gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Line focus x-ray tubes—a new concept to produce high brilliance x-rays (2017)

Currently hard coherent x-ray radiation at high photon fluxes can only be produced with large and expensive radiation sources, such as 3[Formula: see text] generation synchrotrons. Especially in medicine, this limitation prevents various promising developments in imaging and therapy from being translated into clinical practice. Here we present a new concept of highly brilliant x-ray sources, line focus x-ray tubes (LFXTs), which may serve as a powerful and cheap alternative to synchrotrons and a range of other existing technologies. LFXTs employ an extremely thin focal spot and a rapidly rotating target for the electron beam which causes a change in the physical mechanism of target heating, allowing higher electron beam intensities at the focal spot. Monte Carlo simulations and numeric solutions of the heat equation are used to predict the characteristics of the LFXT. In terms of photon flux and coherence length, the performance of the line focus x-ray tube compares with inverse Compton scattering sources. Dose rates of up to 180 Gy [Formula: see text] can be reached in 50 cm distance from the focal spot. The results demonstrate that the line focus tube can serve as a powerful compact source for phase contrast imaging and microbeam radiation therapy. The production of a prototype seems technically feasible.
Diagnostic grade wireless ECG monitoring (2011)

In remote monitoring of Electrocardiogram (ECG), it is very important to ensure that the diagnostic integrity of signals is not compromised by sensing artifacts and channel errors. It is also important for the sensors to be extremely power efficient to enable wearable form factors and long battery life. We present an application of Compressive Sensing (CS) as an error mitigation scheme at the application layer for wearable, wireless sensors in diagnostic grade remote monitoring of ECG. In our previous work, we described an approach to mitigate errors due to packet losses by projecting ECG data to a random space and recovering a faithful representation using sparse reconstruction methods. Our contributions in this work are twofold. First, we present an efficient hardware implementation of random projection at the sensor. Second, we validate the diagnostic integrity of the reconstructed ECG after packet loss mitigation. We validate our approach on MIT and AHA databases comprising more than 250,000 normal and abnormal beats using EC57 protocols adopted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We show that sensitivity and positive predictivity of a state-of-the-art ECG arrhythmia classifier is essentially invariant under CS based packet loss mitigation for both normal and abnormal beats even at high packet loss rates. In contrast, the performance degrades significantly in the absence of any error mitigation scheme, particularly for abnormal beats such as Ventricular Ectopic Beats (VEB).
Rex: Preventing Bugs and Misconfiguration in Large Services Using Correlated Change Analysis (2020)

Large services experience extremely frequent changes to code and configuration. In many cases, these changes are correlated across files. For example, an engineer introduces a new feature following which they also change a configuration file to enable the feature only on a small number of experimental machines. This example captures only one of numerous types of correlations that emerge organically in large services. Unfortunately, in almost all such cases, no documentation or specification guides engineers on how to make correlated changes and they often miss making them. Such misses can be vastly disruptive to the service. We have designed and deployed Rex, a tool that, using a combination of machine-learning and program analysis, learns change-rules that capture such correlations. When an engineer changes only a subset of files in a change-rule, Rex suggests additional changes to the engineer based on the change-rule. Rex has been deployed for 14 months on 360 repositories within Microsoft that hold code and configuration for services such as Office 365 and Azure. Rex has so far positively affected 4926 changes without which, at the very least, code-quality would have degraded and, in some cases, the service would have been severely disrupted.
Optimization of Hierarchical Structures for Beta Zeolites by Post-Synthetic Base Leaching (2016)

Hierarchical structures of zeolite beta with Si/Al ratios in the range of 14–250 are optimized by post-synthetic base leaching, including direct alkaline treatments in NaOH solutions, fluorination–desilication sequences, and alkaline treatments in the presence of tetrapropylammonium cations (TPA+) as the pore-directing agent (PDA). Mesoporosity can be conveniently obtained by a single step of base leaching in NaOH (e.g., 0.2 M NaOH at 65 °C) for high Al beta zeolites (Si/Al < 20) with good preservation of microporosity, which is attributed to the dual play of framework stability and Al inhibition. For high Si beta zeolites (Si/Al > 20), the alkaline treatments in the presence of PDA (e.g., TPA+) are crucial for creating mesopores without sacrificing the original zeolite framework. In the absence of TPA+, the high Si zeolite framework is very sensitive to NaOH leaching, resulting in severe structural amorphization. High Al zeolite beta can also be leached by alkaline treatments with TPA+, which features smaller mesopores as compared to the ones desilicated by NaOH alone. According to the NH3-TPD characterization, the acidity is well preserved for the alkaline-treated samples with reference to the parent zeolite beta (Si/Al:14), with preservation of total amounts of acid sites up to 85% and similar NH3 desorption activation energy. The sequential fluorination–desilication protocol, while effective for creating hierarchical high Al MFI-type zeolites, is not effective for zeolite beta under similar conditions due to the excessive framework activation upon fluorination that results in severe loss of microporosity and crystallinity.
Induction, Localization, and Purification of a Novel Sialidase, Deaminoneuraminidase (KDNase), from Sphingobacterium multivorum (1996)

