gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The path to volume production for CPV optics (2010)

A crucial prerequisite for a commercial success of large-scale CPV is the capability for mass production of the manufacturing processes. For the optical components (primary and secondary lenses) there do exist various production concepts with different potential for cost efficient mass production. The most promising concept is (compression) injection molding, a process technology for optical components already proven in mature industries like Automotive or Semiconductor. While the capability of the injection molding process for a real mass production is already well established, it needs to be proven that also the high quality requirements in CPV can be met. Injection molded PMMA Fresnel lenses can be manufactured with peak-to-valley deviations less than 10 μm, showing nearly no inner stress and very low and homogeneous edge radii in the order of 5 μm. A second approach for primary Fresnel lenses, namely injection molding of Silicone on Glass allows to take advantage of the mass production capability of injection molding also for this 2 component lens. The inherent advantage of this production method is clearly the achievable lower cycle time (= lower cost) and the high quality, e.g. no bubbles or intrusions. For volume production, this process can be extended to a fully automated production line with standard production equipment. For secondary CPV lenses, the requirements for the material are significantly higher, especially for larger concentration ratios. Since the conditions are comparable to lenses for high-brightness LEDs, the materials and technologies used there can be transferred to CPV secondary lens applications. Transparent silicone lenses have been proven to withstand the radiation density as well as the high temperatures. Thus, the use of injection-moldable silicone lenses for CPV is obvious.
Left ventricular midwall mechanics in systemic arterial hypertension. Myocardial function is depressed in pressure-overload hypertrophy. (1991)

Chamber dynamics provide an overestimate of myocardial function, especially when LV wall thickness is increased. This is due to a relatively greater contribution of inner shell thickening in pressure-overload hypertrophy.
Audio-visual isolated digit recognition for whispered speech (2011)

Whisper is used by talkers intentionally in certain circumstances to protect personal privacy. Due to the absence of periodic excitation in the production of whisper, there are considerable differences between neutral and whispered speech in the spectral structure. Therefore, performance of speech recognition systems trained with high energy voiced phonemes, degrades significantly when tested with whisper. In this study, we investigate the use of multi-streammodels in isolated digit recognition of whispered speech. A small digit corpus with one subject speaking both whisper and neutral speech is collected. The eigenlips approach is used to extract visual features describing the lips appearance. MFCCs are employed as feature set for speech. Two HMM systems are trained for each stream independently and their scores are linearly combined. The resulted word accuracy shows significant improvement (37%, absolute). The study represents one of the first advancements in whisper recognition using audiovisual features. It also supports the use of multistream HMM to improve the performance on whisper/neutral speech conditions.
Wafer-scale patterning of sub-40 nm diameter and high aspect ratio (>50:1) silicon pillar arrays by nanoimprint and etching (2008)

We demonstrate wide-area fabrication of sub-40 nm diameter, 1.5 µm tall, high aspect ratio silicon pillar arrays with straight sidewalls by combining nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). Imprint molds were used to pre-pattern nanopillar positions precisely on a 200 nm square lattice with long range order. The conventional DRIE etching process was modified and optimized with reduced cycle times and gas flows to achieve vertical sidewalls; with such techniques the pillar sidewall roughness can be reduced below 8 nm (peak-to-peak). In some cases, sub-50 nm diameter pillars, 3 µm tall, were fabricated to achieve aspect ratios greater than 60:1.
Entwicklung und Charakterisierung von Faserverbundwerkstoffen auf Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe (1999)

