gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetically controlled lithiation: A variant of physical vapour deposition with application to lightweight alloys and lithium batteries (1997)

Abstract Employing a distinct variation of the physical vapour deposition technique, lithium vapour has been used to form Mg-Li alloy films whose physical structure can be modified through substrate temperature control over a considerable composition range. In addition to these Mg-Li alloy films, alloys of aluminium and copper can be prepared and modified primarily by controlling the interaction of lithium vapour with the precursor metal in the form of a cast sheet ranging in thickness from 0.02 to 0.07 in. A lithium-mediated process is found to produce a significant vaporization enhancement from the surface of the magnesium sheet at temperatures close to 200°C below that required for vaporization in the absence of lithium. The interaction process not only promotes the vaporization of the magnesium but also leads to an intimate mixing of magnesium and lithium vapours. The lithium and magnesium contents of the formed vapours have been varied to produce alloy films of between 0.08 and 30wt%Li. As the vapour mixture is subsequently deposited onto a temperature-controlled substrate, the physical make-up of the films produced is modified through temperature variation. With the lowering of the substrate temperature. the microstructure of the deposited film transforms from the cubic crystalline structure characteristic of a phase-equilibrated Mg-Li alloy with greater than 26 wt% Li to a densely packed fibrous columnar microstructure, and, on further cooling, to a tapered columnar microstructure with extensive voids. This latter structure may prove useful in the development of higher-efficiency lithium batteries. A cast aluminium sheet can be modified to an Al-Li alloy as an impinging lithium vapour creates an excess lithium content at the surface. The excess lithium can be removed or passed further into the aluminium employing a solid-state diffusion process, as Al-Li alloys whose lithium content ranges from 0.2 to 5wt%are prepared. The deposition process, which requires the stringent control of the aluminium temperature over an approximately 20°C range, is distinct in that it can permit the introduction of the reactive element, lithium, into an alloy near the final stage in the production of a wrought product and might also be used to replace the surface lithium lost from an alloy during heat treatment. The techniques described also appear applicable to alloy formation with additional elements soluble in lithium including copper, zinc and silver.
Response to region of difference 1 (RD1) epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals enrolled with suspected active tuberculosis: a pilot study (2007)

Tuberculosis is the most frequent co-infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, and which still presents diagnostic difficulties. Recently we set up an assay based on interferon (IFN)-gamma response to region of difference 1 (RD1) peptides selected by computational analysis which is associated with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis replication. The objective of this study was to investigate the response to RD1 selected peptides in HIV-1-infected individuals in a clinical setting. The mechanisms of this immune response and comparison with other immune assays were also investigated. A total of 111 HIV-infected individuals with symptoms and signs consistent with active tuberculosis were enrolled prospectively. Interferon (IFN)-gamma responses to RD1 selected peptides and recall antigens were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Results were correlated with CD4(+) T cell counts, individuals' characteristics, tuberculin skin test, QuantiFERON-TB Gold and T-SPOT.TB. Results from 21 (19%) individuals were indeterminate due to in vitro cell anergy. Among 'non-anergic' individuals, sensitivity for active tuberculosis of the assay based on RD1 selected peptides was 67% (24 of 36), specificity was 94% (three of 54). The assay also resulted positive in cases of extra-pulmonary and smear-negative pulmonary active tuberculosis. The response was mediated by CD4(+) effector/memory T cells and correlated with CD4(+) T cell counts, but not with plasma HIV-RNA load. Moreover, the RD1 selected peptides assay had the highest diagnostic odds ratio for active tuberculosis compared to tuberculin skin test (TST), QuantiFERON-TB Gold and T-SPOT.TB. RD1 selected peptides assay is associated with M. tuberculosis replication in HIV-infected individuals, although T cell anergy remains an important obstacle to be overcome before the test can be proposed as a diagnostic tool.
Long-working-distance incoherent-light interference microscope (2005)

We describe the design and operation of a long-working-distance, incoherent light interference microscope that has been developed to address the growing demand for new microsystem characterization tools. The design of the new microscope is similar to that of a Linnik interference microscope and thus preserves the full working distance of the long-working-distance objectives utilized. However, in contrast to a traditional Linnik microscope, the new microscope does not rely on the use of matched objectives in the sample and the reference arms of the interferometer. An adjustable optical configuration has been devised that allows the total optical path length, wavefront curvature, and dispersion of the reference arm to be matched to the sample arm of the interferometer. The reference arm configuration can be adjusted to provide matching for 5x, 10x, and 20x long-working-distance objectives in the sample arm. In addition to retaining the full working distance of the sample arm objectives, the new design allows interference images to be acquired in situations in which intervening windows are necessary, such as occur with packaged microsystems, microfluidic devices, and cryogenic, vacuum, or environmental chamber studies of microsystem performance. The interference microscope is compatible with phase-shifting interferometry, vertical scanning interferometry, and stroboscopic measurement of dynamic processes.
Detection system for a gas chromotograph (1984)

