gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in Gaze Dynamics in Risky Decision-making. (2017)

In risky decision-making, expected utility (EU) theory is\nwidely used to examine people's risk attitude and choice\nbehavior. However, it is unknown how risk attitude relates to\nattention and information search. In this paper, we explore the\nrelationship between risk attitude (as measured by a variant of\nEU) and eye movement patterns (which serve as a proxy for\nattention and information search). Participants made choices\nbetween gambles presented perceptually as flickering grids in\nwhich monetary values were indicated by colors and\nprobabilities by color proportions. To explore attention and\ninformation search patterns, we investigated eye movement\npatterns when faced with different gambles and correlated\nthese patterns with the parameters of EU. We observed that\npeople who are more risk-seeking (as determined by\nmodeling) tend to look at risky options more often. These\nresults bridge choice behaviors conceptualized by EU and\ninformation search strategies under risky decision-making\nrevealed by eye movements.
Zephyr: a secure internet-based process to streamline engineering (1997)

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is implementing an Internet-based process called "Zephyr" to streamline engineering processes.Major benefits have accrued by using Zephyr in facilitating industrial collaboration, speeding the engineering developmentcycle, reducing procurement time, and lowering overall costs.Programs at LLNL are potentializing the efficiencies introduced since
Optical frequency measurement across a 104-THz gap with a femtosecond laser frequency comb (2000)

The frequency-domain mode comb of a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser centered at 350 THz is broadened to 150 THz (full width at -30 dBc) by self-phase modulation in a single-mode optical fiber. By phase locking continuous-wave lasers to elements of the comb near 1064 and 778 nm, we measure the 104-THz frequency gap between these two lasers with a relative uncertainty of 2.7 x 10(-11) in 1 s.
Studies on long chain fatty acid:CoA ligase from human small intestine. (1980)

Long chain fatty acid:CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.3.) was examined in human small intestinal mucosa using the hydroxamate-trapping method. With optimal assay requirements using palmitate as substrate a significant difference of specific activities could be detected in the total homogenate from duodenum, 40.9 +/- 11.6 nmol/min per mg protein versus upper jejunum, 51.9 +/- 13.7 (P less than 0.05). The enzyme activity of the microsomal fraction of upper jejunum was 101.8 +/- 44 nmol/min per mg protein. ATP, CoA, and Mg2+ were essential constituents of the reaction. A broad pH-optimum was observed between 6.75 and 7.75 with a maximum at a pH of 7.25. Whereas palmitate in the presence of albumin revealed a wide range of optimal concentration in supporting maximal enzyme activity, oleate was found to strongly inhibit the reaction. Where substrate specificity with both the total homogenate and the microsomal fraction was concerned, maximal reaction rates were obtained with palmitate for the long chain saturated fatty acids C12:0' C14:0' C16:0' and C18:0' and with oleate for the long chain unsaturated fatty acids C18:1 C18:2' and C18:3' respectively. The highest specific activity of the enzyme was localised in the microsomal fraction. The kinetic data and properties of the long chain fatty acid: CoA ligase from human intestine are discussed with respect to the intestinal enzyme from other species.
Reconsidering custom memory allocation (2002)

Programmers hoping to achieve performance improvements often use custom memory allocators. This in-depth study examines eight applications that use custom allocators. Surprisingly, for six of these applications, a state-of-the-art general-purpose allocator (the Lea allocator) performs as well as or better than the custom allocators. The two exceptions use regions, which deliver higher performance (improvements of up to 44%). Regions also reduce programmer burden and eliminate a source of memory leaks. However, we show that the inability of programmers to free individual objects within regions can lead to a substantial increase in memory consumption. Worse, this limitation precludes the use of regions for common programming idioms, reducing their usefulness.We present a generalization of general-purpose and region-based allocators that we call reaps. Reaps are a combination of regions and heaps, providing a full range of region semantics with the addition of individual object deletion. We show that our implementation of reaps provides high performance, outperforming other allocators with region-like semantics. We then use a case study to demonstrate the space advantages and software engineering benefits of reaps in practice. Our results indicate that programmers needing fast regions should use reaps, and that most programmers considering custom allocators should instead use the Lea allocator.
A normal form for sets of not-necessarily normalized relations (2003)

