gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Routes of influenza transmission (2013)

Remarkably little is known definitively about the modes of influenza transmission. Thus, important health policy and infection control issues remain unresolved. These shortcomings have been exposed in national and international pandemic preparedness activities over recent years. Indeed, WHO, CDC, ECDC and the U.S. Institute of Medicine have prioritised understanding the modes of influenza transmission as a critical need for pandemic planning. Studying influenza transmission is difficult; seasonality, unpredictable attack rates, role of environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity, numbers of participants required and confounding variables all present considerable obstacles to the execution of definitive studies. A range of investigations performed to date have failed to provide definitive answers and key questions remain. Reasons for this include the fact that many studies have not sought to investigate routes of transmission as a primary objective (instead, they have evaluated specific interventions) and that fieldwork in natural settings, specifically assessing the dynamics and determinants of transmission between humans, has been limited. The available evidence suggests that all routes of transmission (droplet, aerosol and contact) have a role to play; their relative significance will depend on the set of circumstances acting at a given time. Dictating the process are factors related to the virus itself, the host and the environment.
HyperLex: A Large-Scale Evaluation of Graded Lexical Entailment (2017)

We introduce HyperLex—a data set and evaluation resource that quantifies the extent of the semantic category membership, that is, type-of relation, also known as hyponymy–hypernymy or lexical entailment (LE) relation between 2,616 concept pairs. Cognitive psychology research has established that typicality and category/class membership are computed in human semantic memory as a gradual rather than binary relation. Nevertheless, most NLP research and existing large-scale inventories of concept category membership (WordNet, DBPedia, etc.) treat category membership and LE as binary. To address this, we asked hundreds of native English speakers to indicate typicality and strength of category membership between a diverse range of concept pairs on a crowdsourcing platform. Our results confirm that category membership and LE are indeed more gradual than binary. We then compare these human judgments with the predictions of automatic systems, which reveals a huge gap between human performance and state-of-the-art LE, distributional and representation learning models, and substantial differences between the models themselves. We discuss a pathway for improving semantic models to overcome this discrepancy, and indicate future application areas for improved graded LE systems.
High accuracy magnetic field measurements with a Hall probe (1999)

A silicon-based temperature stabilized axial Hall probe with an absolute accuracy of ±40 ppm in the full range between 0 and 6 T is presented. The absolute calibration of the probe is performed against a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. The application of the probe to a magnetic field profile of a 5 T superconducting magnet system, with field gradients as high as 30 T/m, reaching an overall accuracy of better than ±100 ppm, is demonstrated. In addition to the high absolute accuracy, this Hall probe allows high spatial resolution measurements of inhomogeneous fields in configurations where present NMR probes are not usable.
Second harmonic generation in collagen (1979)

Ordered collagen in native, intact rat tail tendon has been studied by means of optical second harmonic generation (SHG). The two independent hyperpolarizability tensor elements of the collagen molecule, β3 and β1, have been found to be of opposite sign and roughly equal in absolute magnitude. Evidence is presented for a systematic variation in the ratio β3/β1 with age which may reflect the effects of progressive cross linking. Our experimental findings are in reasonably good agreement with a simple theory constructed on the basis of current models of the tendon structure, and thereby confirm this structure in the native, intact tissue. The many advantages of SHG for the structural study of intact partially ordered biological tissues are outlined.
Fast intra-mode decision using inter-frame correlation for H.264/AVC (2008)

The H.264/AVC standard achieves higher coding efficiency than the previous video coding standards with the rate-distortion optimization (RDO) technique which selects the best coding mode and the reference frame for each macroblock (MB). As a result, the complexity and computational load have been significantly increased. In this paper, a novel fast intra-mode decision algorithm is proposed to reduce the complexity of the video compression, which is based on the MBpsilas stationary property and the relationship of the selected modes among adjacent pictures. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the speed of an intra prediction with almost zero degradation in terms of the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and generated bits.
Colonising new frontiers—microarrays reveal biofilm modulating polymers (2010)

Polymer microarrays provide an innovative approach to identify materials with novel bacterial binding or repellent properties which could subsequently be used in a variety of practical applications. Here, we report a polymer microarray screen of hundreds of synthetic polymers to identify those which either selectively capture the major food-borne pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), or prevent its binding. A parallel study with a lab strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is also reported; revealing polymers which either display a common binding activity or which exhibit species discrimination. Moreover, substrates were also uncovered which showed no binding of either organism, even when cultured at high density. The correlation between polymer structure and microbial-modulating behaviour was analysed further, while SEM analysis allowed visualization of the detailed interactions between surface and bacteria. Such polymers offer many new opportunities for bacterial enrichment or surface repulsion, in cleaning materials, as surface coatings for use in the food production industry or as a “bacterial scavenger” resin.
Height and Leveling Control of Automotive Air Suspension System Using Sliding Mode Approach (2011)

