gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Independent Versus Coupled Inactivation in Sodium Channels (1998)

The voltage sensor of the sodium channel is mainly comprised of four positively charged S4 segments. Depolarization causes an outward movement of S4 segments, and this movement is coupled with opening of the channel. A mutation that substitutes a cysteine for the outermost arginine in the S4 segment of the second domain (D2:R1C) results in a channel with biophysical properties similar to those of wild-type channels. Chemical modification of this cysteine with methanethiosulfonate-ethyltrimethylammonium (MTSET) causes a hyperpolarizing shift of both the peak current-voltage relationship and the kinetics of activation, whereas the time constant of inactivation is not changed substantially. A conventional steady state inactivation protocol surprisingly produces an increase of the peak current at -20 mV when the 300-ms prepulse is depolarized from -190 to -110 mV. Further depolarization reduces the current, as expected for steady state inactivation. Recovery from inactivation in modified channels is also nonmonotonic at voltages more hyperpolarized than -100 mV. At -180 mV, for example, the amplitude of the recovering current is briefly almost twice as large as it was before the channels inactivated. These data can be explained readily if MTSET modification not only shifts the movement of D2/S4 to more hyperpolarized potentials, but also makes the movement sluggish. This behavior allows inactivation to have faster kinetics than activation, as in the HERG potassium channel. Because of the unique properties of the modified mutant, we were able to estimate the voltage dependence and kinetics of the movement of this single S4 segment. The data suggest that movement of modified D2/S4 is a first-order process and that rate constants for outward and inward movement are each exponential functions of membrane potential. Our results show that D2/S4 is intimately involved with activation but plays little role in either inactivation or recovery from inactivation.
Kinetic Characterization of PtRu Fuel Cell Anode Catalysts Made by Spontaneous Pt Deposition on Ru Nanoparticles (2003)

Hydrogen oxidation kinetics without and with trace amounts of CO in were investigated for carbon-supported catalysts consisting of Pt submonolayers on Ru nanoparticles prepared by spontaneous deposition and commercial Pt, Ru, and PtRu alloy catalysts. Thin catalyst layers were deposited onto a glassy carbon rotating disk electrode without using Nafion film to stabilize them. Nonlinear fittings of the entire polarization curves at several rotation rates were used to determine the exchange current, the Tafel slope, and the Levich slope. To ensure full utilization of the catalyst, the mass-specific activity was determined by finding the minimum Pt loading needed to have all three kinetic parameters close to those found for a polycrystalline Pt electrode. For the and samples prepared by spontaneous deposition of 1/9 to 4/9 monolayer Pt on Ru, the minimum loading is This is only one-third of that for Pt or PtRu (E-TEK) catalysts and only double the atomic density of a Pt(111) surface, indicating that the high activity of Pt metal for hydrogen oxidation is retained when the atomic assemblies are reduced to submonolayer level on Ru. The enhanced CO tolerance was studied at low potentials by correlating the loss of the activity in 0.1% with the CO coverage on Pt and Ru sites. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Effects of rapamycin on angiomyolipomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis. (2011)

These preliminary clinical data suggest that rapamycin can play a beneficial role in the treatment of TS. Our experience in 17 patients treated for 12 months demonstrates safety and efficacy in reducing AML volume.
Trap Layer Engineered Gate-All-Around Vertically Stacked Twin Si -Nanowire Nonvolatile Memory (2007)

Trap layer engineered gate-all-around (GAA) silicon nanowire SONOS memory showing excellent device performance is demonstrated for the first time. Nitride and silicon nanocrystal (Si-NC) has have been incorporated as the engineered charge trapping layer. Fast transient memory characteristic is shown owing to the nanowire channel structure. The device with embedded Si-NC achieves even faster higher memory speed and increased window, up to 3.2 V DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> shift for 1 mus and 6.25 V memory window. The nanowire based non-volatile SONOS memory is promising for the future high speed and low power NAND-type flash memory application.
Phase Boundary Shift by Thermal Strain in 100-Oriented Epitaxial Pb(Zr<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>1-x</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> Film Grown on CaF<sub>2</sub> Substrates (2013)

100-oriented epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 [PZT] films with various Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratios from 0 to 0.8 were grown on (100) c SrRuO 3 ∥(100) SrTiO 3 and (100) c SrRuO 3 ∥(100) LaNiO 3 ∥(001) CaF 2 substrates. 200-nm-thick films grown on CaF 2 substrates consisted of a pure tetragonal phase up to the Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio of 0.8. On the other hand, the phase of the films on SrTiO 3 substrates changed from pure tetragonal below the Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio of 0.4 to rhombohedral above the Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio of 0.6 through their mixture phase within the Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio range from 0.4 to 0.6. The larger polarization value was observed to be lager for PZT films on CaF 2 substrates than for PZT films on SrTiO 3 substrates for all Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratios and was in good agreement with the estimated one assuming tetragonal symmetry. The tetragonal region can be expanded to a Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio of 0.8 below 1 µm in thickness for films on CaF 2 substrates. The present results show that the large thermal strain induced by CaF 2 substrates having with a large thermal expansion coefficient can expand the tetragonal symmetry region up to large a Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio and thicker films.
The Thyroid Hormone Receptor-β-Selective Agonist GC-1 Differentially Affects Plasma Lipids and Cardiac Activity<sup>1</sup> (2000)

