gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ozone Use In Cooling Tower Systems – Current Guidelines – Where It Works (1993)

This paper was prepared to provide guidelines for effective ozone use in cooling tower systems based on known scientific actions of ozone and practical cooling system operation. It does not attempt to explain the unknown or unpredictable actions attributed to ozone. Guidelines for ozone use in cooling tower systems usually can be predictable, depending upon the specific industry or site conditions found. Ozone is not a panacea as a stand–alone treatment in most cases, but can be under the right conditions. Applicability of ozone depends upon specific criteria that must be evaluated prior to its consideration or use. If ozone is to be tested, then it is critical to have adequate monitoring tools in place to evaluate its performance, rapidly, before system damage may occur. Ozone has a place today in cooling tower system protection, and likely a greater consideration and use when a better understanding of its mechanisms of action is developed.
Binocular cursor (2013)

Binocular parallax is a problem for any interaction system that has a transparent display and objects behind it, as users will see duplicated and overlapped images. In this note, we propose a quantitative measure called Binocular Selectability Discriminant (BSD) to predict the ability of the user to perform selection task in such a setup. In addition, we propose a technique called Binocular Cursor (BC) which takes advantage of this duplicating and overlapping phenomenon, rather than being hampered by it, to resolve binocular selection ambiguity by visualizing the correct selection point. An experiment shows that selection with BC is not slower than monocular selection, and that it can be significantly more precise, depending on the design of BC.
The 3-fluoromethylphenyl group. a useful moiety for the study of solvolysis reactions with large negative rho-values (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe 3-fluoromethylphenyl group. a useful moiety for the study of solvolysis reactions with large negative rho-valuesPaul G. Gassman and Thomas L. GuggenheimCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 20, 4002–4004Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00141a045https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00141a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views301Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Building and animating user-specific volumetric face rigs (2016)

Currently, the two main approaches to realistic facial animation are 1) blendshape models and 2) physics-based simulation. Blendshapes are fast and directly controllable, but it is not easy to incorporate features such as dynamics, collision resolution, or incompressibility of the flesh. Physics-based methods can deliver these effects automatically, but modeling of muscles, bones, and other anatomical features of the face is difficult, and direct control over the resulting shape is lost. We propose a method that combines the benefits of blendshapes with the advantages of physics-based simulation. We acquire 3D scans of a given actor with various facial expressions and compute a set of volumetric blendshapes that are compatible with physics-based simulation, while accurately matching the input scans. Furthermore, our volumetric blendshapes are driven by the same weights as traditional blendshapes, which many users are familiar with. Our final facial rig is capable of delivering physics-based effects such as dynamics and secondary motion, collision response, and volume preservation without the burden of detailed anatomical modeling.
Optimization and evaluation of a thermoresponsive ophthalmic in situ gel containing curcumin-loaded albumin nanoparticles (2014)

This study aimed to optimize and evaluate a thermoresponsive ophthalmic in situ gel containing curcumin-loaded albumin nanoparticles (Cur-BSA-NPs-Gel). Albumin nanoparticles were prepared via a desolvation method, and the gels were prepared via a cold method. The central composite design and response surface method was used to evaluate the effects of varying Pluronic F127 and Pluronic F68 concentrations on the sol-gel transition temperature, which is an indicator of optimum formulations. The optimized formulation was a free-flowing liquid below 30.9°C that transformed into a semi-solid gel above 34.2°C after dilution with simulated tear fluid. Results of the in vitro release and erosion behavior study indicated that Cur-BSA-NPs-Gel achieved superior sustained-release effects and that incorporation of albumin nanoparticles exerted minimal effects on the gel structure. In addition, in vivo ophthalmic experiments employing Cur-BSA-NPs-Gel were subsequently performed in rabbits. In vivo eye irritation results showed that Cur-BSA-NPs-Gel might be considered safe for ophthalmic drug delivery. The in vivo study also revealed that the formulation could significantly increase curcumin bioavailability in the aqueous humor. In conclusion, the optimized in situ gel formulation developed in this work has significant potential for ocular application.
Systematic evasion of the restriction-modification barrier in bacteria (2019)

