gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Guided Acoustic Wave Liquid Level Sensor (1987)

It is known that the level of a liquid in a tank can be determined from the measurement of the time of flight of acoustic waves propagating in the atmosphere between the transducer and the surface of the liquid. Unfortunately, the propagation of the waves is affected by any variation (pressure. air motion, temperature) of the atmosphere. In order to reduce the effects of these disturbances, we propose to guide the acoustic waves. We report on experiments performed, in a water tank, with cylindrical tube waveguides (diameters 12-14 m). Two modes of flexion, symmetrical and antisyrmnetrical, have been excited by piezoelectric ceramic transducers (ring. bar). The echo from the reflection at the guide-water interface is easily detected.
From throw-away traffic to bots: detecting the rise of DGA-based malware (2012)

Many botnet detection systems employ a blacklist of known command and control (C&amp;C) domains to detect bots and block their traffic. Similar to signature-based virus detection, such a botnet detection approach is static because the blacklist is updated only after running an external (and often manual) process of domain discovery. As a response, botmasters have begun employing domain generation algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically produce a large number of random domain names and select a small subset for actual C&amp;C use. That is, a C&amp;C domain is randomly generated and used for a very short period of time, thus rendering detection approaches that rely on static domain lists ineffective. Naturally, if we know how a domain generation algorithm works, we can generate the
Diurnal variations in pain perception and thermal sensitivity (1989)

Pain and thermal sensitivity thresholds in healthy volunteers were examined for diurnal variations. The subjects were 11 men aged between 22 and 27 years (x = 23.5, S.D. = 1.5). Data were collected for 2 days, with 7 measurements per day. To ensure the pain specificity of the results the subliminal modality i.e., thermal sensitivity thresholds to warm and cold stimuli, was investigated in addition to the threshold for perception of heat pain. Assessments were made on the right hand and foot, the stimuli being presented with a thermoelectric contact-thermode. Despite the influence of variables other than time of day (45–56% of the total variance), diurnal variations were found for some subjects on the pain threshold measure (significant correlation between days and relatively high frequency of 24 h component in Fourier analysis spectra). However, they could not be demonstrated for the thermal sensitivity measures. The diurnal variations in pain perception thresholds did not have a consistent pattern over all subjects (Friedman test). The small diurnal variations with interindividual differences in the pattern are therefore not sufficient to explain the variations seen in clinical pain, but they may be useful in detecting pain modulators by investigating correlations.
Real-Time Computer Vision and Robotics Using Analog VLSI Circuits (1989)

The long-term goal of our laboratory is the development of analog resistive network-based VLSI implementations of early and intermediate vision algorithms. We demonstrate an experimental circuit for smoothing and segmenting noisy and sparse depth data using the resistive fuse and a 1-D edge-detection circuit for computing zero-crossings using two resistive grids with different space-constants. To demonstrate the robustness of our algorithms and of the fabricated analog CMOS VLSI chips, we are mounting these circuits onto small mobile vehicles operating in a real-time, laboratory environment.
Productive Homologous and Non-homologous Recombination of Hepatitis C Virus in Cell Culture (2013)

