gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Budesonide Administered with Surfactant in Premature Lambs: Implications for Neonatal Clinical Trials (2015)

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of premature human infants, which may persist through adulthood. Airway inflammation has been firmly established in the pathogenesis of BPD. Previous studies to reduce airway inflammation with high-dose dexamethasone demonstrated adverse neurological outcomes, despite lower incidences of BPD. Instillation of budesonide and surfactant can facilitate early extubation and reduce the incidence of BPD and death among very low birth weight infants. However, the pharmacokinetics of budesonide and its distribution into the lung and brain are unknown. Therefore, 5 premature lambs were administered 0.25 mg/kg budesonide, with surfactant as the vehicle. Plasma and tissue samples were taken from the lambs for measurement of budesonide, 16α- hydroxy prednisolone, and budesonide palmitate using LC/MS/MS. Peak plasma budesonide concentrations were inversely correlated with the oxygenation index (correlation coefficient of -0.75). plasma budesonide concentrations were extremely low (~10% of expected) for two lambs that had high oxygenation indices and were excluded from further analyses. For the remaining 5 premature lambs, a non-compartmental analysis demonstrated an AUCinf of 148.77 ± 28.16 h*μg/L, half-life of 4.76 ± 1.79 h, and Cmax of 46.17 ± 17.71 µg/L. Using population pharmacokinetic methods, a onecompartment model with exponential residual error and first-order absorption adequately described the data. The apparent clearance and apparent volume of distribution of budesonide were estimated at 6.29 L/h (1.99 L/h/kg) and 29.1 L (9.2 L/kg), respectively. Budesonide and budesonide palmitate, but not 16α-hydroxy prednisolone, were detected in lung tissue. In this study, budesonide and its metabolites were not detected in the brain, which suggests that intratracheal instillation suggests that after local pulmonary deposition, there is no evidence of budesonide accumulation in the central nervous system. Overall, these results show that peak plasma budesonide concentrations are inversely correlated with the oxygenation index and that lung-specific delivery of budesonide avoids accumulation of budesonide in the brain.
Observations on the Elastic Behavior of a Synthetic Orthodontic Elastomer (1990)

The study focused on changes in elasticity that accompany water storage of a synthetic orthodontic elastomer. We plotted loading and unloading curves to permit the direct measurement of instantaneous elastic recovery (IER) and permanent set (PS) and the calculation of delayed recovery (DR). We obtained baseline data by testing dry as received material. Comparable tests were performed on material that had been stored in water at 37 degrees C for one, seven, 14, 42, and 70 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for analysis of organic substances leached from the elastomer by water. A two-way ANOVA revealed that extension distance and water storage duration affected load requirement, IER, PS, and DR. The presence of leachable organic substances in 14-, 42-, and 70-day storage water was evidence of time-dependent matrix decomposition. Findings from tests of elastic performance and analysis of specimen storage water indicate that exposure of the elastomer to water leads first to weakening of noncovalent forces and subsequently to degradation.
A new optimal planning approach for crude oil procurement in distributed supply chain (2005)

This paper addresses the crude oil procurement planning and suppliers selection problem in distributed multiple supplier/refinery supply chain, and develops under constraints of limited resources an optimal procurement model to minimize the total costs. Subsequently, the non-linear programming model is transformed into a linear programming one, which is further solved by linear programming approach. Finally, numerical computations demonstrate that the approach proposed for crude oil procurement planning is efficient and applicable.
Keyswitch Orientation Can Reduce Finger Joint Torques During Tapping on a Computer Keyswitch (2006)

Keyboard design should incorporate keyswitch mechanism angles along with other postural and geometric constraints to reduce exposure of the finger joints and muscles to force during typing.
Efficacy of tiotropium in treating patients with moderate-to-severe asthma (2019)

