gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and characterization of an infectious cDNA clone of the virulent Bucyrus strain of Equine arteritis virus (2007)

Strains of Equine arteritis virus (EAV) differ in the severity of the disease that they induce in horses. Infectious cDNA clones are potentially useful for identification of genetic determinants of EAV virulence; to date, two clones have been derived from a cell culture-adapted variant of the original (Bucyrus) isolate of EAV, and it has previously been shown that recombinant virus derived from one of these (rEAV030) is attenuated in horses. A complete cDNA copy of the genome of the virulent Bucyrus strain of EAV has now been assembled into a plasmid vector. In contrast to rEAV030, recombinant progeny virus derived from this clone caused severe disease in horses, characterized by pyrexia, oedema, leukopenia, high-titre viraemia and substantial nasal shedding of virus. The availability of infectious cDNA clones that produce recombinant viruses of different virulence to horses will facilitate characterization of the virulence determinants of EAV through reverse genetics.
Figure S2 from PF-06804103, A Site-specific Anti-HER2 Antibody–Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of HER2-expressing Breast, Gastric, and Lung Cancers (2023)

<p>Immunohistochemical evaluation of HER2 expression in vivo cell line and patient-derived xenograft models.</p>
Stable Nanofluids for Convective Heat Transfer Applications (2013)

Abstract Nanofluids are stable dispersions of ultrafine or nanoscale metallic, metal oxide, ceramic particles in a given base fluid. It is reported that nanofluids register an extraordinarily high level of thermal conductivity, and thus possess immense potential in improvement of heat transfer and energy efficiency of several industrial applications including vehicular cooling in transportation, nuclear reactors, and microelectronics. The key issues with nanofluids are: (i) a robust, cost-effective and scalable method to produce nanofluids to industrial scale has not yet been developed, (ii) stability in industrial applications is not yet established, and (iii) meaningful data in flow based heat transfer process do not exist. The present work attempts to address all these three issues. We have developed an in-situ technique for preparation of stable nanofluids by wet-milling of the metal oxide powder in the base fluid, and in the presence of a suitable dispersant. The nanofluids thus produced are tested for heat transfer efficiency under flow conditions in double pipe heat exchangers. Alumina nanofluids have been found to show enhancements of around 10–60% for various base fluids flown under different flow conditions. Thermal enhancements have been found to depend on the flow-rate, particle concentration, type of base fluid, and material of the thermal contact surface of the heat exchanger. The nanofluids thus obtained exhibit sustained stability (&gt;30 months) and their stability remains unaltered for several heating-cooling cycles.
Concurrent Rapid Identification of Bulking and Foaming Bacteria (2010)

Nocardioforms were genetically identified using PCR-REBA. PCR-REBA was able to identify many bacterial genera in one assay. PCR-REBA was able to determine that foams from different WWTPs contain various types of bacteria such as Gordonia spp., Millisia spp., Skermania spp., Tsukamurella spp., and Microthrix parvicella, while light microscopy cannot differentiate amongst them (except M. parvicella). The G. amarae population was detected before foaming event using PCR-REBA, which gives warning sign of the problematic bacteria. The study G. amarae population using qPCR indicated G. amarae were favorable to temperature at 23-26C and during fall and spring (R 2 =0.6011). SRT and F/M were not associated with G. amarae population (R 2 = 0.008 and 0.085 for SRT and F/M, respectively). NH3 in the influent had inverse relationship to numbers of G. amarae, however R 2 was 0.0738. cBOD to nBOD ratio had high R 2 = 0.433. G. amarae were able to uptake high carbon to nitrogen ratio substrate, but G. amarae could not utilize these unbalance nutrients completely. As a result, high biosurfactants were produced, and foams were created during optimum temperature. HRT also had strong relationship to G. amarae population (R 2 = 0.43), which supports this hypothesis that the longer time G. amarae contacted to food, higher G. amarae concentrations were observed.
Wikify! (2007)

