gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Behavior and Spectrum Analysis of Welding Arc in Low-Power YAG-Laser–MAG Hybrid-Welding Process (2008)

The behavior and emission spectrum of hybrid- welding arc plasmas are investigated in low-power YAG laser- metal active gas (MAG) arc hybrid-welding process, comparing with simple MAG welding case. The electron temperature and electron density of local arc plasma, deducing, respectively, from the Boltzmann plot method and Stark broadening mechanism, are analyzed in this paper. The conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) of arc plasma and self-absorption of emission spectral lines are discussed. The results indicate that laser- induced attraction and constriction of hybrid arc root are generated in low-power laser hybrid-welding process, and they make the synergy effect between laser and MAG arc increase. Comparing with simple MAG welding case, a zone above laser-heated spot with higher electron temperature and greater electron density is seen in hybrid-welding process. The maximal values of electron temperature and electron density of hybrid arc in this zone are about 1.56 plusmn 0.09 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> K and 1.61 plusmn 0.16 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">17</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> , respectively. The welding arc plasmas are in the state of LTE, and none of the lines selected from emission spectrum of arc plasma is affected by self-absorption.
Tunable meta-atom using liquid metal embedded in stretchable polymer (2015)

Reconfigurable metamaterials have great potential to alleviate complications involved in using passive metamaterials to realize emerging electromagnetic functions, such as dynamical filtering, sensing, and cloaking. This paper presents a new type of tunable meta-atoms in the X-band frequency range (8–12 GHz) toward reconfigurable metamaterials. The meta-atom is made of all flexible materials compliant to the surface of an interaction object. It uses a liquid metal-based split-ring resonator as its core constituent embedded in a highly flexible elastomer. We demonstrate that simple mechanical stretching of the meta-atom can lead to the great flexibility in reconfiguring its resonance frequency continuously over more than 70% of the X-band frequency range. The presented meta-atom technique provides a simple approach to dynamically tune response characteristics of metamaterials over a broad frequency range.
Validation of a genetic risk score for Arkansas women of color (2018)

African American women in the state of Arkansas have high breast cancer mortality rates. Breast cancer risk assessment tools developed for African American underestimate breast cancer risk. Combining African American breast cancer associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) into breast cancer risk algorithms may improve individualized estimates of a woman's risk of developing breast cancer and enable improved recommendation of screening and chemoprevention for women at high risk. The goal of this study was to confirm with an independent dataset consisting of Arkansas women of color, whether a genetic risk score derived from common breast cancer susceptibility SNPs can be combined with a clinical risk estimate provided by the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT) to produce a more accurate individualized breast cancer risk estimate. A population-based cohort of African American women representative of Arkansas consisted of 319 cases and 559 controls for this study. Five-year and lifetime risks from the BCRAT were measured and combined with a risk score based on 75 independent susceptibility SNPs in African American women. We used the odds ratio (OR) per adjusted standard deviation to evaluate the improvement in risk estimates produced by combining the polygenic risk score (PRS) with 5-year and lifetime risk scores estimated using BCRAT. For 5-year risk OR per standard deviation increased from 1.84 to 2.08 with the addition of the polygenic risk score and from 1.79 to 2.07 for the lifetime risk score. Reclassification analysis indicated that 13% of cases had their 5-year risk increased above the 1.66% guideline threshold (NRI = 0.020 (95% CI -0.040, 0.080)) and 6.3% of cases had their lifetime risk increased above the 20% guideline threshold by the addition of the polygenic risk score (NRI = 0.034 (95% CI 0.000, 0.070)). Our data confirmed that discriminatory accuracy of BCRAT is improved for African American women in Arkansas with the inclusion of specific SNP breast cancer risk alleles.
300 attosecond active synchronization of passively mode-locked lasers using balanced cross-correlation (2003)

