gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reburning of Cattle Biomass with Coals for Emissions Control (2009)

Reburn studies were performed at a 30 kWt (100,000 Btu/h) down-fired boiler burner facility to evaluate the potential of cattle biomass (CB) as a reburn fuel and to investigate the effect on the NOx emission. The NOx emission decreased with a greater percentage of CB in the reburn fuels and with increased equivalence ratios (φRBZ), i.e. less combustion air. The NOx reductions were greater when heat exchangers (HEXs) were present, because of the catalytic effect of ash deposited on the HEX’s surfaces. The CB ash was stickier than the coal ash, and thus the CB ash on HEXs was more difficult to remove compared to the coal ash. The burnt fraction increased with increased percentages of CB in the reburn fuels. Both dairy biomass (DB) and feedlot biomass (FB) can be used as reburn fuels for effective NOx reductions in coal-fired power plants.
Interleaved water and fat dual-echo spin echo imaging with intrinsic chemical-shift elimination (2001)

A new technique was developed to simultaneously acquire water and fat dual-echo spin echo images in a single acquisition period. Chemical shifts between water and fat images are intrinsically eliminated, and the images are combined to form water-plus-fat image. In vivo water-only images show fat suppression superior to that of conventional spin echo images. This technique may be clinically useful for musculoskeletal imaging.
VLA-4 phosphorylation during tumor and immune cell migration relies on its coupling to VEGFR2 and CXCR4 by syndecan-1 (2019)

When targeted by the tumor-promoting enzyme heparanase, cleaved and shed syndecan-1 (Sdc1) then couples VEGFR2 (also known as KDR) to VLA-4, activating VEGFR2 and the directed migration of myeloma cells. But how VEGFR2 activates VLA-4-mediated motility has remained unknown. We now report that VEGFR2 causes PKA-mediated phosphorylation of VLA-4 on S988, an event known to stimulate tumor metastasis while suppressing cytotoxic immune cells. A key partner in this mechanism is the chemokine receptor CXCR4, a well-known mediator of cell motility in response to gradients of the chemokine SDF-1 (also known as CXCL12). The entire machinery necessary to phosphorylate VLA-4, consisting of CXCR4, AC7 (also known as ADCY7) and PKA, is constitutively associated with VEGFR2 and is localized to the integrin by Sdc1. VEGFR2 carries out the novel phosphorylation of Y135 within the DRY microswitch of CXCR4, sequentially activating Gα<sub>i</sub>βγ, AC7 and PKA, which phosphorylates S988 on the integrin. This mechanism is blocked by a syndecan-mimetic peptide (SSTN<sub>VEGFR2</sub>), which, by preventing VEGFR2 linkage to VLA-4, arrests tumor cell migration that depends on VLA-4 phosphorylation and stimulates the LFA-1-mediated migration of cytotoxic leukocytes.
Ultrahigh-Surface-Area Metallic Electrodes by Templated Electroless Deposition on Functionalized Carbon Nanofiber Scaffolds (2006)

Electroless deposition of gold onto chemically functionalized carbon nanofibers leads to high-density nucleation of metal nanoparticles. These eventually form a highly textured coating, encapsulation the nanofibers. The gold-coated nanofibers show interfacial capacitances more than 10 times higher than those of the bare carbon nanofibers and 100 times larger than those of planar surfaces.
Primary Culture of Mammalian Taste Epithelium (2012)

Establishment of primary and immortalized cultures of many cell types has facilitated efforts to understand the signals involved in proliferation and differentiation and yielded tools to rapidly assay new molecules targeting specific receptor pathways. Taste cells are specialized sensory epithelial cells which reside within taste buds on the lingual epithelium. Only recently have successful culturing protocols been developed which maintain essential molecular and functional characteristics. These protocols provide a tractable tool to examine the molecular, regenerative, and functional properties of these unique sensory cells within a controlled environment. The method involves an enzymatic isolation procedure and standardized culture conditions, and may be applied to either dissected rodent tissue or human fungiform papillae obtained by biopsy. Human fungiform cells can be maintained in culture for more than seven passages, without loss of viability and with retention of the molecular and biochemical properties of acutely isolated taste cells. Cultured primary human fungiform papillae cells also exhibit functional responses to taste stimuli indicating the presence of taste receptors and at least some relevant signaling pathways. While the loss of the three-dimensional structure of the intact taste bud must be taken into consideration in interpreting results obtained with these cells, this culture protocol provides a useful model for molecular studies of the proliferation, differentiation, and physiological function of mammalian taste receptor cells.
Recent advances of the electrostatic long-range alpha detector (1994)

