gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation, Characterization, and <i>in Vivo</i> Studies of Humanized Anticarcinoma Antibody CC49 (1995)

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49 reacts with tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG)-72, a human pancarcinoma antigen. In clinical trials, radiolabeled CC49 has shown excellent tumor localization; however, many of the patients receiving MAb CC49 develop a human antimouse antibody response. In an attempt to prevent this antiimmunoglobulin response, we have developed a humanized CC49 (HuCC49) by grafting the MAb CC49 hypervariable regions onto the variable light (VL) and variable heavy (VH) frameworks of the human MAbs LEN and 21/28' CL, respectively, while retaining those murine framework residues that may be required for the integrity of the antigen combining-site structure. The HuCC49 MAb was compared with native murine CC49 (nCC49) and chimeric CC49 (cCC49), using a variety of assays. SDS-PAGE analysis under nonreducing conditions showed that the HuCC49 MAb has virtually identical mobility to that of cCC49. Under reducing conditions, the HuCC49 yielded two bands of approximately 25-28 and approximately 50-55 kDa, characteristic of heavy and light immunoglobulin chains. In competition radioimmunoassays, HuCC49 completely inhibited the binding of 125I-labeled nCC49 to TAG-72, although 23- to 30-fold more HuCC49 was required to achieve a level of competition similar to those of cCC49 and nCC49. The relative affinity of HuCC49 was 2- to 3-fold less than those of the cCC49 and nCC49 MAbs, respectively. The plasma clearance in mice of HuCC49 was virtually identical to that of cCC49. Biodistribution studies demonstrated equivalent tumor-targeting of HuCC49 and cCC49 to human colon carcinoma xenografts. These studies thus suggest that HuCC49 and genetically modified molecules, such as sFv and domain-deleted immunoglobulins developed by using the HuCC49 variable region as a cassette, may be potentially useful in both diagnostic and therapeutic clinical trials in patients with TAG-72-positive tumors.
Digital Background Calibration in Pipelined ADCs Using Commutated Feedback Capacitor Switching (2008)

We propose a new digital background calibration method for capacitor mismatches in pipelined analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It combines commutated feedback capacitor switching with a background digital correlation loop to extract capacitor mismatch information, which is subsequently used to correct errors caused by the mismatch. This is an all-digital technique requiring minimal extra digital circuits, and is applicable to both single-bit and multibit-per-stage architectures. Simulations with a 15-stage, 1.5-bit-per-stage pipelined ADC with capacitor mismatch of sigma = 0.25% in each stage show that the technique improves signal-to-noise-distortion ratio from 62 dB (10 bits) to 94 dB (15.4 bits).
Wide nematic range alkenyl diphenyldiacetylene liquid crystals (2000)

Several alkenyl diphenyldiacetylene liquid crystals were synthesized and their physical properties evaluated. The introduction of a double bond in the side chain leads to an unexpectedly wide nematic range and an extraordinarily large figure of merit at elevated temperatures. These liquid crystals are particularly attractive for infrared laser-beam steering.
On The Computation Of A Common N-Finger Robotic Grasp For A Set Of Objects (2013)

Industrial robotic arms utilize multiple end-effectors, each for a specific part and for a specific task. We propose a novel algorithm which will define a single end-effector’s configuration able to grasp a given set of objects with different geometries. The algorithm will have great benefit in production lines allowing a single robot to grasp various parts. Hence, reducing the number of endeffectors needed. Moreover, the algorithm will reduce end-effector design and manufacturing time and final product cost. The algorithm searches for a common grasp over the set of objects. The search algorithm maps all possible grasps for each object which satisfy a quality criterion and takes into account possible external wrenches (forces and torques) applied to the object. The mapped grasps are- represented by high-dimensional feature vectors which describes the shape of the gripper. We generate a database of all possible grasps for each object in the feature space. Then we use a search and<br> classification algorithm for intersecting all possible grasps over all<br> parts and finding a single common grasp suitable for all objects.<br> We present simulations of planar and spatial objects to validate the<br> feasibility of the approach.
Acute corticosterone treatment prior to ovulation biases offspring sex ratios towards males in zebra finches <i>Taeniopygia guttata</i> (2011)

