gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microfluidic Devices for Studying Biomolecular Interactions (2006)

Microfluidic devices for monitoring biomolecular interactions have been invented. These devices are basically highly miniaturized liquid-chromatography columns. They are intended to be prototypes of miniature analytical devices of the laboratory on a chip type that could be fabricated rapidly and inexpensively and that, because of their small sizes, would yield analytical results from very small amounts of expensive analytes (typically, proteins). Other advantages to be gained by this scaling down of liquid-chromatography columns may include increases in resolution and speed, decreases in the consumption of reagents, and the possibility of performing multiple simultaneous and highly integrated analyses by use of multiple devices of this type, each possibly containing multiple parallel analytical microchannels. The principle of operation is the same as that of a macroscopic liquid-chromatography column: The column is a channel packed with particles, upon which are immobilized molecules of the protein of interest (or one of the proteins of interest if there are more than one). Starting at a known time, a solution or suspension containing molecules of the protein or other substance of interest is pumped into the channel at its inlet. The liquid emerging from the outlet of the channel is monitored to detect the molecules of the dissolved or suspended substance(s). The time that it takes these molecules to flow from the inlet to the outlet is a measure of the degree of interaction between the immobilized and the dissolved or suspended molecules. Depending on the precise natures of the molecules, this measure can be used for diverse purposes: examples include screening for solution conditions that favor crystallization of proteins, screening for interactions between drugs and proteins, and determining the functions of biomolecules.
Normal group-velocity dispersion Kerr frequency comb (2011)

We show via numerical simulation that Kerr frequency combs can be generated in a nonlinear resonator characterized with normal group-velocity dispersion. We find the spectral shape of the comb and temporal envelope of the corresponding optical pulses formed in the resonator.
Synthesis of Chiral Tetrasubstituted Azetidines from Donor–Acceptor Azetines via Asymmetric Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Imido‐Ylide [3+1]‐Cycloaddition with Metallo‐Enolcarbenes (2019)

The all-cis stereoisomers of tetrasubstituted azetidine-2-carboxylic acids and derivatives that possess three chiral centers have been prepared in high yield and stereocontrol from silyl-protected Z-γ-substituted enoldiazoacetates and imido-sulfur ylides by asymmetric [3+1]-cycloaddition using chiral sabox copper(I) catalysis followed by Pd/C catalytic hydrogenation. Hydrogenation of the chiral p-methoxybenzyl azetine-2-carboxylates occurs with both hydrogen addition to the C=C bond and hydrogenolysis of the ester.
PROCESS ANALYSIS FOR INTERNAL GEAR GRINDING (2017)

The internal gear grinding machine, ZI20A is the first of its kind that is applicable for mass production of internal gears. It is suitable for grinding planetary gears, heat-treated internal or external gears at high speeds with high accuracy. One of the features of this machine is its ability to grind stepped workpieces. In case of stepped workpieces, it is difficult to determine the axial stroke required to achieve proper grinding of the entire tooth surface without causing any interference of the stepped region with the machine parts or grinding wheel. During the grinding test of such workpieces, sometimes the tooth flank remains unground at the ends due to inadequate axial stroke. A new simulation tool has been developed to visualize and analyse the internal gear grinding process. Using this simulation tool, the axial stroke required for grinding can be estimated without performing actual grinding tests.
Cutting Edge: Identification of a Hybrid Cytokine Consisting of IL-7 and the β-Chain of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (2001)

Pre-pro-B cell growth-stimulating factor (PPBSF) is a heterodimer of IL-7 and a 30-kDa cofactor. Unlike monomeric IL-7, PPBSF selectively induces proliferation and differentiation of pre-pro-B cells and up-regulates IL-7Ralpha-chain expression. Here we clone the PPBSF cofactor from bone marrow stromal cells and identify it as a variant beta-chain of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a pleiotropic cytokine homologous to plasminogen that regulates cell growth, motility, and morphogenesis. We further demonstrate that, in the presence of low m.w. heparin sulfate-derived oligosaccharides, rHGFbeta combines with rIL-7 to form a biologically active heterodimer having the properties of PPBSF. The results indicate that PPBSF is a novel form of cytokine (hybrid cytokine) consisting of the bioactive components of two unrelated cytokines. Based on its heparin-binding and mitogenic properties, we postulate that the HGFbeta-chain in PPBSF enables IL-7 to participate in cognate interactions at the stromal cell surface and to transduce signals effectively at low levels of IL-7R.
Dual Frequency Combs at 3.4 µm with Subhertz Residual Linewidths (2010)

Two coherent 1.5 µm frequency combs are transferred to 3.4 µm by difference-frequency generation with a 1064 nm cw laser. From a multi-heterodyne measurement, the residual linewidth between the comb teeth is resolution-limited at 200 mHz.
Document image decoding using Iterated Complete Path search with subsampled heuristic scoring (2002)

