gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transsynaptic transport of wheat germ agglutinin expressed in a subset of type II taste cells of transgenic mice (2008)

These results show the usefulness of genetically encoded WGA as a tracer for the first and second order neurons that innervate a subset of taste cells, but not for higher order neurons, and demonstrate that the main route of output from type II taste cells is the gustatory neuron, not the type III cells.
New Technologies in Field Soil Survey (2011)

Visible near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (VisNIR DRS) and field portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry were used to quantify soil parameters on-site. Their operational theory and application to soil science are presented.
Ultrahard diamond single crystals from chemical vapor deposition (2004)

Gem-sized single crystals of diamond have been produced by very high growth rate microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and found to exhibit remarkable mechanical properties. The as-grown material has extremely high fracture toughness, and treatment by high-pressure/high-temperature annealing produces crystals that have exceptionally high intrinsic hardness. The annealing appears to induce a novel work hardening of CVD single-crystal diamond. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Terahertz reflectometry of multi-layered paint thicknesses and estimation of particle sizes (2014)

A terahertz reflectometer was designed and utilized for measuring paint panels comprised of layers of paint, primer and overcoat. Particle size of the paint additives were estimated by contour plot derived from 3D surface map.
Theoretical studies of defect-initiated particle emission from GaP(110) surfaces: Basis for a new technique of generating perfect surfaces (1992)

We have calculated the energy needed to eject P atoms from several types of defects on the GaP (110) surface as well as from the perfect surface. It is found that most types of defects have a Ga or P atom bonded less strongly than those on the perfect surface. In view of the result of calculation, and of recent experimental observation that less strongly bonded atoms are ejected by irradiation with laser pulses of lower fluences, we suggest a new method of producing perfect surfaces using laser irradiation to eliminate steps and adatoms and deposition to eliminate vacancies.
Free‐breathing multiphase whole‐heart coronary MR angiography using image‐based navigators and three‐dimensional cones imaging (2012)

Noninvasive visualization of the coronary arteries in vivo is one of the most important goals in cardiovascular imaging. Compared to other paradigms for coronary MR angiography, a free-breathing three-dimensional whole-heart iso-resolution approach simplifies prescription effort, requires less patient cooperation, reduces overall exam time, and supports retrospective reformats at arbitrary planes. However, this approach requires a long continuous acquisition and must account for respiratory and cardiac motion throughout the scan. In this work, a new free-breathing coronary MR angiography technique that reduces scan time and improves robustness to motion is developed. Data acquisition is accomplished using a three-dimensional cones non-Cartesian trajectory, which can reduce the number of readouts 3-fold or more compared to conventional three-dimensional Cartesian encoding and provides greater robustness to motion/flow effects. To further enhance robustness to motion, two-dimensional navigator images are acquired to directly track respiration-induced displacement of the heart and enable retrospective compensation of all acquired data (none discarded) for image reconstruction. In addition, multiple cardiac phases are imaged to support retrospective selection of the best phase(s) for visualizing each coronary segment. Experimental results demonstrate that whole-heart coronary angiograms can be obtained rapidly and robustly with this proposed technique.
Use of Piezoceramic Actuation for Automotive Active Suspension Mechanisms: A Feasibility Study (1992)

Abstract Active suspension for automobiles involves an active control of wheel motions. This work investigates the possibility of realizing controlled wheel motion for an active suspension using piezoceramic actuation. The proposed concept deviates significantly from conventional practice of using heavier, hydraulic actuators. Rather than accomplising the wheel motion using the direct stroke of an actuator, the motion is to be realized by actively modifying the stiffness of the suspension system using piezoceramic sensing and actuation. Preliminary analysis and experimentation are performed to test the above concept. Two candidate designs are presented for composite piezoceramic suspension elements. It is shown that it is possible to control suspension system deflections through sufficient motion ranges necessary for this application.
A novel current-mode ultra low power analog CMOS four quadrant multiplier (2012)

