gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in the development of phase-shifting liquid crystal interferometers for visible and near-IR applications (2003)

Conventional phase-shifting interferometers are extremely sensitive to mechanical shock and transmitted vibration because they utilize separate test and reference optical paths that must be aligned to within a fraction of the wavelength of the light being used. Such interferometers are difficult and time consuming to set up, align, and maintain, and are costly due to the number of optics required for the dual-path design. Common-path interferometers such as the point-diffraction type are much less sensitive to environmental disturbances but until recently have not been capable of phase-shifting. The liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer (LCPDI), first demonstrated by Mercer and Creath, employs a dye-doped, electro-optical LC device as the point-diffraction source to lend phase-shifting capability to the PDI common-path design. The advantage of this approach is that it combines the strengths of both types of interferometer to produce a phase-shifting diagnostic device that is much more compact, robust, and accurate than dual-path interferometers while at the same time using fewer optical elements. Such attributes make this device of special interest for diagnostic applications in the scientific, commercial, military, and industrial sectors where vibration insensitivity, power requirements, size, weight, and cost are critical issues. In this paper, we will describe some recent activities in the areas of materials development, device design, and fabrication techniques for the original LCPDI to improve its accuracy, extend its operation to both the visible and near-IR regions of the spectrum, and to improve its temporal data collection capabilities to near video frame rates.
Microbial degradation of phthalate esters. I. Isolation of microorganisms growing on phthalate esters and degradation of phthalate esters by Pseudomonas acidovorans 256-1. (1977)

Many microorganisms (17 strains of gram-positive bacteria, 8 strains of gram-negative bacteria, 2 strains of fungi) capable of assimilating di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) were isolated from soil and other natural sources. When Pseudomonas acidovorans 256-1 among these microorganisms was aerobically cultured in media containing 0.5% of DEHP, DEHP disappeared completely in 72 hr when assayed gaschromatographically. Most of phthalate esters could be assimilated, regardless of their side-chain types. In addition, branched-alkyl phthalate was assimilated better than n-alkyl phthalate. Based on degradation rate of n-alkyl phthalate in relation to its side chain and carbon number, two peaks were observed in n-alkyl phthalate with four and seven carbon number on its side-chain.
Novel Acid Catalysts from Waste‐Tire‐Derived Carbon: Application in Waste–to‐Biofuel Conversion (2017)

Abstract Many inexpensive biofuel feedstocks, including those containing free fatty acids (FFAs) in high concentrations, are typically disposed of as waste due to our inability to efficiently convert them into usable biofuels. Here we demonstrate that carbon derived from waste tires could be functionalized with sulfonic acid (‐SO 3 H) to effectively catalyze the esterification of oleic acid or a mixture of fatty acids to usable biofuels. Waste tires were converted to hard carbon, then functionalized with catalytically active ‐SO 3 H groups on the surface through an environmentally benign process that involved the sequential treatment with L‐cysteine, dithiothreitol, and H 2 O 2 . When benchmarked against the same waste‐tire derived carbon material treated with concentrated sulfuric acid at 150 °C, similar catalytic activity was observed. Both catalysts could also effectively convert oleic acid or a mixture of fatty acids and soybean oil to usable biofuels at 65 °C and 1 atm without leaching of the catalytic sites.
Enhancing testability of system on chips using network management protocols (2004)

This paper shows how to adapt the P1500 design-for-test standard through network management protocols to make the testing problem of system-on-chips (SoCs) easier and cost-effective. For this purpose, a SoC is analyzed as a distributed system in which its own basic components or IP cores (intellectual properties) are considered as network agents according to SNMP (simple network management protocol) protocol. An experimental study was carried out to show the effectiveness of such an approach.
Passive fiber optic sensor with omnidirectional acoustic sensor and accelerometer (1994)

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Detecting and identifying small molecules in a nanopore flux capacitor (2016)

