gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Silver‐Palladium Alloy Plating for Electrical Contact Applications (1984)

Silver‐palladium alloys were electroplated as high quality coatings from a concentrated chloride bath. Adherent, uniform, and coherent deposits were obtained with thicknesses of up to 20 μm. The alloys were found to be homogenous, single‐phase solid solutions, with palladium content ranging from about 30% to 60%, depending on the operating variables. The microstructure of the plated Ag‐Pd alloys consists of very fine grains (100–300Å). These alloys have a fcc crystal structure, and the lattice parameter varies continuously with composition. The useful plating rate with moderate agitation was found to be about 0.44 μm/min at 10 mA/cm2, which is almost twice that of conventional cobalt‐hardened gold, due to the current efficiency of nearly 100%. Alloys containing about 40% Pd were obtained with these conditions. High speed plating of the Ag‐Pd alloy was achieved in a forced flow cell up to rates of about 9 μm/min. To achieve satisfactory deposits, it was generally necessary to use a thin (0.2–0.4 μm) soft gold underplating. Preliminary tests of electrical contact properties revealed that the Ag‐Pd coatings possessed low contact resistance (about 1 mΩ at 100g load). Other relevant properties include intermediate Knoop microhardness (about 200 kg/mm2 at 25g load) and an excellent resistance to formation of corrosion films in accelerated tests using flowers of sulfur. The present study indicates that the plated Ag‐Pd coatings are superior in contact resistance stability to the bulk wrought alloy R156 (40%Ag‐60%Pd). Finally, these coatings show satisfactory wear response in the selected tests provided a hydrocarbon lubricant is present.
A T5 Exonuclease-Based Assay for DNA Topoisomerases and DNA Intercalators (2021)

DNA topoisomerases, essential enzymes to all living organisms, are important targets of certain antibiotics and anticancer drugs. Although efforts have been taken to identify new inhibitors targeting DNA topoisomerases, limited high throughput screening (HTS) studies have been conducted since a widely accessible HTS assay is not available. We report here the establishment of a fluorescence-based, low-cost HTS assay to identify topoisomerase inhibitors. This HTS assay is based on a unique property of T5 exonuclease that can completely digest supercoiled plasmid pAB1 containing an "AT" hairpin structure and spare relaxed pAB1 and has been validated by screening a small library that contains 50 compounds for various topoisomerases. This T5 exonuclease-based HTS assay can also be used to identify DNA intercalators, the major false positives for identifying topoisomerase inhibitors using this HTS assay. Additionally, we found a new compound that potently inhibits human and bacterial DNA topoisomerase I.
A novel digital neuromorphic architecture efficiently facilitating complex synaptic response functions applied to liquid state machines (2017)

Information in neural networks is represented as weighted connections, or synapses, between neurons. This poses a problem as the primary computational bottleneck for neural networks is the vector-matrix multiply when inputs are multiplied by the neural network weights. Conventional processing architectures are not well suited for simulating neural networks, often requiring large amounts of energy and time. Additionally, synapses in biological neural networks are not binary connections, but exhibit a nonlinear response function as neurotransmitters are emitted and diffuse between neurons. Inspired by neuroscience principles, we present a digital neuromorphic architecture, the Spiking Temporal Processing Unit (STPU), capable of modeling arbitrary complex synaptic response functions without requiring additional hardware components. We consider the paradigm of spiking neurons with temporally coded information as opposed to non-spiking rate coded neurons used in most neural networks. In this paradigm we examine liquid state machines applied to speech recognition and show how a liquid state machine with temporal dynamics maps onto the STPU - demonstrating the flexibility and efficiency of the STPU for instantiating neural algorithms.
Coherent and incoherent ultrasound backscatter from cells in aggregated conformation (2016)

