gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of HIV Pathogenesis: Role of Superantigens in Disease (1998)

Initial infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in a burst of viremia and an ensuing spread of virus to secondary lymphoid organs, after which a "latency" period occurs with little or no virus detectable in the circulation. The term latent period has been shown to be a misnomer, because substantial viral replication occurs during this time in lymph nodes, although clinically there appears to be few symptoms of disease. However, a telling indicator of active infection during this period is the initiation of decline in CD4+ T-cell numbers. A number of hypotheses have been postulated for the mechanism(s), as of yet not fully elucidated, by which T cells are depleted. Although quiescent cells can be infected, it has been shown that replication of HIV in CD4+ T cells requires cellular activation. The levels of viremia early in infection indicate that a large number of cells are actively infected, further suggesting that a mechanism must exist by which HIV activates a large pool of cells and ultimately causes their depletion. One possible mechanism for activation would be the presence of an HIV-encoded superantigen. Superantigens are proteins that are polyclonal stimulators of CD4+ T lymphocytes. This occurs as a result of their ability to form a trimolecular complex with MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and the Vbeta-specific region on the T-cell receptor. Thus, superantigen activation of T cells is antigen-nonspecific. The prototype superantigens are the staphylococcal enterotoxins. Putative viral superantigens include a protein from mouse mammary tumor virus and related retroviruses, rabies nucleocapsid, and the Nef protein of HIV. Nef is required for optimal HIV pathogenesis, and this may be due to its superantigen properties, where CD4 cells are transformed to the activated state for virus replication.
Barrage relay networks: System &amp; protocol design (2010)

Barrage relay networks (BRNs) are mobile ad hoc networks designed from the ground up to meet the demands of tactical edge communications. The fundamental building block of BRNs is not a point-to-point wireless link, but rather a rapid and robust broadcast mechanism that employs an autonomous cooperative communications scheme. Following a summary of basic BRN concepts, this paper demonstrates how the efficient barrage broadcast mechanism can be contained for unicast traffic via controlled barrage regions (CBRs). In particular, a protocol for CBR establishment is defined and formally verified.
Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) Requirements for Wavelength Switched Optical Network (WSON) Routing and Wavelength Assignment (2015)

This memo provides application-specific requirements for the Path
Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) for the support of
Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSONs). Lightpath provisioning
in WSONs requires a Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) process.
From a path computation perspective, wavelength assignment is the
process of determining which wavelength can be used on each hop of a
path and forms an additional routing constraint to optical light path
computation. Requirements for PCEP extensions in support of optical
impairments will be addressed in a separate document.
Photorefractive Polymers for Holographic 3-D Display (2011)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text N. Peyghambarian, P.A. Blanche, A. Bablumyan, C.W. Christenson, R.A. Norwood, and M. Yamamoto, "Photorefractive Polymers for Holographic 3-D Display," Optics & Photonics News 22(12), 51-51 (2011) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Atom-Economical, One-Pot, Self-Initiated Photopolymerization of Lactose Methacrylate for Biobased Hydrogels (2020)

An excess of lactose and lactose-rich milk permeate is produced by the dairy industry. The use of these waste products has been investigated for the preparation of sugar-based hydrogels. An environmentally friendly, atom-economical reaction conducted in water with minimal waste was successfully applied in the synthesis of lactose methacrylate. Lactose methacrylate was copolymerized with the methacrylic acid generated as a byproduct of the initial synthesis using photoinduced polymerization to yield hydrogels. The photopolymerization was facilitated by low-intensity UV light (365 nm) without the need for an exogenous photoinitiator. Hydrogels with varied water uptake, rheological, and mechanical properties could be prepared by the use of different methacrylic anhydride loadings in the synthesis of lactose methacrylate.
Larger expansions of the CTG repeat in muscle compared to lymphocytes from patients with myotonic dystrophy (1993)

