gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glucose Isomerization by Enzymes and Chemo-catalysts: Status and Current Advances (2017)

The well-known interconversion of aldoses to their corresponding ketoses was discovered more than a century ago, but has recently attracted renewed attention due to alternative application areas. Since the pioneering discovery, much work has been directed toward improving the process of isomerization of aldoses in terms of yields, catalysts, solvents, catalytic systems, etc., by both enzymatic and chemo-catalytic approaches. Among aldose–ketose interconversion reactions, fructose production by glucose isomerization to make high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is an industrially important and large biocatalytic process today, and a large number of studies have been reported on the process development. In parallel, also alternative chemo-catalytic systems have emerged, as enzymatic conversion has drawbacks, though they are typically more selective and produce fructose under mild reaction conditions. Isomerization of glucose is also a central reaction for making renewable platform chemicals, such as lactic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and levulinic acid. In these other applications, thermally stable catalysts are required, thus making use of enzymatic catalysis inadequate, since enzymes generally possess a limited temperature operating window, typically less than 80 °C. From this viewpoint, the chemo-catalysts—especially solid heterogeneous catalysts—are playing a key role for the development of not only making HFCS, but also making chemicals and fuels from glucose via the isomerized product/intermediate fructose. This review focuses on how both enzyme- and chemo-catalysts are being useful for the isomerization of glucose to fructose. Specifically, development of Lewis acid-containing zeolites for glucose isomerization is reviewed in detail, including mechanism, isotopic labeling, and computational studies.
Nuclear reactor for breeding /sup 233/U (1976)

A light-water-cooled nuclear reactor capable of breeding /sup 233/U for use in a light-water breeder reactor includes physically separated regions containing /sup 235/U fissile material and /sup 238/U fertile material and /sup 232/Th fertile material and /sup 239/Pu fissile material, if available. Preferably the /sup 235/U fissile material and /sup 238/U fertile material are contained in longitudinally movable seed regions and the /sup 239/Pu fissile material and /sup 232/Th fertile material are contained in blanket regions surrounding the seed regions. 1 claim, 5 figures.
Operation Characteristics of Thin-Film Transistors Using Very Thin Amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O Channels (2011)

Operation characteristics of amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors (TFTs) having very thin channels were studied. TFTs thinner than 10 nm exhibit large mobilities 6–10 cm2 (Vs)–1, but that of a 5 nm thick TFT became 1 order of magnitude smaller. Threshold voltage increases with decreasing the channel thickness at <20 nm. It was confirmed that continuous films were formed at film thickness' ≥1.3 nm, excluding the possibility that discontinuous film structures caused the deterioration. It was also found that shallow traps decreased but doping efficiency became worse for thinner films. These are explained by surface deep traps.
Validation of dose distribution for liver tumors treated with real-time-image gated spot-scanning proton therapy by log data based dose reconstruction (2021)

In spot scanning proton therapy (SSPT), the spot position relative to the target may fluctuate through tumor motion even when gating the radiation by utilizing a fiducial marker. We have established a procedure that evaluates the delivered dose distribution by utilizing log data on tumor motion and spot information. The purpose of this study is to show the reliability of the dose distributions for liver tumors treated with real-time-image gated SSPT (RGPT). In the evaluation procedure, the delivered spot information and the marker position are synchronized on the basis of log data on the timing of the spot irradiation and fluoroscopic X-ray irradiation. Then a treatment planning system reconstructs the delivered dose distribution. Dose distributions accumulated for all fractions were reconstructed for eight liver cases. The log data were acquired in all 168 fractions for all eight cases. The evaluation was performed for the values of maximum dose, minimum dose, D99, and D5-D95 for the clinical target volumes (CTVs) and mean liver dose (MLD) scaled by the prescribed dose. These dosimetric parameters were statistically compared between the planned dose distribution and the reconstructed dose distribution. The mean difference of the maximum dose was 1.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6%-2.1%). Regarding the minimum dose, the mean difference was 0.1% (95% CI: -0.5%-0.7%). The mean differences of D99, D5-D95 and MLD were below 1%. The reliability of dose distributions for liver tumors treated with RGPT-SSPT was shown by the evaluation of the accumulated dose distributions.
Nonlinearity in holey optical fibers: measurement and future opportunities (1999)