Genetic recombination is an important mechanism for increasing diversity of RNA viruses, and constitutes a viral escape mechanism to host immune responses and to treatment with antiviral compounds. Although rare, epidemiologically important hepatitis C virus (HCV) recombinants have been reported. In addition, recombination is an important regulatory mechanism of cytopathogenicity for the related pestiviruses. Here we describe recombination of HCV RNA in cell culture leading to production of infectious virus. Initially, hepatoma cells were co-transfected with a replicating JFH1ΔE1E2 genome (genotype 2a) lacking functional envelope genes and strain J6 (2a), which has functional envelope genes but does not replicate in culture. After an initial decrease in the number of HCV positive cells, infection spread after 13-36 days. Sequencing of recovered viruses revealed non-homologous recombinants with J6 sequence from the 5' end to the NS2-NS3 region followed by JFH1 sequence from Core to the 3' end. These recombinants carried duplicated sequence of up to 2400 nucleotides. HCV replication was not required for recombination, as recombinants were observed in most experiments even when two replication incompetent genomes were co-transfected. Reverse genetic studies verified the viability of representative recombinants. After serial passage, subsequent recombination events reducing or eliminating the duplicated region were observed for some but not all recombinants. Furthermore, we found that inter-genotypic recombination could occur, but at a lower frequency than intra-genotypic recombination. Productive recombination of attenuated HCV genomes depended on expression of all HCV proteins and tolerated duplicated sequence. In general, no strong site specificity was observed. Non-homologous recombination was observed in most cases, while few homologous events were identified. A better understanding of HCV recombination could help identification of natural recombinants and thereby lead to improved therapy. Our findings suggest mechanisms for occurrence of recombinants observed in patients.
Friction Estimation using Front-Camera Image Signal Processing (2020)

Methods and systems for generating and utilizing a road friction estimate (RFE) indicating the expected friction level between a road surface and the tires of a vehicle based on forward looking camera image signal processing. A forward-looking camera image is pre-processed, patch segmented (both laterally and longitudinally, as defined by wheel tracks or the like), transformed into a bird's eye view (BEV) image using perspective transformation, patch quantized, and finally classified. The resulting RFE may be used to provide driver information, automatically control the associated vehicle's motion, and/or inform a cloud-based alert service to enhance driver safety.
Towards knowledge assisted agile requirements evolution (2010)

This paper presents work on a recommendation system for Knowledge assisted Agile Requirements Evolution (K-gileRE). We treat requirements engineering as a special case of knowledge engineering and emphasize the fact that providing a domain knowledge edge can impart agility to the requirements definition exercise. The approach differs from existing agile methods in that it seamlessly incorporates a domain knowledge base into an agile requirements definition framework and explicitly provides to requirement analysts, relevant online domain specific recommendations based on underlying ontologies. The framework presents a 'domain knowledge seed' to requirement analysts. The seed provides a view of core features in a given domain and associated knowledge elements such as business processes, rules, policies, partial data models, use cases and test cases,. These in turn are mapped with agile requirements elements such as user stories, features, tasks, product backlog, sprints and prototype plans. The requirement analyst can evolve the seed to suit her specific project needs. As she modifies and evolves the seed specification, she receives domain-specific online recommendations to improve the correctness, consistency and completeness of her requirement specification documents and executable models. Using the domain knowledge seed as a point of departure provides a jump-start to her project. Each exercise of requirements definition thus becomes an evolution from the seed instead of the traditional 'clean slate' Requirements Engineering (RE) that typically starts from the scratch. Hence, the term K-gileRE. We elaborate how K-gileRE helps in practicing the essence of agile doctrines while defining software requirements by providing just-in-time recommendations.
Fluorination of Diamond Surfaces by Irradiation of Perfluorinated Alkyl Iodides (1996)

A facile method for chemically functionalizing diamond surfaces has been developed using x-ray irradiation of perfluoroalkyl iodide layers on the surface. Perfluoroalkyl radicals chemically bond to the diamond surface and can be thermally decomposed to produce strongly bound surface C-F bonds that are stable at high temperatures.
Wide-field anti-aliased quantitative differential phase contrast microscopy (2018)

