gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GaAs optoelectronic neurons (1991)

Monolithically integrated optoelectronic circuits have emerged as a viable solution for implementing nonlinear operations and providing gain in optical neural networks. However, before they can be incorporated into a practical system, these devices must be in the form of large arrays and have sufficient optical gain to compensate for the optical losses due to the low efficiency of the interconnection medium. Furthermore, they much dissipate little electrical power so that the performance will not be limited by heat dissipation and at the same time exhibit high input sensitivity to accommodate the low input power received by the neurons. In this paper, several integration schemes utilizing GaAs light emitting diodes (LEDs), heterojunction bipolar phototransistors. metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs) and optical field-effect transistors (OPFETs) are presented. Typical results in optoelectronic neurons that incorporate phototransistors as the detectors show a differential optical gain of 10-40, which the neurons that incorporate OPFETs as detectors show a gain of approximately 80. The electrical power dissipations in these neurons are less than 2 mW/neuron and the switching energy is measured to be between 10 and 40 pJ. While these results generate optimism, issues like scalability, processing limitations and compatibility, device integrability, input-output isolation, and tradeoff between power dissipation and optical gain still need to be addressed before high density arrays can be practically incorporated in neural networks.
<title>Programmable generation of ultrafast optical waveforms: recent advances in theory and technology</title> (1995)

Recent advances in the shaping of ultrafast optical waveforms using liquid crystal (LC) spatial light modulators (SLM) are presented. Two LC SLMs are used in a novel arrangement to produce programmable waveforms with specified time-dependent amplitude and temporal phase profiles with the greatest fidelity and complexity to date. The apparatus is also used to demonstrate the generation of an ultrafast waveform with a programmable time-dependent polarization profile. A general theoretical result that describes the space-time electric field profile of waveforms shaped by the spectral filtering of spatially separated frequency components is also presented. The main result is that diffraction gives rise to a translational spatial shift in the electric field profile that varies linearly with time along the shaped waveform.
Glancing incidence X-ray optics for solar X-ray astronomy (1985)

Glancing incidence X-ray optics have been developed into a highly valuable tool for high-resolution investigations of the sun in the X-ray/XUV regime. A brief overview of the development of X-ray optics technology is presented. Techniques currently under study for increasing the plate scale and improving the off-axis performance of future X-ray telescopes for solar X-ray astronomy are briefly discussed.
Transcriptional Regulation of a Mesangium-Predominant Gene, Megsin (2002)

The cDNA of a new human mesangium-predominant gene, megsin, a novel member of the serpin superfamily, has recently been cloned. This study investigates the regulatory mechanisms of megsin gene expression. A genomic clone of the human megsin gene was obtained by screening bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library with the megsin cDNA. The analysis for exon-intron junctions of megsin genomic DNA demonstrated that the gene contained 8 exons and 7 introns, spanned 20 kbp, and that the genomic structure of the serpin superfamily was highly conserved. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that the megsin gene is localized in chromosome 18q21.3, close to the other serpin genes. The transcriptional start site, located by primer extension analysis, was 391 bp upstream from the start codon. The sequence and reporter analyses on 4021-bp-long 5'-flanking region of megsin gene demonstrated a consensus promoter segment within this region and a relatively strong promoter activity in human mesangial cells and A431, a human tumor cell line recently reported to express a novel serpin identical with megsin. Moreover, this study utilized site-directed and deletion mutagenesis analyses, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay identified one positive regulatory motif, an incomplete activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding motif (CTGATTCAC) within the -120 to -112 region. This cis-acting element in the 5'-flanking region of megsin is involved in the activation of the megsin gene in mesangial cells.
Quantifying elasticity and viscosity from measurement of shear wave speed dispersion (2004)

