gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mid-wave infrared and terahertz quantum cascade lasers based on resonant nonlinear frequency mixing (2013)

GaInAs/AlInAs/InP quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have established themselves as reliable and versatile semiconductor laser sources in the mid-infrared wavelength region. Due to the presence of unique molecular absorption lines, in combination of water-free atmospheric transmission windows, this spectral range is of particular importance for sensing, medical, material processing and homeland security applications. Being compact electrically pumped and able to operate at room-temperature, QCLs are ideal choice for wavelengths between 3.5 - 12 microns. However, wavelengths above and below are more challenging to obtain. In our work, we use intracavity nonlinear frequency mixing in mid-infrared QCLs to extend the spectral coverage for GaInAs/AlInAs/InP devices. We demonstrate that passive nonlinear structures, consisting of coupled quantum wells can be grown on top of the mid-IR QCL active region. Such nonlinear structures can be designed to possess a resonant nonlinear response for the pump frequency. Such concept, in combination with quasi-phase-matching technique can be used for efficient short-wavelength lasing by second-harmonic generations. We demonstrated room-temperature lasing down to 2.6 micrometer. For long-wavelengths, particularly THz frequencies, a novel waveguide concept was introduced. Here, we used a leaky THz waveguide concept, for a difference-frequency generation device. Phase matching was achieved by Cherenkov phase-matching scheme. This concept led to ultra-broadband THz emission at room-temperature (1.2-4.5 THz) with pulsed output powers as high as 14 μW.
Process For The Production Of Delta5-unsaturated Fatty Acids In Transgenic Organisms (Patent US 2007/0136892 A1) (2007)

A process for the production of Delta5-unsaturated fatty acids in transgenic organisms comprises transforming an organism with nucleic acid encoding a Delta5-desaturase.
Rapid confocal imaging of large area excised tissue with strip mosaicing (2011)

Strip mosaicing in a confocal microscope allows imaging of cellular morphology over large-area tissue for rapid pathology at the bedside. We scan 10 mm long strips and stitch to display 100 mm2 in five minutes.
Principles of Designing Glass‐Ceramic Formation (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Advantages of Glass-Ceramic Formation Factors of Design Crystal Structures and Mineral Properties Nucleation Crystal Growth
Experimental demonstration of the feasibility of the Mist Flow OceanThermal Energy Process (1981)

The Mist Flow Ocean Thermal Energy Process is a practical method for exploiting the ocean temperature difference without using heat exchangers or large vapor turbines. Warm ocean surface water is sprayed upward into the bottom of an evacuated vertical duct. Vapor flashes from the sprayed water droplets and drags them upward as it proceeds to the top of the duct. There the vapor is condensed by cold water obtained from the depths. The validity of the concept has been demonstrated in a set of experiments conducted in a 4-meter tall transparent test column of 23 x 36 cm cross section. The coupling between the vapor and the droplets remained strong as energy equivalent to over 60 meters of lift was transferred from the vapor to the water droplets. Power plant designs based on these experimental data imply costs of about $1,200 per kilowatt for power plant sizes in the 10 MW range. Power plants operating with only 16 C temperature difference appear practical.
Code-coverage guided prioritized test generation (2004)

With Internet applications spreading like wildfire, software testing is challenged with new topics related to the distributed nature of Web applications. We apply code based testing techniques to the testing of Web applications, specifically Java programs. Source code based automatic test generation is difficult because most previous methods use constraint satisfaction models as a solution, which is an NP complete problem [M. J. Gallagher et al. (1997)]. We present a method of guiding users through test case generations. Instead of automating the entire procedure, our method aims at generating a framework of test cases and providing instructions for users to instantiate the framework into actual executable test cases. An early experimental study of this method shows the effectiveness of this method.
A Measurement-Based Skin Reflectance Model for Face Rendering and Editing (2005)

