gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Cr-doped Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> films and their application to phase-change memory (2015)

Phase-change memory (PCM) is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for the next-generation nonvolatile memory. Its storage medium, phase-change material, has attracted continuous exploration. Along the traditional GeTe–Sb2Te3 tie line, the binary compound Sb2Te3 is a high-speed phase-change material matrix. However, the low crystallization temperature prevents its practical application in PCM. Here, Cr is doped into Sb2Te3, called Cr–Sb2Te3 (CST), to improve the thermal stability. We find that, with increase of the Cr concentration, grains are obviously refined. However, all the CST films exhibit a single hexagonal phase as Sb2Te3 without phase separation. Also, the Cr helps to inhibit oxidation of Sb atoms. For the selected film CST_10.5, the resistance ratio between amorphous and crystalline states is more than two orders of magnitude; the temperature for 10-year data retention is 120.8 °C, which indicates better thermal stability than GST and pure Sb2Te3. PCM cells based on CST_10.5 present small threshold current/voltage (4 μA/0.67 V). In addition, the cell can be operated by a low SET/RESET voltage pulse (1.1 V/2.4 V) with 50 ns width. Thus, Cr–Sb2Te3 with suitable composition is a promising novel phase-change material used for PCM with high speed and good thermal stability performances. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Novel synthesis and characterization of an AB‐type carbonate‐substituted hydroxyapatite (2001)

A novel synthesis route has been developed to produce a high-purity mixed AB-type carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite (CHA) with a carbonate content that is comparable to the type and level observed in bone mineral. This method involves the aqueous precipitation in the presence of carbonate ions in solution of a calcium phosphate apatite with a Ca/P molar ratio greater than the stoichiometric value of 1.67 for hydroxyapatite (HA). The resulting calcium-rich carbonate-apatite is sintered/heat-treated in a carbon dioxide atmosphere to produce a single-phase, crystalline carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite. In contrast to previous methods for producing B- or AB-type carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatites, no sodium or ammonium ions, which would be present in the reaction mixture from the sodium or ammonium carbonates commonly used as a source of carbonate ions, were present in the final product. The chemical and phase compositions of the carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite was characterized by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, respectively, and the level and nature of the carbonate substitution were studied using C-H-N analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The carbonate substitution improves the densification of hydroxyapatite and reduces the sintering temperature required to achieve near-full density by approximately 200 degrees C compared to stoichiometric HA. Initial studies have shown that these carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatites have improved mechanical and biologic properties compared to stoichiometric hydroxyapatite.
Design and applications of selective reactions of olefins (2013)

Olefin metathesis catalysts have become one of the tools for the efficient synthesis of complex molecules. Until recently, the catalysts demonstrated poor catalyst controlled selectivity. Over the past several years, complexes based on molybdenum, tungsten and ruthenium have been discovered that will produce olefins good to excellent selectivity for the generation of Z olefins both in cross and in ring closing metathesis. New ligands have been developed that result in different selectivities and open new applications of metathesis in the synthesis of an array of complex molecules. These catalysts are developed through design, computation and serendipity. Applications range from the preparation of pharmaceuticals to the control of the structure of polymeric materials.
JIGSAW (2011)

The traditional text-based visual search has not been sufficiently improved over the years to accommodate the new emerging demand of mobile users. While on the go, searching on one's phone is becoming pervasive. This paper presents an innovative application for mobile phone users to facilitate their visual search experience. By taking advantage of smart phone functionalities such as multi-modal and multi-touch interactions, users can more conveniently formulate their search intent, and thus search performance can be significantly improved. The system, called JIGSAW (Joint search with ImaGe, Speech, And Words), represents one of the first attempts to create an interactive and multi-modal mobile visual search application. The key of JIGSAW is the composition of an exemplary image query generated from the raw speech via multi-touch user interaction, as well as the visual search based on the exemplary image. Through JIGSAW, users can formulate their search intent in a natural way like playing a jigsaw puzzle on the phone screen: 1) a user speaks a natural sentence as the query, 2) the speech is recognized and transferred to text which is further decomposed to keywords through entity extraction, 3) the user selects preferred exemplary images that can visually represent his/her intent and composes a query image via multi-touch, and 4) the composite image is then used as a visual query to search similar images. We have deployed JIGSAW on a real-world phone system, evaluated the performance on one million images, and demonstrated that it is an effective complement to existing mobile visual search applications.
Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase: An Emerging Therapeutic Target (2011)

