gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-sensitive chip scale Sagnac gyroscope based on periodically modulated coupling of a coupled resonator optical waveguide (2011)

We analyze the sensitivity to inertial rotations Ω of a micron scale integrated gyroscope consisting of a coupled resonator optical waveguide (CROW). We show here that by periodic modulation of the evanescent coupling between resonators, the sensitivity to rotations can be enhanced by a factor up to 10(9) in comparison to a conventional CROW with uniform coupling between resonators. Moreover, the overall shape of the transmission through this CROW superlattice is qualitatively changed resulting in a single sharp transmission resonance located at Ω = 0s-1 instead of a broad transmission band. The modulated coupling therefore allows the CROW gyroscope to operate without phase biasing and with sensitivities suitable for inertial navigation even with the inclusion of resonator losses.
A novel organotypic 3D sweat gland model with physiological functionality (2017)

Dysregulated human eccrine sweat glands can negatively impact the quality-of-life of people suffering from disorders like hyperhidrosis. Inability of sweating can even result in serious health effects in humans affected by anhidrosis. The underlying mechanisms must be elucidated and a reliable in vitro test system for drug screening must be developed. Here we describe a novel organotypic three-dimensional (3D) sweat gland model made of primary human eccrine sweat gland cells. Initial experiments revealed that eccrine sweat gland cells in a two-dimensional (2D) culture lose typical physiological markers. To resemble the in vivo situation as close as possible, we applied the hanging drop cultivation technology regaining most of the markers when cultured in its natural spherical environment. To compare the organotypic 3D sweat gland model versus human sweat glands in vivo, we compared markers relevant for the eccrine sweat gland using transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Comparing the marker profile, a high in vitro-in vivo correlation was shown. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5), muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (CHRM3), Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin-1 (ANO1/TMEM16A), and aquaporin-5 (AQP5) are found at significant expression levels in the 3D model. Moreover, cholinergic stimulation with acetylcholine or pilocarpine leads to calcium influx monitored in a calcium flux assay. Cholinergic stimulation cannot be achieved with the sweat gland cell line NCL-SG3 used as a sweat gland model system. Our results show clear benefits of the organotypic 3D sweat gland model versus 2D cultures in terms of the expression of essential eccrine sweat gland key regulators and in the physiological response to stimulation. Taken together, this novel organotypic 3D sweat gland model shows a good in vitro-in vivo correlation and is an appropriate alternative for screening of potential bioactives regulating the sweat mechanism.
Analysis of off-axis incoherent digital holographic microscopy (2017)

Off-axis incoherent digital holography that enables single-shot three-dimensional (3D) distribution is introduced in the paper. Conventional fluorescence microscopy images 3D fields by sectioning, this prevents instant imaging of fast reactions of living cells. In order to realize digital holography from incoherent light, we adapted common path configuration to achieve the best temporal coherence. And by introducing gratings, we shifted the direction of each light to achieve off-axis interference. Simulations and preliminary experiments using LED light have confirmed the results. We expect to use this method to realize 3D phase imaging and fluorescent imaging at the same time from the same biological sample.
Advanced Feeder-Free Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Directly From Blood Cells (2014)

Generation of validated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for biobanking is essential for exploring the full potential of iPSCs in disease modeling and drug discovery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are attractive targets for reprogramming, because blood is collected by a routine clinical procedure and is a commonly stored material in biobanks. Generation of iPSCs from blood cells has previously been reported using integrative retroviruses, episomal Sendai viruses, and DNA plasmids. However, most of the published protocols require expansion and/or activation of a specific cell population from PBMCs. We have recently collected a PBMC cohort from the Finnish population containing more than 2,000 subjects. Here we report efficient generation of iPSCs directly from PBMCs in feeder-free conditions in approximately 2 weeks. The produced iPSC clones are pluripotent and transgene-free. Together, these properties make this novel method a powerful tool for large-scale reprogramming of PBMCs and for iPSC biobanking.
Efficient siRNA Delivery into Tumor Cells by p19-YSA Fusion Protein (2012)

