gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scattering Cross Sections in Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (1999)

Abstract In all scattering experiments some measure is need of the strength of the scattering interaction. The scattering cross section, which has dimensions of area, is a quantity that can be defined for any scattering interactions, irrespective of the nature of the scatterer, or the particle or radiation being scattered. To define a scattering cross section, refer to the geometry of Figure 1. If I0 is the incident number of particles, Is the number of particles scattered through an angle θ with an energy loss ΔE, N is the number of scatterers/ unit volume and t is the thickness of the specimen (or length of the scattering region) then where σ(θ,ΔE) is the scattering cross section. The product N t represents the number of scatterers per unit area as seen by the incident beam In electron microscopy all scattering arises from the Coulomb interaction between the incident electron and the electrons or nuclei or the atoms in the specimen.
The Nature of Islamic International Law (Siyar) (2020)

In contemporary legal and political debate, the Islamic law is mostly linked to global violence defined in the matrix of global Islamic terrorism. In these academic and  political debates, fundamental determinations of violence is predominantly related to the Sharia and Fikh, which are not part of divine Islamic law, but rather law specified through interpretation divine Islamic law (the Qur'an and Sunnah -practiced by Prophet Muhammad) by human agents, that produce consequences creating unrealistic concept of Islamic legal and moral doctrine. It’s important to note that in Islamic legal and philosophy doctrine there are significant differences between Islamic philosophers and lawyers regarding of the interpretation of the meaning of certain provisions of the Qur'an end Sunnah  in various historical circumstances, that leading to significant problems in understanding of Islamic divine law. In the line of diversity understanding of Islamic moral and legal norms,   many legal schools have been created in Islamic legal theory. To understand and reconcile various interpretations of the Quran's and Sunnah provisions,  special theory titled  asbab an-nouzoul, with the task of studying the conditions under which the Qur'an's provisions can be interpreted differently has been developed. Another school known as Ijtihad or the Innovation School has evolved in the line of the need to change the meaning some norms of the Qur'an  in depending on historical time. Among the first who has gave  a different interpretation of the Qur'an in different historical conditions of Muslims life,  was the caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab and Imam Muhammad Ibn Idriz al Shafi'i, only 50 years after the death of Prophet Muhammad. These schools have opened larger space in communication between Islam and other civilizations, which will greatly contribute to a higher degree of cohabitation of the legal and moral norms between Islam and other civilizations. This moral and legal cohabitation has had a significance contribution to further development of Islamic Law and Islamic Philosophy.
A collaborative control system for telepresence robots (2012)

Interest in telepresence robots is at an all time high, and several companies are already commercializing early or basic versions. There seems to be a huge potential for their use in professional applications, where they can help address some of the challenges companies have found in integrating a geographically distributed work force. However, teleoperation of these robots is typically a difficult task. This difficulty can be attributed to limitations on the information provided to the operator and to communication delay and failures. This may compromise the safety of the people and of the robot during its navigation through the environment. Most commercial systems currently control this risk by reducing size and weight of their robots. Research effort in addressing this problem is generally based on “assisted driving”, which typically adds a “collision avoidance” layer, limiting or avoiding movements that would lead to a collision. In this article, we bring assisted driving to a new level, by introducing concepts from collaborative driving to telepresence robots. More specifically, we use the input from the operator as a general guidance to the target direction, then couple that with a variable degree of autonomy to the robot, depending on the task and the environment. Previous work has shown collision avoidance makes operation easier and reduce the number of collisions. In addition (and in contrast to traditional collision avoidance systems), our approach also reduces the time required to complete a circuit, making navigation easier, safer, and faster. The methodology was evaluated through a controlled user study (N=18). Results show that the use of the proposed collaborative control helped reduce the number of collisions (none in most cases) and also decreased the time to complete the designated task.
Iterative Method for Mass Spectra Recalibration via Empirical Estimation of the Mass Calibration Function for Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry-Based Petroleomics (2013)

