gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Avalanche photodiodes with an impact-ionization-engineered multiplication region (2002)

The avalanche photodiode (APD) is frequently the photodetector of choice for high-bit-rate, long-haul fiber optic communications, owing to its internal gain, which provides a sensitivity margin compared to PIN photodiodes. Since the multiplication region of an APD plays a critical role in determining the gain, the multiplication noise, and the gain-bandwidth product, numerous research programs have focused on optimizing the multiplication region in order to improve the APD performance. We describe a new multiplication region structure that achieves very low multiplication noise by impact ionization engineering (I/sup 2/E), which utilizes heterojunctions to achieve greater localization of impact ionization than spatially uniform structures. By placing thin layers with relatively low threshold energy (multiplication layer) on each side of a region with higher ionization coefficients (the separation layer), impact ionization is enhanced at the edges in the twin multiplication layers and is suppressed in the center, where the carriers are energized in transit.
MC-03 SYMMETRICAL PIEZOELECTRIC MICROACTUATORS FOR MAGNETIC DISK DRIVES (2003)

We have developed a novel piezoelectric microactuator for the head-slider drive dual-stage actuator systems in magnetic disk drives. This microactuator is based on a symmetrical structure and a symmetrical operation. The piezoelectric actuator devices used in the system are simple rectangular multilayered structure. A prototype model with pico-slider and the head suspension has been tested to demonstrate 0.8μm displacement at a dc applied voltage of 30V and fundamental resonant frequency over 20kHz.
Experimental Investigations of Ultrasonic Waves Effects on Wax Deposition during Crude-Oil Production (2007)

Abstract One of the problems that plagues oil companies is the deposition of wax or paraffin inside pipelines. The present invention is a method for mitigating the wax deposition during crude oil flow in a well-bore or pipeline. The method comprises positioning one ultrasonic frequency generating device adjacent to the production tubing walls and producing one ultrasonic frequency thereby disintegrating the wax and inhibiting the wax from attaching to the production tubing walls. Experiments were done to measure the effect of ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 120 kHz on wax deposition during crude oil flow in a pipeline. In this paper, all the experimental results are described. Some reduction in wax deposition was also achieved due to the ultrasonic waves. Further work is required to identify the optimum frequencies.
Distributed sleep management for heterogeneous wireless machine-to-machine networks (2016)

Wireless machine-to-machine (M2M) communications are widely considered as part of the Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure. Resource management is crucial for heterogeneous M2M networks. In this paper, we present new distributed sleep management techniques to prolong network lifetime for multi-hop heterogeneous wireless M2M networks, which consist of battery-powered nodes and mains-powered nodes. We also propose two novel battery energy aware routing metrics to efficiently select routes that satisfy performance guarantees. Finally, we present an extensive performance evaluation of our sleep management techniques and routing metrics. Simulation results show that our schemes achieve high packet delivery rate, long network lifetime and low energy consumption even in very low percentage of mains-powered nodes.
Nanoscale structural evaluation of 0-3 magnetic nanocomposites fabricated by electro-infiltration (2019)

Magnetic nanocomposites with 0-3 connectivity, whereby a 0D magnetic nanoparticle phase is embedded into a 3D magnetic metal matrix phase, have gained increased interest for use in applications ranging from integrated power inductor cores to exchange-spring magnets. The electro-infiltration process, in which a metal phase is electroplated through a nanoparticle film phase, is an inexpensive approach compatible with semiconductor fabrication methods for the formation of these nanocomposites. Past demonstrations of electro-infiltrated nanocomposites have relied on scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to evaluate the 0-3 composite structure. However, a detailed investigation of the boundary between the particle and metal matrix phases cannot be performed with these tools, and it is unknown whether the particle/matrix interfaces are dense and void-free. This detail is critical, as the presence of even nanoscale voids would affect any potential magnetic exchange coupling and hence the overall electromagnetic properties of the material. This work seeks to explore the phase boundary of 0-3 magnetic nanocomposite fabricated by electro-infiltration by using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to analyze the nanostructure of two different composites—a nickel/iron-oxide composite and a permalloy/iron-oxide composite. High-resolution imaging indicates that the interface between the particle phase and matrix phase is dense and void-free. These results will help guide future studies on the design and implementation of these magnetic nanocomposites for end applications.
Check-hybrid GLDPC Codes: Systematic Elimination of Trapping Sets and\n Guaranteed Error Correction Capability (2016)

