gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance of the PAC optical packet network (1993)

For multiuser packet communications with unpredictable user demands (e.g., in a local or metropolitan area network), coordination and control of access to the frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) channels are difficult. B. Glance (J. Lightwave Technol., vol.10, pp.1323-1328, Sep 1992) proposed using a simple protection-against-collision (PAC) circuit to solve this media access problem and achieve full optical connectivity. The PAC system has the potential to interconnect hundreds of ports, each transmitting at several gigabits per second. Performance aspects of the PAC optical packet network are discussed here. The delay-throughout performance of this network is analyzed for uniform traffic patterns. The results show that in geographically distributed applications the maximum achievable throughput (normalized to the transmission rate) is typically between 0.4 and 0.5 per channel. In a centralized switch the (normalized) maximum achievable throughput can approach 0.8 per channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Method for Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells Based on the Measurement of Single‐Cell Metabolism in Droplet‐Based Microfluidics (2016)

Abstract The number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood is strongly correlated with the progress of metastatic cancer. Current methods to detect CTCs are based on immunostaining or discrimination of physical properties. Herein, a label‐free method is presented exploiting the abnormal metabolic behavior of cancer cells. A single‐cell analysis technique is used to measure the secretion of acid from individual living tumor cells compartmentalized in microfluidically prepared, monodisperse, picoliter (pL) droplets. As few as 10 tumor cells can be detected in a background of 200 000 white blood cells and proof‐of‐concept data is shown on the detection of CTCs in the blood of metastatic patients.
Compact fuel processors for fuel cell powered automobiles based on microchannel technology (2001)

One possible route to the development of compact fuel processing technology is through the application of microchannel technology. Also called micro chemical and thermal systems (micro-cats), microchannel technology is hardware that incorporates engineered microchannels that provide more rapid heat and mass transport, and therefore faster processing rates, than can be realised within systems employing conventional fluid passages. Hardware size is reduced without reducing the processing capacity of the system. Researchers at the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are currently developing microchannel heat-exchangers, reactors and separators as components for compact hydrogen generators for fuel cells. This effort, funded by the DOE's Office of Transportation Technology, is now demonstrating high performance in compact units. Over the past year, the project team has concentrated most of its effort on the demonstration of an overall microchannel steam reforming system, including four microchannel steam reformers and more than 24 microchannel heat-exchangers, which as a system are intended to provide both high energy efficiencies and high power densities. Work is also under way on other microchannel components that may ultimately find value within an automotive fuel processing system or within distributed power systems.
Determination of triglycerides in lipoproteins separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. (1995)

We developed a simple method for the quantitation of triglycerides in electrophoretically separated lipoproteins by specific enzymatic staining. After electrophoresis, glycerol is liberated from triglycerides by the action of cholesterol esterase. Glycerol is oxidized by a sequence of enzymatic reactions. Due to the presence of triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the reaction mixture, two moles of the precipitating dye formazane are generated per mole glycerol. The relative amounts of alpha, pre-beta, and beta lipoproteins are determined by densitometric scanning at 570 nm. Absolute triglyceride concentrations of the respective lipoprotein fractions are calculated from total triglycerides. When tested with purified very low density lipoproteins, the electrophoresis assay was linear between 0.08 and 6.5 g/l pre-beta lipoprotein triglycerides. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were between 5.2% and 9.8%, and between 3.2% and 12.9%, respectively. Comparison of the electrophoresis method with a combined ultracentrifugation/precipitation method in 172 sera resulted in the following correlation coefficients: alpha lipoprotein versus high density lipoprotein triglycerides, r = 0.847; pre-beta lipoprotein versus very low density lipoprotein triglycerides, r = 0.989; beta lipoprotein versus low density lipoprotein triglycerides, r = 0.815. This method is easy to perform, and is a precise and accurate technique for the determination of lipoprotein triglycerides. It is the first reliable method that allows the direct quantification of LDL triglycerides without ultracentrifugation.
Pharmacogenomics of β‐Adrenergic Receptors and Their Accessory Signaling Proteins in Heart Failure (2008)

beta-Adrenergic receptors (betaAR) are widely expressed on cardiovascular cells. Pharmacological stimulation or blockade of betaAR signaling is the therapeutic mainstay in cardiogenic shock, hypertension, ischemia, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Interindividual variability in the response to betaAR agonists and antagonists has prompted examination of variability in the genes encoding betaAR signaling pathway members. Prominent among the genes that have been examined so far in heart failure are the beta(1)AR, beta(2)AR, and G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5). Each has nonsynonymous polymorphisms that alter amino acid sequence and protein function and regulation in cell-based systems, genetically altered mouse models, or human hearts. Here, we review these phenotypes and results from published clinical studies, with a focus on heart failure pharmacogenomics. Thus far, very few studies have utilized analogous protocols or drugs, and discrepancies in the clinical studies are apparent. A compelling approach is the use of multiple methods to understand the molecular, cellular, and organ phenotypes of a variant and couple these with clinical studies designed to specifically address the relevance of those phenotypes in humans. Undoubtedly, additional loci will be identified, and together, will provide for genetically driven, individualized treatments for heart failure.
Area efficient layouts of the Batcher sorting networks Part of this work was done at Bell-Labs, Lucent Technologies, while the author was on leave from the Technion (2001)

