gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mid-infrared semiconductor lasers with GaInSb/InAs type-II superlattices (1995)

We demonstrate midwave infrared (MID-IR) diode lasers that span most of the 3 - 4 micrometers range. Laser active regions are multiple quantum well (MQW) structures with GaInSb/InAs, type-II, broken gap superlattices for the wells and GaInAsSb for the barriers. The superlattice constituents and dimensions were tailored to reduce losses from auger recombination. AlSb/InAs superlattices are used for both n-type and p-type laser cladding regions.
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeO <sub>2</sub> NP) Treatment Ameliorates Sepsis Induced Diaphragm Dysfunction (2015)

CeO 2 nanoparticles have been posited to exhibit anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative activities suggesting that these particles may be of potential use for the treatment of disorders characterized by increased inflammatory/oxidative stress. Severe inflammatory disorders such as that seen during sepsis are associated with diaphragm dysfunction and poor patient prognosis. We hypothesized that CeO 2 nanoparticle treatment would ameliorate diaphragm dysfunction in sepsis by improving the immune response and oxidative stress levels. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into the following groups: Sham control, CeO 2 nanoparticle treatment only (0.5mg/kg i.v.), sepsis (cecal inoculum method) and sepsis + CeO 2 nanoparticles. Serum cytokine (TNF‐ α, IFN‐γ and IL‐6) levels were elevated at 3 and 18 h after sepsis induction and significantly lowered with CeO 2 nanoparticle treatment (~60 % of Sepsis: P<0.05). Nanoparticle treatment decreased sepsis associated impairments in diaphragmatic contractile (P o ) function (Sham:25.6 ±1.6 N/cm 2 vs. CeO 2 :23.4 ± 0.8 N/cm 2 , vs. Sep:15.9 ± 1.0 N/cm 2 vs. Sep + CeO 2 :20.0 ± 1.0 N/cm 2 , P<0.05). These improvements in contractile function were accompanied by a normalization of protein translation signaling (AKT, S6 and 4EBP), diminished proteolysis (caspase 8 activity and ubiquitin), and decreased inflammatory signaling (Stat3). Histological analysis suggested that nanoparticle treatment was associated with diminished sarcolemma damage and diminished inflammatory cell infiltration. These data indicate CeO 2 nanoparticles may improve diaphragmatic function in the septic laboratory rat.
SU-D-144-07: Preliminary Characterization of Microbeam Radiation Using Very High Resolution 3D Dosimetry (2013)

Purpose: Compact microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) recently became feasible through the development of carbon-nanotube based distributed x-ray array technology. This work investigates the feasibility of novel highresolution 3D dosimetry techniques (50μm isotropic) for the challenging task of characterizing microbeam irradiations of nominal width 300–400μm. Methods: A cylindrical PRESAGE 3D dosimeter (20mm diameter, 22mm long) was irradiated with three parallel microbeams generated by a prototype compact MRT system for small animal research developed at UNC. The carbon nanotube field emission x-ray source array is designed to produce x-rays up to 160 kV which are collimated to microbeam radiation through an external collimator. The entrance dose used in this study was estimated from EBT2 film to be 32 Gy. A 50μm isotropic 3D dose distribution was obtained by imaging the dosimeter in the Duke Micro Optical-CT Scanner (DMicrOS), an in-house, bi-telecentric optical CT system optimized for high-resolution optical tomography. Preliminary analysis of microbeam characteristics was performed on a ROI averaged across the central 10mm of the dosimeter. Beam width (FWHM), percent depth dose (PDD), and peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR) were measured as a function of depth along the irradiated beam paths. Results: Beam width measurements indicated that the average FWHM across all three beams remained constant (405.3μm, σ =13.2μm) between depths of 3.00–14.00mm. PDD measurements were normalized to values at 3.00mm depth (to avoid bias due to possible optical artifact at the dosimeter surface) and showed a falloff to 82.9–90.5% at 14.00mm depth. PVDR increased with depth from 6.3 at 3.00mm depth to 8.6 at 14.00mm depth. Conclusion: These preliminary results from the DMicrOS/PRESAGE 3D dosimetry system show strong potential for uniquely comprehensive verification of microbeam irradiations. Future work is required to investigate the potential of stray-light artifacts in this extreme geometry. NIH R01CA100835
Modeling dispersion in arterial spin labeling: Validation using dynamic angiographic measurements (2012)

