gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of diffraction gratings in a rigorous domain with optical scatterometry: hierarchical neural-network model (1999)

Characterization of microstructures with features from submicrometers to hundreds of micrometers requires versatile methods. Profilometry and optical microscopy cannot cope with submicrometer features, and atomic-force microscopy, scanning-electron microscopy, and near-field microscopy are inherently slow, off-line methods. In optical scatterometry, the laser light scattered from a sample is measured and the sample profile is subsequently characterized. We propose the use of a two-stage model based on neural networks: rough categorization followed by refinement, thus reducing the need for prior information on the sample. We simulate the method for a submicrometer diffraction grating characterized by five parameters. It is shown that intensity measurements of few diffraction orders by use only of one wavelength are enough to yield rms errors of less than 2 nm for the parameters (approximately 2-3% of the optimal values of the parameters).
Machine-assisted map editing (2018)

Mapping road networks today is labor-intensive. As a result, road maps have poor coverage outside urban centers in many countries. Systems to automatically infer road network graphs from aerial imagery and GPS trajectories have been proposed to improve coverage of road maps. However, because of high error rates, these systems have not been adopted by mapping communities. We propose machine-assisted map editing, where automatic map inference is integrated into existing, human-centric map editing workflows. To realize this, we build Machine-Assisted iD (MAiD), where we extend the web-based OpenStreetMap editor, iD, with machine-assistance functionality. We complement MAiD with a novel approach for inferring road topology from aerial imagery that combines the speed of prior segmentation approaches with the accuracy of prior iterative graph construction methods. We design MAiD to tackle the addition of major, arterial roads in regions where existing maps have poor coverage, and the incremental improvement of coverage in regions where major roads are already mapped. We conduct two user studies and find that, when participants are given a fixed time to map roads, they are able to add as much as 3.5x more roads with MAiD.
Racial disparities in automated speech recognition (2020)

Automated speech recognition (ASR) systems, which use sophisticated machine-learning algorithms to convert spoken language to text, have become increasingly widespread, powering popular virtual assistants, facilitating automated closed captioning, and enabling digital dictation platforms for health care. Over the last several years, the quality of these systems has dramatically improved, due both to advances in deep learning and to the collection of large-scale datasets used to train the systems. There is concern, however, that these tools do not work equally well for all subgroups of the population. Here, we examine the ability of five state-of-the-art ASR systems-developed by Amazon, Apple, Google, IBM, and Microsoft-to transcribe structured interviews conducted with 42 white speakers and 73 black speakers. In total, this corpus spans five US cities and consists of 19.8 h of audio matched on the age and gender of the speaker. We found that all five ASR systems exhibited substantial racial disparities, with an average word error rate (WER) of 0.35 for black speakers compared with 0.19 for white speakers. We trace these disparities to the underlying acoustic models used by the ASR systems as the race gap was equally large on a subset of identical phrases spoken by black and white individuals in our corpus. We conclude by proposing strategies-such as using more diverse training datasets that include African American Vernacular English-to reduce these performance differences and ensure speech recognition technology is inclusive.
Automated Layer Segmentation of Optical Coherence Tomography Images (2010)

Under the framework of computer-aided diagnosis, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an established ocular imaging technique that can be used in glaucoma diagnosis by measuring the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. This letter presents an automated retinal layer segmentation technique for OCT images. In the proposed technique, an OCT image is first cut into multiple vessel and nonvessel sections by the retinal blood vessels that are detected through an iterative polynomial smoothing procedure. The nonvessel sections are then filtered by a bilateral filter and a median filter that suppress the local image noise but keep the global image variation across the retinal layer boundary. Finally, the layer boundaries of the filtered nonvessel sections are detected, which are further classified to different retinal layers to determine the complete retinal layer boundaries. Experiments over OCT for four subjects show that the proposed technique segments an OCT image into five layers accurately.
Augmented reality system (2010)

