gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of poly(fluorene)‐based copolymers containing various 1,3,4‐oxadiazole pendants (2005)

Abstract A series of soluble alternating poly(fluorene)‐based copolymers containing electron‐transporting 1,3,4‐oxadiazole (OXD) and hole‐transporting carbazole pendants attached to the C‐9 position of fluorene units by long alkyl spacers were synthesized. These copolymers possess mesogenic and nonmesogenic pendants attached to a rigid mesogenic poly(fluorene) (PF) backbone. All these polymers exhibit glass‐forming liquid crystalline properties, including the nematic and smectic A (SmA) phases, and reveal much wider mesophasic temperature ranges than that of PF. The thermal properties and mesomorphism of these conjugated polymers are mainly affected by the nature of these pendants, and thus the mesophasic temperature ranges and glass‐forming properties are greatly enhanced by introducing the OXD pendants. In addition, the tendencies of crystallization and aggregation of PF are also suppressed by introducing the OXD pendants. A single layer device with P4 as an emitter shows a turn‐on voltage of 5 V and a bright luminescence of 2694 cd/m 2 at 11 V with a power efficiency of 1.28 cd/A at 100 mA/cm 2 . © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2700–2711, 2005
The proline-rich P65 protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a component of the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction and exhibits size polymorphism in the strains M129 and FH (1995)

Previously, we described the identification of a novel Mycoplasma pneumoniae M129 protein, named P65 because of its apparent molecular mass of 65 kDa estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (T. Proft and R. Herrmann, Mol. Microbiol. 13:337-348, 1994). DNA sequence analysis of the P65 open reading frame (orfp65), however, revealed an ORF encoding a protein with a molecular weight of 47,034. This discrepancy can be explained by the unusual amino acid composition of this protein. According to the deduced amino acid sequence, the N-terminal half of P65 contains several penta- and hexapeptides (DPNAY and DPNQAY) forming a proline-rich acidic domain. Secondary-structure predictions indicated beta-sheets and turns within that region, suggesting an extended and rigid conformation. Near the C terminus of P65 the tripeptide Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) was found. This motif is known to play an important role in binding of extracellular matrix proteins to integrins. P65 could be located exclusively to the Triton X-100-insoluble cell fraction. The results of immunofluorescence microscopy and of immunoadsorption experiments indicated that P65 carries surface-exposed regions. Mild treatment of whole cells with proteases resulted in cleavage of a limited amount of P65 molecules, suggesting either that only a small percentage of P65 molecules are exposed on the surface or that protease cleavage is hampered by a compact protein conformation or by binding of an unknown component to P65. P65 exhibits size polymorphism in M. pneumoniae M129 and FH. This is caused by an intragenetic duplication of a 54-bp sequence within the FH orfp65. As a consequence, the number of DPNAY pentapeptides increased from 9 to 12 repeats in the FH strain.
Binary permeation through a silicalite‐1 membrane (1999)

Abstract Permeation of binary gaseous mixtures through a silicalite‐1 membrane was studied. Results are reported for the fluxes and separation factors as a function of the feed composition, the pressure and the temperature. For the various cases a comparison is made between the binary and the single‐component permeation behavior. For the permeation of the mixtures the stronger adsorbed component is little affected by the presence of the weaker adsorbed component. On the other hand, for the weaker adsorbed component a clear reduction in the flux is observed. As a consequence, the separation factor for mixtures differs considerably from the so‐called ideal separation factor, which is the ratio of the one‐component permeances. As expected, the separation factor depends on the temperature. The separation factor is also a function of the composition and the feed pressure. This means that the binary equilibrium adsorption cannot be described with the extended Langmuir model. Binary permeation and separation behavior is described using the ideal adsorption solution theory for equilibrium adsorption.
Approximation algorithms for metric embedding problems (2005)

We initiate the study of metric embedding problems from an approximation point of view. Metric embedding is a map from a guest metric to a host metric. The quality of the embedding is defined in terms of distortion, the ratio by which pairwise distances get skewed in the host metric. While metric embeddings in general have received quite a lot of attention in theory community, most of the results about distortion prove uniform bounds that work for various families of host and guest metric. In this dissertation, we address the question: how to find the best embedding of the particular input metric into a host metric. We consider the real line as the host metric in our study. We consider the following measures of quality of an embedding: distortion, average distortion and additive distortion. The distortion is the maximum ratio by which a pairwise distance gets stretched in a non-contracting embedding. We give O ( √ n)-approximation for the distortion of embedding an unweighted graph metric to a line metric. The average
Radix Sorting & Searching (1996)

Efficient sorting and searching are corner-stones in algorithm design. In computer science it has become a deep-rooted habit to use comparison-based methods to solve these problems. In this thesis we argue that radix sorting and searching algorithms are superior in many respects, both practical and theoretical. They are often remarkably simple and many, if not most, sorting and searching problems may be cast in a form suitable for such algorithms.