A balanced cross-correlator, the optical equivalent of a balanced microwave phase-detector, is demonstrated. Its use in synchronization of a sub-10 fs Ti:sapphire laser and a 40 fs Cr:forsterite laser yields 300 attoseconds timing jitter measured from 10 mHz to 2.3 MHz.
Nanoscale-twinning-induced strengthening in austenitic stainless steel thin films (2004)

Magnetron-sputter-deposited austenitic 330 stainless steel (330 SS) films, several microns thick, were found to have a hardness ∼6.5 GPa, about an order of magnitude higher than bulk 330 SS. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that sputtered 330 SS coatings are heavily twinned on {111} with nanometer scale twin spacing. Molecular dynamics simulations show that, in the nanometer regime where plasticity is controlled by the motion of single rather than pile-ups of dislocations, twin boundaries are very strong obstacles to slip. These observations provide a new perspective to producing ultrahigh strength monolithic metals by utilizing growth twins with nanometer-scale spacing.
Automatic acquisition of hierarchical transduction models for machine translation (1998)

We describe a method for the fully automatic learning of hierarchical finite state translation models. The input to the method is transcribed speech utterances and their corresponding human translations, and the output is a set of head transducers, i.e. statistical lexical head-outward transducers. A word-alignment function and a head-ranking function are first obtained, and then counts are generated for hypothesized state transitions of head transducers whose lexical translations and word order changes are consistent with the alignment. The method has been applied to create an English-Spanish translation model for a Speech translation application, with word accuracy of over 75% as measured by a string-distance comparison to three reference translations.
Studies on Administration and Mechanism of Insulin Oily Formulation (2007)

OBJECTIVE To study the proper administration and mechanism of insulin oily formulation,by comparing the hypoglycemic effects after oral and intestinal administration with insulin oily formulation,and the blood insulin concentrations of hepatic portal vein and hepatic vein after intestinal perfusion with insulin oily formulation.METHODS The insulin oily formulation was prepared with the method of the patent.The blood glucose concentrations of diabetic rats were tested after oral administration and intestinal injection with insulin oily formulation,and the blood insulin concentrations of normal rats were tested by RIA after intestinal perfusion with insulin oily formulation.RESULTS In the diabetic rats experiment,the ratio of relative biological effectiveness after intestinal injection to that after oral administration is 5.00,and there was significant difference between the two groups(P0.05).In the intestinal perfusion experiment,the blood insulin concentration in hepatic portal vein was significant higher than that in hepatic vein(P0.05),and the ability of insulin oily formulation to permeate intestinal epithelia was significantly stronger than that of insulin water solution(P0.05).Moreover the concentration of blood glucose was negatively correlative to the difference of the blood insulin concentrations between hepatic portal vein and hepatic vein.CONCLUSION This oily formulation could protect the activity of insulin intestinally rather than direct orally administrated.The insulin in the oily formulation was eliminated by the first pass effect of the hepatic after its pharmacological effect was exerted.Enteric-coated soft capsules may be a suitable preparation for it.
Performance of LaNi/sub 4.7/Sn/sub 0.3/ metal hydride electrodes in sealed cells (2002)

Cycle life and kinetics studies were performed on sealed nickel metal hydride electrochemical cells with anodes of LaNi/sub 4.7/Sn/sub 0.3/ and of a standard mischmetal alloy. The modest increase in cell capacity of the LaNi/sub 4.7/Sn/sub 0.3/ alloy at higher rates of discharge suggests improved kinetics. AC impedance studies as a function of cycle life indicate the onset of cell failure. Self-discharge rates in sealed cells correlate with alloy plateau pressures measured by gas phase isotherms and internal cell pressures. Cycle life of the LaNi/sub 4.7/Sn/sub 0.3/ was inferior to cells of standard mischmetal formulation Mm(NiAlCoMn)/sub 5/.
Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of New (5R,8S,10R)-Ergoline Derivatives with Antihypertensive or Dopaminergic Activity. (1994)

