gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a One-Page Report to Aid in Detecting Glaucomatous Damage (2014)

Purpose: : We assessed the use of a customized, one-page structure + function report for aiding in detection of glaucomatous damage. Methods: : Two individuals (report specialists), experienced in analyzing optical coherent tomography (OCT) and visual field (VF) results, examined a customized one-page report for 50 eyes from 50 patients who either had glaucoma or were glaucoma suspects. The report contained key features of OCT scans with VF information. All patients had 24-2 VFs with a mean deviation (MD) better than −6 dB. The report specialists classified each hemifield and eye as either glaucomatous or nonglaucomatous based upon only the customized report, either without (phase 1) or with (phase 2) 24-2 VF information included on the report. Their results were compared to the classifications made by 3 ophthalmologists (glaucoma specialists) based upon traditional measures, namely stereo photographs, 24-2 VFs, and a commercially available, OCT disc scan report. Results: : The two report specialists agreed on all but one eye and four hemifields in phase 1, and on all eyes and all but one hemifield in phase 2. In phase 2, they judged 31 eyes abnormal. Of these 31 eyes, 30 were judged abnormal by all three glaucoma specialists and the 31st by two of the three. Without the VF information (phase 1), one report specialist classified 1, and the other 2, of these 31 “abnormal” eyes as normal. Conclusions: : When using the one-page report, the experienced readers showed excellent inter-rater repeatability and diagnostic ability relative to glaucoma specialists. Translational Relevance: : This condensed report may help the clinician assess glaucomatous damage.
Discovery of Positive Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 (mGluR5) (2005)

This review provides an overview of the drug discovery process used to identify, develop and characterize the first positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtype 5 (mGluR5). Discovery and optimization of three series of positive allosteric modulators are described, each using different approaches. The symmetric benzaldazine series was discovered and optimized from samples already existing in our sample collection without an active synthetic program to further elucidate SAR. This series yielded a family of highly selective pharmacological tools that produced positive, negative and neutral allosteric modulation of mGluR5 activity. The original compound in the benzamide series was discovered from screening and this series was optimized using an iterative library synthesis approach to explore SAR in each of three regions of the molecule. This series produced more potent positive allosteric mGluR5 modulators than the benzaldazine series which could be evaluated for their effect on mGluR5 in brain slice electrophysiological studies. The pyrazole series used a fragment library approach based on small structural motives from the benzamide series to discover lead compounds and establish SAR. This series produced still more potent positive allosteric mGluR5 modulators with improved pharmacokinetic and physical properties. These modulators showed efficacy in animal behavioral models in which other antipsychotic drugs were active. Evaluation of assay data in mathematical models of allosterism to constrain possible mechanisms of action is briefly discussed. Other reviews of this emerging field with different emphases have been published recently [1-3].
Remote sensing of atmospheric carbon monoxide with the MOPITT Airborne Test Radiometer (MATR) (1999)

The MOPITT Airborne Test Radiometer (MATR) uses gas filter correlation radiometry to measure tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) with three optical channels or methane (CH<SUB>4</SUB>) with one channel. MATR uses the same gas correlation techniques as does the MOPITT satellite instrument, namely length modulation and pressure modulation MATR data serves to test retrieval techniques for converting infrared radiometric data into atmospheric CO, or CH<SUB>4</SUB> amounts. MATR will also be applied to MOPITT data validation. This paper gives an overview of the MATR instrument design; it discusses the results of laboratory testing and calibration; and it presents results from recent flights.
Method for removing tilt control in adaptive optics systems (2023)

