gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Meeting Report: Hazard Assessment for Nanoparticles—Report from an Interdisciplinary Workshop (2007)

In this report we present the findings from a nanotoxicology workshop held 6-7 April 2006 at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. Over 2 days, 26 scientists from government, academia, industry, and nonprofit organizations addressed two specific questions: what information is needed to understand the human health impact of engineered nanoparticles and how is this information best obtained? To assess hazards of nanoparticles in the near-term, most participants noted the need to use existing in vivo toxicologic tests because of their greater familiarity and interpretability. For all types of toxicology tests, the best measures of nanoparticle dose need to be determined. Most participants agreed that a standard set of nanoparticles should be validated by laboratories worldwide and made available for benchmarking tests of other newly created nanoparticles. The group concluded that a battery of tests should be developed to uncover particularly hazardous properties. Given the large number of diverse materials, most participants favored a tiered approach. Over the long term, research aimed at developing a mechanistic understanding of the numerous characteristics that influence nanoparticle toxicity was deemed essential. Predicting the potential toxicity of emerging nanoparticles will require hypothesis-driven research that elucidates how physicochemical parameters influence toxic effects on biological systems. Research needs should be determined in the context of the current availability of testing methods for nanoscale particles. Finally, the group identified general policy and strategic opportunities to accelerate the development and implementation of testing protocols and ensure that the information generated is translated effectively for all stakeholders.
Chronic Ethanol Consumption-induced Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Apoptosis through Glucokinase Nitration and Its Down-regulation (2010)

Chronic ethanol consumption is known as an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance; however, there is a great deal of controversy concerning the relationships between alcohol consumption and the development of type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and whether generated peroxynitrite participates in the impaired glucose homeostasis. Here we show that chronic ethanol feeding decreases the ability of pancreatic β-cells to mediate insulin secretion and ATP production in coordination with the decrease of glucokinase, Glut2, and insulin expression. Specific blockade of ATF3 using siRNA or C-terminally deleted ATF3(ΔC) attenuated ethanol-induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis or dysfunction and restored the down-regulation of glucokinase (GCK), insulin, and pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 induced by ethanol. GCK inactivation and down-regulation were predominantly mediated by ethanol metabolism-generated peroxynitrite, which were suppressed by the peroxynitrite scavengers N(γ)-monomethyl-L-arginine, uric acid, and deferoxamine but not by the S-nitrosylation inhibitor DTT, indicating that tyrosine nitration is the predominant modification associated with GCK down-regulation and inactivation rather than S-nitrosylation of cysteine. Tyrosine nitration of GCK prevented its association with pBad, and GCK translocation into the mitochondria results in subsequent proteasomal degradation of GCK following ubiquitination. This study identified a novel and efficient pathway by which chronic ethanol consumption may induce GCK down-regulation and inactivation by inducing tyrosine nitration of GCK, resulting in pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction. Peroxynitrite-induced ATF3 may also serve as a potent upstream regulator of GCK down-regulation and β-cell apoptosis.
Diagnosis of tunneling opens (2002)

This paper resolves two issues regarding diagnosis of tunneling opens: efficient screening and accurate localization. In the first part, a test pattern selection and sorting algorithm is presented. It is shown that the presented algorithm saves I/sub DDQ/(t) test time without impacting on its effectiveness. The second part of this paper presents a locating algorithm which combines both VLV and I/sub DDQ/(t) test results. This technique is shown to be able to accurately locate the tunneling opens with higher resolution than commercial single stuck-at fault diagnosis tool.
Synchronization circuit performance (2002)

Synchronizer circuits are usually characterized by their rate of failure in transmitting data between two independently timed regions. The mean time between failures (MTBF) is given. These effects can be explained by extending the existing theory to take account of initial offsets, and we propose a new, more accurate, formula. Synchronizer performance depends on achieving a high reliability of synchronization together with a short time. We show that commonly used circuits, such as the jamb latch, do not produce the best compromise for very high reliability applications, and that a better circuit can be designed. In order to confirm that thermal noise does not influence the MTBF against synchronization-time relationship, we have devised an experiment to measure noise in an integrated CMOS bistable circuit. We show that the noise exhibits a Gaussian distribution, and is close to the value expected from thermal agitation.
Fast Detection Of MYD88-L265P Mutation By PCR-RFLP In Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorders (2013)