A major assumption in arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI perfusion quantification is the time course of the signal on arrival in the capillary network. The normally assumed square label profile is not preserved during transit of the label through the vasculature. This change in profile can be attributed to a number of effects collectively denoted as dispersion. A number of models for this effect have been proposed, but they have been difficult to validate. In this study ASL data acquired whilst the label was still within larger arteries was used to compare models of label dispersion. Models were fit using a probabilistic algorithm and evaluated according to their ability to fit the data. Data from an elderly population were considered including both healthy controls and patients with a variety of vascular disease. The authors conclude that modeling ASL dispersion using a convolution of the ideal ASL label profile with a dispersion kernel is most appropriate, where the kernel itself takes the form of a gamma distribution. This model provided a best fit to the data considered, was consistent with the measured flow profile in arteries and was sufficiently mathematically simple to make it practical for ASL tissue perfusion quantification.
Development of ultra-high affinity bivalent ligands targeting the polo-like kinase 1 (2022)

The polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an important mediator of cell cycle regulation and a recognized anti-cancer molecular target. In addition to its catalytic kinase domain (KD), Plk1 contains a polo-box domain (PBD), which engages in protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential to proper Plk1 function. We have developed a number of extremely high-affinity PBD-binding peptide inhibitors. However, we have reached an apparent limit to increasing the affinities of these monovalent ligands. Accordingly, we undertook an extensive investigation of bivalent ligands, designed to engage both KD and PBD regions of Plk1. This has resulted in bivalent constructs exhibiting more than 100-fold Plk1 affinity enhancement relative to the best monovalent PBD-binding ligands. Startlingly, and in contradiction to widely accepted notions of KD-PBD interactions, we have found that full affinities can be retained even with minimal linkers between KD and PBD-binding components. In addition to significantly advancing the development of PBD-binding ligands, our findings may cause a rethinking of the structure - function of Plk1.
Effectiveness of Methacrylamide Monomer for Dentin Bonding (2006)

Application of the M omega A solutions, resulted in an increase in the bond strength of resin to both crown and root dentins. In particular, the Bu and Va primers were very useful as primers promoting the bond of resin to dentin, since the etching potential was very low.
Natural 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an epimeric mixture. (1983)

Radiolabeled 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was prepared in vitro by using chicken kidney homogenates and in vivo in rats from [23,24-3H]-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. These compounds were mixed with synthetic (25S)- and (25R)-25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3, converted to the corresponding (+)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetyl esters, and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography that separates the derivatized epimers. The radiolabeled 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 derivatives were a 1:1 mixture of the 25S and 25R isomers. Similarly unlabeled 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 isolated from the plasma of rats given large amounts of vitamin D3 was shown to be a 1:1 mixture of the S and R isomers. Therefore, naturally occurring 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a mixture of the 25R and 25S isomers and not just the S isomer reported previously.
OAM-based physical-layer security enabled by hybrid free-space optical-terahertz technology (2017)

In order to address security issues of optical networks, quantum key distribution (QKD) has been proposed. However, most of the research efforts in QKD are based on a spin angular momentum (also known as a photon polarization), which represents a fragile source of quantum information for transmission over single-mode fiber (SMF), so that the secure key rates are very low, and at the same time the transmission distance is limited. In this paper, we follow a different strategy. The orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes, which are related to the azimuthal dependence of the wavefront, are orthogonal among others so that this additional degree-of-freedom can be used to improve the physical-layer security (PLS) in both wireless and optical networks. Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are routinely used to generate OAM modes in optical domain, in particular in free-space optical (FSO) communications. On the other hand, it has been recently demonstrated that a traveling-wave circular loop antenna, with azimuthal phase distribution along the loop, can be used to generate OAM in the RF domain. Reliability of FSO links is affected by atmospheric turbulence effects, scattering effects, and low-visibility in foggy conditions. On the other hand, RF technologies are not affected by these effects, but are sensitive to rain and snow. In particular, THz technologies, have available bandwidths comparable to a typical wavelength channel in WDM systems. Based on this complementarity, here we propose to use hybrid FSO-THz technologies to significantly improve the PLS of either FSO or wireless communications.
Metabolic Engineering of Fungal Strains for Conversion of <scp>d</scp> -Galacturonate to <i>meso</i> -Galactarate (2009)