A new adaptive optics system and method of operation, whereby the method removes tilt control, and includes the steps of using a steering mirror to steer a wavefront in the desired direction, for aiming an impinging aberrated light beam in the direction of a deformable mirror. The deformable mirror has its surface deformed selectively by means of a plurality of actuators, and compensates, at least partially, for existing aberrations in the light beam. The light beam is split into an output beam and a sample beam, and the sample beam is sampled using a wavefront sensor. The sampled signals are converted into corresponding electrical signals for driving a controller, which, in turn, drives the deformable mirror in a feedback loop in response to the sampled signals, for compensating for aberrations in the wavefront. To this purpose, a displacement error (gradient) of the wavefront is measured, and adjusted by a modified gain matrix, which satisfies the following equation: G'=(I-X(X.sup.T X).sup.-1 X.sup.T)G(I-A)
Albumin Exchange in Alzheimer's Disease: Might CSF Be an Alternative Route to Plasma? (2019)

Amyloid β (Aβ) in brain parenchyma is thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is transported from the brain to the plasma via complex transport mechanisms at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). About 90-95% of plasma Aβ may be bound to albumin. Replacement of serum albumin in plasma has been proposed as a promising therapy for AD. However, the efficacy of this approach may be compromised by altered BBB Aβ receptors in AD, as well as multiple pools of Aβ from other organs in exchange with plasma Aβ, competing for albumin binding sites. The flow of interstitial fluid (ISF) into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is another major route of Aβ clearance. Though the concentration of albumin in CSF is much lower than in plasma, the mixing of CSF with ISF is not impeded by a highly selective barrier and, hence, Aβ in the two pools is in more direct exchange. Furthermore, unlike in plasma, Aβ in CSF is not in direct exchange with multiple organ sources of Aβ. Here we consider albumin replacement in CSF as an alternative method for therapeutic brain Aβ removal and describe the possible advantages and rationale supporting this hypothesis.
Design of holographic head mounted display using holographic optical element (2015)

Recently, head mounted displays based on holographic optical elements have been reported. These head mounted displays can be implemented in a compact form factor but the image presented to each eye is still two-dimensional, which causes fatigue in stereoscopic three-dimensional image viewing condition. In this paper, we propose a holographic three-dimensional head mounted display which displays holographic three-dimensional images. We experimentally confirmed that holographic three-dimensional images are presented to each eye through a holographic optical element. In order to reduce the volume and weight of the system, we use one more holographic optical element and perform a simulation based on ray tracing through the two holographic optical elements.
Applications and Field Experience of an Advanced Delta Flow Kick Detection System (1995)

ABSTRACT A Kick Detection System has been developed especially for Slim-Hole applications recognising extreme low flow differences between flow in and flow out, and considering dynamic effects of the fluid system during different operating processes, i.e., tripping pipe, reaming or drilling. The system provides audible and visual alarms to the drill floor, as well as fluid volume information. In more than 25 applications onshore and offshore the system has proven its functionality and reliability by detecting differential flows of less than 15 1/min and kicks at influx volumes of less than 120 litres.
Ultralow Thermal Conductivity of Isotope-Doped Silicon Nanowires (2007)

The thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) is investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It is found that the thermal conductivity of SiNWs can be reduced exponentially by isotopic defects at room temperature. The thermal conductivity reaches the minimum, which is about 27% of that of pure 28Si NW, when doped with 50% isotope atoms. The thermal conductivity of isotopic-superlattice structured SiNWs depends clearly on the period of superlattice. At a critical period of 1.09 nm, the thermal conductivity is only 25% of the value of pure Si NW. An anomalous enhancement of thermal conductivity is observed when the superlattice period is smaller than this critical length. The ultralow thermal conductivity of superlattice structured SiNWs is explained with phonon spectrum theory.
Study on Application of Component-Based Project Management System (2014)

Efficiency is the key of project management, and conversion of project knowledge to technology must be realized by establishing an effective management system. Component project management system is based on the enterprise level rather than project manager level. Although the project has unique characteristics, the member companies use the same or similar components in different projects. It converts internal and external enterprise knowledge into technology, and implementation steps are carried out based on the component of project management system in enterprise organization to ensure project technical transformation of the knowledge flow and call mechanism of project management component, in order to realize the application of component-based project management system in enterprise organization.
Promoting Racial Harmony in High School. (1999)