Bei der Verwendung konventioneller Kunststoffe und Faserverbunde auf petrochemischer Basis sind Produktion, Nutzung und Entsorgung unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Umweltverträglichkeit oftmals problematisch und mit erheblichem technischen Aufwand verbunden. Einen Lösungsansatz können hier naturfaserverstärkte Biopolymere auf der Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe bieten. Derartige Verbunde aus Flachs- oder Ramiefasern mit biopolymeren Matrizes können beispielsweise durch CO2-neutrale thermische Verwertung oder u. U. durch Kompostierung umweltverträglich entsorgt werden. Die Dissertation greift diese Idee auf und befasst sich vorrangig mit der Entwicklung quasiisotroper Bio-Verbundwerkstoffe mit dem Schwerpunkt Matrixsysteme. Hieraus ist die zum Patent angemeldete Erfindung einer annähernd duroplastischen Biomatrix auf Schellackbasis hervorgegangen, die sich gegenüber den ansonsten ausschließlich thermoplastischen biopolymeren Systemen im Verbund durch sehr gute mechanische Eigenschaften selbst bei Temperaturen um 70°C und relativen Luftfeuchtigkeiten um 75 % auszeichnet. Zur Erhöhung der Brandbeständigkeit werden die Bio-Verbunde mit mineralischen Flammschutzmitteln (FSM) ausgerüstet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Schellackverbunde mit geringeren FSM-Gehalten als die Sconacell A-Verbunde die Brennbarkeitsklasse S 4 erreichen. Die ohnehin geringe Abnahme der mechanischen Kennwerte infolge des FSM-Zusatzes fällt bei den Schellackverbunden kleiner aus als bei den Sconacell A-Verbunden. Beide erfüllen sowohl die von der DB AG gestellten mechanischen Anforderungen als auch die Brandbeständigkeiten. Darüber hinaus werden in der Dissertation unidirektional verstärkte Bio-Verbunde entwickelt, wobei ein ramiegarnverstärkter Schellackverbund die besten Eigenschaften aufwies. Um die Verstärkungswirkung der Naturfasern zu verbessern, wird durch Reinigungsprozesse des Vorgarns die interlaminare Scherfestigkeit des Verbunds auf 35,4 Mpa erhöht, jedoch bei gleichzeitiger Verringerung der übrigen Kenndaten. Aufgrund der richtungsabhängigen Werkstoffeigenschaften von Faserverbundwerkstoffen können besondere strukturmechanische Wirkungen, insbesondere Verformungskopplungen erzeugt werden, die mit isotropen Materialien nicht darstellbar sind. So wird in der Dissertation für einen ramiegarnverstärkten Schellackverbund der optimierte Faserwinkel für eine maximale Biege-Torsionskopplung mit 31 ° berechnet.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Protease Activities in Vital Cells (1992)

The analysis of lysosomal proteases in cell lysates is complicated by pH-dependent and oxidative changes of their activity and complex formation with cytosolic inhibitors. Therefore, new flow cytometric methods were developed for the intracellular measurement of protease activities in viable cells. Intracellular cleavage of substrates such as Z-Arg-Arg-4-trifluoromethylcoumarinyl-7-amide to green fluorescent 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (AFC) in viable neutrophils and monocytes was only detected following phagocytosis of Escherichia coli. A measurement of the cysteine or serine proteinase activities in resting human leukocytes was, however, not possible with AFC derivatives as the overlapping blue fluorescence of the substrates reduces sensitivity. Nonfluorescent bis-substituted peptide derivatives of rhodamine 110 (R110), which are intracellularly cleaved to green fluorescent mono-substituted R110 and free R110 proved to be more sensitive substrates. The activity of the lysosomal cysteine proteinases of human monocytes or rat macrophages, i.e. cathepsin B and L, was specifically measured with (Z-Arg-Arg)2-R110, (Z-Phe-Arg)2-R110, or (Z-Ala-Arg-Arg)2-R110. Fluorescence generation was completely inhibited by Z-Phe-Ala-diazomethane or E-64. The serine proteinases of human neutrophils were analyzed with Elastase-substrates such as (Z-Ala-Ala)2-R110 or (Z-Ala-Ala-Ala)2-R110. Specificity was shown by inhibition with diisopropylfluorophosphate.
Alkyl 3-[2,4-Disubstituted-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1<i>H</i>-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]propenoate Derivatives (1995)

Structure-activity investigations of the five position of the aryl ring of 1-(2,4,5-trisubstitutedphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-5(H)-one 1 resulted in the discovery of a highly active class of postemergence herbicides with excellent control of key broadleaf weeds. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of these compounds are discussed. The weed control and crop selectivity of F8426 are presented in detail.
Emission Spectra of Group 13 Metal Atoms and Indium Hydrides in Solid H<sub>2</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> (2004)

