gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque Elasticity Reconstruction Based on a Segmentation-Driven Optimization Procedure Using Strain Measurements: Theoretical Framework (2009)

It is now recognized that prediction of the vulnerable coronary plaque rupture requires not only an accurate quantification of fibrous cap thickness and necrotic core morphology but also a precise knowledge of the mechanical properties of plaque components. Indeed, such knowledge would allow a precise evaluation of the peak cap-stress amplitude, which is known to be a good biomechanical predictor of plaque rupture. Several studies have been performed to reconstruct a Young's modulus map from strain elastograms. It seems that the main issue for improving such methods does not rely on the optimization algorithm itself, but rather on preconditioning requiring the best estimation of the plaque components' contours. The present theoretical study was therefore designed to develop: 1) a preconditioning model to extract the plaque morphology in order to initiate the optimization process, and 2) an approach combining a dynamic segmentation method with an optimization procedure to highlight the modulogram of the atherosclerotic plaque. This methodology, based on the continuum mechanics theory prescribing the strain field, was successfully applied to seven intravascular ultrasound coronary lesion morphologies. The reconstructed cap thickness, necrotic core area, calcium area, and the Young's moduli of the calcium, necrotic core, and fibrosis were obtained with mean relative errors of 12%, 4% and 1%, 43%, 32%, and 2%, respectively.
The Construction of a Diamond Detector for Ionising Radiation (1983)

Previously, diamond detectors used to be made in small quantities from selected natural diamonds; currently they are made from pure synthetic diamonds. At a few volts bias, the current is about 10-7 A when the diamond is irradiated with ß, ? or X rays having energies and dose rates used for radiotherapy in case of teletherapy. A diamond with linear dimensions of 0.8 mm and two opposite faces of granite is glued to the inside of an aluminium cap of 2 mm diameter and 0.1 mm wall thickness. An aluminium bar is glued to the other graphite face and fixed inside the cap. The cap and bar are connected to electrical leads, so that heavy metals are at some distance from the radiosensitive element. The response of 60Co shows rotational symmetry when the detector is irradiated perpendicularly to its axis. The effective measurement point lies nearly on the axis. The radiosensitivity of diamond is independent of the photon energy at effective values between 0.2 and 4 MeV and decreases gradually below 0.2 MeV. Because of their small size, diamond detectors prove very useful for accurate measurement of steep dose gradients. They are therefore applied in electron beams and in the penumbra and build-up regions of megavolt photon beams. The construction and electrical specifications of the detector also allow for dosimetry in vivo. As an example, the detectors are applied for rectal dosimetry.
Tunable 100 Gb/s photonic integrated circuit transmitter and receiver (2008)

We demonstrate 100-Gbps tunable transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with minimal performance penalties over a 150 GHz tuning range.
Sequence-Specific, Self-Reporting Hairpin Inversion Probes (2005)

Sequence-specific probes for detecting target nucleic acids are the cornerstone of the genomics revolution (e.g., microarrays) and of molecular diagnostics. Molecular beacons are self-reporting, nucleic acid probes whose structure includes complementary terminal arm sequences and a loop that is complementary to a target sequence; fluorescence detection is by changes in proximity of fluorophore and quencher pairs attached on opposite arms. However, molecular beacon design is not as simple as attaching arbitrary arm sequences onto previously designed linear probes. The stem arms can also interact with flanking target sequences, changing the hybridization specificity; constantly adapting the arms to avoid such interactions, if not desired, increases design complexity. Herein, I report the use of inversion linkages in probe backbones leading to stem arms of sequence polarity opposite to that of the target-binding region, thereby eliminating potential hybridization of the arms with the target. Using two microbial sequence categories, thermal denaturation and target titration analyses demonstrate that these new hairpin inversion probes retain closed-state stability comparable to that of molecular beacons, contain easily designed arm sequences that do not interact with targets, and, therefore, can be used universally with optimized linear probe sequences.
Anionic Polymerization of Lactams: Some Industrial Applications (1998)

