gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationships among different voltage patterns in electric current computed tomography (1992)

Abstract In this paper, the purpose is to discuss the relationships among different voltage patterns on the surface so as to compare the noise sensitivity in the voltage measurements for two current patterns frequently used in electric current computed tomography (ECCT). The relationship between the voltage and current patterns on the boundary of homogeneity and concentrically symmetric inhomogeneity can be represented by a pseudo operator R (σ) for a 32‐electrode system. Thus, using the eigencurrents and their corresponding eigenvalues for R, which are called characteristic resistances, any arbitrary voltage patterns can be synthesized. The two currents studied here are a set of spatial trigonometric patterns and a set of an “adjacent‐pair” patterns. Comparing the synthesized and experimentally measured surface voltages for the two current patterns, the sensitivity to noise for systems using these two types of current patterns may be obtained. Based upon the results, it is shown that the system with the trigonometric current patterns is better than the one with adjacent‐pair current patterns for producing the impedance images.
A Combined Catalyst and Sorbent for Enhancing Hydrogen Production from Coal or Biomass (2006)

Future large-scale production of H2 for use as a clean fuel will likely depend upon gasifying coal or biomass followed by steam reforming the resulting gas mixture and separating the CO2 byproduct. The process of steam reforming and CO2 separation can be greatly simplified by utilizing a new material that combines a reforming catalyst with a sorbent for CO2. Such a material was prepared in the form of small pellets with cores made of calcium and magnesium oxides and shells made largely of alumina impregnated with a nickel catalyst. Subsequent laboratory performance tests of the material showed that CO, CH4, and toluene, which are representative products of gasification, were largely converted to H2 by reacting the material with steam in the presence of the catalyst/sorbent, so that CO2 was absorbed as it was produced. The sorbent was easily regenerated by raising its temperature, which made it possible to reuse the catalyst/sorbent repeatedly.
New developments in flexible cholesteric liquid crystal displays (2007)

Flexible Cholesteric liquid crystal displays have been rapidly maturing into a strong contender in the flexible display market. Encapsulation of the Cholesteric liquid crystal permits the use of flexible plastic substrates and roll-to-roll production. Recent advances include ultra-thin displays, laser-cut segmented displays of variable geometry, and smart card applications. Exciting technologies such as simultaneous laser-edge sealing and singulation enable high volume production, excellent quality control and non-traditional display geometries and formats.
Improved encapsulated fuel unit and method of forming same (1982)

This invention teaches an encapsulated fuel unit for a nuclear reactor, such as for an enriched uranium fuel plate of thin cross section of the order of 1/64 or 1/8 of an inch and otherwise of rectangular shape 1 to 2 inches wide and 2 to 4 inches long. The case is formed from (a) two similar channel-shaped half sections extended lengthwise of the elongated plate and having side edges butted and welded together to define an open ended tube-like structure and from (b) porous end caps welded across the open ends of the tube-like structure. The half sections are preferably of stainless steel between 0.002 and 0.01 of an inch thick, and are beam welded together over and within machined and hardened tool steel chill blocks. The porous end caps preferably are of T-316-L stainless steel having pores of approximately 3 to 10 microns size.
Phonospirometry for noninvasive measurement of ventilation: methodology and preliminary results (2002)

