gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coupled waveguide-surface plasmon resonance biosensors constructed with sub-wavelength grating (2006)

A coupled waveguide-surface plasmon resonance (CWSPR) biosensor constructed with sub-wavelength grating structure is developed and used to analyze biomolecular interaction in real time. The normal incident white light is coupled into the waveguide layer through the sub-wavelength grating, and hence it has an enhanced wave vector to excite the localized surface plasmons on the metal grating surface. The CWSPR biosensor with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) mode and the waveguide mode not only retains the same sensing sensitivity as that of a conventional SPR device, but also yields sharper dips in the reflectivity spectrum and therefore provides an improved measurement precision. Moreover, without the limitation of a conventional attenuated total reflection coupler and with the help of normal incidence, the system is more flexible and feasible for protein microarray and imaging applications.
Standoff detection of explosive materials by differential reflection spectroscopy (2006)

It is shown that 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) displays strong and distinct structures in differential reflectograms, near 
420 nm and 250 nm. These characteristic peaks are not observed from approximately two dozen organic and inorganic 
substances which we tested and which may be in or on a suitcase. This exclusivity infers an ideal technique for 
explosives detection in mass transit and similar locations. The described technique for detection of explosives is fast, 
inexpensive, reliable, portable, and is applicable from some distance, that is, it does not require contact with the 
surveyed substance. Moreover, we have developed a curve discrimination program for field applications of the 
technique. Other explosives such as 1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5 triazacyclohexane (RDX), 1, 3, 5, 7-Tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-
tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), 2, 4, 6, N-Tetranitro-N-methylaniline (Tetryl), Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and 
nitroglycerin have also been investigated and demonstrate similar, but unique, characteristic spectra. The technique 
utilizes near-ultraviolet to visible light reflected from two spots on the same sample surface yielding a differential 
reflectogram corresponding to the absorption of the sample. The origin of the spectra is attributed to the highest 
occupied molecular orbital to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) transitions of the respective 
explosive molecule. Experiments using transmission spectrophotometry have also been performed to compliment and 
confirm the specific transitions. The results are supported by computer modeling of the molecular orbitals that yield 
UV and visible transitions.
Integrated visible light phased array system for autostereoscopic image projection (2018)

We demonstrate a chip-scale autostereoscopic image projection system that utilizes a system of multiple integrated visible light optical phased arrays to reconstruct virtual light fields. Each phased array in this system serves as a micro-projector that illuminates the desired virtual object from a different angle. This recreates the virtual object in space with continuous parallax observable by the human visual system. In this work, a static virtual image with horizontal parallax and a viewing angle of 5° was generated with an array of 16 integrated silicon nitride phased arrays with a 635 nm operating wavelength. Each phased array is comprised of 32×32 optical antennas with passively encoded relative phases. The presented device demonstrates the promise of integrated visible light phased array platforms for implementing projection-based autostereoscopic displays in compact chip-scale platforms suitable for mobile devices.
Luggage visualization and virtual unpacking (2012)

We present a system for luggage visualization where any object is clearly distinguishable from its neighbors. It supports virtual unpacking by visually moving any object away from its original pose. To achieve these, we first apply a volume segmentation guided by a confidence measure that recursively splits connected regions until semantically meaningful objects are obtained, and a label volume whose voxels specifying the object IDs is generated. The original luggage dataset and the label volume are visualized by volume rendering. Through an automatic coloring algorithm, any pair of objects whose projections are adjacent in an image are assigned distinct hues that are modulated onto a transfer function to both reduce rendering cost as well as to improve the smoothness across object boundaries. We have designed a layered framework to efficiently render a scene mixed with packed luggage, animated unpacking objects, and already unpacked objects put aside for further inspection. The system uses GPU to quickly select unpackable objects that are not blocked by others to make the unpacking plausible.
Membrane permeabilizing amphiphilic peptide delivers recombinant transcription factor and CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1 ribonucleoproteins in hard-to-modify cells (2018)

