gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Light Extraction Efficiency and Radiation Patterns of III-Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes With Colloidal Microlens Arrays With Various Aspect Ratios (2011)

The fabrication studies of silica/polystyrene (PS) colloidal microlens arrays with various aspect ratios were performed on the III-nitride light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The use of colloidal-based microlens arrays led to significant enhancement in light extraction efficiency for III-nitride LEDs. In varying the aspect ratios of the microlens arrays, the engineering of various PS thicknesses was employed by using high-temperature treatment and redeposition process. The effects of PS thickness on the light extraction efficiency and far-field emission patterns of InGaN quantum-well (QW) LEDs were studied. The total output powers of microlens LEDs with various PS thicknesses exhibited 1.93–2.70 times enhancement over that of planar LEDs, and the use of optimized PS layer thickness is important in leading the enhancement of the light extraction efficiency in large angular direction.
Hybrid contacts for CZT virtual Frisch-grid detectors (2011)

In our previous design of virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe (CZT) detectors, the charge drift-lines can be terminated at the side surfaces before the carriers reach the collecting anode; this results in a loss of signal from the interacting events near the detector's edges. Here, we describe our new design for the anode contact that reduces these edge effects by focusing the electric field towards the detectors' central axes. Four detectors were fabricated with the new hybrid anode contact, and their performances were evaluated and compared to those from the previous design for our virtual Frisch-grid detectors. The results obtained for all four showed similar improvement: therefore, we illustrate them with the findings from one detector.
A Novel PAN-GO-SiO2 Hybrid Membrane for Separating Oil and Water from Emulsified Mixture (2019)

In this article, we report the development of a polyacrylonitrile-graphene oxide-silicon dioxide (PAN-GO-SiO₂) hybrid membrane for separation of oil and water from their emulsified mixture. The membrane was successfully fabricated using a one-step electrospinning process. GO and SiO₂ nanofillers were added in PAN in different concentrations to determine the optimized composition for the PAN-GO-SiO₂ hybrid membrane. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination showed that the nanofillers were uniformly embedded in the nanofibrous structure of the electrospun hybrid membrane. The GO was mainly embedded inside the PAN nanofibers, causing knots while SiO₂ nanoparticles were found embedded on the nanofiber surface, resulting in the formation of micro-nano protrusions on the fiber surface. The formation of these hierarchical structures, together with enhanced hydrophilicity due to oxygen containing groups on both SiO₂ and GO, resulted in a high rejection (>99%) of oil from oil-water emulsion. Membrane performance evaluation under gravity separation tests showed that the separation flux and phase rejection was enhanced with the incorporation of nanofillers. The inclusion of nanofillers also enhanced the mechanical properties of the membrane. The best flux and phase separation performance was obtained for an optimized concentration of 7.5 wt % SiO₂ and 1.5 wt % GO in PAN. The flux of separated water was enhanced from 2600 L m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> for pristine PAN to 3151 L m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> for PAN-GO-SiO₂. The hybrid membrane also showed good mechanical and chemical stability, and antifouling propensity.
Structural Optimization and Enhanced Prodrug-Mediated Delivery Overcomes Camptothecin Resistance in High-Risk Solid Tumors (2020)

Camptothecins are potent topoisomerase I inhibitors used to treat high-risk pediatric solid tumors, but they often show poor efficacy due to intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance. Here, we developed a multivalent, polymer-based prodrug of a structurally optimized camptothecin (SN22) designed to overcome key chemoresistance mechanisms. The ability of SN22 vs. SN38 (the active form of irinotecan/CPT-11) to overcome efflux pump-driven drug resistance was tested. Tumor uptake and biodistribution of SN22 as a polymer-based prodrug (PEG-[SN22]<sub>4</sub>) compared with SN38 was determined. The therapeutic efficacy of PEG-[SN22]<sub>4</sub> to CPT-11 was compared in: (i) spontaneous neuroblastomas (NB) in transgenic <i>TH-MYCN</i> mice; (ii) orthotopic xenografts of a drug-resistant NB line SK-N-BE(2)C (mutated TP53); (iii) flank xenografts of a drug-resistant NB-PDX; and (iv) xenografts of Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Unlike SN38, SN22 inhibited NB cell growth regardless of ABCG2 expression levels. SN22 prodrug delivery resulted in sustained intratumoral drug concentrations, dramatically higher than those of SN38 at all time points. CPT-11/SN38 treatment had only marginal effects on tumors in transgenic mice, but PEG-[SN22]<sub>4</sub> treatment caused complete tumor regression lasting over 6 months (tumor free at necropsy). PEG-[SN22]<sub>4</sub> also markedly extended survival of mice with drug-resistant, orthotopic NB and it caused long-term (6+ months) remissions in 80% to 100% of NB and sarcoma xenografts. SN22 administered as a multivalent polymeric prodrug resulted in increased and protracted tumor drug exposure compared with CPT-11, leading to long-term "cures" in NB models of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance, and models of high-risk sarcomas, warranting its further development for clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE: SN22 is an effective and curative multivalent macromolecular agent in multiple solid tumor mouse models, overcoming common mechanisms of drug resistance with the potential to elicit fewer toxicities than most cancer therapeutics.
Commercialization of the Li-Foil Multi-Wire Proportional Counter Neutron Detector, a Backpack Radiation Detector Design (2019)

