gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of microfluidic chip technology in pharmaceutical analysis: A review (2018)

The development of pharmaceutical analytical methods represents one of the most significant aspects of drug development. Recent advances in microfabrication and microfluidics could provide new approaches for drug analysis, including drug screening, active testing and the study of metabolism. Microfluidic chip technologies, such as lab-on-a-chip technology, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, organs-on-chip and droplet techniques, have all been developed rapidly. Microfluidic chips coupled with various kinds of detection techniques are suitable for the high-throughput screening, detection and mechanistic study of drugs. This review highlights the latest (2010-2018) microfluidic technology for drug analysis and discusses the potential future development in this field.
<i>Ultrashort Laser Pulses and Applications</i> (1989)

First Page
Need for better tests for lead in blood is urgent (1993)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTNeed for better tests for lead in blood is urgentLOIS EMBERCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1993, 71, 43, 7Publication Date (Print):October 25, 1993Publication History Published online11 November 2010Published inissue 25 October 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v071n043.p007Copyright © 1993 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views5Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (122 KB) SUBJECTS:Anatomy Get e-Alerts
Toxicity of Polyacrylamide and Acrylamide Monome (1989)

The purpose of this paper is to present information gathered regarding, in general, the physical characteristics, and, in particular, the possible toxic nature of polyacrylamide A short discussion of the properties and toxicity of the acrylamide monomer is also included. The United States government, specifically the Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, already regulates several uses of polyacrylamide; criteria and standards have been established based on numerous toxicological studies of both polyacrylamide and acrylamide. These studies are reviewed and summarized. The regulations generally restrict both the amount of residual acrylamide monomer in the polyacrylamide and the amount of polymer that may be used in the specified application. By imposing this type of restriction, a maximum limit on the amount of acrylamide in contact with food or drinking water can be indirectly achieved.
The Trans-Visible Navigator: A See-Through Neuronavigation System Using Augmented Reality (2015)

The main advantage of the present system is that it achieves volumetric navigation in contrast to conventional point-to-point navigation. It extends augmented reality images directly onto real surgical images, thus helping the surgeon to integrate these 2 dimensions intuitively.
Käthe Kollwitz 1867-2000. Biographie Und Rezeptionsgeschichte Einer Deutschen Künstlerin (2015)

Schymura, Yvonne. Kathe Kollwitz 1867-2000. Biographie und Rezeptionsgeschichte einer deutschen Kunstlerin. Essen: Klartext, 2014. 444 pp. euro34.95 (paperback).Kathe Kollwitz is probably the bestknownand most widely exhibitedGerman artist of the twentieth century.Herworkis technicallybrilliant yet highly accessible, displaying a socialand moral engagement that transcends her left-wing politics. She lived through and bore witness to the great upheavals of the age-war, revolution, the collapse of the monarchy, and the rise and defeat ofNational Socialism. She lost a son in the FirstWorld War, a grandson in the Second, and was persecuted and marginalized by the Nazis until her death at the age of 77 onApril 22, 1945.This substantial new biography by Yvonne Schymura covers Kollwitz's life as an artist from childhood through to death as well as the history of her reception inGermanyup until the end of the twentieth century. Using first-hand accounts captured in diaries and letters by the artist and her contemporaries, Schymura interrogates the construction of Kollwitz's emerging artistic biography during training in Berlin and Munich, motherhood and marriage, artistic success and recognition,persecution and exclusion.These keymomentsin Kollwitz'sdevelopment are dealt with in great detail against the backdrop of the political, social, and intellectual context, offering a balanced and well-evidenced perspective on the influences that helped to form Kollwitz as an artist.Kollwitz was operating at a time of transition in the role ofwomen,andundoubtedlybenefited from the campaign to open up a range of professional and educational opportunities to women.While the typical woman artist rejected marriage and motherhood, viewing domesticity as the enemy of creativity, Kollwitz placed domestic life and motherhood at the heart of her artistic expression. Schymura argues that her marriage in fact allowed her to benefit from a traditional role division that provided her with financial support while the engagement of a full-time housekeeper also freed her from many of her domestic duties (80).The complexities and problems of reconciling the intimacy of family life with the emotional distance of the artist are dealt with in detail, using material from Kollwitz's self-reflective diaries. These diaries also form the basis of a very thorough and convincing discussion of Kollwitz's attitude to war and the effect of her younger son's death in October 1914 on her emerging pacifist convictions. Schymura explores the set of religious, social, andmoral convictions that helped to form the Augusterlebnis of 1914, placing Kollwitz's initial response to the war within this context. …
Bayesian Inference in Terrain Navigation (1997)