Recently, we reported the discovery of a new type of sialidase, KDNase, which specifically hydrolyzes the ketosidic linkages of 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN), but not N-acylneuraminyl linkages. We now report that this enzyme, designated KDNase SM, is an inducible enzyme that is localized in the periplasm of Sphingobacterium multivorum. Growth of S. multivorum in the presence of KDN-containing oligosaccharide alditols, KDNalpha2-->3Galbeta1-->3GalNAc alpha1-->3[KDNalpha2--> (8KDN alpha2-->)n-->6]GalNAcol, as a sole carbon source induced KDNase SM activity 15 40-fold, compared with growth in the absence of inducer. KDN, Neu5Ac, or Neu5Ac oligomers were ineffective as inducers. The enzyme was released from the periplasm of induced cells by cold osmotic shock and purified 700-fold to homogeneity. The specific activity of the pure enzyme was 82,100 units/mg of protein. KDNase SM activity resided in a single polypeptide chain with an estimated molecular weight of approximately 47,500. Enzyme activity was maximal at near neutral pH. The availability of pure KDNase will now make it possible to study the structure and functional role of KDN-glycoconjugates and to determine the molecular mechanism whereby the enzyme can discriminate between KDN and N-acylneuraminic acid.
Bioadsorption of Rare Earth Elements through Cell Surface Display of Lanthanide Binding Tags (2016)

With the increasing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) in many emerging clean energy technologies, there is an urgent need for the development of new approaches for efficient REE extraction and recovery. As a step toward this goal, we genetically engineered the aerobic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus for REE adsorption through high-density cell surface display of lanthanide binding tags (LBTs) on its S-layer. The LBT-displayed strains exhibited enhanced adsorption of REEs compared to cells lacking LBT, high specificity for REEs, and an adsorption preference for REEs with small atomic radii. Adsorbed Tb(3+) could be effectively recovered using citrate, consistent with thermodynamic speciation calculations that predicted strong complexation of Tb(3+) by citrate. No reduction in Tb(3+) adsorption capacity was observed following citrate elution, enabling consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles. The LBT-displayed strain was effective for extracting REEs from the acid leachate of core samples collected at a prospective rare earth mine. Our collective results demonstrate a rapid, efficient, and reversible process for REE adsorption with potential industrial application for REE enrichment and separation.
Breast Cancer and DNA Repair Capacity: Association With Use of Multivitamin and Calcium Supplements. (2013)

Although this study is a case-control study in which the risk of BC could not be assessed, results suggest that vitamin supplementation could be an independent protective factor for BC. Calcium intake appears to affect DRC in a positive way, because it was associated with a high DRC level, which in turn is associated with low odds for BC.
Reversible Complexation Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (RCMP) Using Organic Catalysts (2011)

A novel class of living radical polymerization using amines as organic catalysts was developed. It is based on a new reversible activation mechanism, reversible complexation (RC). The polymer molecular weight and its distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.1–1.4) were well controlled in the polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene, acrylonitrile, and some functional methacrylates with a fairly high conversion in hours in many cases. The catalysts include such common amines as triethylamine and tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA). Their low cost, good environmental safety, and ease of handling may be attractive for possible applications. Kinetic studies supported the RC mechanism. The activation rate constant for the MMA/TMEDA system was large enough to explain why the system provides low-polydispersity polymers from an early stage of polymerization.
Real-time tumor ablation monitoring and mapping using harmonic motion imaging <i>ex vivo</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. (2011)

Harmonic motion imaging (HMI) uses a focused ultrasound (FUS) beam to generate an oscillatory acoustic radiation force for an internal, noncontact palpation to internally estimate relative tissue hardness. HMI estimates and maps the tissue dynamic motion in response to the oscillatory force at the same frequency, and has been shown feasible in simulations, phantoms, ex vivo human and bovine tissues, as well as animals in vivo. Using an FUS beam, HMI can also be used in an ideal integration setting with thermal ablation using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), which leads to an alteration in the tumor stiffness. In this paper, the capability of HMI to localize and target the tumor, as well as monitor its subsequent ablation, is assessed. The findings presented demonstrate that HMI is capable of both detecting and characterizing the tumor as well as efficiently detecting the onset of ablation. More importantly, HMI is shown capable of distinguishing the tumor margins from that of the thermal lesions in vivo in order to assess the treatment success. HMI may thus constitute an integrated, real-time method for efficient HIFU monitoring. [This work was supported by NIH Grant No. R21EB008521.]
Continuous-Phase Control of a Powered Knee–Ankle Prosthesis: Amputee Experiments Across Speeds and Inclines (2018)