Long-range alpha detector (LRAD) systems are designed to monitor alpha sources and contamination by measuring the number of ions created in air by ionizing radiation. Traditional alpha detectors are designed to detect alpha particles directly and must be passed slowly within 3 cm of an alpha source to operate effectively. LRAD detectors collect the ions created from alpha interaction with air. Therefore, they are better able to monitor equipment and complex surfaces and can be operated at a much greater distance from an alpha source than traditional alpha detectors. Furthermore, because LRAD detectors remain stationary during monitoring, they are less subject to operator error than traditional alpha detectors. This paper will discuss the basic operation as well as recent advances that have been made to the electrostatic LRAD.
Express cubes: improving the performance of k-ary n-cube interconnection networks (1991)

The author discusses express cubes, k-ary n-cube interconnection networks augmented by express channels that provide a short path for nonlocal messages. An express cube combines the logarithmic diameter of a multistage network with the wire-efficiency and ability to exploit locality of a low-dimensional mesh network. The insertion of express channels reduces the network diameter and thus the distance component of network latency. Wire length is increased, allowing networks to operate with latencies that approach the physical speed-of-light limitation rather than being limited by node delays. Express channels increase wire bisection in a manner that allows the bisection to be controlled independently of the choice of radix, dimension, and channel width. By increasing wire bisection to saturate the available wiring media, throughput can be substantially increased. With an express cube both latency and throughput are wire-limited and within a small factor of the physical limit on performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Acidic Ascorbate Oxidase Produced by Acremonium sp. HI-25. (1991)

The occurrence of ascorbate oxidase [EC 1.10.3.3] was noted as early as 1935.1) Since then, ascorbate oxidases have been purified from higher plants, such as squash2) and
Biocompatible Polymeric Analogues of DMSO Prepared by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2017)

The synthesis of a sulfoxide-based water-soluble polymer, poly(2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (polyMSEA), a polymeric analogue of DMSO, by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is reported. Well-defined linear polymers were synthesized using relatively low amounts of copper catalyst (1000 or 100 ppm). Two types of star polymers were synthesized by either an "arm-first" approach or a "core-first" approach using a biodegradable β-cyclodextrin core. The glass transition temperatures of both the linear polymer (16 °C) and star polymer (32 °C) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly(MSEA) was estimated to be ca. 140 °C by extrapolating the LCST of a series of copolymers with NIPAM. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that both the linear and star polymers have low toxicity, even at concentrations up to 3 mg/mL.
Purification and characterization of an antihypertensive compound from Lactobacillus casei. (1990)

Antihypertensive compounds were purified from an extract of autologous Lactobacillus casei cell lysates. The most effective compounds were polysaccharide-glycopeptide complexes, found in the cell wall. The average molecular weight was estimated as 180, 000 from gel filtration using Sephacryl S-300. The polysaccharide moiety of the complexes consisted of glucose, rhamnose, and galactose, whereas the glycopeptide moiety consisted of N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, asparagine, glutamine, alanine, and lysine. The varieties of the components of these moieties were constant and independent of complex molecular size. When these complexes were orally administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and renal hypertensive rats (RHR) at doses of 1 mg/kg-body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased by 10-20 mmHg 6 to 12 hr after administration without any change in heart rate. Appreciable hypotensive activity was lost by treating the complexes with hydrofluoric acid, which hydrolytically cleaves the phosphodiester bond between the polysaccharide and glycopeptide moiety.
Streamlined Total Synthesis of Uncialamycin and Its Application to the Synthesis of Designed Analogues for Biological Investigations (2016)

From the enediyne class of antitumor antibiotics, uncialamycin is among the rarest and most potent, yet one of the structurally simpler, making it attractive for chemical synthesis and potential applications in biology and medicine. In this article we describe a streamlined and practical enantioselective total synthesis of uncialamycin that is amenable to the synthesis of novel analogues and renders the natural product readily available for biological and drug development studies. Starting from hydroxy- or methoxyisatin, the synthesis features a Noyori enantioselective reduction, a Yamaguchi acetylide-pyridinium coupling, a stereoselective acetylide-aldehyde cyclization, and a newly developed annulation reaction that allows efficient coupling of a cyanophthalide and a p-methoxy semiquinone aminal to forge the anthraquinone moiety of the molecule. Overall, the developed streamlined synthesis proceeds in 22 linear steps (14 chromatographic separations) and 11% overall yield. The developed synthetic strategies and technologies were applied to the synthesis of a series of designed uncialamycin analogues equipped with suitable functional groups for conjugation to antibodies and other delivery systems. Biological evaluation of a select number of these analogues led to the identification of compounds with low picomolar potencies against certain cancer cell lines. These compounds and others like them may serve as powerful payloads for the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) intended for personalized targeted cancer therapy.
Technique for nonuniform poling of piezoelectric element and fabrication of Gaussian transducers (1990)