This paper introduces the use of Wikipedia as a resource for automatic keyword extraction and word sense disambiguation, and shows how this online encyclopedia can be used to achieve state-of-the-art results on both these tasks. The paper also shows how the two methods can be combined into a system able to automatically enrich a text with links to encyclopedic knowledge. Given an input document, the system identifies the important concepts in the text and automatically links these concepts to the corresponding Wikipedia pages. Evaluations of the system show that the automatic annotations are reliable and hardly distinguishable from manual annotations.
Investigation of High Density Magnetic Recording with Single-layer Perpendicular Media (1997)

This paper describes the recent research results on magnetic recording with single-layer perpendicular recording media. This includes the thermal stability of recorded information, the linear recording density resolution, the recorded track edge profile, the media noise, the nonlinear transition shifts, the signal decay due to demagnetizing field, etc. The combination of Co-alloy single-layer perpendicular media with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropies (Mr/Ms>0.95) and ring-head writing has a high potential to increase the attainable areal density beyond 10 Gb/in2 while avoiding or reducing the difficulties which are feared to face with the conventional longitudinal magnetic recording.
Ethylene polymerization studies with supported cyclopentadienyl, arene, and allyl chromium catalysts (1975)

Abstract Highly active catalysts for low pressure ethylene polymerization are formed when chromocene, bis (benzene)‐ or bis (cumene)‐chromium or tris‐ or bis (allyl)‐chromium compounds are deposited on high surface area silica‐alumina or silica supports. Each catalyst type shows its own unique behavior in preparation, polymerization, activity, isomerization, and response to hydrogen as a chain transfer agent. The arene chromium compounds require an acidic support (silicaalumina) or thermal aging with silica to form a highly active catalyst. At 90°C polymerization temperature arene chromium catalysts produced high molecular weight polyethylene and showed, in contrast to supported chromocene catalysts, a much lower response to hydrogen as a chain transfer agent. An increase in polymerization temperature caused a significant decrease in polymer molecular weight. Addition of cyclopentadiene to supported bis (cumene)‐chromium catalyst led to a new catalyst which showed a chain transfer response to hydrogen typical of a supported chromocene catalyst. Polymerization activity with tris‐ or bis (allyl)‐chromium appears to depend on the divalent chromium content in the catalyst. Changes in the silica dehydration temperature of supported allyl chromium catalyst have a significant effect on the resulting polymer molecular weight. High molecular weight polymers were formed with catalysts that were prepared using silica dehydration temperatures below about 400°C. Dimers, trimers, and oligomers of ethylene were usually formed with catalysts that were prepared on silica dehydrated much above 400°C. The order of activity of the different types of catalysts was chromocene/silica > chromocene/silica‐alumina > bis (arene)‐chromium/silica‐alumina ≃ allyl chromium/silica.
Expression of Load Transfer Paths in Structures (2005)

A concept of a parameter U* has been introduced by the authors to express load transfer paths in a structure. In this paper, matrix formulation of internal stiffness shows that the value of U* expresses a degree of connection between a loading point and an internal arbitrary point. Stiffness fields, stiffness lines, and stiffness decay vectors are defined using newly introduced U* potential lines. A concept of a load path can be expressed as a stiffness line that has a minimum stiffness decay vector. A simple model structure is calculated using FEM for an application of U* analysis. The distribution of U* values shows that a diagonal member between a loading point and a support point Plays an important rold for the load transfer.
Long wavelength (λ ≃ 13 µm) quantumcascade lasers (1998)

Long wavelength (λ ≃ 13 µm) quantum-cascade (QC) lasers are reported. With these lasers operating close to the cutoff wavelength of the second atmospheric window, full coverage of the mid-infrared transparency region is now achieved with GaInAs/AlInAs QC lasers. These devices operate in pulsed mode up to 175 K, with several milliwatts of peak output power at liquid nitrogen temperature.
Molecular cloning and expression of the p25 gene of two mexican isolates of citrus tristeza virus (2002)

