gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aerosol Delivery through Nasal Cannulas: An <i>In Vitro</i> Study (2008)

In most circumstances, a nasal route for the delivery of pulmonary aerosol medications is rarely considered; however, in specific instances, this route may be quite useful. Consider, for example, the delivery of aerosol treatments during humidified high-flow nasal cannula use in pediatric critical care, or continuous aerosol delivery via cannula for medications with short durations of action. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential for delivering aerosols via nasal cannula through in vitro studies of aerosol output and size. The system utilized for testing included an Aerogen Solo nebulizer downstream of a heater/humidifier system, followed by a nasal cannula and an aerosol collection apparatus. Adult, pediatric, and infant cannulas were tested with and without an inhalation-only breathing simulator. The cannulas were driven by 3 lpm (50 psig) oxygen flows. Dose quantification was performed using radioisotope techniques. Total cannula output and system losses were measured. Aerosol size measurements were made from the nebulizer, from the heating tube, and from the prongs of the adult and pediatric cannulas, using laser-diffraction techniques. Total cannula output ranged from 8.4-25.1% and 18.6-26.9% of loaded dose, without and with the addition of inhalation flows. Volume median diameters were 2.2 +/- 0.2 microm from the adult cannula and 1.9 +/- 0.3 microm from the pediatric cannula. Ninety percent of the aerosol volume was in sizes smaller than 4.2 +/- 0.4 microm (adult) and 3.8 +/- 0.5 microm (pediatric). System losses were highest in the nebulizer-humidifier connectors, heated tube, and humidifier. Losses in the nebulizer were very low (2.2-3.5%). This study demonstrates that aerosols can be efficiently delivered through a humidified high-flow nasal cannula system. Further study is required to determine if this route is viable for pulmonary delivery.
pH-Controlled Assembly and Disassembly of Electrostatically Linked CdSe−SiO<sub>2</sub> and Au−SiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticle Clusters (2003)

The effect of pH on the self-assembly and disassembly of nanoparticle aggregates (clusters) of amine modified silica spheres (50 nm) and carboxylic acid modified gold (7 nm) or cadmium selenide (6 nm) spheres was investigated using electron microscopy and infrared and electronic spectroscopy. 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) ligated cadmium selenide nanoparticles were synthesized by ligand exchange on 6 nm trioctylphosphine oxide ligated CdSe nanoparticles in basic methanol solution at room temperature. Reaction of CdSe(MBA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) ligated gold nanoparticles with tetramethylammonium hydroxide in methanol or THF produced CdSe(MBA)-[N(CH3)4+] and Au(MUA)-[N(CH3)4+] as black solids. On the basis of signal integration in the 1H NMR spectra, organic groups occupy areas of 0.44 nm2 (MBA), 0.22 nm2 (MUA), and 0.69 nm2 (APS) on the nanoparticle surfaces. Combination of these modified colloids with solutions of 3-aminopropylsiloxane ligated colloidal silica in aqueous solution at various pHs yielded core−shell type clusters in which the smaller gold or cadmium selenide spheres are bound to the surfaces of the larger silicate spheres. In the pH interval from 6.8 to 11.1, the Au/CdSe nanocrystal content of the clusters was found to be inversely related to the pH. The addition of a 50 mM Na3PO4/H3PO4 buffer solution attenuated the pH dependence of composition in the case of the SiO2@Au clusters, due to screening of the surface potential of the charged particles by ions of opposite charge. Whereas in neutral water the nanoparticle clusters are inert toward rearrangement and decomposition, at pH > 13, rapid disassembly of the clusters occurs as a consequence of deprotonation of the primary ammonium groups. The stability of the clusters is accurately described with a semiquantitative electrostatic binding model, in which the bond strength between nanoparticles is determined by their surface charge concentrations. These surface charge concentrations are calculated from the Henderson−Hasselbach equation using estimated and measured pKa values for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4.79), 3-aminopropylsilane (9.27), and MUA (5.7) monolayers.
Coherent multicarrier technology for implementation in the customer access (1993)

