gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systems Analysis of the VoIP Based on P2P Overlay (2007)

With the development of network technology,VoIP(Voice Over Internet Protocol) applications are widespread over the world in recent years.And among the many new applications,the most representative is the application of P2P(Peer to Peer) overlay;and combination of VoIP with P2P technology is a new and valuable experiment undoubtedly.Upon analysis of some modern P2P communication mechanisms,Chord protocol is selected.And finally a VOIP system using SIP and Chord protocol is realized.
Security Challenges with LTE-Advanced Systems and Military Spectrum (2013)

LTE is universally recognized as the world-wide standard for next-generation mobile broadband services. Operating LTE in military spectrum has recently been proposed for a variety of use cases. First, due to the lack of available commercial spectrum, commercial operators are seeking to leverage underutilized military bands to offer improved commercial service. Second, given the ability for LTE to operate at high data rates in multipath environments, the technology could provide the military with more resilient communications in tactical environments. However, these proposed use cases for LTE are non-standard and certain military requirements cannot be immediately supported within the scope of the 3GPP standards. Emerging features within LTE-Advanced provide the initial building blocks for supporting LTE operations in heterogeneous environments that may include hostile interferers. LTE operation in military bands may be possible through the use of distributed spectrum sensing, spectrum allocation databases, carrier aggregation with non-military bands, and real-time radio resource management to cope with interference.
Extraction of a nearly monoenergetic ion beam using a pulsed plasma (2005)

A nearly monoenergetic ion beam was extracted from a capacitively coupled pulsed Ar plasma. The electron temperature decayed rapidly in the afterglow, resulting in uniform plasma potential, and minimal energy spread for ions extracted in the afterglow. Ion energy was controlled by a dc bias on a ring electrode surrounding the plasma. Langmuir probe measurements indicated that this bias simply raised the plasma potential without heating the electrons in the afterglow. A rejection grid downstream of the plasma allowed ions to pass only during a selected time window in the afterglow. The energy spread was 3.4 eV full width at half maximum for a peak ion beam energy of 102.0 eV. This energy spread is about an order of magnitude narrower than the beam extracted from the continuous plasma.
Accurate Description of DNA-Based Noninvasive Prenatal Screening (2015)

1675 67) had mild weakness in the arms or legs. 2 In addition, motor-conduction studies in patients with the above-mentioned variants have shown decreased action potential in compound muscle but no change in other measures of motor conduction. 3In one patient among several with overlap of the Miller Fisher syndrome and the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant described by Ropper in 1986, 15 seconds of isometric exercise of various muscles on three occasions caused an increase of 10 to 45% in the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential. 4Consequently, a definitive diagnosis can be reached only when confirmed by laboratory tests for anti-GQ1b IgG antibodies, whose results may not be returned for several days.
<title>Comparison of laser phacovaporization using the Er:YAG and the Er:YSGG laser</title> (1992)

Future advances in cataract surgery aim to remove the crystalline lens through a small opening such that the capsular bag, once devoid of lens epithelial cells, may be refilled with a clear polymer which may exhibit the elastic properties of a young lens and restore accommodation. Several different lasers are currently being investigated for laser cataract surgery including the excimer, pulsed visible and short infrared, and mid infrared lasers. Taking advantage of the strong water absorption peak at 2.94 micrometers , we have investigated the laser tissue interaction of the Er:YAG (2.94 micrometers ) and Er:YSGG (2.79 micrometers ) which have water absorption coefficients of 13,000 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> and 7,000 cm<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. We have devised a delivery system which measures the ablation time versus radiant energy through a known thickness on a lens nucleus in free air for these two wavelengths. The current presentation compares the ablation rates versus radiant exposure of these two lasers in human lens nuclei. We also show the histopathology from ablated lenses of these two different wavelengths at different radiant exposures. Integration with fiberoptics and clinical applications is discussed.
Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies on fluid deposited rhombohedral graphite from the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India (2006)

