gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a borehole radar in cross-hole mode (1991)

A theoretical approach to cross-hole radar measurements is presented. An approximate analytical form for the current distribution on an antenna in a borehole is derived, and the theoretical receiving signal of the borehole radar in the cross-hole measurement is calculated. Theory is compared in the time-domain with the measured borehole radar signal obtained in a salt deposit. The radiation pattern of a borehole radar excited by a pulse is discussed. The accuracy of tomographic analysis, which is often applied to cross-hole radar measurements, is strongly governed by this radiation pattern. It is found that, in practice, most borehole radars have a pattern of a lambda /2 dipole antenna. However, the radiation pattern can be deformed by short pulse excitation, loading by the surrounding media, and coupling to the logging cable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Music recommendation and query-by-content using Self-Organizing Maps (2009)

The ever-increasing density of computer storage devices has allowed the average user to store enormous quantities of multimedia content, and a large amount of this content is usually music. Current search techniques for musical content rely on meta-data tags which describe artist, album, year, genre, etc. Query-by-content systems allow users to search based upon the acoustical content of the songs. Recent systems have mainly depended upon textual representations of the queries and targets in order to apply common string-matching algorithms. However, these methods lose much of the information content of the song and limit the ways in which a user may search. We have created a music recommendation system that uses self-organizing maps to find similarities between songs while preserving more of the original acoustical content. We build on the design of the recommendation system to create a musical query-by-content system. We discuss the weaknesses of the naive solution and then implement a quasi-supervised design and discuss some preliminary results.
Preclinical safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and biodistribution studies with Ad35K++ protein: a novel rituximab cotherapeutic (2016)

Rituximab is a mouse/human chimeric monoclonal antibody targeted toward CD20. It is efficient as first-line therapy of CD20-positive B-cell malignancies. However, a large fraction of treated patients relapse with rituximab-resistant disease. So far, only modest progress has been made in treatment options for rituximab refractory patients. One of the mechanisms for rituximab resistance involves the upregulation of CD46, which is a key cell surface protein that blocks the activation of complement. We have recently developed a technology that depletes CD46 from the cell surface and thereby sensitizes tumor cells to complement-dependent cytotoxicity. This technology is based on a small recombinant protein, Ad35K++ that binds with high affinity to CD46. In preliminary studies using a 6 × histidinyl tagged protein, we had demonstrated that intravenous Ad35K++ injection in combination with rituximab was safe and increased rituximab-mediated killing of CD20-positive target cells in mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs). The presence of the tag, while allowing for easy purification by Ni-NTA chromatography, has the potential to increase the immunogenicity of the recombinant protein. For clinical application, we therefore developed an Ad35K++ protein without His-tag. In the present study, we performed preclinical studies in two animal species (mice and NHPs) with this protein demonstrating its safety and efficacy. These studies estimated the Ad35K++ dose range and treatment regimen to be used in patients. Furthermore, we showed that intravenous Ad35K++ injection triggers the shedding of the CD46 extracellular domain in xenograft mouse tumor models and in macaques. Shed serum CD46 can be measured in the serum and can potentially be used as a pharmacodynamic marker for monitoring Ad35K++ activity in patient undergoing treatment with this agent. These studies create the basis for an investigational new drug application for the use of Ad35K++ in combination with rituximab in the treatment of patients with B-cell malignancies.
Electron mean free path of tungsten and the electrical resistivity of epitaxial (110) tungsten films (2012)

This work describes a study of the classical electrical resistivity size effect in tungsten. The important length scale for this size effect is the isotropic average electron mean free path (EMFP), which was determined to be 19.1 nm for W at 293 K by employing density functional theory. To explore the size effect experimentally, (110) oriented epitaxial W films with thicknesses ranging from 9.8 to 299.7 nm were prepared by sputter deposition onto ($11\overline{2}0$) Al${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$ substrates at 520 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C followed by postdeposition annealing in Ar-4$%$H${}_{2}$ at 850 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Film resistivities were measured at room temperature and at liquid He temperature. The Fuchs-Sondheimer (FS) surface scattering model with a low specularity parameter ($p$ $=$ 0.11) was shown to provide a good description of the film resistivity as a function of film thickness. Further, it is shown that an upper bound to the EMFP cannot be established by fitting resistivity data to the FS model, whereas a lower bound can be assessed.
MODIFIER INFLUENCE IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF HOT-MIX RECYCLED MATERIAL (1980)