Researchers have documented significant skews in the primary sex ratios of avian offspring in relation to a variety of environmental and social cues. Zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata , in particular, adjust offspring sex ratio according to both the quality and quantity of available food, as well as male attractiveness. The mechanisms behind such manipulation of offspring sex remain elusive. Recent studies suggest that females with chronically elevated corticosterone levels (both naturally and artificially) produce significantly female biased offspring sex ratios. We tested the effects of a pharmacological dose of corticosterone or progesterone administered at the time of sex chromosome segregation on the primary sex ratio of zebra finch offspring to determine whether one or both hormones act on offspring sex at this critical period. Females were injected with 20 μg of corticosterone or 20 μg of progesterone five hours prior to the predicted time of ovulation of the 3 rd or 4th ovulating follicle. A third group of females were unmanipulated. The corticosterone treated group produced 72% males while the control group produced 37.5% in the 3rd or 4th ovulation of the sequence. Progesterone injections disrupted ovulation and oviposition in 90% of females. Corticosterone administration did not adversely affect oviposition or ovulation. Females injected with corticosterone had significantly elevated levels of corticosterone 20 min, 1 h and 2.5 h post‐injection and produced significantly more males compared to untreated females. Our results suggest that offspring sex ratios may be influenced at the time of meiotic division by acute exposure to corticosterone and provides evidence for the timing of this effect.
Aberration correction using broad transmit beams (2012)

A new tissue aberration correction method is described that is compatible with imaging techniques that use weakly focused, unfocused or defocused transmit beams. This method is based on the principle of reciprocity. Rather than relying on a focused transmit beam to create a virtual point source, we use a focused receive beam to do the same. The data acquisition scheme is to transmit with a virtual element, receive echoes with all the elements and store the channel data, and form a receive focus at a point of interest. As the transmit virtual element number is varied, the beamsum from receive focusing also varies. The ensemble of receive beamsums are processed (e.g. cross-correlated) to extract information about aberration. More generally, dynamic and parallel receive beams are formed to produce single-transmit images. These are correlated to improve the stability of aberration estimation. The estimated aberration information can be used to compensate the receive focus, and the process can be iterated without acquiring new data. Aberration for any insonified region can be estimated by steering the receive focus to that region. A synthetic image is formed with correction applied on both receive beamformation and transmit synthesis.
Preparation and properties of aromatic polyamides from 1,4-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)naphthyl and aromatic diamines (1997)

A new aromatic dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis (p-carboxyphenoxy)naphthyl (3), was synthesized by the reaction of p-fluorobenzonitrile with 1,4-naphthalenediol, followed by hydrolysis. Aromatic polyamides having inherent viscosities of 1.27–2.22 dL/g were prepared by the triphenyl phosphite activated polycondensation of diacid 3 with various aromatic diamines. Most of the resulting polymers showed an amorphous nature and were readily soluble in a variety of organic solvents including N,N-dimethyl-acetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and m-cresol. Transparent, tough, and flexible films of these polymers could be cast from the DMAc or NMP solutions. The cast films had tensile strengths ranging from 64–104 MPa, elongations-at-break from 6 to 10%, and initial moduli from 1.52 to 2.14 GPa. These polyamides had glass transition temperatures in the range of 195 to 240°C. Almost all polymers were thermally stable up to 400°C, with 10% weight loss being recorded above 480°C in air and nitrogen atmospheres. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2273–2280, 1997
Biotemplated hierarchical surfaces and the role of dual length scales on the repellency of impacting droplets (2012)

We fabricated biomimetic hierarchical superhydrophobic surfaces using the Tobacco mosaic virus and investigated the role of each length scale during droplet impact by decomposing the micro and nanoscale components. We found that 10 μl water droplets rebounded at impact velocities greater than 4.3 m/s on the hierarchical surfaces, outperforming the nanostructured surfaces, which underwent an observable wetting transition at an impact velocity of 2.7 m/s. This finding demonstrates that each length scale plays a distinct, but complementary, role in maximizing water repellency during droplet impact and, thus, provides insight into the evolutionary development of highly water-repellant hierarchical plant leaves.
Behavior of Optical Solitons Which are Periodically Amplified by Stimulated Raman Process (1984)

Transmission properties of optical solitons which are periodically amplified by the stimulated Raman process in a glass fiber is numerically studied for various parameters. Optical solitons have two unique merits when used for extra high bit rate transmission systems: 1. the pulse shape does not distort in spite of the group dispersion of a glass fiber and 2. the pulse shape, whose width spreads in the presence of the fiber loss, can be reshaped only by appropriate amplifications.
GradNorm: Gradient Normalization for Adaptive Loss Balancing in Deep Multitask Networks (2018)