The p25 coat protein gene (CPG) of two mexican isolates of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was amplified by reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The corresponding complementary DNA of the CPG for both CTV isolates was ligated to pET22b expression vectors and inserted into Escherichia coli BL21 competent cells. Transformed E. coli cells were further cultured in nutrient liquid medium and the expressed bacterial proteins were separated by SDS polyacrlylamide gel electrophoresis. Bacterial cultures transformed with the CPG expressed the recombinant coat protein (rCP) as a prominent protein band of about 26 and 28 kDa for the mexican CTV isolates MX8 and MX14, respectively. The corresponding bacterial culture of E. coli transformed with the T36 isolate used as positive control, showed a prominent protein band of about 26 kDa, and one more of ~25 kDa. Western blotting assays with polyclonal CTV specific antibodies showed a positive reaction with the rCP of the MX8, MX14, and T36 CTV isolates, respectively. Further electrophoresis runs followed by subsequent western blotting assays, showed a positive serological reaction with the expressed rCP for the MX8, MX 14, and T36 CTV isolates, and with the corresponding native coat protein present in crude sap of CTV infected citrus tissue. Sequence analysis of the amplified DNA for both isolates showed a fragment of 672 nucleotides in length, with a deduced aminoacid sequences of 223 residues long. There were no coincident nucleotides located at 52 different positions in the entire p25 gene between the mexican isolates that were reflected in nineteen distinct aminoacid residues located at different positions of the p25 gene. When the sequence analysis of the aminoacid residues for the two mexican CTV isolates was compared with available sequencing data for other CTV isolates from diverse geographical origin, the mexican MX8 isolate showed a close similarity with the group of CTV Florida mild T30, T26 and T55 CTV isolates, whereas, the MX14 CTV showed a close similarity with the B249 CTV isolate from Venezuela. Sequence analysis indicates the potential presence of stem pitting citrus tristeza virus isolates in Mexico.
Spatial separation of fringe fields in quadrupole mass filters (1976)

The use of leaky dielectric materials which appear to radio-frequency fields as dielectrics but to dc fields as conductors is described in connection with achieving a delayed-dc-ramp effect in quadrupole mass filters. The criteria for the conductivity and dielectric constant of the materials are derived theoretically. Some theoretical considerations with regard to application to practical mass filters are also presented. Apparent experimental verification of the theory is briefly described and practical problems of available materials are discussed.
Ex vivo flow mammalian cell electropulsation (2004)

Cell electropulsation brings a local and reversible permeabilization of cell membranes. This gives the technical possibility to introduce (load) exogenous compounds (drugs, proteins, DNA) into cells. Flow-through electropulsation allows to treat a large volume (number) of cells as requested for cell therapy. Cells are flowing through a pulsing chamber where they are submitted to a well-defined number of calibrated pulses. A proper setting of pulse frequency and flow rate controls the number of pulses. A large volume of cells can therefore be electrotreated in a small sized pulsing chamber. The viability of pulsed cells appears to be greatly preserved.
Characterization of Heterotopic Ossification Using Radiographic Imaging: Evidence for a Paradigm Shift (2015)

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the growth of extra-skeletal bone which occurs following trauma, burns, and in patients with genetic bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor mutations. The clinical and laboratory evaluation of HO is dependent on radiographic imaging to identify and characterize these lesions. Here we show that despite its inadequacies, plain film radiography and single modality microCT continue to serve as a primary method of HO imaging in nearly 30% of published in vivo literature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that detailed microCT analysis is superior to plain film and single modality microCT radiography specifically in the evaluation of HO formed through three representative models due to its ability to 1) define structural relationships between growing extra-skeletal bone and normal, anatomic bone, 2) provide accurate quantification and growth rate based on volume of the space-occupying lesion, thereby facilitating assessments of therapeutic intervention, 3) identify HO at earlier times allowing for evaluation of early intervention, and 4) characterization of metrics of bone physiology including porosity, tissue mineral density, and cortical and trabecular volume. Examination of our trauma model using microCT demonstrated two separate areas of HO based on anatomic location and relationship with surrounding, normal bone structures. Additionally, microCT allows HO growth rate to be evaluated to characterize HO progression. Taken together, these data demonstrate the need for a paradigm shift in the evaluation of HO towards microCT as a standard tool for imaging.
Polyamines delay leaf maturation in low‐alkaloid tobacco varieties (2018)

