gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overview of Full-Dimension MIMO in LTE-Advanced Pro (2016)

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with a large number of base station antennas, often called massive MIMO, have received much attention in academia and industry as a means to improve the spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and processing complexity of next generation cellular systems. The mobile communication industry has initiated a feasibility study of massive MIMO systems to meet the increasing demand of future wireless systems. Field trials of the proof-of-concept systems have demonstrated the potential gain of the Full-Dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO), an official name for the MIMO enhancement in the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP). 3GPP initiated standardization activity for the seamless integration of this technology into current 4G LTE systems. In this article, we provide an overview of FD-MIMO systems, with emphasis on the discussion and debate conducted on the standardization process of Release 13. We present key features for FD-MIMO systems, a summary of the major issues for the standardization and practical system design, and performance evaluations for typical FD-MIMO scenarios.
Cold‐Sprayed Metal Coatings with Nanostructure (2018)

Cold spray is a solid‐state coating deposition technology developed in the 1980s. In comparison with conventional thermal spray processes, cold spray can retain the original properties of feedstock, prevent the adverse influence on the underlying substrate materials, and produce very thick coatings. Coatings with nanostructure offer the potential for significant improvements in physical and mechanical properties as compared with conventional non‐nanostructured coatings. Cold spray has also demonstrated great capability to produce coatings with nanostructure. This paper is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of cold‐sprayed metal coatings with nanostructure. A brief introduction of the cold spray technology is provided first. The nanocrystallization phenomenon in the conventional cold‐sprayed metal coatings is then addressed. Thereafter, focus is switched to the microstructure and properties of the cold‐sprayed nanocrystalline metal coatings, and the cold‐sprayed nanomaterial‐reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings. At the end, summary and future perspectives of the cold spray technology in producing metal coatings with nanostructure are concluded.
Evaluación de la actividad ergogénica del producto natural Noni-C® (2013)

Introduccion: el Noni-C ® es un producto natural registrado como suplemento nutricional, obtenido de la planta Morinda citrifolia L., asociada a muchas cualidades clinicas demostradas y usada tradicionalmente para combatir la fatiga. Objetivo: determinar la actividad ergogenica en un modelo experimental de fatiga en ratones. Metodos: se uso un modelo de fatiga en ratones con utilizacion del equipo Rota Rod modelo Ugo Basile 7 650 de velocidad variable y 7 600 de velocidad constante. Se utilizaron 6 grupos: I con solucion salina, II con agua esteril + propilenglicol y III, IV, V, VI con agua esteril + propilenglicol + Noni-C ® a las dosis de 20, 40, 200 y 400 mg/kg de peso corporal, respectivamente. Se realizo un entrenamiento previo a los ratones, en el Rota-Rod, durante 3 dias consecutivos por 1 y 2 h, cada dia. La prueba final se efectuo en 2 h, con cambio de velocidad y velocidad maxima constante hasta concluir el tiempo. Resultados: se encontro un aumento significativo del tiempo de resistencia a la fatiga en segundos, en los grupos tratados con Noni-C ® a las dosis de 200 y 400 mg/kg, con respecto al grupo tratado con solucion salina. Conclusiones: el producto Noni-C ® demostro tener actividad ergogenica, al aumentar la resistencia a la fatiga en ratones Balb/c, despues de un tratamiento por 14 dias con dosis de 200 y 400 mg/kg, por via oral.
Real-Time Automatic Linear Feature Detection in Images (2008)

Linear feature detection in digital images is an important low-level operation in computer vision that has many applications. In remote sensing tasks, it can be used to extract roads, railroads, and rivers from satellite or low-resolution aerial images, which can be used for the capture or update of data for geographic information and navigation systems. In addition, it is useful in medical imaging for the extraction of blood vessels from an X-ray angiography or the bones in the skull from a CT or MR image. It also can be applied in horticulture for underground plant root detection in minirhizotron images. In this dissertation, a fast and automatic algorithm for linear feature extraction from images is presented. Under the assumption that linear feature is a sequence of contiguous pixels where the image intensity is locally maximal in the direction of the gradient, linear features are extracted as non-overlapping connected line segments consisting of these contiguous pixels. To perform this task, point process is used to model line segments network in images. Specific properties of line segments in an image are described by an intensity energy model. Aligned segments are favored while superposition is penalized. These constraints are enforced by an interaction energy model. Linear features are extracted from the line segments network by minimizing a modified Candy model energy function using a greedy algorithm whose parameters are determined in a data-driven manner. Experimental results from a collection of different types of linear features (underground plant roots, blood vessels and urban roads) in images demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Design and evaluation of an anti-evaporative cover for use with liquid containers. (1992)

