gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyper-Switch: A Scalable Software Virtual Switching Architecture. (2013)

In virtualized datacenters, the last hop switching happens inside a server. As the number of virtual machines hosted on the server goes up, the last hop switch can be a performance bottleneck. This paper presents the Hyper-Switch, a highly efficient and scalable software-based network switch for virtualization platforms that support driver domains. It combines the best of the existing I/O virtualization architectures by hosting device drivers in a driver domain to isolate faults and placing the packet switch in the hypervisor for efficiency. In addition, this paper presents several optimizations that enhance performance. They include virtual machine (VM) state-aware batching of packets to mitigate the costs of hypervisor entries and guest notifications, preemptive copying and immediate notification of blocked VMs to reduce packet arrival latency, and, whenever possible, packet processing is dynamically offloaded to idle processor cores. These optimizations enable efficient packet processing, better utilization of the available CPU resources, and higher concurrency.

We implemented a Hyper-Switch prototype in the Xen virtualization platform. This prototype's performance was then compared to Xen's default network I/O architecture and KVM's vhost-net architecture. The Hyper-Switch prototype performed better than both, especially for inter-VM network communication. For instance, in one scalability experiment measuring aggregate inter-VM network throughput, the Hyper-Switch achieved a peak of ∼81 Gbps as compared to only ∼31 Gbps under Xen and ∼47 Gbps under KVM.
Learning with Tensor Representation (2006)

Most of the existing learning algorithms take vectors as their input data. A function is then learned in such a vector space for classification, clustering, or dimensionality reduction. However, in some situations, there is reason to consider data as tensors. For example, an image can be considered as a second order tensor and a video can be considered as a third order tensor. In this paper, we propose two novel algorithms called Support Tensor Machines (STM) and Tensor Least Square (TLS). These two algorithms operate in the tesnor space. Specifically, we represent data as the second order tensors (or, matrices) in Rn1 ⊗Rn2, where Rn1 and Rn2 are two vector spaces. STM aims at finding a maximum margin classifier in the tensor space, while TLS aims at finding a minimum residual sum-of-squares classifier. With tensor representation, the number of parameters estimated by STM (TLS) can be greatly reduced. Therefore, our algorithms are especially suitable for small sample cases. We compare our proposed algorithms with SVM and the ordinary Least Square method on six databases. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our algorithms. 1
Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook (1998)

Growth and concentration of the livestock industry create opportunities for the proper disposal of the large quantities of manures generated at dairy, swine, and poultry farms. Pollutants from unmanaged livestock wastes can degrade the environment, and methane emitted from decomposing manure may contribute to global climate change. One management system not only helps prevent pollution but can also convert a manure problem into a new profit center. Economic evaluations and case studies of operating systems indicate that the anaerobic digestion of livestock manures is a commercially viable conversion technology with considerable potential for providing profitable coproducts, including a cost-effective renewable fuel for livestock production operations. This casebook examines some of the current opportunities for recovering methane from anaerobic digestion animal manures.
Overcoming Matrix Effects: GC Method Development for the Determination of Triethylamine and Dimethyl Sulfoxide in a Drug Substance (2012)

A direct injection gas chromatography method was developed for the determination of triethylamine and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in a drug substance (ML-189). Matrix effects were found to result in the overestimation of DMSO when methanol was used as diluent. Multiple approaches to eliminate matrix effects were unsuccessful; these included changes in sample size, split ratio, injector temperature and injector liner (e.g., deactivated liner). Ultimately, matrix effects were eliminated after the diluent was changed from methanol to acetone. A mechanism was proposed and discussed.
Surface energy model for the thickness dependence of the lateral oxidation of AlAs (1997)

The lateral oxidation rate of AlAs layers decreases dramatically for layers thinner than about 500 Å, because the activation energies for the rate constant of the reaction at the oxidation front increases by an amount inversely proportional to the layer thickness. We derive a model for the thickness dependence of the lateral oxidation rate of AlAs based on the surface energy of the curvature observed at the oxide tip. From the model, we show that the linear oxidation rate has an exp(−θ0/θ) dependence on the AlAs layer thickness θ, and we can predict the slowing of oxidation when the AlAs layer is cladded with AlGaAs barriers. Also, we estimate the surface energy of the AlAs/oxide interface to be 50 eV/nm2.
동아시아 3대 허브공항의 네트워크와 장소착근성 (2012)