The development of low-alkaloid (LA) tobacco varieties is an important target in the tobacco breeding industry. However, LA Burley 21 plants, in which the <i>Nic1</i> and <i>Nic2</i> loci controlling nicotine biosynthesis are deleted, are characterized by impaired leaf maturation that leads to poor leaf quality before and after curing. Polyamines are involved in key developmental, physiological, and metabolic processes in plants, and act as anti-senescence and anti-ripening regulators. We investigated the role of polyamines in tobacco leaf maturation by analyzing the free and conjugated polyamine fractions in the leaves and roots of four Burley 21 varieties: NA (normal alkaloid levels, wild-type control), HI (high intermediates, <i>nic2</i> <sup>-</sup>), LI (low intermediates, <i>nic1</i> <sup>-</sup>), and LA (<i>nic1</i> <sup>-</sup> <i>nic2</i> <sup>-</sup>). The pool of conjugated polyamines increased with plant age in the roots and leaves of all four varieties, but the levels of free and conjugated putrescine and spermidine were higher in the LI and LA plants than NA controls. The increase in the polyamine content correlated with delayed maturation and senescence, i.e., LA plants with the highest polyamine levels showed the most severe impaired leaf maturation phenotype, characterized by higher chlorophyll content and more mesophyll cells per unit leaf area. Treatment of LA plants with inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis and/or the growth regulator Ethephon<sup>®</sup> reduced accumulation of polyamines, achieving a partial amelioration of the LA phenotype. Our data show that the regulation of polyamine homeostasis is strongly disrupted in LA plants, and that free and conjugated polyamines contribute to the observed impairment of leaf maturation.
Comparison of tomographic fluorescence spectral and lifetime multiplexing (2016)

Multispectral and lifetime imaging in turbid media can be mathematically described in two steps, involving spectral or temporal mixing of the fluorophores and the diffuse light transport in the turbid medium. We show that the order of fluorophore mixing and diffuse propagation is reversed in spectral and lifetime multiplexing, resulting in a fundamental difference in their multiplexing capabilities, regardless of the measurement conditions. Using the resolution matrix to define a quantitative measure for inter-fluorophore cross-talk, we show that lifetime multiplexing, using the asymptotic time domain approach, provides zero cross-talk, while spectral multiplexing can achieve zero cross-talk under special conditions. We also compare the performance of spectral and lifetime multiplexing for tomographic inversion of two overlapping fluorophores in a heterogeneous digital mouse atlas.
Regeneration of Lithium Aluminum Hydride (2008)

Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH(4)) is a promising compound for hydrogen storage, with a high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen density and a low decomposition temperature. Similar to other metastable hydrides, LiAlH(4) does not form by direct hydrogenation at reasonable hydrogen pressures; therefore, there is considerable interest in developing new routes to regenerate the material from the dehydrogenated products LiH and Al. Here we demonstrate a low-energy route to regenerate LiAlH(4) from LiH and Ti-catalyzed Al. The initial hydrogenation occurs in a tetrahydrofuran slurry and forms the adduct LiAlH(4).4THF. The thermodynamics of this reversible reaction were investigated by measuring pressure-composition isotherms, and the free energy was found to be small and slightly negative (DeltaG = -1.1 kJ/mol H(2)), suggesting an equilibrium hydrogen pressure of just under 1 bar at 300 K. We also demonstrate that the adduct LiAlH(4).4THF can be desolvated at low temperature to yield crystalline LiAlH(4).
Negative differential conductance observed in a lateral double constriction device (1992)

Lateral double point contact devices were fabricated using a split-gate high electron mobility transistor. The low-temperature source-drain characteristics show pronounced S-shaped negative differential conductance that can be independently controlled by an applied gate bias. The mechanism for the observed switching behavior is believed to be similar to that proposed for heterostructure hot electron diodes.
Stacking Graphene Channels in Parallel for Enhanced Performance With the Same Footprint (2013)