Lymphangioma is a benign congenital malformation. The extremely rare and atypical localization of a lymphangioma in the chest wall was the real motive for the present case study. A 5-year-old boy was admitted to the Emergency Department of the 1st Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, due to the presence of a mildly painful swelling in the left lateral chest wall, which was first noticed three months ago, after a blunt injury during sport. Physical examination revealed the presence of a palpable, spherical, painful, nut-sized subcutaneous lesion in the left lateral chest wall, respectively, with the anterior axillary line, at the height of the 6th to 7th intercostal space. Presence of ecchymosis on the overlying skin was also noticed. During palpation, we did not notice fluctuation, while transillumination was not feasible. Performance of ultrasonography, including Doppler color flow imaging, followed, depicting a subcutaneous cystic lesion, 2.1⁎3.2 cm in dimensions, without extension to the thoracic cavity. Scheduled surgical excision of the lesion was decided. Histopathological examination documented the diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma. Patient is still followed up on a 6-month basis. He remains asymptomatic, after 2 years, without indication of relapse.
Equilibrium of a magnet floating above a superconducting disk (1988)

A superconducting body will repel a nearby magnet. The repulsion is due to the perfect diamagnetism resulting from the Meissner effect. A small magnet will float above a superconducting disk at an equilibrium position over the disk center, stable against lateral displacements. It is not intuitively obvious why the potential energy of the magnet over a flat disk should have a minimum at the center, rather than a maximum. We have measured the properties of the attractive potential well of a YBa2Cu3O7 disk by two experiments. In the first, we use a low-frequency magnetic field, 0–100 Hz, to excite oscillations of a small, freely levitating bar magnet about its equilibrium position. We find sharp resonances, corresponding to longitudinal, transverse, and torsional modes of oscillation. The frequencies of these resonances define the properties near the bottom of the potential well. In the second experiment, we attach the magnet to a vertical glass fiber of known stiffness. The magnet is suspended horizontally a small known distance, z, above the superconducting disk. By moving the magnet from the center of the disk to the edge and measuring the bending of the support fiber as a function of position we determine the shape of the potential curve for large displacements and the total energy needed to escape from the well.
Automated Separation of Whole Blood in Top and Bottom Bags into Components Using the Compomat G4 (1999)

Abstract Background and Objectives: Whole blood can be separated by hard spin centrifugation into layers of blood components according to their specific gravity. The aim was to develop a program for an automatic separator to subsequently express the various components into their respective satellite bags in top and bottom systems with the following requirements; a red cell concentrate with a low leukocyte and platelet contamination, a ‘cell‐free’ plasma, and a buffy coat with a volume of about 50 ml with an acceptable loss of red cells. Materials and Methods: The Compomat G4 possesses an independently moving upper and lower press, to automatically express plasma or red cells to satellite bags of top and bottom systems. The influence of the extension of the lower press was studied by pooling and dividing two units of whole blood, and separating these units after centrifugation (2,960 g, 10 min) either with a program where the lower press was completely extended (program C), or with a program that left approximately 1 mm between the door and the lower press (program D). Results: The program (program d), where the lower press was not completely extended, yieded a buffy coat with a volume of 52±1 ml (mean ± SD, n = 36), which contained >75% leukocytes and >90% platelets of the original whole blood unit, with a red cell loss in the buffy coat of 21±1 ml (10.8±0.8% of the original volume). The leukocyte content of the red cell concentrates was 775±379 × 10 6 per unit, whereas the plasma contained 3±3×10 6 leukocytes and 4±3 × 10 9 platelets per unit. The pooling experiment indicated that complete extension of the lower press (program C) resulted in a significantly higher leukocyte contamination of the red cell concentrate (788±431 × 10 6 vs. 658±419 × 10 6 ; n = 12; p = 0.03), while there was no difference in the yield of red cells or plasma. The buffy coat produced with program D contained significantly more leukocytes (2,242±396 × 10 6 vs. 2,065±327 × 10 6 , p × 0.005) and more platelets (96±14 × 10 9 vs. 92±17 × 10 9 , p 0.02) per unit than with program C, probably because buffy coat cells sticking to the container wall are not expressed to the red cell concentrate, and thus remain in the buffy coat bag. Therefore, program D met our specifications for blood products. Conclusions: The Compomat G4 warrants reproducible separation of whole blood in top and bottom bags into red cells, buffy coat and plasma meeting our specifications.
Screening for trisomy 18 by fetal nuchal translucency and maternal serum free β -hCG and PAPP-A at 10-14 weeks of gestation (1999)