Abstract Introduction Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WΜ) is an incurable disorder characterized by bone marrow infiltration from neoplastic lymphoplasmacytic B-lymphocytes and monoclonal IgM production. Recent data suggest a possible causal relationship of MYD88-L265P mutation with the pathogenesis of the disease (Treon Sp et al. N Eng J Med 2012;367:826-33). Additional studies have conformed that MYD88-L265P is characteristic of WΜ, but it is also rarely present in other chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) (Jiménez C et al. Leukemia 2013,doi: 10.1038/leu.2013.62; Varettoni M et al. Blood 2013;121:2522-8). The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence of the aforementioned mutation in patients with WM and other LPDs, using a fast and reliable polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) protocol. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from the bone marrow of 11 patients with WΜ, 12 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 8 with splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL). Furthermore, consecutive samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow isolated CD19+ cells, derived from a patient with monoclonal IgM gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS-IgM), were also retrospectively analysed for the presence of MYD88-L265P defect. The detection of the mutation was performed by PCR amplification of the MYD88 exon 5 region, followed by RFLP analysis, since the presence of the mutation results in the generation of BsiEI restriction enzyme site. PCR-RFLP results were also confirmed by direct sequencing of purified CD19+cells. Results The MYD88-L265P mutation was detected in 10 patients with WΜ (90.9%), in 1 patient with SLVL with markers of lymphoplasmatocytoid differentiation (12.5%) and was absent in all CLL patients. Interestingly, our PCR-RFLP protocol exhibited a greater sensitivity than direct sequencing, when applied to total bone marrow cells (12.5% vs 25%). Moreover, the patient with MGUS-IgM displayed the MYD88-L265P mutation in isolated CD19+cells of both bone marrow and peripheral blood in all consecutive samples and remains in a stable condition for the last 7 years. Conclusion PCR-RFLP is a rapid, sensitive and reliable technique for the detection of MYD88-L265P mutation in patients with WM and lymphomas with lymphoplasmatocytoid differentiation. Additionally, the presence of MYD88-L265P mutation in MGUS-IgM in the absence of disease progression for many years, suggests that this genetic defect alone is not sufficient to lead to overt neoplastic disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis (2009)

Beginnend mit dem Aufbruch der Frauen in der Französischen Revolution werden hier die verschiedenen Stationen und Strömungen der Frauenbewegung vorgestellt: Der Anfang einer organisierten sozialen Bewegung um die 1848er Revolution; die Höhepunkte ihrer Organisation und öffentlichen Wirkung um die Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert; der Aufstieg zu gleichberechtigten Staatsbürgerinnen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg und der Niedergang der Bewegung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus; der Aufbruch zu einem «neuen» Feminismus nach 1970 und schließlich der Ausblick auf die Situation der Frauen, des Feminismus und die Veränderung der Geschlechterverhältnisse am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts.
Parathyroid hormone-activated calcium channels in an osteoblast-like clonal osteosarcoma cell line. cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent calcium channels. (1987)

Changes in free cytosolic calcium were measured in UMR-106 cells in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulation. Bovine PTH-(1-34) induced an increase in [Ca2+]i with the contour of the rise in [Ca2+]i occurring in three successive phases: a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i occurring within seconds, rapid decrement in [Ca2+]i to near-resting levels within 1 min, and slow increment in [Ca2+]i. Phase one and phase three increases in [Ca2+]i were dependent on medium calcium. The phase one rise in [Ca2+]i was inhibitable by the calcium channel blockers lanthanum and verapamil. Only the phase one rise in [Ca2+]i was blocked by preincubation of the cells with the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. This channel was also blocked when cellular cAMP levels were increased prior to PTH stimulation. The phase two decrement of [Ca2+]i was due to the rapid inactivation of the phase one calcium channel. The phase three rise in [Ca2+]i was mediated by cellular cAMP levels. This cAMP-dependent Ca2+ channel was insensitive to pretreatment of the cells with phorbol diesters and showed low sensitivity to Ca2+ channel blockers. It is concluded that UMR-106 cells respond to PTH stimulation by the activation of a cAMP-independent Ca2+ channel. This channel rapidly inactivates. The subsequent PTH-dependent increase in cellular cAMP is followed by activation of a cAMP-dependent Ca2+ channel resulting in a slow rise in [Ca2+]i.
PATTERN SYNTHESIS FOR LARGE PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS USING A MODIFIED ALTERNATING PROJECTION METHOD (2014)