Control systems for powered prosthetic legs typically divide the gait cycle into several periods with distinct controllers, resulting in dozens of control parameters that must be tuned across users and activities. To address this challenge, this paper presents a control approach that unifies the gait cycle of a powered knee-ankle prosthesis using a continuous, user-synchronized sense of phase. Virtual constraints characterize the desired periodic joint trajectories as functions of a phase variable across the entire stride. The phase variable is computed from residual thigh motion, giving the amputee control over the timing of the prosthetic joint patterns. This continuous sense of phase enabled three transfemoral amputee subjects to walk at speeds from 0.67 to 1.21 m/s and slopes from -2.5 to +9.0 deg. Virtual constraints based on task-specific kinematics facilitated normative adjustments in joint work across walking speeds. A fixed set of control gains generalized across these activities and users, which minimized the configuration time of the prosthesis.
The Plasma Bipolar Junction phototransistor: coupling electron-hole and electron-ion plasmas (2011)

Coupling semiconductor (e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> -h <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ) and gas phase plasmas with a strong electric field yields a transistor exhibiting photosensitivity and voltage gain but also a light-emitting collector whose radiative output can be switched and modulated.
Dixon techniques in spiral trajectories with off‐resonance correction: A new approach for fat signal suppression without spatial‐spectral RF pulses (2003)

Spiral imaging has recently gained acceptance in MR applications requiring rapid data acquisition. One of the main disadvantages of spiral imaging, however, is blurring artifacts that result from off-resonance effects. Spatial-spectral (SPSP) pulses are commonly used to suppress those spins that are chemically shifted from water and lead to off-resonance artifacts. However, SPSP pulses may produce nonuniform fat signal suppression or unwanted water signal suppression when applied in the presence of B(0) field inhomogeneities. Dixon techniques have been developed as methods for water-fat signal decomposition in rectilinear sampling schemes since they can produce unequivocal water-fat signal decomposition even in the presence of B(0) inhomogeneities. This article demonstrates that three-point and two-point Dixon techniques can be extended to conventional spiral and variable-density spiral data acquisitions for unambiguous water-fat decomposition with off-resonance blurring correction. In the spiral three-point Dixon technique, water-fat signal decomposition and image deblurring are performed based on the frequency maps that are directly derived from the acquired images. In the spiral two-point Dixon technique, several predetermined frequencies are tested to create a frequency map. The newly proposed techniques can achieve more effective and more uniform fat signal suppression when compared to the conventional spiral acquisition method with SPSP pulses.
All-fibre wideband polarisation beam-combiner (2004)

An all-fibre polarisation beam-combiner with more than 200 nm spectral width for −15 dB extinction ratio is demonstrated. The design is based on a narrowband polarisation beam-combiner coupler in association with a WDM coupler in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure.
Waterfilling-based resource allocation techniques in downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) with Single-User MIMO (2017)

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has proven itself as a serious candidate for multiple access schemes in the 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation of wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose new resource allocation techniques that allow the coupling of NOMA with multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. As in most of downlink NOMA systems, the proportional fairness (PF) scheduler is used. As for power allocation (PA), most previous works assume an equal PA between antennas and subbands, which is sub-optimal. In this paper, we first propose a technique to reduce the complexity of the PF scheduler, and then we introduce an iterative waterfilling-based power allocation to the Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) case. Extensive simulations show that the novel PA technique improves the quality of experience of users suffering from bad channel conditions, as well as the user fairness.
Inpainting of Binary Images Using the Cahn–Hilliard Equation (2006)

Image inpainting is the filling in of missing or damaged regions of images using information from surrounding areas. We outline here the use of a model for binary inpainting based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation, which allows for fast, efficient inpainting of degraded text, as well as super-resolution of high contrast images.
Semiconductor laser gyroscope (1992)

A laser gyroscope is a rotation sensing device. As the laser is rotated the two counterpropagating pulses in the cavity develop a frequency shift between them proportional to the rotation rate. For values of the rotation rate below a certain cutoff the pulses can lock to the same frequency, making the gyroscope ineffective. This lock-in phenomenon can be caused by backscattered radiation from one pulse (off the acousto-optic modulator, diode, etc.), which is coupled into the counterpropagating pulse. This coupling falls off exponentially as a function of the distance from the backscattering element. Therefore to minimize this coupling one can design a laser for which the pulse crossings are far from the cavity elements. This can be achieved by modulating the diode at twice the cavity round-trip rate (generating two pulses in the cavity) and by simultaneously modulating the acousto-optic modulator (essentially an optical gate) at three times the cavity rate.
Optimization of the Indenone Ring of Indenoisoquinoline Topoisomerase I Inhibitors (2007)

