gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectral analysis of optical mixing measurements (1989)

A general rigorous theory of optical heterodyne and homodyne measurements is presented. The power spectrum of the photocurrent resulting from two uncorrelated optical beams mixing on a photodetector is derived. In particular, a rigorous analysis is presented for the delayed self-homodyne method which is used to characterize laser source linewidth by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a delay exceeding the source coherence length. Existing treatments are generalized to address non-Lorentzian laser sources of arbitrary lineshape. The analysis is further generalized to cover the case of modulated nonstationary sources. An example of the application of this theory is given. It is shown how the theory may be used to interpret an experimental result obtained using the gated delayed self-homodyne technique for characterizing the frequency chirp of laser sources under modulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems advances for measurements at small scales: the vertical silicon probes technology extended to nearfield optics (2019)

Instrumentation intending to go beyond the limits of current Atomic Force Microscope setups (AFM), and applications requiring AFM to be integrated in non-standards environmental conditions need sensors that overcome limitations given by available probes. We show that the vertical probe technology enabling AFM without laser is also applicable to scattering SNOM (Scanning Near Field Optical Microscopy).
Enzyme-assisted binary probe for sensitive detection of RNA and DNA (2010)

The new enzyme-assisted assay for DNA/RNA detection provides real-time fluorescent signal readout along with low limit of detection and high discrimination power toward a single-base substitution. Requiring only two new unmodified DNA oligonucleotides for the detection of each new analyte, the assay is an efficient tool for low-cost analysis of multiple analytes.
Urokinase plasminogen activator cleaves its cell surface receptor releasing the ligand-binding domain. (1992)

The cellular receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPAR) is a glycolipid-anchored three-domain membrane protein playing a central role in pericellular plasminogen activation. We have found that urokinase (uPA) can cleave its receptor between domains 1 and 2 generating a cell-associated uPAR variant without ligand-binding properties. In extracts of U937 cells there are two uPAR variants which after complete deglycosylation have apparent molecular masses of 35,000 and 27,000. Analysis with monoclonal antibodies showed that these variants represented the intact uPAR and a two-domain form, uPAR(2+3), lacking ligand-binding domain 1. Trypsin treatment showed that both variants are present on the outside of the cells. Addition to the culture medium of an anticatalytic monoclonal antibody to uPA inhibited the formation of the uPAR(2+3), indicating that uPA is involved in its generation. Purified uPAR can be cleaved directly by uPA as well as by plasmin. The uPA-catalyzed cleavage does not require binding of the protease to the receptor through its epidermal growth factor-like receptor-binding domain, since low molecular weight uPA that lacks this domain also cleaves uPAR. This unusual reaction in which a specific binding protein is proteolytically inactivated by its own ligand may represent a regulatory step in the plasminogen activation cascade.
Structural and Biochemical Basis for Mannan Utilization by Caldanaerobius polysaccharolyticus Strain ATCC BAA-17 (2014)

Hemicelluloses, the polysaccharide component of plant cell walls, represent one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature. The most common hemicellulosic constituents of softwoods, such as conifers and cycads, are mannans consisting of a 1,4-linked β-mannopyranosyl main chain with branch decorations. Efforts toward the utilization of hemicellulose for bioconversion into cellulosic biofuels have resulted in the identification of several families of glycoside hydrolases that can degrade mannan. However, effective biofermentation of manno-oligosaccharides is limited by a lack of appropriate uptake route in ethanologenic organisms. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing to gain insights into mannan degradation by the thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Caldanaerobius polysaccharolyticus. The most highly up-regulated genes during mannan fermentation occur in a cluster containing several genes encoding enzymes for efficient mannan hydrolysis as well as a solute-binding protein (CpMnBP1) that exhibits specificity for short mannose polymers but exhibited the flexibility to accommodate branched polysaccharide decorations. Co-crystal structures of CpMnBP1 in complex with mannobiose (1.4-Å resolution) and mannotriose (2.2-Å resolution) revealed the molecular rationale for chain length and oligosaccharide specificity. Calorimetric analysis of several active site variants confirmed the roles of residues critical to the function of CpMnBP1. This work represents the first biochemical characterization of a mannose-specific solute-binding protein and provides a framework for engineering mannan utilization capabilities for microbial fermentation.
Insulation-Testing Cryostat With Lifting Mechanism (2010)

