gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimized Multi-Level Prime Array Configurations (2021)

Antenna arrays have many applications in direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. Sparse arrays such as nested arrays, super nested arrays, and coprime arrays have large degrees of freedom (DOFs). They can estimate large number of sources greater than the number of elements. They also have closed form expressions for antenna locations and the achievable DOFs. The multi-level prime array (MLPA) uses multiple uniform linear subarrays where the number of elements in the subarrays are pairwise coprime integers. The array achieves large DOFs and it has closed form expressions for the antenna locations and the required aperture size. For a given number of subarrays and total number of elements, there are different design alternatives. This paper finds the optimum number of elements within each subarray and the optimized ordered inter-element spacing. In almost all cases, we have found that a unique configuration jointly realizes the maximum number of unique lags and the maximum number of consecutive lags.
Oriented Free‐Standing Three‐Dimensional Silicon Inverted Colloidal Photonic Crystal Microfibers (2002)

Inverse colloidal photonic crystals (see Figure and cover) can be fashioned in the form of free‐standing, oriented rectangular‐ and V‐shaped microfibers via a self‐assembly strategy. Microspectroscopy of these microfibers is consistent with the existence of a complete photonic bandgap near 1.5 μm, making these microfiber constructions interesting as optical components of microphotonic crystal circuits.
Functional Analysis of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptors in TNF-α-Mediated Insulin Resistance in Genetic Obesity**This work is supported in part by a grant from the NIH (DK-52539). (1998)

Although obesity has become the most common metabolic disorder in the developed world and is highly associated with insulin resistance and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are not clearly understood. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is overexpressed in obesity and is a candidate mediator of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Complete lack of TNF-alpha function through targeted mutations in TNF-alpha gene or both of its receptors results in significant improvement of insulin sensitivity in dietary, chemical, or genetic models of rodent obesity. In this study, we have analyzed the in vivo role of TNF signaling from p55 [TNF receptor (TNFR) 1] and p75 (TNFR 2) TNFR in the development of insulin resistance by generating genetically obese mice (ob/ob) lacking p55 or p75 TNFRs. In the ob/ob mice, the absence of p55 caused a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity. p75 deficiency alone did not affect insulin sensitivity but might potentiate the effects of p55 deficiency in animals lacking both TNFRs. These results indicate that TNF-alpha is a component of insulin resistance in the ob/ob model of murine obesity and p55 TNFR is the predominant receptor mediating its actions.
Rigid Body Based Location Technology for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks (2006)

As an optimization problem, precision location requires sufficient constraints to warrant unique location estimation. The algorithm to determine the constraint sufficiency is the locatability algorithm. For the classic triangulation in two dimensions, locatability algorithm examines if a sensor node has at least 3 non-collinear reference node (RN) neighbors. This condition is often not met in most ad hoc sensor networks due to the low RN density. Progressive location was developed to turn a located sensor node into an induced RN which in turn is used to locate other sensor nodes. But even after applying progressive location, a lot of sensor nodes are still left un-locatable. A holistic approach, the rigid body (RB) based location technology, is proposed to group together sensors and RNs in a sensor network to form globally rigid bodies (GRBs) and cooperatively estimate sensor locations. The key differentiator of the technology is its locatability algorithm, a bottom-up procedure to identify GRBs in an anchor-free network and to determine the locatabilities of GRBs by grounding the network. The algorithm consists of four processes (node categorization, bilateration extension, trilateration extension, and tri-connectivity test) and locatability rules. It is shown that a bilateratively rigid sub-network is a strongly rigid graph and requires only the tri-connectivity to become globally rigid. Rules are provided for the locatability determination of rigid bodies and their associated sensor nodes. Simulation results show that the RB-based location algorithm locates drastically more sensor nodes than triangulation and progressive location algorithms especially when RNs are sparse
High‐Efficiency Gene Transfection of Cells through Carbon Nanotube Arrays (2016)

Introducing nucleic acids into mammalian cells is a crucial step to elucidate biochemical pathways, and to modify gene expression and cellular development in immortalized cells, primary cells, and stem cells. Current transfection technologies are time consuming and limited by the size of genetic cargo, the inefficient introduction of test molecules into large populations of target cells, and the cytotoxicity of the techniques. A novel method of introducing genes and biomolecules into tens of thousands of mammalian cells has been developed through an array of aligned hollow carbon nanotubes, manufactured by template-based nanofabrication processes, to achieve rapid high-efficiency transfer with low cytotoxicity. The utilization of carbon nanotube arrays for gene transfection overcomes molecular weight limits of current technologies and can be adapted to deliver drugs or proteins in addition to nucleic acids.
The Criteria for Beneficial Disorder in Thermoelectric Solid Solutions (2012)