In this review, we summarized the significant effect of tiotropium for the treatment of moderate-to-severe asthma, mainly in increasing morning PEF, evening PEF, peak FEV and trough FEV based on high-quality RCTs. Nevertheless, no significant difference in peak FVC, trough FVC, AE and serious AE was found between the 2 groups. A close comparison of the 2 groups revealed that more high-quality larger-sample RCTs are needed to gather more strong evidence on the therapeutic efficacy and safety of tiotropium for clinical practice.
Acupuncture on the Endometrial Morphology, the Serum Estradiol and Progesterone Levels, and the Expression of Endometrial Leukaemia‐inhibitor Factor and Osteopontin in Rats (2010)

Although it is well known that acupuncture has beneficial effects on a variety of medical conditions especially in pain relief, nausea, and vomiting, it remains controversial whether it has positive impact on the female reproduction. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the following endometrial receptivity factors: the endometrial morphology, the hormone concentrations, and the protein expression of endometrial leukaemia-inhibitory factor (LIF) and osteopontin (OPN) could be improved by the acupuncture in clomiphene citrate(CC)-induced rat model during implantation period. Results showed that, compared with the CC group, glandular development advanced, the serum estradiol levels decreased significantly, and the glandular area and endometrial LIF and OPN expression were significantly higher in acupuncture group. There were no significant differences in serum progesterone levels, endometrial thickness, and stromal area between groups. These results suggest that acupuncture can improve certain aspects of endometrial receptivity in CC-induced rat model during implantation period, which might result in endometrial state better to female reproduction.
A new approach to 'megaprimer' polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis without an intermediate gel purification step (2004)

This strategy provides a very rapid, inexpensive and efficient approach to perform site-directed mutagenesis. The strategy provides an alternative to conventional megaprimer based site-directed mutagenesis, which is based on an intermediate gel purification step. The strategy gives a high frequency of mutagenesis.
The natural immune response to inhaled soluble protein antigens involves major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CD8+ T cell-mediated but MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cell-dependent immune deviation resulting in selective suppression of immunoglobulin E production. (1993)

The immunological basis for atopy is currently ascribed to an inherent bias in the CD4+ T cell response to nonreplicating antigens presented at mucosal surfaces, resulting in dominance of the T helper 2 (Th2) interleukin 4 (IL-4)-producing phenotype, which favors IgE production. In contrast, the "normal" response to such antigens involves a predominance of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing Th1 clones. This difference has been suggested to be the result of active selection in atopics for Th2 (and hence against Th1) clones at the time of initial antigen presentation. In the study below, we demonstrate that the natural immune response to inhaled protein antigens, particularly in animals expressing the low immunoglobulin E (IgE) responder phenotype, includes a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CD8+ T cell component, the appearance of which is associated with active suppression of IgE antibody production. Thus, continued exposure of rats to aerosolized ovalbumin (OVA) antigen elicits a transient IgE response, that is terminated by the onset of a state of apparent "tolerance" to further challenge, and this tolerant state is transferable to naive animals with CD8+ T cells. Kinetic studies on in vitro T cell reactivity in these aerosol-exposed rats demonstrated biphasic CD4+ Th2 responses which terminated, together with IgE antibody production, and coincident with the appearance of MHC class I-restricted OVA-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells. However, the latter were not autonomous in vitro and required a source of exogenous IL-2 for initial activation, which in CD(8+)-enriched splenocyte cultures could be provided by small numbers of contaminating OVA-specific CD4+ T cells. This represents the first formal evidence for the induction of an MHC class I-restricted T cell response to natural mucosal exposure to an inert protein antigen, and is consistent with a growing literature demonstrating sensitization of MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells by deliberate immunization with soluble proteins. We suggest that crossregulation of MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cells via cytokine signals generated in parallel CD8+ T cell responses represents a covert and potentially important selection pressure that can shape the nature of host responses to nonreplicating antigens presented at mucosal surfaces.
CMOS chip for invasive ultrasound imaging (1994)

