gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid and Low-Cost Methodology to Obtain an Updated Compositional Model of Produced Fluids Using Separator-Discharge Data Analysis (2007)

Summary Fluid-characterization data used to build representative reservoir fluid models for reservoir and production engineering are generally scarce and very costly because of the expense of fluid sampling and analysis and operational related problems of well intervention. The problem turns more dramatic when the field to be studied has been producing for some time and its bottomhole pressure has reached the bubblepoint. In those cases, initial reservoir fluid data is more difficult to be used because some portion of the hydrocarbon's heaviest or lightest components, whether oil or gas is produced, may have been left in the reservoir and initial PVT data are no longer valid or very difficult to match to current fluid behavior. One of the most common practices of obtaining fluid data is by taking well bottomhole samples, or by obtaining surface oil and gas mixture samples, and analyzing them in the lab using recombined methods. Because of the costs involved, including loss of time and production, operating companies do not obtain fluid data with the required frequency. Accordingly, engineers are left with the only option of using nonupdated or insufficient data that will affect the outcome of their simulation studies. This work describes a rapid and low-cost methodology to obtain an updated compositional model for produced fluids using gas chromatography, oil characterization, and GOR from analysis of the separator fluid discharge. The required samples are easily collected with low cost to the operating company. Then, a case history is shown wherein compositional fluid models obtained with the proposed method are used in well, surface-network, and process-facility simulation models, with excellent results. A comparison of field data against the simulation model results is also shown.
Charge equalization for an electric vehicle battery system (1998)

Charge equalization for series connected battery strings has important ramifications on battery life. It enhances the uniformity of the battery cells and hence improves the life of the battery as a whole. A new charge equalization technique for a series string of battery cells has been recently proposed by the authors. The basic technique utilizes a simple isolated dc-to-dc converter with a capacitive output filter along with a multiwinding transformer. The possibility of integrating the trickle charge function with the charge equalization function is potentially very attractive, as it can lead to an efficient and low cost implementation.
Fully cross-linked and chemically patterned self-assembled monolayers (2008)

Mechanically stable monolayers with chemically functional patterns are fabricated by the combination of spatially resolved chemical lithography with complete cross-linking of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The process starts with a local electron exposure of a SAM of 4'-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol that converts the nitro into amino groups and, additionally, generates a pattern of cross-linked and non cross-linked regions. In the next step, molecules in the non cross-linked regions are exchanged for 1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol. A subsequent electron exposure cross-links these regions, yielding a fully cross-linked, chemically patterned SAM. The reverse process that generates chemically complementary patterns is also demonstrated. For both processes, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy are used to monitor the fabrication steps and to determine the kinetics of the thiol exchange. The functionality of the fully cross-linked, chemically patterned monolayer is tested by the site selective derivatisation with pentanoic acid chloride.
Method for suppressing the bias drift of interferometric all-fiber optic gyroscopes (2011)

We propose a simple and, to our knowledge, novel method for suppressing the bias drift of interferometric all-fiber optic gyroscopes (I-FOGs) and for self-calibrating the bias of I-FOGs to zero. Using a square wave to reverse the polarity of the sinusoidal voltage on a piezoelectric (PZT) modulator periodically, and calculating the output signal of a demodulator circuit in-phase with the square wave by a digital signal processor (DSP), we successfully reduce the bias drift of I-FOGs. Experimental results show that, at room temperature, the proposed method dramatically reduces the bias instability of an I-FOG from 0.201 deg/h to 0.102 deg/h. With this method, the I-FOGs no longer need zero calibration.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C4-Disubstituted Analogs of 1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>,6<i>S</i>-2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate: Identification of a Potent, Selective Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonist and Determination of Agonist-Bound Human mGlu2 and mGlu3 Amino Terminal Domain Structures (2015)

