gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Classical, Four-Carbon Bridged 5-Substituted Furo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine and 6-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine Analogues as Antifolates (2005)

Bridge homologation of the previously reported classical two-carbon-bridged antifolates, a 5-substituted 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine (1) [which is a 6-regioisomer of LY231514 (Alimta)] and a 6-subsituted 2-amino-4-oxopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, afforded the three-carbon-bridged antifolates analogues 4 and 5, with enhanced inhibitory activity against tumor cells in culture (EC(50) values in the 10(-8)-10(-7) M range or less). These two analogues were synthesized via a 10-step synthetic sequence starting from methyl 4-bromobenzoate (14), which was elaborated to the alpha-chloromethyl ketone (8) followed by condensation with 2,6-diamino-pyrimidin-4-one (7) to afford the substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 9 and the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 10. Subsequent coupling of each regioisomer with diethyl-l-glutamate followed by saponification afforded 4 and 5. The biological results indicate that elongation of the C8-C9 bridge of the classical 5-substituted 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 6-substituted 2-amino-4-oxopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine are highly conducive to antitumor activity in vitro, despite a lack of increase in inhibitory activity against the target enzymes. This supports our original hypothesis that truncation of the B-ring of a highly potent 6-6 ring system to a 6-5 ring system can be compensated by bridge homologation to restore the overall length of the molecule.
Strategies for Language Model Web-Data Collection (2006)

This paper presents an analysis of the use of textual information collected from the Internet via a search engine for the purpose of building domain specific language models. A framework to analyse the effect of search query formulation on the resulting Web-data language model performance in an evaluation is developed. The framework gives rise to improved methods of selecting n-gram search engine queries, which return documents that make better domain specific language models
Acoustic Wave Problems (2009)

Solving acoustic wave problems is one of the most important applications of the BEM, which can be used to predict sound fields for noise control in automobiles, airplanes, and many other consumer products. Acoustic waves often exist in an infinite medium outside a structure that is in vibration (a radiation problem) or impinged on by an incident wave (a scattering problem). With the BEM, only the boundary of the structure needs to be discretized. In addition, the BCs at infinity can be taken into account analytically in the BIE formulations, and thus these conditions are satisfied exactly. The governing equation for acoustic wave problems is the Helmholtz equation, which was solved using the BIE and BEM for more than four decades (see, e.g., some of the early work in Refs. [107–120]). Especially, the work by Burton and Miller in Ref. [108] is regarded as classical work that provides a very elegant way to overcome the so-called fictitious frequency difficulties existing in the conventional BIE for exterior acoustic wave problems. Burton and Miller's BIE formulation has been used by many others in their research on the BEM for acoustic problems (see, e.g., Refs. [50, 51, 121–125]).
Challenges in Mammography: Part 1, Artifacts in Digital Mammography (2011)

In this article, we will illustrate the appearance of artifacts in full field digital mammography, review the causes of these artifacts, and discuss methods to eliminate artifacts in digital mammography.
Emphasis on biofilms can improve mitigation of microbiologically influenced corrosion in oil and gas industry (2015)

From the time of construction to the point of decommissioning, oil and gas pipelines can be susceptible to internal microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) based on changing environmental conditions that occur over the life of the asset. Current MIC management efforts often focus on enumeration of planktonic rather than sessile microorganisms in biofilms, essentially overlooking the surface conditions that directly influence localised corrosion and MIC. Monitoring and mitigation measures that focus on the combined effects of biofilms, surface microbiological activity and corrosion provide better information for effectively managing MIC. Consideration of the relationship between biofilms and metal surfaces in the design stage of oil and gas assets can improve the ability to manage MIC in all stages of asset life. In order to move from planktonic to sessile based monitoring, pipeline operators will need improvements in the technology for sampling internal surfaces of operating pipeline systems.
Axioms of Cooperative Decision Making. (1990)