We describe a mass spectra recalibration method, which enables analysis of petroleum samples with Orbitrap FTMS. In this method, the mass calibration function is estimated on the basis of mass-to-charge ratios and abundances of internal calibrants without a need for theoretical description of residual mass errors. Importantly, to maximize the estimation accuracy of the mass calibration function, an iterative approach is implemented to obtain sufficiently high number of internal calibrants covering the entire ranges of mass-to-charge ratios and abundances of interest. For petroleomic samples, the method routinely provides root-mean-square (RMS) mass accuracies at sub-ppm level and hence allows for reliable assignment of elemental compositions. Moreover, since the achieved mass accuracies are normally limited only by random errors of low-abundance analytes, the method maximizes the range of abundances of assignable species for a given signal-to-noise ratio of experimental data. Additionally, despite being initially developed for Orbitrap FTMS, the method is likewise applicable for ion cyclotron resonance FTMS.
The synthesis and antineoplastic activity of 2'-deoxy-nucleoside-cyanoboranes in murine and human culture cells. (1992)

The guanine, inosine, adenine and cytidine deoxyriboside cyanoboranes proved to be cytotoxic and possess in vivo antineoplastic activity against murine and human single cells and cultured cells derived from solid tumor lines. The agents preferentially inhibited DNA synthesis in Tmolt3 leukemic cells. The enzyme sites of drug inhibition of two active derivatives were DNA polymerase-alpha and de novo purine synthesis at the regulatory sites, PRPP amido transferase and IMP dehydrogenase. Moderate inhibition by the agents of TDP kinase and ribonucleoside reductase activities also occurred. Kinetic studies showed that IMP dehydrogenase activity was inhibited the earliest of all of the enzymes affected by the drugs. The d(ATP) pools were also reduced by drug treatment. DNA strand scission was evident after 24 hr incubation at 100 microM of drug. The 14C-cytidine-cyanoborane drug was rapidly taken up over 6 hr and most effective uptake was shown by rapidly dividing cells. The drug was bound to DNA, RNA and protein in Tmolt3 leukemic cells.
Dihydrogen complexes: some structural and chemical studies (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDihydrogen complexes: some structural and chemical studiesRobert H. CrabtreeCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 4, 95–101Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00172a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00172a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2015Altmetric-Citations353LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Therapeutic Modulation of Gut Microbiota: Current Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives (2014)

Human beings and gut microbiota are in a symbiotic relationship, and the hypothesis of a "super organism" composed of the human organism and microbes has been recently proposed. The gut microbiota fulfills important metabolic and immunological tasks, and the impairment of its composition might alter homeostasis and lead to the development of microbiota-related diseases. The most common illnesses associated with alterations of the gut microbiota include inflammatory bowel disease, gastroenteric infections, irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal functional diseases, colorectal cancer, metabolic syndrome and obesity, liver diseases, allergic diseases, and neurological diseases such as autism. In theory, every disease associated with the impairment of intestinal microflora might benefit from the therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota. A number of attempts to manipulate the microbiota have not produced identical results for every disease. Although antibiotics and probiotics have been available for a long time, the so-called fecal microbiota transplantation, which is a very old remedy, was only recently re-evaluated as a promising therapeutic approach for microbiota impairment. A comprehensive understanding of the gut microbiota composition, in states of both health and various diseases, is needed for the development of future approaches for microbiota modulation and for developing targeted therapies. In this review, we describe the role of the microbiota in several diseases and the related treatment options that are currently available.
A concurrent dual band 870 and 1970 MHz 10 W envelope tracking PA designed by a WCDMA probability distribution conscious approach (2011)

In this paper we propose a novel approach for the design of a concurrent dual-band power amplifier (PA) optimized for envelope tracking (ET) operation. The design was based around the WCDMA probability distribution function and implemented through a multi-section transmission line matching technique. This technique was applied to a concurrent 870 and 1970 MHz ET PA designed around a GaAs HEMT. The ET friendly design method has proven capable to enhance the average efficiency by a 2.2 factor over a signal bandwidth of 140MHz and 60MHz in the two carrier frequency bands respectively for the specific WCDMA signal. A detailed discussion of the design method and the validating experimental results are reported.
Properties of Mischmetal-Cobalt Magnets (1974)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation D. V. Ratnam, M. G. H. Wells; Properties of Mischmetal‐Cobalt Magnets. AIP Conf. Proc. 1 March 1974; 18 (1): 1154–1158. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2947227 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAIP Conference Proceedings Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
321 Development of Intrathecal Riluzole (2016)

