gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modular programming in C (1985)

Unlike ADA or Modula-2, the programming language C is not inherently modular. But by exploiting certain features of the language it is possible to build modular design into C programs. This has advantages in large programming projects where source code will be written by many programmers, or in applications calling for a collection of syntactically identical interconnected modules.The approach suggested here is not as ambitious as in Stroustrup [1982], requiring a change to the C compiler; rather, standard C (Kernighan & Ritchie [1978]) is used. This is more in keeping with the work of Boyd [1983, 1984].
Feedback induced microwave signal dropout in 0.83μm fibre-optic links (1988)

Large losses (dropouts) of the output RF signal of a fibreoptic link are reported. Measurements in the 2–18 GHz range with 0.7–1.6 km fibre lengths indicate that optical feedback induced laser longitudinal mode instabilities coupled with fibre dispersion result in more than 45 dB loss of RF signal during mode hops or multimode operation.
Differential role of Sloan-Kettering Institute (Ski) protein in Nodal and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- )-induced Smad signaling in prostate cancer cells (2012)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways contain both tumor suppressor and tumor promoting activities. We have demonstrated that Nodal, another member of the TGF-β superfamily, and its receptors are expressed in prostate cancer cells. Nodal and TGF-β exerted similar biological effects on prostate cells; both inhibited proliferation in WPE, RWPE1 and DU145 cells, whereas neither had any effect on the proliferation of LNCaP or PC3 cells. Interestingly, Nodal and TGF-β induced migration in PC3 cells, but not in DU145 cells. TGF-β induced predominantly phosphorylation of Smad3, whereas Nodal induced phosphorylation of only Smad2. We also determined the expression and differential role of Ski, a corepressor of Smad2/3, in Nodal and TGF-β signaling in prostate cancer cells. Similar levels of Ski mRNA were found in several established prostate cell lines; however, high levels of Ski protein were only detected in prostate cancer cells and prostate cancer tissue samples. Exogenous Nodal and TGF-β had no effects on Ski mRNA levels. On the other hand, TGF-β induced a rapid degradation of Ski protein mediated by the proteasomal pathway, whereas Nodal had no effect on Ski protein. Reduced Ski levels correlated with increased basal and TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Knockdown of endogenous Ski reduced proliferation in DU145 cells and enhanced migration of PC3 cells. We conclude that high levels of Ski expression in prostate cancer cells may be responsible for repression of TGF-β and Smad3 signaling, but Ski protein levels do not influence Nodal and Smad2 signaling.
Pharmacology of human experimental anxiety (2003)

This review covers the effect of drugs affecting anxiety using four psychological procedures for inducing experimental anxiety applied to healthy volunteers and patients with anxiety disorders. The first is aversive conditioning of the skin conductance responses to tones. The second is simulated public speaking, which consists of speaking in front of a video camera, with anxiety being measured with psychometric scales. The third is the Stroop Color-Word test, in which words naming colors are painted in the same or in a different shade, the incongruence generating a cognitive conflict. The last test is a human version of a thoroughly studied animal model of anxiety, fear-potentiated startle, in which the eye-blink reflex to a loud noise is recorded. The evidence reviewed led to the conclusion that the aversive conditioning and potentiated startle tests are based on classical conditioning of anticipatory anxiety. Their sensitivity to benzodiazepine anxiolytics suggests that these models generate an emotional state related to generalized anxiety disorder. On the other hand, the increase in anxiety determined by simulated public speaking is resistant to benzodiazepines and sensitive to drugs affecting serotonergic neurotransmission. This pharmacological profile, together with epidemiological evidence indicating its widespread prevalence, suggests that the emotional state generated by public speaking represents a species-specific response that may be related to social phobia and panic disorder. Because of scant pharmacological data, the status of the Stroop Color-Word test remains uncertain. In spite of ethical and economic constraints, human experimental anxiety constitutes a valuable tool for the study of the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders.
Sulfurization induced surface constitution and its correlation to the performance of solution-processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells (2014)

To obtain high photovoltaic performances for the emerging copper zinc tin sulfide/selenide (CZTSSe) thin film solar cells, much effort has deservedly been placed on CZTSSe phase purification and CZTSSe grain size enhancement. Another highly crucial but less explored factor for device performance is the elemental constitution of CZTSSe surface, which is at the heart of p-n junction where major photogenerated carriers generate and separate. In this work we demonstrate that, despite the well-built phase and large grained films are observed by common phases and morphology characterization (XRD, Raman and SEM), prominent device efficiency variations from short circuited to 6.4% are obtained. Insight study highlights that the surface (0-250 nm) compositions variation results in different bulk defect depths and doping densities in the depletion zone. We propose that suitable sulfurization (at ~ 10 kPa sulfur pressure) drives optimization of surface constitution by managing the Cu, Zn and Sn diffusion and surface reaction. Therefore, our study reveals that the balance of elemental diffusion and interface reactions is the key to tuning the surface quality CZTSSe film and thus the performance of as resulted devices.
Neural Networks in Electrical Engineering (2006)

