gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i> minimum genome factory (2007)

Various systems for the production of useful proteins have been developed using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a host, and some are now being used commercially. It is necessary, however, to improve the system further for the production of low-cost chemicals and commodities, so that the host becomes more economical and productive and can be widely used for the production of different molecules. We hypothesized that many S. pombe genes are not necessary under nutrient-rich growth conditions; or rather, they serve only to waste energy when seen from the viewpoint of protein production, because their products are necessary only for adaptation to different environments. Thus we have tried to create S. pombe mutants that are dedicated to heterologous protein production by deleting as many non-essential genes as possible. Putative essential genes were mapped using the genome information of S. pombe. The transcriptome of gene disruptants was analysed using microarrays and, using this system, a new promoter was identified. The method (called the Latour method) has been developed to delete efficiently a large region from the chromosome, resulting in the establishment of mutant strains lacking approx. 500 kb of genetic material. New experimental strains auxotrophic for six nutrients were established that were conveniently used for co-expression of proteins using multiple plasmids. An efficient transformation method has also been developed that is useful for investigating heterologous protein production in a variety of strains. Incidentally, in heterologous protein production systems, products are often degraded, leading to a decline in production efficiency. Thus, to examine heterologous protein production, we created 52 S. pombe mutant strains in each of which a single protease gene was destroyed. We also successfully constructed strains in which multiple protease genes were disrupted. As a result, it was shown that the production of a model protein, human growth hormone, was increased in this strain. Furthermore, we obtained many strains that lacked genes related to glucose metabolism, intracellular transport or biosynthesis of sugar chains. The present minireview covers the results of functional analysis of these strains. By preparing strains in which large chromosomal regions have been deleted and then combining strains defective in various functional genes, the establishment of effective hosts will become possible.
A vacuum-sealed miniature X-ray tube based on carbon nanotube field emitters (2012)

A vacuum-sealed miniature X-ray tube based on a carbon nanotube field-emission electron source has been demonstrated. The diameter of the X-ray tube is 10 mm; the total length of the tube is 50 mm, and no external vacuum pump is required for the operation. The maximum tube voltage reaches up to 70 kV, and the X-ray tube generates intense X-rays with the air kerma strength of 108 Gy·cm2 min-1. In addition, X-rays produced from the miniature X-ray tube have a comparatively uniform spatial dose distribution.
Immobilization of enzymes masks their active site (1984)

We studied the effect of immobilizing cellulase to carboxycellulose sodium by radiation polymerization on the masking of the active site of the enzyme. Masking of the enzyme during the preparation of immobilized enzyme was assayed at low temperature. The activity of immobilized enzyme was retained during repeated batch reactions, indicating that the enzyme was firmly trapped in the polymer matrix. Various compounds (designated monomers) were used to dissolve the carboxymethylcellulose; enzyme activity was affected by the nature of the monomer, by the monomer concentration, and by the solubility of the substrate in monomer.
Detection and imaging of arbitrarily moving targets with single-channel SAR (2003)

In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, moving targets cause imaging errors such as defocusing and/or displacement, depending on the direction of their motion. To obtain a correct and focused image of the moving targets, knowledge of the target parameters, position and velocity, is necessary. An algorithm for detection, parameter estimation, and imaging of ground-based targets, moving in arbitrary directions, is presented. The algorithm is based on evaluation of a sequence of single-look SAR images which is generated from conventional, single-channel SAR raw data. The position and velocity of the moving targets are estimated by applying two observation models, whereby aliasing due to a motion induced Doppler shift is considered. In this way, the moving targets can be detected almost independently of their moving direction. The estimated parameters are used to compensate for the imaging errors in the SAR images. Finally, the real motion of the targets in the scene is visualised in a compensated image sequence.
Strained Ge nanowire with high-Q optical cavity for Ge laser applications (2015)

