gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Implementation of the Control System for a 2 kHz Rotary Fast Tool Servo (2004)

This paper presents a summary of the performance of our 2 kHz rotary fast tool servo and an overview of its control systems. We also discuss the loop shaping techniques used to design the power amplifier current control loop and the implementation of that controller in an op-amp circuit. The design and development of the control system involved a long list of items including: current compensation; tool position compensation; notch filter design and phase stabilizing with an additional pole for a plant with an undamped resonance; adding viscous damping to the fast tool servo; voltage budget for driving real and reactive loads; dealing with unwanted oscillators; ground loops; digital-to-analog converter glitches; electrical noise from the spindle motor switching power supply; and filtering the spindle encoder signal to generate smooth tool tip trajectories. Eventually, all of these topics will be discussed in detail in a Ph.D. thesis that will include this work. For the purposes of this paper, rather than present a diluted discussion that attempts to touch on all of these topics, we will focus on the first item with sufficient detail for providing insight into the design process.
TU‐F‐17A‐04: Respiratory Phase‐Resolved 3D MRI with Isotropic High Spatial Resolution: Determination of the Average Breathing Motion Pattern for Abdominal Radiotherapy Planning (2014)

Purpose: To develop a retrospective 4D‐MRI technique (respiratory phase‐resolved 3D‐MRI) for providing an accurate assessment of tumor motion secondary to respiration. Methods: A 3D projection reconstruction (PR) sequence with self‐gating (SG) was developed for 4D‐MRI on a 3.0T MRI scanner. The respiration‐induced shift of the imaging target was recorded by SG signals acquired in the superior‐inferior direction every 15 radial projections (i.e. temporal resolution 98 ms). A total of 73000 radial projections obtained in 8‐min were retrospectively sorted into 10 time‐domain evenly distributed respiratory phases based on the SG information. Ten 3D image sets were then reconstructed offline. The technique was validated on a motion phantom (gadolinium‐doped water‐filled box, frequency of 10 and 18 cycles/min) and humans (4 healthy and 2 patients with liver tumors). Imaging protocol included 8‐min 4D‐MRI followed by 1‐min 2D‐realtime (498 ms/frame) MRI as a reference. Results: The multiphase 3D image sets with isotropic high spatial resolution (1.56 mm) permits flexible image reformatting and visualization. No intra‐phase motion‐induced blurring was observed. Comparing to 2D‐realtime, 4D‐MRI yielded similar motion range (phantom: 10.46 vs. 11.27 mm; healthy subject: 25.20 vs. 17.9 mm; patient: 11.38 vs. 9.30 mm), reasonable displacement difference averaged over the 10 phases (0.74mm; 3.63mm; 1.65mm), and excellent cross‐correlation (0.98; 0.96; 0.94) between the two displacement series. Conclusion: Our preliminary study has demonstrated that the 4D‐MRI technique can provide high‐quality respiratory phase‐resolved 3D images that feature: a) isotropic high spatial resolution, b) a fixed scan time of 8 minutes, c) an accurate estimate of average motion pattern, and d) minimal intra‐phase motion artifact. This approach has the potential to become a viable alternative solution to assess the impact of breathing on tumor motion and determine appropriate treatment margins. Comparison with 4D‐CT in a clinical setting is warranted to assess the value of 4D‐MRI in radiotherapy planning. This work supported in part by grant 1R03CA173273‐01
Toward 3D dosimetry of intensity modulated radiation therapy treatments with plastic scintillation detectors (2010)

In this work, we present a novel two Dimensional Plastic Scintillation Detector (2D-PSD) array designed to measure dose distributions generated by high energy photon beams from medical linear accelerators. This study aim to demonstrate that the dose distribution in the irradiated volume is not modified by the presence of several hundred plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs). The 2D-PSD consists of 781 PSDs inserted in a plastic water slab. The dose distributions measured with the 2D-PSD were compared to calculations from a treatment planning system (Pinnacle3, Philips Medical Systems) and with measurements taken with an ionization chambers array (MatriXX Evolution, IBA Dosimetry). Furthermore, a clinical head and neck IMRT plan was delivered on the 2D-PSD. A good agreement is obtained between the measured and planned dose distributions. The results show that the 2D arrangement presented in this work is water equivalent and transparent to x-ray radiation. As a consequence, our design could be extended to multiple detection planes, opening the possibility for 3D dosimetry with PSDs.
High voltage, fast rise nanosecond pulsers (2016)

Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. (EHT) has developed a series of high voltage nanosecond pulsers that allow the user to independently adjust the output voltage, pulse width, and pulse repetition frequency. Recent results demonstrate the ability to produce 80 kV pulses with rise times down to 18 ns and a full width half maximum (FWHM) pulse width down to 20 ns. Additionally, versions of these pulsers have the capability to drive low impedance loads (25 Ω) with 11 ns rise time. These pulsers have been used for non-equilibrium plasma production for surface sterilization, surface modification, nonlinear transmission driving for high power microwave production, as well as other aerospace and biomedical applications.
Retargeting Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein Pseudotyped Lentiviral Vectors with Enhanced Stability by <i>In Situ</i> Synthesized Polymer Shell (2013)

The ability to introduce transgenes with precise specificity to the desired target cells or tissues is key to a more facile application of genetic therapy. Here, we describe a novel method using nanotechnology to generate lentiviral vectors with altered recognition of host cell receptor specificity. Briefly, the infectivity of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped lentiviral vectors was shielded by a thin polymer shell synthesized in situ onto the viral envelope, and new binding ability was conferred to the shielded virus by introducing acrylamide-tailored cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) peptide to the polymer shell. We termed the resulting virus "targeting nanovirus." The targeting nanovirus had similar titer with VSV-G pseudotypes and specifically transduced Hela cells with high transduction efficiency. In addition, the encapsulation of the VSV-G pseudotyped lentivirus by the polymer shell did not change the pathway that VSV-G pseudotypes enter and fuse with cells, as well as later events such as reverse transcription and gene expression. Furthermore, the targeting nanovirus possessed enhanced stability in the presence of human serum, indicating protection of the virus by the polymer shell from human serum complement inactivation. This novel use of nanotechnology demonstrates proof of concept for an approach that could be more generally applied for redirecting viral vectors for laboratory and clinical purposes.
Increased real contact in thermal interfaces: A carbon nanotube/foil material (2007)

The thermal performance of an interface material comprised of a metal foil with dense, vertically oriented carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays synthesized on both of its surfaces is characterized for rough and smooth interfaces. The CNT/foil deforms in the interfaces by two mechanisms, CNT deformation and foil deformation, that may significantly increase the number of CNT contact spots on both sides of the foil. As a result, thermal interface resistances less than 10mm2K∕W are achieved at moderate pressures and compare very favorably to alternative interface materials and structures.
Abstract A125: Silencing Stat3 signaling in human cancers: Identifying potent small molecule inhibitors of Stat3 function. (2011)

Abstract Stat3 is essential for transducing signals from extracellular stimuli, but also functions as a nuclear transcription factor required for regulating genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and invasion, in addition to genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. In contrast to the transient nature of Stat3 activation in normal cells, many human cancers, including breast, prostate, ovarian, brain and multiple myeloma (MM) harbor constitutive Stat3 activity. Stat3 downstream target genes are critical to the dysregulated biological processes that promote tumor cell growth, survival and induce chemoresistance, thus targeting Stat3 signaling represents an important therapeutic target in cancer therapy. We have rationally designed and developed Stat3 inhibitors that disrupt transcriptionaly active Stat3-Stat3 homo-dimers, suppress Stat3 activation (phosphorylation), inhibit Stat3-target gene expression (c-Myc, Bcl-xL, survivin) and potently induce apoptosis in tumor cells harboring aberrant Stat3 activity. Moreover, lead compound BP-1–102, a salicylic acid containing small molecule, induced strong antitumor effects on human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) xenografts and in MM preclinical tumor models. Most notably, given via oral gavage, BP-1–102 strongly inhibited the growth of human breast tumor xenografts, identifying it as a most potent orally bioavailable Stat3-targeting inhibitor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A125.
A Family of Human β3-Galactosyltransferases (1998)