Bacteria that are recalcitrant to genetic manipulation using modern in vitro techniques are termed genetically intractable. Genetic intractability is a fundamental barrier to progress that hinders basic, synthetic, and translational microbiology research and development beyond a few model organisms. The most common underlying causes of genetic intractability are restriction-modification (RM) systems, ubiquitous defense mechanisms against xenogeneic DNA that hinder the use of genetic approaches in the vast majority of bacteria and exhibit strain-level variation. Here, we describe a systematic approach to overcome RM systems. Our approach was inspired by a simple hypothesis: if a synthetic piece of DNA lacks the highly specific target recognition motifs for a host's RM systems, then it is invisible to these systems and will not be degraded during artificial transformation. Accordingly, in this process, we determine the genome and methylome of an individual bacterial strain and use this information to define the bacterium's RM target motifs. We then synonymously eliminate RM targets from the nucleotide sequence of a genetic tool in silico, synthesize an RM-silent "SyngenicDNA" tool, and propagate the tool as minicircle plasmids, termed SyMPL (SyngenicDNA Minicircle Plasmid) tools, before transformation. In a proof-of-principle of our approach, we demonstrate a profound improvement (five orders of magnitude) in the transformation of a clinically relevant USA300 strain of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> This stealth-by-engineering SyngenicDNA approach is effective, flexible, and we expect in future applications could enable microbial genetics free of the restraints of restriction-modification barriers.
Mechanisms of recovery from mechanical injury of cultured rat hepatocytes (1996)

The mechanism(s) whereby hepatocytes restore denuded areas remains unknown. We therefore studied the recovery of denuded areas made in monolayers of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Minimal recovery occurred in cells plated on plastic. Plating on Matrigel produced modest recovery (25% at 24 h), whereas plating on a type I collagen substrate resulted in > 70% recovery at 24 h. The rate of recovery on collagen could be attenuated by a monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the beta 1-integrin subunit. Monoclonal antibodies directed against CD44 (the hyaluron receptor) and E-cadherin did not influence the rate of recovery. Recovery could be stimulated, in a dose-dependent fashion, by epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors. The effects of epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors to promote recovery occurred in the absence of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine uptake, suggesting a proliferation-independent mechanism. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibited recovery. Exposure to selected cytokines (interleukins 1 and 2), an adenine nucleotide [adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)], adenosine, pertussis toxin, and selected agents that bind to fibronectin and other matrix component adhesive sites (heparin and the RGD peptide) did not influence the rate of recovery of hepatocytes. However, the peptide DGEA, which can bind to collagen adhesive sites, attenuated recovery. These studies demonstrate that primary cultures of rat hepatocytes require a particular type of extracellular matrix to renew denuded areas and that the beta 1-integrin subunit may be involved in this recovery process. Hepatocyte recovery of denuded areas can be modulated by growth factors in both a stimulatory (epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors) and an inhibitory (transforming growth factor-beta 1) fashion.
Investigational CD33-targeted therapeutics for acute myeloid leukemia (2018)

Early results from a new generation of CD33-targeted therapeutics are anticipated in the next 2-3 years. Undoubtedly, re-approval of GO in 2017 has changed the landscape and rendered clinical development for these agents more challenging.
Ethylene Polymerization with Dimeric Zirconium and Hafnium Silsesquioxane Complexes (1998)