We present a novel structure that simultaneously achieves high tensile strain, pseudo-heterostructure, and high-Q optical cavity in a pure Ge layer. Employing our structure in a GeSn layer will enable a truly practical Si-compatible laser.
Characterization of a Novel Salivary Immunosuppressive Protein from Ixodes ricinus Ticks (2002)

In tick salivary glands, several genes are induced during the feeding process, leading to the expression of new proteins. These proteins are typically secreted in tick saliva and are potentially involved in the modulation of the host immune and hemostatic responses. In a previous study, the construction and the analysis of a subtractive library led to the identification of Ixodes ricinus immunosuppressor (Iris), a novel protein, differentially expressed in I. ricinus salivary glands during the blood meal. In the present study, the data strongly suggest that this protein is secreted by tick salivary glands into the saliva. In addition, Iris is also found to modulate T lymphocyte and macrophage responsiveness by inducing a Th2 type response and by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, these results suggest that Iris is an immunosuppressor, which might play an important role in the modulation of host immune response.
Multicolor fluorescent liquid-crystal display concepts (1980)

A cholesteric liquid-crystal electro-optic cell is described which functions as both a UV shutter and as a tunable fluorescent emitter (’’shutter cell’’). By interfacing such a cell with an external passive fluorescent element, a two-color display can be achieved. Contrast ratios of about 5 in the two-color pairs blue-green, blue-red, and green-red are achievable by electrically switching the shutter cell. Multicolor displays can be made by stacking shutter cells and passive elements.
Heavy-Chain Complementarity-Determining Regions Determine Conformation Selectivity of Anti-Aβ Antibodies (2010)

Sequence similarity in the heavy-chain CDRs is associated with conformation selectivity of the antibodies, while sequence similarity in the light-chain CDRs correlates with the affinity for Aβ.
PONIARD: A Programmable Optical Networking Infrastructure for Advanced Research and Development of Future Internet (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Motivated by the design goals of Global Environment for Network Innovation (GENI), we consider how to support the slicing of link bandwidth resources as well as the virtualization of optical access networks and optical backbone mesh networks. Specifically, in this paper, we study a novel programmable mechanism called optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)/orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for link virtualization. Unlike conventional time division multiplexing (TDM)/time division multiple access (TDMA) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)/wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) methods, optical OFDM/OFDMA utilizes advanced digital signal processing (DSP), parallel signal detection (PSD), and flexible resource management schemes for subwavelength level multiplexing and grooming. Simulations as well as experiments are conducted to demonstrate performance improvements and system benefits including cost-reduction and service transparency. </para>
The Applications of Ionic Liquids into Space Lubricants (2013)

Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) and Multiplyalkylated cyclopentane (MAC) are currently the most widely used space lubricating oils. Although PFPE can be used over wide temperature ranges, it has some issues such as the poor solubility of additives making it difficult to improve rust preventive property or friction wear characteristics and unfavourable decomposition behaviour in boundary lubrication [1, 2]. Thus PFPE is being replaced by MAC. On the other hand, MAC withstands operating temperatures of -20 o C but has difficulty functioning at -40 o C due to an increase in kinematic viscosity. Another issue is that some additives are effective in improving load capacity of MAC but can adversely affect the vacuum property under high vacuum. In this study, ionic liquids were investigated as a possible base oil of next-generation space grease to solve these issues. Table 1 summarizes key properties of typical ionic liquids and currently-used space lubricants. Table 1. Key properties of space lubricants
Correction of Image Shift and Distortion in Diffusion-Weighted Echo Planar Imaging (1997)

