gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Formulation of Lipid-Based Nanotechnologies for the Delivery of Fixed Dose Anticancer Drug Combinations (2005)

The introduction of combination chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of childhood leukaemia in the 1960s provided the proof-of-principle that cytotoxic drugs were capable of curing cancer. However, in the four decades since this discovery, the majority of cancers still cannot be cured by chemotherapy. Clinical evidence supports the hypothesis of Goldie and Coldman that treating cancers with all the available effective agents simultaneously provides the greatest chance of eliciting a cure. Unfortunately, for traditional cytotoxic agents with narrow therapeutic indices, life-threatening toxicity precludes combination chemotherapy regimens employing multiple agents. This review discusses the concept of fixed dose combination chemotherapy with emphasis on capturing therapeutic efficacy described as synergistic as a basis for improving the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy. The use of lipid-based nanotechnologies, focusing on liposomes, as an enabling technology to facilitate the delivery of cytotoxic agents to the tumour site at concentrations and/or drug ratios judged to be synergistic will be discussed. It is envisaged that the development of this model system will be supported by cell-based screening technologies, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and mathematical models describing therapeutic drug:drug interactions (the Median Effect Principle of Chou and Talalay). Experiments using preclinical models are presented to support the benefits of drug delivery systems as a foundation for fixed dose anticancer drug combinations. The ultimate goal of this research is to prepare a 'single vial' fixed dose combination product that encompasses both traditional cytotoxic agents and new molecularly targeted modalities with optimum therapeutic effects and acceptable toxicity.
Special Edition Using CGI (1997)

From the Publisher:
This complete reference provides professional Web developers and advanced personal users with the latest information on using CGI (Common Gateway Interface) to interact with databases., Updated from the highly successful first edition, this book helps users learn to create and implement scripts and master the details of implementing CGI on various platforms and languages.
Explains client and server uses of CGI
Provides extensive coverage of live audio and video feeds, user chat and interaction, and CGI security
Features separate chapters devoted to language-specific tips, tricks, and traps
Problems of control of the reactivity of macroradicals and the growth of polymer chains (2001)

Data on the influence of stable radicals, iniferters, organoelement compounds and other active additives on the reactivity of macroradicals and the elementary steps of the (co)polymerisation of acrylic and some other monomers are generalised. New approaches to the control of the lifetime of the polymer chain and of the chain propagation stage are analysed. The problems of synthesis of compositionally homogeneous homo- and copolymers by radical polymerisation are considered. The bibliography includes 247 references.
Интерпретация дисперсионных изображений многоканальных записей поверхностных волн в зимний период: эффекты присутствия мерзлого и низкоскоростного слоев дисперсных грунтов (2023)

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ChemInform Abstract: The Role of Lone Pair Interactions in the Chemistry of the Monosaccharides. The Mechanisms of the Oxidations of Monosaccharides by Bromine, Chromium Trioxide in Acetic Acid, and Ozone. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Adult female and neonate larval plant preferences of the generalist herbivore, <i>Epiphyas postvittana</i> (1999)

Abstract The polyphagous leafroller moth, Epiphyas postvittana , is a pest of many fruit crops in New Zealand. Since the larva is highly mobile, host selection in this insect may involve both the adult female and the larva. In order to test the relative importance of the adult female and the neonate larva in the selection of host plants, the ovipositional preferences of females, and the preferences or acceptances of neonate larvae towards 26 plant species, consisting of 15 plants considered hosts and 11 not considered hosts, were investigated. In the ovipositional tests, the mean preferences of females for hosts and non‐hosts were very similar. In contrast, larvae showed a significantly greater mean preference or acceptance towards hosts than to non‐hosts, in both choice and no‐choice bioassays, respectively. There were highly significant correlations between the preferences and acceptances of larvae for plants in the choice and no‐choice tests. In the no‐choice tests, there was a highly significant correlation between the acceptances of neonate larvae towards plants after one and three days (i.e., acceptances changed little over time). Moreover, in these no‐choice tests, there was a significant negative correlation between larval acceptance at 1 day and larval mortality after 3 days; that is, the less acceptable a given plant at 1 day, the more likely larvae would fail to establish, feed, and survive on it by three days. Female and larval preferences towards the various plants were also negatively correlated. Together, these data suggest that the selection of a plant for the neonate larva to feed on is largely governed by the preferences of the larva, rather than by the preferences of the female. However, selection of a plant for oviposition by the female, may be important in host selection for reasons unrelated to larval preferences, for example, by encouraging dispersal, perhaps to other plant species, of the neonate larvae and thereby decreasing intersibling competition.
SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS IN TISSUE DIAGNOSTICS USING LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE. (1985)