The use of coherent multicarrier (CMC) techniques in the integrated broadband communication network (IBCN) is proposed. Technology, implementation strategies, system engineering, system application areas, and evolution aspects are considered. The use of CMC systems for distributive and interactive services is discussed, and related CMC transmission and switching issues are considered. Details on the realization of a CMC demonstrator for a customer access and plans for implementation of the engineered equipment in field trials are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
On the use of torque-biasing devices for vehicle stability control (2006)

This paper focuses on the concept of utilizing torque-biasing systems on a four-wheel drive vehicle for improving vehicle stability and handling performance. In contrast to brake-based yaw stability control systems, torque biasing has the potential to provide yaw stability control without slowing down the longitudinal response of the vehicle. An inexpensive system configuration is considered in which the driveline is based on a front-wheel-drive system with on-demand transfer of torque to the rear. The torque biasing components of the system are an electronically controlled center coupler and a rear electronically controlled limited slip differential. A hierarchical control architecture is presented in which an upper controller determines desired yaw moment for achieving yaw rate and slip angle control. The lower controller attempts to achieve the desired yaw moment using torque biasing. Theoretical analysis shows that transfer of longitudinal tire forces can effectively be used to achieve any desired yaw moment for the vehicle. However, the use of torque biasing cannot always achieve the desired transfer of longitudinal tire forces. Simulations show that the proposed control system can always effectively provide under-steering yaw moments but can provide over-steering torque moments only during on-throttle maneuvers. The experimental data show a significant stability improvement for a low-friction slalom maneuver. The results presented in the paper shed important light on the possibilities and limitations of using torque biasing for vehicle yaw stability control.
Micro-Transfer-Printing of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Capped Short-Wave-Infrared PbS Quantum Dot Photoconductors (2018)

Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted considerable attention in the development of various optoelectronic applications. The scalable heterogeneous integration of high quality, yet stable QD films is required for low-cost devices based on these materials. Here, we demonstrate the transfer printing of microscale patterns of Al2O3-capped PbS QD films to realize large-scale integrated photodetector arrays with a first excitonic absorption peak at 2.1 μm wavelength. The process provides a facile approach to selectively pick-and-print QD assemblies on device structures with high precision. Transfer-printed photoconductor devices were realized and characterized at low bias voltage and optical power. Under 10 nW surface normal illumination at 2.1 μm wavelength, the responsivity of our devices obtained at 1 V bias reached a maximum value of 25 A/W and 85 A/W for PbS QD films of 88 and 140 nm thick, respectively. Our approach suggests new routes toward scalable and cost-effective integration of multiple high-quality QD stacks on electronic and optoelectronic circuits.
Long noncoding RNA <i>Chast</i> promotes cardiac remodeling (2016)

Recent studies highlighted long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to play an important role in cardiac development. However, understanding of lncRNAs in cardiac diseases is still limited. Global lncRNA expression profiling indicated that several lncRNA transcripts are deregulated during pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Using stringent selection criteria, we identified Chast (cardiac hypertrophy-associated transcript) as a potential lncRNA candidate that influences cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Cell fractionation experiments indicated that Chast is specifically up-regulated in cardiomyocytes in vivo in transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-operated mice. In accordance, CHAST homolog in humans was significantly up-regulated in hypertrophic heart tissue from aortic stenosis patients and in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes upon hypertrophic stimuli. Viral-based overexpression of Chast was sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. GapmeR-mediated silencing of Chast both prevented and attenuated TAC-induced pathological cardiac remodeling with no early signs on toxicological side effects. Mechanistically, Chast negatively regulated Pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein family M member 1 (opposite strand of Chast), impeding cardiomyocyte autophagy and driving hypertrophy. These results indicate that Chast can be a potential target to prevent cardiac remodeling and highlight a general role of lncRNAs in heart diseases.
The severity of osteogenesis imperfecta: A comparison to the relative free energy differences of collagen model peptides (2010)