Delivery of recombinant proteins to therapeutic cells is limited by a lack of efficient methods. This hinders the use of transcription factors or Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) ribonucleoproteins to develop cell therapies. Here, we report a soluble peptide designed for the direct delivery of proteins to mammalian cells including human stem cells, hard-to-modify primary natural killer (NK) cells, and cancer cell models. This peptide is composed of a 6x histidine-rich domain fused to the endosomolytic peptide CM18 and the cell penetrating peptide PTD4. A less than two-minute co-incubation of 6His-CM18-PTD4 peptide with spCas9 and/or asCpf1 CRISPR ribonucleoproteins achieves robust gene editing. The same procedure, co-incubating with the transcription factor HoxB4, achieves transcriptional regulation. The broad applicability and flexibility of this DNA- and chemical-free method across different cell types, particularly hard-to-transfect cells, opens the way for a direct use of proteins for biomedical research and cell therapy manufacturing.
Anode Catalysts for Direct Hydrazine Fuel Cells: From Laboratory Test to an Electric Vehicle (2014)

Novel highly active electrocatalysts for hydrazine hydrate fuel cell application were developed, synthesized and integrated into an operation vehicle prototype. The materials show in both rotating disc electrode (RDE) and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) tests the world highest activity with peak current density of 16,000 A g(-1) (RDE) and 450 mW cm(-2) operated in air (MEA).
Pyrolysis of a Mixture of Trifluoromethane and Tetrafluoroethylene to Produce Hexafluoropropylene (2004)

Pyrolysis of a mixture of trifluoromethane (CHF3, R23) and tetrafluoroethylene (CF2=CF2, TFE) to produce hexafluoropropylene (CF3CF=CF2, HFP) was investigated by the computer simulation and the pyrolysis. Experiments were carried out at the temperature ranges of 700–1000°C, molar ratios of R23/TFE = 0.1–5.0 and contact times of 0.01–14.00 s. Product distributions for the pyrolysis of R23/TFE were estimated by the computer simulation and were confirmed by pyrolysis experiment. HFP and TFE were mainly produced with a small amount of by-products such as perfluoroisobutylene ((CF3)2C=CF2, PFiB), CF3CCCF3, C2F3H, CF3CHCF2 and CF3CF2CFCF2. It was proposed as a reaction mechanism that HFP might be produced from R23 through the following consecutive reaction: CHF3 → CF2=CF2 → C4F8 → CF3CF=CF2 → (CF3)2C=CF2, and that perfluoroisobutylene, the most harmful by-product, might be predominately formed by a reaction mechanism involving HFP and carbene [:CF2]. It was found that optimum conditions of the pyrolysis of R23/TFE mixtures experimentally determined were the molar ratio of R23/TFE = 1–4, the reaction temperature of 850–900°C and the residence time of 0.5–2 seconds. The reaction temperature could be controlled by carefully utilizing the heat balance between an endothermic pyrolysis of R23 and an exothermic dimerization of TFE.
<title>Holographic daylighting</title> (1995)

Daylighting techniques are an effective means of reducing both lighting and cooling costs; however, many of the standard techniques have flaws which reduce their effectiveness. Daylighting holograms are an efficient and effective method for diffracting sunlight up onto the ceiling, deep in a room, without diffracting the light at eye-level. They need only cover the top half of a window to produce significant energy savings. They may be used as part of a new glazing system or as a retrofit to existing windows. These holograms are broadband and are able to passively track the movement of the sun across the sky, throughout the day and year.
Biomechanical energy harvesting: Apparatus and method (2008)

A biomechanical energy harvester is presented that generates electricity during human walking. The key feature of this device is that the power generation adds only a minimal extra effort to the user. The knee-mounted devices accomplish this by selectively engaging power generation at the end of the swing phase when knee flexor muscles act to brake knee motion. Analogous to regenerative braking in hybrid cars, the device assists deceleration of each leg within each stride while generating electrical power. We developed a control system to engage/disengage power generation based on the measured knee kinematics during a gait cycle. Experimental results show that generative braking generated 4.8 plusmn 0.8 W of electrical power with a minimal increase in metabolic cost.
Novel Selective Inhibitor of .ALPHA.-Amylase Isoenzymes. (1994)