Axioms of Cooperative Decision Making provides a unified and comprehensive study of welfarism, cooperative games, public decision making, and voting and social choice theory - technically heterogeneous subjects that are linked by common axioms. HervA© Moulin studies these areas from an axiomatic perspective. Every axiom conveys a certain ethical principle (e.g. 'one man one vote', or 'to each according to his contribution'). Axiomatic theory examines the compatibility of various combinations of axioms. The book describes recent successes of this method. It gives many examples of the axiomatic approach, ranging from the construction of numerical indices for measuring inequality, to the pricing of a regulated monopoly, to the comparison of various voting rules. The book will be useful to mathematical modellers, especially those interested in economics and political science.
A time synchronization method for NTP (2003)

This paper introduces an implementation of a clock synchronization method for NTP (Network Time Protocol). NTP is widely used and an effective application protocol in maintaining time synchronization over the network. But the performance of NTP depends on Operating System (OS) and on the real time property of OS because of working on the time management functions provided by the general-purpose OS. But, currently available Oses' real time properties are restricted. So the needs of the embedded time synchronization systems are increasing. This paper analyzes the OS dependencies of NTP and shows the OS requirements for the time synchronization. Also the implementing features of the prototype are described and the system configuration components are shown. In the outcome of the analysis, this paper shows a clock model for embedded systems.
Fragile X-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND) (2018)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the full mutation (>200 CGG repeats) in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (<i>FMR1</i>) gene. It is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability (ID) and autism. This review focuses on neuropsychiatric disorders frequently experienced by premutation carriers with 55 to 200 CGG repeats and the pathophysiology involves elevated <i>FMR1</i> mRNA levels, which is different from the absence or deficiency of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) seen in FXS. Neuropsychiatric disorders are the most common problems associated with the premutation, and they affect approximately 50% of individuals with 55 to 200 CGG repeats in the <i>FMR1</i> gene. Neuropsychiatric disorders in children with the premutation include anxiety, ADHD, social deficits, or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In adults with the premutation, anxiety and depression are the most common problems, although obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD, and substance abuse are also common. These problems are often exacerbated by chronic fatigue, chronic pain, fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders and sleep problems, which are also associated with the premutation. Here we review the clinical studies, neuropathology and molecular underpinnings of RNA toxicity associated with the premutation. We also propose the name Fragile X-associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND) in an effort to promote research and the use of fragile X DNA testing to enhance recognition and treatment for these disorders.
Structure and copy number of gene clusters related to the pap P-adhesin operon of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (1989)

The structurally related pap and prs operons of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolate J96 encode a P and an F adhesin that mediate bacterial attachment to the human P blood group antigen and the Forssman antigen, respectively. Using probes prepared from different segments of the pap operon, Southern blot hybridizations were performed to characterize pap-related sequences of 30 E. coli clinical isolates expressing different adhesin phenotypes. Gene clusters encoding P and F adhesins displayed no restriction site polymorphism in sequences homologous to the papH, papC, and papD genes that encode proteins essential to the transport and polymerization of the subunits of the P-pilus adhesin. In contrast, pap-related genetic elements associated with a null phenotype either lacked homology to the papH, papC, and papD genes or displayed a restriction site polymorphism in this region. Sequences within and surrounding the J96 papG and prsG adhesin genes that determine the binding specificities to the P and F antigens, respectively, were not conserved. However, gene clusters encoding different binding specificities could not be distinguished based on such restriction site polymorphisms. The majority of clinical isolates had more than one copy of pap-related sequences that involved gene clusters similar to the J96 pap operon, as well as genetic elements that were related only to a part of this operon. The implications of this unexpected copy number polymorphism with respect to possible recombination events involving pap-related sequences are discussed.
A 'companion' ECA with planning and activity modelling (2008)

