gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical connection of enzyme redox centers to electrodes (1992)

Electrically insulating proteins can be made redox-conducting through incorporation of a high density of electron relaying redox centers. Electrons diffuse in the resulting redox conductors by self-exchange between identical and electron transfer between different relaying centers. When the self-exchange rate of the relays and their density are high, the flux of electrons through a 1 micrometer thick film of a 3-dimensional macromolecular network can match or exceed the rate of supply of electrons to or from the ensemble of enzyme molecules covalently bound to it. The network now molecularly wires the enzyme molecules to the electrode and the current measures the turnover of the wired enzyme molecules. When the enzyme turnover is substrate-flux, i.e. concentration limited, the current increases with the concentration of the substrate.
The Immunology of Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction to Gluten (2008)

The immunology of gluten hypersensitivity and celiac disease has been pursued with significant interest in the past 20 years. For the prevention of systemic diseases, most pathogens that gain entry into our bodies must be met with an effective immune response, yet in the gastrointestinal tract it is equally important that commensal bacteria and a diverse collection of dietary proteins and peptides be recognized without eliciting an active immune response or constant activation of the inflammatory pathway. This phenomenon of hyporesponsiveness to food antigens is known as oral tolerance. This oral tolerance to dietary antigens is maintained by three different mechanisms: anergy, cell deletion and immune suppression. However, in the presence of mechanical/chemical stressors and infections, this tolerance may break down, and gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) will react to different luminal antigens. The reaction of GALT to these antigens may lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, opening of tight junctions, entry of undigested antigens into the circulation, and the subsequent production of IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies in blood and secretory components. Like any other food hypersensitivity reaction, gluten sensitivity can be divided into immediate and delayed hypersensitivities. In this review an attempt is made first to differentiate immediate hypersensitivity to gliadin, mediated by IgE, from delayed hypersensitivity, which is mediated by IgA and IgG. Furthermore, we attempt to differentiate between gluten hypersensitivity with enteropathy (celiac disease) and gluten hypersensitivity without enteropathy.
Morphology of flattened diamond crystals synthesized by the oxy-acetylene flame method (1993)

Flattened diamond crystals were synthesized by the oxy-acetyle flame method under high O2/C2H2 gas ratio conditions (≥0.95). The morphology of the flattened diamond crystals is characterized as follows: the ratio of the size of the top face and the height is 5:1 or more and all the faces are {111} faces. The twin boundaries are formed many times parallel to the top face. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicate that the flattened diamond crystals exhibit a good crystalline morphology. The motive force of lateral growth is caused by a re-entrant corner effect which results from the formation of twin boundaries.
A giant NLR gene confers broad-spectrum resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean (2021)

Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by P. sojae is a destructive soybean soil-borne disease found worldwide. Discovery of genes conferring broad-spectrum resistance to the pathogen is a need to prevent the outbreak of the disease. Here, we show that soybean Rps11 is a 27.7-kb nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR or NLR) gene conferring broad-spectrum resistance to the pathogen. Rps11 is located in a genomic region harboring a cluster of large NLR genes of a single origin in soybean, and is derived from rounds of unequal recombination. Such events result in promoter fusion and LRR expansion that may contribute to the broad resistance spectrum. The NLR gene cluster exhibits drastic structural diversification among phylogenetically representative varieties, including gene copy number variation ranging from five to 23 copies, and absence of allelic copies of Rps11 in any of the non-Rps11-donor varieties examined, exemplifying innovative evolution of NLR genes and NLR gene clusters.
Application of Redox Non‐Innocent Ligands to Non‐Aqueous Flow Battery Electrolytes (2013)

High energy-density, redox flow batteries (RFB) can provide cost-effective, grid-scale energy storage, facilitating the use of intermittent sources such as solar and wind power. A new electrolyte based on vanadium and redox-active ligands that stores equivalents of charge separately from the metal center is presented. Electrolytes composed of non-innocent ligands greatly enhance both the energy density and stability of non-aqueous RFBs
Improving chemical shift encoded water–fat separation using object‐based information of the magnetic field inhomogeneity (2014)