It has been shown that the computation time of document image decoding can be significantly reduced by employing heuristics in the search for the best decoding of a text line. In the Iterated Complete Path (ICP) method, template matches are performed only along the best path found by dynamic programming on each iteration. When the best path stabilizes, the decoding is optimal and no more template matches need to be performed. In this way, only a tiny fraction of potential template matches must be evaluated, and the computation time is typically dominated by the evaluation of the initial heuristic upper bound for each template at each location in the image. The time to compute this bound depends on the resolution at which the matching scores are found. At lower resolution, the heuristic computation is reduced, but because a weaker bound is used, the number of Viterbi iterations is increased. We present the optimal (lowest upper-bound) heuristic for any degree of subsampling of multilevel template and/or interpolation, for use in text line decoding with ICP. The optimal degree of subsampling depends on image quality, but it is typically found that a small amount of template subsampling is effective in reducing the overall decoding time.
High-k Dielectric Growth on Germanium by Atomic Layer Deposition (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Fast Quantitative Single-Molecule Detection at Ultralow Concentrations (2010)

The applicability of single-molecule fluorescence assays in liquids is limited by diffusion to concentrations in the low picomolar range. Here, we demonstrate quantitative single-molecule detection at attomolar concentrations within 1 min by excitation and detection of fluorescence through a single-mode optical fiber in presence of turbulent flow. The combination of high detectability and short measurement times promises applications in ultrasensitive assays, sensors, and point-of-care medical diagnostics.
Linearly constrained generalized Lloyd algorithm for virtual codebook vector quantization (2000)

Linearly-constrained vector quantization (LCVQ) is efficient for block-based compression of images that require low complexity decompression. It is the 'de facto' standard for 3D graphics cards that use texture compression. We extend the generalized Lloyd (1982) algorithm (GLA) for vector quantizer (VQ) codebook improvement and codebook design to a new linearly-constrained generalized Lloyd algorithm (LCGLA). This LCGLA improves VQ codebooks that are formed as linear combinations of Q reduced set of base codewords. As such, it finds application in a wide variety of signal compression and pattern recognition applications where linearly-constrained nearest-neighbour techniques are used. Experimental results show that the LCCLA significantly improves PSNR of standard high-quality lossy 6:1 LCVQ compressed images.
A newly identified bacterial cell-penetrating peptide that reduces the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (2010)

Cell-permeable proteins, also called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), have the ability to cross cellular membranes, either alone or in association with bioactive cargo. We identified the Yersinia protein YopM as a novel bacterial cell-permeable protein. Here, we describe the ability of isolated recombinant YopM to enter host cells without a requirement for additional factors. This autonomous translocation of YopM was confirmed in several cell types, indicating that it is an intrinsic property of YopM. Using truncated versions of YopM, we show that either of the two N-terminal alpha-helices of YopM mediates translocation into the cells. Furthermore, the two alpha-helices are also able to deliver heterologous cargo, such as GFP or YopE. In addition, we found that, after entering the cells, YopM is functional and efficiently downregulates the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins 12, 15 and 18). This finding suggests the potential use of YopM as a tool for protein delivery. Furthermore, it can lead to important advances in understanding and evaluating the intracellular and molecular function of YopM without the need for infection with Yersinia.
Technology developments to enable the commercial viability of the Fischer-Tropsch process (1996)

The well established Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) technologies for catalytic conversion of coal-based synthesis gas to hydrocarbon liquid and wax products have been practiced for many years in locations (such as South Africa) where political reasons have forced the production operations even though unusual commercial competitive economics would not be sufficiently attractive to justify the process. This has generated a substantive technical experience with F-T technologies and products that is currently being adapted to use with syngas produced from coal, natural gas, and other sources of hydrocarbon gas in many niche markets over the world. Energy International, one of the Williams Companies, is currently developing this process for use in near-term commercial applications based on improvements in catalyst and process design that can substantially reduce the economic cost of producing hydrocarbon fuels, chemicals, and waxes. This improved economic basis for use of F-T technology derives from on-going efforts supported by the Department of Energy`s Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center and Energy International. In important laboratory developments and evaluations, the use of cobalt catalysts has been shown to have the potential for greater products yields and better controls on the reactor operating conditions so as to produce the more desirable and economically effective setsmore » of quality products. This presentation will review the technical improvements achieved with the new catalysts and the impact on the economic viability of the F-T process.« less
Sodium–oxygen batteries: a new class of metal–air batteries (2014)