In this paper, we describe the development of an Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) implementing the concept of a companion, i.e. an agent supporting the persistent representation of user activities and dialogue-based communication with the user. This first experiment implements a Health and Fitness companion aimed at promoting a healthier lifestyle. The system operates by generating an 'ideal' plan of daily activities from background knowledge and dialogue interaction with the user. This plan then becomes an activity model, which will later be instantiated by reports from the user and analysed by the agent from the perspective of initial objectives. At various stages of the day, the plan can still be adapted through further dialogue. The agent is embodied using a wireless rabbit (Nabaztag™) device situated in the user's home. After describing the planning component, based on Hierarchical Task Networks (HTN) and the spoken dialogue system, we present a working example from the system illustrating its behaviour through various phases of user activity generation, updating and re-planning.
MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI DAN PRESTASI BELAJAR IPA MELALUI VIDIO PEMBELAJARAN DARING BERBASIS KARTUN PADA SISWA KELAS VII B SMP NEGERI 6 TABANAN TAHUN PELAJARAN 2020/2021 (2021)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Vidio Pembelajaran Daring Berbasis Kartun dapat meningkatkan motivasi dan prestasi belajar IPA kelas VII B SMP Negeri 6 Tabanan Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas dengan rancangan penelitian menggunakan II siklus. Di mana masing-masing siklus terdiri dari empat tahapan yaitu: tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan/observasi dan refleksi. Subjek penelitiannya siswa kelas VII B SMP Negeri 6 Tabanan Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021 dengan jumlah siswa terdiri dari 32 orang.perempuan terdiri dari 17 orang dan laki-laki 15 orang.Metode analisis data yang digunakan dengan menggunakan metode statistik deskriptif, sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan lembar observasi motivasi dan tes prestasi belajar siswa. Pada refleksi awal nilai rata-rata hasil belajar siswa yaitu 60,16 dengan kategori kurang aktif, pada siklus I 72 dengan kategori cukup aktif, dan pada siklus II 83,5 dengan kategori sangat aktif. Sedangkan nilai motivasi belajar IPA siswa kelas VII B SMP Negeri 6 Tabanan Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021 sangat baik. Hal ini terbukti dari nilai rata-rata hasil observasi siswa pada siklus I yakni 67,66 dan meningkat menjadi 84,16 pada siklus II. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahawa penerapan model pembelajaran Vidio Pembelajaran Daring Berbasis Kartun dapat meningkatkan motivasi dan prestasi belajar IPA kelas VII B SMP Negeri 6 Tabanan Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021.
Association between human immunodeficiency virus serostatus and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (2021)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) leads to increased risk for stroke. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), although it is unclear if HIV is associated with AF. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between HIV serostatus and the prevalence of AF in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.A cross sectional study was conducted among 1674 HIV-infected (HIV+) and uninfected (HIV-) men who completed resting 12-lead electrocardiograms, and/or ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between AF, defined as the presence of either AF or atrial flutter, and HIV+ serostatus. Associations were adjusted for demographic variables, and then also for CVD risk factors.HIV+ men were younger than HIV- men (median 55.5 vs 61.7 years, P < .001) and were more frequently African-American (30.5% vs 17.8%, P < .001). Most HIV+ men (81%) had undetectable viral load. The age and race adjusted prevalence of AF was 3.0% in HIV+ and 3.3% in HIV- men. There was only 1 case of AF among African-American men. There were no associations between AF and HIV serostatus after adjusting for demographic factors (odds ratio 0.76; 95% CI 0.37 to -1.58; P = .47) or after further adjustment for CVD risk factors (odds ratio 0.84; 95% CI 0.39 to -1.81; P = .66).We found no association between HIV and AF in this cohort in which viral replication among the HIV+ men is generally suppressed. The overall prevalence of AF was low and was rare in African-American men.
OpenFlow Switching: Data Plane Performance (2010)