Neural networks are a subject thought by some to be a branch of artificial intelligence (AI). Although neural network research dates back about sixty years, it is generally considered a newer problem solving technique than AI. Whereas AI is applied in the form of “if-then” rules, neural networks attempt to model the structure of the human brain and are based on selflearning. The structure is highly parallel, resulting in the ability to selforganize to represent information and rapidly solve problems in real time. However, even with today’s high-speed computers, artificial neural networks are limited by the fact that they can only replicate a small fraction of the brain’s total structure. Early work in neural networks was researched primarily by neuroscientists and psychologists, whose interests were in learning more about the brain. Soon after, mathematicians, physicists and computer scientists joined in. Engineers were attracted to the subject by recognizing its potential for solving problems for which other techniques, such as traditional computer programming, may not have been feasible or economical. Neural networks tend to do well at recognizing patterns within seemingly random data, as opposed to applications involving rules of logic. As a result, they have been applied to areas of business such as evaluation of loan applications and stock market pattern prediction, and to other areas such as handwriting and speech recognition and the detection of signals in a noisy environment. This paper will present a brief overview of a simple two-layer neural network structure and a supervised learning algorithm called Perceptron. In supervised learning the network is trained to map a given set of input patterns to known outputs. After the patterns have been “learned” the network can be tested for patterns with errors present. With the aid of MATLAB programs created by the author, Perceptron learning is first applied to a problem of alphabetic character recognition, which relates to the application of handwriting analysis. The algorithm is then used to train a network to distinguish among square, triangular and sinusoidal waveforms. The network is then tested by, superimposing a given level of “random” noise on each waveform, and determining whether the “noisy” waveforms can still be distinguished from each other. A third example
Xylochemistry—Making Natural Products Entirely from Wood (2015)

The first total synthesis of the dimeric berberine alkaloid ilicifoline (ilicifoline B) is reported. Its carbon skeleton is constructed from ferulic acid, veratrole, and methanol. The synthesis reported herein employs starting materials solely derived from wood. The natural product is thus constructed entirely from renewable resources. The same strategy is applied to a formal total synthesis of morphinan alkaloids. The use of wood-derived building blocks (xylochemicals) instead of the conventional petrochemicals represents a sustainable alternative to classical synthetic approaches.
The Use of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Diagnosis and Study of Metabolic Disorders I. the Screening and Identification of Urinary and Serum Amino Acids (1973)

The common urinary and serum amino acids have been separated and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of their neopentylidene alkyl ester derivatives.
A Proposed HSV-Based Pseudo Coloring Scheme for Enhancing Medical Image (2018)

Comparisons with other literary works were performed and the results are promising.
Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. (1986)

A theory of norms and normality is presented and applied to some phenomena of emotional responses, social judgment, and conversations about causes. Norms are assumed to be constructed ad hoc by recruiting specific representations. Category norms are derived by recruiting exemplars. Specific objects or events generate their own norms by retrieval of similar experiences stored in memory or by construction of counterfactual alternatives. The normality of a stimulus is evaluated by comparing it to the norms that it evokes after the fact, rather than to precomputed expectations. Norm theory is applied in analyses of the enhanced emotional response to events that have abnormal causes, of the generation of predictions and inferences from observations of behavior, and of the role of norms in causal questions and answers. This article is concerned with category norms that represent knowledge of concepts and with stimulus norms that govern comparative judgments and designate experiences as surprising. In the tradition of adaptation level theory (Appley, 1971; Helson, 1964), the concept of norm is applied to events that range in complexity from single visual displays to social interactions. We first propose a model of an activation process that produces norms, then explore the role of norms in social cognition. The central idea of the present treatment is that norms are computed after the event rather than in advance. We sketch a supplement to the generally accepted idea that events in the stream of experience are interpreted and evaluated by consulting precomputed schemas and frames of reference. The view developed here is that each stimulus selectively recruits its own alternatives (Garner, 1962, 1970) and is interpreted in a rich context of remembered and constructed representations of what it could have been, might have been, or should have been. Thus, each event brings its own frame of reference into being. We also explore the idea that knowledge of categories (e.g., encounters with Jim) can be derived on-line by selectively evoking stored representations of discrete episodes and exemplars. The present model assumes that a number of representations can be recruited in parallel, by either a stimulus event or an
Microactuators for microrobots: a critical survey (1992)

