gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-channel high-pressure helium-3 scintillation neutron detector (2003)

We have developed a two-channel, high-pressure /sup 3/He gas scintillation detector that operates in coincidence mode. The detector consists of two 16-mm diameter avalanche photodiodes viewing a 7-mm gap between them and mounted inside a stainless steel shell with 1.5-mm thick input windows. The gap is filled with a /sup 3/He+0.5%Xe gas mixture pressurized at 35 bar. The detector rejects signals generated by radiation interacting directly with the photodiodes and works as a "wall-less" detector, sensitive to interactions occurring only in the gas. The detector demonstrates axial and radial position sensitivity to thermal neutrons within the gap between photodiodes. The position sensitivity is observed in good agreement with computer simulations. Applications are discussed.
Developing the VirtualwindoW into a General Purpose Telepresence Interface (1999)

An important need while using robots or remotely operated equipment is the ability for the operator or an observer to easily and accurately perceive the operating environment. A classic problem in providing a complete representation of a work area is sensory overload or excessive complexity in the human–machine interface. In addition, remote operations often benefit from depth perception capability while viewing or manipulating objects. Thus, there is an on going effort within the robotic field to develop simplified telepresence interfaces. The Department of Energy’s Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) has been researching methods to generalize a human-machine interface for telepresence applications. Initial telepresence research conducted at the INEEL developed and implemented a concept called the VirtualwindoW. This system minimized the complexity of remote stereo viewing controls and provided the operator the “feel” of viewing the environment, including depth perception, in a natural setting. The VirtualwindoW has shown that the human-machine interface can be simplified while increasing operator performance. This paper deals with the continuing research and development of the VirtualwindoW to provide a generalized, reconfigurable system that easily utilizes commercially available components. The original system has now been expanded to include support for zoom lenses, camera blocks, wireless links, and even vehicle control.
Monoclonal Antibodies (2010)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Antibody Structure 1.2. Monoclonal Antibodies 1.3. Human Antibodies 2. Monoclonal Antibodies in Research Applications 3. Human Monoclonal Antibody Technologies 3.1. Chimeric Antibodies 3.2. Humanized Antibodies (CDR Grafting) 3.3. Fully Human Antibodies 3.3.1. Human Antibody Libraries 3.3.1.1. Antibody Libraries Derived from Immunized Donors 3.3.1.2. Naïve Libraries and Semisynthetic Libraries 3.3.1.3. Fully Synthetic Human Antibody Libraries 3.3.2. Human Antibodies from Transgenic Animals 4. Therapeutic Antibodies 4.1. Historical 4.2. Nomenclature 4.3. Therapeutic Application and Molecular Targets 4.4. Antibody Varieties and Mechanisms of Action 5. Production 6. Purification 7. Outlook
Structure and characterization of the gene encoding a mouse kappa3-related opioid receptor (1996)

A genomic clone comprising the entire cDNA sequence encoding a mouse kappa3-related opioid receptor (KOR-3) was isolated by screening a mouse genomic library with a radiolabeled mouse KOR-3 cDNA probe. Sequence analysis of the genomic clone indicates that the KOR-3 gene contains five exons separated by four introns. The transcription start point (tsp) of KOR-3 was mapped by primer extension analysis of RNAs synthesized either in vivo or in vitro. A TATA-box and several potential regulatory elements, including five GRE sites, four NF-E1 binding sites and one MRE site, are present in the 2 kb of 5'-flanking region. A putative poly(A) signal (AATAAA) is found in the 3'-flanking region.
Progress in the development of critical-angle transmission gratings (2012)

Recently developed Critical-Angle Transmission (CAT) grating technology - in combination with x-ray CCD cameras and large collecting-area focusing optics - will enable a new generation of soft x-ray spectrometers with unprecedented resolving power and effective area and with at least an order of magnitude improvement in figures-of-merit for emission and absorption line detection. This technology will be essential to address a number of high-priority questions identified in the Astro2010 Decadal Survey “New Worlds New Horizons” and open the door to a new discovery space. CAT gratings combine the advantages of soft x-ray transmission gratings (low mass, relaxed figure and alignment tolerances, transparent at high energies) and blazed reflection gratings (high broad band diffraction efficiency, utilization of higher diffraction orders to increase resolving power). We report on progress in the fabrication of large-area (31× 31 mm<sup>2</sup>) free-standing gratings with two levels of low-blockage support structures using highly anisotropic deep reactive-ion etching.
An extended capability architecture to enforce dynamic access control policies (2002)

