gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge Equalization with Series Coupling of Multiple Primary Windings for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Li-Ion Battery System (2007)

Charge equalization scheme for HEV lithium-ion battery system is proposed in this paper, where all the primary windings with in parallel bi-directional switches are coupled in series to provide the equalizing energy from the whole battery string to the specific under charged cells. Moreover, to realize minimized size of equalization circuit employing the proposed cell balancing scheme, the optimal power rating design rule according to equalization time and SOC distribution of imbalance is proposed. A prototype of HEV lithium-ion battery system of four cells shows the outstanding charge equalization performance while maintaining greatly reduced size of cell balancing circuit.
Directive and focused acoustic wave radiation by tessellated transducers with folded curvatures (2017)

Guiding radiated acoustic energy from transducer arrays to arbitrary points in space requires fine control over contributions of sound provided to the point from each transducer constituent. Recent research has revealed advantages of mechanically reconfiguring array constituents along the folding patterns of an origami-inspired tessellation, in comparison to digitally processing signals sent to each element in a fixed configuration. To date, this concept of acoustic beamfolding has exemplified that far field wave radiation may be adapted by orders of magnitude to a point according to the folding of a Miura-ori tessellated array when the array constituents are driven by the same signal. This research investigates a new level of adaptive acoustic energy delivery from foldable arrays through study of tessellated transducers that adopt folded curvatures, thus introducing opportunity for near field energy focusing alongside far field directionality. The outcomes of these computational and experimental efforts plainly reveal that foldable, tessellated transducers that curve upon folding empower straightforward means for the fine, real-time control needed to beam and focus sound to points in space. Discussions are provided on the potentials and limitations of the current tessellations considered, and means for future studies to build upon the new understanding.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Enhances Bovine Mammary Epithelial Innate Immune Responses (2010)

Bovine mammary epithelial cells that were treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 showed an increase in the expression of the genes for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and S100 calcium binding protein A12 (S100 A12). iNOS and S100 A12 are part of the innate immune response and expressed in the mammary gland during mastitis. Production of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the mammary gland during mastitis, then, may be an important component of the innate immune response.
The use of bacteria in integrated weed management (2017)

Annual grass weeds are increasing as a dominant weed species in the western United States, Canada and Mexico. Downy brome, one of the most widespread, invasive annual grass weeds, negatively affects cereal yields, reduces forage quality in grazing lands, degrades rangelands, and increases the fire frequency of western lands. This chapter reviews how naturally-occurring bacteria were screened to find those that suppress downy brome but do not harm native plants and crops, and how one such bacterial strain, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain ACK55, was identified as able to a reduce downy brome root formation, root growth, and tiller initiation. It then discusses long-term field trials in the western US, in which application of the bacteria resulted in almost complete suppression of downy brome for three to five years after one application, when desirable plants were present.
Imaging the effect of dielectric breakdown in a multilayered polymer film (2011)

Abstract The dielectric strength and energy storage capability of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) copolymer (P[VDF‐HFP]) films are enhanced by interleaving layers of PVDF copolymer with thin layers of polycarbonate (PC). To gain insight into the breakdown processes in such materials, focused ion beam (FIB) milling in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the effect of a breakdown on the film. FIB can sequentially mill cross sections that are each imaged by SEM. The technique can provide quasi‐3D images across the film and give a detailed view of the damage caused by an electrical breakdown. Here, breakdowns initiated using a needle‐plane electrode configuration were imaged. In homogeneous films, the damage was confined to the small volume at the pinhole site. In 32‐layer 50/50 PC/P[VDF‐HFP] multilayer films, damage extending laterally up to ∼ 15 μm into the film along the layer interfaces was seen. In addition to the delamination, layer buckling and distortion were apparent. The damage varied with the sample orientation, but the images indicate that the interfaces play an important role in the breakdown. They suggest that modifying the interface properties can be a strategy to further improve the dielectric strength of multilayer polymer dielectric materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The N gene of tobacco confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tomato. (1996)