Taking advantage of selective α-amylase inhibition by O-6-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose, we developed a new inhibitor method for the differential assay of two human α-amylase isoenzymes.
Measuring blood oxygen saturation along a capillary vessel in human (2017)

Measuring oxygen saturation in capillary vessels could provide valuable information on oxygen transport and tissue viability. Most spectroscopic measurement techniques, however, lack the spatial resolution to account for the small vessel dimensions within a scattering tissue and the steep gradients of oxygen saturation levels. Here, we developed a noninvasive technique for image-guided confocal measurement of the optical absorption spectrum from a small region that is comparable in size to the cross section of a single capillary vessel. A wide range of oxygen saturation levels were measured in a single capillary in a human volunteer, with blood deoxygenation rates of 7.1% per hundred microns. The technique could help in studying oxygen exchange dynamics in tissues and could play a key role in future clinical diagnosis and therapeutic applications that require localized functional tissue inspection.
Pitch Reducing Optical Fiber Array for dense optical interconnect (2012)

Standard single mode fibers, required to maximize communication speeds of avionic fiber links, have a mode-field-diameter (MFD) of 10 μm. Waveguides with such MFD can be spaced with crosstalk below -40 dB with pitch of 30-40 μm. However, standard arrayed fiber couplers are based on labor-intensive, one-dimensional (1D) v-groove arrays typically spaced by 250 μm. Thus there is a mismatch between available 1D fiber assemblies and two dimensional (2D) optical waveguides, 2D vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays, and multi-fiber connectors, where the optical channels could be spaced much closer than 250 μm on a 2D pattern. We have developed a Pitch Reducing Optical Fiber Array (PROFA) that bridges the gap between standard optical fiber and photonic integrated circuits (PICs). This lensless subcomponent utilizes a “vanishing core” optical fiber concept and precision glass microforming capabilities developed at Chiral Photonics. The PROFA is a 2D coupler offering more than an order of magnitude enhancement in channel density compared to conventional 1D fiber arrays.
Phase-spread voicing analysis in parametric speech coders (2006)

A novel technique for accurately measuring the voicing content of a speech signal for parametric speech coders is presented. This technique does not use signal periodicity but utilises the phase-spread information contained in the individual pitch cycles of the speech signal, giving greater time accuracy. This non-reliance on periodicity also brings increased robustness to small variations in pitch, which can affect the accuracy of the voicing analysis. Compared to traditional methods this voicing technique more accurately reflects the natural evolution of the speech signal over time.
Overexpression of the plasma membrane‐localized NDR1 protein results in enhanced bacterial disease resistance in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2004)

Previous studies have established that mutations in the NDR1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana suppress the resistance response of three resistance proteins, RPS2, RPM1, and RPS5, to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) strain DC3000 containing the cognate effector genes, avrRpt2, avrRpm1, and avrpPhB, respectively. NDR1 is a plasma membrane (PM)-localized protein, and undergoes several post-translational modifications including carboxy-terminal processing and N-linked glycosylation. Expression of NDR1 under the NDR1 native promoter complements the ndr1-1 mutation, while overexpression of NDR1 results in enhanced resistance to virulent Pst. Sequence analysis and mass spectrometry suggest that NDR1 is localized to the PM via a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchor. GPI modification would potentially place NDR1 on the outer surface of the PM, perhaps allowing NDR1 to act as a transducer of pathogen signals and/or interact directly with the pathogen.
Enhancing the Error Correction of Finite Alphabet Iterative Decoders via Adaptive Decimation (2012)

