gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The study of exposure dose measurements on practitioner in specific area with C-arm by angle change (2013)

C-arm have used a lot to accuracy of the surgery and to observe the progress and the elapsed, but it become a problem to practitioners and radiation`s considerably higher increase of radiation dose by first and even the scattering rays. In this paper, we learn exposure dose measurements by type of phantoms and change in the angle of C-arm and studied exposure dose reduction method. Each type of phantoms had illuminated to practitioner on constant tube current, tube voltage and time. In each angles exposure dose value had measured three times and average values were calculated. Experiment results with under tube method, low dose and when decreasing angle are going to decreasing and more closer C-arm and tube at 140cm have less dose than 100cm. however when high-dose pelvis phantom measure with over tube leakage dose was increase and at 140cm more closer from X-ray tube are have higher value. Pelvis phantom have More Scattering ray from Entrance dose because higher and thicker than skull phantom and leakage dose increase from X-ray tube. Case in high voltage used, angle of the C-arm relative to increase from 90degree, it seems to be helpful in reducing the exposure dose to practitioner that position move away from the X-ray tube.
Analysis of Polarization Curves to Evaluate Polarization Sources in Hydrogen/Air PEM Fuel Cells (2005)

A step-by-step technique to evaluate six sources of polarization, mainly associated with the cathode, in hydrogen/air proton exchange membrane fuel cells is demonstrated. The six sources of polarization were nonelectrode ohmic overpotential, electrode ohmic overpotential, nonelectrode concentration overpotential, electrode concentration overpotential, activation overpotential from the Tafel slope, and activation overpotential from catalyst activity. The technique is demonstrated as applied in the analysis of hydrogen/air polarization curves of an in-house membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using hydrogen/oxygen polarization curves as a diagnostic tool. The analysis results are discussed at three cell temperature/relative humidity (RH)/oxygen partial pressure atm) conditions at atmospheric pressure: and which represent a near fully-humidified, a moderately humidified, and a low humidified condition, respectively. At the higher temperature operating conditions the RH and decrease resulting in higher electrode ohmic resistance (0.020, 0.020, and 0.035 Ω cm2, respectively), lower limiting current (2019, 1314, and 819 mA/cm2, respectively), and lower onset current density for significant electrode concentration overpotential (80, 60, and 40 mA/cm2, respectively). The technique is useful for diagnosing the main sources of loss in MEA development work, especially for high temperature/low relative humidity operation where several sources of loss are present simultaneously. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Studies on Isolation of Virus from Patients Seemingly with Influenza (1986)

Studies were made on a method of suspending culture of ESK cells and the susceptibility of the cells of suspending culture to influenza virus.The results obtained from them are as follows. 1) ESK cells were cultured in a spinner flask containning MEM Joklik suspending culture medium to which newborn calf serum, methylcellulose (30 mg/ml), and polypeptone (100 mg/ml) had been added to a concentration of 10%, 3%, and 5%, respectively.They multiplied so well in the culture that it was possible to obtain a sufficient amount of singly isolated cells in a good condition. 2) ESK cells of suspending culture showed essentially the same susceptibility to the standard strain of influenza virus as ESK cells of monolayer culture and MDCK cells of monolayer culture. There was a tendency, however, for the development of HA production to be seen in ESK cells 1-2 days later than in MDCK cells. 3) An attempt was made to isolate virus from 331 patients seemingly affected with influenza. As a result, 216 strains of influenza virus were isolated with ESK cells of suspending culture, 208 strains with ESK cells of monolayer culture, and 205 strains with MDCK cells of monolayer culture. Therefore, ESK cells of suspending culture exhibited a higher rate of virus isolation than those of monolayer culture or MDCK cells of monolayer culture.
A THEORY OF MODULAR EVOLUTION FOR BACTERIOPHAGES* (1980)

The modular theory of virus evolution has clear experimental support among the temperate bacteriophages of the enteric bacteria. However, there is also similar genetic and DNA heteroduplex evidence for such evolution among other families of bacteriophages: the virulent bacteriophages of the enterics comprise several families: the T-even group, the T3-T7 group (which has many members among different species of bacteria, including bacteria as widely divergent as E. coli and Caulobacter crescentus. It nicely explains the diffusion of very similar homologous bacteriophages into hosts whose own DNAs have diverged very greatly from each other in nucleotide sequence. It also accounts for the rigorous maintenance of regulatory schemes while units of function (including regions coding for proteins) diverge more rapidly. It should also be noted that the considerations that make modular evolution seem advantageous for bacteriophages apply equally well to viruses of higher organisms. Furthermore, the kinds of heteroduplex similarity observed among animal viruses are reminiscent of what is found for bacteriophages. Viruses found in widely divergent hosts show much greater similarity than would be expected; quite possibly animal viruses also evolve as a population of interchangeable modules.
Removal of Inhibitors of Bacterial Growth by Dialysis Culture (1977)

