gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineered thermostable fungal cellulases exhibit efficient synergistic cellulose hydrolysis at elevated temperatures (2014)

A major obstacle to using widely available and low-cost lignocellulosic feedstocks to produce renewable fuels and chemicals is the high cost and low efficiency of the enzyme mixtures used to hydrolyze cellulose to fermentable sugars. One possible solution entails engineering current cellulases to function efficiently at elevated temperatures in order to boost reaction rates and exploit several other advantages of a higher temperature process. Here, we describe the creation of the most stable reported fungal endoglucanase, a derivative of Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei) Cel5A, by combining stabilizing mutations identified using consensus design, chimera studies, and structure-based computational methods. The engineered endoglucanase has an optimal temperature that is 17°C higher than wild type H. jecorina Cel5A, and hydrolyzes 1.5 times as much cellulose over 60 h at its optimum temperature compared to the wild type enzyme at its optimal temperature. This enzyme complements previously engineered highly active, thermostable variants of the fungal cellobiohydrolases Cel6A and Cel7A in a thermostable cellulase mixture that hydrolyzes cellulose synergistically at an optimum temperature of 70°C over 60 h.The thermostable mixture produces three times as much total sugar as the best mixture of the wild type enzymes operating at its optimum temperature of 60°C, clearly demonstrating the advantage of higher temperature cellulose hydrolysis.
Simultaneous static and time-resolved nonenhanced peripheral MR angiography (2013)

Background Due to the association of gadolinium with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal insufficiency, nonenhanced methods for peripheral angiography such as quiescent interval single shot (QISS) and subtractive fast spin-echo are of increasing clinical interest. Despite the ability of these methods to depict peripheral vascular pathology, they have limited ability to display the arterial pulse wave which may aid in characterization of peripheral vascular disease. We describe a rapid nonenhanced MRA method that provides for static and time-resolved display of blood flow within the peripheral vasculature. Methods This study was IRB approved. Imaging of 6 healthy subjects and 2 patients was performed on a 1.5T MRI system (MAGNETOM Avanto, Siemens Healthcare) with a cardiac-gated saturation-recovery 2D radial trueFISP sequence that acquired views over the entire cardiac cycle. A golden azimuthal angle increment (111.25°) was used to permit sliding window reconstruction at arbitrary temporal resolutions. The sequence was used to image the arteries of the lower and upper limbs. Typical imaging parameters were: TR/TE/flip of 4.1-4.5 ms/2.0-2.2 ms/90°, slice thickness 2.3-3.0 mm, in-plane spatial resolution 1.0-1.2 mm, 160 (upper limbs) to 432 (lower limbs) slices, 1 heartbeat/slice, 20 temporal frames/heartbeat, phase-based fat suppression, tracking saturation for venous suppression. A static angiogram was obtained by reconstructing all acquired views. A multi-shot implementation (2-4 heartbeats/slice) was tested for the purpose of improving temporal resolution. Results The described time-resolved nonenhanced MRA method depicted the onset and propagation of arterial flow in the
Online validity monitor for vehicle dynamics models (2019)

The following topics are dealt with: road vehicles; road safety; traffic engineering computing; mobile robots; road traffic; automobiles; driver information systems; vehicle dynamics; vehicular ad hoc networks; road traffic control.
C-X-C Chemokines and Lung Cancer Angiogenesis (1999)

