gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genomic variations of SARS-CoV-2 suggest multiple outbreak sources of transmission (2020)

Summary We examined 169 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and found that they can be classified into two major genotypes, Type I and Type II. Type I can be further divided into Type IA and IB. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that the Type IA resembles the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 most. Type II was likely evolved from Type I and predominant in the infections. Our results suggest that Type II SARS-CoV-2 was the source of the outbreak in the Wuhan Huanan market and it was likely originated from a super-spreader. The outbreak caused by the Type I virus should have occurred somewhere else, because the patients had no direct link to the market. Furthermore, by analyzing three genomic sites that distinguish Type I and Type II strains, we found that synonymous changes at two of the three sites confer higher protein translational efficiencies in Type II strains than in Type I strains, which might explain why Type II strains are predominant, implying that Type II is more contagious (transmissible) than Type I. These findings could be valuable for the current epidemic prevention and control.
Development of a Gloss Tester for Paint Coatings (1982)

A new portable gloss tester has been developed, which indicates a quantity closely related to the degree of visual gloss without the influence of the orange peel effect and surface convexity. Our gloss measurement is based on the fact that the gloss intervals are well correlated with the maximum slope of the dark-to-bright transition curve for a reflected image of a knife-edge pattern. In order to eliminate the orange peel effect, an optical measurement system has been designed to satisfy the following relations: 2 R <λ w and 2 Δ b ≪ r w , where R , Δ b , λ w and r w are respectively the width of the illuminated area of the sample, the distance between the sample and the image, the wavelength, and the radius of curvature of waviness. The performance of the gloss tester is; reproducibility, within ±1 percent; correlation factor between the degrees of physical and visual gloss, 0.99. The tester is 135 mm × 92 mm × 280 mm in size.
Investigation of the Particle Growth of Fenofibrate following Antisolvent Precipitation and Freeze–Drying (2015)

Submicron to small-micron-sized particles of the hydrophobic drug, fenofibrate, were prepared by controlled crystallization in order to influence its dissolution behavior. An antisolvent precipitation process successfully generated particles (200–300 nm) which matched the size and dissolution behavior of a commercial wet-milled formulation of the drug. Although the preparation of submicron-sized particles was straightforward, retaining their size in suspension and during isolation was a challenge. Additives were employed to temporarily stabilize the suspension, and extend the time window for isolation of the submicron particles. Precipitated particles were isolated primarily by immediate freeze–drying, but drying stresses were found to destabilize the fragile submicron system. The growth pathway of particles in suspension and during oven and freeze–drying were compared. Although the growth pathways appeared considerably different from a visual morphological perspective, an investigation of the electron diffraction patterns and the inner-particle surfaces showed that the growth pathways were the same: molecular addition by Ostwald ripening. The observed differences in the time-resolved particle morphologies were found to be a result of the freeze–drying process.
Applications of dynamic holograms for quasi-volume storage (1993)

There is growing interest in optical volume storage because of the potential for terabit/cm3 memories with highly parallel access. At this time however, the technology is in an early stage of development and no clear winner has yet emerged with regard to storage material, geometry or input/output architecture. A major design question concerns the tradeoff between "volume" storage implemented in bulk materials (for example, photorefractive crystals) versus films or stacks of films (for example, bacteriorhodopsin or eleciron trapping materials)'. The latter possibility, which we call quasi-volume storage, opens a much wider class of storage materials for consideration. One approach to volume storage is bit oriented, similar to magnetic memory but higher in density. The second approach, which concerns us here, is essentially holographic in nature; each data write or read is distributed throughout the material volume on the basis of angle multiplexing or other schemes consistent with the principles of holography. A variety of addressing schemes may be contemplated, but their practicality depends to a large degree on the interface devices available. In an earlier paper(2), we discussed a recently demonstrated family of dynamic holograms which offer a possible basis for not just one but several programmable diffractive devices required for various data input/output schemes. Dynamic fixed holograms are not themselves erasable storage materials, but rather programmable diffractive elements which complement holographic storage materials by providing interferometric interfacing tools. In this note, we suggest that such dynamic holograms may be particularly adapted for integration with thin planar storage materials to achieve high data storage densities approaching those of bulk materials, but with a much more flexible geometry and optical readin/readout architecture
An On-Board-Type Micro-Switching Converter with MHz Band-Operation (1994)