A novel CMOS current mode analog multiplier is presented. The design is based on using MOSFET operating in subthreshold region to achieve ultra low power dissipation. The circuit is operated from ± 0.75V DC supply. The proposed circuit has been simulated using Tanner in 0.35μm TSMC CMOS process. Simulation results show that the total power dissipation is 2.3μW, total harmonic distortion is 0.7%, maximum linearity error is 0.3% and the bandwidth is 2.8MHz.
Beyond the ridge pattern: multi-informative analysis of latent fingermarks by MALDI mass spectrometry (2013)

After over a century, fingerprints are still one of the most powerful means of biometric identification. The conventional forensic workflow for suspect identification consists of (i) recovering latent marks from crime scenes using the appropriate enhancement technique and (ii) obtaining an image of the mark to compare either against known suspect prints and/or to search in a Fingerprint Database. The suspect is identified through matching the ridge pattern and local characteristics of the ridge pattern (minutiae). However successful, there are a number of scenarios in which this process may fail; they include the recovery of partial, distorted or smudged marks, poor quality of the image resulting from inadequacy of the enhancement technique applied, extensive scarring/abrasion of the fingertips or absence of suspect's fingerprint records in the database. In all of these instances it would be very desirable to have a technology able to provide additional information from a fingermark exploiting its endogenous and exogenous chemical content. This opportunity could potentially provide new investigative leads, especially when the fingermark comparison and match process fails. We have demonstrated that Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI MSI) can provide multiple images of the same fingermark in one analysis simultaneous with additional intelligence. Here, a review on the pioneering use and development of MALDI MSI for the analysis of latent fingermarks is presented along with the latest achievements on the forensic intelligence retrievable.
Directed evolution of nanobody chaperones that stabilize GPCR:G‐protein complexes (2017)

G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) sense external signals through a stereotyped mechanism that couples ligand‐induced conformational changes to nucleotide exchange in associated heterotrimeric G proteins. The conformational states in both GPCRs and G proteins that mediate this process are transient and thus challenging to study. Single‐domain camelid antibody fragments (“nanobodies”) have proven invaluable tools to capture GPCRs in particular conformations for crystallography, spectroscopy, and in vivo studies. Nb35 is a conformationally‐selective nanobody that binds to Gs to stabilize the nucleotide‐free state and its complex with activated GPCRs, including the Beta‐2 adrenergic receptor. Similar chaperones for other heterotrimeric G proteins such as Gi and Gq have not yet been described. To obtain these valuable probes, we used structure‐based directed evolution of Nb35 with yeast surface display to alter its specificity for Gi and Gq. After selection, we obtained two variants, NbD7 and NbD12 that respectively bind Gi and Gq in a fashion analogous to Nb35 for Gs. Biochemically, NbD7 and NbD12 protect GPCR:G‐protein complexes from GTP‐induced disassociation. Furthermore, NbD7 enables crystallization of a complex of heterotrimeric Gi and a GPCR. Together with Nb35, NbD7 and NbD12 allow for conformational control of the vast majority of GPCR:G‐protein complexes and provide a facile template to prepare additional nanobody chaperones against other G protein families.
Accurate Location of Faults on Power Transmission Lines With Use of Two-End Unsynchronized Measurements (2006)

This paper presents a new algorithm for locating faults on two-terminal power transmission lines. Unsynchronized two-end voltages and currents are processed for determining the sought distance to fault and the synchronization angle. The calculations are performed initially for the lumped model of a transmission line. Then, these results are used as the initial data for the Newton-Raphson method-based iterative calculations, in which the distributed parameter line model is utilized. The delivered fault location algorithm has been tested and evaluated with the fault data obtained from versatile ATP-EMTP simulations. The sample results of the evaluation are reported and discussed.
α,ω‐Diisocyanato‐carbodiimide und ‐polycarbodiimide sowie ihre Derivate (1981)

