gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cricoid pressure: an expert's opinion. (2009)

Nearly 40 years ago, cricoid pressure (CP) was introduced into anesthetic practice based on a single small case series that lacked essential information. No randomized controlled trials have since documented any benefit of CP. In addition, numerous surveys have shown that most anesthetists lack adequate theoretical and practical knowledge regarding all aspects of CP. Despite the lack of evidence of its effectiveness, evidence of numerous deleterious effects (the most important being interference with airway management), and documentation of poor practice of the technique, CP is still considered by most anesthetists as a standard of care during rapid sequence induction. However, by using CP we may well be endangering more lives by causing airway problems than we are saving in the hope of preventing pulmonary aspiration. It is dangerous to consider CP to be an effective and reliable measure in reducing the risk of pulmonary aspiration and to become complacent about the many factors that contribute to regurgitation and aspiration. Ensuring optimal positioning and a rapid onset of anesthesia and muscle relaxation to decrease the risk of coughing, straining or regurgitation during the induction of anesthesia are likely more important in the prevention of pulmonary aspiration than CP.
Geometry of voting (1994)

Abstract It is shown how simple geometry can be used to analyze and discover new properties about pairwise and positional voting rules as well as for those rules (e.g., runoffs and Approval Voting) that rely on these methods. The description starts by providing a geometric way to depict profiles, which simplifies the computation of the election outcomes. This geometry is then used to motivate the development of a “profile coordinate system,” which evolves into a tool to analyze voting rules. This tool, for instance, completely explains various longstanding “paradoxes,” such as why a Condorcet winner need not be elected with certain voting rules. A different geometry is developed to indicate whether certain voting “oddities” can be dismissed or must be taken seriously, and to explain why other mysteries, such as strategic voting and the no-show paradox (where a voter is rewarded by not voting), arise. Still another use of geometry extends McGarvey's Theorem about possible pairwise election rankings to identify the actual tallies that can arise (a result that is needed to analyze supermajority voting). Geometry is also developed to identify all possible positional and Approval Voting election outcomes that are admitted by a given profile; the converse becomes a geometric tool that can be used to discover new election relationships. Finally, it is shown how lessons learned in social choice, such as the seminal Arrow's and Sen's Theorems and the expanding literature about the properties of positional rules, provide insights into difficulties that are experienced by other disciplines.
Photonic millimetre-wave generator using intensity and phase modulators for 10 Gbit/s wireless link (2005)

A novel photonic millimetre-wave (MMW) generator that uses an intensity modulator and a phase modulator is presented. A 125 GHz MMW signal is generated and its feasibility for 10 Gbit/s wireless links is confirmed.
The Mouse <i>(Mus musculus)</i> T Cell Receptor Beta Variable (TRBV), Diversity (TRBD) and Joining (TRBJ) Genes (2000)

'The Mouse (Mus musculus) T cell Receptor Beta Variable (TRBV), Diversity (TRBD), and Joining (TRBJ) Genes', the 14th report of the 'IMGT Locus in Focus' section, comprises 8 tables entitled: (1) 'Number of mouse (Mus musculus) germline TRBV genes at 6A-C and potential repertoire'; (2) 'Mouse (Mus musculus) germline TRBV genes at 6A-C'; (3) 'Mouse (Mus musculus) TRBV allele table'; (4) 'Mouse (Mus musculus) germline TRBD genes and alleles'; (5) 'Mouse (Mus musculus) germline TRBJ genes'; (6) 'Mouse (Mus musculus) TRBJ allele table'; (7) 'Correspondence between the different mouse (Mus musculus) TRBV gene nomenclatures'; (8) 'Mouse (Mus musculus) TRBV genes and related human TRBV genes'. These tables are available at the IMGT Marie-Paule page from IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database (http://imgt.cines.fr:8104) created by Marie-Paule Lefranc, Université Montpellier II, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
Reduced-Complexity Min-Sum Algorithm for Decoding LDPC Codes With Low Error-Floor (2014)

This paper proposes a low-complexity min-sum algorithm for decoding low-density parity-check codes. It is an improved version of the single-minimum algorithm where the two-minimum calculation is replaced by one minimum calculation and a second minimum emulation. In the proposed one, variable correction factors that depend on the iteration number are introduced and the second minimum emulation is simplified, reducing by this way the decoder complexity. This proposal improves the performance of the single-minimum algorithm, approaching to the normalized min-sum performance in the water-fall region. Also, the error-floor region is analyzed for the code of the IEEE 802.3an standard showing that the trapping sets are decoded due to a slow down of the convergence of the algorithm. An error-floor free operation below BER=10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-15</sup> is shown for this code by means of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based hardware emulator. A layered decoder is implemented in a 90-nm CMOS technology achieving 12.8 Gbps with an area of 3.84 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
HCMV‐Encoded Glycoprotein M (UL100) Interacts with Rab11 Effector Protein FIP4 (2009)