The figure depicts selected aspects of an apparatus for testing thermal-insulation materials for cryogenic systems at temperatures and under vacuum or atmospheric conditions representative of those encountered in use. This apparatus, called Cryostat-100, is based on the established cryogen-boil-off calorimeter method, according to which the amount of heat that passes through an insulation specimen to a cryogenic fluid in a container, and thus the effective thermal conductance of the specimen, is taken to be proportional to the amount of the cryogenic fluid that boils off from the container. The design of Cryostat-100 is based partly on, and incorporates improvements over, the design of a similar prior apparatus called Cryostat-1 described in Improved Methods of Testing Cryogenic Insulation Materials (KSC-12107 & KSC- 12108), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 24, No. 12 (December 2000), page 46. The design of Cryostat-100 also incorporates the best features of two other similar prior apparatuses called Cryostat-2 (also described in the cited prior article) and Cryostat- 4. Notable among the improvements in Cryostat-100 is the addition of a lifting mechanism that enables safe, rapid, reliable insertion and removal of insulation specimens and facilitates maintenance operations that involve lifting. As in Cryostat-1, the cold mass is a vertical stainless-steel cylindrical vessel subdivided into a larger measurement vessel with smaller thermal-guard vessels at both ends. During operation, all three vessels are kept filled with liquid nitrogen near saturation at ambient pressure (temperature .77.4 K). The cold mass of Cryostat-100 has a length of 1 m and diameter of 168 mm. Each specimen has a corresponding nominal length and inner diameter and a nominal thickness of 25.4 mm. Specimens that are shorter and have thicknesses between 0 and 50 mm are also acceptable. Bulk-fill, foam, clam-shell, multilayer insulation, and layered materials can be tested over a very wide range of thermal transmission: apparent thermal conductivity from 0.01 to 60 mW/m-K and heat flux from 0.1 to 500 W/sq m. A test in Cryostat-100 can be conducted at any desired gas pressure between ambient atmospheric pressure at one extreme and a vacuum with residual pressure <10(exp -5) torr (<1.33 10(exp -3) Pa) at the other extreme. The residual gas (and purge gas) is typically nitrogen, but can be any suitable purge gas (e.g., helium, argon, or carbon dioxide). Usually, the temperature on the warm boundary of the insulation specimen is maintained near the ambient value (approximately 293 K), while the boiling of liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure in the cold mass maintains the temperature on the cold boundary of the specimen at approximately 77 K.
Colocalization and shared distribution of endomorphins with substance P, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, γ‐aminobutyric acid, and the mu opioid receptor (2007)

The endomorphins are endogenous opioids with high affinity and selectivity for the mu opioid receptor (MOR, MOR-1, MOP). Endomorphin-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH(2); EM1) and endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2); EM2) have been localized to many regions of the central nervous system (CNS), including those that regulate antinociception, autonomic function, and reward. Colocalization or shared distribution (overlap) of two neurotransmitters, or a transmitter and its cognate receptor, may imply an interaction of these elements in the regulation of functions mediated in that region. For example, previous evidence of colocalization of EM2 with substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and MOR in primary afferent neurons suggested an interaction of these peptides in pain modulation. We therefore investigated the colocalization of EM1 and EM2 with SP, CGRP, and MOR in other areas of the CNS. EM2 was colocalized with SP and CGRP in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and with SP, CGRP and MOR in the parabrachial nucleus. Several areas in which EM1 and EM2 showed extensive shared distributions, but no detectable colocalization with other signaling molecules, are also described.
Interference considerations for the time division duplex mode of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (2000)

The air interface of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) covers both a frequency division duplex (FDD) part for the paired bands and a time division duplex (TDD) part for the unpaired bands of the UMTS spectrum. The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is the 3rd-generation mobile communication system. This paper presents an interference evaluation of the UTRA TDD. Since both uplink and downlink share the same frequency in TDD, the signals of the two transmission directions can interfere with each other. This interference can occur between two mobile stations or between two base stations within one carrier or between two operators. The interference between uplink and downlink is evaluated by system simulations. Synchronization and coordination requirements of UTRA TDD are evaluated based on the results.
Structure-Guided DOT1L Probe Optimization by Label-Free Ligand Displacement (2014)

The DOT1L lysine methyltransferase has emerged as a validated therapeutic target in MLL-rearranged (MLLr) acute leukemias. Although S-adenosylmethionine competitive inhibitors have demonstrated pharmacological proof-of-principle in MLLr-leukemia, these compounds require further optimization to improve cellular potency and pharmacokinetic stability. Limiting DOT1L inhibitor discovery and ligand optimization have been complex biochemical methods often using radionucleotides and cellular methods requiring prolonged culture. We therefore developed a new suite of assay technologies that allows comparative assessment of chemical tools for DOT1L in a miniaturized format. Coupling these assays with structural information, we developed new insights into DOT1L ligand binding and identified several functionalized probes with increased cellular potency (IC50 values ∼10 nM) and excellent selectivity for DOT1L. Together these assay technologies define a platform capability for discovery and optimization of small-molecule DOT1L inhibitors.
Interaction of photo-thermo-refractive glass with nanosecond pulses at 532 nm (2004)

Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass is a photosensitive silicate glass where high-efficient holographic optical elements are created for visible and near infrared spectral region. Photosensitivity of this glass is ranged down to 350 nm. Induced absorption and refraction in PTR glass were studied under consequent exposing to low power UV and high power laser radiation of second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm (25 mJ, 5 ns). It was found that additional absorption induced in short wavelength region by initial UV irradiation can be partially bleached by consequent irradiation at visible region. Bleaching of additional absorption was observed after high-power irradiation at 532 nm while no effect was observed after low-power illumination with the same dosage. Induced refractive index of PTR glass is higher in the area consequently exposed to UV and high-power radiation at 532 nm compare to that in the area exposed to UV radiation only. The maximal refractive index difference between single-exposed and double-exposed areas was up to 10<sup>-4</sup>. Volume Bragg grating and complex hologram were recorded in PTR glass by visible radiation at 532 nm.
On the thermodynamic entropy of fatigue fracture (2009)

Entropy production during the fatigue process can serve as a measure of degradation. We postulate that the thermodynamic entropy of metals undergoing repeated cyclic load reaching the point of fracture is a constant, independent of geometry, load and frequency. That is, the necessary and sufficient condition for the final fracture of a metal undergoing fatigue load corresponds to a constant irreversible entropy gain. To examine validity, we present the results of an extensive set of both experimental tests and analytical predictions that involve bending, torsion and tension-compression of aluminium 6061-T6 and stainless steel 304 specimens. The concept of tallying up the entropy generation has application in determining the fatigue life of components undergoing cyclic bending, torsion and tension-compression.
A dynamic element matching approach to ADC testing (2003)

A dynamic element matching approach to ADC testing is presented. With this technique a highly nonideal DAC is used to generate an excitation for the DUT. Dynamic element matching is used to create a statically precise excitation from imprecise components. Simulation results show this approach can be used to accurately measure the performance of an ADC. This technique offers potential for use in both production test and BIST environments.
Integrated self-scanning light-emitting device (SLED) (1993)

The fabrication of monolithically integrated self-scanning light-emitting device (SLED) on a GaAs substrate and its performance are described. The SLED consists of integrated light-emitting thyristors whose turn-on voltages interact with each other through coupling diodes or resistors. Light-emitting states are automatically transferred by input clock pulses without using external shift registers. The resistors are made of a Cr-SiO cermet film, and the coupling diodes are made in part with p-n layers of thyristors. The integrated SLED is fabricated in eight photolithographic steps. High-speed operation, more than 10 MHz, can be achieved due to its simple structure and high-density packaging. It is expected that this SLED will be a key device in future large-scale optoelectronic integrated circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The association of Greig syndrome and mastocytosis reveals the involvement of the hedgehog pathway in advanced mastocytosis (2021)

Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease characterized by an abnormal accumulation of mast cells (MCs) in 1 or several organs. Although a somatic KIT D816V mutation is detected in ∼85% of patients, attempts to demonstrate its oncogenic effect alone have repeatedly failed, suggesting that additional pathways are involved in MC transformation. From 3 children presenting with both Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS, Mendelian Inheritance in Man [175700]) and congenital mastocytosis, we demonstrated the involvement of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway in mastocytosis. GCPS is an extremely rare syndrome resulting from haploinsufficiency of GLI3, the major repressor of Hh family members. From these familial cases of mastocytosis, we demonstrate that the Hh pathway is barely active in normal primary MCs and is overactive in neoplastic MCs. GLI3 and KIT mutations had a synergistic, tumorigenic effect on the onset of mastocytosis in a GCPS mouse model. Finally, Hh inhibitors suppressed neoplastic MC proliferation in vitro and extend the survival time of mice with aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM). This work revealed, for the first time, the involvement of Hh signaling in the pathophysiology of mastocytosis and demonstrated the cooperative effects of the KIT and Hh oncogenic pathways in mice with ASM, leading to the identification of new promising therapeutic targets.
Towards the construction of a benchmark for video watermarking systems: Temporal desynchronization attacks (2010)

Although several digital watermarking schemes have emerged as a solution to traditional copyright protection technologies, only a few benchmark suites, specialized in still images and audio, have been presented to measure the robustness and performance of these schemes. The aim of this paper is to single out the particularities in the way of evaluating the performance of video watermarking systems to generate a video watermarking benchmark framework specialized in temporal desynchronization attacks. In this way, this paper presents the most important temporal desynchronization attacks and performance measures for video watermarking systems.
Abstract B31: IRAK-4 signaling in melanoma contributes to reduced expression of inflammatory factors in vitro while contributing to tumor growth in vivo (2017)

