gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Two-Hop Segment Protecting Paradigm that Unifies Node and Span Failure Recovery under p-Cycles (2010)

This letter explains that protecting segments of exactly two hops within an optical network is alone enough to prevent both single span and node failure events. More specifically, we show how to transform a network (topology and working routes) from the two-hop segment perspective and then perform a p-cycle design for the new network. Experimental results typically suggest that two-hop protecting p-cycles are preferable to span- and path-protecting p-cycles for degree-3 or more network instances. The overall two-hop segment protection framework is applicable to any other span-survivability scheme.
Dialogue Learning with Human Teaching and Feedback in End-to-End Trainable Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems (2018)

Bing Liu, Gokhan Tür, Dilek Hakkani-Tür, Pararth Shah, Larry Heck. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers). 2018.
Sagnac loop mirror based laser cavity for silicon-on-insulator (2014)

We propose to build laser cavities on submicron silicon photonics platforms using Sagnac loop mirrors, which is easy to fabricate, has accurately controlled reflectivity, and negligible excess loss. A proof-of-concept device is demonstrated.
Mitigation of low-frequency underwater noise generated by rotating machinery on a mobile work barge using large tethered encapsulated bubbles (2012)

Collections of bubbles cause significant dispersion and attenuation of underwater sound at frequencies near the individual bubble resonance and can potentially be used to mitigate low-frequency anthropogenic underwater noise. Such effects have been reported for large encapsulated bubbles with resonance frequencies below 100 Hz [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130:3325-3332 (2011)] and significant attenuation due to bubble resonance phenomena and acoustic impedance mismatching was observed in experiments using a compact electromechanical acoustic source [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128:2279 (2010); J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129:2462 (2011)]. In the present study, screens of tethered resonant encapsulated air bubbles were used to surround a mechanically-vibrated mobile work barge in a lake experiment to demonstrate their potential as a mitigation strategy for such noise sources. Conventional screens of freely-rising bubbles were also deployed for comparison. The radiated acoustic pressure was measured at various water depths and ranges to determine the effect of the bubble screens on the noise field. Compared to the freely rising bubbles, the tethered encapsulated bubbles yielded a significant increase in noise reduction below 1 kHz, demonstrating their efficacy for abatement of low-frequency underwater rotating machinery noise. [Work supported by Shell Global Solutions.]
Enzymatic production of hydrogen gas from glucose and cellulose (1996)

An enzymatic process has been used to convert glucose to molecular hydrogen with the ultimate goal of converting cellulose to hydrogen. Two enzymes from the Archae, Thermoplasma acidophilium glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and Pyrococcus furiosus hydrogenase, were used to oxidize glucose and NADPH respectively, resulting in the formation of molecular hydrogen. The stoichiometric yield of hydrogen from glucose was close to the theoretical maximum expected. Further, the molar amount of hydrogen produced was greater than the molar equivalent of NADP{sup +} present in the reaction mixture indicating that this GDH cofactor was regenerated throughout the course of the reaction. Hydrogen was also shown to be produced from cellulose if cellulase was included in the reaction mixture.
Tradipitant in the Treatment of Motion Sickness: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2020)