The envelope of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) consists of a large number of glycoproteins. The most abundant glycoprotein in the HCMV envelope is the glycoprotein M (UL100), which together with glycoprotein N (UL73) form the gM/gN protein complex. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that the gM carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic tail (gM-CT) interacts with FIP4, a Rab11-GTPase effector protein. Depletion of FIP4 expression in HCMV-infected cells resulted in a decrease in infectious virus production that was also associated with an alteration of the HCMV assembly compartment (AC) phenotype. A similar phenotype was also observed in HCMV-infected cells that expressed dominant negative Rab11(S25N). Recently, it has been shown that FIP4 interactions with Rab11 and additionally with Arf6/Arf5 are important for the vesicular transport of proteins in the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC) and during cytokinesis. Surprisingly, FIP4 interaction with gM-CT limited binding of FIP4 with Arf5/Arf6; however, FIP4 interaction with gM-CT did not prevent recruitment of Rab11 into the ternary complex. These data argued for a contribution of the ERC during cytoplasmic envelopment of HCMV and showed a novel FIP4 function independent of Arf5 or Arf6 activity.
Stimulation of murine B lymphocytes induces a DNA exonuclease whose activity on switch-mu DNA is specifically inhibited by other germ-line switch region RNAs. (1998)

The Ig heavy chain class switch in B lymphocytes involves a unique genetic recombination that fuses specific regions within the Ig locus and deletes intervening sequences. Here we describe a novel exonuclease activity in nuclear lysates of B cells in an in vitro assay. This activity was induced in B lymphocytes after treatment with either LPSs or CD40 ligand/anti-delta-dextran, both of which induce switch recombination, and considerably less activity was detected in untreated or anti-delta-dextran-treated B cells, Con A-stimulated spleen cells, liver cells, or a number of cell lines. The exonuclease activity was dependent on divalent cations, and both 3' and 5' labels were efficiently removed from DNA substrates. The presence of RNase A, but not RNase H, inhibited exonucleolytic digestion, suggesting that a ribonucleoprotein is responsible for the exonucleolysis. The DNA digestion appears to be nonspecific, since DNA substrates with either switch-mu or unrelated sequence were hydrolyzed with comparable efficiency. Germ-line switch region transcripts (Ig gamma1, Ig gamma3, and Ig alpha) strongly inhibited the exonucleolysis of switch-mu DNA but not that of unrelated control DNA, while switch antisense RNA or tRNA were much less effective inhibitors.
A Low-Power Low-Complexity Multi-Standard Digital Receiver for Joint Clock Recovery and Carrier Frequency Offset Calibration (2014)

This paper presents a novel multi-standard digital low-IF receiver, which provides low-power low-complexity, flexible and robust performance for short distance communication applications. Over the various incoming data rates and carrier frequencies, the corresponding symbol timing is recovered by the ΣΔ modulated frequency divider from fractional-N synthesizer, and the carrier frequency offset is calibrated by direct digital synthesizer generated intermediate frequency. The proposed digital receiver is fully integrated with 130 nm CMOS technology, occupying 0.83 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> area with 4.5 mW. Through the verification in an FPGA, the measurement results show a great potential in flexible and cost oriented applications.
Development and Evaluation of Gel-based Conformance Control for a High Salinity and High Temperature Carbonate (2016)

Abstract The extreme heterogeneity of carbonate in the form of fracture corridors and super-permeability thief zones challenges the efficient sweep of oil in both secondary and tertiary recovery operations. In such reservoirs, conformance control is crucial to ensure injected water and any enhanced oil recovery (EOR) chemicals optimally contact the remaining oil with minimal throughput. Gel-based conformance control has been successfully applied on both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. In-depth conformance control in high temperature reservoirs is still a challenge, due to severe gel syneresis and the associated significant reduction in gelation time. In this work, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate a polyacrylamide/chromium gel system for application in a high salinity and high temperature carbonate reservoir. Gel formulation was evaluated using different lab experiments including gelation time, gel strength, and long-term stability. Gelation time was determined by bottle tests and viscosity measurements. Long-term stability was evaluated both in bulk and in a core sample. For long-term gel stability in cores, a single-phase displacement experiment was performed to evaluate the ability of the selected gel system to effectively block high permeability zones. Multiphase displacement experiments were then conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the gel treatment in oil recovery improvement. In these tests, the gel solution was injected into specially prepared heterogeneous carbonate core samples, in which high permeability channels were created by drilling centrally and mid-way through two core plugs that were brought together to constitute each composite core system. Single-phase displacement experiments showed significant reduction in brine permeability after gel treatment. Even when the bulk gel volume was reduced by 50%, the original brine permeability is lowered by more than 80%. Multiphase displacement experiments demonstrated significant incremental recoveries post gel treatment. For example, a surfactant-polymer (SP) flood conducted after gel treatment resulted in an ultimate oil recovery of 83% original oil in core (OOIC), while without any gel treatment the SP flood attained an ultimate oil recovery of 67% OOIC. Results in this study demonstrate the potential of the studied gel system and its favorable impact on sweep efficiency for both water and chemical flooding applications in high temperature and high salinity carbonates.
Multiple-model estimation with variable structure. V. Likely-model set algorithm (2000)