Proteins modified post-translationally by geranylgeranylation have been implicated in numerous cellular processes related to human disease. In recent years, the study of protein geranylgeranylation has advanced tremendously in both cellular and animal models. The advances in our understanding of the biological roles of geranylgeranylated proteins have been paralleled by advances in the medicinal chemistry of geranylgeranylation inhibitors such as those that target geranylgeranyl transferases I and II and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS). Although these findings provide the rationale for further development of geranylgeranylation as a therapeutic target, more advanced studies on the efficacy of this approach in various disease models will be required to support translation to clinical studies. This article attempts to describe the advances in (and the challenges of) validation of GGDPS as a novel therapeutic target and assesses the advantages of targeting GGDPS relative to other enzymes involved in geranylgeranylation. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011); 90 6, 804–812. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.215
Type I Collagen <i>D</i>-Spacing in Fibril Bundles of Dermis, Tendon, and Bone: Bridging between Nano- and Micro-Level Tissue Hierarchy (2012)

Fibrillar collagens in connective tissues are organized into complex and diverse hierarchical networks. In dermis, bone, and tendon, one common phenomenon at the micrometer scale is the organization of fibrils into bundles. Previously, we have reported that collagen fibrils in these tissues exhibit a 10 nm width distribution of D-spacing values. This study expands the observation to a higher hierarchical level by examining fibril D-spacing distribution in relation to the bundle organization. We used atomic force microscopy imaging and two-dimensional fast Fourier transform analysis to investigate dermis, tendon, and bone tissues. We found that, in each tissue type, collagen fibril D-spacings within a single bundle were nearly identical and frequently differ by less than 1 nm. The full 10 nm range in D-spacing values arises from different values found in different bundles. The similarity in D-spacing was observed to persist for up to 40 μm in bundle length and width. A nested mixed model analysis of variance examining 107 bundles and 1710 fibrils from dermis, tendon, and bone indicated that fibril D-spacing differences arise primarily at the bundle level (∼76%), independent of species or tissue types.
Dynamic visual stimulus presentation in an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (2004)

We discuss a method to present dynamic visual stimuli to the retina through an Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope, thus enabling visual acuity measurements when adaptive optics corrected stimuli are presented. The feature enables measurements of fixation stability, high resolution psychophysics, and holds potential for precision laser delivery for microsurgery.
Improving the efficiency of pyroelectric conversion (2007)

Pyroelectric conversion utilizes low-grade waste heat as a heat source, and thus produces clean energy. Low-grade heat is abundant in the various industries and it is practically free. It can be converted to high-voltage electricity by pyroelectric conversion. Our pyroelectric converter uses copolymer of poly-vinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene [60/40% P(VDF–TrFE)]. Previously, we encountered a substantial power loss due to internal leakage at high temperature and voltage. In order to increase the power output, we examined the effect of polymer purification using solvent extraction. We compared the electrical properties of purified copolymer with those of ‘as-received’ copolymer. Although we removed only 0.4 wt% of the copolymer by solvent extraction, the electrical resistivity of purified copolymer was 35% higher than that of the ‘as-received’ copolymer. We also observed that thin films produced using purified copolymer were able to withstand 50% higher electric field before they were ruined by the electrical short circuit. Subsequently, we conducted pyroelectric conversion using 25 µ m thick 60–40% P(VF2–TrFE) copolymer films. Copolymer purification resulted in a three-fold increase in net power output. Net power output per unit volume of the ‘as-received’ copolymer was 95 J L−1 but it increased to 279 J L−1 for purified copolymer. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2007. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring Protein‐Protein Interactions in Living Cells by Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (<scp>BRET</scp>) (2006)

Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) allows monitoring of protein-protein interactions in real time in living cells. One candidate interacting protein is fused to a luminescent energy donor, such as Renilla luciferase, and the other to a fluorescent energy acceptor, such the green fluorescent protein (GFP), and the two are then coexpressed in the same cells. If the two proteins interact, their close proximity allows nonradiative energy transfer (BRET) between the luciferase and the GFP. BRET does not occur if the two proteins are separated by more than 100 A, making the technique ideal for monitoring protein-protein interactions in biological systems. This unit describes the use of BRET to study constitutive and agonist-promoted interactions among signaling molecules, as illustrated by the homodimerization of the CXCR4 receptor and the recruitment of beta-arrestin2 to agonist-activated G-protein-coupled receptors. This noninvasive and homogeneous assay provides a robust and sensitive proteomic platform with applications for basic science research and drug discovery.
The Transformation of Light Paraffins to LPG and Aromatics Over a Ni/ZSM-5 Catalyst (2011)

Abstract Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst is prepared using an incipient wet impregnation method with 4 wt% of Ni on mildly framework dealuminated ZSM-5 and studied for its physicochemical properties and light alkane conversions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and pore size distribution studies envisioned the formation of Ni crystallites smaller than 0.55 nm in the zeolite pore channels of Ni/ZSM-5. The Ni/ZSM-5 exhibited better cracking and produced more liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in the presence of N2 (LPG mode) and better aromatization activity in the presence of H2 (aromatic mode). This has resulted in the production of gasoline blending stock with a Research Octane Number (RON) of 91. Keywords: aromatizationcrackingdealuminationNi/ZSM-5octane number
1280 x 1024 video rate laser-addressed liquid crystal light valve color projection display (1992)

An all solid-state 1280 x 1024 laser raster scanner (LRS) system conforming to the EIA RS-343 television standard with a limiting resolution of 1300 TV lines has been developed. The laser scanner incorporates acousto-optic devices to perform video modulation and <i>X-Y</i> deflection and is used in a time-multiplexed mode to photoactivate three liquid crystal light valves to project full-color, video-rate, large-screen images. Analysis ofthe LRS optical system, projection optics, electronics, and light valve characteristics is presented.
Determination of regional V<sub>A</sub>/Q by hyperpolarized <sup>3</sup>He MRI (2004)

Alveolar ventilation/perfusion ratio (VA/Q) is a key parameter in functional imaging of the lung. Herein, regional VA/Q was calculated from regional values of alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (PAO2) measured by hyperpolarized 3He gas MRI (HP 3He MRI). Yorkshire pigs (n = 7, mean weight = 25 kg) were paralyzed and maintained under isoflurane anesthesia. Animals were placed into a birdcage coil, then transferred to the bore of a 1.5 T MRI unit. Prior to imaging, animals were manually ventilated with room air for 5 min, then a 3He gas mixture was administered during breathhold and imaging performed. PAO2 was measured based on the decay rate of 3He signal. Subjects' blood gas concentrations were measured and these values and PAO2 values entered into a system of four equations with four unknowns. Calculated VA/Q values were analyzed by preparing frequency distributions for the entire lung and compared to VA/Q frequency distributions previously established in the literature as normal using other diagnostic techniques. Distributions were consistent with those in the literature, indicating that HP 3He MRI may be an accurate, quantitative, noninvasive, and nonradioactive method for acquiring VA/Q for small regions of the lung.
Microwave Irradiation Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced-(Graphene Oxide-(Polystyrene-Polymethyl Methacrylate))/Silver Nanoparticle Nanocomposites and Their Anti-Microbial Activity (2020)