The Effective Medium Theory (EMT) was recently developed to model the ultrasound backscattering from aggregating cells. The EMT proposed to decompose the differential backscattering cross-section of a single cell aggregate σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ag</sub> into coherent and incoherent components. The coherent component corresponds to the average backscatter from the effective scatterer, and the incoherent component considers the fluctuation of the scattering wave around its average within the effective scatterer. A new theoretical expression for the incoherent component based on the structure factor was recently proposed and compared with another formulation based on the Gaussian direct correlation function. The aim of this work was to assess this theoretical improvement using 3D computer simulations of ultrasound backscatter from cell aggregates. The cells inside the aggregates were stacked following the hexagonal close packing structure to form a compact spherical aggregate. The consideration of the incoherent component based on the structure factor allowed to approximate the simulations satisfactorily for a kr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ag</sub> limit around 2, against a kr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ag</sub> limit around 1 with the former model considering only the coherent component.
Synthesis of some 1,8- and 2,8-disubstituted derivatives of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate and their interaction with some enzymes of cAMP metabolism (1976)

1, 8-Disubstituted derivatives of adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-phosphate (cAMP) were synthesized by N-oxidation or N-methylation of previously reported 8-substituted cAMP derivatives to yield 8-bromoadenosine cyclic 3', 5'-phosphate 1-oxide and 8-(benzylthio)-1-methyladenosine cyclic 3', 5'-phosphate. Substituents were introduced into the 8 position of 2-methyladenosine cyclic 3', 5'-phosphate and 2-butyladenosine cyclic 3', 5'-phosphate by bromination, followed by treatment with sodium benzylmercaptide, sodium p-chlorothiophenolate, or, in the former case, sodium azide. Each of the 1,8- and 2,8-disubstituted derivatives of cAMP was tested as activators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and as substrates for the inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Depending on the substitutions, examples were found where the disubstituted derivatives were either more active, equally as active or less active than the monosubstituted parent compounds as protein kinase activators. For the compounds reported, 8-substitution completely or substantially eliminated the ability of 1- or 2-substituted derivatives of cAMP to serve as substrates for phosphodiesterase and diminished the ability of these latter derivatives to inhibit cAMP hydrolysis.
Watertight ray traversal with reduced precision (2016)

Reduced precision bounding volume hierarchies and ray traversal can significantly improve the efficiency of ray tracing through low-cost dedicated hardware. A key approach to enabling reduced precision computations during traversal is to translate the ray origin closer to the bounding volume hierarchy node after each traversal step. However, this approach precludes sharing of intersection computations between a parent node and its two children, which is an important optimization. In this paper, we introduce a novel traversal algorithm that addresses this limitation and achieves a significant reduction in the computational complexity of traversal compared to previous approaches. We also include an analysis that shows how our algorithm guarantees watertight intersections which is a key requirement for robust image quality, especially with reduced precision traversal where numerical errors can be large.
Artemisinin derivatives inhibit Toxoplasma gondii in vitro at multiple steps in the lytic cycle (2008)

These new artemisinin derivatives have the ability to inhibit multiple steps of T. gondii's lytic cycle. Synthetic unsaturated, carba derivatives of ART have potential as therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of toxoplasmosis in humans.
Effect of Environmental Impedance Surrounding a Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter Electrode on Lesion Characteristics (2017)