We have designed an anti-evaporative cover for use with the sample and reagent cups and other liquid containers that are required in automated analytical systems. This cover, which is simple in design, consists of a baseplate and a cylindrical chimney. By increasing the height and decreasing the inner diameter of the chimney, evaporative losses can be reduced to less than 0.1%/h; thus, aliquots of sample and reagents can be allowed to remain in their cups and containers for several hours before an analytical error due to evaporation will be measurable. We have also modified a model that we previously developed and validated to estimate evaporative losses from open sample cups, to allow us to predict evaporative losses from cups and containers fitted with the new type of cover. This model confirms that the magnitude of the evaporative loss is inversely proportional to the resistance provided by the headspace above the sample in the cup and by the space defined by the chimney of the cover. With chimney heights ranging from 12 to 36 mm and their inner diameters from 1 to 4 mm, greater than 70% of the resistance to evaporation is provided by the cover.
Design of a double-tracked wall climbing robot based on electrostatic adhesion mechanism (2013)

A double-tracked wall climbing robot based on electrostatic adhesion mechanism is proposed in this paper. First, the principle of the electrostatic adhesion and a calculation method of the adhesion force are presented. Then, an electrode panel is designed to evaluate the feasibility of the electrostatic adhesion mechanism applied to wall climbing robot. Finally, the mechanical structure design and control system design of the robot prototype are described in detail. Experiments of the climbing performances of the robot on different wall surfaces are carried out, including the straight line movement and turning movement. The results show that the robot can achieve forward and backward movements along a straight line successfully. However, the robot can only achieve turning movement on the glass surface with a slope angle of approximately o 30° at present. Dramatic decrease of the dynamic adhesion force when the electrode panels on the robot side slip against the wall may be the main reason. The theoretical analysis and experimental results in this study will provide a strong support for the optimal design of wall climbing robots based on electrostatic adhesion mechanism in the future.
Role of Tumour Necrosis Factor <i>α</i> in Stimulation of Prostaglandins F<sub>2<i>α</i></sub> and E<sub>2</sub> Release by Cultured Porcine Endometrial Cells (2006)

The present studies were undertaken to examine the effect of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha on prostaglandins (PGs) F(2alpha) and E(2) release by cultured porcine endometrial cells harvested on days 13-16 after oestrus in comparison to stimulation with oxytocin (OT) and luteinizing hormone (LH). A time-dependent effect of TNFalpha (10 ng/ml) on PGF(2alpha) release was observed in stromal and luminal epithelial cells. Moreover, TNFalpha increased PGF(2alpha) secretion from both endometrial cell types with effective concentrations of 1 (p < 0.05), 10 and 50 ng/ml (p < 0.01). The effect of TNFalpha (10 ng/ml) on endometrial PGF(2alpha) and PGE(2) release was compared with OT (100 nmol/l) and LH (100 ng/ml). All factors affected PGF(2alpha) secretion from stromal cells, however, the stimulation tended to be more potent after OT and LH (p < 0.01) than after TNFalpha (p < 0.05) treatment. In epithelial cells, only TNFalpha was able to stimulate PGF(2alpha) release (p < 0.001). PGE(2) secretion from stromal cells increased after incubation with TNFalpha and OT (p < 0.05). Only LH stimulated PGE(2) release from epithelium (p < 0.001), and its action was very effective when compared with TNFalpha or OT (p < 0.01). Summarizing, TNFalpha induces both PGs secretion from cultured porcine endometrium, but preferentially stimulates PGF(2alpha) release from luminal epithelial cells. Therefore, similarly to OT and LH, TNFalpha may be considered as a potential modulator of endometrial PGF(2alpha) production during luteolysis in the pig.
Streaming Batch Eigenupdates for Hardware Neural Networks (2019)

