gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In Vitro</i> Synergy of Colistin Combinations against Colistin-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates (2012)

Colistin resistance, although uncommon, is increasingly being reported among Gram-negative clinical pathogens, and an understanding of its impact on the activity of antimicrobials is now evolving. We evaluated the potential for synergy of colistin plus trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1/19 ratio), or vancomycin against 12 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 4), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 4). The strains included six multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, A. baumannii ATCC 19606, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and their colistin-resistant derivatives (KPm1, ABm1, and PAm1, respectively). Antimicrobial susceptibilities were assessed by broth microdilution and population analysis profiles. The potential for synergy of colistin combinations was evaluated using a checkerboard assay, as well as static time-kill experiments at 0.5× and 0.25× MIC. The MIC ranges of vancomycin, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1/19) were ≥128, 4 to ≥128, and 2/38 to >128/2,432 μg/ml, respectively. Colistin resistance demonstrated little impact on vancomycin, trimethoprim, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole MIC values. Isolates with subpopulations heterogeneously resistant to colistin were observed to various degrees in all tested isolates. In time-kill assays, all tested combinations were synergistic against KPm1 at 0.25× MIC and 0.5× MIC and ABm1 and PAm1 at 0.5× MIC. In contrast, none of the tested combinations demonstrated synergy against any colistin-susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates and clinical strains of K. pneumoniae isolates. Only colistin plus trimethoprim or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was synergistic and bactericidal at 0.5× MIC against K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603. Colistin resistance seems to promote the in vitro activity of unconventional colistin combinations. Additional experiments are warranted to understand the clinical significance of these observations.
Characterization of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> antigens with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (1988)

We used monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to examine the antigenic specificity and biologic function of several Chlamydia trachomatis antigens. Thirteen distinct MAbs to eight C. trachomatis antigens were produced. Six MAbs reacted with unique epitopes on the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and two of these had neutralizing activity. MAbs were produced to each of the chlamydial antigens with molecular masses of 10, 29, 32, 57, 60, 70, and 75 kilodaltons (kDa). These MAbs showed species and genus specificity in an immunoblot assay. None of the MAbs had neutralizing activity. The epitopes recognized on MOMP, 29-, and 10-kDa (presumably lipopolysaccharide) antigens were surface exposed. MAbs to the 75-kDa, 57-kDa, and MOMP antigens were used for immunoaffinity purification of these antigens to produce monospecific antisera in mice. With polyclonal sera, we found that the 75-kDa antigen was also immunoaccessible and that antibody to MOMP and 75-kDa antigens neutralized C. trachomatis infectivity. We conclude that, in addition to MOMP and lipopolysaccharide, antigens with molecular masses of 75 and 29 kDa are surface exposed. Antibodies to MOMP and 75-kDa antigens can neutralize the organism in vitro.
Gα13 Stimulates Rho-dependent Activation of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Promoter (1999)

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression is rapidly increased by cytokines, tumor promoters, and growth factors and is markedly enhanced in various cancer cells. Here, we examine the regulation of COX-2 promoter activity by alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins in NIH 3T3 cells. Using a transient transfection assay with a reporter vector in which the murine COX-2 promoter drives the production of luciferase and expression vectors encoding for alpha subunits of G-proteins, we show that overexpression of wild type and constitutively active Galpha(13) and Galpha(q) induced transcription from the COX-2 promoter. The highest level of induced luciferase activity (5.8-fold) occurred in cells expressing the constitutively active Galpha(13)(Q226L). We also show that expression of a constitutively active mutant of Rho (RhoQ63L) also induced transcription from the COX-2 promoter. Co-expression of Clostridium botulinum C3 toxin specifically blocked induction of the COX-2 promoter by either Galpha(13)Q226L or RhoQ63L but did not prevent the activation of this promoter by Ras, Rac, v-src, or forskolin. We conclude that Galpha(13) signals through a Rho-dependent pathway leading to activation of the COX-2 promoter. This pathway is not inhibited by either cytochalasin D, which disrupts actin filament organization, or genistein, a broad spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor, indicating a bifurcation of the signaling pathway used by Galpha(13)/Rho to induce COX-2 expression from that used to induce stress fiber formation and tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins.
Circulation-Independent Differentiation Pathway from Extraembryonic Mesoderm toward Hematopoietic Stem Cells via Hemogenic Angioblasts (2014)