The propagation speed of shear waves is related to frequency and the complex stiffness (shear elasticity and viscosity) of the medium. A method is presented to solve for shear elasticity and viscosity of a homogeneous medium by measuring shear wave speed dispersion. Harmonic radiation force, introduced by modulating the energy density of incident ultrasound, is used to generate cylindrical shear waves of various frequencies in a homogeneous medium. The speed of shear waves is measured from phase shift detected over the distance propagated. Measurements of shear wave speed at multiple frequencies are fit with the theoretical model to solve for the complex stiffness of the medium. Experiments in gelatin phantoms show promising results validated by an independent method. Practical considerations and challenges in possible medical applications are discussed.
Novel Potent Dopamine–Norepinephrine and Triple Reuptake Uptake Inhibitors Based on Asymmetric Pyran Template and Their Molecular Interactions with Monoamine Transporters (2021)

We have carried out a structural exploration of (2<i>S</i>,4<i>R</i>,5<i>R</i>)-2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-5-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)tetrahydro-2<i>H</i>-pyran-4-ol (D-473) to investigate the influence of various functional groups on its aromatic ring, the introduction of heterocyclic aromatic rings, and the alteration of the stereochemistry of functional group on the pyran ring. The novel compounds were tested for their affinities for the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the brain by measuring their potency in inhibiting monoamine neurotransmitter uptake. Our studies identified some of the most potent dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors known to-date like <b>D-528</b> and <b>D-529</b>. The studies also led to development of potent triple reuptake inhibitors such as compounds <b>D-544</b> and <b>D-595</b>. A significant influence from the alteration of the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group on the pyran ring of <b>D-473</b> on transporters affinities was observed indicating stereospecific preference for interaction. The inhibitory profiles and structure-activity relationship of lead compounds were further corroborated by molecular docking studies at the primary binding sites of monoamine transporters. The nature of interactions found computationally correlated well with their affinities for the transporters.
Concept of ultra-fast at-wavelength inspection of defects on a multilayer mask using a laser-produced plasma source (2003)

New configuration is presented for ultra-fast at-wavelength inspection of defects on multilayer mask blanks. Key ideas are detecting defects in a high NA dark-field observation by using a Schwarzschild objective, sub-micron resolution 2D imaging of mask surface on a detector, and large etendue illumination by using a laser-plasma source. Expected time for inspecting a whole mask is shorter than 2 hours.
Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi proline racemase affects host-parasite interactions and the outcome of in vitro infection (2009)

Proline racemase is an important enzyme of Trypanosoma cruzi and has been shown to be an effective mitogen for B cells, thus contributing to the parasite's immune evasion and persistence in the human host. Recombinant epimastigote parasites overexpressing TcPRAC genes coding for proline racemase present an augmented ability to differentiate into metacyclic infective forms and subsequently penetrate host-cells in vitro. Here we demonstrate that both anti T. cruzi proline racemase antibodies and the specific proline racemase inhibitor pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid significantly affect parasite infection of Vero cells in vitro. This inhibitor also hampers T. cruzi intracellular differentiation.
Audiovisual Zooming (2019)

When capturing videos on a mobile platform, often the target of interest is contaminated by the surrounding environment. To alleviate the visual irrelevance, camera panning and zooming provide the means to isolate a desired field of view (FOV). However, the captured audio is still contaminated by signals outside the FOV. This effect is unnatural---for human perception, visual and auditory cues must go hand-in-hand. We present the concept ofAudiovisual Zooming, whereby an auditory FOV is formed to match the visual. Our framework is built around the classic idea of beamforming, a computational approach to enhancing sound from a single direction using a microphone array. Yet, beamforming on its own can not incorporate the auditory FOV, as the FOV may include an arbitrary number of directional sources. We formulate our audiovisual zooming as a generalized eigenvalue problem and propose an algorithm for efficient computation on mobile platforms. To inform the algorithmic and physical implementation, we offer a theoretical analysis of our algorithmic components as well as numerical studies for understanding various design choices of microphone arrays. Finally, we demonstrate audiovisual zooming on two different mobile platforms: a mobile smartphone and a 360$^\circ $ spherical imaging system for video conference settings.
Military aircrew head support system (1993)