Terrain navigation is a concept for autonomous aircraft navigation. If measurements of the terrain height over mean sea-level are collected along the aircraft flight path, an estimate of the aircraft position can be formed by matching these measurements with a digital reference terrain map. This matching is a recursive nonlinear estimation problem. Due to the unstructured nonlinear reference map, local approximation schemes, like the extended Kalman Filter, fail in this application. In this work, the optimal Bayesian approach to the recursive inference of the measurement sources is taken. In the Bayesian approach the uncertainty about the aircraft position is condensed in the conditional probability density function. The analytical expression for the recursive propagation of this function is derived. Due to the unstructured nonlinear terrain reference map, the propagation of the conditional density is impossible to perform in practice. To circumvent this problem, an approx...
Paclitaxel combination therapy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer: a review. (1996)

Combinations of active antineoplastic agents have been the most effective treatment for metastatic breast cancer. Criteria for an effective combination include use of drugs with different mechanisms of action, nonoverlapping toxic effects, and synergistic, or at least additive, antitumor activity. Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ), with its unique mechanism of action, offers an excellent opportunity for development of effective combination therapy against breast cancer. However, a number of problems have hindered the rapid development of effective combinations. The most obvious problem is the lack of a defined optimal dose and schedule of administration. The second problem has been the demonstration of unexpected interactions between paclitaxel and the other component(s) of the combination, often resulting in unusual and serious toxic effects. This review will focus on the phase I and II trials of paclitaxel in combination with established antineoplastic drugs (except doxorubicin and congeners, which is covered elsewhere in this issue) for breast cancer: cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil with or without folinic acid, cyclophosphamide, radiation therapy, as well as novel investigational agents or strategies, edatrexate, monoclonal antibodies to oncogenes, growth factors, and gene therapy with insertion of multidrug resistance gene into blood stem cells. Combination therapy offers exciting possibilities of enhanced antitumor efficacy. However, given the unexpected and serious toxic effects observed, only proven combinations should be used outside the context of a clinical trial. Additionally, the burden of proof will be to show that these combinations have increased antitumor activity, decreased toxicity, or both compared with single-agent paclitaxel.
The 21-Nucleotide, but Not 22-Nucleotide, Viral Secondary Small Interfering RNAs Direct Potent Antiviral Defense by Two Cooperative Argonautes in<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>    (2011)

Arabidopsis thaliana defense against distinct positive-strand RNA viruses requires production of virus-derived secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by multiple RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. However, little is known about the biogenesis pathway and effector mechanism of viral secondary siRNAs. Here, we describe a mutant of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Δ2b) that is silenced predominantly by the RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6 (RDR6)-dependent viral secondary siRNA pathway. We show that production of the viral secondary siRNAs targeting CMV-Δ2b requires SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3 and DICER-LIKE4 (DCL4) in addition to RDR6. Examination of 25 single, double, and triple mutants impaired in nine ARGONAUTE (AGO) genes combined with coimmunoprecipitation and deep sequencing identifies an essential function for AGO1 and AGO2 in defense against CMV-Δ2b, which act downstream the biogenesis of viral secondary siRNAs in a nonredundant and cooperative manner. Our findings also illustrate that dicing of the viral RNA precursors of primary and secondary siRNA is insufficient to confer virus resistance. Notably, although DCL2 is able to produce abundant viral secondary siRNAs in the absence of DCL4, the resultant 22-nucleotide viral siRNAs alone do not guide efficient silencing of CMV-Δ2b. Possible mechanisms for the observed qualitative difference in RNA silencing between 21- and 22-nucleotide secondary siRNAs are discussed.
Otimização de amplificador de potencia Doherty atraves de computação evolucionaria e transformada unscented (2011)

National audience
Low frequency of clonotypic Ig and T‐cell receptor gene rearrangements in t(4;11) infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and its implication for the detection of minimal residual disease (2002)

