gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kombinatorische Parallelsynthese und Hochgeschwindigkeitsrasterung von Heterogenkatalysator-Bibliotheken (1999)

Weniger als eine Minute war nötig, um die katalytische Aktivität und die Selektivität eines Elements in einer kombinatorischen Bibliothek aus ternären Rh-Pd-Pt-Cu-Legierungen zu bestimmen. Damit genügten zwei Stunden fast, um eine Bibliothek aus 136 Elementen zu überprüfen. Die Bibliotheken enthielten die Elemente (ca. 2–4 μg Material jeweils) in zweidimensionaler Anordnung und wurden mit Dünnschichttechniken synthetisiert. Zur Analyse wurden sie unter Einsatz von Rastertechniken, die mit Massenspektrometrie gekoppelt waren (siehe Bild), vermessen.
Fractalkine in rheumatoid arthritis and allied conditions (2006)

Leukocyte adhesion and trafficking at the endothelium requires both adhesion molecules and chemotactic factors. Fractalkine (CX3C) is a unique chemokine, and is expressed on tumor necrosis factor-α- and interleukin-1-activated endothelial cells (ECs). Fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1, is expressed on NK cells, monocytes, and some portion of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells. Interactions between fractalkine and CX3CR1 can mediate not only chemotaxis, but also cell adhesion in the absence of substrates for other adhesion molecules. Furthermore, fractalkine activates NK cells, leading to increased cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production. Recently, accumulating evidence has shown that fractalkine is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and allied conditions. This review examines new concepts underlying fractalkine-mediated leukocyte migration and tissue damage, focusing primarily on the pathophysiological roles of fractalkine in rheumatic diseases.
Planar Brushless Magnetic Micromotors (2006)

Novel planar magnetic micromotors and microgenerators of active diameter 8 mm were developed, delivering estimated torques of 100 /spl mu/N.m at speeds in excess of 140 000 r/min. Such high performances are due to an innovative use of deep lithography and silicon etching for the fabrication of the stator coils. The hybrid design of the micromotors combines a pair of double-layer three-phase stator coils and a disc-shaped SmCo rotor with eight or 15 axial pairs of poles, all enclosed in a case fabricated using watch-industry micromachining.
The microwave electro-thermal (MET) thruster using water vapor propellant (2005)

The research to develop the microwave electro-thermal (MET) thruster at Research Support Instruments, Inc. (RSI) using a variety of gases as fuel is described. The MET has undergone dramatic evolution since its first inception, and it is now moving toward flight development. The MET uses an electrodeless, vortex-stabilized microwave discharge to superheat gas for propulsion. In its simplest design, the MET uses a directly driven resonant cavity empty of anything except gaseous propellant and the microwave fields that heat it. It is a robust, simple, inexpensive thruster with high efficiency, and has been scaled successfully to operate at 100 W, 1 kW, and 50 kW using 7.5-, 2.45-, and 0.915-GHz microwaves respectively. The 50-KW, 0.915-GHz test was perhaps the highest power demonstration of any steady-state Electric thruster. The MET can use a variety of gases for fuel but the use of water vapor has been shown to give superior performance, with a measured specific impulse (I/sub sp/) of greater than 800 s. When this added to the safety, ease of storage and transfer, and wide availability of water in space, the potential exists for using a water-fueled MET as the core propulsion system for refuelable space platforms.
The versatile functions of Sox9 in development, stem cells, and human diseases (2014)