Anionic ring opening polymerization of lactams to generate polyamides has been studied quite extensively both in academia and in industry. Caprolactam is by far the most studied lactam and the nylon 6 prepared by this route compares favorably in properties with that prepared by conventional hydrolytic polymerization. Fast reaction kinetics, absence of byproducts, and the crystalline nature of the nylon so produced makes anionic polymerization a compelling choice for several industrial applications. This paper will review a few such industrial applications as in reactive extrusion, reactive thermoplastic pultrusion, and reaction injection molding.
A new multi-path selection scheme for video streaming on overlay networks (2004)

This paper presents a new multi-path selection scheme for video streaming on overlay networks. Our scheme uses an overlay network architecture that makes minimal assumptions about the knowledge of the underlying network. We first propose a new QoS metric link correlation and a path correlation model for multi-path selection problem. After discussing the tractability of minimal correlation multi-path selection problem, we present an efficient algorithm called correlation cost routing to select multi-path in overlay networks. The simulation results show that the average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the transmitted multiple descriptions coding (MDC) video using our multi-path selection algorithm improves by up to 3.2 dB over maximally link-disjoint multi-path selection method. Furthermore our new algorithm is more efficient than previous methods since it shares the same complexity with Dijsktra algorithm.
Three-dimensional fiber probe based on orthogonal micro focal-length collimation for the measurement of micro parts (2015)

A 3-dimensional fiber probe based on orthogonal micro focal-length collimation (MFL-collimation) is proposed for the measurement of micro parts with high aspect ratios. The probe consists of a fiber stylus which acts as a micro focal-length cylindrical lens (MFLC-lens) of the two orthogonal MFL-collimation optical paths and a probe tip fixed on the free end of the fiber stylus for touching the workpiece. The fiber stylus will deflect (deflection mode) or buckle (buckling mode) under contacts, and the deflection or buckling of the fiber stylus will cause corresponding shifts of the fringe images of the two orthogonal MFL-collimation optical paths. Therefore, the 3-dimensional displacements of the probe tip are transformed into the centroid position shifts of the zero-order fringe images. Experimental results indicate that the fiber probe has a measuring capability in 3-dimensional tactility, and a radial and axial resolution of 5 nm and 3 nm can be obtained respectively. The probe is easily applied in the measurement of micro parts because of its high resolution, low cost, high measurable aspect ratio, low probing forces and capability in three-dimensional tactility.
Link-optimal space-time processing with multiple transmit and receive antennas (2001)

Previous information theory results have demonstrated the enormous capacity potential of wireless communication systems with multiple transmit and receive antennas. To exploit this potential, a number of space-time architectures have been proposed which transmit parallel data streams, simultaneously and on the same frequency, in a multiple-input multiple-output fashion. With sufficient multipath propagation, these different streams can be separated at the receiver. Mostly, these space-time schemes have been studied only in the presence of spatially white noise. We present an architecture that is optimal, in the sense of maximum link spectral efficiency, in the presence of spatially colored interference. We evaluate this new architecture and compare it, under various propagation conditions, to other adaptive-antenna techniques with equal number of antennas.
Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of novel 3-alkyl-1-[.omega.-[4-[(alkylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl]-.omega.-hydroxyalkyl]-1H-imidazolium salts and related compounds (1987)

Novel 3-alkyl-1-[omega-[4-[(alkylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl]-omega-hydroxyalkyl]-1H -imidazolium salts were synthesized and investigated for their class III electrophysiological activity on isolated canine cardiac Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle tissue. Structure-activity relationships are discussed for a series of 25 compounds. Compound 3, 1-[2-hydroxy-2-[4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl]ethyl]-3-methyl-1H- imidazolium chloride, prolonged the functional refractory period in anesthetized dogs when given intraduodenally and was also effective in preventing reentrant ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed electrical stimulation when administered intravenously in anesthetized dogs 24 h after an acute myocardial infarction. Both enantiomers of 3 were synthesized. No enantioselectivity was found in the electrophysiological effects of 3.
On mechanisms of interaction in electrosurgery (2008)

