gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glaucoma: A Disease of Early Cellular Senescence (2013)

Coexistent with the age-related increase in the prevalence of glaucoma is the age-related decrease in anterior segment outflow facility. That is, the resistance to fluid flow across the trabecular meshwork (TM) increases with age in a linear fashion, and begins at a fairly young age. 11 This decreased outflow facility is largely responsible for the elevated IOP that is encountered in Western populations with increasing age. Markers of cellular senescence are found in the TM of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) to a much greater degree than in age-matched controls. It is thought that aging of these cells leads to their decreased function and therefore a consequent decreased outflow facility. 12 It is hypothesized that aging failure of the normal, regulatory proteolytic systems in the TM may be responsible for the observed pathophysiological alterations of the outflow pathway that may contribute to glaucoma. 13 Along with the decreased function of the outflow apparatus with age is a decreased population of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina. The RGC is the pivotal cell in the retina that electrically couples the retina with the brain; it is the cell that is primarily damaged by glaucoma. Pathological studies have shown a steady attrition of RGCs with normal aging, starting at a young age, in the amount of approximately 5000 cells per year. 14 Given that the average RGC population is approximately 1 million in the human eye, and that an individual can lose approximately half of that population before significant visual dysfunction occurs, every person would normally develop glaucoma by the age of 100! Glaucomatous loss of RGCs can be viewed as a premature aging effect, causing the typical and unique optic neuropathy that clinicians diagnose as glaucoma, and the consequent characteristic patterns of visual field loss. Clinical studies have also shown a decrease with age in the thickness of the nerve fiber layer in normal individuals. 15 The nerve fiber layer carries the axons of the RGCs to the optic nerve, where they exit the laminar cribrosa and connect to their targets in the central nervous system. Biomechanical factors within the optic nerve head have been hypothesized to play a central role in RGC physiology, and contribute to the optic neuropathy of aging and glaucoma. 16 The posterior sclera of old monkeys is significantly stiffer than that of younger individuals and leads to lower strains with the higher stresses associated with elevated levels of IOP. This agerelated stiffening of the sclera significantly influences the biomechanical properties of the optic nerve head and may contribute to age-related susceptibility to glaucomatous optic nerve damage. 17 Similar changes occur in humans, which may be an important underpinning of the age relationship with glaucoma. 18
Tinted Hydrogel Lenses (1985)

The effect of tinted flexible contact lenses on light sensitivity and photophobic response has often been questioned but never thoroughly investigated. An Alpascope was used to investigate whether tinted hydrogel contact lenses would relieve glare sensitivity in pre-adapted contact lens wearers. Various densities of sky blue and autumn amber Cibasoft hydrogel lenses were used in the study. Analysis of the Alpascope data using the t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test showed that there was no reduction in glare sensitivity when tinted contact lenses were worn.
Optimizing RLC tree delays by employing repeater insertion (2003)

The effects of inductance on repeater insertion in RLC trees is the focus of this paper. An algorithm is introduced to insert and size buffers within an RLC tree to minimize a variety of possible cost functions such as minimizing the maximum path delay, the skew, or a combination of area, power, and delay. The algorithm has a complexity proportional to the square of the number of possible buffer positions and determines a buffer solution that is close to the global minimum. The buffer insertion algorithm is used to insert buffers within several copper-based interconnect trees to minimize the maximum path delay based on both an RC model and an RLC model. The two buffering solutions are compared using the AS/X dynamic circuit simulator. It is shown that as inductance effects increase, the area and power consumed by the inserted buffers to minimize the path delays of an RLC tree decreases. By including inductance in the repeater insertion methodology, the interconnect is modeled more accurately as compared to an RC model, permitting average savings in area, power, and delay of 40.8%, 15.6%, and 6.7%, respectively, for a variety of copper-based interconnect trees for a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The average savings in area, power, and delay increases to 62.2%, 57.2%, and 9.4%, respectively, when using five times faster devices with the same interconnect trees.
Expression of EGF and EGFR strongly correlates with metastasis of pancreatic ductal carcinoma. (2008)

