gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image feature analysis and computer-aided diagnosis in mammography: Reduction of false-positive clustered microcalcifications using local edge-gradient analysis (1995)

To improve the performance of a computerized scheme for detection of clustered microcalcifications in digitized mammograms, causes of detected false-positive microcalcification signals were analyzed. The false positives were grouped into four categories, namely, microcalcification like noise patterns, artifacts, linear patterns, and others. In an edge-gradient analysis, local edge-gradient values at signal-perimeter pixels of detected microcalcification signals were determined to eliminate false positives that look like subtle microcalcifications or are due to artifacts. In a linear-pattern analysis, the degree of linearity for linear patterns was determined from local gradient values from a set of linear templates oriented in 16 different directions. Threshold values for the edge-gradient analysis and the linear-pattern analysis were determined using a training database of 39 mammograms. It was possible to eliminate 59% and 25%, respectively, of 91 detected false-positive clusters with loss of only 3% of true-positive clusters. The combination of the two methods further improved the scheme in eliminating a total of 73% of the false-positive clusters with loss of 3% of true-positive clusters. Using these thresholds, the two methods were evaluated on another database of 50 mammograms. 62%, 31%, and 80% of the false-positive clusters were eliminated with loss of 3% of true-positive clusters or less, in the edge-gradient analysis, the linear-pattern analysis, and the combination of the two methods, respectively. The edge-gradient analysis and the linear-pattern analysis can reduce the false-positive detection rate, while maintaining a high level of the sensitivity.
Above-threshold analysis of ideal Y-junction semiconductor laser arrays (1989)

An analysis of ideal Y-junction arrays above threshold shows that the radiation patterns deteriorate and the array begins to lase in more than one mode with increasing output power.
LECARM: Low-Light Image Enhancement Using the Camera Response Model (2018)

Low-light image enhancement algorithms can improve the visual quality of low-light images and support the extraction of valuable information for some computer vision techniques. However, existing techniques inevitably introduce color and lightness distortions when enhancing the images. To lower the distortions, we propose a novel enhancement framework using the response characteristics of cameras. First, we discuss how to determine a reasonable camera response model and its parameters. Then, we use the illumination estimation techniques to estimate the exposure ratio for each pixel. Finally, the selected camera response model is used to adjust each pixel to the desired exposure according to the estimated exposure ratio map. Experiments show that our method can obtain enhancement results with fewer color and lightness distortions compared with the several state-of-the-art methods.
PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY SUCCESSIVE GROWTH OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS AND LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS ON COMBINED FOOD WASTES (1977)

A process was developed for simultaneous utilization of several food wastes and production of single cell protein by successive growth of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus. A collagen-derived substrate, starch, and cheese whey represented food wastes. Growth of B. subtilis on combined wastes yielded a biomass of 3.6 g/l and significantly modified the medium. Other bacilli also had similar potential for altering the original material. After fortification with cheese whey, the modified medium was used for growth of L. acidophilus as a second stage biomass production. Optimal growth conditions were determined. The feasibility of the process will be dependent upon increasing L. acidophilus biomass yields.
Examination of new vector control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor for high‐speed drives (2011)

Abstract A new vector control system for permanent magnet synchronous motor drives has been developed. To stabilize the current control loop in the high‐rotating‐speed region, a novel configuration of current controller is introduced. The unique characteristic of the proposed current controller is that the current regulator is connected to the conventional motor model in a series. By analyzing the transfer characteristics of the control, it became clear that the influence of the coupling component between the d – q axes can be deleted theoretically if the control parameters are set properly. The stability and torque response of the proposed vector control system were improved, and the effectiveness of the proposed controller was demonstrated by a time domain simulation and some experiments. In addition, the robustness of the controlling system was investigated experimentally. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(4): 61–72, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21123
Optimal decoupling capacitor sizing and placement for standard-cell layout designs (2003)

With technology scaling, the trend for high-performance integrated circuits is toward ever higher operating frequency, lower power supply voltages, and higher power dissipation. This causes a dramatic increase in the currents being delivered through the on-chip power grid and is recognized in the 2001 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors as one of the difficult challenges. The addition of decoupling capacitances (decaps) is arguably the most powerful degree of freedom that a designer has for power-grid noise abatement and is becoming more important as technology scales. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate an algorithm for the automated placement and sizing of decaps in application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)-like circuits. The problem is formulated as one of nonlinear optimization and is solved using a sensitivity-based quadratic programming (QP) solver. The adjoint sensitivity method is applied to calculate the first-order sensitivities. We propose a fast convolution technique based on piecewise linear (PWL) compressions of the original and adjoint waveforms. Experimental results show that power grid noise can be significantly reduced after a judicious optimization of decap placement, with little change in the total chip area.
Extreme SAT-based Constraint solving with R-Solve (2014)

