gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical routes for environmentally friendly recycling of rare-earth-based (Sm–Co) permanent magnets (2022)

Abstract The consumption of critical raw materials, especially those in permanent magnets of Nd–Fe–B and Sm–Co-type, has significantly grown in the past decade. With predictions on further electrification growing exponentially the demand for these materials will even increase. This implies that efforts in assuring sustainability must involve recycling from secondary resources. In recent years the electrochemical approaches in recycling have been extensively investigated and applied owing to their advantages of high efficiency and selectivity, easy operation, low energy consumption, and environmental friendliness. In this paper, we investigate the Sm 2 (Co,Fe,Cu,Zr) 17 permanent magnet leaching process using the anodic oxidation to be paired with the metal deposition on the cathode. Linear sweep voltammetry was performed from − 0.15 to 1 V versus Pt quasi reference electrode that indicated current peaks that would correspond to some preferential leaching of the crystal phases contained in the magnet. The latter was confirmed using the SEM/EDXS analysis. The continuous leaching of the Sm 2 (Co,Fe,Cu,Zr) 17 magnet was performed at a direct current density of 2, 4 and 8 mA cm −2 at the time period of 0–240, 240–480 and 480–720 min, respectively. The ICP-MS results confirmed the leaching of all the metals from the original Sm 2 (Co,Fe,Cu,Zr) 17 permanent magnet. The concentration of Sm 3+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ and Zr 2+ increases linearly along with the leaching time. Reversely the concentration of Co 2+ decreases linearly due to its consumption by electrodeposition of Co, Fe and Cu on the cathode. The presented paired electrochemical process could serve as a starting point for the recycling and recovery of critical raw materials without any acid usage and waste generation. Graphical abstract
Grain Size Effect in the Electrical Properties of Nanostructured Functional Oxides through Pressure Modification of the Spark Plasma Sintering Method (2011)

Through the use of a high-pressure modification of the spark plasma sintering method, it was possible to consolidate functional oxides (yttria- stabilized zirconia and doped ceria) to high densities and retain a grain size of < 20 nm. The role of the pressure on densification and on the grain size of the sintered samples was demonstrated. The pressure had a marked effect on density at relatively low temperature but an insignificant effect at relatively high temperature. It was found that when prepared with such small grain sizes, these oxides conduct protonically even at temperatures as low as room temperature. The dependence of the protonic conductivity is stronger dependence on grain size than what can be anticipated from a geometric consideration based on an increase in grain boundary area. This observation strongly suggests that factors other than an increase in grain boundary area play a role, a consideration that is being further investigated.
Reduction of iron‐regulated amyloid precursor protein and β‐amyloid peptide by (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate in cell cultures: implications for iron chelation in Alzheimer's disease (2006)

Brain iron dysregulation and its association with amyloid precursor protein (APP) plaque formation are implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and so iron chelation could be considered a rational therapeutic strategy for AD. Here we analyzed the effect of the main polyphenol constituent of green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which possesses metal-chelating and radical-scavenging properties, on the regulation of the iron metabolism-related proteins APP and transferrin receptor (TfR). EGCG exhibited potent iron-chelating activity comparable to that of the prototype iron chelator desferrioxamine, and dose dependently (1-10 microm) increased TfR protein and mRNA levels in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Both the immature and full-length cellular holo-APP were significantly reduced by EGCG, as shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, without altering APP mRNA levels, suggesting a post-transcriptional action. Indeed, EGCG suppressed the translation of a luciferase reporter gene fused to the APP mRNA 5'-untranslated region, encompassing the APP iron-responsive element. The finding that Fe(2)SO(4) reversed the action of EGCG on APP and TfR proteins reinforces the likelihood that these effects are mediated through modulation of the intracellular iron pool. Furthermore, EGCG reduced toxic beta-amyloid peptide generation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the APP 'Swedish' mutation. Thus, the natural non-toxic brain-permeable EGCG may provide a potential therapeutic approach for AD and other iron-associated disorders.
Pharmacokinetics of a New Oral Vitamin D Receptor Activator (2-Methylene-19-Nor-(20S)-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism on Hemodialysis (2017)

In hemodialysis patients, DP001 has a longer half-life than existing vitamin D therapies and enables control of parathyroid hormone when administered every 2-3 days on the day of dialysis. It is effective at a lower concentration maximum and area under the curve than other clinically available vitamin D compounds. DP001 may represent a therapeutic improvement over existing compounds due to rapid and extensive distribution to its target and its long half-life enabling sustained parathyroid hormone suppression. These studies support further evaluation of DP001 in longer-term treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Research on an online self-organizing radial basis function neural network (2010)