A new technique has been developed to polarize piezoelectric ceramic elements with a nonuniform electric field. Used as an ultrasonic transducer, the piezoelectric element will produce a corresponding nonuniform sound field. Ultrasonic transducers for generating specific field profiles can therefore be made by having a predetermined spatial pattern of polarization strength poled into the piezoelectric element. One of the desirable beam profiles is a Gaussian; it has the advantages of being free from near-field fluctuations and far-field sidelobes, and it is much easier to model than the usual piston transducers. This method was used to fabricate Gaussian beam transducers, and their measured field profiles compared well with the Gaussian beam model. Such transducers containing the built-in Gaussian amplitude profile can be electroded and mounted in the same manner as conventional piston transducers.
Development of an Effective Monoclonal Antibody against Heroin and Its Metabolites Reveals Therapies Have Mistargeted 6-Monoacetylmorphine and Morphine over Heroin (2022)

The opioid epidemic is a global public health crisis that has failed to abate with current pharmaceutical treatments. Moreover, these FDA-approved drugs possess numerous problems such as adverse side effects, short half-lives, abuse potential, and recidivism after discontinued use. An alternative treatment model for opioid use disorders is immunopharmacotherapy, where antibodies are produced to inhibit illicit substances by sequestering the drug in the periphery. Immunopharmacotherapeutics against heroin have engaged both active and passive vaccines targeting heroin's metabolites, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine, since decades of research have stated that heroin's psychoactive and lethal effects are mainly attributed to these compounds. However, concerted efforts to develop effective immunopharmacotherapies against heroin abuse have faced little clinical advancement, suggesting a need for reassessing drug target selection. To address this issue, four unique monoclonal antibodies were procured with distinct affinity to either heroin, 6-AM, or morphine. Examination of these antibodies through <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> tests revealed monoclonal antibody 11D12 as the optimal therapeutic and provided crucial insights into the key chemical species to target for blunting heroin's psychoactive and lethal effects. These findings offer clarification into the problematic attempts of therapeutics targeting heroin's metabolites and provide a path forward for future heroin immunopharmacotherapy development.
Protection from Clinical Disease Against Three Highly Virulent Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus After In Ovo Application of an Antibody–Antigen Complex Vaccine in Maternal Antibody–Positive Chickens (2012)

Worldwide, Newcastle disease (ND) remains one of the most economically important diseases of poultry. Current vaccination strategies for commercial poultry include the use of inactivated and live ND vaccines that typically induce protection against virulent field viruses. Here, we tested the efficacy of an antigen-antibody complex (AAC) ND vaccine delivered in ovo. Commercial maternal antibody-positive broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus) were vaccinated in ovo with an AAC vaccine composed of live B1-LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) complexed with NDV-specific antiserum, and then they were challenged at weekly intervals after hatch. Challenge viruses included three exotic ND disease (END) viruses: the neurotropic strain Texas GB NDV-92-01 (TxGB) and two viscerotropic isolates, one isolate from the 2002-2003 outbreak in California (California 2002 isolate S212676 [CA]) and the other isolate from a 1997 END outbreak in South Korea (South Korea 94-147 [SK]). Results demonstrate that maternal antibody was able to provide approximately 50% protection in either vaccinated or control chickens at 7 days of age after TxGB challenge. However, with challenge at > or = 14 days, most control birds died, whereas all AAC-vaccinated birds were protected. Challenge with the CA or SK viruses in chickens at 28 days of age resulted in 100% protection of vaccinated birds, whereas all control birds died. In addition, AAC-vaccinated birds displayed decreased incidence of viral shedding in oral and cloacal swabs than control birds. Antibody titers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in vaccinated chickens, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutinin-inhibition tests, than in nonvaccinated controls. Together, these results demonstrate the efficacy of AAC vaccines delivered in ovo to protect commercial poultry.
Purification of (NB/sub 1-x/TA/sub x/)/sub 2/O/sub 5/ (1988)

A process for purifying compounds of the form (Nb/sub 1-x/Ta/sub x/)/sub 2/O/sub 5/, where x ranges from 0 to 1 is described, comprising the steps of: furnishing the (Nb/sub 1-x/Ta/sub x/)/sub 2/O/sub 5/ in a finely divided form; contacting a liquid extraction phase containing a source of halide ions, and separating the liquid extraction phase and the reacted impurities contained therein from the finely divided (Nb/sub 1-x/Ta/sub x/)/sub 2/O/sub 5/.
Development of closed-type EUV pellicle (2018)

