gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Primary lateral sclerosis (1997)

An autopsy case of motor neuron disease in which only the upper motor neurons were involved is reported. A 64‐year‐old man presented with progressive dysarthria, dysphagia and spastic quadriparesis with no muscle atrophy or fasciculation. He became bedridden 1.5 years later and died of pneumonia 3 years and 3 months after onset. Neuropathological findings consisted of a decreased number of Betz cells in the motor cortex and degeneration of the pyramidal tracts in the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor nuclei of the brainstem and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord were preserved. Some anterior horn cells contained ubiquitin‐positive dense bodies. Many axonal spheroids were found in the pyramidal tract in the brainstem, most frequently in the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain. These clinicopathological features are in keeping with primary lateral sclerosis as previously reported, however, the presence of ubiquitin‐positive material in some anterior horn cells suggests there may be some motor nerve cell degeneration occurring simultaneously.
An empirical test of the performance of intelligence and the prospects for organizational reforms (2018)

The occurrence of strategic surprises has led to the development of organizational reforms intended to prevent future intelligence failures. The limited effectiveness of such reforms conforms to a perspective that holds intelligence to be beset by inherent difficulties, such as ambiguous information, enemy deception, and human psychology, which make recurring intelligence failures inevitable. If this perspective is correct, then all functions of intelligence should be distinctly unreliable regardless of implemented reforms. I test this perspective through a comparison of the performance of military capabilities and tactical intelligence capabilities, in terms of their influence on battlefield outcomes. While tactical intelligence is susceptible to the inherent difficulties common to all functions of intelligence, it is less susceptible to the bureaucratic difficulties that most reforms, aimed at preventing strategic intelligence failures, are intended to address. I find that relatively strong tactical intelligence capabilities significantly improve battlefield effectiveness. However, the improvement associated with tactical intelligence capabilities is also significantly more inconsistent when compared to the corresponding improvement associated with military capabilities. Even when evaluating a function of intelligence less susceptible to bureaucratic difficulties, intelligence is still distinctly inconsistent in performance, suggesting that organizational reforms have only a limited ability to prevent future intelligence failures.
Bionic Lubrication System of Artificial Joints: System Design and Mechanics Simulation (2005)

A new structure of artificial joints with bionic joint capsule was proposed and designed to overcome the feedback of current prostheses that omitted many functions of lubricant and joint capsule. The new structure was composed of three components: therapeutic lubricant, artificial joints and artificial joint capsule. The lubricant sealed by capsule not only can reduce the wear of artificial joints but also can prohibit the wear particles leaking to the body liquid. So the unwilling reactions between the wear particles and liquid may be avoided completely. Meanwhile, a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) model was created for the bionic artificial joints with joint capsule. The effects of capsule thickness and the flexion angels on the stress values and distributions were discussed in detail.
Autologous bone versus calcium‐phosphate ceramics in treatment of experimental bone defects (2003)

Autologous bone grafting is currently considered the treatment of choice for correction of large bone defects. However, to avoid morbidity associated with autologous bone harvesting many artificial bone-substitute materials have been developed over the years. A new generation of resorbable materials is emerging, with promising results so far. In order to investigate the possibility to use one of these new materials as an alternative with better results than hydroxyapatite, an experimental study was performed. A new resorbable calcium phosphate particles and paste forms, the latter of which hardens in situ after application. In 28 sheep, a 3-cm segmental tibial defect was made and intramedullary fixed by an interlocking nail. Twelve weeks after defect filling, radiological, biomechanical, and histological examinations were performed. Mean radiographic and biomechanical tests results were compared with the Mann-Whitney test. Significance was set at p<0.05. Radiographically, the resorbable paste group performed better than all other groups. Biomechanical investigations showed a higher torsional stiffness (p=0.049) for the resorbable calcium-phosphate paste group in comparison with autologous bone. On histological examination, no adverse effects were observed in the calcium-phosphate groups. Resorption by osteoclasts was seen in the resorbable implants. In conclusion, the current study shows an advantageous radiological and mechanical outcome for resorbable calcium phosphates. This indicates that these new materials might be a potential alternative for autologous bone grafting in humans.
Recording characteristics of metal-in-gap mini composite head (1987)

A metal-in-gap mini composite head for rigid disk drives which is composed of CaTiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> slider and Fe-Al-Si thin film deposited magnetic core has been developed. Magnetic recording characteristics were studied by comparing with mini monolithic and thin film heads. As a result, metal-in-gap mini composite head displayed excellent recording performance, especially with narrow gap length. High density recording is expected in combination with high H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> disks.
Perineal Skin Care for the Incontinent Patient (2002)

This CME/CE activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in managing the perineal skin of incontinent patients.
New Protein Extraction/Solubilization Protocol for Gel-based Proteomics of Rat (Female) Whole Brain and Brain Regions (2006)