The hot-mix recycling operation for bituminous mixes commonly uses a modifier to restore the aged asphalt cement to a condition that resembles a virgin asphalt cement. In the laboratory this is done on the extracted asphalt cement, thus assuring a thorough mixing. In the actual recycling operation, however, the modifier is added to the material during the mixing process and merely coats the salvaged asphalt concrete particles that are being recycled. It takes a certain amount of time for the modifier to combine with the old asphalt, but the exact nature of this time period and its influence on the structural behavior of the mix has not been reported. This paper investigates the influence of this diffusion process on material behavior and shows that the diffusion process exerts a large influence on the material properties required for long-term performance predictions in computer models such as VESYS. Immediately after sample preparation, the mix may have high stiffness and excellent resistance to rutting. For the material investigated in this paper, a week after preparation the stiffness had decreased by a factor of two, and the resistance to rutting had decreased accordingly. This behavior is explained from a conceptual consideration of the diffusion process and is physically verified by extracting the outer and inner layers of the modifier-asphalt cement combination prepared in a simulated recycling operation and by comparing their consistency. Consideration of this phenomenon has serious implications in characterization for long-term performance predictions and in evaluating the effects of various laboratory conditioning procedures. (Author)
The Role of Glucose in the In Vitro Regulation of Cell Cycle Kinetics and Proliferation of Fetal Pancreatic B-Cells (1982)

To study the cell cycle and regulation by glucose of Bcell proliferation, B-cell-rich pancreatic islets of rat fetuses (22 days gestational age) were maintained in tissue culture at various glucose concentrations. The proliferating islet cells were synchronized with hydroxyurea and their rate of progress through the cell cycle studied by pulse labeling with 3H-thymidine and after exposure to colchicine. The time for a full cell cycle was estimated to 14.9 h and could be subdivided into a G1 phase of a duration of 2.5 h, an S phase of 6.4 h, a G2 phase of 5.5 h, and an M phase of 0.5 h. Although glucose significantly stimulated B-cell proliferation, the progression of cells through the cell cycle was similar at different glucose concentrations. The experiments furthermore suggested that only a limited pool of islet cells was able to proliferate. Glucose seemed to stimulate B-cell proliferation by increasing the number of cells entering the cell cycle. From the cell cycle data it was possible to calculate the rate of formation of new B-cells, which ranged from 4.2%/24 h in 2.7 mM glucose to 10.4%/24 h in 16.7 mM. When the accumulation of mitotic figures during colchicine treatment was used as an alternative method for estimation of newly formed B-cells the cell birth rates were found to be 3.1 and 6.0%/24 h at 2.7 and 16.7 mM glucose, respectively. The notion that only a small fraction of B-cells takes part in proliferation would explain the limited regenerative capacity of this cell type. It remains to be established whether such a limitation is of significance in the development of maturity-onset diabetes.
Recent developments in indoor optical wireless systems (2008)

An overview of the developments in optical wireless systems viewed from the traditional communications viewpoint of transmitter, channel and receiver is presented. The trends in modulation formats that match information to the optical wireless channel are considered. This is followed by the discussion of recent transmitter and receiver innovations, particularly the utilisation of diversity transceivers. As a preliminary to the following treatment, the nature and modelling of the optical wireless channel are introduced, with particular emphasis on its unique features in terms of transmitted power constraints and non-negativity. From the examination of modulation formats, on-off‐keying remains the format of choice for basic binary transmission, whereas pulse-position modulation and its derivatives are preferred for more sophisticated requirements. The recent introduction of techniques from radio systems employing subcarriers is seen to be the most promising development in modulation techniques at present. In receiver technology, quasi-diffuse systems employing multispot diffusion and angular diversity are significant developments. They offer lower path loss and less multipath dispersion, at a lower transmission power compared to ‘conventional’ wide-angle diffuse systems, while providing a high level of user mobility compared to line-of-sight transmission. These developments are helping optical wireless systems to fulfil their promise by adopting a philosophy inspired by the radio domain to accommodate operation within a hostile channel.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Benzopiperazinones (1998)