Differential phase contrast (DPC) microscopy is a popular methodology to recover quantitative phase information of thin transparent samples under multi-axis asymmetric illumination patterns. Based on spatially partially coherent illuminations, DPC provides high-quality, speckle-free 3D reconstructions with lateral resolution up to twice the coherent diffraction limit, under the precondition that the pixel size of the imaging sensor is small enough to prevent spatial aliasing/undersampling. However, microscope cameras are in general designed to have a large pixel size so that the intensity information transmitted by the optical system cannot be adequately sampled or digitized. On the other hand, using an image sensor with a smaller pixel size or adding a magnification camera adapter to the camera can resolve the undersampling at the expense of a reduced field of view (FOV). To solve this tradeoff, we introduce a new variation of quantitative DPC approach, termed anti-aliased DPC (AADPC), which uses several aliased intensity images under asymmetric illuminations to recover wide-field aliasing-free phase images. Besides, phase transfer functions under different illumination patterns in DPC are analyzed to design an illumination scheme with better phase transfer characteristics. AADPC starts from an initial phase estimate obtained by a DPC-like deconvolution based on the system's weak phase transfer function under discrete half-annular illumination. Then the obtained initial phase map is further refined by the iterative de-multiplexing algorithm to overcome pixel-aliasing and improve the imaging resolution. The data redundancy requirement as well as the optimal illumination scheme of AADPC are analyzed and discussed based on several simulations, suggesting that the spatial undersampling can be mitigated through the iterative algorithm that uses only 4 images, yielding a nearly 4-fold increase in the space-bandwidth product (SBP) compared to the conventional DPC approach. We experimentally verify that AADPC can achieve a half-pitch imaging resolution of 345 nm, corresponding to 1.88× of the theoretical Nyquist-Shannon sampling resolution limit imposed by the sensor pixel size. The high-speed, high-throughput quantitative phase imaging capabilities of AADPC are also demonstrated by imaging HeLa cells mitosis in vitro, achieving a full-pitch lateral resolution of 665 nm across a wide FOV of 1.77mm<sup>2</sup> at 25 fps.
Rapid and Versatile Photonic Annealing of Graphene Inks for Flexible Printed Electronics (2015)

Intense pulsed light (IPL) annealing of graphene inks is demonstrated for rapid post-processing of inkjet-printed patterns on various substrates. A conductivity of ≈25,000 S m(-1) is achieved following a single printing pass using a concentrated ink containing 20 mg mL(-1) graphene, establishing this strategy as a practical and effective approach for the versatile and high-performance integration of graphene in printed and flexible electronics.
KCQ: A New Approach to Quantum Cryptography I. General Principles and Qubit Key Generation (2003)

A new principle of quantum cryptography to be called KCQ, keyed CDMA in quantum noise, is developed on the basis of quantum detection theory. By the use of a shared secret key that determines the quantum states generated for different data bit values, the users may employ the corresponding optimum quantum measurement to decode each data bit. This gives them a better error performance than an attacker who does not know the key, and an overall generation of a fresh key may be obtained from the resulting advantage. This principle is illustrated in the operation of a concrete qubit system which is secure against individual attack in a simple manner. Its security against joint attacks in the presence of noise is obtained with the introduction of two new techniques, data bit randomization via source coding and deliberate error randomization via keyless randomness introduced by the user. The criterion of bit error rate, which is more appropriate than mutual information, is used in a general security analysis of key generation schemes.The criterion of protocol efficiency and its sensitivity to system parameter fluctuation is proposed as another benchmark on the evaluation of key generation protocols. A brief sketch is given on the implementation of KCQ with coherent states of considerable energy and its use in direct encryption. Another technique, deliberate signal randomization, is introduced. Some qualitative comparison among the different key generation schemes are made from with a fundamental and a practical viewpoint. Detailed quantitative results on qubits and coherent-state KCQ schemes for key generation and direct encryption performance would be presented in future papers of this series. The apparent gaps in the unconditional security proofs of previous protocols are indicated in Appendix.
A Comprehensive MR Fingerprinting Development Kit (MRFDK) (2023)

Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (MRF), as an approach for multi-parametric, quantitative imaging, imposes new paradigms for sequence design in terms of optimized signal encoding and dictionary matching. In this work, we present a novel comprehensive framework and tool chain for rapid and efficient MRF prototyping. Key concepts are modularization and abstraction of the MRF experiment related to spin-physics, spatial encoding, and scanner hardware.
Development of self-packaged high frequency circuits using micromachining techniques (1995)