Object-based information of the B0 field may improve the robustness of existing chemical shift encoded water-fat separation methods.
Electrosynthesis of Imidazolium Carboxylates (2013)

Synthesis of imidazolium carboxylate compounds was efficiently achieved by electrochemical reduction of imidazolium precursors under very mild conditions.
Signaling mechanisms for handoff control in mobile ATM networks (2002)

This paper presents a generic signaling mechanism for handoff control in ATM networks. In the past, signaling mechanisms for handoff control have been proposed in a very protocol dependent way. Each protocol is characterized by its distinct way to identify crossover switch (COS) and implemented in a signaling syntax different from the other protocols. In this paper, we propose a common signaling syntax which is independent of handoff control protocols being used. With this syntax, we can (1) make standardization of handoff control being protocol independent, (2) have a common evaluation base for different protocols and (3) implement signaling mechanism for handoff in a common software framework. The signaling syntax is defined as an extension to ATM UNI/NNI signaling specification and the descriptions for messages, states and signaling sequence are given in details.
Acute Effects of Aerosolized <i>S</i> -Nitrosoglutathione in Cystic Fibrosis (2002)

S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a naturally occurring constituent of airway lining fluid, enhances ciliary motility, relaxes airway smooth muscle, inhibits airway epithelial amiloride-sensitive sodium transport, and prevents pathogen replication. Remarkably, airway levels of GSNO are low in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We hypothesized that replacement of airway GSNO would improve gas exchange in CF. In a double-blind, placebo controlled study, we administered 0.05 ml/kg of 10 mM GSNO or phosphate buffered saline by aerosol to patients with CF and followed oxygen saturation, spirometry, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and expired nitric oxide (NO). Nine patients received GSNO and 11 placebo. GSNO inhalation was associated with a modest but sustained increase in oxygen saturation at all time points. Expired NO increased in the low ppb range with GSNO treatment, peaking at 5 minutes but remaining above baseline at 30 minutes. There were no adverse effects. We conclude that GSNO is well tolerated in patients with CF and improves oxygenation through a mechanism that may be independent of free NO. Further, GSNO breakdown increases expired NO. We suggest that therapy aimed at restoring endogenous GSNO levels in the CF airway may merit study.
Alloy Design of Ni-based Single Crystal Superalloys for the Combination of Strength and Surface Stability at Elevated Temperatures (2003)

Following the findings regarding the surface stability of superalloys recently obtained by the authors, three Ni-based single crystal (SC) superalloys containing Re are designed with the aid of d-electrons concept. Creep-rupture, hot-corrosion and oxidation tests are conducted with the designed alloys in order to investigate experimentally their high temperature properties. The superalloy containing 5.4 mass% Re and 3.8 mass% Cr (A-1) shows an excellent combination of high temperature creep strength and hot corrosion resistance in comparison with a commercial second generation SC superalloy containing 3 mass% Re. The A-1 alloy exhibits better creep rupture strength than the 3 mass% Re alloy under all the test conditions of 1313 K/137 MPa, 1193 K/314 MPa, 248 MPa, 206 MPa and 1123 K/441 MPa. Performance of the A-1 alloy is well comparable to the second generation alloy in the isothermal oxidation test but poor in the cyclic oxidation test. Another alloy (A-3) exhibits an excellent resistance to the cyclic oxidation test but its creep strength is not a level comparable to the second generation superalloy. Alloying balance is discussed for the excellent combination of high temperature creep rupture strength and good surface stability of superalloys.
A new antitumor antibiotic, awamycin. (1983)