We present a novel skin reflectance model for faces and its application to face appearance editing. We decompose the high-dimensional bidirectional scattering surface reflectance distribution function (BSSRDF) of skin into components that can be estimated from measured data. Our model is intuitive, amenable to interactive rendering, and easy to edit. High-quality renderings come close to reproducing real photographs. We have measured 3D face geometry, skin reflectance, and subsurface scattering for a large group of people using custom-built devices and fit the data to our model. The analysis of the reflectance data reveals variations according to subject age, race, gender and external factors (heat, cold, makeup, etc.) We derive a low-dimensional model using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) that spans the space of skin reflectance in our database. A user can define meaningful parameters in this space- such as race, gender, and age- and change the overall appearance of a person (e.g., making a Caucasian face look more Asian) or change local features (e.g., adding moles, freckles or hair follicles).
Communication-efficient distributed mining of association rules (2001)

Mining for associations between items in large transactional databases is a central problem in the field of knowledge discovery. When the database is partitioned among several share-nothing machines, the problem can be addressed using distributed data mining algorithms. One such algorithm, called CD, was proposed by Agrawal and Shafer in [1] and was later enhanced by the FDM algorithm of Cheung, Han et al. [5].
Periodic entropy coder initialization for wavefront decoding of video bitstream (2011)

In this paper, we outline a coding strategy that initializes the entropy coding engine of a video codec at pre-defined locations within a bit-stream. Coupled with the causal dependencies of state-of-the-art video coding systems, this enables wavefront processing of the entropy decoding and reconstruction process simultaneously. Approaches to wavefront processing have been considered by others, and those methods either address the reconstruction process solely or require transmitting image data in non-raster scan order. Here, our key contribution is that we enable simultaneous entropy/reconstruction wavefront processing while still preserving a raster scan strategy. In this paper, we describe the system, as well as different strategies for initializing the context models. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated, and the bitrate increase is shown to be nominal.
Short-term fluctuations in the detection of cervical human papillomavirus DNA (1996)

Short-term HPV DNA detection is highly variable within individuals; therefore, single-point measurements of cervical HPV have limitations when assessing an individual's HPV status. The relationship between short-term and long-term HPV DNA persistence profiles may prove relevant to determining the risk of developing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Multilple description coding for error-resilient video transmission (2005)

Since the quality of compressed video is vulnerable to errors, video transmission over unreliable Internet is very challenging today. Multiple Description Coding (MDC) is an error resilience technique to encode the source into multiple streams, which are sent to the destination through different channels. The strategy of MDC is that an arbitrary set of descriptions can be received to construct the video with acceptable quality. In this paper, we review some MDC approaches, categorized by the dimension of description sub-sampling; namely, spatial or temporal. In spatial MDC, the blocks of each frame, or the motion vector and the residues of each block are coded into multiple descriptions; while in temporal MDC, the video sequence is coded into multiple decodable streams, each with its own prediction process.
Practical technique for improving all-fiber coherent combination of multistage high-power ytterbium fiber amplifiers (2015)

We demonstrate coherent combination of two high-gain and high-power single-mode 1 μm fiber amplifiers via direct pump current modulation. Each all-fiber amplifier channel, which is built as a master oscillator-multiple amplifier architecture, can operate either continuous waves or 4 ns, 1 MHz pulses with average power of 50 W and more than 55 dB gain. These two amplifiers are coherently combined by modulating the pump currents of the preamplifiers in a multidither arrangement. The key feature of the scaling scheme is the insertion of a designated second stage preamplifier between the first stage preamplifier and the final power amplifier stage, so as to improve the coherency and to minimize the gain variation of the preamplifier to the power amplifier. Otherwise, overall phase control of the fiber amplifiers with this method is not possible at such a high power level.
CYTOCHROME P450-BASED CANCER GENE THERAPY: RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS (1999)