As part of our ongoing research to identify novel agents acting at metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) and 3 (mGlu3) receptors, we have previously reported the identification of the C4α-methyl analog of mGlu2/3 receptor agonist 1 (LY354740). This molecule, 1S,2S,4R,5R,6S-2-amino-4-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate 2 (LY541850), exhibited an unexpected mGlu2 agonist/mGlu3 antagonist pharmacological profile, whereas the C4β-methyl diastereomer (3) possessed dual mGlu2/3 receptor agonist activity. We have now further explored this structure-activity relationship through the preparation of cyclic and acyclic C4-disubstituted analogs of 1, leading to the identification of C4-spirocyclopropane 5 (LY2934747), a novel, potent, and systemically bioavailable mGlu2/3 receptor agonist which exhibits both antipsychotic and analgesic properties in vivo. In addition, through the combined use of protein-ligand X-ray crystallography employing recombinant human mGlu2/3 receptor amino terminal domains, molecular modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis, a molecular basis for the observed pharmacological profile of compound 2 is proposed.
Application of <scp>nSMOL</scp> coupled with <scp>LC</scp>‐<scp>MS</scp> bioanalysis for monitoring the Fc‐fusion biopharmaceuticals Etanercept and Abatacept in human serum (2018)

The principle of nano-surface and molecular-orientation limited (nSMOL) proteolysis has a unique characteristic Fab-selective proteolysis for antibody bioanalysis that is independent of a variety of monoclonal antibodies by the binding antibody Fc via Protein A/G in a pore with 100 nm diameter and modified trypsin immobilization on the surface of nanoparticles with 200 nm diameter. Since minimizing peptide complexity and protease contamination while maintaining antibody sequence specificity enables a rapid and broad development of optimized methods for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) bioanalysis, the application of regulatory LC-MS for monitoring antibody biopharmaceuticals is expected. nSMOL is theoretically anticipated to be applicable for representative Fc-fusion biopharmaceuticals, because Protein A/G-binding site Fc exists on the C-terminus, and its functional domain is available to orient and interact with the reaction solution. In this report, we describe the validated LC-MS bioanalysis for monitoring Ethanercept and Abatacept using nSMOL technology. The quantitation range of Ethanercept in human serum was from 0.195 to 100 μg/mL using the signature peptide VFCTK (aa.43-47), and that of Abatacept was from 0.391 to 100 μg/mL using the signature peptide MHVAQPAVVLASSR (aa.1-14). Both proteins fulfilled the guideline criteria for low-molecular-weight drug compounds. The results indicate that the clinical and therapeutic monitoring for antibody and Fc-fusion biopharmaceuticals are adequately applicable using nSMOL proteolysis coupled with LC-MS bioanalysis.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Tetrathiafulvalene−Porphyrin−Fullerene Molecular Triads (2001)

The two molecular triads 1a and 1b consisting of a porphyrin (P) covalently linked to a fullerene (C60) electron acceptor and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) electron-donor moiety were synthesized, and their photochemical properties were determined by transient absorption and emission techniques. Excitation of the free-base-porphyrin moiety of the TTF−P2 H−C60 triad 1a in tetrahydro-2-methylfuran solution yields the porphyrin first excited singlet state TTF−1P2 H−C60, which undergoes photoinduced electron transfer with a time constant of 25 ps to give TTF−P2 H.+−C60.−. This intermediate charge-separated state has a lifetime of 230 ps, decaying mainly by a charge-shift reaction to yield a final state, TTF.+−P2 H−C60.−. The final state has a lifetime of 660 ns, is formed with an overall yield of 92%, and preserves ca. 1.0 eV of the 1.9 eV inherent in the porphyrin excited state. Similar behavior is observed for the zinc analog 1b. The TTF-PZn.+−C60.− state is formed by ultrafast electron transfer from the porphyrinatozinc excited singlet state with a time constant of 1.5 ps. The final TTF.+−PZn−C60.− state is generated with a yield of 16%, and also has a lifetime of 660 ns. Although charge recombination to yield a triplet has been observed in related donor-acceptor systems, the TTF.+−P−C60.− states recombine to the ground state, because the molecule lacks low-energy triplet states. This structural feature leads to a longer lifetime for the final charge-separated state, during which the stored energy could be harvested for solar-energy conversion or molecular optoelectronic applications.
Communication Topologies Between Learning Agents in Deep Reinforcement Learning. (2019)