A new antibiotic, awamycin, was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. No. 80-217. It appeared to belong to the quinone indicator group from results of physicochemical studies and has the empirical formula C38H49NO12S. This antibiotic possessed antibacterial and antitumor activities against Gram-positive bacteria and experimental murine tumors. The antibiotic also showed direct cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells in vitro.
Two-loop modulator for sigma-delta analog to digital converter (1995)

A two-loop modulator has been designed for a superconductive sigma-delta analog to digital converter. In contrast to semiconductor modulators, which use high-gain amplifiers in the signal feed forward path, the superconductive modulator used digital gain in the signal feedback path. The use of superconductive electronics to precisely feed back a single flux quantum into the second integrator loop and multiple flux quanta into the first integrator loop is a key to this circuit. In simulations of a 40 GHz sampling rate, the modulator obtained a 98 dB signal to noise ratio on the dc-60 MHz band. The modulator tolerated thermal noise well, obtaining 98 dB SNR on the dc-4 MHz band, while sampling at a rate of 4 GHz. The modulator tolerated clock timing jitter better than Nyquist-rate A/D converters, obtaining equivalent performance with 3 times as much rms jitter. Compared to single-loop sigma-delta and oversampled lobe-counting A/D converters, the two-loop modulator can achieve equivalent performance at a significantly reduced sampling and digital filter rate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and development of planar reconfigurable motion generators (2015)

This article presents the concept of a new class of mechanical devices for multi-phase motion generation tasks. Reconfigurable Motion Generators are a new class of mechanical devices that are designed for a specific part family and their associated motion generation tasks. The research endeavors to realize a novel concept for Reconfigurable Motion Generators (RMGs) for multi-phase planar motion generation. Reconfigurable Motion Generators are capable of configuration changes according to variations in the motion generation requirements. Thus, Reconfigurable Motion Generators bridge the gap between the relative high flexibility and high cost of totally flexible devices (e.g., industrial robots) and the low flexibility and low cost of fully dedicated devices (e.g., cams and linkages). This paper introduces the concept of Reconfigurable Motion Generators that may be deployed in various automated manufacturing environments involving multi-phase motion generation tasks. The development, manufacturing, and testing of a prototype and the control system for a planar Reconfigurable Motion Generator based on a five-bar mechanism are discussed.
Robust Linear Precoder Design for Multi-Cell Downlink Transmission (2010)

Coordinated information processing by the base stations of multi-cell wireless networks enhances the overall quality of communication in the network. Such coordinations for optimizing any desired network-wide quality of service (QoS) necessitate the base stations to acquire and share some channel state information (CSI). With perfect knowledge of channel states, the base stations can adjust their transmissions for achieving a network-wise QoS optimality. In practice, however, the CSI can be obtained only imperfectly. As a result, due to the uncertainties involved, the network is not guaranteed to benefit from a globally optimal QoS. Nevertheless, if the channel estimation perturbations are confined within bounded regions, the QoS measure will also lie within a bounded region. Therefore, by exploiting the notion of robustness in the worst-case sense some worst-case QoS guarantees for the network can be asserted. We adopt a popular model for noisy channel estimates that assumes that estimation noise terms lie within known hyper-spheres. We aim to design linear transceivers that optimize a worst-case QoS measure in downlink transmissions. In particular, we focus on maximizing the worst-case weighted sum-rate of the network and the minimum worst-case rate of the network. For obtaining such transceiver designs, we offer several centralized (fully cooperative) and distributed (limited cooperation) algorithms which entail different levels of complexity and information exchange among the base stations.
Real-time elastography-based monitoring of histotripsy tissue fractionation using color Doppler (2012)

