gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large Low Temperature Specific Heat in the Negative Thermal Expansion Compound<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ZrW</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1998)

The specific heat $C(T)$ of ${\mathrm{ZrW}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ is measured from 1 to 300 K. Below 50 K, $C(T)$ is dominated by an Einstein term of energy $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}5\mathrm{meV}$, which represents 6.5% of the total lattice degrees of freedom. This concentration of phonon spectral weight at low energies is unusual in materials of cubic structure and is a possible indication of ``rigid unit modes'' discussed for underconstrained crystal structures. The relationship between $C(T)$ and the large negative thermal expansion in this compound is discussed.
THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION (1977)

ABSTRACT Following a five‐year experimental program, the authors report a consistent tendency for live lectures to yield significantly higher attainment than videotapes of live lectures, and for the latter to be more effective in turn than studio‐produced videotapes; the results, by their very nature, preclude the probable responsibility of production techniques. They are replicated with different types of subject matter, and, with certain material, persist over time. Student attitudes towards yidiotapes, whether favourable or not, tend to intensify during a series of tapes
Kinetics of circulating immunoglobulin M in sepsis: relationship with final outcome (2013)

Specific changes of circulating IgM occur when patients with severe sepsis progress into septic shock. The distribution of IgM is lower among non-survivors.
Enzyme Models Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers with Strong Esterase Activity (1997)

Functions similar to those of catalytic antibodies are shown by molecularly imprinted polymers, when the cavities in the polymer not only have the correct form but also contain catalytically active groups. Polymers have now been prepared by imprinting with a transition state analogue of alkaline ester hydrolysis (see picture). These “artificial enzymes” combine strong catalytic activity with typical enzyme properties such as Michaelis—Menten kinetics, competitive inhibition, turnover, and substrate selectivity.
Synthesis of [1,2,4]triazolo[3′,4′: 3,4] [1,2,4]triazino[5,6‐<i>b</i>]indole derivatives and 3‐substituted 5‐ethyl‐<i>H</i>‐1,2,4‐triazino[5,6‐<i>b</i>] Indole (1987)

Abstract 5‐Ethyl‐3‐hydrazino‐5 H ‐1,2,4‐triazino|5,6‐ b |indole ( 2 ) reacts with aromatic aldehydes in anhydrous ethanol to yield substituted arylidene‐(5‐ethyl‐5 H ‐1,2,4‐triazino|5,6‐ b |indol‐3‐yl)hydrazones 3 . Treatment of 3 with excess SOCl 2 gave 10‐ethyl‐1‐aryl‐10 H ‐| 1,2,4]triazolo|3′,4′:3,4| 1,2,4|triazino|5,6‐ b |indoles 4 , while the reaction of 2 with CS 2 in methanolic KOH afforded 10‐ethyl‐2,10‐dihydro‐1 H ‐| 1,2,4|triazolo|3′,4′3,4‖ 1,2,4|triazino|5,6‐ b |indol‐1‐thione ( 5 ). Fusion of 1 with aromatic amines leads to 3‐(arylamino)‐5‐ethyl‐5 H ‐1,2,4‐triazino|5,6‐ b |indoles 6 , whereas the reaction of 1 with alkyl or aralkyl halides in anhydrous acetone and in the presence of anhydrous K 2 CO 3 results in the alkylation of the thiol group to give the alkylthio or aralkylthio derivatives 7.
Isolation of x-ray-inducible transcripts from radioresistant human melanoma cells. (1993)

Twelve x-ray-induced transcripts (xips), differentially expressed 8- to 230-fold in x-irradiated versus unirradiated radioresistant human melanoma (U1-Mel) cells, were isolated as cDNA clones (xip1 through xip12) after four rounds of differential hybridization. Northern analyses revealed rare, medium, and abundant xips, ranging in size from 1.2 to 10 kb. All transcripts were transiently expressed and induced by low, but not by high (> 600 cGy), doses of radiation. Three transcripts (xip4, -7, and -12) were induced only by ionizing radiation, and many (i.e., xip1, -2, -3, -5, -6, -8, -9, -10, and -11) were also induced by UV irradiation or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Heat shock did not induce any of the xips, but it decreased basal levels of xip4, -7, -11, and -12. Three xip cDNA clones were identified as encoding thymidine kinase, DT diaphorase, and tissue-type plasminogen activator. The remaining nine cDNA clones showed little homology to known genes. Three clones contained regions homologous to c-fes/fps protooncogene, recombination activating gene 1, or the human angiogenesis factor gene. X-ray-inducible genes may function in damaged cells to regulate DNA repair, apoptosis, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis.
Capacity of Interference Channels With Partial Transmitter Cooperation (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Capacity regions are established for several two-sender, two-receiver channels with partial transmitter cooperation. First, the capacity regions are determined for compound multiple- access channels (MACs) with common information and compound MACs with conferencing. Next, two interference channel models are considered: an interference channel with common information (ICCI) and an interference channel with unidirectional cooperation (ICUC) in which the message sent by one of the encoders is known to the other encoder. The capacity regions of both of these channels are determined when there is strong interference, i.e., the interference is such that both receivers can decode all messages with no rate penalty. The resulting capacity regions coincide with the capacity region of the compound MAC with common information. </para>
An Analysis of Visual and Presentation Factors Influencing the Design of E-commerce Web Sites. (2008)

