gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis of EUV mask reflectivity and its impact on OPC accuracy (2017)

Unlike optical masks which are transmissive optical elements, use of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation requires a reflective mask structure - a multi-layer coating consisting of alternating layers of high-Z (wave impedance) and low-Z materials that provide enhanced reflectivity over a narrow wavelength band peaked at the Bragg wavelength.1 Absorber side wall angle, corner rounding,<sup>2</sup> surface roughness,<sup>3</sup> and defects<sup>4</sup> affect mask performance, but even seemingly simple parameters like bulk reflectivity on mirror and absorber surfaces can have a profound influence on imaging. For instance, using inaccurate reflectivity values at small and large incident angles would diminish the benefits of source mask co-optimization (SMO) and result in larger than expected pattern shifts. The goal of our work is to calculate the variation in mask reflectivity due to various sources of inaccuracies using Monte Carlo simulations. Such calculation is necessary as small changes in the thickness and optical properties of the high-Z and low-Z materials can cause substantial variations in reflectivity. This is further complicated by undesirable intermixing between the two materials used to create the reflector.<sup>5</sup> One of the key contributors to mask reflectivity fluctuation is identified to be the intermixing layer thickness. We also investigate the impacts on OPC when the wrong mask information is provided, and evaluate the deterioration of overlapping process window. For a hypothetical N7 via layer, the lack of accurate mask information costs 25% of the depth of focus at 5% exposure latitude. Our work would allow the determination of major contributors to mask reflectivity variation, drive experimental efforts of measuring such contributors, provide strategies to optimize mask reflectivity, and quantize the OPC errors due to imperfect mask modeling.
Plasma particulate contamination control. II. Self-cleaning tool design (1992)

Macroscopic particles are often observed in etching, sputtering, and deposition plasmas, in laboratory and manufacturing tools, in concentrations far exceeding ambient cleanroom conditions and acceptable process specifications. Controlling particle contamination is an important goal in modern fabrication lines. Controlling plasma-generated particulates is especially important as these tools and processes are a major source of wafer contamination. Plasma particles acquire negative charge by electron attachment and are influenced by electric fields and plasma inhomogeneities. Improper tool design exacerbates tool contamination problems by trapping particles near wafers or other sensitive surfaces. Conversely, proper tool and electrode design can provide greatly improved contamination results. The concept of a self-cleaning plasma tool is presented for the first time, along with evidence of the effectiveness and usefulness of this approach in laboratory and manufacturing studies. The method does not reduce the generation of particles, but limits the number deposited on the wafer. The self-cleaning plasma tool uses a topographically designed electrode to intentionally trap particles in designated regions of the plasma. Feed gas drag forces carry the trapped particles along a groove or series of grooves in the electrode away from the wafer and into the pump port. Manufacturing tools fitted with this electrode design have shown particle reductions ranging from 20% to 70%, depending on the tool condition, percentage of plasma-generated particles, and competition from other particle traps formed by the tooling or wafers. No influence on other aspects of the process quality is noted.
Distributed Power Allocation for Multiuser MISO Indoor Visible Light Communications (2015)

In multiuser MISO (multiple-input single output) visible light communication (VLC) systems, it is essential to find effective means for allocating the transmitted power from the various LEDs fairly among users that are randomly dispersed in large indoor environments. Distributed algorithms are a natural choice because, unlike centralized power allocation algorithms, distributed schemes do not require extensive computation complexity and computation time. In this paper we propose and compare two distributed algorithms: a partial jointly optimized power allocation and a weighted distributed power allocation. The system uses code division multiple access (CDMA) plus optical on- off keying (OOK) with a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) receiver to diminish the effect of multiple-access interference in the indoor VLC system. We compare the performance of the proposed distributed algorithms with an optimal centralized approach. From the numerical results, both distributed algorithms proposed in this paper have less than a 2 dB power penalty compared with the centralized approach, and the computational complexity can be reduced by 75% for a small indoor environment and by 93% for a large indoor environment.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Stars Consisting of Many Polyisobutylene Arms Radiating from a Core of Condensed Cyclosiloxanes (1997)

Novel stars of many polyisobutylene(PIB) arms radiating from a core of condensed methylcyclosiloxanes are described. The synthesis involves hydrosilation of allyl-terminated PIB prearms by small methylcyclosiloxanes (e.g., D4H, D6H) and competitive moisture-mediated core−core coupling. The effect of conditions (e.g., time, temperature, stoichiometry, nature and molecular weight of prearms, and size of methylcyclosiloxane) on synthesis was investigated. The processes can be controlled and well-defined 21−28 arm stars have been perpared. Microstructures were characterized by various techniques. The intrinsic viscosities of stars are much lower than those of linear PIBs of the same molecular weight over the 30−100 °C range. Branching coefficients depend on the number of arms. Hydrodynamic volumes of stars and combs (polysiloxane backbone carrying PIB branches) are similar, indicating that both assume radial conformations. The stars are resistant to strong acids and bases indicating that resistant PIB coronas protect acid- and base-vulnerable cores. The temperature resistance of stars is similar to that of PIB.
Beam orientation optimization in intensity‐modulated radiation treatment planning (2000)

