gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phthalocyanine Growth Dependence on Gold Thin Film Roughness (2019)

Phthalocyanine is a basic synthetic organic molecule used in electronics including gas sensors and photovoltaics. The molecular orientation of the copper Phthalocyanine (CuPc) molecule in thin films is examined on gold surfaces with different thicknesses ranging from 0 nm to 30 nm. CuPc powder is sublimated when thin films are heated to 160°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to analyze the thin films. CuPc has two main XRD peaks, CuPc(200) and CuPc(313), which occur when the molecules are in the standing or lying orientation, respectively. The XRD spectrum has a CuPc(200) peak for each sample. The roughness of gold before CuPc powder sublimation is 0.3 nm, which is less than the size of the CuPc molecule, 1.3 nm, so CuPc molecules should have a CuPc(313) peak according to previous literature. CuPc's grain size is determined to be 204 nm from the Height-Height Correlation Function R code.
Irisin and FNDC5 in retrospect (2013)

FNDC5 (fibronectin domain-containing [protein] 5) was initially discovered and characterized by two groups in 2002. In 2011 FNDC5 burst into prominence as the parent of irisin, a small protein containing the fibronectin type III domain. Irisin was proposed to be secreted by skeletal muscle cells in response to exercise, and to circulate to fat tissue where it induced a transition to brown fat. Since brown fat results in dissipation of energy, this pathway is of considerable interest for metabolism and obesity. Here I review the original discoveries of FNDC5 and the more recent discovery of irisin. I note in particular three problems in the characterization of irisin: the antibodies used to detect irisin in plasma lack validity; the recombinant protein used to demonstrate activity in cell culture was severely truncated; and the degree of shedding of soluble irisin from the cell surface has not been quantitated. The original discovery proposing that FNDC5 may be a transmembrane receptor may deserve a new look.
Ozonation of water: kinetics of oxidation of ammonia by ozone and hydroxyl radicals (1978)

Ozone initiated oxidation of ammonia in water can result from the direct reaction of O<sub>3</sub> with NH<sub>3</sub> as well as from the reactions of OH<sup><B>·</B></sup> radicals formed upon O<sub>3</sub> decomposition. The direct reaction of O<sub>3</sub> predominates at pH <9. In the presence of low concentrations of free NH<sub>3</sub>, it is a slow reaction; the rate constant for O<sub>3</sub> depletion by reaction of O<sub>3</sub> with NH<sub>3</sub> is 20 ± 1 M<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. At pH values >9, OH<sup><B>·</B></sup> and radical-catalyzed decomposition of O<sub>3</sub> to the very reactive intermediate, OH<sup><B>·</B></sup>, determines the kinetics of the NH<sub>3</sub> oxidation. The reaction rate constant of OH<sup><B>·</B></sup> with NH<sub>3</sub> is relatively small. Whenever the OH<sup><B>·</B></sup> mechanism is involved, NH<sub>3</sub> is easily protected by other solutes which also consume OH<sup><B>·</B></sup> radicals. Even carbonate and bicarbonate ions may act as efficient OH<sup><B>·</B></sup> scavengers. Because carbonate and organic solutes affect the lifetime of O<sub>3</sub> in water, they consequently shift the pH range in which either the direct O<sub>3</sub> or the OH<sup><B>·</B></sup> mechanism predominates. A comparison with reactions initiated by gamma irradiation proves helpful in elucidating the reaction mechanisms.
Regulation by cAMP and vasoactive intestinal peptide of phosphorylation of specific proteins in striatal cells in culture. (1988)

We have studied three low molecular weight phosphoproteins, ARPP-16, ARPP-19, and ARPP-21 (cAMP-regulated phosphoproteins of Mr 16,000, 19,000, and 21,000, respectively) in reaggregate cultures from various regions of fetal mouse brain. ARPP-16 and ARPP-21 were detected only in striatal and cortical cultures. In contrast, ARP-19, which is structurally related to ARPP-16, was also present in reaggregate cultures prepared from thalamus and ventral and dorsal mesencephalon, as well as in monolayer cultures of astroglial cells. In striatal aggregates cultured over a 3-week period, the relative levels of ARPP-16, ARPP-21, and synapsin I/protein IIIa (synaptic vesicle-associated phosphoproteins closely related to each other and treated as a single entity in the present study) increased with time, whereas the level of ARPP-19 decreased. Incubation of striatal aggregates with 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, or vasoactive intestinal peptide increased the phosphorylation of all these proteins. We conclude that the state of phosphorylation of two proteins enriched in specific neurons (ARPP-16 and ARPP-21) and two more widely distributed proteins (ARPP-19 and synapsin I/protein IIIa) is regulated by cAMP and vasoactive intestinal peptide in striatal cells in culture. These phosphoproteins may therefore play a role in mediating some of the actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the caudate-putamen.
A predictive model of plasma matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1986)

Matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) due to metallic elements in solution are found to be largely due to plasma processes. The effects of such matrix elements on the sensitivities of analyte lines are evaluated. Most matrix elements give rise to considerably greater effects than do the frequently studied alkali metals, under operating conditions normally adopted for routine use. Analytes are affected to a degree dependent on the total excitation potential. Lines with high excitation potential are strongly affected. Different matrix elements produce widely varying effects on the sensitivity of a single line, depending on the energy required to dissociate and ionise the matrix. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the matrix effects are due to cooling of the plasma by the matrix. Such a model enables matrix effects to be quantitatively predicted for matrices at 0.05 M.
특집 : 2015년 한,일 위안부 합의의 법적 문제: 2015년 한일외교장관의 “위안부” 문제 합의에서 피해자는 어디에 있(었)나?: 그 내용과 절차 (2016)

이 논문에서는 2015 한일외교장관의 일본군``위안부`` 문제 합의(이하 ``2015 합의``)의 내용과 절차를 피해자의 견지에서 살펴본다. 그간의 ``위안부`` 운동의 역사에서 볼 때 피해자는 문제의 처음부터 끝까지 함께 해야 할 주체임에도 불구하고 이번 협상에서 피해자는 기껏해야 객체로 위치 지워졌다. 피해자가 ``무엇을 원하는지`` 조차 제대로 경청하지 않았다는 의미에서는 진정한 의미의 객체도 되지 못했다. ``2015 합의``는 유엔 피해자권리결의 및 ICC 절차규정 등에 비추어볼 때도 문제투성이다. 먼저 합의의 내용 측면에서는 그동안 유엔과 지원단체, 피해자 등이 제안했던 문제 해결의 원칙이 전혀 고려되지 않았다. 합의의 절차 측면에서는 피해자의 참여와 진술의 권리 등이 완전히 도외시 되었다. ``2015 합의``는 일본정부의 어떤 행위에 대해 어떤 근거에서 책임을 통감하고 사죄한다는 것인지 목적어도 없고 법적 근거도 없는 외교행위였다. 이런 의미에서 ``2015 합의``에서 피해자는 존재하지 않았다. 나아가 이 글은 배상을 받고 회복을 해아 할 ``피해자가 누구인가``라는 질문을 제기한다. 한국정부의 태도에서 나타나는 것처럼 현재 생존해 있는 피해자로만 피해자가 한정되지 않고, 이들에게 ``2015 합의``에 대해 ``합의``를 해 줄 전권이 있지 않다고 한다. 한국인 피해자에는 그간 한국에서 자신을 밝히고 생존하다가 사망한 피해자들, 나아가 20만 명으로 추정되는 사실상의 피해자, 그리고 이 피해자들을 둘러싼 가족, 친지, 그리고 우리 자신들에게도 피해자성이 있다고 본다. 이렇게 중층적인 피해자의 존재는 피해회복의 방법과도 관련되는데, 그것은 피해회복에 개인적인 차원과 함께 집합적인 차원이 존재한다는 것이다. 이 글은 집합적 차원의 피해회복의 방안에 대해 제안하면서 한국사회의 식민지성을 벗어나려는 노력이 집합적 피해회복의 중심에 있다고 말한다.
Postcocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal. (1991)

Cocaine use frequently occurs in episodic, prolonged binges. Following such a cocaine binge, the user suffers from severe depressive symptoms mixed with irritability and anxiety ("crash"). The present study was an attempt to develop an animal model of postcocaine depression or anhedonia and to study the time course of this cocaine withdrawal symptom. Rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine intravenously for prolonged periods of time and their brain reward thresholds were then assessed using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds. ICSS thresholds were used operationally as a measure of the animals' "hedonic-anhedonic" state. It was found that during cocaine withdrawal ICSS thresholds were elevated compared to predrug baseline levels and to control animals' thresholds, reflecting an "anhedonic" state. The magnitude and duration of the "anhedonic" state was proportional to the amount of cocaine consumed during the binge. A measure of response latency provided evidence that this postcocaine elevation of thresholds is due to a desensitization of the reward pathways mediating ICSS reward and not to any nonspecific (e.g., performance) effects of the cocaine exposure.
Handoff algorithms in dynamic spreading wcdma system supporting multimedia traffic (2003)