In particular, we show that string sorting can be reduced to integer sorting in optimal asymptotic time and we show that a unit-cost RAM with a word length of w bits can sort n word-sized integers in O(n log log n) time for arbitrary w >= log n, a significantly improved upper bound for sorting. The algorithm is simple and runs surprisingly fast also in practice.

We introduce a new practical radix sorting algorithm, Forward radixsort, that combines the advantages of traditional LSD and MSD radixsort in a simple way. Adding a preprocessing step to Forward radixsort we obtain an algorithm with interesting theoretical properties. For example, if B / n = O(w), where B is the minimum number of bits that must be inspected to distinguish the strings, it is possible to sort n binary strings in O(n log(B / n log n)) time. The result can also be expressed in terms of the entropy H per bit of the input: n strings from a stationary ergodic process can be sorted in O(n log (1 / H)) time. We implement some of the new radix sorting algorithms in the C programming language and achieve sorting routines that run significantly faster than previously presented string sorting routines.

The other theme of the thesis is a new compression technique, level compression, for trie structures. A level-compressed trie, or LC-trie, is easy to implement and inherits the good properties of standard tries with respect to neighbor and range searches, while the average depth is significantly decreased. The expected average depth of an element in an LC-trie is proportional to the iterated logarithm function for uniformly distributed data and proportional to log log n for data from a Bernoulli-type distribution.

We also study the problem of string searching using suffix trees. Combining the methods of path compression, level compression, and data compression we achieve an efficient, compact, and fast implementation of a suffix tree. Based on extensive simulations, we argue that this new data structure is useful in many practical situations. For example, it can be used to reduce the number of accesses to secondary memory when searching in very large sets of data.
A 1.2 V CMOS four-quadrant analog multiplier (2002)

A new CMOS four-quadrant analog multiplier is proposed and analyzed. By applying differential input signals to a set of combiners, the multiplication function can be implemented. Based on the proposed new combiner circuit, a low-voltage high-performance CMOS four-quadrant analog multiplier is designed and fabricated by 0.8 /spl mu/m N-well double-poly-double-metal CMOS technology. Experimental results have shown that, under single 1.2 V supply voltage, the circuit has 0.89% linearity error and 1.1% total harmonic distortion under the maximum-scale input 500 mV/sub p.p/ at both inputs. The measured -3 dB bandwidth is 2.2 MHz and the power dissipation is 2.8 mW. The input bandwidth of the multiplier can be designed to reach the GHz range. Simple structure, low-voltage low-power capability, and high performance make the proposed multiplier quite feasible in many applications.
What lenders see -- : a history of the Fair Isaac scorecard (2012)

In the United States, a person's credit standing is determined by private enterprise through a numerical assessment of risk called a FICO® score. The basic technology behind this scoring system is a device called a `scorecard' which was designed by the operations research firm Fair Isaac &amp; Company Incorporated (Fair Isaac) in the late-1950s. The scorecard is a prime illustration of how military-inspired practices were adapted to manage civilian enterprise in the post-war period. Drawing upon insights from social studies of science, technology and finance as well as from business history, this dissertation chronicles Fair Isaac's efforts to introduce computer-assisted statistical techniques for screening credit applications to department stores and finance companies. Instead of treating risk assessment as a set of universal technical standards, the research examines how Fair Isaac labored to build a commercially viable technology that would work in everyday business conditions. The research finds that Fair Isaac has repeatedly shifted its development criteria to respect socially, commercially, and politically imposed mandates. The empirical chapters cross-reference the recollections of former Fair Isaac employees with documentary evidence, and recapture four moments in a long-term process of problem solving and reengineering. In its first twenty years, Fair Isaac set up a process for manufacturing scorecards from paper records (Chapter 1); redesigned the technology so buyers did not bear the costs of implementation (Chapter 2); prepared customized products that reflected the unique policy structures of financial institutions (Chapter 3); and battled regulators over political definitions of discrimination (Chapter 4). Together, these stories demonstrate that risk assessment is not a simple substitute for assessing individual creditworthiness. The original scorecard was a piece of office equipment whose purpose was to mechanically reproduce a previous pattern of performance outcomes. The tool provided creditors with customized `operating information' that projected rates of default given the way each firm processed its credit cases. The dissertation concludes by discussing the relationship between privately -engineered systems of control, internal operating consistency, and the rise of financial predictability. It challenges the claim that FICO® scores evaluate the quality of individual consumers and offers an organizational understanding of consumer credit risk
Deep Convolutional Autoencoder for Assessment of Drive-Cycle Anomalies in Connected Vehicle Sensor Data (2022)

