gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trapping properties of cadmium vacancies in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Zn</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Te (1997)

The trapping and thermal emission of holes were studied from a deep acceptor level created during thermal annealing of a ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te (x=0.12) crystal grown by the high-pressure Bridgman (HPB) technique using thermoelectric-effect spectroscopy and thermally stimulated current experiments. The deep level, which is usually absent in as-grown HPB ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te crystals, is assigned to the 2-/- acceptor level of Cd (Zn) vacancies. The thermal ionization energy of the level is ${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{th}}$ =(0.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01) eV, and the trapping cross section of holes was found to be \ensuremath{\sigma}=(2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$.
Comparison of various periodograms for sinusoid detection and frequency estimation (1999)

With the advent of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, the periodogram and its variants such as the Bartlett's procedure and Welch method, have become very popular for spectral analysis. However, there has not been a thorough comparison of the detection and estimation performances of these methods. Different forms of the periodogram are studied here for single real tone detection and frequency estimation in the presence of white Gaussian noise. The threshold effect in frequency estimation, that is, when the estimation errors become several orders of magnitude greater than the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), is also investigated. It is shown that the standard periodogram gives the optimum detection performance for a pure tone while the Welch method is the best detector when there is phase instability in the sinusoid. As expected, since the conventional periodogram is a maximum likelihood estimator of frequency, it generally provides the minimum mean square frequency estimation errors.
Targeting VEGF and Its Receptors for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis and Associated Pain (2016)

Increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels are associated with osteoarthritis (OA) progression. Indeed, VEGF appears to be involved in OA-specific pathologies including cartilage degeneration, osteophyte formation, subchondral bone cysts and sclerosis, synovitis, and pain. Moreover, a wide range of studies suggest that inhibition of VEGF signaling reduces OA progression. This review highlights both the potential significance of VEGF in OA pathology and pain, as well as potential benefits of inhibition of VEGF and its receptors as an OA treatment. With the emergence of the clinical use of anti-VEGF therapy outside of OA, both as high-dose systemic treatments and low-dose local treatments, these particular therapies are now more widely understood. Currently, there is no established disease-modifying drug available for patients with OA, which warrants continued study of the inhibition of VEGF signaling in OA, as stand-alone or adjuvant therapy. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
New Chemical Systems and Placement Methods to Stabilize and Seal Deepwater Shallow-Water Flow Zones (2000)

Abstract This paper describes two matrix-permeability treating fluids that can helpconsolidate and impair the permeability of unconsolidated shallow-waterflow(SWF) sands. These treatments offer unique solutions to many problems presentedby shallow-water flow zones. Overpressured, unconsolidated formations will begin flowing water and sandupon penetration. Uncontrolled water and sand flow can increase hole size and destabilize the wellbore and the adjacent formation. In these areas, formationpore pressures are often close to fracturing pressures, presentinglost-circulation problems during drilling and cementing operations. The systemsdescribed in this paper can penetrate SWF formations and gel downhole, providing adequate mechanical strength and reducing formation permeability. Byimproving hole conditions, these systems can help (1) expand thefracture-gradient/pore-pressure window, (2) stabilize the hole for lower mudweights, (3) prevent washouts, (4) allow hole section extensions withoutrequiring operators to set pipe, and (5) improve long-term well integrity. Thispaper presents laboratory data for the two chemical systems, describesplacement techniques, provides case histories, and describes software systemsthat can aid treatment fluid volume design and placement. Introduction SWF sands are encountered at depths less than 2,000 ft below the mudline in30 to 40% of the drilling operations in the Gulf of Mexico. These zones areformed from sand and silt eroding from the continental shelf and settling overolder deepwater formations. Over time, many layers were formed as graded-sediment beds, with the heaviest particles settling to the bottom. The formation of successive layers undercompacted and overpressured the sediments. During the drilling process, penetration can cause flow through layers. Thisflow can result in significant problems during drilling, cementing, andproduction. In addition, these overpressured zones exhibit low fracturegradients that further complicate drilling and cementing operations. Theresulting concerns include possible casing collapse, buckling, or wear. Wellbore stability throughout the life of the well is absolutely critical. If SWF zones compromise the stability, the entire well could be lost.
Prevalence of Reovirus‐Specific Antibodies in Young Children in Nashville, Tennessee (2005)

