gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-Power Techniques for CMOS Wireline Receivers (2016)

With the ever-increasing need for high throughput from chip-to-chip I/Os, wireline transceivers are being pushed to operate at higher speeds. With the increase in data rates, the power consumption of broadband receivers has become critical in multi-lane applications like the Gigabit Ethernet. It is therefore desirable to minimize the power drawn by all of the building blocks.This work introduces a 40-Gb/s CMOS wireline receiver that advances the art by achieving a tenfold reduction in power and an efficiency of 0.35 mW/Gb/s. An innovative aspect of the proposed NRZ receiver is our âminimalistâ approach, which recognizes that every additional stage in the data or clock path consumes more power and limits the bandwidth. The minimalist mentality avoids multiple stages in the front-end continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE), quadrature oscillators in the clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit, clock or data buffers, or phase interpolation. Moreover, building blocks are shared among different functions so as to reduce the number of current paths between VDD and ground. Using charge-steering techniques extensively, the receiver contains only a few static bias currents adding up to about 6 mA. The minimalist approach also leads to a small footprint, about 110 um x 175 um, for the entire receiver, making it possible to design a multi-lane system in a small area and with short interconnects.This receiver incorporates a one-stage CTLE with 5.5-dB boost, a one-tap discrete-time linear equalizer (DTLE) with 5.4-dB boost, a half-rate CDR circuit, a two-tap half-rate/quarter-rate decision-feedback equalizer, a 1:4 deserializer, and two new latch topologies. Since in recent designs, the CTLE draws significant power, this work introduces the DTLE as an efficient means of creating a high-frequency boost with only 0.3 mW. Fabricated in 45-nm CMOS technology, the receiver achieves a BER < 10^(-12) with a recovered clock jitter of 0.515 ps,rms, a jitter tolerance of 0.45 UI at 5 MHz, with a channel loss of 18.6 dB at Nyquist, while consuming 14 mW from a 1-V supply.
Cytokines and mesangial cells. (1993)

Hyperplasia of mesangial cells (MCs) precedes or accompanies progressive glomerular scarring, as is seen in chronic glomerulonephritis and diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The mechanisms causing in vivo MC proliferation and production of extracellular matrix (ECM) are incompletely understood. Cell culture studies have demonstrated that MCs produce as well as react to various polypeptide cytokines. Thus, MCs have the potential to generate soluble mediators which can, in a paracrine fashion, attract and activate inflammatory cells (platelets, monocyte-macrophages, granulocytes), for example by IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and GM-CSF, and exert autocrine effects on MCs themselves, such as by promoting MC proliferation (by PDGF, IL-1, IL-6) or ECM production (by TGF-beta, IL-1). Recent in vitro results have revealed that specific non-soluble ECM components (collagen III, IV; laminin) also affect MC behavior with regard to adhesion, cell replication, ECM production as well as their response to cytokines. The latter effect appears to be mediated by alterations of cytokine receptor expression on MCs in the presence of the ECM components. "Cross-talk" between MCs, cytokines, ECM and inflammatory cells is likely to be of great importance in the regulation of the MC phenotype and may play a prominent role in the initiation and progression of glomerular inflammation. First in vivo findings in rats with experimental glomerular disease and in kidney biopsies from patients with glomerulonephritis have supported this concept by demonstrating abnormal MC expression of cytokines, their receptors and ECM proteins. These MC products may promote the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells and perpetuate MC proliferation as well as ECM build-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gel-nanocomposites: materials with promising applications (2011)

The race to develop newer materials with superior properties/applications in diversified fields is gathering momentum in modern day science. In this context, an exciting avenue of research deals with the development of hybrid materials resulting from the combination of gels with nanoparticles of different origins. These varying kinds of nanoparticles (inorganic nanoparticles, Au/Ag based nanoparticles and carbonaceous nanostructures like carbon nanotube and graphene) are being used in conjunction with diverse self-assemblies to develop gel-nanocomposites with the scope of generating advanced applications. The present review will track the noteworthy progress of gel-nanocomposites and also will highlight the recent advances in their synthesis, improved properties/features and applications for developing mechanically robust materials to antimicrobial hydrogels.
Fabrication of High-Density, High Aspect Ratio, Large-Area Bismuth Telluride Nanowire Arrays by Electrodeposition into Porous Anodic Alumina Templates (2002)