Infrared spectra of solid hydrogen (deuterium) samples co-deposited at 3.5 K with laser-ablated Al, Ga, In, and Tl atoms reveal infrared absorptions for the MH [MD] molecules. Irradiation at 193 nm increases MH2 and MH3 [MD2 and MD3] absorptions and produces emission spectra for the metal atoms except for Al and phosphorescence spectra for the InH [InD] molecules. Unreacted metal emission bands are blue-shifted from the gas phase more by solid D2 than by solid H2. However, the emission yield for InD is much higher in solid D2 than for InH in solid H2, which suggests a higher nonradiative relaxation rate in solid H2 than in solid D2 owing to the larger zero-point motion.
Complexity reduction in Volterra connectionist modelling by consideration of output mapping (2002)

The output mapping method is used to demonstrate an approach which makes the Volterra connectionist model highly efficient computationally, in comparison with current neural networks. Although the system was applied to yield linear recognizers, exactly the same approach can be used to reduce the order of a nonlinear recognizer. The network is not constrained to fit arbitrary indices and may utilize all of its degrees of freedom to improve recognition performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Come rain or come shine: political ecology as a tool to merge labor and environmental history (2012)

If political ecology´s originality arises from its efforts to link social and physical\nsciences to address environmental distribution conflicts; analyzing natural and labor\nprocesses, which are inherently connected and not exclusive of each other, will provide\na good basis to understand the interaction between these processes. This article aims at\nproposing political ecology as a tool to merge labor and environmental histories in an\nattempt to link environmental change and labor dynamics of migrant seasonal\nagricultural workers. Considering that all environmental history has in some way also\nbeen a part of labor history, this article first presents political ecology approach, then\nproceeds with the need for both a shift to labor´s geography and agricultural worker´s\nhistory of their labor and environment. Presenting the preliminary findings of a\nhistorical analysis and a multi-sited ethnographic research in Çukurova (Turkey), this\narticle briefly concludes with the opportunities for a political ecology of migrant\nagricultural labor that occurs in the intersection labor and environmental histories.
Proteomics investigation of protein expression changes in ouabain induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (2008)

Ouabain is Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitor and an endogenous regulator of blood pressure, it has dual effect on vascular endothelial cells(VEC) cell growth and VEC apoptosis is contributed to vascular dysfunction involved in vascular remolding. However, the precise mechanisms of apoptosis induced by ouabain remained unclear. The objective of this study was to identify the differently expressed proteins involved in VEC apoptosis induced by ouabain in order to explore cellular and subcellular mechanisms related to ouabain actions. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to increasing concentrations (0.1 nM to 10 microM) of ouabain at 12-48 h intervals. Cell viability tests revealed that high concentrations of ouabain inhibited cell growth. Flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity analysis confirmed that apoptosis was primarily responsible for ouabain induced cell death. Two-dimensional electrophoresis in conjunction with mass spectrometry revealed that the ouabain-induced apoptosis was accompanied by regulated expression of programmed cell death protein 6, cytochrome C1, endothelin converting enzyme, claudin-1, reticulon-4, galectin-1, ras-related protein rab-11B, calnexin, profilin-1 and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). Further study on cytochrome c and HSP60 demonstrated that levels of mitochondria and cytosol cytochrome c and HSP60 changed in response to ouabain treatment. Data showed that mitochondria proteins such as HSP60 interferes with HSP60-Bax interactions played an important role in ouabain induced apoptosis. These data bring new sights into physiological role for ouabain in VEC apoptosis and vascular remodeling, thus provide new strategies for new anti-cardiovascular disease drug development or the identification of biomarkers for vascular dysfunction in ouabain related hypertension.
Techniques for measurement of water vapor sorption and permeation in polymer films (1996)

The accurate measurement of water vapor sorption and permeation in polymers is complicated because water has a tendency to adsorb on high energy surfaces, a relatively high heat of vaporization, and a high solubility in most polymers. These issues and the difficulties they cause in the design of sorption and permeation equipment are reviewed. Some new approaches to circumvent these problems are described. Data for bisphenol A polysulfone films are used to illustrate these approaches. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Granzyme M Directly Cleaves Inhibitor of Caspase-Activated DNase (CAD) to Unleash CAD Leading to DNA Fragmentation (2006)

