gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fully complex deep neural network for phase-incorporating monaural source separation (2017)

Deep neural network (DNN) have become a popular means of separating a target source from a mixed signal. Most of DNN-based methods modify only the magnitude spectrum of the mixture. The phase spectrum is left unchanged, which is inherent in the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) coefficients of the input signal. However, recent studies have revealed that incorporating phase information can improve the quality of separated sources. To estimate simultaneously the magnitude and the phase of STFT coefficients, this work paper developed a fully complex-valued deep neural network (FCDNN) that learns the nonlinear mapping from complex-valued STFT coefficients of a mixture to sources. In addition, to reinforce the sparsity of the estimated spectra, a sparse penalty term is incorporated into the objective function of the FCDNN. Finally, the proposed method is applied to singing source separation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art DNN-based methods.
Applications of biomimetic systems in drug delivery (2005)

This review article highlights recent activities in the field of biomimetic systems and their application in controlled drug delivery. A definition and overview of biomimetic processes is given, with a focus on synthesis and assembly for the creation of novel biomaterials. In particular, systems are classified on the basis of three subsets, which include biological, biohybrid and synthetic structures. Examples focus on the current and proposed clinical significance for systems that mimic processes where the underlying molecular principles are well understood. Biomimetic materials and systems are presented as exceptional candidates for various controlled drug delivery applications and have enormous potential in medicine for the treatment of disease.
PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch repair deficiency. (2015)

LBA100 Background: Somatic mutations have the potential to be recognized as “non-self” immunogenic antigens. Tumors with genetic defects in mismatch repair (MMR) harbor many more mutations than tumors of the same type without such repair defects. We hypothesized that tumors with mismatch repair defects would therefore be particularly susceptible to immune checkpoint blockade. Methods: We conducted a phase II study to evaluate the clinical activity of anti-PD-1, pembrolizumab, in 41 patients with previously-treated, progressive metastatic disease with and without MMR-deficiency. Pembrolizumab was administered at 10 mg/kg intravenously every 14 days to three cohorts of patients: those with MMR-deficient colorectal cancers (CRCs) (N = 11); those with MMR-proficient CRCs (N = 21), and those with MMR-deficient cancers of types other than colorectal (N = 9). The co-primary endpoints were immune-related objective response rate (irORR) and immune-related progression-free survival (irPFS) at 20 weeks. Results: The study met its primary endpoints for both MMR-deficient cohorts. The irORR and irPFS at 20 weeks for MMR-deficient CRC were 40% and 78%, respectively, and for MMR-deficient other cancers were 71% and 67%, respectively. In MMR-proficient CRC, irORR and irPFS at 20 weeks were 0% and 11%, respectively. Response rates and Disease Control Rates (CR+PR+SD) by RECIST criteria were 40% and 90% in MMR-deficient CRC, 0% and 11% in MMR-proficient CRC, and 71% and 71% in MMR-deficient other cancers, respectively. Median PFS and overall survival (OS) were not reached in the MMR-deficient CRC group but was 2.2 and 5.0 months in the MMR-proficient CRC cohort (HR for PFS = 0.103; 95% CI, 0.029 to 0.373; p < 0.001 and HR for OS = 0.216; 95% CI, 0.047 to 1.000; p = 0.05). Whole exome sequencing revealed an average of 1,782 somatic mutations per tumor in MMR-deficient compared to 73 in MMR-proficient tumors (p = 0.0015), and high total somatic mutation loads were associated with PFS (p = 0.02). Conclusions: MMR status predicts clinical benefit of immune checkpoint blockade with pembrolizumab. Clinical trial information: NCT01876511.
Pneumonia (2009)

Despite medical breakthroughs, pneumonia continues to leave a large imprint on human health through its impact on mortality, healthcare costs, and antibacterial resistance. The care of patients with community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia continues to evolve. Additionally, a number of regulatory bodies such as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations have chosen pneumonia as an indicator for quality care. This underscores the importance of understanding pneumonia not only for patient care but also for practice accreditation. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and management of these infections.
Synthesis and Determination of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Behavior of Cinnamaldehyde-Based Molecules with Two Schiff Base Linking Units (2020)