We measured tracheal flow from tracheal sounds to estimate tidal volume, minute ventilation (VI), respiratory frequency, mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), and duty cycle (TI/Ttot). In 11 normal subjects, 3 patients with unstable airway obstruction, and 3 stable asthmatic patients, we measured tracheal sounds and flow twice: first to derive flow-sound relationships and second to obtain flow-volume relationships from the sound signal. The flow-volume relationship was compared with pneumotach-derived volume. When subjects were seated, facing forward and with neck rotation, flexion, and standing, flow-volume relationship was within 15% of pneumotach-derived volume. Error increased with neck extension and while supine. We then measured ventilation without mouthpiece or nose clip from tracheal sounds during quiet breathing for up to 30 min. Normal results +/- SD revealed tidal volume = 0.37 +/- 0.065 liter, respiratory frequency = 19.3 +/- 3.5 breaths/min, VI = 6.9 +/- 1.2 l/min, VT/TI = 0.31 +/- 0.06 l/s, and TI/Ttot = 0.37 +/- 0.04. Unstable airway obstruction had large VI due to increased VT/TI. With the exception of TI/Ttot, variations in ventilatory parameters were closer to log normal than normal distributions and tended to be greater in patients. We conclude that phonospirometry measures ventilation reasonably accurately without mouthpiece, nose clip, or rigid postural constraints.
Local Mobile Anchor Discovery Using DHCP (2009)

This draft defines a DHCP-based scheme to enable dynamic discovery of
a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) in Proxy Mobile IPv6. Existing Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) options are used allowing a Mobile
Access Gateway (MAG) to request the LMA's IP address, Fully
Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), or home network prefix via the DHCP
response.
Removal of Hepatitis B Virus Infectivity from Human Gamma‐Globulin Prepared by Ion‐Exchange Chromatography (1985)

Abstract Hepatitis B virus infectivity can be removed from human plasma used to prepare a gamma‐globulin product by ion‐exchange chromatography with commercially available resins. A pooled human plasma sample free of hepatitis markers was contaminated with 10,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus per milliliter from a known infectious inoculum. The contaminated plasma was diluted to yield a weakly positive radioimmunoassay result for HB s Ag and then processed over a double‐column chromatography system containing anionic ion‐exchange resins to yield highly purified gamma‐globulin. Two chimpanzees were each inoculated intravenously with this product while a control animal received non‐treated material. The 2 experimental animals each received a potential challenge of 3,000 ID and showed no serologic evidence of the disease during 9 months of evaluation. The control animal received 100 ID and developed hepatitis B 25 weeks after the challenge.
The synthesis of 5‐ and 6‐acyl‐2(1<i>H</i>)‐pyrimidinones (1987)

Abstract The synthesis of 5‐acyl‐2(1 H )‐pyrimidinones is described. In addition, one example of the hitherto unknown 6‐acyl‐2(1 H )‐pyrimidinones has been prepared.
Video-Aware Scheduling and Caching in the Radio Access Network (2014)

In this paper, we introduce distributed caching of videos at the base stations of the Radio Access Network (RAN) to significantly improve the video capacity and user experience of mobile networks. To ensure effectiveness of the massively distributed but relatively small-sized RAN caches, unlike Internet content delivery networks (CDNs) that can store millions of videos in a relatively few large-sized caches, we propose RAN-aware reactive and proactive caching policies that utilize User Preference Profiles (UPPs) of active users in a cell. Furthermore, we propose video-aware backhaul and wireless channel scheduling techniques that, in conjunction with edge caching, ensure maximizing the number of concurrent video sessions that can be supported by the end-to-end network while satisfying their initial delay requirements and minimize stalling. To evaluate our proposed techniques, we developed a statistical simulation framework using MATLAB and performed extensive simulations under various cache sizes, video popularity and UPP distributions, user dynamics, and wireless channel conditions. Our simulation results show that RAN caches using UPP-based caching policies, together with video-aware backhaul scheduling, can improve capacity by 300% compared to having no RAN caches, and by more than 50% compared to RAN caches using conventional caching policies. The results also demonstrate that using UPP-based RAN caches can significantly improve the probability that video requests experience low initial delays. In networks where the wireless channel bandwidth may be constrained, application of our video-aware wireless channel scheduler results in significantly (up to 250%) higher video capacity with very low stalling probability.
Development and system characteristics of diffuse optical tomography using single rotating-source/detector mechanism (2006)