This article describes research work undertaken to determine a suitable method of supporting the military pilot's head during high g maneuvers, enabling him to maintain his head in an upright position, thereby enhancing his ability to monitor head-up displays, and increasing his awareness of the external environment. In addition, the operation of the system also serves to reduce the incidence of incapacitating and nonincapacitating neck and nerve injuries experienced by pilots during air combat maneuvering. The article also describes how the military aircrew head support system (MAHSS) can serve as an effective head restraint system during an ejection from the aircraft, and how its operation differs between normal high g flight and ejection. A description is given of the work carried out to date including biomechanical modeling of the human body under high g loads and trials on the human centrifuge at Royal Aerospace Establishment (RAE) Farnborough, designed to validate the automatic control system. Plans for future trials are also outlined.
Inferring hierarchical descriptions (2002)

We create a statistical model for inferring hierarchical term relationships about a topic, given only a small set of example web pages on the topic, without prior knowledge of any hierarchical information. The model can utilize either the full text of the pages in the cluster or the context of links to the pages. To support the model, we use "ground truth" data taken from the category labels in the Open Directory. We show that the model accurately separates terms in the following classes: self terms describing the cluster, parent terms describing more general concepts, and child terms describing specializations of the cluster. For example, for a set of biology pages, sample parent, self, and child terms are science, biology, and genetics respectively. We create an algorithm to predict parent, self, and child terms using the new model, and compare the predictions to the ground truth data. The algorithm accurately ranks a majority of the ground truth terms highly, and identifies additional complementary terms missing in the Open Directory.
A dual-action antibiotic that kills <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> vegetative cells and inhibits spore germination (2023)

<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) is the most lethal of the five CDC urgent public health treats, resulting in 12,800 annual deaths in the United States alone [<i>Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019</i> (2019), www.cdc.gov/DrugResistance/Biggest-Threats.html]. The high recurrence rate and the inability of antibiotics to treat such infections mandate discovery of new therapeutics. A major challenge with CDI is the production of spores, leading to multiple recurrences of infection in 25% of patients [C. P. Kelly, J. T. LaMont, <i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i> <b>359</b>, 1932-1940 (2008)], with potentially lethal consequence. Herein, we describe the discovery of an oxadiazole as a bactericidal anti-<i>C. difficile</i> agent that inhibits both cell-wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis and spore germination. We document that the oxadiazole binds to the lytic transglycosylase SleC and the pseudoprotease CspC for prevention of spore germination. SleC degrades the cortex peptidoglycan, a critical step in the initiation of spore germination. CspC senses germinants and cogerminants. Binding to SleC is with higher affinity than that to CspC. Prevention of spore germination breaks the nefarious cycles of CDI recurrence in the face of the antibiotic challenge, which is a primary cause of therapeutic failure. The oxadiazole exhibits efficacy in a mouse model of recurrent CDI and holds promise in clinical treatment of CDI.
Spatiotemporal sequence matching for efficient video copy detection (2005)

This paper proposes a novel sequence matching technique to detect copies of a video clip. If a video copy detection technique is to be effective, it needs to be robust to the many digitization and encoding processes that give rise to several distortions, including changes in brightness, color, frame format, as well as different blocky artifacts. Most of the video copy detection algorithms proposed so far focus mostly on coping with signal distortions introduced by different encoding parameters; however, these algorithms do not cope well with display format conversions. We propose a copy-detection scheme that is robust to the above-mentioned distortions and is also robust to display format conversions. To this end, each image frame is partitioned into 2 /spl times/ 2 by intensity averaging, and the partitioned values are stored for indexing and matching. Our spatiotemporal approach combines spatial matching of ordinal signatures obtained from the partitions of each frame and temporal matching of temporal signatures from the temporal trails of the partitions. The proposed method has been extensively tested and the results show the proposed scheme is effective in detecting copies which have been subjected to wide range of modifications.
Evaluating liquid crystal properties for use in terahertz devices (2012)