A series of liquid crystal molecules with two Schiff base linking units and a cinnamaldehyde core with different terminal groups were synthesized and characterized. The intermediates of 4-heptyloxybenzaldehyde (<b>1a</b>) and 4-dodeyloxybenzaldehyde (<b>1b</b>) were synthesized through the alkylation of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with a series of bromoalkane. A condensation reaction of cinnamaldehyde, 1,4-phenylenediamine and a series of substituted benzaldehydes with different terminal groups such as bromo, chloro, hydroxy, cinnamaldehyde, hydrogen, methoxy, heptyloxy and dodecyloxy produced a series of new cinnamaldehyde-based compounds, <b>2</b>-<b>9</b>, respectively. All these compounds were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and CHN elemental analysis. The liquid crystal properties of these compounds were determined using polarized optical microscopy (POM), and their transitions were further confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compounds with chloro, bromo, methoxy, heptyloxy, and dodecyloxy substituents are mesogenic compounds with nematic phase behavior. However, the other compounds were found to be non-mesogenic without any mesophase transitions. The structure-property relationship was investigated in order to study the effect of different terminal groups and Schiff base linking units on the liquid crystalline behavior of these compounds.
Document Architecture Standards Evolution (1989)

The Office Document Architecture (ODA) is a set of standards for structuring and encoding documents so that they can be interchanged between dissimilar systems, viewed as intended by the document originator, and processed by other users. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ODA is a joint effort of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT). The standards describe documents in terms of their structure and content. Structures are hierarchical and sequential. Content is separated and processed separately from document structures. Three types of content are permitted: text, raster graphics, and geometric graphics. Rules for maintaining relationships between document elements are also defined. There are plans to extend the ODA document processing model and to develop standards for new content types such as voice and spreadsheets.
Acute and Genetic Toxicity of Ursolic Acid Extract from Ledum pulastre L. (2009)

It has been proved that ursolic acid has diverse bioactivities such as antivirus and antitumor actions, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and reducing blood lipid, etc. However, whether it has no any acute and genetic toxicity remains unknown. In this study, in order to understand the acute toxicity of ursolic acid extract from Ledum pulastre L., the acute oral toxicity test was conducted in mice according to the Horn's method, and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus and chromosomal aberration tests were also conducted to investigate the genetic toxicity of this ursolic acid extract. The results showed that the LD50 of the ursolic acid extract in mice was 9.26 g/ kg. The frequencies of micronucleus in mice administered with high, medium and low doses of the ursolic acid extract were 2, 2 and 1.8, respectively. No significant differences (p0.05) in frequency of micronucleus were observed between the mice administered with the ursolic acid extract and normal mice, while the difference (p0.05) was significant between the former and the mice from positive control group. The chromosomal aberration rates in the mice administered with high, medium and low doses of the ursolic acid extracts were 1.2%, 1.2% and 1.0%, respectively, and these results were not significantly different from those in normal mice, but significantly differed from those in the positive control mice. The results suggested that the ursolic acid extract from Ledum pulastre L. is safe with low acute toxicity but without genetic toxicity.
Practical Recognition System for Text Printed on Clear Reflected Material (2012)

Text embedded in an image contains useful information for applications in the medical, industrial, commercial, and research fields. While many systems have been designed to correctly identify text in images, no work addressing the recognition of degraded text on clear plastic has been found. This paper posits novel methods and an apparatus for extracting text from an image with the practical assumption: (a) poor background contrast, (b) white, curved, and/or differing fonts or character width between sets of images, (c) dotted text printed on curved reflective material, and/or (d) touching characters. Methods were evaluated using a total of 100 unique test images containing a variety of texts captured from water bottles. These tests averaged a processing time of ~10 seconds (using MATLAB R2008A on an HP 8510 W with 4 G of RAM and 2.3 GHz of processor speed), and experimental results yielded an average recognition rate of 90 to 93% using customized systems generated by the proposed development.
Usefulness of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in the epidemiological analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin. (1995)

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for analysis of comparatively mega-base sized chromosomal restriction fragments is an important molecular technique in the epidemiological study of a variety of nosocomial pathogens. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated in the evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to teicoplanin in two clinical settings: multiple cultures from a single patient and isolates from different patients within the same hospital.
Highly efficient multiplex human T cell engineering without double-strand breaks using Cas9 base editors (2018)

Chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy has shown efficacy against a subset of hematological malignancies 1,2 , yet its autologous nature and ineffectiveness against epithelial and solid cancers limit widespread application. To overcome these limitations, targeted nucleases have been used to disrupt checkpoint inhibitors and genes involved in alloreactivity 3–6 . However, the production of allogeneic, “off-the-shelf” T cells with enhanced function requires multiplex genome editing strategies that risk off-target effects, chromosomal rearrangements, and genotoxicity due to simultaneous double-strand break (DSB) induction at multiple loci 7–10 . Moreover, it has been well documented that DSBs are toxic lesions that can drive genetic instability 11,12 . Alternatively, CRISPR/Cas9 base editors afford programmable enzymatic nucleotide conversion at targeted loci without induction of DSBs 13,14 . We reasoned this technology could be used to knockout gene function in human T cells while minimizing safety concerns associated with current nuclease platforms. Through systematic reagent and dose optimization, we demonstrate highly efficient multiplex base editing and consequent protein knockout in primary human T cells at loci relevant to the generation of allogeneic CAR-T cells including the T cell receptor α constant ( TRAC ) locus, β-2 microglobulin ( B2M ), and programmed cell death 1 ( PDCD1 ). Multiplex base edited T cells equipped with a CD19 CAR killed target cells more efficiently; and importantly, both DSB induction and translocation frequency were greatly reduced compared to cells engineered with Cas9 nuclease. Collectively, our results establish a novel multiplex gene editing platform to enhance both the safety and efficacy of engineered T cell-based immunotherapies.
Influence of unit distance and conduction velocity on the spectra of extracellular action potentials recorded with intrafascicular electrodes (2012)

The use of highly selective penetrating electrodes yields multi-unit extracellular action potential (AP) recordings of the nerve fibers in the vicinity of the electrode. Accessing the information carried within the neural data stream further requires discrimination and separation of the multi-unit recording into their constituent multiple single unit spike trains. Shape differences in the single fiber action potentials (SFAPs) are typically used as the criteria for unit separation. The present paper explores the origins of the shape differences through analysis of the SFAP in the frequency domain. We present the derivation and computational model predictions of a method to quantitatively analyse changes in the spectral components of SFAPs with an axially located intrafascicular electrode with non-radially symmetrical sensitivity function. A spatial tissue filter relationship was derived using reciprocity equations in the spatial frequency domain and transformed to time frequency. A three dimensional bioelectrical volume conductor finite element model of a recording electrode residing in a nerve fascicle was developed to explore the potential distribution in the nerve fascicle and further derive the electrode-fiber coupling function in the time-frequency domain. It was found that the spectral distribution of the SFAP was multimodal in nature, similar to empirical reported earlier, and could be predicted by taking the single fiber action currents (SFACs) filtered by the electrode-fiber coupling function. This function manifested itself as a low-pass filter of the SFAC, dependent upon the fiber's location relative to the electrode and conduction velocity. Analysis of the spectral distribution revealed that changes in the landmarks of the distribution could be related to the fiber location and conduction velocity. Moreover, a consistent relationship was found when exploring the distribution of fibers located off the one axis of symmetry.
Game Theoretic Planning for Self-Driving Cars in Competitive Scenarios (2019)

We propose a nonlinear receding horizon gametheoretic planner for autonomous cars in competitive scenarios with other cars. The online planner is specifically formulated for a two car autonomous racing game in which each car tries to advance along a given track as far as possible with respect to the other car. The algorithm extends previous work on gametheoretic planning for single integrator agents to be suitable for autonomous cars in the following ways: (i) by representing the trajectory as a piecewise-polynomial, (ii) incorporating bicycle kinematics into the trajectory, (iii) enforcing constraints on path curvature and acceleration. The game theoretic planner iteratively plans a trajectory for the ego vehicle, then the other vehicle until convergence. Crucially, the trajectory optimization includes a sensitivity term that allows the ego vehicle to reason about how much the other vehicle will yield to the ego vehicle to avoid collisions. The resulting trajectories for the ego vehicle exhibit rich game strategies such as blocking, faking, and opportunistic overtaking. The game-theoretic planner is shown to significantly out-perform a baseline planner using Model Predictive Control which does not take interaction into account. The performance is validated in high-fidelity numerical simulations, in experiments with two scale autonomous cars, and in experiments with a fullscale autonomous car racing against a simulated vehicle.
Kinetic and Transport Modeling of the Metallorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition of InP from Trimethylindium and Phosphine and Comparison with Experiments (1995)

Gas phase and surface kinetic models describing the growth of by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using trimethylindium and phosphine diluted in hydrogen have been developed. A realistic model of the process was obtained by incorporating the kinetics into a two‐dimensional transport model of the flow, heat, and mass transfer in horizontal MOCVD reactors. The unknown rate parameters of two surface growth reactions were estimated by comparing predicted growth rates of with the ones obtained from an atmospheric‐pressure horizontal MOCVD reactor during heteroepitaxy of on GaAs. Sensitivity analysis of the reactions led to a reduced kinetic scheme, which can be used for predicting film growth rates with the same accuracy as a more detailed kinetic model, but with smaller computational requirements. The reduced kinetic model was subsequently tested against three sets of growth data reported in the literature and it successfully predicted observed growth rates and trends. Finally, parametric studies were performed on the computer to investigate the effects of changing the inlet velocity of the carrier gas, the operating pressure, and the inlet mole fraction of trimethylindium on the growth rate of the films. The proposed model may become a useful tool for reactor design, optimization, and scale‐up of MOCVD.
Neuroendocrine Changes with Reproductive Aging in Women (2007)