Abstract Die Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiet der niedermolekularen, oligomeren und polymeren α,ω‐Diisocyanato‐carbodiimide und ‐polycarbodiimide waren nicht nur für diese selbst von Bedeutung, sondern sie brachten – wie so häufig in der Chemie – auch andere interessante Ergebnisse mit sich: originelle neue Synthesemethoden, Erkenntnisse über Eigenschaften niedermolekularer Carbodiimide und Phosphanimid‐Derivate sowie über Fragmentierungs‐reaktionen von Sauerstoff, Phosphor und Stickstoff enthaltenden viergliedrigen Heterocyclen und ein besseres Verständnis des Diisocyanat‐Polyadditionsverfahrens sind einige der Nebenprodukte dieser Forschung. „Hochtemperatur”︁‐ und „Tieftemperatur”︁‐Polycarbodimidbildung, ihre Homogen‐ und Heterogenkatalyse und die zentrale Bedeutung von Vierringfragmentierungsmechanismen unter Bildung von Phosphanimid‐Derivaten werden beschrieben. Eine Vielfalt von Derivatisierungsreaktionen oligomerer und hochmolekularer Polycarbodiimide und Polyuretonimine ermöglicht, interessante Bausteine des Diisocyanat‐Polyadditions‐ und ‐Polykondensationsverfahrens zu synthetisieren. Die in‐situ‐Herstellung von Polycarbodiimiden über Matrix‐Reaktionen in elastischen Polyurethan‐Weichschaumstoffen führt unter symmetrisch ablaufenden, starken Wachstumsvorgängen zu einer zellförmigen Stoffanordnung; es werden so Kombinationsschaumstoffe mit erhöhter Carbonisierungstendenz erhalten. Auf einige technische Verwendungen von α,ω‐Diisocyanato‐polycarbodiimiden, von hochmolekularen, vernetzten Polyuretoniminen und von Polycarbodiimid‐Schaumstoffen wird hingewiesen.
Market-based coordination of thermostatically controlled loads-Part II: Unknown parameters and case studies (2016)

Summary form only given. This two-part paper considers the coordination of a population of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) with unknown parameters to achieve group objectives. The problem involves designing the bidding and market clearing strategy to motivate self-interested users to realize efficient energy allocation subject to a peak energy constraint. The companion paper (Part I) formulates the problem and proposes a load coordination framework using the mechanism design approach. To address the unknown parameters, Part II of this paper presents a joint state and parameter estimation framework based on the expectation maximization algorithm. The overall framework is then validated using real world weather data and price data, and is compared with other approaches in terms of aggregated load response. Simulation results indicate that our coordination framework can effectively improve the operational efficiency of the distribution system and reduce power congestion at key times.
Thermoreversible Crosslinking Rubber Using Supramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Networks (2002)

Abstract Thermoreversible crosslinking rubber (TRC-IR) was easily synthesized by modification of isoprene rubber (IR) with maleic anhydride followed by the addition of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATA), in solid phase. The mechanical properties of the resulting rubber were more similar to the sulfur-vulcanized rubber than general thermoplastic elastomers ( ex. SEBS). Although the tensile strength and elongation at break were lower than those of a corresponding sulfur-vulcanized rubber, the moduli were as high as those of sulfur-cured rubber. Re-molding of TRC-IR could be repeated more than 10 times without significantly changing its mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared analyses revealed that the superior mechanical properties and good recyclability are attributable to the strong hydrogen bonding. The TRC-IR showed an endothermic transition peak at around 185 °C on the DSC chart, indicating cleavage of the hydrogen bonding. Infrared analyses also revealed that the absorption peaks of carboxylic acid were shifted to a lower region by the strong hydrogen bonding. The thermoreversible crosslinking system was also applied to EPM, EBM (ethylene-butene rubber), and IIR. These rubbers also showed superior mechanical properties as well as excellent recyclability.
Flexible approach to vibrational sum-frequency generation using shaped near-infrared light (2018)

