gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of the long-acting angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril on casual, exercise, and ambulatory blood pressure (1988)

We assessed blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses in a double-blind, randomized study comparing cilazapril, a long-acting, nonsulfhydryl-group converting enzyme inhibitor, with placebo in 18 patients with mild to moderate (sitting diastolic BP, 95 to 114 mm Hg) essential hypertension. The BP and HR parameters were evaluated at rest (casual, 24 hours after administration), during treadmill exercise testing (Bruce protocol), and with 24-hour noninvasive ambulatory BP monitoring. These assessments were made after a 4-week drug washout period and after 8 to 12 weeks of therapy. After 8 weeks of therapy with cilazapril (mean dose 3.6 +/- 0.9 mg/day), casual BP decreased 19/11 mm Hg (p less than 0.01), whereas placebo lowered BP by 4/5 mm Hg (difference not significant) compared with the baseline period. The casual HR was modestly (7 beats/min) but significantly (p less than 0.05) lowered by cilazapril monotherapy. Exercise BP was reduced by cilazapril (reduction at peak HR, 23/11 +/- 10/5 mm Hg; p less than 0.05), and exercise HR was unchanged. Compared with baseline, the duration of exercise was improved with cilazapril but not with placebo (1.0 minute vs -0.2 minute; p less than 0.05). Twenty-four-hour mean, awake, and sleep BPs were reduced with cilazapril with the most impressive reduction occurring during the awake period (19/12 mm Hg; p less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that cilazapril lowers casual, exercise, and ambulatory BP with a modest but significant improvement in exercise time. Thus cilazapril may be particularly effective in the physically active hypertensive patient.
Local Search and Genetic Algorithms for Satellite Scheduling Problems (2013)

Satellite scheduling is a family of problems that arise in satellite mission planning of communications of spacecrafts with ground stations. The problems of this family can be classified under time window scheduling given that the communication between the ground stations and spacecrafts can only be done during some specified time window. This later feature, together with the fact that different users may request communications with spacecrafts in the same time window, make the problems highly constrained and hard to solve to optimality. Therefore, these problems are solved in practice through heuristic and meta-heuristic approaches, which are in general efficient not only for small to moderate size but also for large size instances of the problem. While such methods do not provide any guarantee about optimality of solutions, in most cases they do provide high quality solutions that meet expected requirements of users. In this paper we consider the use of heuristic and meta-heuristic methods for solving satellite scheduling problems. We consider some local search methods (Hill Climbing, Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search) and population based methods (Genetic Algorithms and their variants). We show the instantiation of these methods for solving the case of Ground Station Scheduling, which is one of the most used variants of the satellite scheduling. Some computation results are presented for Tabu Search method.
Thrill: High-performance algorithmic distributed batch data processing with C++ (2016)

We present the design and a first performance evaluation of Thrill - a prototype of a general purpose big data processing framework with a convenient data-flow style programming interface. Thrill is somewhat similar to Apache Spark and Apache Flink with at least two main differences. First, Thrill is based on C++ which enables performance advantages due to direct native code compilation, a more cache-friendly memory layout, and explicit memory management. In particular, Thrill uses template meta-programming to compile chains of subsequent local operations into a single binary routine without intermediate buffering and with minimal indirections. Second, Thrill uses arrays rather than multisets as its primary data structure which enables additional operations like sorting, prefix sums, window scans, or combining corresponding fields of several arrays (zipping). We compare Thrill with Apache Spark and Apache Flink using five kernels from the HiBench suite. Thrill is consistently faster and often several times faster than the other frameworks. At the same time, the source codes have a similar level of simplicity and abstraction.
Edge degradation for objective video quality metrics (2004)

In this paper, we propose a new method for an objective measurement of video quality based on edge degradation. One of the most important requirements for an objective method for video quality measurement is that it should provide consistent performances over a wide range of video sequences that are not used in the designing stage. By analyzing subjective scores of various video sequences, we found that the human visual system is sensitive to degradation around edges. In other words, when edge areas of a video are blurred, evaluators tend to give low scores to the video even though the overall mean squared error is not so large. Based on this observation, we propose an objective video quality measurement method that measures degradation around edges. In the proposed method, we first apply an edge detection algorithm to videos and find edge areas. Then, we measure degradation of those edge areas by computing mean squared error. From this mean squared error, we compute the PSNR and use it as video quality metric. Experimental results show that the proposed method compares favorably with the current objective methods for video quality measurement. Furthermore, when the proposed method is applied to test video sequences that are not used in the designing stage, it still consistently provides satisfactory performances.
Epithelial Na, K-ATPase expression is down-regulated in canine prostate cancer; a possible consequence of metabolic transformation in the process of prostate malignancy (2003)

