gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cross-Linked Thermally Rearranged Poly(benzoxazole-<i>co</i>-imide) Membranes for Gas Separation (2013)

A novel strategy to tune the cavity size and free volume of thermally rearranged polybenzoxazole (TR-PBO) copolymer membranes by transesterification cross-linking reaction of o-hydroxy polyimide precursors with 1,4-butylene glycol in the solid state is demonstrated in this study. During the thermal rearrangement (TR) process at high temperatures, loose diester interchain cross-linkers are prone to degrade while formation of a much more rigid cross-linked structure occurs following or alongside the imide-to-benzoxazole rearrangement. As a result, a synergistic effect of high permeability and high selectivity appeared to be created in one step, and the newly synthesized cross-linked TR-PBO membranes exhibited outstanding gas separation performance, surpassing the so-called 2008 upper bound for CO2/CH4 separation.
An addressable field emission array for e-beam lithography using planar, pulsed-laser deposited amorphous diamond cathodes (2002)

A novel addressable field emission array (AFEA) is being developed for use in a new deep sub-micron (/spl les/100 nm) electron-beam lithography system. The device consists of a two-dimensional array of miniature planar field emission cathodes consisting of a low electron affinity coating (e.g. amorphous diamond, a-D) deposited on aluminum biasing pads controlled by CMOS circuitry. Each cathode is individually addressable, providing a matrix of massively parallel but independent electron beams. Although the prototype devices presented here are controlled by external application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), a low-temperature fabrication process is employed so future arrays may be placed directly on completed CMOS wafers.
On the Self-Generation of Electrical Soliton Pulses (2007)

The nonlinear transmission line is a structure where short-duration pulses called electrical solitons can be created and propagated. By combining, in a closed-loop topology, the nonlinear line and a special amplifier that provides not only gain but also mechanisms to tame inherently unruly soliton dynamics, we recently constructed the first electrical soliton oscillator that self-generates a stable, periodic train of electrical soliton pulses (Ricketts , IEEE Trans. MTT, 2006). This paper starts with a review of this recently introduced circuit concept, and then reports on new contributions, i.e., further experimental studies of the dynamics of the stable soliton oscillator and a CMOS prototype demonstrating the chip-scale operation of the stable soliton oscillator. Finally, we go to the opposite end of the spectrum and present a numerical study showing the possibilities that deliberate promotions of the unruly soliton dynamics in the closed-loop topology can produce chaotic signals.
Fragile X syndrome: genetic localisation by linkage mapping of two microsatellite repeats FRAXAC1 and FRAXAC2 which immediately flank the fragile site. (1991)

We report the genetic localisation of the fragile site at Xq27.3 associated with fragile X syndrome. The position of the fragile site within the multipoint linkage map was determined using two polymorphic microsatellite AC repeat markers FRAXAC1 and FRAXAC2. These markers were physically located within 10 kilobases and on either side of the p(CCG)n repeat responsible for the fragile site. FRAXAC1 has five alleles with heterozygosity of 44% and is in strong linkage disequilibrium with FRAXAC2 which has eight alleles and a heterozygosity of 71%. No recombination was observed either between these markers in 40 normal CEPH pedigrees or with the fragile X in affected pedigrees. These markers provide the means for accurate diagnosis of the fragile X genotype in families by rapid polymerase chain reaction analysis and were used to position the fragile X within the multipoint map of the X chromosome to a position 3.7 cM distal to DXS297 and 1.2 cM proximal to DXS296.
Intranasal Immunization of Mice with a Mixture of the Pneumococcal Proteins PsaA and PspA Is Highly Protective against Nasopharyngeal Carriage of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2000)

Acquisition of pneumococci is generally from carriers rather than from infected individuals. Therefore, to induce herd immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae it will be necessary to elicit protection against carriage. Capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates, PspA, and PsaA are known to elicit some protection against nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci but do not always completely eliminate carriage. In this study, we observed that PsaA elicited better protection than did PspA against carriage. Pneumolysin elicited no protection against carriage. Immunization with a mixture of PsaA and PspA elicited the best protection against carriage. These results indicate that PspA and PsaA may be useful for the elicitation of herd immunity in humans. As PspA and pneumolysin are known to elicit immunity to bacteremia and pneumonia, their inclusion in a mucosal vaccine may enable such a vaccine to prevent invasive disease as well as carriage.
A perfect lens makes a perfect trap (2006)