For the efficient cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA in a receptor-specific fashion, we designed a p19-YSA fusion protein composed of p19 RNA binding protein and ephrin mimetic peptide (YSA peptide). The resulting recombinant protein had the high affinity for EphA2 receptor overexpressed on cancer cells as well as the complexing ability with siRNA, thus leading to tumor-targeted delivery of siRNA. The buried structure of siRNA within p19-YSA/siRNA complexes allowed the bound siRNAs to be protected from the external RNases, resulting in the enhanced stability of siRNA in serum conditions. The p19-YSA carriers could complex with siRNA in a size-dependent and sequence-independent manner and showed the pH-dependent complexing/dissocation behaviors with siRNA. In contrast to electrostatic interaction-mediated siRNA delivery systems such as cationic polymers/siRNA or cationic polypeptides/siRNA complexes, the bound siRNA within p19-YSA/siRNA complexes showed enhanced stability against large polyanions found outside cells, due to the nanomolar levels of affinity. Here, we demonstrated the superior efficiency of p19-YSA/siRNA complexes in RFP gene silencing, compared to untreated cells. These results provide an alternative approach to enhance the stability of siRNA as well as to achieve the targeted siRNA delivery.
Scalable MPEG-4 Video Transmission Using Video Quality Metrics (2008)

Video streaming applications place high bandwidth requirements on the network, even for efficiently compressed MPEG-4 and H.264 videos. There is a need for these applications to reduce the use of bandwidth, especially when operated on bandwidth- constrained access networks involving cable, DSL, and wireless. However, a direct reduction in allocated bandwidth to a video may have an adverse effect on its visual quality. In addition, the high bit rate variability associated with MPEG-4 compressed video makes it difficult to determine the appropriate level of bandwidth reduction for such videos. MPEG-4 encodes videos as a sequence of I, P, and B-frames, with B-frames containing the least amount of information. Furthermore, the encoded sequence contains forward and backward references for the predictive coding of P and B-frames, which can be used to predict these frames when there is a frame loss. We exploit this feature to selectively drop B- frames to reduce the bandwidth requirements and bit rate variability. We also employ the frame-size (content- independent metric) and the relative PSNR (content- dependent metric) to achieve scalable video transmission. It will be shown via an actual network setup that substantial bandwidth savings can be achieved using the proposed methods and in the majority of the cases, this can be done without sacrificing video quality during playback.
A Microcolumn DC Graphene Sensor for Rapid, Sensitive, and Universal Chemical Vapor Detection (2021)

Nearly all existing direct current (DC) chemical vapor sensing methodologies are based on charge transfer between sensor and adsorbed molecules. However, the high binding energy at the charge-trapped sites, which is critical for high sensitivity, significantly slows sensors' responses and makes the detection of nonpolar molecules difficult. Herein, by exploiting the incomplete screening effect of graphene, we demonstrate a DC graphene electronic sensor for rapid (subsecond) and sensitive (ppb) detection of a broad range of vapor analytes, including polar, nonpolar, organic, and inorganic molecules. Molecular adsorption induced capacitance change in the graphene transistor is revealed to be the main sensing mechanism. A novel sensor design, which integrates a centimeter-scale graphene transistor and a microfabricated flow column, is pioneered to enhance the fringing capacitive gating effect. Our work provides an avenue for a broad spectrum real-time gas sensing technology and serves as an ideal testbed for probing molecular physisorption on graphene.
A Versatile, Low-Cost, Multiway Microfluidic Sorter for Droplets, Cells, and Embryos (2018)

Partitioning and sorting particles, including molecules, cells and organisms, is an essential prerequisite for a diverse range of applications. Here, we describe a very economical microfluidic platform (built from parts costing about U.S. $6800 for a stand-alone system or U.S. $3700, when mounted on an existing fluorescence microscope connected to a computer) to sort droplets, cells and embryos, based on imaging data. Valves operated by a Braille display are used to open and close microfluidic channels, enabling sorting at rates of >2 Hz. Furthermore, we show microfluidic 8-way sorting for the first time, facilitating the simultaneous separation and collection of objects with diverse characteristics/phenotypes. Due to the high flexibility in the size of objects that can be sorted, the low cost, and the many possibilities enabled by imaging technology, we believe that our approach nicely complements existing FACS and μFACS technology.
ChromAlign:  A Two-Step Algorithmic Procedure for Time Alignment of Three-Dimensional LC−MS Chromatographic Surfaces (2006)