본 연구에서는 세계화라는 환경 속에서 동아시아 3대 허브공항의 네트워크 양상을 알아보고 이것이 어떻게 허브공항이 위치한 지역의 특성을 반영하고 있는지에 대해 알아보았다. 연구결과 인천국제공항은 중국과 일본의 중계역할을 하는 지리적 위치와 아직까지는 고차위 세계도시로서의 기능을 갖지 못하고 특정 지역과의 정치, 경제적 의존도가 매우 크게 나타나는 특징으로 인해 네트워크의 공간적 분포 역시 근거리 지역에 집중되어 있으며 각 대륙별 연결성에 있어서도 가장 떨어지는 지위를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 나리타국제공항은 도쿄의 세계도시로서의 역할, 태평양지역과의 역사적 긴밀성, 포화상태의 기반시설, 일본 내 경쟁 국제공항의 등장으로 인해 네트워크의 범위가 가장 넓게 나타나지만 특정 도시와 집중되는 노선의 불균등도가 가장 크게 나타났다. 마지막으로 첵랍콕국제공항은 원거리 및 근거리 지역 모두에서 최적화된 지리적 위치와 풍부한 기반시설, 다문화 사회, 금융의 중심지라는 특징으로 인해 집중과 분산의 네트워크 패턴을 보이며, 근거리의 주요 도시와의 매우 강한 연결을 제외하고는 운항 횟수의 분포가 고르게 나타나고 대륙별 연결성에 있어서도 아메리카와 오세아니아 대륙을 제외한 모든 대륙에서 그 지위가 높게 나타난다. 본 연구는 세계화 속에서 부각되고 있는 지역의 고유한 특성에 대해 재고 해보고자 했으며 이에 따라 각 개별 지역의 항공네트워크 및 항공 산업에 대한 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.
Topical Methotrexate In Localized Psoriasis (2004)

A comparative study of topical methotrexate and topical tar in eighteen patients of localized psoriasis with bilateral involvement of both lower legs, equal in area and disease severity was carried out. The patients were asked to apply topical methorexate 0.25% in a hydrophilic gel twice daily on right leg. The test sites were score, before therapy, after one month and after two months. The result with topical methotrexate preparation was promising but was comparable to topical tar formulation.
Transporting compressed video over ATM networks with explicit rate feedback control (2002)

We propose a scheme for transmission of variable-bit-rate compressed video over ATM networks using the explicit-rate congestion control mechanisms proposed for the available bit rate (ABR) service. Compressed video is inherently bursty with rate fluctuations over both short and long time scales. We feel that this source behavior can naturally take advantage of the ABR service, since the ABR explicit-rate schemes allow sources to request varying amounts of bandwidth over time, while reserving a minimum for the entire duration of the connection. Moreover when the bandwidth demand cannot be met, the network provides feedback indicating the bandwidth currently available to a connection. This information can be used to match the video source rate to the available bandwidth by modifying the quantization level used during compression. We use trace driven simulations to examine how effective the enhanced explicit rate scheme is in "rate matching" between the network and the source and the effect on end-end delay. We also look at the sensitivity of the proposed scheme to the estimates of the network round-trip times and to inaccuracies in the rate requests made by sources.
Mutagenesis of arginine residues in the catalytic cleft of <i>Escherichia coli</i> porphobilinogen deaminase that affects dipyrromethane cofactor assembly and tetrapyrrole chain initiation and elongation (1991)

Substitutions of conserved arginine residues in the catalytic cleft of Escherichia coli porphobilinogen deaminase were constructed by site-specific mutagenesis of the hemC gene. Mutant proteins exhibited a range of defects including the failure to assemble the dipyrromethane cofactor and the inability to initiate and propagate the tetrapolymerization reaction. Mutations of arginine residues at positions 11, 131, 132 and 155, all of which interact with the carboxylic acid side chains of the dipyrromethane cofactor, were the most disruptive.
High-contrast optical switch-attenuator (1993)