A normal form for sets of not-necessarily normalized relations, called NF-N3, is defined. This normal form not only removes local redundancy within each single relation but also removes global redundancy among relations. Properties pertaining to this normal form are given. The main differences between this normal form and others are discussed. Two methods for obtaining sets of not-necessarily normalized relations that are in NF-N3 namely, a decomposition method and a method that uses the entity-relationship (ER) approach are given. A description is given of how the ER approach together with the concepts of a normal-form ER diagram and functional dependency theory can be used for designing a relational database schema that allows the existence of non-first-normal-form relations. The set of not-necessarily normalized relations generated is in NF-N3. The correspondence between not-necessarily normalized relations and hierarchical definition trees of hierarchical databases is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Indications for and Results of Combined Modality Treatment of Colorectal Cancer (1999)

Combined modality chemoirradiation is commonly used as a component of treatment in combination with maximum resection for both high-risk resectable and locally advanced primary or recurrent rectal cancers. With surgically resected but high-risk rectal cancers, postoperative chemoirradiation has been shown to improve both disease control (local and distant) and survival (disease-free and overall) and was recommended as standard adjuvant treatment at the 1990 National Institute of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference on Adjuvant treatment for patients with rectal and colon cancers. Subsequent intergroup trials are being conducted to help define optimal combinations of postoperative chemoirradiation for resected high-risk rectal cancers and to test sequencing issues of preoperative versus postoperative chemoirradiation. With locally unresectable primary or recurrent colorectal cancers, standard therapy with surgery, external beam irradiation (EBRT) and chemotherapy is often unsuccessful. When intraoperative electron irradiation (IOERT) is combined with standard treatment, local control and survival appear to be improved in separate analyses from the Mayo Clinic and the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). However, routine use of systemic therapy is also needed as a component of treatment, in view of high rates of systemic failure.
A kinesin-13 mutant catalytically depolymerizes microtubules in ADP (2008)

The kinesin-13 motor protein family members drive the removal of tubulin from microtubules (MTs) to promote MT turnover. A point mutation of the kinesin-13 family member mitotic centromere-associated kinesin/Kif2C (E491A) isolates the tubulin-removal conformation of the motor, and appears distinct from all previously described kinesin-13 conformations derived from nucleotide analogues. The E491A mutant removes tubulin dimers from stabilized MTs stoichiometrically in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but is unable to efficiently release from detached tubulin dimers to recycle catalytically. Only in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) can the mutant catalytically remove tubulin dimers from stabilized MTs because the affinity of the mutant for detached tubulin dimers in ADP is low relative to lattice-bound tubulin. Thus, the motor can regenerate for further cycles of disassembly. Using the mutant, we show that release of tubulin by kinesin-13 motors occurs at the transition state for ATP hydrolysis, which illustrates a significant divergence in their coupling to ATP turnover relative to motile kinesins.
Principles Underlying the Use of Conjunctive Agents with Plasminogen Activators (1992)

