gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Stabilization of the α-Synuclein Protofibril by a Dopamine-α-Synuclein Adduct (2001)

The substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease (PD) is depleted of dopaminergic neurons and contains fibrillar Lewy bodies comprising primarily alpha-synuclein. We screened a library to identify drug-like molecules to probe the relation between neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein fibrilization. All but one of 15 fibril inhibitors were catecholamines related to dopamine. The inhibitory activity of dopamine depended on its oxidative ligation to alpha-synuclein and was selective for the protofibril-to-fibril conversion, causing accumulation of the alpha-synuclein protofibril. Adduct formation provides an explanation for the dopaminergic selectivity of alpha-synuclein-associated neurotoxicity in PD and has implications for current and future PD therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
Changes in neuronal properties and spinal reflexes during development of spasticity following spinal cord lesions and stroke: studies in animal models and patients (2003)

It is a well-known fact that spinal reflexes may gradually change and often become enhanced following spinal cord lesions. Although these phenomena are known, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown and under investigation, mainly in animal models. Over the last twenty years, new methods have been developed that can reliably estimate the activity of specific spinal pathways in humans at rest and during voluntary movement. These methods now make it possible to describe components of the spinal pathophysiology in spasticity in humans following spinal lesions or stroke. We now know that spinal networks are capable of generating the basic pattern of locomotion in a large number of vertebrates, including the monkey--and in all likelihood, humans. Although spinal networks are capable of generating locomotor-like activity in the absence of afferent signals, functional gait is not possible without sensory feedback. The results of animal studies on the sensory control of and the transmitter systems involved in the spinal locomotor centers are now being used to improve rehabilitation of walking in persons with spinal cord injury and hemiplegia.
An Overview of Deep Learning Based Methods for Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Anomaly Detection in Videos (2018)

Videos represent the primary source of information for surveillance applications. Video material is often available in large quantities but in most cases it contains little or no annotation for supervised learning. This article reviews the state-of-the-art deep learning based methods for video anomaly detection and categorizes them based on the type of model and criteria of detection. We also perform simple studies to understand the different approaches and provide the criteria of evaluation for spatio-temporal anomaly detection.
Collagen fibrillogenesis: intermediate aggregates and suprafibrillar order. (1976)

Polymerization of collagen in vitro has been studied with the electron microscope at early time points of fibril assembly. We have found morphologically distinct stages of aggregation, which we suggest represent successive steps in fibril formation. Linear growth of the fibril appears to occur by the tandem addition of aggregates to each other and subsequently to the ends of a subfibril; lateral growth occurs by the entwining, like a rope, of these subfibrils. Fibrillogenesis is also accompanied by extensive development of suprafibrillar order in which various patterns of parallel, spiral, and orthogonal sets of fibrils were frequently observed.
Isolation and Refined Regional Mapping of Expressed Sequences from Human Chromosome 21 (1994)

To increase candidate genes from human chromosome 21 for the analysis of Down syndrome and other genetic diseases localized on this chromosome, we have isolated and studied 9 cDNA clones encoded by chromosome 21. For isolating cDNAs, single-copy microclones from a chromosome 21 microdissection library were used in direct screening of various cDNA libraries. Seven of the cDNA clones have been regionally mapped on chromosome 21 using a comprehensive hybrid mapping panel comprising 24 cell hybrids that divide the chromosome into 33 subregions. These cDNA clones with refined mapping positions should be useful for identification and cloning of genes responsible for the specific component phenotypes of Down syndrome and other diseases on chromosome 21, including progressive myoclonus epilepsy in 21q22.3.
The modes of provision of prison services in a comparative perspective (2008)

This paper aims to compare the performance of two modes of provision of prison services: public, and with the participation of private companies. There are few empirical studies concerning the alternative modes of governance in this sector, which differs from other public utilities in that there is an absence of network externalities and scale economies. In addition, an understanding of informal institutions is crucial for the performance of the service provider, either public or private. In this paper, we build a comparative analysis of two case studies of similar correctional facilities, one public and the other outsourced to a private company under the supervision of civil servants (hybrid governance structure), both located in the same region of Brazil. We found that the privately operated facility has achieved better performance indicators (in terms of number of escapes, riots, deaths, assistance to inmates etc.) than the public facility, which in part refutes the arguments of Hart, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) against private participation in prison services. We conclude that the reasons for these differences are related to lower levels of administrative controls; to the presence of civil servants within the privately operated prison, which contributes to reducing information asymmetries; to greater incentives for the private operator: to monitor employees, to bypass local judiciary constraints and to fulfill contractual obligations.
A multi-phase 10 GHz VCO in CMOS/SOI for 40 Gbits/s SONET OC-768 clock and data recovery circuits (2005)