An important physiological function of the normal prostate gland is the synthesis and secretion of a citrate rich prostatic fluid. In prostate cancer, citrate production levels are reduced as a result of altered cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. Na, K-ATPase is essential for citrate production since the inward Na+ gradients it generates are utilized for the Na+ dependent uptake of aspartate, a major substrate for citrate synthesis. The objective of this study was to compare the expression of previously identified Na, K-ATPase isoforms in normal canine prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) using immunohistochemistry in order to determine whether reduced citrate levels in PCa are also accompanied by changes in Na, K-ATPase expression. Expression of Na, K-ATPase α1 and β1 isoforms was observed in the lateral and basolateral plasma membrane domains of prostatic epithelial cells in normal and BPH prostates. Canine kidney was used as positive control for expression of Na, K-ATPase α1 and γ isoforms. The α1 isoform was detected in abundance in prostatic epithelial cells but there was no evidence of α2, α3 or γ subunit expression. In advanced PCa, Na, K-ATPase α1 isoform expression was significantly lower compared to normal and BPH glands. The abundant basolateral immunostaining observed in normal and BPH tissue was significantly attenuated in PCa. The loss of epithelial structure and function and the transformation of normal epithelial cells to malignant cells in the canine prostate have important implications for cellular metabolism and are accompanied by a down regulation of Na, K-ATPase.
Identification of nonlinearities in the neuromuscular system (1988)

Techniques have been developed recently which yield nonparametric estimates of the dynamic linear and static nonlinear components of two simple cascade configurations: the Wiener system, consisting of a dynamic linear element followed by a static nonlinearity, and the Hammerstein system, made up of a static nonlinearity followed by a dynamic linear element. A description is given of the results obtained when these methods were used to identify important dynamic relations in the neuromuscular system. For the intact human ankle, the Hammerstein structure provided a good description of stretch reflex dynamics (the relation between joint position and EMG activity). In contrast, the stiffness of isolated muscle fibers (e.g. the dynamic relation between length and force) was modeled best using the Wiener configuration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reliable and efficient hop-by-hop flow control (1994)

Hop-by-hop flow control can be used to fairly share the bandwidth of a network among competing flows. No data is lost even in overload conditions; yet each flow gets access to the maximum throughput when the network is lightly loaded. However, some schemes for hop-by-hop flow control require too much memory; some of them are not resilient to errors. We propose a scheme for making hop-by-hop flow control resilient and show that it has advantages over schemes proposed by Kung. We also describe a novel method for sharing the available buffers among the flows on a link; our scheme allows us to potentially reduce the memory requirement (or increase the number of flows that can be supported) by an order of magnitude. Most of the work is described in the context of an ATM network that uses credit based flow control. However our ideas extend to networks in which flows can be distinguished, and to rate based flow control schemes.
The Cytoskeletal/Non-muscle Isoform of α-Actinin Is Phosphorylated on Its Actin-binding Domain by the Focal Adhesion Kinase (2001)

alpha-Actinin is tyrosine-phosphorylated in activated human platelets (Izaguirre, G., Aguirre, L., Ji, P., Aneskievich, B., and Haimovich, B. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 37012--37020). Analysis of platelet RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that alpha-actinin expressed in platelets is identical to the cytoskeletal/non-muscle isoform. A construct of this isoform containing a His(6) tag at the amino terminus was generated. Robust tyrosine phosphorylation of the recombinant protein was detected in cells treated with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate. The tyrosine phosphorylation site was localized to the amino-terminal domain by proteolytic digestion. A recombinant alpha-actinin protein containing a Tyr --> Phe mutation at position 12 (Y12F) was no longer phosphorylated when expressed in vanadate-treated cells, indicating that tyrosine 12 is the site of phosphorylation. The wild type recombinant protein was not phosphorylated in cells lacking the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Re-expression of FAK in these cells restored alpha-actinin phosphorylation. Purified wild type alpha-actinin, but not the Y12F mutant, was phosphorylated in vitro by wild type as well as a Phe-397 mutant of FAK. In contrast, no phosphorylation was detected in the presence of a kinase-dead FAK. Tyrosine phosphorylation reduced the amount of alpha-actinin that cosedimented with actin filaments. These results establish that alpha-actinin is a direct substrate for FAK and suggest that alpha-actinin mediates FAK-dependent signals that could impact the physical properties of the cytoskeleton.
Eigenvector method for maximum-likelihood estimation of phase errors in synthetic-aperture-radar imagery (1993)