It has been proposed that cloned plant disease resistance genes could be transferred from resistant to susceptible plant species to control important crop plant diseases. The recently cloned N gene of tobacco confers resistance to the viral pathogen, tobacco mosaic virus. We generated transgenic tomato plants bearing the N gene and demonstrate that N confers a hypersensitive response and effectively localizes tobacco mosaic virus to sites of inoculation in transgenic tomato, as it does in tobacco. The ability to reconstruct the N-mediated resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus in tomato demonstrates the utility of using isolated resistance genes to protect crop plants from diseases, and it demonstrates that all the components necessary for N-mediated resistance are conserved in tomato.
The synthesis of 3‐ and 5‐amino‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles. A caveat (1981)

Abstract Evidence obtained from a single series of compounds demonstrates the need for care when assigning structures to amino‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles using the methodology described in the literature. Certain synthetic methods can give rise to different position isomers in different series.
Metasurface invisibility skin cloak (2016)

An ultrathin conformai skin cloak that can hide three-dimensional objects of arbitrary shape in the visible wavelength range is demonstrated experimentally. Using the concept of reflection phase manipulation with metasurface nanoantennas, we restored not only the wavefront, but also the phase of the reflected light.
Ligand Binding to Integrins: Dynamic Regulation and Common Mechanisms (1992)

Cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesive interactions regulate aggregation, cell polarity, and cell migration. In addition, such interactions can influence the differentiation of cells as manifested by changes in cell morphology, proliferation, and gene expression programs (Menko and Boettiger 1987; Ruoslahti and Pierschbacher 1987; Panayotou et al. 1989). This paper focuses on the integrins, a broadly distributed family (virtually every cell type expresses integrins, even erythrocyte precursors) of adhesion receptors. The existence of this family was first suspected in the mid 1980s (Ginsberg et al. 1985) because of the functional similarities among recognition specificities of cell adhesion receptors. This suspicion was heightened by the identification of gross structural (Pytela et al. 1986) and immunologic (Plow et al. 1986; Ginsberg et al. 1987) similarities among adhesion receptors. The cloning and sequencing of many of the members of this family (Tamkun et al. 1986; Argraves et al. 1987; Fitzgerald et al. 1987; Kishimoto et...
Magnetron with virtual cathode (2013)

The lifetime limitation of high power magnetrons is failure of their cathodes due to intense electron bombardment [1]. In the present work we study the operation of a compact relativistic magnetron [2] with a virtual cathode (VC) in the interaction space of the device instead of a physical cathode. A VC whose potential is equal to that of a real cathode appears in an electron beam when it is injected into a vacuum channel with a current that exceeds the space-charge-limiting current I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">lim</sub> [3]. As follows from the stationary theory [4], a VC appears at a distance about channel radius from the injection plane and the axial position of the VC is closer to the plane as the injected current increases above I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">lim</sub> . Evidently, for stable magnetron operation the injected current must exceed I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">lim</sub> at least by the anode current. Nevertheless, the stationary theory cannot answer many uncertainties that are necessary for using such a VC in a magnetron as, for example, the time for VC formation; change in VC position when electrons deposit onto the anode; the VC position when the plane of injection is absent, but a source of electrons is outside the magnetron; and others. We study these problems using the particle-in-cell (PIC) code MAGIC.
Combinatorial Fine-Tuning of GNA1 and GlmS Expression by 5’-Terminus Fusion Engineering Leads to Overproduction of N-Acetylglucosamine in<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2018)

Glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA1) that catalyzes acetyl transfer from acetyl-coenzyme A to glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6P), and glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GlmS) that catalyzes the formation of GlcN-6P from fructose-6-phosphate (Fru-6P), are two key enzymes in Bacillus subtilis for the bioproduction of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a nutraceutical that has various applications in healthcare. In this study, the expression of GNA1 and GlmS is fine-tuned by 5'-terminus fusion engineering to improve GlcNAc production. Specifically, the expression level of GNA1 is enhanced at the translational level via fusion of an epitope tag to the 5'-terminus of GNA1 gene and ribosome binding site (RBS) sequence engineering. Next, enhanced expression of GlmS is achieved at the transcriptional and translational levels by fusing an mRNA stabilizer to the 5'-terminus of GlmS gene. Under the control of GNA1 (fusion with cMyc tag and with the optimum RBS M-Rm) and GlmS (fusion with mRNA stabilizer ΔermC+14/7A), the GlcNAc titer and yield in the shake flask increase to 18.5 g L<sup>-1</sup> and 0.37 g GlcNAc/g glucose, which are 2.9-fold and 2.3-fold that of the control, respectively. This synthetic pathway fine-tuning method at the transcriptional and translational levels by combinatorial modulation of regulatory elements, including epitope tag, RBS sequence, and mRNA stabilizer, might represent a general and effective approach for the construction of microbial cell factories.
Efficient mid-infrared laser using 19-µm-pumped Ho:YAG and ZnGeP_2 optical parametric oscillators (2000)

We report >4.2-W mid-infrared (mid-IR) output (3.8 and 4.65 µm) and >2.1 W at 3.5 µm in ZnGeP2 (ZGP) optical parametric oscillators (OPO) pumped by a holmium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) laser, directly pumped by a diode-pumped 1.9-µm thulium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Tm:YLF) laser. Optical-to-optical efficiency achieved is >7.2% (laser diode to mid-IR). In addition, a Ho:YAG-pumped ZGP OPO operation is achieved over a Ho:YAG temperature range of 80 °C at the 8-W (Ho:YAG) and 3-W (ZGP OPO) power levels.
Variable transmission lines: Structure and compact modeling (2011)

The concept of Variable Transmission Lines (VTL) offers digital tuning of transmission line characteristics to compensate for process variations and parasitic modeling uncertainties. VTL structures and models enabling robust silicon-based millimeter-wave IC design are proposed along with a compact model for their efficient simulation. The developed compact models have been successfully integrated into a standard silicon-foundry design kit to enable, for the first time, circuit-level simulations with parametric VTL. Several VTL evaluation structures have been fabricated in IBM 32nm CMOS SOI technology. Measurement results up to 65GHz are presented to evaluate the proposed structures and their models.
Poly(ethylene glycol) Transport Forms of Vancomycin:  A Long-Lived Continuous Release Delivery System (2003)

The facile reaction of vancomycin with various PEG linkers, at the V(3) position, has been selectively accomplished by using an excess of base in DMF. Using rPEG as a blocking group for V(3) provides crystalline derivatives that can be further PEGylated to give pure V(3)-X(1) latentiated species (transport forms). V(3) tetrameric species were also prepared in order to increase the loading of drug on PEG. All PEG-vancomycin transport forms show significant antibacterial activity that is on the same order of native vancomycin. Significant increases in the AUC were observed for all PEG-vancomycin conjugates thus making them potential single dose therapies.
Exercise Intensity-Driven Level Design (2018)

Games and experiences designed for virtual or augmented reality usually require the player to move physically to play. This poses substantial challenge for level designers because the player's physical experience in a level will need to be considered, otherwise the level may turn out to be too exhausting or not challenging enough. This paper presents a novel approach to optimize level designs by considering the physical challenge imposed upon the player in completing a level of motion-based games. A game level is represented as an assembly of chunks characterized by the exercise intensity levels they impose on players. We formulate game level synthesis as an optimization problem, where the chunks are assembled in a way to achieve an optimized level of intensity. To allow the synthesis of game levels of varying lengths, we solve the trans-dimensional optimization problem with a Reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. We demonstrate that our approach can be applied to generate game levels for s of motion-based virtual reality games. A user evaluation validates the effectiveness of our approach in generating levels with the desired amount of physical challenge.
ECG‐optimized phase contrast line‐scanned MR angiography (1992)