Thyroid hormones influence the function of many organs and mediate their diverse actions through two types of thyroid hormone receptors, TRalpha and TRbeta. Little is known about effects of ligands that preferentially interact with the two different TR subtypes. In the current study the comparison of the effects of the novel synthetic TRbeta-selective compound GC-1 with T3 at equimolar doses in hypothyroid mice revealed that GC-1 had better triglyceride-lowering and similar cholesterol-lowering effects than T3. T3, but not GC-1, increased heart rate and elevated messenger RNA levels coding for the I(f) channel (HCN2), a cardiac pacemaker that was decreased in hypothyroid mice. T3 had a larger positive inotropic effect than GC-1. T3, but not GC-1, normalized heart and body weights and messenger RNAs of myosin heavy chain alpha and beta and the sarcoplasmic reticulum adenosine triphosphatase (Serca2). Additional dose-response studies in hypercholesteremic rats confirmed the preferential effect of GC-1 on TRbeta-mediated parameters by showing a much higher potency to influence cholesterol and TSH than heart rate. The preferred accumulation of GC-1 in the liver vs. the heart probably also contributes to its marked lipid-lowering effect vs. the absent effect on heart rate. These data indicate that GC-1 could represent a prototype for new drugs for the treatment of high lipid levels or obesity.
Effects of electroacupuncture on the contents of NO, ET and T-AOC in the brain tissues of the cerebral hemorrhage model rats. (2005)

In the cerebral hemorrhage model rats established by injection of collagenase and heparin into caudate nucleus, the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on the contents of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET), and total anti-oxidation capability (T-AOC) in the brain tissues were investigated. It is found that the content of NO in the Shuigou EA group lowered, ET decreased and the T-AOC raised significantly in both the Fengfu EA group and the Shuigou EA group (all P<0.05) as compared with the model group, indicating that acupuncture can reduce the contents of ET and NO, and increase the T-AOC in the brain tissues of the rats with cerebral hemorrhage.
Calculation Method and Simulation of Air Bleeding Loss for Aircraft Start System (2018)

The large aircraft air starting system is driven by compressed air from auxiliary power unit (APU), which flow to air turbine starter (ATS) through air bleed pipeline to blows the air turbine starter and turns the main engine to start. As the basis of matching calculation and control of starting system components, at the same time, providing the basis for the exits air bleed flow rate and pressure control of APU, the calculation method of pressure and temperature loss of the bleed pipeline of aircraft starting system is analyzed, and aircraft start system air bleed model is established in Flowmaster environment, and under different operating parameters, the loss of total pressure and temperature is simulated.
The TREC-9 Filtering Track Final Report. (2000)

The TREC-9 filtering track measures the ability of systems to build persistent user profiles which successfully separate relevant and non-relevant documents. It consists of three major subtasks: adaptive filtering, batch filtering, and routing. In adaptive filtering, the system begins with only a topic statement and a small number of positive examples, and must learn a better profile from on-line feedback. Batch filtering and routing are more traditional machine learning tasks where the system begins with a large sample of evaluated training documents. This report describes the track, presents some evaluation results, and provides a general commentary on lessons learned from this year&apos;s track.
Clinical and Economic Impact of Enterovirus Illness in Private Pediatric Practice (1998)

In our study population, NPEV infection: 1) caused sufficient illness to prompt physician visits in summer and fall; 2) occurred more frequently in 4 to 12 year olds than in adolescents; 3) produced various clinical syndromes concurrently during the same months in the same season of a given year; 4) varied in occurrence geographically; 5) was characterized by numerous symptoms of longer duration than previously recognized; and 6) produced a significant economic impact by generating both direct and indirect costs.
Optimal Path Search Algorithm for Urban Applying Received Signal Strength on Satellite Communication Environment (2012)

In this paper, we propose an optimal path search algorithm that applies the received signal strength between a mobile device and a satellite. Because the common path search algorithm is only based on the shortest path search, it is difficult to provide stable multimedia services for the satellite mobile devices. The proposed algorithm provides the stable communication environment for the satellite mobile devices based on received signal strength. In Satellite communications, changes in the radio quality are severe depending on the receiving environment. Therefore, an accurate analysis of the receiving environment characteristics is very important for providing stable multimedia services of satellite communications. The causes of radio attenuation are atmosphere attenuation, vegetation attenuation and buildings attenuation. These factors were applied to analyze the received signal strength. The proposed algorithm can search the optimal path in urban for stable satellite multimedia services.
Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of discogenic low back pain (2013)

