gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nasal challenge with ragweed pollen in hay fever patients. Effect of immunotherapy. (1985)

Challenge of the nasal mucosa of allergic subjects with specific allergen induces not only the expected sneezing and rhinorrhea, but also the appearance in nasal secretions of mediators commonly associated with activation of mast cells or basophils: histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), kinins, and TAME ([3H]-N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester)-esterase. To determine whether specific immunotherapy alters mediator release in vivo, nasal pollen challenge was used to compare 27 untreated highly sensitive ragweed (RW)-allergic subjects with 12 similarly sensitive patients receiving long-term immunotherapy (3-5 yr) with RW extract (median dose, 6 micrograms RW antigen E). The two groups were equally sensitive based on skin tests and basophil histamine release. The immunized group had a diminished response as demonstrated by (a) the treated group required higher pollen doses to excite sneezing or mediator release; (b) significantly fewer subjects in the treated group released mediators at any dose (TAME-esterase [P = 0.005], PGD2 [P = 0.04]), and (c) the treated group released 3-5-fold less mediator (TAME-esterase [P = 0.01], and histamine [P = 0.02]).
From keratinocyte to cancer: the pathogenesis and modeling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (2012)

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common human cancer with over 250,000 new cases annually in the US and is second in incidence only to basal cell carcinoma. cSCC typically manifests as a spectrum of progressively advanced malignancies, ranging from a precursor actinic keratosis (AK) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ (SCCIS), invasive cSCC, and finally metastatic SCC. In this Review we discuss clinical and molecular parameters used to define this range of cutaneous neoplasia and integrate these with the multiple experimental approaches used to study this disease. Insights gained from modeling cSCCs have suggested innovative therapeutic targets for treating these lesions.
Antigen-dependent and -independent Ca2+ Responses Triggered in T Cells by Dendritic Cells Compared with B Cells (1998)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are much more potent antigen (Ag)-presenting cells than resting B cells for the activation of naive T cells. The mechanisms underlying this difference have been analyzed under conditions where ex vivo DCs or B cells presented known numbers of specific Ag-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes to naive CD4(+) T cells from T cell antigen receptor (TCR) transgenic mice. Several hundred Ag-MHC complexes presented by B cells were necessary to elicit the formation of a few T-B conjugates with small contact zones, and the resulting individual T cell Ca2+ responses were all-or-none. In contrast, Ag-specific T cell Ca2+ responses can be triggered by DCs bearing an average of 30 Ag-MHC complexes per cell. Formation of T-DC conjugates is Ag-independent, but in the presence of the Ag, the surface of the contact zone increases and so does the amplitude of the T cell Ca2+ responses. These results suggest that Ag is better recognized by T cells on DCs essentially because T-DC adhesion precedes Ag recognition, whereas T-B adhesion requires Ag recognition. Surprisingly, we also recorded small Ca2+ responses in T cells interacting with unpulsed DCs. Using DCs purified from MHC class II knockout mice, we provide evidence that this signal is mostly due to MHC-TCR interactions. Such an Ag-independent, MHC-triggered calcium response could be a survival signal that DCs but not B cells are able to deliver to naive T cells.
Some target assay uncertainties for passive neutron coincidence counting (1990)

This paper provides some target assay uncertainties for passive neutron coincidence counting of plutonium metal, oxide, mixed oxide, and scrap and waste. The target values are based in part on past user experience and in part on the estimated results from new coincidence counting techniques that are under development. The paper summarizes assay error sources and the new coincidence techniques, and recommends the technique that is likely to yield the lowest assay uncertainty for a given material type. These target assay uncertainties are intended to be useful for NDA instrument selection and assay variance propagation studies for both new and existing facilities. 14 refs., 3 tabs.
Field evaluation of arsenic and selenium removal by iron coprecipitation (1987)

Abstract The priority trace elements arsenic and selenium were removed from ash pond effluent by iron coprecipitation in a field study at the Carolina Power and Light Company's Roxboro Station. The study's broad objectives were to verify previously‐derived laboratory results, confirm the technology's technical and economic feasibility, and develop information that could be used to make preliminary designs and cost estimates for full‐scale treatment plants. The technology was tested at pilot scale in a continuous‐flow system under field conditions. A chemical coagulation system was used of the kind typically employed for municipal and industrial water treatment. Arsenic was strongly removed (90 percent and above) with moderate iron dosages (14 mg/L to 28 mg/L Fe). Selenium removals were lower (56 to 80 percent) under comparable chemical conditions. Arsenic and selenium removals were strongly affected by solution pH. Testing indicated that process sludges can be gravity thickened, then dewatered with filter presses to 25 to 35 percent solids. Dewatered pilot sludges were determined to be not hazardous, as defined by Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test criteria. Total process costs for the Roxboro site are estimated to be 9.3 cents/m 3 ($353 per million gallons). This cost is for a facility that processes an average flow of 1.1 m 3 /sec (26 mgd) and uses an iron dose of 14 mg/L, as Fe. The facility is sized to process a peak flow of 1.5 m 3 /sec (35 mgd).
Series expansions for the electric and magnetic fields produced by a line current source (1998)