Narrow Bi2Te3 nanowire arrays, where the individual wires are dense and parallel, have been fabricated by electrodeposition. The array–template composites have a high wire density over a large area (see Figure) and are relatively thick, which makes them ideally suited for direct incorporation into existing device structures for thermoelectric or other applications.
Effect of autologous platelet‐rich plasma on the repair of full‐thickness articular defects in rabbits (2012)

The evolution of the tissue treated with autologous PRP showed a positive tendency over time, while the PCB group was negative. Nevertheless, at 19 weeks of age, the PRP treatment did not show better results than the PCB, both showing the characteristics of fibrocartilaginous tissue. Likewise, none of the two treatments produced a repair tissue as the healthy cartilage.
Modeling Aerosols in Amine-based CO2 Capture (2013)

Controlling emission of gaseous and aerosolized pollutants is a critical function of CO2 capture systems using aqueous amine solvents. Absorption of species into aerosols suspended within flue gas, not mechanical entrainment, has been identified as a dominant volatile discharge route. This work investigated the effects of operating conditions on aerosol growth in a combined, PZ-based, absorber/water wash column through simulation using thermodynamic, kinetic, and transport models in Aspen Plus® in combination with an external aerosol model in MATLAB®. Aerosol transport equations included continuum-kinetic length-scale corrections. In the absorber, aerosols grow by continual uptake of CO2 and PZ. Subsequently, H2O condenses to return to saturation. Droplets grow faster in non-intercooled columns because the temperature bulge and leaner solvent increases available PZ in the bulk gas phase. Aerosols grow fastest where the solvent is lean and hot, i.e., above the temperature bulge. Droplets grow faster in the water wash because of elevated PH2O relative to that in the absorber. PH2O is proportional to the amine concentration in the wash loop. The growth mechanism in the water wash can be exploited to remove aerosols by increasing residence time or diluting the wash solution. Increasing aerosol size increases removal efficiency while minimizing the ΔP characteristic to particle collectors.
Modulation of lymphatic muscle contractility by the neuropeptide substance P (2008)

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide associated with sensory innervation of lymphoid tissue and a suspected modulator of lymphatic function in inflammation. Only a few studies have examined the effects of SP on lymphatic contraction, and it is not clear to what extent SP acts directly on the lymphatic muscle and/or endothelium or indirectly through changes in intraluminal filling pressure secondary to increases in capillary permeability/filtration. We tested the effects of SP on the spontaneous contractions of rat isolated mesenteric lymphatic vessels under isometric and isobaric conditions, hypothesizing that low concentrations would stimulate lymphatic pumping by enhancing lymphatic muscle contraction in a manner complementary to the effect of increased preload. Under isometric conditions, SP (10 nM) dramatically enhanced lymphatic chronotropy and inotropy. Unlike guinea pig lymphatics, SP actions were not blocked by cyclooxygenase or PLA(2) inhibition. In the absence of SP, ramp increases in isometric preload resulted in x approximately 1.6 increases in contraction amplitude (Amp) and x approximately 1.7 increases in frequency (Freq). SP increased Freq by x approximately 2.4, Amp by x approximately 1.9, and the Amp-Freq product (AFP) by x approximately 3.5. Under isobaric conditions, the pressure elevation from 0.5 to 10 cmH(2)O in the absence of SP decreased Amp by x approximately 0.6 and increased Freq by x approximately 1.8. SP caused a modest increase in Amp, a robust increase in Freq at all pressures, and shifted the AFP-pressure relationship upward and leftward. Therefore, SP has substantial positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on rat lymphatic muscle, improving pump efficiency independent of the effects of preload and broadening of the working range of the lymphatic pump.
Light-Induced Switching of Surfaces at Wetting Transitions through Photoisomerization of Polymer Monolayers (2012)