Although reovirus infections are thought to be common in adults, there have been few assessments of the seroprevalence of reovirus in young children. We developed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure levels of total antireovirus immunoglobulin A, G, and M in serum specimens collected from otherwise healthy infants and children (1 month to 5 years of age) in Nashville, Tennessee. Of the 272 serum specimens evaluated, 64 (23.5%) tested positive for reovirus-specific antibodies. We observed an age-dependent increase in reovirus-specific antibodies in children 1 year of age and older, peaking at 50.0% in children 5-6 years of age. These findings suggest that reovirus infections are common during early childhood.
The amino terminal domain of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is a critical determinant of subtype specificity. (1996)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon are peptide hormones involved in glucose homeostasis. The ligands are closely related (48% identical) and bind with different affinities to distinct, although highly homologous (47% identical), G protein coupled receptors on the surface of cells. By these criteria, glucagon and GLP-1 receptors can be considered receptor subtypes. A series of chimeric receptors in which 4-6 amino acids in the N-terminal extracellular domain of the human GLP-1 receptor were replaced with the analogous region of the human glucagon receptor were constructed and expressed in COS-7 cells. One of these chimeric receptors, C29-32 displays a 7 to 10-fold decrease in affinity for GLP-1 and the GLP-1 antagonist exendin 9-39 amide and a concomitant 7 to 9-fold increase in its affinity for glucagon. This change in affinity results in a 50-fold decrease in the selectivity of this receptor for GLP-1 over glucagon. Thus, the substitution of as few as four residues of the GLP-1 receptor profoundly affects its selectivity for the homologous peptide agonists GLP-1 and glucagon. These results suggest the extracellular N terminal domain of the GLP-1 receptor harbours molecular determinants for both agonist binding affinity and selectivity.
Comparison of Stem-cell-mediated Osteogenesis and Dentinogenesis (2003)

The difference between stem-cell-mediated bone and dentin regeneration is not yet well-understood. Here we use an in vivo stem cell transplantation system to investigate differential regulation mechanisms of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSSCs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Elevated expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9, gelatinase B) was found to be associated with the formation of hematopoietic marrow in BMSSC transplants, but not in the connective tissue of DPSC transplants. The expression of dentin sialoprotein (DSP) specifically marked dentin synthesis in DPSC transplants. Moreover, DPSCs were found to be able to generate reparative dentin-like tissue on the surface of human dentin in vivo. This study provided direct evidence to suggest that osteogenesis and dentinogenesis mediated by BMSSCs and DPSCs, respectively, may be regulated by distinct mechanisms, leading to the different organization of the mineralized and non-mineralized tissues.
Connexin43 mediates direct intercellular communication in human osteoblastic cell networks. (1993)

We have examined cell coupling and expression of gap junction proteins in monolayer cultures of cells derived from human bone marrow stromal cells (BMC) and trabecular bone osteoblasts (HOB), and in the human osteogenic sarcoma cell line, SaOS-2. Both HOB and BMC cells were functionally coupled, since microinjection of Lucifer yellow resulted in dye transfer to neighboring cells, with averages of 3.4 +/- 2.8 (n = 131) and 8.1 +/- 9.3 (n = 51) coupled cells per injection, respectively. In contrast, little diffusion of Lucifer yellow was observed in SaOS-2 monolayers (1.4 +/- 1.8 coupled cells per injection, n = 100). Dye diffusion was inhibited by octanol (3.8 mM), an inhibitor of gap junctional communication. All of the osteoblastic cells expressed mRNA for connexin43 and connexin45, but not for connexins 26, 32, 37, 40, or 46. Whereas all of the osteoblastic cells expressed similar quantities of mRNA for connexin43, the poorly coupled SaOS-2 cells produced significantly less Cx43 protein than either HOB or BMC, as assessed by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. Conversely, more Cx45 mRNA was expressed by SaOS-2 cells than by HOB or BMC. Thus, intercellular coupling in normal and transformed human osteoblastic cells correlates with the level of expression of Cx43, which appears to mediate intercellular communication in these cells. Gap junctional communication may serve as a means by which osteoblasts can work in synchrony and propagate locally generated signals throughout the skeletal tissue.
Myopia Control with Bifocal Contact Lenses (2016)

The distance center bifocal contact lenses tested in this study achieved greater control over myopia progression and axial elongation (>70%) compared with most published results with multifocal spectacles. Further studies are warranted to identify the critical factors and mechanisms underlying this myopia control effect.
Progress in optical disk recording with over 20 GB of capacity (2002)

We have developed an optical disk system whose storage capacity and data transfer rate are 22 GB and 35 Mbps, respectively, by using a proto-type pickup with a GaN laser diode as a light source. Measured jitter value of 8.1% at the areal recording density of 16.5 Gbit/in/sup 2/ proves this system to be practical.
Pain Management for the Practicing Physician (1996)