We present the first experimental demonstration of microwave electromagnetic trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using a full three-dimensional (3D) negative-refraction flat lens. Two most novel techniques, negative-refraction flat lens and electromagnetic tweezers, are appropriately combined in this configuration.
Tunable Confinement for Bridging Single‐Cell Manipulation and Single‐Molecule DNA Linearization (2018)

DNA linearization by nanoconfinement has offered a new avenue toward large-scale genome mapping. The ability to smoothly interface the widely different length scales from cell manipulation to DNA linearization is critical to the development of single-cell genomic mapping or sequencing technologies. Conventional nanochannel technologies for DNA analysis suffer from complex fabrication procedures, DNA stacking at the nanochannel entrance, and inefficient solution exchange. In this work, a dynamic and tunable confinement strategy is developed to manipulate and linearize genomic-length DNA molecules from a single cell. By leveraging pneumatic microvalve control and elastomeric collapse, an array of nanochannels with confining dimension down to 20 nm and length up to sub-millimeter is created and can be dynamically tuned in size. The curved edges of the microvalve form gradual transitions from microscale to nanoscale confinement, smoothly facilitating DNA entry into the nanochannels. A unified micro/nanofluidic device that integrates single-cell trapping and lysis, DNA extraction, purification, labeling, and linearization is developed based on dynamically controllable nanochannels. Mbp-long DNA molecules are extracted directly from a single cell and in situ linearized in the nanochannels. The device provides a facile and promising platform to achieve the ultimate goal of single-cell, single-genome analysis.
Novel 7‐substituted quinolone antibacterial agents. Synthesis of 7‐alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, and 1,2,3,6‐tetrahydro‐4‐pyridinyl‐1,8‐naphthyridines (1991)

Abstract A convergent synthesis of 1,8‐naphthyridine antibacterials bearing a carbon‐carbon bonded, acyclic or cyclic vinyl substituent at the C‐7 position has been achieved. The synthetic methodology is based upon the palladium‐catalyzed cross coupling of a 7‐chloro‐1,8‐naphthyridine with an appropriately substituted organotin reagent.
Discorhabdin P, a New Enzyme Inhibitor from a Deep-Water Caribbean Sponge of the Genus <i>Batzella</i> (1998)

Discorhabdin P (1), a new discorhabdin analogue, has been isolated from a deep-water marine sponge of the genus Batzella. Discorhabdin P (1) inhibited the phosphatase activity of calcineurin and the peptidase activity of CPP32. It also showed in vitro cytotoxicity against P-388 and A-549 cell lines. The isolation and structure elucidation of discorhabdin P (1) are described.
Robust Dynamic Resource Allocation via Probabilistic Task Pruning in Heterogeneous Computing Systems (2019)

In heterogeneous distributed computing (HC) systems, diversity can exist in both computational resources and arriving tasks. In an inconsistently heterogeneous computing system, task types have different execution times on heterogeneous machines. A method is required to map arriving tasks to machines based on machine availability and performance, maximizing the number of tasks meeting deadlines (defined as robustness). For tasks with hard deadlines (e.g., those in live video streaming), tasks that miss their deadlines are dropped. The problem investigated in this research is maximizing the robustness of an oversubscribed HC system. A way to maximize this robustness is to prune (i.e., defer or drop) tasks with low probability of meeting their deadlines to increase the probability of other tasks meeting their deadlines. In this paper, we first provide a mathematical model to estimate a task's probability of meeting its deadline in the presence of task dropping. We then investigate methods for engaging probabilistic dropping and we find thresholds for dropping and deferring. Next, we develop a pruning-aware mapping heuristic and extend it to engender fairness across various task types. We show the cost benefit of using probabilistic pruning in an HC system. Simulation results, harnessing a selection of mapping heuristics, show efficacy of the pruning mechanism in improving robustness (on average by ≃25%) and cost in an oversubscribed HC system by up to ≃40%.
NIMG-05. RADIOGENOMICS TO CHARACTERIZE REGIONAL GENETIC HETEROGENEITY IN GLIOBLASTOMA (2016)