Finite alphabet iterative decoders (FAIDs) for LDPC codes were recently shown to be capable of surpassing the Belief Propagation (BP) decoder in the error floor region on the Binary Symmetric channel (BSC). More recently, the technique of decimation which involves fixing the values of certain bits during decoding, was proposed for FAIDs in order to make them more amenable to analysis while maintaining their good performance. In this paper, we show how decimation can be used adaptively to further enhance the guaranteed error correction capability of FAIDs that are already good on a given code. The new adaptive decimation scheme proposed has marginally added complexity but can significantly improve the slope of the error floor performance of a particular FAID. We describe the adaptive decimation scheme particularly for 7-level FAIDs which propagate only 3-bit messages and provide numerical results for column-weight three codes. Analysis suggests that the failures of the new decoders are linked to stopping sets of the code.
High temperature heat flux measurements (1991)

The Heat Flux Microsensor is a new heat flux gage system that is made using microfabrication techniques. The gages are small, have high frequency response, can measure very high heat flux, and output a voltage directly proportional to the heat flux. Because the gage is made directly on the measurement surface and the total thickness is less than 2 pm, the presence of the gage contributes negligible flow and thermal disruption. Details are given of a new gage design for use in high temperature aerothermodynamic tests. Feed-through leads have been successfully employed to bring the signals out through the back of the surface. Survivability of gages to at least 500°C is demonstrated. Measurements are reported of heat flux in a Mach 2.4 flow. The effects of normal shock passage on the heat flux to the wall were measured. NOMENCLATURE
Photolithographic patterning of proteins with photoresists processable under biocompatible conditions (2001)

The microlithographic patterning of proteins on solid substrates using photoresists, which can be processed in the presence of biomolecules without affecting their bioactivity, is reported. Chemically amplified resist materials based on poly(t-butyl acrylate) and a newly synthesized copolymer of t-butyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, and acrylic acid designed for this application, are evaluated regarding capabilities for processing under biocompatible conditions (processing temperatures at about 50 °C or lower and development with dilute aqueous base developers). The photoresist formulations based on the newly synthesized (meth)acrylate copolymer had higher sensitivity and contrast allowing lithographic processing even without postexposure bake. Patterns down to 3.75 μm lines/spaces of two different protein molecules, rabbit Immunoglobulin G and bovine serum albumin, on aminosilane-treated silicon surfaces, were obtained with a photoresist formulation based on the new copolymer and an onium salt photoacid generator under biocompatible processing conditions.
<title>Operation and maintenance issues in optical burst-switched networks</title> (2002)

We discuss a number of operation and maintenance (OAM) issues in optical burst-switched (OBS) networks and propose an OAM framework in this respect. Four OBS functions are identified as bases for the proposed framework. These are the burst termination function, the burst transmission function, the switching function, and the routing and switching control function. The study focuses on the unique aspects of OBS networks and how they can be addressed from an OAM point of view. We propose an OAM architecture and investigate the functional, network, and node aspects of it. Novel OAM-capable structures for core and edge OBS nodes are introduced for the first time.
Temperature noise-limited pyroelectric detectors (1976)

The effects of temperature noise on the performance of pyroelectric detectors have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The basic theory of temperature noise, techniques for its measurement, and a comparison of it to other noise sources is presented. In LiTaO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> pyroelectric detectors specially designed to minimize temperature noise, normalized detectivities (D*) of 1.8×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sup> cmHz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> or noise equivalent powers (NEP) of 5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-11</sup> W Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> have been obtained.
Realization of Long Operational Lifetimes in Vacuum-Deposited Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on <i>para</i>-Substituted Pyridine Carbazolylgold(III) C^C^N Complexes (2023)