The electric and magnetic fields that an overhead infinitely long line current produces at the surface of the Earth can be expressed as inverse Fourier integrals over a horizontal wave number. In the quasi‐static approximation acceptable in most applications and assuming a uniform Earth, expressions in terms of the Neumann and Struve functions are also possible. These are further developed in this paper, resulting in new infinite series expansions, not presented before, for the electric and magnetic fields. An application of the series expansions will remove the need to calculate the standard integral expressions, and performing exact numerical computations will be straightforward.
Method for rapid MRI needle tracking (2004)

A new method for MRI needle tracking within a given two-dimensional (2D) image slice is presented. The method is based on k-space investigation of the difference image between the current dynamic frame and a reference frame. Using only a few central k-lines of the difference image and a nonlinear optimization procedure, one can resolve the parameters that define the 2D sinc function that best characterizes the needle in k-space. The spatial location and orientation of the needle are determined from these parameters. Rapid needle tracking is obtained by repeated acquisitions of the same set of several central k-lines (as in a "keyhole" protocol) and repeated computation of these parameters. The calculated needle tip is depicted on the reference image by means of a graphic overlay. The procedure was tested in computer simulations and in actual MRI scans (the computations were done offline). It was demonstrated that six k-lines out of 128 usually suffice to locate the needle. The refresh rate of the needle location depends on the time required to sample the subset of k-lines, calculate the current needle location, and refresh the reference image.
Evaluation and clinical value of neuroendocrine differentiation in human prostatic tumors (1998)

Future studies on neuroendocrine should confirm whether neuroendocrine biomarkers, especially the chromogranin family of peptides, can be used as prognostic markers during the course of prostate cancer or for the selection of patients suitable for evaluation of new antineoplastic drugs known to be active against specific and aggressive subpopulations of tumor cells.
Compositional and symbolic model-checking of real-time systems (2002)

Efficient automatic model-checking algorithms for real-time systems have been obtained in recent years based on the state-region graph technique of Alur, Courcoubetis and Dill (1990). However, these algorithms are faced with two potential types of explosion arising from parallel composition: explosion in the space of control nodes, and explosion in the region space over clock-variables. In this paper we attack these explosion problems by developing and combining compositional and symbolic model-checking techniques. The presented techniques provide the foundation for a new automatic verification tool UPPAAL. Experimental results indicate that UPPAAL performs time- and space-wise favorably compared with other real-time verification tools.
Analytic models for rollback and recovery strategies in data base systems (1975)

Rollback and recovery (RR) is a method of enchancing the reliability of file or data base systems. At certain points in time, called checkpoints, a copy of the data or files is made on tape (or other storage devices). A chronological record is kept of all transactions which modify the data stored by the system; this record is called the audit trail. When an error is detected, the copy of the files or data made at the most recent checkpoint is loaded, and all transactions on the audit trail since this check point are reprocessed in chronological sequence, thus recovering from the error. This paper presents models and techniques which aid in determining optimal times for checkpoints.
Simulations of the BM2 Proton Channel Transmembrane Domain from Influenza Virus B (2009)

BM2 is a small integral membrane protein from influenza B virus which forms proton-permeable channels. Coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations have been used to produce a model of the BM2 channel by self-assembly of a tetrameric bundle of BM2 transmembrane helices in a lipid bilayer. The BM2 channel model is conformationally stable on a 5 mus time scale. This CG model was converted to atomistic resolution to refine interhelix and channel-water interactions. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the BM2 channel is closed when no more than two of the four His19 residues are protonated. Protonating a third His19 side chain initiates a conformational change that opens the channel. In summary, our simulations suggest a common mechanism for BM2 and A/M2, whereby changes in helix packing play a functional role in channel gating.
The Architecture and Function of Monoclonal Antibody‐Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Mifepristone: Repurposing Abortifacient for Cancer Metastatic Chemoprevention (2016)