Holey fibers combine two-dimensional microstructuring with one-dimensional longitudinal propagation, resulting in fibers with tailorable dispersive and nonlinear properties. We measure the effective nonlinearity of a typical holey fiber. The small effective area that is possible in this type of fiber significantly enhances its effective nonlinearity relative to standard fiber.
Combating Data Leakage Trojans in Sequential Circuits Through Randomized Encoding (2017)

Globalization of micro-chip fabrication has opened a new avenue of cyber-crime. It is now possible to insert hardware Trojans directly into the chip during the manufacturing process. These hardware Trojans are capable of destroying a chip, reducing performance or even capturing sensitive data. This paper presents a modification to a recently presented method of Trojan defense known as RECORD: Randomized Encoding of COmbinational Logic for Resistance to Data Leakage. RECORD aims to prevent data leakage through a randomized encoding and split manufacturing scheme. Its weakness, however, it that it is only applicable to combinational circuits. Sequential RECORD proposes a method to extend RECORD concepts to sequential designs. Experimental work with Sequential RECORD on a Data Encryption Standard circuit show that it is effective with the cost of a 3.75x area overhead, 4.5x power overhead and only a 3% decrease in performance.
Printing Rubber Blanket (2007)

This paper describes a method for manufacturing the compressible layer, its technical trend, and the new types of printing rubber blanket introduced to the high speed printing press.
Direct conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid and gamma-valerolactone using solid acid catalysts (2012)

Cellulose was converted with high yield (69%) to levulinic acid (LA) using Amberlyst 70 as the catalyst and using a solution of 90 wt% gamma-valerolactone (GVL) and 10 wt% water as the solvent, compared to the low yield of 20% obtained in water. The LA was upgraded to GVL without any neutralization or purification steps due to the solubilization of humins by the GVL solvent. High LA yields (54%) were also obtained from real biomass (corn stover).
Desorption Electrospray Ionization in a Small Pressure-Tight Enclosure (2007)

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is made easier to implement, more robust, and exposure of the analyst to the sample is reduced by a novel DESI interface. This features a small, pressure-tight enclosure with fixed spatial relationships between the sprayer, surface, and sampling capillary. There is no loss in signal using this configuration, which provides improved safety and ease of use. Performance is largely independent of the geometrical configuration of the spray and inlet. Enclosed DESI sources with the incident and collection capillaries set at various angles were compared to the conventional optimized geometry open DESI source. Comparable results were obtained in all cases for typical proteins, peptides, and small molecules. With the spray and collection capillaries set parallel and at an angle perpendicular to the surface, the new DESI source allows for easy and direct analysis of the contents of standard 96-well plates. The effects of various operating parameters for the new source such as applied spray potential, liquid and gas flow rates, and enclosure material were investigated.
31.3: Organic EL Materials Based on Styryl and Amine Derivatives (2001)

Abstract Excellent organic electroluminescent materials are needed to obtain the color EL devices with high performance. We have succeeded in realizing bright and efficient devices with long lifetime in various color regions, based on styryl and amine derivatives.
The Ethylene Pathway: A Paradigm for Plant Hormone Signaling and Interaction (2001)

