gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer-Originated Aspheric Holographic Optical Elements (1982)

Holographic optical elements (HOEs) recorded with arbitrary aspheric wavefronts can now be analyzed with a holographic ray-tracing design program. The recording wavefronts are defined by analytical phase functions, for example, a two-dimensional polynomial expansion. The coefficients of the functional representations of the HOE recording wavefronts are used as parameters to optimize the performance of an optical system containing the HOE. The optimum recording wavefronts are then produced with the help of computer-generated holograms. Several useful arbitrary wavefront phase functions are discussed. Design predictions and experimental results are presented for a holographic Fourier transform lens recorded with the aid of a computer-generated hologram.
The single atom laser: a quantized Rabi oscillator (1996)

Summary form only given. We have recently developed the first working single-atom microlaser in which coherent light is generated by means of the interaction of a single two-level atom with a single mode of the radiation field. The photon generation process follows the Jaynes-Cummings model, and photon buildup is initiated by vacuum Rabi oscillations, not by spontaneous emission as in conventional lasers. We measured the mean photon number in the cavity (n) as a function of the average number of atoms present there . Laser oscillation was observed with as small as 0.1, resulting in (n) of 0.1.
Noncontact dielectric constant metrology of low-k interconnect films using a near-field scanned microwave probe (2006)

We present a method for noncontact, noninvasive measurements of dielectric constant k of 100-nm- to 1.5-μm-thick blanket low-k interconnect films on up to 300mm in diameter wafers. The method has about 10μm sampling spot size, and provides &lt;0.3% precision and ±2% accuracy for k value. It is based on a microfabricated near-field scanned microwave probe formed by a 4GHz parallel strip transmission line resonator tapered down to a few micron tip size.
Development of glycosynthases with broad glycan specificity for the efficient glyco-remodeling of antibodies (2018)

The first systematic investigation of the effect of high mannose, hybrid, and bi- and tri-antennary complex type glycans on the effector functions of antibodies was achieved by the discovery of novel Endo-S2 mutants generated by site-directed mutagenesis as glycosynthases with broad substrate specificity.
Adenosine A3 Receptor Expression and Function in Eosinophils (1997)

The A3 adenosine receptor is widely expressed in human tissues with the most abundant expression in the lung and liver, but the predominant cellular localization and functions of this receptor in humans are unknown. Since adenosine influences the activation of circulating and resident inflammatory cells within the lung and leads to exaggerated airway narrowing in individuals with inflammatory airway disorders, we hypothesized that A3 receptor gene expression is localized to inflammatory cells and that gene expression is upregulated in airway inflammation. Lung and airway tissue were obtained at thoracotomy from nonsmoking subjects and subjects with inflammatory airway disorders associated with tobacco smoke or asthma. In situ hybridization identified A3 receptors in mesenchymal cells and eosinophils within the lamina propria of the airways and the adventitia of blood vessels, but not in mast cells. A3 receptor transcripts were highly expressed in peripheral blood eosinophils purified from atopic donors (6.36 +/- 0.60 pg/microg total RNA) in comparison with neutrophils (0.26 +/- 0.06 pg/microg) or mononuclear cells (0.9 +/- 0.15 pg/microg). Mean A3 receptor transcript abundance was greater in lung tissue from subjects with airway inflammation (0.33 +/- 0.04 pg/microg total RNA) than in normal lung (0.24 +/- 0.03 pg/microg total RNA, P = 0.035). The A3 receptor agonist N6-(4-amino-3-iodobenzyl)adenosine dose-dependently inhibited platelet activating factor-induced eosinophil chemotaxis to a maximum of 41%. This inhibitory effect was completely abolished by addition of the A3 receptor selective antagonist 3-(3-iodo-4-aminobenzyl)-8-(4-oxyacetate)phenyl-1-propylxanthine. We conclude that A3 receptors are primarily expressed on eosinophils in human lung, where they mediate inhibition of eosinophil chemotaxis. Specific A3 receptor ligands may be useful agents in the treatment of eosinophil-dependent diseases such as asthma and rhinitis.
Coherence Switching in a Four-Level System: Quantum Switching (2000)