A common technique to improve speed and robustness of learning in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and many other machine learning algorithms is to run multiple learning agents in parallel. A neglected component in the development of these algorithms has been how best to arrange the learning agents involved to better facilitate distributed search. Here we draw upon results from the networked optimization and collective intelligence literatures suggesting that arranging learning agents in less than fully connected topologies (the implicit way agents are commonly arranged in) can improve learning. We explore the relative performance of four popular families of graphs and observe that one such family (Erdos-Renyi random graphs) empirically outperforms the standard fully-connected communication topology across several DRL benchmark tasks. We observe that 1000 learning agents arranged in an Erdos-Renyi graph can perform as well as 3000 agents arranged in the standard fully-connected topology, showing the large learning improvement possible when carefully designing the topology over which agents communicate. We complement these empirical results with a preliminary theoretical investigation of why less than fully connected topologies can perform better. Overall, our work suggests that distributed machine learning algorithms could be made more efficient if the communication topology between learning agents was optimized.
V4D: 4D Covolutional Neural Networks for Video-level Representations Learning (2020)

Most existing 3D CNN structures for video representation learning are clip-based methods, and do not consider video-level temporal evolution of spatio-temporal features. In this paper, we propose Video-level 4D Convolutional Neural Networks, namely V4D, to model the evolution of long-range spatio-temporal representation with 4D convolutions, as well as preserving 3D spatio-temporal representations with residual connections. We further introduce the training and inference methods for the proposed V4D. Extensive experiments are conducted on three video recognition benchmarks, where V4D achieves excellent results, surpassing recent 3D CNNs by a large margin.
Energy-efficient regenerative liquid desiccant drying process. [Patent application] (1977)

The use of desiccants in conjunction with an open loop drying cycle and a closed loop drying cycle to reclaim the energy expended in vaporizing moisture in harvested crops is described. In the closed loop cycle, the drying air is brought into contact with a desiccant after it exits the crop drying bin. Water vapor in the moist air is absorbed by the desiccant, thus reducing the relative humidity of the air. The air is then heated by the used desiccant and returned to the crop bin. During the open loop drying cycle the used desiccant is heated (either fossil or solar energy heat sources may be used) and regenerated at high temperature, driving water vapor from the desiccant. This water vapor is condensed and used to preheat the dilute (wet) desiccant before heat is added from the external source (fossil or solar). The latent heat of vaporization of the moisture removed from the desiccant is reclaimed in this manner. The sensible heat of the regenerated desiccant is utilized in the open loop drying cycle. Also, closed cycle operation implies that no net energy is expended in heating drying air.
A distinct subpopulation of leukemia initiating cells in acute precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia: quiescent phenotype and unique transcriptomic profile (2022)

In leukemia, a distinct subpopulation of cancer-initiating cells called leukemia stem cells (LSCs) is believed to drive population expansion and tumor growth. Failing to eliminate LSCs may result in disease relapse regardless of the amount of non-LSCs destroyed. The first step in targeting and eliminating LSCs is to identify and characterize them. Acute precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cells derived from patients were incubated with fluorescent glucose analog 2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) Amino)-2-Deoxyglucose (NBDG) and sorted based on NBDG uptake. Cell subpopulations defined by glucose uptake were then serially transplanted into mice and evaluated for leukemia initiating capacity. Gene expression profiles of these cells were characterized using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq). A distinct population of NBDG-low cells was identified in patient B-ALL samples. These cells are a small population (1.92% of the entire leukemia population), have lower HLA expression, and are smaller in size (4.0 to 7.0 μm) than the rest of the leukemia population. All mice transplanted with NBDG-low cells developed leukemia between 5 and 14 weeks, while those transplanted with NBDG-high cells did not develop leukemia (p ≤ 0.0001-0.002). Serial transplantation of the NBDG-low mouse model resulted in successful leukemia development. NBDG-medium (NBDG-med) populations also developed leukemia. Interestingly, comprehensive molecular characterization of NBDG-low and NBDG-med cells from patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models using RNA-Seq revealed a distinct profile of 2,162 differentially-expressed transcripts (DETs) (p<0.05) with 70.6% down-regulated in NBDG-low cells. Hierarchical clustering of DETs showed distinct segregation of NBDG-low from NBDG-med and NBDG-high groups with marked transcription expression alterations in the NBDG-low group consistent with cancer survival. In conclusion, A unique subpopulation of cells with low glucose uptake (NBDG-low) in B-ALL was discovered. These cells, despite their quiescence characteristics, once transplanted in mice, showed potent leukemia initiating capacity. Although NBDG-med cells also initiated leukemia, gene expression profiling revealed a distinct signature that clearly distinguishes NBDG-low cells from NBDG-med and the rest of the leukemia populations. These results suggest that NBDG-low cells may represent quiescent LSCs. These cells can be activated in the appropriate environment <i>in vivo</i>, showing leukemia initiating capacity. Our study provides insight into the biologic mechanisms of B-ALL initiation and survival.
Scene Reconstruction and Visualization From Community Photo Collections Recent progress is described in digitizing and visualizing the world from data captured by people taking photos and uploading them to the web. (2010)

