gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Vertical Track Modulus: Field Testing, Repeatability, and Effects of Track Geometry (2008)

The heavy axle loads and high speeds of modern freight trains produce high track stresses leading to quicker track degradation. Track loads can be increased by variations in vertical track stiffness — the relationship between vertical rail deflection and the vertical applied load — and vertical track modulus. Both low track modulus and large variations in track modulus (leading to increased dynamic loading) cause accelerated track degradation and associated increased maintenance requirements. The University of Nebraska, under sponsorship from the Federal Railroad Administration, continues to develop a method to measure vertical track deflection and modulus from a rail car traveling at revenue speed. This paper first summarizes past work to develop a method to measure vertical track deflection from a moving rail car. The measurement is made by attaching a beam to the sideframe of a loaded hopper car that extends along the rail toward the car’s center. Then the deflection of the rail is measured approximately four feet from the inner wheel using a camera/laser system. The measurement determines the offset between the rail and the line established by the two wheel/rail contact points. These deflection measurements can then be used to estimate track modulus. Results are presented for repeated tests on approximately three hundred miles of heavy axle load freight line over a period of about ten months. These results have shown that the measurements of the above system are extremely repeatable and are not significantly related to train speed. The measurements also show seasonal variations in track modulus caused by factors such as variations in subgrade moisture and ambient temperature. The system has shown a notable ability to identify locations at high risk of derailments. After each of the four tests, a “top ten” list was created indicating the largest changes in relative deflection in descending order (one top ten list corresponding to each of the four tests). The lists were created based on exception criteria presented by the authors at last year’s conference. Four derailments occurred over this ten month period and three of those derailments appear in the top ten lists (#2, #10, in list one and #1 in list four). Finally, simulation and experimental analysis that quantify and assess the co-relation between this system and track geometry is presented. Extreme track geometry variations can create errors as the relative deflection measurement is mapped into a specific value of track modulus. This effect is also quantified and described.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Inhibition of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Prevents Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis in Mice (2023)

<p>Gating strategy for STAT3 single-color flow cytometry analysis of splenic monocytes and granulocytes. Splenocytes were fixed, permeabilized, stained with IgG control or anti-pSTAT3 antibodies, and gated similarly as shown in Suppl. Fig. 1, Gate 2: Gate 1, single cells; Gate 2, large non-granular (Monocytes) and granular (Granulocytes) splenocytes; Gate 3 and Gate 4, single-color flow cytometry analysis of monocytes and granulocytes, respectively, for intracellular staining with isotype control (Control), anti-pSTAT3y705 or pSTAT3s727 mAbs.</p>
System parameter selection for asymmetric underlay CDMA networks with interference-minimizing code asssignment (2009)

We propose a framework for designing an underlay secondary CDMA network. The objective is to select the secondary system's bit rate and spreading factor that improve the secondary network throughput given a required bit error rate and an allowable transmit power level acceptable to the primary network. The selection scheme is applied to both the case of random code assignment and an interference-minimizing code assignment (IMCA) scheme. Our simulations reveal that the parameter selection for the system with interference-minimizing code assignment scheme leads to higher system throughput over that achieved with random code assignment. We also show that the IMCA scheme, unlike random code assignment, suffers negligible interference from adjacent bands in asynchronous channels.
Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection of Gums in Jet Fuels (1992)

The current method (ASTM D381) of determining the concentration of gums in jet fuels is a lengthy procedure requiring a large sample size. Because gum formation is believed to be an important step in the formation of deposits in fuel systems used in jet aircraft, a non-intrusive method of performing spatially resolved measurements of gum concentration in high temperature flow systems is a desired research tool. The present study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to monitor gum concentration in jet fuel. The study revealed several effects, such as aging and the interference of other fluoroshores with gum fluorescence, which require further investigation before LIF is to be considered a quantitative technique for measuring gums in jet fuels. However, this study showed that the formation of gums in jet fuels is detectable by LIF. The results show that gum formation in some fuels correlates strongly with LIF while for other fuels the results are ambiguous.
Distributed MAC and Rate Adaptation for Ultrasonically Networked\n Implantable Sensors (2013)