Dialysis culture was used to investigate the extent to which growth inhibition in bacterial cultures may be caused by accumulation of metabolites. Escherichia coli B was grown in a glucose/salts medium. A concentrated nutrient solution was pumped at a constant rate into the growing culture to ensure that growth was not limited by exhaustion of nutrients. In this way the only difference between growth conditions in dialysis and non-dialysis cultures was the transfer of dialysable metabolites from the culture vessel to the reservoir in the dialysis culture system. By adjusting the glucose concentration in the feed and maintaining a constant rate of feeding, glucose-limited growth could be achieved. Under these conditions, with oxygen in excess, bacterial yields of 140 to 150 g dry wt l-1 were obtained in dialysis culture compared with 30 to 40 g l-1 in non-dialysis culture. The high yields in dialysis culture depended on the removal of end-products of glucose metabolism. Growth inhibition was demonstrated to be the result of the combined influence of acetate, lactate, pyruvate, succinate, propionate and isobutyrate in concentrations found at the end of growth in non-dialysis cultures of Escherichia coli B.
Dodecylphosphocholine-mediated enhancement of paracellular permeability and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cell monolayers (1999)

The intestinal epithelium is a significant barrier for oral absorption of hydrophilic drugs because they cannot easily traverse the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and their passage through the intercellular space (paracellular transport) is restricted by the tight junctions. In this report we show that dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) can improve the paracellular permeability of hydrophilic compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers by modulating the tight junctions. The results show that the alkyl chain as well as the zwitterionic head group of DPC are required for its activity. DPC appears to act by modulating the permeability of tight junctions as evidenced by the fact that treatment of Caco-2 cell monolayers by this agent results in a decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), increased permeability of paracellular markers (e. g., mannitol) with no change in the permeability of the transcellular marker testosterone, and redistribution of the tight junction-associated protein ZO-1. The effect of DPC on Caco-2 cells (e.g., decrease in TEER) is reversible, and is not caused by gross cytotoxicity (as indicated by the MTT test) or by nonspecific disruption of the cell membrane (as indicated by only slight nuclear staining due to the nonpermeable DNA-specific dye propidium iodide). We propose in the present study a parameter, potency index, that allows comparison of various enhancers of paracellular transport in relation to their cytotoxicity. The potency index is a ratio between the IC(50) value (concentration at which 50% inhibition of control mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity occurs in the MTT test) and the EC(50) value (concentration at which TEER drops to 50% of its control (untreated) value). By this parameter, DPC is significantly safer than the commonly used absorption enhancer palmitoyl carnitine (PC), which has the potency index of approximately 1 (i.e., no separation between effective and toxic concentration).
A novel N-terminal region of the membrane β-hexosyltransferase: its role in secretion of soluble protein by Pichia pastoris (2015)

The β-hexosyltransferase (BHT) from Sporobolomyces singularis is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyses transgalactosylation reactions to synthesize galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs). To increase the secretion of the active soluble version of this protein, we examined the uncharacterized novel N-terminal region (amino acids 1-110), which included two predicted endogenous structural domains. The first domain (amino acids 1-22) may act as a classical leader while a non-classical signal was located within the remaining region (amino acids 23-110). A functional analysis of these domains was performed by evaluating the amounts of the rBHT forms secreted by recombinant P. pastoris strains carrying combinations of the predicted structural domains and the α mating factor (MFα) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as positive control. Upon replacement of the leader domain (amino acids 1-22) by MFα (MFα-rBht(23-594)), protein secretion increased and activity of both soluble and membrane-bound enzymes was improved 53- and 14-fold, respectively. Leader interference was demonstrated when MFα preceded the putative classical rBHT(1-22) leader (amino acids 1-22), explaining the limited secretion of soluble protein by P. pastoris (GS115 : : MFα-rBht(1-594)). To validate the role of the N-terminal domains in promoting protein secretion, we tested the domains using a non-secreted protein, the anti-β-galactosidase single-chain variable antibody fragment scFv13R4. The recombinants carrying chimeras of the N-terminal 1-110 regions of rBHT preceding scFv13R4 correlated with the secretion strength of soluble protein observed with the rBHT recombinants. Finally, soluble bioactive HIS-tagged and non-tagged rBHT (purified to homogeneity) obtained from the most efficient recombinants (GS115 : : MFα-rBht(23-594)-HIS and GS115 : : MFα-rBht(23-594)) showed comparable activity rates of GOS generation.
Linear free energy relationships and cytotoxicities of para-substituted 2-haloethyl aryl selenides and bis(2-chloroethyl) selenides (1987)