Environmental Impedance and Ablation Lesions Introduction The electrical conductivity of the environment surrounding a catheter electrode may affect radiofrequency (RF) current. A higher impedance environment enveloping a catheter tip can be insulating and thus direct RF preferentially into targeted cardiac tissue. We sought to evaluate whether different environmental impedances will affect RF lesions. Methods An ex vivo model using bovine myocardium, load cell, and 4 mm ablation catheter was tested using a circulating bath of normal (0.9%; NS) and half normal (0.45%; HNS) saline. Ablations were performed at 50 W. In addition, using a porcine thigh prep model, warmed heparinized blood was circulated at 350 mL/min. Prior to ablation, circulating bath impedance was altered with NS and HNS. RF was applied at 30 W with a force‐sensing, open irrigated catheter. Results Ex vivo RF with a 4 mm catheter using an HNS bath led to larger lesions, 286.7 ± 64 mm³ versus 198.9 ± 61 mm³ (P < 0.001), compared to an NS bath. In the porcine thigh prep, for RF in the high impedance (HNS) bath, initial and final impedances were higher, and the measured impedance reductions during ablation were larger, compared to RF in the low impedance (NS) bath. In vivo ablation within a higher impedance bath created larger lesion sizes, compared to a lower impedance bath, 222.4 ± 63.4 mm 3 versus 135.4 ± 61.7 mm 3 (P < 0.001). Conclusions A higher impedance surrounding an RF catheter can facilitate more effective RF and thereby increase lesion size. This may have implications for RF safety and efficacy, especially in the epicardium where pericardial fluid can be altered with infusion of ionic solutions.
Designing a Side Channel Resistant Random Number Generator (2010)

This paper describes the design of the random number generator (RNG) in the Caernarvon high assurance smart card operating system. Since it is used in the generation of cryptographic keys and other sensitive materials, the RNG has a number of stringent security requirements that the random bits must be of good quality i.e. the bits must not be predictable or biased. To this end, a number of standards such as the German AIS 31 mandate that true random bits be continuously tested before use in sensitive applications such as key generation. A key issue in implementing this standard is that such testing before use in key generation greatly increases the attack surface for side-channel attacks. For example, template attacks which can extract information about the random bits from even a single run provided we use the same bits at many different points in the computation. Because of these potential risks, the Caernarvon operating system uses pseudo random number generators which are initially seeded by externally generated high quality random bits, and then perturbed by bits from the true random number generator. We describe a PRNG design which yields high quality random bits while also ensuring that it is not susceptible to side-channel attacks and provide an informal argument about its effectiveness.
Diffusion normalized least mean squares over wireless sensor networks (2013)

Recently, distributed adaptive algorithms have been proposed to solve the problem of estimation over distributed networks. In a diffusion protocol, each node in the network function as an individual adaptive filter whose aim is to estimate the parameter of interest through local observations. All the estimates obtained from the nodes are then locally fused with their neighboring estimates in the network. The aim of this work is to improve the signal processing capability of the distributed network in a novel way by applying the diffusion normalized least mean squares (ε-NLMS) algorithm. The simulation results will show that the diffusion ε-NLMS algorithm outperforms its counterpart the diffusion least mean squares (LMS) algorithm for slowly changing environment, where data are expected to show high correlation.
A Defect Opening Profile Estimation Method Based on the Right-Angle Characteristic of Vertical Component of MFL Signal (2018)

In the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing technique, the vertical component of MFL signal contains essential right-angle information of defect, which is useful for the defect profile estimation. This paper analyzes the right-angle characteristic of vertical component of MFL signal, and sums up two types of signal feature for different kinds of right angle. A method based on the vertical component signal feature is also proposed to estimate the defect opening profile. Simulation result validates the well performance for the defect opening profile estimation, especially for the right-angel detection.
Mica (2019)

Mica is an autonomous, photoreal human character that runs on the Magic Leap One spatial computing platform. The past ten years have seen tremendous improvements in virtual character technology on screen, in film and games. Spatial computing hardware such as Magic Leap One allows us to take the next step: interacting with virtual characters off the screen. We believe that virtual characters who are aware of and can interact directly with users in real-world environments will provide a uniquely compelling experience.
Some Improvements in Utilization of Flash Memory Devices (2009)