A pattern synthesis approach based on a modifled alternating projection method for large planar arrays is presented in this paper. In the alternating projection method, pattern synthesis problem is considered as flnding the intersection between two sets: the speciflcation set and the feasible set. The former contains all the patterns that want to be obtained, while the latter contains all the patterns that can be realized. An element belongs to both sets is a solution to the problem. In this paper, a modifled projection operator which varies with the iteration number is introduced because the conventional alternating projection method is known to sufier from low convergence rate and/or trapping on local optimum depending on the starting point. When the planar array has a nonuniform element layout, the unequally spaced elements are interpolated into virtual uniform elements with an interpolation of the least square sense. Then the synthesis problem is converted to the problem of a uniform array. Finally, several examples are presented to validate the advantages of the proposed method. Results show that the modifled method is fast and obtains better results than the conventional one.
A Proposal of New Reading Text CAPTCHA using Random Dot Patterns (2018)

According to the growth of troubles caused by malicious programs called bots, CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) comes to be an important role in the current information society. CAPTCHA identifies bots from legitimate human users by requiring some questions that are easy for humans to solve but difficult for bots. However, the progress of computing technology such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR) function. bots come to be able to solve present CAPTCHAs. In order to outcome such troublesome bots, more sophisticated CAPTCHA that requires the high cognitive ability of human beings is desired. In this paper, we propose a new CAPTCHA scheme that uses random dot patterns. Human beings can recognize a moving figure filled by a random dot pattern from a background that is filled by another random dot pattern; however, they lose the figure in the background when the figure pauses. Since image recognition by computer programs is usually carried out frame by frame, it is hard for bots to recognize such a moving figure filled by a random dot pattern from another random dot pattern background. The proposed CAPTCHA scheme exploits this characteristic of random dot patterns. This CAPTCHA requires users to answer a text filled by a random dot pattern that is moving on a background also filled by another random dot pattern. Several experiments were carried out to confirm that the proposed CAPTCHA scheme has enough resistance against bot attacks using representative image recognition methods. Results of the experiments showed that the image recognition methods cannot find out the answer text. Other experiments were also carried out to evaluate the usability of the proposed CAPTCHA scheme. The system usability scheme was adopted in the experiments. The obtained score was 89 that means this CAPTCHA scheme has high usability. These results showed that the CAPTCHA scheme is usable enough and has enough resistance against bot attacks.
A 0.5-V 1.9-GHz Low-Power Phase-Locked Loop in 0.18-¿m CMOS (2007)

Implemented in a standard 0.18-mum CMOS process, a 0.5-V 1.9-GHz low-power phase-locked loop (PLL) is presented. Due to the use of the forward-body-bias technique, the threshold voltage of the MOSFETs is effectively reduced, making it possible to operate the PLL at an ultra-low supply voltage. In addition, various techniques for low-power and low-voltage operations are also adopted in the design of the building blocks. With a dc power consumption of 4.5 mW, the fabricated PLL measures in-band and out-of-band phase noise of -83.4 dBc/Hz and -135.3 dBc/Hz at 100-kHz and 10-MHz frequency offset, respectively.
A study of wet oxidized Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As for integrated optics (1999)