The discovery that there is an expansion of a CTG repeat underlying myotonic dystrophy has led to new approaches in diagnosis and genetic counselling for this disorder. The size of the expansion correlates to a reasonable degree with the clinical symptoms within a given family. We report comparisons of the length of the expansion seen in lymphocytes and muscle samples from eight patients. In all cases the length of the expansion seen in DNA isolated from muscle was larger than that seen in lymphocytes from the same patient. There was no progression of the expansion over a period of 10-15 years in muscle samples from two of these patients even though there had been significant progression of the severity of symptoms during that time.
Nanodiamond as a multimodal platform for drug delivery and radiosensitization of tumor cells (2013)

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are often considered as inert platforms with high interests for biomedical applications. They are well adapted for drug delivery, and may display embedded fluorescence. We report here on a new way to consider these nanocarbon particles, by revealing therapeutic capacities coming from electronic properties of NDs. With an optimized surface chemistry, the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) occurs when those hydrogen-terminated NDs are exposed to photon irradiation, thus opening up the field towards the radiosensitization of tumor cells.
Multi-channel reproduction of measured room responses (2004)

Spatial Impulse Response Rendering (SIRR) has been recently proposed for spatial reproduction of room acoustics. In the method, a multi-channel impulse response of a room is measured, and responses for loudspeakers in arbitrary multi-channel setup are computed. When loaded to a convolving reverberator, the responses will then produce a similar perception of space as the measured room. The method is based on measuring with a SoundField microphone or a comparable system, and on analyzing direction-of-arrival and diffuseness at frequency bands. In this paper the reproduction quality is evaluated with listening tests, and it is found that it yields a natural spatial reproduction of the acoustics of a measured room.
High performance millimetre Ge-GaAs mixer diode for low l.o. power applications (1980)

Epitaxial Ge/GaAs low-barrier-height Ti-Mo-Au Schottkybarrier diodes exhibit a noise figure of 6.5 dB at 36 GHz and at 0.75 mW of local oscillator (l.o.) power. These diodes represent significant improvement over standard GaAs-Ti diodes at low power levels.
Seroprevalence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus in normal and retrovirus‐infected blood donors (2011)

Based on the low prevalence of seroreactivity, detection of antibody to only a single XMRV protein and the absence of XMRV sequences, this study finds no compelling evidence of XMRV in normal or retrovirus-infected blood donors. The increased p15E seroreactivity observed in HTLV infection is likely due to cross-reactive antibodies.
A unique, predominant hepatitis C virus variant found in an infant born to a mother with multiple variants (1993)

To demonstrate vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) from an HCV-infected, non-human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected mother to her infant and to assess the distribution of viral species in the mother and infant, the hypervariable region of the gene encoding the putative envelope glycoprotein E2 (E2HV) was sequenced in three mothers and one mother-infant pair. The data indicate that (i) quasi-species distributions of HCV E2HV variants were found in all four mothers, (ii) a single predominant HCV E2HV variant was found in the infant of a mother shown to have nine predominant E2HV variants, and (iii) the infant's E2HV variant was highly related to, but not identical with, the nine variants identified in the mother at the time of birth. These findings indicate that HCV is transmitted from mother to infant and raise the possibility that the transmission occurs in utero.
Highly Resilient Systems for Cloud (2012)

Traditional methods for implementing highly resilient systems are costly; and their methods using specialized hardware and high-speed interconnects do not extend to cloud. We demonstrate an architecture that rethinks the traditional approach and uses cloud's agility to provision additional capability as failures occur. This architecture continues serving requests with the best possible response even as the primary service deteriorates and even fails completely. It offloads requests according to their need to access the primary service; first redirecting requests with less need to lower-grade secondary capability that is provisioned on-demand on the cloud in order to reserve primary capacity for requests that need it (e.g., first redirect web-browsing requests to a slightly out-of-date cached dataset, and reserve the primary, most-consistent data service for check-out requests). Our approach 1) triages access to the primary service based on request needs in times when it is overwhelmed, and 2) provisions on-demand cloud capability to offload and continue serving other requests as needed. The result is a highly resilient system architecture that scales via cloud.
Estimating partial body ionizing radiation exposure by automated cytogenetic biodosimetry (2020)