A large gap exists in our understanding of the course of differentiation from mesoderm to definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Previously, we reported that Runx1(+) cells in embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5) embryos contribute to the hemogenic endothelium in the E10.5 aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region and HSCs in the adult bone marrow. Here, we show that two Runx1(+) populations subdivided by Gata1 expression exist in E7.5 embryos. The hemogenic endothelium and the HSCs are derived only from the Runx1(+)Gata1(-) population. A subset of this population moves from the extra- to intraembryonic region during E7.5-E8.0, where it contributes to the hemogenic endothelium of the dorsal aorta (DA). Migration occurs before the heartbeat is initiated, and it is independent of circulation. This suggests a developmental trajectory from Runx1(+) cells in the E7.5 extraembryonic region to definitive HSCs via the hemogenic endothelium.
Syndiospecific Propylene Polymerization Using <i>C</i><sub>1</sub>-Symmetric <i>a</i><i>nsa</i>-Metallocene Catalysts:  Substituent and Bridge Effects (2002)

A series of syndiospecific C1-symmetric ansa-metallocenes ([Me2X(Cp)(2-R1-3-R2-Ind)]ZrCl2, X = C, Si; R1 = H, Me; R2 = Me, Et, CH2SiMe3) have been synthesized, and their catalytic behavior in the polymerization of propylene has been studied. Upon activation with MAO, these carbon- or silicon-bridged cyclopentadienyl/indenyl systems afford polypropylene with various degrees of syndiotacticity ([rrrr] = 28−66%), as a function of the substituent size, substitution pattern, and bridging moiety. The silicon-bridged systems produced PP samples of higher molecular weight, lower syndiotacticities, and comparable productivities with respect to their carbon-bridged analogues. Statistical modeling of the experimental pentad distributions suggests that site epimerization is the major cause of stereoerrors within both sets, while a decreased site stereospecificity can be implied for the silicon-bridged systems.
Analysis and Quantification of in Vitro Myoblast Fusion using the LADD Multiple Stain (2016)

Myoblast fusion, which is essential for muscle development, regeneration, and repair, can be assessed in vitro via the calculation of a fusion index. Traditionally, this requires use of either immunocytochemistry or fluorescently-labeled cytoskeletal staining, followed by microscopy and laborious analysis. The expense and time-consuming nature of the optimization and application of antibody-based techniques such as immunocytochemistry, as well as the need for specialized analytical equipment such as fluorescence microscopes, presents a barrier to the routine analysis of this crucial step during terminal differentiation. Here, we describe (<i>i</i>) a novel use of the commonly available LADD Multiple Stain for visualization of myoblast fusion in vitro; (<i>ii</i>) the optimization of a simple image analysis method to generate quick, quantifiable data representative of a fusion index; and (<i>iii</i>) the use of a protocol combining these two procedures to investigate in vitro myoblast fusion in a simple and efficient manner as proof-of-concept.
Energy Harvesting in Nanosystems: Powering the Next Generation of the Internet of Things (2021)

Untethered, wirelessly interconnected devices are becoming pervasive in today’s society forming the Internet of Things. These autonomous devices and systems continue to scale to reduced dimensions at the millimeter scale and below, presenting major challenges to how we provide power to these devices. This article surveys existing approaches to harvest energy from the ambient or externally supplied sources including radio-frequency, optical, mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, and biological modalities to provide electrical power for micro- and nano-systems. The outlook for scaling these energy conversion approaches to small dimensions is discussed in the context of both existing technologies and possible future nanoscience developments.
On the realization of switched-capacitor integrators for sigma-delta modulators (2007)