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to calculate free energy differences between the folded and unfolded states of wild type and mutant collagen model peptides. The calculated stability of the collagen models was compared with the severity of osteogenesis imperfecta. Free energy differences of Gly → Xaa (Xaa: Ser, Cys, Glu, and Asp) mutations between the wild type and the mutants at position 15 of the model peptide were 3.8, 4.2, 5.6, and 8.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The corresponding free energy differences of a second Gly mutation at the same position in different chains were, on average, 1.3, 1.5, 2.9, and 5.4 kcal/mol, respectively. Free energy simulations were also performed to estimate the relative stability between an oxidized form and a reduced form of the mutants containing two Cys residues, which indicated that the mutant of the collagen-like peptide containing an intramolecular disulfide bond was more stable than the mutant containing one Cys residue but less stable than the wild type. The calculated free energy differences between an oxidized and a reduced form of the mutants containing two Cys residues are 0.8 and 2.6 kcal/mol for the disulfide bonds between Chains A and B and between Chains A and C, respectively.
Achieving Rigorous Accelerated Conformational Sampling in Explicit Solvent (2014)

Molecular dynamics simulations can provide valuable atomistic insights into biomolecular function. However, the accuracy of molecular simulations on general-purpose computers depends on the time scale of the events of interest. Advanced simulation methods, such as accelerated molecular dynamics, have shown tremendous promise in sampling the conformational dynamics of biomolecules, where standard molecular dynamics simulations are nonergodic. Here we present a sampling method based on accelerated molecular dynamics in which rotatable dihedral angles and nonbonded interactions are boosted separately. This method (RaMD-db) is a different implementation of the dual-boost accelerated molecular dynamics, introduced earlier. The advantage is that this method speeds up sampling of the conformational space of biomolecules in explicit solvent, as the degrees of freedom most relevant for conformational transitions are accelerated. We tested RaMD-db on one of the most difficult sampling problems - protein folding. Starting from fully extended polypeptide chains, two fast folding α-helical proteins (Trpcage and the double mutant of C-terminal fragment of Villin headpiece) and a designed β-hairpin (Chignolin) were completely folded to their native structures in very short simulation time. Multiple folding/unfolding transitions could be observed in a single trajectory. Our results show that RaMD-db is a promisingly fast and efficient sampling method for conformational transitions in explicit solvent. RaMD-db thus opens new avenues for understanding biomolecular self-assembly and functional dynamics occurring on long time and length scales.
High Cooperativity, Specificity, and Multiplicity in the Protein Kinase C-Lipid Interaction (1989)

The number of phosphatidylserine molecules involved in activating protein kinase C was determined in a mixed micelle system where one monomer of protein kinase C binds to one detergent:lipid micelle of fixed composition. Unusually high cooperativity, specificity, and multiplicity in the protein kinase C-phospholipid interaction are demonstrated by examining the lipid dependence of enzymatic activity. The rates of autophosphorylation and substrate (histone) phosphorylation are specifically regulated by the phosphatidylserine content of the micelles. Hill coefficients of 8-11 were calculated for phosphatidylserine-dependent stimulation of enzyme activity, with a maximum occurring in micelles containing greater than or equal to 12 phosphatidylserine molecules. The high specificity that exists is illustrated by the fact that phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, but not phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidic acid, can replace only some of the phosphatidylserine molecules. We propose that Ca2+ and acidic phospholipids cause the protein to undergo a conformation change revealing multiple phosphatidylserine binding sites and resulting in the highly cooperative and specific interaction of protein kinase C with phosphatidylserine. Consistent with this, the proteolytic sensitivity of protein kinase C increases approximately 10-fold in the presence of phosphatidylserine and Ca2+ compared to Ca2+ alone. The high degree of cooperativity and specificity may provide a sensitive method for the physiological regulation of protein kinase C by phospholipid.
Benzoanellated centropolyquinanes, 12<sup>[1]</sup><i>trifuso</i>‐centrotetraindan – two syntheses of a new centropolyindan (1992)

