gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, XV459, in heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (2006)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious, immune-related complication of heparin therapy. One of the most severe manifestations of HIT is the development of thromboembolic events, which is based on platelet activation and aggregation caused by HIT-associated antibodies. Therapeutic options for patients with HIT are limited despite advancement toward the development of alternative (nonheparin) anticoagulants, such as direct thrombin inhibitors and indirect anti-factor Xa agents. Platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists have been shown to be the final common pathway for platelet aggregation regardless of the use of activator or anticoagulant. In this study, the ability of a novel platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, a free acid form of roxifiban (XV459), to block platelet activation/aggregation in response to highly characterized heparin-PF4 antibody-positive plasma/heparin was examined using light transmittance aggregometry, serotonin release, and (125)I-fibrinogen binding assays to human platelets. XV459 at 20 nM maximally inhibited (P < 0.001) the platelet-activation/aggregation responses as mediated by the HIT antibody-positive plasma (in the presence of therapeutic heparin concentrations). Compared with controls, both HIT antibodies/heparin and TEAC (a mixture of thrombin [0.1 IU/ml], epinephrine [1 microg/ml], arachidonate [0.1 mM], and collagen [10 microml]) resulted in significantly higher levels of fibrinogen binding to human platelets (5-7-fold increase; P < 0.001). Concentration-dependent profiles of XV459 on the mean percent inhibition of (125)I-fibrinogen binding in the presence of HIT antibodies and TEAC were achieved ( approximately 50% inhibition at 10 nM XV459). The platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist (XV459) might be of potential benefit in the management of thrombotic thrombocytopenia produced by heparin and/or related glycosaminoglycans.
Novel jet nebulizer/holding chamber for drug delivery to the deep lung (2016)

<b>Background</b> Upper airway deposition of inhaled wet aerosols limits drug delivery to the lungs and can result in important side effects. Commercial technologies (jet and vibrating mesh) produce aerosols with 20-60% of particles too large to enter the lungs and environmental losses (EL) of 50% (J Aerosol Med 2014;27:341-8). We designed a novel valved holding chamber/jet nebulizer to enhance respirable mass (RM) and reduce EL. <b>Aims and Objectives</b> Using an invitro protocol, we measured RM, mass balance and EL. <b>Methods</b> In-vitro testing was performed on a small volume fill (1.0 mL) jet nebulizer- compressor combination (InspiRx breath enhanced mini-neb with DeVilbiss traveler compressor (3.1 LPM flow, 11 psi)) connected to a modified valved holding chamber (InspiRx InspiraChamber (IC)). The nebulizer was filled with radiolabeled saline, and tested during simulated breathing (1.5 L tidal volume in 7 sec) using a piston ventilator. Inspiratory gases were mixed in the IC via flow from the nebulizer and the IC9s inspiratory orifice. Expiratory gas exited via the valve in the IC. Particle distributions were measured with a cascade impactor. A mass balance was performed measuring inhaled mass (IM) respiratory fraction (RF=all particles ≤2.5 µm), RM= [IM(RF)], chamber deposition and nebulizer residual. The most desirable aerosol has a high IM with IM = RM e.g. no particles to deposit in upper airways. <b>Results</b> IM no IC=29.2%, RF 0.78, RM 22.8%, residual 63%, IM with IC=38.1%, RF 0.98, RM 37.3, IC deposition 2.0 %, residual 50%, EL 5-10% <b>Conclusion</b> Combining a jet nebulizer with IC yields a simple, efficient aerosol delivery system ideal for delivery to the deep lung with potentially minimal to no upper airway deposition.
Spectral subtraction using reduced delay convolution and adaptive averaging (2001)

In hands-free speech communication, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is often poor, which makes it difficult to have a relaxed conversation. By using noise suppression, the conversation quality can be improved. This paper describes a noise suppression algorithm based on spectral subtraction. The method employs a noise and speech-dependent gain function for each frequency component. Proper measures have been taken to obtain a corresponding causal filter and also to ensure that the circular convolution originating from fast Fourier transform (FFT) filtering yields a truly linear filtering. A novel method that uses spectrum-dependent adaptive averaging to decrease the variance of the gain function is also presented. The results show a 10-dB background noise reduction for all input SNR situations tested in the range -6 to 16 dB, as well as improvement in speech quality and reduction of noise artifacts as compared with conventional spectral subtraction methods.
Computer assisted planning of surgical procedures (1992)