For pt. IV see ibid., vol. 35, no. 1, p. 242-254 (1999). A multiple-model (MM) estimator with a variable structure, called likely-model set (LMS) algorithm, is presented, which is generally applicable to most hybrid estimation problems and is easily implementable. It uses a set of models that are not unlikely to match the system mode in effect at any given time. Different versions of the algorithm are discussed. The model set is made adaptive in the simplest version by deleting all unlikely models and activating all models to which a principal model may jump so as to anticipate the possible system mode transitions. The generality, simplicity, and ease in the design and implementation of the LMS estimator are illustrated via an example of tracking a maneuvering target and an example of fault detection and identification. Comparison of its cost-effectiveness with other fixed- and variable-structure MM estimators is given.
Effect of plastic fragments on hydraulic characteristics of pretreated municipal solid waste (2006)

A systematic study was undertaken of the granular composition and hydraulic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) produced by mechanical–biological pretreatment (MBP–MSW) from three different treatment plants with the aim of evaluating the potential application of MBP–MSW as an alternative barrier material for landfill final cover systems. Despite its coarse granular composition, MBP–MSW has low hydraulic conductivity. Long-term permeability tests show that the hydraulic conductivity decreases with time. The most likely explanation for the long-term changes in permeability is the swelling of organic material contained within the compost. In the case of saturated flow, the virtually impermeable plastic fragments embedded in the material impede fluid flow. In the unsaturated case, such fragments slow down the drying process by disrupting fluid flow and allowing pooling of water above horizontally oriented fragments. The larger the number and size of the plastic fragments, the greater the influence on hydraulic conductivity and shrinkage. These processes can be better understood with the newly developed conceptual model, the thin-sheet model. Based on this conceptual model, laboratory tests were undertaken to compare natural soil material with mixtures of soil material and plastic fragments. Corresponding numerical simulations of some experiments verified the influence of plastic fragments on the hydraulic properties of MBP–MSW.Key words: mechanical–biological pretreatment, municipal solid waste (MSW), thin-sheet model, plastic fragment, hydraulic conductivity, drying test.
Dexamethasone eluting cochlear implant: Histological study in animal model (2012)

This study showed some attenuation in inflammatory response following insertion of a dexamethasone-eluting CI, suggesting that it could be a route for local drug delivery into the cochlea.
Modeling dynamic component interfaces (2002)

We adopt a component model based on object-oriented systems, introducing the concepts of components and their structure. A component consists of a dynamically changing set of connected objects. Only some of these objects are interface objects, and are thus accessible from the environment. During the component lifetime not only the number of objects, but also that of interface objects, and their connections change. To describe this situation, we introduce component interface diagrams (CIDs)-an adaption of UML diagrams-as a notation to characterize interfaces of components, their structure, and their navigability. We show how CIDs can be used to describe the in-house developed Open Editor Framework (OEF). Finally, we give guidelines that allow to map components described with CIDs directly to several component technologies, like ActiveX, CORBA, or Java Beans.
Construction and Characterization of Shuttle Vectors for Succinic Acid-Producing Rumen Bacteria (2007)

Shuttle vectors carrying the origins of replication that function in Escherichia coli and two capnophilic rumen bacteria, Mannheimia succiniciproducens and Actinobacillus succinogenes, were constructed. These vectors were found to be present at ca. 10 copies per cell. They were found to be stably maintained in rumen bacteria during the serial subcultures in the absence of antibiotic pressure for 216 generations. By optimizing the electroporation condition, the transformation efficiencies of 3.0 x 10(6) and 7.1 x 10(6) transformants/mug DNA were obtained with M. succiniciproducens and A. succinogenes, respectively. A 1.7-kb minimal replicon was identified that consists of the rep gene, four iterons, A+T-rich regions, and a dnaA box. It was found that the shuttle vector replicates via the theta mode, which was confirmed by sequence analysis and Southern hybridization. These shuttle vectors were found to be suitable as expression vectors as the homologous fumC gene encoding fumarase and the heterologous genes encoding green fluorescence protein and red fluorescence protein could be expressed successfully. Thus, the shuttle vectors developed in this study should be useful for genetic and metabolic engineering of succinic acid-producing rumen bacteria.
NMR spectral data for ester prodrugs of ganciclovir (2000)

