gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extending Newman's Pseudo-Two-Dimensional Lithium-Ion Battery Impedance Simulation Approach to Include the Nonlinear Harmonic Response (2017)

The pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model of lithium-ion batteries couples a volume-averaged treatment of transport, reaction, and thermodynamics to solid-state lithium diffusion in electrode particles. Here we harness the linear and nonlinear physics of the P2D model to evaluate the fundamental (linear) and higher harmonic (nonlinear) response of a LiCoO2|LiC6 cell subject to moderate-amplitude sinusoidal current modulations. An analytic-numeric approach allows the evaluation of the linearized frequency dispersion function that represents electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the higher harmonic dispersion functions we call nonlinear electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (NLEIS). Base case simulations show, for the first time, the full spectrum second and third harmonic NLEIS response. The effect of kinetic, mass-transport, and thermodynamic parameters are explored. The nonlinear interactions that drive the harmonic response break some of the degeneracy found in linearized models. We show that the second harmonic is sensitive to the symmetry of the charge transfer reactions in the electrodes, whereas EIS is not. At low frequencies, NLEIS probes aspects of the cell thermodynamics that are not accessible with EIS. In short, NLEIS has the potential to increase the number of physicochemical parameters that can be assessed in experiments similar in complexity to standard EIS measurements.
Li / Li1 + x  V 3 O 8 Secondary Batteries: III . Further Characterization of the Mechanism of Li+ Insertion and of the Cycling Behavior (1985)

The reduction mechanism of the bronze Li1.2V3O8 in nonaqueous Li cells has been elucidated. Upon Li+ insertion, a solid solution is formed with an upper composition of Li3V3O8. Within this composition range, Li+ progressively fills the tetrahedral sites available in the unit cell. Four such sites are supposed to be filled at the upper composition limit. Beyond this, a new phase is nucleated to accommodate excess Li+, this resulting in a constant cell's OCV. Li+ insertions not greater than 3.0 eq/mol are reversible, as shown by the cycling behavior and the x-ray patterns. Owing to the outstanding structure stability and to the high speed of Li+ diffusion in Li1.2V3O8, extended cycling at high rates is achievable with cells based on this bronze. 445 cycles at discharge rates variable in the range of 2-10 mA/cm 2 have been obtained.
A high C-reactive protein/procalcitonin ratio predicts <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> infection (2019)

Background Discriminating Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) from Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) and viral etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is challenging but has important implications regarding empiric antibiotic therapy. We investigated patient parameters upon hospital admission to predict MP infection. Methods All patients hospitalized in a tertiary care hospital between 2013 and 2017 for CAP with a confirmed etiology were analyzed using logistic regression analyses and area under the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves (AUC) for associations between demographic, clinical and laboratory features and the causative pathogen. Results We analyzed 568 patients with CAP, including 47 (8%) with MP; 152 (27%) with SP and 369 (65%) with influenza or other viruses. Comparing MP and SP by multivariate logistic regression analysis, younger age (odds ration [OR] 0.56 per 10 years, 95% CI 0.42-0.73), a lower neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (OR 0.9, 0.82-0.99) and an elevated C-reactive protein/procalcitonin (CRP/PCT) ratio (OR 15.04 [5.23-43.26] for a 400 mg/μg cut-off) independently predicted MP. With a ROC curve AUC of 0.91 (0.80 for the >400 mg/μg cutoff), the CRP/PCT ratio was the strongest predictor of MP vs. SP. The discriminatory value resulted from significantly lower PCT values (p < 0.001) for MP, while CRP was high in both groups (p = 0.057). Comparing MP and viral infections showed similar results with again the CRP/PCT ratio providing the best information (AUC 0.83; OR 5.55 for the >400 mg/μg cutoff, 2.26-13.64). Conclusions In patients hospitalized with CAP, a high admission CRP/PCT ratio predicts M. pneumoniae infection and may improve empiric management.
X‐ray spectra estimation using attenuation measurements from 25 kVp to 18 MV (1999)

Attenuation measurements for primary x-ray spectra from 25 kVp to 18 MV were made using aluminum filters for all energies except for orthovoltage where copper filters were used. An iterative perturbation method, which utilized these measurements, was employed to derive the apparent x-ray spectrum. An initial spectrum or pre-spectrum was used to start the process. Each energy value of the pre-spectrum was perturbed positively and negatively, and an attenuation curve was calculated using the perturbed values. The value of x-rays in the given energy bin was chosen to minimize the difference between the measured and calculated transmission curves. The goal was to derive the minimum difference between the measured transmission curve and the calculated transmission curve using the derived x-ray spectrum. The method was found to yield useful information concerning the lower photon energy and the actual operating potential versus the nominal potential. Mammographic, diagnostic, orthovoltage, and megavoltage x-ray spectra up to 18 MV nominal were derived using this method. The method was validated using attenuation curves from published literature. The method was also validated using attenuation curves calculated from published spectra. The attenuation curves were then used to derive the x-ray spectra.
Self-Consistent Karplus Parametrization of <sup>3</sup><i>J</i> Couplings Depending on the Polypeptide Side-Chain Torsion χ<sub>1</sub> (2001)