A system for computer-assisted planning of surgical procedures has been developped. Its components are a workstation with hardware accelerated 3D rendering board, a software environment and a set of procedures. Data sets from over 41 patients have been analyzed so far. We found a potential for improving the surgeons understanding of the anatomical situation he was going to face and for reducing the time spent during surgery to understand the altered anatomy.
Architecture and Design Criteria for Space-Based Surveillance Radar (1987)

The architecture and the basic design criteria of a space-based surveillance system using primary and secondary radars from a low elevation orbit are described. It is felt that the main system problems, i.e. prime power, data rate, accuracy/resolution and availability, can be solved by fully exploiting the capabilities of distributed, adaptive phased arrays, compatibly with today's technology.
Azapeptides -A History of Synthetic Milestones and Key Examples (2022)

For over 50 years of azapeptide synthetic techniques, developments have renewed the field of peptidomimetic therapeutics. Azapeptides are close surrogates of natural peptides: they contain a substitution of the amino acid α-carbon by a nitrogen atom. Goserelin (1989) and Atazanavir (2003) are two well-known, FDA-approved azapeptide-based drugs for the treatment of cancers and HIV infection, providing evidence for the successful clinical implementation of this class of therapeutic. This review highlights the azapeptides in recent medicinal chemistry applications and synthetic milestones. We describe the current techniques for azapeptide bond formation by introducing azapeptide coupling reagents and chain elongation methods both in solution and solid-phase strategies.
Spectral waveform analysis by two-dimensional representation of derivatives (2000)

A Di-Dj plotting method using derivative pairs with different order (ith and jth derivatives) has been proposed as a powerful method of representation of spectral waveform. The principle of the method is explained and some examples of its applications are given to demonstrate the usefulness of the method in the spectral analysis. As the basis of spectral profile analysis. It is explained about the effects of plotting the correlations of derivatives of different order,—first vs. second and third vs. fourth—to separate adjacent bands. Next, the contours of Di-Dj plots created by the Lorentzian function is illustrated. Third, it is shown how the method can be used to determine the presence of an underlying band and how to extract the individual bands from an overlapping peak.
Vacuum Device for Collecting and Dispensing Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Other Insects into Small Cages (1987)

Journal Article Vacuum Device for Collecting and Dispensing Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Other Insects into Small Cages Get access Norman E. Gary, Norman E. Gary Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kenneth Lorenzen Kenneth Lorenzen Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 80, Issue 5, 1 September 1987, Pages 664–666, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/80.5.664 Published: 01 September 1987 Article history Received: 29 January 1987 Accepted: 23 March 1987 Published: 01 September 1987
Thermoelectric materials development (1998)

A systematic search for advanced thermoelectric materials was initiated at JPL several years ago to evaluate candidate materials which includes consideration of the following property attributes: (1) semiconducting properties; (2) large Seebeck coefficient; (3) high carrier mobility and high electrical conductivity; (4) low lattice thermal conductivity; and (5) chemical stability and low vapor pressure. Through this candidate screening process, JPL identified several families of materials as promising candidates for improved thermoelectric materials including the skutterudite family. As part of an ongoing effort to develop skutterudite materials with lower thermal conductivity values, several solid solutions and filled skutterudite materials were investigated under the effort sponsored by DOE. The efforts have primarily focused on: (1) study of existence and properties of solid solutions between the binary compounds CoSb3 and IrSb3, and RuSb2Te, and (2) CeFe(4-x)Sb12 based filled compositions. For the solid solutions, the lattice thermal conductivity reduction was expected to be reduced by the introduction of the Te and Ru atoms while in the case of CeFe(4-x)Ru(x)Sb12 based filled compositions. For the solid solutions, the lattice thermal conductivity reduction was expected to be reduced by the introduction of the Te and Ru atoms while in the case of CeFe(4-x)Ru(x)Sb12 filled compositions, the reduction would be caused by the rattling of Ce atoms located in the empty voids of the skutterudite structure and the substitution of Fe for Ru. The details of the sample preparation and characterization of their thermoelectric properties are reported in this report.
Influence of Downsampling Filters Characteristics on Compression Performance in Scalable Video Coding (2007)