Granzyme (Gzm)M is constitutively highly expressed in NK cells that may play a critical role in NK cell-mediated cytolysis. However, the function of GzmM has been less defined. Just one report showed GzmM induces a caspase-independent death pathway. In this study, we demonstrate a protein transfection reagent Pro-Ject can efficiently transport GzmM into target cells. GzmM initiates caspase-dependent apoptosis with typical apoptotic nuclear morphology. GzmM induces DNA fragmentation, not DNA nicking. GzmM can directly degrade inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase to release the nuclease activity of caspase-activated DNase for damaging DNA. Furthermore, GzmM cleaves the DNA damage sensor enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase to prevent cellular DNA repair and force apoptosis.
1,N<sup>6</sup>-etheno deoxy and ribo adenoGine and 3,N<sup>4</sup>-etheno deoxy and ribo cytidine phosphoramidites. Strongly fluorescent structures for selective introduction in defined sequence DNA and RNA molecules (1994)

Synthesis of 1,N6-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine, 3,N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine, and further chemistry on both deoxy and ribo series etheno nucleosides produces the corresponding phosphoramidites. These novel phosphoramidites are introduced selectively, quantitatively, and at specific positions at single or multiple sites into DNA or RNA sequences. The purification and chemistry involved in the synthesis of these products has been optimized to achieve the purity in excess of 99%. The resulting phosphoramidites were tested for their ability to couple and produce poly deoxy and ribonucleotides by solid phase chemistry. The coupling efficiency achieved was greater than 99% per step. Due to the instability of these etheno compounds in acidic and basic medium, various criteria to obtain pure oligomers have been established. The selective introduction of these fluorescent nucleosides into defined sequence DNA and RNA molecule will greatly facilitate the structure-function studies of various RNAs, protein-RNA structures, and DNA-RNA based diagnostics applications. The characteristic and high fluorescent intensity (detection below 1 x 10(-9) M for adenosine sites and below 1 x 10(-7) M for cytidine sites) is particularly suited for the biochemical and biological research and product development applications. The usefulness of these etheno containing modified sequences as sequencing and amplification primers is demonstrated by their full participation in polymerase chain reaction experiments.
DETECTION OF A PUTATIVE VIRULENCE <i>cad</i>F GENE OF <i>CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI</i> OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES USING A MICROFABRICATED PCR CHIP (2005)

ABSTRACT A microfabricated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) chip made of epoxy‐based photoresist (SU‐8) was recently designed and developed. In this study, we tested whether the PCR chip could be used for rapid detection of a potential virulence determinant, the cad F gene of Campylobacter jejuni . PCR was performed using published PCR conditions and primers for the C. jejuni cad F gene. DNA isolated from a C. jejuni reference strain CCUG 11284, C. jejuni isolates obtained from different sources (chicken and human), and Campylobacter whole cells were used as templates in the PCR tests. Conventional PCR in tube was used as the control. After optimization of the PCR chip, PCR positives on the chip were obtained from 91.0% (10/11) of the tested chips. A fast transition time was achieved with the PCR chip, and therefore a faster cycling time and a shorter PCR program were obtained. Using the PCR chip, the cad F gene could be detected in 1.5 h in comparison to 3.4 h in the published methods. The PCR chip can be applied for rapid detection of the virulence cad F gene of C. jejuni obtained from different sources. This is the first PCR chip that has been used to detect Campylobacter virulence genes. Using the chip, the cad F gene of C. jejuni can be detected directly from bacterial whole cells without DNA isolation and purification steps.
Dry Reforming of Hydrocarbon Feedstocks (2014)

Developments in catalyst technology for the dry reforming of hydrocarbon feedstocks are reviewed for methane, higher hydrocarbons and alcohols. Thermodynamics, mechanisms and the kinetics of dry reforming are also reviewed. The literature on Ni catalysts, bi-metallic Ni catalysts and the role of promoters on Ni catalysts is critically evaluated. The use of noble and transitional metal catalysts for dry reforming is discussed. The application of solid oxide and metal carbide catalysts to dry reforming is also evaluated. Finally, various mechanisms for catalyst deactivation are assessed. This review also examines the various process related issues associated with dry reforming such as its application and heat optimization. Novel approaches such as supercritical dry reforming and microwave assisted dry reforming are briefly expanded upon.
A cost analysis of intraoperative microelectrode recording during subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease (2011)