Two important factors which indirectly influence the Internet shoppers to make some online purchases are the visual layout and the presentation of web page. In this paper, we propose an approach of web page layout analysis in order to assess the design of e-commerce Web sites. Firstly, our proposed method segments each web page into five different blocks: top, left, center, right and bottom. We study three main feature types: spatial, location and presentation, which effect the design of each page. The spatial feature set includes the width-length ratio and relative area of each block while the location feature set is the appearance positions of e-commerce components such as navigation, product index and customer service. The presentation feature set represents page characteristic and navigation menu format that appear on the page or block such as navigator style, menu type, image alignment and text density. To perform the experiments, we consider the top 100 Internet retailers as ranked by the Internet Retailerpsilas Top 500 Guide. We adopt classification algorithms in order to construct a model from the top Web sites against other 100 randomly selected e-commerce Web sites. The experimental results showed that the model which is constructed based on the presentation feature set yields better performance than using the spatial and location feature sets.
Mechanism of action of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (NSC 4728). (1977)

The synthesis and isolation of two derivatives of 2-amino-1,3,4-thialdiazole(aminothiadiazole) are described. The derivatives are a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) analog prepared by an exchange reaction with NAD in the presence of nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase and a presumed aminothiadiazole mononucleotide prepared by treatment of the NAD analog with nucleotide pyrophosphatase. Both derivatives are potent inhibitors of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase obtained from leukemia L1210 cells. The NAD analog is a pseudoir-reversible inhibitor of the enzyme, noncompetitive with either IMP or NAD. The aminothiadiazole mononucleotide has a K1 of about 0.1 muM, is competitive with IMP, and is uncompetitive with NAD: the inhibition appears to be reversible by Ackermann-Potter analysis. A metabolite of [5-14C]aminothiadiazole is formed in L1210 cells in vivo to a level of 0.3 nmole/10(9) cells. Retention volume of the metabolite on a high-pressure liquid chromatography system is the same as that of the aminothiadiazole mononucleotide prepared as described above. These results suggest that IMP dehydrogenase is the site of action for aminothiadiazole metabolites as was indicated by earlier observations. There is no evidence that the NAD analog is formed in vivo. Nicotinamide prevented formation of the mononucleotide in vivo. Therefore, since formation and cleavage of the NAD analog apparently are not the route to the thiadiazole nucleotide, some other pathway for the metabolism of nicotinamide may be involved such as the action of a phosphoribosyltransferase or the sequential action of a nucleoside phosphorylase and a nucleoside kinase.
Reducing power by optimizing the necessary precision/range of floating-point arithmetic (2000)

Low-power systems often find the power cost of floating-point (FP) hardware prohibitively expensive. This paper explores ways of reducing FP power consumption by minimizing the bitwidth representation of FP data. Analysis of several FP programs that manipulate low-resolution human sensory data shows that these programs suffer no loss of accuracy even with a significant reduction in bitwidth. Most FP programs in our benchmark suite maintain the same output even when the mantissa bitwidth is reduced by half. This FP bitwidth reduction can deliver a significant power saving through the use of a variable bitwidth FP unit. Our results show that up to 66% reduction in multiplier energy/operation can be achieved in the FP unit by this bitwidth reduction technique without sacrificing any program accuracy.
Stability, accumulation and cytotoxicity of an albumin-cisplatin adduct (2010)

The accumulation and cytotoxicity of a 10 μmol L⁻¹ equimolar human serum albumin-cisplatin adduct (HSA-Pt) was investigated in suspension Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells (EATC) and adherent Ehrlich Lettré Ascites Cells (Lettré). HSA-Pt did not induce apoptosis nor was it taken up by the cells to any significant amount within 24 h incubation. The accumulation and cytotoxicity of HSA-Pt was compared to 10 μmol L⁻¹ cisplatin for which a larger accumulation and cytotoxicity were observed in EATC compared to Lettré. The experiment was performed with cell medium exchange every fourth hour as HSA-Pt and cisplatin were not stable in RPMI-1640 with 10% serum. The stability was determined using size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) and after 4 h new platinum peaks were observed. These findings indicate that before conducting cell experiments, the stability of the compound in the cell medium should be investigated especially when long exposure times are applied. Furthermore, HSA-Pt was found to be stable in Hanks Balanced Saline Solution (HBSS) and in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) at pH 5.3, 6.1 and 7.4. Thus, the shift in pH when HSA-cisplatin passes from blood (pH 7.4) to tumor tissue (pH 5-6) is not capable of releasing cisplatin from HSA.
Local, hierarchic, and iterative reconstructors for adaptive optics (2003)