The authors present a critical survey of some representative technologies which are candidates for the development of microactuators for microrobots. Since the field of 'microrobotics' is an entirely new one, some concepts and definitions are given first; in particular, a distinction between 'micromachines' and 'microrobots' is proposed. Then, a further classification is proposed between three different types of robots: the 'miniature' robot, the 'microrobot' and the 'nanorobot', and their expected performances and fields of applications are discussed. The need for developing dedicated miniature actuators and microactuators emerges clearly from this discussion, together with the main requirements for this class of 'new' actuators. Finally, some significant examples of implementation of microactuators are illustrated, and the main advantages and limitations of each technology are discussed.
Theoretical Design of Single-Layer Antireflection Coatings on Laser Facets (1984)

Single-layer antireflection coating films are used to transform semiconductor injection lasers into different kinds of active devices such as superluminescent diodes or optical amplifiers. In this paper, optimum film parameters (thickness h and index of refraction n) are established for a wide range of InGaAsP lasers emitting at 1.3 μm. Optimum film parameters are different for the TE and TM polarizations. The minimum theoretical power reflectivity is higher for the TM polarization than the minumum reflectivity for the TE polarization by a factor of about three. Both are very low, on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−6</sup> . Tolerances in film parameters for a power reflectivity R ≤ 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−3</sup> (which is acceptable for most practical applications) are calculated for a typical laser having a spot size a = 0.5 μm. The tolerances are Δh ≅ ±50Å and Δn/n ≅ ±3 percent for the TE polarization and Δh ≅ ±43Å and Δn/n ≅ ±2.4 percent for the TM polarization. Processing of high-quality antireflection coating films on InGaAsP devices is possible according to these tolerances by using sputtered SI <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> , which allows a very slow deposition rate (on the order of 75Å/min) and the tailoring of the film index by adjusting the nitrogen pressure in the plasma.
AN ARTIFICIAL NERVE NETWORK REALIZATION IN THE MEASUREMENT OF MATERIAL PERMITTIVITY (2011)

Effective complex permittivity measurements of materials are important in microwave engineering and microwave chemistry. Artificial neural network (ANN) computational module has been used in microwave technology and becomes a useful tool recently. A neural network can be trained to learn the behavior of an effective permittivity of material under microwave irradiation in a test system, and it can provide a fast and accurate result for the permittivity measurement of material. Thus, an on-line measurement has been realized. This paper presents a simple and convenient reconstruction algorithm for determining the dielectric properties of materials. First, a measurement system is designed, and the reflection coefficient is calculated by employing full-wave simulations. Second, an artificial nerve network has been applied, and adequate simulated materials are utilized to train the networks. Last, the trained network is employed to reconstruct the effective permittivity of several organic solvents using the measured scattering parameters, and the reconstructed results for several organic solvents agree well with reference data and the relative errors between them are less than 5%.
Full Issue (2.1, Spring 1990) (1990)

Editorial Policy. The objective of The lournal of Transportation Management is to report and disseminate new information and new techniques to improve and advance the management of transportation. Articles in The Journal of Transportation Management are of interest to both transportation practitioners and academics. As such, they report topics relevant to the practice of transportation as a profession, to professionals.
Extended Depth-of-Field Microscope Imaging: MPP Image Fusion VS. WAVEFRONT CODING (2006)

Biomedical specimens thicker than the microscope depth-of-field (DOF) produces images of limited quality where a part of the specimen is in focus and others out of focus. Even the best in-focus image always contains objects that are blurred. These blurred contents make the quantitative and accurate analysis of the specimen difficult. The problem can be remedied by extending the DOF of the imaging system. One way to achieve this is to apply digital image fusion, a software technique that combines multiple images into a carefully synthesized image. Another way, albeit more expensive, is to incorporate modification in the optical system. In this paper we describe an extended DOF method that is based on multiscale pointwise product (MPP) image fusion, and compare it with the state-of-the-art wavefront coding technique which involves optical modification. We show competitive performance of our method and contrast its pros and cons with those of the wavefront coding.
Light-matter Interaction and Third Harmonic Generation in the Near-infrared Using Plasmonic Metasurfaces and InAs/AlSb Semiconductor Heterostructures (2020)

We leverage the very large conduction band offset of InAs/AlSb heterostructures and demonstrate coupling between a plasmonic metasurface and intersubband transitions at nearinfrared wavelengths. The same nonlinear metasurface can be used for third harmonic generation.
The effectiveness of global positioning system electronic navigation (2004)

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio-navigation system that consists of a constellation of twenty-four satellites located in six orbits, and their ground control stations. A unique device called the GPS receiver is responsible for the actual interface between the civil user and the global positioning system network. Global position system provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed using a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute position in three dimensions (X, Y, and Z) and the time offset in the receiver clock. The position in the X, Y, and Z dimensions along with time are converted in the receiver to calculate geodetic latitude, longitude and height above the ellipsoid. Our research utilizes the earthmate high-performance GPS receiver, Ashtech G8 GPS receiver and a Sigtech Subaltto MC 500 GPS receiver. Our purpose is to test and evaluate the performance of the receivers to determine which gives more accurate position. In addition to position, we will determine the accuracy of the measurements computed by the receiver in comparison to those of a local area road map. This research focus towards implementing GPS into an indoor environment. With this research, we can determine which receiver(s) would be more effective for positioning, tracking, and navigation in a closed structure.
The load, capacity and availability of quorum systems (2002)