Electrosurgery is broadly used in a wide variety of surgical procedures, yet its underlying mechanisms of interaction are poorly characterized. Fundamentals of electrosurgery have not changed much since the 1930s—cutting is still performed using continuous RF waveforms, leaving a collateral damage zone of hundreds of micrometers in depth. Pulsed waveforms with variable duty cycle are used mostly for tissue coagulation. Recently, we have demonstrated that electrosurgery with microsecond bursts applied via microelectrodes can provide cellular precision in soft tissue dissection. This paper examines dynamics of pulsed electrical discharges in conductive medium, and accompanying phenomena, such as vaporization, cavitation and ionization. It is demonstrated that ionization of the vapor cavity around the electrode is essential for energy delivery beyond the vaporization threshold. It is also shown that the ionization threshold voltage and resistance of the plasma-mediated discharge are much lower in the negative phase of the discharge than in the positive one. Capacitive coupling of the ac waveform to the electrode compensates for this asymmetry by shifting the medium voltage on the electrode, thus increasing the positive and decreasing the negative amplitudes to achieve charge balance in the opposite phases. With planar insulated electrodes having exposed edges of 12.5 μm in width and bursts of 40 μs in duration even tough biological tissues can be dissected with cellular precision. For example, cartilage dissection is achieved with pulse energy of 2.2 mJ per millimeter of length of the blade, and leaves a thermal damage zone of only 5–20 μm in width.
Supportless Pt and PtPd Nanotubes as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen‐Reduction Reactions (2007)

Staying power: A new class of cathode catalysts based on supportless Pt (see picture, left) and PtPd nanotubes (NTs) is introduced. These materials have remarkable durability (right; CV=cyclic voltammetry, ECSA=electrochemical surface area) and high catalytic activity. They have the potential to circumvent most of the degradation pathways of current Pt/C and Pt-black catalysts. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z700894_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Atomistic mechanism of perfect alignment of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond (2014)

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have attracted a great deal of attention because of their possible use in information processing and electromagnetic sensing technologies. We examined the atomistic generation mechanism for the NV defect aligned in the [111] direction of C(111) substrates. We found that N is incorporated in the C bilayers during the lateral growth arising from a sequence of kink propagation along the step edge down to [1¯1¯2]. As a result, the atomic configuration with the N-atom lone-pair pointing in the [111] direction is formed, which causes preferential alignment of NVs. Our model is consistent with recent experimental data for perfect NV alignment in C(111) substrates.
Distinctive features for use in an automatic speech recognition system (2001)

In this paper we develop a method of representing the speech waveform in terms of a set of abstract, linguistic distinctions in order to derive a set of discriminative features for use in a speech recognizer. By combining the distinctive feature representation with our original waveform representation we are able to achieve a reduction in word error rate of 33% on an automatic speech recognition task.
Rational interleukin 2 therapy for HIV positive individuals: daily low doses enhance immune function without toxicity. (1996)

When administered in high doses to HIV positive (HIV+) individuals, interleukin 2 (IL-2) causes extreme toxicity and markedly increases plasma HIV levels. Integration of the information from the structure-activity relationships of the IL-2 receptor interaction, the cellular distribution of the different classes of IL-2 receptors, and the pharmacokinetics of IL-2 provides for the rationale that low IL-2 doses should circumvent toxicity. Therefore, to identify a nontoxic, but effective and safe IL-2 treatment regimen that does not stimulate viral replication, doses of IL-2 from 62,500 to 250,000 IU/m2/day were administered subcutaneously for 6 months to 16 HIV+ individuals with 200-500 CD4+ T cells/mm3. IL-2 was already detectable in the plasma of most HIV+ individuals even before therapy. Peak plasma IL-2 levels were near saturating for high affinity IL-2 receptors in 10 individuals who received the maximum nontoxic dose, which ranged from 187,500 to 250,000 IU/m2/day. During the 6 months of treatment at this dose range, plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines remained undetectable, and plasma HIV RNA levels did not change significantly. However, delayed type hypersensitivity responses to common recall antigens were markedly augmented, and there were IL-2 dose-dependent increases in circulating Natural Killer cells, eosinophils, monocytes, and CD4+ T cells. Expanded clinical trials of low dose IL-2 are now warranted, especially in combination with effective antivirals to test for the prevention of immunodeficiency and the emergence of drug-resistant mutants and for the eradication of residual virions.
PARP9 and PARP14 cross-regulate macrophage activation via STAT1 ADP-ribosylation (2016)