In recent years, Augmented Reality (AR)[1][2][3] is very popular in universities and research organizations. The AR technology has been widely used in Virtual Reality (VR) fields, such as sophisticated weapons, flight vehicle development, data model visualization, virtual training, entertainment and arts. AR has characteristics to enhance the display output as a real environment with specific user interactive functions or specific object recognitions. It can be use in medical treatment, anatomy training, precision instrument casting, warplane guidance, engineering and distance robot control. AR has a lot of vantages than VR. This system developed combines sensors, software and imaging algorithms to make users feel real, actual and existing. Imaging algorithms include gray level method, image binarization method, and white balance method in order to make accurate image recognition and overcome the effects of light.
Carbon dioxide hydrogenation over Au/ZrO2 catalysts from amorphous precursors: catalytic reaction mechanism (1991)

An active catalyst for carbon dioxide hydrogenation is obtained by exposing an amorphous Au25Zr75 alloy to CO2 hydrogenation conditions. During this in situ activation, metallic gold particles of 8.5 nm mean size are formed, and the zirconium component of the catalyst is oxidized to ZrO2. For comparison, a further Au/ZrO2 catalyst was synthesized by coprecipitation, followed by calcination of the amorphous precipitate. The calcination step strongly enhances the activity of the catalyst; gold segregation and zirconia crystallization are found to occur in this process. The structural and chemical changes are characterized by gas adsorption, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis.The main products of CO2 hydrogenation over these catalysts, as identified by gas chromatography, are methanol and CO. To investigate the reaction mechanism, diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy has been used. Observed surface species are correlated with the formation of gas-phase products. Adsorption of CO2–H2 results in rapid formation of formate as the primary surface intermediate; two types of formate species are clearly detected on the coprecipitated catalyst, and are assigned by means of formic acid adsorption experiments. CO formation from CO2 appears to proceed via surface carbonate, in a surface reaction that corresponds to a ‘basic variant’ of the reverse water-gas-shift reaction. The CO formed in this process is, in turn, the starting point for a series of surface hydrogenation steps that yield π-bonded formaldehyde, surface-bound methylate and finally methanol. This sequence of reactions is confirmed by separate CO–H2 adsorption experiments.
The Importance of Surgeon Experience for Clinical and Economic Outcomes From Thyroidectomy (1998)

Individual surgeon experience is significantly associated with complication rates and length of stay for thyroidectomy.
Retinal tumor imaging and volume quantification in mouse model using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (2009)

We have successfully imaged the retinal tumor in a mouse model using an ultra-high resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) designed for small animal retinal imaging. For segmentation of the tumor boundaries and calculation of the tumor volume, we developed a novel segmentation algorithm. The algorithm is based on parametric deformable models (active contours) and is driven by machine learning-based region classification, namely a Conditional Random Field. With this algorithm we are able to obtain the tumor boundaries automatically, while the user can specify additional constraints (points on the boundary) to correct the segmentation result, if needed. The system and algorithm were successfully applied to studies on retinal tumor progression and monitoring treatment effects quantitatively in a mouse model of retinoblastoma.
Creatine transporter deficiency in two half‐brothers (2010)

X-linked cerebral creatine deficiency is caused by the deficiency of the creatine transporter encoded by the SLC6A8 gene. Here, we report two half-brothers with this condition and characterize creatine transport in human fibroblasts. The propositus presented at 6 months of age with delays in development and slow progress since then with no regression. Seizures started at 3.5 years of age and responded well to treatment with anticonvulsants. He had failure to thrive with all growth parameters (including head size) at or below the fifth centile. Brain MRI indicated hemispheric white matter abnormalities, while MR spectroscopy indicated markedly reduced creatine peak. Biochemical testing indicated increased urine creatine/creatinine ratio, with normal plasma creatine and guanidinoacetate. To confirm the diagnosis, we measured ([14])C-creatine transport in fibroblasts. ([14])C-Creatine transport in normal human fibroblasts was linear for up to 2 hr at 37 degrees C. Kinetic studies indicated the presence of a single saturable creatine transporter with a K(m) of 34.7 +/- 2.5 microM. Fibroblasts from the propositus lacked creatine transport. DNA testing indicated hemizygosity for a novel deletion producing a frameshift (c.974_975delCA, p.Thr325SerfsX139) in the creatine transporter gene. His 12-year-old half-brother had similar biochemical and clinical abnormalities except for the presence of macrocephaly and the absence of seizures. The mother had history of seizures in childhood, but had normal development. These results show that human fibroblasts have a single major creatine transporter and that measurement of its specific activity can confirm creatine transporter deficiency.
Transmembrane TNF–TNFR2 Impairs Th17 Differentiation by Promoting <i>Il2</i> Expression (2015)