Neural networks based on nanodevices, such as metal oxide memristors, phase change memories, and flash memory cells, have generated considerable interest for their increased energy efficiency and density in comparison to graphics processing units (GPUs) and central processing units (CPUs). Though immense acceleration of the training process can be achieved by leveraging the fact that the time complexity of training does not scale with the network size, it is limited by the space complexity of stochastic gradient descent, which grows quadratically. The main objective of this work is to reduce this space complexity by using low-rank approximations of stochastic gradient descent. This low spatial complexity combined with streaming methods allows for significant reductions in memory and compute overhead, opening the door for improvements in area, time and energy efficiency of training. We refer to this algorithm and architecture to implement it as the streaming batch eigenupdate (SBE) approach.
Implementation of Single Artificial Neuron Using Various Activation Functions and XOR Gate on FPGA Chip (2015)

In this paper, a hardware implementation of an artificial neural network on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) is done step by step. First single neurons are implemented using different activation function and then a XOR Gate is implemented. The concurrent structure of a neural network makes it very fast for the computation of certain tasks. This makes ANN well suited for implementation in VLSI technology. Hardware realization of a Neural Network depends on the efficient implementation of Artificial single neuron. FPGA-based reconfigurable computing architectures are suitable for hardware implementation of neural networks. FPGA realization of ANNs with a large number of neurons is still a challenging task. Here design and implementation of a Single neuron with various activation functions is done and then an XOR Gate is implemented using one of these designs. The design of XOR Gate is done by using gradient descent algorithm and taking 3-layers 5-neurons model.
Actions, reasons, and Humean causes (1981)

Actions, reasons, and Humean causes Peter H. Hess Peter H. Hess Victoria College, University of Toronto Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Analysis, Volume 41, Issue 2, April 1981, Pages 77–81, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/41.2.77 Published: 01 April 1981
The Gene <i>yjcG</i> , Cotranscribed with the Gene <i>acs</i> , Encodes an Acetate Permease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2003)

We isolated an Escherichia coli mutant strain that suppresses the glycolate-negative phenotype of a strain deficient in both GlcA and LldP transporters of this compound. This suppressing phenotype was assigned to yjcG, a gene whose function was previously unknown, which was found to encode a membrane protein able to transport glycolate. On the basis of sequence similarity, the yjcG gene product was classified as a member of the sodium:solute symporter family. Northern experiments revealed that yjcG is cotranscribed with its neighbor, acs, encoding acetyl coenzyme A synthetase, which is involved in the scavenging acetate. The fortuitous presence of an IS2 element in acs, which impaired yjcG expression by polarity in our parental strain, allowed us to conclude that the alternative glycolate carrier became active after precise excision of IS2 in the suppressed strain. The finding that yjcG encodes a putative membrane carrier for glycolate and the cotranscription of yjcG with acs suggested that the primary function of the yjcG gene product (proposed gene name, actP) could be acetate transport and allowed us to define an operon involved in acetate metabolism. The time course of [1,2-(14)C]acetate uptake and the results of a concentration kinetics analysis performed with cells expressing ActP or cells deficient in ActP supported the the hypothesis that this carrier is an acetate transporter and suggested that there may be another transport system for this monocarboxylate.
Effect of the his residue on the cyclization of <i>b</i> ions (2010)