This paper presents the design of a multi-phase voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in CMOS/SOI technology, based on a ring amplifier with LC resonators. This circuit is a key block of a 40 Gbit/s serial communications system. Operating at a speed of one-fourth of the nominal data rate, this CMOS architecture complies with SONET OC-768 standard. The circuit exhibits a 25% frequency tuning range from 10.2 GHz to 13 GHz. The core power dissipation is 26 mW under a -1.2 V supply voltage. The single sideband phase noise measured is better than -104 dBc/Hz, at 1 MHz offset, over the frequency tuning range. The single-ended peak-to-peak amplitude of the four differential signals is 50 mV.
Extracapsular cataract extraction with hyaluronate sodium. (1982)

Extracapsular cataract extraction may result in a lower incidence of cystoid macular edema, but it may be a different operation from a technical standpoint. We tried a method using 1% hyaluronate sodium (Healon) as the irrigating vehicle during the procedure. The high viscosity of hyaluronate prevents posterior capsule rupture and its coating effect protects the corneal endothelium from trauma. In the study 20 eyes received the extracapsular extraction using a traditional technique with balanced salt solution. Another 20 eyes received the surgery using hyaluronate. The resulting endothelial cell counts, postoperatively, showing significantly less loss of endothelial cell using hyaluronate.
The role of polymorphic I-Ak beta chain residues in presentation of a peptide from myelin basic protein. (1989)

Proteins encoded by genes in the MHC are highly polymorphic. For class II proteins the highest level of polymorphism is found in distinct regions of variability, notably in the membrane-distal domains. To investigate the role of such residues in antigen presentation, we have tested cells transfected with wild-type or mutant I-Ak beta chains for their ability to present the NH2-terminal peptide of myelin basic protein to a panel of T cell clones. We were unable to detect a gross effect on peptide binding, in that all of the mutant cell lines presented antigen to at least one of the cloned T cells. However, the results imply that the more NH2-terminal residues, particularly 12 and 14, are involved in peptide interactions. Mutations at these residues presented antigen only at high antigen concentrations. Furthermore, residues of the more COOH-terminal regions appear to determine TCR interactions. Mutations in the predicted alpha-helical regions of the beta chain affected antigen presentation without abolishing peptide binding.
Styrene-Maleic Anhydride and Styrene-Ma1eimide Based Copolymers as Building Blocks in Microencapsulation Procedures (2002)

This thesis addresses the formation and properties of capsule walls formed from new types of wall-former materials such as styrene-maleic anhydride and styrenemaleimide based preformed hydrophobic polymers. During the course of this study two new methods of encapsulation were developed: interfacial encapsulation based on the cross-linking reaction between oil-soluble styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer and a water-soluble polyamine, or alternatively the hydrolysis reaction of tertbutyl styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers to produce non-cross-linked microcapsules, and photoinduced phase-separation encapsulation. The internal morphologies of the produced SMA microcapsules were found to depend primarily upon polymer/core-solvent interactions and rate of amine addition. Thus, the transition from matrix structures to hollow particles was observed with increasing volume fraction of hydrophobic non-solvent, dodecyl acetate, or alternatively by slowing the rate of polyamine addition. The effect of polymer loading, type of polymer and polyamine, and molecular weight of the preformed polymer on the observed morphologies was also investigated. The interfacial reaction between styrene-maleic anhydride type of copolymers and polyamines was shown to be fast in order of minutes. Hydrolysis, as the side reaction, was not found to play a significant role in the interfacial encapsulation reaction between SMA copolymers and amines. Styrene-maleimide based capsules were prepared by photo stimulated precipitation of azobenzene-functionalized copolymers dissolved in an oil phase and dispersed in a continuous phase. This microencapsulation process was found to be irreversible, and the resulting microcapsule walls were permanent even during storage in the dark, or irradiation with visible light.
Metabolism and the Control of Cell Fate Decisions and Stem Cell Renewal (2016)

Although the stem cells of various tissues remain in the quiescent state to maintain their undifferentiated state, they also undergo cell divisions as required, and if necessary, even a single stem cell is able to provide for lifelong tissue homeostasis. Stem cell populations are precisely controlled by the balance between their symmetric and asymmetric divisions, with their division patterns determined by whether the daughter cells involved retain their self-renewal capacities. Recent studies have reported that metabolic pathways and the distribution of mitochondria are regulators of the division balance of stem cells and that metabolic defects can shift division balance toward symmetric commitment, which leads to stem cell exhaustion. It has also been observed that in asymmetric division, old mitochondria, which are central metabolic organelles, are segregated to the daughter cell fated to cell differentiation, whereas in symmetric division, young and old mitochondria are equally distributed between both daughter cells. Thus, metabolism and mitochondrial biology play important roles in stem cell fate decisions. As these decisions directly affect tissue homeostasis, understanding their regulatory mechanisms in the context of cellular metabolism is critical.
Purification and proteomic analysis of outer membrane vesicles from a clinical isolate of <b><i>Leptospira interrogans</i></b> serovar Copenhageni (2005)