A very small transmit/receiver chip has been developed for use in an arterial ultrasonic imaging system. In this technique, a solid-state ultrasonic imaging head placed within a small medical catheter is used to provide high quality 360/spl deg/ images of arteries as small as 2 mm in diameter. Novel design and packaging techniques have been used to allow four easily testable 0.86 mm/spl times/1.65 mm mixed-signal CMOS die to be placed on a multichip carrier within this 1.83 mm diameter imaging probe. Each chip contains interface circuitry for sixteen transducers including 20 MHz transmit pulsers and receive current amplifiers with approximately 1.3 pA/rt-Hz equivalent input noise performance. The techniques described here are generally applicable to any probe or device with extreme size and performance requirements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interactive Ptz Camera Control System Using Wii Remote And Infrared Sensor Bar (2008)

This paper proposes an alternative control mechanism for an interactive Pan/Tilt/Zoom (PTZ) camera control system. Instead of using a mouse or a joystick, the proposed mechanism utilizes a Nintendo Wii remote and infrared (IR) sensor bar. The Wii remote has buttons that allows the user to control the movement of a PTZ camera through Bluetooth connectivity. In addition, the Wii remote has a built-in motion sensor that allows the user to give control signals to the PTZ camera through pitch and roll movement. A stationary IR sensor bar, placed at some distance away opposite the Wii remote, enables the detection of yaw movement. In addition, the Wii remote-s built-in IR camera has the ability to detect its spatial position, and thus generates a control signal when the user moves the Wii remote. Some experiments are carried out and their performances are compared with an industry-standard PTZ joystick.
Biologic Significance of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Skin (1987)

Deficiency of essential fatty acid (EFA) containing linoleic acid (18:2n-6) in humans or animals induces morphologic changes characterized by severe scaly dermatosis, extensive percutaneous water loss, and hyperproliferation of the epidermis. Microscopically, the epidermis is characterized by hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. The refeeding of safflower oil containing linoleic acid or primrose oil (containing linoleic acid [18:2n-6] and gamma-linolenic acid [18:3n-6]) acids to EFA-deficient guinea pigs reverses the EFA-deficiency symptoms. In contrast, replacement of safflower oil with menhaden fish oil, (containing eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5n-3] and docosahexaenoic acid [22:6n-3]) did not reverse the symptoms of EFA deficiency. These results indicate: (1) that an understanding of the roles of vegetable or fish oil in skin must evolve from an understanding of the roles of each constituent n-6 or n-3 fatty acid, and (2) that the n-3 fatty acids may function to modulate the metabolism and function of the n-6 fatty acids in vivo.
Aldose Reductase Inhibitory and Uricosuric Activities of FK366 in Healthy Volunteers (1993)

The pharmacokinetics, and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory and uricosuric activities of FK366 were studied in healthy volunteers given a single oral dose of 150, 300, or 600 mg after fasting, 600 mg after a meal, or 300 mg twice a day for 8 days after meals. The AR inhibition was assessed by the percent reduction from the predrug dulcitol values in red blood cells converted from exogenous galactose by AR. Aldose reductase inhibition paralleled the plasma concentrations of FK366, with maximum inhibitions of 31.6, 48.0, and 56.9% at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg, respectively. With multiple dosing, the inhibition scarcely differed between the first (41.8%) and last doses (41.5%). Serum uric acid decreased dose dependently, with a minimum concentration of 4.0 mg/dL (predrug: 5.5 mg/dL) 8 hours after receiving 600 mg. With multiple dosing, serum uric acid levels declined rapidly and remained at a concentration of 3.1 mg/dL beginning at day 3. Urinary excretion of uric acid was high on day 1 (879 mg/day), but decreased significantly to 654 mg/day on day 2 and then stabilized. The pharmacokinetics of FK366 were linear over the dose range studied, with an elimination half-life of 8.2 hours and urinary recovery of 27.2% as unchanged drug. FK366 was well tolerated by all subjects.
Meeting Room State Detection using Environmental Wi-Fi Signature (2017)