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) using diffuse light, red or near-infrared (NIR) light, is in an attempt to image the interior of human tissues such as breasts, arms, etc. In the current design of our NIR tomography imaging system, the system uses a single rotating source/detector scanning device associated with an image reconstruction scheme. The device can dramatically save source- and detection-fiber-bundles, and offer promising measured radiance reflecting the optical properties of the test phantoms. Both source and detector can rotate on command with any pre-defined angles controlled by the computer. Additionally, an image reconstruction algorithm applied to the tomography scanning device in the DC domain is also implemented. The ability and performance of this image reconstruction algorithm are discussed and presented. Results reveal that inclusion (tumor) positions can be well defined and the spatial resolution is beyond 1:16, inclusion to background.
Lateral shear interferometer using twin three-beam holograms (1980)

A lateral shear interferometer using twin three-beam holograms is described. In the interferometer two first-order diffracted light beams from the first hologram play the role of a beam splitter; the second hologram eliminates the effect of tilt. This interferometer has two advantages over the single three-beam hologram lateral shear interferometer: (1) it can be used for small f/No. lens tests; (2) any small aberration of he optical system of the interferometer can be canceled by using the second hologram. In this paper, shearing interferograms of lens aberration, of refractive indices around a flame, and of spouting gas are demonstrated.
Below the 12-vertex: 10-vertex carborane anions as non-corrosive, halide free, electrolytes for rechargeable Mg batteries (2017)

The development of practical Mg based batteries is limited by the lack of a library of suitable electrolytes. Recently a 12-vertex closo-carborane anion based electrolyte has been shown to be the first electrolyte for Mg based batteries, which is both non-corrosive and has high electrochemical stability (+3.5 V vs. Mg<sup>0/2+</sup>). Herein we show that smaller 10-vertex closo-carborane anions also enable electrolytes for Mg batteries. Reduction of the trimethylammonium cation of [HNMe<sub>3</sub><sup>1+</sup>][HCB<sub>9</sub>H<sub>9</sub><sup>1-</sup>] with elemental Mg yields the novel magnesium electrolyte [Mg<sup>2+</sup>][HCB<sub>9</sub>H<sub>9</sub><sup>1-</sup>]<sub>2</sub>. The electrolyte displays excellent electrochemical stability, is non-nucleophilic, reversibly deposits and strips Mg, and is halide free. This discovery paves the way for the development of libraries of Mg electrolytes based on more cost effective 10-vertex closo-carborane anions.
Hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction catalyst for NO.sub.x emissions control (2016)

The present disclosure provides an AgBi catalyst over alumina suitable for performing hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR).
Ultra-high Q silicon gyroscopes with interchangeable rate and whole angle modes of operation (2010)

We report a new family of ultra-high Q silicon MEMS tuning fork gyroscopes demonstrating angle rate and, for the first time, rate integrating (whole angle) operation. The novel mechanical architecture eliminates low frequency in-phase modes and maximizes the Q-factors. A vacuum packaged SOI dual mass gyroscope with a 1.7 kHz operational frequency demonstrated drive- and sense- mode Q-factors of 0.31 and 0.64 million, respectively. A completely symmetric, dynamically balanced quadruple mass gyroscope with a 2.2 kHz operational frequency demonstrated identical drive- and sense-mode Q-factors of 0.45 million. Due to the stiffness and damping symmetry, the new gyroscope can be instrumented to measure the angle of rotation directly, eliminating the bandwidth and dynamic range limitations of conventional MEMS vibratory rate gyroscopes. The technology may enable silicon micromachined devices for inertial guidance applications previously limited to precision-machined quartz hemispherical resonator gyroscopes.
Microfluidic Flow Cytometer for Multiparameter Screening of Fluorophore Photophysics (2014)

We present a microfluidic cytometer that sorts mammalian or yeast cells by laser force deflection following real-time multibeam, multiparameter fluorescence measurements, including photobleaching, lifetime and expression level, of the intrinsic fluorophores within each cell.
Biomass conversion through torrefaction (2013)