Glioblastoma (GBM) exhibits profound intratumoral genetic heterogeneity. Each tumor comprises multiple genetically distinct clonal populations with different therapeutic sensitivities. This has implications for targeted therapy and genetically informed paradigms. Contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) and conventional sampling techniques fail to resolve this heterogeneity, particularly for non-enhancing tumor populations. This study explores the feasibility of using multi-parametric MRI and texture analysis to characterize regional genetic heterogeneity throughout MRI-enhancing and non-enhancing tumor segments. We collected multiple image-guided biopsies from primary GBM patients throughout regions of enhancement (ENH) and non-enhancing parenchyma, so called brain-around-tumor (BAT). For each biopsy, we analyzed DNA copy number variants for core GBM driver genes reported by The Cancer Genome Atlas. We coregistered biopsy locations with MRI and texture maps to correlate regional genetic status with spatially matched imaging measurements. We also built multivariate predictive decision tree models for each GBM driver gene and validated accuracies using leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). We collected 48 biopsies (13 tumors) and identified significant imaging correlations (univariate analysis) for six driver genes: EGFR, PDGFRA, PTEN, CDKN2A, RB1, TP53. Predictive model accuracies (on LOOCV) varied by driver gene of interest. Highest accuracies were observed for PDGFRA (77.1%), EGFR (75%), CDKN2A (87.5%), and RB1 (87.5%), while lowest accuracy was observed in TP53 (37.5%). Models for 4 driver genes (EGFR, RB1, CDKN2A, PTEN) showed higher accuracy in BAT samples (n=16) compared with those from ENH segments (n=32). MRI and texture analysis can help characterize regional genetic heterogeneity, which offers potential diagnostic value under the paradigm of individualized oncology.
Ultrafast all-optical gate switch based on frequency shift accompanied by semiconductor band-filling effect (1997)

We propose a novel all-optical gate switch based on a frequency shift accompanied by the semiconductor band-filling effect. This all-optical switch is very simple in structure, yet is capable of ultra-high-speed and high-efficiency switching. The switching characteristics are numerically investigated with a rate equation model for nonlinear phase shift. Then, the principle of operation is experimentally verified by measuring the spectral and time-domain properties of the switch. Its switching time is nearly the same as the duration (600 fs in the present experiment) of a control pulse.
KArSL (2021)

Sign language is the major means of communication for the deaf community. It uses body language and gestures such as hand shapes, lib patterns, and facial expressions to convey a message. Sign language is geography-specific, as it differs from one country to another. Arabic Sign language is used in all Arab countries. The availability of a comprehensive benchmarking database for ArSL is one of the challenges of the automatic recognition of Arabic Sign language. This article introduces KArSL database for ArSL, consisting of 502 signs that cover 11 chapters of ArSL dictionary. Signs in KArSL database are performed by three professional signers, and each sign is repeated 50 times by each signer. The database is recorded using state-of-art multi-modal Microsoft Kinect V2. We also propose three approaches for sign language recognition using this database. The proposed systems are Hidden Markov Models, deep learning images’ classification model applied on an image composed of shots of the video of the sign, and attention-based deep learning captioning system. Recognition accuracies of these systems indicate their suitability for such a large number of Arabic signs. The techniques are also tested on a publicly available database. KArSL database will be made freely available for interested researchers.
Further Structurally Constrained Analogues of <i>cis</i>-(6-Benzhydrylpiperidin-3-yl)benzylamine with Elucidation of Bioactive Conformation:  Discovery of 1,4-Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Biological Properties for the Monoamine Transporters (2004)