Beam direction optimization is an important problem in radiation therapy. In intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), the difficulty for computer optimization of the beam directions arises from the fact that they are coupled with the intensity profiles of the incident beams. In order to obtain the optimal incident beam directions using iterative or stochastic methods, the beam profiles ought to be optimized after every change of beam configuration. In this paper we report an effective algorithm to optimize gantry angles for IMRT. In our calculation the gantry angles and the beam profiles (beamlet weights) were treated as two separate groups of variables. The gantry angles were sampled according to a simulated annealing algorithm. For each sampled beam configuration, beam profile calculation was done using a fast filtered backprojection (FBP) method. Simulated annealing was also used for beam profile optimization to examine the performance of the FBP for beam orientation optimization. Relative importance factors were incorporated into the objective function to control the relative importance of the target and the sensitive structures. Minimization of the objective function resulted in the best possible beam orientations and beam profiles judged by the given objective function. The algorithm was applied to several model problems and the results showed that the approach has potential for IMRT applications.
Processing Porcine Cornea for Biomedical Applications (2009)

To investigate the propriety of decellularized porcine corneas as a source of lamellar corneal xenografts, we treated porcine corneas with (1) freezing, (2) three freezing-thawing, (3) hypertonic saline, (4) hyperosmolar glycerol, (5) trypsin/sodium dodecyl sulfate/Dispase, and (6) DNase/RNase. After processing, we examined the cells and collagen structures of the decellularized corneas using hematoxylin-eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and transmission electron microscopy. Cell viability was also assessed via organ culture. In addition, the outcomes of porcine anterior lamellar corneal xenografting were evaluated in rabbits. Graft integration and corneal thickness were assessed using anterior optical coherence tomography, and the corneas were histologically examined sequentially after transplantation. We found that porcine corneas treated with hypertonic saline-based decellularization had little immunogenicity with intact collagen structures. The porcine corneal xenografts decellularized with the hypertonic saline-based method were well integrated into the adjacent host tissues and remained clear in rabbit eyes for more than 6 months.
Radar-Cross-Section Reduction of Wind Turbines (Part 1) (2012)

In recent years, increasing deployment of large wind-turbine farms has become an issue of growing concern for the radar community. The large radar cross section (RCS) presented by wind turbines interferes with radar operation, and the Doppler shift caused by blade rotation causes problems identifying and tracking moving targets. Each new wind-turbine farm installation must be carefully evaluated for potential disruption of radar operation for air defense, air traffic control, weather sensing, and other applications. Several approaches currently exist to minimize conflict between wind-turbine farms and radar installations, including procedural adjustments, radar upgrades, and proper choice of low-impact wind-farm sites, but each has problems with limited effectiveness or prohibitive cost. An alternative approach, heretofore not technically feasible, is to reduce the RCS of wind turbines to the extent that they can be installed near existing radar installations. This report summarizes efforts to reduce wind-turbine RCS, with a particular emphasis on the blades. The report begins with a survey of the wind-turbine RCS-reduction literature to establish a baseline for comparison. The following topics are then addressed: electromagnetic model development and validation, novel material development, integration into wind-turbine fabrication processes, integrated-absorber design, and wind-turbine RCS modeling. Related topics of interest, including alternative mitigation techniques (procedural, at-the-radar, etc.), an introduction to RCS and electromagnetic scattering, and RCS-reduction modeling techniques, can be found in a previous report.
Interconnect-Aware Coherence Protocols for Chip Multiprocessors (2006)

Improvements in semiconductor technology have made it possible to include multiple processor cores on a single die. Chip Multi-Processors (CMP) are an attractive choice for future billion transistor architectures due to their low design complexity, high clock frequency, and high throughput. In a typical CMP architecture, the L2 cache is shared by multiple cores and data coherence is maintained among private L1s. Coherence operations entail frequent communication over global on-chip wires. In future technologies, communication between different L1s will have a significant impact on overall processor performance and power consumption. On-chip wires can be designed to have different latency, bandwidth, and energy properties. Likewise, coherence protocol messages have different latency and bandwidth needs. We propose an interconnect composed of wires with varying latency, bandwidth, and energy characteristics, and advocate intelligently mapping coherence operations to the appropriate wires. In this paper, we present a comprehensive list of techniques that allow coherence protocols to exploit a heterogeneous interconnect and evaluate a subset of these techniques to show their performance and power-efficiency potential. Most of the proposed techniques can be implemented with a minimum complexity overhead.
Mechanism of vinyl chloride polymerization (1974)