Recently proposed self-consistent 3J coupling analysis (Schmidt, J. M.; Blümel, M.; Löhr, F.; Rüterjans, H. J. Biomol. NMR 1999, 14, 1-12) has been carried out to calibrate Karplus parameters constituting the empirical dependence of 3J coupling constants on the chi1 dihedral angle in amino acid side chains. The procedure involves simultaneous least-squares optimization of six sets of three Karplus coefficients related to all six 3J coupling types accessible in 15N,13C-labeled proteins. A simple concept of fundamental and incremental component couplings is proposed to account for substituent effects, eventually yielding amino acid topology-specific Karplus parameters. The method is exemplified with recombinant Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin (147 amino acids, 16 kDa) with reference to a total of 749 experimental 3JHalpha,Hbeta, 3JN',Hbeta, 3JC',Hbeta, 3JHalpha,Cgamma, 3JN',Cgamma, and 3JC',Cgamma coupling constants. Unlike other parametrizations, the present method does not make reference to X-ray coordinates, so that the Karplus coefficients obtained are not influenced by differences between solution and crystal states. Cross validation using X-ray torsion angles demonstrates the improvement relative to previous parametrizations. The Karplus coefficients derived are applicable to other proteins, too. Parameter refinement also yields a series of chi1 torsion angles, providing valuable constraints for protein structure determination, as well as optional parameters of local angular mobility in the contexts of Gaussian random fluctuation or a three-site jump model. The procedure permits automatic stereospecific assignments of Hbeta and Cgamma chemical shifts. The majority of the flavodoxin side-chain conformations agrees with high-resolution X-ray structures of the protein. Marked deviations between NMR and X-ray datasets are attributed to different rotameric states due to crystal-packing effects and to conformational equilibria between multiple chi1 rotamers.
<title>Monte Carlo simulations of electron transport in bulk GaN and AlGaN-GaN heterostructures</title> (2000)

Calculations of the electronic mobility and drift velocity have been carried out for bulk GaN and AlGaN-GaN heterojunctions based on a Monte Carlo approach. The bulk calculations were intended to serve as a validity check of the simulation model and yielded a set of best-fit transport parameters. Wurtzite GaN has been shown to have superior steady state drift velocity characteristics over both GaAs and the zinc blende phase of GaN. Electron mobility in HFET structures has ben analyzed taking account of polarization effects, degeneracy and interface roughness scattering. Degeneracy is shown to play an important role, especially at large gate bias values. Very good agreement with available experiments has been obtained. Our results underscored the dominance of interface roughness scattering, and demonstrated that a parameterized model based on a weak- perturbation, Born approximation theory can yield sufficiently accurate results.
Multidimensional constellations. I. Introduction, figures of merit, and generalized cross constellations (1989)

The authors discuss the major attributes desired in signal constellations, such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficiency, simplicity of mapping bits to points and vice versa, compatibility with coded modulation schemes, and compatibility with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The capability of supporting a so-called opportunistic secondary channel, often used for internal control signaling, is considered. The gain in SNR efficiency of a multidimensional constellation (lattice code) consisting of the points from a lattice Lambda within a region R compared to a cubic constellation is shown to be approximately separable into the coding gain of Lambda and the shape gain of R, for large constellations. Similarly, the expansion of the associated constituent 2-D constellation is shown to be approximately separable into a constellation expansion ratio (CER) coding component CER/sub c/( Lambda ) and a shaping component CER/sub s/(R). The N sphere is the region R with the best shape gain, but N also has large constellation expansion. Bounds for the best possible shape gain versus CER/sub s/(R) or peak-to-average-power ratio (PAR) are given. Generalized cross constellations are discussed. These constellations yield a modest shape gain with very low CER/sub s/(R) or PAR, are easily implemented, are well suited for use with coded QAM modems, and can be readily adapted to support an opportunistic secondary channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonlinear Optics Ed. 3 (2008)

Nonlinear optics is the study of the interaction of intense laser light with matter. The third edition of this textbook has been rewritten to conform to the standard SI system of units and includes comprehensively updated material on the latest developments in the field.
	