Electronically controlled air suspension systems have been used in vehicles to improve ride comfort and handling safety by adjusting vehicle height. This paper proposes a new nonlinear controller to adjust the height of the vehicle sprung mass (height control) and to regulate the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body (leveling control) by an air suspension system. A sliding mode control algorithm is designed to improve the tracking accuracy of the control and to overcome nonlinearities and uncertainties in the air suspension system. A mathematical model of the air suspension system is formulated in a nonlinear affine form to describe the dynamic behavior of the system and to derive the control algorithm. The sliding mode observer is also designed to estimate the pressures inside four air springs. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed control algorithm are verified by simulations and actual vehicle tests.
Magnetic properties of polymer bonded nanocrystalline powder (2007)

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to develop a dielectromagnetic based on nanocrystalline Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 powder bonded with organo-silicon polymer and to investigate the powder particle size and content of polymer response of the magnetic properties. Design/methodology/approach: The dynamic magnetic properties at the frequency range from 50 Hz up to 100 kHz of nanocrystalline iron based powder cores were measured using computerized hysteresis loop tracer Remacomp C-100 and Ferrometr device. Findings: It was found from the experimental studies, that nanocrystalline powder cores proved to be suitable for high frequency applications. Their frequency dependences are comparable to that of carbonyl iron powder cores but shows smaller power losses. Research limitations/implications: Further studies should be undertaken in order to produce high density composites with good soft magnetic properties and to find a good compromise between mechanical and magnetic properties for power electronics applications. Practical implications: Developed nanocrystalline powder cores with permeability’s below 100 are potential candidates for a variety of industrial applications, such as electromagnetic interference filters, radio frequency coupling devices, filter inductors and radio frequency tuning cores. Originality/value: Soft magnetic materials have recently regained interest as inductive component which is a result of better raw materials, more developed technologies and a need for the materials from electrical micromotors and low power motors for automation, robotics and other equipments. The present study complements and extends earlier investigations of polymer bonded powders.
Crowd-Pleaser (2016)

Multiplayer Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment (MDDA) features are becoming increasingly common in competitive multiplayer video games as a means to balance challenge between differently-skilled players. However, without a thorough understanding of how MDDA design is perceived by players, it is difficult to predict how players may feel about its use. A mixed-methods approach combining an online survey and interviews was conducted with multiplayer game players to investigate player expectations regarding the effect of different components and attributes from the MDDA Framework on the play experience. As well as highlighting similarities and conflicts between the perspectives of low and high-performing players, patterns emerged demonstrating that players value control, personal benefit and awareness of MDDA use. Along with additional design considerations suggested, this led to the refinement of the MDDA Framework through the introduction of an "Awareness" component.
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Disease and Cancer: A Review (2014)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), highly reactive molecules, are produced by living organisms as a result of normal cellular metabolism and environmental factors, and can damage nucleic acids and proteins, thereby altering their functions. The human body has several mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress by producing antioxidants. A shift in the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants is termed as "oxidative stress". Paradoxically, there is a large body of research demonstrating the general effect of oxidative stress on signaling pathways, less is known about the initial and direct regulation of signaling molecules by ROS, or what we term the "oxidative interface." This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which ROS directly interact with critical signaling molecules to initiate signaling in a broad variety of cellular processes, such as proliferation and survival (MAP kinases and PI3 kinase), ROS homeostasis, and antioxidant gene regulation (Ref-1 and Nrf-2). This review also deals with classification as well as mechanisms of formation of free radicals, examining their beneficial and deleterious effects on cellular activities and focusing on the potential role of antioxidants in preventing and repairing damage caused by oxidative stress. A discussion of the role of phytochemical antioxidants in oxidative stress, disease and the epigenome is included.
Introduction to Accounting Management (2000)

The field of Accounting Management is concerned with the collection of resource consumption data for the purposes of capacity and trend analysis, cost allocation, auditing, and billing. This document describes each of these problems, and discusses the issues involved in design of modern accounting systems.
Issues and approaches of database integration (1998)

In many large companies the widespread usage of computers has led a number of different application-specific databases to be installed. As company structures evolve, boundaries between departments move, creating new business units. Their new applications will use existing data from various data stores, rather than new data entering the organization. Henceforth, the ability to make data stores interoperable becomes a crucial factor for the development of new information systems.
Active Efflux System for Cisplatin in Cisplatin‐resistant Human KB Cells (1994)