Examples of a new class of alkylating agents, selenium mustards, were prepared for study of their chemical kinetic properties and cytotoxicities against human lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM cells. In a series of para-substituted aryl 2-chloroethyl selenides, a linear free energy relationship between the first-order rate constant, k'nbp and sigma p gave a rho value of -1.3, indicating that formation of a cyclic ethylene selenonium ion is the rate-controlling step for alkylation of 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP). Consistent with the ethyleneselenonium ion pathway, rates of solvolyses were extremely sensitive to increasing water content, and a positive correlation was found between reactivity with NBP and nucleophilic selectivity (Swain-Scott s constant). The s constant, which predicts for variation in intracellular product spread, varied from 0.53 up to 0.95, equal to aliphatic nitrogen mustards. Alkylating activities based on extent of NBP alkylation, however, showed relatively low values, 8-23% of that of mechlorethamine, possibly due to hydrolysis occurring by a separate pathway from nucleophilic substitution. Reactivities and nucleophilic selectivities both showed positive correlations with cytotoxicities, suggesting that the rate and extent of alkylation of relatively strong nucleophilic centers mediate the biologic effects of these compounds. Two bifunctional selenium mustards were substantially more cytotoxic than monofunctional aromatic selenides. No additional cytotoxicity due to the selenium atom was observed, with the exception of diselenide (-SeSe-) compounds. Thus, selenium alkylating agents kinetically and biologically resemble classical, mustard-type alkylating agents.
WordPerfect (1989)

WordPerfect Versions 4.2 and 5.0, WordPerfect Corp., 1986 and 1988. Version 4.2: six floppy disks, plus Demonstration disk. Loose‐leaf manual (584 pp), Defining a printer…(27pp), and Installation and appendices (52 pp). Version 5.0: thirteen 5.25 inch or seven 35 inch floppy disks. Loose‐leaf manual (615 pp) and Workbook (423 pp). WordPerfect Library, Version 1.1, WordPerfect Corp., 1986. Two floppy disks. Loose‐leaf manual (376pp). UK distributor: Sentinel Software, Wellington House, New Zealand Avenue, Walton‐on‐Thames, Surrey KT 121PY.
Automated measurement of urinary iodine with use of ultraviolet irradiation (1995)

We have modified an automated measurement system of urinary iodine (UI) and established a sensitive UI assay system by using ultraviolet (UV) digestion. The automated system is sensitive enough to detect concentrations of UI < 0.78 mumol/L (< 10 micrograms/dL) in a small volume of urine (500 microL). Sample throughput is > 30/h, including a water washing. The within-assay imprecision (CV) was < or = 10% in the UI range of 0.10-3.00 mumol/L; the between-assay CV was usually < or = 15% in the same range. Analytical recovery of iodine added to urine samples was consistently > 90%. The theoretical values were recovered when UV irradiation was used but not in its absence. High (supraphysiological) doses of thiocyanate or ascorbic acid, which are major interfering substances to the ceric-arsenious acid reaction, did not interfere with this system. The correlation between UI determined by this method and by the acid digestion method was linear (r = 0.994). For samples containing iodine at < 1.00 mumol/L, the correlation between values by both methods was still significant (r = 0.937). UI in an iodine-deficient area in Ukraine, measured by this system, ranged from 0.06 to 1.83 mumol/L (median 0.44 mumol/L, n = 95), significantly lower than in Japan (range 0.23-50.70 mumol/L, median 4.70 mumol/L, n = 84) and consistent with mild iodine deficiency. This modified automated assay system, therefore, is useful and applicable for screening UI in inhabitants of iodine-deficient areas.
Method for Extraction of Purchase Behavior and Product Character Using Dynamic Topic Model (2016)

In this study, we focus on extraction of latent topic transition from POS data. POS analysis is conducted to obtain the frequent pattern of customer's behavior. The fundamental method for POS analysis is to conduct market basket analysis. By doing Market basket analysis, the sets of products that are often bought at the same time can be extracted. In market basket analysis, however, the effect of time series is not considered. We conducted the experiment based on two hypotheses. One is that each product has several topics. The other is that the proportion of each product on a topic changes as the period changes. To extract topics and their changes, we use Dynamic Topic Model (DTM), which is an extended model of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Then we obtain the change of the topic-word distribution on each topic. Different topic has different characters, but it seems that there is a relationship between each topic. Therefore, we conduct correlation analysis to several items. From the result of visualization of product features vector of several items, we can obtain that each product has unique time-series change of product feature. This study is also conducted to reveal product features vector based on Customer Purchase Behavior. By using DTM, each basket is transformed into probability distribution vector, and we use this topic vectors as each basket's evaluation result of topic features. We divide POS data into 12 groups by purchasing time and create a heat map that indicates changes of topic proportion as time advances. By conducting this analysis, we can grasp customer behavior based on the topic vector space. These analysises reveals product features are created based on topic correlations and its change and customer behavior can be extracted as the change of topic proportion, so the results show that the presented method is promising in the extraction of products' features and customer behavior.
A variable precision hardware acceleration for scientific computing (2020)