A method and apparatus are described for the quantitative analysis of vaporizable compounds, and in particular of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which may be induced to fluoresce. The sample to be analyzed is injected into a gas chromatography column and is eluted through a narrow orifice into a vacuum chamber. The free expansion of the eluted sample into the vacuum chamber creates a supersonic molecular beam in which the sample molecules are cooled to the extent that the excited vibrational and rotational levels are substantially depopulated. The cooled molecules, when induced to fluoresce by laser excitation, give greatly simplified spectra suitable for analytical purposes. The laser induced fluorimetry provides great selectivity, and the gas chromatograph provides quantitative transfer of the sample to the molecular beam.
Chemically Sensitive Microelectrochemical Devices (1992)

New kinds of microelectrochemical sensors are described involving two redox active molecules immobilized onto a microelectrode. One redox species is chemically insensitive with respect to variation in E1/2, e.g. a ferrocene derivative, and serves as an internal reference in a linear sweep voltammogram. The second species is chemically sensitive, e.g. a pH sensitive quinone or a CO sensitive ferraazetine derivative, which has an E1/2 that varies with the changes in the chemical environment. A linear sweep voltammogram thus shows two waves, one for the reference molecule and one for the indicator molecule. The shift for the indicator wave along the potential or current axis provides a method for analyte detection. Surface derivitization, proof-of-structure, and proof-of-concept sensor functions are demonstrated.
Comparison of CTG repeat length expansion and clinical progression of myotonic dystrophy over a five year period. (1995)

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is associated with an underlying CTG trinucleotide repeat expansion at a locus on chromosome 19q13.3. We have determined the repeat length in 23 DM patients with varying clinical severity of symptoms and various sizes of repeat amplification. We confirm that as in previous studies there is no strong correlation between repeat length and clinical symptoms but find that the repeat length in peripheral blood cells of patients increases over a time span of five years indicating continuing mitotic instability of the repeat throughout life. Repeat length progression does not appear to be indicative of clinical progression but age probably is. The degree of expansion correlates with the initial repeat size and 50% of the patients with continuing expansions showed clinical progression of their disease symptoms over the five year study period.
Novel tunable phosphor‐free white III‐nitride light emitting diodes based on indium rich InGaN nanostructures (2009)

Abstract Phosphor free tunable white light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been fabricated using stacked InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) comprised of a lower set of red emitting QWs with an upper set of blue and green emitting QW layers. With antisurfactant treatment, indium rich InGaN nanostructures are incorporated in the InGaN/GaN quantum well during growth. AFM study shows the formation of InGaN nanostructures with an average diameter of 40‐80 nm in the quantum well layer. This growth technique enables red emitting III‐Nitride based LEDs to be generated. With the growth of additional stacked blue/green QWs on these red emitting QWs with InGaN nanostructure incorporation for white light generation, competition arises between the quantum well layers for thermalization of injected carriers. The transport of holes from the p‐GaN layer determines the radiative recombination event as holes have a lower mobility than electrons. At low injection current, emission from the upper blue/green QWs layer dominates where electron–hole (e–h) pair recombination takes place. With higher injection current, more holes diffuse across the GaN barrier to recombine with electrons at the InGaN nanostructures in the lower sets of QWs. Based on the band structure for the stacked QWs, the existence of these In‐rich nanostructures leads to more effective carrier trapping at the lower set of QWs as electrons have to overcome an additional potential barrier (at the interface of InGaN nanostructures to the InGaN well layer). There is also a higher tendency for thermalization of carriers at the lower energy states. The effect of band filling under higher injection current also enables the excess holes to recombine at the lower set of QW layers with indium rich nanostructure, which accounts for the continuous increase in higher emission wavelength from the EL spectra. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Supplementary Figure 2 from Noninvasive Detection of Microsatellite Instability and High Tumor Mutation Burden in Cancer Patients Treated with PD-1 Blockade (2023)

<p>Plasma-Based Detection of Microsatellite Instability and High Tumor Mutation Burden in Patients with Sufficient Circulating Tumor DNA.</p>
Fiber optic interferometric accelerometers (1996)

Recent progress on the development of flexural disk based fiber optic acceleration sensors is reported. Appropriate geometric considerations have resulted in fiber optic accelerometers with many desirable features including (i) high sensitivity (≳20 dB re rad/g), (ii) flat frequency response (200 Hz to ≳10 kHz), and (iii) low pressure (<−180 dB re rad/μPa) and transverse sensitivity (<−30 dB). Alternate transducer designs are discussed and preliminary results reported. Various optical multiplexing schemes for accelerometer arrays are discussed.
IL‐31‐induced pruritus in dogs: a novel experimental model to evaluate anti‐pruritic effects of canine therapeutics (2015)