Aging has dramatic effects on the reproductive system in women. Undoubtedly, the most notable changes in the neuroendocrine axis arise from the loss of ovarian function, and thus, the loss of negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Progressive decreases in inhibin B and inhibin A result in an early increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which initially maintains folliculogenesis and estradiol secretion. Over time, regular ovulatory cycles give way to inconsistent folliculogenesis and ovulation, dramatic swings in estradiol and gonadotropin levels, and markedly irregular cycles. Changes in estrogen positive feedback may contribute to cycle disruption. Studies in younger and older postmenopausal women indicate that changes in the neuroendocrine axis occur with aging that are independent of the changing ovarian hormonal milieu of the menopausal transition. Luteinizing hormone and FSH decrease progressively after the menopause, as does gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency. However, the overall amount of GnRH increases with aging, consistent with a significant degree of adaptability in the aging brain in women, and suggesting that aging alters pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. Estrogen negative feedback is not altered by aging; studies of the effects of aging on estrogen positive feedback are ongoing.
Portfolio Selection Based on Return, Risk, and Relative Performance (1995)

Markowitz introduced the concept of portfolio selection based on return and variance. Recognition that many investors evaluate performance relative to a benchmark led to the idea of portfolio selection based on return and relative risk. For many investors, both approaches fail to yield satisfactory results. Although they acknowledge the importance of benchmarks in the decision process, they are not indifferent to the variance of absolute returns. In this situation, a utility function that measures return, variance, and tracking error is more appropriate. Analysis of this utility function shows that its set of efficient portfolios includes the mean–variance efficient set, the mean-tracking-error efficient set, and all convex combinations of these two sets. Optimization with this utility function may find solutions that investors will actually use.
Irregularity in multi-dimensional space-filling curves with applications in multimedia databases (2001)

A space-filling curve is a way of mapping the multi-dimensional space into the one-dimensional space. It acts like a thread that passes through every cell element (or pixel) in the N-dimensional space so that every cell is visited at least once. Thus, a space-filling curve imposes a linear order of the cells in the N-dimensional space. There are numerous kinds of space-filling curves. The difference between such curves is in their way of mapping to the one-dimensional space. Selecting the appropriate curve for any application requires a brief knowledge of the mapping scheme provided by each space-filling curve. Irregularity is proposed as a quantitative measure of the quality of the mapping of the space-filling curve. Closed formulas are developed to compute the irregularity for any general dimension D with N points in each dimension for different space-filling curves.A comparative study of different space-filling curves with respect to irregularity is conducted and results are presented and discussed. The applicability of this research is the area of multimedia databases is illustrated with a discussion of the problems that arise.
Movement path estimation for multiple humans in a room using binary infrared sensors (2013)

To create a context-aware environment for humans in a room, their locations and movement paths must be considered. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that estimates human movement paths only using the binary sensed data obtained by infrared (IR) sensors attached to the ceiling. Our algorithm can estimate multiple human movement paths without knowing the number of humans in the room beforehand. By repeating estimations of human positions and links from the previous human positions to the estimated ones at each time period, human movement paths can be estimated. Simulation-based evaluation results show that our algorithm can dynamically trace human movement paths within 0.6 m error on average.
Autoentity: automated entity detection from massive text corpora (2017)

Entity detection is one of the fundamental tasks in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval. Most existing methods rely on human annotated data and hand-crafted linguistic features, which makes it hard to apply the model to an emerging domain. In this paper, we propose a novel automated entity detection framework, called AutoEntity, that performs automated phrase mining to create entity mention candidates and enforces lexico-syntactic rules to select entity mentions from candidates. Our experiments on real-world datasets in different domains and multiple languages have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Preparation of<i>N</i>-Demethyl and<i>N</i>-Alkyl Analogs of L-Rhodosamine (1990)

Iron(II) chloride catalyzed decomposition of the N-oxide of methyl-α-L-rhodosaminide (methyl 2,3,6-trideoxy-3-dimethylamino)-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside N-oxide) affords an oxazolidine [(3aS,4S,6R,7aS)-6-methoxy-1,4-dimethyl-1,3a,4,6,7, 7a-hexahydro-2H-pyrano[4,3-d]oxazole] through addition of the C-4 hydroxyl group to the intermediate imminium ion. The same reaction has also been observed for N-methylephedrine. Subsequent condensation of the oxazolidine with Grignard reagents leads to N-alkyl derivatives of the title compound.