Discogenic low back pain is a serious medical and social problem, and accounts for 26%-42% of the patients with chronic low back pain. Recent studies found that the pathologic features of discs obtained from the patients with discogenic low back pain were the formation of the zones of vascularized granulation tissue, with extensive innervation in fissures extending from the outer part of the annulus into the nucleus pulposus. Studies suggested that the degeneration of the painful disc might originate from the injury and subsequent repair of annulus fibrosus. Growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, and connective tissue growth factor, macrophages and mast cells might play a key role in the repair of the injured annulus fibrosus and subsequent disc degeneration. Although there exist controversies about the role of discography as a diagnostic test, provocation discography still is the only available means by which to identify a painful disc. A recent study has classified discogenic low back pain into two types that were annular disruption-induced low back pain and internal endplate disruption-induced low back pain, which have been fully supported by clinical and theoretical bases. Current treatment options for discogenic back pain range from medicinal anti-inflammation strategy to invasive procedures including spine fusion and recently spinal arthroplasty. However, these treatments are limited to relieving symptoms, with no attempt to restore the disc's structure. Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing strategies that aim to repair or regenerate the degenerated disc biologically.
The Improvement of Hypertension by Probiotics: Effects on Cholesterol, Diabetes, Renin, and Phytoestrogens (2009)

Probiotics are live organisms that are primarily used to improve gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, lactose intolerance, and to inhibit the excessive proliferation of pathogenic intestinal bacteria. However, recent studies have suggested that probiotics could have beneficial effects beyond gastrointestinal health, as they were found to improve certain metabolic disorders such as hypertension. Hypertension is caused by various factors and the predominant causes include an increase in cholesterol levels, incidence of diabetes, inconsistent modulation of renin and imbalanced sexual hormones. This review discusses the antihypertensive roles of probiotics via the improvement and/or treatment of lipid profiles, modulation of insulin resistance and sensitivity, the modulation of renin levels and also the conversion of bioactive phytoestrogens as an alternative replacement of sexual hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
Aptamers and the next generation of diagnostic reagents (2012)

Antibodies have been extensively used as capture and detection reagents in diagnostic applications of proteomics-based technologies. Proteomic assays need high sensitivity and specificity, a wide dynamic range for detection, and accurate, reproducible quantification with small confidence values. However, several inherent limitations of monoclonal antibodies in meeting the emerging challenges of proteomics led to the development of a new class of oligonucleotide-based reagents. Natural and derivatized nucleic acid aptamers are emerging as promising alternatives to monoclonal antibodies. Aptamers can be effectively used to simultaneously detect thousands of proteins in multiplex discovery platforms, where antibodies often fail due to cross-reactivity problems. Through chemical modification, vast range of additional functional groups can be added at any desired position in the oligonucleotide sequence, therefore the best features of small molecule drugs, proteins, and antibodies can be brought together into aptamers, making aptamers the most versatile reagent in proteomics. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in aptamer technology, including new selection methods and the aptamers' application in proteomics.
Role of the gut microbiota in health and chronic gastrointestinal disease: understanding a hidden metabolic organ (2013)

The human gut microbiota has become the subject of extensive research in recent years and our knowledge of the resident species and their potential functional capacity is rapidly growing. Our gut harbours a complex community of over 100 trillion microbial cells which influence human physiology, metabolism, nutrition and immune function while disruption to the gut microbiota has been linked with gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and obesity. Here, we review the many significant recent studies that have centred on further enhancing our understanding of the complexity of intestinal communities as well as their genetic and metabolic potential. These have provided important information with respect to what constitutes a 'healthy gut microbiota' while furthering our understanding of the role of gut microbes in intestinal diseases. We also highlight recently developed genomic and other tools that are used to study the gut microbiome and, finally, we consider the manipulation of the gut microbiota as a potential therapeutic option to treat chronic gastrointestinal disease.
Laser plasma accelerators (2012)

This review article highlights the tremendous evolution of the research on laser plasma accelerators which has, in record time, led to the production of high quality electron beams at the GeV level, using compact laser systems. I will describe the path we followed to explore different injection schemes and I will present the most significant breakthrough which allowed us to generate stable, high peak current and high quality electron beams, with control of the charge, of the relative energy spread and of the electron energy.
In Silico Screening for PTPN22 Inhibitors: Active Hits from an Inactive Phosphatase Conformation (2009)

