gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applications of Chaotic Digital Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to Cable Communication Systems (1998)

In this paper the technical details of chaotic digital code-division multiple access ((CD) 2 MA) communication systems used in cable communication systems are presented. The cable communication system may be a pure coaxial RF cable network, a hybrid fiber-coax network, or a pure optical fibre network for high-capacity data link. As an example of its many potential applications in cable communication systems, (CD) 2 MA is used to support the upstream digital data communications in cable TV systems occupying the very noisy 5–40 MHz portion of spectrum. Although the (CD) 2 MA proposed in this paper is only used to support current Internet services via cable TV networks, it can also be used to support the high-speed data-link provided in the 550–750 MHz band in hybrid fiber-coax networks. (CD) 2 MA is a new communication framework which uses band-limited chaotic carriers insted of linear ones. For the purpose of generality, in this paper the band-limited chaotic carriers are approximated by groups of linear sub-carriers, which distribute within the same bandwidth with a fixed amplitude, random phases and uniformly distributed frequencies. The theoretical result of the performance of (CD) 2 MA is given. We also provide the simulation results of the bit-error-rate (BER) performances of a synchronous (CD) 2 MA used in cable communication systems. The results show that the (CD) 2 MA system has a better performance than the synchronous CDMA system proposed for the same cable communication system. Technical details of (CD) 2 MA are also presented for the future design of prototype systems. We present the framework of the whole (CD) 2 MA system including carrier syncronization, timing recovery and the details of nonlinear carrier generators.
Quantum cascade disk lasers (1996)

The fabrication and characterization of quantum cascade (QC) disk lasers at 5 μm wavelength is reported. The QC scheme yields several advantages for the disk geometry: an inherently transverse magnetic polarization, tailorable wavelength, and unipolar carrier transport. The low loss whispering gallery resonator allows small devices, 17–125 μm in diameter, and low threshold currents (2.85 mA for a 17 μm diameter disk) with a size independent pulsed threshold current density of 1.2 kAcm−2 at 15 K. From the threshold current density the quality factor of the disks is estimated at Q∼3500. The emission spectra show single and multiple whispering gallery modes.
A New Nuclear Method to Locate Proppant Placement in Induced Fractures (2011)

Abstract Traditional proppant placement evaluation in hydraulically induced fractures utilizes detection of radioactive tracers pumped downhole with the "frac" slurry. Although this technique has proven useful, it involves environmental, safety, and regulatory concerns/issues. The fracture height determination method described in this paper eliminates downhole placement of radioactive materials. A high thermal neutron capture compound (HTNCC) is inseparably incorporated into each ceramic proppant (CEP) grain during manufacturing in sufficiently low concentration that it does not affect mechanical strength, conductivity, durability, or density of the particles. The proppant is detected using standard compensated neutron logging tools (CNT) and/or pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logging tools, with detection based on the high thermal neutron absorptive properties of the compound relative to downhole constituents. Since the HTNCC is placed permanently in the proppant, logging for proppant detection can occur at any time(s) after the frac job, with no requirement for special handling or mixing considerations. To clarify, the new detectable proppant is not radioactive, and the benign detectable material is uniformly mixed into the ore during proppant manufacturing, so there is no chance for segregation of the detectable agent from the proppant. Specifically, the proppant is detected using after-frac CNT logs, sometimes combined with corresponding before-frac logs. The increased thermal neutron absorption by the HTNCC reduces count rates in the near and far detectors, with approximately the same percentage reduction observed in each detector, leaving the near to far detector count rate ratio (N/F ratio) unchanged. One detection method utilizes a comparison of before-frac log count rates and after-frac count rates, with reduced after-frac count rates observed in zones containing proppant. Another detection method, especially useful if formation gas saturations change, requires only the after-frac log. Since the N/F ratio is essentially unaffected by proppant, after-frac count rates predicted from the ratio will also be unaffected. These synthetic count rates will be greater than the observed after-frac count rates in intervals containing proppant. When PNC tools are utilized in a third method, tagged proppant can be identified from count rate suppression in the detectors and also from increases in the measured formation and/or borehole component capture cross sections. In tools utilizing spectral gamma ray detectors, the HNCC may also be detected using capture gamma ray spectral deconvolution. Monte Carlo modeling data are presented demonstrating the utility of these techniques employing CNT tools. Field examples illustrating proppant detection using compensated neutron tools are also presented.
uAnalyze: Web-Based High-Resolution DNA Melting Analysis with Comparison to Thermodynamic Predictions (2012)