The undergoing third-generation wireless network needs to support the integration of voice and multimedia data services with varying quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. It is critical that the least bit-error rate (BER) for voice traffic, World Wide Web (WWW) traffic, and streaming video traffic be guaranteed at all time. In this paper, we discussed the integration of soft handoff and dynamic spreading factor in wideband code-division multiple-access system in supporting multimedia traffic. The contribution of our work is twofold. First, the processing time of the handoff request is analyzed. We found that intensive mobile handoff might consume significant amount of access channel time and increase the delay of handoff. We, therefore, proposed a batch mechanism such that multiple handoff requests could be processed simultaneously. The average delay is reduced from 1.12 s to 800 ms at heavy handoff rate. Our second contribution is a new resource allocation algorithm, where the spreading factor and transmission power for the handoff mobiles are jointly considered to maximize the throughput. The BER requirements for the handoff mobiles and the target cell are maintained during the handoff process. The original problem is formulated into a nonlinear programming format. We proposed a procedure to simplify it into a linear constraint problem, which is solved by a revised simplex method. Numerical results show a 25% increase in throughput for WWW traffic and a 26% improvement for the video traffic.
On the performance of turbo codes (2002)

The performance of the turbo code is sensitive to its code structure, which is made up of code rate, constraint length, tap connection, block size, interleaving pattern and number of decoding iterations. In this paper, mitigation techniques that can lower the error floor are adopted in both encoder and decoder. Optimum tap connections are listed for codes with constraint lengths 3, 4, and 5. Performance variations achieved by changing different parameters are investigated. Simulation results show that (1) using 10 decoding iterations is adequate; (2) the S-random interleaving provides the best performance among the interleavers investigated; (3) using codes with constraint lengths greater than 3 does not buy any additional coding gain for short block size (in the vicinity of 100); (4) for block size greater than 500, no significant improvement is noticed by increasing the constraint length from 4 to 5 in the range of bit error rate (BER) <10/sup -6/; and (5) the punctured rate 1/2 code structure degrades the performance by only 0.5 to 0.7 dB in comparison with the classic rate 1/3 turbo code for constraint lengths 3, 4, and 5.
Acquisition of serum antibodies to specific viral glycoproteins of parainfluenza virus 3 in children (1984)

A radioimmunoprecipitation assay was used to study antibody responses to parainfluenza virus 3 glycoproteins in human sera. The method was not only more sensitive than the neutralization test for the detection of antibody but also provided semiquantitative assessments of the antibody response to both glycoproteins in a single assay system. Anti-hemagglutinin-neuraminidase titers were consistently higher than anti-fusion levels in the same serum specimen. Thirteen children were monitored serologically and virologically from birth until 12 months or more after their primary infection with parainfluenza virus 3. At 1 to 3 months after infection, a significant increase in the level of antibody to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein developed in 12 children; of these, 9 showed rises in the level of fusion protein. In 11 of the children, antibody titers continued to rise and the geometric mean titers to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein was highest in sera collected 8 to 10 months after primary infection. Reinfection as the reason for these progressive increases in antibody levels could only be confirmed for four of the children. Three other children had reinfections after the 10-month sera were obtained; in each instance the only antibody responses were to the fusion protein.
Lethal graft-vs-host disease induced by a class II MHC antigen only disparity is not mediated by cytotoxic T cells. (1988)

