gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large Magnetoresistance Effect Due to Spin Injection into a Nonmagnetic Semiconductor (2001)

A novel magnetoresistance effect, due to the injection of a spin-polarized electron current from a dilute magnetic into a nonmagnetic semiconductor, is presented. The effect results from the suppression of a spin channel in the nonmagnetic semiconductor and can theoretically yield a positive magnetoresistance of 100%, when the spin flip length in the nonmagnetic semiconductor is sufficiently large. Experimentally, our devices exhibit up to 25% magnetoresistance.
Decentralised Interest Counter Aggregation for ICN in Disaster Scenarios (2016)

Recently, it has been suggested to use Information Centric Networking approaches for enabling communication in DTN (Delay Tolerant Networking) type of scenarios. In particular, disaster scenarios are being studied, where ICN data mules disseminate content based on interests received from end-users or during encounters of other ICN data mules. In such a scenario, it is very useful to estimate the overall popularity (among end-users) of a given ICN interest message. This enables data mules to optimize content dissemination with limited caching capabilities by prioritizing interests based on their popularity. We present a scheme that enables to estimate the popularity of ICN interest messages in a completely decentralized manner among data mules in a scenario with random, unpredictable movements of ICN data mules. Our solution achieves scalable, distributed counting/aggregating of interests (in the sense of a popularity count) with loop detection. We also present analytical storage overhead estimations as well as evaluation results based on a simulation of our proposed approach.
Hepatitis B virus hepatotropism is mediated by specific receptor recognition in the liver and not restricted to susceptible hosts (2013)

HBVpreS-lipopeptides target to the liver. This observation has important clinical implications regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of Myrcludex B, the first entry inhibitor for HBV/HDV. In addition, this provides the basis for the application of the peptides as vehicles for hepatocyte-specific drug targeting.
Analysis of a Horizontally Transferred Pathway Involved in Vitamin B6 Biosynthesis from the Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines (2008)

Heterodera glycines is an obligate plant parasite capable of biochemically and developmentally altering its host's cells in order to create a specialized feeding cell. Although the exact mechanism of feeding cell morphogenesis remains a mystery, the nematode's ability to manipulate the plant is thought to be due in part to horizontal gene transfers (HGTs). A bioinformatic screen of the nematode genome has revealed homologues of the genes SNZ and SNO, which comprise a metabolic pathway for the de novo biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B(6) (VB(6)). Analysis of the 2 genes, HgSNZ and HgSNO, show that they contain nematode-like introns, generate polyadenylated mRNAs, and map to the soybean cyst nematode genetic linkage map, indicating that they are part of the nematode genome. However, gene synteny, protein homology, and phylogenetic evidence suggest prokaryotic origin. This would represent the first case of the HGT of a complete pathway into a nematode or terrestrial animal. VB(6) acts as a cofactor in over 140 different enzymes, and recent studies point toward an important role as a potent quencher of reactive oxygen species. With H. glycines' penchant for acquiring parasitism genes through HGT along with the absence of this pathway in other land-based animals suggests a specific need for VB(6) which may involve the parasite-host interaction.
A Self-Alignment Row-by-Row Variable-VDD Scheme Reducing 90% of Active-Leakage Power in SRAM's (2007)

SUMMARY We report an SRAM with a 90% reduction of activeleakage power achieved by controlling the supply voltage. In our design, the supply voltage of a selected row in the SRAM goes up to 1 V, while that in other memory cells that are not selected is kept at 0.3 V. This suppresses active leakage because of the drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect. To avoid unexpected flips in the memory cells, the wordline voltage is controlled so that it is always lower than the supply voltage in the proposed SRAM, with a self-alignment timing generator. The additional area overhead of the timing generator is 3.5%.
High-Speed Action Recognition and Localization in Compressed Domain Videos (2008)