Infant t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a rare but cytogenetically well defined subgroup of immature B-cell precursor (BCP) ALL. To date, the configuration of their antigen receptor genes has not been studied in a large group of patients so far. In this study on 27 t(4;11) infant ALL, we have used standardized primer sets for the detection of all incomplete and complete immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (IGH) rearrangements, as well as for the Ig light chain kappa (IGK), T-cell receptor delta (TCRD) and gamma (TCRG) rearrangements that are most common in childhood BCP ALL. Only 52% of cases displayed clonotypic antigen receptor gene rearrangements (IGH in 48%, IGK, TCRD and TCRG in 12%, 41% and 6% respectively). This low frequency suggests, together with the findings of predominantly incomplete DJh joins and monoallelic IGH rearrangements, that they are derived from an immature progenitor cell. As 48% of the t(4;11) infant ALL cases had no detectable antigen receptor gene rearrangements that could be used for minimal residual disease (MRD) analysis, we established an expression-independent, leukaemia-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the genomic sequence of the MLL-AF4 fusion genes. This method had high sensitivity and specificity and resulted in identical estimations of tumour loads when compared with IGH targets. Thus, genomic MLL-AF4 fusion genes are a good alternative target for the analysis of MRD in patients with t(4;11) leukaemias.
Practical EMI-filter-design procedure for high-power high-frequency SMPS according to MIL-STD 461 (2005)

The paper presents a very practical EMI-filter design procedure for high-power high-frequency switch-mode power supplies (SMPS), conforming to the military standard MIL-STD 461. The design procedure is based on the knowledge of base-line common-mode (CM), and differential-mode (DM) EMI. Conducted-emission tests are carried out first according to MIL-STD 461. The measuring current probe only is used to separate the total conducted EMI into CM, and DM components, without the need for a special noise separator. The current attenuation of the filter is then simulated by a MATLAB program, using simplified high-frequency equivalent-circuit models for CM- and DM-filter components. Based on the proposed design procedure, a prototype EMI filter has been implemented for a unity-power-factor boost convertor, operating at a switching frequency of 20 kHz and an output power of 4 kW. Practical aspects in the implementation, such as filter-layout considerations and component selection, are discussed. The performance tests were carried out experimentally on the implemented filter according to MIL-STD 461, to verify the validity of the design procedure.
Senescence in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Functional Changes and Implications in Stem Cell-Based Therapy (2016)

Regenerative medicine is extensively interested in developing cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with applications to several aging-associated diseases. For successful therapies, a substantial number of cells are needed, requiring extensive ex vivo cell expansion. However, MSC proliferation is limited and it is quite likely that long-term culture evokes continuous changes in MSCs. Therefore, a substantial proportion of cells may undergo senescence. In the present review, we will first present the phenotypic characterization of senescent human MSCs (hMSCs) and their possible consequent functional alterations. The accumulation of oxidative stress and dysregulation of key differentiation regulatory factors determine decreased differentiation potential of senescent hMSCs. Senescent hMSCs also show a marked impairment in their migratory and homing ability. Finally, many factors present in the secretome of senescent hMSCs are able to exacerbate the inflammatory response at a systemic level, decreasing the immune modulation activity of hMSCs and promoting either proliferation or migration of cancer cells. Considering the deleterious effects that these changes could evoke, it would appear of primary importance to monitor the occurrence of senescent phenotype in clinically expanded hMSCs and to evaluate possible ways to prevent in vitro MSC senescence. An updated critical presentation of the possible strategies for in vitro senescence monitoring and prevention constitutes the second part of this review. Understanding the mechanisms that drive toward hMSC growth arrest and evaluating how to counteract these for preserving a functional stem cell pool is of fundamental importance for the development of efficient cell-based therapeutic approaches.
PathExpander: Architectural Support for Increasing the Path Coverage of Dynamic Bug Detection (2006)

Dynamic software bug detection tools are commonly used because they leverage run-time information. However, they suffer from a fundamental limitation, the path coverage problem: they detect bugs only in taken paths but not in non-taken paths. In other words, they require bugs to be exposed in the monitored execution. This paper makes one of the first attempts to address this fundamental problem with a simple hardware extension. First, we propose PathExpander, a novel design that dynamically increases the code path coverage of dynamic bug detection tools with no programmer involvement. As a program executes, PathExpander selectively executes non-taken paths in a sandbox without side effects. This enables dynamic bug detection tools to find bugs that are present in these non-taken paths and would otherwise not be detected. Second, we propose a simple hardware extension to control the huge overhead in its pure software implementation to a moderate level. To further minimize overhead, PathExpander provides an optimization option to execute non-taken paths on idle cores in chip multi-processor architectures that support speculative execution. To evaluate PathExpander, we use three dynamic bug detection methods: dynamic software-only checker (CCured), dynamic hardware-assisted checker (iWatcher) and assertions; and conduct side-by-side comparison with PathExpander's counterpart software implementation. Our experiments with seven buggy programs using general inputs that do not expose the tested bugs show that PathExpander is able to help these tools detect 21 (out of 38) tested bugs that are otherwise missed. This is because PathExpander increases the code coverage of each test case from 40% to 65% on average, based on the branch coverage metric. When applications are tested with multiple inputs, the cumulative coverage also significantly improves by 19%. We also show that PathExpander introduces modest false positives (4 on average) and overhead (less than 9.9%). The 3-4 orders of magnitude lower overhead compared with pure-software implementation further justifies the hardware design in PathExpander
Second Harmonic Generation in Li<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (1991)

Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been studied in lithium diborate (Li 2 B 4 O 7 ) single crystal from room temperature up to the melting temperature. The magnitudes of the SHG coefficients d 33 and d 31 , at room temperature are, respectively, 3.1 and 0.4 relative to d 11 of quartz. The decrease of the SHG signal in the high temperature range suggests the possibility of the phase transition to a nonpolar phase.
Pseudo five-component process for the synthesis of 4,4′-(arylmethylene)bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol) derivatives using ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles in aqueous media (2014)

In the present paper, we developed a straightforward and efficient approach to synthesis of 4,4′-(arylmethylene)bis(3-methyl-1<italic>H</italic>-pyrazol-5-ol) derivatives by a simple one pot pseudo five component reactions using ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles as catalyst under benign reaction conditions.
Etching polyimide with a nonequilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (1999)

An atmospheric-pressure plasma jet has been used to etch polyimide films at 1.0–8.0±0.2 μm/min at 760 Torr and between 50 and 250 °C. The plasma was produced by flowing helium and oxygen between two concentric electrodes, with the inner one coupled to 13.56 MHz rf power and the outer one grounded. The etch rate increased with the O2 partial pressure, the rf power and the substrate temperature. The apparent activation energy for etching was 0.16 eV. Langmuir-probe measurements revealed that the ion densities were between 1×1010 and 1×1011 cm−3, 5 mm from the end of the powered electrode. Biasing the substrate had no effect on the rate. Ozone, singlet sigma metastable oxygen (b 1Σg+), and singlet delta metastable oxygen (a 1Δg) were detected in the plasma by emission spectroscopy. More ozone was produced in the effluent through the recombination of O atoms with O2. Based on the production rate of O3, the concentration of O atoms 6 mm from the powered electrode was estimated to be ∼7×1014 cm−3 at 6.6 Torr O2 and 200 W power. It is proposed that O atoms are the principal reactive species involved in etching polyimide.
Regression testing minimization, selection and prioritization: a survey (2012)

Regression testing is a testing activity that is performed to provide confidence that changes do not harm the existing behaviour of the software. Test suites tend to grow in size as software evolves, often making it too costly to execute entire test suites. A number of different approaches have been studied to maximize the value of the accrued test suite: minimization, selection and prioritization. Test suite minimization seeks to eliminate redundant test cases in order to reduce the number of tests to run. Test case selection seeks to identify the test cases that are relevant to some set of recent changes. Test case prioritization seeks to order test cases in such a way that early fault detection is maximized. This paper surveys each area of minimization, selection and prioritization technique and discusses open problems and potential directions for future research. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Fasting on Methionine Adenosyltransferase Expression and the Methionine Cycle in the Mouse Liver (2005)

The effect of fasting on mouse liver methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT I/ III) expression and the regulation of methionine metabolism were investigated. The mRNA level, protein level, and activity of MAT I/III were increased by fasting for 10 or 16 h. In spite of the increase of MAT I/III activity, S-adenosylmethionine, the product of methionine due to MAT I/III, decreased. S-Adenosylhomocysteine, which is made from S-adenosylmethionine by its coupling to methyltransferase, increased as a result of fasting for 16 h. These results suggest that the total methylation reactions using S-adenosylmethionine are stimulated in the fasting mouse liver. However, the DNA methylation level was not changed by fasting for 16 h. Glutathione, which is made by the transsulfuration pathway from homocysteine, decreased due to fasting. Regulation of supplementation of S-adenosylmethionine may occur in the fasting mouse because MAT I/III activity increases and the flow to glutathione is decreased.