This paper describes the high-frequency characteristics of a multilayered planar transformer consisting of two planar coils and Co-Fe amorphous magnetic films. The parameters of transformer operation obtained by finite element method (FEM) calculations are compared with measured values. The analysis shows that characteristic evaluation is useful for a simple understanding of the operation of a transformer. For a more precise analysis, the resonance in the windings must be considered. The application of the transformer to a resonant switching converter is also discussed. A high efficiency of 49.5% is obtained at a switching frequency of 6 MHz.
Performances and Ageing Study of Resistive-Anodes Micromegas Detectors for HL-LHC Environment (2012)

With the tenfold luminosity increase envisaged at the HL-LHC, the background (i.e., photons, neutrons, <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\ldots$</tex> </formula> ) and the event pileup probability are expected to highly increase in proportion in the different experiments, especially in the forward regions, for instance the muons chambers of the ATLAS detector. Detectors based on the Micromegas principle should be good alternatives for the detector upgrade in the HL-LHC framework because of its good spatial <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$(< 100\mu{\hbox{m}})$</tex></formula> and time (few ns) resolutions, high-rate capability, radiation hardness, good robustness, and the possibility to build large areas. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that it is possible to reduce the discharge probability and protect the electronics by using a resistive anode plane in a high-flux hadrons environment. Several prototypes of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$10 \times 10~{\hbox{cm}}^{2}$</tex></formula> , with different pitches (0.5–2 mm) and different resistive layers have been tested at CERN <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$(\pi^{+}@{\rm SPS})$</tex></formula> . Several tests have been performed with a telescope at different voltages to assess the performance of the detectors in terms of position resolution and efficiency. The spark behavior in these conditions has also been evaluated. Resistive coating has been shown to be a successful method to reduce the effect of sparks on the efficiency of micromegas. A good spatial resolution <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$(\sim 80\ \mu{\hbox{m}})$</tex></formula> can be reached with a resistive strip coating detector of 1-mm pitch, and a high efficiency <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$( > 98\%)$</tex></formula> can be achieved with resistive-anode micromegas detector. An X-rays irradiation has also been performed, showing no ageing effect after more than 21 days exposure and an integrated charge of almost 1C.
Point-Voting based Point Cloud Geometry Compression (2021)

The Geometry-based Point Cloud Compression (G-PCC) proposed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is the state-of-art point cloud compression algorithm. It provides an efficient lossy geometry compression technique called triangle soup (Trisoup) for static point clouds. Based on the pruned octree structure, Trisoup provides a local surface model consisting of multiple triangles and compresses vertices of the triangles instead of directly compressing the positions of the original points. Accordingly, we propose a point-voting based method to improve the triangle-construction within each leaf node. This new method leverages the node-based points distribution for more precise vertices determination, which better fits the local surface. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our point-voting based method for both objective and subjective quality evaluation.
Better Malware Ground Truth (2015)

We examine the problem of aggregating the results of multiple anti-virus (AV) vendors' detectors into a single authoritative ground-truth label for every binary. To do so, we adapt a well-known generative Bayesian model that postulates the existence of a hidden ground truth upon which the AV labels depend. We use training based on Expectation Maximization for this fully unsupervised technique. We evaluate our method using 279,327 distinct binaries from VirusTotal, each of which appeared for the first time between January 2012 and June 2014.
On the Generation of Compact Deterministic Test Sets for BIST Ready Designs (2013)

In this work we consider ATPG methods tailored to BIST ready designs to improve compression of external tests for such designs. Proposed ATPG reduces external test set sizes and test data volumes by 24% in comparison to that obtained by a state of the art commercial ATPG for BIST ready designs.
Training of error-corrective model for ASR without using audio data (2011)