Herein, we report a facile process for the preparation of styrene and methyl-methacrylate copolymer nanocomposites containing reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles ((R-(GO-(PS-PMMA))/AgNPs)) by using (i) microwave irradiation (MWI) to obtain R-(GO-(PS-PMMA))/AgNPs and (ii) the in situ bulk polymerization technique to produce RGO/AgNPs-(PS-PMMA). Various characterization techniques, including FT-IR, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, DSC, and TGA analysis, were used to characterize the prepared nanocomposites. The Berkovich nanoindentation method was employed to determine the hardness and elastic modulus of the nanocomposites. The results showed that the MWI-produced nanocomposites were found to have enhanced morphological, structural, and thermal properties compared with those of the nanocomposites prepared by the in situ method. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the prepared nanocomposites against the <i>E. coli HB 101 K-12</i> was investigated, whereby an inhibition zone of 3 mm (RGO/AgNPs-(PS-PMMA) and 27 mm (R-(GO-(PS-PMMA))/AgNPs) was achieved. This indicates that the MWI-prepared nanocomposite has stronger antibacterial activity than the in situ-prepared nanocomposite.
Off-resonance correction for pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling using the optimized encoding scheme (2019)

Pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) MRI has become a popular tool for non-invasive perfusion imaging and angiography. However, it suffers from sensitivity to off-resonance effects within the labeling plane, which can be exacerbated at high field or in the presence of metallic implants, leading to spatially varying signal loss and cerebral blood flow underestimation. In this work we propose a prospective correction technique based on the optimized encoding scheme, which allows the rapid calculation of transverse gradient blips and RF phase modulations that best cancel phase offsets due to off-resonance at the locations of the feeding arteries within the labeling plane. This calculation is based upon a rapidly acquired single-slice fieldmap and is applicable to any number and arrangement of arteries. In addition, this approach is applicable to both conventional PCASL and a vessel-selective variant known as vessel-encoded PCASL (VEPCASL). Through simulations and experiments in healthy volunteers it was shown that in the presence of off-resonance effects a strong bias in the strength of the perfusion signal across vascular territories can be introduced, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficiency of PCASL and VEPCASL can be severely compromised (∼40% reduction in vivo), and that vessel-selective signal in VEPCASL can be incorrectly assigned. Distortion of the spatial regions placed in the label or control conditions in the presence of off-resonance effects was confirmed in phantom experiments. The application of the proposed correction restored SNR efficiency to levels present in the absence of off-resonance effects and corrected errors in the vascular territory maps derived from VEPCASL. Due to the rapid nature of the required calculations and fieldmap acquisition, this approach could be inserted into protocols with minimal effect on the total scan time.
Physical parameters for on-stage acoustics based on optimal design for a rehearsal room (1996)

Architectural and acoustical conditions of an auditorium stage in comparison with a rehearsal room were studied in order to obtain a physical parameter for on-stage acoustics. The basic assumptions are as follows: (1) The auditorium is acoustically divided into two spaces: the stage and the seats. (2) The final aim of designing the rehearsal room is to realize the acoustic properties of the stage. (3) The properties of the sound field for the room are determined by the room’s materials, shape, and volume. It is an important fact that their fandamental properties are influenced by the basic architectural conditions. As a result four parameters have been proposed: α (EDT), ST, RT, and the ts-ratio (between stage and seats). They are shown as representative measures relating to sound absorption and shape in the stage area, volume of the seats, and acoustical similarity between the stage and the seats. In order to check the validity of these parameters, they were applied to the acoustical design of the rehearsal room aiming for the reproduction of the sound field of the stage. The results of these practical examinations show that not only the intended acoustical properties but also the aural impression of the stage were realized by means of sound field control technology ranging from architectual acoustics to electronic acoustics.
Real-time three dimensional wind field reconstruction from nacelle LiDAR measurements (2018)