Mutants, KCP-4 and PC-5, resistant to an anticancer agent, cisplatin, were selected in multiple steps from human epidermoid KB carcinoma cells and human prostate PC-3 carcinoma cells, respectively. KCP-4 and PC-5 were 63 and 10 fold more resistant to cisplatin than the parental cells, respectively. KCP-4 cells exhibited increased resistance to cisplatin analogues and were also slightly cross-resistant to melphalan, cyclophosphamide, mitomycin C and methotrexate. KCP-4 cells were not cross-resistant to doxorubicin, daunorubicin, vincristine or CdSO4. The accumulations of cisplatin in KCP-4 cells and PC-5 in medium containing 50 microM cisplatin were approximately 20% of those in the parental cells. Revertant analysis suggested that a defect in cisplatin accumulation may be related to cisplatin resistance in PC-5 cells. The uncoupling agent of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol, increased the accumulation of cisplatin in KCP-4 and cisplatin-resistant human prostate carcinoma PC-5 cells to nearly the same level as in their parental KB-3-1 and human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells without 2,4-dinitrophenol, but did not increase accumulation in KB-3-1 and PC-3 cells. Addition of glucose in the medium inhibited the enhancement of cisplatin accumulation in KCP-4 cells by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Enhanced active efflux of cisplatin from KCP-4 cells was observed. A cell-cell hybridization test showed that the cisplatin resistance and the accumulation defect behaved as codominant traits. These data suggest that an active efflux system for cisplatin exists in cisplatin-resistant KCP-4 cells.
Neurotrophic Activity of Neudesin, a Novel Extracellular Heme-binding Protein, Is Dependent on the Binding of Heme to Its Cytochrome b5-like Heme/Steroid-binding Domain (2007)

Neudesin is a secreted protein with neurotrophic activity in neurons and undifferentiated neural cells. We report here that neudesin is an extracellular heme-binding protein and that its neurotrophic activity is dependent on the binding of heme to its cytochrome b(5)-like heme/steroid-binding domain. At first, we found that at least a portion of the purified recombinant neudesin appeared to bind hemin because the purified neudesin solution was tinged with green and had a sharp absorbance peak at 402 nm. The addition of exogenous hemin extensively increased the amount of hemin-bound neudesin. In contrast, neudesinDeltaHBD, a mutant lacking the heme-binding domain, could not bind hemin. The neurotrophic activity of the recombinant neudesin that bound exogenous hemin (neudesin-hemin) was significantly greater than that of the recombinant neudesin in either primary cultured neurons or Neuro2a cells, suggesting that the activity of neudesin depends on hemin. The neurotrophic activity of neudesin was enhanced by the binding of Fe(III)-protoporphyrin IX, but neither Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX nor protoporphyrin IX alone. The inhibition of endogenous neudesin by RNA interference significantly decreased cell survival in Neuro2a cells. This indicates that endogenous neudesin possibly contains hemin. The experiment with anti-neudesin antibody suggested that the endogenous neudesin detected in the culture medium of Neuro2a cells was associated with hemin because it was not retained on a heme-affinity column at all. Neudesin is the first extracellular heme-binding protein that shows signal transducing activity by itself. The present findings may shed new light on the function of extracellular heme-binding proteins.
Oncogenes, growth factors, and autoimmune diseases (review). (1991)

Autoimmune diseases are benign proliferative diseases characterized by the expansion and activation of the autoreactive immune cells and the proliferation of connective tissue elements. Because both cytokines and oncogenes products are necessary for expansion of immune cells, it is possible that inappropriate activation of oncogenes might influence cytokine and lymphokine secretion as well as the expression of immune response genes necessary for the development of autoimmunity in a susceptible individual. At least four gene families of the immune system are involved in the induction and perpetuation of autoimmunity: 1) genes associated with the major histocompatibility complex, 2) germline immunoglobulin genes, 3) T cell receptor genes, and 4) complement genes. The hypothetical genetic locus responsible for the induction of autoimmunity is the "rheumogene". Oncogenes are obvious candidates for rheumogenes and activation of such genes may be necessary for the development of autoimmunity. Certain protooncogenes are activated in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, progressive systemic sclerosis, and dermatomyositis, supporting this hypothesis. However, the activation of oncogenes in autoimmunity is not associated with gene translocation, deletions, point mutations, loss of regulatory sequences, or amplification, indicating that autoimmunity involves different mechanisms of oncogene activation than do many malignancies. Oncogene expression in autoimmune diseases tends to mimic the expression of oncogenes in normal activated lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Rheumogenes, if they exist, may be disordered regulatory genes which suppress or enhance the expression of cellular oncogenes in a non-malignant fashion. The existence of regulator gene demethylation and the presence of DNA-binding proteins specific for oncogene regulator sequences provide support for the concept of that regulator gene dysfunction, rather than oncogene activation per se is the more primary event in autoimmune diseases.
A HYBRID APPROACH FOR REDUCING DOWNTIME, MIGRATION TIME AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF LIVE VM MIGRATION. (2017)