The use of miniaturized biomedical devices implanted in the human body and\nwirelessly internetworked is promising a significant leap forward in medical\ntreatment of many pervasive diseases. Recognizing the well-understood\nlimitations of traditional radio-frequency wireless communications in\ninterconnecting devices within the human body, in this paper we propose for the\nfirst time to develop network protocols for implantable devices based on\nultrasonic transmissions. We start off by assessing the feasibility of using\nultrasonic propagation in human body tissues and by deriving an accurate\nchannel model for ultrasonic intra-body communications. Then, we propose a new\nultrasonic transmission and multiple access technique, which we refer to as\nUltrasonic WideBand (UsWB). UsWB is based on the idea of transmitting\ninformation bits spread over very short pulses following a time-hopping\npattern. The short impulse duration results in limited reflection and\nscattering effects, and its low duty cycle reduces the thermal and mechanical\neffects, which are detrimental for human health. We then develop a multiple\naccess technique with distributed control to enable efficient simultaneous\naccess by interfering devices based on minimal and localized information\nexchange and on measurements at the receiver only. Finally, we demonstrate the\nperformance of UsWB through a multi-scale simulator that models the proposed\ncommunication system at the acoustic wave level, at the physical (bit) level,\nand at the network (packet) level.\n
An Optical Packet Switch Using Forward-Shift Switched Delay Lines (2013)

A 32×32 optical packet switch design using only four packets of variable delay is shown 95% as efficient as electronic switching using simulated Poisson Internet traffic. Our forward-shift approach is 10-30% better than a backward-shift.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of an Advanced Rotary Compressor (2000)

In a study focusing on the sliding part between the vane and the piston in a conventional rollingpiston type rotary compressor, a swing-piston type rotary compressor, which has a groove on the outside surface of its piston and a vane engaging with the groove at the tip, was proposed and studied. The results of theoretical analysis showed an improvement in mechanical efficiency of approximately 1%, attributable to reduction of mechanical loss from the reduced sliding velocity at the vane tip. Both types of compressors were fabricated and their characteristics were studied experimentally. The results showed that the swingpiston type rotary compressor demonstrated a higher mechanical efficiency, indicated efficiency, and volumetric efficiency by approximately 1%, and compressor efficiency by approximately 3%. Due to the increased sliding surface area and the reduced sliding velocity between the vane tip and the piston of the swing-piston type, the potential exists for improved efficiency and reliability
Segmented waveguide array gratings made by electron beam lithography (2006)

We have designed and studied the fabrication limitations for a new type of optical waveguide filter based on the concept of a "Segmented Waveguide Array Grating" (SWAG, see refs. 1,2). The idea is to make an optical waveguide consisting of a large number of segments which differ from each other by their precise length and by a precise change in one of their transverse dimensions. The transitions between different segments are abrupt in the transverse dimension on the scale of one tenth the wavelength of light in the medium and are positioned with nanometer precision along the propagation axis of light. Reflections from a given subset of these transitions add up coherently and can give a grating-like reflection spectrum. By precisely positioning the segment transitions and by setting the variable transverse dimension at precise values one can design a large variety of filtering functions. As an example we have designed a filtering function that has a nearly rectangular profile, something that would be very useful in applications of WDM optical communications. The light scattering losses at segment transitions can be minimized by choosing average transverse dimensions such that the waveguide operates near the diffraction minimum. The lithography step of simple planar SWAG devices has been carried out by means of electron beam direct writing. The waveguide materials used were 6-micron thick silica/germania layers (index 1.454) spaced from a silicon substrate by a 14-micron thick pure silica layer. Trapped electron phenomena in the silica layer were eliminated by depositing metal layers on top of the silica in order to stop electrons traversing the photoresist. SWAG patterns with sharp features were obtained and are expected to give the expected spectral filtering functions.
MobiFace: A Mobile Application for Faceted Search over Hidden Web Databases (2017)

A large number of web databases are hidden behind form-based interfaces (consisting of interface components such as textboxes, drop-down boxes, etc) for users to enter their desired values in a search query. Form-based interfaces are not always easy to use and error-prone on mobile devices, mainly because of limitations such as smaller screen, trickier text input, etc. We build MobiFace which is a faceted search system over a hidden database for mobile users. The goal of our system is to help a user to find her tuple of interest with as fewer questions as possible. MobiFace dynamically suggests facets for drilling down into the hidden web database such that the navigation cost is minimized. We run the experiment over real IMDB dataset on a mobile device.
Muscle tissue ischemia monitoring using impedance spectroscopy: preliminary results (2002)

Ischemia of muscular tissues causes changes in tissue impedance. These changes and therefore ischemia levels can be monitored by measuring tissue impedance. The overall goal of this research is to develop a muscle tissue ischemia monitoring system, based on tissue impedance measurements at various frequencies (impedance spectroscopy). For a successful instrument design, it is necessary to have some knowledge on tissue ischemia-impedance relationship, problems involved with in-vivo measurements of the tissue impedance, repeatability of measurement results, etc. For this purpose, several animal experiments, involving induced ischemia and its monitoring by impedance spectroscopy, were conducted and their results are reported in this paper. These results indicate that the proposed principle can be used for developing a muscle tissue ischemia monitoring system however, they also point out problems that have to be solved.
Creation of Entangled Photonic States Using Linear Optics (2021)