We describe a new approach that expands the utility of vibrational sum-frequency generation (vSFG) spectroscopy using shaped near-infrared (NIR) laser pulses. We demonstrate that arbitrary pulse shapes can be specified to match experimental requirements without the need for changes to the optical alignment. In this way, narrowband NIR pulses as long as 5.75 ps are readily generated, with a spectral resolution of about 2.5 cm<sup>-1</sup>, an improvement of approximately a factor of 3 compared to a typical vSFG system. Moreover, the utility of having complete control over the NIR pulse characteristics is demonstrated through nonresonant background suppression from a metallic substrate by generating an etalon waveform in the pulse shaper. The flexibility afforded by switching between arbitrary NIR waveforms at the sample position with the same instrument geometry expands the type of samples that can be studied without extensive modifications to existing apparatuses or large investments in specialty optics.
Depth-Sectioned Imaging and Quantitative Analysis in Turbid Media Using Spatially Modulated Illumination (2004)

Experiments performed on heterogeneous and homogeneous tissue-simulating phantoms demonstrate that spatially modulated illumination enables depth-resolved imaging and wide-field optical property mapping in turbid media.
Balancing interpixel cross talk and detector noise to optimize areal density in holographic storage systems (1998)

We investigate the effects of interpixel cross talk and detector noise on the areal storage density of holographic data storage. A numerical simulation is used to obtain the bit-error rate (BER) as a function of hologram aperture, pixel fill factors, and additive Gaussian intensity noise. We consider the effect of interpixel cross talk at an output pixel from all possible configurations of its 12 closest-neighbor pixels. Experimental verification of this simulation procedure is shown for several fill-factor combinations. The simulation results show that areal density is maximized when the aperture coincides with the zero order of the spatial light modulator (SLM) (Nyquist sampling condition) and the CCD fill factor is large. Additional numerical analysis including finite SLM contrast and fixed-pattern noise show that, if the fixed-pattern noise reaches 6% of the mean signal level, the SLM contrast has to be larger than 6:1 to maintain high areal density. We also investigate the improvement of areal density when error-prone pixel combinations are forbidden by using coding schemes. A trade-off between an increase in areal density and the redundancy of a coding scheme that avoids isolated-on pixels occurs at a code rate of approximately 83%.
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (2003)

Develop materials and components and optimize operating conditions of the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) for maximum power density and fuel conversion efficiency at a minimum cost. In particular:• Design and optimize membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) to enhance cell performance.• Advance electrocatalysis of methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction to increase power density and lower total precious metal loading.• Characterize and optimize non-Nafion polymers with reduced crossover and improved performance.• Model, develop and demonstrate practical viability of advanced cell components.
Human herpesvirus-8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a new transmissible virus that infects B cells. (1996)

Herpesviral DNA fragments isolated from AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tissue (KSHV-DNA) share homology with two lymphotropic oncogenic gamma-herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Herpesvirus saimiri, and are present in the lesions of more than 95% of HIV and non-HIV-associated forms of KS, AIDS-related body cavity-based lymphomas, and AIDS-related multicentric Castleman's disease. Here we show that BC-1, a KSHV-DNA-positive, body cavity-based lymphoma cell line, produces infective herpesviral particles carrying a linear 270-kb genome that specifically transmits KSHV-DNA to CD19+ B cells. Transmission of KSHV-DNA is dependent upon a biologically active, replicating virus, since it is blocked by UV irradiation and foscarnet, an inhibitor of viral DNA-polymerase. This study represents the first isolation and transmission of the human herpesvirus-8/KS-associated herpesvirus.
A robust method for inter-marker whole slide registration of digital pathology images using lines based features (2014)