Abstract Forming solid solutions has long been considered an effective approach for good thermoelectrics because the lattice thermal conductivities are lower than those of the constituent compounds due to phonon scattering from disordered atoms. However, this effect could also be compensated by a reduction in carrier mobility due to electron scattering from the same disorder. Using a detailed study of n‐type (PbTe) 1– x (PbSe) x solid solution (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) as a function of composition, temperature, and doping level, quantitative modeling of transport properties reveals the important parameters characterizing these effects. Based on this analysis, a general criterion for the improvement of zT due to atomic disorder in solid solutions is derived and can be applied to several thermoelectric solid solutions, allowing a convenient prediction of whether better thermoelectric performance could be achieved in a given solid solution. Alloying is shown to be most effective at low temperatures and in materials that are unfavorable for thermoelectrics in their unalloyed forms: high lattice thermal conductivity (stiff materials with low Grüneisen parameters) and high deformation potential.
Etching processes and characteristics for the fabrication of refractory x-ray masks (1998)

Refractory x-ray masks for a wide variety of pattern types were fabricated using tantalum silicon as the absorber material. Both positive (Shipley UVIII®) and negative (Shipley SNR200®) chemically amplified electron beam resists were exposed and the patterns transferred into a silicon oxynitride hardmask. The amorphous TaSi absorber was then etched using a Cl2/O2 reactive ion etch (RIE). From a mask manufacturing standpoint, the challenge is etching the wide variety of feature types that commonly occur in device processing. The overall etch process was characterized for the formation of both freestanding lines (using negative electron beam resist) and narrow trenches (using positive resist). RIE lag, feature shape dependence, and cross-mask uniformity in the etch bias were characterized for feature sizes down to 125 nm. The etch process has been implemented in a pilot line environment and is being used to produce product masks.
Variable stiffness torsion springs (1994)

In a torsion spring the spring action is a result of the relationships between the torque applied in twisting the spring, the angle through which the torsion spring twists, and the modulus of elasticity of the spring material in shear. Torsion springs employed industrially have been strips, rods, or bars, generally termed shafts, capabable of being flexed by twisting their axes. They rely on the variations in shearing forces to furnish an internal restoring torque. In the torsion springs herein the restoring torque is external and therefore independent of the shearing modulus of elasticity of the torsion spring shaft. Also provided herein is a variable stiffness torsion spring. This torsion spring can be so adjusted as to have a given spring constant. Such variable stiffness torsion springs are extremely useful in gimballed payloads such as sensors, telescopes, and electronic devices on such platforms as a space shuttle or a space station.
Directional histogram model for three-dimensional shape similarity (2003)

In this paper, we propose a novel shape representation we call directional histogram model (DHM). It captures the shape variation of an object and is invariant to scaling and rigid transforms. The DHM is computed by first extracting a directional distribution of thickness histogram signatures, which are translation invariant. We show how the extraction of the thickness histogram distribution can be accelerated using conventional graphics hardware. Orientation invariance is achieved by computing the spherical harmonic transform of this distribution. Extensive experiments show that the DHM is capable of high discrimination power and is robust to noise.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of Asymmetric Diphenyldiacetylenic Liquid Crystals (1994)

Abstract Fifty-six asymmetric diphenyl-diacetylene liquid crystal homologs including dialkyl, alkyl-alkoxy, cyano-alkyl, chloro-alkyl, fluoro-alkyl, difluoro-alkyl, lateral chloro-substituted fluoro-alkyl (or alkoxy), lateral fluoro-substituted asymmetric dialkyl, and vinyl-alkyl are synthesized and their physical properties evaluated. Among these asymmetric diphenyl-diacetylene liquid crystals, many dialkyl homologs exhibit low melting point, wide nematic range, and low heat of fusion. They are ideal host candidates for formulating eutectic mixtures. The polar groups make important contributions to the phase transition temperature, dielectric anisotropy, refractive indices and viscosity. Detailed effects depend on the position of the substitution. These new liquid-crystals compounds and mixtures are particularly useful for electro-optic modulation of infrared radiation.
Epigenetic analysis of cell-free DNA by fragmentomic profiling (2022)