Treatment of C57BL/6J (B6) murine splenocytes with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (Leu-Leu-OMe) selectively removes NK cells, CTL precursors, and the capacity to cause lethal graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in irradiated B6 X DBA/2 F1 mice. In contrast, alloantigen-induced L3T4(+) Th cell function has been shown to be relatively preserved after exposure to this agent. The present studies assessed the effects of Leu-Leu-OMe treatment of donor cells on induction of lethal GVHD in other murine strain combinations. When irradiated B6 X CBAF1 mice were infused with T and NK cell-depleted B6 bone marrow cells and 3 to 30 X 10(6) B6 spleen cells, uniformly lethal GVHD was observed. However, B6 X CBAF1 recipients of T and NK-depleted B6 bone marrow cells and similar numbers of Leu-Leu-OMe-treated B6 spleen cells demonstrated 90 to 100% long term survival. In contrast, Leu-Leu-OMe treatment of B6 donor cells had no beneficial effect on mortality rates in irradiated (B6 X B6-C-H-2bm12)F1 (B6 X bm12F1) recipients. When B6 spleen cells were stimulated in vivo or in vitro with either B6 X CBAF1 or B6 X bm12F1 stimulator cells, the capacity to generate alloantigen-specific CTL was abolished comparably by Leu-Leu-OMe treatment. Thus, the dramatic difference between the effects of Leu-Leu-OMe treatment of B6 spleen cells on the course of GVHD in B6 x CBAF1 and class II MHC only disparate B6 x bm12F1 recipients could not be explained by unique resistance of bm12-specific CTL precursors to Leu-Leu-OMe. These findings indicate that T cell effector mechanisms distinct from classic cell-mediated cytotoxicity are sufficient to generate lethal GVHD in class II MHC only disparate B6----B6 X bm12F1 mice.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug Interaction Study of Piragliatin, a Glucokinase Activator, and Glyburide, a Sulfonylurea, in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (2016)

A glucokinase activator and a sulfonylurea might be coprescribed to synergize treatment success for type 2 diabetes (T2D). This clinical pharmacology study was designed to investigate the potential glucose-lowering effect or pharmacodynamic (PD), pharmacokinetic (PK), and safety/tolerability interactions between piragliatin and glyburide in T2D patients already taking glyburide but not adequately controlled. This was an open-label, multiple-dose, 3-period, single-sequence crossover design: on days -1, 6, and 12, PD and PK samples were drawn with glyburide alone (period 0), piragliatin + glyburide (period 1), and piragliatin alone (period 2) treatments. The glucose-lowering effect, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), of piragliatin was more pronounced when it was administered concomitantly with glyburide as compared to piragliatin or glyburide administered alone. However, this enhancement cannot be explained by a potential PK interaction between piragliatin and glyburide. Other than hypoglycemia, there were no clinically relevant safety findings. Thus, the enhanced PD effect warrants further investigation to define the optimal dose combination between glucokinase activators and sulfonylureas with regard to efficacy, safety, and tolerability.
Dyeing and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Modified for Cationic Dyes with Hydrophobic and Acidic Groups (1992)

Basic studies define the relationship between dyeability for cationic dyes and mechanical properties of chemically modified cotton fabric. Introduction of benzoyl and sulfonic acid groups provides either satisfactory dyeability for cationic dyes or color-fastness, and mechanical properties are reported as a function of the benzoate degree of substitution value. The general trend is toward increased breaking load and bending stiffness and decreased wrinkle recovery for the chemically modified fabrics, but within this trend there is latitude for selection of the degree of substituent groups to provide superior performance.
Association of Cigarettes Smoked Daily with Obesity in a General Adult Population (2007)

Among smokers, obesity was associated in a graded manner with the number of cigarettes daily smoked, particularly in men. More emphasis should be put on the risk of obesity among smokers.
3D Plate‐Lattices: An Emerging Class of Low‐Density Metamaterial Exhibiting Optimal Isotropic Stiffness (2018)

In lightweight engineering, there is a constant quest for low-density materials featuring high mass-specific stiffness and strength. Additively-manufactured metamaterials are particularly promising candidates as the controlled introduction of porosity allows for tailoring their density while activating strengthening size-effects at the nano- and microstructural level. Here, plate-lattices are conceived by placing plates along the closest-packed planes of crystal structures. Based on theoretical analysis, a general design map is developed for elastically isotropic plate-lattices of cubic symmetry. In addition to validating the design map, detailed computational analysis reveals that there even exist plate-lattice compositions that provide nearly isotropic yield strength together with elastic isotropy. The most striking feature of plate-lattices is that their stiffness and yield strength are within a few percent of the theoretical limits for isotropic porous solids. This implies that the stiffness of isotropic plate-lattices is up to three times higher than that of the stiffest truss-lattices of equal mass. This stiffness advantage is also confirmed by experiments on truss- and plate-lattice specimens fabricated through direct laser writing. Due to their porous internal structure, the potential impact of the new metamaterials reported here goes beyond lightweight engineering, including applications for heat-exchange, thermal insulation, acoustics, and biomedical engineering.
High-Performance Poly-Si Thin-Film Transistors with Excimer-Laser Annealed Silicon-Nitride Gate (1993)