In the early 1980s, the grid area required by the sorting nets of Batcher for input vectors of length N was investigated by Thompson. He showed that the Ω(N2) area was necessary and sufficient, but the hidden constant factors, both for the lower and upper bounds, were not discussed. In this paper, a lower bound of (N − 1)2/2 is proven, for the area required by any sorting network. Upper bounds of 4N2 and 3N2 are shown for the bitonic sorter and the odd—even sorter, respectively. In the layouts, which are presented to establish these upper bounds, slanted lines are used and there are no knock-knees. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Code Relatives: Detecting Similar Software Behavior (2015)

Detecting "similar code" is fundamental to many software engineering tasks. Current tools can help detect code with statically similar syntactic features (code clones). Unfortunately, some code fragments that behave alike without similar syntax may be missed. In this paper, we propose the term "code relatives" to refer to code with dynamically similar execution features. Code relatives can be used for such tasks as implementation-agnostic code search and classification of code with similar behavior for human understanding, which code clone detection cannot achieve. To detect code relatives, we present DyCLINK, which constructs an approximate runtime representation of code using a dynamic instruction graph. With our link analysis based subgraph matching algorithm, DyCLINK detects fine-grained code relatives efficiently. In our experiments, DyCLINK analyzed 290+ million prospective subgraph matches. The results show that DyCLINK detects not only code relatives, but also code clones that the state-of-the-art system is unable to identify. In a code classification problem, DyCLINK achieved 96% precision on average compared with the competitor's 61%.
Two-modulator generalized ellipsometry: theory (1997)

A new ellipsometer is described that uses two photoelastic modulator-polarizer pairs, where the photoelastic modulators are operating at differing resonant frequencies. The time-dependent intensity of the light beam is extremely complicated but can be analyzed so that all elements of the sample Mueller matrix are obtained. For a given configuration, nine of the Mueller matrix elements can be measured at any one time; the other seven elements are accessible when the azimuthal angles of the photoelastic modulators are changed. The single-configuration measurement is often sufficient to characterize a number of real situations completely, such as film growth in a vacuum environment, anisotropic samples, and simple depolarization.
Development of parallel type multi-stage interference canceller for W-CDMA (2002)

This paper describes a developed W-CDMA base station testbed with a practical multi-stage interference canceller, which is processed by high-speed digital signal processing cards. The multi-stage canceller features a parallel structure with a cancellation control factor, which can make the parallel cancelling operation stable. A laboratory experiment demonstrates that the developed interference canceller has a high cancelling capability and near-far resistance even when the interference (2 users) power is 9 dB higher than the desired user. The development and experiment proves that this multistage canceller is feasible and effective technology for W-CDMA performance enhancement.
Subcloning and Alternative Methods for the Derivation and Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2003)

Human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines may have broad applications, including the study of development and the differentiation process, lineage commitment, self-maintenance, and precursor cell maturation. They may also serve as models in research done on the functions of genes and proteins, drug testing, and drug toxicity. The first human ES cells were derived by Thomson and colleagues (1) from the inner cell mass (ICM) of surplus blastocysts donated by couples undergoing in vitro fertilization treatments. These lines met most of the criteria for ES cell lines listed in Table 1, but their clonality was not tested in that study. Also, the ability of human ES cells to contribute to embryonic development in chimeric embryos cannot be examined for obvious ethical reasons. Since the first report on human ES cell derivation, several other groups have reported the derivation of additional lines (2–4) At present, there are more than 70 human ES cell lines in several laboratories around the world, according to a list published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH; http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/index /news/stemcell/index). Although the NIH list does not offer full information on all the lines fulfilling all the ES cell criteria listed in Table 1, it suggests that the derivation of human ES cells is a reproducible procedure with reasonable success rates.
3D Modeling Based on Attributed Hypergrphs (2006)

This chapter introduces a mathematical framework for 3D visions and modeling based on attributed hypergraph representation (AHR). It presents the data structure and algorithms that build, manipulate and transform augmented AHRs. The AHR model is built upon irregular triangular meshes. A net-like data structure is designed to handle the dynamic changes in AHR to give flexibility to the graph structure. Our research and implementation demonstrate the integration of machine vision and computer graphics.
Monoclonal Antibodies with Broad Specificity for Hepatitis C Virus Hypervariable Region 1 Variants Can Recognize Viral Particles (2001)

