gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fragmentation of DNA in a sub-microliter microfluidic sonication device (2012)

Fragmentation of DNA is an essential step for many biological applications including the preparation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) libraries. As sequencing technologies push the limits towards single cell and single molecule resolution, it is of great interest to reduce the scale of this upstream fragmentation step. Here we describe a miniaturized DNA shearing device capable of processing sub-microliter samples based on acoustic shearing within a microfluidic chip. A strong acoustic field was generated by a Langevin-type piezo transducer and coupled into the microfluidic channel via the flexural lamb wave mode. Purified genomic DNA, as well as covalently cross-linked chromatin were sheared into various fragment sizes ranging from ∼180 bp to 4 kb. With the use of standard PDMS soft lithography, our approach should facilitate the integration of additional microfluidic modules and ultimately allow miniaturized NGS workflows.
Genre Contention at the New Play Centre (1995)

Vancouver's New Play Centre, now twenty-five years old, has been continually represented in terms of theoretical uncertainty; admittedly "invisible," it has been deeply resistant to analysis. A genre criticism, as recently constituted to cope with the dynamics of genre (re)formations, is capable of responding to this uncertainty and, indeed, suppression. This article examines two major genres, playwriting and directing, their unstable relationship, and the resulting effect on theatrical practice at the Centre, a practice that had potential as metatheatrical activity but also serious limitations in its challenge to traditional theatrical modes. Certain dramaturgical assumptions, often unstated and deriving from places such as the Dominion Drama Festival, led to a reduced concept of the playwright and the production of plays that often failed to capture Vancouver's postcolonial milieu.
International Survey on Dietary Fiber: Definition, Analysis, and Reference Materials (1995)

An international survey was conducted to get the views of 147 professionals in the field on the definition of dietary fiber. The survey also solicited opinions on analytical methods for nutrition labeling, quality control, and nutrition research. The survey finds that dietary fiber is generally defined as polysaccharides and lignin that are not hydrolyzed by human alimentary enzymes. Support is strong for expansion of the definition to include oligosaccharides that are resistant to hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes. Among techniques for nutrition labeling and quality control, enzymatic-gravimetric methods get the highest support. For nutrition research, more detailed methods such as gas-liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography were considered more appropriate. Respondents support labeling of total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber or total dietary fiber alone as sufficient for nutrition labeling of food packages. However, for nutrition research, detailed analytical methods, improvements in accuracy (i.e., closer simulation of in vitro techniques to conditions of human gastrointestinal tract), and improvements in precision and simplicity are suggested. Less than 20% of the participants use reference materials for dietary fiber analysis.
Bursting Bubbles and Bilayers (2012)

This paper discusses various interactions between ultrasound, phospholipid monolayer-coated gas bubbles, phospholipid bilayer vesicles, and cells. The paper begins with a review of microbubble physics models, developed to describe microbubble dynamic behavior in the presence of ultrasound, and follows this with a discussion of how such models can be used to predict inertial cavitation profiles. Predicted sensitivities of inertial cavitation to changes in the values of membrane properties, including surface tension, surface dilatational viscosity, and area expansion modulus, indicate that area expansion modulus exerts the greatest relative influence on inertial cavitation. Accordingly, the theoretical dependence of area expansion modulus on chemical composition-- in particular, poly (ethylene glyclol) (PEG)--is reviewed, and predictions of inertial cavitation for different PEG molecular weights and compositions are compared with experiment. Noteworthy is the predicted dependence, or lack thereof, of inertial cavitation on PEG molecular weight and mole fraction. Specifically, inertial cavitation is predicted to be independent of PEG molecular weight and mole fraction in the so-called mushroom regime. In the "brush" regime, however, inertial cavitation is predicted to increase with PEG mole fraction but to decrease (to the inverse 3/5 power) with PEG molecular weight. While excellent agreement between experiment and theory can be achieved, it is shown that the calculated inertial cavitation profiles depend strongly on the criterion used to predict inertial cavitation. This is followed by a discussion of nesting microbubbles inside the aqueous core of microcapsules and how this significantly increases the inertial cavitation threshold. Nesting thus offers a means for avoiding unwanted inertial cavitation and cell death during imaging and other applications such as sonoporation. A review of putative sonoporation mechanisms is then presented, including those involving microbubbles to deliver cargo into a cell, and those--not necessarily involving microubbles--to release cargo from a phospholipid vesicle (or reverse sonoporation). It is shown that the rate of (reverse) sonoporation from liposomes correlates with phospholipid bilayer phase behavior, liquid-disordered phases giving appreciably faster release than liquid-ordered phases. Moreover, liquid-disordered phases exhibit evidence of two release mechanisms, which are described well mathematically by enhanced diffusion (possibly via dilation of membrane phospholipids) and irreversible membrane disruption, whereas liquid-ordered phases are described by a single mechanism, which has yet to be positively identified. The ability to tune release kinetics with bilayer composition makes reverse sonoporation of phospholipid vesicles a promising methodology for controlled drug delivery. Moreover, nesting of microbubbles inside vesicles constitutes a truly "theranostic" vehicle, one that can be used for both long-lasting, safe imaging and for controlled drug delivery.
Computation of transient flow rates in passive pumping micro-fluidic systems (2008)