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is the standard of care for treating medically intractable Parkinson's disease. Although the adjunct of microelectrode recording improves the targeting accuracy of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in comparison with image guidance alone, there has been no investigation of the financial cost of intraoperative microelectrode recording. This study was performed to address this issue. A comprehensive literature search of large subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation series (minimum, 75 patients) was performed, revealing a mean operating room time of 223.83 minutes for unilateral and 279.79 minutes for simultaneous bilateral implantation. The baseline operating room time was derived from the published operating room time for subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation without microelectrode recording. The total cost (operating room, anesthesia, neurosurgery) was then calculated based on hospitals geographically representative of the entire United States. The average cost for subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation implantation with microelectrode recording per patient is $26,764.79 for unilateral, $33,481.43 for simultaneous bilateral, and $53,529.58 for staged bilateral. For unilateral implantation, the cost of microelectrode recording is $19,461.75, increasing the total cost by 267%. For simultaneous bilateral implantation, microelectrode recording costs $20,535.98, increasing the total cost by 159%. For staged bilateral implantation, microelectrode recording costs $38,923.49, increasing the total cost by 267%. Microelectrode recording more than doubles the cost of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease and more than triples the cost for unilateral and staged bilateral procedures. The cost burden of microelectrode recording to subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation requires the clinical efficacy of microelectrode recording to be proven in a prospective evidence-based manner in order to curtail the potential for excessive financial burden to the health care system.
Nepenthesin from Monkey Cups for Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (2012)

Studies of protein dynamics, structure and interactions using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) have sharply increased over the past 5-10 years. The predominant technology requires fast digestion at pH 2-3 to retain deuterium label. Pepsin is used almost exclusively, but it provides relatively low efficiency under the constraints of the experiment, and a selectivity profile that renders poor coverage of intrinsically disordered regions. In this study we present nepenthesin-containing secretions of the pitcher plant Nepenthes, commonly called monkey cups, for use in HDX-MS. We show that nepenthesin is at least 1400-fold more efficient than pepsin under HDX-competent conditions, with a selectivity profile that mimics pepsin in part, but also includes efficient cleavage C-terminal to "forbidden" residues K, R, H, and P. High efficiency permits a solution-based analysis with no detectable autolysis, avoiding the complication of immobilized enzyme reactors. Relaxed selectivity promotes high coverage of disordered regions and the ability to "tune" the mass map for regions of interest. Nepenthesin-enriched secretions were applied to an analysis of protein complexes in the nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair pathway. The analysis of XRCC4 binding to the BRCT domains of Ligase IV points to secondary interactions between the disordered C-terminal tail of XRCC4 and remote regions of the BRCT domains, which could only be identified with a nepenthesin-based workflow. HDX data suggest that stalk-binding to XRCC4 primes a BRCT conformation in these remote regions to support tail interaction, an event which may be phosphoregulated. We conclude that nepenthesin is an effective alternative to pepsin for all HDX-MS applications, and especially for the analysis of structural transitions among intrinsically disordered proteins and their binding partners.
Formation of SiGe nanocrystals in HfO2 using <i>in situ</i> chemical vapor deposition for memory applications (2004)

The in situ deposition process of SiGe nanocrystals on SiO2 and HfO2 substrates was studied using Auger electron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Ge concentration in SiGe nanocrystals increased with deposition time at equal Si/Ge flow rates. Analysis indicated that the nucleation of Ge takes place preferentially on prenucleated Si on the dielectric. Memory transistors were fabricated using SiGe nanocrystals and HfO2 tunneling/control dielectrics as a gate stack. Memory effects from floating SiGe nanocrystals in HfO2 were clearly observed at room temperature from metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor devices with a threshold voltage shift of about 0.5 V with the application of +4 V.