Capability has been widely used as a fundamental mechanism for access control in distributed systems. When an object manager receives a capability from a user process for accessing an object, it verifies the genuineness of the capability and checks whether the access request is allowed with the access rights placed on the capability. Capabilities have been recognized to be more suitable than centralized access control lists for object protection in a distributed system because of several obvious reasons. However, most existing capability based systems can only enforce static access control policies, which means all the access privileges a user possesses for an object are fully represented by a capability and will not change due to object access. These capability systems cannot be used to enforce dynamic access control policies, required by many complex applications, in which each authorization may depend upon a user's access history and/or an object's history of being accessed. The paper proposes an extended capability architecture to enforce dynamic access control policies both effectively and efficiently. The key issue is how to capture the dynamic access information in both capabilities and object managers while avoiding main disadvantages of centralized access control lists. A number of frequently desired security policies are used to demonstrate the power and flexibility of the proposed architecture. The problems regarding capability management including propagation, revocation, and distribution of capabilities are also discussed.
Estimation of Body Composition and Normal Fluid Status Using a Calf Bioimpedance Technique (2015)

This practical method of calf bioimpedance is useful to predict body composition and normal fluid status in dialysis patients.
Explanation-based auditing (2011)

To comply with emerging privacy laws and regulations, it has become common for applications like electronic health records systems (EHRs) to collect access logs , which record each time a user (e.g., a hospital employee) accesses a piece of sensitive data (e.g., a patient record). Using the access log, it is easy to answer simple queries (e.g., Who accessed Alice's medical record?), but this often does not provide enough information. In addition to learning who accessed their medical records, patients will likely want to understand why each access occurred. In this paper, we introduce the problem of generating explanations for individual records in an access log. The problem is motivated by user-centric auditing applications, and it also provides a novel approach to misuse detection. We develop a framework for modeling explanations which is based on a fundamental observation: For certain classes of databases, including EHRs, the reason for most data accesses can be inferred from data stored elsewhere in the database. For example, if Alice has an appointment with Dr. Dave, this information is stored in the database, and it explains why Dr. Dave looked at Alice's record. Large numbers of data accesses can be explained using general forms called explanation templates . Rather than requiring an administrator to manually specify explanation templates, we propose a set of algorithms for automatically discovering frequent templates from the database (i.e., those that explain a large number of accesses). We also propose techniques for inferring collaborative user groups, which can be used to enhance the quality of the discovered explanations. Finally, we have evaluated our proposed techniques using an access log and data from the University of Michigan Health System. Our results demonstrate that in practice we can provide explanations for over 94% of data accesses in the log.
Hot water extraction cell containing two or more deflection baffles. [Patent for processing of tar sands] (1976)

A description is given of an improved separation cell specifically designed for use in the hot water process for treating tar sands. The separation cell contains a tank with an upwardly concave bottom and a rotatable center shaft running on the vertical axis of the tank from the top to the bottom. Middlings outlets are at the side of the tank, a sands discharge outlet at the bottom of the tank, and an overflow means is connected at the side of the tank. A sand rake is connected to the center shaft to rotate with the shaft and positioned to move settled sand toward the sand discharge outlet. A means for rotating the center shaft is provided. The improvement consists of a combination of two or more saucer-shaped deflecting baffles located in the cell and concentric with the shaft and affixed to it. The lowest baffle is located immediately above the sand rake, inverted to the bottom of the cell, and with a skirt extending downward from the outer periphery of it. At least one other deflecting baffle is located in between the feed well and the lower baffle.
Impact of Surface Passivation on the Dynamic ON-Resistance of Proton-Irradiated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2016)

Radiation tolerance of AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is studied with 2-MeV protons, up to a fluence of 6×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sup> H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (about 200 times of typical Si MOSFET rating). The increase in dynamic ON-resistance (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ONDYN</sub> ) after radiation is observed to be much more severe than that of static ON-resistance. Radiation-induced donorlike traps located near the two-dimensional electron gas trap electrons, which is responsible for the phenomenon. Compared with the devices passivated by conventional plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiN, GaN HEMTs with 10 nm of in situ SiN before the PECVD SiN step demonstrate much less increase in R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ONDYN</sub> from 2300% to only 300%. The in situ SiN is believed to reduce the process damage by PECVD, improving radiation tolerance.
Improved bidirectionally decodable Wyner-Ziv video coding (2008)

