gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Allogeneic Islet Engraftment in Nonhuman Primates (2010)

MSCs may provide an important approach for enhancement of islet engraftment, thereby decreasing the numbers of islets needed to achieve insulin independence. Furthermore, MSCs may serve as a new, safe, and effective antirejection therapy.
Cache coherence directories for scalable multiprocessors (1992)

this memory bandwidth problem, since multiple processors may be referencing the same memory modules. Furthermore, it is impossible to physically locate all memory nearby all of the processors, 2 CHAPTER 1. so some references must incur long access latencies due to interconnect delays. Average memory latency can be reduced somewhat by distributing the global shared memory across the processing nodes. Even so, if a processor is actively sharing data, then it will reference some data that is not locally resident. One approach to improving the characteristics of the memory system is to follow the lead of uniprocessor designers by pairing each processor with a cache. Caches improve latency and bandwidth by using small, fast memories that are tightly coupled with the CPU. In a multiprocessor, they reduce the bandwidth strain due to data sharing by allowing each processor to cache its own copy of a shared data value. Unfortunately, allowing multiple processors to simultaneously cache a given datum leads to the cache consistency problem, also known as the cache coherence problem. If one processor writes a shared data value in its cache, the other cached copies of the data become stale. A processor that reads a stale copy of the data does not receive the most recently written value, violating the shared memory model we would like to provide. The simplest solution to the cache coherence problem is to disallow the caching of shared data. The performance effects stemming from the longer latencies that result from caching only private data are demonstrated by Figure 1.1. The vertical axis shows the fraction of uniprocessor utilization that is achieved by each processor. The horizontal axis shows the fraction of data references that are to shared data. The solid curve indicates the...
Perforated silicon nerve chips with doped registration electrodes: in vitro performance and in vivo operation (1999)

An in vitro model was developed for the study of signal transduction between a Cu-wire, miming a neural signal source, and recording electrodes on perforated silicon chips. Phosphorous doped electrodes were used to achieve an all silicon device. The model was used to study signal amplitude as a function of the spatial position, and distance to the signal source. Recordings of the signal crosstalk to neighboring electrodes on the chips were made. It was found that the amplitude decreased by a factor of two at a distance of 50 microns between the electrode surface and the signal source. The chip electrode signal crosstalk was found to be 6 dB using an external reference electrode. Improvements were accomplished with an on chip reference electrode giving a crosstalk suppression of 20 dB. Impedance analysis showed that doped silicon electrodes displayed similar characteristics as Cu-electrodes at frequencies above 3 kHz. Sieve electrodes were implanted in the rat sciatic nerve and following a 10-week nerve regeneration period the dorsal and ventral (L5) roots in the spinal cord were stimulated. Compound action potentials were recorded via the chip. Stimulating the regenerated sciatic nerve via the sieve electrode also induced lower leg muscle contraction activity.
The Design of Classical Offset Dragonian Reflector Antennas With Circular Apertures (2004)

The vector aperture field of classical offset Dragonian dual-reflector antennas is derived using geometrical-optics concepts. This field then yields the equivalent paraboloid of the geometry. From these results, the conditions for an axially symmetric equivalent paraboloid, when a circular aperture is assumed, are obtained. A complete step-by-step geometrical-optics-based design procedure for optimum classical offset Dragonian antennas with circular apertures is then presented (i.e., zero geometrical-optics cross-polarization and minimum spillover). This procedure is demonstrated by two design examples.
Covalent modification of the interleukin‐5 receptor by isothiazolones leads to inhibition of the binding of interleukin‐5 (1994)

Using a fusion protein of the human interleukin-5-receptor alpha chain (hIL5R alpha) and the human IgG C gamma 3 chain (hIL5R alpha-h gamma 3), we have developed a solid-phase assay for high-flux screening of a collection of synthetic compounds. We report on the identification of isothiazolone derivatives as potent inhibitors of binding of interleukin-5 (IL5) to the hIL5R alpha, as measured in a solid-phase assay (soluble hIL5R alpha or hIL5R alpha-h gamma 3) or on COS-1 cells expressing the hIL5R alpha on the cell membrane. The binding of hIL4 and human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) to their respective receptors is not inhibited by the isothiazolones in similar assay systems. Scatchard analysis revealed that these compounds caused a decrease in affinity of the IL5R alpha for IL5. The inhibition of binding IL5 to its receptor by the isothiazolone derivatives is abrogated by free-sulfhydryl-containing compounds such as dithiothreitol, indicating that the isothiazolones react with the sulfhydryl group of free cysteine residues in the hIL5R alpha. Mutation of Cys66 led to a receptor which still binds hIL5, but which was insensitive to the inhibition by isothiazolones. Mutation of Cys249 and Cys296 to serine resulted in complete loss of IL-5-binding activity. The use of radio-labeled isothiazolone confirmed that Cys66, present in the first domain of the receptor, is the target for covalent modification leading to a decrease in affinity.
Automatisation de la transformation de programme pour Java à l’aide de correctifs sémantiques (2019)