The application of different downsampling filters in video coding directly models visual information at lower resolutions and influences the compression performance of a chosen coding system. In wavelet based scalable video coding the spatial scalability is achieved by the application of wavelets as downsampling filters. However, characteristics of different wavelets influence the performance at targeting spatio-temporal decoding points. In this paper an analysis of different downsampling filter in popular wavelet-based scalable video coding schemes is presented. Evaluation is performed for both intra and inter coding schemes using wavelets and standard downsampling strategies. Based on the obtained results a new concept of inter-resolution prediction is proposed which maximises the performance at all decoding points using combination of standard downsampling filters and wavelet-based coding.
Phosphorylation of Ser465 and Ser467 in the C Terminus of Smad2 Mediates Interaction with Smad4 and Is Required for Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling (1997)

Members of the Smad family of intracellular signal transducers are essential for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) to exert its multifunctional effects. After activation of TGF-beta receptors, Smad2 and Smad3 become phosphorylated and form heteromeric complexes with Smad4. Thereafter, these activated Smad complexes translocate to the nucleus, where they may direct transcriptional responses. Here we report that TGF-beta mediates phosphorylation of Smad2 at two serine residues in the C terminus, i.e. Ser465 and Ser467, which are phosphorylated in an obligate order; phosphorylation of Ser465 requires that Ser467 be phosphorylated. Transfection of Smad2 with mutation of Ser465 and/or Ser467 to alanine residues into Mv1Lu cells resulted in dominant-negative inhibition of TGF-beta signaling. These Smad2 mutants were found to stably interact with an activated TGF-beta receptor complex, in contrast to wild-type Smad2, which interacts only transiently. Mutation of Ser465 and Ser467 in Smad2 abrogated complex formation of this mutant with Smad4 and blocked the nuclear accumulation not only of Smad2, but also of Smad4. Thus, heteromeric complex formation of Smad2 with Smad4 is required for nuclear translocation of Smad4. Moreover, peptides from the C terminus of Smad2 containing phosphorylated Ser465 and Ser467 were found to bind Smad4 in vitro, whereas the corresponding unphosphorylated peptides were less effective. Thus, phosphorylated Ser465 and Ser467 in Smad2 may provide a recognition site for interaction with Smad4, and phosphorylation of these sites is a key event in Smad2 activation.
Multifunctional DNA-Gold Nanoparticles for Targeted Doxorubicin Delivery (2014)

In this report we describe the synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic properties of DNA-capped gold nanoparticles having attached folic acid (FA), a thermoresponsive polymer (p), and/or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers that could be used to deliver the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) in chemotherapy. The FA-DNA oligomer used in the construction of the delivery vehicle was synthesized through the reaction of the isolated folic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester with the amino-DNA and the conjugated DNA product was purified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This approach ultimately allowed control of the amount of FA attached to the surface of the delivery vehicle. Cytotoxicity studies using SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells with drug loaded delivery vehicles were carried out using a variety of exposure times (1-48 h) and recovery times (1-72 h), and in order to access the effects of varying amounts of attached FA, in culture media deficient in FA. DOX loaded delivery vehicles having 50% of the DNA strands with attached FA were more cytotoxic than when all of the strands contained FA. Since FA stimulates cell growth, the reduced cytotoxicity of vehicles fully covered with FA suggests that the stimulatory effects of FA can more than compensate for the cytotoxic effects of the drug on the cell population. While attachment of hexa-ethylene glycol PEG(18) to the surface of the delivery vehicle had no effect on cytotoxicity, 100% FA plus the thermoresponsive polymer resulted in IC50 = 0.48 ± 0.01 for an exposure time of 24 h and a recovery time of 1 h, which is an order of magnitude more cytotoxic than free DOX. Confocal microscopic studies using fluorescence detection showed that SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells exposed to DOX-loaded vehicles have drug accumulation inside the cell and, in the case of vehicles with attached FA and thermoresponsive polymer, the drug appears more concentrated. Since the biological target of DOX is DNA, the latter observation is consistent with the high cytotoxicity of vehicles having both FA and the thermoresponsive polymer. The study highlights the potential of DNA-capped gold nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for doxorubicin in cancer chemotherapy.
Influence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and Ag<sub>2</sub>O addition on tricalcium phosphate ceramics (2007)