A high-contrast optical switch-attenuator was developed on the basis of frustrated total internal reflection. High-attenuation coefficient (90 dB) and high switch speed have been achieved. Experimental characteristics of the optical switch are presented. Employment of the optical switch-attenuator in laser systems is also reported.
Isotropic-to-cholesteric transition in liquid crystal elastomers (2003)

A liquid crystal elastomer tries to spontaneously elongate on entering the locally nematic phase, but may have to twist to reduce its Frank elastic energy. The extremes are a conventional, transverse cholesteric structure (where it reduces its Frank energy), and a uniformly aligned state (where it can maximally spontaneously extend and reduce its elastic energy). Between these it can adopt a conical state where there is also bend but equally a partial satisfaction of the elastic requirements. A line of first-order transitions between conical and transverse states ends and becomes a line of second-order transitions, depending on chain anisotropy, the ratio of the Frank bend and twist constants, and on the elastic modulus reduced by the bend energy. Continuous and discontinuous variation of cone angles, and spontaneous elongations and shears are given, as are analytic forms for the singular variation of director as cones are lost to the transverse state. The variation of the multicritical point with the ratio of Frank constants is also given.
Through-the-Wall Radar Life Detection and Monitoring (2007)

Technology that can be used to unobtrusively detect and monitor the presence of human subjects from a distance and through barriers can be a powerful tool for law enforcement, military, and health monitoring applications. To this end, ultra-wide band radar has shown promise for real-time subject imaging, and compact Doppler radar solutions have demonstrated potential for providing non-invasive detection and monitoring of cardiopulmonary activity for multiple subjects. These technologies work through walls and other obstructions, and can even leverage the presence of ambient radio signals to provide a covert means to detect, isolate, and physiologically monitor multiple human subjects from a remote position. Practical applications ranging from counter-terrorism to health monitoring require systems that are accurate, affordable, and easy to use. Current research efforts addressing these challenges through radio, signal processing, and sensor networking will be presented.
Experimental Work with Photonic Band Gap Fiber: Building a Laser Electron Accelerator (2006)

In the laser acceleration project E‐163 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, work is being done toward building a traveling wave accelerator that uses as its accelerating structure a length of photonic band gap fiber. The small scale of the optical fiber allows radiation at optical wavelengths to be used to provide the necessary accelerating energy. Optical wavelength driving energy in a small structure yields higher accelerating fields. The existence of a speed‐of‐light accelerating mode in a photonic band gap fiber has been calculated previously. This paper presents an overview of several of the experimental challenges posed in the development of the proposed photonic band gap fiber accelerator system.
CVD SiC deformable mirror with monolithic cooling channels (2018)

We propose a novel deformable mirror (DM) for adaptive optics in high power laser applications. The mirror is made of a Silicon carbide (SiC) faceplate, and cooling channels are embedded monolithically inside the faceplate with the chemical vapor desposition (CVD) method. The faceplate is 200 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness, and is actuated by 137 stack-type piezoelectric transducers arranged in a square grid. We also propose a new actuator influence function optimized for modelling our DM, which has a relatively stiffer faceplate and a higher coupling ratio compared with other DMs having thin faceplates. The cooling capability and optical performance of the DM are verified by simulations and actual experiments with a heat source. The DM is proved to operate at 1 kHz without the coolant flow and 100 Hz with the coolant flow, and the residual errors after compensation are less than 30 nm rms (root-mean-square). This paper presents the design, fabrication, and optical performance of the CVD SiC DM.
Breeding Productive Soybeans with Resistance to the Soybean Cyst Nematode (2022)

A search for resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), caused by Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, in soybean was initiated soon after the nematode was identified in the United States. Techniques for screening are critical for conducting an efficient breeding program. The initial screening of germplasm to identify sources of resistance to SCN was made in a field in southeastern North Carolina that had a high population of cyst nematodes. Golden et al., in their discussion of SCN races, described resistance as plants or genotypes having no more than 10% of the number of cysts of the susceptible check. In the original screening of germplasm in a search for sources of resistance to SCN Race 4, Peking was classified as susceptible. Breeding techniques have included early-generation screening in the greenhouse with infested field soil, followed by evaluation in cyst infested fields.
Dendritic cells combined with anti-GITR antibody produce antitumor effects in osteosarcoma (2015)