Using only linear optical elements, the creation of dual-rail photonic entangled states is inherently probabilistic. Known entanglement generation schemes have low success probabilities, requiring large-scale multiplexing to achieve near-deterministic operation of quantum information processing protocols. In this paper, we introduce multiple techniques and methods to generate photonic entangled states with high probability, which have the potential to reduce the footprint of Linear Optical Quantum Computing (LOQC) architectures drastically. Most notably, we are showing how to improve Bell state preparation from four single photons to up to p=2/3, boost Type-I fusion to 75% with a dual-rail Bell state ancilla and improve Type-II fusion beyond the limits of Bell state discrimination.
Adaptive λ estimation in Lagrangian rate-distortion optimization for video coding (2006)

In this paper, adaptive Lagrangian multiplier λ estimation in Larangian R-D optimization for video coding is presented that is based on the ρ-domain linear rate model and distortion model. It yields that λ is a function of rate, distortion and coding input statistics and can be written as λ(R, D, σ<sup>2</sup>) = β(ln(σ<sup>2</sup>/D) + δ)D/R + k<sub>0</sub>, with β, δ and k<sub>0</sub> as coding constants, σ<sup>2</sup> is variance of prediction error input. λ(R, D, σ<sup>2</sup>) describes its ubiquitous relationship with coding statistics and coding input in hybrid video coding such as H.263, MPEG-2/4 and H.264/AVC. The lambda evaluation is de-coupled with quantization parameters. The proposed lambda estimation enables a fine encoder design and encoder control.
Peptide-Nanoparticle Hybrid SERS Probe for Dynamic Detection of Active Cancer Biomarker Enzymes (2006)

Real-time in situ detection of protease enzymes is crucial for early-stage cancer screening and cell signaling pathway study; however it is difficult to be realized using fluorescence or radioactive probes. Here we devise a hybrid optical probe by incorporating nanocrescent particle and peptides with artificial tag molecules. The peptides have high specificity to PSA, one of the most prominent prostate cancer markers, and a serine protease present in patients' seminal fluid and serum. The extrinsic Raman spectral signal from the tag molecules is enhanced by the nanocrescent and the signal is monitored as the indicator for the peptide digestion in nanomolar PSA concentration and femtoliter reaction volume. Sensitive detection of cancer-related serine protease activity of PSA proteins in low concentrations and small volumes of biofluid is critical to early cancer diagnosis, clinical staging, and therapy. The high reaction specificity of the peptide and the monitored extrinsic Raman signal also minimizes the false detection of other serine proteases and intrinsic Raman signal, which results in a high-fidelity and high-signal-to-noise-ratio cancer nanoprobe. Peptide-conjugated nanocrescents should also be applicable for measuring the intercellular and intracellular activity of other cancer-related proteases and protease activity profiling-enabled cancer cell identification.
Solid state microdosimeter for spacecraft applications (2002)

An instrument is described which is designed to characterize the complex radiation environments of space, including solar flares, in terms of the risk of SEUs in microelectronics and the risk to the health of astronauts. The data generated during exposure consist of pulse height spectra measured when energetic charged particles traverse p-n junctions having dimensions comparable to the SEU-sensitive junctions of modern microelectronics. Proper choice of junction allows the instrument to test environmental models and/or characterize the risk of SEU for specific technologies. Because the sensitive volume associated with each microjunction also has dimensions comparable to those of biological cells, the data can also be used to characterize the environment according to its risk to astronauts.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Heterogeneous Resource Reservation (2018)

Given a large variety of resources and billing contracts offered by today’s cloud providers, customers face a nontrivial optimization challenge for their application workloads. A number of works are dealing with either billing contracts selection optimization or resource types selection. We argue that the largest cost savings to elastic workloads result from jointly optimizing heterogeneous resources and billing contracts selection. To this end, we introduce a novel cloud control and management framework and formulate a novel optimization problem called Heterogeneous Resource Reservation (HRR). We evaluate our solution through a thorough simulation study using publicly available cloud workload data as well as internal anonymous customer data. For these data our approach attain dramatic cost savings compared to the current state of the art.
Motion estimation using low-bit oriented edge imagefor DCT-basedvideo compression (2001)

A novel block-based motion estimation algorithm using a low-bit resolution oriented edge image (LROEI) is proposed. The algorithm produces difference blocks with little texture for DCT coding and enhances the encoding efficiency. Simulation based on a hierarchical subsampling telescope search confirms that the quality of the LROEI is superior to that of luminance image compared with HSTS using an 8 bit luminance image. The operational loads are also reduced to 75 or 50% without quality degradation.
Novel Lithography-Based Approaches to Pattern Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Thin Films (2002)