Degradation of implanted ceramics allows for bone in-growth and eventual replacement with natural tissue. Calcium phosphate-based materials have gained the most significant attention because of their excellent biocompatibility and compositional similarities to natural bone. Adding various dopants to these ceramics significantly influences critical properties. In this study, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) compacts were fabricated via uniaxial compression with four compositions: (i) pure TCP, (ii) TCP with 1.0 wt % TiO(2), (iii) TCP with 0.5 wt % Ag(2)O, and (iv) ternary of TCP and 1.0 wt % TiO(2), and 0.5 wt % Ag(2)O. These compacts were sintered at 1250 degrees C for 4 h to obtain dense ceramic structures. Phase analyses were carried out using an X-ray diffractometer. The presence of TiO(2) in TCP improved densification and increased compression strength from 70 (+/-25) to 145 (+/-40) MPa. The ternary composition had the highest density and compression strength of 180 (+/-15) MPa. Human osteoblast cell growth behavior was studied using an osteoprecursor cell line (OPC 1) to assure that the biocompatibility of these ceramics was not altered due to the dopants. For long-term biodegradation studies, density, weight change, surface microstructure, and uniaxial compression strength were measured as a function of time in a simulated body fluid (SBF). Weight gain in SBF correlated strongly with precipitation viewed in the inter-connected pores of the samples. After 3 months in SBF, a 35% drop in compression strength was noticed for pure TCP, but for doped compositions, no strength loss was noticed.
Compressed Channel Sensing: A New Approach to Estimating Sparse Multipath Channels (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> High-rate data communication over a multipath wireless channel often requires that the channel response be known at the receiver. Training-based methods, which probe the channel in time, frequency, and space with known signals and reconstruct the channel response from the output signals, are most commonly used to accomplish this task. Traditional training-based channel estimation methods, typically comprising linear reconstruction techniques, are known to be optimal for rich multipath channels. However, physical arguments and growing experimental evidence suggest that many wireless channels encountered in practice tend to exhibit a sparse multipath structure that gets pronounced as the signal space dimension gets large (e.g., due to large bandwidth or large number of antennas). In this paper, we formalize the notion of multipath sparsity and present a new approach to estimating sparse (or effectively sparse) multipath channels that is based on some of the recent advances in the theory of compressed sensing. In particular, it is shown in the paper that the proposed approach, which is termed as compressed channel sensing (CCS), can potentially achieve a target reconstruction error using far less energy and, in many instances, latency and bandwidth than that dictated by the traditional least-squares-based training methods. </para>
Jet breaking tools for natural gas hydrate exploitation and their support technologies (2018)