Studies of laser-induced fluorescence in rat tissues, including cancer tumors have been performed. Contrast enhancement techniques have been developed which improve the ability to localize a tumor when using fluorescence from the tumor-seeking substance hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD). A multi-color fluorescence imaging technique has been tested. A discussion of clinical applications is included.
Joint Beamforming Design for Multi-User Wireless Information and Power Transfer (2014)

In this paper, we propose a joint beamforming algorithm for a multiuser wireless information and power transfer (MU-WIPT) system that is compatible with the conventional multiuser multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) system. The proposed joint beamforming vectors are initialized using the well established MU-MIMO zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF) and are further updated to maximize the total harvested energy of energy harvesting (EH) users and guarantee the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) constraints of the co-scheduled information decoding (ID) users. When ID and EH users are simultaneously served by joint beamforming vectors, the harvested energy can be increased at the cost of an SINR loss for ID users. To characterize the SINR loss, the target SINR ratio μ is introduced as the target SINR (i.e., SINR constraint) normalized by the received SINR achievable with ZFBF. Based on that ratio, the sum rate and harvested energy obtained from the proposed algorithm are analyzed under perfect/imperfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). Through simulations and numerical results, we validate the derived analyses and demonstrate the EH and ID performance compared to both state of the art and conventional schemes.
Calculation of the lower limit of the spoofing-signal ratio for a GNSS receiver-spoofer (2018)

A receiver-spoofer is one of the most covert global navigation satellite system (GNSS) spoofing attacks and can only be effectively detected by the combination of multiple anti-spoofing technologies. In this paper, an analysis of influencing parameters for receiver-spoofers indicates that the ratio of the spoofing signal amplitude versus the authentic signal amplitude (spoofing-signal ratio) is a key parameter for spoofing results. For a spoofer to ensure covertness, the goal is to maintain a low spoofing-signal ratio. The carrier phase difference and code phase difference between authentic signals and spoofing signals resulted in errors in the position estimation of the target receiver increase the lower limit of the spoofing-signal ratio required for successful spoofing. A spoofing signal alters the phase of local replicate code based on the original balance of a receiver phase discriminator to seize control. Based on this principle, the lower limit of the spoofing-signal ratio that corresponds to various phase discriminator spacings, carrier phase differences, and code phase differences is deduced in this paper. Two tests are designed for the simulation source and authentic navigation signals to verify the deduced formula. The lower limit of the spoofing-signal ratio obtained from these tests matches the calculated results, which proves the validity and effectiveness of the derived algorithm.
Generation of coherent tunable Josephson radiation at microwave frequencies with narrowed linewidth (1978)

Coherent tunable microwave radiation (2–18 GHz) has been observed from two microbridge Josephson junctions coupled by a shunt resistor. The coherent power (∼4×10−12 W) is nearly four times the power emitted by a single junction. The linewidth of the radiation in the coherent state is one-half that from the individual microbridges.
Enhancing reliability using peer consistency evaluation in human computation (2013)

