gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ataxia-telangiectasia: founder effect among north African Jews (1996)

The ATM gene is responsible for the autosomal recessive disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), characterized by cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency and cancer predisposition. A-T carriers were reported to be moderately cancer-prone. A wide variety of A-T mutations, most of which are unique to single families, were identified in various ethnic groups, precluding carrier screening with mutation-specific assays. However, a single mutation was observed in 32/33 defective ATM alleles in Jewish A-T families of North African origin, coming from various regions of Morocco and Tunisia. This mutation, 103C-->T, results in a stop codon at position 35 of the ATM protein. In keeping with the nature of this mutation, various antibodies directed against the ATM protein failed to defect this protein in patient cells. A rapid carrier detection assay detected this mutation in three out of 488 ATM alleles of Jewish Moroccan or Tunisian origin. This founder effect provides a unique opportunity for population-based screening for A-T carriers in a large Jewish community.
Structure-activity relationships within the N-terminal short consensus repeats (SCR) of human CR1 (C3b / C4b receptor, CD35): SCR 3 plays a critical role in inhibition of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation (1999)

Genes coding for between one and four short consensus repeats (SCR) of the N-terminal region of human complement receptor 1 (CR1) were synthesized from oligonucleotides and those encoding SCR(1 – 2), SCR(1 – 3), SCR(1 – 4), SCR3 and SCR(3 – 4) were expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Following solubilization in urea, the proteins were partially purified and refolded and the activity of each protein was assessed in both classical and alternative pathway complement assays. All fragments showed a varying degree of activity with the general order being SCR(1 – 3) ≡ SCR(1 – 4) > SCR(1 – 2). Addition of SCR3 to SCR(1 – 2) significantly improved potency, whereas the addition of SCR4 conferred no additional benefit. This observation, coupled with the ability of the single-domain SCR3 to inhibit classical pathway mediated lysis with an IH50% (inhibition of hemolysis by 50 %) of 4.8 μM, demonstrates that SCR3 provides key binding interactions with activated complement components. SCR(1 – 3) was able to inhibit both classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, showing that the N-terminal SCR of CR1 retain the ability to interact with C3b. Assays for CR1-like cofactor activity for factor I using C4b-like C4 or C3b-like C3 as substrates showed that SCR(1 – 3) possessed such cofactor activity and that C4b-like C4 was a better substrate. When compared to full-length (30 SCR) soluble CR1 (sCR1), SCR(1 – 3) was significantly less potent in accord with a model involving multi-valent binding of C3b / C4b to CR1.
Control of the Interface Between Electron‐Hole and Electron‐Ion Plasmas: Hybrid Semiconductor‐Gas Phase Devices as a Gateway for Plasma Science (2011)

Abstract Coupling electron‐hole (e – ‐ h + ) and electron‐ion plasmas across a narrow potential barrier with a strong electric field provides an interface between the two plasma genres and a pathway to electronic and photonic device functionality. The magnitude of the electric field present in the sheath of a low temperature, nonequilibrium microplasma is sufficient to influence the band structure of a semiconductor region in immediate proximity to the solid‐gas phase interface. Optoelectronic devices demonstrated by leveraging this interaction are described here. A hybrid microplasma/semiconductor photodetector, having a Si cathode in the form of an inverted square pyramid encompassing a neon microplasma, exhibits a photosensitivity in the ∼420–1100 nm region as high as 3.5 A/W. Direct tunneling of electrons into the collector and the Auger neutralization of ions arriving at the Si surface appear to be facilitated by an n ‐type inversion layer at the cathode surface resulting from bandbending by the microplasma sheath electric field. Recently, an npn plasma bipolar junction transistor (PBJT), in which a low temperature plasma serves as the collector in an otherwise Si device, has also been demonstrated. Having a measured small signal current gain h fe as large as 10, this phototransistor is capable of modulat‐ing and extinguishing the collector plasma with emitter‐base bias voltages <1 V. Electrons injected into the base when the emitter‐base junction is forward‐biased serve primarily to replace conduction band electrons lost to the collector plasma by secondary emission and ion‐enhanced field emission in which ions arriving at the base‐collector junction deform the electrostatic potential near the base surface, narrowing the potential barrier and thereby facilitating the tunneling of electrons into the collector. Of greatest significance, therefore, are the implications of active, plasma/solid state interfaces as a new frontier for plasma science. Specifically, the PBJT provides the first opportunity to control the electronic properties of a material at the boundary of, and interacting with, a plasma. By specifying the relative number densities of free (conduction band) and bound (valence band) electrons at the base‐collector interface, the PBJT's emitter‐base junction is able to dictate the rates of secondary electron emission (including Auger neutralization) at the semiconductor‐plasma interface, thereby offering the ability to vary at will the effective secondary electron emission coefficient for the base surface (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interactive Montages of Sprites for Indexing and Summarizing Security Video (2005)