uAnalyze(SM) is a web-based tool for analyzing high-resolution melting data of PCR products. PCR product sequence is input by the user and recursive nearest neighbor thermodynamic calculations used to predict a melting curve similar to uMELT(http://www.dna.utah.edu/umelt/umelt.html). Unprocessed melting data are input directly from LightScanner-96, LS32, or HR-1 data files or via a generic format for other instruments. A fluorescence discriminator identifies low intensity samples to prevent analysis of data that cannot be adequately normalized. Temperature regions that define fluorescence background are initialized by prediction and optionally adjusted by the user. Background is removed either as an exponential or by linear baseline extrapolation. The precision or, “curve spread,” of experimental melting curves is quantified as the average of the maximum helicity difference of all curve pairs. Melting curve accuracy is quantified as the area or “2D offset” between the average experimental and predicted melting curves. Optional temperature overlay (temperature shifting) is provided to focus on curve shape. Using 14 amplicons of CYBB, the mean + / - standard deviation of the difference between experimental and predicted fluorescence at 50 percent helicity was 0:04 + / - 0:48°C. uAnalyze requires Flash, is not browser specific and can be accessed at http://www.dna.utah.edu/uv/uanalyze.html.
Development of a Series of (1-Benzyl-3-(6-methoxypyrimidin-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-1<i>H</i>-indol-2-yl)methanols as Selective Protease Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Antagonists with in Vivo Utility and Activity Against γ-Thrombin (2016)

Here, we describe the development of a series of highly selective PAR4 antagonists with nanomolar potency and selectivity versus PAR1, derived from the indole-based 3. Of these, 9j (PAR4 IC50 = 445 nM, PAR1 response IC50 > 30 μM) and 10h (PAR4 IC50 = 179 nM, PAR1 response IC50 > 30 μM) maintained an overall favorable in vitro DMPK profile, encouraging rat/mouse in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) and activity against γ-thrombin.
Generation of stem cell-derived β-cells from patients with type 1 diabetes (2016)

We recently reported the scalable in vitro production of functional stem cell-derived β-cells (SC-β cells). Here we extend this approach to generate the first SC-β cells from type 1 diabetic patients (T1D). β-cells are destroyed during T1D disease progression, making it difficult to extensively study them in the past. These T1D SC-β cells express β-cell markers, respond to glucose both in vitro and in vivo, prevent alloxan-induced diabetes in mice and respond to anti-diabetic drugs. Furthermore, we use an in vitro disease model to demonstrate the cells respond to different forms of β-cell stress. Using these assays, we find no major differences in T1D SC-β cells compared with SC-β cells derived from non-diabetic patients. These results show that T1D SC-β cells could potentially be used for the treatment of diabetes, drug screening and the study of β-cell biology.
Enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> Conversion to CO by Silica-Supported Perovskite Oxides at Low Temperatures (2018)

Repurposing of CO2 to valuable hydrocarbons is crucial for energy security and a balanced carbon cycle. Reverse water gas shift chemical looping (RWGS-CL) is capable of efficient CO2 to CO conversion at a low temperature of ∼600 °C with unprecedented rates using the La0.75Sr0.25FeO3 (LSF) perovskite-type oxide amalgamated with silica. The LSF/SiO2 composite (25% LSF by mass) promotes a notable extent of oxygen vacancies in the active phase, a key parameter for CO2 conversion. In each of eight RWGS-CL cycles, CO generation yields of LSF/SiO2 surpass those of LSF alone by about 200%, producing 2.6 mmol of CO gLSF–1 at a peak rate of 0.8 mmol CO gLSF–1 min–1. This significant improvement is concomitant with a decreased average LSF crystallite size retained at these low thermochemical reaction temperatures. Evidence of this enhancement points to perovskite particle size reduction by silica, lattice strain induced by the support, and curtailed quantities of secondary phases that limit accessibility to active surfaces. In this contribution, an appropriate stable platform for improving earth abundancy in perovskite-based redox materials is demonstrated for industrial-scale low-temperature CO2 thermochemical conversion.
Stable keyhole welding of 1 mm thick copper with a 600 W blue laser system (2019)