We present the architecture of R-Solve, a high-performance constraint solver that extends the gains made in SAT performance over the past fifteen years on static decision problems to problems that require on-the-fly adaptation, solution space exploration and optimization. R-Solve brings together a modern, open SAT solver, HPC ideas in ensemble and collaborative parallel solving and a novel set of extensions supporting, for the first time, an efficient system for unrestricted incremental solving. These extensions, which we call Smart Repair, enable R-Solve to address problems in dynamic planning and constrained optimization involving complex logical and arithmetic constraints. We provide insight into the rationale and challenges of extending an aggressively optimized competitive solver to support a new class of problem, provide a performance milestone illustrating the potential of R-Solve and Smart Repair and discuss new frontiers for further HPC research in SAT-based constraint solving and constrained optimization.
Production of methanethiol from H/sub 2/S and CO (1987)

A process is described for producing methanethiol from a gaseous feed comprising a mixture of CO and H/sub 2/S. The process comprises contacting the feed, at a temperature of at least about 225/sup 0/C, with a catalyst comprising rutile titania for a time sufficient to convert at least a portion of the feed to methanethiol.
A Pyrenylpropyl Phosphonic Acid Surface Modifier for Mitigating the Thermal Resistance of Carbon Nanotube Contacts (2013)

Efforts to utilize the high intrinsic thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for thermal transport applications, namely for thermal interface materials (TIMs), have been encumbered by the presence of high thermal contact resistances between the CNTs and connecting materials. Here, a pyrenylpropyl‐phosphonic acid surface modifier is synthesized and applied in a straight forward and repeatable approach to reduce the thermal contact resistance between CNTs and metal oxide surfaces. When used to bond nominally vertically aligned multi‐walled CNT forests to Cu oxide surfaces, the modifier facilitates a roughly 9‐fold reduction in the thermal contact resistance over dry contact, enabling CNT‐based TIMs with thermal resistances of 4.6 ± 0.5 mm 2 K W −1 , comparable to conventional metallic solders. Additional experimental characterization of the modifier suggests that it may be used to reduce the electrical resistance of CNT‐metal oxide contacts by similar orders of magnitude.
Divided-pulse Amplification of Ultrashort Pulses (2007)

We demonstrate an approach to avoid nonlinear effects in amplification. The initial pulse is divided into a sequence of lower-energy identical pulses. The low-intensity pulses are amplified and recombined to create a final pulse.
A new technology for the characterization of microfractured reservoirs (test case: Unayzah reservoir, Wudayhi field, Saudi Arabia) (2007)

This article presents a test case of a new technology using artificially enhanced anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (referred to here as EAMS) for the characterization of microfractured reservoirs. These are reservoirs in which microfractures are essential to porosity and/or permeability. A conventional geological characterization is costly, time consuming, and difficult to quantify in terms of assessing fracture impact on porosity and permeability. Therefore, an efficient and effective method is required to characterize these microfractures and to determine their contribution to porosity and permeability. The EAMS technology, which we developed and tested, allows rapid analysis that bridges reservoir geology and engineering. Using petrography, the margin of error to detect microfractures that impact porosity and/or permeability is 43%; however, it requires three times the sampling rate of the new EAMS technology. The lower part of the Unayzah reservoir (Unayzah-B/C) in the Wudayhi field, Saudi Arabia, where fractures were studied and microfractures are known to impact reservoir performance, is used to develop and verify the EAMS technology. The results show that EAMS-derived microfracture fabric strikes east-northeast–west-southwest, consistent with that obtained by geological means. The effective-porosity profile obtained from EAMS tests is similar to that of the conventionally acquired porosity. Open microfractures in tested samples increase mean values of reservoir effective porosity by 36–50% in Unayzah-B/C. The occurrence of connected microfractures is estimated to cause an increase in average permeability of 75% in Unayzah-B/C. This is in agreement with the fact that wells in microfractured Unayzah-B/C have 4.5–14 times the productivity of wells as nonfractured sections of this reservoir. A maximum permeability trend of northeast-southwest permeability anisotropy is detected. The implementation of the EAMS technology in other fields with microfractured reservoirs will directly impact operational and simulation effort.
A Novel System for Mass Transport through Selective Barriers in Non-Centrifugation Immunoassays (1981)