In this video we present a new model of interaction for indexing and visualizing video in the context of security applications. We present a method of indexing video by arranging irregularly shaped icons or sprites into a montage representing motion events or security events within the original video scene. The sprites in the montage are used as an index into the original video. We also generate video montages to summarize video in which motion events are compressed and overlayed in a video of shorter time duration. This summary video also acts as an index into the original video stream. We use a simple, novel method of extracting sprites for the image and video montages based on incrementally building a Gaussian mixture model with conjugate priors for the background. We then use fast morphological operators to extract foreground elements. Our approach can be viewed as a fast maximum a posteriori (MAP) inference procedure in a layered image model. The contributions of this work are new interaction and summary schemes that allow viewers to potentially survey hours of security video in the order of minutes.
(Invited) Boosting the On-Current of Si-Based Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors (2010)

Tunnel-FETs (TFETs) have the potential for a sub-60 mV/dec subthreshold swing and therefore allow for scaling the supply voltage beyond the 1 V plateau of metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs). The latter scaling is a necessary condition for a reduction of the power consumption per transistor. Silicon-based TFETs are the most attractive because they allow for a full re-use of the existing expertise in fabricating silicon MOSFETs. However, the large bandgap of silicon results in low on-currents. Therefore, the incorporation of heterostructures is proposed. In particular, a germanium-source silicon-channel n-TFET and, as complementary p-TFET, an indium(gallium)arsenide-source silicon-channel TFET reach on-currents comparable to MOSFETs. To beat the MOSFET performance and allow ultra-low voltage operation, additional performance boosters are required. We analyze the impact of the device configuration and of heterostructure strain. The former is illustrated with experimental data of all-silicon FinFET-based TFETs.
Transistor Action Using ZrO2 Electrochemical Cells (1981)

Transistor action is reported at elevated temperatures in a ceramic structure composed of two electrochemical cells separated by an enclosed volume. The "emitter" cell pumps from an ambient atmosphere into the volume (base region) where it is returned to the ambient by the "collector" cell. Electrical operation, analogous to that of semiconductor transistors, can be understood in terms of the limiting currents caused by the Pt cathode of the collector cell. Small‐signal voltage and current gain are illustrated in common transistor external circuit arrangements. The results for each arrangement also serve to illustrate various electrochemical aspects of cells. A simple model is described which accounts for the main steady‐state characteristics. The frequency response of the device is determined primarily by the double‐layer capacity of the interface. This approach to transistor action should be applicable to other electrochemical systems.
<title>Semiconductor screen dynamic visible-to-infrared scene converter</title> (2003)

The concept for a new high spatial resolution, high-temperature, Dynamic Infrared Scene Projector (DISP) for generating high-speed (microsecond range) broadband (3-16 microns) IR scenery through visible pumping of DISP semiconductor scene (visible-to-infrared conversion) was developed, fabricated and tested. The principle of this new device operation and the results of our initial experimental study are reported for the first time. Key potential operating parameters of the new device prototype (based on a Germanium screen) are compared to that of modern conventional DISP engine (SBIR Emitter Array Projector).
High performance fused-type mode-selective coupler using elliptical core two-mode fiber at 1550 nm (2002)

In this letter, we demonstrate a high performance fused-type mode selective coupler that couples the LP/sub 11/ mode in one fiber and the LP/sub 01/ mode in another using highly elliptical core two-mode fibers. The phase-matching condition was achieved by etching and prepulling portions of two-mode fibers. The coupling efficiency and the mode extinction ratio of 56% to 80% and 22-32 dB, respectively, were achieved with high temperature stability over 1515- to 1595-nm wavelength range.
Just-In-Time Software Pipelining (2014)

Software pipelining exploits instruction-level parallelism from loops. In static compilers, it has been one of the most efficient optimizations for wide-issue architectures. However, the compilation time is at least O(|V|3) (V: the set of operations in a loop) and in the worst-case exponential. This paper extends software pipelining to dynamic compilers. We present a novel and simple algorithm with linear time O(|V| + |E|) (E: the set of edges in the dependence graph of a loop). Preliminary experiments show the method is light-weight and generates optimal or near-optimal schedules.
Performance characteristics of lithium ion cells at low temperatures (2003)

The low temperature charge and discharge characteristics of experimental MCMB-Li/sub x/Ni/sub y/Co/sub 1-y/O/sub 2/ cells containing different electrolytes were investigated. The use of low ethylene carbonate (EC)-content electrolyte formulations has resulted in good discharge performance to temperatures as low as -40/spl deg/C. The effect of charge voltage and charge current upon the individual electrode potentials at low temperature was investigated using the three electrode cells (containing lithium reference electrodes). In some cases, lithium plating was observed to occur upon low temperature charge, and found to be facilitated by high charge voltages, high charge currents, and poor anode kinetics. Electrochemical characterization of the cells has helped to establish the conditions under which lithium plating can occur by providing information regarding the polarization effects present at each electrode.
A framework for on-demand classification of evolving data streams (2006)