We report here the first experimental results on the laser Raman spectroscopic, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopic and high-temperature differential thermal analysis studies on graphite from the Burugubanda-Tapasikonda shear zone in the Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGB) of Andhra Pradesh, India. Crystallinity, interplanar spacing and unit-cell parameters were determined by powder XRD. Powder XRD studies on the graphite samples from the shear zone show all the strong XRD peaks corresponding to syngenetic (hexagonal) graphite and additional peaks at 0.208 and 0.197 nm corresponding to the presence of epigenetic (rhombohedral) polytype of graphite. On the basis of the intensity ratio of the (101) diffraction peaks for both syngenetic and epigenetic phases, the content of epigenetic phases within this sample is estimated to be up to 20-25%. The presence of epigenetic phase indicates that the Burugubanda shear zone contains fluid-deposited graphite, a solid carbon from natural carbon-bearing fluids such as those containing CO 2 , CO and CH 4 . The fluid-deposited nature of the graphite has also been confirmed independently by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies. Laser Raman spectroscopic studies on all the samples show Raman bands at 1581 to 1585 cm -1 (ordered peak), 1351 to 1355 cm -1 (disordered peak) and second order peak at 2724 cm -1 . The intensity ratio of ordered to disordered peaks (0.09 to 0.10) indicates the peak metamorphic temperature of the host rocks corresponding to sillimanite zone. The values of interplanar spacing d002 (0.3346 nm), crystallite size (or stacking height; 54.83 nm) and degree of graphitization (135.5) indicated the peak metamorphic temperature of the host rock to be about 750 ± 30°C, and hence the high temperature that prevailed along the EGB shear zone.
A High-Output, Size-Selective Aerosol Generator (1995)

An aerosol generator capable of generating a narrow size-distribution aerosol with high mass concentration was designed, fabricated, and tested. Gravity was used to settle out large particles and a virtual impactor with a clean air core was employed to remove small particles. Aerosols generated from a sodium chloride solution (0.05% to 9% by volume) were found to have a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) in the range from about 1 to 10 μm and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) varying from 1.18 to 1.46. Aerosol generation rate (Ma) varied from about 0.2–24 mg/ min depending upon the final particle size. The overall dimensions of this generator were about 190 cm in height and 15 cm in diameter. Droplet generation was performed with a Delavan simplex nozzle (#30609-5). The selected operating conditions were: atomization pressure ≃ 200 kPa and liquid pressure ≃ — 4 kPa (relative to the ambient pressure). At these operating conditions, the nebulizing air flow rate was 47 1pm and the liquid flow rate was 36 mL/min. The MMAD, GSD, and Ma of the generated liquid aerosol (leaving the virtual impactor) were about 4 μm, 2, and 600 mg/min, respectively. Liquid droplets were segregated by a virtual impactor with a clean air core and evaporated to form solid particles with narrow size distributions. Several sets of acceleration nozzles and collection probes were evaluated. The improved virtual impactor was demonstrated to segregate droplets very efficiently producing an aerosol with a nearly perfect log-normal distribution. Virtual impactor set I was operated at an aerosol flow rate (Qn) = 47 1pm, clean air flow rate (Qc) = 15 1pm, and minor flow rate (Qa) = 8 1pm, while set II was operated at Qn = 47 1pm, Qc = 27 1pm, and Qa = 14 1pm. The liquid aerosol selected by virtual impactor set I had a MMAD of 9.7 μm, GSD of 1.29, and Ma of 120 mg/min, while the liquid aerosol selected by set II had a MMAD of 12.8 μm, GSD of 1.24, and Ma of 71 mg/min.
A comprehensive submicrometer MOST delay model and its application to CMOS buffers (1997)

In this paper, an accurate delay model for MOS transistors in submicrometer CMOS digital circuits is presented. It takes into account a ramp shape input voltage and a feedforward capacitive coupling between gate and drain nodes, along with the main second-order effects present in short-channel MOS transistors. The proposed model shows an average agreement with SPICE simulations of 3% in the calculation of the propagation time, tested on a minimum inverter with a 0.7-/spl mu/m CMOS reference technology for a wide range of input voltage slopes. An example of application in optimization algorithms regarding CMOS tapered buffers is also reported. A maximum error ranging from 3-6% with respect to SPICE has been found for the optimized circuits.
An expeditious synthesis of 3-alkyl-, aryl- and heteroaryl-indoles by way of an intramolecular Horner–Wittig reaction (1993)

A. Couture, E. Deniau, Y. Gimbert and P. Grandclaudon, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1993, 2463 DOI: 10.1039/P19930002463
Research on Coordinating Protection and Control System with Redundant Information and Distributed Computing (2014)

This paper proposes a distributed computing architecture for protection functions within a digital substation, in order to achieve data redundancy, functional redundancy and functional coordination. This can be realized primarily due to the advances in digital and communications technology within a substation, particularly the process bus which allows data sharing between Intelligent Electronic Devices(IEDs). Results of backup protection investigation, using redundant information both within the substation and on a wide area basis, are then presented. A campus microgrid protection scheme was used as a test case to demonstrate the concept of protection using shared information. Finally, the paper proposes a multi-agent system as a simulation platform, which can be used to further demonstrate some of these concepts.
Imprinting status of DLK1 gene in brain tumors and lymphomas (2004)