Torrefaction is a mild thermal pretreatment and refinement process presently attracting extensive
interest and attention. Operating temperatures are between 200 and 350◦C and it quite closely
resembles the process of roasting coffee beans. Thereby the word torrefaction, which is simply
French for roasting. The resulting torrefied biomass (Fig. 7.1) is an excellent solid energy carrier
and product intermediate between biomass and charcoal, exhibiting several advantages in terms of
improved inherent material characteristics. Table 7.1 is a compilation of both advantages typically
claimed to be in favor of torrefaction and some aspects against or that need further development
for torrefaction to gain commercial success.
Automated Detection of Transition Segments for Intensity and Time-Scale Modification for Speech Intelligibility Enhancement (2008)

Spectral transition segments serve as landmarks for the perception of consonants. In "clear speech" mode adopted by speakers to improve intelligibility in difficult communication environments, transition segments are of increased duration and intensity. Modification of conversational speech to have acoustic properties of clear speech has been reported to improve its intelligibility. This paper presents an automated method for locating spectral transition segments in speech, and to produce natural quality resynthesized speech with intensity and time-scale modified spectral transition segments. The boundaries of spectral transition segments are located using an index derived from the rate of variation of energy and centroid frequency in five non-overlapping spectral bands. Time-scale modification is performed using harmonic plus noise model (HNM) based analysis-synthesis. The overall speech duration is kept unaltered by appropriately compressing the steady state segments. Transition segments are intensity scaled by 6 dB. The effectiveness of the method was evaluated by conducting listening tests on normal hearing subjects using VCV syllables as the test material.
Asymmetric Construction of Low-Latency and Length-Flexible Polar Codes (2019)

Polar codes are a class of capacity-achieving error correcting codes that have been selected for use in enhanced mobile broadband in the 3GPP 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation (5G) wireless standard. Most polar code research examines the original Arkan polar coding scheme, which is limited in block length to powers of two. This constraint presents a considerable obstacle since practical applications call for all code lengths to be readily available. Puncturing and shortening techniques allow for flexible polar codes, while multi-kernel polar codes produce native code lengths that are powers of two and or three. In this work, we propose a new low complexity coding scheme called asymmetric polar coding that allows for any arbitrary block length. We present details on the generator matrix, frozen set design, and decoding schedule. Our scheme offers flexible polar code lengths with decoding complexity lower than equivalent state-of-the-art length-compatible approaches under successive cancellation decoding. Further, asymmetric decoding complexity is directly dependent on the codeword length rather than the nearest valid polar code length. We compare our scheme with other length matching techniques, and simulations are presented. Results show that asymmetric polar codes present similar error correction performance to the competing schemes, while dividing the number of SC decoding operations by up to a factor of 2 using the same codeword length.
On the Device Design and Drive-Current Capability of SOI Lateral Bipolar Transistors (2014)

The SOI symmetric lateral bipolar transistor is uniquely suitable for operation at high injection currents where the injected minority carrier density in the base region is larger than the base doping concentration. Transistors operating in high-injection can achieve record-high drive currents on the order of 3–5 mA/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(\mu \) </tex-math></inline-formula> m. The commonly used Shockley diode and bipolar current equations are modified to be applicable for all injection levels. Excellent agreement is shown between measured and modeled currents for data at <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(_{\mathrm {BC}}\) </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0. A novel partially depleted-base design can further increase the drive current and the current gain, especially at low <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(_{\mathrm {BE}}\) </tex-math></inline-formula> .
CeBr3 for Time-of-Flight PET (2006)