This article describes an efficient method for the solid phase synthesis of benzopiperazinones (1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-ones) with four independently variable functional groups. Commercially available 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid (FNBA) was anchored directly to Wang resin and to amino acid-containing Wang resin. Treatment of these resins with amino acid derivatives afforded enantiomerically pure aniline intermediates via an ipso-fluoro displacement in high yields. Reduction of the aromatic nitro group with aqueous 2 M SnCl2, followed by spontaneous intramolecular cyclization, afforded benzopiperazinones in good yields. Complete acylation of the aniline site (N4) was achieved using several chloro- or thiochloroformates and NaHCO3 in anhyd THF/DMF at 80 °C under an argon atmosphere. Alkylation of the anilide nitrogen (N1) with lithiated (S)-(−)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone and benzyl bromide afforded alkylated benzopiperazinones in good yields with a high enantiomeric excess (>95% ee). A number of side reactions including racemization were discovered in our studies and are addressed.
Mavoglurant in fragile X syndrome: Results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (2016)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability and autistic spectrum disorder, is typically caused by transcriptional silencing of the X-linked FMR1 gene. Work in animal models has described altered synaptic plasticity, a result of the up-regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-mediated signaling, as a putative downstream effect. Post hoc analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover phase 2 trial suggested that the selective mGluR5 antagonist mavoglurant improved behavioral symptoms in FXS patients with completely methylated FMR1 genes. We present the results of two phase 2b, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies of mavoglurant in FXS, designed to confirm this result in adults (n = 175, aged 18 to 45 years) and adolescents (n = 139, aged 12 to 17 years). In both trials, participants were stratified by methylation status and randomized to receive mavoglurant (25, 50, or 100 mg twice daily) or placebo over 12 weeks. Neither of the studies achieved the primary efficacy end point of improvement on behavioral symptoms measured by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community Edition using the FXS-specific algorithm (ABC-C(FX)) after 12 weeks of treatment with mavoglurant. The safety and tolerability profile of mavoglurant was as previously described, with few adverse events. Therefore, under the conditions of our study, we could not confirm the mGluR theory of FXS nor the ability of the methylation state of the FMR1 promoter to predict mavoglurant efficacy. Preclinical results suggest that future clinical trials might profitably explore initiating treatment in a younger population with longer treatment duration and longer placebo run-ins and identifying new markers to better assess behavioral and cognitive benefits.
Constructing decision trees for user behavior prediction in the online consumer market (2016)

This thesis intends to investigate the usefulness of various aspects of product data for user behavior prediction in the online shopping market. Specifically, a data set from BestBuy was used, containing information regarding what product a user clicked on given their search query. Decision trees are machine learning algorithms used for making predictions. The decision tree algorithm ID3 was used because of its simplicity and interpretability. It uses information gain to measure how different attributes help the tree split the set into smaller subsets. The approach was to use one decision tree for each product in the data set, and analyze the distribution of the attributes' maximum information gains in the root splits across the various trees. For each of these splits, all possible pivot values (a pivot value being the value split on) were attempted, and the pivot values were also recorded to analyze which pivot values that resulted in the most gain. The results show that how well the query string matches the product title and description are the two most important aspects, followed by the product's novelty. The number of days since the last two reviews were written before the query proved a decent way to identify trends. The paper also presents how the attributes were used by analyzing the pivot value distributions, with the conclusion that many attributes were used in similar ways for most products, suggesting it might be possible to create a universal tree applicable for all products. Regarding the usefulness of decision trees, it was found that they are not very efficient for highly volatile databases, such as those found in the online shopping market. The notion of a universal tree, however, suggests that future work might investigate whether their efficiency could be improved using this, more flexible, approach.
The gene for the neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone is expressed in the mammary gland of lactating rats. (1994)

The high concentration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in milk of several species implies that the mammary gland is either a site of synthesis for this neuropeptide or that it is efficiently concentrated from plasma by this organ. By PCR amplification of mammary gland cDNA, we have demonstrated expression of the mRNA for GnRH. The GnRH mRNA was present in the mammary gland of pregnant and lactating rats but not of virgin rats, implying that expression of the GnRH gene is activated during pregnancy, probably by prolactin. In contrast, actin mRNA was evident in all the preparations of mammary glands. Since GnRH is also known to be synthesized by the placenta, it is likely that the placenta and the mammary gland are complementary units by which the mother exercises control over the development and the metabolism of the infant during pregnancy as well as after parturition. In addition, GnRH synthesized by the mammary gland may also affect the mother by a paracrine and/or an endocrine mechanism.
Seismic data mapping and reconstruction (2002)