We present an algorithmic approach to align three-dimensional chromatographic surfaces of LC-MS data of complex mixture samples. The approach consists of two steps. In the first step, we prealign chromatographic profiles: two-dimensional projections of chromatographic surfaces. This is accomplished by correlation analysis using fast Fourier transforms. In this step, a temporal offset that maximizes the overlap and dot product between two chromatographic profiles is determined. In the second step, the algorithm generates correlation matrix elements between full mass scans of the reference and sample chromatographic surfaces. The temporal offset from the first step indicates a range of the mass scans that are possibly correlated, then the correlation matrix is calculated only for these mass scans. The correlation matrix carries information on highly correlated scans, but it does not itself determine the scan or time alignment. Alignment is determined as a path in the correlation matrix that maximizes the sum of the correlation matrix elements. The computational complexity of the optimal path generation problem is reduced by the use of dynamic programming. The program produces time-aligned surfaces. The use of the temporal offset from the first step in the second step reduces the computation time for generating the correlation matrix and speeds up the process. The algorithm has been implemented in a program, ChromAlign, developed in C++ language for the .NET2 environment in WINDOWS XP. In this work, we demonstrate the applications of ChromAlign to alignment of LC-MS surfaces of several datasets: a mixture of known proteins, samples from digests of surface proteins of T-cells, and samples prepared from digests of cerebrospinal fluid. ChromAlign accurately aligns the LC-MS surfaces we studied. In these examples, we discuss various aspects of the alignment by ChromAlign, such as constant time axis shifts and warping of chromatographic surfaces.
ESDInspector: A New Layout-Level ESD Protection Circuitry Design Verification Tool Using a Smart-Parametric Checking Mechanism (2004)

On-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection design is a challenging IC design problem. New computer-aided design (CAD) tools are essential to ESD protection design prediction and verification at full chip level. This paper reports a novel smart parametric-checking mechanism and a new intelligent CAD tool, entitled ESD inspector, developed for full-chip ESD-protection circuitry-design verification. Capability of the new tool is demonstrated using a practical design example in a 0.35-/spl mu/m BiCMOS technology.
Homoeologous Recombination: A Novel and Efficient System for Broadening the Genetic Variability in Wheat (2020)

Gene transfer from wild wheat relatives to bread wheat is restricted to homologous recombination. The presence of the Pairing homoeologous 1 (Ph1) gene in the long arm of wheat chromosome 5B allows only homologous chromosomes to pair and recombine, resulting in diploid inheritance of polyploid wheat. Previously, we identified a potent homoeologous pairing promotor gene(s) (Hpp-5Mg); its carrier chromosome 5Mg derived from Aegilops geniculata and its wheat homoeologous chromosome 5D freely recombined in the presence of the Ph1 gene. In this study, we investigated the effect of Hpp-5Mg on homoeologous recombination in the absence of Ph1. In Hpp-5Mg/ph1bph1b plants, we observed a vast genome-wide increase in homoeologous recombination and multiple crossovers (CO), including CO breakpoints in proximal regions of the chromosomes where recombination is known to be suppressed. We tested the efficacy of Hpp-5Mg/ph1bph1b-induced homoeologous recombination by producing new recombinants for the wheat streak mosaic virus resistance gene, Wsm3, present in the wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium Robertsonian translocation (RobT T7BS.7S#3L). A recombination frequency of 6.5% was detected by screening the progenies double monosomic for T7BS.7S#3L and 7B by genomic in situ hybridization. This recombination frequency was about 100-fold higher compared with the recombinant frequency of 0.06% observed by using ph1b-induced homoeologous recombination alone. Our results indicate that chromosome 5Mg promotes homoeologous recombination between wheat and wild wheat relative chromosomes, which helps in the generation of pre-breeding materials thereby accelerating wheat crop improvement.
Selective Polymerization Catalysis: Controlling the Metal Chain End Group to Prepare Block Copolyesters (2015)