The transcription factor Sox9 was first discovered in patients with campomelic dysplasia, a haploinsufficiency disorder with skeletal deformities caused by dysregulation of <i>Sox9</i> expression during chondrogenesis. Since then, its role as a cell fate determiner during embryonic development has been well characterized; <i>Sox9</i> expression differentiates cells derived from all three germ layers into a large variety of specialized tissues and organs. However, recent data has shown that ectoderm- and endoderm-derived tissues continue to express <i>Sox9</i> in mature organs and stem cell pools, suggesting its role in cell maintenance and specification during adult life. The versatility of Sox9 may be explained by a combination of post-transcriptional modifications, binding partners, and the tissue type in which it is expressed. Considering its importance during both development and adult life, it follows that dysregulation of Sox9 has been implicated in various congenital and acquired diseases, including fibrosis and cancer. This review provides a summary of the various roles of Sox9 in cell fate specification, stem cell biology, and related human diseases. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms that regulate Sox9 will be crucial for developing effective therapies to treat disease caused by stem cell dysregulation or even reverse organ damage.
Flow cytometric immunodetection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral DNA by heminested PCR and digoxigenin-labeled probes (1994)

PCR is the most sensitive and direct method for detecting blood-borne viruses, as well as an efficient means for producing vector-free probes. However, the application of PCR, especially in the laboratory diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, is impeded by the current use of radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes. Therefore, we have developed a nonisotopic PCR immunoreactive bead (PCR-IRB) assay to detect HIV type 1 proviral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We used a biotinylated primer in a set of three oligonucleotides selected from the HIV long terminal repeat region for heminested PCR amplification. An internal probe was synthesized by PCR with incorporation of digoxigenin-labeled dUTP. After solution hybridization of the probe with PCR-amplified products (amplicons), the hybridized DNA was captured with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. For the detection of hybrids, flow cytometric analyses were carried out by two procedures: (i) direct detection with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled antidigoxigenin immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and (ii) indirect detection with antidigoxigenin sheep IgG antibody followed by FITC-labeled anti-sheep IgG antibody. Both procedures in the PCR-IRB assay detected two to three copies of HIV proviral DNA sequences, a sensitivity that is comparable with that of the conventional radioactive detection of amplicons following probe hybridization and electrophoresis. To compare the PCR-IRB assay with the conventional method, we tested 53 pedigreed PBMC specimens from blood donors and newborns; the results obtained were identical. This nonisotopic PCR-IRB assay can also be automated for potential application in laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection, blood bank screening, and therapeutic monitoring of viremia and perinatal transmission.
Attaining Doppler Precision of 3 M s-1 (1996)

Current spectroscopic techniques yield Doppler-shift errors of 10 to 50 m s-1, barely adequate to detect reflex velocities caused by Jupiter-like and lower-mass planets. We describe a technique which yields relative radial velocity errors of 3 m s-1. This technique makes use of a fast echelle spectrograph at resolution of R=62,000 and a large format CCD which acquires the entire visible and near IR spectrum in each exposure. Starlight is sent through an iodine absorption cell placed at the spectrometer entrance slit. The resulting superimposed iodine lines provide a fiducial wavelength scale against which to measure radial velocity shifts. The shapes of iodine lines convey the PSF of the spectrometer to account for changes in spectrometer optics and illumination on all times scales. We construct a model of each observed spectrum by multiplying a stellar spectrum with an iodine spectrum and convolving the result with the spectrometer PSF. The free parameters of the model include the wavelength scale, spectrometer PSF, and stellar Doppler shift. All model parameters are derived anew for each exposure and the synthesis is done on a grid of CCD sub-pixels, using spline functions as interpolation predictors. We present Doppler tests of the Sun, Tau Ceti, and 107 Psc, observed with the Lick and Keck echelles. All exhibit apparent errors of about 3 m s-1, maintained on time scales of minutes to a year. This precision agrees with the theoretically predicted errors that stem primarily from photon statistics.
Development of the anchoring structures of the epithelium in rabbit and human fetal corneas. (1988)