Treatment of the silanol (c-C5H9)(7)Si8O12(OH) with Cp " Ti(CH2Ph)(3) (Cp " = 1,3-C5H3(SiMe3)(2)) or TiCl4 selectively affords the mono(silsesquioxane) complexes Cp "[(c-C5H9)7Sis0l3ITi(CH2Ph)(2) (1) and [(c-C5H9)(7)Si8O13]TiCl3 (2), respectively, while with M(CH2Ph)(4) (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) mixtures of products were obtained. When the disilanol (c-C5H9)(7)Si7O9(OSiMe3)(OH)(2) is reacted with M(CH2Ph)(4) (M = Ti, Zr), the bis(silsesquioxane) complexes [(c-C5H9)(7)Si7O11(OSiMe3)](2)M (M = Ti (3), Zr (4), Zr . 2THF (5)) are formed exclusively. With (PhCH2)(2)ZrCl2. OEt2 as precursor, the mono(silsesquioxane) complex [(c-C5H9)(7)Si7O11(OSiMe3)]ZrCl2. 2THF (6) can be isolated. M(CH2Ph)(4) (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) reacts smoothly with the tris(silanol)(c-C5H9)(7)Si7O9(OH)3 (III), giving the metallasilsesquioxane benzyl species, {[(c-C5H9)(7)Si7O12]MCH2Ph}(n) (M = Ti, n = 1(7); M = Zr, n = 2 (8); M = Hf, n = 2 (9)). Compounds 5 and 8 have been characterized by X-ray analysis. Dimer 8 consists of a zwitterionic-like structure with two electronically different metal sites. M-C bond hydrogenolysis of 8 and 9 affords the corresponding hydrides, which are active alpha-olefin hydrogenation catalysts. Without cocatalyst, the neutral dimers 8 and 9 are poor, though active ethylene polymerization catalysts (activity: (5-10) x 10(3) g PE/mol.h)). Addition of B(C6F5)(3) affords the cationic, mono(benzyl) complexes {[(c-C5H9)(7)Si7O12](2)M-2(CH2Ph)}((+)) (M = Zr, Hf): single-site catalysts(activity: (2-8) x 10(6) g PE/(mol.h)) that are considerably more active than the neutral 8 and 9. Whereas titanasilsesquioxanes 3 and 7 do not react with THF, the corresponding zirconasilsesquioxanes 4 and g form bis(THF) adducts, [(c-C5H9)(7)Si7O11(OSiMe3)](2)Zr . 2THF (5) and [(c-C5H9)(7)Si7O12]ZrCH2Ph . 2THF (10), which suggests that the titanium complexes are less electrophilic than the zirconium ones. Accordingly, the titanium complex 7 does not react with dihydrogen and is inactive in ethylene polymerization.
Automated Essay Scoring Using Bayes' Theorem (2002)

Two Bayesian models for text classification from the information science field were extended and applied to student produced essays.Both models were calibrated using 462 essays with two score points.The calibrated systems were applied to 80 new, pre-scored essays with 40 essays in each score group.Manipulated variables included the two models; the use of words, phrases and arguments; two approaches to trimming; stemming; and the use of stopwords.While the text classification literature suggests the need to calibrate on thousands of cases per score group, accuracy of over 80% was achieved with the sparse dataset used in this study.
SINR Analysis of the Subtraction-Based SMI Beamformer (2010)

<?Pub _bookmark="" Command="[Quick Mark]"?> The sample matrix inversion (SMI) beamformer suffers from performance degradation due to the finite sample size effect and the arrival angle mismatch problem. A simple technique to provide robustness to the conventional SMI beamformer is to block the desired signal from the received data before calculating the beamformer's weight vector, which leads to the subtraction-based SMI (S-SMI) beamformer. In this correspondence, closed-form approximations of the expected value of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for the S-SMI beamformer and the SMI beamformer are derived, where the effect of both finite sample size and arrival angle mismatch are considered. Simulations show that the derived approximations are close enough to represent the true values of the SINR, when the sample size is small and the arrival direction mismatch exists.
RETINAL VASCULAR PERFUSION DENSITY MAPPING USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN NORMALS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY PATIENTS (2015)

Quantitative retinal vascular perfusion density mapping agreed closely with grading based on clinical features and may offer an objective method for monitoring disease progression in diabetic retinopathy.
Increasing Soy Isoflavonoid Content and Diversity by Simultaneous Malting and Challenging by a Fungus to Modulate Estrogenicity (2011)