OpenFlow is an open standard that can be implemented in Ethernet switches, routers and wireless access points (AP). In the OpenFlow framework, packet forwarding (data plane) and routing decisions (control plane) run on different devices. OpenFlow switches are in charge of packet forwarding, whereas a controller set up switch forwarding table on a per-flow basis, to enable flow isolation and resource slicing. We focus on the data path and analyze the OpenFlow implementation in Linux based PCs. We compare OpenFlow switching, layer-2 Ethernet switching and layer-3 IP routing performance. Forwarding throughput and packet latency in underloaded and overloaded conditions are analyzed, with different traffic patterns. System scalability is analyzed using different forwarding table sizes, and fairness in resource distribution is measured.
Distributed coupling on polished single-mode optical fibers (1981)

The core of a single-mode fiber can be reached by an optically controlled polishing technique which does not alter the fiber's mechanical strength. A directional coupler using two such fibers was designed showing a power extinction ratio from zero to more than 35 dB over a wide range of structure parameters with easy alignment operations and insertion loss lower than 1 dB.
ELECTRO-OSMOSIS IN DEWATERING OF PULP AND PAPER WASTE SLUDGE (2008)

−− − The paper preliminary discusses the alternative of using electro-osmosis in dewatering pulp and paper residual sludge and then analyzes the efficiency of the electro-osmotic treatment for a particular raw sludge.
Ultra-compact nonvolatile photonics based on electrically reprogrammable transparent phase change materials (2021)

Energy-efficient programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are the cornerstone of on-chip classical and quantum optical technologies. Optical phase shifters constitute the fundamental building blocks which enable these programmable PICs. Thus far, carrier modulation and thermo-optical effect are the chosen phenomena for ultrafast and low-loss phase shifters, respectively; however, the state and information they carry are lost once the power is turned off-they are volatile. The volatility not only compromises energy efficiency due to their demand for constant power supply, but also precludes them from emerging applications such as in-memory computing. To circumvent this limitation, we introduce a novel phase shifting mechanism that exploits the nonvolatile refractive index modulation upon structural phase transition of Sb$_{2}$Se$_{3}$, an ultralow-loss phase change material. A zero-static power and electrically-driven phase shifter was realized on a foundry-processed silicon-on-insulator platform, featuring record phase modulation up to 0.09 $\pi$/$\mu$m and a low insertion loss of 0.3 dB/$\pi$. We further pioneered a one-step partial amorphization scheme to enhance the speed and energy efficiency of PCM devices. A diverse cohort of programmable photonic devices were demonstrated based on the ultracompact PCM phase shifter.
Weighted fairness in buffered crossbar scheduling (2004)

The crossbar is the most popular packet switch architecture. By adding small buffers at the crosspoints, important advantages can be obtained: (1) crossbar scheduling is simplified; (2) high throughput is achievable; (3) weighted scheduling becomes feasible. We study the fairness properties of a buffered crossbar with weighted fair schedulers. We show by means of simulation that, under heavy demand, the system allocates throughput in a weighted max-min fair manner. We study the impact of the size of the crosspoint buffers in approximating the weighted max-min fair rates and we find that a small amount of buffering per crosspoint (3-8 cells) suffices for the maximum percentage discrepancy to fall below 5% for 32/spl times/32 switches.
Electromechanics of a Redox-Active Rotaxane in a Monolayer Assembly on an Electrode (2004)