obtain a trace-weighted image, three individual images are acquired with the diffusion-weighting gradient being applied along three orthogonal directions, respectively, followed by a pixel-by-pixel geometric average. Even in a well-calibrated MRI scanner, the three diffusion-weighting gradients can exhibit different eddy current characteristics (time constant, amplitude, and spatial distribution), causing inconsistent image shift and distortion among the individual images (2,3). These problems can introduce misregistration in the trace image, and lead to inaccuracy in clinical diagnosis. We have developed a method to address the image misregistration problems. METHODS Unlike the technique reported earlier (3), our new method does not require a priori knowledge of the system’s eddy current characteristics. Instead, a system calibration is ,carried out to characterize the net effects of the residual eddy currents. This is accomplished by performing a total of 12 single-shot DW-EPI “reference” scans in which the EPI phaseencoding gradient is turned off. The diffusion-weighting gradient is applied along the x, y, and z-axes (x, y, and z are the physical gradient axes), respectively. For each diffusion gradient orientation, the readout gradient is respectively played out along the x, y, and z-axes. In addition to these 3x3 combinations, three more reference scans are also performed with no diffusion-weighting gradient and with the readout gradient along x, y, and z-axes, respectively. The 12 data sets can be represented in a matrix form:
Dihydro(alkylthio)(naphthylmethyl)oxopyrimidines:  Novel Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors of the <i>S</i>-DABO Series (1997)

Novel compounds related to 2-(cyclohexylthio)-3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-6-(3-methylbenzyl)-4-ox opyrimidine (3c, MC 639) have been synthesized and tested as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Reaction of thiourea with ethyl arylmethylacetoacetates furnished 5-alkyl-6-(arylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2-mercapto-4-oxopyrimidines which were then alkylated at the sulfur atom to afford the required 2-alkylthio or 2-cycloalkylthio derivatives (S-DABOs). Chemical modifications at N-3, C-4, and C-6 of the pyrimidine ring were attempted with the aim of improving antiretroviral activity. In particular, replacement of the benzyl group with the 1-naphthylmethyl moiety enhanced the activity of S-DABOs, whereas N-3 alkylation and C=O transformation into C=S at position 4 of the pyrimidine ring led to compounds devoid of anti-HIV-1 activity. Lower activity was generally observed when 1-naphthylmethyl was replaced by the isomeric 2-naphthylmethyl moiety. The most active compounds showed activity in the low micromolar range with EC50 values comparable to that of nevirapine.
Drug Release from New Bioartificial Hydrogel (1995)

The use of high water content (> 96%) hydrogels obtained from copolymerisation of bovine serum albumin and poly(ethylene glycol) as a controlled release system has been investigated. Such hydrogels allowed release of soluble and hydrophobic substances, even proteins. Release is shown to occur by a diffusion controlled mechanism, leading to half-life times of release ranging between 0.8 hour for theophylline and 4.2 hours for lysozyme, when a 2.4 mm thick disc of BSA-PEG (MW of 10000) was used. The effect of the porosity of the hydrogel on the diffusive properties of theophylline and hydrocortisone has been evaluated by varying the molecular weight of the poly(ethylene glycol). It was shown that poly(ethylene glycol) of high molecular weight leads to more porous hydrogels in which the diffusion is faster.
Low‐Temperature Sintering and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Zinc Metatitanate‐Rutile Mixtures Using Boron (1999)

Mixtures of zinc metatitanate and rutile (ZnTiO 3 + x TiO 2 , where x = 0‐0.5) have been prepared via the conventional mixed‐oxide method. Centrifugal planetary milling with zirconia beads 1 mm in diameter produced very fine powders (mean particle size of 0.2 µm), which allowed the synthesis of ZnTiO 3 and sintering at temperatures <945°C, which is the decomposition temperature of ZnTiO 3 . Sintering of the mixtures was enhanced further by the addition of B 2 O 3 . Densities of >94% of the theoretical density have been attained for the specimens that were sintered at 875°C for 4 h with B 2 O 3 additions of <1 wt%. Microwave dielectric properties of the aforementioned compositions were as follows: dielectric constant of 29‐31, normalized quality factor of 56000‐69000 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonance frequency between ‐10 and +10 ppm/°C. Sintering was enhanced by the formation of a ZnO‐B 2 O 3 liquid phase, which affected the microwave properties, because of variation in the phase composition.
A framework for testing query transformation rules (2009)