A new growing and pruning algorithm is proposed for radial basis function (RBF) neural network structure design in this paper, which is named as self-organizing RBF (SORBF). The structure of the RBF neural network is introduced in this paper first, and then the growing and pruning algorithm is used to design the structure of the RBF neural network automatically. The growing and pruning approach is based on the radius of the receptive field of the RBF nodes. Meanwhile, the parameters adjusting algorithms are proposed for the whole RBF neural network. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through functions approximation and dynamic system identification. Then, the method is used to capture the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentration in a wastewater treatment system. Experimental results show that the proposed method is efficient for network structure optimization, and it achieves better performance than some of the existing algorithms.
Stiction model for a head-disc interface: experimental (1997)

Experiments have been conducted to assess the theoretical predictions of a stiction model for a head-disc interface recently proposed. One of the key predictions of this model is that the relationship between stiction and the real area of contact is non-monotonic, and that minimum stiction should occur at an optimal value of the real area of contact. The regular textures of different asperity densities, generated by the laser texturing technique, were used in this study. The single-crater type of laser bumps could be accurately simulated by either spherical bumps with an effective radius of curvature, or cylindrical bumps with an effective Young's modulus. The stiction measurement results were found to be in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction. The comparison between the model predictions and the experimental results were made for the stiction vs. asperity height relationships for different size laser bumps, at different spacings, and at different lubrication levels. In all cases, good agreements between the model and the experimental data have been confirmed. In this study, it has also been found that a "bonded" Zdol lubricant film still behaves like a liquid in terms of its ability to form menisci around contacting points.
Affect-Driven Dialog Generation (2019)

The majority of current systems for end-to-end dialog generation focus on response quality without an explicit control over the affective content of the responses. In this paper, we present an affect-driven dialog system, which generates emotional responses in a controlled manner using a continuous representation of emotions. The system achieves this by modeling emotions at a word and sequence level using: (1) a vector representation of the desired emotion, (2) an affect regularizer, which penalizes neutral words, and (3) an affect sampling method, which forces the neural network to generate diverse words that are emotionally relevant. During inference, we use a reranking procedure that aims to extract the most emotionally relevant responses using a human-in-the-loop optimization process. We study the performance of our system in terms of both quantitative (BLEU score and response diversity), and qualitative (emotional appropriateness) measures.
Speech recognition experiments using multi-span statistical language models (1999)

A multi-span framework was proposed to integrate the various constraints, both local and global, that are present in the language. In this approach, local constraints are captured via n-gram language modeling, while global constraints are taken into account through the use of latent semantic analysis. The performance of the resulting multi-span language models, as measured by the perplexity, has been shown to compare favorably with the corresponding n-gram performance. This paper reports on actual speech recognition experiments, and shows that word error rate is also substantially reduced. On a subset of the Wall Street Journal speaker-independent, 20,000-word vocabulary, continuous speech task, the multi-span framework resulted in a reduction in average word error rate of up to 17%.
Electrically small supergain end‐fire arrays (2008)

The theory, computer simulations, and experimental measurements are presented for electrically small, two‐element supergain arrays with near‐optimal end‐fire gains of 7 dB. We show how the difficulties of narrow tolerances, large mismatches, low radiation efficiencies, and reduced scattering of electrically small parasitic elements are overcome by using electrically small resonant antennas as the elements in both separately driven and singly driven (parasitic), two‐element, electrically small supergain end‐fire arrays. Although rapidly increasing narrow tolerances prevent the practical realization of the maximum theoretically possible end‐fire gain of electrically small arrays with many elements, the theory and preliminary numerical simulations indicate that near‐maximum supergains are also achievable in practice for electrically small arrays with three (and possibly more) resonant elements if the decreasing bandwidth with increasing number of elements can be tolerated.
Challenge Engineering and Design of Analog Push Pull Amplifier Based Physically Unclonable Function for Hardware Security (2015)

In the recent past, Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have been proposed as a way of implementing security in modern ICs. PUFs are hardware designs that exploit the randomness in silicon manufacturing processes to create IC-specific signatures for silicon authentication. While prior PUF designs have been largely digital, in this work we propose a novel PUF design based on transfer function variability of an analog push-pull amplifier under process variations. A differential amplifier architecture is proposed with digital interfaces to allow the PUF to be used in digital as well as mixed-signal SoCs. A key innovation is digital stimulus engineering for the analog amplifier that allows 2X improvements in the uniqueness of IC signatures generated over arbiter-based digital PUF architectures, while maintaining high signature reliability over +/- 10 % voltage and -20 to 120 degree Celsius temperature variation. The proposed PUF is also resistive to model building attacks as the internal analog operation of the PUF is difficult to reverse-engineer due to the continuum of internal states involved. We show the benefits of the proposed PUF through comparison with a traditional arbiter-based digital PUF using simulation experiments.
Acoustic Radiation Force-Induced Creep–Recovery (ARFICR): A Noninvasive Method to Characterize Tissue Viscoelasticity (2017)