The severe pulmonary form of leptospirosis (SPFL) is an especially serious and rapid disease process characterized by alveolar hemorrhage and acute respiratory failure. The outer membrane of Leptospira facilitates direct interactions with the environs and likely contains important constituents involved during infection, transmission, survival, and adaptation to environmental conditions, including putative vaccinogen and diagnostic candidates. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were purified by incubation in low-pH citrate buffer, treatment in a French press, and centrifugation over a continuous sucrose gradient. OMVs characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) contained the previously described outer membrane proteins OmpL1, Qlp42, LipL32, LipL41, LipL36 and Loa22. In addition, unknown, hypothetical and putative outer membrane proteins were identified. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry and fraction collection (LC-MS+) measured the intact mass profile of the major outer membrane protein, LipL32, and the putative lipoprotein Qlp42. In contrast to a predicted molecularmass of 27,653.5 Da for LipL32 after cleavage of its signal peptide, intact mass proteomics measured the mass as ranging from 28,468 to 28,583 Da, consistent with lipidation of LipL32. In contrast to a predicted molecular mass of 39.8 kDa for Qlp42, the actual mass was measured as 24,811 and 26,461 Da consistent with a 30 kDa doublet observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels and processing of the N-terminus of the mature protein. These studies indicate that purified OMVs are highly compatible with proteomics technologies including 2-DE and intact mass proteomics using LC-MS+ that facilitates definition of actual molecular masses of intact outer membrane proteins, and heterogeneity associated with them.
Sequential Regioselective C–H Functionalization of Thiophenes (2016)

Herein, the sequential functionalization of 5-membered ring heterocycles is disclosed. By employing a pH sensitive directing group both directed and nondirected C-H activation pathways are available, providing access to 2,3,4- and 2,4,5-substituted thiophenes. The C-H arylation was performed in water, and using a surfactant greatly improved the yield and mass recovery. The use of a directing group with an on/off switch offers a potentially powerful means of generating diversity around medicinally relevant cores.
SQL/XNF-Processing composite objects as abstractions over relational data (2002)

An extension to SQL, called the SQL extended normal form (XNF), is discussed. It enhances relational technology by a composite object facility, which comprises not only extraction of composite objects from existing databases but also efficient navigation and manipulation facilities provided by an appropriate application programming interface. The language itself allows sharing of the database among normal form SQL applications and composite object applications. It provides proper subsetting of the database and subsequent structuring, exploiting subobject sharing and recursion, all based on its powerful composite object constructor concept, which is closed under the language operations. XNF is integrated into the relational framework, thus benefiting from the available technology such as relational engine and query optimization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The future of information operations for airborne reconnaissance SIGINT: the Joint Interoperable Operator Network (JION) (2003)

The Joint Interoperable Operator Network (JION) will be a subset of the global signals intelligence (SIGINT) enterprise. It will concurrently serve warfighters, intelligence producers, and decision-makers at various echelons and locations. The goal of JION is to create a global airborne SIGINT network that includes all new generation and existing airborne SIGINT systems. It will enable connectivity and interoperability among all components of the airborne SIGINT reconnaissance system, and will exchange services with other tactical and national SIGINT networks, IMINT networks, and MASINT systems. The JION effort was initiated in response to the Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Steering Committee (DARSC) direction to the Services to modernize all airborne SIGINT systems, including ground stations and airborne operator positions, to make them compatible with the Joint Airborne SIGINT Architecture (JASA) and interoperable. JION will gradually replace legacy stand-alone capabilities with connected and interoperable capabilities. JION will network a mix of airborne reconnaissance SIGINT sensors, ground/surface stations, and associated collection communications to link local and distant SIGINT assets into a distributed SIGINT infrastructure. This enterprise will facilitate the system functions of collection tasking, collection management, collection, processing, exploitation, and timely SIGINT results dissemination. JION will provide compatible SIGINT inputs to the Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS) for multi-intelligence (Multi-INT) production, and be able to receive cueing and tip-offs from IMINT and MASINT activities. JION will contribute to the fundamental foundation that enables the four key thrusts of Joint Vision 2010 and the Unified Cryptologic Architecture (UCA).
Toward a Platform for Pervasive Display Applications in Retail Environments (2011)

The article discusses two prototypes - an interactive display wall and a targeted advertisement scenario - demonstrates the use of a context-aware middleware and provide insights into important requirements for display platforms for retail environments.
Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Nosocomial Bacterial Pneumonia (2020)