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentation patterns contain important molecular information linked to tissues of origin. We explored the possibility of using fragmentation patterns to predict cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) methylation of cfDNA, obviating the use of bisulfite treatment and associated risks of DNA degradation. This study investigated the cfDNA cleavage profile surrounding a CpG (i.e., within an 11-nucleotide [nt] window) to analyze cfDNA methylation. The cfDNA cleavage proportion across positions within the window appeared nonrandom and exhibited correlation with methylation status. The mean cleavage proportion was ∼twofold higher at the cytosine of methylated CpGs than unmethylated ones in healthy controls. In contrast, the mean cleavage proportion rapidly decreased at the 1-nt position immediately preceding methylated CpGs. Such differential cleavages resulted in a characteristic change in relative presentations of CGN and NCG motifs at 5' ends, where N represented any nucleotide. CGN/NCG motif ratios were correlated with methylation levels at tissue-specific methylated CpGs (e.g., placenta or liver) (Pearson's absolute <i>r</i> > 0.86). cfDNA cleavage profiles were thus informative for cfDNA methylation and tissue-of-origin analyses. Using CG-containing end motifs, we achieved an area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.98 in differentiating patients with and without hepatocellular carcinoma and enhanced the positive predictive value of nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening (from 19.6 to 26.8%). Furthermore, we elucidated the feasibility of using cfDNA cleavage patterns to deduce CpG methylation at single CpG resolution using a deep learning algorithm and achieved an AUC of 0.93. FRAGmentomics-based Methylation Analysis (FRAGMA) presents many possibilities for noninvasive prenatal, cancer, and organ transplantation assessment.
Longitudinal Higher-Order OCT Assessment of Quantitative Fluid Dynamics and the Total Retinal Fluid Index in Neovascular AMD (2021)

Detection and characterization of disease activity is vital for optimal treatment of nAMD. Longitudinal assessment of fluid dynamics and the TRFI provide important proof of concept for future automated tools in characterizing disease activity.
Initial river test of a monostatic riversonde streamflow measurement system (2004)

A field experiment was conducted on May 7-8, 2002 using a CODAR RiverSonde UHF radar system at Vernalis, California on the San Joaquin River. The monostatic radar configuration on one bank of the river, with the antennas looking both upriver and downriver, provided very high-quality data. Estimates of both along-river and cross-river surface current were generated using several models, including one based on normal-mode analysis. Along-river surface velocities ranged from about 0.6 m/s at the river banks to about 1.0 m/s near the middle of the river. Average cross-river surface velocities were 0.02 m/s or less.
Salmon Gill Poxvirus, the Deepest Representative of the Chordopoxvirinae (2015)

Aquaculture is an increasingly important global source of high-quality food. To sustain the growth in aquaculture, disease control in fish farming is essential. Moreover, the spread of disease from farmed fish to wildlife is a concern. Serious poxviral diseases are emerging in aquaculture, but very little is known about the viruses and the diseases that they cause. There is a possibility that viruses with enhanced virulence may spread to new species, as has occurred with the myxoma poxvirus in rabbits. Provision of the first fish poxvirus genome sequence and specific diagnostics for the salmon gill poxvirus in Atlantic salmon may help curb this disease and provide comparative knowledge. Furthermore, because salmon gill poxvirus represents the deepest branch of chordopoxvirus so far discovered, the genome analysis provided substantial insight into the evolution of different functional modules in this important group of viruses.
6-Substituted decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids as potent and selective conformationally constrained NMDA receptor antagonists (1992)

We have prepared a series of 6-substituted decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids, and structurally similar analogs, as potential N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. There is a large body of evidence to support the use of such compounds as cerebroprotective agents in a variety of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, where some component of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity may exist. The compounds prepared were evaluated in vitro in both receptor binding assays ([3H]CGS19755, [3H]AMPA, and [3H]kainic acid) and in a cortical wedge preparation (versus NMDA, AMPA, and kainic acid) to determine affinity, potency, and selectivity. The new amino acids were also evaluated in vivo for their ability to block NMDA-induced lethality in mice. We synthesized many of the possible diastereomers of the decahydroisoquinoline nucleus in order to examine the spatial and steric requirements for affinity at the NMDA receptor and activity as NMDA antagonists. From our structure-activity relationship we identified two potent and selective NMDA receptor antagonists, the phosphonate- and tetrazole-substituted amino acids 31a and 32a, respectively, that show good activity in animals following systemic administration. For example, 31a and 32a selectively displaced [3H]CGS19755 binding with IC50S of 55 +/- 14 and 856 +/- 136 nM, respectively, and selectively antagonized responses due to NMDA in a cortical wedge preparation with IC50S of 0.15 +/- 0.01 and 1.39 +/- 0.29 microM, respectively. And compounds 31a and 32a blocked NMDA-induced lethality in mice with minimum effective doses of 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg (intraperitoneal), respectively. These novel amino acids are among some of the most potent NMDA antagonists described thus far, and are excellent candidates for development as neuroprotective agents for a number of CNS disorders.
The challenge of designing clinical trials for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. (1998)