We present a compressed domain scheme that is able to recognize and localize actions at high speeds. The recognition problem is posed as performing an action video query on a test video sequence. Our method is based on computing motion similarity using compressed domain features which can be extracted with low complexity. We introduce a novel motion correlation measure that takes into account differences in motion directions and magnitudes. Our method is appearance-invariant, requires no prior segmentation, alignment or stabilization, and is able to localize actions in both space and time. We evaluated our method on a benchmark action video database consisting of six actions performed by 25 people under three different scenarios. Our proposed method achieved a classification accuracy of 90%, comparing favorably with existing methods in action classification accuracy, and is able to localize a template video of 80 x 64 pixels with 23 frames in a test video of 368 x 184 pixels with 835 frames in just 11 s, easily outperforming other methods in localization speed. We also perform a systematic investigation of the effects of various encoding options on our proposed approach. In particular, we present results on the compression-classification tradeoff, which would provide valuable insight into jointly designing a system that performs video encoding at the camera front-end and action classification at the processing back-end.
Cascaded Long Term Prediction for Enhanced Compression of Polyphonic Audio Signals (2014)

Audio compression systems exploit periodicity in signals to remove inter-frame redundancies via the long term prediction (LTP) tool. This simple tool capitalizes on the periodic component of the waveform by selecting a past segment as the basis for prediction of the current frame. However, most audio signals are polyphonic in nature, containing a mixture of several periodic components. While such polyphonic signals may themselves be periodic with overall period equaling the least common multiple of the individual component periods, the signal rarely remains sufficiently stationary over the extended period, rendering the LTP tool suboptimal. Instead of seeking a past segment that represents a “compromise” for incompatible component periods, we propose a more complex filter that predicts every periodic component of the signal from its immediate history, and this is achieved by cascading LTP filters, each corresponding to individual periodic component. We also propose a recursive “divide and conquer” technique to estimate parameters of all the LTP filters. We then demonstrate the effectiveness of cascaded LTP in two distinct settings of the ultra low delay Bluetooth Subband Codec and the MPEG Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) standard. In MPEG AAC, we specifically adapt the cascaded LTP parameter estimation to take into account the perceptual distortion criteria, and also propose a low decoder complexity variant. Objective and subjective results for all the settings validate the effectiveness of the proposal on a variety of polyphonic signals.
Preparation of Tri- and Difluoromethylsilanes via an Unusual Magnesium Metal-Mediated Reductive Tri- and Difluoromethylation of Chlorosilanes Using Tri- and Difluoromethyl Sulfides, Sulfoxides, and Sulfones (2003)

A new and efficient method for the preparation of tri- and difluoromethylsilanes using magnesium metal-mediated reductive tri- and difluoromethylation of chlorosilanes is reported using tri- and difluoromethyl sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones. The byproduct of the process is diphenyl disulfide. Since phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfone, sulfoxide, and sulfide are readily prepared from trifluoromethane (CF(3)H) and diphenyl disulfide, the method can be considered to be catalytic in diphenyl disulfide for the preparation of (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMS-CF(3)) from non-ozone-depleting trifluoromethane.
Chitin utilization by marine bacteria. Chemotaxis to chitin oligosaccharides by Vibrio furnissii. (1991)