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW of PAIN and HOW to USE the BOOK A: Acute Vs Chronic Benignvs Cancer Pain B: Definitions: Dysesthesia. Hyperalgesia. Hyperesthesia. Allodynia. Nociceptive Vs Neuropathic Pain. Etc, C: What Is a Pain Clinic? SECTION II BASIC OVERVIEW of PAIN PHYSIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY and ANATOMY SECTION III EVALUATION of the PAIN PATIENT SECTION IV PSYCHOLOGY of PAIN SECTION V BASIC NARCOTIC PHARMACOLOGY and GUIDELINES for PRESCRIBING SECTION VI NON-NARCOTIC ANALGESICS and GUIDELINES for PRESCRIBING Antidepressants Tramadol NSAIDS Anticonvulsants Local Anesthetic Derivatives Alpha Blockers Miscellaneous I.E. Capsaicin Antihistamines, Etc SECTION VII MANAGEMENT of SPECIFIC PAIN SYNDROMES With ALGORITHMS and CASE HISTORIES: Acute Low Back Pain (With and Without Radiculopathy). Chronic Low Back. Acute Herpes Zoster. Post-Herpetic Neuralgia. Headache. Myofascial Pain Including Primary Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Abdominal Pain. Cancer Pain. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. Arthritis. Diabetic Neuropathy. AIDS and Pain Syndromes. Central Pain. Spasticity. Neck Pain. Temporomandibular Dysfunction. Post-Mastectomy/Post-Thoracotomy Pain. Chronic Perineal Pain SECTION VIII the DIFFICULT PATIENT the Drug Seeker. Chemical Dependence. Psychiatric Disorders and Chronic Pain SECTION IX NON-PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES for PAIN TENS. TEAM. Physical Therapy. Biofeedback and Relaxation Techniques. Dry Needling. Acupuncture SECTION X WHEN to MAKE a PAIN CLINIC REFERRAL
Solvent extraction of lanthanides and yttrium from aqueous solution with methylimidazole in an ionic liquid (2014)

1-Methylimidazole (1-MIM) and 2-methylimidazole (2-MIM) are miscible in water and imidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs), and can coordinate with soft metal ions. This paper reports a novel solvent extraction process for trivalent lanthanides and yttrium from aqueous solutions into ILs, which was promoted by a hydrophilic 1-MIM or 2-MIM. Slope analysis confirmed that MIM in ILs formed a 1 : 1 complex with La(3+) and Y(3+) and a 1 : 4 complex with Eu(3+) and Lu(3+), depending on the atomic number of the metal and the metal-ligand interactions that have been characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. The effect of nitrate concentration on the extraction of lanthanides with 1-MIM in ILs was analysed. It indicated that nitrate anions were involved in the extraction process. Under the same conditions, the extraction of lanthanides with MIM into n-pentanol was carried out. The extractability was by far lower than that obtained in ILs. Both cationic exchange and neutral solvation mechanisms occurred in ILs and only the neutral solvation mechanism occurred in n-pentanol, which were demonstrated by the extraction tests and the structure of extracted species determined by ESI-MS. The competitive extraction in ILs showed good selectivity for lanthanides compared to alkali metals and alkaline earth cations. After extraction, lanthanides could be stripped very easily from the ionic liquid phase with dilute nitric acid. From the temperature dependence data, the thermodynamic parameter values (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) were calculated. The results indicated that the extraction reactions were spontaneous and went through an endothermic process.
10 Telomere Dynamics and Genome Instability in Human Cancer (1995)

TELOMERE LOSS AND THE ACQUIRED INSTABILITY OF TUMOR GENOMES More than 80 years ago, Boveri (1914) proposed that chromosome non-disjunction can cause malignant transformation of human cells. Anecdotes about anomalous behavior of cancer chromosomes have accumulated since. For instance, epidemiologists calculated that some human malignancies evolve through the combined effects of five or six independent mutations. Since the mutation rate in normal human cells is too low to account for all these changes, it appears that cancer cells have acquired the ability to deconstruct their DNA (Nowell 1976). Observations reviewed here suggest that this mutator phenotype may in part be caused by the loss of chromosomal telomeres during tumorigenesis. To a great degree, the instability of tumor genomes can be blamed on changes in the regulation of the cell cycle and loss of cell cycle checkpoints (Hartwell and Kastan 1994). For instance, the recognition of the tumor suppressor gene p53 as part of both a DNA damage checkpoint and a spindle checkpoint explains why p53 − tumors tolerate genotypic changes (Hartwell and Kastan 1994; Cross et al. 1995). But what is the source of the DNA damage in these cells? Some of the mutations are probably inherent mistakes in the normal process of genome maintenance, as suggested by increased genome instability in normal cells from p53 −/− mice (Livingstone et al. 1992; Cross et al. 1995). Second, environmental assaults are a likely source of chromosomal lesions. Third, the genotypic changes in human tumors may betray the malfunction of (repair) genes that normally...
A 47.6–71.0-GHz 65-nm CMOS VCO Based on Magnetically Coupled $\pi $-Type LC Network (2015)