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Several characteristics of KS pose challenges for the conduct of clinical trials. Kaposi's sarcoma patients often have multiple, irregularly shaped lesions, making accurate assessment of tumor size difficult. The lesions may have varying degrees of nodularity. Involvement of the lung or other visceral organs often consists of multiple irregular lesions. Conventional oncology staging systems cannot be applied effectively to KS because there is no clear primary lesion. Kaposi's sarcoma is affected by the status of the underlying HIV infection, and there are reports of KS lesions regressing in response to effective antiretroviral therapy. A system for staging and response assessment in KS, developed by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG), has proven to be a useful tool for the conduct of trials in KS. A newer system that also attempts to assess patient benefit in response to therapy is now being developed by the National Cancer Institute, FDA, and AIDS Malignancy Consortium. These tools, as well as careful methodology in the conduct of clinical trials, should help optimize the clinical development and evaluation of new therapies for KS.
Data-driven computational models of heart anatomy, mechanics and hemodynamics: An integrated framework (2012)

Cardiac therapies aim to correct pathological blood flow. Patient-specific therapy planning is challenging due to the large variability in disease cause, location and severity. A predictive framework is therefore needed to assess the optimal treatment for a patient in terms of maximizing effectiveness (blood flow velocity, vorticity, cardiac output, etc.) and minimizing the risk of complications. Multi-physics fluid structure interaction models have been proposed to investigate the function of the bi-ventricular myocardium. Yet, no or only partial patient-specific data have been used due to the lack of efficient methods for accurate modeling of patient's cardiac anatomy from images. Current imaging technologies enabling assessment of cardiac anatomy, dynamics and tissue structure, we propose an integrated framework for multi-physics heart modeling based on imaging data. Our approach relies on efficient machine learning methods to estimate an accurate and comprehensive model of patient's anatomy from MRI. A computational model of cardiac electrophysiology and biomechanics is then solved on patient's anatomy.
Novel dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir for ocular herpes infections: Bioreversion, antiviral activity and transport across rabbit cornea (2003)

The dipeptide prodrugs were found to be more permeable than the parent drug, ACV. More permeable, less cytotoxic ACV dipeptide prodrugs exhibited excellent chemical stability and antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus thereby rendering these lead compounds promising drug candidates against herpes virus infections.
Simultaneous tunable dispersion compensation of many WDM channels using a sampled nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg grating (1999)

We fabricated and characterized a tunable dispersion compensator for multiple wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) channels using a sampled nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg grating, the channel dispersion can be adjusted from -200 to -1200 ps/nm, we demonstrate tunable dispersion compensation for three channels in a 10-Gb/s WDM system. All three channels achieve a BER=10/sup -9/ after propagating through either 60 or 120 km of standard single-mode fiber.
Artificial Signals and Identification Methods to Evaluate the Quality of Speech Coders (1982)

Objective quality measures provide an economic and practical alternative to tedious and expensive subjective tests. Furthermore, some recently proposed measures predict quality values which correlate quite well with the subjective ones. The objective measures are particularly useful to test the influence of design parameters during the laboratory development of codec algorithms. In this paper the architecture of a measuring equipment to conduct objective quality measures on speech waveform coders is presented and discussed. Only the input and output signals from the coder are needed and an identification algorithm is used to separate the distortion effects introduced by the coder from other effects such as gains, time shifts, low-pass filtering, and so on. The choice of the most appropriate kind of signal for the identification and measurement steps is a problem also investigated. Particularly, results concerning mathematically defined speech-like signals are reported. The performance of the method is investigated under different conditions and the correlations with subjectively determined results are also reported for a number of ADPCM coders with widely varying parameters.