A quorum system is a collection of sets (quorums) every two of which have a nonempty intersection. Quorum systems have been used for a number of applications in the area of distributed systems. We investigate the load, capacity and availability of quorum systems. We present four novel constructions of quorum system, all featuring optimal or near optimal load, and high availability. These desirable properties of the constructions translate into improvements of any protocol using them: a low work load on the processors and a high resilience to processor failures. The best construction, based on paths in a grid, has a load of O(1//spl radic/n), and a failure probability of exp(-O(/spl radic/n)) when the elements fail with probability p< 1/2 . Moreover, even in the presence of faults, with exponentially high probability the load of this system is still O(1//spl radic/n). The analysis of this scheme is based on Percolation Theory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Gene expression markers of Tumor Infiltrating Leukocytes (2017)

Due to their concise gene set, computational simplicity and utility in tumor samples, these cell type gene signatures may be useful in future discovery research and clinical trials to understand how tumors and therapeutic intervention shape the immune response.
Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers as Enabling Quantum Technology (2021)

Abstract Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) represent the most fascinating achievement of quantum engineering, showing how artificial materials can be generated through quantum design, with tailor‐made properties. Their inherent quantum nature deeply affects their core physical parameters. QCLs indeed display intrinsic linewidths approaching the quantum limit, and show spontaneous phase‐locking of their emitted modes via intracavity four‐wave‐mixing, meaning that they can naturally operate as miniaturized metrological frequency rulers, also in frontier frequency domains, as the far‐infrared, yet unexplored in quantum science. Here, the authors discuss the fundamental quantum properties of QCLs operating at terahertz frequencies and their key technological performances, highlighting future perspectives of this frontier research field in disruptive areas of quantum technologies such as quantum sensing, quantum metrology, quantum imaging, and photonic‐based quantum computation.
Membrane interactions of HIV : implications for pathogenesis and therapy in AIDS (1992)

Partial table of contents: HIV Envelope: Structure and Function Morphogenesis and Morphology of HIV Molecular Mechanisms of Enveloped Viruses Entry Into Host Cells: Protein Dynamics and Membrane Fusion Membrane Interactions of HIV: Attachment, Fusion, and Cytopathology The Mechanism of HIV-1 Entry and Fusion as Determined by Fluorescence Dequenching: Similarities with Parainfluenza Virus and Implications of Cytopathology in AIDS The Role of Both Post-Fusion Lumen Expansion and Membrane Fusion in the Entry of Cells by Enveloped Viruses Membrane Lipids and Dynamics in the Enveloped Virus Life Cycle A Molecular Study of the Fusion Between Viral and Cell Membranes Selective Killing of HIV-Infected Cells by Liposomes Novel Membrane Interactive Ether Lipids with Anti-HIV Activity Reconstitution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Clinical Improvement in AIDS Patients Treated with the Membrane Fluidizer AL-721.
Magnetic properties of (Nd0.9R0.1)5Fe17 with R=Sm, Gd, and Y (1994)

Magnetic properties of (Nd0.9R0.1)5Fe17 have been investigated. Samples were prepared by arc melting and annealed at 600 °C for 48 days. X-ray diffraction and thermomagnetic analyses showed that the samples are almost single phase with the Nd5Fe17 structure when R=Sm, Gd, and Y, but this structure cannot be formed when R=Pr. The effects of R substitution on saturation magnetization, Curie temperature, and lattice parameters are reported. X-ray diffraction analyses of aligned powders suggests that these samples have basal plane anisotropy. The magnetization does not fully saturate along the field in a field up to 70 kOe although the magnetization curves show the characteristic behavior of a soft ferromagnetic material.
eikonocity, 2019 - anno IV, n. 2 (2020)

La storia e l’identità della città e del paesaggio sono i temi che legano tra loro i sette contributi ospitati in questo numero della rivista, condividendo con il lettore altrettante esperienze di ricerca in Francia, Romania, Italia, Polonia, Colombia, Spagna e Portogallo. Questa rassegna intende così contribuire a esemplificare a scala internazionale gli sviluppi multidisciplinari raggiunti dagli studi sull’iconografia urbana in occasione dei cinquant’anni della Cartografia della città di Napoli di Cesare de Seta e a ridosso dei venticinque anni della costituzione del Centro Studi sull’Iconografia della Città Europea (poi CIRICE).