Despite the wide application of liquid crystals (LCs) in the visible frequency range, their properties in the terahertz range have not yet been extensively investigated. In this paper we have investigated the terahertz properties of LCs E7, BL037, RDP-94990 and RDP-97304 using terahertz time-domain-spectroscopy. We find that RDP-94990 has the largest birefringence and smallest absorption in the terahertz range compared to E7 and BL037. We highlight the importance of investigating all parameters, not just the birefringence, when designing fast, efficient and transmissive terahertz LC devices.
INACTIVATION OF FACTOR VIII BY ACTIVATED PROTEIN C AND PROTEIN S (1987)

Human factor VIII has been isolated from factor VIII concentrates. The isolated protein is composed of a heavy chain and light chain. The heavy chain was heterogenous with respect to molecular weight ranging from 110-170 kDa. The light chain appeared as a 81/84 kDa dimer, 'when factor VIII was treated with activated protein C in the presence of calcium and phospholipids factor VIII procoagulant activity was rapidly lost. Analysis of the activated protein C catalyzed cleavage products of factor VIII indicated that loss of activity was correlated with cleavage of the heavy chains. The heavy chains appeared to be converted into 93 kDa and 53 kDa peptides. A separate factor VIII preparation has been prepared that contained only a 93 kDa heavy chain as well as the 81/83 kDa light chain. When this preparation was inactivated with activated protein C, a pathway in which the 93 kDa peptide was degraded into a 68 kDa peptide which was subsequently degraded into 48 and 23 kDa polypeptides. This result suggested that the 53 kDa polypeptide was not derived from the 93 kDa domain of the heavy chain, but must have been derived from the variable molecular weight portion of the heavy chain. These results suggest that activated protein C catalyzed a minimum of four cleavages in the heavy chain. Activated protein C did not appear to alter the factor VIII light chain. Protein S has been observed to be a protein cofactor both the anticoagulant and proteolytic action of activated protein C with factor Va. It is thought that protein S forms a lipid bound complex with activated protein C which then can rapidly inactivate factor Va. When factor VIII was inactivated in the presence of both activated protein C and protein S the rate of activity loss was enhanced. The effect of protein S could be observed on the cleavage of the heavy chains and on secondary cleavages of the smaller products including the 93, 68, and 53 kDa polypeptides. In an analogous reaction, the addition of factor Xa has been observed to inhibit the inactivation of factor Va by activated protein C. The addition of factor IX to the factor Vlll-activated protein C reaction mixture resulted in the inhibition of factor VIII inactivation. The effect of factor IX was dose dependent. Finally, as both factor Va and factor VIII have structural similarities and are substrates for activated protein C the possibility that they might compete as substrates was tested. Factor VIII was observed to compete with factor Va for activated protein C. The concentration dependence of factor VIII inhibition of factor Va inactivation suggested that factor VIII and factor Va were equivalent substrates for activated protein C.
Expression of an abundant alternatively spliced form of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene is not associated with a cAMP-activated chloride conductance (1993)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene encodes a cAMP-activated chloride (Cl-) channel, and expression of the full length gene in vitro is sufficient to correct the Cl- conductance defect that is characteristic of cystic fibrosis (CF) epithelial cells. Alternatively spliced forms of CFTR mRNA have been identified in several tissues from normal individuals. One of the alternative transcripts, often present at high levels, results in the in-frame deletion of exon 9. Translation of this transcript would result in a CFTR protein missing the amino terminal portion of the first nucleotide binding fold (NBF). To evaluate the possible function of this form of CFTR, a cDNA representing this transcript (CFTR delta 9) was transduced into CFPAC cells, which are derived from a CF patient. CFTR delta 9 RNA was expressed in the transduced cell lines, but only immature, incompletely glycosylated protein was detectable by Western blot analysis. No increase in cAMP-activated anion permeability was detectable by 125I efflux assay or by means of the halide sensitive dye 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium (SPQ). In a second assay system, in vitro synthesized mRNA representing CFTR delta D9 was injected into Xenopus oocytes, but expression of this alternatively spliced form of CFTR was not associated with the appearance of Cl- conductance. These results suggest that the protein produced by the CFTR delta 9 transcript is not properly processed and is not capable of generating Cl- conductance in response to cAMP. Whether this alternative transcript has some other function or represents 'noise' in the mRNA splicing mechanism remains unresolved.
On-line analysis of liquid samples by laser induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) (2002)