There are billions of photographs on the Internet, representing an extremely large, rich, and nearly comprehensive visual record of virtually every famous place on Earth. Unfortu- nately, these massive community photo collections are almost completely unstructured, making it very difficult to use them for applicationssuchasthevirtualexplorationofourworld.Overthe past several years, advances in computer vision have made it possible to automatically reconstruct 3-D geometryVincluding camera positions and scene modelsVfrom these large, diverse photo collections. Once the geometry is known, we can recover higher level information from the spatial distribution of photos, such as the most common viewpoints and paths through the scene. This paper reviews recent progress on these challenging computer vision problems, and describes how we can use the recovered structure to turn community photo collections into immersive, interactive 3-D experiences.
Design optimization of micro air launch vehicle using differential evolution (2012)

"In this paper, we have used the differential evolution to optimize the design of a Micro Air Launch Vehicle and its launch trajectory. Since trajectory design of a launch vehicle requires prior knowledge of the masses and propulsion performance parameters of the Micro Air Launch Vehicle, whereas the vehicle design requires prior knowledge of the required velocity (ΔV) to insert the required payload into the target orbit, a two-step optimization cycle was adopted. A Micro Air Launch Vehicle was designed to launch a 20-kg payload into a 400-km circular polar orbit. The preliminary design of the Micro Air Launch Vehicle was conducted given the required (ΔV), which was obtained from trajectory optimization, and then applied in mission analysis to obtain the initial masses. These initial masses were used in the vehicle design to get the performance and geometry parameters. The objective function of the Micro Air Launch Vehicle design optimization is to minimize the initial mass under specified constraints on the insertion orbit. The objective of trajectory optimization is to maximize the payload mass under constraints on orbit specifications and design variables. For the 20-kg payload mass, the optimal initial mass is 1267.8 kg and optimal payload is 20.6 kg, which slightly exceeds the mission requirements."
Synthesis of 1-<i>N</i>-[(<i>S</i>)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl]-3′-deoxyribostamycin (3′-Deoxybutirosin B) (1976)

Abstract 3′-Deoxybutirosin B (13) was prepared from ribostamycin by way of the following reaction sequences: 1) selective 3′-O-arylsulfonylation, 3′-iodination, and 3′-deoxygenation; 2) 1,6-cyclic carbamate formation,selective hydrolysis of the carbamate and acylation of the free 1-NH2 group with an active ester of (S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyric acid. The structure of 13 was confirmed by comparison of its Δ[M]TACu value with those of butirosin B and 4′-deoxybutirosin B.
Novel, Highly Potent Aldose Reductase Inhibitors:  (<i>R</i>)-(−)-2-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyrazine- 4-spiro-3‘-pyrrolidine-1,2‘,3,5‘-tetrone (AS-3201) and Its Congeners (1998)

