of the plasma, since the coil–plasma system behaves similarly to a transformer. As a result, the input impedance, output-to-input current ratio (OICR), and electromagnetic fields symmetry of the coil are affected by the plasma conditions, which in turn influence the uniformity of plasma generation and ion flux to the wafer surface. In this article we examine the effect of plasma loading on the coil’s impedance and OICR with and without a Faraday shield. Measurements of the coil’s electrical properties without a Faraday shield showed a significant increase in the OICR with plasma conditions. Similar measurements with a Faraday shield showed that coupling between the coil and the shield becomes dominant over coupling between the coil and the plasma. Langmuir probe measurements showed that the radial profiles of ion density and electron temperature remained azimuthally symmetric for different plasma conditions with the shield.
A new technique for leakage reduction in CMOS circuits using self-controlled stacked transistors (2004)

In CMOS circuits, the reduction of the threshold voltage due to voltage scaling leads to increase in sub threshold leakage current and hence, static power dissipation. We propose a novel technique called LECTOR for designing CMOS gates which significantly cuts down the leakage current without increasing the dynamic power dissipation. In the proposed technique, we introduce two leakage control transistors (a p-type and a n-type) within the logic gate for which the gate terminal of each leakage control transistor (LCT) is controlled by the source of the other. In this arrangement, one of the LCT's is always "near its cut-off voltage" for any input combination. This increases the resistance of the path from V/sub dd/ to ground leading to significant decrease in leakage currents. The gate-level netlist of the given circuit is first converted into a static CMOS complex gate implementation and then LCTs are introduced to obtain a leakage controlled circuit. The significant feature of LECTOR is that it works effectively in both active and idle states of the circuit, resulting in better leakage reduction compared to other techniques. Further, the proposed technique overcomes the limitations posed by other existing methods for leakage reduction. Experimental results indicate an average leakage reduction of 79.4% for MCNC '91 benchmark circuits.
New Insights on CO<sub>2</sub>−Methane Separation Using LTA Zeolites with Different Si/Al Ratios and a First Comparison with MOFs (2009)

LTA zeolites can be synthesized with tailored adsorption properties by controlling the Al content in the framework. In this work, we have demonstrated that it is possible to adjust the polarity of the zeolitic adsorbent to optimize its thermodynamic adsorption properties for the energetically relevant CO(2)/CH(4) separation process. The thermodynamic study has been made from the corresponding adsorption isotherms of the pure gases carried out at different pressures and temperatures, as well as breakthrough separation experiments of CO(2)/CH(4) mixtures and the results were compared to those reported on MOFs. The separation values obtained allow us to conclude that LTA zeolites offer unique possibilities for CH(4) upgrading from natural gas.
Language model representations for beam-search decoding (2002)

This paper presents an efficient way of representing a bigram language model for a beam-search based, continuous speech, large vocabulary HMM recognizer. The tree-based topology considered takes advantage of a factorization of the bigram probability derived from the bigram interpolation scheme, and of a tree organization of all the words that can follow a given one. Moreover, an optimization algorithm is used to considerably reduce the space requirements of the language model. Experimental results are provided for two 10,000-word dictation tasks: radiological reporting (perplexity 27) and newspaper dictation (perplexity 120). In the former domain 93% word accuracy is achieved with real-time response and 23 Mb process space. In the newspaper dictation domain, 88.1% word accuracy is achieved with 1.41 real-time response and 38 Mb process space. All recognition tests were performed on an HP-735 workstation.
Spiral Toolpaths for High-Speed Machining of 2D Pockets With or Without Islands (2015)

Abstract We describe new methods for the construction of spiral tool paths for high-speed machining. In the simplest case, our method takes a polygon as input and a number δ&gt;0 and returns a spiral starting at a central point in the polygon, going around towards the boundary while morphing to the shape of the polygon. The spiral consists of linear segments and circular arcs, it is G1 continuous, it has no self-intersections, and the distance from each point on the spiral to each of the neighboring revolutions is at most δ. Our method has the advantage over previously described methods that it is easily adjustable to the case where there is an island in the polygon to be avoided by the spiral. In that case, the spiral starts at the island and morphs the island to the outer boundary of the polygon. It is shown how to apply that method to make significantly shorter spirals in some polygons with no islands than what is obtained by conventional spiral tool paths. Finally, we show how to make a spiral in a polygon with multiple islands by connecting the islands into one island. Highlights It is described how to construct a spiral to be used for pocket machining. The spiral respects a user-defined maximum stepover distance between neighbouring revolutions. The algorithm can create a spiral that morphs an island to the boundary of the pocket. The obtained spirals are in some cases much shorter than previously described spiral toolpaths. The algorithm is fast and a popular industrial strength implementation has been created.
Organocatalytic Synthesis of <i>N</i>-Phenylisoxazolidin-5-ones and a One-Pot Synthesis of β-Amino Acid Esters (2008)