The rat is an accepted model for studying human psychiatric/neurological disorders. We provide a protocol for total soluble protein extraction using trichloroacetic acid/acetone (TCA/A) from rat (female) whole brain, 10 brain regions and the pituitary gland, and show that two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) using pre-cast immobilized pH (4-7) gradient (IPG) strip gels (13 cm) in the first dimension yields clean silver nitrate stained protein profiles. Though TCA/A precipitation may not be "ideal", the important choice here is the selection of an appropriate lysis buffer (LB) for solubilizing precipitated proteins. Our results reveal enrichment of protein spots by use of individual brain regions rather than whole brain, as well as the presence of differentially expressed spots in their proteomes. Thus individual brain regions provide improved protein coverage and are better suited for differential protein detection. Moreover, using a phosphoprotein-specific dye, in-gel detection of phosphoproteins was demonstrated. Representative high-resolution silver nitrate stained proteome profiles of rat whole brain total soluble protein are presented. Shortcomings apart (failure to separate membrane proteins), gel-based proteomics remains a viable option, and 2-DGE is the method of choice for generating high-resolution proteome maps of rat brain and brain regions.
The FixL protein of Rhizobium meliloti can be separated into a heme-binding oxygen-sensing domain and a functional C-terminal kinase domain. (1992)

Transcription of nitrogen fixation (nif and fix) genes in Rhizobium meliloti is induced by a decrease in oxygen concentration. The products of two genes, fixL and fixJ, are responsible for sensing and transmitting the low-oxygen signal. The proteins encoded by fixL and fixJ (FixL and FixJ, respectively) are homologous to a family of bacterial proteins that transduce environmental signals through a common phosphotransfer mechanism [David, M., Daveran, M., Batut, J., Dedieu, A., Domergue, O., Ghai, J., Hertig, C., Boistard, P. & Khan, D. (1988) Cell 54, 671-683]. FixL, the oxygen sensor, is a membrane protein. It has previously been shown that a soluble derivative of FixL, FixL*, is an oxygen-binding hemoprotein and a kinase that autophosphorylates and also phosphorylates FixJ [Gilles-Gonzalez, M. A., Ditta, G. S. & Helinski, D. R. (1991) Nature (London) 350, 170-172]. In this work, deletion derivatives of fixL* were constructed and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the truncated proteins were purified. We show that a fragment of FixL from amino acid residue 127 to residue 260 binds heme, retains the ability to bind oxygen, and has no detectable kinase activity. A C-terminal fragment of FixL, beginning at residue 260, fails to bind heme but is active as a kinase. We also demonstrate that anaerobiosis results in an enhancement of FixL* autophosphorylation and FixJ phosphorylation activities in vitro. Finally, we show that the heme-binding region of FixL is required in vitro for oxygen regulation of its kinase activities.
Wound Healing Involves Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Rat Skin (2002)

Cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme essential for prostaglandin biosynthesis, has two isoforms, COX-1 and -2. We investigated temporal and spatial changes in localization of these two COX proteins and mRNAs after excisional injury in rat skin. We also quantified the expression of these proteins and studied the effects of a specific COX-2 inhibitor on healing. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization respectively indicated that the COX-2 protein and mRNA were expressed mainly within the basal layer of the epidermis, peripheral cells in the outer root sheath of hair follicles, and fibroblast-like cells and capillaries near epidermal wound edges. Much less intense expression was observed in normal skin than in injured skin. Western analysis demonstrated marked induction of COX-2 protein beginning within 12 hours and peaking 3 days after injury. In contrast, localization of COX-1 protein and mRNA, as well as the amount of protein expression, showed no significant change during wound healing. Administration of the COX-2 inhibitor delayed re-epithelialization in the early phase of wound healing and also inhibited angiogenesis. Thus, COX-2 induction may be important in cutaneous wound healing.
Lipophilic siderophores of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> prevent cardiac reperfusion injury (1998)