The double-edged sword nature by which IL-2 regulates autoimmunity and the unpredictable outcomes of anti-TNF therapy in autoimmunity highlight the importance for understanding how TNF regulates IL-2. Transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) preferentially binds TNFR2, whereas soluble TNF (sTNF) binds TNFR1. We previously showed reduced IL-2 production in TNFR1(-/-) TNFR2(-/-) CD4(+) T cells. In this study, we generated TNFR1(-/-), TNFR2(-/-), or TNFR1(-/-) TNFR2(-/-) 5C.C7 TCR Il2-GFP mice and report that CD4(+) T cell-intrinsic tmTNF/TNFR2 stimulates Il2 promoter activity and Il2 mRNA stability. We further used tmTNF Foxp3 gfp reporter mice and pharmacological TNF blockade in wild-type mice to report a tmTNF/TNFR2 interaction for Il2 expression. IL-17 is critical for host defense, but its overabundance promotes autoimmunity. IL-2 represses Th17 differentiation, but the role for TNFR2 in this process is not well understood. We report elevated expression of TNFR2 under Th17-polarization conditions. Genetic loss-of-function experimental models, as well as selective TNF blockade by etanercept and XPro1595 in wild-type mice, demonstrate that impaired tmTNF/TNFR2, but not sTNF/TNFR1, promotes Th17 differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Under Th17-polarizing conditions, elevated IL-17 production by TNFR2-knockout CD4(+) T cells was associated with increased STAT3 activity and decreased STAT5 activity. Increased IL-17 production in TNFR2-knockout T cells was prevented by adding exogenous IL-2. We conclude that CD4(+) T cell-intrinsic tmTNF/TNFR2 promotes IL-2 production that inhibits the generation of Th17 cells in a Foxp3-independent manner. Moreover, under Th17-polarizing conditions, selective blockade of CD4(+) T cell-intrinsic TNFR2 appears to be sufficient to promote Th17 differentiation.
Change in the proton <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> of fat and water in mixture (2009)

This work describes observed changes in the proton T(1) relaxation time of both water and lipid when they are in relatively homogeneous mixtures. Results obtained from vegetable oil-water emulsions, pork kidney and lard mixtures, and excised samples of white and brown adipose tissues are presented to demonstrate this change in T(1) as a function of mixture fat fraction. As an initial proof of concept, a simpler acetone-water experiment was performed to take advantage of complete miscibility between acetone and water and both components' single chemical shift peaks. Single-voxel MR spectroscopy was used to measure the T(1) of predominant methylene spins in fat and the T(1) of water spins in each setup. In the vegetable oil-water emulsions, the T(1) of fat varied by as much as 3-fold when water was the dominant mixture component. The T(1) of pure lard increased by 170 msec (+37%) when it was blended with lean kidney tissue in a 16% fatty mixture. The fat T(1) of lipid-rich white adipose tissue was 312 msec. In contrast, the fat T(1) of leaner brown adipose tissue (fat fraction 53%) was 460 msec. A change in the water T(1) from that of pure water was also observed in the experiments.
VoLTE coverage improvement by HARQ and RLC segmentation when TTI bundling is ON (2016)

The 3GPP Long-Term-Evolution system applies pure packet-switch architecture. Meanwhile, the LTE radio access has a short Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 1ms in order to reduce end-to-end delays. Such burst transmission cause major difficulty in voice transmission over LTE (VoLTE), especially for uplink transmission at the cell edge. TTI bundling has been proposed to enhance the coverage of VoLTE. In this paper we investigate the effect of conventional coverage enhancement technologies of HARQ and RLC segmentation on VoLTE when TTI bundling is applied. We consider the uplink transmission and the coverage capability is defined as the required signal power to successfully decode the voice packets. We build a simulation platform according to the 3GPP specifications. Conclusion and suggestion then are proposed to optimize a practical network.
A Heterogeneous Multiprocessor Graphics System Using Processor-Enhanced Memories (1989)