We attempted to enhance the antitumor effects of tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells by eliminating regulatory T cells. The combinatorial effects of dendritic cells and agonist anti-glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (anti-GITR) antibodies were investigated with respect to enhancement of the systemic immune response, elimination of regulatory T cells, and inhibition of tumor growth. To determine whether the combination of dendritic cells and anti‑GITR antibodies could enhance systemic immune responses and inhibit primary tumor growth in a murine osteosarcoma (LM8) model. We established the following 4 groups of C3H mice (20 mice in total): i), control IgG-treated mice; ii), tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell‑treated mice; iii), agonist anti-GITR antibody-treated mice; and iv), agonist anti-GITR antibody- and tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell‑treated mice.The mice that received the agonist anti-GITR antibodies and tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells displayed inhibited primary growth, prolonged life time, reduced numbers of regulatory T lymphocytes in the spleen, elevated serum interferon-γ levels, increased number of CD8+ T lymphocytes. The mice that received combined therapy had reduced level of immunosuppressive cytokines in tumor tissue and serum. Combining agonist anti-GITR antibodies with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells enhanced the systemic immune response. These findings provide further support for the continued development of agonist anti-GITR antibodies as an immunotherapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma. We suggest that our proposed immunotherapy could be developed further to improve osteosarcoma treatment.
PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF ADMISSION SERUM LACTATE CONCENTRATIONS IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PATIENTS (2010)

Our study documents a direct relationship between the serum lactate level on ICU admission and not only the risk of death in ICU but also the length of ICU stay. Hyperlactataemic survivors have a longer LOS and non-survivors a shorter LOS than normal lactate survivors and non-survivors, respectively.
Comparison of four methods of assessing heart rate variability in patients with heart failure (1996)

Heart rate variability assessed over a 24-hour period with different techniques yields similar but not identical results. Heart rate variability assessed from spectral analysis of short periods of data varied markedly in a 24-hour period and should not be compared with measures obtained from 24-hour methods. Standardization of subject activity and recording time is necessary for comparison of spectral analysis of brief periods. Further research is required to determine if differences among methods assessing 24-hour heart rate variability yield complementary information.
A Survey of CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Techniques (2015)

As both CPUs and GPUs become employed in a wide range of applications, it has been acknowledged that both of these Processing Units (PUs) have their unique features and strengths and hence, CPU-GPU collaboration is inevitable to achieve high-performance computing. This has motivated a significant amount of research on heterogeneous computing techniques, along with the design of CPU-GPU fused chips and petascale heterogeneous supercomputers. In this article, we survey Heterogeneous Computing Techniques (HCTs) such as workload partitioning that enable utilizing both CPUs and GPUs to improve performance and/or energy efficiency. We review heterogeneous computing approaches at runtime, algorithm, programming, compiler, and application levels. Further, we review both discrete and fused CPU-GPU systems and discuss benchmark suites designed for evaluating Heterogeneous Computing Systems (HCSs). We believe that this article will provide insights into the workings and scope of applications of HCTs to researchers and motivate them to further harness the computational powers of CPUs and GPUs to achieve the goal of exascale performance.
Comparison of six different PCR methods for detection of Pneumocystis carinii (1995)