Histotripsy uses high intensity, μs-long ultrasound pulses to control cavitating bubble clouds for tissue fractionation. Ultrasound techniques exist to monitor this fractionation progress but due to acoustic interference from the histotripsy pulses and the presence of the hyper-echoic bubble cloud at the therapy focus, treatment must be halted for their application. This paper develops color Doppler as a real-time acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)-based feedback during histotripsy. This technique uses histotripsy pulses to apply ARFI and color Doppler to detect the ARFI-induced motion of the residual histotripsy bubbles in the increasingly softer tissue resulting from histotripsy fractionation. Various histotripsy treatments (0.75-1.25 MHz, 3-10 cycles, 50-100 Hz PRF) were applied to ex vivo tissue, with synchronized color Doppler acquisitions providing an estimate of the mean velocity of the focal region displacement in response to the histotripsy pulse using a 5 MHz linear array on a Verasonics imaging system. Depending on the specific Doppler parameters used, clear increasing or decreasing trends in mean velocity were observed as the treatment progressed. This study developed a real-time elastographybased feedback for histotripsy tissue fractionation and demonstrated its feasibility.
Comparison of Mucosal Competitive Exclusion and Competitive Exclusion Treatment to Reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. Colonization in Broiler Chickens (2001)

Control of Salmonella spp. during the earliest phases of broiler production may provide the best opportunity to reduce human pathogens on processed broiler carcasses. Application of the "Nurmi concept" has been demonstrated to be an effective means in reducing Salmonella colonization among broiler chicks. In 1989, Aho et al. developed a competitive exclusion (CE) culture for control of Salmonella spp., whereas a mucosal competitive exclusion culture (MCE) developed in the United States was originally created to control Campylobacter colonization (Stern et al., 1995). The major differences in the two patents were the higher level of anaerobic culture required, the degree of epithelial scraping and washing of the ceca, media used for subculturing, and the culture incubation temperatures (35 C vs. 42 C). The CE and MCE were compared for efficacy in reducing Salmonella and Campylobacter colonization in broiler chicks. Nine adult birds (three for each of three replicates) were slaughtered, and each of a bird's paired ceca were used to produce corresponding antagonistic microflora, which were administered to day-of-hatch chicks. The chicks (a total of 210) were challenged 24 h later with Salmonella and Campylobacter and were killed 1 wk later, and levels of the pathogens were determined. Ninety CE-treated birds were significantly more colonized by Salmonella typhimurium than those 90 chicks treated with the MCE microflora (3.97 log 10 cfu/g cecal contents vs. 1.25 log 10 cfu/g cecal contents). Also, Campylobacter spp. colonization of these birds was significantly higher for CE-treated birds when compared with MCE-treated birds (6.96 log 10 cfu/g cecal contents vs. 5.03 log 10 cfu/g cecal contents). These results can be useful in developing intervention strategies to reduce chicken colonization by Salmonella and Campylobacter.
Non-intrusive Packet-Layer Model for Monitoring Video Quality of IPTV Services (2009)

Developing a non-intrusive packet-layer model is required to passively monitor the quality of experience (QoE) during service. We propose a packet-layer model that can be used to estimate the video quality of IPTV using quality parameters derived from transmitted packet headers. The computational load of the model is lighter than that of the model that takes video signals and/or video-related bitstream information such as motion vectors as input. This model is applicable even if the transmitted bitstream information is encrypted because it uses transmitted packet headers rather than bitstream information. For developing the model, we conducted three extensive subjective quality assessments for different encoders and decoders (codecs), and video content. Then, we modeled the subjective video quality assessment characteristics based on objective features affected by coding and packet loss. Finally, we verified the model's validity by applying our model to unknown data sets different from training data sets used above.
Biomass to Gasoline and Diesel Using Integrated Hydropyrolysis and Hydroconversion (2013)