Current models of the classification problem do not effectively handle bursts of particular classes coming in at different times. In fact, the current model of the classification problem simply concentrates on methods for one-pass classification modeling of very large data sets. Our model for data stream classification views the data stream classification problem from the point of view of a dynamic approach in which simultaneous training and test streams are used for dynamic classification of data sets. This model reflects real-life situations effectively, since it is desirable to classify test streams in real time over an evolving training and test stream. The aim here is to create a classification system in which the training model can adapt quickly to the changes of the underlying data stream. In order to achieve this goal, we propose an on-demand classification process which can dynamically select the appropriate window of past training data to build the classifier. The empirical results indicate that the system maintains an high classification accuracy in an evolving data stream, while providing an efficient solution to the classification task.
A Fast, Robust Signaling Protocol for Enabling Highly Dynamic Optical Networks (2009)

We have developed a powerful new signaling protocol for highly dynamic optical networks that enables 100 ms setup time, efficient wavelength selection, and efficient wavelength converter usage on both working and shared restoration backup paths.
A cerium oxide nanoparticle-based device for the detection of chronic inflammation via optical and magnetic resonance imaging (2012)

Monitoring of microenvironmental parameters is critical in healthcare and disease management. Harnessing the antioxidant activity of nanoceria and the imaging capabilities of iron oxide nanoparticles in a device setup, we were able to image changes in the device's aqueous milieu. The device was able to convey and process changes in the microenvironment's pH and reactive oxygen species' concentration, distinguishing physiological from abnormal levels. As a result under physiological and transient inflammatory conditions, the device's fluorescence and magnetic resonance signals, emanating from multimodal iron oxide nanoparticles, were similar. However, under chronic inflammatory conditions that are usually associated with high local concentrations of reactive oxygen species and pH decrease, the device's output was considerably different. Specifically, the device's fluorescence emission significantly decreased, while the magnetic resonance signal T2 increased. Further studies identified that the changes in the device's output are attributed to inactivation of the sensing component's nanoceria that prevents it from successfully scavenging the generated free radicals. Interestingly, the buildup of free radical excess led to polymerization of the iron oxide nanoparticle's coating, with concomitant formation of micron size aggregates. Our studies indicate that a nanoceria-based device can be utilized for the monitoring of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, having important applications in the management of numerous ailments while eliminating nanoparticle toxicity issues.
Novel approach to coal liquefaction utilizing hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide (1979)

All coal liquefaction processes involve thermal cracking of weak bonds in coal to form radical fragments which are stabilized by abstracting hydrogen atoms from a donor solvent. The activity of the hydrogen donor solvent is maintained by further hydrogenation of a recycled fraction. Thus, the costs of hydrogen comprise a major expense in any liquefaction process especially if pure H/sub 2/ is used. Hydrogen sulfide, a by-product of a negative value from the cleaning of natural gas, crude oil or coal, has been demonstrated to be a potential hydrogen source for a few chemical processes, such as selective reduction of NO/sub x/ to hydroxyl amine and reduction of nitroaromatics to amines. The effect of H/sub 2/S on coal liquefaction in the presence of hydrogen donor solvents and under H/sub 2/ atmosphere has been reported to increase the coal conversion to soluble products. Hydrogen sulfide in these latter cases was not the main source of hydrogen but acted as a promoter in the presence of hydrogen donors and elemental H/sub 2/. In order to utilize the inherent hydrogen value of hydrogen sulfide, we studied the effect of H/sub 2/S and CO on coal liquefaction in the absence of other hydrogen sources. more » A more detailed study of this chemistry was achieved by the use of coal tar, a material that contains many of the basic structural features of coal itself. The objective of this study has been to utilize low grade industrial hydrogen streams, particularly those produced via coal gasification which contain a large variety of impurities including H/sub 2/S, CO, CO/sub 2/, COS and NH/sub 3/. Utilization of the H/sub 2/S/CO from such dirty streams in the first stage of coal liquefaction will alleviate a number of expensive process steps in the cleaning of syngas. « less
New Class of Orthopoxvirus Antiviral Drugs That Block Viral Maturation (2004)