A LIPS monitor for real-time analysis of aqueous and other liquids has been developed. This system enables the laser to sample a fresh surface while preventing problems associated with the laser liquid interaction. We outline its successful laboratory and on-line industrial operation.
Feasibility of Using Intracardiac Impedance Measurements for Capture Detection (1992)

Energy consumption and longevity of modern pacemakers are determined by the controlling electronic circuitry and by the stimulation energy. While with technological progress the electronics' energy consumption has been reduced significantly, clinical practice shows that many cardiac pacemakers are programmed to suboptimal settings with regard to minimization of pacing energy consumption. Several methods for optimizing pacemaker output settings have been proposed in the past. The most promising concept is an output parameter optimizing pacemaker with automatic capture detection. We examined whether it is possible to distinguish between effective and ineffective pacemaker stimulus capture by analyzing high pass filtered intracardiac impedance signals that are derived from standard bipolar pacing leads. In one series of 11 patients undergoing replacement or implantation of chronic bipolar pacemakers, four patients during electrophysiology studies, and eight volunteers undergoing invasive electrophysiology trials, we examined intracardiac impedance signals obtained with various stimulation rates and output parameter settings. Additionally we analyzed a series of five patients with implanted pacemakers that can measure and telemeter intracardiac impedance signals. Several evaluation concepts have been analyzed regarding their ability to discriminate between effective and ineffective stimuli. We developed an adequate algorithm that detects capture or loss of capture at different output parameter settings based on intracardiac impedance analysis. The sensitivity is 98.5% and specificity is 91% to loss of capture for the currently investigated algorithm and this can be used to determine the optimal setting of pulse width and amplitude with regard to energy consumption. This concept is currently under realization in the external programmer and in the future an implementation of these algorithms within the pacemaker itself is intended.
LUT Mapping and Optimization for Majority-Inverter Graphs (2016)

A <i>Majority-Inverter Graph</i> (MIG) is a directed acyclic graph in which every vertex represents a three-input majority operation and edges may be complemented to indicate operand inversion. MIGs have algebraic and Boolean properties that enable efficient logic optimization. They have been shown to obtain superior synthesis results as compared to state-of-the- art <i>And-Inverter Graph</i> (AIG) based algorithms. In this paper, we extend MIGs to <i>Functionally Reduced</i> MIGs (FRMIGs), analogous to the extension of AIGs to <i>Functionally Reduced</i> AIGs (FRAIGs). This enables the use of MIGs in a <i>lossless synthesis</i> design flow. We present an FRMIG based technology mapper for <i>lookup tables</i> (LUTs). Any MIG may be mapped to a <i>k</i>- LUT network. Using <i>exact synthesis</i> we may decompose the <i>k</i>- LUT network back into an equivalent MIG. We show how LUT mapping and exact <i>k</i>-LUT decomposition can be used to create an MIG optimization method. Finally, we present the results of applying our new optimization method and LUT mapper to both logic optimization and technology mapping.
Etanercept with IVIg for acute Kawasaki disease: a long-term follow-up on the EATAK trial (2022)

Primary adjunctive therapy with etanercept for children with acute Kawasaki disease does not change the end outcome of coronary artery disease but may promote earlier resolution of artery dilation.