This paper introduces a method to train an error-corrective model for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) without using audio data. In existing techniques, it is assumed that sufficient audio data of the tar get application is available and negative samples can be prepared by having ASR recognize this audio data. However, this assumption is not always true. We propose generating probable N-best lists, which the ASR may produce, directly from the text data of the target application by taking phoneme similarity into consideration. We call this process "Pseudo-ASR". We conduct discriminative reranking with the error-corrective model by regarding the text data as positive samples and the N-best lists from the Pseudo-ASR as negative samples. Experiments with Japanese call center data showed that discriminative reranking based on the Pseudo-ASR improved the accuracy of the ASR.
Sound generation in gradient coil structures for MRI (1998)

When supporting plates of plastic material are subjected to alternating transverse Lorentz forces while in a strong magnetic field normal to the plate surface, compressional waves within the solid produce a modulation of the plate surface that launches an acoustic wave in air along the magnetic field axis. We have extended our previous theory describing this process to include a detailed description of the formation of an acoustic interference pattern in air described by Fraunhofer diffraction at a distance from the plate surface. The extended theory predicts that the observed acoustic signal midpoint and normal to the plate surface gives a variation with frequency in approximate agreement with our previous measurements. The acoustic output off axis shows acoustic blazing that produces two main diffraction peaks with a splitting inversely proportional to the velocity of sound in the plate material. The new results could have important ramifications for the minimization of sound output in gradient coil design for MRI. A new arrangement of coils is proposed to ameliorate the acoustic output problem centrally and normal to the plate by extending the frequency response of the supporting plates to much higher frequencies. Also presented are estimates of the compressional wave velocities deduced from frequency response data recorded at the center-point of a number of different plates.
Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis by Occlusive Dressing using Bifonazole Cream Containing 40% Urea. (1998)

Topical treatment with an antifungal agent was performed in 70 cases of onychomycosis (69 cases of tinea unguium and 1 case of Candida onychomycosis). The patients were treated every night by occlusive dressing using bifonazole cream containing 40% urea, and then by simple application of 1% bifonazole solution in the morning. During the treatment period, the softened affected nails were removed as completely as possible with nail clippers and files. The nails were observed every two weeks, and the efficacy was evaluated after 12 weeks. Two cases were excluded and 28 cases dropped out leaving 40 cases for efficacy evaluation. Among the 40 patients, 20 appeared to be mycologically negative (mycological cure rate: 50.0%). Clinical response was judged by the changes in opacity and thickness of the nails. Nine patients were evaluated as showing "marked improvement" and 16 as showing "improvement" (improvement rate: 62.5%). Erosion was noted as an adverse reaction in 2 patients. In one patient, treatment was stopped and the lesion was improved by antibiotic ointment, and in another, treatment was resumed when erosion was cured by discontinuation of the treatment. These results suggest that the topical treatment of onychomycosis by occlusive dressing is a useful method for those patients who have difficulties in or do not wish to be treated with oral antifungal agents.
62.1: <i>Distinguished Paper</i> : Multi‐View Three‐Dimensional Display System by Using Arrayed Beam Steering Devices (2014)

Abstract Multi‐view three‐dimensional (3D) display using beam steering optical array is proposed. For the beam steering optics we fabricated an electrowetting micro prism array. The steering angle and the profiles are measured. Based on the results, we modeled the beam steering devices and simulate the performance for 3D display. Realistic view profiles are obtained by integrating the experimental beam profile data. Below the crosstalk 200%, the distance between views is 3 mm and the number of views is 90, which shows the possibility of the quasi continuous viewpoint with high resolution 3D display.
Polymerized Ionic Liquid-Containing Interpenetrating Network Solid Polymer Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries (2019)

The practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) with high energy density is hindered by uneven lithium deposition during battery cycling. To mitigate this process, in this work, an interpenetrating polymer network solid polymer electrolyte (IPN SPE) is prepared by introducing a polymerized ionic liquid (PIL), poly(diallyldimethylammonium) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide to a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-poly(ethylene glycol)-based network SPE. Compared with the virgin SPE, the newly developed IPN SPE exhibited improved ionic conductivity, excellent lithium dendrite resistance, and superior battery performance, which was attributed to the homogeneous, immobilized ion network provided by the PIL-containing IPN. Furthermore, the effects of ionic conductivity and homogenized ion distribution were quantitatively delineated by galvanostatic cycling and polarization measurements at current densities that were below and above the estimated Sand's critical current density based on the Chazalviel model. Full battery tests also showed excellent discharge capacity, cycle life, and Coulombic efficiency. Our results suggest that the PIL-containing IPN SPEs provide a promising system for stabilizing lithium electrodeposition and fabricating high-performance LMBs.
Spatio-temporal video error concealment with perceptually optimized mode selection (2004)

We propose a spatio-temporal error concealment algorithm for video transmission in an error-prone environment. The proposed technique employs motion vector estimation, edge-preserving interpolation, and texture analysis/synthesis. It has two main advantages with respect to existing methods, namely: (i) it aims at optimizing the visual quality of the restored video, and not only PSNR; and (ii) it employs an automatic mode selection algorithm in order to decide, on a macroblock basis, whether to use the spatial restoration, the temporal one, or a combination thereof. The algorithm has been applied to H.26L video, providing satisfactory performance over a large set of operating conditions.
Animal model for study of human hepatitis viruses (2010)

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infect only chimpanzees and humans. Analysis of both viruses has long been hampered by the absence of a small animal model. The recent development of human hepatocyte chimeric mice has enabled us to carry out studies on viral replication and cellular changes induced by replication of human hepatitis viruses. Various therapeutic agents have also been tested using this model. In the present review, we summarize published studies using chimeric mice and discuss the merits and shortcomings of this model.
A New Heterogeneous Williamson Synthesis of Ethers Using t-Alkyl Substrates. (1996)

一般にハロゲン化第三級アルキルとアルカリ金属アルコキシド及びフェノキシドとを極性溶媒中で反応させると,ほとんどオレフィン(E)のみが得られる。しかし本研究では無極性溶媒中で第三級アルキル基質と金属アルコキシド及びアリールオキシドとの SN 反応により第三級アルキルエーテルを合成する方法を見いだした。アルカリ金属フェノキシドは臭化及びヨウ化かブチルとヘキサン中, 60℃ で数時間反応させると t-ブチルフェニルエーテル(SN)が 41-59% の収率で得られた。同様にアルカリ土類金属フェノキシドも 54-60% の収率でこのエーテルを与えた。次にハロゲソ化 t-ブチルに比べて脱離しにくいが立体障害の極めて大きなメタソスルホソ酸 1-アダマンチルは金属アルコキシドとオクタン中, 100-110℃ で反応し対応する 1-アダマンチルアルキルエーテルを高収率で与えた。これに対してヨウ化 1-アダマンチルの反応性は著しく小さかった。一方アルカリ金属アルコキシドはハロゲン化 t-ブチルとヘプタン中で反応してほとんど 2-メチルプロペン(E)のみを与えたがストロンチウム及びバリウムアルコキシドは 80-95℃ で同様に反応させると, 15-50% のアルキルかブチルエーテル(SN)が得られた。従って SN/E の選択性は溶媒,金属カチオン,求核試薬及び基質によって主に支配されていることを明らかにした.無極性溶媒の方が極性溶媒に比べてはるかにこのSN反応に有利に作用した。この系にクラウソエーテルを添加するとSN/Eの割合は著しく減少した。しかしラジカル捕捉剤を添加しても反応に変化は見られなかった。
Effective electric and magnetic properties of metasurfaces in transition from crystalline to amorphous state (2012)