Abstract An overall mechanistic scheme for the suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride is presented. The process can be resolved into five discrete stages, each of which presents a unique environment for the interaction of the systems parameters. It is shown that the surface area of the polymer formed during the reaction is not a major factor in autoacceleration and that the increase of kinetic chain length with conversion is due to a radical dilution effect. The latter is a direct result of the difference in rates between polymerization and radical formation, the former being greater. The increase of the initial polymerization rate and the reduction of autoacceleration brought about by chain transfer agents can be explained by the lower diffusion rate and greater bulkiness of the chain transfer agent radical relative to that of the monomer radical. The chaintransfer agent CBr 4 is preferentially absorbed by PVC from solution in vinyl chloride. With lauryl peroxide as initiator it is shown that the “hot spot” is the result of a build‐up of initiator in the monomer caused by its exclusion from the polymer phase. Vinyl chloride was found to dissolve 0.03% PVC at ambient temperature and to have no effect on the decomposition rate of lauryl peroxide.
Kernels for Semi-Structured Data (2002)

Semi-structured data such as XML and HTML is attracting considerable attention. It is important to develop various kinds of data mining techniques that can handle semistructured data. In this paper, we discuss applications of kernel methods for semistructured data. We model semi-structured data by labeled ordered trees, and present kernels for classifying labeled ordered trees based on their tag structures by generalizing the convolution kernel for parse trees introduced by Collins and Duffy (2001). We give algorithms to efficiently compute the kernels for labeled ordered trees. We also apply our kernels to node marking problems that are special cases of information extraction from trees. Preliminary experiments using artificial data and real HTML documents show encouraging results. 1.
Spatial Resolution Improvement in Correlation Domain Distributed Measurement of Brillouin Grating (2014)

We have demonstrated that intensity modulation enhances the spatial resolution in the distributed measurement of Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) spectrum by the Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis. According to the correlation domain principle, the stimulated Brillouin scattering is localized in so-called correlation peaks, but these peaks actually have side lobes, which excite the BDG out of the peak region, compromising the spatial resolution in the BDG spectrum measurement. To solve this, we applied intensity modulation to apodize the optical power spectrum of the input lightwave to the system, suppressing the side lobes. We experimentally confirmed about 4.5 times improvement in the spatial resolution. A 25-cm-long stressed segment in a 500-m-long fiber was successfully recognized in the proposed system, which could not be achieved by a system without the intensity modulation.
Immunoblot Assay Using Recombinant Antigens as a Supplemental Test To Confirm the Presence of Antibodies to <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> (2007)

The diagnosis of chronic Chagas' disease is generally made by detecting antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi. Most conventional serological tests are based on lysates of whole parasites or semipurified antigen fractions from T. cruzi epimastigotes grown in culture. The occurrence of inconclusive and false-positive results has been a persistent problem with the conventional assays, and there is no universally accepted gold standard for confirmation of positive test results. We describe here an immunoblot assay for detecting antibodies to T. cruzi in which four chimeric recombinant antigens (rAgs), designated FP3, FP6, FP10, and TcF, are used as target antigens. Each of these rAgs is composed of several antigenically distinct regions and includes repetitive as well as nonrepetitive sequences. Each rAg is coated as a discrete line on a nitrocellulose strip. Assay sensitivity was assessed by testing 345 specimens known to be positive for antibodies to T. cruzi. All 345 of these samples showed two to four reactive test bands in addition to the three on-board control bands that are on each strip. Assay specificity was determined by testing 500 specimens from random U.S. blood donors, all of which gave negative results. Based on the results obtained in this study, we propose the following scheme for interpretation of test results: (i) no bands or a single test band = a negative result; (ii) two or more test bands with at least one band showing intensity of 1+ or higher = a positive result; and (iii) multiple faint test bands (+/-) = indeterminate result. Based on this scheme, the prototype immunoblot assay showed sensitivity of 100% (n = 345) and specificity of 100% (n = 500). Additionally, all 269 potentially cross-reacting and T. cruzi antibody-negative specimens tested negative in our immunoblot assay. The rAg-based immunoblot assay has potential as a supplemental test for confirming the presence of antibodies to T. cruzi in blood specimens and for identifying false-positive results obtained with other assays.
Downlink best-effort packet data with multiple antennas (2004)