The sigma-delta techniques for analog-to-digital conversion have for long been utilized when high precision is needed. Despite the fact that these have been realized by a numerous of different structures, the theory of how to construct a sigma-delta ADC is not very extensive. This thesis will assume that an SFG description of the CRFB sigma-delta modulator has been designed and presents a structured method to obtain a circuit realization of the integrators in a specific modulator. The first activity is to scale the inputs to each integrator in order to make sure that the produced outputs of each integrator is within the output-range of the OTA which is used. The next thing that is presented is an algorithmic way of descending from the SFG design of the modulator down to a switched-capacitor implementation of the system. To be able to continue with the circuit realization, one needs to do a rigorous noise analysis of the modulator, which gives the sizes of the different capacitors in the SC-circuits. The last topic of this thesis is a method to obtain the specifications of the OTA in each integrator.
Personalized Recommendation Services Based on Service-Oriented Architecture (2006)

Recommendation systems are special personalization tools that help users to find interesting information and services. This paper proposes a personalized recommendation system based on service-oriented architectures (SOAs). It introduces service-oriented recommendation technologies such as recommendation engines, data mining, content-based approach and collaborative filtering. It discusses service-oriented architecture, especially for service discovery and SOA for recommendation system. Then, it analyzes personalized recommendation system and proposes relative system architectures. Finally, it gives a case study about e-shop recommendation to illustrate the novel services
Approximate algorithm for joint routing and scheduling in wireless relay networks (2010)

The problem of joint routing and scheduling in 802.16j based wireless relay networks is studied to minimize the traffic time.The routing problem is solved by linear programming method,and the traffic is allocated to links.A novel link scheduling algorithm based on shifting and switching is proposed.Theoretical analysis indicates that the performance of the proposed algorithm is within a factor of 1.5 of that of any optimal algorithm in the worst case.Simulation results show that with the proposed algorithm near-optimal performance can be effectively achieved.
Zebrafish usp39 Mutation Leads to rb1 mRNA Splicing Defect and Pituitary Lineage Expansion (2011)

Loss of retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor function is associated with human malignancies. Molecular and genetic mechanisms responsible for tumorigenic Rb downregulation are not fully defined. Through a forward genetic screen and positional cloning, we identified and characterized a zebrafish ubiquitin specific peptidase 39 (usp39) mutation, the yeast and human homolog of which encodes a component of RNA splicing machinery. Zebrafish usp39 mutants exhibit microcephaly and adenohypophyseal cell lineage expansion without apparent changes in major hypothalamic hormonal and regulatory signals. Gene expression profiling of usp39 mutants revealed decreased rb1 and increased e2f4, rbl2 (p130), and cdkn1a (p21) expression. Rb1 mRNA overexpression, or antisense morpholino knockdown of e2f4, partially reversed embryonic pituitary expansion in usp39 mutants. Analysis of pre-mRNA splicing status of critical cell cycle regulators showed misspliced Rb1 pre-mRNA resulting in a premature stop codon. These studies unravel a novel mechanism for rb1 regulation by a neuronal mRNA splicing factor, usp39. Zebrafish usp39 regulates embryonic pituitary homeostasis by targeting rb1 and e2f4 expression, respectively, contributing to increased adenohypophyseal sensitivity to these altered cell cycle regulators. These results provide a mechanism for dysregulated rb1 and e2f4 pathways that may result in pituitary tumorigenesis.
Anti-theft vehicle tracking and immobilization system (2014)

With the increase in the number of vehicles on road, there has been a marked increase in the number of crimes involving vehicle theft. In spite of several stringent laws being in place and security measures taken by car manufacturers, thieves still find a way to remain one step ahead and vehicle theft is still among one of the most reported crimes worldwide. Due to the expensive nature of motor vehicles, there is ample incentive for petty thieves to attempt thefts and a simple redecoration of the exterior makes it almost impossible to track the stolen vehicles. Numerous technologies have been mooted from time to time but have been unable to make a big mark due to their price ineffectiveness and complicated mechanisms. In this document a simple and economical solution to the problem has been presented. This scheme can be assembled and used even by private car owners and provides reasonable protection against vehicle theft.
Neuroprotection with a calpain inhibitor in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. (1994)