DLK1 and GTL2 are reciprocally imprinted genes on human chromosome 14q32. DLK1 encodes a transmembrane protein that is a paternally expressed gene. The maternally expressed GTL2 allele encodes a non-translated RNA. Many of features of DLK1/GTL2 are remarkably similar to those of the prototypical IGF2/H19 reciprocally imprinted gene pair. Imprinting status of IGF2 has been studied in many types of tumors, and loss of imprinting (LOI) leads to biallelic expression of IGF2 in most of these tumors. The imprinting status of DLK1 has seldom been investigated in clinical tumor samples. We examined whether DLK1 was imprinted in brain tumors and lymphomas by analyzing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1802710. Analysis of 47 brain tumors and 55 lymphomas found that 23 and 29 of them were heterozygous for rs1802710, respectively. Monoallelic expression of DLK1 was detected in the heterozygous samples. These data show that imprinting of DLK1 is maintained in brain tumors and lymphomas, even though the DLK1 gene is very analogous to the IGF2 gene in its DNA structure and regulation. Also, the high frequency of heterozygosity (about 50%) showed that the polymorphic site that we chose is a good genomic marker for imprinting studies of the DLK1 gene in additional tumor types.
Segmental Hidden Markov Models with Random Effects for Waveform Modeling (2006)

This paper proposes a general probabilistic framework for shape-based modeling and classification of waveform data. A segmental hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to characterize waveform shape and shape variation is captured by adding random effects to the segmental model. The resulting probabilistic framework provides a basis for learning of waveform models from data as well as parsing and recognition of new waveforms. Expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms are derived and investigated for fitting such models to data. In particular, the &quot;expectation conditional maximization either&quot; (ECME) algorithm is shown to provide significantly faster convergence than a standard EM procedure. Experimental results on two real-world data sets demonstrate that the proposed approach leads to improved accuracy in classification and segmentation when compared to alternatives such as Euclidean distance matching, dynamic time warping, and segmental HMMs without random effects.
Mathematical theory and calculations of magnetic hysteresis curves (1988)

The constitutive law relating the time rate of change of the magnetic field H to that of the flux density B, via a differential equation, yields a faithful and yet computationally tractable representation of magnetic hysteresis. The equation is used to develop a theory of rate-independent and rate-dependent hysteresis in ferrites, ferromagnetic materials, magnetic thin films, and permanent magnetic materials. The theory provides mathematical expressions for the initial magnetization curve, the anhysteretic curve, the major loop, the symmetric and asymmetric minor loops, and the energy loss associated with their traversal. Functional forms for two material functions that appear in the equation can be scaled to measured values of the closure point, the remanence, the coercivity and, for rate-dependent applications, the nonlinear changes in the loop area and energy loss that accompany increases in dB/dt and dH/dt. Variations in loop shape and coercive point with angle observed in uniaxially anisotropic materials are described. Sample calculations are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pragmatic Reduction of the Binding Conditions with respect to Anaphora Interpretations in English (2005)

This paper argues in favor of using a set of Gricean maxims to account for preferred interpretations of English anaphora. The distribution of English reflexives has generally been explained in purely structural terms in Chomsky&amp;apos;s binding theory. Chomsky&amp;apos;s basic idea is that reflexives and pronouns are in complementary distribution. However, there has been a longstanding awareness of the fact that there are a large set of marginal occurrences of reflexives which are not directly predicted by the general typology of the binding theory. Well-known cases include picture-noun reflexives: &amp;apos;long-distance reflexives: and &amp;apos;reflexives with split antecedents.&amp;apos; In this paper, we will show why we need to resort to semantic/pragmatic considerations to weigh the acceptability of the problematic cases mentioned above. Specifically, we will endeavor to make the following points: (i) that syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are interconnected to determine the distribution and interpretation of English anaphora; and (ii) that the distinctive and mysterious behavior of the problematic English reflexives can be accounted for straightforwardly by the systematic interaction of neo-Gricean pragmatic principles, such as the Q-, I-, M-principles.
A Novel Yeast-Based Recombination Method to Clone and Propagate Diverse HIV-1 Isolates (2009)

Replication studies on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) rely on a few laboratory strains that are divergent from dominant HIV-1 subtypes in the epidemic. Several phenotypic differences between diverse HIV-1 isolates and subtypes could affect vaccine development and treatment, but this research field lacks robust cloning/virus production systems to study drug sensitivity, replication kinetics, or to develop personalized vaccines. Extreme HIV-1 heterogeneity leaves few restriction enzyme sites for bacterial cloning strategies. In this study, we describe an alternative approach that involves direct introduction of any HIV-1 coding regions (e.g., any gene from a patient sample) into an HIV-1 DNA vector using yeast recombination. This technique uses positive and negative selectable markers in yeast and avoids the need for purification and screening of the DNA substrates and cloning products. Replication-competent virus is then produced from a modified mammalian 293T packaging cell line transfected with this yeast-derived HIV-1 vector. Although HIV-1 served as the prototype, this cloning strategy is now being developed for other diverse virus species such as hepatitis C virus and influenza virus.
Composable system resources as an architecture for networked systems (2001)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.
A new connected word recognition algorithm based on HMM/LVQ segmentation and LVQ classification (1991)