In a study of 50 cases of trisomy 18 compared with 947 controls we have found the median multiple of the median (MoM) of maternal serum free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin to be significantly decreased (0.281 MoM) in samples collected between the 10th and 14th week of gestation. Similarly, maternal serum pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) levels are also decreased (0.177 MoM), whilst the median nuchal translucency is significantly higher (3.272 MoM). Free beta-hCG MoM was less than the 5th centile of normal in 64 per cent of cases of trisomy 18 and for PAPP-A was less than the 5th centile in 78 per cent of cases. Also, in 78 per cent of cases the nuchal translucency was above the 95th centile. When combined together in a multivariate algorithm with maternal age, we predict that 89 per cent of cases of trisomy 18 could be detected at a 1 per cent false-positive rate. We conclude that specific trisomy 18 risks should be part of developing risk algorithms combining maternal serum biochemistry and nuchal translucency for use in first trimester screening alongside those for trisomy 21.
Front Matter (2016)

No AccessAug 2016Front MatterAuthors/Editors: Tinatin Baum, Anastasia Mshvidobadze, Josefina PosadasTinatin Baum, Anastasia Mshvidobadze, Josefina Posadashttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0900-2_fmAboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (1.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Next chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: August 2016ISBN: 978-1-4648-0900-2e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0901-9 Copyright & Permissions PDF DownloadLoading ...
INet: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation (2021)

Encoder-decoder networks are state-of-the-art approaches to biomedical image segmentation, but have two problems: i.e., the widely used pooling operations may discard spatial information, and therefore low-level semantics are lost. Feature fusion methods can mitigate these problems but feature maps of different scales cannot be easily fused because downand upsampling change the spatial resolution of feature map. To address these issues, we propose INet, which enlarges receptive fields by increasing the kernel sizes of convolutional layers in steps (e.g., from 3 × 3 to 7 × 7 and then 15 × 15) instead of downsampling. Inspired by an Inception module, INet extracts features by kernels of different sizes through concatenating the output feature maps of all preceding convolutional layers. We also find that the large kernel makes the network feasible for biomedical image segmentation. In addition, INet uses two overlapping max-poolings, i.e., max-poolings with stride 1, to extract the sharpest features. Fixed-size and fixed-channel feature maps enable INet to concatenate feature maps and add multiple shortcuts across layers. In this way, INet can recover low-level semantics by concatenating the feature maps of all preceding layers and expedite the training by adding multiple shortcuts. Because INet has additional residual shortcuts, we compare INet with a UNet system that also has residual shortcuts (ResUNet). To confirm INet as a backbone architecture for biomedical image segmentation, we implement dense connections on INet (called DenseINet) and compare it to a DenseUNet system with residual shortcuts (ResDenseUNet). INet and DenseINet require 16.9% and 37.6% fewer parameters than ResUNet and ResDenseUNet, respectively. In comparison with six encoder- decoder approaches using nine public datasets, INet and DenseINet demonstrate efficient improvements in biomedical image segmentation. INet outperforms DeepLabV3, which implementing atrous convolution instead of downsampling to increase receptive fields. INet also outperforms two recent methods (named HRNet and MS-NAS) that maintain high-resolution representations and repeatedly exchange the information across resolutions.
Peptide-Receptor Ligands and Multivalent Approach (2012)