D-galacturonic acid can be obtained by hydrolyzing pectin, which is an abundant and low value raw material. By means of metabolic engineering, we constructed fungal strains for the conversion of D-galacturonate to meso-galactarate (mucate). Galactarate has applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals and as a platform chemical. In fungi D-galacturonate is catabolized through a reductive pathway with a D-galacturonate reductase as the first enzyme. Deleting the corresponding gene in the fungi Hypocrea jecorina and Aspergillus niger resulted in strains unable to grow on D-galacturonate. The genes of the pathway for D-galacturonate catabolism were upregulated in the presence of D-galacturonate in A. niger, even when the gene for D-galacturonate reductase was deleted, indicating that D-galacturonate itself is an inducer for the pathway. A bacterial gene coding for a D-galacturonate dehydrogenase catalyzing the NAD-dependent oxidation of D-galacturonate to galactarate was introduced to both strains with disrupted D-galacturonate catabolism. Both strains converted D-galacturonate to galactarate. The resulting H. jecorina strain produced galactarate at high yield. The A. niger strain regained the ability to grow on d-galacturonate when the D-galacturonate dehydrogenase was introduced, suggesting that it has a pathway for galactarate catabolism.
Two Improvements of Twisted Ate Pairing with Barreto-Naehrig Curve by Dividing Miller's Algorithm (2010)

This paper shows two improvements of twisted-Ate pairing with Barreto-Naehrig curve so as to be efficiently carried out by dividing the calculation loops of Miller's algorithm based on divisor theorem. Then, this paper shows some experimental results from which it is shown that each improvements accelerate twisted-Ate pairing.
<title>Compensation for image retention in an amorphous silicon detector</title> (1999)

Because of traps in the photodiodes, amorphous silicon detectors retain charge and release it slowly after exposure. One effect of this property is that after an exposure, a ghost image may appear in subsequent images. This is a particular problem when fluoroscopic imaging follows radiographic exposure. In this paper we propose a method for predicting the magnitude of the ghost image so that it can be eliminated. The method uses linear systems theory to model the time behavior of the signal. Then the model is used to predict the offset as a function of time so that offset correction can be performed.
Structure-activity relationships of arylalkyl isothiocyanates for the inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone metabolism and the modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rats and mice (1993)