Pharmacological thrombolysis is a dynamic situation in which fibrin degradation occurs concomitant to procoagulant activity. The consequences of enhanced procoagulant and platelet activity may delay or prevent thrombolysis or lead to reocclusive events following successful recanalization. Although heparin and aspirin may attenuate ongoing thrombin and thromboxane generation, respectively, a relatively high percentage (10-20%) of patients treated with heparin and aspirin still have complications associated with thrombolysis. This suggests that heparin and aspirin are not universally effective as the heparin-antithrombin III complex may be inaccessible to fibrin-bound thrombin in the microenvironment of the thrombus and aspirin eliminates only thromboxane-dependent platelet aggregation. Therefore, careful consideration must be given to small molecule, active-site thrombin inhibitors which may prove to be more effective than heparin and to fibrinogen receptor antagonists which block aggregation to all known platelet agonists and have a much broader spectrum of activity than aspirin. Hopefully, well-designed clinical trials will be conducted with safe and effective thrombin inhibitors and/or fibrinogen receptor antagonists in thrombolysis and compared to heparin and aspirin such that potentially the overall efficiency of thrombolysis can be improved upon.
Characterization of polysaccharides having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the rhizome of Curcuma longa. (1990)

Three polysaccharides, named ukonan A, ukonan B and ukonan C, were isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. They were homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test. They are composed of L-arabinose: D-xylose: D-galactose: D-glucose: L-rhamnose: D-galacturonic acid in the molar ratios of 12:4:12:1:4:10 (ukonan A), 12:4:12:1:2:4 (ukonan B) and 8:3:6:14:2:3 (ukonan C), in addition to small amounts of peptide moiety. Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and periodate oxidation studies indicated the structural features of ukonan B, the major one in terms of the activity. It has acidic arabino-galactan type structural units.
Analytical Methods Of Food Authentication (1997)

Introduction To Methods For Food Authentication . Stable Isotope Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Oligosaccharide Analysis. Enzymic Methods of Food Analysis. DNA/PCR Techniques . Electrophoretic Methods. Antibody Techniques. Trace Element Analysis for Food Authenticity Studies. Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry in Food Analysis and Related Fields: Principles and Applications. The Principles of Multivariate Data Analysis. Index
Mesoangioblasts, Vessel-Associated Multipotent Stem Cells, Repair the Infarcted Heart by Multiple Cellular Mechanisms (2005)

Mabs appear as effective as BMPCs in reducing postinfarction LV dysfunction, likely through production of antiapoptotic and angiogenic factors.
Planar cold cathodes (2002)

There is a great need for electron sources for a variety of applications, such as klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), planar panel displays, vacuum triodes, etc.. The cold cathode electron emitters under investigation currently can be basically divided into two types: field emitters and planar emitters. Field emitters are based on the field emission mechanism which was first presented by Fowler and Nordheim in 1928. In planar emitters, electrons are accelerated inside solid state materials by internal electric field. Those electrons which reach the surface with enough kinetic energy to overcome the surface work function could be emitted into vacuum. A lot of work has been done in this area and many planar emitters based on different hot electron generation mechanisms have been described in the past 30 years. To obtain considerable emission efficiency and current density, the solid state surface is usually coated with low work function material (on the order of one mono-layer), such as cesium and cesium oxide. This paper reviews the developments of planar cold cathodes and discusses the characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs planar doped-barrier electron emitters (PDBEEs) based on the study of their temperature dependent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Consistent interactive augmentation of live camera images with correct near-field illumination (2007)

Inserting virtual objects in real camera images with correct lighting is an active area of research. Current methods use a high dynamic range camera with a fish-eye lens to capture the incoming illumination. The main problem with this approach is the limitation to distant illumination. Therefore, the focus of our work is a real-time description of both near - and far-field illumination for interactive movement of virtual objects in the camera image of a real room. The daylight, which is coming in through the windows, produces a spatially varying distribution of indirect light in the room; therefore a near-field description of incoming light is necessary. Our approach is to measure the daylight from outside and to simulate the resulting indirect light in the room. To accomplish this, we develop a special dynamic form of the irradiance volume for real-time updates of indirect light in the room and combine this with importance sampling and shadow maps for light from outside. This separation allows object movements with interactive frame rates (10--17 fps). To verify the correctness of our approach, we compare images of synthetic objects with real objects.
Rainbow: Combining Improvements in Deep Reinforcement Learning (2018)