The MS(n) spectra of the [M + H](+) and b(5) peaks derived from the peptides HAAAAA, AHAAAA, AAHAAA, AAAHAA, and AAAAHA have been measured, as have the spectra of the b(4) ions derived from the first four peptides. The MS(2) spectra of the [M + H](+) ions show a substantial series of b(n) ions with enhanced cleavage at the amide bond C-terminal to His and substantial cleavage at the amide bond N-terminal to His (when there are at least two residues N-terminal to the His residue). There is compelling experimental and theoretical evidence for formation of nondirect sequence ions via cyclization/reopening chemistry in the CID spectra of the b ions when the His residue is near the C-terminus. The experimental evidence is less clear for ions when the His residue is near the N-terminus, although this may be due to the use of multiple alanine residues in the peptide making identifying scrambled peaks more difficult. The product ion mass spectra of the b(4) and b(5) ions from these isomeric peptides with cyclically permuted amino acid sequences are similar, but also show clear differences. This indicates less active cyclization/reopening followed by fragmentation of common structures for b(n) ions containing His than for sequences of solely aliphatic residues. Despite more energetically favorable cyclization barriers for the b(5) structures, the b(4) ions experimental data show more clear evidence of cyclization and sequence scrambling before fragmentation. For both b(4) and b(5) the energetically most favored structure is a macrocyclic isomer protonated at the His side chain.
PGC-1α Negatively Regulates Extrasynaptic NMDAR Activity and Excitotoxicity (2012)

Underexpression of the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α is causally linked to certain neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's Disease (HD). HD pathoprogression is also associated with aberrant NMDAR activity, in particular an imbalance between synaptic versus extrasynaptic (NMDAR(EX)) activity. Here we show that PGC-1α controls NMDAR(EX) activity in neurons and that its suppression contributes to mutant Huntingtin (mHtt)-induced increases in NMDAR(EX) activity and vulnerability to excitotoxic insults. We found that knock-down of endogenous PGC-1α increased NMDAR(EX) activity and vulnerability to excitotoxic insults in rat cortical neurons. In contrast, exogenous expression of PGC-1α resulted in a neuroprotective reduction of NMDAR(EX) currents without affecting synaptic NMDAR activity. Since HD models are associated with mHtt-mediated suppression of PGC-1α expression, as well as increased NMDAR(EX) activity, we investigated whether these two events were linked. Expression of mHtt (148Q) resulted in a selective increase in NMDAR(EX) activity, compared with wild-type Htt (18Q), and increased vulnerability to NMDA excitotoxicity. Importantly, we observed that the effects of mHtt and PGC-1α knockdown on NMDAR(EX) activity and vulnerability to excitotoxicity were nonadditive and occluded each other, consistent with a common mechanism. Moreover, exogenous expression of PGC-1α reversed mtHtt-mediated increases in NMDAR(EX) activity and protected neurons against excitotoxic cell death. The link between mHtt, PGC-1α, and NMDAR activity was also confirmed in rat striatal neurons. Thus, targeting levels of PGC-1α expression may help reduce aberrant NMDAR(EX) activity in disorders where PGC-1α is underexpressed.
Inhibition of Antiskin Allograft Immunity Induced by Infusions with Photoinactivated Effector T Lymphocytes (PET Cells). Is <i>In Vivo</i> Cell Transferrable? (1991)

We previously reported producing donor-specific tolerance to alloantigens by intravenous exposure to pretreated antidonor T cells. The current study extends that work by adoptively transferring the donor-specific tolerance into naive syngeneic recipients. Eight days after BALB/c mice received histoincompatible CBA/j skin grafts, their splenocytes which included an expanded population of cells mediating rejection were treated with 100 ng/ml 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) photoactivated by 1 Joule/cm2 of ultraviolet A (UVA) light prior to infusion into naive BALB/c recipients. Whereas 8-MOP itself is biologically inert, photoactivated 8-MOP crosslinks DNA by covalently binding to pyrimidine bases. Recipient BALB/c mice which had been previously demonstrated to be hyporesponsive to CBA/j alloantigens in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC), cytotoxicity (CTL) and in vivo delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) assays were the donors of spleen cells for the adoptive transfer experiments. Fifty to one hundred million viable spleen cells from these pretreated BALB/c mice were transferred into naive syngeneic recipients which then were tested for DTH response and allograft survival to the relevant and irrelevant antigens. The radiosensitivity of this transferrable suppression was evaluated by exposing the adoptively transferred cell population to 3200 rads of C-irradiation prior to cell transfer. The phenotype of the cells transferring this suppressive response was performed by depleting specific populations of cells with monoclonal antibodies prior to cell transfer. In vivo the DTH response of the pretreated BALB/c mice was specifically suppressed to the relevant alloantigen, correlating with retention of CBA/j skin grafts for up to 42 days post engraftment without visual evidence of rejection, in comparison to control mice complete rejection of the skin graft in less than 8 days. In vitro, splenocytes from BALB/c recipients of pretreated syngeneic splenocytes containing large numbers of BALB/c anti-CBA/j T cells proliferated less in MLC and generated lower cytotoxic T cell responses to CBA/j alloantigens than did controls and suppressed the naive and sensitized BALB/c MLC and CTL responses to CBA/j alloantigen. This specific suppressive response to alloantigen was optimally transferred into syngeneic naive recipients when the adoptive transfer was performed on the sixth day after the last infusion received by the spleen cell donor mice. The adoptive transfer of this suppressive response was abrogated by the prior X-irradiation of the donor spleen cells and significantly abolished by the depletion of Thy-1+, Lyt-2+, L3T4- T lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Timescale Decoupled Routing and Rate Control in Intermittently Connected Networks (2012)