Peer consistency evaluation is often used in games with a purpose (GWAP) to evaluate workers using outputs of other workers without using gold standard answers. Despite its popularity, the reliability of peer consistency evaluation has never been systematically tested to show how it can be used as a general evaluation method in human computation systems. We present experimental results that show that human computation systems using peer consistency evaluation can lead to outcomes that are even better than those that evaluate workers using gold standard answers. We also show that even without evaluation, simply telling the workers that their answers will be used as future evaluation standards can significantly enhance the workers' performance. Results have important implication for methods that improve the reliability of human computation systems.
A Comprehensive Sub-Grid Air Entrainment Model for RaNS Modeling of Free-Surface Bubbly Flows (2011)

The simulation of free surface bubbly flows using a two-fluid model remains a challenging problem in part due to the lack of a comprehensive air entrainment model that can predict the rate and location of air entrainment for a wide range of flows. In this study we derive a sub-grid model and implement it in a computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) framework to solve the Reynolds-averaged two-fluid equations. We assess the performance of our model in simulating bubbly flows underneath a plunging liquid jet and a hydraulic jump while varying the characteristic velocity. We compare the void fraction predictions with their experimental counterparts and conclude that the air entrainment model and the two-fluid modeling approach yield accurate results everywhere for the plunging jet and in the turbulent shear layer for the hydraulic jump. The inability of the proposed approach to recover the high void fraction in the roller region of the hydraulic jump is attributed to the failure of RaNS model to resolve the large coherent vortices observed in this region.
4‐[<sup>18</sup>F]fluorophenyl ureas via carbamate‐4‐nitrophenyl esters and 4‐[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroaniline (2006)

Abstract Four different no carrier added (n.c.a.) 4‐[ 18 F]fluorophenylurea derivatives are synthesized as model compounds via two alternative routes. In both cases carbamate‐4‐nitrophenylesters are used as intermediates. Either n.c.a. 4‐[ 18 F]fluoroaniline reacts with carbamates of several amines, or the carbamate of n.c.a. 4‐[ 18 F]fluoroaniline is formed at first and an amine is added subsequently to yield the urea derivative. The choice of the appropriate way of reaction depends on the possibilities of precursor synthesis. The radiochemical yields reach up to 80% after 50 min of synthesis time while no radiochemical by‐products can be determined. These high yields were possible due to an optimized preparation of n.c.a. 4‐[ 18 F]fluoroaniline with a radiochemical yield of up to 90%. From the various ways of its radiosynthesis, the substitution with n.c.a. [ 18 F]fluoride on dinitrobenzene is chosen, using phosphorous acid and palladium black for reduction of the second nitro group. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An open-source framework for stress-testing non-invasive foetal ECG extraction algorithms (2016)

Over the past decades, many studies have been published on the extraction of non-invasive foetal electrocardiogram (NI-FECG) from abdominal recordings. Most of these contributions claim to obtain excellent results in detecting foetal QRS (FQRS) complexes in terms of location. A small subset of authors have investigated the extraction of morphological features from the NI-FECG. However, due to the shortage of available public databases, the large variety of performance measures employed and the lack of open-source reference algorithms, most contributions cannot be meaningfully assessed. This article attempts to address these issues by presenting a standardised methodology for stress testing NI-FECG algorithms, including absolute data, as well as extraction and evaluation routines. To that end, a large database of realistic artificial signals was created, totaling 145.8 h of multichannel data and over one million FQRS complexes. An important characteristic of this dataset is the inclusion of several non-stationary events (e.g. foetal movements, uterine contractions and heart rate fluctuations) that are critical for evaluating extraction routines. To demonstrate our testing methodology, three classes of NI-FECG extraction algorithms were evaluated: blind source separation (BSS), template subtraction (TS) and adaptive methods (AM). Experiments were conducted to benchmark the performance of eight NI-FECG extraction algorithms on the artificial database focusing on: FQRS detection and morphological analysis (foetal QT and T/QRS ratio). The overall median FQRS detection accuracies (i.e. considering all non-stationary events) for the best performing methods in each group were 99.9% for BSS, 97.9% for AM and 96.0% for TS. Both FQRS detections and morphological parameters were shown to heavily depend on the extraction techniques and signal-to-noise ratio. Particularly, it is shown that their evaluation in the source domain, obtained after using a BSS technique, should be avoided. Data, extraction algorithms and evaluation routines were released as part of the fecgsyn toolbox on Physionet under an GNU GPL open-source license. This contribution provides a standard framework for benchmarking and regulatory testing of NI-FECG extraction algorithms.
Specificity and Cross-Reactivity of Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive with the Core and Lipid A Regions of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (1989)