A gain-of-function mutant of the lymphoid phosphatase Lyp (PTPN22) has recently been implicated in type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases, suggesting that small-molecule inhibitors of Lyp could be useful for the treatment of autoimmunity. Virtual ligand screening (VLS) was applied in the search for hit compounds. Two different docking algorithms, FlexX and ICM, were used to screen a library of 'drug-like' molecules against two different 3D structures, representing the catalytic site of Lyp in both the inactive 'open' and active 'closed' conformations. The top-scoring compounds of each VLS run were tested for their inhibitory activity against recombinant Lyp. Interestingly, VLS with both active and inactive conformations yielded very potent hits, with IC(50) values in the sub- and low-micromolar range. Moreover, many of these hits showed high docking scores only with one conformation. For instance, this was the case with several 2-benzamidobenzoic acid derivatives, which specifically docked into the inactive open form. Tryptophan fluorescence measurements further support a binding mode in which these compounds seem to stabilize the phosphatase in its inactive conformation.
A system for the automatic selection of conspicuous color sets for qualitative data display (2001)

The authors describe the main features of a system supporting the selection of color palettes for qualitative data representation, such as in supervised or unsupervised image classification. Based on visual interaction, the system provides effective tools for browsing the Munsell color space and setting perceptual constraints on the colors, which it then selects automatically. The system is now available for academic and nonprofit purposes.
Purification and Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) (2012)

Purification or separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is one of the most fundamental steps before they are used for research and technological applications. Based on the difference of their physical and chemical properties, separation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be categorized into three groups: length separation, metallic and semiconducting tubes separation and chirality separation. In this review, we first briefly review the purification of CNTs and then focus on the different methods for the separation of CNTs.
A Superoxo-Ferrous State in a Reduced Oxy-Ferrous Hemoprotein and Model Compounds (2003)

Cryoreduction of the [FeO2]6 (n = 6 is the number of electrons in 3d orbitals on Fe and π* orbitals on O2) dioxygen-bound ferroheme through γ irradiation at 77 K generates an [FeO2]7 reduced oxy-heme. Numerous investigations have examined [FeO2]7 centers that have been characterized as peroxo-ferric centers, denoted [FeO2]per7, in which a ferriheme binds a dianionic peroxo-ligand. The generation of such an intermediate can be understood heuristically if the [FeO2]6 parent is viewed as a superoxo-ferric center and the injected electron localizes on the O−O moiety. We here report EPR/ENDOR experiments which show quite different properties for the [FeO2]7 centers produced by cryoreduction of monomeric oxy-hemoglobin (oxy-GMH3) from Glycera dibranchiata, which is unlike mammalian “globins” in having a leucine in place of the distal histidine; of frozen aprotic solutions of oxy-ferrous octaethyl porphyrin; and of the oxy-ferrous complex of the heme model, cyclidene. These [FeO2]7 centers are characterized as “superoxo-ferrous” centers ([FeO2]sup7), with nearly unit spin density localized on a superoxo moiety which is end-on coordinated to a low-spin ferrous ion. This assignment is based on their g tensors and 17O hyperfine couplings, which are characteristic of the superoxide ion coordinated to a diamagnetic metal ion, and on the absence of detectable ENDOR signals either from the in-plane 14N ligands or from an exchangeable H-bond proton. Such a center would arise if the electron that adds to the [FeO2]6 superoxo-ferric parent localizes on the Fe ion, to make a superoxo-ferrous moiety. Upon annealing to T > 150 K, the [FeO2]sup7 species converts to peroxo/hydroperoxo-ferric ([FeO2H]7) intermediates. These experiments suggest that the primary reduction product is [FeO2]sup7 and that the internal redox transition to [FeO2]per7/[FeO2H]7 states is driven at least in part by H-bonding/proton donation by the environment.
Studies on the feeding attractants for fishes and shellfishes - XV. Relationships between structure and feeding attraction activity of certain L-amino acids and lecithin in aquatic animals. (1987)

In order to elucidate the structure of L-amino acids and lecithin inducing feeding attraction activity, the attraction activity was behaviorally investigated on their derivatives for three test aquatic animals, adult oriental weatherfish Misgurunus anguillicaudatus, young black abalone Haliotis discus and/or juvenile yellowtail Seriola quiuqueradiata. The attraction activity of amino acid was ascertained to be largely depend on both α-carboxyl and α-amino groups, especially the former one on the basis of the experimental results of basic amino acid derivatives having a part of α-carboxyl and/or α-amino groups replaced with certain groups, and on a short straight carbon chain in simple amino acid from the results of neutral amino acid derivatives, amino-fatty acid compounds. In case of lecithin, it was demonstrated that the type of lecithin having trimethyl in α-N-moiety and higher saturated fatty acid in α-and β-residue groups is mostly effective to anattraction behavior on the basis of the experimental results of lecithin derivatives.