The state of a meeting room (or of a classroom) provides important context to the level of interest (or participation level) in a meeting. For example, in one uninteresting meeting only one presenter presents text-filled slides, while other attendees are either checking their emails or even napping. In contrast, during a very interesting talk, all attendees are excited by the presentation and are involved in the discussions with frequent hand clapping. Thus, automatically detecting the state of a meeting room (or of a classroom) is an important and interesting problem. In this paper, we make the observation that the aforementioned group behaviors will have different motion signatures, as captured by a present Wi-Fi signal. Consequently, in this paper, we present a meeting room state detection approach leveraging environmental Wi-Fi signature. The Wi-Fi signal is provided by the existing access point (AP) in the meeting room and it is captured by one any Wi-Fi enabled device. The existing infrastructure provides all the information needed and no extra devices are needed. In our solution, different features are extracted from the raw Wi-Fi Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) signal and four popular machine learning algorithms (e.g. support vector machine (SVM), decision tree, nearest neighbor and naive Bayes networks) are evaluated for detecting the state of a meeting room. Our approach is evaluated for two scenarios: classroom state detection and meeting room state detection. The experimental results show an accuracy of our proposed solution of 90.7% and 94.1% for classroom state detection and meeting/lab room state detection, respectively.
Towards Explainable CNNs for Android Malware Detection (2021)

A challenge for implementing deep learning research in the real-world is the availability of techniques that explain predictions of a model, particularly in light of potential legal requirements to give an account of algorithmic outcomes for certain use-cases. Convolutional neural networks are regularly proposed as an effective method of Android malware detection at scale. However there is a lack of studies into actually explaining the predictions of these classifiers, and how well they correlate with other state-of-the-art explainability methods. In this paper we present two research contributions that begin to address this issue. Firstly, a novel method to identify locations deemed important by our CNN in an Android app’s opcode sequence which appear to contribute to malware detection. Secondly, a comparison of such locations highlighted by the CNN with those locations considered important from the state-of-the-art explainability method LIME. Using the publicly available Drebin benchmark dataset, our results show that for eight different malware families, when averaging location importance across all samples in each family, locations in an opcode sequence considered most malicious by our CNN match closely to those considered most malicious by LIME. This gives confidence the CNN is able to focus its attention on patterns of malicious opcodes in an Android app. As well as helping to validate use of CNNs for Android malware detection, our method may benefit the wider field of Android malware analysis to highlight opcode sequence locations worthy of investigation.
New bronchodilators. Synthesis and bronchodilating activity of some 3-(alkoxymethyl)-.alpha.-(N-substituted aminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohols (1979)

A series of 3-(alkoxymethyl)-alpha-(N-substituted aminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohols was synthesized as potential bronchodilators. The ability to prevent effects against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs was studied to determine their bronchodilating activity. Introduction of a methoxymethyl group in place of the m-hydroxyl group of beta-adrenergic catecholamines afforded compounds especially effective in delaying histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. Appropriate N-substitution also enhanced the potency of these catecholamine analogues. 4-Hydroxy-3-(methoxymethyl)-alpha-[N-[4-(methoxymethyl)-alpha-methylphenyl]aminoethyl]benzyl alcohol hemifumarate (3r) was the most potent compound in this series.
Application of Quality by Design Approach to Develop Novel Optimized Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Ezetimibe for Treatment of Poorly Water-soluble Antilipidemic Drug to Enhance its Bioavailability by Using D-optimal Mixture Design (2021)

The purpose of the research aimed to develop and optimize a novel dosage form of the self-emulsifying drug delivery systems of the Ezetimibe using quality by design (QbD) to enhancing its solubility. We performed solubility and emulsification tests to select a suitable initial risk assessment facilitated the selection of Capmul PG-8 (oil), Kolliphor RH40 (surfactant), Transcutol P (co-surfactant) as Critical Material Attributes (CQA) for the formulation of SEDDS. A d-optimal mixture design use to optimize the concentration of components used in the SEDDS formulation to achieve excellent physicochemical characteristics. Sixteen distinct formulations were prepared and assessed to check the model fit. It earmarked the patient-centric quality target product profile and CQAs. QbD resulted in a powerful and economical technique for improving the bioavailability of the medication, as confirmed by the portrayal investigations of the optimized batch. It saw a great arrangement among anticipated and exploratory qualities for mean droplet size, drug content, emulsification time, and percentage of medication delivered in 20 minutes. Optimized SEDDS formulation showed a smaller droplet size of 56.25 nm, PDI 0.230, and zeta potential -13.6 mV. To sum up, we successfully used QbD oriented development of novel Ezetimibe-loaded SEDDS formulation using the d-optimal mixture design to improve the oral absorption of poorly watersoluble drugs.
Raman tensor and domain structure study of single-crystal-like epitaxial films of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub>grown by pulsed laser deposition (2012)