A novel N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed C-N bond formation by the reaction of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and nitrosobenzene to N-phenylisoxazolidin-5-ones, followed by an acid-catalyzed esterification and Bamberger-like rearrangement in a mild one-pot protocol leads to N-p-methoxyphenyl (N-PMP) protected beta-amino acid esters.
Integrated planning and image-guided control for planar needle steering (2008)

Flexible, tip-steerable needles promise to enhance physicians' abilities to accurately reach targets and maneuver inside the human body while minimizing patient trauma. Here, we present a functional needle steering system that integrates two components: (1) a patient-specific 2D pre- and intra-operative planner that finds an achievable route to a target within a planar slice of tissue (Stochastic Motion Roadmap), and (2) a low-level image-guided feedback controller that keeps the needle tip within that slice. The planner generates a sequence of circular arcs that can be realized by interleaving pure insertions with 180° rotations of the needle shaft. This preplanned sequence is updated in realtime at regular intervals. Concurrently, the low-level image-based controller servos the needle to remain close to the desired plane between plan updates. Both planner and controller are predicated on a previously developed kinematic nonholonomic model of bevel-tip needle steering. We use slighly different needles here that have a small bend near the tip, so we extend the model to account for discontinuities of the tip position caused by 180° rotations. Further, during large rotations of the needle base, we maintain the desired tip angle by compensating for torsional compliance in the needle shaft, neglected in previous needle steering work. By integrating planning, control, and torsion compensation, we demonstrate both accurate targeting and obstacle avoidance.
Synthesis and Biophysical Evaluation of 2′,4′-Constrained 2′<i>O</i>-Methoxyethyl and 2′,4′-Constrained 2′<i>O</i>-Ethyl Nucleic Acid Analogues (2010)

We have recently shown that combining the structural elements of 2'O-methoxyethyl (MOE) and locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleosides yielded a series of nucleoside modifications (cMOE, 2',4'-constrained MOE; cEt, 2',4'-constrained ethyl) that display improved potency over MOE and an improved therapeutic index relative to that of LNA antisense oligonucleotides. In this report we present details regarding the synthesis of the cMOE and cEt nucleoside phosphoramidites and the biophysical evaluation of oligonucleotides containing these nucleoside modifications. The synthesis of the cMOE and cEt nucleoside phosphoramidites was efficiently accomplished starting from inexpensive commercially available diacetone allofuranose. The synthesis features the use of a seldom used 2-naphthylmethyl protecting group that provides crystalline intermediates during the synthesis and can be cleanly deprotected under mild conditions. The synthesis was greatly facilitated by the crystallinity of a key mono-TBDPS-protected diol intermediate. In the case of the cEt nucleosides, the introduction of the methyl group in either configuration was accomplished in a stereoselective manner. Ring closure of the 2'-hydroxyl group onto a secondary mesylate leaving group with clean inversion of stereochemistry was achieved under surprisingly mild conditions. For the S-cEt modification, the synthesis of all four (thymine, 5-methylcytosine, adenine, and guanine) nucleobase-modified phosphoramidites was accomplished on a multigram scale. Biophysical evaluation of the cMOE- and cEt-containing oligonucleotides revealed that they possess hybridization and mismatch discrimination attributes similar to those of LNA but greatly improved resistance to exonuclease digestion.
System impact of intra-channel nonlinear effects in highly dispersed optical pulse transmission (2000)