Reperfusion injury, which occurs upon the reintroduction of blood flow to an ischemic organ, is responsible for considerable damage in heart attacks and strokes. However, no treatment for reperfusion injury is currently available. A major cause of reperfusion injury is the iron-mediated generation of hydroxyl radical (.OH). In this study we have explored the capacity of novel iron chelators called "exochelins" to prevent reperfusion injury. Exochelins, siderophores of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are unique iron chelators because they are lipid soluble, and hence able to enter cells rapidly. In the iron-free state, exochelins prevented .OH formation. Desferri-exochelins prevented oxidative injury to cultured cardiac myocytes, and did so more rapidly and effectively than the nonlipid soluble iron chelator deferoxamine. The capacity of various desferri-exochelins to protect myocytes from oxidative injury varied directly with their solubility in lipid. Infused into isolated rabbit hearts during reperfusion after a period of ischemia, desferri-exochelins dramatically improved systolic and diastolic left ventricular function, preserved coronary flow, reduced release of the cardiac enzyme lactic dehydrogenase, and reduced myocardial concentrations of .OH metabolites. Thus, highly diffusible desferri-exochelins block injury caused by .OH production and have potential for the treatment of reperfusion injury.
Intestinal Microbiota Composition Modulates Choline Bioavailability from Diet and Accumulation of the Proatherogenic Metabolite Trimethylamine-<i>N</i>-Oxide (2015)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and increased trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels have been causally linked with CVD development. This work identifies members of the human gut microbiota responsible for both the accumulation of trimethylamine (TMA), the precursor of the proatherogenic compound TMAO, and subsequent decreased choline bioavailability to the host. Understanding how to manipulate the representation and function of choline-consuming, TMA-producing species in the intestinal microbiota could potentially lead to novel means for preventing or treating atherosclerosis and choline deficiency-associated diseases.
Characterization and optimization of polycrystalline Si<sub>70%</sub>Ge<sub>30%</sub>for surface micromachined thermopiles in human body applications (2009)

This paper presents the material characterization methods, characterization results and the optimization scheme for polycrystalline Si70%Ge30% (poly-SiGe) from the perspective of its application in a surface micromachined thermopile. Due to its comparative advantages, such as lower thermal conductivity and ease of processing, over other materials, poly-SiGe is chosen to fabricate a surface micromachined thermopile and eventually a wearable thermoelectric generator (TEG) to be used on a human body. To enable optimal design of advanced thermocouple microstructures, poly-SiGe sample materials prepared by two different techniques, namely low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) with in situ doping and rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) with ion implantation, have been characterized. Relevant material properties, including electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity and specific contact resistance, have been reported. For the determination of thermal conductivity, a novel surface-micromachined test structure based on the Seebeck effect is designed, fabricated and measured. Compared to the traditional test structures, it is more advantageous for sample materials with a relatively large Seebeck coefficient, such as poly-SiGe. Based on the characterization results, a further optimization scheme is suggested to allow independent respective optimization of the figure of merit and the specific contact resistance.
Recent developments in seismic exploration and reservoir characterization (2002)

The exploration, appraisal and production of oil and gas reserves are supported by a variety of sophisticated measurements that contribute to characterizing the geometry and flow properties of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Acoustic measurements ranging from high resolution ultrasonics to lower resolution (but higher range) seismics play important roles in this characterization. This paper describes, in particular, how seismics have been transformed by the development and acceptance of 3-D techniques which have helped improve the success rate of new wells from 10-20% to 60-80%. Moreover, information from seismic signals, which include sound speed, impedance maps, amplitude and phase changes, can be linked to important rock parameters (e.g., rock type, porosity, and hydrocarbon saturation) and to changes in these parameters over time by comparing repeated seismic surveys separated by months or years. Many consider this process, becoming known as 4-D seismics, to represent the next revolution in using seismic techniques. The success of this may be invaluable to finding much by-passed oil and gas in already produced fields, which could have enormous impact on the supply of oil and gas and its costs.
Allelopathic effect of some essential oils and components on germination of weed species (2007)

Abstract In this study, allelopathic effects of some essential oil plants (Carum carvi L., Coriandrum sativum L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Lavandula stoechas L., Mentha spicata L.,Origanum onites L., Pimpinella anisum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L. and Thymbra spicata L.) were investigated against some common weed species (Alcea pallida Waldst. & Kit., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Centaurea salsotitialis L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Rumex nepalensis Spreng., Sinapis arvensis L. and Sonchus oleraceus L.) that grow in field and horticultural crops. Different concentrations (3, 6, 10 and 20 µl) of the essential oils were tested against weed seeds in vitro and their effect on germination was determined. Inhibitory effects of essential oils and concentrations were analysed with Freadman's test and they were found significant. Essential oils from Carum carvi, Mentha spicata, Origanum onites and Thymbra spicata showed high inhibitory effect against weed seeds at lower concentrations. The main components (carvacrol, thymol, carvone, limonene) of these four essential oils were tested for seed germination at four different concentrations (500, 250, 125 and 62.5 µg/ml) against the same weeds.Thymol, carvacrol and carvone showed high inhibition even at low concentrations against weed seeds. Only Alcea pallida seeds showed resistance against all essential oils and components.
Articulated body deformation from range scan data (2002)

This paper presents an example-based method for calculating skeleton-driven body deformations. Our example data consists of range scans of a human body in a variety of poses. Using markers captured during range scanning, we construct a kinematic skeleton and identify the pose of each scan. We then construct a mutually consistent parameterization of all the scans using a posable subdivision surface template. The detail deformations are represented as displacements from this surface, and holes are filled smoothly within the displacement maps. Finally, we combine the range scans using k-nearest neighbor interpolation in pose space. We demonstrate results for a human upper body with controllable pose, kinematics, and underlying surface shape.
When kids' toys breach mobile phone security (2013)