Marine natural gas hydrate (NGH) reservoirs in China are characterized by shallow burial depth and weak cementing. In view of these characteristics, it is in an urgent need to develop a series of technologies and support tools to ensure safe, economical, green and efficient NGH exploitation. In this paper, a new technical idea of NGH jet breaking and fluidization exploitation without changing the temperature and pressure conditions of NGH reservoirs was proposed, and the support nozzle tools for NGH jet breaking was designed, experimentally tested and optimized. Then, the relationships between the jet breaking parameters of nozzles (e.g. working pressure drop, flow rate, and lifting and lowering velocity and frequency) and the borehole diameters and breaking rates of broken NGH were investigated based on laboratory tests, and the field construction engineering charts of NGH jet breaking and fluidization exploitation were established. Finally, this method was practically verified at Well Liwan 3 in the South China Sea. And following research results were obtained. First, the NGH jet breaking and fluidization exploitation technology can increase the production efficiency of NGH exploitation, protect the safety of reservoir bottom and reduce the energy consumption of NGH exploitation. Second, by using the nozzle tools of NGH jet breaking, the generated borehole diameters are regular, broken particles can flow back well, and the lowering velocity of jet breaking without pilot holes is less than 7.1 m/h. Third, the engineering charts of NGH jet breaking and fluidization exploitation interpret the influential laws of jet breaking behaviors and construction parameters on the borehole diameters and breaking rates of NGH so as to provide a reference for the selection of NGH production test technology parameters. And fourth, the successful implementation of the NGH jet breaking and fluidization technology in the production tests of Well Liwan 3 verifies the feasibility of NGH jet breaking and fluidization exploitation process, and exhibits its promising application prospects in NGH future commercial exploitation.
Proposal for a nanoscale variable resistor/electromechanical transistor (2008)

A nanoscale variable resistor consisting of a metal nanowire (active element), a dielectric, and a gate, is proposed. By means of the gate voltage, stochastic transitions between different conducting states of the nanowire can be induced, with a switching time as fast as picoseconds. With an appropriate choice of dielectric, the transconductance of the device, which may also be considered an ``electromechanical transistor,'' is shown to significantly exceed the conductance quantum G_0=2e^2/h, a remarkable figure of merit for a nanoscale device.
Backlash compensation with filtered prediction in discrete time nonlinear systems by dynamic inversion using neural networks (2002)

A dynamics inversion compensation scheme is designed for control of nonlinear discrete-time systems with input backlash. This paper extends the dynamic inversion technique to discrete-time systems by using a filtered prediction, and shows how to use a neural network (NN) for inverting the backlash nonlinearity in the feedforward path. The technique provides a general procedure for using NN to determine the dynamics preinverse of an invertible discrete time dynamical system. A discrete-time tuning algorithm is given for the NN weights so that the backlash compensation scheme guarantees bounded tracking and backlash errors, and also bounded parameter estimates. A rigorous proof of stability and performance is given and a simulation example verifies performance. Unlike standard discrete-time adaptive control techniques, no certainty equivalence (CE) or linear-in-the-parameters (LIP) assumptions are needed.
Solar Windows: Transparent Luminescent Solar Concentrators for Large‐Area Solar Windows Enabled by Massive Stokes‐Shift Nanocluster Phosphors (Adv. Energy Mater. 9/2013) (2013)

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) have been regaining interest for building integrated energy harvesting systems. However, the visible coloring of these systems has hindered widespread adoption, particularly in windows. On page 1143, Yimu Zhao and Richard R. Lunt demonstrate transparent LSCs based on exceptional nanocluster blends that exhibit massively down-converted emission with near-unity quantum yield and perfectly tuned absorption and emission throughout the visible spectrum. These devices present new opportunities for non-tinted and scalable solar-windows.
Highly Efficient Antibody-Catalyzed Deuteration of Carbonyl Compounds (2002)

Antibody 38C2 efficiently catalyzes deuterium-exchange reactions at the alpha position of a variety of ketones and aldehydes, including substrates that have a variety of sensitive functional groups. In addition to the regio- and chemoselectivity of these reactions, the catalytic rates (kcat) and rate-enhancement values (kcat/kun) are among the highest values ever observed with catalytic antibodies. Comparison of the substrate range of the catalytic antibody with highly evolved aldolase enzymes, such as rabbit-muscle aldolase, highlights the much broader practical scope of the antibody, which accepts a wide range of substrates. The hydrogen-exchange reaction was used for calibration and mapping of the antibody active site. Isotope-exchange experiments with cycloheptanone reveal that the formation of the Schiff base species (as concluded from the 16O/18O exchange rate at the carbonyl oxygen) is much faster than the formation of the enamine intermediate (as concluded from the H/D exchange rate), and both steps are faster than the antibody-catalyzed aldol addition reaction.