Large-area neutron detectors as a cost-effective alternative to <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He continue to be explored. The Lithium Foil Multi-Wire Proportional Counter Neutron Detector (Li-Foil MWPC) is currently commercially available with complete electronics and readout software. The standard module was designed around a backpack, or portable, configuration, but can be customized to a specific application/system. The standard module consists of four - <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> Li-enriched foils, two suspended and two along the walls of the device. The four-foil design results in a 39.2% thermal neutron detection efficiency and has approximately a 16inch x 2inch active detection area per device [1]. The device design results in a thermal neutron sensitivity of approximately 80.9 cps/nν, which is comparable to a 1.5atm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He device of approximately equal active area (18inch length x 2.0inch diameter) with a thermal neutron sensitivity of approximately 85 cps/nν. The Li-Foil MWPC has an electronics package with microphonic rejection firmware coupled with each device that is customizable with a user-specified electrical interface, such as USB or M8. Including the electronics package, the standard device size is 19.5inch × 2.205inch × 1.375inch and weighs less than 1.6 lbs. The electronics package requires 2.7 - 4.5 volts input and has approximately a 400mW power draw. A backpack radiation detector (BRD) was built using a three-device Li-Foil MWPC configuration and was sent to PNNL for a test campaign. The angular sensitivity to a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">252</sup> Cf source calibrated to irradiate the Li-Foil BRD with 1 n/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -s was measured from zero to 180 degrees in 45-degree increments. The neutron sensitivity to various neutron sources including <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">252</sup> Cf, AmBe, AmLi, and WGPu was also measured. Lastly a gamma-ray rejection ratio of 1.83 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> ± 2.83 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> for 60mR/hr of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sup> Co was measured, and an Absolute Gamma-Ray Rejection in the Presence of Neutrons (GARRn) of 1.00 ± 0.0036 was also measured.
Mice Lacking Osteopontin Show Normal Development and Bone Structure but Display Altered Osteoclast Formation In Vitro (1998)

We have used homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to generate mice with a targeted disruption of the osteopontin (Opn, or Spp1, for secreted phosphoprotein 1) gene. Mice homozygous for this disruption fail to express osteopontin (OPN) as assessed at both the mRNA and protein level, although an N-terminal fragment of OPN is detectable at extremely low levels in the bones of -/- animals. The Opn -/- mice are fertile, their litter size is normal, and they develop normally. The bones and teeth of animals not expressing OPN are morphologically normal at the level of light and electron microscopy, and the skeletal structure of young animals is normal as assessed by radiography. Ultrastructurally, proteinaceous structures normally rich in OPN, such as cement lines, persist in the bones of the Opn-/- animals. Osteoclastogenesis was assessed in vitro in cocultures with a feeder layer of calvarial osteoblast cells from wild-type mice. Spleen cells from Opn-/- mice cells formed osteoclasts 3- to 13-fold more frequently than did control Opn+/+ cells, while the extent of osteoclast development from Opn -/- bone marrow cells was about 2- to 4-fold more than from the corresponding wild-type cells. Osteoclast development occurred when Opn-/- spleen cells were differentiated in the presence of Opn-/-osteoblasts, indicating that endogenous OPN is not required for this process. These results suggest that OPN is not essential for normal mouse development and osteogenesis, but can modulate osteoclast differentiation.
A light emitting diode for entangled photons (2011)

Existing sources of entangled photons require a laser excitation, imposing a practical limit on their potential for large-scale quantum information applications. For the widely used parametric down-conversion sources, zero or multiple photon-pairs are usually emitted due to the probabilistic nature of the non-linear process. This presents an additional fundamental limitation in the form of efficiency and errors. Here we demonstrate the first electrically driven entangled light source, based on a layer of InAs quantum dots embedded in a p-i-n light emitting diode structure, with potential to operate 'on-demand'.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine production by Saccharomyces sake. Optimization of the culture conditions for the production of cells with a high S-adenosyl-L-methionine content. (1989)