Layer-by-layer self-assembly is a key enabling technique in nanotechnology. It is very crucial to pattern the self-assembled thin films for the realization of nano/microelectronics devices or NEMS (Nano Electro Mechanical Systems). Two approaches to generate spatially separated patterns comprised of organic or inorganic nanoparticles are demonstrated. The processes are based on the lithographic patterning of the nanoparticle-based thin films which are layer-by-layer assembled. This opens to industrial applications of popular layer-by-layer method to produce multilayers for polymers, nanoparticles and protein organized in nanometer scale. These two methods are referred to by us as “lift-off” and “metal mask”, respectively. Sharp and clear patterns are created with both methods and images are recorded by scanning electron microscope. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed and potential usage in 3-D nanostructure fabrication is investigated. In addition, temperature-dependent experiment has first been carried out to make this techniques more practical for micro/naoelectronics or NEMS devices.
Miniature toroidal radio frequency ion trap mass analyzer (2006)

A miniature ion trap mass analyzer is reported. The described analyzer is a 1/5-scale version of a previously reported toroidal radio frequency (rf) ion trap mass analyzer. The toroidal ion trap operates with maximum rf trapping voltages about 1 kVp-p or less; however despite the reduced dimensions, it retains roughly the same ion trapping capacity as conventional 3D quadrupole ion traps. The curved geometry provides for a compact mass analyzer. Unit-mass resolved mass spectra for n-butylbenzene, xenon, and naphthalene are reported and preliminary sensitivity data are shown for naphthalene. The expected linear mass scale with rf amplitude scan is obtained when scanned using a conventional mass-selective instability scan mode combined with resonance ejection.
4.4 A 28/37GHz Scalable, Reconfigurable Multi-Layer Hybrid/Digital MIMO Transceiver for TDD/FDD and Full-Duplex Communication (2020)

This paper describes an advanced mm-wave MIMO transceiver with several innovative attributes. It introduces a multi-layer hybrid/digital MIMO architecture that comprises multiple tiles having fully connected (FC) RF-domain complex-weights in the first layer, followed by fully connected (analog or digital) baseband layer(s). This architecture mitigates complexity versus spectral-efficiency tradeoffs of hybrid MIMO architectures (Fig. 4.4.1), and enables efficient upward scaling in the number of MIMO streams. The architecture can be configured into numerous multi-layer hybrid MIMO modes comprising FC or partially-connected (PC) RF tiles, or as the front-end of a fully digital MIMO array, or as a conventional phased-array [1]. Another important contribution of this paper is the demonstration of full-duplex (FD) multi-antenna communication, enabled by on-chip self-interference cancellation (SIC). In the RX path, the MIMO transceiver features three-step successive SIC with a per-element SIC step that cancels TX leakage in the RF domain independently for each element. It is important to note that such SIC is available only with tiles that have FC in the first layer. To realize autonomous SIC, an on-chip adaptation engine is implemented that optimally sets SIC weights for each element using a time-multiplexed least-mean square (LMS) algorithm.
Revival of partial scan: Test cube analysis driven conversion of flip-flops (2011)

Increasing complexity of integrated circuits has forced the industry to abandon partial scan, which necessitates a computationally demanding and unaffordable sequential ATPG, and to rather adopt full scan despite its costs. In this paper, we propose a partial scan scheme driven by a computationally efficient test cube analysis. We tackle the challenges associated with the identification of the conditions to restore the controllability and observability compromised due to partial scan, and with the formulation of these conditions in terms of test cube operations. Upon the identification of a maximal-sized set of scan flip-flops that are converted to non-scan, a simple post-processing of the test cubes helps compute the values to be loaded into the scan flip-flops, eliminating the need to re-run ATPG while at the same time ensuring the quality of full scan. The proposed scheme combines the simplicity of the conventional ATPG flow with the area, performance, test time, and test power reduction benefits of partial scan. The proposed test cube analysis driven partial scan scheme is orthogonal and thus fully compatible with other test cost reduction techniques, such as test data compression and test power reduction, which can be applied in conjunction.
Medical ultrasonic tomographic system (1977)

An electro-mechanical scanning assembly was designed and fabricated for the purpose of generating an ultrasound tomogram. A low cost modality was demonstrated in which analog instrumentation methods formed a tomogram on photographic film. Successful tomogram reconstructions were obtained on in vitro test objects by using the attenuation of the fist path ultrasound signal as it passed through the test object. The nearly half century tomographic methods of X-ray analysis were verified as being useful for ultrasound imaging.