Selective catalysis is used to prepare block copolyesters by combining ring-opening polymerization of lactones and ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides/anhydrides. By using a dizinc complex with mixtures of up to three different monomers and controlling the chemistry of the Zn-O(polymer chain) it is possible to select for a particular polymerization route and thereby control the composition of block copolyesters.
Activation of Trapped Field Magnets by Flux Pumping (2010)

High temperature superconducting trapped field magnets (TFM) offer great potential as an alternative to second generation YBCO wire, both in cost and performance. The difficulty of activating this material is the primary problem hindering their incorporation into electromechanical devices. An alternate method called flux pumping is discussed in which the magnetic field trapped within a precooled TFM is increased, i.e., pumped up incrementally. A boundary element formulation is employed to illustrate what happens to the current density within the TFM during this pumping procedure. This is followed by a rigorous analytical formulation to simulate flux pumping within a 2-cm diameter TFM; the simulation is compared to an experiment using a NdFeB magnet as the pumping source.
Ceramic dentures manufactured with ultrashort laser pulses (2004)

Conventional manufacturing of individual ceramic dental prosthesis implies a handmade metallic framework, which is then veneered with ceramic layers. In order to manufacture all-ceramic dental prosthesis a CAD/CAM system is necessary due to the three dimensional shaping of high strength ceramics. Most CAD/CAM systems presently grind blocks of ceramic after the construction process in order to create the prosthesis. Using high-strength ceramics, such as Hot Isostatic Pressed (HIP)-zirconia, this is limited to copings. Anatomically shaped fixed dentures have a sculptured surface with small details, which can't be created by existing grinding tools. This procedure is also time consuming and subject to significant loss in mechanical strength and thus reduced survival rate once inserted. Ultra-short laser pulses offer a possibility in machining highly complex sculptured surfaces out of high-strength ceramic with negligible damage to the surface and bulk of the ceramic. In order to determine efficiency, quality and damage, several laser ablation parameters such as pulse duration, pulse energy and ablation strategies were studied. The maximum ablation rate was found using 400 <i>fs</i> at high pulse energies. High pulse energies such as 200<i>μJ</i> were used with low damage in mechanical strength compared to grinding. Due to the limitation of available laser systems in pulse repetition rates and power, the use of special ablation strategies provide a possibility to manufacture fully ceramic dental prosthesis efficiently.
<title>Automated direct patterned-wafer inspection</title> (1993)

A self-reference technique is developed for detecting the location of defects in repeated pattern wafers and masks. The application area of the proposed method includes inspection of memory chips, shift registers, switch capacitors, CCD arrays, and liquid crystal displays (LCD). Using high resolution spectral estimation algorithms, the proposed technique first extracts the period and structure of repeated patterns from the image to sub-pixel resolution, and then produces a defect-free reference image for making comparison with the actual image. Since the technique acquires all its needed information from a single image, there is no need for a database image, a scaling procedure, or any a-priori knowledge about the repetition period of the patterns. Results of applying the proposed technique to real images from microlithography are presented.
X-Ray Luminescence Computed Tomography via Selective Excitation: A Feasibility Study (2010)