The adhesion/deadhesion apparatus of the marine bacterium Vibrio furnissii (Yu, C., Lee, A., Bassler, B. L., and Roseman, S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 24260-24267) probably catalyzes the first step in colonizing chitin. Evidence is presented here for a second step, chemotaxis to chitin hydrolysis products. V. furnissii swarms toward chitin oligomers (GlcNAc)n, n = 1-6, at initial concentrations as low as 10 microM. A modified capillary assay was used for quantitation; the cells exhibit low level constitutive taxis to GlcNAc but not to the oligosaccharides. A mutant defective in the GlcNAc receptor (IINag of the phosphotransferase system) showed inducible taxis to the oligosaccharides. Two (or more) independently inducible receptors with overlapping specificities recognize (GlcNAc)n, n = 2-4. (GlcNAc)5 and (GlcNAc)6 were inactive in the capillary assay; expression of this receptor(s) apparently require special induction conditions. The (GlcNAc)n, n = 1-4, chemoreceptors of V. furnissii may be the most potent reported for bacteria. L-Amino acids were weak, constitutive attractants; glutamine, not known to be an attractant in other bacteria, was the most effective amino acid. The most potent receptor in Escherichia coli, Tar (aspartate), is not expressed in V. furnissii. The chemotactic responses were greatly affected by growth and induction conditions and the presence of nutrients in the assay media. Taxis to GlcNAc and GlcNAc oligomers was optimally induced by growth in lactate medium containing 0.6 mM sugar, while growth on the sugar per se resulted in poor taxis. Chemotaxis to the sugars increased 2- to 3-fold when the cells were starved. Nutrients in the assay medium, especially compounds that feed into or are part of the Krebs cycle, were potent inhibitors of taxis to the sugars and Gln. With the exception of isocitrate, inhibition of taxis correlated with the rate of oxidation of these compounds. The results suggest a link between catabolism and taxis in this organism, i.e. interactions or "cross-talk" between systems that are regulated by protein phosphorylation (Stock, J. A., Ninfa, A. J., and Stock, A. M. (1989) Microbiol. Rev. 53, 450-490).
Loss‐of‐function of a rice brassinosteroid biosynthetic enzyme, C‐6 oxidase, prevents the organized arrangement and polar elongation of cells in the leaves and stem (2002)

Molecular genetic and physiological studies on brassinosteroid (BR)-related mutants of dicot plants have revealed that BRs play important roles in normal plant growth and development. However, little is known about the function of BR in monocots (grasses), except for the phenotypic analysis of a rice mutant partially insensitive to BR signaling. To investigate the function of BR in monocots, we identified and characterized BR-deficient mutants of rice, BR-deficient dwarf1 (brd1). The brd1 mutants showed a range of abnormalities in organ development and growth, the most striking of which were defects in the elongation of the stem and leaves. Light microscopic observations revealed that this abnormality was primarily owing to a failure in the organization and polar elongation of the leaf and stem cells. The accumulation profile of BR compounds in the brd1 mutants suggested that these plants may be deficient in the activity of BR C-6 oxidase. Therefore, we cloned a rice gene, OsDWARF, which has a high sequence similarity to the tomato C-6 oxidase gene, DWARF. Introduction of the wild-type OsDWARF gene into brd1 rescued the abnormal phenotype of the mutants. The OsDWARF gene was expressed at a low level in all of the examined tissues, with preferential expression in the leaf sheath, and the expression was negatively regulated by brassinolide treatment. On the basis of these findings, we discuss the biological function of BRs in rice plants.
Hybrid Garbage Collection for Multi-Version Concurrency Control in SAP HANA (2016)

While multi-version concurrency control (MVCC) supports fast and robust performance in in-memory, relational databases, it has the potential problem of a growing number of versions over time due to obsolete versions. Although a few TB of main memory is available for enterprise machines, the memory resource should be used carefully for economic and practical reasons. Thus, in order to maintain the necessary number of versions in MVCC, versions which will no longer be used need to be deleted. This process is called garbage collection. MVCC uses the concept of visibility to define garbage. A set of versions for each record is first identified as candidate if their version timestamps are lower than the minimum value of snapshot timestamps of active snapshots in the system. All such candidates, except the one which has the maximum version timestamp, are safely reclaimed as garbage versions. In mixed OLTP and OLAP workloads, the typical garbage collector may not effectively reclaim record versions. In these workloads, OLTP applications generate a high volume of new versions, while long-lived queries or transactions in OLAP applications often block garbage collection, since we need to compare the version timestamp of each record version with the snapshot timestamp of the oldest, long-lived snapshot. Thus, these workloads typically cause the in-memory version space to grow. Additionally, the increasing version chains of records over time may also increase the traversal cost for them. In this paper, we present an efficient and effective garbage collector called HybridGC in SAP HANA. HybridGC integrates three novel concepts of garbage collection: timestamp-based group garbage collection, table garbage collection, and interval garbage collection. Through experiments using mixed OLTP and OLAP workloads, we show that HybridGC effectively and efficiently collects garbage versions with negligible overhead.
Stable Mode-Locked Pulses from Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers (2008)