Despite the global impact of macrophage activation in vascular disease, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here we show, with global proteomic analysis of macrophage cell lines treated with either IFNγ or IL-4, that PARP9 and PARP14 regulate macrophage activation. In primary macrophages, PARP9 and PARP14 have opposing roles in macrophage activation. PARP14 silencing induces pro-inflammatory genes and STAT1 phosphorylation in M(IFNγ) cells, whereas it suppresses anti-inflammatory gene expression and STAT6 phosphorylation in M(IL-4) cells. PARP9 silencing suppresses pro-inflammatory genes and STAT1 phosphorylation in M(IFNγ) cells. PARP14 induces ADP-ribosylation of STAT1, which is suppressed by PARP9. Mutations at these ADP-ribosylation sites lead to increased phosphorylation. Network analysis links PARP9-PARP14 with human coronary artery disease. PARP14 deficiency in haematopoietic cells accelerates the development and inflammatory burden of acute and chronic arterial lesions in mice. These findings suggest that PARP9 and PARP14 cross-regulate macrophage activation.
The Choice of Resin-Bound Ligand Affects the Structure and Immunogenicity of Column-Purified Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Virus-Like Particles (2012)

Cell growth conditions and purification methods are important in determining biopharmaceutical activity. However, in studies aimed at manufacturing virus-like particles (VLPs) for the purpose of creating a prophylactic vaccine and antigen for human papillomavirus (HPV), the effects of the presence of a resin-bound ligand during purification have never been investigated. In this study, we compared the structural integrity and immunogenicity of two kinds of VLPs derived from HPV type 16 (HPV16 VLPs): one VLP was purified by heparin chromatography (hHPV16 VLP) and the other by cation-exchange chromatography (cHPV16 VLP). The reactivity of anti-HPV16 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (H16.V5 and H16.E70) towards hHPV16 VLP were significantly higher than the observed cHPV16 VLP reactivities, implying that hHPV16 VLP possesses a greater number of neutralizing epitopes and has a greater potential to elicit anti-HPV16 neutralizing antibodies. After the application of heparin chromatography, HPV16 VLP has a higher affinity for H16.V5 and H16.E70. This result indicates that heparin chromatography is valuable in selecting functional HPV16 VLPs. In regard to VLP immunogenicity, the anti-HPV16 L1 IgG and neutralizing antibody levels elicited by immunizations of mice with hHPV16 VLPs were higher than those elicited by cHPV16 VLP with and without adjuvant. Therefore, the ability of hHPV16 VLP to elicit humoral immune responses was superior to that of cHPV16 VLP. We conclude that the specific chromatographic technique employed for the purification of HPV16 VLPs is an important factor in determining the structural characteristics and immunogenicity of column-purified VLPs.
Human phenylethanolamine <i>N</i>‐methyltransferase pharmacogenomics: gene re‐sequencing and functional genomics (2005)