The circulating tumor cells (CTCs) existing in cancer survivors are considered the root cause of cancer metastasis. To prevent the devastating metastasis cascade from initiation, we hypothesize that a biodegradable nanomaterial loaded with the abortifacient mifepristone (MIF) and conjugated with the epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibody (aEpCAM) may serve as a safe and effective cancer metastatic preventive agent by targeting CTCs and preventing their adhesion-invasion to vascular intima. It is demonstrated that MIF-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) coated with aEpCAM (aE-MSN-M) can specifically target and bind colorectal cancer cells in either cell medium or blood through EpCAM recognition proven by quantitative flow cytometric detection and free aEpCAM competitive assay. The specific binding results in downregulation of the captured cells and drives them into G0/G1 phase primarily attributed to the effect of aEpCAM. The functional nanoparticles significantly inhibit the heteroadhesion between cancer cells and endothelial cells, suggesting the combined inhibition effects of aEpCAM and MIF on E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression. The functionalized nanoparticles circulate in mouse blood long enough to deliver MIF and inhibit lung metastasis. The present proof-of-concept study shows that the aE-MSN-M can prevent cancer metastasis by restraining CTC activity and their adhesion-invasion to vascular intima.
Protonation sites and dissociation mechanisms of <i>t</i>‐butylcarbamates in tandem mass spectrometric assays for newborn screening (2011)

Structures of tert-butylcarbamate ions in the gas-phase and methanol solution were studied for simple secondary and tertiary carbamates as well as for carbamate-containing products and internal standards for lysosomal enzyme assays used in newborn screening of a α-galactosidase A deficiency (Fabry disease), mucopolysaccharidosis I (Hurler disease), and mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter disease). The protonation of simple t-butylcarbamates can occur at the carbonyl group, which is the preferred site in the gas phase. Protonation in methanol solution is more favorable if occurring at the carbamate nitrogen atom. The protonation of more complex t-butylcarbamates occurs at amide and carbamate carbonyl groups, and the ions are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which is affected by solvation. Tertiary carbamates containing aminophenol amide groups were calculated to have substantially greater gas-phase basicities than secondary carbamates containing coumarin amide groups. The main diagnostically important ion dissociation by elimination of 2-methylpropene (isobutylene, i-C(4)H(8)) and carbon dioxide is shown by experiment and theory to proceed in two steps. Energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation of the Hurler's disease enzymatic product ion, which is a coumarin-diamine linker-t-butylcarbamate conjugate (3a(+)), indicated separate energy thresholds for the loss of i-C(4)H(8) and CO(2). Computational investigation of the potential energy surface along two presumed reaction pathways indicated kinetic preference for the migration of a t-butyl hydrogen atom to the carbamate carbonyl resulting in the isobutylene loss. The consequent loss of CO(2) required further proton migrations that had to overcome energy barriers.
Photochemische 1,2‐Verschiebung der Phosphanliganden im Silandiylkomplex [(2‐Ph<sub>2</sub>PCH<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Si = Cr(CO)<sup>5</sup>] (1993)

Einen effektiven Zugang zu Verbindungen mit dreifach koordiniertem Silicium bietet die Titelreaktion [Gl. (a)], die in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Schritten verläuft. 1 und 3 wurden vollständig charakterisiert, 2 konnte IR‐spektroskopisch nachgewiesen werden. magnified image
Uptake of neutral polar vapor molecules by charged clusters/particles: Enhancement due to dipole‐charge interaction (2003)

Recently proposed ion‐mediated nucleation theory suggests that the enhanced uptake of neutral polar molecules by the charged clusters as a result of dipole‐charge interaction may be critical to the nucleation of particles in the atmosphere. A rigorous parameterization of the enhancement effect of dipole‐charge interaction on the growth of charged clusters is presented and the important parameters controlling this enhancement factors are explored. The interaction of polar gas molecules with charges significantly enhances the growth rate of small charged clusters/particles. Polar molecules with higher dipole moment and smaller molecular size have larger enhancement factor. The enhancement factor decreases with increasing particle size and is roughly inversely proportional to temperature when the charged particles are small. At T of 300 K, the enhancement factor reaches up to 10 for the uptake of sulfuric acid molecules by ions with diameter of ∼0.5 nm but decreases quickly to 2 for uptake by a charged particle of ∼2 nm in diameter. For the uptake by molecular ions, the enhancement factor can reach as high as 20 for water molecules in the mesopause and as high as 15 for sulfuric acid in the polar stratosphere. The enhancement factors for the uptake of water dimers by charged clusters are consistently higher (up to 20–25%) than the corresponding enhancement factors for monomers. The hydration of sulfuric acid molecules in the atmosphere may affect the enhancement factor and hence ion‐mediated nucleation rate, which remains to be investigated.
Doppler‐Derived Indexes and B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide in Prediction of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Essential Hypertension: A Prospective Study (2007)

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation could be predicted in hypertensive patients while in sinus rhythm using Doppler-derived indexes. Increased E/V(p), E/E(a) ratios and elevated BNP appear to be useful parameters to identify patients at heightened risk. They may reflect early left ventricular dysfunction and atrial hypertension in this population.
Manufacturing history of etanercept (Enbrel<sup>®</sup>): Consistency of product quality through major process revisions (2017)