Adaptive optics systems for future large optical telescopes may require thousands of sensors and actuators. Optimal reconstruction of phase errors using relative measurements requires feedback from every sensor to each actuator, resulting in computational scaling for n actuators of n2. The optimum local reconstructor is investigated, wherein each actuator command depends only on sensor information in a neighboring region. The resulting performance degradation "global" modes is quantified analytically, and two approaches are considered for recovering global performance. Combining local and global estimators in a two-layer hierarchic architecture yields computations scaling with n(4/3); extending this approach to multiple layers yields linear scaling. An alternative approach that maintains a local structure is to allow actuator commands to depend on both local sensors and prior local estimates. This iterative approach is equivalent to a temporal low-pass filter on global information and gives a scaling of n(3/2). The algorithms are simulated by using data from the Palomar Observatory adaptive optics system. The analysis is general enough to also be applicable to active optics or other systems with many sensors and actuators.
19‐6: <i>Invited Paper</i> : A Novel Process for Fabricating High‐Resolution and Very Small Pixel‐pitch GaN LED Microdisplays (2017)

A new approach for fabricating very‐small pixel pitch GaN microdisplays is proposed. MicroLEDS obtained from silicon grown epi GaN layers exhibit performances comparable to those obtained on classical sapphire templates. This technology shows very great promises in the fabrication of high brightness, ultra‐high‐resolution microdisplays required for augmented reality systems.
Case-control and family-based association studies of candidate genes in autistic disorder and its endophenotypes: TPH2 and GLO1 (2007)

TPH2 gene variants are unlikely to contribute to autism or to the presence/absence of prominent repetitive behaviors in our sample, although an influence on the intensity of these behaviors in autism cannot be excluded. GLO1 gene variants do not confer autism vulnerability in this sample, but allele A419 apparently carries a protective effect, spurring interest into functional correlates of the C419A SNP.
Neural nets for image restoration (1990)

No imaging system in practice is perfect, in fact the recorded images are always distorted or of finite resolution. An image recording system can be modeled by a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. An inversion of the kernel representing the system, in the presence of noise, is an ill posed problem. The direct inversion often yields an unacceptable solution. In this paper, we suggest an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architecture to solve ill posed problems in the presence of noise. We use two types of neuron like processing units: the units that use the weighted sum and the units that use the weighted product. The weights in the model are initialized using the eigen vectors of the kernel matrix that characterizes the recording system. We assume the solution to be a sample function of a wide sense stationary process with a known auto-correlation function. As an illustration, we consider two images that are degraded by motion blur.
Induced pluripotent stem cells as a novel cancer vaccine (2019)

<b>Introduction</b>: Although many current cancer therapies are effective, the mortality rate globally is unacceptably high. Cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide after heart disease and has caused nearly 10 million deaths in 2018. Additionally, current preventive therapies for cancer are underdeveloped, undermining the quality of life of high-risk individuals. Therefore, new treatment options for targeting cancer are urgently needed. In a recent study, researchers adopted an autologous iPSC-based vaccine to present a broad spectrum of tumor antigens to the immune system and succeeded in orchestrating a strong prophylactic immunity towards multiple types of cancer in mice. <b>Areas covered</b>: In this review, we provide an overview of how cancer develops, the role of immune surveillance in cancer progression, the current status and challenges of cancer immunotherapy as well as the genetic overlap between pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells. Finally, we discuss the rationale for an autologous iPSC-based vaccine and its applications in murine cancer models. <b>Expert opinion</b>: The autologous iPSC-based vaccine is a promising preventive and therapeutic strategy for fighting various types of cancers. Continuing efforts and clinical/translational follow-up studies may bring an autologous iPSC-based cancer vaccination approach from bench to bedside.
Nonlinear transmission line for picosecond pulse compression and broadband phase modulation (1987)

Simulations and scale-model experiments indicate that shock-wave formation on a GaAs integrated circuit nonlinear transmission line will generate electrical pulses with rise times less than 5 ps, and that velocity modulation on the line will permit broadband phase modulation from DC to 40 GHz.
Erythroblast cell lines transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of avian erythroblastosis virus: A model system to study erythroid differentiation in vitro (1982)