This work investigates a practical and novel method for automated unsupervised fault detection in vehicles using a fully convolutional autoencoder. The results demonstrate the algorithm we developed can detect anomalies which correspond to powertrain faults by learning patterns in the multivariate time-series data of hybrid-electric vehicle powertrain sensors. Data was collected by engineers at Ford Motor Company from numerous sensors over several drive cycle variations. This study provides evidence of the anomaly detecting capability of our trained autoencoder and investigates the suitability of our autoencoder relative to other unsupervised methods for automatic fault detection in this data set. Preliminary results of testing the autoencoder on the powertrain sensor data indicate the data reconstruction approach availed by the autoencoder is a robust technique for identifying the abnormal sequences in the multivariate series. These results support that irregularities in hybrid-electric vehicles' powertrains are conveyed via sensor signals in the embedded electronic communication system, and therefore can be identified mechanistically with a trained algorithm. Additional unsupervised methods are tested and show the autoencoder performs better at fault detection than outlier detectors and other novel deep learning techniques.
Discovery of Sexual Dimorphisms in Metabolic and Genetic Biomarkers (2011)

Metabolomic profiling and the integration of whole-genome genetic association data has proven to be a powerful tool to comprehensively explore gene regulatory networks and to investigate the effects of genetic variation at the molecular level. Serum metabolite concentrations allow a direct readout of biological processes, and association of specific metabolomic signatures with complex diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders has been shown. There are well-known correlations between sex and the incidence, prevalence, age of onset, symptoms, and severity of a disease, as well as the reaction to drugs. However, most of the studies published so far did not consider the role of sexual dimorphism and did not analyse their data stratified by gender. This study investigated sex-specific differences of serum metabolite concentrations and their underlying genetic determination. For discovery and replication we used more than 3,300 independent individuals from KORA F3 and F4 with metabolite measurements of 131 metabolites, including amino acids, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, acylcarnitines, and C6-sugars. A linear regression approach revealed significant concentration differences between males and females for 102 out of 131 metabolites (p-values<3.8×10(-4); Bonferroni-corrected threshold). Sex-specific genome-wide association studies (GWAS) showed genome-wide significant differences in beta-estimates for SNPs in the CPS1 locus (carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, significance level: p<3.8×10(-10); Bonferroni-corrected threshold) for glycine. We showed that the metabolite profiles of males and females are significantly different and, furthermore, that specific genetic variants in metabolism-related genes depict sexual dimorphism. Our study provides new important insights into sex-specific differences of cell regulatory processes and underscores that studies should consider sex-specific effects in design and interpretation.
High-level Production of Bovine Enterokinase LightChain Using Fed-batches by Recombinant Pichia pastoris (2009)

A recombinant Pichia pastoris containing enterokinase light chain gene from bovine was cultured in flasks firstly at different pH, methanol addition, and cell mass concentration for enterokinase production.Activity of enterokinase increased as cell mass concentration increased at more than j = 6 % methanol added.No significant change of activity of enterokinase was observed when methanol added was less than j = 4 %.No activity of enterokinase lost after 120 h conservation at different pH.Secondly, high-level enterokinase production was achieved in 3.7 L bioreactor at pH 4.0, j = 0.6 % methanol, p = 52.5 kPa.Activity of enterokinase was not cell mass concentration dependent at j = 0.6 % methanol in bioreactor.Yield of enterokinase was 479.99 mg L -1 after 97.5 h induction.Maintenance coefficient and methanol consumed were calculated to analyse the enterokinase production.
Detection of Violations in Credit Cards of Banks and Financial Institutions based on Artificial Neural Network and Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm (2018)

Due to popularity of the World Wide Web and e-commerce, electronic communications between people and different organizations through virtual world of the Internet have provided a good basis for commercial and economic relations. These developments, although occurring for less than a century, electronic communications have always been subject to interference, cheating, fraud, and other acts of sabotage. Along with this increase in trading volume, there is a huge increase in the number of online fraud which results in billions of dollars of losses annually worldwide; this has a direct effect on customer service of banking systems, particularly electronic banking systems, and survival as a reliable financial service provider. Therefore, attention to fraud detection techniques is essential to prevent fraudulent acts and is the motive for many scientific researches. For this reason, business intelligence is used to identify financial violations in various economic, banking and other fields. Here, the focus is on algorithms and methods presented in data mining to deal with fraud by using neural networks. The main objective is to improve these methods or present new algorithms by studying the behavioral patterns of customers and the combined use of genetic algorithm to improve the performance of neural network and find the appropriate models for better decision making by implementing and testing the performance of the suggested algorithms. The results show that more strength was given to neural network by using genetic algorithm. In fact, genetic algorithm can raise our ability to control the training process. Moreover, it was concluded that criteria such as age, gender, marital status were not effective on detection; in fact, the most important effective criteria are information related to transaction.
Fluoride Glasses (1989)