The deep reinforcement learning community has made several independent improvements to the DQN algorithm. However, it is unclear which of these extensions are complementary and can be fruitfully combined. This paper examines six extensions to the DQN algorithm and empirically studies their combination. Our experiments show that the combination provides state-of-the-art performance on the Atari 2600 benchmark, both in terms of data efficiency and final performance. We also provide results from a detailed ablation study that shows the contribution of each component to overall performance.
Implementing neural networks into modern technology (2003)

The practical implementation of signal separation methods such as artificial neural networks and independent component analysis (ICA) bring several problems to light. These problems include time independence, stationarity, linearity, prior knowledge of sources, and hardware implementation. A direct emphasis is placed on implementing these networks on vocal signals, more specifically, voice-activated systems (VAS). What aspects and limitations of ICA and BSS (blind source separation) must be considered are given; the significance of preprocessing or prewhitening is considered; and learning algorithms are given. Also, a discussion is given on hardware enhancement, which may solve some of the problems related to ICA.
Autocrine release of interleukin-9 promotes Jak3-dependent survival of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cells (2006)

The aberrant fusion protein NPM-ALK plays an important pathogenetic role in ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). We previously demonstrated that Jak3 potentiates the activity of NPM-ALK. Jak3 activation is restricted to interleukins that recruit the common gamma chain (gammac) receptor, including IL-9. NPM-ALK was previously shown to promote widespread lymphomas in IL-9 transgenic mice by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that IL-9 plays an important role in ALK+ ALCL via Jak3 activation. Our studies demonstrate the expression of IL-9Ralpha and IL-9 in 3 ALK+ ALCL-cell lines and 75% and 83% of primary tumors, respectively. IL-9 was detected in serum-free culture medium harvested from ALK+ ALCL-cell lines, supporting autocrine release of IL-9. Treatment of these cells with an anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody decreased pJak3 and its kinase activity, along with pStat3 and ALK kinase activity. These effects were associated with decreased cell proliferation and colony formation in soft agar and cell-cycle arrest. Evidence suggests that cell-cycle arrest can be attributed to up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of Pim-1. Our results illustrate that IL-9/Jak3 signaling plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of ALK+ ALCL and that it represents a potential therapeutic target for treating patients with ALK+ ALCL.
Advances in Hyperspectral Image Classification: Earth Monitoring with Statistical Learning Methods (2013)

The technological evolution of optical sensors over the last few decades has provided remote sensing analysts with rich spatial, spectral, and temporal information. In particular, the increase in spectral resolution of hyperspectral images (HSIs) and infrared sounders opens the doors to new application domains and poses new methodological challenges in data analysis. HSIs allow the characterization of objects of interest (e.g., land-cover classes) with unprecedented accuracy, and keeps inventories up to date. Improvements in spectral resolution have called for advances in signal processing and exploitation algorithms. This article focuses on the challenging problem of hyperspectral image classification, which has recently gained in popularity and attracted the interest of other scientific disciplines such as machine learning, image processing, and computer vision. In the remote sensing community, the term classification is used to denote the process that assigns single pixels to a set of classes, while the term segmentation is used for methods aggregating pixels into objects and then assigned to a class.
A digital power amplifier with FIR-embedded 1-Bit high-order &#x0394;&#x03A3; modulation for WBAN polar transmitters (2015)

This paper presents a ΔΣ modulated digital power amplifier (DPA) with a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The proposed DPA utilizes a 1-bit second-order ΔΣ modulator to avoid nonlinearity problem of the multi-level quantization and achieve better quantization noise performance than the first-order modulator. The time-interleaving operation inherently provided by the embedded FIR filter mitigates the mismatching effect of PA cells. The proposed architecture not only improves the out-of-band noise performance but also reduces AM-AM and AM-PM distortions. The proposed ΔΣ DPA is implemented in 65nm CMOS. Simulation results show that it can achieve good out-of-band noise performance with the maximum output power of 6dBm and maximum power-added efficiency of 45%.
Raman Study of D2O at High Pressures in a Cubic Zirconia Anvil Cell (1996)