EGF and EGFR play a key role in neoplastic spread through lymph node involvement and metastasis to other organs.
A Survey of Human Face Recognition for Partial Face View (2021)

Face recognition technology is a modern approach with many applications. This paper reviews and compares the latest literature addressing the methods that have been adopted to recognize and identify faces using a partial face recognition view. The study covers different methods of face recognition for static images that can be classified according to three main approaches, namely the holistic, feature-based, and hybrid approaches. The different methods and approaches are examined and their limitations are identified.
Metal-organic frameworks for environmental applications (2021)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials consisting of metal nodes and organic linkers that organize themselves into rigid crystal structures. The inclusion of redox-sensitive metals and light-harvesting organic linkers in the structure could make MOFs powerful photocatalysts to break down recalcitrant organic pollutants. However, broad applications of MOFs in environmental settings require the overcoming of several technical hurdles. In this review, we provide key technical insights into the enhancement of the environmental stability and photocatalytic activity of MOFs in different environmental settings. We also identified several key challenges the scientific community needs to further explore to advance the applications of MOFs for environmental cleanup.
Structural modules for receptor dimerization in the <i>S</i> -locus receptor kinase extracellular domain (2007)

The highly polymorphic S-locus receptor kinase (SRK) is the stigma determinant of specificity in the self-incompatibility response of the Brassicaceae. SRK spans the plasma membrane of stigma epidermal cells, and it is activated in an allele-specific manner on binding of its extracellular region (eSRK) to its cognate pollen coat-localized S-locus cysteine-rich (SCR) ligand. SRK, like several other receptor kinases, forms dimers in the absence of ligand. To identify domains in SRK that mediate ligand-independent dimerization, we assayed eSRK for self-interaction in yeast. We show that SRK dimerization is mediated by two regions in eSRK, primarily by a C-terminal region inferred by homology modeling/fold recognition techniques to assume a PAN_APPLE-like structure, and secondarily by a region containing a signature sequence of the S-domain gene family, which might assume an EGF-like structure. We also show that eSRK exhibits a marked preference for homodimerization over heterodimerization with other eSRK variants and that this preference is mediated by a small, highly variable region within the PAN_APPLE domain. Thus, the extensive polymorphism exhibited by the eSRK not only determines differential affinity toward the SCR ligand, as has been assumed thus far, but also underlies a previously unrecognized allelic specificity in SRK dimerization. We propose that preference for SRK homodimerization explains the codominance exhibited by a majority of SRKs in the typically heterozygous stigmas of self-incompatible plants, whereas an increased propensity for heterodimerization combined with reduced affinity of heterodimers for cognate SCRs might underlie the dominant-recessive or mutual weakening relationships exhibited by some SRK allelic pairs.
Multiparametric Prognostic Evaluation of Biological Factors in Primary Breast Cancer (1992)

Our retrospective analysis has identified protease expression and tumor cell proliferation rate as important biological prognostic factors in breast cancer. Prospective clinical trials should be undertaken to confirm these results.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overview of Immune Mechanisms and Biological Treatments (2015)

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract associated with an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the most widely known types of IBD and have been the focus of attention due to their increasing incidence. Recent studies have pointed out genes associated with IBD susceptibility that, together with environment factors, may contribute to the outcome of the disease. In ulcerative colitis, there are several therapies available, depending on the stage of the disease. Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, and cyclosporine are used to treat mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively. In Crohn's disease, drug choices are dependent on both location and behavior of the disease. Nowadays, advances in treatments for IBD have included biological therapies, based mainly on monoclonal antibodies or fusion proteins, such as anti-TNF drugs. Notwithstanding the high cost involved, these biological therapies show a high index of remission, enabling a significant reduction in cases of surgery and hospitalization. Furthermore, migration inhibitors and new cytokine blockers are also a promising alternative for treating patients with IBD. In this review, an analysis of literature data on biological treatments for IBD is approached, with the main focus on therapies based on emerging recombinant biomolecules.
CD4+ T cell subsets. Lymphokine secretion of memory cells and of effector cells that develop from precursors in vitro. (1990)