Touch-based verification --- the use of touch gestures (e.g., swiping, zooming, etc.) to authenticate users of touch screen devices --- has recently been widely evaluated for its potential to serve as a second layer of defense to the PIN lock mechanism. In all performance evaluations of touch-based authentication systems however, researchers have assumed naive (zero-effort) forgeries in which the attacker makes no effort to mimic a given gesture pattern.
A three-dimensional neural recording microsystem with implantable data compression circuitry (2005)

A 256-site, fully implantable, 3-D neural recording microsystem has been developed. The microsystem incorporates four active neural probes with integrated circuitry for site selection, amplification, and multiplexing. The probes drive an embedded data-compression ASIC that successfully detects neural spikes in the presence of neural and circuit noise. The spike detection ASIC achieves a factor of 12 bandwidth reduction while preserving the key features of the action potential waveshape necessary for spike discrimination. This work extends the total number of neural channels that can be recorded across a transcutaneous inductively coupled wireless link from 25 to 312. When a spike is detected, this ASIC serially shifts the 5-bit amplitude and 5-bit address of the spike off of the chip over a single 2.5 Mb/s wired or wireless line. The spike detection ASIC occupies 6 mm/sup 2/ in 0.5 /spl mu/m features and consumes 2.6 mW while the entire microsystem consumes 5.4 mW of power from a 3-V supply.
Software Defined Network Inference with Passive&#x002F;Active Evolutionary-Optimal pRobing (SNIPER) (2015)

A key requirement for network management is the accurate and reliable monitoring of relevant network characteristics. In today's large-scale networks, this is a challenging task due to the hard constraints of network measurement resources. This paper proposes a new framework, SNIPER, which leverages the flexibility provided by Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to design the optimal observation or measurement matrix that can leads to the best achievable estimation accuracy using Matrix Completion (MC) techniques. To cope with the complexity of designing large-scale optimal observation matrices, we use the Evolutionary Optimization Algorithms (EOA) which directly target the ultimate estimation accuracy as the optimization objective function. We evaluate the performance of SNIPER using both synthetic and real network measurement traces from different network topologies and by considering two main applications including per-flow size and delay estimations. Our results show that SNIPER can be applied to a variety of network performance measurements under hard resource constraints. For example, by measuring 8.8\% of per-flow path delays in Harvard network, congested paths can be detected with probability 0.94. To demonstrate the feasibility of our framework, we also have implemented a prototype of SNIPER in Mininet.
Towards using Reservoir Computing Networks for noise-robust image recognition (2016)

Reservoir Computing Network (RCN) is a special type of the single layer recurrent neural networks, in which the input and the recurrent connections are randomly generated and only the output weights are trained. Besides the ability to process temporal information, the key points of RCN are easy training and robustness against noise. Recently, we introduced a simple strategy to tune the parameters of RCN resulted in an effective and noise-robust RCN-based model for speech recognition. The aim of this work is to extend that study to the field of image processing. In particular, we investigate the potential of RCNs in achieving a competitive performance on the well-known MNIST dataset by following the aforementioned parameter optimizing strategy. Moreover, we achieve good noise robust recognition by utilizing such a network to denoise images and supplying them to a recognizer that is solely trained on clean images. The conducted experiments demonstrate that the proposed RCN-based handwritten digit recognizer achieves an error rate of 0.81 percent on the clean test data of the MNIST benchmark and that the proposed RCN-based denoiser can effectively reduce the error rate on the various types of noise.
New developments in the treatment of actinic keratosis: focus on ingenol mebutate gel (2012)

Actinic keratosis is a common disease in older, fair-skinned people, and is a consequence of cumulative ultraviolet exposure. It is part of a disease continuum in photodamaged skin that may lead to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment options frequently used include cryosurgery and topical pharmacologic agents, which are examples of lesion-directed and field-directed strategies. Ingenol mebutate gel was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for topical treatment of actinic keratosis. While the mechanism of action of ingenol mebutate is not fully understood, in vitro and in vivo studies using tumor models indicate it has multiple mechanisms. Ingenol mebutate directly induces cell death by mitochondrial swelling and loss of cell membrane integrity preferentially in transformed keratinocytes. It promotes an inflammatory response characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and other immunocompetent cells that kills remaining tumor cells. The ability of ingenol mebutate to eliminate mutant p53 patches in ultraviolet-irradiated mouse skin suggests that it may have the potential to treat chronically ultraviolet-damaged skin. In human studies, ingenol mebutate achieved high clearance of actinic keratosis on the head and body after 2-3 consecutive daily treatments when measured by complete or partial clearance of lesions. Localized inflammatory skin responses were generally mild to moderate and resolved in less than a month.