We report on a method to generate surfaces whose wettability can be reversibly switched between a superhydrophobic and Wenzel state or a Wenzel and superwetting state just by a short UV or VIS irradiation. To achieve this, we generate a silicon surface with a nanoscale roughness ("black silicon") and attach a polymer monolayer to it. The polymer contains a fluorinated azobenzene moiety which can be switched between the cis and trans state depending on the wavelength of the light used during illumination. The surface energy of the polymer coating is carefully adjusted to the energy value which separates distinct wetting regimes of the nanorough surface. This coupling of light induced switching to a transition of the wetting regimes can cause changes in the water contact angle as high as Δθ = 140° in the advancing CA or more than 175° in the receding CA even when the surface energy is changed only in a rather small range. Short irradiation times with UV or VIS light are enough to change the roll-off angle from <5° to no roll off at all and back. We discuss the requirements necessary so that large changes in the contact angle occur during photoswitching processes on rough surfaces.
A Comprehensive Physics-Based Equivalent-Circuit Model and State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2021)

An accurate battery model plays a vital role in assessing the performance of a lithium-ion battery cell. Although a conventional equivalent circuit model (ECM) such as second-order RC model has been widely employed in developing battery management system, it is difficult to capture the electrochemical behaviors of lithium-ion batteries. To address this issue, we propose a comprehensive physics-based equivalent-circuit model (PECM) and state-of-charge (SOC) estimation method for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). First, a simplified pseudo two-dimensional model is reformulated in the frequency domain to establish the relationship between the battery electrochemical and electrical properties. Different from the previous methods, the improved boundary conditions of electrolyte are introduced to obtain a group of dynamic electrolyte concentration regarding the variations of electrode thickness. Next, by incorporating the extended Kalman filter, a SOC estimation procedure is presented based on the developed PECM. Finally, the effectiveness of proposed PECM is validated in predicting battery terminal output voltage and SOC in case of two different test profiles. The simulation and experimental results show that, in contrast to the conventional ECM, our developed PECM is more suitable for characterizing the LIBs with high accuracy no matter under the US06 or HPPC current working conditions.
Retention of Antibacterial Activity in Geranium Plasma Polymer Thin Films (2017)

Bacterial colonisation of biomedical devices demands novel antibacterial coatings. Plasma-enabled treatment is an established technique for selective modification of physicochemical characteristics of the surface and deposition of polymer thin films. We investigated the retention of inherent antibacterial activity in geranium based plasma polymer thin films. Attachment and biofilm formation by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i> was significantly reduced on the surfaces of samples fabricated at 10 W radio frequency (RF) power, compared to that of control or films fabricated at higher input power. This was attributed to lower contact angle and retention of original chemical functionality in the polymer films fabricated under low input power conditions. The topography of all surfaces was uniform and smooth, with surface roughness of 0.18 and 0.69 nm for films fabricated at 10 W and 100 W, respectively. Hardness and elastic modules of films increased with input power. Independent of input power, films were optically transparent within the visible wavelength range, with the main absorption at ~290 nm and optical band gap of ~3.6 eV. These results suggest that geranium extract-derived polymers may potentially be used as antibacterial coatings for contact lenses.
Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carriers Combined with Anticancer Drugs May Enhance Sensitivity of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy to Solid Tumors (2009)

The aberrant vascular architecture in solid tumors is the key limiting factor known to ameliorate hypoxia and increase circulating anticancer drugs, thus resulting in resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in tumor treatment. Previous experiments have reported hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) that are effective to improve tumor oxygenation, thereby serving as potential agents target-oriented to the hypoxic tumor. Herein, we draw the hypothesis that HBOCs combined with an anticancer drug may increase oxygen bioavailability and anticancer drug retention in solid tumors and in turn contribute to enhanced sensitivity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This novel drug will bring a new breakthrough in the field of the development of anticancer drugs and reveal the alternative clinical use of HBOCs in tumor treatment.
SCFTL: An efficient caching strategy for page-level flash translation layer (2014)