	The book introduces the entire field of optical physics and specifically the area of nonlinear optics. It focuses on the fundamental issues including the electromagnetic origin of optical phenomena, the quantum mechanical description of the optical properties of matter, the role of spatial symmetries in determining the optical response, causality and Kramers Kronig relations, and ultrafast and high intensity optical effects. The book also covers applied aspects of nonlinear optics such as harmonic generation, the operation of parametric oscillators, optical switching, photonics, materials issues in nonlinear optics, and processes such as laser damage that can restrict the use of nonlinear optics.
	
	This edition contains new material on:
	• Applications of harmonic generation including applications within the fields of microscopy and biophotonics
	• Electromagnetically induced transparency
	• Spectroscopy based on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)
	
	Nonlinear Optics appeals to a wide audience of physics, optics, and electrical engineering students, as well as to working researchers and engineers. Those in related fields, such as materials science and chemistry, will also find this book of particular interest.
	
	* Presents an introduction to the entire field of optical physics from the perspective of nonlinear optics.
	* Combines first rate pedagogy with a treatment of fundamental aspects of nonlinear optics
	
	* Covers all the latest topics and technology in this ever-evolving industry
	
	* Strong emphasis on the fundamentals
Activation of Nuclear Factor κB <b> <i>In vivo</i> </b> Selectively Protects the Murine Small Intestine against Ionizing Radiation-Induced Damage (2004)

Exposure of mice to total body irradiation induces nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activation in a tissue-specific manner. In addition to the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, the tissues that exhibit NFkappaB activation now include the newly identified site of the intestinal epithelial cells. NFkappaB activated by total body irradiation mainly consists of NFkappaB p50/RelA heterodimers, and genetically targeted disruption of the NFkappaB p50 gene in mice significantly decreased the activation. By comparing tissue damage and lethality in wild-type and NFkappaB p50 knockout (p50-/-) mice after they were exposed to increasing doses of total body irradiation, we additionally examined the role of NFkappaB activation in total body irradiation-induced tissue damage. The results show that p50-/- mice are more sensitive to total body irradiation-induced lethality than wild-type mice (LD50/Day 7: wild-type = 13.12 Gy versus p50-/- = 7.75 Gy and LD50/Day 30: wild-type = 9.31 Gy versus p50-/- = 7.81 Gy). The increased radiosensitivity of p50-/- mice was associated with an elevated level of apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and decreased survival of the small intestinal crypts compared with wild-type mice (P < 0.01). In addition, RelA/TNFR1-deficient (RelA/TNFR1-/-) mice also exhibited a significant increase in intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis after they were exposed to total body irradiation as compared with TNFR1-deficient (TNFR1-/-) mice (P < 0.01). In contrast, no significant increase in total body irradiation-induced apoptosis or tissue injury was observed in bone marrow cells, spleen lymphocytes, and the liver, heart, lung, and kidney of p50-/- mice in comparison with wild-type mice. These findings indicate that activation of NFkappaB selectively protects the small intestine against ionizing radiation-induced damage.
Hierarchical Multi-Area State Estimation via Sensitivity Function Exchanges (2016)

A new hierarchical multi-area power system state estimation method is proposed in this paper. Instead of exchanging boundary measurements or state estimates, the proposed technique is based on exchanging the sensitivity functions of local state estimators. The main benefit of the proposed scheme is the improved convergence speed, which also reduces the amount of information exchange required. Extensive numerical results involving IEEE standard systems and a utility scale system are presented.
The Great Divorce: The Current Understanding of Separation of Powers and the Original Meaning of the Incompatibility Clause (2008)

consider the possibility of a joint senate-presidential officeholding.Tillman makes the bold assertion that there is no constitutional bar to President-elect Obama retaining his Senate seat.Though the President-elect has, in fact, relinquished his seat in the Senate, Tillman argues that this debate is about more than incompatible office-holdings because "it also has clear implications for our understanding of the reach of" several related constitutional provisions.Treating the text formalistically, Tillman carefully parses the Constitution's Incompatibility Clause (which restricts a member of either house of Congress from "holding any Office under the United States"), other related clauses, and the meaning of the words "officer" and "office," to reach the conclusion that the presidency is not "an Office under the United States."Thus, Tillman maintains, the Incompatibility Clause poses no bar to a joint office-holding.Citing other constitutional provisions that are understood to refer to the President as an "officer" of the United States (such as the Necessary and Proper Clause), Professor Calabresi counters that Tillman has "made an ingenious argument for an utterly implausible proposition" that "is contrary to the plain meaning of the constitutional text and to the way we have done things for eight hundred years."Calabresi argues that, under an originalist reading, the terms "office" and "officer" should be read according to "what the ordinary citizen on the street would have thought words meant."Because Tillman's reading is "too subtle by half," Calabresi asserts that it would create "a bizarre conflict of interest-a conflict of interest unprecedented in the last eight hundred years."
An Optical Method for Monitoring Metal Contamination during Aqueous Processing of Silicon Wafers (1998)