A new concept for packaging high frequency monolithic circuits is presented. It consists of developing miniaturized housings to shield individual passive components (e.g., CPW based), active elements, or combinations of them by employing silicon micromachining technology. At high frequencies, self-packaged configurations that are fabricated in this manner provide reduction in the overall size and weight of a circuit and provide increased isolation between neighboring circuits. Therefore, the resulting characteristics make these micropackaged components appropriate for high density, multilevel interconnect circuits. This paper will describe the fabrication procedures used to develop self-packaged components. Performance curves for typical high frequency circuit geometries that are implemented in this configuration are shown for measured and theoretical results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nanocrystalline dye‐sensitized solar cells having maximum performance (2006)

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the research carried out by a European consortium with the aim to develop and test new and improved ways to realise dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSC) with enhanced efficiencies and stabilities. Several new areas have been explored in the field of new concepts and materials, fabrication protocols for TiO 2 and scatterlayers, metal oxide blocking layers, strategies for co‐sensitization and low temperature processes of platinum deposition. Fundamental understanding of the working principles has been gained by means of electrical and optical modelling and advanced characterization techniques. Cost analyses have been made to demonstrate the potential of DSC as a low cost thin film PV technology. The combined efforts have led to maximum non‐certified power conversion efficiencies under full sunlight of 11% for areas <0ċ2 cm 2 and 10ċ1% for a cell with an active area of 1ċ3 cm 2 . Lifetime studies revealed negligible device degradation after 1000 hrs of accelerated tests under thermal stress at 80°C in the dark and visible light soaking at 60°C. An outlook summarizing future directions in the research and large‐scale production of DSC is presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction of Dormancy in Nondormant Seeds (1994)

A gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis inhibitor, tetcyclacis, induced dormancy in nondormant seeds of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.), carrot [ Daucus carota var. sativus (Hoffn.)], onion ( Allium cepa L.), celery ( Apium graveolens L.), and impatiens ( Impatiens novette ), as most of the seeds failed to germinate after washing under conditions that permitted germination before dormancy induction. In lettuce seeds, tetcyclacis and paclobutrazol were more effective in inhibiting germination in light than in darkness. A 16- to 24-h soak treatment with tetcyclacis was sufficient to induce dormancy in nearly all seeds. Tetcyclacis failed to induce dormancy if applied after 6 h presoak in water. Dormancy induced by tetcyclacis was released by GA 4+7 (a mixture of gibberellin A 4 and A 7 ), light, and moist-chilling treatments. When GA 4+7 was applied with tetcyclacis, dormancy induction was prevented under both favorable, e.g., 25C, and unfavorable, e.g., 5C, or low water potential (Ψ), germination conditions. Unlike tetcyclacis, abscisic acid (ABA) failed to induce dormancy in lettuce seeds. Thermodormancy induction in lettuce seeds at 35C was prevented by fluridone. However, neither ABA nor tetcyclacis countered its effect. Dormancy was also induced in lettuce seeds by ancymidol, flurprimidol, or paclobutrazol. Dormancy induced by tetcyclacis in pepper, tomato, carrot, and onion seeds was released by GA 4+7 , but not by irradiation or moist-chilling. Chemical names used: 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3, 4, 5, 9, 10-pentaazatetracyclo [5.4.10 2,6 .0 8,11 ]-dodeca-3, 9-diene (tetcyclacis); 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1 H -1, 2, 4-triazole-1-yl)-3-pentanol (paclobutrazol); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol); α-(1-methyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]-5-pyrimidine-methanol (flurprimidol); 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4 (1 H )-pyridinone (fluridone).
Thin-Film Nanofibrous Composite Ultrafiltration Membranes Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Barrier Layer Containing Directional Water Channels (2010)