A series of new (5R,8S,10R)-ergoline derivatives was synthesized, and their antihypertensive and dopaminergic activities were evaluated in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats and in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the substantia nigra, respectively. (5R,8S,10R)-6-Methyl-8- ergolinemethanols, prepared from the corresponding ergolinecarboxylates, were converted to the tosylates, which were treated with various five-membered heterocycles containing nitrogen atoms to afford the new ergolines. (5R,8S,10R)-8-(1-Imidazolylmethyl)-6-methylergoline (5a, BAM-2101) and (5R,8S,10R)-2-bromo-6-methyl-8-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl) ergoline (7c, BAM-2202) exhibited potent antihypertensive activities. The maximum falls of systolic blood pressure after oral administration of 5a and 7c at 3 mg/kg were 95 and 132 mmHg, respectively, while those of cianergoline, bromocriptine mesylate, hydralazine, and nifedipine at the same dose were 40, 37, 47, and 49 mmHg, respectively. The durations of significant antihypertensive effects of these compounds except nifedipine were more than 7 h. None of the ergolines exhibited potent dopaminergic activity. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.
Vascular pattern localization via temporal signature (2013)

Accurate vascular pattern localization has many applications in the diverse scientific and application domains. For example, vascular patterns not only have been widely used as a biometric-based human identification method that is inexpensive, secure and easy to use, but also have produced more accurate heart-rate estimation using conventional RGB camera by defining regions of interest along the vascular patterns instead of the entire exposed skin area. In addition, extracting temporal activity along vascular patterns can further enable targeted monitoring of other physiological parameters, such as blood flow and blood pulse transition time. This paper presents a method for robust and accurate vascular pattern localization using conventional RGB imaging systems. Our approach overcomes current limitations of systems that use still RGB images for vascular pathway localization - which produce low contrast between areas of vascular patterns and skin tissues and are sensitive to skin color variations - by capturing the temporal differences between these two areas from RGB videos.
Optical excitation of atomic force microscopy cantilever for accurate spectroscopic measurements (2020)

Abstract Reliable operation of frequency modulation mode atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) depends on a clean resonance of an AFM cantilever. It is recognized that the spurious mechanical resonances which originate from various mechanical components in the microscope body are excited by a piezoelectric elemen that is intended for exciting the AFM cantilever oscillation and these spurious resonance modes cause the serious undesirable signal artifacts in both frequency shift and dissipation signals. We present an experimental setup to excite only the oscillation of the AFM cantilever in a fiber-optic interferometer system using optical excitation force. While the optical excitation force is provided by a separate laser light source with a different wavelength (excitation laser : λ =1310 nm), the excitation laser light is still guided through the same single-mode optical fiber that guides the laser light (detection laser : λ =1550 nm) used for the interferometric detection of the cantilever deflection. We present the details of the instrumentation and its performance. This setup allows us to eliminate the problems associated with the spurious mechanical resonances such as the apparent dissipation signal and the inaccuracy in the resonance frequency measurement.
Human Brain βA4 Amyloid Protein Precursor of Alzheimer's Disease: Purification and Partial Characterization (1992)

The major component of the amyloid deposition that characterizes Alzheimer's disease is the 4-kDa beta A4 protein, which is derived from a much larger amyloid protein precursor (APP). A procedure for the complete purification of APP from human brain is described. The same amino terminal sequence of APP was found in two patients with Alzheimer's disease and one control subject. Two major forms of APP were identified in human brain with apparent molecular masses of 100-110 kDa and 120-130 kDa. Soluble and membrane fractions of brain contained nearly equal amounts of APP in both humans and rats. Immunoprecipitation with carboxyl terminus-directed antibodies indicates that the soluble forms of APP are truncated. Carboxyl terminus truncation of membrane-associated forms of human brain APP was also found to occur during postmortem autolysis. The availability of purified human brain APP will facilitate the investigation of its normal function and the events that lead to its abnormal cleavage in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Optical pattern recognition of letters by a joint-transform correlator using a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (1990)

