gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Cl, Br and I in Geological Materials by <scp>NH<sub>4</sub>F</scp> Digestion: Comparison with Rapid Acid Digestion (2022)

The lack of analytical techniques for halogens in geological materials is mainly due to the loss of analytes during sample preparation. This study describes a rapid bulk rock digestion method (NH 4 F digestion) for determination of the abundances of Cl, Br and I in geological materials by SF‐ICP‐MS. During high temperature (200–240 °C) digestion, NH 3 released from the decomposition of molten NH 4 F can effectively prevent the loss of halogens released from geological samples. Chlorine, Br and I were not lost during NH 4 F digestion at 220 °C for 0.25–6 h. The limits of quantitation for NH 4 F digestion were 2.8, 0.018 and 0.003 μg g ‐1 Cl, Br and I, respectively. Most results for halogens in geological reference materials by NH 4 F digestion were in agreement with their certified values, confirming that the high‐performance rapid bulk rock NH 4 F digestion has sufficient digestion capability to extract Cl, Br and I from rocks, sediments and soils. In comparison, results obtained following acid digestion showed that HNO 3 + HF digestion could effectively extract Br and I from soil and sediment samples, and that HNO 3 acid digestion is only suitable to use for the determination of Br and I in soil samples.
Surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission in nanolenses (2005)

We propose surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (spaser) in nanolenses: Linear center-symmetric chains of metal nanospheres, embedded in an active medium of quantum dots. Predominantly amplified are the dark, odd-parity eigenmodes, which do not suffer dipole-radiative losses and produce coherent local optical fields comparable in strength to atomic fields, with minimal far-field radiation. There are many prospective applications for such spasers.
Compressive cooperative obstacle mapping in mobile networks (2010)

In this paper we consider a mobile cooperative network that is tasked with building an obstacle map in an environment. We propose a framework that allows the robots to build the obstacle map non-invasively and with a small number of wireless channel measurements. By extending our previous work on sparse obstacle mapping, we show how the nodes can exploit the sparse representation of the map in order to build it with minimal sensing. The proposed work allows the robots to efficiently map an area before entering it. We propose two approaches based on random and coordinated wireless measurements. Our simulation and experimental results show the superior performance of the proposed framework.
Evaluation of the Use of Antisense tRNA <sup>met</sup> as an Inhibitor for Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis (1993)

We attempted to explore the use of antisense RNAs against tRNA as an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis. For this purpose, antisense RNA against the 5'-end half of the initiator tRNA of wheat germ was synthesized, and its effect on translation of the Brome mosaic virus mRNA was investigated in a wheat germ cell-free system. When the antisense RNA against the 5'-end half of the initiator tRNA including the anticodon sequence was added at the concentration of 8 microM to the cell-free system, protein synthesis was completely inhibited. This inhibitory effect could be suppressed by the addition of wheat germ tRNA. In contrast, sense and control RNA showed slight inhibitory effects, which were not, however, suppressed by wheat germ tRNA. The antisense tRNA formed a double-stranded RNA duplex with the target methionine tRNA in the wheat germ extract which became resistant to ribonuclease treatment. These experiments suggest that antisense tRNA could be utilized for control of tRNA functions and to block protein synthesis.
Specific Hopanoid Classes Differentially Affect Free-Living and Symbiotic States of <i>Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens</i> (2015)

Because bradyrhizobia provide fixed nitrogen to plants, this work has potential agronomical implications. An understanding of how hopanoids facilitate bacterial survival in soils and plant hosts may aid the engineering of more robust agronomic strains, especially relevant in regions that are becoming warmer and saline due to climate change. Moreover, this work has geobiological relevance: hopanes, molecular fossils of hopanoids, are enriched in ancient sedimentary rocks at discrete intervals in Earth history. This is the first study to uncover roles for 2Me- and C35 hopanoids in the context of an ecological niche that captures many of the stressful environmental conditions thought to be important during (2Me)-hopane deposition. Though much remains to be done to determine whether the conditions present within the plant host are shared with niches of relevance to the rock record, our findings represent an important step toward identifying conserved mechanisms whereby hopanoids contribute to fitness.
Optimal weight assignment for algebraic soft decoding (2001)

Polynomial-time soft decoding for Reed-Solomon codes is investigated in the context of interpolation based decoding algorithms. Two criteria for soft decoding are studied. The first criterion is motivated by the probability of decoding failure while the second criterion is chosen to maximize the error correction capability of the code for a given additive cost function. Solutions that optimize the respective objective function are given to both problems.
Chondroitin Sulfate N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 Plays a Critical Role in Chondroitin Sulfate Synthesis in Cartilage (2006)