These results demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of a cell-penetrating calpain inhibitor when administered systemically. The findings suggest that targeting intracellular, calcium-activated mechanisms, such as proteolysis, represents a viable therapeutic strategy for limiting neurological damage after ischemia.
RC-TCIGBT: A Reverse Conducting Trench Clustered (2007)

A new, three terminal, reverse conducting trench clustered IGBT (RC-TCIGBT) is proposed and evaluated using numerical simulations in 1200 V, non-punch through (NPT) technology. This device is a monolithic integration of an anti- parallel thyristor (APT) in the TCIGBT (O. Spulber, et. al., December 2000), (K. Vershinin, et. al., June 2006). This approach does not increase device area and ensures snap-back free operation in the first (I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> ) and third (III <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> ) quadrants. Moreover, it is shown that the RC-TCIGBT which belongs to the class of MOS bipolar devices with controlled thyristor action, can provide excellent Vce (sat)/Eoff trade-off and soft reverse recovery.
DWDM Hybrid-Integrated TOSA and ROSA for 10$\,\times\,$10.7-Gb/s Transmission Over 75-km Links (2012)

Compact parallel transmitters and receivers with an aggregate capacity of 107 Gb/s are built through hybrid integration of arrays of ten 100-GHz spaced directly modulated lasers, arrays of ten avalanche photodiodes, and high-index contrast silica arrayed waveguide grating multi- and demultiplexers. Unamplified transmission over 75 km of standard single-mode fiber and 155-km amplified links is demonstrated in the C-band, by using a modulation format based on spectral offset filtering and electronic dispersion compensation.
Comparative study of copper precursors for synthesis of CuO nanoparticles by ultrasonic-assisted thermal decomposition method (2013)

Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, Iran <em>E-mail </em>: gharagozlou@icrc.ac.ir Fax : 98-21-22947537 Azad University, Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran <em>Manuscript received online 07 March 2012, revised 30 April 2012, accepted 02 May 2012</em> In this work, CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by an ultrasonic assisted thermal decomposition method using different copper precursors including copper acetate (Cu-A), copper nitrate (Cu-N) and copper chloride (Cu-C). The sample synthesized by copper acetate (Cu-A) was consisted of finer and more uniform particles than copper nitrate (Cu-N) which resulted in a wider band gap. On the other hand, copper chloride as a precursor resulted in a plate-like morphology. In comparison with the bulk CuO, the Cu-A sample showed a larger band gap which was attributed to its particle size. It was concluded that different copper precursors have significant effects on the particle size, morphology as well as the band gap of the final powder.
Cross-Document Language Modeling. (2021)

We introduce a new pretraining approach for language models that are geared to support multi-document NLP tasks. Our cross-document language model (CD-LM) improves masked language modeling for these tasks with two key ideas. First, we pretrain with multiple related documents in a single input, via cross-document masking, which encourages the model to learn cross-document and long-range relationships. Second, extending the recent Longformer model, we pretrain with long contexts of several thousand tokens and introduce a new attention pattern that uses sequence-level global attention to predict masked tokens, while retaining the familiar local attention elsewhere. We show that our CD-LM sets new state-of-the-art results for several multi-text tasks, including cross-document event and entity coreference resolution, paper citation recommendation, and documents plagiarism detection, while using a significantly reduced number of training parameters relative to prior works.
Unconstrained splitting ratios in compact double-MMI couplers (2014)

A novel guided-wave optical power coupler is presented, based on two 2x2 50/50 multimode interference splitters connected with tapered waveguides that play the role of a phase shifter. By simply changing the length of this phase shifter, these double-MMI couplers can be easily designed to get any desired splitting ratio. Results of simulations are discussed and compared with the characterizations of devices fabricated on micron-scale SOI wafers, to highlight pros and cons of the proposed solution. The fabricated splitters have been found to have average losses about 0.4 ± 0.5 dB and splitting ratios ranging from 56/44 to 96/4.
Synthesis of alkenyl sulphoxides by intramolecular and intermolecular addition of sulphenic acids to alkynes (1981)