Angiogenesis is an essential biologic event encountered in vertebrate animals (6,35,36,38,39,60,92). Embryonic development, the formation of inflammatory granulation tissue during wound healing, chronic inflammation, and the growth of malignant solid tumors represent physiologic and pathologic processes that are strictly dependent on neovascularization. The rate of normal capillary endothelial cell turnover in adults is typically measured in months or years (30,132). However, during wound repair and development of granulation tissue, resting endothelial cells become activated, leading to proteolytic degradation of their basement membrane and surrounding extracellular matrix, migration, proliferation, and establishment of newly functioning capillaries within a matter of days (60). An important feature of wound-associated angiogenesis is that it is locally controlled and transient. As rapidly as neovascularization occurs, these new vessels virtually disappear, returning the tissue vasculature to a homeostatic environment. This abrupt termination of angiogenesis in the context of the resolution of wound repair supports the notion of two possible mechanisms of control. First, there is probably a marked reduction in the synthesis and/or elaboration of angiogenic mediators. Second, a simultaneous increase occurs in the levels of factors that inhibit neovascularization (15). In contrast to the precise regulation of angiogenesis that accompanies wound repair, dysregulation of angiogenesis can lead to an imbalance in overexpression of angiogenic and underexpression of angiostatic factors that contributes to the pathogenesis of solid tumor growth. Thus, the complement of positive and negative regulators of angiogenesis may vary among different physiologic and pathologic settings. The recognition of this dual mechanism of control is critical in order to gain insight into this complex process and to understand its significance in regulating net angiogenesis.
Partial oxidation reforming of methanol (1996)

Methanol is an attractive fuel for fuel cell-powered vehicles because it has a fairly high energy density, can be pumped into the tank of a vehicle mush like gasoline, and is relatively easy to reform. For on-board reforming, the reformer must be compact and lightweight, and have rapid start-up and good dynamic response. Steam reforming reactors with the tube-and-shell geometry that was used on the prototype fuel cell-powered buses are heat transfer limited. To reach their normal operating temperature, these types of reactors need 45 minutes from ambient temperature start-up. The dynamic response is poor due to temperature control problems. To overcome the limitations of steam reforming, ANL explored the partial oxidation concept used in the petroleum industry to process crude oils. In contrast to the endothermic steam reforming reaction, partial oxidations is exothermic. Fuel and air are passed together over a catalyst or reacted thermally, yielding a hydrogen-rich gas. Since the operating temperature of such a reactor can be controlled by the oxygen-to- methanol ratio, the rates of reaction are not heat transfer limited. Start-up and transient response should be rapid, and the mass and volume are expected to be small by comparison.
CompactETA (2020)

Computing estimated time of arrival (ETA) is one of the most important services for online ride-hailing platforms like DiDi and Uber. With billions of service queries per day on such platforms, a fast inference ETA module ensures the efficiency of the overall decision system to guarantee satisfied user experience, as well as saving significant operating cost. In this paper, we develop a novel ETA learning system named as CompactETA, which provides an accurate online travel time inference within 100 microseconds. In the proposed method, we encode high order spatial and temporal dependency into sophisticated representations by applying graph attention network on a spatiotemporal weighted road network graph. We further encode the sequential information of the travel route by positional encoding to avoid the recurrent network structure. The properly learnt representations enable us to apply a very simple multi-layer perceptron model for online real-time inference. Evaluation of both offline experiments and online A/B testing verifies that CompactETA reduces the inference latency by more than 100 times compared to a state-of-the-art system, while maintains competing prediction accuracy.
Highly efficient 1.3 µm Raman fibre amplifier (1998)

Using a newly developed phosphosilicate fibre-based Raman laser as a pump source, and a low-loss high Δn fibre, the authors have obtained a Raman gain of 40 dB at the 1.24 µm pump power of < 700 mW.
Artificial feeder cells expressing ligands for killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and CD94/NKG2A for expansion of functional primary natural killer cells with tolerance to self (2020)

Collectively, the results demonstrate the feasibility of PC3<sup>PSCA</sup>-IL-2-4-1BBL-mIL-15d feeder cells for robust expansion of NK cells, which remain tolerant to self and could be used in the future for adoptive cell therapy of cancer.
A low-cost robust localization scheme for WLAN (2006)