We develop a maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithm for estimation and correction (autofocus) of phase errors induced in synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR) imagery. Here, M pulse vectors in the range-compressed domain are used as input for simultaneously estimating M − 1 phase values across the aperture. The solution involves an eigenvector of the sample covariance matrix of the range-compressed data. The estimator is then used within the basic structure of the phase gradient autofocus (PGA) algorithm, replacing the original phase-estimation kernel. We show that, in practice, the new algorithm provides excellent restorations to defocused SAR imagery, typically in only one or two iterations. The performance of the new phase estimator is demonstrated essentially to achieve the Cramér–Rao lower bound on estimation-error variance for all but small values of target-toclutter ratio. We also show that for the case in which M is equal to 2, the ML estimator is similar to that of the original PGA method but achieves better results in practice, owing to a bias inherent in the original PGA phase estimation kernel. Finally, we discuss the relationship of these algorithms to the shear-averaging and spatial correlation methods, two other phase-correction techniques that utilize the same phase-estimation kernel but that produce substantially poorer performance because they do not employ several fundamental signal-processing steps that are critical to the algorithms of the PGA class.
Grap Is a Novel SH3-SH2-SH3 Adaptor Protein That Couples Tyrosine Kinases to the Ras Pathway (1996)

A human cytoplasmic signaling protein has been cloned that possesses the same structural arrangement of SH3-SH2-SH3 domains as Grb2. This protein is designated Grap for Grb2-related adaptor protein. The single 2.3-kilobase (kb) grap transcript was expressed predominantly in thymus and spleen, while the ubiquitously expressed grb2 gene produced two mRNA species of 3.8 and 1.5 kb. Grap and Grb2 consist of 217 amino acids and share 59% amino acid sequence identity, with highest homology in the N-terminal SH3 domain. The GrapSH2 domain interacts with ligand-activated receptors for stem cell factor (c-kit) and erythropoietin (EpoR). Grap also forms a stable complex with the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein via its SH2 domain in K562 cells. Furthermore, Grap is associated with a Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor mSos1, primarily through its N-terminal SH3 domain. These results show that a family of Grb2-like proteins exist and couple signals from receptor and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases to the Ras signaling pathway.
High power quantum dot lasers (2002)

Summary form only given. QD lasers have decisive advantages compared to QW lasers. The present technology of epitaxial growth of self-organized QDs allows fabricating QD lasers that realize their theoretical benefits. Among those are very low threshold current density, operation in new wavelength ranges for a given substrate and high power operation. We present results on MOCVD and MBE grown high power QD lasers based on InGaAs QDs on GaAs substrate. MOCVD devices demonstrated lasing at 1100 nm with 3.5 W in the pulsed regime. The threshold was 210 A/cm/sup 2/ and the differential efficiency 57%. The saturation value of the spectral power density is 200 MW/nm. Therefore each QD produces about 12.5 nW of external optical power, corresponding to 7/spl times/10/sup 10/ photons/s and an upper limit for the refill time of 14 ps.
Progress of High-k Dielectrics Applicable to SONOS-Type Nonvolatile Semiconductor Memories (2010)

As a promising candidate to replace the conventional floating gate flash memories, polysilicon-oxide-nitride-oxidesilicon (SONOS)-type nonvolatile semiconductor memories have been investigated widely in the past several years. SONOS-type memories have some advantages over the conventional floating gate flash memories, such as lower operating voltage, excellent endurance and compatibility with standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. However, their operating speed and date retention characteristics are still the bottlenecks to limit the applications of SONOS-type memories. Recently, various approaches have been used to make a trade-off between the operating speed and the date retention characteristics. Application of high-k dielectrics to SONOS-type memories is a predominant route. This article provides the state-of-the-art research progress of high-k dielectrics applicable to SONOS-type nonvolatile semiconductor memories. It begins with a short description of working mechanism of SONOS-type memories, and then deals with the materials' requirements of high-k dielectrics used for SONOS-type memories. In the following section, the microstructures of high-k dielectrics used as tunneling layers, charge trapping layers and blocking layers in SONOS-type memories, and their impacts on the memory behaviors are critically reviewed. The improvement of the memory characteristics by using multilayered structures, including multilayered tunneling layer or multilayered charge trapping layer are also discussed. Finally, this review is concluded with our perspectives towards the future researches on the high-k dielectrics applicable to SONOS-type nonvolatile semiconductor memories.
Power Supply Topologies for Biphasic Stimulation in Inductively Powered Implants (2005)

Biphasic stimulation is commonly used for electrical stimulation of tissue in many implants. A dual voltage scheme is often used for the operation of the stimulus circuitry. Due to the advantages of wireless power transmission, an inductive link is used to recover the transmitted power and generate these voltages. This paper identifies the problem of additional power dissipation in the implant when the traditional rectifier topology with one diode is used. A dual diode topology is proposed which reduces the power dissipated in the implant by half. A detailed analysis for both topologies is done through derivation of expressions for the power losses on the primary and secondary coils. A comparison of single diode and dual diode topologies is presented under different conditions and inferences are drawn that can be used as design guidelines.
Chemistry, technology, and nutritive value of maize tortillas (1990)