Using the unique ability of graphene to be transferred to virtually any surface, field-effect transistors are demonstrated with vertically stacked graphene channels that are electrically connected in parallel. The graphene in each layer is double gated, with all gates in the stack connected to a common gate electrode. We show that the performance of these devices scales linearly with the number of stacked graphene channels at rates of approximately 500 μA/μm and 200 μS/μm per layer for the on-current and peak transconductance, respectively. This demonstration reveals the ability to employ graphene in a novel fashion for tuning and amplifying the performance of a transistor without changing the device footprint.
Cell-Free and Erythrocytic <i>S</i> -Nitrosohemoglobin Inhibits Human Platelet Aggregation (1998)

We suggest that the RBC has evolved a means to counteract platelet activation in small vessels and the proaggregatory effects of oxidative stress by forming SNO-Hb.
Application of advanced materials as support for immobilisation of lipase from<i>Candida rugosa</i> (2005)

Ni/Al-layered double hydroxides (Ni-LDHs) and Ni/Al-sodium dodecyl sulfonate layered double hydroxide nanocomposites (Ni-SDS-LDHs) with a molar ratio of Ni:Al (4:1) have been prepared by a co-precipitation (or salt-base) method. Their structures were determined using Powder X-Ray Diffractometer (PXRD) and the spectra showed that basal spacings for Ni-LDHs and Ni-SDS-LDHs synthesised were around 8.1 Å and 34.8 Å, respectively. Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilised onto these advanced materials, by physical adsorption. The activity of immobilised lipase was investigated through esterification of palmitic acid and isopropyl alcohol in hexane. The effects of reaction temperature, thermostability, stability in organic solvent, operational stability, leaching and storage studies of the immobilised lipase were investigated. These biocatalysts exhibited higher activities than the native lipase with an optimum temperature of 40°C. Immobilised lipases showed higher storage stability than native lipase (up to 60 days) and during operational studies at 30°C for 5 h, more than 50% of its activity was retained. Leaching studies showed that physical adsorption is suitable for the attachment of enzymes onto LDHs.
Direct Strain Imaging for Full Field Measurements (2012)

Full field strain measurement techniques are based on computing the spatial derivatives of the approximation or interpolation of the underlying displacement fields extracted from digital imaging methods. These methods implicitly assume that the medium satisfies the compatibility conditions, which for any practical reason is only true in the case of a continuum body that remains continuum throughout the history of its mechanical loading. In the present work we introduce a method that can be used to calculate the strain components directly from typical digital imaging data, without the need of the continuum hypothesis and the need for displacement field differentiation. Thus it allows the imaging and measurement of strain fields from surfaces with discontinuities (i.e. small cracks). Numerical comparisons are performed based on synthetic data produced from an analytical solution for an open hole domain in tension. Mean absolute error distributions are calculated for the cases of both the traditional mesh free random grid method and the direct strain method introduced in the paper are given. It is established that the more refined representation of strain provided by this approach is more accurate everywhere in the domain, but most importantly, near the boundaries of the representation domain, where the error is higher for traditional methods.
A mechanism to signal receptor–substrate interactions with luminescent quantum dots (2006)

Semiconductor quantum dots are becoming valuable analytical tools for biomedical applications. Indeed, their unique photophysical properties offer the opportunity to design luminescent probes for imaging and sensing with unprecedented performance. In this context, we have identified operating principles to transduce the supramolecular association of complementary receptor-substrate pairs into an enhancement in the luminescence of sensitive quantum dots. Our mechanism is based on the electrostatic adsorption of cationic quenchers on the surface of anionic quantum dots. The adsorbed quenchers suppress efficiently the emission character of the associated nanoparticles on the basis of photoinduced electron transfer. In the presence of target receptors able to bind the quenchers and prevent electron transfer, however, the luminescence of the quantum dots is restored. Thus, complementary receptor-substrate pairs can be identified with luminescence measurements relying on our design logic. In fact, we have demonstrated with a representative example that our protocol can be adapted to signal protein-ligand interactions.