Motion in micro-channels of passive flow micro-fluidic systems can be controlled by proper design and estimated by careful modeling. We report on methods to describe the flow rate as function of time in a passive pump driven micro-fluidic system. The model considers the surface energy present in small droplets, which prompts their shrinkage and induces flow. The droplet geometries are controlled by the micro-fluidic system geometry and hydrophilicity of the droplet channel contact area so that the chord of the droplet's cross section is restrained as the fluid is pumped. The model uses interfacial thermodynamics and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for calculating the flow rate in micro-channels. Existing analyses consider the theoretical relationships among sample volume and induced flow rate, surface energy of the drops at the entrance and exit ports, and the resistance to flow. This model provides more specific information on the influence of the experimental conditions in computations of the flow rate. The model was validated in four sets of experiments. Passive pumps with 1.8 mm diameter, hydrophobic or hydrophilic entry ports, 5.0 or 10.0 mm channel length, and 2.5 or 3.3 mm diameter reservoir ports provided initial flow rates between 85 nL s(-1) and 196 nL s(-1).
High-resolution vascular imaging of the rat spine using liposomal blood pool MR agent. (2007)

This study demonstrates the potential benefit of long-circulating liposomal-Gd as a MR contrast agent for high-resolution vascular imaging applications.
Wavelet differentiation of optoacoustic signals for monitoring of total hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation level in small blood vessels (2007)

We present a rapid, robust method of signal processing useful for optoacoustic monitoring of total hemoglobin concentration ([THb]) and oxygen saturation level in small blood vessels. Our method includes the wavelet-based regularization of the difference operator which is a typical discrete approximation of the derivative. The optimal degree of regularization is defined by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We applied the proposed method to Monte Carlo-modeled signals from a cylinder simulating the human radial artery (diameter 1.6 mm, depth from skin 2 mm, and [THb] varied in a wide range from 4 - 16 g/dL). We obtained N-shaped signals and found that the maximum of the first derivative between the front and rear walls systematically correlates with the actual value of [THb]. We estimated the accuracy of [THb] reconstruction from the maximum of the first derivative as 0.32 ± 0.18 g/dL (mean value ± SD) at an SNR typical for our in vivo experiments at the wavelength of 1064 nm. We also demonstrated that the difference between the maxima of the first derivative of the signals obtained at 700 nm and 1000 nm depends on oxygen saturation level.
Observation of a Layered Structure of Polymer Langmuir-Blodgett Films by Transmission Electron Microscopy (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTObservation of a Layered Structure of Polymer Langmuir-Blodgett Films by Transmission Electron MicroscopyShinzaburo Ito, Kenji Kawano, Masahide Yamamoto, Hirokazu Hasegawa, and Takeji HashimotoCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 10, 3736–3738Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00114a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00114a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Propagation properties of sub-millimeter waves in foggy conditions (2019)

The propagation of millimeter (MMW) and submillimeter (terahertz, THz) waves in the atmosphere is subject to absorptive and dispersive effects. The resulting attenuation and temporal group delay increase in cloudy and hazy weather. In this work, the effects of water droplets suspended in the air on the propagation of electromagnetic radiation in submillimeter waves are studied theoretically and experimentally. A comparison is made between the link budget in THz frequencies and the expected attenuation for free space optics (FSO) links. Using the modified millimeter-wave propagation model, the frequency-dependent attenuation and group delay are expressed in terms of the complex refractivity of the atmospheric medium. The theory is employed to study the effect of fog and clouds on the accuracy of a frequency-modulated continuous-wave high-resolution radar operating at 330 GHz. In an experiment, the propagation of MMW was studied in a controlled fog chamber for various ranges of visibility, even below 1 m. The resulting attenuation and group delay of submillimeter waves were measured, while the properties of fog (optical visibility distance and water content) were monitored using FSO techniques. Apart from attenuation, the incremental group delay caused by fog also affected the accuracy of the radar. The experimental results were compared with those of an analytical model and were in good agreement even for very low visibility in very foggy conditions. Dispersive effects should be considered in the design of remote sensing radars operating in the MMW and THz regimes.
mTOR Inhibition by Rapamycin Prevents β-Cell Adaptation to Hyperglycemia and Exacerbates the Metabolic State in Type 2 Diabetes (2008)