Developing software often requires code changes that are widespread and applied to multiple locations. There are tools for Java that allow developers to specify patterns for program matching and source-to-source transformation. However, to our knowledge, none allows for transforming code based on its control-flow context. We prototype Coccinelle4J, an extension to Coccinelle, which is a program transformation tool designed for widespread changes in C code, in order to work on Java source code. We adapt Coccinelle to be able to apply scripts written in the Semantic Patch Language (SmPL), a language provided by Coccinelle, to Java source files. As a case study, we demonstrate the utility of Coccinelle4J with the task of API migration. We show 6 semantic patches to migrate from deprecated Android API methods on several open source Android projects. We describe how SmPL can be used to express several API migrations and justify several of our design decisions.
Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P4502E1 in a Swedish population (1993)

Genetic polymorphism of CYP2E1 was investigated among 195 Swedish patients with lung cancer and 206 controls. Three different polymorphic sites were found, all in introns, using RFLP and the restriction enzymes DraI, RsaI and TaqI. The frequencies of the rare alleles were 0.08-0.18 and much lower than previously described among Japanese. No significant difference in distribution of the polymorphic alleles between controls and lung cancer patients was evident, in contrast to results of a previous Japanese study. However, examination of a polymorphic site in the 5'-flanking region, within a putative binding motif for the hepatic transcription factor HNF-1, revealed a significantly less frequent distribution of the mutated allele (c2) among the lung cancer patients as compared to controls. It is concluded that major interethnic differences exist in the genetic polymorphism of CYP2E1 and that people carrying the c2 allele might be at lower risk for developing lung cancer.
Ethanol Reduces Zincosome Formation in Cultured Astrocytes (2010)

Ethanol reduces both intracellular ionic zinc levels and extracellular zinc uptake, resulting in poorer zincosome formation. Given the endocytic nature of zincosomes, the effect of ethanol on membrane trafficking is apparently the origin of this deficit.
Body Composition as an Independent Determinant of 5-Fluorouracil–Based Chemotherapy Toxicity (2007)

Our study shows that low LBM is a significant predictor of toxicity in female patients administered 5-FU using the convention of dosing per unit of body surface area. We conclude that variation in toxicity between females and males may be partially explained by this feature of body composition.
Biomimetic non-iridescent structural color materials from polydopamine black particles that mimic melanin granules (2014)

A novel approach for creating non-iridescent bright structural color materials from polydopamine (PDA) black particles that mimic melanin granules found in nature is presented.
Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans (2009)

Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive pathogen of potato and a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus-like eukaryotes that are related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms. As the agent of the Irish potato famine in the mid-nineteenth century, P. infestans has had a tremendous effect on human history, resulting in famine and population displacement. To this day, it affects world agriculture by causing the most destructive disease of potato, the fourth largest food crop and a critical alternative to the major cereal crops for feeding the world's population. Current annual worldwide potato crop losses due to late blight are conservatively estimated at $6.7 billion. Management of this devastating pathogen is challenged by its remarkable speed of adaptation to control strategies such as genetically resistant cultivars. Here we report the sequence of the P. infestans genome, which at approximately 240 megabases (Mb) is by far the largest and most complex genome sequenced so far in the chromalveolates. Its expansion results from a proliferation of repetitive DNA accounting for approximately 74% of the genome. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes showed rapid turnover and extensive expansion of specific families of secreted disease effector proteins, including many genes that are induced during infection or are predicted to have activities that alter host physiology. These fast-evolving effector genes are localized to highly dynamic and expanded regions of the P. infestans genome. This probably plays a crucial part in the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants and underpins its evolutionary potential.
A Novel Strategy for Quantifying Choriocapillaris Flow Voids Using Swept-Source OCT Angiography (2018)

SS-OCTA can image the choriocapillaris in vivo, and the repeatability of flow void measurements is high in the presence of drusen. The ability to image the choriocapillaris and associated flow voids should prove useful in understanding disease onset, progression, and response to therapies.
Ultrafast Photoluminescence from Graphene (2010)

Since graphene has no band gap, photoluminescence is not expected from relaxed charge carriers. We have, however, observed significant light emission from graphene under excitation by ultrashort (30-fs) laser pulses. Light emission was found to occur across the visible spectral range (1.7-3.5 eV), with emitted photon energies exceeding that of the excitation laser (1.5 eV). The emission exhibits a nonlinear dependence on the laser fluence. In two-pulse correlation measurements, a dominant relaxation time of tens of femtoseconds is observed. A two-temperature model describing the electrons and their interaction with strongly coupled optical phonons can account for the experimental observations.
Engineering the Membrane/Electrode Interface To Improve the Performance of Solid-State Supercapacitors (2016)