Abstract This document reviews the available literature dating from 1943 up to the present time, on the chemistry, technology, and nutritive value of tortillas, as produced by the calcium hydroxide‐cooking of maize first used by the Maya and Aztec civilizations. In 45 years significant amounts of information have been derived from basic and applied research on the different steps of the food chain, including characterization of the raw materials; the description of the process, as conducted in rural areas and at the industrial level; the significance of the processing parameters; the chemical and nutritional changes which take place; the advantages and disadvantages of the process; the improvement of the nutritional value of the product, and the improvement of the shelf‐life of the processed flour and product, and forms of consumption and other applications. Most of these studies have been conducted with common maize, but the document includes data on QPM, which gives an equally satisfactory product that has a significantly higher nutritional value. Important findings include: the loss of a number of nutrients, but improvements in the bioavailability of others, such as calcium, nicotinic acid and overall protein quality. Likewise, small amounts of undesirable amino acid derivatives are formed, but the process helps in reducing fungi, antinutritional and toxic factors. Quality improvement can be achieved through addition of small amounts of lysine‐ and tryptophan‐rich proteins, such as soybeans, without altering functional and organoleptic characteristics. If further developed, it could play a more important role in food security in developing countries.
Amatuximab and novel agents targeting mesothelin for solid tumors (2017)

Mesothelin (MSLN) is considered a promising target for cancer therapy. Originally extracted in 1992 after the immunization of mice with a human ovarian cancer (OC) cell line and cloned in 1996, MSLN seems to be involved in cell adhesion and metastasis. MSLN is prevalent in mesothelia tissues but is expressed in several human cancers, such as OC, pancreatic cancer, mesothelioma, and lung cancer. Amatuximab (MORAb-009) is a mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody with a selective affinity for MSLN. The principal mechanism of action comprises inhibition of binding of MSLN with the antigen CA125/MUC16. The highest phase of development is actually a Phase II trial (MORAb-009-201, Europe). In this review, we describe the mechanism of action of amatuximab and other MSLN-targeting novel drugs, along with a discussion about the expected efficacy, safety, and toxicity of this promising group of agents and implications for future research and clinical practice.
Identification of a Novel Element Involved in Regulation of the Lytic Switch BZLF1 Gene Promoter of Epstein-Barr Virus (2001)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus capable of establishing a latent state in B lymphocytes. EBV's BZLF1 gene product plays a central role in regulating the switch from latency to productive infection. Here, we identify a sequence element, 5'-CAGGTA-3', called ZV, located at nucleotides -17 to -12 relative to the transcription initiation site of the BZLF1 promoter. ZV sequence-specifically binds a cellular nuclear factor(s), ZVR. ZVR DNA-binding activity was present in the EBV-negative B-lymphocytic cell line DG75, the EBV-positive B-lymphocytic cell lines GG68 and 721, the cervical cell line C33A, and the kidney cell line CV-1 but not in the breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7. Mutations in ZV that relieve binding of ZVR lead to a two- to fourfold increase in basal expression of the BZLF1 promoter in DG75, C33A, and CV-1 cells. The same mutants exhibited a 40- to 180-fold increase in tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-ionomycin-induced expression in DG75 cells and a 22-fold increase in C33A cells. Thus, ZVR functions as a regulator of the BZLF1 promoter, repressing transcription when bound to the ZV site in the absence of inducers. No differences in basal or induced transcription between wild-type and ZV mutant BZLF1 promoters were observed in ZVR-negative MCF-7 cells. ZVR failed to bind any of the previously identified negative regulatory elements within the BZLF1 promoter. We conclude that ZV functions as an important regulatory element of the BZLF1 promoter, with ZVR likely playing important roles in the maintenance of latency and reactivation of EBV.
iCub: the design and realization of an open humanoid platform for cognitive and neuroscience research (2007)

The development of robotic cognition and the advancement of understanding of human cognition form two of the current greatest challenges in robotics and neuroscience, respectively. The RobotCub project aims to develop an embodied robotic child (iCub) with the physical (height 90 cm and mass less than 23 kg) and ultimately cognitive abilities of a 2.5-year-old human child. The iCub will be a freely available open system which can be used by scientists in all cognate disciplines from developmental psychology to epigenetic robotics to enhance understanding of cognitive systems through the study of cognitive development. The iCub will be open both in software, but more importantly in all aspects of the hardware and mechanical design. In this paper the design of the mechanisms and structures forming the basic 'body' of the iCub are described. The papers considers kinematic structures dynamic design criteria, actuator specification and selection, and detailed mechanical and electronic design. The paper concludes with tests of the performance of sample joints, and comparison of these results with the design requirements and simulation projects.