In order to enable extensibility, modern query optimizers typically leverage a transformation rule based framework. Testing individual rule correctness as well as correctness of rule interactions is crucial in verifying the functionality of a query optimizer. While there has been a lot of work on how to architect optimizers for extensibility using a rule based framework, there has been relatively little work on how to test such optimizers. In this paper we present a framework for testing query transformation rules which enables: (a) efficient generation of queries that exercise a particular transformation rule or a set of rules and (b) efficient execution of corresponding test suites for correctness testing.
Genetic and molecular characterization of capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> type 3 (1994)

Summary To achieve a better understanding of the genetics of capsular polysaccharide synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae , we have identified and characterized mutants deficient in type 3 capsule production. We Identified a clone that restored encapsulation in one of our mutants and in a mutant deficient in UDP‐glucose dehydrogenase. By hybridization, we developed a chromosomal map of the type 3‐specific region and identified a flanking region containing DNA common to all capsule types examined. Insertion mutations were used to identify chromosomal loci required for capsule synthesis, and to map transcription within the region. Using non‐destructive insertions linked to type‐specific genes of type 2, 3, or 5, we were able to select for the transformation of all necessary genes specific for capsule type. Our data provide molecular evidence to show that all the type‐specific genes are linked in a cassette and can be transferred as a unit during transformation.
Recording Characteristics of Magnetooptical Media with Auxiliary Magnetic Layer (1991)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the leakage field from the auxiliary layer to the recording layer in an exchange-coupled multilayered magneto-optical medium. In order to estimate the leakage field, test media, in which the auxiliary layer was deposited on the recording layer with a nonmagnetic layer intervening, were prepared. The leakage field was determined as the difference in the threshold external fields for two different initial magnetization directions in recording tests. The experimental results were in good agreement with numerical calculations, in which single-domain nucleation was assumed. The leakage field was found to be proportional to the change in magnetization at the heated spot. It was also found that a leakage field of about 200 Oe is generated in the auxiliary layer with a change in magnetization of 150 emu/cc.
General Synthesis of Thiophene and Selenophene-Based Heteroacenes (2005)

[reaction: see text] A new intramolecular triple cyclization of bis(o-haloaryl)diacetylenes, via dilithiation followed by reaction with chalcogen elements, produces pi-conjugated compounds containing heterole-1,2-dichalcogenin-heterole fused tricyclic skeletons. The subsequent dechalcogenation with copper metal affords a series of thiophene- and selenophene-based heteroacenes.
Enhancement of diffraction-based biosensor sensitivity via a Bloch surface wave (2008)

We propose a biosensor based on the diffraction of Bloch surface waves (BSWs) in periodic dielectric stacks. Great enhancement of diffraction efficiency by a grating of proteins is predicted when BSW is excited.
Microbial conversion of avermectins by Saccharopolyspora erythraea: glycosylation at C-4' and C-4'' (1993)

Avermectins and ivermectins are glycosylated at C-4'' and C-4' by both growing and resting cells of Saccharopolyspora erythraea. The reaction is catalyzed by a glycosyltransferase which is constitutive. The enzyme uses UDP-glucose as the glycosyl donor and avermectin or ivermectin mono- and disaccharides as acceptors. Avermectin and ivermectin aglycones and erythromycin A are not substrates for the enzyme.
Low‐Temperature Destruction of Carbon Tetrachloride over Lanthanide Oxide‐Based Catalysts: From Destructive Adsorption to a Catalytic Reaction Cycle (2004)