The efficacy of prednisolone, dexamethasone and oclacitinib in the IL-31-induced pruritus model gives confidence that this may be a relevant model for acute pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis including AD and can be used to evaluate novel compounds or formulations.
Optimal One-Wafer Cyclic Scheduling and Buffer Space Configuration for Single-Arm Multicluster Tools With Linear Topology (2016)

This work studies the scheduling problem of a single-arm multicluster tool with a linear topology and process-bound bottleneck individual tool. The objective is to find a one-wafer cyclic schedule such that the lower bound of cycle time is reached by optimally configuring spaces in buffering modules that link individual cluster tools. A Petri net (PN) model is developed to describe the dynamic behavior of the system by extending resource-oriented PNs such that a schedule can be parameterized by robots' waiting time. Based on this model, conditions are presented under which a one-wafer cyclic schedule with the lower bound of cycle time can be found. With the derived conditions, an algorithm is developed to find such a schedule and optimally configure buffer spaces. The algorithm requires only simple calculation to set the robots' waiting time and buffer size. Illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the proposed method.
The effect of environmental factors on the electrical conductivity of a single oligo-DNA molecule measured using single-walled carbon nanotube nanoelectrodes (2008)

We present an electrical conductivity study on a double-stranded DNA molecule bridging a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) gap. The amine terminated DNA molecule was trapped between carboxyl functionalized SWNT electrodes by dielectrophoresis. The conductivity of DNA was measured while under the influence of various environmental factors, including salt concentration, counterion variation, pH and temperature. Typically, a current of tens of picoamperes at 1 V was observed at ambient conditions, with a decrease in conductance of about 33% in high vacuum conditions. The counterion variation was analyzed by changing the buffer from sodium acetate to tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, which resulted in a two orders of magnitude increase in the conductivity of the DNA. A reversible shift in the current signal was observed for pH variation. An increase in conductivity of the DNA was also observed at high salt concentrations.
Cardiac training simulator using pump with electronic pressure sensor to trigger ventricular fibrillation (2004)

Cardiac surgery training in a realistic surgical environment is assisted by a simulator based on an electromechanical pneumatic pump with associated control and display software. We describe a feedback mechanism for controlling the beating mode of the simulator by means of a electronic pressure sensor incorporated into the pneumatic pump. The sensor was incorporated into an electronic data acquisition board and was used to trigger a ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest) mode in the pump control system when the heart attached to the pump is handled by the trainee surgeon, as is typically experienced in a real operation. The mode change also results in changes to simulated vital signs including ECG and pressure traces which are displayed on a monitor within the surgical training environment. Software is described which was designed to drive the pump at various beating rates, display the vital signs, and respond to pressure sensor measurements. The work described is the continuation of a collaboration between the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), the School of Engineering at the University of Technology, Jamaica (UTech), and the Dept. of Mathematics & Computer Science at the University of the West Indies (UWI), which has the aim of producing a computer controlled device and training system capable of simulating the range of intraoperative cardiac behaviours typically found in heart surgery, in order to improve training of resident surgeons.
Abstract 3800: Novel targets and monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy (2016)

Abstract The identification of markers targetable by specific mAbs represents a high medical need in cancer therapy. Our objective is to discover novel tumor-associated proteins showing promise as targets for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy, and to generate and validate highly specific mAbs for therapeutic applications. The approach we used to discover novel tumor markers is based on a high through-put immune-histochemical (IHC) screening of tumor and normal tissues using collections of murine polyclonal and mAbs raised against recombinant human proteins. In the course of such analysis, we discovered and validated different surface exposed proteins over-expressed in one or more cancers. Here, we report a surface exposed protein mainly over-expressed in ovary and breast cancers. Interestingly, the protein is highly expressed in high grade breast cancers. Approximately 40% of cancers in which the protein is over-expressed belong to the triple negative subtype. In line with IHC data, an expression profile analysis in different cells lines showed that this protein is expressed in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. In breast cell lines, high expression was found in triple negative cells positive to the androgen receptor. Gene silencing experiments combined to phenotypic analysis, showed that loss of protein expression significantly reduces cell proliferation and invasiveness. Several mAbs able to recognize the target protein on the surface of breast and ovary cancer cell lines have been selected and validated in a number of immunoassays. The specificity of the mAb binding was confirmed by gene silencing and competition assays with peptides encompassing the mAb epitopes. Specific mAbs able to detect the protein in cancer cells in IHC are under validation. These antibodies show limited reactivity on normal human tissues and are negative on PBMC from normal donors. Moreover, these mAbs are efficiently internalized by cancer cells, suggesting that they are amenable to the development of Antibody-Drug-Conjugate. Finally, they efficiently recognize the macaca protein ortholog, thus facilitating future safety studies in non-human primates. Overall, results so far accumulated highlight the potential of this novel tumor-associated protein and available mAbs for the development of targeted therapy against ovarian cancer and triple negative breast cancer. Other promising targets and related monoclonal antibodies will be described during the meeting. Citation Format: Matteo Parri, Susanna Campagnoli, Alberto Grandi, Elisa De Camilli, Aurelien Lacombe, Boquan Jin, Serenella Eppenberger-Castori, Giuseppe Viale, Luigi Terracciano, Piero Pileri, Renata Maria Grifantini. Novel targets and monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3800.
Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms (2015)