Cartilage destruction leads to severe joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis and spinal disorders with back pain, and cartilage regeneration is very inefficient. A major component of the cartilage extracellular matrix is the proteoglycan aggrecan that contains approximately 100 chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains, which impart water absorption and resistance to compression. Here, we demonstrate that chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (CSGalNAcT-1) plays a critical role in CS biosynthesis in cartilage. By in situ hybridization and real time reverse transcription-PCR of developing cartilage, CSGalNAcT-1 exhibited the highest level of expression. Its expression in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells correlated well with that of aggrecan core protein. In heterozygote and homozygote aggrecan-null cartilage where aggrecan transcription is decreased, CSGalNAcT-1 transcription diminished accordingly. Overexpression of the enzyme in chondrocytic cells further enhanced CS biosynthesis but not that of the aggrecan core protein, indicating that the enzyme activity is not saturated in the cells and that aggrecan synthesized in the overexpressing cells is heavier than the native molecule. Analysis of the CS chains synthesized in the overexpressing cells by gel chromatography and that of disaccharide composition revealed that the CS chains had similar length and sulfation patterns. Furthermore, adenoviral gene delivery of the enzyme into intervertebral discs displayed a substantial increase in the level of CS biosynthesis. These observations indicate that CSGalNAcT-1 overexpression increases the number of CS chains attached to aggrecan core protein. Our studies may lead to a new therapeutic intervention, ameliorating the outcome of cartilage degenerative diseases.
Crosstalk estimation in high-speed VLSI interconnect using coupled RLC-tree models (2003)

A comprehensive crosstalk estimation method, using coupled RLC-tree models, in high-speed VLSI interconnects is provided. Based on recursive formulas for the moment computations of RLC-tree models, and a general reduced-order model to approximate the waveform of coupling noise, the waveform can be accurately estimated. The influences of inductance effects on crosstalk can be truly captured by our crosstalk-metric models. Fundamental developments of the proposed method are described in detail. Experimental results show the improved accuracy of the proposed method.
Cosmetic Preservatives as Therapeutic Corneal and Scleral Tissue Cross-Linking Agents (2015)

The FARs, a class of compounds well known to the cosmetic industry, may have utility as therapeutic TXL agents. The compounds studied thus far show promise and will be further tested.
Identification of Disubstituted Sulfonamide Compounds as Specific Inhibitors of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA Formation (2012)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) plays a central role in viral infection and persistence and is the basis for viral rebound after the cessation of therapy, as well as the elusiveness of a cure even after extended treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic agents that directly target cccDNA formation and maintenance. By employing an innovative cell-based cccDNA assay in which secreted HBV e antigen is a cccDNA-dependent surrogate, we screened an in-house small-molecule library consisting of 85,000 drug-like compounds. Two structurally related disubstituted sulfonamides (DSS), termed CCC-0975 and CCC-0346, emerged and were confirmed as inhibitors of cccDNA production, with low micromolar 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)s) in cell culture. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that DSS compound treatment neither directly inhibited HBV DNA replication in cell culture nor reduced viral polymerase activity in the in vitro endogenous polymerase assay but synchronously reduced the levels of HBV cccDNA and its putative precursor, deproteinized relaxed circular DNA (DP-rcDNA). However, DSS compounds did not promote the intracellular decay of HBV DP-rcDNA and cccDNA, suggesting that the compounds interfere primarily with rcDNA conversion into cccDNA. In addition, we demonstrated that CCC-0975 was able to reduce cccDNA biosynthesis in duck HBV-infected primary duck hepatocytes. This is the first attempt, to our knowledge, to identify small molecules that target cccDNA formation, and DSS compounds thus potentially serve as proof-of-concept drug candidates for development into therapeutics to eliminate cccDNA from chronic HBV infection.
Use of a Heated Graphite Scrubber as a Means of Reducing Interferences in UV-Absorbance Measurements of Atmospheric Ozone (2017)

Abstract. A new solid-phase scrubber for use in conventional ozone photometers was investigated as a means of reducing interferences from other UV-absorbing species and water vapor. It was found that when heated to 100–130 °C, a tubular graphite scrubber efficiently removed up to 500 ppb ozone and ozone monitors using the heated graphite scrubber were found to be less susceptible to interferences from water vapor, mercury vapor, and aromatic volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs) compared to conventional metal oxide scrubbers. Ambient measurements from a graphite scrubber-equipped photometer and a co-located Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) ozone analyzer showed excellent agreement over 38 days of measurements and indicated no loss in the scrubber’s ability to remove ozone when operated at 130 °C. The use of a heated graphite scrubber was found to reduce the interference from mercury vapor to ≤ 3 % of that obtained using a packed-bed Hopcalite scrubber. For a series of substituted aromatic compounds (ranging in volatility and absorption cross section at 253.7 nm), the graphite scrubber was observed to consistently exhibit reduced levels of interference, typically by factors of 2.5 to 20 less than with Hopcalite. Conventional solid-phase scrubbers also exhibited complex VOC adsorption and desorption characteristics that were dependent upon the relative humidity (RH), volatility of the VOC, and the available surface area of the scrubber. This complex behavior involving humidity is avoided by use of a heated graphite scrubber. These results suggest that heated graphite scrubbers could be substituted in most ozone photometers as a means of reducing interferences from other UV-absorbing species found in the atmosphere. This could be particularly important in ozone monitoring for compliance with the U.S. Clean Air Act or for use in monitoring indoor air quality.
Novel Algorithm to Reduce Handover Failure Rate in 5G Networks (2020)

Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) is a key feature in 5G which requires improved mobility performance and reliability. In future, the number of devices are going to increase many times in 5G compared to current 4G, so the number of mobility (handover) scenarios are bound to increase many folds, and without proper technologies it may induce more handover failures. According to tests done in North America it is observed that handover failure (HOF) rate is 7.6% in urban areas and 21.7% in downtown area while successful recovery from HOF is only 38% [9]. Also, it is observed that if user equipment (UE) faces radio link failure (RLF) which leads to HOF, then the service interruption time is more. Therefore, to ensure better quality of experience (QoE) in 5G NR (New Radio), it is important to have minimal interruption time, and high handover success rate. In this paper we propose a novel Machine Learning (ML) and beam measurement based advance handover (HO) algorithm. In this concept, HO is initiated in advance before UE runs into RLF to ensure less HOF. In our proposed algorithm, the Network parameters used to train the ML model is based on serving cell reference signal received power (RSRP), block error rate (BLER), Timing Advance (TA) and serving beam direction. The proposed idea performance with existing Handover mechanism shows reduction of HOF rate by 35%.
Explicit and optimal codes for distributed storage (2010)

In the distributed storage coding problem we consider, data is stored across n nodes in a network, each capable of storing ¿ symbols. It is required that the complete data can be reconstructed by downloading data from any k nodes. There is also the key additional requirement that a failed node be regenerated by connecting to any d nodes and downloading ß symbols from each of them. Our goal is to minimize the repair bandwidth dß. In this paper we provide explicit constructions for several parameter sets of interest.
Content-color-dependent screening (CCDS) using regular or irregular clustered-dot halftones (2018)

In our previous work, we have presented an HVS-based model for the superposition of two clustered-dot color halftones, which are widely used for electrophotographic printers due to their relatively poor print stability. The model helps us to decide what are the best color assignments for the two regular or irregular halftones that will minimize the perceived error [1]. After applying our model to the superposition of three and four clustered-dot color halftones, it was concluded that this color assignment plays a significant role in image quality. Moreover, for different combinations of colorant absorptance values, their corresponding best color assignments turn out to be different. Hence, in this paper we propose to apply different color assignments within the image depending on the local color and content of the image. If the image content locally has a high variance of color and texture, the artifacts due to halftoning will not be as visible as the artifacts in smooth areas of the image. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to detect smooth areas of the image and apply the best color assigments in those areas. In order to detect smooth areas of the image, it was decided to segment the image based on the color of the content. We used the well-known K-means clustering algorithm along with an edge detection algorithm in order to segment an image into clusters. We then used our spatiochromatic HVS-based model for the superposition of four halftones in order to search for the best color assignment in a particular cluster. This approach is primarily directed towards good quality rendering of large smooth areas, especially areas containing important memory colors, such as flesh tones. We believe that content-color-dependent screening can play an important role for developing high quality printed color images.
Adaptive compensation for microwave linearizer (1993)

This paper presents a new adaptive microwave linearizer compensation system against temperature drifts and operating frequency variations (1). The main principle rests on the fact that for a QAM modulated RF carrier the signal envelope exhibits a fixed peak value to average value ratio which depends only on the constellation and on the roll-off factor. It follows that the peak to average value ratio of the SSPA output signal envelope has to be constant when the SSPA operates in the linear amplitude region. Moreover the peak to average ratio decreases or increases as the amplifier goes through a gain compression or gain expansion due to a change in temperature, operating frequency or in any other parameter. Therefore it can be used as a criterion on which to base the amount of AM/AM compensation to be introduced by the linearizer. This method exhibits good performance in a wide range of temperatures and frequencies while employing easy to implement low cost hardware.
Tire Design Methodology Based on Safety Factor to Satisfy Tire Life (Simulation Approach to Truck and Bus Tire Design) (2005)