<b>Introduction:</b> Novel therapies are needed for the treatment of motion sickness given the inadequate relief and bothersome and dangerous adverse effects of currently approved therapies. Neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonists have the potential to be effective in improving the symptoms of motion sickness, given the involvement of Substance P in nauseogenic and emetic pathways and the expression of NK1 receptors in the gastrointestinal system. Here we evaluated the efficacy of tradipitant, a novel NK1 receptor antagonist, in preventing motion sickness in variable sea conditions. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 126 adults participated in the Motion Sifnos study. Groups of participants were assigned to one of seven boat trips lasting ~4 h on the Pacific Ocean. Participants were randomized 1:1 to tradipitant 170 mg or placebo and completed the Motion Sickness Severity Scale (MSSS) every 30 min, in addition to other assessments. Severity of motion sickness was assessed with the incidence of vomiting and the MSSS. <b>Results:</b> Participants on tradipitant had a significantly lower incidence of vomiting as compared to those on placebo across all boat trips (tradipitant = 17.5%, placebo = 39.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.0039). For trips exposed to rough sea conditions, the difference in the incidence of vomiting between the groups was more dramatic (tradipitant = 15.79%, placebo = 72.22%, <i>p</i> = 0.0009). Across these trips, motion sickness symptoms were significantly lower in the tradipitant group compared to the placebo group (tradipitant = 3.19, placebo = 4.57, <i>p</i> = 0.0235). <b>Discussion:</b> Tradipitant has the potential to be an effective therapy for the prevention of vomiting and treatment of nausea in people with motion sickness.
Identification and characterization of a MAPT-targeting locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotide therapeutic for tauopathies (2022)

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein (<i>MAPT</i>, tau) implicated in the pathogenesis of tauopathies, a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau. Because tau pathology can be distinct across diseases, a pragmatic therapeutic approach may be to intervene at the level of the tau transcript, as it makes no assumptions to mechanisms of tau toxicity. Here we performed a large library screen of locked-nucleic-acid (LNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), where careful tiling of the <i>MAPT</i> locus resulted in the identification of hot spots for activity in the 3' UTR. Further modifications to the LNA design resulted in the generation of ASO-001933, which selectively and potently reduces tau in primary cultures from hTau mice, monkey, and human neurons. ASO-001933 was well tolerated and produced a robust, long-lasting reduction in tau protein in both mouse and cynomolgus monkey brain. In monkey, tau protein reduction was maintained in brain for 20 weeks post injection and corresponded with tau protein reduction in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Our results demonstrate that LNA-ASOs exhibit excellent drug-like properties and sustained efficacy likely translating to infrequent, intrathecal dosing in patients. These data further support the development of LNA-ASOs against tau for the treatment of tauopathies.
Revealing, identifying, and assessing flaws in operating equipment by the acoustic emission image recognition method under strong background noise condition (2004)

The analysis has shown that high pressure and high temperature piping in fossil and nuclear power plants suffer from unexpected and rarely predictable failures. To guarantee operational safety and to prevent failures authors have performed the complex investigations and have created Quantitative Acoustic Emission NDI technology for revealing, identifying and assessing flaws in equipment operated under strong background noise condition. These enabled: Overall inspection of the piping operated under stress, temperature, pressure, steam flow and loading, variation. Locating suspected zones and zones of flaw development with low J-integral value and the great variation of the dynamic range of flaws danger level. Identification of flaw types and their danger level. Detection of defective components in service prior to shut down. The continuous and the burst Acoustic Emission (AE) were used in combination as an information tool. As result, the significant number of flaws such as creep at stage 3a-3b, closed-edge micro-cracks, systems of randomly dispersed pores and inclusions, plastic deformation development around them, or/and individual micro-cracking were revealed, identified and assessed in 50 operating high energy piping. The findings and assessing flaw danger level obtained by QAE NDI were confirmed by independent NDI methods as TOFD, X-ray, replication, metallurgical investigations, etc. The findings and assessing flaw danger level obtained by QAE NDI were confirmed by independent NDI methods such as TOFD, X-ray, replication, metallurgical investigations, etc
Reversible circuit compilation with space constraints (2015)