To dissect the web of signals that control plant growth, it is important to understand how the individual components of the pathway are modulated. Ethylene is a plant hormone involved in a large number of developmental processes. Biochemical and genetic approaches have provided a detailed view of the biosynthetic and signal transduction pathways of this hormone in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The effects of several hormones and of developmental changes on the regulation of the key enzymes of ethylene biosynthesis, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, serve as a clear example of interaction between signals in the generation of complex responses. We now have a picture of how ethylene is sensed by the ethylene receptors and how the signal is further transduced to the nucleus. Although some of the ethylene receptors show a tissue-specific pattern of expression, little is known about the regulation of the components of the ethylene transduction cascade by other hormones or developmental factors. Once the ethylene signal reaches the nucleus, it activates a transcriptional cascade that results in changes in the expression of a number of genes. We describe some of the results that suggest an interaction at the transcriptional level between ethylene, other hormones, and stress signals.
63 MYOSTATIN SHORT INTERFERING HAIRPIN RIBONUCLEIC ACID GENE TRANSFER INCREASES MUSCLE MASS AND REDUCES INTERSTITIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE. (2006)

<h3>Purpose</h3> Myostatin negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth. Myostatin-knockout mice exhibit muscle hypertrophy and decreased interstitial fibrosis. We investigated whether a plasmid expressing a short hairpin interfering RNA (shRNA) against myostatin and transduced using electroporation would increase local skeletal muscle mass and reduce interstitial connective tissue. <h3>Methods</h3> Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting myostatin were transfected into HEK293 cells and identified for myostatin silencing by Western blot. Corresponding shRNAs were cloned into plasmid shRNA expression vectors. Myostatin or a randomer negative control shRNA plasmid were injected and electroporated into the tibialis anterior or its contralateral muscle, respectively, of 10 rats that were sacrificed after 2 weeks. Six other rats received a beta-galactosidase reporter plasmid and were sacrificed at 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Uptake of plasmid was examined by beta-galactosidase expression, whereas myostatin expression was determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Muscle fiber size and collagen expression were determined by histochemistry. Satellite cell proliferation was determined by PAX7 immunohistochemistry. Myosin heavy chain type II expression was determined by Western blot. <h3>Results</h3> Beta-galactosidase reporter plasmid was expressed at 1 and 2 weeks but diminished by 4 weeks. Myostatin shRNA reduced myostatin mRNA and protein expression by 27 and 48%, respectively. Tibialis weight, fiber size, and myosin heavy chain II increased by 10, 34, and 38%, respectively. Satellite cell number was increased by 64%. Interstitial collagen decreased by 40%. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This is the first demonstration that myostatin shRNA gene transfer is a potential strategy to increase muscle mass while reducing interstitial connective tissue.
Variational Relevance Vector Machines (2013)

The Support Vector Machine (SVM) of Vapnik (1998) has become widely established as one of the leading approaches to pattern recognition and machine learning. It expresses predictions in terms of a linear combination of kernel functions centred on a subset of the training data, known as support vectors. Despite its widespread success, the SVM suffers from some important limitations, one of the most significant being that it makes point predictions rather than generating predictive distributions. Recently Tipping (1999) has formulated the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), a probabilistic model whose functional form is equivalent to the SVM. It achieves comparable recognition accuracy to the SVM, yet provides a full predictive distribution, and also requires substantially fewer kernel functions. The original treatment of the RVM relied on the use of type II maximum likelihood (the `evidence framework') to provide point estimates of the hyperparameters which govern model sparsity. In this paper we show how the RVM can be formulated and solved within a completely Bayesian paradigm through the use of variational inference, thereby giving a posterior distribution over both parameters and hyperparameters. We demonstrate the practicality and performance of the variational RVM using both synthetic and real world examples.
Laser action in Yb<sup>3+</sup>: YCOB (Yb<sup>3+</sup>:YCa 4 O(BO 3 ) 3 ) (1999)