In this study, we fabricated a closed type EUV pellicle without any gaps by using the mask adhesive, forming the vent holes in the Si border part and putting the sufficiently wide area filters on the top side of Si border. Ventilation performance of closed EUV pellicle was examined during pumping and ventilation condition. As the result, we found that the closed EUV pellicle has enough ventilation performance under the practical pumping down condition. Furthermore, as for EUV pellicle, contamination growth on mask surface during EUV exposure should be suppressed. We fabricated EUV pellicle with coated adhesive as the mask adhesive to suppress the outgas generation which causes the contamination on mask during EUV exposure. EUV irradiation was performed to the base plate which has similar component of the EUV mask surface inside the pellicle space. Contamination growth was not observed for the sample with coated adhesive, but observed for the sample with general adhesive as mask adhesive. Coated adhesives for mask adhesive of EUV pellicle, which keep the adhesive properties, will be suitable for fixing method to suppress the mask contamination during EUV exposure.
Electronic Structure of Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons (2012)

Some of the most intriguing properties of graphene are predicted for specifically designed nanostructures such as nanoribbons. Functionalities far beyond those known from extended graphene systems include electronic band gap variations related to quantum confinement and edge effects, as well as localized spin-polarized edge states for specific edge geometries. The inability to produce graphene nanostructures with the needed precision, however, has so far hampered the verification of the predicted electronic properties. Here, we report on the electronic band gap and dispersion of the occupied electronic bands of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons fabricated via on-surface synthesis. Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy data from armchair graphene nanoribbons of width N = 7 supported on Au(111) reveal a band gap of 2.3 eV, an effective mass of 0.21 m(0) at the top of the valence band, and an energy-dependent charge carrier velocity reaching 8.2 × 10(5) m/s in the linear part of the valence band. These results are in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions that include image charge corrections accounting for screening by the metal substrate and confirm the importance of electron-electron interactions in graphene nanoribbons.
Next Generation Extractants for Cesium Separation from High-Level Waste: From Fundamental Concepts to Site Implementation (2004)

General project objectives. This project seeks a fundamental understanding and major improvement in cesium separation from high-level waste by cesium-selective calixcrown extractants. Systems of particular interest involve novel solvent-extraction systems containing specific members of the calix[4]arene-crown-6 family, alcohol solvating agents, and alkylamines. Questions being addressed pertain to cesium binding strength, extraction selectivity, cesium stripping, and extractant solubility. Enhanced properties in this regard will specifically benefit cleanup projects funded by the USDOE Office of Environmental Management to treat and dispose of high-level radioactive wastes currently stored in underground tanks at the Savannah River Site (SRS), the Hanford site, and the Idaho National Environmental and Engineering Laboratory.1 The most direct beneficiary will be the SRS Salt Processing Project, which has recently identified the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) process employing a calixcrown as its preferred technology for cesium removal from SRS high level tank waste.2 This technology owes its development in part to fundamental results obtained in this program.
<i>In vivo</i> optical imaging and dynamic contrast methods for biomedical research (2011)

This paper provides an overview of optical imaging methods commonly applied to basic research applications. Optical imaging is well suited for non-clinical use, since it can exploit an enormous range of endogenous and exogenous forms of contrast that provide information about the structure and function of tissues ranging from single cells to entire organisms. An additional benefit of optical imaging that is often under-exploited is its ability to acquire data at high speeds; a feature that enables it to not only observe static distributions of contrast, but to probe and characterize dynamic events related to physiology, disease progression and acute interventions in real time. The benefits and limitations of in vivo optical imaging for biomedical research applications are described, followed by a perspective on future applications of optical imaging for basic research centred on a recently introduced real-time imaging technique called dynamic contrast-enhanced small animal molecular imaging (DyCE).
<title>Digitization of film for archiving through the estimation of dye densities</title> (1995)

This paper introduces an alternate standard for film archiving based on digitizing the dye densities of the film rather than the color (XYZ or RGB). The color of the film is encoded by the storage of two types of information: (1) the analytical densities of the dyes, which must only be stored once for each film; and (2) the dye concentrations for each pixel of each frame. If the analytical densities of the dyes are known, then the concentration of each dye can be estimated by measuring the logarithm of the transmission of the film in as few as three frequency bands. A formalism for accomplishing this estimation, as well as the estimation of the dye density curves, will be presented. The error of this digitization technique as a function of filter bandwidth and a function of the number of spectra transmission measurements used for the dye concentration estimation will be quantified. In addition, the impact of this technique for film restoration will be discussed.
Standoff determination of the particle size and concentration of small optical depth clouds based on double-scattering measurements: validation with calibrated target plates and limitations for daytime and nighttime measurements (2008)

Diffractive target plates are used to emulate aerosols of known size and concentration. These target plates are used to validate and determine the sensitivity of a multiple-field-of-view lidar signal inversion technique based on double-scattering measurement to retrieve the particle size and the concentration of small optical depth clouds. We estimate that nighttime and daytime quantification (size and concentration) is possible for optical depths as low as 0.005 and 0.016, respectively. The recovery technique limiting factors are the shot noise, the laser features, the optical lens quality, the background illumination level, the background aerosol fluctuations, and the noise introduced by the lidar detector, a gated intensified camera (camera G-ICCD).