A new method is demonstrated for the separation of free and bound fractions in a wide range of immunoassays without the need for centrifugation and decantation. The method employs a novel separator device which, in conjunction with any choice of separating reagent, allows all manipulations to be performed in a single tube simply, rapidly, and safely. The system has potential applications in other fields involving mass transport through selective barriers.
The development and testing of a backscatter absorption gas imaging (BAGI) system designed to image at a range of 300 m (1993)

The backscatter absorption gas imaging (BAGI) technique is a laser remote sensing method that fuses the chemical detection attributes of chemical lidar with the visualization capability of imaging laser radar (ladar) to allow real-time television images of invisible gas plumes to be made. The BAGI technique is carried out by actively imaging a scene with radiation having a wavelength absorbed by the gas to be visualized. Gas plumes present in the scene become visible in the image when they attenuate a portion of the backscattered radiation. Currently, all BAGI instruments that have been developed operate in the infrared (IR) and image gases via their fundamental vibrational transitions. The laser sources that have been used are the CO{sub 2} and the IR helium neon. The target range at which the current BAGI instruments are capable of operating varies between about 6 and 110 m. The imaging device used in those systems is an active raster-scanner that scans the beam of a continuous wave (C-W) laser and the instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV) of an infrared detector. In this paper, we summarize the design and preliminary performance evaluation of a new raster-scanning BAGI imager that is intended for long-range operation, at a target range of 300 m. A system capable of imaging at this range is desired to make airborne gas imaging from a low-flying airplane or helicopter possible. The system uses a 20 W CO{sub 2} laser and a redesigned scanner that employs telescopic transmission and receiving optics. Model predictions of the performance of the new system and some recent field testing results are presented. Issues relating to gas imaging at long ranges will also be discussed.
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 is a tonic suppressor of vascularization (2002)

Angiogenesis is regulated by means of a balance between activators and inhibitors. However, little is known regarding the regulation of the quiescent state of adult vessels. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 (CRFR2) is found in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the vasculature, where its function has remained elusive. We have investigated the role of CRFR2 as a determinant of tissue vascularization by comparing control and CRFR2-deficient mice with immunohistological and morphometric techniques. To define the mechanisms responsible for CRFR2 inhibition of angiogenesis, we have also examined in vitro the effect of ligand activation on cell proliferation, cell cycle protein phosphorylation, and capillary tube formation. Our results demonstrate that mice deficient for CRFR2 become hypervascularized postnatally. Activation of this receptor in vitro results in reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release from SMCs, an inhibition of SMC proliferation, and inhibition of capillary tube formation in collagen gels. Treatment of a subcutaneously injected gel matrix with a CRFR2 agonist inhibits growth factor-induced vascularization. Western blots show that cell cycle retinoblastoma protein, which is essential for cell cycle progression, is decreased by CRFR2 agonist treatment in SMCs. These results suggest that CRFR2 is a critical component of a pathway necessary for tonic inhibition of adult neovascularization. CRFR2 may be a potential target for therapeutic modulation of angiogenesis in cancer and ischemic cardiovascular disease.
Image quality optimization and evaluation of linearly mixed images in dual‐source, dual‐energy CT (2009)

In dual-source dual-energy CT, the images reconstructed from the low- and high-energy scans (typically at 80 and 140 kV, respectively) can be mixed together to provide a single set of nonmaterial-specific images for the purpose of routine diagnostic interpretation. Different from the material-specific information that may be obtained from the dual-energy scan data, the mixed images are created with the purpose of providing the interpreting physician a single set of images that have an appearance similar to that in single-energy images acquired at the same total radiation dose. In this work, the authors used a phantom study to evaluate the image quality of linearly mixed images in comparison to single-energy CT images, assuming the same total radiation dose and taking into account the effect of patient size and the dose partitioning between the low-and high-energy scans. The authors first developed a method to optimize the quality of the linearly mixed images such that the single-energy image quality was compared to the best-case image quality of the dual-energy mixed images. Compared to 80 kV single-energy images for the same radiation dose, the iodine CNR in dual-energy mixed images was worse for smaller phantom sizes. However, similar noise and similar or improved iodine CNR relative to 120 kV images could be achieved for dual-energy mixed images using the same total radiation dose over a wide range of patient sizes (up to 45 cm lateral thorax dimension). Thus, for adult CT practices, which primarily use 120 kV scanning, the use of dual-energy CT for the purpose of material-specific imaging can also produce a set of non-material-specific images for routine diagnostic interpretation that are of similar or improved quality relative to single-energy 120 kV scans.
A SIMO Fiber Aided Wireless Network Architecture (2006)