Deep multitask networks, in which one neural network produces multiple predictive outputs, can offer better speed and performance than their single-task counterparts but are challenging to train properly. We present a gradient normalization (GradNorm) algorithm that automatically balances training in deep multitask models by dynamically tuning gradient magnitudes. We show that for various network architectures, for both regression and classification tasks, and on both synthetic and real datasets, GradNorm improves accuracy and reduces overfitting across multiple tasks when compared to single-task networks, static baselines, and other adaptive multitask loss balancing techniques. GradNorm also matches or surpasses the performance of exhaustive grid search methods, despite only involving a single asymmetry hyperparameter $\alpha$. Thus, what was once a tedious search process that incurred exponentially more compute for each task added can now be accomplished within a few training runs, irrespective of the number of tasks. Ultimately, we will demonstrate that gradient manipulation affords us great control over the training dynamics of multitask networks and may be one of the keys to unlocking the potential of multitask learning.
Frequency Combs and Ultrashort Laser Pulses Generation via Temporal Solitons in Optical Micro-resonators (2013)

We demonstrate the formation of temporal solitons in a continuously pumped, non-linear optical MgF2 microresonator, resulting in low noise frequency comb spectra and ultra-short pulses of 200 fs duration with a repetition rate of 35.2 GHz.
High‐throughput screening and quantitative structure‐efficacy relationship models of potential displacer molecules for ion‐exchange systems (2002)

A technique is presented for the high-throughput screening of ion-exchange displacers. Potential displacers were employed to displace proteins in parallel batch ion-exchange experiments. The percentage of protein displaced from a particular stationary phase was then used as a parameter to rank the displacers. By employing this technique, a large number of molecules possessing a range of affinities and properties could be rapidly evaluated. This data was then used together with traditional and electron density-based transferable atom equivalent (TAE) molecular descriptors computed for the displacer molecules to produce quantitative structure-efficacy relationship (QSER) models using a genetic algorithm/partial least squares (GA/PLS) regression approach. The QSER models were generated using a portion of the protein-displacement data, with the remainder serving as a test set. Descriptor selection and model building was accomplished using a genetic algorithm/partial least squares approach. The resulting models were found to have high-correlation coefficients and could be used to accurately predict the behavior of molecules not included in the training set. In addition, the models were employed to examine a virtual library of displacers based on modifications of neomycin to provide further insight into displacer design. The results presented here indicate that it may be possible to design displacers that can dramatically improve the effective selectivity of ion-exchange chromatographic materials.
Cascaded spintronic logic with low-dimensional carbon (2017)

Remarkable breakthroughs have established the functionality of graphene and carbon nanotube transistors as replacements to silicon in conventional computing structures, and numerous spintronic logic gates have been presented. However, an efficient cascaded logic structure that exploits electron spin has not yet been demonstrated. In this work, we introduce and analyse a cascaded spintronic computing system composed solely of low-dimensional carbon materials. We propose a spintronic switch based on the recent discovery of negative magnetoresistance in graphene nanoribbons, and demonstrate its feasibility through tight-binding calculations of the band structure. Covalently connected carbon nanotubes create magnetic fields through graphene nanoribbons, cascading logic gates through incoherent spintronic switching. The exceptional material properties of carbon materials permit Terahertz operation and two orders of magnitude decrease in power-delay product compared to cutting-edge microprocessors. We hope to inspire the fabrication of these cascaded logic circuits to stimulate a transformative generation of energy-efficient computing.
Toward a laser assisted wide‐angle tomographic atom‐probe (2007)

Abstract This paper reports preliminary results showing that the use of femtosecond laser pulses enables the field evaporation of single atoms, from specimens with a tip‐like shape, without significant specimen heating. It is shown that the field evaporation is assisted by the laser field, which is enhanced by the sub wavelength dimensions of the tip. It is also shown that laser pulsing leads to a high mass resolution, making the use of energy compensating devices in a wide‐angle three‐dimensional atom‐probe ineffectual. In addition, the performances of a position‐sensitive detector that fulfills the wide‐angle 3DAP requirements are presented. The emergence of the third generation of tomographic atom‐probe with (i) wide‐angle analysis capabilities and (ii) a field of application that is extended to poor conductive or insulating materials is then discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and Characterization of Three Novel β1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases Structurally Related to the β1,3-Galactosyltransferase Family (2001)