Abstract Purpose Inhomogeneous exposures to ionizing radiation can be detected and quantified with the Dicentric Chromosome Assay (DCA) of metaphase cells. Complete automation of interpretation of the DCA for whole body irradiation has significantly improved throughput without compromising accuracy, however low levels of residual false positive dicentric chromosomes (DCs) have confounded its application for partial body exposure determination. Materials and Methods We describe a method of estimating and correcting for false positive DCs in digitally processed images of metaphase cells. Nearly all DCs detected in unirradiated calibration samples are introduced by digital image processing. DC frequencies of irradiated calibration samples and those exposed to unknown radiation levels are corrected subtracting this false positive fraction from each. In partial body exposures, the fraction of cells exposed, and radiation dose can be quantified after applying this modification of the contaminated Poisson method. Results Dose estimates of three partially irradiated samples diverged 0.2 to 2.5 Gy from physical doses and irradiated cell fractions deviated by 2.3-15.8% from the known levels. Synthetic partial body samples comprised of unirradiated and 3 Gy samples from 4 laboratories were correctly discriminated as inhomogeneous by multiple criteria. Root mean squared errors of these dose estimates ranged from 0.52 to 1.14 Gy 2 and from 8.1 to 33.3% 2 for the fraction of cells irradiated. Conclusions Automated DCA can differentiate whole-from partial-body radiation exposures and provides timely quantification of estimated whole-body equivalent dose. Biographical Note Ben Shirley M.Sc. is Chief Software Architect, CytoGnomix Inc. Canada; Joan Knoll Ph.D. Dipl.ABMGG, FCCMG is Professor in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Canada and cofounder, CytoGnomix Inc.; Jayne Moquet Ph.D. is Principal Radiation Protection Scientist in the Cytogenetics Group, Public Health England; Elizabeth Ainsbury Ph.D. is Head, Cytogenetics Group and the Chromosome Dosimetry Service, Public Health England; Pham Ngoc Duy M.Sc. is deputy director of Biotechnology Center, Dalat Nuclear Research Institute, Vietnam; Farrah Norton M.Sc.is Research Scientist and Lead of the Biodosimetry emergency response and research capability at Canadian Nuclear Laboratories; Ruth Wilkins, Ph.D. is Research Scientist and Chief of the Ionizing Radiation Health Sciences Division at Health Canada, Ontario, Canada; and Peter K. Rogan Ph.D. is Professor of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Canada, and President, CytoGnomix Inc.
Electronic marking and identification techniques to discourage document copying (1995)

Modern computer networks make it possible to distribute documents quickly and economically by electronic means rather than by conventional paper means. However, the widespread adoption of electronic distribution of copyrighted material is currently impeded by the ease of unauthorized copying and dissemination. In this paper we propose techniques that discourage unauthorized distribution by embedding each document with a unique codeword. Our encoding techniques are indiscernible by readers, yet enable us to identify the sanctioned recipient of a document by examination of a recovered document. We propose three coding methods, describe one in detail, and present experimental results showing that our identification techniques are highly reliable, even after documents have been photocopied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Resolution of line-transferred power in grids yielded by circuit-laws' symmetry under deductive reasoning of Shapley theorem (2012)

