gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-Lens Low-Loss Electron Detector for the Upper Specimen Stage in the Scanning Electron Microscope (1990)

For the best resolution in either the scanning electron microscope (SEM) or the transmission electron microscope (TEM) the sample must be mounted in the high-field region of a condenser-objective lens. Detectors for either the secondary electrons (SE) or the backscattered electrons (BSE) in the SEM must allow for the fact that both of these are strongly deflected by the focusing magnetic field of the lens. Typically the SE are collected above the lens, while the BSE are collected using either diode(s) or scintillator(s) between the polepieces. Low-loss electrons (LLE) are scattered from a solid target with an energy loss of less than a few percent of the incident beam energy. These can be collected from a steeply tilted sample from below the exit polepiece of a condenser-objective lens. A suggestion to use the second half of the lens field as an energy filter was shown to by Munro to be unlikely to work because the chromatic dispersion of this part of the lens field is insufficient. The magnetic field of a condenser-objective lens can provide energy filtering as follows.A flat sample is mounted at typically 25° to 30° from the horizontal at or near the center of the lens. Figure 1 shows the trajectories of the electrons scattered with no loss of energy as calculated by Munro. These electrons are confined within a “containment region” with a well-defined boundary beyond which they cannot go. If a suitable detector is placed just inside the surface of this region then it will collect LLE. The slower BSE are confined within a smaller region and so are not collected.
Widely tunable multimode-interference based coupled cavity laser with integrated interferometer (2018)

We present a simple to process tunable laser, fabricated in a low-cost generic fabrication process and based on two coupled Fabry-Perot cavities. The complex coupling coefficients of the coupling element are analytically derived from a 3×3 MMI using coupled mode theory and chosen to maximize the SMSR during lasing operation. Additionally, one of the cavities contains a reflective interferometer, which acts as coarse wavelength selector. This interferometer is derived from a Michelson Interferometer, by replacing the two independent mirrors with our optimized coupling element, leading to a doubled Free Spectral Range. As a result, we obtained a tuning range of 26 nm with potential for beyond 40 nm, a SMSR larger than 40 dB and fiber coupled power up to 9 dBm.
Designs for an asymmetric gradient set and a compact superconducting magnet for neural magnetic resonance imaging (1999)

Imaging of the head and neck is the most commonly performed clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination [R. G. Evans and J. R. G. Evans, AJR 157, 603 (1991)]. This is usually undertaken in a generalist MRI instrument containing superconducting magnet system capable of imaging all organs. These generalist instruments are large, typically having a bore of 0.9–1.0 m and a length of 1.7–2.5 m and therefore are expensive to site, somewhat claustrophobic to the patient, and offer little access by attending physicians. In this article, we present the design of a compact, superconducting MRI magnet for head and neck imaging that is less than 0.8 m in length and discuss in detail the design of an asymmetric gradient coil set, tailored to the magnet profile. In particular, the introduction of a radio-frequency FM modulation scheme in concert with a gradient sequence allows the epoch of the linear region of the gradient set to be much closer to the end of the gradient structure than was previously possible. Images from a prototype gradient set demonstrate the effectiveness of the designs.
Conformationally constrained tachykinins: N‐methylated analogues of neurokinin A (1989)

Limited conformational constraints have been introduced in the sequence of the C-terminal fragment of the peptide neurotransmitter neurokinin A by N-methylation of individual peptide bonds, and the biological activities of the peptides thus obtained were evaluated in order to assess the effect of such conformational constraint on receptor selectivity. The analogue methylated in position 7 shows enhanced selectivity toward NK-1 receptor.
Algoritms for pH control (1979)

The acidity of solutions containing both weak and strong constituents simultaneously are discussed and algorithms for their control by feedback and feedforward are suggested.
BGP eye (2006)

Owing to the inter-domain aspects of BGP routing, it is difficult to correlate information across multiple domains in order to analyze the root cause of the routing outages. We present BGP Eye, a tool for visualization-aided root-cause analysis of BGP anomalies. In contrast to previous approaches, BGP Eye performs real-time analysis of BGP anomalies through hierarchical analysis. First, BGP updates are clustered to obtain BGP events that are more representative of an anomaly. These events are then correlated across all border routers to ascertain the extent of the anomaly. Furthermore, BGP Eye provides both the capability to analyze BGP anomalies from an Internet-Centric View through multiple vantage points as well as from a Home-Centric View of a particular Autonomous System. We present the capability for scalable and real-time root-cause analysis provided by BGP Eye through the analysis of two very different anomalies. First, we provide an Internet-Centric view from AS568 of the routing outages during the spread of the Slammer Worm on January 25th, 2003. Second, we provide a Home-Centric view from AS6458 of the routing outages caused by the inadvertent prefix hijacking by AS9121 on December 24th, 2004.
Optical logic elementary circuits (2011)