A new method of molecular detection in a metallic-semiconductor nanopore was developed and evaluated with experimental and computational methods. Measurements were made of the charging potential of the electrical double layer (EDL) capacitance as charge-carrying small molecules translocated the nanopore. Signals in the charging potential were found to be correlated to the physical properties of analyte molecules. From the measured signals, we were able to distinguish molecules with different valence charge or similar valence charge but different size. The relative magnitude of the signals from different analytes was consistent over a wide range of experimental conditions, suggesting that the detected signals are likely due to single molecules. Computational modeling of the nanopore system indicated that the double layer potential signal may be described in terms of disruption of the EDL structure due to the size and charge of the analyte molecule, in agreement with Huckel and Debye's analysis of the electrical atmosphere of electrolyte solutions.
Enhancing Multiuser MIMO in Practical Cellular Systems (2011)

We consider a downlink multi-user multi-input-multi-output (MU-MIMO) fading channel wherein the base station can schedule several user terminals on the same time-frequency resource. A severe practical problem in MU-MIMO is that when computing its feedback report, a user does not have an accurate estimate of the interference it might see (if scheduled) from the signals intended for the other co-scheduled users. This results in a mismatch between the user reported signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) and the one it actually observes in the aftermath of scheduling. To alleviate this problem we propose to inform each user (in a slow or semi-static manner) about the rank of the precoding matrix that it should report, along with an estimate of the total number of streams that the base station expects to co-schedule on a time-frequency resource. The suggested rank and the expected total number of streams can be user-specific and together convey the expected total number of co-scheduled interfering streams to the intended user. Each user then computes one or more SINRs for all the precoding matrices having the suggested rank and reports its preferred precoding matrix along with the corresponding SINRs. The SINRs are computed after assuming that the co-scheduled interfering streams will be transmitted along vectors isotropically distributed in the orthogonal complement of the range of the precoding matrix being examined. Alternatively, the SINRs can be computed after assuming that the co-scheduled interfering streams will be transmitted along the worst-case choice of mutually orthogonal vectors that lie in the orthogonal complement. We show that the proposed solutions, while requiring negligible additional signalling overhead, mitigate the mismatch problem to a large extent and result in significant improvements in system throughput.
Additive manufacturing of metal interconnects using microscale selective laser sintering (2023)

Microscale selective laser sintering (<i>μ</i>-SLS) is a high throughput additive manufacturing (AM) technique developed at The University of Texas at Austin. It can fabricate high aspect ratio metal interconnect structures such as micro-pillar arrays for applications in semiconductor packaging. Additionally, as an AM process, <i>μ</i>-SLS aims to create complex 3D structures at a throughput that cannot be achieved by multi-step lithography processes.
Complexity reduction in a large vocabulary speech recognizer (1991)

The authors provide a detailed description of all aspects of the implementation of a large-vocabulary speaker-independent, continuous speech recognizer used as a tool for the development of recognition algorithms based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) and Viterbi decoding. The complexity of HMM recognizers is greatly increased by the introduction of detailed context-dependent units for representing interword coarticulation. A vectorized representation of the data structures involved in the decoding process, along with compilation of the connection information among temporally consecutive words and an efficient implementation of the beam search pruning, has led to a speedup of the algorithm of about one order of magnitude. A guided search can be used during a tuning phase for obtaining a speedup of more than three times. An average recognition time of about 25 s per sentence, although far from real time, allows one to perform a series of training experiments and to tune the recognition system parameters in order to obtain high word accuracy on complex recognition tasks such as the DARPA resource management task.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dual Connectivity in LTE small cell networks (2014)