The use of a joint-transform correlator (JTC) as an optical pattern-recognition system for letters has been studied. The system incorporates a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LAPS-SLM). The LAPS-SLM has a high contrast ratio and a fast response time, permitting the JTC to recognize more reference letters simultaneously than a classical correlator can.
Magnetic Random Access Memories (MRAM) beyond Information Storage (2020)

Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is now available as embedded memory from major CMOS foundries. In this study, we demonstrated that slightly modified magnetic tunnel junctions than those used in conventional STT -MRAM can be used for multifunctional purposes, namely magnetic field sensing and RF oscillators. For that, the F eCoB storage layer thickness in the perpendicular anisotropy magnetic stack was adjusted to 1.3-1.4 nm, closer to the transition region from perpendicular to in-plane anisotropy. Two possible configurations of magnetic field sensing using the same stack can be used, achieving high sensitivity in small field range or lower sensitivity in large field range. Additionally, RF oscillator GHz detection and generation were also demonstrated. Further applications of this multifunctional stack can be envisioned including non-volatile and reprogrammable logic, special functions such as random number generator and memristors.
Single-Shot Optical Sampling of Ultrafast Signals Using a Silicon-Chip Time Lens (2009)

We demonstrate single-shot optical sampling using a time lens based on four-wave mixing in a silicon nanowaveguide. The eye diagram for an 80-Gb/s data is characterized at 1.3 TS/s sampling rate using a 5-GHz oscilloscope.
Passivation of defects in polycrystalline superlattices and quantum well structures (1989)

In order to broaden the available materials for superlattices and quantum well structures, well-passivated polycrystalline semiconductors and amorphous oxides such as pc-Si/a-SiO2, pc-Ge/a-GeO2 (pc: polycrystalline; a: amorphous) are proposed. Crucial in maintaining long scattering length involves the passivation of pc-Si (polycrystalline silicon) and pc-Ge. Specific means to passivate grain boundaries are discussed which consist of the use of the common dangling bond teminator, hydrogen, as well as amorphous oxides and other amorphous materials. This unique procedure may be extended to the entire group III-V semiconductors such as polycrystalline GaAs and InP.
Thermophotovoltaic system configurations and spectral control (2003)

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems can be characterized by several different parameters including system electrical conversion efficiency, photovoltaic cell electric power density, infrared (IR) emitter temperature and system costs. One way of dividing TPV systems into three categories is via high (T >1400 °C), medium (T between 1400 °C and 1100 °C) and low (T < 1100 °C) IR emitter temperature. In the high T category, silicon cells can be used with porous rare earth oxide selective emitters operating at over 1400 °C. For low T emitters, cells with band gaps below 0.6 eV are being studied. These cells are typically made with ternary and quaternary compounds using MOCVD. They are being developed for space and military applications where these cells operate at temperatures of 30 °C and below. These systems can potentially have efficiencies over 15%. Diffused junction GaSb cells can be used with IR emitters in the mid-temperature range. These cells can potentially be made at low cost in high-volume production. With emitter temperatures of 1250 °C, these cells operate with power densities of 1 W cm−2. These cells can be operated at 60 °C for combined heat and power applications. Systems using these cells can have electrical conversion efficiencies well over 10%. Spectral control is another important parameter characterizing TPV system configurations. While various means of high efficiency spectral control for low- and mid-temperature systems have now been demonstrated with single-cell experiments, the frontier now lies in integrating cell arrays, heat sources and IR emitters with spectral control into complete systems.
Phenotypic analysis of outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by monoclonal antibodies: relationship to genospecies and OspA serotype (1995)