INTRODUCTION: Oral administration of riluzole is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, per os riluzole therapy has shown modest efficacy and is limited by its negative impact on liver function. We hypothesize that intrathecal (IT) administration of riluzole will significantly improve drug efficacy by increasing local concentrations at targeted spinal cord segments, while circumventing peripheral toxicity. METHODS: A programmable infusion pump (SynchroMed II) connected to an IT catheter (Ascenda) was implanted into Göttingen minipigs to deliver a newly developed riluzole formulation. In group 1 (n = 2), drug levels in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and nervous tissue were analyzed after a single bolus infusion (1 hour; 1 and 3 mg). A control group (n = 4) received riluzole orally (single doses; 0.7 and 1.4 mg/kg). Group 2 (n = 4) received a chronic infusion of riluzole intrathecally (itRIL) following a dose-escalation scheme to delineate drug dose-range tolerability. The animals were monitored for signs of toxicity using a modified Tarlov Score. A third group (group 3, n = 4) received a continuous infusion of itRIL for 1 (n = 2) and 3 weeks (n = 2) to define the time course and levels of drug accumulation in the spinal cord. RESULTS: Analysis of riluzole pharmacokinetics after single-dose IT infusions revealed that itRIL enabled significantly higher CSF levels of riluzole while maintaining lower plasmatic levels compared with those achieved through oral administration (plasma Cmax, oral vs IT P < .01). Furthermore, the dose-escalation analysis of continuous itRIL infusion demonstrated that the formulation could be safely administered at a dose of up to 2.4 mg daily. Histology performed on nervous tissue showed that the IT route provides a 10-fold increase of riluzole concentrations in the spinal cord compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that riluzole can be safely administered IT to provide higher drug levels in the spinal cord tissue while maintaining lower plasmatic levels, thereby circumventing peripheral side effects associated with the oral form.
Advances in understanding immunity to Toxoplasma gondii (2009)

Toxoplasma gondii is an important cause of clinical disease in fetuses, infants and immunocompromised patients. Since the discovery of T. gondii 100 years ago, this pathogen and the host's immune response to toxoplasmosis have been studied intensely. This has led to the development of a working model of immunity to T. gondii, and has also resulted in fundamental new insights into the role of various cytokines in resistance to infection. By examining this organism, researchers have identified many of the requirements for resistance to intracellular pathogens and characterized numerous regulatory factors, including interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-27, which control inflammatory processes. In the next 100 years of T. gondii immunobiology, researchers will have the opportunity to answer some of the long-standing questions in the field using new techniques and reagents. These future studies will be vital in building a more comprehensive model of immunity to this pathogen and in advancing our understanding of immunoregulation, particularly in humans. Ultimately, the challenge will be to use this information to develop new vaccines and therapies to manage disease in affected patients.
Runx1 and Cbfβ regulate the development of Flt3+ dendritic cell progenitors and restrict myeloproliferative disorder (2014)

Runx1 and Cbfβ are critical for the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis and are implicated in leukemic transformation. Despite the absolute requirements for these factors in the development of hematopoietic stem cells and lymphocytes, their roles in the development of bone marrow progenitor subsets have not been defined. Here, we demonstrate that Cbfβ is essential for the development of Flt3(+) macrophage-dendritic cell (DC) progenitors in the bone marrow and all DC subsets in the periphery. Besides the loss of DC progenitors, pan-hematopoietic Cbfb-deficient mice also lack CD105(+) erythroid progenitors, leading to severe anemia at 3 to 4 months of age. Instead, Cbfb deficiency results in aberrant progenitor differentiation toward granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), resulting in a myeloproliferative phenotype with accumulation of GMPs in the periphery and cellular infiltration of the liver. Expression of the transcription factor Irf8 is severely reduced in Cbfb-deficient progenitors, and overexpression of Irf8 restors DC differentiation. These results demonstrate that Runx proteins and Cbfβ restrict granulocyte lineage commitment to facilitate multilineage hematopoietic differentiation and thus identify their novel tumor suppressor function in myeloid leukemia.
Pilot Study of a 3-Dimensional Method for Analysis of Pronation of the First Metatarsal of Hallux Valgus Patients (2018)

The findings of this study indicate that pronation may need to be considered in the operative correction of hallux valgus for restoration of normal anatomy.
Noninvasive estimation of systolic pressure in the right ventricle in patients with tricuspid regurgitation (1986)