Rapamycin induces fulminant diabetes by increasing insulin resistance and reducing beta-cell function and mass. These findings emphasize the essential role of mTOR/S6K1 in orchestrating beta-cell adaptation to hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. It is likely that treatments based on mTOR inhibition will cause exacerbation of diabetes.
The Role of Canonical Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Seizure and Excitotoxicity (2014)

Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels are a family of polymodal cation channels with some degree of Ca2+ permeability. Although initially thought to be channels mediating store-operated Ca2+ influx, TRPC channels can be activated by stimulation of Gq-coupled G-protein coupled receptors, or by an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. Thus, activation of TRPC channels could be a common downstream event of many signaling pathways that contribute to seizure and excitotoxicity, such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx, or metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Recent studies with genetic ablation of various TRPC family members have demonstrated that TRPC channels, in particular heteromeric TRPC1/4 channels and homomeric TRPC5 channels, play a critical role in both pilocarpine-induced acute seizures and neuronal cell death. However, exact underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, and selective TRPC modulators and antibodies with better specificity are urgently needed for future research.
Field and Lab Verification of Hydrophobic Anti-Reflective and Anti-Soiling Coatings on Photovoltaic Glass (2014)

As solar panels are increasingly deployed at GW scale across various climatic regions, the effects of soiling on their output is becoming more acute. Add-on coating layers have been developed to prevent soiling on the outer glass layer using predominantly hydrophilic materials, however their efficacy is limited making their additional costs unjustified. Here, we demonstrate a robust dual-function anti-reflective and anti-soiling coating that is hydrophobic and self-cleaning. We validate that increasing the hydrophobicity of the glass induces increased selfcleaning under certain conditions in the lab. Nevertheless, it has been known that the effects seen in the lab do not necessarily reproduce the conditions of various outdoor climates. To test for this, we have set up over a dozen field stations across the USA. We show that the anti-soiling effect occurs in the majority of the locations and seasons. The use of site-specific functional coatings will be crucial to maximize our solar resources.
Directionally Solidified Materials:Nickel‐base Superalloys forGas Turbines (1990)

From the first forged turbine blades made of iron base alloys to the present nickel base single‐grain turbine blades and vanes manufactured by directional solidification, an enormous amount of research has been directed to attaining the hottest possible combustion chamber temperatures in jet engines. Temperature has been increased by about 15 K each year for the last two decades, improving the thermodynamic efficiency of the engines. The more recent developments concern the manufacturing of single‐grain parts made of nickel base superalloys with large amount of the γ ′ hardening phase. This paper first presents the directional solidification process used to produce single‐grain parts, the formation of as‐cast microstructures and the defects that can arise during solidification. In the second part the thermal treatments that are applied to the nickel base superalloys in order to enhance their mechanical properties are detailed. The effect of crystallographic orientation and of the γ / γ ′ microstructure on the mechanical properties is briefly presented, as well as the. microstructural changes that can possibly arise during service.
Automating the Configuration of Multi Software Product Lines. (2010)

Abstract—The increased use of software product lines (SPLs) results in complex software systems in which products of multiple SPLs communicate and interact with each other. Such a system of interdependent SPLs has to be considered as a whole to achieve compatibility between different SPL instances. In this paper, we present an approach to design and configure multi software product lines (MPLs), i.e., product lines that consist of multiple interdependent SPLs. Therefore we use composition models that describe how an MPL is composed from multiple SPL instances. This allows us to automate the configuration of MPLs which is required to handle the resulting complexity. We also show how to automatically derive configuration generators to further simplify the configuration process and we report from experiences of applying the presented approach. I.
<i>Hoxc13</i> mutant mice lack external hair (1998)