We describe a rapid phase contrast line scan MR angiographic imaging technique. A projection angiogram is obtained by sequentially imaging a series of thin slices oriented perpendicular to the primary flow direction. Bipolar gradient subtraction is employed to suppress signal from static tissues, which in turn allows elimination of phase encoding in the depth dimension. The sequence is cardiac gated to improve image quality and to allow observation of hemodynamics. To further improve image quality, the amplitude of the bipolar gradient is altered throughout the cardiac cycle to provide maximum vessel signal at all cardiac phases. The ECG-gated phase contrast line scan sequence has been used to image regions where cardiac pulsatility and respiratory motion compromise the quality of images obtained using standard spin warp angiographic methods.
Luminescent Solar Concentrator Daylighting (1984)

Various systems that offer potential solutions to the problem of interior daylighting have been discussed in the literature. Virtually all of these systems rely on some method of tracking the sun along its azimuth and elevation, i.e., direct imaging of the solar disk. A simpler approach, however, involves a nontracking nonimaging device that effectively eliminates moving parts and accepts both the diffuse and direct components of solar radiation. Such an approach is based on a system that combines in a common luminaire the light emitted by luminescent solar concentrators (LSC), of the three primary colors, with a highly efficient artificial point source (HID metal halide) that automatically compensates for fluctuations in the LSC array via a daylight sensor and dimming ballast. A preliminary analysis suggests that this system could supply 90% of the lighting requirement, over the course of an 8 hour day, strictly from the daylight component under typical insolation con-ditions in the Southwest United States. In office buildings alone, the total aggregate energy savings may approach a half a quad annually. This indicates a very good potential for the realization of substantial savings in building electric energy consumption.
Dual wavelength full field imaging in low coherence digital holographic microscopy (2011)

A diffractive optical element (DOE) is presented to simultaneously manipulate the coherence plane tilt of a beam containing a plurality of discrete wavelengths. The DOE is inserted into the reference arm of an off-axis dual wavelength low coherence digital holographic microscope (DHM) to provide a coherence plane tilt so that interference with the object beam generates fringes over the full detector area. The DOE maintains the propagation direction of the reference beam and thus it can be inserted in-line in existing DHM set-ups. We demonstrate full field imaging in a reflection commercial DHM with two wavelengths, 685 nm and 794 nm, resulting in an unambiguous range of 2.494 micrometers.
Controlled and Tunable Biomimetic Apatite Mineralization of Synthetic Hydrogels (2016)

There has been much work examining bioinspired mineralization of polymeric hydrogels with calcium phosphates, yet a systematic method for the predictable and tunable synthesis of biomimetic apatites is yet to be developed. Here, a method for the selective mineralization of substituted apatite composite hydrogels where the incorporated mineral phase is formed as a result of a chemical reaction within the hydrogel matrix is presented. Mineralized hydrogels are prepared by precipitating the apatite precursor phase dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) in a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution, which is then crosslinked into a composite hydrogel by cyclic freeze/thawing. The encapsulated DCPD is hydrolyzed to apatite by immersion in buffers at 37 °C. Tuning the pH (7.4, 9) and ionic composition (CO 3 2− , F − ) of the buffer influence the morphology and chemical composition of the apatite product. The incorporated calcium phosphate polymorph is monitored by X‐ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance‐fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), and scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray. The apatite–PVA hydrogels promote cellular adhesion and viability. The method developed here demonstrates diffusion‐mediated transformation of a calcium phosphate precursor phase within a hydrogel matrix to various substituted apatites in a selective and predictable manner. image
Vertically rippled flat coil configuration for SMES (1993)