This paper investigates the effect of adding a 450 nm layer based on porous TiO2 at the interface between a 4.5 μm carbon/TiO2 nanoparticle-based electrode and a polymer electrolyte membrane as a route to improve energy storage performance in solid-state supercapacitors. Electrochemical characterization showed that adding the interface layer reduced charge transfer resistance, promoted more efficient ion transfer across the interface, and significantly improved charge/discharge dynamics in a solid-state supercapacitor, resulting in an increased areal capacitance from 45.3 to 111.1 mF cm(-2) per electrode at 0.4 mA cm(-2).
SYNTHESIS OF MULTI-STEP COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE-TO-MICROSTRIP TRANSITION (2011)

A synthesis procedure is developed in this paper for the design of N-step coplanar waveguide-to-microstrip transitions. An equivalent circuit approach is adopted to model the structure in terms of N cascaded ABCD matrices relative to the N coplanar waveguide sections forming the transition. A constrained optimization problem is formulated as the minimum finding of a proper functional to accurately determine the transition dimensions by imposing an upper bound to the return loss within a prescribed frequency band. An iterative Nstep procedure is developed to find the optimization problem solution. Numerical results on millimeter-wave transition configurations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed synthesis method. A back-to-back transition prototype with N = 3 sections is then fabricated and characterized in terms of measured S-parameters to experimentally demonstrate a return loss better than 10 dB in the frequency range from 1 GHz up to 40 GHz.
Short RNAs Are Transcribed from Repressed Polycomb Target Genes and Interact with Polycomb Repressive Complex-2 (2010)

Polycomb proteins maintain cell identity by repressing the expression of developmental regulators specific for other cell types. Polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2) catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 lysine-27 (H3K27me3). Although repressed, PRC2 targets are generally associated with the transcriptional initiation marker H3K4me3, but the significance of this remains unclear. Here, we identify a class of short RNAs, approximately 50-200 nucleotides in length, transcribed from the 5' end of polycomb target genes in primary T cells and embryonic stem cells. Short RNA transcription is associated with RNA polymerase II and H3K4me3, occurs in the absence of mRNA transcription, and is independent of polycomb activity. Short RNAs form stem-loop structures resembling PRC2 binding sites in Xist, interact with PRC2 through SUZ12, cause gene repression in cis, and are depleted from polycomb target genes activated during cell differentiation. We propose that short RNAs play a role in the association of PRC2 with its target genes.
They're getting there [transport capacity] (2011)

Solving overcrowding on UK trains need radical action. The UK government has announced plans to invest billions in UK rail infrastructure but short-term answer could be in better managing demand. (4 pages)
Exploiting virtualization for delivering cloud-based IPTV services (2011)

Cloud computing is a new infrastructure environment that delivers on the promise of supporting on-demand services in a flexible manner by scheduling bandwidth, storage and compute resources on the fly. IPTV services like Video On Demand (VoD) and Live broadcast TV requires substantial bandwidth and compute resources to meet the real time requirements and to handle the very bursty resource requirements for each of these services. To meet the needs of the bursts of requests, each with a deadline constraint for both VoD and LiveTV channel changes, we propose a resource provisioning framework that allows these services to co-exist on a common infrastructure by taking advantage of virtualization. We propose an optimal algorithm that provides the minimum number of servers needed to fulfill all requests for these services. We prove this optimality in a general setting for any number of services with general deadline constraints. By using real world data from an operational IPTV environment, our results show that anticipating and thereby enabling the delaying of VoD requests by up to 30 seconds gives significant resource savings even under conservative environmental assumptions. We also experiment with different scenarios (by varying the deadline constraints, changing the peak to average ratios of the constituent services) to compute the overall savings.
Development and characterization of buoyant theophylline microspheres with near zero order release kinetics (1998)

The objective of this study was to prepare floating theophylline microspheres with zero order release profiles for use as buoyant reservoirs with increased retention time in the stomach. The microspheres were prepared by a modified emulsion-solvent evaporation method using a polymer mixture of cellulose acetate butyrate and Eudragit RL 100 (1:1). The drug-polymer dispersions were pressurized under carbon dioxide gas which dissolved in the drug-polymer dispersions and formed bubbles upon the release of the pressure. Some of the bubbles were entrapped in the dispersed drug-polymer droplets and eventually formed internal cavities in the microspheres. The resulting microspheres were characterized for size distribution, morphology, density, drug-polymer content, buoyant capacity and drug release behaviour. The microspheres were spherical with relatively smooth surfaces with round hollow cavities. The microspheres and low densities (less than 1 g/cm3) and remained floating for more than 24 h in pH 1.2 and 7.5 buffers. The dissolution profiles of the floating theophylline microspheres showed near zero order kinetics and sustained release in both pH 1.2 and 7.5 buffers. Modified microspheres processed with the addition of 2% w/v polysorbate 80 to the internal phase had smaller sizes, lower densities and faster drug release compared with those without the addition of the surfactant.
Transparent and Electrically Conductive Films from Chemically Derived Graphene (2011)