The concept of a fiber aided wireless network architecture (FAWNA) is introduced in [Ray et al., Allerton Conference 2005], which allows high-speed mobile connectivity by leveraging the speed of optical networks. In this paper, we consider a single-input, multiple-output (SIMO) FAWNA, which consists of a SIMO wireless channel and an optical fiber channel, connected through wireless-optical interfaces. We propose a scheme where the received wireless signal at each interface is quantized and sent over the fiber. Though our architecture is similar to that of the classical CEO problem, our problem is different from it. We show that the capacity of our scheme approaches the capacity of the architecture, exponentially with fiber capacity. We also show that for a given fiber capacity, there is an optimal operating wireless bandwidth and an optimal number of wireless-optical interfaces. The wireless-optical interfaces of our scheme have low complexity and do not require knowledge of the transmitter code book. They are also extendable to FAWNAs with large number of transmitters and interfaces and, offer adaptability to variable rates, changing channel conditions and node positions
A version management method for distributed information (1987)

Information networks in which workstations access central data collections primarily to extract information are a growing application segment. When a workstation is likely to use an item more than once it may be economical to retain a copy locally. We describe how to propagate updates for an arbitrary relationship between the source database and cached items when the network connection is intermittent, unreliable, and/or slow.
A system for synthesizing optimized FPGA hardware from Matlab(R) (2002)

Efficient high level design tools that can map behavioral descriptions to FPGA architectures are one of the key requirements to fully leverage FPGA for high throughput computations and meet time-to-market pressures. We present a compiler that takes as input algorithms described in MATLAB and generates RTL VHDL. The RTL VHDL then can be mapped to FPGAs using existing commercial tools. The input application is mapped to multiple FPGAs by parallelizing the application and embedding communication and synchronization primitives automatically. Our compiler infers the minimum number of bits required to represent the variable through a precision analysis framework. The compiler can leverage optimized IP cores to enhance the hardware generated. The compiler also exploits parallelism in the input algorithm by pipelining in the presence of resource constraints. We demonstrate the utility of the compiler by synthesizing hardware for a couple of signal/image processing algorithms and comparing them with manually designed hardware.
Synergistic Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phosphoric Acid Medium using a Mixture of Surfactant AOT and DEHCNPB (2017)

We describe here the formulation of a new synergistic extractant system for the extraction of rare earth elements from aqueous phosphoric acid solution containing large quantities of impurities currently found in urban mines and secondary deposits. This new synergistic system is original in its concept as it contains the association of the bifunctional extractant amido-phosphonate, known for its high efficiency in the recovery of uranium from phosphate rocks, with the(Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium) (AOT) surfactant molecule known to form reverse micelles in aliphatic diluents. The mixture was found to extract synergistically rare earth elements with high distribution coefficients (D), and exhibits a high separation factor (S.F.) toward iron (III) from phosphoric acid solution. A complete thermodynamic study of its extraction properties is also presented, showing this system has the ability to extract Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from a wide range of phosphoric acid concentrations, which is often the case in industrial processes.
Easily trimmed third-order <i>RC</i> -active-filter section with finite transmission zeros (1983)

A third-order single-amplifier RC-active-filter section with finite transmission zeros is described. The poles and zeros of the network can be adjusted with little interaction by varying resistances in a suitable sequence, so that the section can be economically constructed with wide tolerance capacitors and trimmed to specification. A design for a ninth-order audio bandpass filter is included as an example.
Characterization of a novel leucocyte surface membrane antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody WM65 (1994)

WM65 is a murine mAb which recognizes a novel surface membrane antigen present on leukaemic and normal leucocytes. The present study further investigates the nature of this antigen, especially those features which relate to the possible therapeutic applications of the WM65 antibody. There are 1-3 x 10(4) molecules of this antigen present on normal leucocytes, and the same or greater numbers of antigen molecules are present on a variety of leukaemic cells. In vitro data showed that the WM65 antibody is internalized following interaction with its antigen on normal leucocytes. The affinity of this antibody was calculated using an ELISA method which required neither labelling of the antibody nor purification of the antigen and the affinity constant was found to be 3 x 10(7) +/- 2 x 10(7) (mol/L)-1. Further data are presented which suggest that this antigen is a differentiation antigen and an integral membrane protein. Despite the relatively low affinity of the WM65 antibody, a number of characteristics of the antigen suggest the antibody may possibly have therapeutic applications. These characteristics include its cellular distribution, the number of antigen molecules expressed on the cell surface and its ability to internalize in vitro.