The catalytic destruction of carbon tetrachloride in the presence of steam, CCl(4) + 2 H(2)O-->4 HCl + CO(2), was investigated at 200-350 degrees C over a series of lanthanide (La, Ce, Pr and Nd) and alkaline-earth metal (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) oxide-based catalysts with kinetic experiments, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and DFT calculations. This new catalytic reaction was achieved by combining destructive adsorption of CCl(4) on a basic oxide surface and concurrent dechlorination of the resulting partially chlorinated solid by steam. The combination of the two noncatalytic reactions into a catalytic cycle provided a rare opportunity in heterogeneous catalysis for studying the nature and extent of surface participation in the overall reaction chemistry. The reaction is proposed to proceed over a terminal lattice oxygen site with stepwise donation of chlorine atoms from the hydrocarbon to the surface and formation of the gas-phase intermediate COCl(2), which is readily readsorbed at the catalyst surface to form CO(2). In a second step, the active catalyst surface is regenerated by steam with formation of gas-phase HCl. Depending on the reaction conditions, the catalytic material was found to transform dynamically from the metal oxide state to the metal oxide chloride or metal chloride state due to the bulk diffusion of oxygen and chlorine atoms. A catalyst obtained from a 10 wt % La(2)O(3)/Al(2)O(3) precursor exhibited the highest destruction rate: 0.289 g CCl(4) h(-1) g(-1) catalyst at 350 degrees C, which is higher than that of any other reported catalyst system.
Volatile organic compound plume detection using wavelet analysis of video (2008)

A video based method to detect volatile organic compounds (VOC) leaking out of process equipments used in petrochemical refineries is developed. Leaking VOC plume from a damaged component causes edges present in image frames loose their sharpness. This leads to a decrease in the high frequency content of the image. The background of the scene is estimated and decrease of high frequency energy of the scene is monitored using the spatial wavelet transforms of the current and the background images. Plume regions in image frames are analyzed in low-band sub-images, as well. Image frames are compared with their corresponding low-band images. A maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for adaptive threshold estimation is also developed in this paper.
An Efficient, Purely Chemical HCl Laser (1976)

Purely chemical laser emission at 3.6 to 4 micrometers from HCl has been achieved in a transverse flow device. The pumping reaction was the well known Cl + HI yield HCl + I reaction. Atomic chlorine was produced chemically from the reaction of NO with ClO2. The maximum power obtained from this system was 4 W, which corresponded to a chemical efficiency of 9% based upon the fraction of pumping reaction energy that goes into vibration.
Modelling the alternative hypothesis for text-dependent speaker verification (2014)

This paper describes text-dependent speaker verification as a task involving four classes of trials depending on whether the target speaker or an impostor pronounces the expected pass-phrase or not. These four classes are used to reformulate the log-likelihood ratio traditionally used in text-independent speaker verification. Three formulations of the alternative hypothesis are considered, leading to three new expressions of the verification score. Experiments performed on the publicly available RSR2015 database show a significant improvement compared to existing baseline scores. A relative gain up to 61% in term of minimum cost is achieved when considering that the alternative hypothesis is the union of three sub-hypotheses corresponding to the three existing classes of impostures.
A GPRFNN-based control system for wastewater treatment process (2016)

As a nonlinear and time-varying complex dynamic system, wastewater treatment process (WWTP) is difficult to be controlled. In this paper, to control the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in a WWTP, a growing and pruning recurrent fuzzy neural network (GPRFNN)-based control system is proposed which contains RFNN controllers and RFNN identifier. The identifier is used to model the WWTP with an adaptive algorithm to afford model information for the controllers, while the controllers are designed to adjust the control variables to make the WWTP run smoothly. Furthermore, the structure of the RFNN is self-organized to keep the output steady in structural adjustment phase, which is also theoretically proved. Finally, the control performance of the proposed system is shown by simulation results.
Ligand-Enabled Pd(II)-Catalyzed Bromination and Iodination of C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H Bonds (2017)

We herein report the palladium(II)-catalyzed bromination and iodination of a variety of α-hydrogen-containing carboxylic acid and amino acid-derived amides. These reactions are exclusively enabled by quinoline-type ligands. The halogenated products obtained in this reaction are highly versatile and rapidly undergo further diversification. Further, we report the first example of a free carboxylic acid-directed Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H bromination, enabled by quinoline ligands.