This study presents a strict method for resolving line-transferred power (or decomposing line-power flow) into source-driven component powers over lines. First, three properties of conservation and symmetry and additivity inherent in circuit laws are derived. Incorporating them with circuit-laws' equation, a model for resolving line-transferred power is built. The three properties make all conditions or hypothesis in Shapley theorem satisfied. Then the deductive reasoning of Shapley theorem is used to solve the model, which immediately gives a discrete and non-analytical resolution formula in terms of line-transferred powers caused by excitations of possible combination of sources. Representing the power by source currents (or electromotive forces), a continuous and analytical resolution formula in terms of source currents (or electromotive forces) is then proved mathematically. The resolution formula is invariantly the same for all sources including the slack source. It is also applicable to find the source-driven component powers flowing into loads and out of sources in arbitrarily complicated grids. Simulation results show the features of the proposed method.
Increased Polarization Ratio on Semipolar (1122) InGaN/GaN Light-Emitting Diodes with Increasing Indium Composition (2008)

Optical properties of InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode (LED) samples prepared on the (1122) surface of bulk GaN were investigated. Four samples were prepared with increasing indium concentrations. The LEDs emitted at 527, 531, 556, and 568 nm at 20 mA dc. Their optical polarization ratios were measured and the samples with higher In showed a higher ratio than the shorter wavelength ones. A polarization ratio of 0.65 was measured for the longest wavelength sample. This suggests that the more In incorporated into the quantum well layers leads to an increase in the splitting of the valence subband levels.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Modified To Package Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vpx Efficiently Infects Macrophages and Dendritic Cells (2011)

The lentiviral accessory protein Vpx is thought to facilitate the infection of macrophages and dendritic cells by counteracting an unidentified host restriction factor. Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not encode Vpx, the accessory protein can be provided to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) in virus-like particles, dramatically enhancing their susceptibility to HIV-1. Vpx and the related accessory protein Vpr are packaged into virions through a virus-specific interaction with the p6 carboxy-terminal domain of Gag. We localized the minimal Vpx packaging motif of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac(239) p6 to a 10-amino-acid motif and introduced this sequence into an infectious HIV-1 provirus. The chimeric virus packaged Vpx that was provided in trans and was substantially more infectious on MDDC and MDM than the wild-type virus. We further modified the virus by introducing the Vpx coding sequence in place of nef. The resulting virus produced Vpx and replicated efficiently in MDDC and MDM. The virus also induced a potent type I interferon response in MDDC. In a coculture system, the Vpx-containing HIV-1 was more efficiently transmitted from MDDC to T cells. These findings suggest that in vivo, Vpx may facilitate transmission of the virus from dendritic cells to T cells. In addition, the chimeric virus could be used to design dendritic cell vaccines that induce an enhanced innate immune response. This approach could also be useful in the design of lentiviral vectors that transduce these relatively resistant cells.
Classification and nomenclature of somatostatin receptors (1995)

There is considerable controversy about the classification and nomenclature of somatostatin receptors. To date, five distinct receptor genes have been cloned and named chronologically according to their respective publication dates, but two were unfortunately given the same appellation (SSTR4). Consensually, a nomenclature for the recombinant receptors has been agreed according to IUPHAR guidelines (sst1, sst2, sst3, sst4, and sst5). However, a more informative classification is to be preferred for the future, employing all classification criteria in an integrated scheme. It is already apparent that the five recombinant receptors fall into two classes or groups, on the basis of not only structure but also pharmacological characteristics. One class (already referred to by some as SRIF1) appears to comprise sst2, sst3 and sst5 receptor subtypes. The other class (SRIF2) appears to comprise the other two recombinant receptor subtypes (sst1 and sst4). This promising approach is discussed but it is acknowledged that much more data from endogenous receptors in whole tissues are needed before further recommendations on somatostatin receptor nomenclature can be made.
Effect of soft saturation on nonlinear interface switching (1990)

Numerical simulation of a nonlinear interface has shown that remarkable improvement in switching quality is theoretically possible by hard-limited saturation of the nonlinearity. We report the results of simulations investigating the effect of different types of soft saturation on nonlinear-interface switching behavior. The calculated predictions are consistent with recent experimental findings and show surprisingly little difference between hard and soft saturation. Significant softening leads to contrast reduction.
2-Benzazepines. 2. Thiazolo[5,4-d][2]benzazepines (1983)