Alkyne-ω-sulphenic acids formed by thermolysis of ω-(t-butylsulphinyl)alkynes at 140 °C cyclized regiospecifically to 2-methylenethiacycloalkane 1-oxides; 2-methylenethietan 1-oxide was not formed in this way. 2-Methylpropane-2-sulphenic acid, obtained by heating di-t-butyl sulphoxide, added regioselectively to oct-1-yne to give predominantly 2-t-butylsulphinyloct-1-ene, which itself decomposed thermally to a mixture of dioctenyl sulphoxides by way of alkenesulphenic acid–dialkyl sulphine interconversions. Benzenesulphenic acid, methanesulphenic acid, and ethoxycarbonylmethanesulphenic acid, conveniently generated by thermolysis of 1-cyano-2-alkyl(or aryl)sulphinylethanes, underwent intermolecular addition to unactivated and activated alkynes regioselectively to give alkenyl sulphoxides in good yields.
ONTOLOGY-BASED HBIM FOR HISTORIC BUILDINGS WITH TRADITIONAL WOODWORK IN TAIWAN (2021)

In recent years, the use of Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) has grown prevalent and thus provided a research opportunity. Differing from newly constructed buildings, structural components of historic buildings come with unique physical configurations and have amassed impressive amount of restoration data, all of which must be taken into consideration when incorporating Building Information Modeling. In terms of modelling, it is critical to determine the appropriate level of detail (LoD), level of information (LoI), especially the comprehensiveness and expandability of the database. International Committee for Documentation/Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM) is a widely accepted standard for ontology model. This study aims to integrate the HBIM and CIDOC CRM to construct a framework and comprehensive operational procedure for the modeling of traditional Minan architecture and a database with complete semantics archiving the background and restoration data. Autodesk A360 is ideal for collaborative. However, there are limitations when it comes to developing advanced models for data management or query; interactive experience; meeting model applications derived from future scenarios. Therefore, the study also offers a 3D modeling platform constructed using Unity, as well as a comparison of the platforms built with Unity, three.js and Autodesk A360 as a reference for users.
"Does It Pay to Be Informed?" Expenditure Efficiency in the US Mutual Fund Industry (2011)

The mutual fund industry would like us to believe that fund expenses are justifiable by their extensive management expertise, security analysis and the consequent delivery of returns that exceed the market performance. Management know-how is costly and thus it drives up the expenditure of actively managed mutual funds and potentially lowers their net returns. Nevertheless the fund managers argue that their contributions to the returns fully outweigh their costs and in general their trading strategies add value to the investors. On the other hand many academics hold that such claims are fundamentally misleading and actively managed funds cannot continuously outperform a market index. [excerpt]
Optimal therapy for chronic hepatitis B: hepatitis B virus combination therapy? (2014)

Currently available antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B can be divided into two classes of therapeutic agents: pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs). The major advantages of NAs are good tolerance and potent antiviral activity associated with high rates of on-treatment response to therapy. The advantages of PEG-IFN include a finite course of treatment, the absence of drug resistance, and an opportunity to obtain a durable post-treatment response to therapy. The use of these two antiviral agents with different mechanisms of action in combination is theoretically an attractive approach for treatment, either simultaneously, as sequential combination therapy (add-on), or even as an immediate switch from one agent to the other. Different NAs have also been combined in certain clinical situations. At present, several studies have confirmed certain virological advantages to combination therapies, but pivotal prospective studies demonstrating long-term clinical benefit to patients are still missing. Therefore, combination treatment, especially with PEG-IFN plus NAs, is not indicated and was not recommended by the European Association for the Study of the Liver Clinical Practice Guidelines written in 2012, while the guidelines for the use of combination NAs is limited to very few clinical situations.