Two series of indenoisoquinoline topoisomerase I inhibitors have been prepared to investigate optimal substituents on the indenone ring at the 9-position. The more exhaustive series was prepared using a nitrated isoquinoline ring that has been previously demonstrated to enhance biological activity. After preliminary biological evaluation, a more focused series of inhibitors was prepared utilizing a 2,3-dimethoxy-substituted isoquinoline ring. The results of the two series indicate the existence of superior functional groups such as methoxy, fluorine, and cyano for the indenoisoquinoline 9-position. Interestingly, these functional groups coincide with established structure-activity relationships for the 11-position of camptothecin.
Arraying Nonmagnetic Colloids by Magnetic Nanoparticle Assemblers (2006)

We review our recent work on the manipulation and assembly of nonmagnetic colloidal materials above magnetically programmable surface templates. The nonmagnetic materials are manipulated by a fluid dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles, known as ferrofluid. Particle motion is guided by a program of magnetic information stored in a substrate in the form of a lithographically patterned template of micromagnets. We show how dynamic control over the motion of nonmagnetic particles can be accomplished by applying rotating external magnetic field. This unexpectedly large degree of control over particle motion can be used to manipulate large ensembles of particles in parallel, potentially with local control over particle trajectory
Demonstration of a photonically controlled RF phase shifter (1999)

Integrated photonic radio frequency (RF) phase shifters with dc voltage control have been realized using a nested dual Mach-Zehnder modulator configuration in a new nonlinear optical polymer, CLD2-ISX. These modulators have a V/sub /spl pi// of 10.8 V and exhibit excellent frequency performance measured up to 20 GHz. A near linear phase shift exceeding 108/spl deg/ was obtained for a 16-GHz microwave signal by tuning the dc control voltage over a 7.8-V range. It is expected that these integrated polymer phase shifters will find widespread applications in new types of lightweight optically controlled phased array systems.
Expressed CpG island sequence tag microarray for dual screening of DNA hypermethylation and gene silencing in cancer cells. (2002)

We present a novel concept by using expressed CpG island sequence tags (ECISTs)for dual analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression in cancer cells. ECISTs are present in the genome and are DNA fragments expected to be located in the promoter and first exon region of genes. Their GC-rich segments can be used for screening hypermethylated CpG sites in cancer cells, and their exon-containing portions can be used for measuring levels of the corresponding transcripts. A total of 1162 loci met the criteria of ECISTs from an initial screening of 7776 CpG island tags. This ECIST panel was used to analyze the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, which was treated with a demethylating agent. Microarray profile analysis identified 30 methylation-silenced genes, the expression of which could be directly reactivated by demethylation. An additional group of 96 up-regulated genes was also identified but appeared to be downstream from this epigenetic cascade. Thus, this study shows that the ECIST microarray can be used to differentiate the primary and secondary causes of demethylation and provides an effective tool to elucidate the mechanisms of aberrant DNA methylation in cancer.
Interplay Between Surface and Buffer Traps in Governing Breakdown Characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs—Part II (2020)

Physical insights into the complex interplay of surface and (GaN) buffer traps governing breakdown characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are developed by well-calibrated TCAD simulations. Impact of surface traps in correlation with 1) acceptor traps in case of Fe doping and 2) self-compensating traps (corresponding to C doping) in the GaN buffer on breakdown characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is discussed. The explorations include defect-related traps as well as traps induced by intentional buffer doping by carbon/iron. The computational findings corroborate well with the experimentally observed electric field profile for devices with different buffer doping conditions. Developed insights have allowed to discuss the collective impact of surface as well as buffer traps on device design to improve breakdown characteristics.
Electron beam column for in-line applications featuring enhanced imaging of high-aspect-ratio structures by selective detection of on-axis secondary electrons (1999)

The scanning electron microscope presented here allows for enhanced and selective detection of on-axis secondary electrons by a novel two-detector arrangement in combination with a beam separator. It is based on our high-resolution electron beam column. The off-axis secondary electrons are recorded by a conventional in-lens detector. The on-axis secondary electrons from the primary electrons and deflects them towards a scintillator-based detector. The detector for on-axis secondary electrons can either work in a stand-alone mode or in combination with the in-lens detector. Due to the symmetry of its deflection field, the beam separator causes no first-order chromatic aberrations to the primary beam and the spatial resolution is not deteriorated. A first experimental evaluation has demonstrated the enhanced capabilities of this system.