We have recently developed a nested PCR method which amplifies internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA genes of Pneumocystis carinii. To determine whether this PCR method can be used to diagnose P. carinii infections, we examined 30 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens that were shown microscopically to contain P. carinii organisms by the P. carinii ITS PCR (Pc-ITS-PCR) and five other PCR methods that have been described for detecting P. carinii in clinical specimens. The targets of these PCR methods are portions of 18S rRNA, mitochondrial (mt) rRNA, 5S rRNA, thymidylate synthase (TS), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). We also examined five different fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus to determine the specificity of these six PCR methods for P. carinii. All 30 BAL specimens were positive by both the Pc-ITS-PCR and the 18S rRNA gene PCR, whereas only 26 (87%), 18 (60%), 10 (33%), and 7 (23%) of 30 BAL specimens were positive by mt rRNA gene PCR, TS gene PCR, 5S rRNA gene PCR, and DHFR gene PCR, respectively. Although the 18S rRNA gene PCR had the same sensitivity as the Pc-ITS-PCR, it nonspecifically amplified S. cerevisiae and C. albicans. The TS gene PCR also produced false-positive PCR results with C. albicans and C. neoformans. None of the other PCR methods (Pc-ITS-PCR, mt rRNA gene, 5S rRNA gene, and DHFR gene PCR) amplified the control fungal DNA. Considering both sensitivity and specificity, we conclude that Pc-ITS-PCR is the most effective of the six PCR methods evaluated in this study for the detection of P. carinii in BAL specimens.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Dependent Degeneration, Failure, and Malignant Transformation of the Heart in the Absence of the von Hippel-Lindau Protein (2008)

Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 (HIF-1) and HIF-2alpha regulate the expression of an expansive array of genes associated with cellular responses to hypoxia. Although HIF-regulated genes mediate crucial beneficial short-term biological adaptations, we hypothesized that chronic activation of the HIF pathway in cardiac muscle, as occurs in advanced ischemic heart disease, is detrimental. We generated mice with cardiac myocyte-specific deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL), an essential component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for suppressing HIF levels during normoxia. These mice were born at expected frequency and thrived until after 3 months postbirth, when they developed severe progressive heart failure and premature death. VHL-null hearts developed lipid accumulation, myofibril rarefaction, altered nuclear morphology, myocyte loss, and fibrosis, features seen for various forms of human heart failure. Further, nearly 50% of VHL(-/-) hearts developed malignant cardiac tumors with features of rhabdomyosarcoma and the capacity to metastasize. As compelling evidence for the mechanistic contribution of HIF-1alpha, the concomitant deletion of VHL and HIF-1alpha in the heart prevented this phenotype and restored normal longevity. These findings strongly suggest that chronic activation of the HIF pathway in ischemic hearts is maladaptive and contributes to cardiac degeneration and progression to heart failure.
Bioinformatics - Trends and Methodologies (2011)

Bioinformatics - Trends and Methodologies is a collection of different views on most recent topics and basic concepts in bioinformatics. This book suits young researchers who seek basic fundamentals of bioinformatic skills such as data mining, data integration, sequence analysis and gene expression analysis as well as scientists who are interested in current research in computational biology and bioinformatics including next generation sequencing, transcriptional analysis and drug design. Because of the rapid development of new technologies in molecular biology, new bioinformatic techniques emerge accordingly to keep the pace of in silico development of life science. This book focuses partly on such new techniques and their applications in biomedical science. These techniques maybe useful in identification of some diseases and cellular disorders and narrow down the number of experiments required for medical diagnostic.
New Technology for Estimating Seed Production of Moist‐Soil Plants (2009)

ABSTRACT Waterfowl biologists estimate seed production in moist‐soil wetlands to calculate duck‐energy days (DEDs) and evaluate management techniques. Previously developed models that predict plant seed yield using morphological measurements are tedious and time consuming. We developed simple linear regression models that indirectly and directly related seed‐head area to seed production for 7 common moist‐soil plants using portable and desktop scanners and a dot grid, and compared time spent processing samples and predictive ability among models. To construct models, we randomly collected approximately 60 plants/species at the Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge, USA, during September 2005 and 2006, threshed and dried seed from seed heads, and related dry mass to seed‐head area. All models explained substantial variation in seed mass ( R 2 < 0.87) and had high predictive ability ( R 2 predicted < 0.84). Processing time of seed heads averaged 22 and 3 times longer for the dot grid and portable scanner, respectively, than for the desktop scanner. We recommend use of desktop scanners for accurate and rapid estimation of moist‐soil plant seed production. Seed predictions per plant from our models can be used to estimate total seed production and DEDs in moist‐soil wetlands.