Ultrasound shear wave elastography is a promising noninvasive, low cost, and clinically viable tool for liver fibrosis staging. Current shear wave imaging technologies on clinical ultrasound scanners ignore shear wave dispersion and use a single group velocity measured over the shear wave bandwidth to estimate tissue elasticity. The center frequency and bandwidth of shear waves induced by acoustic radiation force depend on the ultrasound push beam (push duration, -number, etc.) and the viscoelasticity of the medium, and therefore are different across scanners from different vendors. As a result, scanners from different vendors may give different tissue elasticity measurements within the same patient. Various methods have been proposed to evaluate shear wave dispersion to better estimate tissue viscoelasticity. A rheological model such as the Kelvin-Voigt model is typically fitted to the shear wave dispersion to solve for the elasticity and viscosity of tissue. However, these rheological models impose strong assumptions about frequency dependence of elasticity and viscosity. Here, we propose a new method called Acoustic Radiation Force Induced Creep-Recovery (ARFICR) capable of quantifying rheological model-independent measurements of elasticity and viscosity for more robust tissue health assessment. In ARFICR, the creep-recovery time signal at the focus of the push beam is used to calculate the relative elasticity and viscosity (scaled by an unknown constant) over a wide frequency range. Shear waves generated during the ARFICR measurement are also detected and used to calculate the shear wave velocity at its center frequency, which is then used to calibrate the relative elasticity and viscosity to absolute elasticity and viscosity. In this paper, finite-element method simulations and experiments in tissue mimicking phantoms are used to validate and characterize the extent of viscoelastic quantification of ARFICR. The results suggest that ARFICR can measure tissue viscoelasticity reliably. Moreover, the results showed the strong frequency dependence of viscoelastic parameters in tissue mimicking phantoms and healthy liver.
Pharmacokinetics of the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Agent 1-(β-<scp>d</scp>-Dioxolane)Thymine in Rhesus Monkeys (2007)

Beta-D-dioxolane-thymine (D-DOT) has potent and selective in vitro activity against several clinically important resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mutants and is in advanced preclinical development. Therefore, the single-dose intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of D-DOT were studied with three rhesus monkeys. The pharmacokinetic profiles of D-DOT in serum and urine were adequately described by a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. D-DOT was rapidly and almost completely absorbed (absorption rate constant = 2.7 h(-1); fraction of oral dose absorbed = 0.82 to 1.06). The average serum beta half-life was 2.16 h. The average central and steady-state volumes of distributions were 0.52 and 1.02 liter/kg of body weight, respectively, and the average systemic and renal clearance values were 0.36 liter/h/kg and 0.18 liter/h/kg. Four or eight percent of administered D-DOT was eliminated in the urine as glucuronide within 8 h after intravenous or oral administration, respectively. D-DOT reached levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in excess of 10 to 20 times the median effective concentration for wild-type HIV and resistant mutants. The potent antiretroviral activity of D-DOT against a lamivudine- and zidovudine-resistant HIV-1 mutant, together with an excellent pharmacokinetic profile for rhesus monkeys, suggest that further development is warranted.
Molecular design of efficient yellow- to red-emissive alkynylgold(<scp>iii</scp>) complexes for the realization of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and their applications in solution-processed organic light-emitting devices (2021)

Here, we report the design and synthesis of a new class of fused heterocyclic alkynyl ligand-containing gold(iii) complexes, which show tunable emission colors spanning from the yellow to red region in the solid state and exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties. These complexes display high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 0.87 and short excited-state lifetimes in sub-microsecond timescales, yielding high radiative decay rate constants on the order of up to 10<sup>6</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. The observation of the drastic enhancement in the emission intensity of the complexes with insignificant change in the excited-state lifetime upon increasing the temperature from 200 to 360 K indicates an increasing radiative decay rate. The experimentally estimated energy splitting between the lowest-lying singlet excited state (S<sub>1</sub>) and the lowest-lying triplet excited state (T<sub>1</sub>), Δ<i>E</i> <sub>S<sub>1</sub>-T<sub>1</sub></sub> , is found to be as small as ∼0.03 eV (250 cm<sup>-1</sup>), comparable to the value of ∼0.05 eV (435 cm<sup>-1</sup>) obtained from computational studies. The delicate choice of the cyclometalating ligand and the fused heterocyclic ligand is deemed the key to induce TADF through the control of the energy levels of the intraligand and the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states. This work represents the realization of highly emissive yellow- to red-emitting gold(iii) TADF complexes incorporated with fused heterocyclic alkynyl ligands and their applications in organic light-emitting devices.
Two-wavelength quantum cascade lasers with heterogeneous cascades (2005)