We have studied the properties of several developmentally defined subpopulations of CD4+ T cells from normal animals which can be stimulated to secrete lymphokines. We find that the Th cells responsible for direct secretion of lymphokines after stimulation are from a resting, very long lived subpopulation of CD4+ T cells which persists for over 25 wk after adult thymectomy. These T cells are depleted by in vivo administration of antithymocyte serum and they are enriched among T cells which express high levels of Pgp-1. This phenotype suggests that the T cells responsible are most likely memory T cells which have resulted from antigen exposure in vivo. T cells in this subset secrete predominantly IL-2 with small quantities of IL-3, granulocyte/macrophage CSF, and IFN-gamma. In contrast, the CD4+ T cells which require in vitro culture and restimulation before they develop into an effector population with the ability to secrete lymphokines after restimulation, differ dramatically by most of these criteria. The precursors we study are resting Th cells which are considerably shorter lived after adult thymectomy (5 to 10 wk) and resistant to the same doses of antithymocyte serum which deplete the putative memory population. We hypothesize that this precursor population represents naive helper cells which have not yet encountered Ag. The effectors derived from such precursors can be stimulated to secrete high levels of both Th cell types 1 and 2 lymphokines (IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, granulocyte/macrophage CSF, and IL-3). Generation of effectors requires proliferation and differentiation events which occur during a mandatory culture with lymphokines and antigen presenting cells for 3 to 4 days. We discuss the striking phenotypic and functional differences among these subpopulations of helper cells--the precursor population and the two types--memory and cultured effector Th which secrete lymphokines. We also discuss the relationship of these populations to CD4+ T cell subsets defined by other studies of patterns of lymphokine secretion and by cell surface phenotype.
단세포 RNA 시퀀싱 데이터를 위한 가중변수 스펙트럼 군집화 기법 (2020)

단세포 RNA 시퀀싱 데이터(single-cell RNA-sequencing data, 이하 단세포 RNA 데이터)는 세포 조직으로부터 추출한 각 단세포 별 유전자의 신호를 기록한 데이터로, 세포 간의 이질성을 파악하는 것을 주요 목적으로 한다. 그러나 단세포 RNA 데이터는 샘플링 및 기술적인 한계로 인해 결측비율이 높고, 노이즈가 크다. 이러한 이유 때문에 기존의 군집화 방법을 적용하는 데에 한계가 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 단세포 RNA 데이터 분석에서 모티브를 얻어 스펙트럼 군집화(spectral clustering) 기반의 방법을 제안한다. 특히 유사도 행렬(similarity matrix) 계산에서 유전자 별로 가중치를 부여하여 기존의 단세포 데이터 분석 방법과 차별화하였다. 제안하는 군집화 방법은 유전자별 가중치를 부여함과 동시에 세포를 군집화한다. 군집화는 반복 알고리즘을 통해 제안하는 비볼록식(non-convex optimization)을 풀어 진행한다. 또한 실데이터 적용과 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안하는 군집화 방법이 기존의 방법보다 군집을 잘 구분하는 것을 보인다.
Radon in earthquake prediction research (2011)

The observation of anomalies in the radon concentration in soil gas and ground water before earthquakes initiated systematic investigations on earthquake precursor phenomena. The question what is needed for a meaningful earthquake prediction as well as what types of precursory effects can be expected is shortly discussed. The basic ideas of the dilatancy theory are presented which in principle can explain the occurrence of earthquake forerunners. The reasons for radon anomalies in soil gas and in ground water are clarified and a possible classification of radon anomalies is given.
A 1,2‐Phenylene‐Bridged Porphyrin Dimer—Synthesis, Properties, and Molecular Structure (1991)