We develop a framework for resource efficient compilation of higher-level programs into lower-level reversible circuits. Our main focus is on optimizing the memory footprint of the resulting reversible networks. This is motivated by the limited availability of qubits for the foreseeable future. We apply three main techniques to keep the number of required qubits small when computing classical, irreversible computations by means of reversible networks: first, wherever possible we allow the compiler to make use of in-place functions to modify some of the variables. Second, an intermediate representation is introduced that allows to trace data dependencies within the program, allowing to clean up qubits early. This realizes an analog to "garbage collection" for reversible circuits. Third, we use the concept of so-called pebble games to transform irreversible programs into reversible programs under space constraints, allowing for data to be erased and recomputed if needed. We introduce REVS, a compiler for reversible circuits that can translate a subset of the functional programming language F# into Toffoli networks which can then be further interpreted for instance in LIQui|>, a domain-specific language for quantum computing and which is also embedded into F#. We discuss a number of test cases that illustrate the advantages of our approach including reversible implementations of SHA-2 and other cryptographic hash-functions, reversible integer arithmetic, as well as a test-bench of combinational circuits used in classical circuit synthesis. Compared to Bennett's method, REVS can reduce space complexity by a factor of $4$ or more, while having an only moderate increase in circuit size as well as in the time it takes to compile the reversible networks.
Modifications Incorporated in CpG Motifs of Oligodeoxynucleotides Lead to Antagonist Activity of Toll-like Receptors 7 and 9 (2009)

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides act as agonists of TLR9 and induce Th1-type immune responses. In the present study, we synthesized CpG containing ODNs in which C or G was substituted with 2'-O-methylribonucleotides, 5-methyl-dC, or 2'-O-methyl-5-methyl-C and studied their immune stimulatory activity alone and in combination with TLR agonists. In mouse and human primary cell-based assays, modified ODNs did not stimulate immune responses but inhibited TLR9 agonist-induced immune stimulatory activity. In mice, modified ODNs did not induce cytokines but inhibited immune responses induced by agonists of TLR7 and TLR9. Modified ODNs did not inhibit endosomal TLR3- or cell-surface TLR4-agonist-induced cytokines. This study demonstrates that ODNs incorporated with chemical modifications in CpG dinucleotides do not induce immune stimulatory activity but act as antagonists of TLR7 and TLR9 in vitro and in vivo. These types of modifications are commonly employed in antisense sequences and thereby may affect the intended mechanism of action.
Teaching Compositionality to CNNs (2017)

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown great success in computer vision, approaching human-level performance when trained for specific tasks via application-specific loss functions. In this paper, we propose a method for augmenting and training CNNs so that their learned features are compositional. It encourages networks to form representations that disentangle objects from their surroundings and from each other, thereby promoting better generalization. Our method is agnostic to the specific details of the underlying CNN to which it is applied and can in principle be used with any CNN. As we show in our experiments, the learned representations lead to feature activations that are more localized and improve performance over non-compositional baselines in object recognition tasks.
Electron tunneling properties of Al2O3 tunnel barrier made using atomic layer deposition in multilayer devices (2019)

As metal/insulator/metal tunnel junctions (MIMTJs), such as magnetic tunnel junctions and Josephson tunnel junctions, push the insulating tunnel barrier (TB) towards the ultrathin regime (&lt;1 nm) defects inherent in current physical vapor deposition methods become a fundamental obstacle to create pinhole-free and defect-free MIMTJs. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) could offer a solution by providing a conformal, leak-free tunnel barrier with low defect density and atomic thickness as demonstrated recently in ALD Al2O3 tunnel barriers. A question arises on the viability of the ALD TBs in practical circuits of multilayer structures on which increased roughness may occur. To answer this question, this work investigates electron tunneling properties of ALD Al2O3 tunnel barriers of 1.1 –1.2 Å in thickness on half-cell MIMTJs of Al/Fe/Nb fabricated on multilayer structures of different surface roughness using in situ scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Remarkably, the tunnel barriers grown on the raised multilayer device analogue only show a moderate decrease in barrier height from 1.63 eV, to 1.51 eV and to 1.27 eV as the surface roughness increases from 0.9 nm to 2.3 nm, and to 15 nm, alongside a slight decrease in ALD coverage from ∼96%, to ∼93% and 84% on these samples. Overall, these results validate the ALD TBs of atomic thickness for future 3D arrays of devices.
AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure Based Schottky Diode Sensors with ZnO Nanorods for Environmental Ammonia Monitoring Applications (2018)