The sequence of development of the components of the corneal adhesion complex (hemidesmosomes, basal lamina and anchoring fibrils) was studied in rabbit and human fetal corneas using electron microscopy and histochemical localization of type VII (anchoring fibril) collagen. In the rabbit, basal lamina was present at 15 days gestation, followed by hemidesmosomes (HDs) and anchoring fibrils (AFs) at 20 days gestation. Type VII collagen was first localized at 20 days. At 25 days, HDs remained low compared to the adult value. During human corneal development, basal lamina was present at 8 weeks gestation. Through 12 weeks of gestation, no HDs or AFs were discernible nor was there any type VII localization. At 13-19 weeks, HDs and cross-banded AFs were seen, and localization of type VII collagen was first noted. A palisade of filaments extending perpendicularly from the basal lamina into the underlying stroma was discernible from 13 to 27 weeks. A distinct Bowman's layer was present at 19 weeks. By 27 weeks, HDs/micron membrane were greater than or equal to the adult value, and AF penetration into the underlying stroma was also greater than or equal to the adult value. Bowman's layer had not reached adult values by term. These data indicate that after basal lamina deposition, HDs and AFs develop synchronously in both species. In humans the palisade of filaments may be the precursor of Bowman's layer, and the AF network develops within Bowman's layer.
Chondrocytic monoamine oxidase activity in the development of natural murine osteoarthritis. (1992)

Most of the male STR/ORT mice develop osteoarthritis (OA) involving the medial tibial plateau. A peculiarity of two chondroprotective drugs is the presence of a nitrogen atom so that cleavage of the molecule could generate a molecule that might act as an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO). Direct examination showed abnormal localization of MAO in the potentially osteoarthritic cartilage indicating possible abnormal response to catecholamines. In normal cartilage, the direct effect of excessive concentration of adrenaline caused considerable oedema, as measured by microscopic interferometry. It is therefore suggested that the excess of water found in the matrix of osteoarthritic cartilage may be related to disturbance of the MAO activity.
100G and Beyond Transmission Technologies for Evolving Optical Networks and Relevant Physical-Layer Issues (2012)

As 100-Gb/s digital coherent systems enter commercial deployment, an effort is underway to uncover the technologies that will enable the next-generation optical fiber communication systems. We envisage that future optical transport will be software-defined, enabling flexible allocation of bandwidth resources, with dynamically adjustable per-channel data rates based on instantaneous traffic demand and quality-of-service requirements, leading to unprecedented network agility. Software-defined transponders will have the programmability to adopt various modulation formats, coding rates, and the signal bandwidth based on the transmission distance and type of fiber. Digital signal processing will become increasingly ubiquitous and sophisticated, capable of compensating all types of channel impairments, enabling advanced forward error correction coding, and performing functions previously handled poorly by optical analog hardware such as spectrum shaping and demultiplexing of optical channels.
High-speed phosphor-LED wireless communication system utilizing no blue filter (2014)

In this paper, we propose and investigate an adaptively 84.44 to 190 Mb/s phosphor-LED visible light communication (VLC) system at a practical transmission distance. Here, we utilize the orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing quadrature-amplitude-modulation (OFDM-QAM) modulation with power/bit-loading algorithm in proposed VLC system. In the experiment, the optimal analogy pre-equalization design is also performed at LED-Tx side and no blue filter is used at the Rx side for extending the modulation bandwidth from 1 MHz to 30 MHz. In addition, the corresponding free space transmission lengths are between 75 cm and 2 m under various data rates of proposed VLC. And the measured bit error rates (BERs) of < 3.8×10<sup>-3</sup> [forward error correction (FEC) limit] at different transmission lengths and measured data rates can be also obtained. Finally, we believe that our proposed scheme could be another alternative VLC implementation in practical distance, supporting < 100 Mb/s, using commercially available LED and PD (without optical blue filtering) and compact size.
Gabor's expansion of a signal into Gaussian elementary signals (1980)

It is proved that Gabor's expansion of a signal into a discrete set of Gaussian elementary signals exists. An expansion into another discrete set of functions is defined, which functions are biorthonormal, to the Gaussian elementary signals. Hence, the expansion coefficients of the two expansions can be determined easily.
In Situ Modification of Metal–Organic Frameworks in Mixed‐Matrix Membranes (2015)