We provide accurate analytical estimates of timing- and amplitude-jitter caused by nonlinear pulse interaction in systems based on highly dispersed optical pulses, both for coherent and noncoherent pulse streams. We show that the system penalties reduce monotonically with pulsewidth and with increasing fiber dispersion. We demonstrate that proper dispersion pre-compensation can result in a significant reduction of the nonlinear inpairments and provide analytical tools for obtaining the optimal pre-compensation parameters.
Micromachined two-dimensional array piezoelectrically actuated transducers (1998)

This letter presents micromachined two-dimensional array flextensional transducers that can be used to generate sound in air or water. Individual array elements consist of a thin piezoelectric ring and a thin, fully supported, circular membrane. We report on an optimum design for an individual array element based on finite element modeling. We manufacture the transducer in two-dimensional arrays using planar silicon micromachining and demonstrate ultrasound transmission in air at 2.85 MHz. Such an array could be combined with on-board driving and an addressing circuitry for different applications.
Dense Captioning with Joint Inference and Visual Context (2016)

Dense captioning is a newly emerging computer vision topic for understanding images with dense language descriptions. The goal is to densely detect visual concepts (e.g., objects, object parts, and interactions between them) from images, labeling each with a short descriptive phrase. We identify two key challenges of dense captioning that need to be properly addressed when tackling the problem. First, dense visual concept annotations in each image are associated with highly overlapping target regions, making accurate localization of each visual concept challenging. Second, the large amount of visual concepts makes it hard to recognize each of them by appearance alone. We propose a new model pipeline based on two novel ideas, joint inference and context fusion, to alleviate these two challenges. We design our model architecture in a methodical manner and thoroughly evaluate the variations in architecture. Our final model, compact and efficient, achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on Visual Genome for dense captioning with a relative gain of 73\% compared to the previous best algorithm. Qualitative experiments also reveal the semantic capabilities of our model in dense captioning.
Joint rate-distortion optimization of transform coefficients for spatial Scalable Video Coding using SVC (2008)

The recently finalized scalable video coding (SVC) extension of the H.264/AVC video coding standard supports encoding of video sequences at different spatial resolutions within one single scalable bit-stream. In order to achieve an improved coding efficiency compared to simulcast, SVC allows so-called "inter-layer prediction," where texture, motion, and residual data of the lower resolution layer are exploited for the encoding of the higher resolution layer. In this paper, we extend the ideas presented in our previous work by M. Winken et al (2007), and describe an approach how the dependencies caused by the inter-layer residual prediction can be utilized in the selection of the transform coefficient values for the lower resolution layer. Our experimental results show gains of 0.5 dB luma PSNR compared to our previous approach for the high resolution layer with no impact on the base layer coding efficiency.
Functional Coherence of the Human Y Chromosome (1997)

A systematic search of the nonrecombining region of the human Y chromosome (NRY) identified 12 novel genes or families, 10 with full-length complementary DNA sequences. All 12 genes, and six of eight NRY genes or families previously isolated by less systematic means, fell into two classes. Genes in the first group were expressed in many organs; these housekeeping genes have X homologs that escape X inactivation. The second group, consisting of Y-chromosomal gene families expressed specifically in testes, may account for infertility among men with Y deletions. The coherence of the NRY's gene content contrasts with the apparently haphazard content of most eukaryotic chromosomes.
Intelligent Systems for Stabilizing Mode‐Locked Lasers and Frequency Combs: Machine Learning and Equation‐Free Control Paradigms for Self‐Tuning Optics (2015)

Abstract We demonstrate that a software architecture using innovations in machine learning and adaptive control provides an ideal integration platform for self‐tuning optics. For mode‐locked lasers, commercially available optical telecom components can be integrated with servocontrollers to enact a training and execution software module capable of self‐tuning the laser cavity even in the presence of mechanical and/or environmental perturbations, thus potentially stabilizing a frequency comb. The algorithm training stage uses an exhaustive search of parameter space to discover best regions of performance for one or more objective functions of interest. The execution stage first uses a sparse sensing procedure to recognize the parameter space before quickly moving to the near optimal solution and maintaining it using the extremum seeking control protocol. The method is robust and equationfree, thus requiring no detailed or quantitatively accurate model of the physics. It can also be executed on a broad range of problems provided only that suitable objective functions can be found and experimentally measured.
New general synthesis for trifluoromethyl organometallic compounds (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew general synthesis for trifluoromethyl organometallic compoundsR. J. Lagow, L. L. Gerchman, R. A. Jacob, and J. A. MorrisonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 3, 518–522Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00836a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00836a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views309Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Autolysis and extension of isolated walls from growing cucumber hypocotyls (1994)