Twenty-nine murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against antigenic determinants in the core and lipid A regions of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At least eight distinct MAb specificities were identified. Epitopes recognized by MAbs bearing these specificities were localized in the hexose, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid regions of the core oligosaccharide and on lipid A. Two groups of MAbs exhibited multispecificity for similar but distinct core- and lipid A-related epitopes. Some core-reactive MAbs cross-reacted with corresponding E. coli and Salmonella rough mutant chemotypes; others were specific for E. coli J5 LPS. Lipid A-specific MAbs reacted with free lipid A from diverse sources. Few MAbs reacted with smooth LPS. Antibody cross-reactivity was restricted by inter- and intraspecies differences in covalent core structure and by epitope concealment by overlying O-side chain and core sugars. The putative cross-reactive and antiendotoxic properties of MAbs specific for the core-lipid A complex may be limited by the inability of such MAbs to recognize determinants on "native" LPS.
Nanotubes in Si-doped titanium dioxide (2002)

Silicon-doped metal oxide nanotubes are formed in Si-doped titanium dioxide prepared by a sol-gel technique.
Fabrication and characterization of silicon field emitter arrays with focusing electrode by the chemical mechanical polishing process (1998)

We have fabricated silicon field emitter arrays with focusing electrodes by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. After the formation of very sharp tips, the gate electrodes were formed by a CMP process. A very high etching selectivity (&gt;100:1) between the gate electrode and the gate dielectric was used for preventing the tip to be etched off during the CMP. The dishing problem during the CMP process of the gate electrode was solved by forming an oxide masking layer on top of the gate electrode. After the formation of the extracting (first) gate electrode, the second electrode for focusing the electron beam was formed. By the CMP process, a clear-cut gate electrode was easily obtained which was aligned exactly to the tip. The equipotential contours and electron trajectories were simulated for a single emitter that has an extracting gate and a focusing electrode using a two-dimensional finite element method.
Situation types in American Sign Language (2003)

Several kinds of situation types have often been distinguished in the literature: states, activities, semelfactives, achievements and accomplishments. Since these situation types relate to properties of states and events that occur in the world, they are understood in any language. It is at the linguistic level that situation types are claimed to be encoded differently across languages. This paper argues that all five situation types are manifested at the linguistic level in American Sign Language and is thus chiefly concerned with identifying the linguistic means that ASL uses to distinguish one situation type from another. Examples of linguistic means include the ability of a certain morpheme to appear with a verb and the ability of a certain adverbial to appear in a sentence. In identifying the linguistic correlates of situation types in ASL, this paper hopes to offer an interesting cross-linguistic and crossmodal perspective on aspect. For example, the discussion of accomplishments includes two morphemes (xMOVy and HOLD) and two kinds of complex verb constructions.
Murine models of autoimmune disease. (1992)

Animal models of autoimmunity are used to identify important immunologic factors and pathways involved in the different autoimmune diseases. Identification of the role of cytokines and development of new disease models have led to new possibilities for treatment.
Production of Aspartic Acid and Lysine by Citrate Synthase Mutants of<i>Brevibacterium flavum</i> (1982)