Progress in the growth of the rare earth calcium oxyborate crystals has now generated a new class of laser materials that can be used as both a laser host and a nonlinear frequency converter. Laser action and self-frequency doubling (SFD) has been observed with both 10% and 20% Yb<SUP>3+</SUP>-doped YCOB crystals. Laser operation was obtained in a hemispherical linear cavity, end-pumped with a tunable cw Ti:Sapphire or a 980 nm laser diode pump source. Under Ti:Sapphire pumping at 900 nm, an output power of 230 mW and a slope efficiency of 29% was obtained using the 10% doped sample. Laser action was seen at 1050 nm. Laser operation of the 20% sample had a maximum output power of approximately 300 mW with a slope efficiency of 35.8% at 1088 nm. Laser action was not obtained at the peak of the fluorescence emission (approximately 1030 nm) in this crystal as a consequence of self-absorption on the short- wavelength side of the emission band. Diode-pumped operation at the narrow absorption peak of 977 nm was achieved and early results show an improved slope efficiency of 34% in comparison to the 10% doped crystal under Ti:Sapphire pumping. We have also observed self-frequency doubling in Yb<SUP>3+</SUP>:YCOB. The 20% Yb<SUP>3+</SUP>:YCOB crystal used for this test was cut with a phase-matching angle of 36.22 degree(s). The self-frequency doubling efficiency was low due to the absence of any frequency selective elements in the cavity to narrow the linewidth of the fundamental emission. The SFD emission occurred at 543 nm.
640x486 Long-wavelength Dualband GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) Focal Plane Array Camera (1999)

An optimized long-wavelength/very long-wavelength two-color Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) device structure has been designed. This device structure was grown on a three-inch semi-insulating GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).
Feedback control for distributed heat transfer mechanisms in direct-contact membrane distillation system (2015)

In this paper, the problem of stabilization and production rate reference tracking for a Direct-Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) system is addressed. Sufficient conditions for the asymptotic and exponential stabilization for DCMD system are presented using the Gronwall-Bellman lemma and Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) approaches, respectively. A nonlinear observer is then proposed to estimate the temperature distribution among the DCMD domain. This contributes to propose a reference production rate control design for the DCMD process via observer-based output control approach. Finally, numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Abstract 11605: Association Between HDL-P Subfractions and Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance (2018)

Introduction: High-density lipoprotein particles (HDL-P) can be measured by total particle number and also particle number of component subfractions which may have variable effects on atheroscleros...
Optimal allocation of cloud multi-tenant platform infrastructure resources (2019)

Infrastructure resources optimisation is a significant challenge in multi-tenant cloud environment. A system and associated algorithm and processes to enable a multi-tenant platform operator or administrator to make more optimal decisions with regards to the allocation of platform infrastructure resources (such as computational capabilities, data storage, etc.) among one or more tenants or accounts are provided. In particular, we construct a data 'signature' for a set of identified users, accounts, or tenants, where the signature contains data regarding the user, account, or tenant's 'consumption' of platform infrastructure resources. Later tenants 'signatures' are being used to accomplish cloud infrastructure resources optimisation in multi-tenant environment. An innovative algorithm for cloud infrastructure resources optimisation in multi-tenant environment is introduced in current paper.
Asymptotic Dipping and Nonlinear Shoulder Correction of Resistivity Logs (2003)

Abstract The effect of dipping beds on resistivity logs has been well documented. Several correction methods have been developed and reported in the literature. However, many of them only work well within a limited range of formation and borehole conditions. Also, they commonly require heavy computation with long computation time and expert supervision. The nonlinear shoulder effect of resistivity logs causes false curve separations in thin-bed formations and, distorts the curve shape and amplitude around high Rt/Rs contrast formation boundaries. This nonlinearity effect is often amplified by the linear processing of the array-type logging tools. In highly deviated wells, the dipping effect and the nonlinear shoulder effect tangle together, resulting in abnormal logs. The method presented corrects for the dipping effect and the nonlinear shoulder effect simultaneously. It tackles the subject with a straight-forward methodology. A formation resistivity model is first estimated with raw measurements or pre-processed measurements. With the formation model, the tool responses of deviated borehole and of vertical borehole are then numerically simulated at the given relative dip angle and at a zero-degree relative dip angle as well. Comparing the simulated zero-dip response with the simulated non-zero-dip response yields the dip effect. Another response of vertical borehole is also calculated with a method of linear approximation, such as the Born approximation. Taking the difference between the two responses of vertical borehole, we obtain the nonlinear shoulder effect. Removing the dipping effect and the nonlinear shoulder effect from the raw measurements, we achieve an asymptotic correction for both the dipping effect and the nonlinear shoulder effect. The corrected measurements can be treated as if they were from a vertical well and processed with algorithms developed for vertical wells. The asymptotic method can be applied to induction logs and other resistivity logs of low to moderate nonlinearity. So far, the method has been successfully applied to the high resolution array induction logging (HRAI) tool. The implementation takes a constant dip value or a log of dip angle as input
Thermocatalytic CO2-Free Production of Hydrogen from Hydrocarbon Fuels (2004)