The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the E2 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a highly heterogeneous sequence that is promiscuously recognized by human sera via binding to amino acid residues with conserved physicochemical properties. We generated a panel of mAbs from mice immunized with HVR1 surrogate peptides (mimotopes) affinity-selected with sera from HCV-infected patients from a phage display library. A high number of specific clones was obtained after immunization with a pool of nine mimotopes, and the resulting mAbs were shown to recognize several 16- and 27-mer peptides derived from natural HVR1 sequences isolated from patients with acute and chronic HCV infection, suggesting that HVR1 mimotopes were efficient antigenic and immunogenic mimics of naturally occurring HCV variants. Moreover, most mAbs were shown to bind HVR1 in the context of a complete soluble form of the E2 glycoprotein, indicating recognition of correctly folded HVR1. In addition, a highly promiscuous mAb was able to specifically capture bona fide viral particles (circulating HCV RNA) as well as rHCV-like particles assembled in insect cells expressing structural viral polypeptides derived from an HCV 1a isolate. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to induce a broadly cross-reactive clonal Ab response to multiple HCV variants. In consideration of the potentially important role of HVR1 in virus binding to cellular receptor(s), such a mechanism could be exploited for induction of neutralizing Abs specific for a large repertoire of viral variants.
MUSE: A Methodology for Characterizing and Quantifying the Use of\n Spectrum (2015)

Dynamic spectrum sharing paradigm is envisaged to meet the growing demand for\nthe Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum. There exist several technical, regulatory,\nand business impediments for adopting the new paradigm. In this regard, we\nunderscore the need of characterizing and quantifying the use of spectrum by\neach of the individual transmitters and receivers.\n We propose MUSE, a methodology to characterize and quantify the use of\nspectrum in the space, time, and frequency dimensions. MUSE characterizes the\nuse of spectrum by a transmitter at a point in terms of the RF power occupied\nby the transmitter. It characterizes the use of spectrum by a receiver at a\npoint in terms of the constraints on the RF-power that can be occupied by any\nof the transmitters in the system in order to ensure successful reception. It\ndivides the spectrum-space into discrete unit-spectrum-spaces and quantifies\nthe spectrum used by the individual transceivers in the discretized spectrum\nspace.\n We characterize the performance of the spectrum management functions in the\ndiscretized spectrum-space and illustrate maximizing the use of spectrum. In\norder to address the challenges for the dynamic spectrum sharing paradigm, we\nemphasize on articulating, defining, and enforcing the spectrum-access rights\nin the discretized spectrum-space.\n
Antineoplastic agents. Part 395.1 Isolation and structure of agelagalastatin from the Papua New Guinea marine sponge Agelas sp. (1999)

A human cancer cell line bioassay-directed investigation of the Western Pacific marine sponge Agelas sp. led to isolation of a trace (7.42 × 10–6% yield) cancer cell growth inhibitor (lung NCI-H460 GI50 0.77 µg m–1 to ovary OVCAR-3 GI50 2.8 µg ml–1) designated agelagalastatin 6; it is the first example of a natural product containing a digalactofuranosyl unit.
Selective cleavage of ester linkages of anhydride-cured epoxy using a benign method and reuse of the decomposed polymer in new epoxy preparation (2017)

This work offers a successful loop-closing strategy for increasing the sustainability and lowering the manufacturing cost of epoxy materials.
Polymorphism of Repeated Regions of Pertactin in <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> , <i>Bordetella parapertussis</i> , and <i>Bordetella bronchiseptica</i> (2000)

Pertactin is an outer membrane protein expressed by Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Bordetella bronchiseptica that induces protective immunity to Bordetella infections. The immunodominant and immunoprotective epitopes of pertactin include two repeated regions, I and II. Comparison of these two repeated regions showed that B. parapertussis pertactin is invariant, whereas B. pertussis pertactin varies mostly in region I and B. bronchiseptica pertactin varies in both repeated regions I and II, but mostly in region II. These differences may result from specific characteristics of these Bordetella species.
Design, Installation, and Uses of Combination Ground Water and Gas Sampling Wells (1998)

Abstract Waste disposal sites with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) frequently contain contaminants that are present in both the ground water and vadose zone. Vertical sampling is useful where transport of VOCs in the vadose zone may effect ground water and where steep vertical gradients in chemical concentrations are anticipated. Designs for combination ground water and gas sampling wells place the tubing inside the casing with the sample port penetrating the casing for sampling. This physically interferes with pump or sampler placement. This paper describes a well design that combines a ground water well with gas sampling ports by attaching the gas sampling tubing and ports to the exterior of the casing. Placement of the tubing on the exterior of the casing allows exact definition of gas port depth, reduces physical interference between the various monitoring equipment, and allows simultaneous remediation and monitoring in a single well. The usefulness and versatility of this design was demonstrated at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) with the installation of seven wells with 53 gas ports, in a geologic formation consisting of deep basalt with sedimentary interbeds at depths from 7.2 to 178 m below land surface. The INEEL combination well design is easy to construct, install, and operate.
ISG15 Deregulates Autophagy in Genotoxin-treated Ataxia Telangiectasia Cells (2012)