A rotaxane monolayer consisting of the cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (2), threaded on a "molecular string" that includes a pi-donor diiminobenzene unit and stoppered by an adamantane unit is assembled on a Au electrode. The surface coverage of the electroactive cyclophane unit, E degrees = -0.43 V vs SCE, corresponds to 0.8 x 10(-10) mol.cm(-2). The cyclophane (2) is structurally localized on the molecular string by generating a pi-donor-acceptor complex with the diiminobenzene units of the molecular string. The cyclophane (2) acts as a molecular shuttle, revealing electrochemically driven mechanical translocations along the molecular wire. Reduction of the cyclophane (2) to the respective biradical-dication results in its dissociation from the pi-donor site, and the reduced cyclophane is translocated toward the electrode. Oxidation of the reduced cyclophane reorganizes 2 on the pi-donor-diiminobenzene sites. The positions of the oxidized and reduced cyclophane units are characterized by chronoamperometric and impedance measurements. Using double-step chronoamperometric measurements the dynamics of the translocation of the cyclophane units on the molecular string is characterized. The reduced cyclophane moves toward the electrode with a rate constant corresponding to k(1) = 320 s(-1), whereas the translocation of the oxidized cyclophane from the electrode to the pi-donor binding site proceeds with a rate constant of k(2) = 80 s(-1). Also, in situ electrochemical/contact angle measurements reveal that the electrochemically driven translocation of the cyclophane on the molecular string provides a means to reversibly control the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the surface. The latter system demonstrates the translation of a molecular motion into the macroscopic motion of a water droplet.
TGF-β switches from tumor suppressor to prometastatic factor in a model of breast cancer progression (2003)

The TGF-beta signaling network plays a complex role in carcinogenesis because it has the potential to act as either a tumor suppressor or a pro-oncogenic pathway. Currently, it is not known whether TGF-beta can switch from tumor suppressor to pro-oncogenic factor during the course of carcinogenic progression in a single cell lineage with a defined initiating oncogenic event or whether the specific nature of the response is determined by cell type and molecular etiology. To address this question, we have introduced a dominant negative type II TGF-beta receptor into a series of genetically related human breast-derived cell lines representing different stages in the progression process. We show that decreased TGF-beta responsiveness alone cannot initiate tumorigenesis but that it can cooperate with an initiating oncogenic lesion to make a premalignant breast cell tumorigenic and a low-grade tumorigenic cell line histologically and proliferatively more aggressive. In a high-grade tumorigenic cell line, however, reduced TGF-beta responsiveness has no effect on primary tumorigenesis but significantly decreases metastasis. Our results demonstrate a causal role for loss of TGF-beta responsiveness in promoting breast cancer progression up to the stage of advanced, histologically aggressive, but nonmetastatic disease and suggest that at that point TGF-beta switches from tumor suppressor to prometastatic factor.
Quantifying the financial impact of IT security breaches (2003)

Internet security is a pervasive concern for all companies. However, developing the business case to support investments in IT security has been particularly challenging because of difficulties in precisely quantifying the economic impact of a breach. Previous studies have attempted to quantify the magnitude of losses resulting from a breach in IT security, but reliance on self‐reported company data has resulted in widely varying estimates of limited credibility. Employing an event study methodology, this study offers an alternative approach and more rigorous evaluation of breaches in IT security. This attempt has revealed several new perspectives concerning the market reaction to IT security breaches. A final component of the study is the extension of the analysis to incorporate eSecurity vendors and a fuller exploration of market reactions before and after the denial of service attacks of February 2000. The key takeaway for corporate IT decision makers is that IT security breaches are extremely costly, and that the stock market has already factored in some level of optimal IT security investment by companies.
Operational Security Log Analytics for Enterprise Breach Detection (2016)

Enterprises today are facing an increasing number of criminal threats ranging from financially motivated and opportunistic malware to more advanced targeted attacks organized by nation-state actors. To protect against these threats, enterprises deploy a number of perimeter defenses, including traditional controls (antivirus software, intrusion detection systems, firewalls) and more advanced techniques (web proxies or deep packet inspection products). Organizations collect and store the log data generated by these security controls, but this data is most of the time used for forensic investigation once an attack has been discovered by an external mechanism. In this paper, we describe a security log analytics framework for proactive breach detection, which we have tested on three applications. We summarize the algorithms and detection results from our previous work ([13, 20, 21]). Compared to other research in this area, our framework analyzes multiple sources of security logs, performs large-scale analysis, and is continuously refined from feedback given by security experts. Our techniques have been successfully used in operational setting in a large organization and are currently integrated in a real-time behavior analytics product.