Cytochrome P450-based cancer gene therapy is a novel prodrug activation strategy for cancer treatment that has substantial potential for improving the safety and efficacy of cancer chemotherapeutics. The primary goal of this strategy is to selectively increase tumor cell exposure to cytotoxic drug metabolites generated locally by a prodrug-activating P450 enzyme. This strategy has been exemplified for the alkylating agents cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, which are bioactivated by select P450 enzymes whose expression is generally high in liver and deficient in tumor cells. Transduction of tumors with a prodrug-activating P450 gene, followed by prodrug treatment, greatly increases intratumoral formation of activated drug metabolites. This leads to more efficient killing of the transduced tumor cells without a significant increase in host toxicity. P450 gene therapy is accompanied by substantial bystander cytotoxicity which greatly enhances the therapeutic effect by extending it to nearby tumor cells not transduced with the therapeutic P450 gene. Although endogenous P450 reductase is not expected to be a limiting factor in prodrug activation in tumor cells that express moderate levels of an exogenous P450 gene, P450 reductase transduction has recently been found to substantially enhance intratumoral prodrug activation and its associated therapeutic effects. Using this gene combination, an overall 50- to 100-fold increase in tumor cell kill in vivo over that provided by hepatic drug activation alone has been observed. Striking improvements in therapeutic effects can thus be achieved using an established anticancer drug in an intratumoral prodrug activation strategy based on the combination of a cytochrome P450 gene with the gene encoding NADPH-P450 reductase. This strategy is readily extendable to several other widely used P450-activated cancer chemotherapeutic prodrugs, as well as to prodrugs that undergo P450 reductase-dependent bioreductive activation and which may exhibit synergy when combined with P450-activated prodrugs in a P450/P450 reductase-based cancer gene therapeutic regimen.
Deep-diode arrays (1976)

Deep-diode arrays consist of geometric arrays of long narrow columnar p-n junctions extending through a thick semiconductor wafer. These arrays are produced by the thermomigration of large arrays of appropriately doped metal-rich droplets through semiconductors. The processing techniques to make deep-diode arrays are described and the various electrical properties of these arrays are discussed. Applications of deep-diode arrays in the areas of semiconductor-device manufacturing, planar integrated-circuit technology and x-ray and infrared detection are discussed.
Repetitively pulsed, 70-J photolytic iodine laser with excellent optical and long/reliable operation (1995)

The performance of a repetitively pulsed, 70 joule, closed cycle 1.3 /spl mu/M photolytic atomic iodine laser with excellent beam quality (BQ=1.15) is presented. This BQ was exhibited in the fundamental mode from a M=3.1 confocal unstable resonator at a 0.5 Hz repetition rate. A closed cycle scrubber/laser fuel system consisting of a condensative-evaporative section, two Cu wool I/sub 2/ reactor regions, and an internal turbo-blower enabled the laser to operate very reliably with low maintenance. The fuel system provided C/sub 3/F/sub 7/I gas at 10-60 torr absent of the photolytic quenching by-product I/sub 2/. Using a turbo-molecular blower longitudinal flow velocities greater than 10 m/s were achieved through the 150 cm long by 7.5/spl times/7.5 cm/sup 2/ cross sectional photolytic iodine gain region. In addition to the high laser output and excellent BQ, the resulting 8-12 /spl mu/s laser pulse had a coherence length greater than 45 meters and polarization extinction ratio better than 100:1. Projections from this pulsed photolytic atomic iodine laser technology to larger energies, higher repetition rates, and variable pulse widths are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Effects of binary metal oxide catalysts for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (2012)

본 연구에서는 글리세롤과 우레아를 이용하여 글리세롤카보네이트를 합성하는 반응을 진행하였다. ZnO와 Zn-Al 이원계 금속 산화물 촉매를 제조하고, 제조되어진 촉매를 사용하여 글리세롤의 전환율과 글리세롤카보네이트의 수율을 확인하였고, Al의 첨가에 따른 촉매 특성의 분석과 글리세롤카보네이트 합성반응에서의 역할에 대해 확인하였다. 글리세롤카보네이트 합성 반응에서 ZnO를 단독으로 촉매를 사용한 경우보다 Zn-Al 혼합 산화물을 촉매로 사용하여 반응하였을 때, 부반응이 억제되어 전환율 및 수율이 증가함을 확인하였다. The glycerol carbonate was synthesized by glycerol and urea using metal oxide catalysts. The physical properties of the prepared metal oxide catalysts were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area analysis (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). In addition, we confirmed the conversion of the glycerol and the yield of the glycerol carbonate according to characteristics of metal oxide catalysts. From XRD and FE-SEM analysis, the crystallite size and crystallinity of metal oxide catalysts decrease with addition of Al. In addition, the Zn-Al mixed metal oxide had higher catalytic activity than the pure ZnO due to decreased side reaction in the synthesis of glycerol carbonate.
Model of an approach to targeted drug delivery based on uniform magnetic fields (2004)