AlGaN/GaN heterostructure Schottky diodes with ZnO nanorod functionalization are shown to be capable of detecting NH3 balanced with air at a concentration of ∼0.3 ppm at 25°C and ∼0.1ppm at 300°C. The diodes show reproducible current response to repeated cycling of the NH3 exposure at all temperatures in this range. The diode current at fixed voltage decreased upon exposure to the NH3, which is opposite to what occurs with exposure to hydrogen. This suggests the detection mechanism involves reaction of ammonia with oxygen species on the ZnO nanorods, increasing the negative charge on the interface with AlGaN. The detection sensitivity displayed an activation energy of 0.071 eV and increased monotonically with ammonia concentration at all temperatures, from 3.36% (25°C) to 12.59% (300°C) for 2 ppm at a voltage of 5 V. The diodes could detect ammonia for either polarity applied bias. The absolute current change and sensitivity upon exposure to ammonia increased with measurement temperature.
Effects of genistein aglycone in osteoporotic, ovariectomized rats: a comparison with alendronate, raloxifene and oestradiol (2008)

The results strongly suggest that the genistein aglycone might be a new therapy for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis in humans.
A Closed-Form Solution to Implement Interference Alignment and Cancellation for a Gaussian Interference Multiple Access Channel (2014)

For interference alignment (IA) with no channel extension, determining the existence of IA solution for general system parameters is still an open problem. This same problem also exists in interference alignment and cancellation (IAC), which combines IA with interference cancellation in the receivers, involving a new receiver architecture associated with signaling over backhaul links among them. As IAC is expected to achieve more degrees of freedom (DoF) than IA, the existence of IAC solution would be another interesting, yet challenging issue to investigate. In this paper, we have proposed a specific alignment scheme, which allows for the derivation of closed-form IAC solution. Furthermore, we establish and prove the general necessary and sufficient condition to determine the existence of closed-form IAC solution for a Gaussian interference multiple access channel (MAC) with K receivers and J users, each with M antennas.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of a novel water soluble mitomycin analog; 7-N-(2-((2-(.GAMMA.-L-Glutamylamino)ethyl)dithio)ethyl)mitomycin C. (1989)

Introducing the mercaptoethyl group at the 7-N position of mitomycin C 1 has led to the isolation of 7-N,7'-N'-dithiodiethylenedimitomycin C 2. The compound 2 showed excellent antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 (sc-ip) and leukemia P388 (ip-ip) in mice. As an extension of this study, we synthesized mitomycin dimers with symmetrical disulfide and mitomycin derivatives with unsymmetrical disulfide at the 7-N side chain. Among these compounds, the water soluble conjugate 3 with ethyl gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycinate was far more effective against sarcoma 180 and leukemia P388 than 1. During the subsequent stage of inquiry for the potent congeners of 3, the compound 4 (water solubility: greater than 500 mg/ml), designated as KW2149, with the gamma-L-glutamylcystamino group at the 7th position was finally selected for further evaluation.
Characterization of vorticity in fluids by a spatially shaped laser beam (2015)

Measuring the speed and direction of vortices is of great importance in fluid dynamics. We report on the use of a CW laser beam with a superposition of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes generated by a phase mask imprinted on a two-dimensional spatial light modulator. The shaped beam is then guided and scattered of a sample which is rotated; the rotational frequency is extracted from spectral analysis of the scattered light. This method allows for virtually real-time determination of vorticity characterization in a fluid.
Simulations of the effect of the core ring on surface and air-core modes in photonic bandgap fibers (2004)

We show through computer simulations that the thin silica ring that surrounds the air core of a photonic-bandgap fiber introduces surface modes. The intensity profile and dispersion of these modes indicate that they are the modes of the waveguide formed by the ring surrounded by air on one side and the photonic crystal cladding on the other. The ring also induces small perturbations of the fundamental core mode. Coupling to those surface modes, which have propagation constants close to that of the core mode, are likely to induce substantial loss to the core mode. By reducing the thickness of the ring and/or by suitably selecting its radius the propagation constants of the surface modes can be moved farther from that of the core mode and the loss reduced.
Coplanar waveguide semiconductor phase shifter (1995)