Etanercept (ETN) (Enbrel®) is a soluble protein that binds to, and specifically inhibits, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine. ETN is synthesized in Chinese hamster ovary cells by recombinant DNA technology as a fusion protein, with a fully human TNFRII ectodomain linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1. Successful manufacture of biologics, such as ETN, requires sophisticated process and product understanding, as well as meticulous control of operations to maintain product consistency. The objective of this evaluation was to show that the product profile of ETN drug substance (DS) has been consistent over the course of production. Multiple orthogonal biochemical analyses, which included evaluation of attributes indicative of product purity, potency, and quality, were assessed on >2,000 batches of ETN from three sites of DS manufacture, during the period 1998-2015. Based on the key quality attributes of product purity (assessed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography HPLC), binding activity (to TNF by ELISA), potency (inhibition of TNF-induced apoptosis by cell-based bioassay) and quality (N-linked oligosaccharide map), we show that the integrity of ETN DS has remained consistent over time. This consistency was maintained through three major enhancements to the initial process of manufacturing that were supported by detailed comparability assessments, and approved by the European Medicines Agency. Examination of results for all major quality attributes for ETN DS indicates a highly consistent process for over 18 years and throughout changes to the manufacturing process, without affecting safety and efficacy, as demonstrated across a wide range of clinical trials of ETN in multiple inflammatory diseases.
Low-drive-voltage and compact RZ-DQPSK LiNbO (2007)

Integrated RZ-DQPSK modulator was for the first time developed with small bend radius and low-loss U-turn optical waveguide. It achieved low-drive-voltage: 3.5 V for DQPSK modulator and 1.5 V for RZ pulse carver. (2 pages)
Stabilization of Finite-Energy Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill States (2020)

We introduce a new approach to Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states that treats their finite-energy version in an exact manner. Based on this analysis, we develop new qubit-oscillator circuits that autonomously stabilize a GKP manifold, correcting errors without relying on qubit measurements. Finally, we show numerically that logical information encoded in GKP states is very robust against typical oscillator noise sources when stabilized by these new circuits.
AC Induced Corrosion of Low Voltage Power Cables with Aluminum Conductors (2018)

Abstract Dutch distribution system operators realize that the low voltage grid is becoming increasingly relevant due to modern developments such as charging of electric cars and photo-voltaic cells on domestic rooftops. To get a better grip on the quality of their low voltage grids, a better understanding of degradation mechanisms influencing the quality of this grid is aimed for. One of the mechanisms contributing to premature failure of power cables is AC induced corrosion of their aluminum conductors. An experimental setup was realized and used to study the effect of the environmental parameters on the corrosion process. In particular, water conductivity and sensitivity to temperature were investigated. Different regimes for different ranges of conductivities were identified. An exponential relationship was found within one of the regimes and although the total charge transfer during the experiments varied widely, the total charge transfer during the positive cycles of the alternating current remained nearly constant.
Optimizing the Management of Rotator Cuff Problems (2011)

Of the 31 recommendations made by the work group, 19 were determined to be inconclusive because of the absence of definitive evidence. Of the remaining recommendations, four were classified as moderate grade, six as weak, and two as consensus statements of expert opinion. The four moderate-grade recommendations include suggestions that exercise and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs be used to manage rotator cuff symptoms in the absence of a full-thickness tear, that routine acromioplasty is not required at the time of rotator cuff repair, that non-cross-linked, porcine small intestine submucosal xenograft patches not be used to manage rotator cuff tears, and that surgeons can advise patients that workers' compensation status correlates with less favorable outcomes after rotator cuff surgery.
Distribution of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) in normal human tissues: Immunohistochemical study on unfixed, methanol-, ethanol-, and formalin-fixed tissues. (1985)

The distribution of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) was studied in unfixed, methanol-, 95% ethanol-1% acetic acid (EA)-, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of all adult human tissues using an indirect immunoperoxidase method. The specific staining patterns were virtually identical in unfixed and alcohol-fixed tissues, but in formalin-fixed tissues this similarity was found only after fixation for up to 24 hr and pretreatment with protease for 15 min. Although prolongation of formalin fixation beyond 48 hr increasingly diminished the TPA reactivity, TPA could still be demonstrated in tissues fixed in formalin for up to 6 months. TPA was found to be a cytoplasmic constituent of almost all adult human duct and cavity lining, simple, and stratified epithelia. TPA was not demonstrated in epidermis, renal proximal convoluted and testicular tubules, basket-like myoepithelial cells, nor in most glandular acini, including hepatocytes and pancreatic acinar cells. The TPA staining was also negative in all non-epithelial tissues, including lymph nodes and bone marrow. The well-defined epithelial distribution and the comparable demonstrability in differently preserved tissues make TPA a useful tool for the identification of cells of epithelial character.