Research on sodium–oxygen batteries has gained unprecedented momentum in recent times. With a high theoretical specific energy of 1600 W h kg−1 and an equilibrium discharge potential of 2.3 V, a rechargeable sodium–oxygen battery embodies an attractive new metal–air battery platform for applications in transportation. As an earth-abundant element, sodium has the potential to be a low cost replacement for lithium in electrochemical storage technologies while retaining the majority of its qualities. This highlight focuses on the development and current progress in the field of sodium–oxygen batteries. Strategies for improving the reversibility of the electrode reactions and for understanding and overcoming key problems in sodium–oxygen batteries are also discussed.
Security-reliability analysis and power allocation in multiuser SIMO mixed RF/FSO relay networks (2016)

In this paper, we study the performance of multiuser (MU) single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) mixed radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) relay network with transmit opportunistic scheduling. The considered system includes multiple users, one amplify-and-froward (AF) relay, one destination and a multiple-antenna eavesdropper. The users are connected with a multi-antenna relay through RF link and the relay is connected with the destination through an FSO link. Maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme is used at the relay node to combine the received signals at its different antennas. In the analysis, the first hop channels are assumed to follow Nakagami-m fading model and the second hop channel is assumed to follow Gamma-Gamma fading model with considering the effect of pointing errors. Closed-form expressions are derived for the outage probability, average symbol error probability (ASEP) and ergodic channel capacity. Furthermore, the system performance is studied at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime where the diversity order and coding gain are derived and analyzed. Using the asymptotic results, the power of the selected best user is determined to minimize the system outage probability under the dominant RF or FSO link. Then, the considered system secrecy performance is investigated and an exact closed-form expression for the intercept probability is derived. Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to validate the achieved exact and asymptotic results.
Isolation of Ginkgolides A, B, C, J and Bilobalide from G. biloba Extracts. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Donor−Acceptor 9-Uncapped Fluorenes and Fluorenones as Stable Blue Light Emitters<sup>,</sup> (2009)

The "green emission defect" (GED) produced by fluorenones has significantly retarded the commercial scope of fluorene-based B-OLEDs. In this paper, for the first time, it is demonstrated that the "green light" emitting fluorenones 7 can be converted to "blue light" emitting fluorenones 10 by appropriate positioning of donor-acceptor and chromophoric groups onto the fluorene/fluorenone backbone. Additionally, we report an elegant highly rapid synthetic route for donor-acceptor fluorenes and fluorenones at room temperature with excellent yields.
Asymmetric strain-symmetrized Ge-Si interminiband laser (1998)

We present analysis of a proposed Si-based Ge-Si superlattice p-i-p laser diode grown on a relaxed Si/sub 0.25/Ge/sub 0.75/ buffer layer. Local-in-k-space population inversion between HH2 and HH1 minibands at the superlattice minizone boundary is predicted at the 4.6-μm lasing wavelength. The 2.94-nm Ge well width is three times the 0.98-nm Si barrier width so there is no net strain. A dipole element |z/sub 21/|=5.7 /spl Aring/ is calculated, leading to an expected gain of 238 cm/sup -1/ at an injection current density of 3 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Issues such as the waveguide design, critical thicknesses, doping levels, and expected threshold current density are addressed. Further optimization of the design is required.
Unstable DNA may be responsible for the incomplete penetrance of the myotonic dystrophy phenotype (1992)

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is associated with the expansion and instability of a trinucleotide (CTG) repeat in a sequence encoding a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The normal copy number of 5-35 repeats is exceeded in DM patients, with the size of the expansion broadly correlating with the severity of symptoms experienced. In most families reported, the unstable DNA sequence has increased in size on transmission to affected offspring, thereby providing a molecular explanation for the phenomenon of anticipation in DM, i.e. an increase in the severity of symptoms associated with an earlier age at onset of the disease in successive generations of a family. Here we present the first reported case of a family where the transmission of the affected chromosome from father to son is accompanied by a reduction in the size of the triplet expansion, such that it falls within the normal range. As the son remains asymptomatic, this type of molecular event may provide an explanation for the incomplete penetrance of the disease phenotype reported for this disorder. The implications for genetic counselling of DM families and the mechanistic considerations of the trinucleotide instability are discussed.
INHIBITION OF LYSINOALANINE FORMATION IN FOOD PROTEINS (1978)

ABSTRACT Lysinoalanine (LAL), an amino acid derivative which exhibits nephrotoxic properties when fed to rats, is currently of considerable interest to the food industry. LAL has been shown to be present in a number of alkaline and/or heat treated food products. Rate studies were carried out to measure the formation of LAL in the presence and absence of mercaptoamino acids such as cysteine and glutathione. Addition of the mercapto amino acids to casein and soy protein during alkaline processing nearly eliminated the formation of LAL.
Passive wireless antenna sensor for strain and crack sensing—electromagnetic modeling, simulation, and testing (2013)