An optical technique based on simple absorption spectroscopy has been demonstrated for monitoring metal contaminant deposition from aqueous processing solutions widely employed during microelectronics fabrication. Cu deposition from 0.15 and 0.25% HF solutions contaminated with 3.5 ppm Cu has been observed as a decrease in the absorption of a HeNe laser reflected at glancing incidence from a Si wafer. This is caused by the depletion of from the mass‐transfer boundary layer, providing direct evidence that Cu deposition is rate‐limited by diffusion. This technique allows determination of which metallic species can deposit onto Si wafers in diffusion‐limited processes during various aqueous processing steps in microelectronics manufacture. In addition, Cu deposition is seen to coincide with the completion of dissolution, confirming that is reduced by an electroless process involving simultaneous Si oxidation. The decrease in absorption is consistent with a mass‐transfer boundary layer thickness of about 335(20) μm. The optical absorption returns to its original value about 2 min after the onset of deposition, consistent with diffusion‐limited deposition of one monolayer of Cu, which is followed by a transition to a slower, surface rate‐limited process.
Increased Osteopontin Expression in Dendritic Cells Amplifies IL-17 Production by CD4+ T Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and in Multiple Sclerosis (2008)

Osteopontin (Opn) is a broadly expressed pleiotropic cytokine, and has been shown to play an important role in various autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It is reported that Opn exacerbates EAE by skewing T cell differentiation toward IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells. Opn expression in dendritic cells (DCs) and its role in IL-17 induction from T cells during EAE or MS are unknown. We found that during EAE, Opn expression is elevated in DCs both in the periphery and in the CNS. There was increased expression of Opn receptor on T cells, and Opn induced IL-17 production by CD4(+) T cells via the beta(3) integrin receptor and Opn inhibited IL-10 production via the CD44 receptor. Furthermore, anti-Opn treatment reduced clinical severity of EAE by reducing IL-17 production. Anti-Opn was also effective in reducing clinical severity of EAE when given after the appearance of clinical symptoms. Analogous to EAE, in subjects with MS, we found increased expression of Opn in DCs and increased expression of the Opn receptors CD44, beta(3), and alpha(v) on T cells. Furthermore, Opn-stimulated CD4(+) T cells from MS patients produced significantly higher amounts of IL-17. Our results demonstrate a role for DC-produced Opn both in EAE and MS that is linked to the production of IL-17.
Characterization of Microbial Communities in Gas Industry Pipelines (2003)

Culture-independent techniques, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, and random cloning of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified from community DNA were used to determine the diversity of microbial communities in gas industry pipelines. Samples obtained from natural gas pipelines were used directly for DNA extraction, inoculated into sulfate-reducing bacterium medium, or used to inoculate a reactor that simulated a natural gas pipeline environment. The variable V2-V3 (average size, 384 bp) and V3-V6 (average size, 648 bp) regions of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes, respectively, were amplified from genomic DNA isolated from nine natural gas pipeline samples and analyzed. A total of 106 bacterial 16S rDNA sequences were derived from DGGE bands, and these formed three major clusters: beta and gamma subdivisions of Proteobacteria and gram-positive bacteria. The most frequently encountered bacterial species was Comamonas denitrificans, which was not previously reported to be associated with microbial communities found in gas pipelines or with microbially influenced corrosion. The 31 archaeal 16S rDNA sequences obtained in this study were all related to those of methanogens and phylogenetically fall into three clusters: order I, Methanobacteriales; order III, Methanomicrobiales; and order IV, Methanosarcinales: Further microbial ecology studies are needed to better understand the relationship among bacterial and archaeal groups and the involvement of these groups in the process of microbially influenced corrosion in order to develop improved ways of monitoring and controlling microbially influenced corrosion.
Active Learning by Learning (2015)

Pool-based active learning is an important technique that helps reduce labeling efforts within a pool of unlabeled instances. Currently, most pool-based active learning strategies are constructed based on some human-designed philosophy; that is, they reflect what human beings assume to be “good labeling questions.” However, while such human-designed philosophies can be useful on specific data sets, it is often difficult to establish the theoretical connection of those philosophies to the true learning performance of interest. In addition, given that a single human-designed philosophy is unlikely to work on all scenarios, choosing and blending those strategies under different scenarios is an important but challenging practical task. This paper tackles this task by letting the machines adaptively “learn” from the performance of a set of given strategies on a particular data set. More specifically, we design a learning algorithm that connects active learning with the well-known multi-armed bandit problem. Further, we postulate that, given an appropriate choice for the multi-armed bandit learner, it is possible to estimate the performance of different strategies on the fly. Extensive empirical studies of the resulting ALBL algorithm confirm that it performs better than state-of-the-art strategies and a leading blending algorithm for active learning, all of which are based on human-designed philosophy.