Cellulosic and woody biomass can be directly converted to hydrocarbon gasoline and diesel blending components through the use of integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH2). The IH2 gasoline and diesel blending components are fully compatible with petroleum based gasoline and diesel, contain less than 1% oxygen and have less than 1 total acid number (TAN). The IH2 gasoline is high quality and very close to a drop in fuel. The DOE funding enabled rapid development of the IH2 technology from initial proof-of-principle experiments through continuous testing in a 50 kg/day pilot plant. As part of this project, engineering work on IH2 has also been completed to design a 1 ton/day demonstration unit and a commercial-scale 2000 ton/day IH2 unit. These studies show when using IH2 technology, biomass can be converted directly to transportation quality fuel blending components for the same capital cost required for pyrolysis alone, and a fraction of the cost of pyrolysis plus upgrading of pyrolysis oil. Technoeconomic work for IH2 and lifecycle analysis (LCA) work has also been completed as part of this DOE study and shows IH2 technology can convert biomass to gasoline and diesel blending components for less than $2.00/gallon with greater than 90% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. As a result of the work completed in this DOE project, a joint development agreement was reached with CRI Catalyst Company to license the IH2 technology. Further larger-scale, continuous testing of IH2 will be required to fully demonstrate the technology, and funding for this is recommended. The IH2 biomass conversion technology would reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, reduce the price of transportation fuels, and significantly lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is a breakthrough for the widespread conversion of biomass to transportation fuels.
MojoSort: a versatile nanoparticle for magnetic isolation of cells with high purity, yield, and preserved functionality (TECH2P.926) (2015)

Abstract The isolation of specific cells from a complex population is a technical challenge that researchers face very often. Several strategies have emerged over the years, including gradient centrifugation, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting and Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting. Magnetic labeling is the most common approach, as it constitutes a fast, reliable, and convenient method to obtain populations with high purity and yield, and the cells are suitable for downstream applications. Here we present a new type of magnetic nanoparticles that may be used with current separation methods. To illustrate the ease and utility of the system, while maintaining functionality of the isolated cells, bone marrow cells were isolated from C57BL/6 mice using magnetic particles, and characterized by flow cytometry. The cells were then differentiated towards a macrophage-like phenotype in vitro. After culture, the cells were stimulated with LPS and CpG and the activated phenotype was compared to non-stimulated cells. Surface markers analyzed include CD80, CD86 and MHC II. The supernatant was collected and screened for the presence of cytokines, such as IFN-b, GM-CSF, IL-1b, IL-12, among others. The isolated cells show a differential activation phenotype, as well as a defined cytokine profile, in accordance with the stimulation used when compared to non-stimulated cells. Thus, we validated the high quality performance of BioLegend’s new low-cost magnetic cell separation system.
Electrophysiologic effects of dipyridamole on atrioventricular nodal conduction and supraventricular tachycardia. Role of endogenous adenosine. (1989)

Exogenous adenosine has been shown to have potent electrophysiologic effects and antiarrhythmic properties within the atrioventricular (AV) node. Endogenous adenosine, a nucleoside with an increased release signaled by ischemia and hypoxia, is not believed to exert significant effects during homeostatic conditions. Recent experimental evidence suggests, however, that under normoxic conditions, the amount of adenosine released may be sufficient to mediate some of its physiologic effects. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that in humans the electrophysiologic effects of endogenously released adenosine on AV nodal conduction can be demonstrated under normoxic conditions by inhibiting uptake and degradation of the nucleoside. In the first protocol, the effects of intravenous dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg bolus i.v., 5 micrograms/kg/minute infusion), a nucleoside-transport blocker that elevates endogenous plasma levels of adenosine, on AV nodal conduction were evaluated in seven patients. At a constant atrial paced cycle length, dipyridamole increased the AH interval from 110 +/- 19 to 164 +/- 26 msec, p = 0.002 (+/- SEM). Aminophylline (5.6 mg/kg i.v.), a competitive antagonist of adenosine, completely reversed the effects of dipyridamole on AV nodal conduction. Similarly, dipyridamole increased the cycle length at which pacing-induced AV nodal Wenckebach occurred, from 348 +/- 31 (control) to 388 +/- 33 msec (dipyridamole) (p = 0.002). In a second protocol, the effects of intravenous dipyridamole were evaluated in another group of six patients who had supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in which the AV node was part of the reentrant circuit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)