Elementary blocks, performing logic operations, are the building elements for more complex subsystems implementing all-optical digital processing. They can potentially enable next generation optical networks and optical computing, overcoming the limitations of the electronics bandwidth, also guaranteeing scalability, transparency, easy reconfigurability and modularity. Finally, integrated technologies can reduce power consumption, footprint and cost.
Enforcing Access Control in Virtual Organizations Using Hierarchical Attribute-Based Encryption (2012)

Virtual organizations are dynamic, inter-organizational collaborations that involve systems and services belonging to different security domains. Several solutions have been proposed to guarantee the enforcement of the access control policies protecting the information exchanged in a distributed system, but none of them addresses the dynamicity characterizing virtual organizations. In this paper we propose a dynamic hierarchical attribute-based encryption (D-HABE) scheme that allows the institutions in a virtual organization to encrypt information according to an attribute-based policy in such a way that only users with the appropriate attributes can decrypt it. In addition, we introduce a key management scheme that determines which user is entitled to receive which attribute key from which domain authority.
Depth-dependent resonant target strength analysis of a dense Atlantic Herring school from wide-area OAWRS and localized 3D morphology sensing (2008)

The depth-dependent target strength of Atlantic Herring is estimated at several distinct bandwidths close to their resonance frequency for a localized, highly dense school observed during the NOPP-sponsored Gulf of Maine Experiment on September 22, 2006. An ocean acoustics waveguide remote sensing (OAWRS) system was deployed near George's Bank to investigate the migration and spawning behavior of fish over wide areas. In conjunction with OAWRS, a Simrad EK60 conventional fish-finding echosounder (CFFS) and a Reson Seabat 7125 multibeam sonar system were deployed to provide local depth extent and 3D volume morphology of the dense herring school. The calibration of low-frequency target strength derived from OAWRS data using localized CFFS density and multibeam 3D volume estimates as inputs is discussed. The correlation between the mean depth of the vertically migrating herring school and its resonance frequency is investigated. The results are compared with a theoretical model for 3D resonance scattering from fish swimbladder modeled as a spheroidal bubble. This analysis may allow inference of fish depth and species classification based on the scattered frequency response of targets imaged by OAWRS. Implications for classifying general localized targets, biological or man-made, are discussed further.
Solvent Extraction of Zein from Dry‐Milled Corn (2000)

ABSTRACT Batch extraction of zein from dry‐milled whole corn with ethanol was optimum with 70% ethanol in water, an extraction time of 30–40 min, and temperature of 50°C. High yields (60% of the zein in corn) and high zein contents in the extracted solids (50%) were obtained at a solvent‐to‐solids ratio of 8 mL of 70% ethanol/g of corn. However, zein concentration in the extract was higher at lower ratios. Multiple extraction of the same corn with fresh ethanol resulted in a yield of 85% after four extractions, whereas multiple extractions of fresh corn with the same ethanol resulted in high (15 g/L) zein concentration in the extract. Optimum conditions for batch extraction of zein were 45°C, with 68% ethanol at a solvent‐to‐solids ratio of 7.8 mL/g for an extraction time of 55 min. Column extractions were also best at 50°C and 70% ethanol; a solvent ratio of 1 mL/g resulted in high zein concentrations in the extract (17 g/L) but yields were low (20%).
Development of a prototype lignin concentration sensor. Final report. Draft (1994)

The ultimate objective of the DOE-sponsored program discussed in this report is to commercialize an instrument for real-time, in-situ measurement of lignin in wood pulp at a variety of locations in the pulp process stream. The instrument will be used as a primary sensor for process control in the pulp and paper industry. Work done by B&W prior to the initiation of this program had shown: there is a functional relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the Kappa number as measured at the pulp mill laboratory. Kappa number is a standard wet chemical method for determination of the lignin concentration; the relationship is one of decreasing intensity with Kappa number, indicating operation in the quenched fluorescence regime; a great deal of scatter in the data. Because of the preliminary nature of the study, the origin of the scatter was not identified. This report documents the results of laboratory measurements made on a variety of well defined pulp samples to generate the data necessary to: determine the feasibility of an instrument for on-line lignin concentration measurement using laser fluorescence; identify the preferred measurement strategy; define the range of applicability of the instrument; and to provide background information to guide the design of a field-worthy prototype.
Enhanced proteolysis of thiopurine <i>S</i> -methyltransferase (TPMT) encoded by mutant alleles in humans ( <i>TPMT</i> ∗ <i>3</i> <i>A</i> , <i>TPMT</i> ∗ <i>2</i> ): Mechanisms for the genetic polymorphism of TPMT activity (1997)