In this paper, a method for inducing highly localised phase transformations at defined locations in the vascular system by applying uniform magnetic fields to an injected superparamagnetic colloidal fluid was investigated. The proposed design involves seeding magnetic particles on to blood vessel walls at designated sites though specific receptor-legend recognition, followed by the use of the anchored particles as magnetic traps for the injected magnetic colloid.
Hydrogen Permeability in Nb&ndash;Ti&ndash;Ni Alloys Containing Much Primary (Nb,Ti) Phase (2005)

In order to develop high hydrogen permeability alloys, structural changes induced by hydrogenation, microstructures and hydrogen permeability Φ were investigated for samples on the straight line connecting the eutectic and the primary phase in the Nb–Ti–Ni phase diagram. Φ was measurable in the alloys containing much amount of the eutectic phase, indicating that the eutectic microstructure suppresses the hydrogen embrittlement. The value of Φ increased with increasing Nb content and the volume fraction of the primary (Nb,Ti) phase. The most Nb-rich Nb68Ti17Ni15 alloy showed the highest Φ of 4.91×10−8 (mol H2m−1 s−1 Pa−0.5) at 673 K, which is 2.5 times higher than that of the Nb39Ti31Ni30 alloy, which has been reported to be highest in the Nb–Ti–Ni alloys. The present work demonstrated that the hydrogen permeable alloys are extended on the straight line connecting the eutectic and the primary phase to the Nb-rich side in the Nb–Ti–Ni system.
Fabrication of Particulate Reservoir‐Containing, Capsulelike, and Self‐Folding Polymer Microstructures for Drug Delivery (2007)

Particulate polymer microdevices are fabricated using protocols based on a transfer-molding process that allows the controlled assembly of multiple materials to produce functional devices. Specifically, protocols for reservoir-containing (see image; scale bar=100 μm), capsulelike, and self-folding polymer microdevices are presented. The encapsulated materials are not exposed to high temperatures or caustic solutions, which is important in drug-delivery applications.
Construction of a synthetic metabolic pathway for biosynthesis of the non-natural methionine precursor 2,4-dihydroxybutyric acid (2017)

2,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid (DHB) is a molecule with considerable potential as a versatile chemical synthon. Notably, it may serve as a precursor for chemical synthesis of the methionine analogue 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyrate, thus, targeting a considerable market in animal nutrition. However, no natural metabolic pathway exists for the biosynthesis of DHB. Here we have therefore conceived a three-step metabolic pathway for the synthesis of DHB starting from the natural metabolite malate. The pathway employs previously unreported malate kinase, malate semialdehyde dehydrogenase and malate semialdehyde reductase activities. The kinase and semialdehyde dehydrogenase activities were obtained by rational design based on structural and mechanistic knowledge of candidate enzymes acting on sterically cognate substrates. Malate semialdehyde reductase activity was identified from an initial screening of several natural enzymes, and was further improved by rational design. The pathway was expressed in a minimally engineered Escherichia coli strain and produces 1.8 g l<sup>-1</sup> DHB with a molar yield of 0.15.
C Compiler Retargeting Based on Instruction Semantics Models (2005)

Efficient architecture exploration and design of application specific instruction-set processors (ASIPs) requires retargetable software development tools, in particular C compilers that can be quickly adapted to new architectures. A widespread approach is to model the target architecture in a dedicated architecture description language (ADL) and to generate the tools automatically from the ADL specification. For C compiler generation, however, most existing systems are limited either by the manual retargeting effort or by redundancies in the ADL models that lead to potential inconsistencies. We present a new approach to retargetable compilation, based on the LISA 2.0 ADL with instruction semantics, that minimizes redundancies while simultaneously achieving a high degree of automation. The key of our approach is to generate the mapping rules needed in the compiler's code selector from the instruction semantics information. We describe the required analysis and generation techniques, and present experimental results for several embedded processors.
Intima-media thickness: setting a standard for a completely automated method of ultrasound measurement (2010)

The intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery is a widely used clinical marker of severe cardiovascular diseases. IMT is usually manually measured on longitudinal B-mode ultrasound images. Many computer-based techniques for IMT measurement have been proposed to overcome the limits of manual segmentation. Most of these, however, require a certain degree of user interaction. In this paper we describe a new, completely automated layer extraction technique (named CALEXia) for the segmentation and IMT measurement of the carotid wall in ultrasound images. CALEXia is based on an integrated approach consisting of feature extraction, line fitting, and classification that enables the automated tracing of the carotid adventitial walls. IMT is then measured by relying on a fuzzy K-means classifier. We tested CALEXia on a database of 200 images. We compared CALEXia?s performance with those of a previously developed methodology that was based on signal analysis (CULEXsa). Three trained operators manually segmented the images and the average profiles were considered as the ground truth. The average error from CALEXia for lumen-intima (LI) and media- adventitia (MA) interface tracings were 1.46 +/- 1.51 pixel (0.091 +/- 0.093 mm) and 0.40 +/- 0.87 pixel (0.025 +/- 0.055 mm), respectively. The corresponding errors for CULEXsa were 0.55 +/- 0.51 pixels (0.035 +/- 0.032 mm) and 0.59 +/- 0.46 pixels (0.037 +/- 0.029 mm). The IMT measurement error was equal to 0.87 +/- 0.56 pixel (0.054 +/- 0.035 mm) for CALEXia and 0.12 +/- 0.14 pixel (0.01 +/- 0.01 mm) for CULEXsa. Thus, CALEXia showed limited performance in segmenting the LI interface, but outperformed CULEXsa in the MA interface and in the number of images correctly processed (190 for CALEXia and 184 for CULEXsa). Based upon two complementary strategies, we anticipate fusing them for further IMT improvements.
Strain-Specific Inhibition of <i>nod</i> Gene Induction in <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i> by Flavonoid Compounds (1990)

A broad-host-range plasmid, pEA2-21, containing a Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodABC'-'lacZ translational fusion was used to identify strain-specific inhibitors of the genes required for soybean nodulation, the common nod genes. The responses of type strains of B. japonicum serogroups USDA 110, USDA 123, USDA 127, USDA 129, USDA 122, and USDA 138 to nod gene inhibitors were compared. Few compounds inhibited nod gene expression in B. japonicum USDA 110. In contrast, nod gene expression in strains belonging to several other serogroups was inhibited by most of the flavonoids tested. However, the application of two of these strain-specific compounds, chrysin and naringenin, had little effect on the pattern of competition between indigenous and inoculum strains of B. japonicum in greenhouse and field trials. Preliminary studies with radiolabeled chrysin and naringenin suggest that the different responses to nod gene inhibitors may be partly due to the degree to which plant flavonoids can be metabolized by each strain.
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance by <i>Ty-1</i> involves increased cytosine methylation of viral genomes and is compromised by cucumber mosaic virus infection (2014)

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and related begomoviruses are a major threat to tomato production worldwide and, to protect against these viruses, resistance genes from different wild tomato species are introgressed. Recently, the Ty-1 resistance gene was identified, shown to code for an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and to be allelic with Ty-3. Here we show that upon TYLCV challenging of resistant lines carrying Ty-1 or Ty-3, low virus titers were detected concomitant with the production of relatively high levels of siRNAs whereas, in contrast, susceptible tomato Moneymaker (MM) revealed higher virus titers but lower amounts of siRNAs. Comparative analysis of the spatial genomic siRNA distribution showed a consistent and subtle enrichment for siRNAs derived from the V1 and C3 genes in Ty-1 and Ty-3. In plants containing Ty-2 resistance the virus was hardly detectable, but the siRNA profile resembled the one observed in TYLCV-challenged susceptible tomato (MM). Furthermore, a relative hypermethylation of the TYLCV V1 promoter region was observed in genomic DNA collected from Ty-1 compared with that from (MM). The resistance conferred by Ty-1 was also effective against the bipartite tomato severe rugose begomovirus, where a similar genome hypermethylation of the V1 promoter region was discerned. However, a mixed infection of TYLCV with cucumber mosaic virus compromised the resistance. The results indicate that Ty-1 confers resistance to geminiviruses by increasing cytosine methylation of viral genomes, suggestive of enhanced transcriptional gene silencing. The mechanism of resistance and its durability toward geminiviruses under natural field conditions is discussed.