A prototrophic revertant was derived from a citrate synthase-defective glutamate auxotroph of Brevibacterium flavum. It showed low citrate synthase activity and overproduced L-aspartic acid. The maximum production was 10.6 g/liter (about a 30% yield) when the strain was cultured in medium containing 36 g/liter of glucose for 48 hr. The amount of aspartic acid produced depended greatly on the concentration of biotin in the medium, as the case of glutamate production by the original wild strain. When the revertant strain was cultured with excess biotin, acetic acid accumulated instead of aspartic acid. A mutant resistant to S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine plus threonine derived from the revertant strain produced 36 g/liter of L-lysine (as hydrochloride salt) when it was cultured in medium containing 100 g/liter of glucose for 72 hr (36% yield). The amount of lysine production by this mutant was greater than those by the resistant mutants derived directly from the original wild strain. The frequency of the appearance of mutants which produced more than 30 g/liter of lysine was about one per 250 strains of resistant mutants. A high concentration of ammonium sulfate was required for a high yield of lysine production. A homoserine auxotroph derived from the revertant strain produced 33 g/liter of L-lysine (33% yield), which was almost the same amount as that derived directly from the original wild strain.
Cancer Management Chapter 23: Primary and metastatic brain tumors (2010)

Intracranial neoplasms can arise from any of the structures or cell types present in the cranial vault, including the brain, meninges, pituitary gland, skull, and even residual embryonic tissue. The overall annual incidence of primary brain tumors in the United States is 14 cases per 100,000 population.
Characterization of a cell wall β‐galactosidase of <i>Cicer arietinum</i> epicotyls involved in cell wall autolysis (1990)

β‐Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) has been established as the main enzyme involved in the autolytic process. The enzyme extracted from cell walls of epicotyls of Cicer arietinum L. cv. Castellana with 3 M LiCl is a 45 kDa protein composed of a single subunit, having an optimum pH of 4; an optimum temperature of 45°C and K m and V max of 1.72 m M and 18.5 nkat (mg protein) –1 respectively, as evaluated against p ‐nitrophenyl‐β‐ d ‐galactopyranoside. The enzyme is inhibited by Hg 2+ , d ‐galactono‐1,4‐lactone and galactose, substances that also inhibit the autolytic process. Ca 2+ and EDTA, which do not affect the activity of the β‐gaiactosidase, do however modify the hydrolysis of the cell wall mediated by the enzyme, and they also inhibit the autolytic process. Ca 2+ decreased both processes, whereas EDTA increased them; and when both substances were added together, their individual effects were neutralized. The effects of both agents is probably due to modifications in the cell wall that prevent access of the enzyme to its substrate.
Studies on the expression of alpha(v)beta3 integrin receptors in non-malignant and malignant human cervical tumor tissues. (2001)

Integrins are group of cell surface receptors, which mediate adhesion between cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix proteins of the basement membrane. Integrins play an important role in cellular growth, development, morphology, signalling and also in tumor development. Among the integrin group of cell surface receptors one of the most important member is alpha(v)beta3 integrin receptor. Evidences say that the expression of this integrin receptor is regulated during tumor development. Large numbers of studies have been done to establish the role of alpha(v)beta3 integrin receptor in human melanoma systems. Expression of this receptor in metastatic but not benign melanomas suggests a role for this integrin in the regulation of tumor proliferation. Alpha(v)beta3 integrin receptor also plays a significant role in tumor angiogenesis, apoptosis and signal transduction process. Recent studies show that collagenase MMP-2 binds directly to integrin alpha(v)beta3 on the surface of invasive tumor cells and facilitates tumor cell invasion. In this present communication we studied the expression of alpha(v)beta3 integrin receptor in malignant and non-malignant cervical tumor tissues. Because receptor ligand interaction is a cell surface phenomenon the membrane fraction of tumor tissues was separated and the expression of alpha(v)beta3 integrin receptor was assayed by ELISA and immunoprecipitation from membrane extracted protein fraction. Comparative ELISA and immunoprecipitation clearly demonstrates much higher expression of alpha(v)beta3 vitronectin integrin receptor in the membrane fraction of malignant human cervical tumor tissues than nonmalignant tissue membrane fractions.