Septicaemia likely results in high case-fatality rates in the present multidrug-resistant (MDR) era. Amongst them are hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), two frequent fatal septicaemic entities amongst hospitalised patients. We reviewed the PubMed database to identify the common organisms implicated in HAP/VAP, to explore the respective risk factors, and to find the appropriate antibiotic choice. Apart from methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae spp., MDR or extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-<i>Acinetobacter</i> <i>baumannii</i> complex spp., followed by <i>Stenotrophomonas</i> <i>maltophilia</i>, <i>Chryseobacterium</i> <i>indologenes</i>, and <i>Elizabethkingia</i> <i>meningoseptica</i> are ranked as the top Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) implicated in HAP/VAP. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae notably emerged as an important concern in HAP/VAP. The above-mentioned pathogens have respective risk factors involved in their acquisition. In the present XDR era, tigecycline, colistin, and ceftazidime-avibactam are antibiotics effective against the <i>Klebsiella</i> <i>pneumoniae</i> carbapenemase and oxacillinase producers amongst the Enterobacteriaceae isolates implicated in HAP/VAP. Antibiotic combination regimens are recommended in the treatment of MDR/XDR-<i>P. aeruginosa</i> or <i>A.</i> <i>baumannii</i> complex isolates. Some special patient populations need prolonged courses (>7-day) and/or a combination regimen of antibiotic therapy. Implementation of an antibiotic stewardship policy and the measures recommended by the United States (US) Institute for Healthcare were shown to decrease the incidence rates of HAP/VAP substantially.
Interactive Techniques for Registering Images to Digital Terrain and Building Models (2008)

We investigate two interactive techniques for registering an image to 3D digital terrain and building models. Registering an image enables a variety of applications, including slideshows with context, automatic annotation, and photo enhancement. To perform the registration, we investigate two modes of interaction. In the overlay interface, an image is displayed over a 3D view and a user manually aligns 3D points to points in the image. In the split interface, the image and the 3D view are displayed side-by-side and the user indicates matching points across the two views. Our user study suggests that the overlay interface is more engaging than split, but is less accurate in registration. We then show several applications that make use of the registration data. ACM Classification: H5.2 [Information interfaces and presentation]: User Interfaces. Graphical user interfaces. General terms: Design, Experimentation
Phenanthrene synthesis: the synthesis of juncunone and the micandrols-A, B, E, and F (1984)

The synthesis of the naturally occurring phenanthrenes micandrol-A (1,7-dimethylphenanthrene-2,6-diol)(1), micandrol-B (9,10-dihydro-1,7-dimethylphenanthrene-2,6-diol)(2),micandrol-E (7-methoxy-1,2-dimethylphenanthren-6-ol)(3), micandrol-F (9,10-dihydro-7-methoxy-1,2-dimethylphenanthren-6-ol)(4), and juncunone [1-(9,10-dihydro-2,6-dihydroxy-1,7-dimethylphenanthren-5-yl)ethan-1-one](7), by a method involving cyclization of suitable (Z)-2-chlorostilbenes with activated magnesium, is described.
Reflective Practices Among Language Arts Teachers: The Use of Weblogs (2008)

Reflection is considered an important aspect of teacher practice. Researchers examined 21 teacher-created language arts blogs to determine whether randomly selected entries within the blogs demonstrated reflection on professional practice. In addition, entries were examined to determine the depth of reflective practice. The amount and depth of reflective practice was measured by a researcher-created rubric. Results indicated that all language arts teachers in the study used their blogs as reflective journals and that the depth of reflection occurring in the blogs varied from casual reflection (i.e., regarding the proceedings of the school day) to metareflective posts that could lead to changes in practice.
Structural Analysis of a Viral Ovarian Tumor Domain Protease from the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Complex with Covalently Bonded Ubiquitin (2011)

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus is a tick-borne, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA [ssRNA(-)] nairovirus that produces fever, prostration, and severe hemorrhages in humans. With fatality rates for CCHF ranging up to 70% based on several factors, CCHF is considered a dangerous emerging disease. Originally identified in the former Soviet Union and the Congo, CCHF has rapidly spread across large sections of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Recent reports have identified a viral homologue of the ovarian tumor protease superfamily (vOTU) within its L protein. This protease has subsequently been implicated in downregulation of the type I interferon immune response through cleavage of posttranslational modifying proteins ubiquitin (Ub) and the Ub-like interferon-simulated gene 15 (ISG15). Additionally, homologues of vOTU have been suggested to perform similar roles in the positive-sense, single-stranded RNA [ssRNA(+)] arteriviruses. By utilizing X-ray crystallographic techniques, the structure of vOTU covalently bound to ubiquitin propylamine, a suicide substrate of the enzyme, was elucidated to 1.7 Å, revealing unique structural elements that define this new subclass of the OTU superfamily. In addition, kinetic studies were carried out with aminomethylcoumarin (AMC) conjugates of monomeric Ub, ISG15, and NEDD8 (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 8) substrates in order to provide quantitative insights into vOTU's preference for Ub and Ub-like substrates.