As part of a program in the area of annelated 2-benzazepines, several thiazolo[5,4-d))[2]benzazepines were prepared. Treatment of the bromo ketones 7-9 with various thio amides gave the thiazoles 10-15, which when treated with methylamine gave the title compounds. The preliminary pharmacology of these compounds showed that they had central nervous system activity similar to the 1,4-benzodiazepines, such as diazepam. The thiazolo[5,4-d][2]benzazepines were also found to bind to the benzodiazepine-receptor complex, indicating that their pharmacological actions are probably related to the 1,4-benzodiazepines.
Intensity distortion induced by cross-phase modulation and chromatic dispersion in optical-fiber transmissions with dispersion compensation (1998)

In dispersion compensated systems, the intensity distortion induced by the interplay between cross-phase modulation and fiber chromatic dispersion can be a primary cause of transmission degradation. This interplay is mostly studied by time-consuming computer simulations. This letter introduces a new model of this interplay in fiber transmissions with dispersion compensation, leading to a linear filter that, applied to the input intensity of a modulated interfering channel, gives the intensity distortion of a continuous-wave probe signal at the receiver. The model can be of significant value in the search for optimized dispersion maps.
Labels of supplementary figures from Spatial Architecture and Arrangement of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Predicting Likelihood of Recurrence in Early-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

<p>Labels of supplementary figures</p>
Synthetic CO[sub 2] acceptor (1981)

A synthetic CO.sub.2 acceptor consisting essentially of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide and calcium carbonate supported in a refractory carrier matrix, the carrier having the general formula Ca.sub.5 (SiO.sub.4).sub.2 CO.sub.3. A method for producing the synthetic CO.sub.2 acceptor is also disclosed.
Human toxoplasmosis: which biological diagnostic tests are best suited to which clinical situations? (2013)

The Toxoplasma gondii parasite is a worldwide threat most particularly in fetal life and immunosuppression. In most clinical situations (except in some ocular cases), correct detection or identification of toxoplasmosis requires biological analysis. This article considers the laboratory tools that have been developed in this field since the discovery of the pathogen, with emphasis on the most recent tests and how they can or should be used in different clinical situations. The authors also discuss the requirements and pitfalls that one should be aware of when biologically investigating this intriguing parasitosis.
Improved enzymatic conversion of cellulose by ethylene treatment. Final report of innovative research program subtask, December 1977--September 1978 (1978)

The stimulating effect of ethylene upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated to determine the mechanism of the stimulatory action. The mechanism was not determined; however, it was tentatively concluded that prolonged ethylene treatment unmasks the cellulose by dissolving contaminating materials such as lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, or ash. The presence of ethylene during the enzymatic hydrolysis appears to involve enzyme-substrate interactions in many cases. The evidence supports the opinion that a 20 to 40% improvement in the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose may be obtained by the use of ethylene in the enzyme reactor. (JSR)
Ring cavity surface emitting quantum cascade laser with a near Gaussian beam profile (2015)

We propose a vertical spiral phase corrector for ring cavity surface emitting (RCSE) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs), which will allow achievement of near-Gaussian generated beam profile. A problem with RCSE QCLs is their donutshaped intensity distribution with a node along the symmetry axis of the ring. This arises because of the π phase difference for the azimuthally polarized rays emitted from opposite elements of the ring. We theoretically demonstrate that near-Gaussian beams can be achieved with a spiral phase shifter that adds one wavelength of additional optical path in going once around the ring. Various three dimensional lithographic techniques for fabricating such a phase shifter, including a grey scale mask, electron-beam resist dose dependency, and two photon induced photopolymerization, are considered. Ring cavity QCLs with the proposed phase corrector will feature better beam quality, larger power, and better resistance to radiative damage in comparison with traditional edge-emitting QCLs.