Soybeans were germinated on a kilogram-scale, by the application of malting technology used in the brewing industry, and concomitantly challenged with Rhizopus microsporus var. oryzae. In a time-course experiment, samples were taken every 24 h for 10 days, and the isoflavonoid profile was analyzed by RP-UHPLC-MS. Upon induction with R. microsporus, the isoflavonoid composition changed drastically with the formation of phytoalexins belonging to the subclasses of the pterocarpans and coumestans and by prenylation of the various isoflavonoids. The pterocarpan content stabilized at 2.24 mg of daidzein equivalents (DE) per g after ∼9 days. The levels of the less common glyceofuran, glyceollin IV, and V/VI ranged from 0.18 to 0.35 mg DE/g and were comparable to those of the more commonly reported glyceollins I, II, and III (0.22-0.32 mg DE/g) and glycinol (0.42 mg DE/g). The content of prenylated isoflavones after the induction process was 0.30 mg DE/g. The total isoflavonoid content increased by a factor of 10-12 on DW basis after 9 days, which was suggested to be ascribable to de novo synthesis. These changes were accompanied by a gradual increase in agonistic activity of the extracts toward both the estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ during the 10-day induction, with a more pronounced activity toward ERβ. Thus, the induction process yielded a completely different spectrum of isoflavonoids, with a much higher bioactivity toward the estrogen receptors. This, together with the over 10-fold increase in potential bioactives, offers promising perspectives for producing more, novel, and higher potency nutraceuticals by malting under stressed conditions.
Specifically neuropathic Gaucher's mutations accelerate cognitive decline in Parkinson's (2016)

Mutations in the GBA gene pathogenic for neuropathic GD and complex alleles shift longitudinal cognitive decline in PD into "high gear." These findings suggest a relationship between specific types of GBA mutations and aggressive cognitive decline and have direct implications for improving the design of clinical trials. Ann Neurol 2016;80:674-685.
Novel optical techniques for detecting and classifying toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis blooms using satellite imagery (2009)

Karenia brevis (K. brevis) blooms are of great interest and have been commonly reported throughout the Gulf of Mexico. In this study we propose a detection technique for blooms with low backscatter characteristics, which we name the Red Band Difference (RBD) technique, coupled with a selective K. brevis bloom classification technique, which we name the K. brevis Bloom Index (KBBI). These techniques take advantage of the relatively high solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence and low backscattering of K. brevis blooms. The techniques are applied to the detection and classification of K. brevis blooms from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ocean color measurements off the Gulf of Mexico. To assess the efficacy of the techniques for detection and classification, simulations, including chlorophyll fluorescence (assuming 0.75% quantum yield) based on K. brevis blooms and non-K. brevis blooms conditions were performed. These show that effective bloom detection from satellite measurements requires a threshold of RBD>0.15W/m(2)/microm/sr, corresponding to about 5mg/m(3) of chlorophyll. Blooms can be detected at lower concentration by lowering the RBD threshold but false positives may increase. The classification technique is found most effective for thresholds of RBD>0.15W/m(2)/microm/sr and KBBI>0.3*RBD. The techniques were applied and shown to be effective for well documented blooms of K. brevis in the Gulf of Mexico and compared to other detection techniques, including FLH approaches. Impacts of different atmospheric corrections on results were also examined.
A Self-Resonant MEMS-Based Electrometer (2007)

A configurable MEMS electrometer that allows for isolated, high-input-impedance voltage measurements is presented. By adjusting the separation between the measurement surface and a vibrating MEMS element, the noise floor and/or maximum dynamic range can be tailored to the specific application. This device is useful for a broad range of applications, including pH meters, biopotential amplifiers, xerography, and measuring leakage on high-voltage capacitors.
Abstract LB-256: Immunotherapy using genetically modified T lymphocytes to target CLEC14A on the tumor vasculature (2014)

Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy combines the specificity of a monoclonal antibody with the potent cytotoxic and immune regulatory activity of self-replicating T cells. This approach has shown remarkable efficacy in recent clinical trials targeting T cells to hematological cancers. More limited benefit has been reported with solid tumors, possibly because of lack of suitable target antigens, immune evasion mechanisms in the malignant cells and/or lack of T cell infiltration into the tumor tissue. An alternative approach that avoids some of these problems is to use a CAR that targets the tumor vasculature rather than the malignant cells directly. CLEC14A is a glycoprotein recently identified to be selectively overexpressed on the surface of the tumor vasculature in a wide range of human cancers, including ovarian, liver, bladder, prostate, breast and kidney, and is therefore of considerable interest for tumor therapy. Here we explore for the first time the feasibility of targeting the tumor vasculature using CLEC14A-specific CARs. Initially we generated CARs from several CLEC14A-specific monoclonal antibodies and then expressed them in T cells. In vitro T cell functional assays demonstrated that these CARs can trigger potent antigen-specific activation including cytotoxicity in engineered T cells. These CARs recognize both human and mouse forms of CLEC14A, so safety/efficacy studies could be conducted using mouse models. Following infusion of escalating doses of engineered T cells into healthy mice, circulating CAR-T cells persisted for at least the next 5 weeks without signs of toxicity. To explore anti-tumor effects, Lewis lung carcinoma cells were subcutaneously implanted into C57BL6 mice and 4 days later mice received a single dose of CLEC14A-specific CAR-T cells. Our recent data demonstrate statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth in mice treated with CAR-T cells compared with mock-transduced T cells. The engineered cells also appeared to expand/accumulate at the tumor site. These data suggest CLEC14A can be safely and effectively targeted with CAR-T cells, potentially offering a potent and widely applicable cancer therapy. Citation Format: Xiaodong Zhuang, Baksho Kaul, Michael Bentley, Zsuzsanna Nagy, Enrico Giraudo, Gavin Bendle, David Gilham, Roy Bicknell, Steven P. Lee. Immunotherapy using genetically modified T lymphocytes to target CLEC14A on the tumor vasculature. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-256. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-256
Computational modelling of biological systems: tools and visions (2000)

We are currently witnessing the advent of a revolutionary new tool for biomedical research. Complex biochemically, biophysically and pharmacologically detailed mathematical models of ‘living cells’ are being arranged in morphologically representative tissue assemblies, and, using large–scale supercomputers, utilized to produce anatomically structured models of integrated tissue and organ function. This provides biomedical sciences with a radical new tool: ‘in silico’ organs, organ systems and, ultimately, organisms. In silico models will be a crucial tool for biomedical research and development in the new millennium, extracting knowledge from the vast amount of increasingly detailed data, and integrating this into a comprehensive analytical description of biological function with predictive power: the Physiome. Our review will illustrate this approach using the example of the cardiovascular system, which, along with neurophysiology, has been at the forefront of analytical bio–mathematical modelling for many years, and which is about to deliver the first anatomico–physiological model of a whole organ. Already, electrophysiologically detailed cardiac cell models have been incorporated into mathematical descriptions of representative ventricular tissue architecture and anatomy, including the coronary vasculature, and assimilated to realistic representation of ventricular active and passive mechanical properties. This is being extended by matching atrial models and linked to an artificial torso to compute the body surface electrocardiogram as a function of sub–cellular activity during various (patho–)physiological conditions. We will illustrate the utility of in silico biological research in the context of refinement and partial replacement of in vivo and in vitro experimental work, show the potential of this approach for devising patient–specific treatment strategies, and try to forecast the impact of this new technology on biomedical research, health–care, and related industries.
Ligand Conjugation of Chemically Exfoliated MoS<sub>2</sub> (2013)

MoS2 is a two-dimensional material that is gaining prominence due to its unique electronic and chemical properties. Here, we demonstrate ligand conjugation of chemically exfoliated MoS2 using thiol chemistry. With this method, we modulate the ζ-potential and colloidal stability of MoS2 sheets through ligand designs, thus enabling its usage as a selective artificial protein receptor for β-galactosidase. The facile thiol functionalization route opens the door for surface modifications of solution processable MoS2 sheets.