A series of novel tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) on the basis of their abilities to inhibit porcine lens aldose reductase (AR) in vitro and to inhibit sorbitol accumulation in the sciatic nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in vivo. Of these compounds, spirosuccinimide-fused tetrahydropyrrolo[1, 2-a]pyrazine-1,3-dione derivatives showed significantly potent AR inhibitory activity. In the in vivo activity of these derivatives, 2-(4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1, 2-a]pyrazine-4-spiro-3'-pyrrolidine-1,2',3,5'-tetrone (23t) (SX-3030) showed the best oral activity. The enantiomers of 23t were synthesized, and the biological activities were evaluated. It was found that AR inhibitory activity resides in the (-)-enantiomer 43 (AS-3201), which was 10 times more potent in inhibition of the AR (IC50 = 1.5 x 10(-8) M) and 500 times more potent in the in vivo activity (ED50 = 0.18 mg/kg/day for 5 days) than the corresponding (+)-enantiomer 44 (SX-3202). From these results, AS-3201 was selected as the candidate for clinical development. The absolute configuration of AS-3201 was also established to be (R)-form by single-crystal X-ray analysis. In this article we report the preparation and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of tetrahydropyrrolopyrazine derivatives including a novel ARI, AS-3201.
Adaptive Coded Modulation for IM/DD Free-Space Optical Backhauling: A Probabilistic Shaping Approach (2020)

In this paper, we propose a practical adaptive coding modulation scheme to approach the capacity of free-space optical (FSO) channels with intensity modulation/direct detection based on probabilistic shaping. The encoder efficiently adapts the transmission rate to the signal-to-noise ratio, accounting for the fading induced by the atmospheric turbulence. The transponder can support an arbitrarily large number of transmission modes using a low complexity channel encoder with a small set of supported rates. Hence, it can provide a solution for FSO backhauling in terrestrial and satellite communication systems to achieve higher spectral efficiency. We propose two algorithms to determine the capacity and capacity-achieving distribution of the scheme with unipolar M-ary pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM) signaling. Then, the signal constellation is probabilistically shaped according to the optimal distribution, and the shaped signal is channel encoded by an efficient binary forward error correction scheme. Extensive numerical results and simulations are provided to evaluate the performance. The proposed scheme yields a rate close to the tightest lower bound on the capacity of FSO channels. For instance, the coded modulator operates within 0.2 dB from the M-PAM capacity, and it outperforms uniform signaling with more than 1.7 dB, at a transmission rate of 3 bits per channel use.
[Construction and expression of single-chain antibody of neutralizing monoclonal antibody 13D8 against hepatitis E virus]. (2004)

The scFv constructed from V(H) and V(L) genes of mAb 13D8 with immunological activity was successfully expressed.
Semiconductor-grafted integrated optics (1990)

Epitaxial lift-off can be effectively used to transfer thin-film semiconductor layers from their parent substrate to foreign substrates that are not necessarily made of semiconductor material. 1 The transferred films are bonded, without glue, to the target substrate by van der Waals forces. The potential of this technique is greatly enhanced by grafting semiconductor layers directly onto substrates with optical waveguide circuits and, additionally, by establishing optical interaction between the two.
Blind bandwidth extension using K-means and Support Vector Regression (2017)

In this paper, a blind bandwidth extension algorithm for music signals has been proposed. This method applies the K-means algorithm to firstly cluster audio data in the feature space, and constructs multiple envelope predictors for each cluster accordingly using Support Vector Regression (SVR). A set of well-established audio features for Music Information Retrieval (MIR) has been used to characterize the audio content. The resulting system is applied to a variety of music signals without any side information provided. The subjective listening test results show that this method can improve the perceptual quality successfully, but the minor artifacts still leave room for future improvements.
Solid-solution copper alloys with high strength and high electrical conductivity (2013)

Solid-solution copper alloys are standard and widely used conductive materials. However, it is generally considered difficult to significantly improve the balance between the strength and electrical conductivity of these alloys. Here, we designed copper alloys that exhibit high strength and conductivity by using solid-solution hardening enhanced by supersaturation with Mg. Cu–Mg alloy has a conductivity at least three times higher than that of the representative solid-solution Cu–Sn, while retaining comparable strength. Cu–Al–Mg alloy showed greater strength and conductivity than Cu–Sn.