The increasing capacity of NAND flash memory results in larger page size. Since a larger page requires longer access time, the performance of a flash translation layer (FTL) that stores its mapping table in flash pages is degraded. An economical FTL named SCFTL is proposed to avoid such issues caused by the larger page size. In order to reduce spatial requirements, SCFTL employs a demand-based caching mechanism for the page-mapping table. Unlike other FTLs, SCFTL facilitates two techniques for delicately exploiting the spatial locality. In addition, the replacement algorithm is customized for the asymmetrical access time of flash memory. The experiments show that the average overhead of SCFTL in terms of access time is only 6.89%; this overhead is 75.96% and 11.35% lower than the state-of-the-art FTLs. The average cache hit ratio of SCFTL is as high as 0.92 despite the compact memory footprint. Because of the outstanding cache utilization, SCFTL still achieves high performance even though the page size is larger.
<title>Diffractive daylighting: ways to obtain wide-angular-range, large-efficiency, near-achromatic operation</title> (1993)

'Daylighting' is the name for any technique which brings as much daylight as possible deep into an architectural space. This paper describes how this can be done with the use of diffractive structures, it points out the design advantages and disadvantages of various structures and gives results obtained with some prototypes. The prototypes are highly efficient over a wide angular range, produce near achromatic light and are relief structures, which allow for inexpensive reproduction by embossing.
The emergence of piRNAs against transposon invasion to preserve mammalian genome integrity (2017)

Transposable elements (TEs) contribute to the large amount of repetitive sequences in mammalian genomes and have been linked to species-specific genome innovations by rewiring regulatory circuitries. However, organisms need to restrict TE activity to ensure genome integrity, especially in germline cells to protect the transmission of genetic information to the next generation. This review features our current understandings of mammalian PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and their role in TE regulation in spermatogenesis. Here we discuss functional implication and explore additional molecular mechanisms that inhibit transposon activity and altogether illustrate the paradoxical arms race between genome evolution and stability.
Visually Induced Motion Sickness in Virtual Environments (1992)

Visually induced motion sickness is a syndrome that occasionally occurs when physically stationary individuals view compelling visual representations of self-motion. It may also occur when detectable lags are present between head movements and recomputation and presentation of the visual display in helmet-mounted displays. The occurrence of this malady is a critical issue for the future development and implementation of virtual environments. Applications of this emerging technology are likely to be compromised to the extent that users experience illness and/or incapacitation. This article presents an overview of what is currently known regarding the relationship between visually specified self-motion in the absence of inertial displacement and resulting illness and perceptual-motor disturbances.
Goodness of Fit in Item Response Models (1995)

It is shown that goodness-of-fit criteria developed for the evaluation of multivariate structural models can be applied to assist in evaluating the dimensionality of a test consisting of binary items, and correlative methods regularly employed in factor analysis can be used to diagnose causes of misfit.
Lentiviral vectors containing an enhancer-less ubiquitously acting chromatin opening element (UCOE) provide highly reproducible and stable transgene expression in hematopoietic cells (2007)

Ubiquitously acting chromatin opening elements (UCOEs) consist of methylation-free CpG islands encompassing dual divergently transcribed promoters of housekeeping genes that have been shown to confer resistance to transcriptional silencing and to produce consistent and stable transgene expression in tissue culture systems. To develop improved strategies for hematopoietic cell gene therapy, we have assessed the potential of the novel human HNRPA2B1-CBX3 UCOE (A2UCOE) within the context of a self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector. Unlike viral promoters, the enhancer-less A2UCOE gave rise to populations of cells that expressed a reporter transgene at a highly reproducible level. The efficiency of expression per vector genome was also markedly increased in vivo compared with vectors incorporating either spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters, suggesting a relative resistance to silencing. Furthermore, an A2UCOE-IL2RG vector fully restored the IL-2 signaling pathway within IL2RG-deficient human cells in vitro and successfully rescued the X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) phenotype in a mouse model of this disease. These data indicate that the A2UCOE displays highly reliable transcriptional activity within a lentiviral vector, largely overcoming insertion-site position effects and giving rise to therapeutically relevant levels of gene expression. These properties are achieved in the absence of classic enhancer activity and therefore may confer a high safety profile.
Plasticity genes and plasticity costs: a new approach using an <i>Arabidopsis</i> recombinant inbred population (2005)