This paper will report on the first full penetration bead on plate tests of a 1 mm thick copper plate with a 600-W blue laser with nominal spatter remaining on the surface. The 600-W continuous wave laser is focused to a spot size of approximately 200 μm, resulting in an average intensity at the surface of the part of 2.1 MW/cm2. This intensity is well above the power density required to initiate and sustain the keyhole in the part. During the welding process, the keyhole is observed to form rapidly, and once full penetration is achieved, the molten puddle exhibits a very stable surface indicating low turbulence in the weld puddle as the weld progresses. The stable welding process is observed over a wide range of welding speeds and with an Ar-CO2 cover gas for suppressing the surface oxidation during the welding process. This ability to create a stable keyhole weld can be attributed to the high absorptivity of copper in the blue [E. Spisz, A. Weigand, R. Bowman, and J. Jack, “Solar absorptances and spectral reflectance's of 12 metals from temperature ranging from 300 to 500 K,” NASA TN D5353 (1969)]. The blue laser light is uniformly absorbed by the walls of the keyhole during the welding process; however, when instabilities in the keyhole arise due to the turbulence in the melt puddle, the heat input is maintained, and the keyhole remains stable.
Identification of the human IAI.3B promoter element and its use in the construction of a replication-selective adenovirus for ovarian cancer therapy. (2003)

Little is known concerning promoters or gene therapy specific for ovarian cancer. To explore the potential use of IAI.3B isolated from ovarian cancer cells in gene therapy for ovarian cancer, we identified the promoter region of the IAI.3B gene and created a replication-selective adenovirus, AdE3-IAI.3B, driven by the promoter. Transient transfection experiments showed that the DNA segment located between -1816 and -1 bp resulted in preferential expression in ovarian cancer cells with negligible expression in squamous cell carcinoma and normal cells. The promoter activity of IAI.3B was almost the same as that of cytomegalovirus and an order of magnitude higher than those of midkine and cyclooxygenase-2 in ovarian cancer cells. AdE3-IAI.3B replicated as efficiently as the wild-type adenovirus and caused extensive cell killing in a panel of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. In contrast, squamous cell carcinoma and normal cells were not able to support AdE3-IAI.3B replication. In animal studies, AdE3-IAI.3B administered to flank and i.p. xenografts of ovarian cancer cells led to a significant therapeutic effect. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the IAI.3B promoter for generation of ovarian cancer-specific adenoviral vectors and provide a potential for the development of ovarian cancer-specific oncolytic viral therapies.
Predicting Remaining Useful Life Based on the Failure Time Data with Heavy-Tailed Behavior and User Usage Patterns Using Proportional Hazards Model (2010)

To enhance the reliability and availability of complex engineering products and reduce the service costs, nowadays some efficient maintenance programs including Condition-based Maintenance (CBM) are implemented for remote diagnostics and prognostics in industries. Prediction of Remaining Useful Life (RUL) for the unit/part is a key aspect of prognostics and has drawn increasing attention in recent years. Due to the rapid growth of cyber infrastructure and sensing technology, an abundance of data is now readily available for RUL prediction. This paper presents a methodology for predicting RUL based on the failure time data exhibiting heavy-tailed behavior in the survival function and user usage patterns through Proportional Hazards Model (PHM). A numerical study is implemented to investigate the effect of the heavy-tailed behavior on the RUL prediction error. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through a real-world example. Its performance is compared with that of Random Forests and the prediction results show that the proposed method can make accurate RUL prediction for machinery prognostics.
Protease nexin-1, an antithrombin with neurite outgrowth activity, is reduced in Alzheimer disease. (1989)

Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a cell-secreted protein that inhibits certain proteases, particularly thrombin, by forming SDS-stable complexes with the catalytic site serine of the protease. PN-1 was recently shown to be identical to a glial-derived neurite-promoting factor/glial-derived nexin present in rat brain. Its neurite outgrowth activity depends on inhibition of thrombin, presumably because thrombin brings about neurite retraction. Here we show that human brain contains PN-1 and that PN-1 activity in brains of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) was only 14% of control values (total of 14 AD patients and 7 control individuals). PN-1 activity in the hippocampus, a region with marked neuropathology in AD, was 15% of control values (10 AD patients and 4 control individuals). Western blot analysis indicated a large decrease in free PN-1 protein and an increase in PN-1-containing complexes that comigrated with PN-1-thrombin complexes. Northern blot analysis indicated that PN-1 mRNA levels were about equal in brains from AD patients and control individuals. Thus these results suggest that the decreases in PN-1 activity and free PN-1 protein are due to formation of PN-1-protease complexes.
Development of Microstructured Catalytic Wall Reactors for Hydrogen Production by Methanol Steam Reforming over Novel Pt/in2o3/al2o3 Catalysts (2011)

Methanol steam reforming was investigated over novel Pd/In2O3/Al2O3 and Pt/In2O3/Al2O3 catalysts coated into microchannels. The investigations revealed, that Pt is much more active at still moderate CO selectivity compared to Pd. An In2O3 content of 25 – 30 wt.% was required to minimize the CO selectivity of the Pt-containing samples. At a Pt/In ratio of 0.6, the catalyst with the highest Pt content of 15 wt.% showed also highest activity. Switching to conditions of oxidative steam reforming further increased the activity of the catalysts.
Friction Stir Welding of Carbon Steel for Application in Used Fuel Containers (2014)

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is being investigated as a method to fabricate a partial penetration closure weld of the steel vessel of a copper-coated used fuel container. The hemi-head is made of A516 Grade 70 steel and the cylinder body is made of A106 Grade C steel. In this initial feasibility study, the objective is to use FSW to demonstrate the merits of FSW using flat steel plate in concert with a closure weld joint designed specifically for a cylindrical container. To complete this objective, there are two initial feasibility demonstrations. First, demonstrate the capability of FSW to create defect free welds in a corner joint design with specific dimensions (10 mm deep weld nugget). Subsequently, verify the weld quality by ultrasonic inspection and metallography. Further, characterize weld zone properties by establishing mechanical properties and hardness at room temperature, and impact toughness at-5°C. Second, demonstrate the ability to use FSW to repair defects that might occur in the initial friction stir weld. Weld repair was accomplished by intentionally creating tunnel defects by FSW, performing metallography and ultrasonic inspection to characterize the morphology of the defects, performing a second friction stir weld repair over the defects, and verifying the subsequent weld integrity by repeating the metallography and ultrasonic inspections. Results on these initial two phases of this program are presented herein.
Current sensing with metal-coated multimode optical fibres (1980)

A multimode fibre has been used to detect electrical currents. The optical fibre which serves as the sensor is coated with a thick Al metal jacket. Electromotive forces on a wire in a magnetic field are used to induce differential phase shifts between the fibre modes. Good linearity has been observed in the 5 to 2000 mA current range.
Multiple Sound Source Localization With Steered Response Power Density and Hierarchical Grid Refinement (2018)

Estimation of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of sound sources is an important step in sound field analysis. Rigid spherical microphone arrays allow the calculation of a compact spherical harmonic representation of the sound field. The standard method for analyzing sound fields recorded using such arrays is steered response power (SRP) maps wherein the source DOA can be estimated as the steering direction that maximizes the output power of a maximally directive beam. This approach is computationally costly since it requires steering the beam in all possible directions. This paper presents an extension to SRP called steered response power density (SRPD) and an associated, signal-adaptive search method called hierarchical grid refinement for reducing the number of steering directions needed for DOA estimation. The proposed method can localize near-coherent as well as incoherent sources while jointly providing the number of prominent sources in the scene. It is shown to be robust to reverberation and additive white noise. An evaluation of the proposed method using simulations and real recordings under highly reverberant conditions as well as a comparison with the state-of-the-art methods are presented.
Specificity of Interaction of INI1/hSNF5 with Retroviral Integrases and Its Functional Significance (2004)