TPMT is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the S-methylation of aromatic and heterocyclic sulfhydryl compounds, including medications such as mercaptopurine and thioguanine. TPMT activity exhibits autosomal codominant genetic polymorphism, and patients inheriting TPMT deficiency are at high risk of potentially fatal hematopoietic toxicity. The most prevalent mutant alleles associated with TPMT deficiency in humans have been cloned and characterized (TPMT*2 and TPMT*3A), but the mechanisms for loss of catalytic activity have not been elucidated. In the present study, we established that erythrocyte TPMT activity was significantly related to the amount of TPMT protein on Western blots of erythrocytes from patients with TPMT activities of 0.4-23 units/ml pRBC (rs = 0.99; P < 0.001). Similarly, heterologous expression of wild-type (TPMT*1) and mutant (TPMT*2 and TPMT*3A) human cDNAs in yeast and COS-1 cells demonstrated comparable levels of TPMT mRNA but significantly lower TPMT protein with the mutant cDNAs. Rates of protein synthesis were comparable for wild-type and mutant proteins expressed in yeast and with in vitro translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. In contrast, pulse-chase experiments revealed significantly shorter degradation half-lives for TPMT*2 and TPMT*3A ( approximately 0.25 hr) compared with wild-type TPMT*1 (18 hr). The degradation of mutant proteins was impaired by ATP depletion and in yeast with mutant proteasomes (pre-1 strain) but unaffected by the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine. These studies establish enhanced degradation of TPMT proteins encoded by TPMT*2 and TPMT*3A as mechanisms for lower TPMT protein and catalytic activity inherited by the predominant mutant alleles at the human TPMT locus.
Novel Membrane-Based Synergistic Metal Extraction and Recovery Processes (1996)

Individual metal recovery and separation by solvent extraction has been an important technique in pollution control as well as in hydrometallurgical processes. Synergistic extraction and separation of two cations, e.g., Cu(II) and Zn(II), a cation and an anion, e.g., Cu(II) and Cr(VI), and two cations and one anion, such as Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cr(VI), have been demonstrated employing a novel hydrophobic microporous hollow fiber membrane-based (HFM) extraction technique. The extraction selectivity of Cu(II) and Zn(II) by LIX 84 (anti-2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), respectively, in a two-fiber-set HFM extractor is significantly enhanced due to competitive extraction. The efficiencies of extraction of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by LIX 84 and tri-n-octylamine (TOA), respectively, are increased due to the self-control of the aqueous feed pH. A simplified mathematical model for synergistic extraction of Cu(II) and Zn(II) has been developed. The model predicts the observed extraction and separation performance well. In the novel HFM extractor, the extraction rates of Zn(II) and Cu(II) by D2EHPA and LIX 84, respectively, were controlled by the aqueous and organic boundary layer resistances as well as the interfacial reaction resistances.
Performance testing of transrectal US scanners. (1994)

The phantoms are useful for comparing performances of different transrectal US configurations.
Application of Expurgated PPM to Indoor Visible Light Communications—Part I: Single-User Systems (2014)

Visible light communications (VLC) in indoor environments suffer from the limited bandwidth of LEDs as well as from the inter-symbol interference (ISI) imposed by multipath. In this work, transmission schemes to improve the performance of indoor optical wireless communication (OWC) systems are introduced. Expurgated pulse-position modulation (EPPM) is proposed for this application since it can provide a wide range of peak to average power ratios (PAPR) needed for dimming of the indoor illumination. A correlation decoder used at the receiver is shown to be optimal for indoor VLC systems, which are shot noise and background-light limited. Interleaving applied on EPPM in order to decrease the ISI effect in dispersive VLC channels can significantly decrease the error probability. The proposed interleaving technique makes EPPM a better modulation option compared to PPM for VLC systems or any other dispersive OWC system. An overlapped EPPM pulse technique is proposed to increase the transmission rate when bandwidth-limited white LEDs are used as sources.
Foreground-background segmentation of optical character recognition labels by a single-layer recurrent neural network (1996)

The <i>Journal of Electronic Imaging</i> (JEI), copublished bimonthly with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology, publishes peer-reviewed papers that cover research and applications in all areas of electronic imaging science and technology.
Amplification of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Designed Seeds:  Separation of Nucleation and Growth (2007)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) may be grown from designed seeds containing an SWNT and the catalyst required for continued growth. Dodecyl side-walled functionalized SWNTs (DD-SWNTs) are end-functionalized with 4-hydroxypyridine via dicyclohexylcarbodiimide coupling to allow covalent coordination of an inorganic cluster pro-catalyst (FeMoC). DD-SWNT-py-FeMoC on spin-on glass was exposed to H2/CH4 at 800 °C, resulting in 3-fold growth in the length of 40% of the seed SWNTs. Only ∼1% of the procatalyst alone nucleate SWNTs under the same conditions, suggesting effective separation of the nucleation and growth processes.
Abrasion Resistance of Rayon/Nylon Composite Fibers (1989)