An automated image registration method is proposed for registration of digital whole slide scans of adjacent tissue sections. An example workflow is where a pathologist annotates a tumor region in a primary (H&E <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ) stained image and the corresponding regions, in nearby sections, stained with other biomarkers, are identified and analyzed for aiding in clinical diagnosis. The different markers convey different clinical information leading to a more comprehensive analysis. This registration process, if done manually, is tedious and time-consuming. We propose a two-pass algorithm. A lines-based approach, computed from tissue boundary regions, returns the global transformation. Then normalized correlation, based on gradient magnitude images, is used for more precise local matching in a multi-resolution approach. The algorithm is robust to flips, large rotation angles, tissue wear-and-tear, and Area of Interest (AOI <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) mismatch, and outperforms state-of-the-art registration methods for digital pathology images.
Sub-Nyquist Radar via Doppler Focusing (2014)

We investigate the problem of a monostatic pulse-Doppler radar transceiver trying to detect targets sparsely populated in the radar's unambiguous time-frequency region. Several past works employ compressed sensing (CS) algorithms to this type of problem but either do not address sample rate reduction, impose constraints on the radar transmitter, propose CS recovery methods with prohibitive dictionary size, or perform poorly in noisy conditions. Here, we describe a sub-Nyquist sampling and recovery approach called Doppler focusing, which addresses all of these problems: it performs low rate sampling and digital processing, imposes no restrictions on the transmitter, and uses a CS dictionary with size, which does not increase with increasing number of pulses P. Furthermore, in the presence of noise, Doppler focusing enjoys a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement, which scales linearly with P, obtaining good detection performance even at SNR as low as - 25 dB. The recovery is based on the Xampling framework, which allows reduction of the number of samples needed to accurately represent the signal, directly in the analog-to-digital conversion process. After sampling, the entire digital recovery process is performed on the low rate samples without having to return to the Nyquist rate. Finally, our approach can be implemented in hardware using a previously suggested Xampling radar prototype.
Islet-Derived Progenitors as a Source of In Vitro Islet Regeneration (2008)

Current therapies do not prevent the complications of diabetes. Furthermore, these therapies do not address the underlying pathology; the lack of functional beta-cell mass that occurs in both types 1 and 2 diabetes. While pancreas and islet transplantation do serve to increase beta-cell mass, a lack of donor organs limits the therapeutic potential of these treatments. As such, expansion of beta-cell mass from endogenous sources, either in vivo or in vitro, represents an area of increasing interest. One potential source of islet progenitors is the islet proper, via the dedifferentiation, proliferation, and redifferentiation of facultative progenitors residing within the islet. We have developed a tissue culture platform whereby isolated adult human pancreatic islets form proliferative duct-like structures expressing ductal and progenitor markers. Short-term treatment with a peptide fragment of islet neogenesis-associated protein (INGAP) induces these structures to reform islet-like structures that resemble freshly isolated islets with respect to the frequency and distribution of the four endocrine cell types, islet gene expression and hormone production, insulin content, and glucose-responsive insulin secretion. As such, the plasticity of adult human islets has significant implications for islet regeneration.
A bioanalytical microsystem for protein and DNA sensing based on a monolithic silicon optoelectronic transducer (2005)

A bioanalytical microsystem that is based on a monolithic silicon optical transducer and a microfluidic module and it is appropriate for real-time sensing of either DNA or protein analytes is presented. The optical transducer monolithically integrates silicon avalanche diodes as light sources, silicon nitride optical fibers and detectors and efficiently intercouples these optical elements through a self-alignment technique. After hydrophilization and silanization of the transducer surface, the biomolecular probes are immobilized through physical adsorption. Detection is performed through reaction of the immobilized biomolecules with gold nanoparticle labeled counterpart molecules. The binding of these molecules within the evanescent field at the surface of the optical fiber cause attenuated total reflection of the waveguided modes and reduction of the detector photocurrent. Using the developed microsystem, determination of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gen e of the human phenol sulfotransferase SULT1A1 was achieved. Full-matching hybrid resulted in 4-5 times higher signals compared to the mismatched hybrid after hybridization and dissociation processes. The protein sensing abilities of the developed microsystem were also investigated through a non-competitive assay for the determination of the MB isoform of creatine kinase enzyme (CK-MB) that is a widely used cardiac marker.