There is a growing body of scientific evidence that the health of the microbiome (the trillions of microbes that inhabit the human host) plays an important role in maintaining the health of the host and that disruptions in the microbiome may play a role in certain disease processes. An increasing number of research studies have provided evidence that the composition of the gut (enteric) microbiome (GM) in at least a subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) deviates from what is usually observed in typically developing individuals. There are several lines of research that suggest that specific changes in the GM could be causative or highly associated with driving core and associated ASD symptoms, pathology, and comorbidities which include gastrointestinal symptoms, although it is also a possibility that these changes, in whole or in part, could be a consequence of underlying pathophysiological features associated with ASD. However, if the GM truly plays a causative role in ASD, then the manipulation of the GM could potentially be leveraged as a therapeutic approach to improve ASD symptoms and/or comorbidities, including gastrointestinal symptoms. One approach to investigating this possibility in greater detail includes a highly controlled clinical trial in which the GM is systematically manipulated to determine its significance in individuals with ASD. To outline the important issues that would be required to design such a study, a group of clinicians, research scientists, and parents of children with ASD participated in an interdisciplinary daylong workshop as an extension of the 1st International Symposium on the Microbiome in Health and Disease with a Special Focus on Autism (www.microbiome-autism.com). The group considered several aspects of designing clinical studies, including clinical trial design, treatments that could potentially be used in a clinical trial, appropriate ASD participants for the clinical trial, behavioral and cognitive assessments, important biomarkers, safety concerns, and ethical considerations. Overall, the group not only felt that this was a promising area of research for the ASD population and a promising avenue for potential treatment but also felt that further basic and translational research was needed to clarify the clinical utility of such treatments and to elucidate possible mechanisms responsible for a clinical response, so that new treatments and approaches may be discovered and/or fostered in the future.
A new approach to capillary viscometry of thermoset transfer molding compounds (1986)

Abstract A new capillary rheometer incorporated in an instrumented transfer molding press has been developed. This rheometer is effective for determining the viscosity characteristics of thermoset molding compounds under both isothermal and typical molding conditions. In examples of the rheometer's utility, the power law indices of two commercial epoxy molding compounds have been determined to be approximately 0.7. Additionally it has been shown that preconditioning typical epoxy compounds at 47 percent relative humidity causes a viscosity decrease of about 40 percent owing to plasticization of the epoxy resin.
Passive Polarimetrie Remote Sensing of Cloud Thermodynamic Phase (2020)

Determining if clouds contain water in the liquid or ice phase is critical for determining how the cloud impacts weather and climate or electromagnetic propagation generally. Cloud phase remote sensing is often done with passively measured radiance ratios or lidar cross-polarization measurements. We summarize our use of passive polarimetric sensing from the ground to determine cloud thermodynamic phase, with lidar cross-polarization detection used as ground truth. This capability is illustrated with an all-sky visible-and-near-infrared polarization imager and a three-spectral-channel short-wave-infrared polarimeter.
<title>Improved digital multitoning with overmodulation scheme</title> (1998)

Multilevel halftoning (multitoning) is an extension of bitonal halftoning, in which the appearance of intermediate tones is created by the spatial modulation of more than two tones, i.e., black, white, and one or more shades of gray. In this paper, a conventional multitoning approach and a specific approach, both using stochastic screen dithering, are investigated. Typically, a human visual model is employed to measure the perceived halftone error for both algorithms. We compare the performance of each algorithm at gray levels near the intermediate printer output levels. Based on this study, an over-modulation algorithm is proposed. This algorithm requires little additional computation and the halftone output is mean-preserving with respect to the input. We will show that, with this simple over-modulation scheme, we will be able to manipulate the dot patterns around the intermediate output levels to achieve desired halftone patterns. Investigation on optimal output level selection and inkjet printing simulation for this new scheme will also be reported.