By using a homology-based bioinformatics approach, a structural model of the vaccinia virus (VV) I7L proteinase was developed. A unique chemical library of approximately 51,000 compounds was computationally queried to identify potential active site inhibitors. The resulting biased subset of compounds was assayed for both toxicity and the ability to inhibit the growth of VV in tissue culture cells. A family of chemotypically related compounds was found which exhibits selective activity against orthopoxviruses, inhibiting VV with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 3 to 12 microM. These compounds exhibited no significant cytotoxicity in the four cell lines tested and did not inhibit the growth of other organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, adenovirus, or encephalomyocarditis virus. Phenotypic analyses of virus-infected cells were conducted in the presence of active compounds to verify that the correct biochemical step (I7L-mediated core protein processing) was being inhibited. Electron microscopy of compound-treated VV-infected cells indicated a block in morphogenesis. Compound-resistant viruses were generated and resistance was mapped to the I7L open reading frame. Transient expression with the mutant I7L gene rescued the ability of wild-type virus to replicate in the presence of compound, indicating that this is the only gene necessary for resistance. This novel class of inhibitors has potential for development as an efficient antiviral drug against pathogenic orthopoxviruses, including smallpox.
Load Sharing Operation in N+1 UPS System by Using Harmonic Sharing Control Method (2018)

Due to the rapid expansion of infrastructure, the demand for Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is gradually increasing. For good redundancy and less downtime, the parallel operation (N+1) is a special feature of high performance UPS system. The main objective of this configuration is to operate all the UPSs independently. The parallel operation of UPS is a challenging task as the synchronization among all parallel connected inverters has to be maintained. In this work, a Master-Slave (M-S) based concept is used for N+1 configuration and the problem associated with parallel operation, such as unequal load sharing and high voltage THD, are addressed. In this method, a modified PI based control is used for both Master and Slave units to achieve the desired voltage THD and load sharing accuracy. In addition, experimental results from a setup with 8 parallel 60kVA UPS verify the effectiveness of the proposed M-S based control.
A RANDOM-KEYS GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR ROUTING AND WAVELENGTH ASSIGNMENT (2007)

ABSTRACT. We propose a simple, robust and efficient genetic algorithm for the problem of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in WDM optical networks. The algorithm extends the best heuristic in the literature (Skorin-Kapov, 2007) by embedding it into an evolutionary framework. Experimental results show that, on average, the genetic algorithm improves the performance of a multi-start variant of the Skorin-Kapov heuristic by 24.3%. 1.
Electronic beamsteering of active arrays with phase-locked loops (1994)

A new electronic beamsteering technique for active arrays is presented along with experimental results at 10 GHz. The technique uses a single balanced diode mixer to phase-lock neighboring oscillators in an active array. Each oscillator has its own antenna that radiates energy into free space, so the phase difference between oscillators determines the direction of the main radiating beam. An offset voltage added to the phase-locked loop controls the phase difference and beam direction. Experimental results demonstrate over 100/spl deg/ of adjustable phase difference between neighboring oscillators. Because of its simplicity, this technique has significant advantages over traditional beamsteering arrays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Minimal Essential Human Factor VIII Alterations Enhance Secretion and Gene Therapy Efficiency (2020)

One important limitation for achieving therapeutic expression of human factor VIII (FVIII) in hemophilia A gene therapy is inefficient secretion of the FVIII protein. Substitution of five amino acids in the A1 domain of human FVIII with the corresponding porcine FVIII residues generated a secretion-enhanced human FVIII variant termed B-domain-deleted (BDD)-FVIII-X5 that resulted in 8-fold higher FVIII activity levels in the supernatant of an <i>in vitro</i> cell-based assay system than seen with unmodified human BDD-FVIII. Analysis of purified recombinant BDD-FVIII-X5 and BDD-FVIII revealed similar specific activities for both proteins, indicating that the effect of the X5 alteration is confined to increased FVIII secretion. Intravenous delivery in FVIII-deficient mice of liver-targeted adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors designed to express BDD-FVIII-X5 or BDD-FVIII achieved substantially higher plasma FVIII activity levels for BDD-FVIII-X5, even when highly efficient codon-optimized <i>F8</i> nucleotide sequences were employed. A comprehensive immunogenicity assessment using <i>in vitro</i> stimulation assays and various <i>in vivo</i> preclinical models of hemophilia A demonstrated that the BDD-FVIII-X5 variant does not exhibit an increased immunogenicity risk compared to BDD-FVIII. In conclusion, BDD-FVIII-X5 is an effective FVIII variant molecule that can be further developed for use in gene- and protein-based therapeutics for patients with hemophilia A.
Structure–Activity Relationship for the Oxadiazole Class of Antibiotics (2015)

The structure-activity relationship (SAR) for the newly discovered oxadiazole class of antibiotics is described with evaluation of 120 derivatives of the lead structure. This class of antibiotics was discovered by in silico docking and scoring against the crystal structure of a penicillin-binding protein. They impair cell-wall biosynthesis and exhibit activities against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant and linezolid-resistant S. aureus. 5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (antibiotic 75b) was efficacious in a mouse model of MRSA infection, exhibiting a long half-life, a high volume of distribution, and low clearance. This antibiotic is bactericidal and is orally bioavailable in mice. This class of antibiotics holds great promise in recourse against infections by MRSA.