An investigation of wet oxidized Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As layers in integrated optical applications is reported. Refractive index and thickness shrinkage of wet oxidized Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As layers are measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry. A Cauchy fit to the refractive index is found in the wavelength range between 0.3 and 1.6 μm. The refractive index at 1.55 μm is found to be 1.66/spl plusmn/0.01 with little dispersion around 1.55 μm. Very low loss single-mode waveguides with metal electrodes showing very low polarization dependence of loss coefficient are fabricated using wet oxidized Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As layers as upper cladding. Optical polarization splitters are also designed and fabricated from the same type of waveguides taking advantage of increased birefringence. Designs utilizing wet oxidized Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As are compared with conventional designs using only compound semiconductor heterostructures.
Self-Calibrated Two-Point Delta–Sigma Modulation Technique for RF Transmitters (2010)

A self-calibrated two-point delta-sigma modulation technique for CMOS RF transmitter is proposed. This calibration technique employs voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and delta-sigma modulator input ports in a frequency synthesizer. By monitoring the control voltage of a loop filter, the gain mismatch between two paths can be detected and completely calibrated by modifying the gain of the VCO path. The acceptable timing mismatch between the two paths is also investigated so that the timing can be controlled to ensure stable output performance. As a result, the phase modulation guarantees a robust performance against PVT variations without using any predistortion techniques. This technique is applied to a quad-band (850/900/1800/1900) GSM/EDGE transmitter for verification. For the amplitude modulation of the EDGE mode, a dc calibration is adopted to suppress unwanted carrier leakage tones. The measurement results show satisfactory GSM/EDGE spectrums and error vector magnitude performance at both low- and high-frequency bands.
Trifluoroacetic Acid and Trifluoroacetic Anhydride Radical Cations Dissociate near the Ionization Limit (2019)

The threshold photoelectron spectra (TPES) and ion dissociation breakdown curves for trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAN) were measured by imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy employing both effusive room-temperature samples and samples introduced in a seeded molecular beam. The fine structure in the breakdown diagram of TFA mirroring the vibrational progression in the TPES suggests that direct ionization to the X̃+ state leads to parent ions with a lower “effective temperature” than nonresonant ionization in between the vibrational progression. Composite W1U, CBS-QB3, CBS-APNO, G3, and G4 calculations yielded an average ionization energy (IE) of 11.69 ± 0.06 eV, consistent with the experimental value of 11.64 ± 0.01 eV, based on Franck–Condon modeling of the TPES. The measured 0 K appearance energies (AE0K) for the reaction forming CO2H+ + CF3 from TFA were 11.92 for effusive data and 11.94 ± 0.01 eV for molecular beam data, consistent with the calculated composite method 0 K reaction energy of 11.95 ± 0.08 eV. Together with the 0 K heats of formation (ΔfH0K) of CO2H+ and CF3, this yields a ΔfH0K of neutral TFA of −1016.6 ± 1.5 kJ mol–1 (−1028.3 ± 1.5 kJ mol–1 at 298 K). TFAN did not exhibit a molecular ion at room-temperature conditions, but a small signal was observed when rovibrationally cold species were probed in a molecular beam. The two observed dissociation channels were CF3C(O)OC(O)+ + CF3 and the dominant, sequential reaction CF3CO+ + CF3 + CO2. Calculations revealed a low-energy isomer of ionized TFAN, incorporating the three moieties CF3CO+, CF3, and CO2 joined in a noncovalent complex, mediating its unimolecular dissociation.
Reactivity of Li[sub y][Ni[sub x]Co[sub 1−2x]Mn[sub x]]O[sub 2] (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.35, 0.45, and 0.5; y=0.3, 0.5) with Nonaqueous Solvents and Electrolytes Studied by ARC (2005)