The porphyrin rings in the porphyrin dimer 1 are nearly planar, but they are considerably tilted toward each other. Compound 1 is of interest as a model for the special pair of the photosynthetic reaction center. The average distance between the two porphyrin planes is only 3.43 Å. The resulting strong interactions—resembling those in excimers—lead to a lowering of the energy of the S1 state and facilitate one-electron oxidation.
Advanced Blade Testing Methods for Wind Turbines (2023)

This thesis consists of a detailed analysis of different blade testing methods and improvements to a novel concept for tri-axial testing of large wind turbine blades. As the blades are one of the most critical components of the wind turbine, they have to be tested in order to ensure that their specifications are consistent with the actual performance of the blade. It must be demonstrated that the blade can withstand both the ultimate loads and the fatigue loads to which the blade is expected to be subjected during its design service life. There are basically two types of blade testing: static testing and fatigue testing. Testing of the blades statically and dynamically helps in improving the designs and the manufacturing processes.\nThis thesis has two objectives. The first objective is to document the assumptions, calculations and results of an initial sizing of a bell crank system for testing blades 50m, 60m and 70m long. The second objective of this report is to document the modeling of one of the alternatives to bell crank system in SolidWorks. The thesis ends with conclusions and suggestions for future work.\nAn advanced blade testing method which can be used for large wind turbine blades is developed and so are the system requirements. The concept is used to excite the blade in flapwise and edgewise direction simultaneously. The flap motion of the blade is caused by BREX resonant technology, which is already used by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Colorado, and edgewise motion is delivered by the use of two inclined hydraulic actuators and linear guide rail system is used to move the inclined actuators in the flapwise direction along the blade motion. The hydraulic system and linear guide rail requirements are analyzed and discussed.\nThe design is discussed and analyzed in detail proving it to be feasible. The cost estimation is done for the design. It is recommended for implementation as it will serve as an efficient way of testing large wind turbine blades.
Options trading driven by volatility directional accuracy (2006)

Analysts have claimed over the last years that the volatility of an asset is caused solely by the random arrival of new information about the future returns from the underlying asset. It is a common belief that volatility is of great importance in finance and it is one of the critical factors determining option prices and consequently driving option-trading strategies. This article discusses an empirical option trading methodology based on efficient volatility direction forecasts. Although in most cases accurate volatility forecasts are hard to obtain, forecasting the direction is significantly easier. Increase in the directional accuracy leads to profitable investment strategies. The net gain is depended on the size of the changes as well; however successful volatility forecasts in terms of directional accuracy was found to be sufficient for positive results. In order to evaluate the proposed methodology weekly data from CAX40, DAX and the Greek FTSE/ASE 20 stock indices were used.
Molecular Characterization of the Virulence Gene virG of pTiKU12 (1998)

The virulence (vir) genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens KU12, a Korean strain, were not induced by acetosyringone and the strain showed weak tumor forming ability and broad plant host ranges. We identified complete nucleotide sequence of virG of pTiKU12, an octopine Ti plasmid of this strain. When it was compared with those of other Ti plasmids, pTiKU12 virG contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 726 nucleotides which showed much lower homology (about 77%) than those (above 98%) already known among octopine Ti plasmids and it started with GTG codon instead of TTG found in other Ti plasmids. Only two vir boxes and one promoter region were confirmed in 5'-untranslated region instead of three vir boxes and two promoters which were found in pTiA6 virG. Nevertheless, important amino acids for the functional activity of VirG were so conserved that the virG included in pUCDG could complement a virG mutant Agrobacterium tumefaciens Mx19 in beta-galactosidase activity assays and on plant tumor tests.
Clinical efficacy and mechanism of bilayered living human skin equivalent (HSE) in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. (2003)

HSE cellular components were determined to express 15 different growth factors/cytokine genes known to promote wound healing. Histological evidence from the nude mice showed that the collagen component of HSE underwent remodeling within the first seven days of grafting. Clinical: All diabetic foot ulcers healed in 31.8 12.4 days. Local release of a unique combination of 15 growth factors expressed by HSE keratinocyte and fibroblast components generates closure of diabetic foot ulcers. HSE should be applied with the same surgical conditions for a skin graft (i.e., no cellulitis, no drainage, and negligible bacteria). We hypothesize that bilayered HSE generates its effect by way of the local synthesis and release of multiple growth factors in specific combination and concentration, which improves the impaired reparative process of chronic wounds.
Prevention strategies of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (2020)