In this paper, we propose a new approach to construct a class of check-hybrid\ngeneralized low-density parity-check (CH-GLDPC) codes which are free of small\ntrapping sets. The approach is based on converting some selected check nodes\ninvolving a trapping set into super checks corresponding to a 2-error\ncorrecting component code. Specifically, we follow two main purposes to\nconstruct the check-hybrid codes; first, based on the knowledge of the trapping\nsets of the global LDPC code, single parity checks are replaced by super checks\nto disable the trapping sets. We show that by converting specified single check\nnodes, denoted as critical checks, to super checks in a trapping set, the\nparallel bit flipping (PBF) decoder corrects the errors on a trapping set and\nhence eliminates the trapping set. The second purpose is to minimize the rate\nloss caused by replacing the super checks through finding the minimum number of\nsuch critical checks. We also present an algorithm to find critical checks in a\ntrapping set of column-weight 3 LDPC code and then provide upper bounds on the\nminimum number of such critical checks such that the decoder corrects all error\npatterns on elementary trapping sets. Moreover, we provide a fixed set for a\nclass of constructed check-hybrid codes. The guaranteed error correction\ncapability of the CH-GLDPC codes is also studied. We show that a CH-GLDPC code\nin which each variable node is connected to 2 super checks corresponding to a\n2-error correcting component code corrects up to 5 errors. The results are also\nextended to column-weight 4 LDPC codes. Finally, we investigate the eliminating\nof trapping sets of a column-weight 3 LDPC code using the Gallager B decoding\nalgorithm and generalize the results obtained for the PBF for the Gallager B\ndecoding algorithm.\n
RECOMBINANT LARVICIDAL BACTERIA WITH MARKEDLY IMPROVED EFFICACY AGAINST CULEX VECTORS OF WEST NILE VIRUS (2005)

An urgent need exists for new agents to control mosquito vectors of disease. Mosquito larvicides based on the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) or B. sphaericus (Bs) are effective in many habitats, but use is limited by their high cost. Moreover, mosquito resistance evolves rapidly to Bs where it is used intensively. The efficacy of these bacteria is due to a binary protein (BsB) in Bs and four proteins (Cry4A, Cry4B, Cry11A, and Cyt1A) in Bti. Here we report the use of cyt1A promoters and a 5' mRNA stabilizing sequence to synthesize high levels of Bs2362 binary toxin in Bti strains. The recombinant BtiIPS-82/BsB showed high potency against fourth instars of Culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of West Nile virus, being 21-fold as potent as BtiIPS-82, and 32-fold as potent as Bs2362. Similar improved efficacy was obtained against larvae of Cx. tarsalis. Moreover, BtiIPS-82/BsB suppressed resistance to Bs2362 in Cx. quinquefasciatus.
DIMSUMNet: New Directions in Wireless Networking Using Coordinated Dynamic Spectrum Access (Position Paper) (2005)

The new paradigm of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) networks aims to provide opportunistic access to large parts of underutilized spectrum. Majority of research in this area has focused on free-for-all, uncoordinated access methods common in ad-hoc military applications [5, 7, 8, 10, 11]. In this paper, we argue that a simpler, pragmatic approach that offers coordinated, spatially aggregated spectrum access via a regional spectrum broker is more attractive in the immediate future. We first introduce two new concepts, namely, Coordinated Access Band (CAB) and Statistically Multiplexed Access (SMA) to spectrum that form the basis of our work. We then describe their implementation in the new DIMSUMnet network architecture consisting of four elements: base stations, clients, a Radio Access Network Manager (RANMAN) that obtains spectrum leases, and a per-domain spectrum broker that controls spectrum access. We also discuss in detail various issues in the design of spectrum brokers and spectrum allocation policies and algorithms.
Complementary Antiviral Efficacy of Hydroxyurea and Protease Inhibitors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Dendritic Cells and Lymphocytes (2002)

Dendritic cells are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and may transmit the virus to T cells in vivo. Scarce information is available about drug efficacy in dendritic cells because preclinical testing of antiretroviral drugs has been limited predominantly to T cells and macrophages. We compared the antiviral activities of hydroxyurea and two protease inhibitors (indinavir and ritonavir) in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and in lymphocytes. At therapeutic concentrations (50 to 100 microM), hydroxyurea inhibited supernatant virus production from monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro but the drug was ineffective in activated lymphocytes. Concentrations of hydroxyurea insufficient to be effective in activated lymphocytes cultured alone strongly inhibited supernatant virus production from cocultures of uninfected, activated lymphocytes with previously infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro. In contrast, protease inhibitors were up to 30-fold less efficient in dendritic cells than in activated lymphocytes. Our data support the rationale for testing of the combination of hydroxyurea and protease inhibitors, since these drugs may have complementary antiviral efficacies in different cell compartments. A new criterion for combining drugs for the treatment of HIV infection could be to include at least one drug that selectively targets HIV in viral reservoirs.
Generation of interactive multi-level video summaries (2003)