A wide tuning range millimeter-wave voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) based on a magnetically coupled π-type LC network in 65-nm CMOS is proposed. By configuring the switched negative-resistance unit, the VCO can oscillate at the even mode or the odd mode of the magnetically coupled π-type LC network, thus the tuning range is widened without introducing the switch loss into the resonator. The proposed VCO achieves a measured continuous tuning range of 39%, from 47.6 to 71.0 GHz. The measured phase noise for a 47.6-GHz carrier at the even mode and 56.2-GHz carrier at the odd mode are -110.3 and -107.3 dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset with a corresponding FOMT of -185.5 and -183.9 dBc/Hz, respectively. The measured phase noise in the whole frequency tuning range varies from -101.7 to -113.4 dBc/Hz at 10-MHz offset, while the corresponding figure-of-merit (FOM) and FOMT vary from -167.8 to -179.0 dB and -179.6 to 190.6 dB, respectively. The VCO core consumes 8.9-10.4-mA current from 1.0-V power supply and 320 × 230 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> die area.
Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Minnesota child day-care facilities. (1993)

Person-to-person transmission of E coli O157:H7 is common when infected preschool children attend day care while symptomatic. The number of unrecognized day-care outbreaks in the United States may be substantial due to the lack of routine testing for this pathogen in stool cultures, the absence of public health surveillance in many regions, and incomplete follow-up of infected children. Temporary exclusion of all children was an effective control strategy in this population, but additional investigations are needed to determine the optimal intervention.
Development of 2-K Space Cryocoolers for Cooling the Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector (2019)

The superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) plays an important role in quantum key distribution, satellite laser ranging, and space quantum communication, etc. The required temperature of around 2K poses a significant challenge for the suitable cryogenic system. Especially, when used in space, the emphasized high reliability, long operation life time, limited room, and power supply make the challenge more formidable. The pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) without any moving component at the cold end has the intrinsic merits of high reliability and long life time at the cold head, and the Stirling-type PTC (SPTC) driven by the linear compressor also achieves the long life time and reliability in the compressor, and thus the SPTC becomes an attractive candidate for cooling the SNSPD. To achieve the aimed 2K, two proposals based on the SPTC are investigated. One is the four-stage SPTC and the other the three-stage SPTC plus a J-T cooler. This paper presents the structural design and performance improvement of both proposals. The measured no-load temperatures of the four-stage SPTC and the three-stage SPTC/J-T are 4.38 and 5.68K, respectively. The final steps to obtain the simulated 2.1- and 1.6K, respectively, are underway.
Salient Object Subitizing (2015)

People can immediately and precisely identify that an image contains 1, 2, 3 or 4 items by a simple glance. The phenomenon, known as Subitizing, inspires us to pursue the task of Salient Object Subitizing (SOS), i.e. predicting the existence and the number of salient objects in a scene using holistic cues. To study this problem, we propose a new image dataset annotated using an online crowdsourcing marketplace. We show that a proposed subitizing technique using an end-to-end Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model achieves significantly better than chance performance in matching human labels on our dataset. It attains 94% accuracy in detecting the existence of salient objects, and 42–82% accuracy (chance is 20%) in predicting the number of salient objects (1, 2, 3, and 4+), without resorting to any object localization process. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed subitizing technique in two computer vision applications: salient object detection and object proposal.
Gene Expression Analysis of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Following Levitation in an Ultrasound Standing Wave Trap (2011)

In the present paper, gene expression analysis of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells levitated in a novel ultrasound standing wave trap (USWT) (Bazou et al. 2005a) at variable acoustic pressures (0.08-0.85 MPa) and times (5-60 min) was performed. Our results showed that levitation of ES cells at the highest employed acoustic pressure for 60 min does not modify gene expression and cells maintain their pluripotency. Embryoid bodies (EBs) also expressed the early and late neural differentiation markers, which were also unaffected by the acoustic field. Our results suggest that the ultrasound trap microenvironment is minimally invasive as the biologic consequences of ES cell replication and EB differentiation proceed without significantly affecting gene expression. The technique holds great promise in safe cell manipulation techniques for a variety of applications including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
On the very possibility of mutual intelligibility (2014)

This paper acknowledges that the issues of translation and of translatability are general and concern the possibility of mutual intelligibility in many registers and including within a single natural language. Both anthropologists and ancient historians are faced with such problems, where the historians are at a disadvantage in not being able to check their understandings with those whom they are seeking to understand. But faced with seemingly paradoxical statements, beliefs, or practices, we must and can avoid the apparent dilemma (either those statements must be rendered in or reduced to our terms or we must admit they are strictly incomprehensible) by insisting on the revisability of our existing conceptual framework, especially in relation to such key terms as personhood, agency, causation, and nature. Again, instead of insisting on the dichotomy of literal and metaphorical, we should allow that any term may exhibit what is here called semantic stretch. Moreover, if we accept (as is argued here) that the phenomena or realities described are multidimensional, then the goal of a single definitive translation is a mirage. The open-endedness of translation is no threat to mutual intelligibility but its precondition.