Abstract Seismic data mapping uses data at source and receiver locations one actually has to create or simulate data at the locations one desires to have. The process is similar to seismic migration, though less demanding in that only data relatively near to the desired output point need be employed. Basic data mapping adjusts phase and amplitude of the data to conform to the geometry at the output location under the assumption that reflectivity does not change with angle of incidence. Full seismic data reconstruction goes beyond basic data mapping by also allowing reflection coefficients to change with incident angle. In the straight-raypath approximation, both data mapping and full data reconstruction are Kirchhoff-like operations of small integration aperture, with data mapping the simpler of the two. Operating on moveout-corrected data, they are (up to a point) velocity independent. The operators can map or continue data from one offset to another [dip moveout (DMO) being a special case of data mapping] or from one source or receiver location to another. Both 2-D and 3-D versions of the operators can be constructed. The 2-D mapping and reconstruction operators apply when input and output offset azimuths are aligned. The 3-D operators are equivalent, at least in principle, to two passes of the corresponding 2-D operators: the first pass a DMO to zero offset, the second an inverse DMO to the desired location. Potential uses for data mapping and reconstruction include filling in missing data, regularizing a data set, consolidating to a smaller data set, removing acquisition footprints, and so on.
Cooperativity and Binding in the Mechanism of Cytosolic Phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionCooperativity and Binding in the Mechanism of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2James R. Burke, Mark R. Witmer, Jeffrey Tredup, Radmila Micanovic, Kurt R. Gregor, Joydeep Lahiri, Kenneth M. Tramposch, and Joseph J. VillafrancaCite this: Biochemistry 1997, 36, 22, 6854Publication Date (Web):June 3, 1997Publication History Published online3 June 1997Published inissue 1 June 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi975006ohttps://doi.org/10.1021/bi975006ocorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views216Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (16 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
An Experimental Study on the Shallow Water Effect on Series 60 Hull Form (2000)

For coastal service ships, the water depth is a very important parameter in the design stage of the hull form that has an influence on the restriction of the speed and draft of ships. In this study, the water depth is important for ship design. In this research, the change of total resistance, trim and sinkage due to the variation of water depth are measured by using on equipment for shallow water condition. For the basic research step about the shallow water effect, the effects on Series60() hull form are experimented. To compare with existing experiment results, the test conditions are same with those. The water depth conditions are 10, 15, 20, 25% of LPP of the model ship, respectively.
Fabrication of Iron-Containing Carbon Materials From Graphite Fluoride (1996)

Carbon materials containing iron alloy, iron metal, iron oxide or iron halide were fabricated. Typical samples of these metals were estimated to contain 1 iron atom per 3.5 to 5 carbon atoms. Those carbon materials containing iron alloy, iron metal, and/or Fe3O4 were magnetic. The kinetics of the fabrication process were studied by exposing graphite fluoride (CF(0.68)) to FeCl3 over a 280 to 420 C temperature range. Between 280 and 295 C, FeCl3 quickly entered the structure of CF(0.68), broke the carbon-fluorine bonds, and within 10 to 30 min, completely converted it to carbon made up of graphite planes between which particles of crystalline FeF3 and noncrystalline FeCl3 were located. Longer reaction times (e.g., 28 hr) or higher reaction temperatures (e.g., 420 C) produced materials containing graphite, a FeCl3-graphite intercalation compound, FeCl2(center dot)4H2O, and FeCl2(center dot)2H2O. These products were further heat treated to produce iron-containing carbon materials. When the heating temperature was kept in the 750 to 850 C range, and the oxygen supply was kept at the optimum level, the iron halides in the carbon structure were converted to iron oxides. Raising the heat to temperatures higher than 900 C reduced such iron oxides to iron metal. The kinetics of these reactions were used to suggest processes for fabricating carbon materials containing iron alloy. Such processes were then tested experimentally. In one of the successful trial runs, commercially purchased CF(0.7) powder was used as the reactant, and NiO was added during the final heating to 1200 C as a source of both nickel and oxygen. The product thus obtained was magnetic and was confirmed to be a nickel-iron alloy in carbon.