Using a cubic zirconia anvil cell, a Raman spectroscopic study was carried out to measure the D–O stretch modes in D2O as a function of varying pressure up to 16.7 GPa. The observed Raman spectra of D2O at room temperature show not only that the liquid is stable at atmospheric pressure, but also that two other phases, deuterated ice VI and deuterated ice VII, sequentially appear above 1.2 and 2.4 GPa, respectively. The D–O stretching wavenumbers in the three phases decrease linearly with increase in pressure. The partial ordering of deuterated ice VII, as indicated by the narrowing of the peak width of the A1g mode can also be determined from the peak intensity ratio between the A1g mode and the other two (Eg+B1g) modes. The maximum ordering of the deuterated ice VII occurs at 11.4 GPa.
Acquisition and rearrangement of sequence motifs in the evolution of bacteriophage tail fibres (1994)

Molecular analysis reveals a surprising sharing of short gene segments among a variety of large double-stranded DNA bacteriophages of enteric bacteria. Ancestral genomes from otherwise unrelated phages, including lambda, Mu, P1, P2 and T4, must have exchanged parts of their tail-fibre genes. Individual genes appear as mosaics with parts derived from a common gene pool. Therefore, horizontal gene transfer emerges as a major factor in the evolution of a specific part of phage genomes. Current concepts of homologous recombination cannot account for the formation of such chimeric genes and the recombinational mechanisms responsible are not known. However, recombination sites for DNA invertases and recombination site-like sequences are present at the boundaries of gene segments conferring the specificity for the host receptor. This, together with the properties of the DNA inversion mechanism, suggests that these site-specific recombination enzymes could be responsible for the exchange of host-range determinants.
Physical and chemical mutagenesis on a mycophagous nematode Aphelenchoides composticola (M.T. Franklin, 1957) (1974)

Chemical mutagens as EMS, acriflavine, acridine, colchicine, nitrous acide and physical mutagens, such as X rays, have been used on the gonochoric mycophagous Nematode Aphelenchoides composticola. They show a nematicid activity due, to their toxicity on treated Nematodes and to the induction of lethal mutations affecting particularly early stages of gametogenesis. They produce abnormal strains dwarfs or giants (up to 25% of the population). Concentrations of chemical mutagens varying from 0.2 to 0.5% correspond to the optimal production of abnormalities. Similar results were obtained by irradiation near to 2000r. The action of the mutagens shows some differences: EMS and X rays generally produce dwarfs, whereas acriflavine, acridine, colchicine or nitrous acid induced only giants. Abnormal strains appear: in the F$sub 1$, generation by X rays or acridine treatments; in the F$sub 2$ or F$sub 3$ generation by acriflavine, colchicine, nitrous acid or EMS action. The abnormal strains could be either variants or mutants and from these we select: four dwarfs B, C, D, E, induced by EMS 0.5% for 24 hours appearing in the F$sub 3$ generation; or dwarf F induced by irradiation of 1500r appearing in the F$sub 1$ generation. All these selected mutants are autosomal recessive single factorsmore » D and C controlled by two alleles of the some locus. (FR)« less
Research on Target Detection and Recognition Algorithm Based on Deep Learning (2019)

With the rapid development of robotics, people have higher requirements for detection and recognition of targets. The traditional target recognition algorithm can identify the type of the target, but can not identify the position information of the target, and the recognition rate of the traditional target recognition algorithm is low when the same target appears in the image. To this end, this paper proposes a target detection and recognition algorithm based on deep learning technology using convolutional neural network and region segmentation. The algorithm uses the region proposal to segment the image in the recognition process, which can recognize the type of target and precisely calibrate the position of the target in the image. The simulation results show that the algorithm has a high recognition rate and is sensitive to small target recognition.