Processable films of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been long sought to advance the application of MOFs in various technologies from separations to catalysis. Herein, MOF-polymer mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) are described, formed on several substrates using a wide variety of MOF materials. These MMMs can be delaminated from their substrates to create free-standing MMMs that are mechanically stable and pliable. The MOFs in these MMMs remain highly crystalline, porous, and accessible for further chemical modification through postsynthetic modification (PSM) and postsynthetic exchange (PSE) processes. Overall, the findings here demonstrate a versatile approach to preparing stable functional MMMs that should contribute significantly to the advancement of these materials.
Comparison of border irrigation practices in different morphologic fields (2010)

<span class="MedBlackText">To evaluate the effect of field morphologic change on irrigation performance, the field soil characteristics and irrigation performance of 4 types of irrigation fields i.e. border-strip irrigation (BSI), rill irrigation (RI), shallow-furrow-border irrigation (SFBI) and border-furrow irrigation (BFI) were calculated and simulated with WinSRFR3.1 model. The differences induced by the change of field morphologic between these irrigation patterns were compared, and reasonable border lengths for different morphologics were suggested. It was concluded that soil infiltration characteristics and field roughness were quite diverse in different morphologic fields, characterized with the highest roughness in BFI while lowest in BSI, and the rapidest infiltration rate in BSI while slowest in SFBI. For long border, the performance is in order of SFBI &gt; BFI &gt; RI &gt; BSI. Under a feasible inflow rate of 4.5 L/(m &middot; s), to obtain above 80% application efficiency, the optimum border length should be 200-220 m, 170-190 m, 150-170 m, and 150-170 m for SFBI, BFI, RI, and BSI, respectively. Field morphologic playes an important role in surface irrigation performance, and it is necessary to be considered in the futher study and practice of surface irrigation.</span>
Production of Gastroesophageal Erosions and Ulcers (GEU) in Gnotobiotic Swine Monoinfected with Fermentative Commensal Bacteria and Fed High-carbohydrate Diet (1998)

Erosions and gastroesophageal ulcers (GEU) were produced in the pars esophagea of young gnotobiotic swine fed a carbohydrate-enriched liquid diet and monoinfected with two different fermentative commensal bacteria, Lactobacillus and Bacillus sp. In contrast, piglets, fed a similar diet and inoculated with Gastrospirillum sp. (Helicobacter heilmannii), a helicobacter species that colonizes the gastric mucosa, did not develop GEU. Experimental GEU likely develops secondary to epithelial damage mediated by microbial-origin acids whose production is potentiated by high dietary carbohydrate and parietal cell-origin hydrochloric acid.
Increased tooth mobility after fixed orthodontic appliance treatment can be selectively utilized for case refinement via positioner therapy - a pilot study (2020)

Positioner therapy can selectively utilized increased tooth mobility upon orthodontic fixed appliance treatment for case refinements. Here, uncorrected teeth in anchorage blocks are not entailed by unwanted side effects and recover after 6 weeks post treatment. Corrected teeth and their neighbors exhibit enhanced mobility even after 6 weeks, which represents a necessity for the proper correction of tooth position, and concurrently arouses the requirement for an adequate retention protocol.
Molecular emergence of acute myeloid leukemia during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2001)

Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemias (t-AML) with translocations of the MLL gene are associated with the use of topoisomerase II inhibitors. We established the emergence of the malignant clone in a child who developed t-AML with a t(11;19) (q23;p13.3) during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The MLL-ENL and the reciprocal ENL-MLL genomic fusions and their chimeric transcripts were characterized from samples collected at the time of t-AML diagnosis. We used PCR with patient-specific genomic primers to establish the emergence of the MLL-ENL fusion in serially obtained DNA samples. The MLL-ENL fusion was not detectable in bone marrow at the time of ALL diagnosis or after 2 months of chemotherapy (frequency <8.3 x 10(-7) cells(-1)). The genomic fusion was first detected in bone marrow after 6 months of treatment at a frequency of one in 4,000 mononuclear bone marrow cells; the frequency was one in 70 cells after 20 months of therapy. At the first detection of MLL-ENL, the only topoisomerase II inhibitors the patient had received were one dose of daunorubicin and two doses of etoposide. The MLL-ENL fusion was not detectable in blood at the time of ALL diagnosis or after 0.7, 2, 8, 10, and 12 months of therapy but was detectable in blood at 16 months (one in 2.3 x 10(4) cells). Recombinogenic Alu sequences bracketed the breakpoints in both fusions. These data indicate that the malignant clone was not present before therapy, arose early during chemotherapy, and was able to proliferate even during exposure to antileukemic therapy.
Multiple Realizations of the Permeability Field From Well Test Data (1996)

Abstract Although it is possible to generate smooth radially-symmetric permeability distributions that honor a given set of pressure data, the assumption of radial symmetry is unrealistic for most heterogeneous reservoirs. The alternative for generating two-dimensional permeability fields that honor the pressure data and a variogram, without the radial symmetry of the deterministic methods, has usually been to resort to Monte Carlo methods. In this paper I show that it is possible, using models which are linearized about the maximum likelihood point, to generate multiple realizations of the permeability field that are conditioned to well test data, point measurements of permeability, and the variogram. The proposed procedure is far more efficient than current simulated annealing or genetic algorithms and the resulting conditional simulations have no radial artifacts.
Fluorinated Graphene Dielectric and Functional Layers for Electronic Applications (2017)

Future electronics technology is expected to develop from rigid to flexible devices. This process requires breakthroughs in material properties, especially flexibility, in combination with desirable electrical insulating, semiconducting, or metallic properties. Graphene, being one of the recently developed two-dimensional (2D) materials, presents great promise as an active layer in a wide spectrum of electronics devices and, first of all, in field-effect transistors (FET). The development of optimized dielectrics for the graphene active layer is critical for graphene applications. The carrier transport in graphene films takes place at interfaces with dielectric or semiconductor substrates; therefore, the quality of such interface and the interaction of graphene films with nearby dielectric layers (charge carrier scattering) determine the device performance. Generally, the development of dielectric materials aiming at high performance device operation, proper mechanical properties, and low-temperature fabrication is not progressing well since the graphene thin film is very sensitive to surface conditions of dielectric layers. Solving the problem with dielectric layers in the case of nonorganic printed and flexible electronics is especially acute. As it is demonstrated in the present chapter, dielectric layers fabricated from fluorinated graphene suspension or in its combination with graphene oxide are the most promising for graphene-based flexible, printed, and transparent electronics.
Locating ineffective sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (2008)

Ineffective sensor node (InESN) in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is defined as one whose position cannot be estimated by traditional localisation methods. Incremental localisation method is investigated and the existence of the InESNs is confirmed. By analysing the existing characteristics, the InESNs are classified into three categories: InESNs connecting with one known node, InESNs connecting with two known nodes and InESNs standing alone. It is impossible to locate the InESNs of the third category because they cannot receive any information from the known nodes. With a moving target in the WSN, a constrained least-squares formulation is developed to estimate the InESNs of the first two categories. Numerical evaluations are carried out to examine the performance of the proposed method and show that it is indeed effective for locating the InESNs. By incorporating the InESNs in the tracking applications, the performance of the target tracking can be greatly enhanced.
How to Constrain 3-D Fault Continuity and Linkage Using Reflection Seismic Data: A Geomechanical Approach (2000)

Spatial continuity and linkage of faults may substantially affect fluid flow either by compartmentalizing the reservoir or by increasing the tortuosity of flow pathways, whether the faults act as seals or conduits; therefore, understanding fault linkage geometry should improve reservoir flow simulation models and, in turn, significantly reduce the number of wells required to drain reserves.