Abstract When the semiconductor substrate under the microstrip transmission lines is properly doped, a substantial phase shift of the propagating wave by an applied DC bias voltage is demonstrated. The device is inexpensive to fabricate and easy to implement, especially in monolithic structures. © 1995 John Wilet & Sons, Inc.
Chemical looping processes for CO2 capture and carbonaceous fuel conversion – prospect and opportunity (2012)

Chemical looping processes offer a compelling way for effective and viable carbonaceous fuel conversion into clean energy carriers. The uniqueness of chemical looping processes includes their capability of low cost in situ carbon capture, high efficiency energy conversion scheme, and advanced compatibility with state-of-the-art technologies. Based on the different functions of looping particles, two types of chemical looping technologies and associated processes have been developed. Type I chemical looping systems utilize oxygen carrier particles to perform the reduction–oxidation cycles, while Type II chemical looping systems utilize CO2 carrier particles to conduct carbonation–calcination cycles. The exergy analysis indicates that the chemical looping strategy has the potential to improve fossil fuel conversion schemes. Chemical looping particle performance and looping reactor engineering are the key drivers to the success of chemical looping process development. In this work, the desired particle characterization and recent progress in mechanism studies are generalized, which is followed by a discussion on the looping reactor design. This perspective also illustrates various chemical looping processes for combustion and gasification applications. It shows that both Type I and Type II looping processes have great potentials for flexible and efficient production of electricity, hydrogen and liquid fuels.
Effects of myofibrogranuloma on serum calcium levels in walleye ( Stizostedion vitreum ) (1997)

The effect of myofibrogranuloma (skeletal muscle degeneration) on serum calcium levels in spawning walleye ( Stizostedion vitreum ) was examined. Mean serum calcium levels for healthy male walleye (11.7 ± 1.5 mg/10 ml serum) was significantly lower ( P P < 0.1) in serum calcium were seen between healthy male and myofibrogranuloma-diseased male walleye (13.6 ± 2.1 mg/100 ml serum) and between healthy and myofibrogranuloma-diseased female walleye (20.2 ± 3.7 mg/100 ml serum). Elevations seen in mean serum calcium levels suggest the muscle degeneration and subsequent granuloma formation in later stages of myofibrogranuloma have a significant effect on serum calcium.
Hair Interpolation for Portrait Morphing (2013)

Abstract In this paper we study the problem of hair interpolation: given two 3D hair models, we want to generate a sequence of intermediate hair models that transform from one input to another both smoothly and aesthetically pleasing. We propose an automatic method that efficiently calculates a many‐to‐many strand correspondence between two or more given hair models, taking into account the multi‐scale clustering structure of hair. Experiments demonstrate that hair interpolation can be used for producing more vivid portrait morphing effects and enabling a novel example‐based hair styling methodology, where a user can interactively create new hairstyles by continuously exploring a “style space” spanning multiple input hair models.
A General Reliability Model for Data Storage Systems (2012)

Typical models for analysis of storage system reliability assume independent and exponentially distributed times to failure. Also the rebuild time periods are often assumed to be deterministic or to follow an exponential distribution, or alternatively a Weibull distribution. As a first step towards a generalization of these models, we consider more general non-exponential distributions for failure and rebuild times while still retaining the independence assumption. It is shown that the mean time to data loss (MTTDL) of storage systems is practically insensitive to the actual failure distribution when the storage nodes are generally reliable, that is, when their mean time to failure is much larger than their mean time to repair. This implies that MTTDL results previously obtained in the literature by assuming exponential node failure distributions may still be valid despite this unrealistic assumption. In contrast, it is shown that the MTTDL depends on the characteristics of the rebuild distribution.