Quantum cascade (QC) lasers with a dual-wavelength interdigitated cascade are presented. Their active core consists of a stack of active regions and injectors emitting at 8.0 /spl mu/m interleaved with a second stack emitting at 9.5 /spl mu/m. Laser action at two substantially different wavelengths is observed, demonstrating the viability of the "interdigitated cascade" approach for multi-wavelength laser emission in the mid-infrared. This laser was also used to investigate the influence of the injector-doping on the device performance. Two QC lasers with different injector-doping levels were measured, in particular one only doped in the injectors bridging the 8.0 /spl mu/m active region to the 9.5 /spl mu/m active region and the remaining injectors undoped. A substantial reduction in threshold was observed for the laser wavelength with the undoped injector, confirming the significance of impurity scattering for the laser threshold in QC-lasers. Dual single-mode and tunable emission at two substantially different wavelength could be demonstrated with a QC laser emitting at 5.0 /spl mu/m and 7.5 /spl mu/m simultaneously. These lasers may be of interest for trace gas sensing, as the second wavelength could be used as in-built reference channel.
Satellite L-band output multiplexer utilizing single and dual mode dielectric resonators (2003)

A four-channel, contiguous-band output multiplexer for L-band satellite applications is described. The filters feature single- and dual-mode dielectric resonators and operate at power levels up to 13 W in vacuum. The design of the multiplexer was optimized to meet different requirements for each of the filters. Excellent electrical performance in a relatively small package was obtained by use of high-performance dielectric resonators and a coaxial line combiner.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Toward Determining Interfacial Tension at Reservoir Conditions Based on Dead Oil Measurements (2017)

Abstract Measurements of interfacial tension (IFT) can be an aid in the planning and execution of secondary and tertiary oil recovery programs. Given the strong influence of temperature, pressure, and oil composition on IFT, it is necessary to determine IFT under reservoir conditions. Unfortunately, measurements at reservoir conditions are tedious and costly, so results of measurements on dead oil are often used instead. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a method for computing the live oil IFT from measurements on dead oil. To investigate the correlation between live oil and dead oil IFT, IFT of the original reservoir live oil against deionized water was measured ata variety of pressures and temperatures using the pendant drop technique. Isothermal depressurization simulates the phase behavior of a reservoir fluid in the production scenario. Comparable to the pressure depletion in a reservoir over the time of its production, this work demonstrates the change in IFT related to the drop of pressure and the concomitant release of gas previously dissolved in the oil. The main trend observed was thelineardecrease of IFT during isothermal depressurization at reservoir temperature, with resulting gas release and thus, compositional change. We describe our findings about the effect of thermodynamic conditions on the oil-water IFT. The results presented are a proof of principle for establishing a broad correlation between IFT measurements performed at the surface on dead oil and water and the more relevant IFT of live oil and water at reservoir conditions. Such a correlation could be used by reservoir engineers to compute recovery rates and thereby plan or modify secondary and tertiary production programs.
Antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2001)

Novel single-mode VCSEL designs based on antiguided structures are discussed. Modal characteristics of single-element, 8-12m-dia, ARROW-type VCSELs and two-dimensional phase-locked arrays (4x4 elements) of antiguided VCSELs are studied. ARROW-type VCSELs exhibit low loss for the fundamental mode and strong high-order mode suppression as a result of edge radiation leakage. Preliminary results are 1mW single-mode (thermally limited) from 12im-dia devices. Two-dimensional arrays of antiguided VCSELs are shown to exhibit resonant coupling if the interelement spacing corresponds to an integer number of half-waves of the lateral radiation leakage. Single-mode emission with all array elements locked "in-phase" is demonstrated for the first time from a monolithic 2-D array of VCSELs. Large phase-locked arrays have potential for <100mW of single-mode output power with further optimization and efficient heatsinking.
Characterization of spin-capable multi-walled carbon nanotubes grown an a Fe catalyst film under helium gas (2012)

Spin-capable multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized on a Fe catalyst film in a He environment by using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The effect of He on the growth behavior of the MWCNTs was investigated. In addition, the variation of the Fe surface during the pre-annealing and MWCNT growth processes was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. It was surmised that the presence of He gas did not help in the formation of Fe nanoparticles on the substrate during the pre-annealing or the growth processes; however, He gas did appear to help activate and/or assist carbon to diffuse into the surface of the Fe nanoparticles. We note that MWCNT forests grew well on the Fe catalyst film even without the pre-annealing process. The characteristic dimension of the MWCNTs was found to be the same as the particle size and the crystallite size of the nanoparticles formed on the substrate. We also found that spin-capable MWCNTs could be grown by controlling the density of nanotubes on the substrate.