Communication through multiple base station antennas with downlink time division multiplexing, rate control and scheduling is considered for high-speed packet data delivery. In contrast to transmit diversity transmission, a new strategy is proposed. The proposed scheme, named distributed-multi-antenna-scheduling (DMAS), is a generalized form of parallel transmission from each and every available co-located antenna with joint scheduling, that results to simultaneous transmission of more than one packets to more than one intended users. The resulting transmission scheme is analyzed in a CDMA framework for single and dual antenna terminals and is shown, for the case of two base station antennas in downlink transmission, to achieve substantial increase in average data throughput compared to known transmit diversity schemes, in the presence of moderate multi-user diversity. The scheme increases the system throughput through the simultaneous transmission of multiple packets. It thus multiplies the number of simultaneously served users, which is also a desirable feature in the current high-speed data wireless solutions.
Giant-chirp oscillators for short-pulse fiber amplifiers (2009)

A dissipative-soliton oscillator can replace the oscillator, stretcher, pulse-picker, and pre-amplifier in a chirped-pulse fiber amplifier. 150-ps pulses at 3-MHz repetition rate are amplified to 1-μJ energy with pulse duration as short as 670 fs.
A Hierarchical Approach Using Machine Learning Methods in Solar Photovoltaic Energy Production Forecasting (2016)

We evaluate and compare two common methods, artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR), for predicting energy productions from a solar photovoltaic (PV) system in Florida 15 min, 1 h and 24 h ahead of time. A hierarchical approach is proposed based on the machine learning algorithms tested. The production data used in this work corresponds to 15 min averaged power measurements collected from 2014. The accuracy of the model is determined using computing error statistics such as mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), relative MBE (rMBE), mean percentage error (MPE) and relative RMSE (rRMSE). This work provides findings on how forecasts from individual inverters will improve the total solar power generation forecast of the PV system.
ETS1 suppresses tumorigenicity of human colon cancer cells. (1995)

We have ectopically expressed transcription factor ETS1 in two different highly tumorigenic human colon cancer cell lines, DLD-1 and HCT116, that do not express endogenous ETS1 protein and have obtained several independent clones. The expression of wild-type ETS1 protein in these colon cancer cells reverses the transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, expression in DLD-1 cells of a variant form of ETS1, lacking transcriptional activity, did not alter the tumorigenic properties of the cells, suggesting that the reduction in tumorigenicity in these clones was specific for the wild-type ETS1 gene products. Since these colon cancer cells have multiple genetic alterations, the system described in this paper could be a good model to study the suppression of tumorigenicity at a transcriptional level, which could lead to the design and development of novel drugs for cancer treatment.
Efficient queue management for cluster scheduling (2016)

Job scheduling in Big Data clusters is crucial both for cluster operators' return on investment and for overall user experience. In this context, we observe several anomalies in how modern cluster schedulers manage queues, and argue that maintaining queues of tasks at worker nodes has significant benefits. On one hand, centralized approaches do not use worker-side queues. Given the inherent feedback delays that these systems incur, they achieve suboptimal cluster utilization, particularly for workloads dominated by short tasks. On the other hand, distributed schedulers typically do employ worker-side queuing, and achieve higher cluster utilization. However, they fail to place tasks at the best possible machine, since they lack cluster-wide information, leading to worse job completion time, especially for heterogeneous workloads. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to provide principled solutions to the above problems by introducing queue management techniques, such as appropriate queue sizing, prioritization of task execution via queue reordering, starvation freedom, and careful placement of tasks to queues. We instantiate our techniques by extending both a centralized (YARN) and a distributed (Mercury) scheduler, and evaluate their performance on a wide variety of synthetic and production workloads derived from Microsoft clusters. Our centralized implementation, Yaq-c, achieves 1.7x improvement on median job completion time compared to YARN, and our distributed one, Yaq-d, achieves 9.3x improvement over an implementation of Sparrow's batch sampling on Mercury.
Isocorydine Derivatives and Their Anticancer Activities (2014)

In order to improve the anticancer activity of isocorydine (ICD), ten isocorydine derivatives were prepared through chemical structure modifications, and their in vitro and in vivo activities were experimentally investigated. 8-Amino-isocorydine (8) and 6a,7-dihydrogen-isocorydione (10) could inhibit the growth of human lung (A549), gastric (SGC7901) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines in vitro. Isocorydione (2) could inhibit the tumor growth of murine sarcoma S180-bearing mice, and 8-acetamino-isocorydine (11), a pro-drug of 8-amino-isocorydine (8), which is instable in water solution at room temperature, had a good inhibitory effect on murine hepatoma H22-induced tumors. The results suggested that the isocorydine structural modifications at C-8 could significantly improve the biological activity of this alkaloid, indicating its suitability as a lead compound in the development of an effective anticancer agent.