Our structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on piperidine analogues for monoamine transporters led to the development of a series of 3,6-disubstituted piperidine derivatives, structurally constrained versions of flexible piperidine analogues, with preferential affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT). In our attempt to further rigidify this structure to study influence of rigidity on binding and in vivo activity, we have developed a series of 4,8-disubstituted 1,4-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives. All synthesized derivatives were tested for their affinity at the DAT, serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the brain by measuring their potency in competing for the binding of [(3)H]WIN 35, 428, [(3)H]citalopram, and [(3)H]nisoxetine, respectively. Selected compounds were also tested for their ability to inhibit uptake of [(3)H]DA. The SAR study led to the discovery of a potent lead compound (-)-S,S-10c which exhibited high affinity and selectivity for the DAT (IC(50) = 22.5 nM; SERT/DAT = 384 and NET/DAT > 444). It is interesting to note that both (-)-10c and the lead compound from the 3,6-disubstituted series (-)-2 exhibited highest activity in their (S,S) isomer indicating similar requirement of regiospecificity for maximum interaction. Overall, our current SAR results corresponded well with the results from less constrained 3,6-disubstituted versions of these molecules albeit the former class exhibited more stringent requirement in molecular structure for activity. However, the potent compounds in the current series exhibited greater selectivity for the DAT compared to their corresponding lesser constrained 3,6-disubstituted versions indicating an effect of rigidity in selective interaction with the transporter proteins. In an effort to elucidate the bioactive conformational structure of the lead molecules in the current and the 3,6-disubstituted series, a preliminary molecular modeling study was carried out where the most rigid derivative (-)-10c was used as a template structure. Compounds (-)-2 and (-)-10c exhibited stimulant activity in locomotor tests in mice in which (-)-2 exhibited a slower onset and longer duration of action compared to (-)-10c. Both compounds occasioned complete cocaine-like responding in mice trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg ip cocaine from vehicle.
A nonrandomized, open-label study to evaluate the effect of nasal stimulation on tear production in subjects with dry eye disease (2016)

Neurostimulation of the nasolacrimal pathway is a safe and effective means of increasing tear production and reducing symptoms of dry eye in patients with DED.
Dramatically Increased pH and Temperature Stability of Chymotrypsin Using Dual Block Polymer-Based Protein Engineering (2014)

In this study, we report on multimodal temperature-responsive chymotrypsin-poly(sulfobetaine methacrylamide)-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (CT-pSBAm-block-pNIPAm) protein-polymer conjugates. Using polymer-based protein engineering (PBPE) with aqueous atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), we synthesized three different molecular weight CT-pSBAm-block-pNIPAm bioconjugates that responded structurally to both low and high temperature. In the block copolymer grown from the surface of the enzyme, upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase transition was dependent on the chain length of the polymers in the conjugates, whereas lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition was independent of molecular weight. Each CT-pSBAm-block-pNIPAm conjugate showed temperature dependent changes in substrate affinity and productivity when assayed from 0 to 40 °C. In addition, these conjugates showed higher stability to harsh conditions, including temperature, low pH, and protease degradation. Indeed, the PBPE-modified enzyme was active for over 8 h in the presence of a stomach protease at pH 1.0. Using PBPE, we created a dual zone shell surrounding each molecule of enzyme. The thickness of each zone of the shell was engineered to be separately responsive to temperature.
Graphene Valley Filter Using a Line Defect (2011)

With its two degenerate valleys at the Fermi level, the band structure of graphene provides the opportunity to develop unconventional electronic applications. Herein, we show that electron and hole quasiparticles in graphene can be filtered according to which valley they occupy without the need to introduce confinement. The proposed valley filter is based on scattering off a recently observed line defect in graphene. Quantum transport calculations show that the line defect is semitransparent and that quasiparticles arriving at the line defect with a high angle of incidence are transmitted with a valley polarization near 100%.
Synthesis and SAR of Thiazolylmethylphenyl Glucoside as Novel <i>C</i>-Aryl Glucoside SGLT2 Inhibitors (2010)

Novel C-aryl glucoside SGLT2 inhibitors containing the thiazole motif were designed and synthesized for biological evaluation. Among the compounds assayed, thiazole containing furanyl moiety 14v and thiophenyl moiety 14y demonstrated the best in vitro inhibitory activity against SGLT2 in this series to date (IC50 = 0.720 nM for 14v and IC50 = 0.772 nM for 14y). Both of these compounds have been further evaluated on a urinary glucose excretion test and the urine volumes excreted.
Improved Synthesis of 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarboxylic Acid (1994)