Dual Connectivity in LTE network can significantly improve per-user throughput and mobility robustness by allowing users to be connected simultaneously to master cell group (MCG) and secondary cell group (SCG) via MeNB (master eNB) and SeNB (secondary eNB), respectively. The increase in per-user throughput is achieved by aggregating radio resources from at least two eNBs. Moreover, dual connectivity also helps in load balancing between MCG and SCG. However, it imposes several technical challenges. The main ones are buffer status report calculation and reporting, power headroom calculation and reporting, logical channel prioritization, user power saving operations such as discontinuous reception (DRX), and increased device complexity to support bearer split. The coordination between eNBs over X2 interface may be effective to resolve some of these issues. The higher delay due to non-ideal backhaul between MeNB and SeNB, however, limits an efficient coordination between these eNBs. In this paper, we explain and explore these technical challenges and investigate potential solution directions. We also provide a quantitative analysis of potential gains in terms of peruser throughput and load balancing that can be achieved by data bearer split in uplink at the cost of complex UE behaviors using a system level simulation study.
Phoebe: Pronunciation-aware Contextualization for End-to-end Speech Recognition (2019)

End-to-End (E2E) automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems learn word spellings directly from text-audio pairs, in contrast to traditional ASR systems which incorporate a separate pronunciation lexicon. The lexicon allows a traditional system to correctly spell rare words observed only in LM training, if their phonetic pronunciation is known during inference. E2E systems, however, are more likely to misspell rare words.We propose an E2E model which benefits from the best of both worlds: it outputs graphemes, and thus learns to spell words directly, while leveraging pronunciations for words which might be likely in a given context. Our model is based on the recently proposed Contextual Listen, Attend, and Spell (CLAS) model. As in CLAS, our model accepts a set of bias phrases, which are first converted into fixed length embeddings which are provided as additional inputs to the model. Unlike CLAS, which accepts only the textual form of the bias phrases, the proposed model also has access to the corresponding phonetic pronunciations, which improves performance on challenging sets which include words unseen in training. The proposed model provides a 16% relative word-error-rate reduction over CLAS when both the phonetic and written representation of the context bias phrases are used.
Effect of shock front geometry on shock depolarization of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ferroelectric ceramics (2012)

By use of experimentation, we detected a shock wave geometry effect on the depolarization of poled Pb(Zr(0.52)Ti(0.48))O(3) (PZT 52/48) ferroelectrics. It follows from the experimental results that shock front geometry is one of key parameters in the shock depolarization of PZT 52/48 ferroelectrics. This shock depolarization effect forms a fundamental limit to miniaturization of explosive-driven shock-wave ferroelectric generators (FEGs). Based on obtained experimental results, we developed miniature generators that reliably produce pulsed voltages exceeding 140 kV.
Crystallographically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Grown on Few-Layer Graphene Films (2011)

Carbon nanotubes are grown on few-layer graphene films using chemical vapor deposition without a carbon feedstock gas. We find that the nanotubes show a striking alignment to specific crystal orientations of the few-layer graphene films. The nanotubes are oriented predominantly at 60 degree intervals and are offset 30 degrees from crystallographically oriented etch tracks, indicating alignment to the armchair axes of the few-layer graphene films. Nanotubes grown on various thicknesses of few-layer graphene under identical process conditions show that the thinnest films, in the sub-6 atomic layer regime, demonstrate significantly improved crystallographic alignment. Intricate crystallographic patterns are also observed having sharp kinks with bending radii less than the ∼10 nm lateral resolution of the electron and atomic force microscopy used to image them. Some of these kinks occur independently without interactions between nanotubes while others result when two nanotubes intersect. These intersections can trap nanotubes between two parallel nanotubes resulting in crystallographic back and forth zigzag geometries. These interactions suggest a tip-growth mechanism such that the catalyst particles remain within several nanometers of the few-layer graphene surface as they move leaving a nanotube in their wake.
Glycomimetic, Orally Bioavailable LecB Inhibitors Block Biofilm Formation of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2017)

The opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading pathogen for infections of immuno-compromised patients and those suffering from cystic fibrosis. Its ability to switch from planktonic life to aggregates, forming the so-called biofilms, is a front-line mechanism of antimicrobial resistance. The bacterial carbohydrate-binding protein LecB is an integral component and necessary for biofilm formation. Here, we report a new class of drug-like low molecular weight inhibitors of the lectin LecB with nanomolar affinities and excellent receptor binding kinetics and thermodynamics. This class of glycomimetic inhibitors efficiently blocked biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa in vitro while the natural monovalent carbohydrate ligands failed. Furthermore, excellent selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties were achieved. Notably, two compounds showed good oral bioavailability, and high compound concentrations in plasma and urine were achieved in vivo.
High Throughput Laser Line Polarizing Beamsplitters Using Rugate Coatings (1995)

Conventional polarizing beamsplitters constitute two right angle prisms, one having a multi-layer coating on the hypotenuse face, cemented together forming a cubic optical element. This paper presents two design methodologies for embedding a rugate coating into a polarizing beamsplitter. The function of the rugate coating is to be highly transmitting for both p- and s-polarized light except for a s-polarization reflection band at a specific wavelength. For convenience absorption, the optical cement, and all external faces of the polarizing beamsplitter are excluded from consideration.
Electrolytes for Use in High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries with Wide Operating Temperature Range (2011)

Objectives of this work are: (1) Develop advanced Li -ion electrolytes that enable cell operation over a wide temperature range (i.e., -30 to +60C). (2) Improve the high temperature stability and lifetime characteristics of wide operating temperature electrolytes. (3) Improve the high voltage stability of these candidate electrolytes systems to enable operation up to 5V with high specific energy cathode materials. (4) Define the performance limitations at low and high temperature extremes, as well as, life limiting processes. (5) Demonstrate the performance of advanced electrolytes in large capacity prototype cells.
Thermal design methodology for high-heat-flux single-phase and two-phase micro-channel heat sinks (2003)

This paper explores several issues important to the thermal design of single-phase and two-phase micro-channel heat sinks. The first part of the paper concerns single-phase heat transfer in rectangular micro-channels. Experimental results are compared with predictions based on both numerical as well as fin analysis models. While the best agreement between predictions and experimental results was achieved with numerical simulation, a few of the fin models are found to provide fairly accurate predictions. The second part of the paper focuses on predicting the incipient boiling heat flux. A comprehensive model based on bubble departure and superheat criteria is developed and validated with experimental data. The incipience model is capable of predicting the location, shape and size of bubbles departing in rectangular micro-channels. In the third part of the study, an analytical model is developed to predict pressure drop across a two-phase micro-channel heat sink. This model provides a detailed assessment of pressure drop concerns with two-phase micro-channels, including compressibility, flashing and choking. Overall, the present study provides important guidelines concerning practical implementation of micro-channel heat sinks in high-heat-flux electronic cooling applications.
Dual-laser ablation for particulate-free film growth (1995)

A novel dual laser ablation process that leads to particulate-free film growth is presented. A pulsed CO2 laser and an excimer (KrF) laser have been spatially overlapped on a Y2O3 target with a temporal delay between the pulses. The particulate density of the films grown by this method are at least three orders of magnitude smaller than the particulate density of a single excimer laser ablated film of similar thickness. In addition, a time-of-flight ion probe study indicates a sixfold enhancement of the plume species kinetic energies under dual-laser ablation. The degree of the plume excitation is observed to depend strongly on the delay between the laser pulses.
Implant damage and strain relaxation of embedded epitaxial silicon germanium layer on silicon (2007)

The authors report on the implant damage and strain relaxation in embedded silicon germanium (SiGe) layer, selectively grown on recessed silicon (Si) (001) with different recess length (defined as [110] direction, along the conventional Si transistor channel) and the same width (defined as [1−10] direction). Similar to the implant damage in blanket epi-SiGe layers on Si (001) reported previously, they observed two defect bands, one close to the surface and the other at SiGe∕Si interface. Unlike the biaxial strain relaxation with misfit dislocations equally distributed along both the [110] and [1−10] directions in blanket epi-SiGe layers on Si (001), there is a gradual change from biaxial to uniaxial relaxation with misfit dislocations along only at the [1−10] direction and a decreasing density of misfit dislocation, with decreasing recess length.
Point-type carbon nanotube field emitters (2015)