This paper introduces the architecture and initial algorithms for Pixel-planes 5, a heterogeneous multi-computer designed both for high-speed polygon and sphere rendering (1M Phong-shaded triangles/second) and for supporting algorithm and application research in interactive 3D graphics. Techniques are described for volume rendering at multiple frames per second, font generation directly from conic spline descriptions, and rapid calculation of radiosity form factors. The hardware consists of up to 32 math-oriented processors, up to 16 rendering units, and a conventional 1280x1024-pixel frame buffer, interconnected by a 5 gigabit ring network. Each rendering unit consists of a 128x128-pixel array of processors-with-memory with parallel quadratic expression evaluation. Implemented on fast custom CMOS chips, this array has 208 bits/pixel on-chip and is connected to a video RAM memory system that provides 4,096 bits of off-chip memory. Rendering units can be independently reassigned to any ...
Overproduction of acetate kinase activates the phosphate regulon in the absence of the phoR and phoM functions in Escherichia coli (1990)

A DNA fragment of Escherichia coli cloned on pBR322 elevated the production of alkaline phosphatase and phosphate-binding protein in a phoR phoM strain. Nucleotide sequence analysis and enzyme assays revealed that the DNA fragment contained the ackA gene, which codes for acetate kinase. A high gene dosage of ackA was needed to induce the production of alkaline phosphatase and phosphate-binding protein in this strain. Overexpression of ackA elevated the intracellular ATP concentration, an effect that might be related to activation of the phosphate regulon in the phoR phoM strain.
Ia antigen expression by human malignant lymphomas: correlation with conventional lymphoid markers. (1980)

The Ia (p23,30) antigens are useful in determining the B- or T-cell origin of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. However, exceptions to the preferential B-cell expression of Ia antigens exist, i.e., many plasma cells are Ia– and T cells are rarely Ia+. Therefore, we investigated Ia expression (assayed by direct immunofluorescence using heteroantisera) by cells isolated from 33 malignant lymphomas and 7 benign lymph nodes. This was compared with surface immunoglobulin (SIg) and sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) receptor (E rosette) expression. Results with normal lymph nodes were similar to those described for peripheral blood. Most lymph node B cells were Ia+SIg+. Occasional Ia+SIg– B cells and rare Ia+ T cells were present. Ia antigens were expressed in parallel with SIg in 15 of 19 B-cell lymphomas. In 4 B-cell lymphomas, substantial numbers of neoplastic Ia+SIg– cells were also present, suggesting the presence of neoplastic cells at varying stages of differentiation. Heterogeneity was also seen in those lymphomas associated with monoclonal proteins, as small numbers of Ia+ and Ia– plasma cells were present. Seven cases expressed the T-cell (la–SIg–E+) phenotype. The common acute lymphoblastic leukemia phenotype (Ia+SIg–E–) was rarely expressed and may be uncommon among lymphomas. Three lymphomas expressing the Ia+E+ phenotype were shown to be B-cell malignancies whose SIg had SRBC specificity. One Ia 4 T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder was found. Thus, Ia antigens are useful B-cell markers in most instances. Furthermore, their enumeration allows the demonstration of phenotype heterogeneity in B-cell malignancies, analogous to that described for T-cell malignancies.
Kinetics of Thermal Denaturation of Protein in Cured Pork Meat (2011)