The overexpression of peptide receptors in human tumours makes peptide-ligands attractive agents for the development of specific diagnostic imaging and/or therapy of cancers. Solid-phase peptide synthesis, modern phage display technology and combinatorial peptide chemistry have profoundly affected the pool of available targeting peptides for efficient and specific delivery of imaging or therapeutic label molecules. Additionally, the availability of a wide range of bifunctional chelating agents for the radiolabelling of bioactive peptides with radionuclides has produced a wide variety of useful radiopharmaceutical molecules. This review article examines the principal receptors-binding peptides and their overexpression on tumour cells. We discuss the advantage and the challenges in developing multivalent peptide-based ligands summarising their design strategies and applications.
Revisiting Shor's quantum algorithm for computing general discrete logarithms (2019)

We heuristically show that Shor's algorithm for computing general discrete logarithms achieves an expected success probability of approximately 60% to 82% in a single run when modified to enable efficient implementation with the semi-classical Fourier transform. By slightly increasing the number of group operations that are evaluated quantumly and performing a single limited search in the classical post-processing, or by performing two limited searches in the post-processing, we show how the algorithm can be further modified to achieve a success probability that heuristically exceeds 99% in a single run. We provide concrete heuristic estimates of the success probability of the modified algorithm, as a function of the group order $r$, the size of the search space in the classical post-processing, and the additional number of group operations evaluated quantumly. In the limit as $r \rightarrow \infty$, we heuristically show that the success probability tends to one. In analogy with our earlier works, we show how the modified quantum algorithm may be heuristically simulated classically when the logarithm $d$ and $r$ are both known. Furthermore, we heuristically show how slightly better tradeoffs may be achieved, compared to our earlier works, if $r$ is known when computing $d$. We generalize our heuristic to cover some of our earlier works, and compare it to the non-heuristic analyses in those works.
Multi-Domain Adversarial Learning (2019)

Multi-domain learning (MDL) aims at obtaining a model with minimal average risk across multiple domains. Our empirical motivation is automated microscopy data, where cultured cells are imaged after being exposed to known and unknown chemical perturbations, and each dataset displays significant experimental bias. This paper presents a multi-domain adversarial learning approach, MuLANN, to leverage multiple datasets with overlapping but distinct class sets, in a semi-supervised setting. Our contributions include: i) a bound on the average- and worst-domain risk in MDL, obtained using the H-divergence; ii) a new loss to accommodate semi-supervised multi-domain learning and domain adaptation; iii) the experimental validation of the approach, improving on the state of the art on two standard image benchmarks, and a novel bioimage dataset, Cell.
Unconventional approaches to nanostructures with applications in electronics, photonics, information storage and sensing : symposium held April 21-25, 2003, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (2003)

Nanostructures have attracted steadily growing interest due to their peculiar, fascinating properties and unique applications relative to the bulk materials. Many interesting phenomena are associated with nanometer-sized dimensions. By using these nanostructures as functional components, various prototypes of devices have been successfully fabricated recently. The ability to generate these small structures is central to the advance of many areas in modern science and technology. Although some nanostructures can be generated using advanced nanolithographic techniques, the development of these methods into practical routes to large numbers of nanostructures, rapidly and at low cost, still requires great ingenuity. Chemical methods and self-assembly provide a promising strategy for the formation of nanostructures in terms of cost, throughput, and potential for large-scale production. This book, first published in 2003, covers research ranging from the fundamental chemistry and physics of nanostructures, to their interactions with light and electricity, to application in novel devices and technologies. Topics include: quantum dots and nanoparticles; one-dimensional nanostructures; molecular systems; patterning and colloidal self-assembly; and properties and applications.