This research investigates a passive wireless antenna sensor designed for strain and crack sensing. When the antenna experiences deformation, the antenna shape changes, causing a shift in the electromagnetic resonance frequency of the antenna. A radio frequency identification (RFID) chip is adopted for antenna signal modulation, so that a wireless reader can easily distinguish the backscattered sensor signal from unwanted environmental reflections. The RFID chip captures its operating power from an interrogation electromagnetic wave emitted by the reader, which allows the antenna sensor to be passive (battery-free). This paper first reports the latest simulation results on radiation patterns, surface current density, and electromagnetic field distribution. The simulation results are followed with experimental results on the strain and crack sensing performance of the antenna sensor. Tensile tests show that the wireless antenna sensor can detect small strain changes lower than 20 με, and can perform well at large strains higher than 10 000 με. With a high-gain reader antenna, the wireless interrogation distance can be increased up to 2.1 m. Furthermore, an array of antenna sensors is capable of measuring the strain distribution in close proximity. During emulated crack and fatigue crack tests, the antenna sensor is able to detect the growth of a small crack.
Quadratic neural networks for CT metal artifact reduction (2019)

Recently, deep learning has become the mainstream method in multiple fields of artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI/ML) applications, including medical imaging. Encouraged by the neural diversity in the human body, our group proposed to replace the inner product in the current artificial neuron with a quadratic operation on inputs (called quadratic neuron) for deep learning. Since the representation capability at the cellular level is enhanced by the quadratic neuron, we are motivated to build network architectures and evaluate the potential of quadratic neurons towards “quadratic deep learning”. Along this direction, our previous theoretical studies have shown advantages of quadratic neurons and quadratic networks in terms of efficiency and representation. In this paper, we prototype a quadratic residual neural network (Q-ResNet) by incorporating quadratic neurons into a convolutional residual structure, and then deploy it for CT metal artifact reduction. Also, we report our experiments on a simulated dataset to show that Q-ResNet performs better than the classic NMAR algorithm.
Recursive and trellis-based feedback reduction for MIMO-OFDM with transmit beamforming (2005)

We consider a MIMO-OFDM system with transmit beamforming applied on each OFDM subcarrier, where each beamforming vector is drawn from a codebook with finite size. Depending on the channel realization, the receiver decides the optimal beamforming vector on each subcarrier, and informs the transmitter through a rate-limited feedback link. Exploiting the fact that the channel responses across OFDM subcarriers are correlated, we propose two methods to reduce the amount of needed feedback. One is recursive feedback encoding that selects the optimal beamforming vectors sequentially across the subcarriers, and adopts a smaller-size time-varying codebook per subcarrier depending on prior decisions. The other is trellis-based feedback encoding that selects the optimal beamforming vectors for all subcarriers at once along a trellis structure via the A. The trellis-based feedback encoding outperforms the recursive feedback encoding at the expense of encoding complexity at the receiver. Simulation results demonstrate that our trellis-based approach outperforms an existing interpolation-based alternative, as the latter incurs diversity loss at high SNR.
Resource-Optimal Single-Qubit Quantum Circuits (2012)

Determining the optimal implementation of a quantum gate is critical for designing a quantum computer. We consider the crucial task of efficiently decomposing a general single-qubit quantum gate into a sequence of fault-tolerant quantum operations. For a given single-qubit circuit, we construct an optimal gate sequence consisting of fault-tolerant Hadamard (H) and π/8 rotations (T). Our scheme is based on a novel canonical form for single-qubit quantum circuits and the corresponding rules for exactly reducing a general single-qubit circuit to our canonical form. The result is optimal in the number of T gates. We demonstrate that a precomputed epsilon net of canonical circuits in combination with our scheme lowers the depth of approximation circuits by up to 3 orders of magnitude compared to previously reported results.
Improving the Degrees of Freedom in MIMO Interference Network via PHY Caching (2015)

Interference is a key issue that limits the Degrees of Freedom (DoF) in conventional wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a novel physical layer (PHY) caching scheme to achieve DoF gains in interference networks. Specifically, by properly caching a portion of the content files at each transmitters, the PHY topology can be opportunistically transformed from the unfavorable interference channel topology into a more favorable MIMO broadcast channel topology and enjoy a large DoF gain. We first propose a novel caching scheme to significantly improve the MIMO cooperation opportunity induced by PHY caching. Then we quantify the DoF gain w.r.t. some important system parameters. Both analysis and simulation show that the proposed scheme has significant gains over various baselines.
Video Recording with New Signal Processing (1985)

Video recording systems such as VTRs generally use an emphasis method in signal processing to reduce noise generated in FM recording and reproduction, using a pre-emphasis circuit and a de-emphasis circuit. In recording, the high frequency components of the video signal are emphasized by the pre-emphasis circuit and, in reproduction, the emphasized components are suppressed by exactly the same amount by the de-emphasis circuit; this is very effective in reducing the FM noise, especially its high frequency components.