Gallium is a metal that literally melts in your hand. It has low toxicity, near-zero vapor pressure, and a viscosity similar to water. Despite possessing a surface tension larger than any other liquid (near room temperature), gallium can form nonspherical ...Read More
Estimation of Vessel's Length by RADAR Processing Corrected for the Fresnel Zone (1997)

Marine traffic data, for example, course, speed, gross tonnage and shape of vessel are collected in a marine traffic survey. These data were estimated by using a high resolution radar and effective image processing of an anchoring vessel. Authors made a study on the reflected power of radar wave which was caused by the edges of a target considering the fresnel zone. We indicated that the patterns of the fluctuant radar wave reflected by the edge of a vessel resembled closely the antenna reception patterns. We detected the bow and stern of the vessel within the domain of radar echo and made attempt to estimate the length of the vessel by taking account of the first fresnel radius and the beamwidth corresponding half-power points.
Illusory self-motion and motion sickness: a model for brain-gut interactions and nausea. (1999)

Motion sickness provides a unique setting for the study of nausea. Studies of illusory self-motion have linked nausea and objective measures of gastric dysrhythmias and the stress hormones vasopressin and epinephrine. Electrogastrographic methods utilize Ag-AgCl electrodes placed on the abdominal surface in the epigastric region to record electrogastrograms (EGGs), a noninvasive measure of gastric myoelectrical activity. The EGG frequencies of interest are the normal range (2.4-3.6 cpm), tachygastrias (3.6-9.9 cpm), and bradygastrias (1.0-2.4 cpm), and duodenal respiratory frequencies (10.0-15.0 cpm). Illusory self-motion or vection is produced with a rotating drum. Minutes before vection-induced nausea is reported, the baseline EGG signal shifts into tachygastrias or mixed tachygastrias and bradygastrias. Quantitative analyses show that the percentage of power in the tachygastria range correlates with the intensity of nausea. Plasma vasopressin levels correlate positively with intensity of nausea. Asian subjects have higher intensity nausea and higher vasopressin levels compared with Caucasian subjects, indicating a potential genetic susceptibility to vection-induced motion sickness and nausea. Vection-induced motion sickness represents an experimental model of acute-onset nausea with accompanying symptoms such as headache, drowsiness, cold sweating, and fatigue. Illusory self-motion is a purely central nervous system (visual-vestibular) stimulation that evokes dramatic shifts in gastric electrical activity and significant release of the posterior pituitary hormone vasopressin. Central nervous systems pathways that evoke gastric dysrhythmias and release vasopressin may also have a pathophysiologic role in the cyclic vomiting syndrome.
Subject benchmarking and the assessment of student learning (2002)

This paper analyses the performance criteria and learning objectives contained in the first 22 QAA subject benchmark statements to be published and considers the implications for assessment. There is much variation in the amount of detail in the statements and there are also implicit performance criteria in the intended learning outcomes listed at the beginning of each. Statements are broad in character so their relationship with standards is loosely‐coupled and open to interpretation. It is argued that attempts to achieve a high degree of precision in specification are likely to prove counter‐productive. There is evidence of some lack of coherence within the benchmark statements and between the statements and the more recently published Level H descriptor in the National Qualifications Framework. Further, the relationship between assessment practice and the statements appears to be problematic. The value of benchmarking statements as an aid to professional conversation about standards would be greatly enhanced if subject communities, perhaps facilitated by Learning and Teaching Support Network subject centres and subject associations, can elaborate for themselves the meanings of words used in the statements of learning outcomes and performance criteria. This elaboration would be aided by the appraisal of exemplars of outcomes at various levels of performance.
Stochastic Switching Using OpenFlow (2013)

In this thesis, feasibility of performing stochastic switching using OpenFlow in SDN environments was investigated. In this work, stochastic switching is defined as forwarding incoming packets from ingress ports to one of possible egress ports according to the predefined output probabilities associated with each egress port. Different scenarios to perform stochastic switching using OpenFlow were examined and advantages and drawbacks of each scenario was outlined. Through the investigation, SELECT method of OpenFlow group feature was found useful to execute load sharing algorithms. Since there is not any predefined SELECT function in OpenFlow specifications, a SELECT function was defined to execute stochastic output port selection according to the predefined egress port probabilities assigned to each egress port for that specific packet or flow. The defined SELECT function was implemented in an OpenFlow 1.3 enabled virtual switch (OF13SoftSwitch) in Mininet software emulator. The results of conducted tests revealed that the defined SELECT method works properly. The results of this thesis might contribute to future research on developing stochastic routing module in OpenFlow controller in the SDN architecture.