A series of 9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine mono- and diesters, 2a–i, 3a–d and 4a–d, were synthesized as potential prodrugs of ganciclovir and both 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were assigned to these esters based on spectral comparison with compounds of similar structure. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimum areal coverage for perfect transmission in a periodic metal hole array (2010)

We investigate the conditions for perfect transmission of terahertz radiation in periodic two-dimensional plasmonic system of square holes. Changing the period in the direction perpendicular to the incident light polarization reveals the optimum areal coverage for perfect transmission at a specific period. The simulated near-zone energy flow distributions show that all incident light is accumulated on the apertures, under the condition that the period is shorter than the resonant wavelength, acting as static local capacitors restricted to a wavelength-confined region. Our finding can be exploited for designing cost-effective terahertz filters and may be applicable to terahertz spectroscopy requiring strong local field enhancement.
Diagnosing tuberculosis with urine lipoarabinomannan: systematic review and meta-analysis (2011)

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a potential marker of active tuberculosis (TB). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding use of urinary LAM assays for diagnosing active TB. We systematically searched for published and unpublished studies that evaluated urinary LAM for active TB diagnosis. Extracted data were pooled using bivariate random effects models and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curves. Heterogeneity was explored through subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Quality was assessed according to standardised QUADAS (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) criteria. In seven studies that assessed test accuracy in microbiologically confirmed cases only, estimates of sensitivity ranged from 13% to 93%, while specificity ranged from 87% to 99%. In five studies that assessed accuracy in clinical and confirmed TB cases, sensitivity ranged from 8% to 80%, while specificity ranged from 88% to 99%. In five studies with results stratified by HIV status, sensitivity was 3-53% higher in HIV-positive than HIV-negative subgroups; sensitivity was highest with advanced immunosuppression. The LAM urinary assay has several characteristics that make it attractive for diagnosing active TB, but has suboptimal sensitivity for routine clinical use. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential value of the LAM assay in individuals with advanced HIV or for diagnosis of paediatric TB.
Glass landscapes: A proposed building and landscape ordinance could shape the future of bird-friendly design in chicago. (2020)

The article highlights the impact of transparent buildings on birds and few design proposals for prevention. Topics include the use of Horizontal fritting with a maximum spacing that features ceramic dots printed on glass, and a 2008 proposal for the Ford Calumet Environmental Center that features nest-making as a model for industrial reuse.
Automated test equipment synthetic instrumentation (2006)

When the USAF's F-15 became operational in the mid-1970s, intermediate avionics test support was provided by specific test stations designed to support technology workload groups, ranging from controls and displays to communications/navigation equipment, with many of the test packages requiring complex interface test adapters (ITAs). These testers are quickly becoming obsolete and more difficult and costly to maintain because replacement parts are no longer available. Alternative technical solutions are required to ensure fielded avionics test equipment technology maintains pace with fielded systems and operational requirements, ensuring the availability of mission critical avionics assets. In order to demonstrate a solution to these growing issues, Boeing is tailoring an emerging F-15 support system by inserting agile rapid global combat support (ARGCS) technologies including synthetic instrumentation (SI), to reduce the use of traditional COTS (commercial-off-the-shelf) instruments. This type of arrangement highlights the potential benefits of SI, which include the use of non-active (wire only) ITAs to the USAF. During the past decade the USAF has expressed a desire for this passive ITA hardware design, since it facilitates reduced development time, increases equipment reliability/availability and decreases long-term sustainment cost compared to the existing specialized complex active hardware design approach. During this 12-month program, SI is being integrated into the selected ATE platform to provide analog, serial bus test and video capability by replacing existing VXI-based instruments. Several F-15 line replaceable unit (LRU) test program sets (TPS) are being integrated and/or adapted to use the Sl-equipped support system, demonstrating the ability to rapidly prototype TPSs. By utilizing parallel testing capabilities of the latest technology synthetic instruments, a significant reduction in test times is also expected. This paper discusses the engineering effort required to integrate SI into the selected ATE platform including the hardware and software design approaches employed, as well as the methodology used to re-engineer TPS designs to leverage SI and the benefits realized during the project as well as potential applications to DoD customers.