A continuous chicken erythroblast cell line transformed by the temperature-sensitive mutant ts34 of avian erythroblastosis virus was developed. This cell line, designated HD3, could be induced to terminally differentiate by shift to the nonpermissive temperature. The differentiated cells resembled erythrocytes as judged by morphology, expression of hemoglobin as determined by benzidine staining and radioimmunoassay, and by the expression of differentiation-specific cell surface antigens. Terminal differentiation was dependent on an erythropoietin-like activity present in anemic chicken serum. In contrast, induction of differentiation in the same cells by butyric acid was erythropoietin independent and did not lead to the formation of erythrocytes. In addition, we found that the responsiveness to temperature inducibility and to butyric acid could be dissociated in variant sublines of HD3 and that both types of differentiation inducers appear to act via different pathways.
Electrohydrodynamic nanoprinting and its applications (2015)

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) nanodrip printing is a new high resolution printing technology enabling maskless, direct-write, 3D, non-contact, conformal and additive patterning at the nanoscale with a variety of ink systems and materials. The printing resolution exceeds conventional ink-jetting by two to three orders of magnitude, paving the way of additive printing into applications dominated by photolithographic microfabrication, and enabling completely new devices consisting of nanoscale building blocks. It is a promising technology to be used in printed flexible electronics, security printing, optical structures and biotechnology. The aim of this thesis is to develop an electrohydrodynamic printing tool, investigate new ink systems, push the resolution of printing to the single nanoparticle level and apply the technique to printed electronics and biotechnology. An automated and robust printing tool is developed, implementing components such as printhead system with pressurized ink supply, multi-channel arbitrary waveform high-voltage actuation, combined micro-and nanopositioning of the substrate and ambient control systems. Concepts and first implementations of microfabricated multinozzle printheads to parallelize the printing process are briefly discussed. To push the printing resolution to it’s limit, a new reactive ink system is combined with the principle of sessile droplet nanoreactors to form single nanoparticles in-situ. This is realized by a finely tuned and stabilized metal-salt ink, accurate control of substrate temperature and ambient humidity and by printing with alternating current actuation on highly hydrophobic substrates to prevent liquid spreading. Single gold nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 5 to 35nm and with narrow size distribution, high yield and alignment accuracy are generated on demand and patterned into arbitrary arrays. The nanoparticles feature good catalytic activity as shown by the exemplary growth of silicon nanowires from the nanoparticles and the etching of nanoholes by the printed nanoparticles. The technique of stable electrohydrodynamic nanodrip printing and it’s 3D printing capability is applied in this work to the field of printed electronics and biotechnology.
A fair protocol for signing contracts (1990)

Two parties, A and B, want to sign a contract C over a communication network. To do so, they must simultaneously exchange their commitments to C. Since simultaneous exchange is usually impossible in practice, protocols are needed to approximate simultaneity by exchanging partial commitments in piece-by-piece manner. During such a protocol, one party or another may have a slight advantage; a fair protocol keeps this advantage within acceptable limits. A new protocol is proposed. It is fair in the sense that, at any stage in its execution, the conditional probability that one party cannot commit both parties to the contract given that the other party can, is close to zero. This is true even if A and B have vastly different computing powers and is proved under very weak cryptographic assumptions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Strigolactone Story (2010)

Strigolactones (SLs) were originally isolated from plant root exudates as germination stimulants for root parasitic plants of the family Orobanchaceae, including witchweeds (Striga spp.), broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.), and Alectra spp., and so were regarded as detrimental to the producing plants. Their role as indispensable chemical signals for root colonization by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was subsequently unveiled, and SLs then became recognized as beneficial plant metabolites. In addition to these functions in the rhizosphere, it has been recently shown that SLs or their metabolites are a novel class of plant hormones that inhibit shoot branching. Furthermore, SLs are suggested to have other biological functions in rhizosphere communications and in plant growth and development.
Development of a complete UAV system using COTS equipment (2009)

This paper describes the development of a complete unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system (navigation software + ground station + specific aircraft) using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment. This development includes conceptual design and tests, as well as hardware and software development. The UAV can be remotely piloted from a ground station equipped with a laptop computer, real-time video, telemetry, interface devices, flight controls (joystick), virtual reality glasses (VRG) and dedicated software. The software installed on the ground station laptop, monitors flight information, captures/updates video and telemetry data in real time, and processes the head-up-display imagery. Using a synthetic vision navigation system (software under development) a 3D path route is created as a second navigation reference. This reference can be used to aid the pilot in navigation. All interfaces between pilot and ground station equipment are user friendly and are shown on the laptop screen and/or on the VRG. The VRG allow for complete pilot immersion into the navigation system.