Walls isolated from cucumber hypocotyls retain autolytic activities and the ability to extend when placed under the appropriate conditions. To test whether autolysis and extension are related, we treated the walls in various ways to enhance or inhibit long-term wall extension ('creep') and measured autolysis as release of various saccharides from the wall. Except for some non-specific inhibitors of enzymatic activity, we found no correlation between wall extension and wall autolysis. Most notably, autolysis and extension differed strongly in their pH dependence. We also found that exogenous cellulases and pectinases enhanced extension in native walls, but when applied to walls previously inactivated with heat or protease these enzymes caused breakage without sustained extension. In contrast, pretreatment of walls with pectinase or cellulase, followed by boiling in methanol to inactivate the enzymes, resulted in walls with much stronger expansin-mediated extension responses. Crude protein preparations from the digestive tracts of snails enhanced extension of both native and inactivated walls, and these preparations contained expansin-like proteins (assessed by Western blotting). Our results indicate that the extension of isolated cucumber walls does not depend directly on the activity of endogenous wall-bound autolytic enzymes. The results with exogenous enzymes suggest that the hydrolysis of matrix polysaccharides may not induce wall creep by itself, but may act synergistically with expansins to enhance wall extension.
Adaptive vibration energy harvesting (2007)

By scavenging energy from their local environment, portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, radios and wireless sensors can achieve greater run-times with potentially lower weight. Vibration energy harvesting is one such approach where energy from parasitic vibrations can be converted into electrical energy, through the use of piezoelectric and electromagnetic transducers. Parasitic vibrations come from a range of sources such as wind, seismic forces and traffic. Existing approaches to vibration energy harvesting typically utilise a rectifier circuit, which is tuned to the resonant frequency of the harvesting structure and the dominant frequency of vibration. We have developed a novel approach to vibration energy harvesting, including adaption to non-periodic vibrations so as to extract the maximum amount of vibration energy available. Experimental results of an experimental apparatus using off-the-shelf transducer (i.e. speaker coil) show mechanical vibration to electrical energy conversion efficiencies of 27 - 34%. However, simulations of a more electro-mechanical efficient and lightly damped transducer show conversion efficiencies in excess of 80%.
Can surgeons optimize range of motion and reduce scapulohumeral impingements in reverse shoulder arthroplasty? A computational study (2021)

Glenoid lateralization delays the glenohumeral impingement in reverse shoulder arthroplasty and gives the best rotations, adduction and extension when associated with neutral inclination and humeral 145° inclination. Greater tuberosity abutment has to be avoided in abduction and the Inlay design provides the best abduction.
Chimeric proteins as candidates for cancer treatment (2002)

The rising rate of cancer-related diseases and mortality underscores the need for new approaches to directly target and light cancer. This review summarizes one of these new promising treatments, the use of targeted chimeric proteins. Chimeric proteins are two proteins fused at the DNA level in such a way that, once expressed, they result in a single polypeptide chain consisting of two moieties: a targeting moiety (usually a cytokine or growth lactor) and a killing moiety (usually a hacterial or plant texio). Many chimeric proteins have been constructed and developed over the years for the treatment of a variety of malignancies and these molecutes are the main scope of this review. Moreover, this review presents new approaches for battling cancer, such as recruiting the apoptotic machinery via chimeric proteins, the use of receptor-mediated delivery of toxin-DNA, or T-cells as vehicles for delivering immunotoxins, all of which are trying to develop specific, efficient, nontoxic and non-immunogenic reagents for targeted cancer treatment.
Inhibition of mouse melanoma cell proliferation by corticotropin-releasing hormone and its analogs. (2001)

CRH, and various analogs thereof, inhibit proliferation of Cloudman cells in culture, and inhibit B16 tumor growth rate in vivo, most likely by activation of endogenous CRH1 receptors and subsequent altered intracellular Ca2+ signaling. CRH analogs, such as [D-Glu20]-CRH, with less hypotensive activity may provide new directions of therapy for melanoma.