Point-type carbon nanotube (CNT) field emitters have attracted much interest because they can promise a focused electron beam spot with a high emission current. The point-type CNT field emitters can be used for diverse applications such as x-ray tubes, electron beam sources and microwave sources. Here, we report fabrication and emission performance of various point-type field emitters made by CNTs.
Novel Chimeric Protein Vaccines Against Clostridium difficile Infection (2018)

<i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection (CDI) is the leading cause of world-wide nosocomial acquired diarrhea in adults. Active vaccination is generally accepted as a logical and cost-effective approach to prevent CDI. In this paper, we have generated two novel chimeric proteins; one designated Tcd169, comprised of the glucosyltransferase domain (GT), the cysteine proteinase domain (CPD), and receptor binding domain (RBD) of TcdB, and the RBD of TcdA; the other designated Tcd169FI, which contains <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> flagellin (sFliC) and Tcd169. Both proteins were expressed in and purified from <i>Bacillus megaterium</i>. Point mutations were made in the GT (W102A, D288N) and CPD (C698) of TcdB to ensure that Tcd169 and Tcd169FI were atoxic. Immunization with Tcd169 or Tcd169Fl induced protective immunity against TcdA/TcdB challenge through intraperitoneal injection, also provided mice full protection against infection with a hyper-virulent <i>C. difficile</i> strain (BI/NAP1/027). In addition, inclusion of sFlic in the fusion protein (Tcd169Fl) enhanced its protective immunity against toxin challenge, reduced <i>C. difficile</i> numbers in feces from Tcd169Fl-immunized mice infected <i>C. difficile</i>. Our data show that Tcd169 and Tcd169FI fusion proteins may represent alternative vaccine candidates against CDI.
Unbiased online active learning in data streams (2011)

Unlabeled samples can be intelligently selected for labeling to minimize classification error. In many real-world applications, a large number of unlabeled samples arrive in a streaming manner, making it impossible to maintain all the data in a candidate pool. In this work, we focus on binary classification problems and study selective labeling in data streams where a decision is required on each sample sequentially. We consider the unbiasedness property in the sampling process, and design optimal instrumental distributions to minimize the variance in the stochastic process. Meanwhile, Bayesian linear classifiers with weighted maximum likelihood are optimized online to estimate parameters. In empirical evaluation, we collect a data stream of user-generated comments on a commercial news portal in 30 consecutive days, and carry out offline evaluation to compare various sampling strategies, including unbiased active learning, biased variants, and random sampling. Experimental results verify the usefulness of online active learning, especially in the non-stationary situation with concept drift.
4D multiple-cathode ultrafast electron microscopy (2014)

Four-dimensional multiple-cathode ultrafast electron microscopy is developed to enable the capture of multiple images at ultrashort time intervals for a single microscopic dynamic process. The dynamic process is initiated in the specimen by one femtosecond light pulse and probed by multiple packets of electrons generated by one UV laser pulse impinging on multiple, spatially distinct, cathode surfaces. Each packet is distinctly recorded, with timing and detector location controlled by the cathode configuration. In the first demonstration, two packets of electrons on each image frame (of the CCD) probe different times, separated by 19 picoseconds, in the evolution of the diffraction of a gold film following femtosecond heating. Future elaborations of this concept to extend its capabilities and expand the range of applications of 4D ultrafast electron microscopy are discussed. The proof-of-principle demonstration reported here provides a path toward the imaging of irreversible ultrafast phenomena of materials, and opens the door to studies involving the single-frame capture of ultrafast dynamics using single-pump/multiple-probe, embedded stroboscopic imaging.