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection caused by mother-to-child transmission (MTCT, also known as vertical transmission) during the perinatal period is a major public health problem worldwide. Despite the availability of the combined active-passive immunization with a hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin after birth, about 9% of newborns are still infected with HBV, especially those born to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive mothers. Currently, the management of HBV infection during pregnancy remains controversial. This article briefly reviews the recent advances in the epidemiology of HBV, immunization against it, and management strategies in the third trimester.
Effects of glycopyrrolate and atropine on heart rate variability (1991)

Analysis of heart rate variability, combined with physiological tests (deep breathing and tilt tests) was used to characterise the effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate on the parasympathetic nervous tone of the heart in healthy male volunteers. The low dose of atropine (120 micrograms) administered as a continuous infusion in 15 min was associated with parasympatomimetic effects estimated by the slowing of the heart rate and an increase of the mean and beat-to-beat heart rate variability. The bradycardia and increase of heart rate variability following infusion of glycopyrrolate (50 micrograms) was less marked and did not differ significantly from that of placebo. The higher doses of atropine (720 micrograms) and glycopyrrolate (300 micrograms) administered as a continuous infusion in 15 min produced an equal vagal cardiac blockade characterised by significant tachycardia and a decrease in overall and beat-to-beat heart rate variability. It is concluded that at low doses the parasympatomimetic action of glycopyrrolate is less marked than that of atropine; and at higher doses only small differences exist between these two muscarinic antagonists in their effects on cardiac vagal outflow, assessed by heart rate and heart rate variability.
Outcome in a Prospective Phase II Trial of Medically Inoperable Stage I Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated With Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (2009)

With a 3-year local tumor control rate higher than 90% with limited toxicity, SBRT emerges as state-of-the-art treatment for medically inoperable stage I NSCLC and may even challenge surgery in operable instances.
Pharmacological elements in clinical application of synthetic peptides (2000)

The research carried out on the biological properties of synthetic peptides and the possibility of obtaining them in adequate amounts through the recombinant DNA technology allows their use as therapeutical agents. Procedures following the synthesis of peptides must be performed in order to verify their structure, conformation, immunogenicity and biological activity and to make them suitable for clinical applications. The size of synthetic peptides together with some modifications such as amidation, acetylation and sulfatation must be taken into consideration as they may have a significant impact on half-life, stability and biological activity. Endothelial, epithelial and enzymatic interference which may hinder the absorption of drugs must be evaluated in order to choose the most appropriate route of administration. The considerable bioavailability related to the intravenous route, the effectiveness of the circulation of the intramuscular route and the possibility of reaching specific targets by the intra-arterial route must also be taken into consideration. There is the possibility of applying transdermal therapeutic systems and transdermal iontophoresis only for peptides of low molecular weight. Among synthetic peptides provided with antianaemic activity, erythropoietin, growth factors and interleukin 3 must be mentioned because of their effectiveness both in optimal stimulation of melopoiesis after chemotherapy or bone-marrow transplantation and in the treatment of anaemia occurring during chronic renal failure. Furthermore, interferon alpha was shown to be one of the most used synthetic peptides provided with antiviral and antineoplastic activity. Remarkable results have been obtained in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, haematological malignancies and some solid tumours. More recently, interleukin 2 has been tested in the treatment of melanoma and renal cancer, inducing a reasonable proportion of overall response rate. Finally, the antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing-hormone may be regarded as effective agent both in the treatment of prostate cancer and in the inhibition of luteinizing-hormone surges during controlled ovarian stimulation. Toxic side effects can be related to the administered dose as well as to metabolites derived from bacteria in which peptides have been synthesized.