Most of the Floating-Point (FP) hardware units support the formats and the operations specified in the IEEE 754 standard. These formats have fixed bit-length. They are defined on 16, 32, 64, and 128 bits. However, some applications, such as linear system solvers and computational geometry, benefit from different formats which can express FP numbers on different sizes and different tradeoffs among the exponent and the mantissa fields. The class of Variable Precision (VP) formats meets these requirements. This research proposes a VP FP computing system based on three computation layers. The external layer supports legacy IEEE formats for input and output variables. The internal layer uses variable-length internal registers for inner loop multiply-add. Finally, an intermediate layer supports loads and stores of intermediate results to cache memory without losing precision, with a dynamically adjustable VP format. The VP unit exploits the UNUM type I FP format and proposes solutions to address some of its pitfalls, such as the variable latency of the internal operation and the variable memory footprint of the intermediate variables. Unlike IEEE 754, in UNUM type I the size of a number is stored within its representation. The unit implements a fully pipelined architecture, and it supports up to 512 bits of precision, internally and in memory, for both interval and scalar computing. The user can configure the storage format and the internal computing precision at 8-bit and 64-bit granularity This system is integrated as a RISC-V coprocessor. The system has been prototyped on an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) platform and also synthesized for a 28nm FDSOI process technology. The respective working frequencies of FPGA and ASIC implementations are 50MHz and 600MHz. Synthesis results show that the estimated chip area is 1.5mm2, and the estimated power consumption is 95mW. The experiments emulated in an FPGA environment show that the latency and the computation accuracy of this system scale linearly with the memory format length set by the user. In cases where legacy IEEE-754 formats do not converge, this architecture can achieve up to 130 decimal digits of precision, increasing the chances of obtaining output data with an accuracy similar to that of the input data. This high accuracy opens the possibility to use direct methods, which are more sensitive to computational error, instead of iterative methods, which always converge. However, their latency is ten times higher than the direct ones. Compared to low precision FP formats, in iterative methods, the usage of high precision VP formats helps to drastically reduce the number of iterations required by the iterative algorithm to converge, reducing the application latency of up to 50%. Compared with the MPFR software library, the proposed unit achieves speedups between 3.5x and 18x, with comparable accuracy.
Metamaterial-based efficient electrically small antennas (2006)

A metamaterial paradigm for achieving an efficient, electrically small antenna is introduced. Spherical shells of homogenous, isotropic negative permittivity (ENG) material are designed to create electrically small resonant systems for several antennas: an infinitesimal electric dipole, a very short center-fed cylindrical electric dipole, and a very short coaxially-fed electric monopole over an infinite ground plane. Analytical and numerical models demonstrate that a properly designed ENG shell provides a distributed inductive element resonantly matched to these highly capacitive electrically small antennas, i.e., an ENG shell can be designed to produce an electrically small system with a zero input reactance and an input resistance that is matched to a specified source resistance leading to overall efficiencies approaching unity. Losses and dispersion characteristics of the ENG materials are also included in the analytical models. Finite element numerical models of the various antenna-ENG shell systems are developed and used to predict their input impedances. These electrically small antenna-ENG shell systems with idealized dispersionless ENG material properties are shown to be very efficient and to have fractional bandwidths above the values associated with the Chu limit for the quality factor without any degradation in the radiation patterns of the antennas. Introducing dispersion and losses into the analytical models, the resulting bandwidths are shown to be reduced significantly, but remain slightly above (below) the corresponding Chu-based value for an energy-based limiting (Drude) dispersion model of the permittivity of the ENG shell.
Sugar and Ethanol: The Elusive Quest for Free Trade (2009)

With sugar being a part of the human diet all over the world (per capita consumption is up to 60 kg pa in some regions, global average is approximately 25 kg pa), it is one of the key agricultural commodities. Total market quantities will increase from present (2005) 140 million metric tons to 170 million metric tons in 2015. The technical option of converting sugar crops into fuel is believed to fit into the global mega trend of reducing pollution and easing the dependency on mineral oil. This paper deals with the economic aspect of sugar crops and the processing to sugar or fuel. Due to the dual channels of processing to food on one hand and fuel on the other, the market can absorb almost any quantity of both cane and beet. The “ethanol track” will be addressed in this paper; also from the perspective of corn. National and regional interventions have a long tradition in many agricultural segments. Once implemented, they are sticking as persistent as taxes intended temporarily upon their implementation. Sugar and ethanol related segments are classical cases. And it is not clear whether pure economics are really the solution.