Abstract An underlying and universal hindrance to T-cell-based cancer therapies is the development of immunosuppressive mechanisms that in large part originate from the persistent expression of inflammatory factors. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms that regulate chronic inflammation and targeting of this pathway(s) is critical for developing effective strategies to restore anti-tumor T-cell activity. We recently reported that the IL-1 receptor associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) is over-expressed and activated in most melanoma cases. IRAK-4 is a central kinase in the inflammatory process that regulates the expression of various inflammatory and immunosuppressive molecules. Inhibiting IRAK-4 activity in melanoma drastically reduced the expression of various inflammatory factors in vitro. Furthermore, IRAK-4 signaling in melanoma contributed to tumor growth in vivo and was associated with an increased frequency of phenotypically exhausted (PD1+Lag3+) tumor infiltrating T-cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells, and a trend toward higher numbers of CD4+ T regs. Ongoing studies are focused on testing the hypothesis that targeting IRAK-4 signaling in tumor cells will alter the expression of inflammatory factors in the tumor environment which will reduce immunosuppression and sensitize melanoma to T-cell-mediated killing. Citation Format: Jackline Joy Martin Lasola, Degui Geng, Rojesh Shrestha, Eduardo Davila. IRAK-4 signaling in melanoma contributes to reduced expression of inflammatory factors in vitro while contributing to tumor growth in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B31.
An efficient high-resolution 11-bit noise-shaping multipath gated ring oscillator TDC (2008)

An 11-bit, 50-Msps time-to-digital converter (TDC) using a multipath gated ring oscillator (GRO) with 6 ps of delay per stage achieves low power (2.2 to 21 mW) and small area of 160times260 mum in 0.13 mum CMOS. The structure also achieves first order noise shaping of the GRO quantization and mismatch noise; the resulting TDC error integrates to <100 fs (rms) in a 1 MHz bandwidth to achieve dynamic range of over 90 dB with no calibration required.
A glucose sensor hiding in a family of transporters (2003)

We have examined the expression and function of a previously undescribed human member (SGLT3/SLC5A4) of the sodium/glucose cotransporter gene family (SLC5) that was first identified by the chromosome 22 genome project. The cDNA was cloned and sequenced, confirming that the gene coded for a 659-residue protein with 70% amino acid identity to the human SGLT1. RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the gene was transcribed and mRNA was translated in human skeletal muscle and small intestine. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that in the small intestine the protein was expressed in cholinergic neurons in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, but not in enterocytes. In skeletal muscle SGLT3 immunoreactivity colocalized with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Functional studies using the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system showed that hSGLT3 was incapable of sugar transport, even though SGLT3 was efficiently inserted into the plasma membrane. Electrophysiological assays revealed that glucose caused a specific, phlorizin-sensitive, Na+-dependent depolarization of the membrane potential. Uptake assays under voltage clamp showed that the glucose-induced inward currents were not accompanied by glucose transport. We suggest that SGLT3 is not a Na+/glucose cotransporter but instead a glucose sensor in the plasma membrane of cholinergic neurons, skeletal muscle, and other tissues. This points to an unexpected role of glucose and SLC5 proteins in physiology, and highlights the importance of determining the tissue expression and function of new members of gene families.
Improved Erythromycin Production in a Genetically Engineered Industrial Strain of <i>Saccharopolyspora erythraea</i> (1998)

An industrial erythromycin production strain of Saccharopolyspora erythraea spp. was used to demonstrate that careful genetic engineering can significantly improve productivity. The chromosomally integrated Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vhb) was shown to enhance the final titer of erythromycin by some 70% compared to the original S. erythraea spp. Overall, specific erythromycin yields were about 2.5 g of erythromycin/g of total protein for S. erythraea::vhb but <1 for the S. erythraea spp. The maximum rates of biosynthesis were 57.5 mg of erythromycin/(L/h) and 24.3 mg/(L/h) for the recombinant strain S. erythraea::vhb and S. erythraea spp., respectively. Overall space-time yield was 100% higher for the S. erythraea::vhb fermentation (1.1 g of erythromycin/(L/day)) than for the S. erythraea spp. fermentation (0. 56 g of erythromycin/(L/day)). The genetic stability of the recombinant strain was high, and no selective pressure was needed throughout the cultivations. Expression of functional Vitreoscilla hemoglobin throughout the cultivations was verified by CO difference spectrum assays.