Earlier flowering is triggered by vernalization in some but not all Arabidopsis ecotypes, often reflecting allelic variation at the FRIGIDA (FRI) locus. Using a recombinant inbred (RI) population polymorphic at FRI, we examined fitness consequences of variation for plasticity. Flowering and fitness were scored for 68 RI genotypes following full and partial vernalization treatments. Within-environment and mixed-model anovas estimated variance components for a genotype effect and a G x E term, respectively. Selection analyses examined whether delayed bolting increases fitness; a plasticity costs analysis asked whether increased plasticity lowers fitness. We also explored whether trait QTL had environment-specific effects, colocated in the immediate vicinity of FRI, or overlapped with fitness QTL. Selection may favor fri alleles and constitutive early flowering, especially in conditions that only partially vernalize plants. Plasticity costs, detected only after partial vernalization and only marginally significant, were nonetheless consistent with FRI-FLC function. We discuss how information about QTL with environment-specific effects, fitness QTL, and knowledge about plasticity genes can improve interpretation of selection or plasticity cost analyses.
Differential interaction of the C3b/C4b receptor and MHC class I with the cytoskeleton of human neutrophils. (1986)

As measured by fluorescence microscopy and radioligand binding, C3b/C4b receptors (CR1) became attached to the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton of human neutrophils when receptors were cross-linked by affinity-purified polyclonal F(ab')2 anti-CR1, dimeric C3b, or Fab monoclonal anti-CR1 followed by F(ab')2 goat anti-mouse F(ab')2. CR1 on neutrophils bearing monovalent anti-CR1 was not attached to the cytoskeleton. In contrast, cross-linked CR1 on erythrocytes and cross-linked MHC Class I on neutrophils were not cytoskeleton associated. A possible role for filamentous actin (F-actin) in the binding of cross-linked CR1 to neutrophil cytoskeleton was suggested by three observations. When neutrophils were differentially extracted with either Low Salt-detergent buffer or High Salt-detergent buffer, stained with FITC-phalloidin, and examined by fluorescent flow cytometry, the residual cytoskeletons generated with the former buffer were shown to contain polymerized F-actin, whereas cytoskeletons generated with the latter buffer were found to be depleted of F-actin. In parallel experiments, High Salt-detergent buffer was also found to release cross-linked CR1 from neutrophils. Second, depolymerization of F-actin by DNAse I released half of the cytoskeletal-associated cross-linked CR1. Third, immunoadsorbed neutrophil CR1, but not MHC Class I or erythrocyte CR1, specifically bound soluble 125I-actin. In addition, Fc receptor and CR3, other phagocytic membrane proteins of neutrophils, specifically bound 125I-actin. These data demonstrate that CR1 cross-linked on neutrophils becomes associated with detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton and that this interaction is mediated either directly or indirectly by actin.
Caracterización de la morbilidad por ingestión de sustancias cáusticas en niños (2002)

Se realizo un estudio descriptivo transversal, con el proposito de caracterizar la morbilidad por ingestion de sustancias causticas en pacientes infantiles ingresados en los servicios de Cirugia y Gastroenterologia del Hospital Pediatrico “Pedro A. Perez”, de Guantanamo, durante el periodo comprendido desde febrero 1995 hasta febrero 2001. El universo se constituyo con los 142 casos diagnosticados. Los datos se obtuvieron de la revision de las historias clinicas y se procesaron con el programa EPINFO 5. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, sustancias causticas ingeridas, causas del accidente, grado de lesion y conducta terapeutica. Fue relevante el predominio de los ninos de 1 a 4 anos del sexo masculino. La sustancia mas comunmente ingerida fue la sosa caustica, siendo el descuido familiar como la principal causa y la esofagitis de grado I, segun endoscopia, fue la lesion mas frecuente. El tratamiento medico fue el mas utilizado. Se emiten conclusiones.