Abstract A tire is not only simply made of rubber, but also twisted cord, which we can call FRR (Fiber Reinforced Rubber). The rubber in FRR is made of many materials, including rubber compound, carbon black, silica, and other materials. FRR is a double composite material, which means a particle reinforced material in a microscopic view and also a fiber reinforced one in a macroscopic view. Therefore, it is very difficult to apply fracture mechanics to the evaluation of tire durability on a practical tire design level. This paper gives a proposal for a new design methodology considering the actual tire condition which gives tire profile growth and rubber aging due to heat build‐up under operation. These two issues are especially important for truck and bus tire design. Tire profile growth is a very important one because the change of tire profile induces different strains in the rubber at the same location in the tire during its life. We apply the FEM (Finite Element Modeling) based Double Inflation Pressure (DIP) method to simulate the experimental fact of the change of tire profile. In order to use the relationship between the change of the tire profile and change of rubber properties, like breaking strain in the tire as service time passes, the concept of safety factor is introduced. The low modulus rubber parts in the tire dominate the strain field and allow the large deformations of the tire. Safety factors derived from the strain field are called “Margin of Safety.” On the other hand, the durability of FRR, like the belt layer and carcass layer with the cord part, is evaluated by stress because the FRR part reacts to the stress of the internal pressure and load of the tire. But, the Margin of Safety of the rubber part is more important because the cord part has enough safety factor in comparison with the rubber part. Tire life is predicted with the Margin of Safety described above.
Enhancing practical multifunctional myoelectric applications through implicit motor control training systems (2014)

Despite holding promise for advances in prostheses and robot teleoperation, myoelectric controlled interfaces have had limited impact in commercial applications. Simultaneous multifunctional controls are desired, but often lead to frustration by users who cannot easily control the devices using state-of-the-art control schemes. This paper proposes and validates the use of implicit motor control training systems (IM-CTS) to achieve practical implementations of multifunctional myoelectric applications. Subjects implicitly develop muscle synergies needed to control a robotic application through an analogous visual interface without the associated physical constraints which may hinder learning. The learning then naturally transfers to perceived intuitive and robust control of the robotic device. The efficacy of the method is tested by comparing performance between two groups learning controls implicitly via the visual interface and explicitly via the robotic interface, respectively. The groups achieved comparable performance when performing tasks with the robotic device a week later. Moreover, the initial performance of the experimental group was significantly better than the control group achieved after up to 75 minutes of training. These findings support the use of IMCTS to achieve practical multifunctional control of a wide range of myoelectric applications without limiting them to intuitive mappings nor anthropomorphic devices.
Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation for Precise Planetary Landing: Analysis and Experiments (2007)

In this paper, we present the analysis and experimental validation of a vision-aided inertial navigation algorithm for planetary landing applications. The system employs tight integration of inertial and visual feature measurements to compute accurate estimates of the lander's terrain-relative position, attitude, and velocity in real time. Two types of features are considered: mapped landmarks, i.e., features whose global 3D positions can be determined from a surface map, and opportunistic features, i.e., features that can be tracked in consecutive images, but whose 3D positions are not known. Both types of features are processed in an extended Kalman filter (EKF) estimator and are optimally fused with measurements from an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Results from a sounding rocket test, covering the dynamic profile of typical planetary landing scenarios, show estimation errors of magnitude 0.16 m/s in velocity and 6.4 m in position at touchdown. These results vastly improve current state of the art for non-vision based EDL navigation, and meet the requirements of future planetary exploration missions.
Nucleotide sequence of cDNA coding for saporin‐6, a type‐1 ribosome‐inactivating protein from <i>Saponaria officinalis</i> (1989)

We have isolated and sequenced partial cDNA clones that encode SO-6, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Saponaria officinalis. A cDNA library was constructed from the leaves of this plant and screened with synthetic oligonucleotide probes representing various portions of the protein. The deduced amino acid sequence shows the signal peptide and a coding region virtually accounting for the entire amino acid sequence of SO-6. The sequence reveals regions of similarity to other ribosome-inactivating proteins, especially in a region of the molecule where critical amino acid residues might participate in the active site.
Augmenting Salient Foreground Detection using Fiedler Vector for Multi-Object Segmentation (2017)

In this paper we present multiple methods to augment a graph-based foreground detection scheme which uses the smallest nonzero eigenvector to compute the saliency scores in the image. First, we present an augmented background prior to improve the foreground segmentation results. Furthermore, we present and demonstrate three complementary methods, which allow for detection of the foregrounds containing multiple subjects. The first method performs an iterative segmentation of the image to "pull out" the various salient objects in the image. In the second method, we used a higher dimensional embedding of the image graph to estimate the saliency score and extract multiple salient objects. The last method, using a proposed heuristic based on eigenvalue difference, constructs a saliency map of an image using a predetermined number of smallest eigenvectors. Experimental results show that the proposed methods do succeed in extracting multiple foreground subject more successfully as compared to the original method.