Localization in WLAN networks has been an active area of research recently. However, most of the previous schemes in this area do not consider the presence of any malicious user within the network. The growing interest in location based services would necessitate the development of a low-cost localization scheme which is robust against the attacks from these malicious users. In this paper, we propose such a low-cost secure localization scheme. The proposed scheme is based on the current access point (AP) capability of transmitting at different power levels. The main idea here is to leverage this capability of APs so that a unique set of the messages transmitted by various APs can be received at every location in the system. The client is expected to transmit back the received messages to the AP it is associated with. The location of the client is then estimated using the set of messages received from the client. In this paper we focus more on the performance of this scheme while discussing briefly its inherent security capabilities. We also describe the implementation of this message based scheme. We then perform extensive experiments and observe that this scheme has similar or better localization accuracy as compared to the traditional signal strength based localization schemes.
Diagnosis of Unanticipated Plant Component Faults in a Portable Expert System (2000)

We describe the first-principles-based PRODIAG expert system for on-line plant-level diagnosis of component faults in thermal-hydraulic processes. This diagnostic system combines the concepts of fundamental physical principles and function-oriented diagnosis in a qualitative reasoning framework and structures these concepts into three independent knowledge bases. PRODIAG has the unique ability to diagnose unanticipated (unforeseen) component faults and can be ported across different processes/plants through modifications of only input data files containing the appropriate process layout information. Simulation tests for two plant systems with transient data generated with the Braidwood Nuclear Power Plant full-scope training simulator confirm the unique capabilities of PRODIAG.
One-way imaging through a random phase aberrator using real-time holography (1990)

Several methods of one-way image transmission have been proposed in the past. Early methods 1 used conventional holography, and the recent ones have used nonlinear optics. 2 We present experimental studies of a nonlinear optical (i.e., real-time holographic) implementation of one early proposal. 1 This technique consists of first recording a hologram of an aberrator and then reading it out with an image beam that is distorted through the same aberrator. The hologram is formed by the interference between a plane-wave beam transmitted through the aberrator (objectbeam) and another plane-wave beam (reference beam). Any image beam traversing the same path as the object beam of the holographic recording, including the transmission through the aberrator, can thus be diffracted from the hologram and will yield the distortion-free original image. We have demonstrated this technique in real time by using a thin photorefractive strontium barium niobate crystal (0.7 mm thick) as the holographic medium. Preliminary results showed that the processed image resolution, as limited by the combination of our optics and the crystal, was ~70 μ m. The constraints of this technique on the crystal thickness, severity of aberration, and field of view will be discussed.
Non-stationary signal processing for bearing health monitoring (2006)

Signals generated by transient vibrations in rolling bearings due to structural defects are non-stationary in nature, and reflect upon the operation condition of the bearing. Consequently, effective processing of non-stationary signals is critical to bearing health monitoring. This paper presents a comparative study of four representative time-frequency analysis techniques commonly employed for non-stationary signal processing. The analytical framework of the short-time Fourier transform, wavelet transform, wavelet packet transform, and Hilbert-Huang transform are first presented. The effectiveness of each technique in detecting transient features from a time-varying signal is then examined, using an analytically formulated test signal. Subsequently, the performance of each technique is experimentally evaluated, using realistic vibration signals measured from a bearing test system. The results demonstrate that selecting appropriate signal processing technique can significantly affect defect identification and consequently, improve the reliability of bearing health monitoring.
On the Role of Li<sup>+</sup> Codoping in Simultaneous Improvement of Light Yield, Decay Time, and Afterglow of Lu<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup> Scintillation Detectors (2018)