Molecular analyses of the genes encoding OspC, a major immunodominant protein of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, revealed a considerable degree of heterogeneity. In the present study, we investigated whether a similar heterogeneity of the OspC phenotype can be shown by analysis with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Thirteen OspC-specific MAbs (L22 MAbs) were produced by immunizing mice with either different combinations of whole-cell antigens or recombinantly expressed OspCs cloned from strains belonging to different Borrelia spp. Ten of them differed in their reactivities with various strains. Western blot (immunoblot) analyses of 38 B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains resulted in 13 different reactivity patterns. These 13 different patterns were observed among only six different OspA serotypes, indicating that OspC is more heterogeneous than OspA. Patterns 1 to 4 were present only in B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, patterns 5 to 7 were present only in Borrelia afzelii, and patterns 9 to 13 were present only in Borrelia garinii. Pattern 8 was observed among B. afzelii and B. garinii strains but not among B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strains. One L22 MAb (2B8) recognized a common OspC-specific epitope of all 38 B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains analyzed, and another one (22C11) recognized a common epitope of OspC from both B. afzelii and B. garinii and was not reactive with OspC from B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. Western blot and sequence analysis of truncated OspCs located the 22C11 epitope as well as a species-specific sequence motif between amino acids 20 and 35. Other broadly reactive L22 MAbs were 10D3, 1F8, and 7G5. Some L22 MAbs (1C3, 1C3, 12E5, 1B11, 1F10, and 6C8) bound to epitopes present only in a few strains. Relapsing fever borreliae (Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia turicatae, and Borrelia duttoni) were nonreactive, with the following exception: three L22 MAbs (2B8, 6C4, and 10C5) recognized an abundantly expressed 20-kDa-range protein of B. turicatae. Because OspC is an immunodominant protein during the early immune response in Lyme borreliosis and has been shown to be effective as a vaccine in an animal model, our findings have important implications for the development of diagnostic reagents as well as vaccine research.
Laser Tilt Measurements of a Slurry Injection System (2015)

In this paper, we describe a method that we have developed for studying the behavior of a novel slurry injection system (SIS) during polishing. The method uses sensitive laser measurements and automated image analysis to infer the pitch of the injector body as a function of time under various conditions on a research polisher. The measurements clearly show the pitch response of the injector during typical CMP processing steps, such as pad rinsing and wafer polishing. Changes in pitch behavior as a function of injector design and operation, in combination with removal rate measurements, suggest explanations for the removal rate behavior of the device.
Separating Directional Lighting Variability in Statistical Face Modelling Based on Texture Space Decomposition (2007)

In this paper we propose a simple method for decomposing the linear texture space of a facial appearance model into two linear subspaces, one for inter-individual variability and another for variations caused by directional changes of the lighting conditions. The approach used is to create one linear subspace from individuals with uniform illumination conditions and then filter a set of images with various directional lighting conditions by projecting corresponding textures on the previously built space; the residues are further used to build a second subspace for directional lighting. The resulted subspaces are othogonal, so the overall texture model can be obtained by a simple concatenation of the two subspaces. The main advantage of this representation is that two sets of parameters are used to control inter-individual variation and separately intra-individual variation due to changes in illumination conditions.
Low-Drift Fixed-Point 8X8 IDCT Approximationwith 8-Bit Transform Factors (2007)

We describe an efficient algorithm for computing the inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) for image and video coding applications. This algorithm was derived by converting an 8-point IDCT factorization of C. Loeffler, A. Ligtenberg, and G. Moschytz into a scaled form, leaving 8 multiplications by irrational factors inside the transform. The key advantage of such a modification is that these factors can be sufficiently accurately represented by 8-bit integer values, resulting in a very small dynamic range of variables inside the transform. Our scaled ID transform can be implemented either by using 8 multiplications, 26 additions and 6 shifts or (in a multiplier-less fashion) by using only 44 additions and 18 shifts. This implementation fully complies with the new MPEG IDCT precision standard (ISO/IEC 23002-1, replacement of former IEEE 1180 specification), and shows remarkably low drift in decoding of H.263, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4 bitstreams produced by reference software encoders (employing 64-bit floating-point DCT and IDCT implementations).