In this paper we discuss a hybrid approach of live VM migration that evaluates the hosts across the LAN. Here the best of both Pre and post copy methods are to be evaluated using the hybrid approach. Later the pre copy approach used, spawn the VM on destination host after that CPU state and memory is transferred and after transferring processor state the opposite work has to be done. In our approach we used checkpoint mechanism for recovery of page faults occurs over the network while transferring the data over the VM. We propose a method that uses hybrid approach of live VM migration with addition a new data recovery mechanism. This recovery mechanism utilizes checkpoint and also in this the load balancing on individual machine has been done. In results 20% to 30% improvement has been seen and also it is better implementation over pre and post copy mechanism.
Ytterbium-doped large-core fiber laser with 1 kW continuous-wave output power (2004)

We demonstrate a highly efficient cladding-pumped ytterbium-doped fiber laser. It generated up to 1 kW of continuous-wave output power at 1.1μm with 80% slope efficiency and a good beam quality, when end-pumped through both fiber ends.
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of green chemistry (2021)

This research could provide a guideline for implementing green chemistry principles into spent LIBs recycling.
Antioxidant activity of phenols related to vitamin E. Are there chain-breaking antioxidants better than .alpha.-tocopherol? (1983)

Peer reviewed: Yes
Progressive increases in the methylation status and heterochromatinization of the myoD CpG island during oncogenic transformation. (1994)

Alterations in DNA methylation patterns are one of the earliest and most common events in tumorigenesis. Overall levels of genomic methylation often decrease during transformation, but localized regions of increased methylation have been observed in the same tumors. We have examined changes in the methylation status of the muscle determination gene myoD, which contains a CpG island, as a function of oncogenic transformation. This CpG island underwent de novo methylation during immortalization of 10T1/2 cells, and progressively more sites became methylated during the subsequent transformation of the cells to oncogenicity. The greatest increase in methylation occurred in the middle of the CpG island in exon 1 during transformation. Interestingly, no methylation was apparent in the putative promoter of myoD in either the 10T1/2 cell line or its transformed derivative. The large number of sites in the CpG island that became methylated during transformation was correlated with heterochromatinization of myoD as evidenced by a decreased sensitivity to cleavage of DNA in nuclei by MspI. A site in the putative promoter also became insensitive to MspI digestion in nuclei, suggesting that the chromatin structural changes extended beyond the areas of de novo methylation. Unlike Lyonized genes on the inactive X chromosome, whose timing of replication is shifted to late S phase, myoD replicated early in S phase in the transformed cell line. Methylation analysis of myoD in DNAs from several human tumors, which presumably do not express the gene, showed that hypermethylation also frequently occurs during carcinogenesis in vivo. Thus, the progressive increase in methylation of myoD during immortalization and transformation coinciding with a change in chromatin structure, as illustrated by the in vitro tumorigenic model, may represent a common mechanism in carcinogenesis for permanently silencing the expression of genes which can influence cell growth and differentiation.
Combinatorial color arrays based on optical micro-resonators in monolithic architecture (2014)

We demonstrate two types of combinatorial color arrays based on the Fabry-Perot (FP) micro-resonators in monolithic architecture. Optical micro-resonators corresponding to color elements are constructed using a soluble dielectric material between two transreflective layers by transfer-printing in either a pattern-by-pattern or a pattern-on-pattern fashion. The color palette depends primarily on the thickness and the refractive index of a dielectric material embedded in the micro-resonator. A self-defined lateral gap between two adjacent color elements provides the functionality of light-blocking by the underlying background layer. A prototype of a liquid crystal display incorporated with our combinatorial color array is also demonstrated. This monolithic integration of different FP micro-resonators leads to a versatile platform to build up a new class of color arrays for a variety of visual applications including displays and coloration devices.
Surface enhancement using real-time photometric stereo and reflectance transformation (2006)

Photometric stereo recovers per-pixel estimates of surface orientation from images of a surface under varying lighting conditions. Transforming reflectance based on recovered normal directions is useful for enhancing the appearance of subtle surface detail. We present the first system that achieves real-time photometric stereo and reflectance transformation. A high-speed video camera, computer controlled light sources and fast GPU implementations of the algorithms enable both methods. We also present novel GPU-accelerated normal transformations before relighting that amplify shape detail. By applying standard image processing methods to our computed normal image, we can selectively enhance surface detail at different frequencies. Our system allows users in fields such as forensics, archeology and dermatology to investigate objects and surfaces by simply holding them in front of the camera. Real-time analysis of surface roughness for metrology can also be performed from the extracted normal field.