Hox genes are usually expressed temporally and spatially in a colinear manner with respect to their positions in the Hox complex. Consistent with the expected pattern for a paralogous group 13 member, early embryonic Hoxc13 expression is found in the nails and tail. Hoxc13 is also expressed in vibrissae, in the filiform papillae of the tongue, and in hair follicles throughout the body; a pattern that apparently violates spatial colinearity. Mice carrying mutant alleles of Hoxc13 have been generated by gene targeting. Homozygotes have defects in every region in which gene expression is seen. The most striking defect is brittle hair resulting in alopecia (hairless mice). One explanation for this novel role is that Hoxc13 has been recruited for a function common to hair, nail, and filiform papilla development.
XUTools: UNIX commands for processing next-generation structured text (2012)

Traditional Unix tools operate on sequences of characters, bytes, fields, lines, and files. However, modern practitioners often want to manipulate files in terms of a variety of language-specific constructs--C functions, Cisco IOS interface blocks, and XML elements, to name a few. These language-specific structures quite often lie beyond the regular languages upon which Unix text-processing tools can practically compute. In this paper, we propose eXtended Unix text-processing tools (xutools) and present implementations that enable practitioners to extract (xugrep), count (xuwc), and compare (xudiff) texts in terms of language-specific structures. We motivate, design, and evaluate our tools around real-world use cases from network and system administrators, security consultants, and software engineers from a variety of domains including the power grid, healthcare, and education.
Bioconjugation onto biological surfaces with fluorescently labeled polymers (2007)

Direct bioconjugation onto hair fibers, monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, has been performed using NHS alpha-functional fluorescently tagged polymers synthesised by living radical polymerisation.
Acquiring linear subspaces for face recognition under variable lighting (2005)

Previous work has demonstrated that the image variation of many objects (human faces in particular) under variable lighting can be effectively modeled by low-dimensional linear spaces, even when there are multiple light sources and shadowing. Basis images spanning this space are usually obtained in one of three ways: A large set of images of the object under different lighting conditions is acquired, and principal component analysis (PCA) is used to estimate a subspace. Alternatively, synthetic images are rendered from a 3D model (perhaps reconstructed from images) under point sources and, again, PCA is used to estimate a subspace. Finally, images rendered from a 3D model under diffuse lighting based on spherical harmonics are directly used as basis images. In this paper, we show how to arrange physical lighting so that the acquired images of each object can be directly used as the basis vectors of a low-dimensional linear space and that this subspace is close to those acquired by the other methods. More specifically, there exist configurations of k point light source directions, with k typically ranging from 5 to 9, such that, by taking k images of an object under these single sources, the resulting subspace is an effective representation for recognition under a wide range of lighting conditions. Since the subspace is generated directly from real images, potentially complex and/or brittle intermediate steps such as 3D reconstruction can be completely avoided; nor is it necessary to acquire large numbers of training images or to physically construct complex diffuse (harmonic) light fields. We validate the use of subspaces constructed in this fashion within the context of face recognition.
Carbon Nanotubes: Pharmaceutical Applications (2013)

The distinct structural properties of carbon nanoparticles, in particular their high aspect ratio and propensity to functional modification and subsequent use as carrier vectors, as well as their potential biocompatibility, make them useful for pharmaceutical nanodelivery. It is believed that the steady development and applications of CNTs can serve as a versatile tool for drug delivery. Therefore, the present review described about application of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery system.
Synthesis of DF array calibration manifolds from near-field measurements (2004)

This work describes the development of a direction-finding-planar-wave-synthesis (DF-PWS) technique for the calibration of shipboard skywave HF DF arrays using modeled ships and conventional DF arrays that are measured in the Fresnel-zone.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Conjugate Addition (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Framework for Over-the-Air Reciprocity Calibration for TDD Massive MIMO Systems (2018)

One of the biggest challenges in operating massive multiple-input multiple-output systems is the acquisition of accurate channel state information at the transmitter. To take up this challenge, time division duplex is more favorable thanks to its channel reciprocity between downlink and uplink. However, while the propagation channel over the air is reciprocal, the radio-frequency front-ends in the transceivers are not. Therefore, calibration is required to compensate the RF hardware asymmetry. Although various over-the-air calibration methods exist to address the above problem, this paper offers a unified representation of these algorithms, providing a higher level view on the calibration problem, and introduces innovations on calibration methods. We present a novel family of calibration methods, based on antenna grouping, which improves accuracy and speeds up the calibration process compared to existing methods. We then provide the Cramér-Rao bound as the performance evaluation benchmark and compare maximum likelihood and least squares estimators. We also differentiate between the coherent and non-coherent accumulation of calibration measurements, and point out that enabling non-coherent accumulation allows the training to be spread in time, minimizing the impact to the data service. Overall, these results have special value in allowing the design of reciprocity calibration techniques that are both accurate and resource-effective.