A new class of thin-film nanofibrous composite (TFNC) membranes, composed of a chemically cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) barrier layer containing directional water channels through the incorporation of very fine nanofiber fillers, an electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous scaffold midlayer, and a melt-blown polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nonwoven support, was demonstrated for ultrafiltration (UF) of oil/water emulsions. The permeation flux of TFNC membrane with a pure PVA barrier layer was already about 5 times higher than that of the commercial PAN10 (Sepro) UF membrane at low pressures (e.g., 30 psi), while maintaining a similar rejection ratio (∼ 99.7%). Two kinds of fine nanofiber fillers: oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNs), were further incorporated into the PVA barrier layer to increase the permeation flux. The results indicated that permeation fluxes of MWCNT and CN filler-containing TFNC membranes were about 10-times higher than those of PAN10, while still maintaining a rejection ratio of ∼99.5%. The increase in the permeation flux could be attributed to the formation of directional water channels through the interface between the surface of MWCNT or CN fillers and that of the barrier layer and the interconnections among the fine nanofiber network.
Dynamic Boltzmann Machines for Second Order Moments and Generalized Gaussian Distributions (2017)

Dynamic Boltzmann Machine (DyBM) has been shown highly efficient to predict time-series data. Gaussian DyBM is a DyBM that assumes the predicted data is generated by a Gaussian distribution whose first-order moment (mean) dynamically changes over time but its second-order moment (variance) is fixed. However, in many financial applications, the assumption is quite limiting in two aspects. First, even when the data follows a Gaussian distribution, its variance may change over time. Such variance is also related to important temporal economic indicators such as the market volatility. Second, financial time-series data often requires learning datasets generated by the generalized Gaussian distribution with an additional shape parameter that is important to approximate heavy-tailed distributions. Addressing those aspects, we show how to extend DyBM that results in significant performance improvement in predicting financial time-series data.
Catalytic multi-stage liquefaction of coal. Eleventh quarterly progress report, April 1, 1995--June 30, 1995 (1995)

This quarterly report covers the activities of Catalytic Multi-Stage Liquefaction of Coal during the Period April 1 - June 30, 1995, at Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc. in Lawrenceville, New Jersey. This DOE Contract Period was from December 8, 1992 to December 7, 1994 and has been extended to September 30, 1995. The overall objective of this program is to produce liquid fuels from coal by direct liquefaction at a cost that is competitive with conventional fuels. Specifically, this continuous bench-scale program contains provisions to examine new ideas in areas such as: low temperature pretreatments, more effective catalysts, on-line hydrotreating, new coal feedstocks, other hydrogen sources, more concentrated coal feeds and other highly responsive process improvements while assessing the design and economics of the bench-scale results. This quarterly report covers work on Laboratory Scale Studies, Continuous Bench-Scale Operations, Technical Assessment and Project Management.
Novel Strains of Mice Deficient for the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter: Insights on Transcriptional Regulation and Control of Locomotor Behavior (2011)

Defining the contribution of acetylcholine to specific behaviors has been challenging, mainly because of the difficulty in generating suitable animal models of cholinergic dysfunction. We have recently shown that, by targeting the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) gene, it is possible to generate genetically modified mice with cholinergic deficiency. Here we describe novel VAChT mutant lines. VAChT gene is embedded within the first intron of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene, which provides a unique arrangement and regulation for these two genes. We generated a VAChT allele that is flanked by loxP sequences and carries the resistance cassette placed in a ChAT intronic region (FloxNeo allele). We show that mice with the FloxNeo allele exhibit differential VAChT expression in distinct neuronal populations. These mice show relatively intact VAChT expression in somatomotor cholinergic neurons, but pronounced decrease in other cholinergic neurons in the brain. VAChT mutant mice present preserved neuromuscular function, but altered brain cholinergic function and are hyperactive. Genetic removal of the resistance cassette rescues VAChT expression and the hyperactivity phenotype. These results suggest that release of ACh in the brain is normally required to "turn down" neuronal circuits controlling locomotion.