BLAST analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) using the coding sequence of a human UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine beta-1, 3-galactosyltransferase, designated beta3Gal-T1, revealed no ESTs with identical sequences but a large number with similarity. Three different sets of overlapping ESTs with sequence similarities to beta3Gal-T1 were compiled, and complete coding regions of these genes were obtained. Expression of two of these genes in the Baculo virus system showed that one represented a UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine beta-1, 3-galactosyltransferase (beta3Gal-T2) with similar kinetic properties as beta3Gal-T1. Another gene represented a UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetyl-galactosamine beta-1, 3-galactosyltransferase (beta3Gal-T4) involved in GM1/GD1 ganglioside synthesis, and this gene was highly similar to a recently reported rat GD1 synthase (Miyazaki, H., Fukumoto, S., Okada, M., Hasegawa, T., and Furukawa, K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24794-24799). Northern analysis of mRNA from human organs with the four homologous cDNA revealed different expression patterns. beta3Gal-T1 mRNA was expressed in brain, beta3Gal-T2 was expressed in brain and heart, and beta3Gal-T3 and -T4 were more widely expressed. The coding regions for each of the four genes were contained in single exons. beta3Gal-T2, -T3, and -T4 were localized to 1q31, 3q25, and 6p21.3, respectively, by EST mapping. The results demonstrate the existence of a family of homologous beta3-galactosyltransferase genes.
Receiver Would Control Phasing of a Phased-Array Antenna (2006)

In a proposed digital signal-processing technique, a radio receiver would control the phasing of a phased-array antenna to aim the peaks of the antenna radiation pattern toward desired signal sources while aiming the nulls of the pattern toward interfering signal sources. The technique was conceived for use in a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, for which the desired signal sources would be GPS satellites and typical interference sources would be terrestrial objects that cause multipath propagation. The technique could also be used to optimize reception in spread-spectrum cellular-telephone and military communication systems. During reception of radio signals in a conventional phased-array antenna system, received signals at their original carrier frequencies are phase-shifted, then combined by analog circuitry. The combination signal is then subjected to down-conversion and demodulation. In a system according to the proposed technique (see figure), the signal received by each antenna would be subjected to down-conversion, spread-spectrum demodulation, and correlation; this processing would be performed separately from, and simultaneously with, similar processing of signals received by the other antenna elements. Following analog down-conversion to baseband, the signals would be digitized, and all subsequent processing would be digital. In the digital process, residual carriers would be removed and each signal would be correlated with a locally generated model pseudorandum-noise code, all following normal GPS procedure. As part of this procedure, accumulated values would be added in software and the resulting signals would be phase-shifted in software by the amounts necessary to synthesize the desired antenna directional gain pattern of peaks and nulls. The principal advantage of this technique over the conventional radio-frequency-combining technique is that the parallel digital baseband processing of the signals from the various antenna elements would be a relatively inexpensive and flexible means for exploiting the inherent multiple-peak/multiple-null aiming capability of a phased-array antenna. In the original intended GPS application, the peaks and nulls could be directed independently for each GPS signal being tracked by the GPS receiver. The technique could also be applied to other code-division multiple-access communication systems.
Linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating response to thermal gradient: from bench tests to the real-time assessment during in vivo laser ablations of biological tissue (2017)

The response of a fiber optic sensor [linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating (LCFBG)] to a linear thermal gradient applied on its sensing length (i.e., 1.5 cm) has been investigated. After these bench tests, we assessed their feasibility for temperature monitoring during thermal tumor treatment. In particular, we performed experiments during ex vivo laser ablation (LA) in pig liver and in vivo thermal ablation in animal models (pigs). We investigated the following: (i) the relationship between the full width at half maximum of the LCFBG spectrum and the temperature difference among the extremities of the LCFBG and (ii) the relationship between the mean spectrum wavelength and the mean temperature acting on the LCFBG sensing area. These relationships showed a linear trend during both bench tests and LA in animal models. Thermal sensitivity was significant although different values were found with regards to bench tests and animal experiments. The linear trend and significant sensitivity allow hypothesizing a future use of this kind of sensor to monitor both temperature gradient and mean temperature within a tissue undergoing thermal treatment.
P2–398: Curcumin analogues attenuate copper‐induced crosslinking of beta‐amyloid (2013)

Amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) starts with gradual aggregation of amyloid b (A beta) species into neurotoxic soluble dimers and oligomers, and insoluble fibrils and plaques. The aggregation process could be divided into two categories: reversible aggregation due to physical hydrophobic stacking, and irreversible aggregation due to covalent crosslinking. Many compounds have been shown to attenuate the aggregation process or to accelerate the aggregation into fibrils. However, few compounds have been able to inhibit covalent crosslinking of A beta. Fluorescent spectra and H NMR were used to demonstrate the specificity of curcumin analogues towards specific region of Abeta. SDS-Page gel and western blots were used to evaluate the anti-crosslinking effects of the designed compounds. Both fluorescence data and 1H NMR spectra indicated that one of the derivatives, CRANAD-3, could specifically interact with the core fragment of A b. In addition, our data suggested that CRANAD-3 certainly interacted with H13 (histidine13), whose imidazole moiety is an essential binding site for copper, which plays a critical role in covalent crosslinking of A b, and has been considered as an important triggering factor for AD. Furthermore, we designed and synthesized curcumin derivative CRANAD-17, in which imidazole rings were incorporated to compete with Histidine13 of A b for copper binding. SDS-PAGE and western blot results showed that CRANAD-17 was capable of inhibiting A b 42 crosslinking induced by copper. Our results indicate the possibility of using this compound for AD therapy. Since CRANAD-17 is also a fluorescent probe and could be easily adapted into a PET probe, it could potentially be used as a theranostic probe.
Roles of OspA, OspB, and flagellin in protective immunity to Lyme borreliosis in laboratory mice (1992)

Vaccination with recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) has been shown to protect mice from infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent. To determine whether antibodies to B. burgdorferi proteins other than OspA are involved in protective immunity, antibodies to OspA were removed from protective anti-B. burgdorferi serum; the residual serum was still protective. Absorption of OspA and OspB antibodies from anti-B. burgdorferi serum eliminated the protective effect. Therefore, active immunization experiments were performed to determine the roles of OspB and flagellin in protective immunity and to determine whether protective immunity induced by OspA is dose dependent. Active immunization with recombinant OspA protected mice from infection with an inoculum of 10(4) spirochetes, but this protection could be overcome with a challenge of 10(7) spirochetes; OspB protected mice from infection with an inoculum of 10(3) spirochetes but was insufficient to fully protect against 10(4) organisms; and immunization with flagellin had no protective effect. These studies suggest that OspA and OspB, but not flagellin, play roles in protective immunity to spirochete infection.
Synthesis of Sialyl Lewis X Mimetics and Related Structures Using the Glycosyl Phosphite Methodology and Evaluation of E-Selectin Inhibition (1996)

This paper describes our recent study of glycosyl phosphites for glycosylation reactions, with particular emphasis on the investigation of protecting group and stereochemistry effects on the anomeric reactivity and stereoselectivity, and the application of this methodology to the synthesis of Lewis X (Lex), Lewis Y (Ley), glycopeptides, and sialyl Lewis X (SLex) mimetics. Both α-O-fucosyl-l-threonine and α-O-fucosyl-(1R,2R)-2-aminocyclohexanol were found to be effective templates for the chemical/enzymatic synthesis of SLex mimetics, and some fucopeptides prepared were 5−10 times more active than SLex as inhibitors of E-selectin.
An O-Specific Polysaccharide/Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine Induces Protection in Guinea Pigs against Virulent Challenge with Coxiella burnetii (2022)