The authors present a novel HMM/LVQ (hidden Markov model/learning vector quantization) hybrid algorithm for connected word recognition (CWR). They show that, for combining both the discriminative power of LVQ and the capability of modeling temporal variations, of speech of an HMM into a hybrid algorithm, the performance of the original HMM-based speech recognition algorithm can be improved. The proposed hybrid algorithm is especially effective in cases when the training data are not adequate to characterize the test data. Preliminary results showed that this system gave a word accuracy of 98.5% on the whole TI test set, even when only HMM was used to segment speech utterances into words and states.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development and Application of Super-Hard Cutter Material (2011)

The CIMS development and the high-speed cutting has given a higher demands on cutter performance. It is an tremendous tendency of studying excellent wearing resistance and high stability. PCD (polycrystalline diamond) and PCBN (poly cubic boron nitride) can obtain more higher finished surface quality, which cannot acquire by regular cutting process. This study introduces super-hard cutters materials (PCD and PCBN) development, and discusses two kinds of material properties, The features of them used in different cutting fields are given.
Is Headache Related to Asthma, Hay Fever, and Chronic Bronchitis? The Head‐HUNT Study (2006)

This large questionnaire-based study confirms that migraine and other headaches are associated with respiratory and allergic disorders. The magnitude of the association between headache and asthma, hay fever, and chronic bronchitis tended to be in the same order. Headache frequency seems to have a greater impact on the association with respiratory or allergic conditions than headache diagnoses. Whether it is a causal relationship is uncertain, but the results underline the importance of considering comorbid disorders among patients with frequent headache.
The Helical Alanine Controversy:  An (Ala)<sub>6</sub> Insertion Dramatically Increases Helicity (2004)

Employing chemical shift melts and hydrogen/deuterium exchange NMR techniques, we have determined the stabilization of the Trp-cage miniprotein due to multiple alanine insertions within the N-terminal alpha-helix. Alanine is shown to be uniquely helix-stabilizing and this stabilization is reflected in the global fold stability of the Trp-cage. The associated free energy change per alanine can be utilized to calculate the alanine propagation value. From the Lifson-Roig formulation, the calculated value (wAla = 1.6) is comparable to those obtained for short, solubilized, alanine-rich helices and is much larger than the values obtained by prior host-guest techniques or in N-terminally templated helices and peptides bearing long contiguous strings of alanines with no capping or solubilizing units present.
A comparative technoeconomic analysis of pathways for commercial electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction to liquid products (2018)

Electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to fuels and chemicals is currently a focus of significant research effort as a technology that can simultaneously mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while storing renewable electricity for use on demand. Herein, the economics of CO<sub>2</sub> reduction to select liquid products is analyzed.
A Reappraisal of the Role of Zinc in Life and Death Decisions of Cells (1997)

There is a great deal of interest in chemicals and biochemicals that can modulate apoptosis. As will be discussed, zinc, an essential trace element, can induce as well as block apoptosis. High concentrations of extracellular zinc (500-1000 microM) have frequently been used to block apoptosis or programmed cell death in a variety of systems. Early investigators provided evidence that this concentration of zinc could block DNA fragmentation that is often associated with apoptosis. Since zinc plays a role in many aspects of cell function, there are probably many sites in a death pathway that zinc could potentially modulate. In the case of glucocorticoid-mediated apoptotic death, new evidence presented herein indicates that high zinc can also block the binding of steroids to the glucocorticoid receptor thereby inhibiting the death signal itself. In this case, zinc probably binds to the vicinal cysteines in the receptor ligand binding site thereby blocking binding of glucocorticoid. Indeed, glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in thymocytes has become one of the most frequently studied systems and is a focal point of this review. Studies herein will show that unlike zinc other trace-like metals such as nickel, copper, cadmium, and gold do not afford thymocytes protection against the DNA fragmentation induced by glucocorticoid-mediated cell death. Interestingly, in attempting to determine if lower or more physiological concentrations of zinc could provide protection against apoptosis, it was found that 80-200 microM zinc could actually induce death in 40% of CD4+ CD8+ alpha beta TCR10CD3(10) thymocytes. From these experiments one might have been optimistic that zinc could, indeed, be a modulator of cell death. However, this thought has been overshadowed by growing evidence that zinc does not provide long-term protection to so-called surviving cells.