Abstract Two independent syntheses of the new centrotetraindan 2 , a “ trifuso”, C s ‐symmetrical isomer of fenestrindan 1 , are described. The first approach is based on the “ endo ”‐phenyldiindanone 7 , which is converted into 2 by benzylation to ketone 8 and subsequent cyclodehydration with polyphoshoric acid. The second, more efficient approach is based on the diindan‐dione 17 , which is converted into ketol 19 in two steps, which, in turn, is subjected to a three‐step cyclodehydration‐reduction‐cyclodehydration sequence via 26 and 27 to give 2 in 8% overall yield. Some limits of the cyclodehydration of diindan alcohols and ketones are demonstrated with regard to effects of steric crowding and fragmentation of the carbon skeleton. The steric hindrance of “ endo ”‐phenyl‐substituted diindans is demonstrated in the case of ketone 26 .
Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Serotonin (2015)

Serotonin (5-HT) induces concentration-dependent metabolic effects in diverse cell types, including neurons, entherochromaffin cells, adipocytes, pancreatic beta-cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, and leukocytes. Three classes of genes regulating 5-HT function are constitutively expressed or induced in these cells: (a) membrane proteins that regulate the response to 5-HT, such as SERT, 5HTR-GPCR, and the 5HT3-ion channels; (b) downstream signaling transduction proteins; and (c) enzymes controlling 5-HT metabolism, such as IDO and MAO, which can generate biologically active catabolites, including melatonin, kynurenines, and kynurenamines. This review covers the clinical and experimental mechanisms involved in 5-HT-induced immunomodulation. These mechanisms are cell-specific and depend on the expression of serotonergic components in immune cells. Consequently, 5-HT can modulate several immunological events, such as chemotaxis, leukocyte activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion, anergy, and apoptosis. The effects of 5-HT on immune cells may be relevant in the clinical outcome of pathologies with an inflammatory component. Major depression, fibromyalgia, Alzheimer disease, psoriasis, arthritis, allergies, and asthma are all associated with changes in the serotonergic system associated with leukocytes. Thus, pharmacological regulation of the serotonergic system may modulate immune function and provide therapeutic alternatives for these diseases.
Predicted bond length variation in wurtzite and zinc-blende InGaN and AlGaN alloys (1999)

Valence force field simulations utilizing large supercells are used to investigate the bond lengths in wurtzite and zinc-blende InxGa1−xN and AlxGa1−xN random alloys. We find that (i) while the first-neighbor cation–anion shell is split into two distinct values in both wurtzite and zinc-blende alloys (RGa−N1≠RIn−N1), the second-neighbor cation–anion bonds are equal (RGa−N2=RIn−N2). (ii) The second-neighbor cation–anion bonds exhibit a crucial difference between wurtzite and zinc-blende binary structures: in wurtzite we find two bond distances which differ in length by 13% while in the zinc-blende structure there is only one bond length. This splitting is preserved in the alloy, and acts as a fingerprint, distinguishing the wurtzite from the zinc-blende structure. (iii) The small splitting of the first-neighbor cation–anion bonds in the wurtzite structure due to nonideal c/a ratio is preserved in the alloy, but is obscured by the bond length broadening. (iv) The cation–cation bond lengths exhibit three distinct values in the alloy (Ga–Ga, Ga–In, and In–In), while the anion–anion bonds are split into two values corresponding to N–Ga–N and N–In–N. (v) The cation–related splitting of the bonds and alloy broadening are considerably larger in InGaN alloy than in AlGaN alloy due to larger mismatch between the binary compounds. (vi) The calculated first-neighbor cation–anion and cation–cation bond lengths in InxGa1−xN alloy are in good agreement with the available experimental data. The remaining bond lengths are provided as predictions. In particular, the predicted splitting for the second-neighbor cation–anion bonds in the wurtzite structure awaits experimental testing.
Interactive control for physically-based animation (2000)