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a cerebellar neurodegenerative disorder; however, the basis for the neurodegeneration in A-T is not well established. Lesions in the ubiquitin and autophagy pathways are speculated to contribute to the neurodegeneration in other neurological diseases and may have a role in A-T neurodegeneration. Our recent studies revealed that the constitutively elevated ISG15 pathway impairs targeted proteasome-mediated protein degradation in A-T cells. Here, we demonstrate that the basal autophagy pathway is activated in the ubiquitin pathway-compromised A-T cells. We also show that genotoxic stress triggers aberrant degradation of the proteasome and autophagy substrates (autophagic flux) in A-T cells. Inhibition of autophagy at an early stage using 3-methyladenine blocked UV-induced autophagic flux in A-T cells. On the other hand, bafilomycin A1, which inhibits autophagy at a late stage, failed to block UV-induced autophagic flux, suggesting that overinduction of autophagy may underlie aberrant autophagic flux in A-T cells. The ISG15-specific shRNA that restored proteasome function restores autophagic function in A-T cells. These findings suggest that autophagy compensates for the ISG15-dependent ablation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation in A-T cells. Genotoxic stress overactivates this compensatory mechanism, triggering aberrant autophagic flux in A-T cells. Supporting the model, we show that autophagy is activated in the brain tissues of human A-T patients. This highlights a plausible causal contribution of a novel "ISG15 proteinopathy" in A-T neuronal cell death.
Simple Analytical Model of the Thermal Resistance of Resistors in Integrated Circuits (2010)

The value of resistors generally changes with electrical current. For precision analog circuit layout, it is important to predict those resistance variations. For that purpose, we derive for the first time a simple analytic 3-D model to describe thermal resistance and self-heating, which we show as the dominant contribution to resistor nonlinearity for a wide range of resistors. The model shows good agreement with numerical simulations. Measured voltage coefficients of metal and polysilicon resistors can be fit to the model over a wide range of geometries. Finally, we show how thermal resistance can be reduced by placing metal bar structures underneath the resistor and apply the model to quantify the improvement.
Short Communication (1998)

We determined the genomic structure of the gene encoding human DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase). Six overlapping human genomic DNA clones which include all of the known cDNA sequence were isolated. Analysis of these clones demonstrates that the human DNA MTase gene consists of at least 40 exons and 39 introns spanning a distance of 60 kilobases. Elucidation of the chromosomal organization of the human DNA MTase gene provides the template for future structure-function analysis of the properties of mammalian DNA MTase.
A cross‐layer framework for multiple access and routing design in wireless multi‐hop networks (2010)

Abstract In this paper we explore the inherent coupling between MAC and routing in wireless multi‐hop networks attributed to interference. This is primarily motivated by the observation that shortest path routing could potentially lead to degrading the single‐hop MAC throughput which constitutes an upper bound on the end‐to‐end multi‐hop throughput. First, we formulate an optimization problem that maximizes the MAC throughput subject to path length, scheduling, SINR, and power constraints and establish bounds on the optimal performance. Second, we propose a novel cross‐layer routing framework (set‐based routing) that reduces problem complexity via resolving intra‐ and inter‐set interference among sets of spatially close transmitters. Third, we propose joint routing, scheduling and power control (RSP) to solve the problem within each set. Finally, we show, through simulations, that set‐based routing achieves not only 60% of the optimal performance for plausible scenarios but also up to 50% improvement over a generic reference system that represents a broad class of state‐of‐the‐art protocol stacks and uses minimum hop (MH) routing and collision‐free scheduling with no interaction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ATSC Terrestrial Digital Television Broadcasting Using Single Frequency Networks (2004)

In this paper, we propose an efficient method to broadcast digital television signals using single frequency networks (SFNs) within the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) transmission systems. In implementing the SFNs of an 8-vestigial side band (8-VSB) Digital Television (DTV) system, the ambiguity problem of the trellis coder is unavoidable in a conventional ATSC transmission system. We propose a memory initialization of the trellis coder to resolve this ambiguity problem. Since the proposed scheme to synchronize multiple transmitters minimizes the changes from the conventional ATSC system, the hardware complexity for these changes is very low. Our simulation results show that the proposed scheme makes a less than 0.1 dB degradation at the threshold of visibility with a bit error rate of 310 -6 in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It is possible to reduce the performance degradation by increasing the initialization period of the proposed scheme.