In recent years, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has emerged as a feasible, reliable and accurate remote sensing technology for wind speed measurements. For a fine and performant use of the LiDAR data in turbine control and monitoring applications, adapted and sophisticated real-time processing is needed. With the objective to retrieve accurate enhanced information from the sensor raw data, this paper aims to present solution to estimate, in three dimensions and in real time, incoming wind characteristics, such as wind speed, wind direction and instantaneous shears. An innovative reconstruction is proposed based on recursive weighted least squares method. The approach is validated for pulsed nacelle LiDAR systems with simulated data, obtained with a specifically developed wind generator tool, including a representative LiDAR Wind Iris TC model.
Creation of a High-Yield AAV Vector Production Platform in Suspension Cells Using a Design-of-Experiment Approach (2020)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are a leading gene delivery platform, but vector manufacturing remains a challenge. New methods are needed to increase rAAV yields and reduce costs. Past efforts to improve rAAV production have focused on optimizing a single variable at a time, but this approach does not account for the interactions of multiple factors that contribute to vector generation. Here, we utilized a design-of-experiment (DOE) methodology to optimize rAAV production in a HEK293T suspension cell system. We simultaneously varied the transgene, packaging, and helper plasmid ratios, the total DNA concentration, and the cell density to systematically evaluate the impact of each variable across 52 conditions. The results revealed a unique set of parameters with a lower concentration of transgene plasmid, a higher concentration of packaging plasmid, and a higher cell density than previously described protocols. Using this DOE-optimized protocol, we achieved unpurified yields approaching 3 × 10<sup>14</sup> viral genomes (VGs)/L of cell culture. Additionally, we incorporated polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based virus precipitation, pH-mediated protein removal, and affinity chromatography to our downstream processing, enabling average purified yields of >1 × 10<sup>14</sup> VGs/L for rAAV-EGFPs across 13 serotypes and capsid variants.
High-Flux Atomic-Oxygen Source (1986)

Beams of pure ground-state oxygen atoms produced. Accelerated electrons strike beam of O2 gas in dissociative-attachment region, producing O- ions. O- ions accelerated to desired final energy and pass through photodetachment region to form 0(3P) atoms. These pass between electric field plates to remove O- and e and strike target. Designed specifically to study degradation of materials and spacecraft glow phenomena in low Earth orbits, used to study gas-phase collision phenomena involving energetic oxygen atoms.
Phase-Locking and Coherent Power Combining of Linearly Chirped Optical Waves (2012)

Rapidly chirped optical waveforms reduce stimulated Brillouin scattering in fiber amplifiers, enabling higher output powers. This work demonstrates homodyne and heterodyne phase-locking, and coherent combining, of linearly chirped optical waves using acoustooptic frequency shifters.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicle Batteries Using Phase‐Change Material. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The chemistry and biology of thymosin. I. Isolation, characterization, and biological activities of thymosin alpha1 and polypeptide beta1 from calf thymus. (1979)

A partially purified extract from thymus tissue termed thymosin Fraction 5 has been shown to reconstitute immunological deficiencies resulting from the lack of thymic function in several animal models, as well as humans with primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases. Thymosin Fraction 5 consists of a family of polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 1,000 to 15,000. Several of these polypeptides contribute individually to the biological activity of the parent compound. Two polypeptide components of thymosin Fraction 5, termed thymosin alpha1 and polypeptide beta1, have been characterized chemically and biologically. Thymosin alpha1 is a highly acidic molecule composed of 28 amino acid residues. This polypeptide has potent biological activity and has been found to be 10 to 1,000 times as active as thymosin Fraction 5 in one in vivo and several in vitro bioassay systems designed to measure differentiation and function of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells). Polypeptide beta1, in contrast, is inactive in our bioassay systems, suggesting that it is not involved in thymic hormone action. Sequence analysis and homology studies have indicated that polypeptide beta1, although present in Fraction 5, does not contribute to the biological activity of thymosin Fraction 5.