We report direct evidence of active mode-locking of quantum cascade lasers from second-order interferometric autocorrelation measurements with a non-linear quantum well infrared photodetector. A FWHM of 3ps was deduced for the stable train of pulses.
Experimental Demonstration of Efficient Spin–Orbit Torque Switching of an MTJ With Sub-100 ns Pulses (2017)

Efficient generation of spin currents from charge currents is of high importance for memory and logic applications of spintronics. In particular, generation of spin currents from charge currents in high spin-orbit coupling metals has the potential to provide a scalable solution for embedded memory. We demonstrate a net reduction in the critical charge current for spin torque-driven magnetization reversal via using spin-orbit mediated spin current generation. We scaled the dimensions of the spin-orbit electrode to 400 nm and the nanomagnet to 270 nm × 68 nm in a three-terminal spin-orbit torque, magnetic tunnel junction (SOT-MTJ) geometry. Our estimated effective spin Hall angle is 0.15-0.20 using the ratio of zero-temperature critical current from spin Hall switching and estimated spin current density for switching the magnet. We show bidirectional transient switching using spin-orbit generated spin torque at 100 ns switching pulses reliably followed by transient read operations. We finally compare the static and dynamic response of the SOT-MTJ with transient spin circuit modeling showing the performance of scaled SOT-MTJs to enable nanosecond class non-volatile MTJs.
<title>Two-mode elliptical-core weighted fiber sensors for vibration analysis</title> (1992)

Two-mode, elliptical-core optical fibers are demonstrated in weighted, distributed and selective vibration-mode-filtering applications. We show how appropriate placement of optical fibers on a vibrating structure can lead to vibration mode filtering. Selective vibration-mode suppression on the order of 10 dB has been obtained using tapered two-mode, circular-core fibers with tapering functions that match the second derivatives of the modes of vibration to be enhanced. We also demonstrate the use of chirped, two-mode gratings in fibers as spatial modal sensors that are equivalents of shaped piezoelectric sensors.
Screening of a selection of commercially available homogeneous Ru-catalysts in valuable olefin metathesis transformations (2012)

A library of thirteen different commercially available Ru-based catalysts was evaluated in valuable metathesis reactions for the production of fragrance and bioactive molecule precursors. Rigorous library screening clearly illustrated the different catalytic behaviour of the catalyst selection and highlighted its significant advantage to provide efficiency in specific metathesis applications. Interestingly, this strategy offered substantial improvement over the state of the art, with the efficient synthesis of the macrocyclic Exaltolide 2 at low catalyst loading and dilution conditions.
Cross-Reactive Human IgM-Derived Monoclonal Antibodies that Bind to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins (2010)

Elicitation of antibodies with potent and broad neutralizing activity against HIV by immunization remains a challenge. Several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from humans with HIV-1 infection exhibit such activity but vaccine immunogens based on structures containing their epitopes have not been successful for their elicitation. All known broadly neutralizing mAbs (bnmAbs) are immunoglobulin (Ig) Gs (IgGs) and highly somatically hypermutated which could impede their elicitation. Ig Ms (IgMs) are on average significantly less divergent from germline antibodies and are relevant for the development of vaccine immunogens but are underexplored compared to IgGs. Here we describe the identification and characterization of several human IgM-derived mAbs against HIV-1 which were selected from a large phage-displayed naive human antibody library constructed from blood, lymph nodes and spleens of 59 healthy donors. These antibodies bound with high affinity to recombinant envelope glycoproteins (gp140s, Envs) of HIV-1 isolates from different clades. They enhanced or did not neutralize infection by some of the HIV-1 primary isolates using CCR5 as a coreceptor but neutralized all CXCR4 isolates tested although weakly. One of these antibodies with relatively low degree of somatic hypermutation was more extensively characterized. It bound to a highly conserved region partially overlapping with the coreceptor binding site and close to but not overlapping with the CD4 binding site. These results suggest the existence of conserved structures that could direct the immune response to non-neutralizing or even enhancing antibodies which may represent a strategy used by the virus to escape neutralizing immune responses. Further studies will show whether such a strategy plays a role in HIV infection of humans, how important that role could be, and what the mechanisms of infection enhancement are. The newly identified mAbs could be used as reagents to further characterize conserved non-neutralizing, weakly neutralizing or enhancing epitopes and modify or remove them from candidate vaccine immunogens.
fTPM: A Firmware-based TPM 2.0 Implementation (2015)