Q fever is caused by the bacterium <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> and is spread to humans from infected animals especially goats, sheep and cattle, predominantly when giving birth. There is an effective human vaccine (Q-VAX) against Q fever, and although Q fever is a worldwide problem, the vaccine is only used in Australia due to difficulties associated with its use and the risk of adverse reactions. The desire to protect humans, particularly farmers and abattoir workers, from Q fever prompted the development of a new safe and effective human vaccine without all the difficulties associated with the current vaccine. Candidate vaccines were prepared using purified O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) extracted from the lipopolysaccharide of virulent (phase 1) <i>C. burnetii</i>, strain Nine Mile, which was then conjugated to a tetanus toxoid (TT) carrier protein. Two vaccines were prepared using OSP from <i>C. burnetii</i> grown in embryonated eggs (vaccine A) and axenic media (vaccine B). Vaccines with or without alum adjuvant were used to vaccinate guinea pigs, which were later challenged by intranasal inoculation with virulent <i>C. burnetii</i>. Both vaccines protected guinea pigs from fever and loss of weight post challenge. Post-mortem samples of the spleen, liver and kidney of vaccinated guinea pigs contained substantially less <i>C. burnetii</i> DNA as measured by PCR than those of the unvaccinated control animals. This study demonstrated that a <i>C. burnetii</i> OSP-TT conjugate vaccine is capable of inducing protection against virulent <i>C. burnetii</i> in guinea pigs. Additionally, OSP derived from <i>C. burnetii</i> grown in axenic media compared to OSP from embryonated eggs is equivalent in terms of providing a protective immune response.
Architecturally Homogeneous Power-Performance Heterogeneous Multicore Systems (2012)

Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), a widely adopted technique to ensure safe thermal characteristics while delivering superior energy efficiency, is rapidly becoming inefficient with technology scaling due to two critical factors: 1) inability to scale the supply voltage due to reliability concerns and 2) dynamic adaptations through DVFS cannot alter underlying power hungry circuit characteristics, designed for the nominal frequency. In this paper, we show that DVFS scaled circuits substantially lag in energy efficiency, by 22%-86%, compared to ground up designs for target frequency levels. We propose architecturally homogeneous power-performance heterogeneous multicore systems, a fundamentally alternate means to design energy efficient multicore systems. Using a system level computer-aided design (CAD) approach, we seamlessly integrate architecturally identical cores, designed for different voltage-frequency domains. We use a combination of standard cell library based CAD flow and full system architectural simulation to demonstrate 11%-22% improvement in energy efficiency using our design paradigm.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1-Cyclohexyl Substituted 3-Aminopyrrolidine Derivatives as CC Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2) Antagonists (2010)

Over the last decade extensive preclinical studies, including various animal disease models, have uncovered a role of CCR2 in the inflammation-related diseases such as rheuma-toid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease (COPD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Hardware extensions to make lazy subscription safe (2014)

Transactional Lock Elision (TLE) uses Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) to execute unmodified critical sections concurrently, even if they are protected by the same lock. To ensure correctness, the transactions used to execute these critical sections "subscribe" to the lock by reading it and checking that it is available. A recent paper proposed using the tempting "lazy subscription" optimization for a similar technique in a different context, namely transactional systems that use a single global lock (SGL) to protect all transactional data. We identify several pitfalls that show that lazy subscription \emph{is not safe} for TLE because unmodified critical sections executing before subscribing to the lock may behave incorrectly in a number of subtle ways. We also show that recently proposed compiler support for modifying transaction code to ensure subscription occurs before any incorrect behavior could manifest is not sufficient to avoid all of the pitfalls we identify. We further argue that extending such compiler support to avoid all pitfalls would add substantial complexity and would usually limit the extent to which subscription can be deferred, undermining the effectiveness of the optimization. Hardware extensions suggested in the recent proposal also do not address all of the pitfalls we identify. In this extended version of our WTTM 2014 paper, we describe hardware extensions that make lazy subscription safe, both for SGL-based transactional systems and for TLE, without the need for special compiler support. We also explain how nontransactional loads can be exploited, if available, to further enhance the effectiveness of lazy subscription.