Samples of the layered cathode material, 0.2, 0.35, 0.45, and 0.5), were synthesized at 900°C, fabricated into electrodes, and charged to both 4.2 and 4.4 V vs. The charged electrode materials were rinsed to remove the electrolyte salt and then added, along with ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvent or 1 M EC/DEC, to stainless steel accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) sample holders that were welded closed. ARC shows that there is no significant exothermic reaction between 4.2 V) and EC/DEC solvent or 1 M EC/DEC until approximately 170°C, compared to a 140°C onset temperature for charged to 4.2 V. As x increases from 0.1 to 0.2, the onset temperature for materials charged to 4.2 V does not change significantly, but the main exothermic peak shifts significantly to higher temperatures. However, the thermal stability of with is significantly worse for samples charged to 4.4 V. By contrast, samples with 0.35, 0.45, or 0.5 show almost identical excellent thermal stability at both 4.2 and 4.4 V. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Kinetic Analyses of Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene by Rhodococcus erythropolis in Batch and Fed-Batch Cultures (1996)

The DbtS(sup+) phenotype (which confers the ability to oxidize selectively the sulfur atom of dibenzothiophene [DBT] or dibenzothiophene sulfone [DBTO(inf2)]) of Rhodococcus erythropolis N1-36 was quantitatively characterized in batch and fed-batch cultures. In flask cultures, production of the desulfurization product, monohydroxybiphenyl (OH-BP), was maximal at pH 6.0, while specific productivity (OH-BP cell(sup-1)) was maximal at pH 5.5. Quantitative measurements in fermentors (in both batch and fed-batch modes) demonstrated that DBTO(inf2) as the sole sulfur source yielded a greater amount of product than did DBT. Specifically, 100 (mu)M DBT maximally yielded (apprx=)40 (mu)M OH-BP, while 100 (mu)M DBTO(inf2) yielded (apprx=)60 (mu)M OH-BP. Neither maintaining the pH at 6.0 nor adding an additional carbon source increased the yield of OH-BP. The presence of SO(inf4)(sup2-) in growth media repressed expression of desulfurization activity, but SO(inf4)(sup2-) added to suspensions of cells grown in DBT or DBTO(inf2) did not inhibit desulfurization activity.
Polyoxometalate Multi‐Electron‐Transfer Catalytic Systems for Water Splitting (2014)

Abstract The viable production of solar fuels requires a visible‐light‐absorbing unit, a H 2 O (or CO 2 ) reduction catalyst (WRC), and a water oxidation catalyst (WOC) that work in tandem to split water or reduce CO 2 with H 2 O rapidly, selectively, and for long periods of time. Most catalysts and photosensitizers developed to date for these triadic systems are oxidatively, thermally, and/or hydrolytically unstable. Polyoxometalates (POMs) constitute a huge class of complexes with extensively tunable properties that are oxidatively, thermally, and (over wide and adjustable pH ranges) hydrolytically stable. POMs are some of the fastest and most stable WOCs to date under optimal conditions. This Microreview updates the very active POM WOC field; it reports the application of POMs as WRCs and initial self‐assembling metal oxide semiconductor–photosensitizer–POM catalyst triad photoanodes. The complexities of investigating these POM systems, including but not limited to the study of POM‐hydrated metal‐ion–metal‐oxide speciation processes, are outlined. The achievements and challenges in POM WOC, WRC, and triad research are outlined.
Constructing STEM Mentorship Pathways to Empower Students in Low-Socioeconomic Communities (2020)

To promote a STEM career pipeline, a mentor outreach program was created within a K-12 charter school network, with a pilot year focusing on eighth and ninth-grade students. Utilizing a small cohort of volunteers from a nearby community college as student mentors and one faculty member, 12 visits were conducted throughout the school year. The mentors led science activities, made connections to their collegiate coursework in science, and worked to establish mentor relationships with students in order to motivate them to pursue science upon high school completion. As a result, survey data from the beginning compared to the end of the academic year showed increases in favorable perception of science by as much as 25%. This is most pronounced in young female students of color and by students whose parents have a high school education or lower.
Production of Nanosized Zirconia-Particles by CO<sub>2</sub> Laser Evaporation (1997)

This paper reports on the production of nanosized zirconia-particles by CO 2 laser evaporation. Particle diameters down to a few nanometers could be produced by using of short laser pulses and helium as the carrier gas. Vaporization rates, particle diameters and their density distributions were determined in dependence on the experimental parameters.