The synthesis of hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) derivatives, including the title compound, have been reported previously.1 However, due to problems with purity, low yields and expensive solvents, their potential utility has yet to be fully realized. We now report the improved synthesis of HAT derivatives in good yields, high purity, and without the use of expensive solvents.
ALDR: A New Metric for Measuring Effective Layering of Defenses (2011)

Attackers continually innovate and craft attacks that penetrate existing defenses. New security product purchasing decisions are key in order to keep organizations as secure as possible. Current information available to inform these decisions is often limited to individual security product detection/blocking rates for some test set of attacks. Actual security performance, however, depends on how a security product performs in the context of an organization’s existing security products. Even a security product that tests well on its own may be completely redundant when deployed into an existing environment. We propose a new metric that measures the total security granted by a combination of security products. Also, this metric makes the computation of the added benefit of an additional security product easy. We take the results of each individual security product parsing a certain data set and then, take the union of the results of all security products deployed at that organization. Our metric is the attacks in this union divided by the total attacks in the data set or, in other words, the total detection rate achieved by the whole system. This metric can be computed using existing evaluation techniques and provides a more accurate overall picture of the security posture of an organization as well as a way to measure the real contribution of a specific security product in the context of other security layers.
Dual energy x-ray imaging and scoring of coronary calcium: physics-based digital phantom and clinical studies (2016)

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) as assessed with CT calcium score is the best biomarker of coronary artery disease. Dual energy x-ray provides an inexpensive, low radiation-dose alternative. A two shot system (GE Revolution-XRd) is used, raw images are processed with a custom algorithm, and a coronary calcium image (DECCI) is created, similar to the bone image, but optimized for CAC visualization, not lung visualization. In this report, we developed a physicsbased, digital-phantom containing heart, lung, CAC, spine, ribs, pulmonary artery, and adipose elements, examined effects on DECCI, suggested physics-inspired algorithms to improve CAC contrast, and evaluated the correlation between CT calcium scores and a proposed DE calcium score. In simulation experiment, Beam hardening from increasing adipose thickness (2cm to 8cm) reduced C<sub>g</sub> by 19% and 27% in 120kVp and 60kVp images, but only reduced C<sub>g</sub> by <7% in DECCI. If a pulmonary artery moves or pulsates with blood filling between exposures, it can give rise to a significantly confounding PA signal in DECCI similar in amplitude to CAC. Observations suggest modifications to DECCI processing, which can further improve CAC contrast by a factor of 2 in clinical exams. The DE score had the best correlation with "CT mass score" among three commonly used CT scores. Results suggest that DE x-ray is a promising tool for imaging and scoring CAC, and there still remains opportunity for further DECCI processing improvements.
Conditional-sampling spectrograph detection system for fluorescence measurements of individual airborne biological particles (1996)

We report the design and operation of a prototype conditional-sampling spectrograph detection system that can record the fluorescence spectra of individual, micrometer-sized aerosols as they traverse an intense 488-nm intracavity laser beam. The instrument's image-intensified CCD detector is gated by elastic scattering or by undispersed fluorescence from particles that enter the spectrograph's field of view. It records spectra only from particles with preselected scattering-fluorescence levels (a fiber-optic-photomultiplier subsystem provides the gating signal). This conditional-sampling procedure reduces data-handling rates and increases the signal-to-noise ratio by restricting the system's exposures to brief periods when aerosols traverse the beam. We demonstrate these advantages by reliably capturing spectra from individual fluorescent microspheres dispersed in an airstream. The conditional-sampling procedure also permits some discrimination among different types of particles, so that spectra may be recorded from the few interesting particles present in a cloud of background aerosol. We demonstrate such discrimination by measuring spectra from selected fluorescent microspheres in a mixture of two types of microspheres, and from bacterial spores in a mixture of spores and nonfluorescent kaolin particles.