Many arylalkyl isothiocyanates are potent inhibitors of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in rats and mice. In the mouse, 4-phenylbutyl isothiocyanate (PBITC) and 6-phenylhexyl isothiocyanate (PHITC) exhibited greater inhibition than benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). The present study was conducted to investigate the structure-activity relationships of these four arylalkyl isothiocyanates for their inhibition of NNK oxidation and effects on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rats and mice. A single dose (0.25 or 1.00 mmol/kg) of each isothiocyanate was given to F344 rats 6 or 24 h before death. The rates of NNK oxidation were decreased in microsomes from the liver, lung and nasal mucosa of rats. Generally, PEITC was more potent than BITC but less potent than PBITC and PHITC. The rates in rat liver microsomes were decreased at 6 h but recovered or increased at 24 h; the rates in rat lung microsomes were markedly decreased at both 6 and 24 h; and the rates in rat nasal mucosa microsomes were also significantly decreased. The same treatment decreased the rat liver N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase activity dramatically and ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase and erythromycin N-demethylase activities moderately. However, the rat liver microsomal pentoxy-resorufin O-dealkylase activity was decreased at 6 h but increased at 24 h, with PEITC showing the most marked induction. The rat liver NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity was increased 1.4- to 3.3-fold, with PEITC being most effective; and the glutathione S-transferase activity was increased slightly. Similarly, at a single dose of 0.25 mmol/kg (5 mumol/mouse) 24 h before death, PEITC, PBITC, PHITC but not BITC, decreased NNK oxidation in mouse lung microsomes by 40-85%, with PBITC and PHITC showing greater inhibition. Furthermore, all four isothiocyanates extensively inhibited NNK oxidation in rat lung and nasal mucosa microsomes as well as mouse lung microsomes in vitro, with PEITC (IC50 of 120-300 nM) being more potent than BITC (IC50 of 500-1400 nM) but less potent than PBITC and PHITC (IC50 of 15-180 nM). PHITC was a very potent competitive inhibitor of NNK oxidation in mouse lung microsomes with apparent K(i) values of 11-16 nM. These results indicate that PBITC and PHITC are more potent inhibitors of NNK bioactivation in rats and mice than PEITC. In addition, these arylalkyl isothiocyanates could be effective in protecting against the actions of a broad spectrum of carcinogenic or toxic compounds.
Discovery of Novel Type II Bacteriocins Using a New High-Dimensional Bioinformatic Algorithm (2020)

Antimicrobial compounds first arose in prokaryotes by necessity for competitive self-defense. In this light, prokaryotes invented the first host defense peptides. Among the most well-characterized of these peptides are class II bacteriocins, ribosomally-synthesized polypeptides produced chiefly by Gram-positive bacteria. In the current study, a tensor search protocol-the BACIIα algorithm-was created to identify and classify bacteriocin sequences with high fidelity. The BACIIα algorithm integrates a consensus signature sequence, physicochemical and genomic pattern elements within a high-dimensional query tool to select for bacteriocin-like peptides. It accurately retrieved and distinguished virtually all families of known class II bacteriocins, with an 86% specificity. Further, the algorithm retrieved a large set of unforeseen, putative bacteriocin peptide sequences. A recently-developed machine-learning classifier predicted the vast majority of retrieved sequences to induce negative Gaussian curvature in target membranes, a hallmark of antimicrobial activity. Prototypic bacteriocin candidate sequences were synthesized and demonstrated potent antimicrobial efficacy <i>in vitro</i> against a broad spectrum of human pathogens. Therefore, the BACIIα algorithm expands the scope of prokaryotic host defense bacteriocins and enables an innovative bioinformatics discovery strategy. Understanding how prokaryotes have protected themselves against microbial threats over eons of time holds promise to discover novel anti-infective strategies to meet the challenge of modern antibiotic resistance.
Pancreatitis-Associated Protein Is Upregulated in Mouse Pancreas during Acute Pancreatitis (1998)

Pancreatitis-associated protein I (PAP I) is a pancreatic secretory protein strongly expressed during acute pancreatitis in the rat and human. We hypothesized that its expression was part of a general and coordinated response of the organ against aggression. An opposite pattern of PAP I mRNA expression has recently been described in the mouse. The murine PAP I mRNA was described to be highly expressed in normal pancreas and down-regulated during pancreatitis. The important implications of these unexpected findings led us to investigate the expression of murine PAP I in cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a very low level of PAP I mRNA in the healthy mouse pancreas and strong overexpression during acute pancreatitis. Western blot analysis confirmed that changes in pancreatic PAP I levels were parallel to those of the mRNA and the protein was localized by immunohistochemistry to the acinar cells. It was concluded that, during the course of acute pancreatitis, the pattern of PAP I expression in the mouse pancreas was comparable to that already observed in the rat and human. Although we have no explanation for the discrepancy between our results and those recently reported, the expression pattern of PAP I in the mouse exocrine pancreas described in the present study suggests that the pancreatic response to aggression might be conserved in mammals.
Design and Testing of Single and Double Sided Cantilevers for Chemical Sensing (2007)