We have isolated three types of cDNAs encoding novel beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases (designated beta3Gn-T2, -T3, and -T4) from human gastric mucosa and the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. These enzymes are predicted to be type 2 transmembrane proteins of 397, 372, and 378 amino acids, respectively. They share motifs conserved among members of the beta1,3-galactosyltransferase family and a beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (designated beta3Gn-T1), but show no structural similarity to another type of beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (iGnT). Each of the enzymes expressed by insect cells as a secreted protein fused to the FLAG peptide showed beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity for type 2 oligosaccharides but not beta1,3-galactosyltransferase activity. These enzymes exhibited different substrate specificity. Transfection of Namalwa KJM-1 cells with beta3Gn-T2, -T3, or -T4 cDNA led to an increase in poly-N-acetyllactosamines recognized by an anti-i-antigen antibody or specific lectins. The expression profiles of these beta3Gn-Ts were different among 35 human tissues. beta3Gn-T2 was ubiquitously expressed, whereas expression of beta3Gn-T3 and -T4 was relatively restricted. beta3Gn-T3 was expressed in colon, jejunum, stomach, esophagus, placenta, and trachea. beta3Gn-T4 was mainly expressed in brain. These results have revealed that several beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases form a family with structural similarity to the beta1,3-galactosyltransferase family. Considering the differences in substrate specificity and distribution, each beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase may play different roles.
Quaternary Iodide K(Ca,Sr)I<sub>3</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> Single‐Crystal Scintillators for Radiation Detection: Crystal Structure, Electronic Structure, and Optical and Scintillation Properties (2016)

A mixed crystal strategy is reported as an effective approach to improving the performances of inorganic scintillators for radiation detection applications. The aim of this work is to optimize ternary iodide KCaI 3 :Eu 2+ single crystals via partial Sr 2+ substitution, and to provide physical insights and a strategy of designing promising halide scintillators. The ∅22 mm × 50 mm long K(Ca,Sr)I 3 :Eu 2+ single crystals are grown by the Bridgman method. Crystal structure refinements verify the phase purity and the orthorhombic crystal system with a space group of Cmcm (No. 63) in the solid solutions. An energy resolution of 2.5 ± 0.1% at 662 keV and a light yield of 74 000 ± 4000 photons per MeV can be achieved for a 4 mm cube KCa 0.835 Sr 0.165 I 3 :Eu 2+ . It is for the first time that a halide solid solution is synthesized with a competitive scintillating performance as current state‐of‐the‐art scintillators, such as SrI 2 :Eu 2+ and LaBr 3 :Ce 3+ . A combination of first‐principles calculations and optical characterization experiments is employed to construct the host material band edges and the relative positions of 5 d and 4 f energy levels of the Eu 2+ activation center. The origins of the improvement of light yield and scintillation response nonproportionality are proposed from experimental and theoretical insights.
Motion immune diffusion imaging using augmented <scp>MUSE</scp> for high‐resolution multi‐shot <scp>EPI</scp> (2015)

The use of AMUSE allows for improved image quality and diffusion tensor accuracy in the presence of macroscopic subject motion during multishot diffusion imaging. These techniques should facilitate future high-resolution diffusion imaging.
Infrared Flame Detection System Using Multiple Neural Networks (2007)

A model for an infrared (IR) flame detection system using multiple artificial neural networks (ANN) is presented. The present work offers significant improvements over our previous design (Huseynov et al., 2005). Feature extraction only in the relevant frequency band using joint time-frequency analysis yields an input to a series of conjugate-gradient (CG) method-based ANNs. Each ANN is trained to distinguish all hydrocarbon flames from a particular type of environmental nuisance and ambient noise. Signal saturation caused by the increased intensity of IR sources at closer distances is resolved by adjustable gain control.
A differential Michelson interferometer with orthogonal single frequency laser for nanometer displacement measurement (2017)

A novel differential Michelson laser interferometer is proposed to eliminate the influence of environmental fluctuations for nanometer displacement measurement. This differential interferometer consists of two homodyne interferometers in which two orthogonal single frequency beams share common reference arm and partial measurement arm. By modulating the displacement of the common reference arm with a piezoelectric transducer, the common-mode displacement drift resulting from the environmental disturbances can be well suppressed and the measured displacement as differential-mode displacement signal is achieved. In addition, a phase difference compensation method is proposed for accurately determining the phase difference between interference signals by correcting the time interval according to the average speed in one cycle of interference signal. The nanometer displacement measurement experiments were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed interferometer and show that precision displacement measurement with standard deviation less than 1 nm has been achieved.
A novel concept for field-effect transistors - the tunneling carbon nanotube FET (2005)

We present experimental and simulation results on a novel concept for a nanowire-field-effect transistor (NW-FET) based upon band-to-band tunneling. In contrast to a conventional FET, the NW-FET enables in principle extremely small subthreshold swings and is insensitive to changes of temperature.
Ultra-thin carbon films for high energy plasma generation (1978)

The primary objective of the reported study was to develop methods for fabricating a very thin seamless cylindrical pyrolytic carbon film using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and to investigate methods of film removal, shipping, and attaching to test electrodes. CVD parameters found to affect film thickness, carbon structure, and mechanical properties include deposition temperature and time, gas composition, and flow rates. Fabrication of thin pyrolytic carbon films was successfully demonstrated. Removal and transfer of the pyrolytic carbon films from the mandrel to the electrodes has not yet been effected to the desired degree.