Thermal denaturation of protein in cured pork meat that contains different amounts of sodium chloride (NaCl) was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Three endothermic peaks that correspond to myosin, sarcoplasmic proteins and collagen, and actin were affected by the curing process. Denaturation of actin occurred at a lower temperature in line with the increase in the amount of NaCl in the meat sample. In addition, the endothermic peak of myosin disappeared when the NaCl level exceeded 20 mg/g. The influence of the NaCl level on the kinetic constant of protein denaturation and temperature dependency were studied using the DSC dynamic method. As the level of NaCl in the meat increased, the thermal-denaturation rate constant of each protein increased. Especially, the rate constant for actin increased remarkably, e.g. rate constant at 70℃ increased from 0.1 min−1(2 mg/g of NaCl) to 1.75 min−1(40 mg/g of NaCl). Using both the averaged activation energy of each protein (Myosin: 2.41×102 kJ/mol, Sarcoplasmic proteins and Collagen: 3.26×102 kJ/mol, Actin: 2.50×102 kJ/mol) and the empirical equations that represent NaCl dependency of pre-exponential factor in Arrhenius equation, denaturation rate constant at arbitrary temperature was able to be obtained.
Towards Principled Unsupervised Learning (2015)

General unsupervised learning is a long-standing conceptual problem in machine learning. Supervised learning is successful because it can be solved by the minimization of the training error cost function. Unsupervised learning is not as successful, because the unsupervised objective may be unrelated to the supervised task of interest. For an example, density modelling and reconstruction have often been used for unsupervised learning, but they did not produced the sought-after performance gains, because they have no knowledge of the supervised tasks. In this paper, we present an unsupervised cost function which we name the Output Distribution Matching (ODM) cost, which measures a divergence between the distribution of predictions and distributions of labels. The ODM cost is appealing because it is consistent with the supervised cost in the following sense: a perfect supervised classifier is also perfect according to the ODM cost. Therefore, by aggressively optimizing the ODM cost, we are almost guaranteed to improve our supervised performance whenever the space of possible predictions is exponentially large. We demonstrate that the ODM cost works well on number of small and semi-artificial datasets using no (or almost no) labelled training cases. Finally, we show that the ODM cost can be used for one-shot domain adaptation, which allows the model to classify inputs that differ from the input distribution in significant ways without the need for prior exposure to the new domain.
Bacteriophage for Biocontrol of Foodborne Pathogens: Calculations and Considerations (2010)

The use of phage or phage products in food production has recently become an option for the food industry as a novel method for biocontrol of unwanted pathogens, enhancing the safety of especially fresh and ready-to-eat food products. While it can be expected that many more phage products currently under development might become available in the future, several questions may be raised concerning the use of such products, regarding both immediate and long-term efficacy, consumer safety, and application methods. The available evidence suggests that, with a few caveats, safety concerns have been satisfactorily addressed. Answers concerning efficacy are more complex, depending on particular applications or the target pathogens. To ensure long-term efficacy beyond what can be tested on a laboratory scale, food safety concepts employing phages will have to be well-thought out and may involve rotation schemes as used with bacterial starter cultures, the use of phage cocktails, or application of phages combined with other antimicrobials. This review will discuss these issues on the basis of the available literature as well as providing an outlook on the potential of phages in future applications.
Designer Self‐Assembling Peptide Materials for Diverse Applications (2010)

Abstract Summary: Macromolecuar chemistry and polymer science have had an enormous impact in many areas of science, engineering, medicine and our daily life. It has not only changed our way of life forever, but also continuously to improve our living standard. Macromolecuar chemistry now also encompasses bioengineering, biomimetics, designer biological materials and nanobiotechnology. Here we summarize a few classes of short peptides that we discovered and invented with broad applications including 3D tissue cell culture, reparative and regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, slow drug release, stabilization of membrane proteins for develop nanobiotechnology and molecular devices. Molecular design using short peptides as new materials will play increasingly important role in biomedical research, nanobiotechnology, clinical science and medicine.
Legionella bacteria and water systems in health care premises. (2005)

Legionnaires' disease (Legionellosis) is a bacterial pneumonia that acquired its name following an outbreak of pneumonia among army veterans attending an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976. The previously undiscovered bacterium that caused this form of pneumonia was therefore named Legionella. There are more than 45 species of Legionella bacteria and these are natural inhabitants of water supplies throughout the world (Fliermans, 1981). About half of these have been associated with infection, although the most common cause of Legionnaires' disease is Legionella pneumophila, which is the causative strain in around 90 per cent of cases (Fields et al, 2002).