The main objective of this project is the development of an economically viable thermocatalytic process for production of hydrogen and carbon from natural gas or other hydrocarbon fuels with minimal environmental impact. The three major technical goals of this project are: (1) to accomplish efficient production of hydrogen and carbon via sustainable catalytic decomposition of methane or other hydrocarbons using inexpensive and durable carbon catalysts, (2) to obviate the concurrent production of CO/CO{sub 2} byproducts and drastically reduce CO{sub 2} emissions from the process, and (3) to produce valuable carbon products in order to reduce the cost of hydrogen production The important feature of the process is that the reaction is catalyzed by carbon particulates produced in the process, so no external catalyst is required (except for the start-up operation). This results in the following advantages: (1) no CO/CO{sub 2} byproducts are generated during hydrocarbon decomposition stage, (2) no expensive catalysts are used in the process, (3) several valuable forms of carbon can be produced in the process depending on the process conditions (e.g., turbostratic carbon, pyrolytic graphite, spherical carbon particles, carbon filaments etc.), and (4) CO{sub 2} emissions could be drastically reduced (compared to conventional processes).
A fast-switching, contrast-enhanced liquid crystal polarization modulator for high-end, single-lens stereoscopic 3D projector applications (2012)

We present a fast-switching, contrast-enhanced liquid crystal polarization modulator suitable for use as a polarization switch in time-multiplexed stereoscopic 3D applications. By utilizing a double-cell structure together with a dedicated driving scheme and an external quarter-wave retarder we can achieve fast, powered switching between two orthogonally polarized output states with completely symmetric operation between left and right eye images, including high extinction at all wavelengths for the dark states. The polarization modulator is especially attractive for the use in combination with high-end DLP®-based, single-lens stereoscopic 3D projectors operating at high frame rates, and enables high-brightness, low-ghosting viewing using lightweight and comfortable circular polarized passive 3D glasses. The practical advantages of a fast 50μs polarization modulator are discussed.
An Auction Approach to Resource Allocation in Uplink Multi-Cell OFDMA Systems (2008)

We propose resource allocation algorithms based on the auction method for uplink OFDMA cellular networks. We consider cellular systems that employ the traditional static frequency reuse as well as the next-generation systems that aim to achieve a universal frequency reuse via base-station coordination. Our algorithms are designed for finite input alphabets and also account for non-ideal practical outer codes, and they can be implemented in a distributed manner, when applied for multi-cell resource allocation. The proposed algorithms have a complexity of O(N) per user per iteration, where N denotes the number of subcarriers in the system, and are also well suited for parallel implementations. We also address power and bandwidth constraints that are motivated by practical concerns. The proposed algorithms exhibit very low complexity and simulation results demonstrate that they offer near-optimal performance.
Submodular Function Maximization for Group Elevator Scheduling (2017)

We propose a novel approach for group elevator scheduling by formulating it as the maximization of submodular function under a matroid constraint. In particular, we propose to model the total waiting time of passengers using a quadratic Boolean function. The unary and pairwise terms in the function denote the waiting time for single and pairwise allocation of passengers to elevators, respectively. We show that this objective function is submodular. The matroid constraints ensure that every passenger is allocated to exactly one elevator. We use a greedy algorithm to maximize the submodular objective function, and derive provable guarantees on the optimality of the solution. We tested our algorithm using Elevate 8, a commercial-grade elevator simulator that allows simulation with a wide range of elevator settings. We achieve significant improvement over the existing algorithms.