The research interest in graphene based materials, especially for high quality graphene emerged due to its unique electronic and mechanical properties. Some exceptional properties are the high charge carrier mobility at room temperature of 2.5x105 cm2V-1s-1, the thermal conductivity of 5000 WK-1m-1 and the mechanical stiffness of 1 TPa. Moreover, in electronic devices graphene will open up the possibility for a post silicon age. These properties are valid for graphene with a defect-free structure. For large-scale preparation of graphene a processible and versatile precursor called graphene oxide is utilized. (Compton & Nguyen, 2010). In this article, a historical overview will be given to elucidate the development of graphene and especially the precursor graphene oxide, its structure in the oxidized and reduced state. Moreover the synthetic methods for graphene preparation will be contemplated. One discipline in graphene research is the preparation of transparent and electrically conductive coatings for the substitution of commonly used transparent conductors as indium tin oxide (ITO), which is currently used for touch screen applications and transparent electrodes. One essential disadvantage of ITO is its brittleness that excludes applications in flexible or wearable electronics. Furthermore, the performance of such potentially flexible transparent and conductive coatings in dependants of its preparation method will be reviewed using graphene as the reference material. Besides, graphene based transparent coatings will be compared with other suitable transparent coatings.
Thin Filament Proteins and Thin Filament-Linked Regulation of Vertebrate Muscle Contractio (1984)

Recent developments in the field of myofibrillar proteins will be reviewed. Consideration will be given to the proteins that participate in the contractile process itself as well as to those involved in Ca-dependent regulation of striated (skeletal and cardiac) and smooth muscle. The relation of protein structure to function will be emphasized and the relation of various physiologically and histochemically defined fiber types to the proteins found in them will be discussed.
A 1 kW 500 kHz front-end converter for a distributed power supply system (1991)

The analysis, design, and performance of a prototype high-power-density converter suitable for use in the front-end of a distributed power supply system is presented. It delivers 1 kW to a regulated 40 V distribution bus from the rectified utility. Its switching frequency is 500 kHz, and it uses a phase-shifted PWM (pulsewidth modulation) technique to avoid primary side switching losses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phosphoryltyrosyl mimetics in the design of peptide-based signal transduction inhibitors (2001)

The central roles played by protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK)-dependent signal transduction in normal cellular regulation and homeostasis have made inappropriate or aberrant functions of certain of these pathways contributing factors to a variety of diseases, including several cancers. For this reason, development of PTK signaling inhibitors has evolved into an important approach toward new therapeutics. Since in these pathways phosphotyrosyl (pTyr) residues provide unique and defining functions either by their creation under the catalysis of PTKs, their recognition and binding by protein modules such as SH2 and phosphotyrosyl binding (PTB) domains, or their destruction by protein-tyrosine phosphatases, pTyr mimetics provide useful general starting points for inhibitor design. Important considerations in the development of such pTyr mimetics include enzymatic stability (particularly toward PTPs), high affinity recognition by target pTyr binding proteins, and good cellular bioavailability. Although small molecule, nonpeptide inhibitors may be ultimate objectives of inhibitor development, peptides frequently serve as display platforms for pTyr mimetics, which afford useful and conceptually straightforward starting points in the development process. Reported herein is a limited overview of pTyr mimetic development as it relates to peptide-based agents. Of particular interest are recent findings that highlight potential limitations of peptides as display platforms for the identification of small molecule leads. One conclusion that results from this work is that while peptide-based approaches toward small molecule inhibitor design are often intellectually satisfying from a structure-based perspective, extrapolation of negative findings to small molecule, nonpeptide contexts should be undertaken with extreme caution.
Chemistry of pyrrolic compounds. XXVII. Some aspects of the mass spectra and chemistry of meso-substituted porphyrins (1974)

Characteristic fragmentations have been observed in the mass spectra of some meso -substituted porphyrins, and especially in some meso -oxy derivatives. meso -Substituted octaethylporphyrins generally underwent thermal decomposition in the mass spectrometer; this resulted in the formation of the parent porphyrin from which the successive loss of eight methyl radicals was observed. Attempts to prepare meso -carboxyoctaethylporphyrin by oxidation of the formyl derivative or by hydrolysis of the meso -cyano compound failed. As a by-product of the preparation of meso -cyano- octaethylporphyrin a porphyrin isocyanide was obtained. Some aspects of the chemistry of this novel porphyrin derivative are reported together with the preparation and properties of an oxyporphyrin substituted with acetic ester side chains.