Commercially available Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce (LSO:Ce) scintillators for the nuclear medical imaging applications, such as positron electron tomography (PET), normally have a light yield of 30 000–32 000 photons/MeV and a scintillation decay time of 43–45 ns. We demonstrate a simultaneous improvement of light yield and decay time of LSO:Ce single crystal scintillators with lithium codoping. Li codoping significantly enhances the light yield of LSO:Ce from 32 500 to 39 000 photons/MeV, shortens the scintillation decay time from 45.4 to 42.1 ns, and reduces the room temperature afterglow by around one order of magnitude. The physical insights on the role of Li codopants in scintillation mechanism are provided by studying cerium oxidation state, luminescence properties of cerium activator centers, defect structure, and preferential occupation of lithium ions. The improved light yield and afterglow are explained in terms of the dissociation of spatially correlated oxygen vacancies ( V O ) and Ce centers or the suppression of V O formation, allowing a more efficient electron migration to Ce centers. We attribute the decay time shortening upon Li + codoping to the reduction of slow Ce2 emissions via a non‐radiative energy transfer from six‐coordinated Ce2 to seven‐coordinated Ce1 centers.
UCR: An unclonable chipless RFID tag (2016)

While Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has become popular for commodity and asset tracking and management, the relatively higher price of RFID tags limits its application in the supply chain of low-cost commodities. Recently, cost-effective chipless RFID tags that do not contain a microchip in the transponder have been gaining more attention from industry, academia, and government. Existing chipless RFID tags require removing or shorting of some resonators (i.e., spirals or patch slots) on the substrate to encode data, but this incurs a waste of tag area and increases the manufacturing time/cost of chipless RFID tags. In addition, the identifiers (IDs) generated by existing chipless RFID tags are small, deterministic, and clonable. To mitigate these shortcomings, we propose a new unclonable chipless RFID (UCR) tag that intrinsically generates a unique ID from manufacturing variations. UCR tag consists of a certain number of concentric ring slot resonators, whose resonance frequencies depend on slot parameters and substrate dielectric constant that are sensitive to manufacturing variations. The area of UCR tag is as small as regular quick response (QR) code. Simulation results based on CST Microwave Studio 2015 have verified the effectiveness and reliability of UCR tags. The non-overlapping margin between intra-tag and inter-tag Euclidian distance distributions reaches approximately 50 MHz in the presence of random white Gaussian noise (WGN) with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 10 dB.
Latency equalization (2008)

Today the Internet is the primary medium for deploying new real time services such as gaming and distributed online live music concerts. Different network services have different expectations from the routing infrastructure. Some network services require conventional routing paths optimized for low latency or low congestion. However, real-time interactive services such as online gaming and distributed live music performance require more than just low latency. They require Latency EQualization (LEQ) among participating users. Although LEQ could be performed by the client or the server, end-system techniques for estimating network conditions are often inaccurate. Instead, we argue that the network should provide a LEQ service. We propose a LEQ routing architecture that can leverage programmable hub nodes. By deploying a few flexible, well-placed programmable nodes to redirect traffic, we can flexibly support both latency equalized and low latency routing services simultaneously. For LEQ routing, programmable hub nodes provide services such as application packet identification, application level packet processing and latency equalized routing paths. Extensive simulation studies on provider network topologies show that using just a few programmable nodes we can achieve an 80% improvement in LEQ over the conventional architecture that uses shortest path routing.
Self-Directed Weight Management by Feedback from a Self-Adaptive Metabolic Health Monitoring System (2015)

The primary objective is to manage weight and body composition through a mobile phone app utilizing a personalized self-adapting metabolic health monitoring system and a web based interactive technology with practitioner coaching for lifestyle changes. A mathematical model of the energy metabolism has been developed based on the principle of the conservation of energy to estimate the daily utilized macronutrient calorie intake, macronutrient oxidation rate, and body composition change through biweekly serial measurements of body composition, resting metabolic rate, daily measurement of physical energy expenditure and biweekly input of macronutrient intake. The model is self adaptive and uses the Kalman filer. The model provides a daily dynamic indirect individualized measurement method for the otherwise difficult to measure metabolic variables. The results of a simulation study using the data of the Minnesota starvation and overfeeding experiment demonstrated that the model and app display to the user the daily carbohydrate and fat balance accurately with resolution to the gram range. The model app also shows the individual's fuel selection in terms of carbohydrate versus fat burning rate while precisely following the principles of indirect calorimetry. This close feedback of information realizes an adaptive control system. The indirect measurement of components of the metabolism assists a self-directed weight management process and helps in setting realistic goals and reaching those goals by correctly chosen behavior changes.
Polyimide Optical Waveguides (1993)