A novel vertically rippled flat coil design concept for superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) is presented. The coil consists of two or more horizontal layers that are rippled in the vertical direction. The thermal strains of the coil are accommodated by vertical bending and the magnetic forces are taken up by radial bending. The coil is very stiff in the radial direction to transfer magnetic forces to the external warm structure, which causes very small structure bending stresses and results in essentially a strain-free conductor during operation. The vertically rippled coil is very flexible in the vertical direction and accommodates large thermal strains occurring during a cool-down or warm-up process with only small stresses. The impact of this concept upon the SMES design is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conducting Poly(anilineboronic acid) Nanostructures: Controlled Synthesis and Characterization (2008)

Abstract Self‐doped poly(anilineboronic acid) (PABA) nanostructures have been prepared by chemical polymerization in an aqueous acid solution and aliphatic alcohols. In aliphatic alcohols, PABA is soluble under the polymerization conditions. According to 11 B NMR studies, the formation of anionic tetrahedral boronate ester in aliphatic alcohols in the presence of fluoride forms the basis of self‐doped, soluble PABA. Transmission electron microscope images show the formation of nanostructures with different shapes and forms in different solvents after precipitation of the polymer as a result of ion exchange in the presence of 0.5 M HCl. The spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric results confirm the formation of conducting PABA nanostructures in high yield. The conductivity of PABA thin films made from the nanostructures prepared in aqueous acid, methanol, ethanol and 1‐propanol is approximately 15 and 3.0, 2.1 and 1.9 S · cm −1 , respectively. The conducting PABA nanostructures are processable since they are easily re‐dispersed in the various solvents up to approximately 5 mg · mL −1 . UV‐vis kinetic measurements, XPS and 11 B NMR results suggest that the formation of various nanostructures is influenced by the polymerization rate, the degree of self‐doping versus external doping, and the polarity of the solvents used. The PABA nanostructured films produced from these structures exhibit enhanced redox stability in a wider potential window in non‐aqueous media compared to polyaniline due to formation of six‐member heterocyclic complexes containing a boron‐imine dative bond resulting in a self‐doped self‐cross‐linked polymer. The degree of crosslinking depends on the nature of nanostructures. In non‐aqueous media, the self‐doped, self‐cross‐linked PABA nanostructured films are much less susceptible to cathodic and anodic degradation at extreme potentials, overcoming a major limitation of more common conducting polymers. magnified image
Direct Imprinted Gratings on Nanoporous Gold as Effective SERS Substrates (2011)

We demonstrate large area arrays of patterned nanoporous gold as effective surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) templates by using a direct imprinting process. The resulting substrates exhibit a 107 SERS enhancement factor for adsorbed benzenethiol.
Surface acoustic device having multistrip coupler comprised of alternate coupled and uncoupled strips (1986)

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Laser Damage Resistance of Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass Bragg Gratings (2004)

Thick Bragg gratings recorded in the volume of photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass have found wide application in high-power laser beam control. They have been successfully used for spectral beam combining, angular magnifying for beam scanning, selection of transverse and longitudinal modes in laser resonators etc. Laser damage was studied in PTR glass blanks and gratings fabricated under different conditions. No threshold reduction was found after grating recording in PTR glass. The laser damage threshold of a volume Bragg grating for a single mode 1 ns pulse at 1054 nm focused on inclusions was 7 J/cm 2 , while irradiation of inclusion-free sites resulted in surface damage at 20 J/cm 2 . N-on-1 laser damage tests 1 for 10 Hz repetition rate 1064 nm multimode 8 ns pulses focused to a 78 µm diameter spot have shown a 32 J/cm 2 threshold for a Pt-melted sample with detected inclusions, and a surface damage threshold greater than 42 J/cm 2 for a sample with no detected Pt-inclusions.
Syntheses and Structural Studies of Functional Fullerenes (2007)

This review article describes recent developments in the studies of syntheses, structures, and properties of functional fullerene derivatives, including metal-fullerene complexes, hoop-shaped cyclic π-electron conjugated systems, and shuttlecock-shaped fullerene-containing liquid crystalline molecules. Electrochemistry, photophysics, luminescence, and supramolecular behaviors of these materials from the point of view of structural chemistry, are described.