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT, EC2.1.1.28) catalyzes the N-methylation of norepinephrine to form epinephrine. As a step toward understanding the possible contribution of inheritance to individual variation in PNMT-catalyzed epinephrine formation, we 're-sequenced' the entire human PNMT gene, including the three exons, the introns and approximately 1 kb of the 5'-flanking region (5'-FR), using DNA samples from 60 African-American (AA) and 60 Caucasian-American (CA) subjects. Within the 3.5 kb re-sequenced, 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed, including four non-synonymous coding SNPs (cSNPs) that resulted in the following alterations in encoded amino acid sequence: Asn9Ser, Thr98Ala, Arg112Cys and Ala175Thr. When constructs for the non-synonymous cSNPs were transiently expressed in COS-1 cells, the Ala98 allozyme displayed significantly lower levels of both activity and immunoreactive protein (p < 0.002) than did the wild-type (WT) enzyme due, at least in part, to accelerated protein degradation by a proteasome-mediated process. Luciferase reporter gene constructs were also created for the six common PNMT 5'-FR haplotypes observed. Significant differences were observed among haplotypes in their ability to drive transcription. These observations raise the possibility of inherited variation in the ability to form epinephrine from norepinephrine as a result of variant PNMT polymorphisms and haplotypes.
Computationally efficient mismatched filter design for pulse compression codes (2007)

In this dissertation, computationally efficient mismatched filters are proposed to achieve sidelobe suppression in pulse compression codes. Length-optimal mismatched filters, that achieve the best possible peak sidelobe suppression or lowest integrated sidelobe levels for a given filter length, have been proposed in the literature. Since all the coefficients in these filters are optimized, a filter of length N, in general, requires N multipliers and N - 1 adders for its implementation. In this work, we propose two different types of mismatched filters that use significantly fewer multipliers and adders than the length-optimal filters for similar levels of sidelobe suppression. This is achieved at the cost of an increased latency compared to the length-optimal filters. As shown in this work, the proposed filters are particularly suitable for pulse compression codes that exhibit some regularity in the structure of their sidelobes. Results are presented for Barker codes and Huffman sequences and extended for compound Barker codes.
Minimizing the wireless cost of tracking mobile users: an adaptive threshold scheme (2002)

Mobile user tracking is a major issue in wireless networks. Previous studies and traditional approaches dealt only with tracking algorithms which adapt themselves to the user activity. We propose a novel approach for user tracking, in which the tracking activity is adapted to both user and system activity. The basic idea is to make the user location update rate dependent not only on the user activity (such as the call profile and mobility pattern); rather, it is made dependent also on the signaling load, which reflects the actual cost of the update operation. Thus, in low signaling load locations, the users are to transmit location update messages more frequently. To carry out this approach we propose an adaptive threshold scheme (ATS). The network determines for each cell a registration threshold level (which depends on the cell load) and announces it, as a broadcast message, to the users. A user computes its own registration priority and then transmits a registration message only if its priority exceeds the announced threshold level. Thus, whenever the local load on the cell is low, the users are requested to update their locations more often, while in loaded cells the registration activity is minimised. Our analysis shows that the adaptive threshold scheme reduces the paging cost, in comparison with other dynamic methods, without increasing the wireless cost of registration.
HyperSTAR: Task-Aware Hyperparameters for Deep Networks (2020)

While deep neural networks excel in solving visual recognition tasks, they require significant effort to find hyperparameters that make them work optimally. Hyperparameter Optimization (HPO) approaches have automated the process of finding good hyperparameters but they do not adapt to a given task (task-agnostic), making them computationally inefficient. To reduce HPO time, we present HyperSTAR (System for Task Aware Hyperparameter Recommendation), a task-aware method to warm-start HPO for deep neural networks. HyperSTAR ranks and recommends hyperparameters by predicting their performance conditioned on a joint dataset-hyperparameter space. It learns a dataset (task) representation along with the performance predictor directly from raw images in an end-to-end fashion. The recommendations, when integrated with an existing HPO method, make it task-aware and significantly reduce the time to achieve optimal performance. We conduct extensive experiments on 10 publicly available large-scale image classification datasets over two different network architectures, validating that HyperSTAR evaluates 50% less configurations to achieve the best performance compared to existing methods. We further demonstrate that HyperSTAR makes Hyperband (HB) task-aware, achieving the optimal accuracy in just 25% of the budget required by both vanilla HB and Bayesian Optimized HB (BOHB).