X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) is proposed as a new molecular imaging modality based on the selective excitation and optical detection of X-ray-excitable phosphor nanoparticles. These nano-sized particles can be fabricated to emit near-infrared (NIR) light when excited with X-rays, and, because because both X-rays and NIR photons propagate long distances in tissue, they are particularly well suited for in vivo biomedical imaging. In XLCT, tomographic images are generated by irradiating the subject using a sequence of programmed X-ray beams, while sensitive photo-detectors measure the light diffusing out of the subject. By restricting the X-ray excitation to a single, narrow beam of radiation, the origin of the optical photons can be inferred regardless of where these photons were detected, and how many times they scattered in tissue. This study presents computer simulations exploring the feasibility of imaging small objects with XLCT, such as research animals. The accumulation of 50 nm phosphor nanoparticles in a 2-mm-diameter target can be detected and quantified with subpicomolar sensitivity using less than 1 cGy of radiation dose. Provided sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, the spatial resolution of the system can be made as high as needed by narrowing the beam aperture. In particular, 1 mm spatial resolution was achieved for a 1-mm-wide X-ray beam. By including an X-ray detector in the system, anatomical imaging is performed simultaneously with molecular imaging via standard X-ray computed tomography (CT). The molecular and anatomical images are spatially and temporally co-registered, and, if a single-pixel X-ray detector is used, they have matching spatial resolution.
Bovine interferon alpha genes. Structure and expression. (1985)

The bovine genome contains a gene family of interferon-alpha s (bIFN-alpha) that consists of at least five distinct members. Four of the bIFN-alpha genes isolated show a high degree of homology (97% in the nucleotide sequence and 93% in amino acid sequence). The overall homology in amino acid sequence of bIFN-alpha to human, murine, and rat IFNs-alpha is approximately 60%. Yet there are amino acid clusters (positions 28-41 and 118-146) which are highly conserved throughout the mammalian evolution and in which the overall homology can be as high as 86%. Within the C terminus conserved cluster there is a sequence containing 9 amino acids completely conserved in 16 mammalian IFNs-alpha and of these, 7 are also shared with a similar domain in some bacterial toxins, implying a common functional role for these domains. One of the genes, IFN-alpha C, was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified bacterial IFN (specific activity, 2 X 10(8) units/mg) exhibited antiviral activity on bovine cells but no detectable activity was demonstrated on human and simian cells.
Quantitative imaging of chemical composition using dual-energy, dual-source CT (2008)

Dual-energy x-ray material decomposition has been proposed as a noninvasive quantitative imaging technique for more than 20 years. In this paper, we summarize previously developed dual-energy material decomposition methods and propose a simple yet accurate method for quantitatively measuring chemical composition in vivo. In order to take advantage of the newly developed dual-source CT, the proposed method is based upon post reconstruction (image space) data. Different from other post reconstruction methods, this method is designed to directly measure element composition (mass fraction) in a tissue by a simple table lookup procedure. The method has been tested in phantom studies and also applied to a clinical case. The results showed that this method is capable of accurately measuring elemental concentrations, such as iron in tissue, under low noise imaging conditions. The advantage of this method lies in its simplicity and fast processing times. We believe that this method can be applied clinically to measure the mass fraction of any chemical element in a two-material object, such as to quantify the iron overload in the liver (hemochromatosis). Further investigations on de-noising techniques, as well as clinical validation, are merited.
Modeling and implementation of a digitally controlled power converter using duty ratio quantization (1985)

A power converter control technique is described in which digital circuits, discrete proportionalintegral- differential feedback, and duty ratio quantization are used to provide dynamic regulation. A time domain computer modeling technique is presented. Analytical results are compared to experimental results. Digital methods for output current limiting and soft-start are described. Output quantization noise is discussed.
Chemical Composition and Biting Deterrent Activity of Essential Oil of <i>Tagetes patula</i> (Marigold) against <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (2016)

The hydrodistilled leaf essential oil (EO) of Tagetes patula L. was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The main components of the oil were characterized as caryophyllene oxide (18.4%), p-caryophyllene (18.0%) and spathulenol (9.1%). The EO was screened for its biting deterrent activity against Aedes aegypti L. using the in vitro K&D module system. T. patula EO exhibited good biting deterrent activity. The results suggest that these sesquiterpenes may contribute to biting deterrent activity, but the role of minor components cannot be excluded. T. patula EO also showed 100, 90 and 10% mortality at dosages of 125, 62.5 and 31.25 ppm, respectively, in I-day-old larvae of Ae. aegypt.