Composite rayonlnylon skin/core fibers have been produced with the objective of combining synthetic and natural fiber properties. Acid etching of the core fiber is examined as a pretreatment to increase adhesion between skin and core layers. The adhesion between skin and core layers is assessed using the technique of a carrier fabric for abrasion testing. Fibers are stitched into a plain weave carrier fabric, which is then abraded. Results indicate that pretreatment with sulfuric acid, followed by a bleach rinse, improved adhesion over untreated core fibers. However, further improvement in adhesion is necessary to produce fibers with acceptable abrasion resistance. The carrier fabric method was effective in assess ing adhesion and abrasion resistance of single fibers.
Cross layer optimization for scalable video multicast over 802.11 WLANs (2006)

Compared with unicast, video multicast over 802.11 WLANs should handle varying channel conditions of multiple users and user topology changes as well as scalability to achieve good quality for all users in the serving area. This paper analyzes error control strategies available in different layers of the network stack, including modulation and channel coding in physical layer, cross-packet Forward Error Correction (FEC), packet size optimization and scalable video coding in application layer. By combining and adapting these schemes jointly, an adaptive cross layer optimization algorithm is proposed for scalable video multicast over 802.11 WLANs. Based on a variety of criteria, improvement in overall video quality for all the targeted users can be achieved.
Magnetic resonance field fingerprinting (2018)

The proposed magnetic resonance field fingerprinting method can estimate T<sub>1</sub> , T<sub>2</sub> , B<sub>0</sub> , and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>B</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msubsup> </mml:math> maps accurately in phantoms, in the brain, and in the lower abdomen.
Discriminative training of variable-parameter HMMs for noise robust speech recognition (2008)

We propose a new type of variable-parameter hidden Markov model (VPHMM) whose mean and variance parameters vary each as a continuous function of additional environmentdependent parameters. Different from the polynomialfunction-based VPHMM proposed by Cui and Gong (2007), the new VPHMM uses cubic splines to represent the dependency of the means and variances of Gaussian mixtures on the environment parameters. Importantly, the new model no longer requires quantization in estimating the model parameters and it supports parameter sharing and instantaneous conditioning parameters directly. We develop and describe a growth-transformation algorithm that discriminatively learns the parameters in our cubic-splinebased VPHMM (CS-VPHMM), and evaluate the model on the Aurora-3 corpus with our recently developed MFCCMMSE noise suppressor applied. Our experiments show that the proposed CS-VPHMM outperforms the discriminatively trained and maximum-likelihood trained conventional HMMs with relative word error rate (WER) reduction of 14% and 20% respectively under the well-matched conditions when both mean and variances are updated. Index Terms: speech recognition, variable-parameter hidden Markov model, discriminative training, cubic spline, growth transformation
New Process for Producing Polycarbonate Without Phosgene and Methylene Chloride (1996)

A new polymerization technology for manufacturing polycarbonates without using phosgene and methylene chloride has been established. The innovative and environmentally benign process is based on the entirely new concept, "Solid-State Polymerization of Amorphous Polymers". Asahi's new process essentially consists of (1) prepolymerization, (2) crystallization, and (3) solid-state polymerization. The solid-state polymerization process is able to cover a very wide range of molecular weight polycarbonates from the lowest disk grade (Mw 15,000) to the ultra high molecular weight grade (Mw>60,000), which is very difficult to produce by conventional processes. The polycarbonates obtained by Asahi's new process are colorless with good transparency; other excellent features include, for example, better heat stability and reworkability than that of polycarbonates produced by the phosgene process. Furthermore, the ultra high molecular weight polycarbonate produced by the new process also has excellent properties, which are missing in the conventionally available polycarbonate, such as excellent solvent resistance and excellent steam resistance.
GMP‐140: A receptor for neutrophils and monocytes on activated platelets and endothelium (1991)

GMP-140 is a membrane glycoprotein located in secretory granules of platelets and endothelium. When these cells are activated by agonists such as thrombin, GMP-140 is rapidly translocated to the plasma membrane. GMP-140, along with ELAM-1 and the peripheral lymph node homing receptor, defines the selectin family of structurally related molecules that regulate interactions of leukocytes with the blood vessel wall. Each of these molecules contains an N-terminal lectin-like domain, followed by an EGF-like region, a series of consensus repeats related to those in complement-binding proteins, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. The genomic structures of the selectins suggest that they arose by duplication and modification of exons encoding specific structural domains. GMP-140 is a receptor for neutrophils and monocytes when it is expressed on activated platelets and endothelium. This property facilitates rapid adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium at regions of tissue injury as well as platelet-leukocyte interactions at sites of inflammation and hemorrhage. Like other leukocyte adhesion molecules, GMP-140 may also participate in pathologic inflammation, thrombosis, and tumor metastasis. Confirmation of such pathologic roles may lead to design of new drugs that block adhesive receptor function in human disease.