The local domain structure of a strain free, 150 nm thick, epitaxially grown single crystalline thin film of CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12) is probed by polarized Raman spectroscopy. The polarization dependence of the Raman intensities of the observed bands as a function of varying angle between the domain axes and the polarization vector of the scattered laser photon is measured. Theoretical formulations involving the Raman tensor are presented, which enable determination of the domain structure from the observed polarized Raman spectra, and a single-crystal-like domain structure is found. The Raman tensor elements and domain orientation direction were determined by fitting the observed Raman intensities with theoretical calculations and by carrying out Raman mapping of the film. Our data show an absence of twin domain structure and twin domain boundaries in the single-crystal-like epitaxial thin films of CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12).
Complete genome sequences for nine simian enteroviruses (2007)

Analysis of the VP1 capsid-coding sequences of the simian picornaviruses has suggested that baboon enterovirus (BaEV), SV19, SV43 and SV46 belong to the species Human enterovirus A (HEV-A) and SA5 belongs to HEV-B, whereas SV4/A2 plaque virus (two isolates of a single serotype), SV6 and N125/N203 (two isolates of a single serotype) appear to represent new species in the genus. We have further characterized by complete genomic sequencing the genetic relationships among the simian enteroviruses serotypes (BaEV, N125/N203, SA5, SV4/A2 plaque virus, SV6, SV19, SV43 and SV46) and to other enteroviruses. Phylogenetic and pairwise sequence relationships for the P1 region paralleled those of VP1 alone, and confirmed that SV4/A-2 plaque virus, SV6 and N125/N203 represent unique genetic clusters that probably correspond to three new species. However, sequence relationships in the P2 and P3 regions were quite different. In 2C, SV19, SV43 and SV46 remain clustered with the human viruses of HEV-A, but BaEV, SV6 and N125/N203 cluster together; in 3CD, SA5 (HEV-B) also joined this cluster. The 3'-non-translated region (NTR) sequences are highly conserved within each of the four human enterovirus species, but the 3'-NTRs of the simian enteroviruses are distinct from those of all human enteroviruses and generally distinct from one another. These results suggest that host species may have a significant influence on the evolution of enterovirus non-capsid sequences.
A versatile RC-active circuit for instrumentation (2003)

Second-order, RC-active filters in which the output signals are unaffected by the op-amp bias current, offset current, and offset voltage are presented. Examples of lowpass, bandpass, highpass, notch, and allpass circuits are provided. Such circuits are useful in instrumentation applications which are sensitive to parasitic DC sources in the signal path.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phase Diagrams of Binary Crystalline−Crystalline Polymer Blends (2006)

A thermodynamically self-consistent theory has been developed to establish binary phase diagrams for two-crystalline polymer blends by taking into consideration all interactions including amorphous-amorphous, crystal-amorphous, amorphous-crystal, and crystal-crystal interactions. The present theory basically involves combination of the Flory-Huggins free energy for amorphous-amorphous isotropic mixing and the Landau free energy of polymer solidification (e.g., crystallization) of the crystalline constituents. The self-consistent solution via minimization of the free energy of the mixture affords determination of eutectic, peritectic, and azeotrope phase diagrams involving various coexistence regions such as liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and solid-solid coexistence regions bound by liquidus and solidus lines. To validate the present theory, the predicted eutectic phase diagrams have been compared with the reported experimental binary phase diagrams of blends such as polyethylene fractions as well as polycaprolactone/trioxane mixtures.