In this paper we report on our investigation of the CeBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> timing properties for Time-of-Flight (TOF) Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The TOF detection can significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio in a reconstructed PET image and reduce the number of events necessary to do the reconstruction. In order to achieve TOF PET, a scintillator must have good timing resolution and good light output. We have investigated seven CeBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> samples of different height, ranging from 3 mm to 37 mm. Two Hamamatsu R4998 fast photomultipliers were used for most experiments. Each sample was measured against a common standard (LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :5%Ce) and the average timing resolution was found to be about 166 ps (fwhm). The two reference (LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :5%Ce) crystals measured against each other gave the timing resolution of 170 ps. The best time resolution of 108 ps (fwhm) was measured for two CeBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> samples (3 and 12 mm height). The longest sample (37 mm) provided 215 ps (fwhm). Two such samples working in coincidence would give about 252 ps timing resolution (fwhm, calculated). We have also measured TOF, where the source was moved between the two detectors and the change in a timing peak position was registered. The results show that a shift of 5 cm could be easily resolved by such a system.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Tegument Protein VP22 Induces the Stabilization and Hyperacetylation of Microtubules (1998)

The role of the herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument protein VP22 during infection is as yet undefined. We have previously shown that VP22 has the unusual property of efficient intercellular transport, such that the protein spreads from single expressing cells into large numbers of surrounding cells. We also noted that in cells expressing VP22 by transient transfection, the protein localizes in a distinctive cytoplasmic filamentous pattern. Here we show that this pattern represents a colocalization between VP22 and cellular microtubules. Moreover, we show that VP22 reorganizes microtubules into thick bundles which are easily distinguishable from nonbundled microtubules. These bundles are highly resistant to microtubule-depolymerizing agents such as nocodazole and incubation at 4 degreesC, suggesting that VP22 has the capacity to stabilize the microtubule network. In addition, we show that the microtubules contained in these bundles are modified by acetylation, a marker for microtubule stability. Analysis of infected cells by both immunofluorescence and measurement of microtubule acetylation further showed that colocalization between VP22 and microtubules, and induction of microtubule acetylation, also occurs during infection. Taken together, these results suggest that VP22 exhibits the properties of a classical microtubule-associated protein (MAP) during both transfection and infection. This is the first demonstration of a MAP encoded by an animal virus.
Ultra low resistance ohmic contacts to <i>n</i> -GaAs (1979)

Nonalloyed ohmic contacts to n-GaAs with contact resistances (ρc) below 1·0×10−7 Ω cm2 have been obtained using a Ge/GaAs heterojunction system. Metals are evaporated on heavily arsenic-doped germanium (Ge) layers grown on GaAs. Low values of ρc result from the low Schottky barrier height (≈ 0·50 eV) and the high doping levels obtainable for n-Ge(≈ 1020 cm−3).
Electrospinning Nanofibers from Chitosan/Hyaluronic Acid Complex Coacervates (2019)

Electrospun biopolyelectrolyte nanofibers hold potential for use in a range of biomedical applications, but eliminating toxic chemicals involved in their production remains a key challenge. In this study, we successfully electrospun nanofibers from an aqueous complex coacervate solution composed of chitosan and hyaluronic acid. Experimentally, we investigated the effect of added salt and electrospinning apparatus parameters, such as how applied voltage affected fiber formation. We also studied how the addition of alcohol cosolvents affected the properties of the coacervate solution and the resulting nanofibers. Overall, we observed a trade-off in how the addition of salt and alcohol affected the phase behavior and rheology of the coacervates and, consequently, the size of the resulting fibers. While salt served to weaken electrostatic associations within the coacervate and decrease the precursor solution viscosity, the addition of alcohol lowered the dielectric constant of the system and strengthened these interactions. We hypothesize that the optimized concentration of alcohol accelerated the solvent evaporation during the electrospinning process to yield desirable nanofiber morphology. The smallest average nanofiber diameter was determined to be 115 ± 30 nm when coacervate samples were electrospun using an aqueous solvent containing 3 wt % ethanol and an applied voltage of 24 kV. These results demonstrate a potentially scalable strategy to manufacture electrospun nanofibers from biopolymer complex coacervates that eliminate the need for toxic solvents and could enable the use of these materials across a range of biomedical applications.