We propose the use of interactive, user-in-the-loop techniques for controlling physically-based animated characters. With a suitably designed interface, the continuous and discrete input actions afforded by a standard mouse and keyboard allow for the creation of a broad range of motions. We apply our techniques to interactively control planar dynamic simulations of a bounding cat, a gymnastic desk lamp, and a human character capable of walking, running, climbing, and various gymnastic behaviors. The interactive control techniques allows a performer's intuition and knowledge about motion planning to be readily exploited. Video games are the current target application of this work.
Supplement to Handbook on Injectable Drugs (1993)

Preface - Corrections to Tenth Edition - New Drug Commercial Drug Monographs - Additions to Commercial Drug Monograph Tables - Appendix - References
Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4 (2012)

Ingestion of wheat, barley, or rye triggers small intestinal inflammation in patients with celiac disease. Specifically, the storage proteins of these cereals (gluten) elicit an adaptive Th1-mediated immune response in individuals carrying HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 as major genetic predisposition. This well-defined role of adaptive immunity contrasts with an ill-defined component of innate immunity in celiac disease. We identify the α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) CM3 and 0.19, pest resistance molecules in wheat, as strong activators of innate immune responses in monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. ATIs engage the TLR4-MD2-CD14 complex and lead to up-regulation of maturation markers and elicit release of proinflammatory cytokines in cells from celiac and nonceliac patients and in celiac patients' biopsies. Mice deficient in TLR4 or TLR4 signaling are protected from intestinal and systemic immune responses upon oral challenge with ATIs. These findings define cereal ATIs as novel contributors to celiac disease. Moreover, ATIs may fuel inflammation and immune reactions in other intestinal and nonintestinal immune disorders.
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP): An Insight into Reaction Mechanism and Application in Point-of-Care Diagnostics. (2017)

Abstract not provided.
Structure-Function Analyses of Thrombomodulin by Gene-Targeting in Mice: The Cytoplasmic Domain Is Not Required for Normal Fetal Development (1999)

Thrombomodulin (TM) is a widely expressed glycoprotein receptor that plays a physiologically important role in maintaining normal hemostatic balance postnatally. Inactivation of the TM gene in mice results in embryonic lethality without thrombosis, suggesting that structures of TM not recognized to be involved in coagulation might be critical for normal fetal development. Therefore, the in vivo role of the cytoplasmic domain of TM was studied by using homologous recombination in ES cells to create mice that lack this region of TM (TMcyt/cyt). Cross-breeding of F1 TMwt/cyt mice (1 wild-type and 1 mutant allele) resulted in more than 300 healthy offspring with a normal Mendelian inheritance pattern of 25.7% TMwt/wt, 46.6% TMwt/cyt, and 27.7% TMcyt/cyt mice, indicating that the tail of TM is not necessary for normal fetal development. Phenotypic analyses showed that the TMcyt/cyt mice responded identically to their wild-type littermates after procoagulant, proinflammatory, and skin wound challenges. Plasma levels of plasminogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and alpha2-antiplasmin were unaltered, but plasmin:alpha2-antiplasmin (PAP) levels were significantly lower in TMcyt/cyt mice than in TMwt/wt mice (0.46 +/- 0.2 and 1.99 +/- 0.1 ng/mL, respectively; P <.001). Tissue levels of TM antigen were also unaffected. However, functional levels of plasma TM in the TMcyt/cyt mice, as measured by thrombin-dependent activation of protein C, were significantly increased (P <.001). This supported the hypothesis that suppression in PAP levels may be due to augmented activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), with resultant inhibition of plasmin generation. In conclusion, these studies exclude the cytoplasmic domain of TM from playing a role in the early embryonic lethality of TM-null mice and support its function in regulating plasmin generation in plasma.
On the design of adjustable fractional delay fir filters (2003)

This brief considers minimax design of adjustable fractional delay finite-impulse response (FIR) filters. We employ a filter structure that, in the paper by Vesma and Saramaki in 1997, is referred to as the modified Farrow structure which makes use of a number of linear-phase FIR subfilters. Previously, only the cases where all subfilters are of equal order have been considered. In this brief, we propose a design technique that in general produces subfilters of different orders which results in a lower overall arithmetic complexity. Design examples are included, illustrating the efficiency of the proposed design technique.