In this paper we theoretically study electromagnetic reflection, transmission, and scattering properties of periodic and random arrays of particles which exhibit both electric-mode and magnetic-mode resonances. We compare the properties of regular and random grids and explain recently observed dramatic differences in resonance broadening in the electric and magnetic modes of random arrays. We show that randomness in the particle positioning influences equally on the scattering loss from both electric and magnetic dipoles, however, the observed resonance broadening can be very different depending on the absorption level in different modes as well as on the average electrical distance between the particles. The theory is illustrated by an example of a planar metasurface composed of cut-wire pairs. We show that in this particular case at the magnetic resonance the array response is almost not affected by positioning randomness due to lower frequency and higher absorption losses in that mode. The developed model allows predictions of behavior of random grids based on the knowledge of polarizabilities of single inclusions.
The Smc5/6 Complex Restricts HBV when Localized to ND10 without Inducing an Innate Immune Response and Is Counteracted by the HBV X Protein Shortly after Infection (2017)

The structural maintenance of chromosome 5/6 complex (Smc5/6) is a restriction factor that represses hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcription. HBV counters this restriction by expressing HBV X protein (HBx), which targets Smc5/6 for degradation. However, the mechanism by which Smc5/6 suppresses HBV transcription and how HBx is initially expressed is not known. In this study we characterized viral kinetics and the host response during HBV infection of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) to address these unresolved questions. We determined that Smc5/6 localizes with Nuclear Domain 10 (ND10) in PHH. Co-localization has functional implications since depletion of ND10 structural components alters the nuclear distribution of Smc6 and induces HBV gene expression in the absence of HBx. We also found that HBV infection and replication does not induce a prominent global host transcriptional response in PHH, either shortly after infection when Smc5/6 is present, or at later times post-infection when Smc5/6 has been degraded. Notably, HBV and an HBx-negative virus establish high level infection in PHH without inducing expression of interferon-stimulated genes or production of interferons or other cytokines. Our study also revealed that Smc5/6 is degraded in the majority of infected PHH by the time cccDNA transcription could be detected and that HBx RNA is present in cell culture-derived virus preparations as well as HBV patient plasma. Collectively, these data indicate that Smc5/6 is an intrinsic antiviral restriction factor that suppresses HBV transcription when localized to ND10 without inducing a detectable innate immune response. Our data also suggest that HBx protein may be initially expressed by delivery of extracellular HBx RNA into HBV-infected cells.
Mudflats and migratory birds (2006)

By the time I met Kathleen McArthur, pioneer environmental educator and activist, she was in her eighties and she wanted me to go out and bring the landscape back to her. I was learning to see it through her eyes. But when it came to my last visit, and I planned to spend a week on the Pumicestone Passage at Toorbul, even Kathleen said, 'I don't know what you will see there.'
NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Regulates Aged RBC Clearance (2018)

The NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is triggered by various stimuli. Whether the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated during the monocyte clearing of aged or damaged erythrocytes is unknown. This work aimed to determine whether the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated during the THP-1 cell engulfing of aged erythrocytes. In the study, THP-1 cells were treated with PMA and then coincubated with untreated red blood cells (RBCs), 42 °C-treated RBCs, immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-D-sensitized RBCs, Rhnull/Rhmod RBC sample, hemoglobin, and RBC ghost. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and production of some proinflammatory cytokines were determined using immunoblotting, cytometric bead array, and digital PCR. An NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor was also used to evaluate the alteration of the NLRP3 activation and RBC clearance rate. The untreated RBCs, 42 °C-incubated RBCs, IgG-opsonized RBCs, Rhnull/Rhmod RBCs, RBC ghosts, and hemoglobin induced the THP-1-cell-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the production of inflammatory cytokines. The RBC clearance rate exhibited a positive correlation with the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor reduced the NLRP3 activation and RBC phagocytosis rate. The NLRP3 inflammasome was activated during the clearance of the aged erythrocytes through unopsonized and opsonized pathways. However, the mechanism of such phenomenon needs to be further elucidated. Such mechanism may provide new insight into the assessment of the safety of transfusing long-storage RBC based on cytokine levels.