Integrase interactor 1 (INI1)/hSNF5 is a host factor that directly interacts with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase and is incorporated into HIV-1 virions. Here, we show that while INI1/hSNF5 is completely absent from purified microvesicular fractions, it is specifically incorporated into HIV-1 virions with an integrase-to-INI1/hSNF5 stoichiometry of approximately 2:1 (molar ratio). In addition, we show that INI1/hSNF5 is not incorporated into related primate lentiviral and murine retroviral particles despite the abundance of the protein in producer cells. We have found that the specificity in incorporation of INI1/hSNF5 into HIV-1 virions is directly correlated with its ability to exclusively interact with HIV-1 integrase but not with other retroviral integrases. This specificity is also reflected in our finding that the transdominant mutant S6, harboring the minimal integrase interaction domain of INI1/hSNF5, blocks HIV-1 particle production but not that of the other retroviruses in 293T cells. Taken together, these results suggest that INI1/hNSF5 is a host factor restricted for HIV-1 and that S6 acts as a highly specific and potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication.
Atrial Evoked Response Integral for Automatic Capture Verification in Atrial Pacing (2003)

Beat-by-beat Autocapture is currently limited to operation in the ventricle with bipolar leads. The authors investigated the integral of the negative-going portion of the atrial evoked response integral (AERI) as a potential resource for verification of atrial capture. Intracardiac electrogram signals were collected from 59 patients (ages 67.8 +/- 15.1 years) with bipolar, low polarization atrial leads. The signals were collected over a mean period of 6.1 months (minimum 4 days) after lead implantation. St. Jude Medical Affinity pulse generators were used to perform automatic capture threshold tests while the electrogram signals were recorded by a Model 3510 programming device. These signals were transferred to a personal computer in digital form for later analysis. The AERI was calculated at each programmable pacing voltage until capture was lost. The difference between the polarization integral at loss of capture and evoked response integral with successful capture was sufficient to justify enabling the atrial Autocapture feature in 53 of 59 patients in whom bipolar pacing and unipolar sensing was performed. The authors developed a calibration routine to identify automatically those patients in whom atrial Autocapture could be programmed On, based on the polarization integral at loss of capture, the estimated maximum polarization integral, and the AERI. Preliminary analysis indicated that the AERI is a practical resource for beat-by-beat atrial capture detection when used with low polarization leads.
Cross-Disability Access to Widely Varying Electronic Product Types Using a Simple Interface Set (2000)

A set interface three simple interface features can be applied to virtually any mass-market electronic device, giving access to people with disabilities: people who cannot see, have difficulty seeing, cannot read, cannot hear, have difficulty hearing, have difficulty physically manipulating controls, and people who have difficulty remembering product processes can use one or more of the interface features to get information from, and control the device. This demonstration will show the three interface features applied on a number of products.
Solubilisation of sludge by combined chemical and enzymatic treatment (2007)

  In this study, the effects of cation-binding agents used alone and/or in combination with enzymes on solubilisation of municipal sludge and structure changes were investigated. Formic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, EDTA, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), Zeolite A, sodium fluoride, sodium thiosulphate or sodium silicate were added to both biological and digested sludges. Citric acid (50 mmol/l) released the highest COD, amounting to 8 g/l from bio-sludge and 3 g/l from digested sludge. The highest specific dissolution rate was 0.5 g COD per mmol citric acid. COD released by STPP (50 mmol/l) was 3.3 g/l from bio-sludge and 2 g/l from digested sludge. STPP acted most efficiently to reduce suspended solids, 20% for digested and 40% for bio-sludge. The pre-treatment by the sequestering agents was followed by addition of three glycosidic enzymes. The used enzymes were more effective in hydrolysis of bio-sludge than in hydrolysis of the digested sludge. Additionally, after 4 h of incubation the remained enzymes activities in enzyme treated sludges were improved by up to 20%, indicating high stability of added enzymes.   Key words: Biosolids, cation-binding agents, enzymatic treatment, mass reduction, municipal waste water sludge.