Two developments improve the utilization of flash memory devices in the face of the following limitations: (1) a flash write element (page) differs in size from a flash erase element (block), (2) a block must be erased before its is rewritten, (3) lifetime of a flash memory is typically limited to about 1,000,000 erases, (4) as many as 2 percent of the blocks of a given device may fail before the expected end of its life, and (5) to ensure reliability of reading and writing, power must not be interrupted during minimum specified reading and writing times. The first development comprises interrelated software components that regulate reading, writing, and erasure operations to minimize migration of data and unevenness in wear; perform erasures during idle times; quickly make erased blocks available for writing; detect and report failed blocks; maintain the overall state of a flash memory to satisfy real-time performance requirements; and detect and initialize a new flash memory device. The second development is a combination of hardware and software that senses the failure of a main power supply and draws power from a capacitive storage circuit designed to hold enough energy to sustain operation until reading or writing is completed.
High-power (1.4 W) AlGaInP graded-index separate confinement heterostructure visible (λ∼658 nm) laser (1987)

Pulsed operation of an AlGaInP graded-index separate confinement heterostructure laser grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy is reported. The laser active region consists of a single 100 Å Ga0.5In0.5P quantum well and 1600 Å graded index regions on both sides of the well. The graded index regions were produced by lattice-matched graded composition (AlyGa1−y)0.5In0.5P quaternary alloys. This structure reduces the broad-area threshold current compared to a double heterostructure laser, with pulsed thresholds as low as 1050 A/cm2. Total pulsed power of 1.4 W at 658 nm is available from an 80 μm×300 μm mesa-stripe laser. A differential quantum efficiency of ∼56% is measured. By examining the cavity length dependence of the threshold current density and quantum efficiency, it is apparent that the quantum well gain has not saturated in these structures. This suggests that devices containing a thinner single quantum well active region may result in a further reduction in threshold current density for visible lasers.
Abstract 546: GDC-0032 PI3K inhibitor enhances the efficacy of endocrine therapies in breast cancer cells by differentially regulating the expression of ER-targeted genes and increasing apoptosis. (2013)

Abstract Endocrine therapies such as letrozole or fulvestrant are commonly used treatment options for metastatic Hormone Receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer but patients ultimately relapse. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) regulate breast tumor cell growth, migration and survival. The alpha isoform of PI3K is frequently mutated and activated in HR+ breast cancer and has been implicated in resistance to endocrine therapies. PI3K inhibitors are therefore attractive for combination with endocrine therapies. GDC 0032 is an orally bioavailable, potent, and selective inhibitor of Class I PI3K alpha, delta, and gamma isoforms, with 30 fold less inhibition of the PI3K beta isoform relative to the PI3K alpha isoform. Preclinical data show that GDC-0032 has increased activity against PI3K alpha isoform (PIK3CA) mutant and HER2-amplified cancer cell lines. Single agent and combination studies were carried out to determine if GDC-0032 enhances the anti-tumor activity of endocrine therapies in human breast cancer models. MCF7 cells (Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+), PI3K alpha E545K mutant) were transfected with the aromatase gene and stable clones (MCF7-ARO) were selected that are capable of converting androstenedione to estrogen in culture. When grown in the presence of androstenedione, MCF7-ARO cells were more reliant on estrogen for growth. Under these conditions the cells were treated with GDC-0032 in combination with endocrine therapies and assayed for cellular viability, modulation of PI3K pathway and ER pathway markers and apoptosis induction. The combination of GDC-0032 and endocrine therapies decreased the cellular viability of MCF7-ARO cells and increased apoptosis relative to either single agent. We observed cross-talk between the PI3K and ER pathways that suggests a mechanism of action for the combination. The data provide rationale for evaluating GDC-0032 in combination with endocrine therapies for HR+ breast cancer treatment in the clinic. Citation Format: Jeffrey J. Wallin, Jane Guan, Rebecca Hong, Carol O'Brien, Timothy Wilson, Michelle Nannini, Deepak Sampath, Marcia Belvin, Lori S. Friedman. GDC-0032 PI3K inhibitor enhances the efficacy of endocrine therapies in breast cancer cells by differentially regulating the expression of ER-targeted genes and increasing apoptosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 546. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-546
Digital Subcarrier Optical Cross-connects (2013)