We study an intermittently connected network (ICN) composed of multiple clusters of wireless nodes. Within each cluster, nodes can communicate directly using the wireless links. However, these clusters are far away from each other such that direct communication between the clusters is impossible except through “mobile” contact nodes. These mobile contact nodes are data carriers that shuffle between clusters and transport data from the source to the destination clusters. There are several applications of our network model, such as clusters of mobile soldiers connected via unmanned aerial vehicles. Our work here focuses on a queue-based cross-layer technique known as the back-pressure algorithm. The algorithm is known to be throughput-optimal, as well as resilient to disruptions in the network, making it an ideal candidate communication protocol for our intermittently connected network. In this paper, we design a back-pressure routing/rate control algorithm for ICNs. Though it is throughput-optimal, the back-pressure algorithm has several drawbacks when used in ICNs, including long end-to-end delays, large number of potential queues needed, and loss in throughput due to intermittency. We present a modified back-pressure algorithm that addresses these issues. We implement our algorithm on a 16-node experimental testbed and present our experimental results in this paper.
Self-aligned bipolar npn transistor with 60 nm epitaxial base (2003)

A self-aligned double-poly bipolar transistor with a low-temperature epitaxial base is presented. Selective epitaxy emitter window technology (SEEW) is used to demonstrate the leverage of an epitaxial base technology by achieving 60-nm basewidth, an 7.5-k Omega /sq. intrinsic base sheet resistance, a peak current gain up to 115, and a C-B breakdown voltage of 7.5 V. Despite the low intrinsic base sheet resistance, a peak transit frequency of 30 GHz has been calculated for the transistor. Further, the advantages of SEEW technology for submicron emitters and very thin base formation are explained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 4‐SUBSTITUTED‐3‐HYDROXY‐2‐QUINOLONES AND AZINES (1985)

Abstract Bei der Reaktion von Isatin (I) mit Diazomethan‐Derivaten (II) werden die 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐chinolone (III) neben den Azinen (IV) gebildet.
Isolation of a New Anti-Allergic Phlorotannin, Phlorofucofuroeckol-B, from an Edible Brown Alga,<i>Eisenia arborea</i> (2006)

Eisenia arborea is an edible brown alga occasionally used as a folk medicine in gynecopathy in Japan. A new phlorotannin was isolated from the alga during our search for naturally occurring anti-allergic compounds from edible algae guided by the inhibitory effect on histamine release from rat basophile leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells. The phlorotannin was called "phlorofucofuroeckol-B." Its structure was determined by spectral analysis and chemical conversion. This paper describes the isolation, structure elucidation, and inhibitory effect of phlorofucofuroeckol-B on histamine release.
A test structure to reveal short-range correlation effects of mismatch fluctuations in backend metal fringe capacitors (2018)

This paper presents a set of test structures that revealed a thus far unknown (or at least unreported) CMP-related short-range correlated mismatch fluctuation effect on the matching of backend metal fringe capacitors. It is shown that an apparent degradation of mismatch standard deviations at medium-range distances is in fact due to an improvement of matching for devices placed at very small distances.