In 70 patients, tricuspid regurgitation was diagnosed with Doppler by recording reverse flow in systole originating at the tricuspid orifice, directed into the right atrium. The peak velocities were recorded, and the peak pressure drop from the right ventricle to the right atrium in systole was calculated from the simplified Bernoulli equation (pressure drop = 4 X 4 X Vmax2), and was found to correlate well with invasive measurements (r = 0.97, SEE +/- 6.1 mmHg). Central venous pressure was judged by neck vein congestion and added to the pressure drop to obtain a noninvasive estimation of systolic right ventricular pressure. Correlation with catheterization measurements was good (r = 0.96, SEE +/- 7.1 mmHg). In patients in whom the tricuspid regurgitation was judged as mild with Doppler, the correlation between noninvasive and invasive measurements of the transtricuspid pressure drop was still good (r = 0.95, SEE +/- 5.1 mmHg), indicating that the viscosity of the blood does not invalidate the use of the simplified Bernoulli equation when the regurgitant area of the valve is small.
Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment Response Assessment (2020)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the main cancer-related causes of death worldwide. Thus, there is a constant search for improvement in screening, diagnosis, and treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of this malignancy. The identification of useful biomarkers for surveillance and early HCC diagnosis is still deficient, with available serum biomarkers showing low sensitivity and heterogeneous specificity despite different cut-off points, even when assessed longitudinally, or with a combination of serum biomarkers. In contrast, HCC biomarkers used for prognostic (when associated with clinical outcomes) or predictive purposes (when associated with treatment response) may have an increased clinical role in the near future. Furthermore, some serum biomarkers are already implicated as a treatment selection tool, whether to provide access to certain therapies or to assess clinical benefit after treatment. In the present review we will discuss the clinical utility and foreseen future of HCC biomarkers implicated in surveillance, diagnosis, prognosis, and post-treatment assessment.
Documentation Matters: Human-Centered AI System to Assist Data Science Code Documentation in Computational Notebooks (2022)

Computational notebooks allow data scientists to express their ideas through a combination of code and documentation. However, data scientists often pay attention only to the code, and neglect creating or updating their documentation during quick iterations. Inspired by human documentation practices learned from 80 highly-voted Kaggle notebooks, we design and implement Themisto, an automated documentation generation system to explore how human-centered AI systems can support human data scientists in the machine learning code documentation scenario. Themisto facilitates the creation of documentation via three approaches: a deep-learning-based approach to generate documentation for source code, a query-based approach to retrieve online API documentation for source code, and a user prompt approach to nudge users to write documentation. We evaluated Themisto in a within-subjects experiment with 24 data science practitioners, and found that automated documentation generation techniques reduced the time for writing documentation, reminded participants to document code they would have ignored, and improved participants’ satisfaction with their computational notebook.
Verifying Reachability in Networks with Mutable Datapaths (2016)

Recent work has made great progress in verifying the forwarding correctness of networks . However, these approaches cannot be used to verify networks containing middleboxes, such as caches and firewalls, whose forwarding behavior depends on previously observed traffic. We explore how to verify reachability properties for networks that include such "mutable datapath" elements. We want our verification results to hold not just for the given network, but also in the presence of failures. The main challenge lies in scaling the approach to handle large and complicated networks, We address by developing and leveraging the concept of slices, which allow network-wide verification to only require analyzing small portions of the network. We show that with slices the time required to verify an invariant on many production networks is independent of the size of the network itself.
The role of hepatic transporters in drug elimination (2008)

Hepatic drug transporters have gained additional importance in drug clearance by optimization for basic DMPK properties early on in drug research. However, the lack of selective substrates and inhibitors, proper assessment of the kinetic properties due to interfering passive permeability and multiple binding sites, as well as endogenous transporters present in many cellular assays, are some of the hurdles in studying active drug transport processes. Therefore, data from these in vitro assays have to be carefully evaluated to allow sound extrapolation to the in vivo situation.
Cyclic Luciferase for Real‐Time Sensing of Caspase‐3 Activities in Living Mammals (2007)

Illumination for apoptosis: Firefly luciferase connected with a substrate sequence for caspase-3 (DEVD) is cyclized by an intein DnaE. When the cyclic luciferase is expressed in living cells, its activity is greatly decreased because of a steric effect. Activated caspase-3 cleaves the substrate sequence in the cyclic luciferase and the luciferase activity is restored. Quantitative sensing of time-dependent caspase-3 activity in living cells and mice upon extracellular stimuli has been demonstrated (see images). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z700538_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Therapy in Diabetes: Physiologic Basis, Clinical Benefits, and Risks (1994)

Insulin-like growth factor-1 may be a useful adjunct for treatment of diabetes and may even be the drug of choice in some patients with extreme insulin resistance who have metabolic emergencies. However, further data are needed to evaluate the risks and benefits of IGF-1 use in diabetes and in other states associated with impaired insulin action.