We report, for the first time, that ArF excimer laser annealing can improve silicon-nitride film properties. It is shown that the 15-nm-thick top region of the laser preannealed film had a lower hydrogen content and a much lower etching rate than the as-deposited film. The laser preannealed film is very useful as the gate insulator of high-performance bottom-gate thin-film transistors fabricated with the laser-recrystallized poly-Si film. The field-effect mobility of electrons was as high as 200 cm 2 /V·s, while the mobility was as low as 40 cm 2 /V·s without preannealing the silicon-nitride film.
Characterization of Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6 genes involved in degradation of lignin-related compounds (1999)

Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6 is able to grow on a wide variety of dimeric lignin compounds. These compounds are degraded via vanillate and syringate by a unique enzymatic system, composed of etherases, O demethylases, ring cleavage oxygenases and side chain cleaving enzymes. These unique and specific lignin modification enzymes are thought to be powerful tools for utilization of the most abundant aromatic biomass, lignin. Here, we focus on the genes and enzymes involved in beta-aryl ether cleavage and biphenyl degradation. Two unique etherases are involved in the reductive cleavage of beta-aryl ether. These two etherases have amino acid sequence similarity with the glutathione S-transferases, and use glutathione as a hydrogen donor. It was found that 5,5'-dehydrodivanillate, which is a typical lignin-related biphenyl structure, was transformed into 5-carboxyvanillate by the reaction sequence of O-demethylation, meta-ring cleavage, and hydrolysis, and the genes involved in the latter two reactions have been characterized. Vanillate and syringate are the most common intermediate metabolites in lignin catabolism. These compounds are initially O-demethylated and the resulting diol compounds, protocatechuate (PCA) and 3-O-methylgallate, respectively, are subjected to ring cleavage catalyzed by PCA 4,5-dioxygenase. The ring cleavage products generated are further degraded through the PCA 4,5-cleavage pathway. We have isolated and characterized genes for enzymes involved in this pathway. Disruption of a gene for 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolase (ligI) in this pathway suggested that an alternative route for 3-O-methylgallate degradation, in which ligI is not involved, would play a role in syringate catabolism. In this article, we describe the genetic and biochemical features of the S. paucimobilis SYK-6 genes involved in degradation of lignin-related compounds. A possible application of the SYK-6 lignin degradation system to produce a valuable chemical material is also described.
PROVEAN web server: a tool to predict the functional effect of amino acid substitutions and indels (2015)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
IL-12 and type I interferon prolong the division of activated CD8 T cells by maintaining high-affinity IL-2 signaling in vivo (2013)

TCR ligation and co-stimulation induce cellular division; however, optimal accumulation of effector CD8 T cells requires direct inflammatory signaling by signal 3 cytokines, such as IL-12 or type I IFNs. Although in vitro studies suggest that IL-12/type I IFN may enhance T cell survival or early proliferation, the mechanisms underlying optimal accumulation of CD8 T cells in vivo are unknown. In particular, it is unclear if disparate signal 3 cytokines optimize effector CD8 T cell accumulation by the same mechanism and how these inflammatory cytokines, which are transiently produced early after infection, affect T cell accumulation many days later at the peak of the immune response. Here, we show that transient exposure of CD8 T cells to IL-12 or type I IFN does not promote survival or confer an early proliferative advantage in vivo, but rather sustains surface expression of CD25, the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. This prolongs division of CD8 T cells in response to basal IL-2, through activation of the PI3K pathway and expression of FoxM1, a positive regulator of cell cycle progression genes. Thus, signal 3 cytokines use a common pathway to optimize effector CD8 T cell accumulation through a temporally orchestrated sequence of cytokine signals that sustain division rather than survival.
Multilateral Junction Connectivity Discussion and Analysis (2001)

Abstract Multilateral junction connectivity failures have been identified as a recurring risk when deploying junctions featuring casing windows in unstable formations. Connectivity has previously been described as a property defining general mechanical attributes such as resistance to formation loads of the constructed junction. When a junction experiences a connectivity problem, usually because unstable formations induce mechanical loads, solids can intrude and expected junction geometry can deteriorate. This paper explores the main connectivity issues and redefines the functional and technical requirements. An analysis of potential solutions illustrates that casing is not a suitable structural component when a full-size window is created. Our design introduces a structural layer internal to the parent casing, composed of two main prefabricated parts that create a lateral junction. A template braces the parent bore adjacent to the window, and a lateral connector interlocks with the template in such a way that it effectively supports axial and radial mechanical loads while creating a barrier against migration of formation solids. Case histories and laboratory testing confirm the structural integrity of our simple, two-trip junction construction method.