In this paper, we describe how a detail-on-demand representation for interactive video is used in video summarization. Our approach automatically generates a hypervideo composed of multiple video summary levels and navigational links between these summaries and the original video. Viewers may interactively select the amount of detail they see, access more detailed summaries, and navigate to the source video through the summary. We created a representation for interactive video that supports a wide range of interactive video applications and Hyper-Hitchcock, an editor and player for this type of interactive video. Hyper-Hitchcock employs methods to determine (1) the number and length of levels in the hypervideo summary, (2) the video clips for each level in the hypervideo, (3) the grouping of clips into composites, and (4) the links between elements in the summary. These decisions are based on an inferred quality of video segments and temporal relations those segments.
Impact of changing environmental factors and species competition on iron filings‐based green environmental media for nutrient removal in stormwater treatment (2018)

Iron filings‐based green environmental media (IFGEM) is a new type of green sorption media that may be applied to heterogeneous environments for removing nutrients. To confirm the reliability and efficacy of this new green sorption media, multiple factors must be considered for a holistic assessment, primarily temperature effect, varying influent concentration, changing pH value, varying iron filing content, presence of iron filings, and interaction (competition) between nutrient species such as nitrogen and phosphorus. In this study, two IFGEM recipes were selected to compare against one control (natural soil). Whereas IFGEM‐1 is made of 96.2% fine sand and 3.8% iron filings (by volume), IFGEM‐2 contains 80% sand, 10% tire crumb, 5% pure clay, and 5% iron filings (by volume). IFGEM‐1 can function well from 12 to 35°C, while IFGEM‐2 can work well only at the optimal temperature of 12°C. IFGEM‐2 may adapt to a wider pH range from acidic to neutral, while IFGEM‐1 performs well only at the neutral pH condition. When varying influent concentrations to test the sensitivity of both IFGEM recipes, our findings indicated that higher influent concentration results in higher removal efficiency. Higher iron filing content exhibits better nutrient recovery potential, and nitrogen and phosphorus compete for more shares of adsorption/adsorption capacity. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13087, 2019
Solvent dependent morphologies in thiol-ene photopolymerization: A facile route to the synthesis of resorcinarene nanocapsules (2010)

This article describes a direct method for the fabrication of resorcinarene nanocapsules by photopolymerization of resorcinarene tetraalkene tetrathiol, in the absence of any template or preorganization. Further, by varying the polymerization media, a variety of other polymeric architectures like lattices, fibrous networks, and nanoparticles were obtained. The morphology and structure were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These morphologically distinct resorcinarene polymeric architectures contain residual thiol and ene functional groups offering potential functionalization opportunities.
Chemically Modulated Graphene Diodes (2013)

We report the manufacture of novel graphene diode sensors (GDS), which are composed of monolayer graphene on silicon substrates, allowing exposure to liquids and gases. Parameter changes in the diode can be correlated with charge transfer from various adsorbates. The GDS allows for investigation and tuning of extrinsic doping of graphene with great reliability. The demonstrated recovery and long-term stability qualifies the GDS as a new platform for gas, environmental, and biocompatible sensors.
Visualization of smoke stack plume (1974)

System consists of ultraviolet vidicon tube, interference and color filters, ultraviolet telephoto lens, monitor, and waveform analyzer to extract information from video scene, stack plume viewed against sky. System will view SO2 and any other element which absorbs light at wavelength used.
Evaluation of dispersibility of silver nanoparticle ink by TEM and NMR (2021)

Time-domain NMR and solution NMR measurements were carried out to evaluate the dispersibility of silver nanoparticle ink. The thermally degraded sample was used as the sample with poor dispersibility. As a result, it was possible to evaluate the dispersibility without solvent dilution by using time-domain NMR. In addition, in the solution <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> H NMR result of thermally degraded sample, small amount of the protecting group of silver nanoparticle, which was not detected in the sample without the thermal degradation, was detected. This indicated that the elimination of the protecting group from the silver nanoparticles made the dispersibility worse.
Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-ZrO/sub 2/ insulation coatings on AgMg sheathed Bi-2212 superconducting tapes by the sol-gel process (2000)

Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-ZrO/sub 2/ coatings on AgMg/Bi-2212 superconducting tapes have been prepared by the sol-gel route using Zr and Y based precursors. The coatings were annealed at 862/spl deg/C for 24 h under oxygen atmosphere. The structure of coatings was characterized by SEM, EDS, DTA, TGA and XRD. Several precursor materials and solutions were tried. Preparation conditions were defined for optimum coating process.
Super multi-view near-eye 3D display with enlarged field of view (2021)

Based on temporal-multiplexing, super multi-view (SMV) technology gets implemented on a near-eye three-dimensional (3D) display, successfully overcoming the vergence accommodation conflict (VAC). The proposed system has two eyepieces for two eyes, respectively, each of which is constructed by an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) micro-display, a projecting lens, and a gating-aperture array. The gating-aperture arrays, consisting of gating apertures with an interval smaller than the diameter of the viewer’s pupil, are attached to the projecting lenses and gate different spatial segments of the projecting lens’s exit aperture in time sequence. Through refreshing the corresponding display contents synchronously, two or more light rays passing through a displayed point are guided by the gating-aperture array into each eye sequentially. Based on the persistence of vision, these light rays converge into a spatial light spot that the eye can focus on naturally, thus enabling a consistence between focusing distance and convergence distance. Further, gating-aperture array with polarization characteristics is designed to get a larger field of view (FOV), accompanied by a half-wave variable retarder being inserted between the OLED micro-display and the gating-aperture array in each eyepiece. Employing two OLED micro-displays of 120-Hz frame rates, a near-eye 3D display prototype has been demonstrated with an FOV 40 deg and a display frequency of 40 Hz, being free from VAC.
Unusual anthelminthic oxazoles from a marine sponge (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUnusual anthelminthic oxazoles from a marine spongeMadeline. Adamczeski, Emilio. Quinoa, and Phillip. CrewsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 5, 1598–1602Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00213a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00213a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views436Altmetric-Citations79LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The effects of supplementing growing-finishing pig diets with carnitine and(or) chromium on growth and carcass characteristics (1996)

Eighty crossbred gilts (initially 83 lb)were used to examine the effects of 50 ppm carnitine and(or) 200 ppb chromium from chromium nicotinate on growth performance and carcass characteristics. In this trial, adding carnitine and(or) chromiun1 to the diets of high-lean growth finishing gilts did not increase carcass leanness. However, the combination of carnitine and chromium improved the color characteristics of the longissimus muscle.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 21, 1996
A Practical and Scaleable Synthesis of A-224817.0, a Novel Nonsteroidal Ligand for the Glucocorticoid Receptor (2003)

A practical and scaleable synthesis of a novel nonsteroidal ligand for the glucocorticoid receptor A-224817.0 1A is described. The synthesis proceeds in seven steps starting from 1,3-dimethoxybenzene. The biaryl intermediate 5 was prepared by an optimized high-yielding and high-throughput Negishi protocol. The quinoline core 8 was constructed by using a modified Skraup reaction. The final product was obtained by a direct allylation reaction of lactol 10 with allyltrimethylsilane. The process was accomplished efficiently to produce 1A in 25% overall yield and >99% purity with simple and practical isolation and purification procedures.
Simultaneous extraction–reaction process for biodiesel production from microalgae (2018)

Biodiesel is a promising sustainable alternative to non-renewable petrodiesel. In this work, oils extracted from microalgae are used for biodiesel production. To simplify the process, the extraction of the oils and their reaction are made to take place simultaneously in one step. Immobilized lipase was used as the catalyst, and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) was used as an extraction solvent and reaction medium. The use of SC-CO2 allows easy separation of the products and leaves the leftover biomass uncontaminated, allowing it to be utilized in food and pharmaceutical applications. The effects of temperature (35–50 °C), reaction time (2-6 h), and methanol:oil (M:O) molar ratio (8:1–16:1) on biodiesel yield were investigated. Within 6 h, the maximum biodiesel production yield was found to be 19.3% at a temperature of 35 °C and at an M:O molar ratio of 8:1. The results hold promise in simplifying the microalgae-to-biodiesel production process.
Recent advances in imaging and understanding interstitial cystitis (2018)

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating condition associated with intense pelvic pain and bladder storage symptoms. Since diagnosis is difficult, prevalence estimates vary with the methodology used. There is also a lack of proven imaging tools and biomarkers to assist in differentiation of IC/BPS from other urinary disorders (overactive bladder, vulvodynia, endometriosis, and prostatitis). Current uncertainty regarding the etiology and pathology of IC/BPS ultimately impacts its timely and successful treatment, as well as hampers future drug development. This review will cover recent developments in imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging, that advance the understanding of IC/BPS and guide drug development.