Reverse playback is one of the most common video cassette recording (VCR) functions for video streaming systems. However, the predictive processing techniques employed in traditional hybrid video coding schemes severely complicate the reverse-play operation. In this paper, we enhance our previously proposed bidirectionally decodable Wyner-Ziv video coding scheme which supports both forward decoding and backward decoding. We derive that in our scheme the optimal Lagrangian multiplier for the backward motion estimation should be averagely two times larger than for the forward motion estimation. The new multiplier contributes 0.2dB gain in average. We propose an optimal P-frame/M-frame selection scheme to improve rate-distortion performance when the video is transmitted over error prone channels. The new scheme outperforms both H.264 and our previous scheme at all tested loss rate, and gain up to 0.55dB over our previous scheme in low loss rate case.
Modeling polarized illumination for OPC/RET (2007)

Recent research has shown that properly polarized light source enhances image contrast in photolithography for manufacturing integrated circuit (IC) devices, thus improves the effectiveness of optical proximity correction (OPC) and other resolution enhancement techniques (RET). However, current OPC/RET modeling software can only model the light source polarization of simple types, such as TE, TM, X, Y, or sector polarization with relatively simple configuration. Realistic polarized light used in scanners is more complex than the aforementioned simple ones. As a result, simulation accuracy and quality of the OPC result will be compromised by the simplification of the light source polarization modeling in the traditional approach. With ever shrinking CD error budget in the manufacturing of IC's at advanced technology nodes, more accurate and comprehensive light source modeling for lithography simulations and OPC/RET is needed. In this paper, we present a modeling framework that takes arbitrarily polarized light source. Based on polarization state vector descriptions of the light source, it unifies optical simulations of unpolarized, partially polarized, and completely polarized illuminations. We built this framework into Synopsys' OPC modeling tool ProGen. Combined with ProGen's existing capability to handle vectorial aberration by the projection lens, large angle effects due to high NA, and thin film effects, this framework represents a general vectorial model for optical imaging with the state-of-the-art scanners. Numerical experiments were performed to study CD impact of various illumination polarization modeling schemes in the context of OPC/RET.
Shortened aerogel fabrication times using an ethanol–water azeotrope as a gelation and drying solvent (2014)

Native and cross-linked aerogel monoliths were fabricated in a few hours using a technique that does not require solvent exchange prior to supercritical drying.
The Breakdown of Fractal Heart Rate Dynamics Predicts Prolonged Postoperative Myocardial Ischemia (2004)

Night and daytime Holter recordings before surgical repair of traumatic hip fracture were analyzed with linear and nonlinear heart rate variability methods. Preoperatively increased randomness in heart rate variability was predictive for postoperative, silent prolonged myocardial ischemia. Prolonged myocardial ischemia increases the risk for adverse cardiac events.
ROSAR (Helicopter-Rotor Based Synthetic Aperture Radar), (1989)

Abstract : ROSAR (Rotor-SAR) is a synthetic aperture radar concept based on rotating antennas of a helicopter for pilot sight target detection and target localisation with high resolution. The ROSAR concept has potential benefits for civil and military helicopterborne imaging application, if the antennas are mounted at the tips of the rotor blades. The concept has two main potential benefits, that are, the imaging field of view is 360 deg and there is no need for a forward velocity of the carrier platform. As opposed to SAR systems based on linear movement of the antenna ROSAR imaging is based on synthetic apertures of a circular shape. Thus, the image formation process requires a polar format processing architecture. The ROSAR principle is also applicable for other radar mapping systems with rotating antennas, not only for helicopters.
In Melanoma, <i>RAS</i> Mutations Are Accompanied by Switching Signaling from BRAF to CRAF and Disrupted Cyclic AMP Signaling (2006)

Melanocytes require the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathways to maintain the fine balance between proliferation and differentiation. We have investigated how cross-talk between these pathways affects melanoma progression. We show that cAMP suppresses CRAF activity in melanocytes and that this is essential to suppress the oncogenic potential of CRAF in these cells. As a consequence, BRAF alone is responsible for signaling to MEK. However, when RAS is mutated in melanoma, the cells switch their signaling from BRAF to CRAF. This switch is accompanied by dysregulated cAMP signaling, a step that is necessary to allow CRAF to signal to MEK. Thus, a fundamental switch in RAF isoform usage occurs when RAS is mutated in melanoma, and this occurs in the context of disrupted cAMP signaling. These data have important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat this life-threatening disease.
Recent progress in quantum cascade lasers and applications (2001)

Quantum cascade (`QC') lasers are reviewed. These are semiconductor injection lasers based on intersubband transitions in a multiple-quantum-well (QW) heterostructure, designed by means of band-structure engineering and grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The intersubband nature of the optical transition has several key advantages. First, the emission wavelength is primarily a function of the QW thickness. This characteristic allows choosing well-understood and reliable semiconductors for the generation of light in a wavelength range unrelated to the material's energy bandgap. Second, a cascade process in which multiple - often several tens of - photons are generated per electron becomes feasible, as the electron remains inside the conduction band throughout its traversal of the active region. This cascading process is behind the intrinsic high-power capabilities of the lasers. Finally, intersubband transitions are characterized through an ultrafast carrier dynamics and the absence of the linewidth enhancement factor, with both features being expected to have significant impact on laser performance.
<i>In Silico</i> Preclinical Trials: A Proof of Concept in Closed-Loop Control of Type 1 Diabetes (2009)