In studies on the production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) by Saccharomyces sake Kyokai No. 6 in a bench-scale fermentor, the rate of growth of the organism in a medium containing sucrose and urea as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, increased with a higher agitation speed (500 rpm) or sucrose feeding, but the cellular content of AdoMet was lower than that with a lower agitation speed (300 rpm) or ethanol feeding. The additin of L-methionine was necessary for enhancement of both growth and AdoMet production. The L-methionine added (15g/1) was efficiently incorporated into the cells during the course of the cultivation, about 20% of the L-methionine being found as AdoMet in the cells. The ultraviolet absorbance (258 nm) based on the extracted AdoMet comprised 73% of the total ultraviolet absorbance of material extracted from the cells, whereas that based on S-adenosylhomocysteine was very low (1.4%).
Internal resonantly enhanced frequency doubling of continuous-wave fiber lasers (2011)

In this Letter we describe a simple method for frequency doubling in high-power CW fiber lasers that offers the prospect of very high conversion efficiency and high power in the visible wavelength regime. Our approach is based on second harmonic generation in an enhancement resonator within the fiber laser cavity and does not require active cavity length stabilization. This technique has been applied to a cladding-pumped Yb-doped fiber laser to generate 19 W of linearly polarized CW green output at 540 nm, with excellent temporal stability for 90 W of absorbed diode pump power at 975 nm. The prospects for further improvement in performance with respect to conversion efficiency and output power are considered.
Peak Reduction and Clipping Mitigation in OFDM by Augmented Compressive Sensing (2012)

This work establishes the design, analysis, and fine-tuning of a peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) reducing system, based on compressed sensing (CS) at the receiver of a peak-reducing sparse clipper applied to an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signal at the transmitter. By exploiting the sparsity of clipping events in the time domain relative to a predefined clipping threshold, the method depends on partially observing the frequency content of the clipping distortion over reserved tones to estimate the remaining distortion.
Hybrid optical fiber architecture combining orbital angular momentum of photons and spatial domain multiplexing with wavelength division multiplexing for higher data rates (2014)

A hybrid optical fiber communications MIMO architecture employing orbital angular momentum of photons, spatial domain multiplexing, and wavelength division multiplexing is presented for higher data capacity systems, owing to two added degrees of photon freedom.
Novel synthetic ferrimagnet pinned Layers for metallic CPP spin valves requiring high pinning-field and output (2005)

We have succeeded in enhancing the current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) magnetoresistance of the synthetic spin-valves by controlling the spin-dependent transport through the synthetic ferrimagnetic pinned layer using impurities. The new pinned layer overcomes the disadvantage of the synthetic pinned layer in CPP spin-valves for the magnetoresistance reduction. The experimental results are well described by our calculations based on the two-current theory. The proposed pinned layer, together with our newly developed magnetoresistive ferromagnetic materials, will be quite effective in producing CPP spin-valve sensors for ultrahigh-density data storage systems.
Self-Correction Limits in Dual-Comb Interferometry (2019)

Self-sufficient correction algorithms have recently been developed to estimate and compensate the relative frequency noise between two free-running frequency combs using only their dual-comb interferograms (IGMs). However, such algorithms are limited by the relatively low observation rate of the frequency noise, equal to the IGM repetition rate. In this paper, we analyze the effectiveness of estimation methods based on the cross-correlation function and the ambiguity function. We derive estimators and obtain their theoretical variances as a function of the IGMs' measurable parameters to later establish criteria that verify the success rate of each method for the correction and coherent averaging of successive IGMs. Finally, we present different cases of both real and simulated dual-comb systems and assess their compatibility with these estimation methods.
Enhanced surface wave based on double-negative metamaterials (2012)

Based on the single charged particle model, we developed a theoretical method using a charged sheet beam bunch to enhance the radiation energy of the surface wave in vacuum when isotropic double-negative metamaterials (DNMs) are adopted in the semi-infinite space. Numerical results show that the amplitude of the surface wave can be greatly enhanced at terahertz frequencies over the single charged particle case.
Improved Skin Test for Differential Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis by the Addition of Rv3020c-Derived Peptides (2012)

A peptide cocktail derived from the mycobacterial antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10, and Rv3615c allowed differentiation between Mycobacterium bovis-infected and M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated cattle when used as a skin test reagent for a "DIVA" test (i.e., a test capable of differentiating infected and uninfected vaccinated animals). Addition of the antigen Rv3020c improves the diagnostic sensitivity without compromising specificity in the face of BCG or Johne's disease vaccination.
Abstract 30: Is NR2 Peptide Promising Biomarker for Acute Cerebrovascular Events? (2013)