Two approaches to surface stress-based chemical sensing with piezoresistive microcantilevers are compared. Microcantilever-based chemical sensing is usually performed by functionalizing a single surface of the cantilever (single-sided surface stress-SSS). Sensitive measurements can be made by functionalization of both surfaces of the cantilever (double-sided surface stress-DSS). Design issues related to the sensitivity of these measurement principles are discussed. Also, a low noise method of measuring cantilever resistance is used for evaluation of surface stress response.
Mechanical Design and Analysis of Land Grid Array (LGA) Sockets (2005)

Sockets offer a cost effective and high-volume manufacturing friendly interface between CPU packages and motherboards. Land-grid-array (LGA) technology offers avenues to enhance the electrical performance of sockets over its predecessors e.g. pin grid array (PGA) technology. The present paper will describe various technical challenges encountered in the design of Intel’s LGA sockets. The recently launched LGA775 socket will be used as a case study. Methods adopted to overcome these design challenges and successfully implement LGA sockets will be discussed. Design features like direct socket loading (DSL), various issues related to the design of socket housings, LGA contact design optimization and socket reliability enhancement under stresses such as thermal cycling, mechanical shock, vibration and bake will be discussed. DSL is an integrated mechanism that enables application of a compressive mechanical load between the LGA contact pins on the socket and the package LGA pads, so that their interfaces achieve and maintain electrical continuity through the socket design life. Similarly, optimizing the design of the socket contacts significantly impacts the stressing, reliability of the second level interconnect (SLI) ball grid array (BGA) that connects the LGA775 to the motherboard. The successful implementation of these designs is achieved through a combination of geometric tolerance stack analysis, numerical modeling studies, detailed experiments, reliability testing and correlation between these. The details of the same are be discussed in this article.
Distribution Preserving Quantization With Dithering and Transformation (2010)

A new quantization scheme that preserves the probability distribution of the source signal is presented. The distribution preserving quantization (DPQ) achieves the optimal trade-off between mean square error and bit rate asymptotically. It provides a continuum ranging from rate-distortion optimal signal quantization to parametric coding. The method can be used as a core component for scalable coding. Its efficacy is illustrated by applying the scheme to audio coding.
Integration of demand response and renewable resources for power generation management (2011)

A single-period optimal dispatching problem is considered for a network of energy utilities connected via multiple transmission lines, where we seek to find the lowest operationalcost dispatching of various energy sources to satisfy demand. Our model includes traditional thermal resources and renewable energy resources available generation capabilities within the grid. A key novel addition is the consideration of demand reduction as a virtual generation source that can be dispatched quickly to hedge against the risk of unforeseen shortfall in supply. Demand reduction is dispatched in response to incentive signals sent to consumers. The control options of our optimization model consist of the dispatching order and dispatching amount of the thermal generators together with the rebate signals sent to end-users at each node of the network under a simple demand response policy. Numerical experiments based on our analysis of representative data are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of demand response as a hedging option.
Material Characterization and Reaction Kinetics of Green Sorption Media for Nutrients Removal (2008)

In water scarce areas throughout the world, stormwater and wastewater used as an alternative water supply have been put into practice to promote the sustainability of our water infrastructure. Also, in water rich areas, stormwater management and on-site wastewater treatment systems are highly susceptible to extremes in precipitation causing wide spread pollution problems. High nitrogen and phosphorus content in stormwater and wastewater effluents has impeded reuse potential and impacted ecosystem integrity and human health. Nitrate may be toxic and can cause human health problem such as methemoglobinemia, liver damage and even cancers. Phosphorus may trigger the eutrophication issues in fresh water bodies, which could result in toxic algae and endanger the source of drinking waters eventually. It aims to conduct the material characterization and examine the reaction kinetics of a selected recipe of green sorption media recycled from waste streams, such as sawdust and tire crumb, combined with sand/silt and limestone, for nutrient removal using packed bed column tests as a means. Pollutants of concern include ammonia, nitrate and ortho- phosphate. Application potential in stormwater management and wastewater treatment facilities was discussed in the context of sustainable systems engineering.