A new series of robust C^C^N carbazolylgold(III) complexes is designed and synthesized through the introduction of inert and sterically bulky oligophenyl substituents on the pyridyl moiety of the cyclometalating ligand. High photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 96% are recorded with these complexes doped in solid-state thin films, and short excited-state lifetimes of 0.3 μs or less in the solid state at room temperature are found. Promising electroluminescence (EL) performances are shown by the vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on this series of gold(III) complexes. High external quantum efficiencies of up to 19.5% with efficiency roll-offs of down to 10% at a practical luminance brightness level of 1000 cd m<sup>-2</sup> are achieved. More importantly, record-long operational lifetimes (LT<sub>50</sub>) of up to 470,700 h at 100 cd m<sup>-2</sup> are realized, which is currently the highest value among all classes of gold(III) complexes with tridentate pincer ligands. Particularly, by introducing a sterically bulky terphenyl moiety on the reactive site of the pyridine ring, the LT<sub>50</sub> value is shown to attain ∼7 times longer half-lifetime than that based on the unsubstituted complex. These unprecedented EL performances and the simple synthetic route in a mercury-free fashion make them promising emitting materials for practical OLEDs toward commercialization.
A Personal Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) Sampler (2011)

A lightweight (60 g), personal nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) sampler was developed to selectively collect particles smaller than 300 nm similar to their typical deposition in the respiratory tract. The sampler operates at 2.5 Lpm and consists of a respirable cyclone fitted with an impactor and a diffusion stage containing mesh screens. The cut-point diameter of the impactor was determined to be 300 nm with a sharpness σ = 1.53. The diffusion stage screens collect particles with an efficiency that matches the deposition efficiency of particles smaller than 300 nm in the respiratory tract. Impactor separation performance was unaffected by loading at typical workplace levels (p-value = 0.26). With chemical analysis of the diffusion media, the NRD sampler can be used to directly assess exposures to nanoparticles of a specific composition apart from other airborne particles. The pressure drop of the NRD sampler is sufficiently low to permit its operation with conventional, belt-mounted sampling pumps.
Noise adaptive training using a vector taylor series approach for noise robust automatic speech recognition (2009)

In traditional methods for noise robust automatic speech recognition, the acoustic models are typically trained using clean speech or using multi-condition data that is processed by the same feature enhancement algorithm expected to be used in decoding. In this paper, we propose a noise adaptive training (NAT) algorithm that can be applied to all training data that normalizes the environmental distortion as part of the model training. In contrast to the feature enhancement methods, NAT estimates the underlying “pseudo-clean” model parameters directly without relying on point estimates of the clean speech features as an intermediate step. The pseudo-clean model parameters learned with NAT are later used with vector Taylor series (VTS) model adaptation for decoding noisy utterances at test time. Experiments performed on the Aurora 2 and Aurora 3 tasks, demonstrate that the proposed NAT method obtain relative improvements of 18.83% and 32.02%, respectively, over VTS model adaptation.
Solid-State NMR Study of Carbon Bismuth Fluorides/Oxyfluorides Nanocomposites as Positive Electrode Materials in Li-Ion Batteries (2010)

Abstract not Available.
Process to prepare 1,3-diamino-5-pentafluorosulfanylbenzene (1993)

A process was developed to prepare 1,3-diamino- 5-pentafluoro sulfanylbenzene. This process involved two steps: preparing the dinitro compound, 1,3-dinitro- 5-pentafluoro sulfanylbenzene, and reducing this compound to form the corresponding diamine. This diamine was reacted with various dianhydrides, diacidchlorides, and epoxy resins to form polyimides, polyamides, and cross linked epoxies. These polymers were used to prepare semi-permeable membranes, wire coatings, and films.
Electron Microscopy of Defects in Epitaxical β‐SiC Thin Films Grown on Silicon and Carbon {0001} Faces of α‐SiC Substrates (1990)

Defects present in β‐SiC thin films epitaxically grown on hexagonal 6 H α‐SiC substrates via chemical vapor deposition have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy. These defects are different from those previously observed in β‐SiC films grown on (100) silicon, which were predominantly stacking faults and microtwins. The most common defects in the films grown on α‐SiC were large domains rotated 60° with respect to each other and were identified as double positioning boundaries. These boundaries are a special type of incoherent twin boundary. Differences observed in films grown on either the silicon or carbon face of the {0001}α‐SiC are characterized as a function of the mechanism of formation of the defects and type of substrate used for growth.