Digital cross-connection in optical networks based on DSCM is discussed. This frequency domain cross-connect has may provide high spectral efficiency, flexible switching granularity, and electronic compensation of transmission impairments.
Particle filter based DOA estimation for multiple source tracking (MUST) (2011)

Direction of arrival estimation is a well researched topic and represents an important building block for higher level interpretation of data. The Bayesian algorithm proposed in this paper (MUST) can estimate and track the direction of multiple, possibly correlated, wideband sources. MUST approximates the posterior probability density function of the source directions in time-frequency domain with a particle filter. In contrast to other previous algorithms, no time-averaging is necessary, therefore moving sources can be tracked. MUST uses a new low complexity weighting and regularization scheme to fuse information from different frequencies and to overcome the problem of overfitting when few sensors are available.
Development of a rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in bovine semen (1993)

We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) in bovine semen. Since bovine semen contains components that inhibit PCR amplification, a protocol was developed to purify BHV-1 DNA from bovine semen. To identify failures of PCR amplification, we used an internal control template that was coamplified by the same PCR primers. When separated fractions of BHV-1-contaminated semen were analyzed by the PCR, we found that more than 90% of the BHV-1 DNA was present in a pooled fraction consisting of seminal fluid, nonsperm cells, and virus adsorbed to spermatozoa. By using this fraction, three to five molecules of BHV-1 DNA in 50 microliters of bovine semen could be detected. A pilot study to compare this PCR assay with the routinely used virus isolation method showed that this PCR assay is 2- to 100-fold more sensitive. In addition, the results of the PCR assay are available in 1 day, whereas the virus isolation method takes 7 days. Therefore, the PCR assay may be a good alternative to the virus isolation method.
Computational optical physical unclonable functions (2017)

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are devices which are easily probed but difficult to predict. Optical PUFs have been discussed within the literature, with traditional optical PUFs typically using spatial light modulators, coherent illumination, and scattering volumes; however, these systems can be large, expensive, and difficult to maintain alignment in practical conditions. We propose and demonstrate a new kind of optical PUF based on computational imaging and compressive sensing to address these challenges with traditional optical PUFs. This work describes the design, simulation, and prototyping of this computational optical PUF (COPUF) that utilizes incoherent polychromatic illumination passing through an additively manufactured refracting optical polymer element. We demonstrate the ability to pass information through a COPUF using a variety of sampling methods, including the use of compressive sensing. The sensitivity of the COPUF system is also explored. We explore non-traditional PUF configurations enabled by the COPUF architecture. The double COPUF system, which employees two serially connected COPUFs, is proposed and analyzed as a means to authenticate and communicate between two entities that have previously agreed to communicate. This configuration enables estimation of a message inversion key without the calculation of individual COPUF inversion keys at any point in the PUF life cycle. Our results show that it is possible to construct inexpensive optical PUFs using computational imaging. This could lead to new uses of PUFs in places where electrical PUFs cannot be utilized effectively, as low cost tags and seals, and potentially as authenticating and communicating devices.
Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Human Reticulocyte 12/15-Lipoxygenase as Anti-Stroke Therapies (2014)

A key challenge facing drug discovery today is variability of the drug target between species, such as with 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX), which contributes to ischemic brain injury, but its human and rodent isozymes have different inhibitor specificities. In the current work, we have utilized a quantitative high-throughput (qHTS) screen to identify compound 1 (ML351), a novel chemotype for 12/15-LOX inhibition that has nanomolar potency (IC50 = 200 nM) against human 12/15-LOX and is protective against oxidative glutamate toxicity in mouse neuronal HT22 cells. In addition, it exhibited greater than 250-fold selectivity versus related LOX isozymes, was a mixed inhibitor, and did not reduce the active-site ferric ion. Lastly, 1 significantly reduced infarct size following permanent focal ischemia in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. As such, this represents the first report of a selective inhibitor of human 12/15-LOX with demonstrated in vivo activity in proof-of-concept mouse models of stroke.