This paper presents the design and implementation of a firmware-based TPM 2.0 (fTPM) leveraging ARM TrustZone. The fTPM is the reference implementation used in millions of mobile devices, and was the first hardware or software implementation to support the newly released TPM 2.0 specification. This paper describes the shortcomings of ARM’s TrustZone for implementing secure service (such as our implementation), and presents three different approaches to overcome them. Additionally, the paper analyzes the fTPM’s security guarantees and demonstrates that many of the ARM TrustZone’s shortcomings remain present in future trusted hardware, such as Intel’s Software Guard Extensions (SGX).
Intratumoral CD8+ T-cell Apoptosis Is a Major Component of T-cell Dysfunction and Impedes Antitumor Immunity (2017)

Subsets of human tumors are infiltrated with tumor antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells [tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)] despite tumor progression. These TILs are thought to be inactivated by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, through the engagement of inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. However, antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> TILs are not functionally inert but are undergoing activation <i>in situ</i> Here, we show that antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> TILs are actively proliferating, yet also undergo high rates of apoptosis, leading to a vicious cycle of activation and death that limits immune efficacy. Preventing CD8<sup>+</sup> TIL apoptosis by Bcl-x<sub>L</sub> overexpression enabled accumulation and improved tumor control. Effective combination immunotherapy with an agonist 4-1BB mAb plus either CTLA-4 or PD-L1 neutralization led to a marked accumulation of specific CD8<sup>+</sup> TILs through decreased apoptosis rather than increased T-cell entry or proliferation. Our data suggest that antigen-driven apoptosis of CD8<sup>+</sup> TILs is a barrier to effective spontaneous antitumor immunity and should be considered as a critical factor in the development of cancer immunotherapies. <i>Cancer Immunol Res; 6(1); 14-24. ©2017 AACR</i>.
In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of granulysin-derived peptides against Vibrio cholerae (2008)

These results suggest that granulysin-derived peptides are candidates for the development of new agents for the treatment of V. cholerae infection.
Design of a Multi-Axis SMA Actuator Arrays Using Segmented Binary Control (2004)

A new approach of designing and controlling a multi-axis actuator system using segmented binary control (SBC) is presented. In SBC, Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuator wire is divided into multiple segments and their thermal states are controlled in a binary manner using thermoelectric modules. Two-dimensional array architecture for multi-axis SMA actuators is created using SBC. Similar to the biological muscle network, multi-axis SMA actuator wires can be combined flexibly with a two-dimensional segmentation method in order to activate multiple links of a skeletal robot structure in a coordinated manner. Ten-axis actuator is built using this method. Thermoelectric modules are laid on a substrate made of PCB board and SMA actuators are placed in between two substrate layers with a gap to allow the movement of the actuators. The actuator creates coordinated gross motion as well as independent fine movements with reduced number of control loops. The new actuator architecture will provide a novel actuator system forming a network of array actuators connected to a vast number of bone-like linkages.
A new thin film head generation IC head (1989)

In order to achieve a breakthrough in advanced head fabrication cost and performance, a new type of thin-film head on silicon (IC head) for high-density magnetic recording was developed. This technology is based on the intensive use of semiconductor equipment and silicon material. The authors discuss the fabrication cost, head structure, and design and compare them with those of conventional thin-film heads made on ceramic substrates. Fabrication processes and technical details for realizing heads and sliders in the same process line by techniques similar to those used by semiconductor manufacturers are given. It is concluded that the IC head offers many advantages over the conventional thin-film head due to its mass production and low fabrication cost.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>