Introduction: Feasibility studies of NR2 peptide, a cleavage product of NMDA neuroreceptors that released into the bloodstream due to cerebral ischemia were conducted at 8 clinical sites. The following indications were probed: acute IS vs non-stroke, IS vs hemorrhage, risk of TIA/stroke and secondary ischemic events. The diagnostic potential of NR2 peptide assay in emergency, vascular surgery, neurology, and neurosurgery settings is summarized. Methods: Pilot studies were performed according to protocols approved by Ethic Committees at 7 clinical sites in USA, Germany, and UK. The total of 380 patients with hyper-acute (n=186) and acute hemispheric stroke (n=194), mild TBI (n=356) were enrolled. Controls consisted of age- and gender-matched non-stroke (n=91), vascular risk factors (n=89), and healthy volunteers (n=187) were recruited at KSU. The final diagnosis was determined based on clinical observations and radiological findings (CT, MRI, DWI). Blinded plasma was assayed by rapid magnetic particles (MP) ELISA (30 min). Results for different groups were compared using univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Results: When the biomarker cut off was set at 1.0 ng/mL, this resulted in a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 96% to detect acute IS within 24 h of onset. In hyper-acute IS, NR2 peptide showed sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 99% (0.5 ng/mL cut off) within 0.5-4.5 h of onset. Conclusions: The statistical significance of NR2 peptide values in acute IS has been demonstrated with timely corresponding cut off value. The assay might be used in conjunction with neurological assessment and followed up by neuroimaging. The NR2 peptide plasma assay could assist in ruling-out individuals without acute cerebrovascular events. Further studies are needed.
Simultaneous and Enhanced Production of Thermostable Amylases and Ethanol from Starch by Cocultures of <i>Clostridium thermosulfurogenes</i> and <i>Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum</i> (1985)

Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum and Clostridium thermosulfurogenes produced ethanol and amylases with different components as primary metabolites of starch fermentation. Starch fermentation parameters were compared in mono- and cocultures of these two thermoanaerobes to show that the fermentation was dramatically improved as a consequence of coordinate action of amylolytic enzymes and synergistic metabolic interactions between the two species. Under given monoculture fermentation conditions, neither species completely degraded starch during the time course of the study, whereas in coculture, starch was completely degraded. In monoculture starch fermentation, C. thermohydrosulfuricum produced lower levels of pullulanase and glucoamylase, whereas C. thermosulfurogenes produced lower levels of beta-amylase and glucoamylase. In coculture fermentation, improvement of starch metabolism by each species was noted in terms of increased amounts and rates of increased starch consumption, amylase production, and ethanol formation. The single-step coculture fermentation completely degraded 2.5% starch in 30 h at 60 degrees C and produced 9 U of beta-amylase per ml, 1.3 U of pullulanase per ml, 0.3 U of glucoamylase per ml, and >120 mM ethanol with a yield of 1.7 mol/mol of glucose in starch. The potential industrial applications of the coculture fermentation and the physiological basis for the interspecies metabolic interactions are discussed.
A novel small-molecule inhibitor of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (2016)

Serine metabolism is likely to play a critical role in cancer cell growth. A recent study reports the identification of a novel small-molecule inhibitor of serine synthesis that targets 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the first enzyme of the serine synthesis pathway, and selectively abrogates the proliferation of PHGDH overexpressing breast cancer cells.
Ligand‐Binding Modes in Cationic Biogenic Amine Receptors (2004)

The binding site in G protein-coupled cationic biogenic amine receptors is formed in the cleft of the seven transmembrane segments. Upon binding the ligand, the receptors are activated or inactivated through the conformational changes of the transmembrane segments. G protein-coupled receptors bind four functionally distinct ligands; inverse agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, and full agonists. Hence, putative structural models for biogenic amine receptors corresponding to the ligand function (inverse agonist-, antagonist-, partial agonist-, and full agonist-bound receptor models) were built by using photointermediate models in the rhodopsin photocascade (M. Ishiguro et al. ChemBioChem. 2004, 5, 298-310). The ligand-receptor recognition of each was examined by modeling receptor-ligand complexes with functional ligands. The complex models suggested that each functional ligand binds the corresponding receptor structure and that ligand-specific interactions contribute to stabilization of the corresponding receptor structure.
Fiber-optic laser illumination (1975)

Multiple-wavelength light from an ion laser was transmitted through a 85-µm optical fiber to provide illumination for viewing and color photography. Also adequate black-and-white TV display and photography were obtained using red light from an He-Ne laser transmitted through the same optical fiber.
Video Stabilization with Optimized Motion Estimation Resolution (2006)

We propose a video stabilization algorithm that removes camera jitter in complex scenes with moving objects. Our algorithm is based on analyzing the content of the video according to the accumulated motion between the scene and the camera, which provides a simple and robust way of estimating jitter in the presence of camera panning and moving objects. We also describe a method of reducing the computational complexity of our algorithm by using a hierarchical clustering technique that optimizes the motion estimation resolution at different scene locations.