Aromatic polyimides are of interest for integrated optics due to a combination of high thermal stability and easy processibility into planar structures. Polyimides can withstand chip attach and package assembly temperatures and are resistant to corrosive etchants and cleaning solvents making them compatible with a variety of substrates and metallization schemes. Waveguides from polyimide can be patterned by photobleaching 1 or etching 2 using standard semiconductor or printed circuit board technology and equipment. Polyimide properties are easily engineered by co-polymerization with co-diamines or dianhydrides to tailor the refractive indices or incorporate photosensitivity. Electro-optic polyimides have been demonstrated that incorporate non-linear optical chromophores by guest-host doping. 3
Tomographic reconstruction with nonlinear diagonal estimators (2000)

In tomographic reconstruction, the inversion of the Radon transform in the presence of noise is numerically unstable. Reconstruction estimators are studied where the regularization is performed by a thresholding in a wavelet or wavelet packet decomposition. These estimators are efficient and their optimality can be established when the decomposition provides a near-diagonalization of the inverse Radon transform operator and a compact representation of the object to be recovered. Several new estimators are investigated in different decomposition. First numerical results already exhibit a strong metrical and perceptual improvement over current reconstruction methods. These estimators are implemented with fast non-iterative algorithms, and are expected to outperform Filtered Back- Projection and iterative procedures for PET, SPECT and X-ray CT devices.
Kinetics and structural evolution of sorbents at high temperatures. Final report, September 1, 1992--August 31, 1993 (1993)

The focus of this project is on furnace sorbent injection technology using dry, calcium-based sorbents for flue gas desulfurization. The goal is to provide fundamental research kinetics and the effects of sorbent properties, aimed at improving SO{sub 2} removal and increasing sorbent utilization in a cost-effective fashion. The main focus of the third year work has been to obtain fundamental kinetic data for calcination, sintering and sulfation of calcium hydroxide sorbent. The results, their interpretation, and discussions are the primary focus of this report. Other major portions of this year`s work covered in the report include the additions and modifications made to the experimental system, and preliminary results of the studies with modified Ca(OH){sub 2}. Most of the reactor system and the analytical and measurement techniques were developed in the second year and formed the necessary framework for realizing the project goal. A few design and experimental constraints necessitated modifications and additions which were made in the beginning of this year. A continuous micro-feeder was built in order to feed very small quantities of sorbent, which is essential to maintain differential conditions with respect to SO{sub 2} during sulfation experiments. The particle collection probe was modified with an insulating ceramic cover and cap, in order to reduce its cooling effect and achieve better isothermality within the reactor. A cascade cyclone sampler was added to replace the impactor because the particle loading capacity of the impactor was not sufficient to hold enough powder required for post-reaction analyses.
Experimental and numerical analysis of short-pulse laser interaction with tissue phantoms containing inhomogeneities (2003)

The objective is to perform an experimental and numerical study to analyze short-pulse laser propagation through tissue phantoms without and with inhomogeneities embedded in them. For a short-pulse laser the observed optical signal has a distinct temporal shape, and the shape is a function of the medium properties. The scattered temporal transmitted and reflected optical signals are measured experimentally with a streak camera for tissue phantoms irradiated with a short-pulse laser source. A parametric study involving different scattering and absorption coefficients of tissue phantoms and inhomogeneities, as well as the detector positions and orientations, is performed. The temporal and spatial profiles of the scattered optical signals are compared with the numerical modeling results obtained by solving the transient radiative transport equation by using the discrete ordinates technique.