Arguably, a minimally invasive system using subcutaneous (s.c.) continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and s.c. insulin delivery via insulin pump would be a most feasible step to closed-loop control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Consequently, diabetes technology is focusing on developing an artificial pancreas using control algorithms to link CGM with s.c. insulin delivery. The future development of the artificial pancreas will be greatly accelerated by employing mathematical modeling and computer simulation. Realistic computer simulation is capable of providing invaluable information about the safety and the limitations of closed-loop control algorithms, guiding clinical studies, and out-ruling ineffective control scenarios in a cost-effective manner. Thus computer simulation testing of closed-loop control algorithms is regarded as a prerequisite to clinical trials of the artificial pancreas. In this paper, we present a system for in silico testing of control algorithms that has three principal components: (1) a large cohort of n=300 simulated "subjects" (n=100 adults, 100 adolescents, and 100 children) based on real individuals' data and spanning the observed variability of key metabolic parameters in the general population of people with T1DM; (2) a simulator of CGM sensor errors representative of Freestyle Navigator™, Guardian RT, or Dexcom™ STS™, 7-day sensor; and (3) a simulator of discrete s.c. insulin delivery via OmniPod Insulin Management System or Deltec Cozmo(®) insulin pump. The system has been shown to represent adequate glucose fluctuations in T1DM observed during meal challenges, and has been accepted by the Food and Drug Administration as a substitute to animal trials in the preclinical testing of closed-loop control strategies.
Efficient on-demand routing using source-tracing in wireless networks (2002)

With on-demand routing, a router maintains routing information for only those destinations that need to be reached by the router. The approaches used to date to eliminate long-term or permanent loops in on-demand routing consist of obtaining complete routes to destinations dynamically, or obtaining only the next hops to destinations and validating the information using sequence numbers or internodal synchronization. We present a new approach to on-demand routing, which we call the DST (dynamic source tree) protocol. To eliminate looping, routers in DST communicate paths to destinations; however, only incremental updates to such paths are communicated by specifying the second-to-last hop and distance to each node in the subpath to the destination that must be updated. Simulation experiments are used to show that, in terms of control packet overhead, DST outperforms substantially the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol which is arguably one of the most efficient on-demand routing approaches to date, while achieving similar performance in terms of the average delay and throughput of data packets.
Lamellar biogels comprising fluid membranes with a newly synthesized class of polyethylene glycol-surfactants (1997)

A series of four polymer–surfactant macromolecules, each consisting of a double-chain hydrophobic moiety attached onto a monofunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer chain, were synthesized in order to study their effect upon the fluid lamellar liquid crystalline (Lα) phase of the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/pentanol/water system. The main finding of this study is that the addition of these compounds induces a new lamellar gel, called Lα,g. We have determined the phase diagrams as a function of PEG–surfactant concentration, cPEG, and weight fraction water, ΦW. All phase diagrams are qualitatively similar and show the existence of the gel. Unlike more common polymer physical gels, this gel can be induced either by increasing cPEG or by adding water at constant cPEG. In particular, less polymer is required for gelation as water concentration increases. Moreover, the gel phase is attained at concentrations of PEG–surfactant far below that required for classical polymer gels and is stable at temperatures comparable to the lower critical solution temperature of free PEG–water mixtures. Small angle x-ray experiments demonstrate the lamellar structure of the gel phase, while wide angle x-ray scattering experiments prove that the structure is Lα, not Lβ′ (a common chain-ordered phase which is also a gel). The rheological behavior of the Lα,g phase demonstrates the existence of three dimensional elastic properties. Polarized light microscopy of Lα,g samples reveals that the Lα,g is induced by a proliferation of defect structures, including whispy lines, spherulitic defects, and a nematiclike Schlieren texture. We propose a model of topological defects created by the aggregation of PEG–surfactant into highly curved regions within the membranes. This model accounts for both the inverse relationship between ΦW and cPEG observed along the gel transition line and the scaling dependence of the interlayer spacing at the gel transition with the PEG molecular weight. These Lα hydrogels could serve as the matrix for membrane-anchored peptides, proteins or other drug molecules, creating a “bioactive gel” with mechanical stability deriving from the polymer–lipid minority component.