Dark resonance switching among three-laser interactions in a four-level system is observed by using an enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing technique. This coherence switching mechanism is based on simultaneous suppression and enhancement of two-photon absorption and has a novel application to high-speed optical switches.
Shear elasticity and shear viscosity imaging in viscoelastic phantoms (2017)

Shear wave elasticity imaging determines the mechanical parameters of soft tissue by analyzing measured shear waves induced by an acoustic radiation force. Currently, the widely used time-of-flight method calculates the correlation between shear waveforms at adjacent lateral observation points to estimate the shear elasticity value. Although this method provides accurate estimates of the shear elasticity in purely elastic media, our experience suggests that this approach overestimates the shear elasticity values in viscoelastic media because the effects of diffraction, attenuation, and dispersion are not taken into account. To address this problem, we have developed an approach that directly accounts for all of these effects when estimating the shear elasticity. This new approach simulates shear waveforms using a Green’s function-based approach with a Voigt model, while the shear elasticity and viscosity values are estimated using an optimization-based approach by comparing measured shear waveforms with simulated shear waveforms in the time-domain. This operation is then performed on a point-by-point basis to generate images. The results indicate that there is good agreement between the simulated and measured shear velocity waveforms, and that this approach yields improved images of the shear elasticity and shear viscosity. [Work supported, in part, by NIH Grant R01DK092255.]
RNA virus interference via CRISPR/Cas13a system in plants (2017)

Abstract CRISPR/Cas systems confer immunity against invading nucleic acids and phages in bacteria and archaea. CRISPR/Cas13a (known previously as C2c2) is a class 2 type VI-A ribonuclease capable of targeting and cleaving single stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules of the phage genome. Here, we employ CRISPR/Cas13a to engineer interference with an RNA virus, Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV), in plants. CRISPR/Cas13a produced interference against green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing TuMV in transient assays and stable overexpression lines of Nicotiana benthamiana . crRNAs targeting the HC-Pro and GFP sequences exhibited better interference than those targeting other regions such as coat protein (CP) sequence. Cas13a can also process pre-crRNAs into functional crRNAs. Our data indicate that CRISPR/Cas13a can be used for engineering interference against RNA viruses, providing a potential novel mechanism for RNA-guided immunity against RNA viruses, and for other RNA manipulations in plants.
Method and apparatus for controlling the airfuel ratio in an internal combustion engine (1983)

The amount of fuel supplied to the engine is corrected in accordance with an air-fuel ratio correction coefficient. When the engine is in a predetermined first operating condition, the correction coefficient is calculated depending upon the detected concentration of a predetermined component in the exhaust gas, and thus the above correction is performed by closed-loop control. When the engine is not in the first operating condition, the correction coefficient is fixed, and thus the above correction is performed by open-loop control. An average value of the calculated correction coefficient is calculated only when the engine is in a predetermined second operating condition. An initial value of the air-fuel ratio correction coefficient when closed-loop control is resumed is determined to be the calculated average value.
A NEW PROCESS FOR CONVERTING NATURAL GAS INTO HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS (2002)

Gas-to-liquids technology has become an intensely investigated field in the petrochemical industries. The obvious reason is the vast reserves of stranded natural gas (currently flared, reinjected or not produced) and the desire to monetise these resources. Conventional wisdom has gravitated to some variation of Fischer- Tropsch technology to produce hydrocarbon liquids from natural gas. We have developed an entirely different approach for this conversion and licensed the technology to Synfuels International of Dallas for commercialisation. The new process has several advantages: it is simple; it should be economical for flows ranging from 10 MMSCFD through 500 MMSCFD; it can be skid-mounted (at lower flow rates) for transportation to site; it appears that the cost of fluids produced would be less than $20 per barrel; it is nearly energy self-sufficient; water can be a by-product; and the nominal product is a light gasoline with about a C7 molecular weight that can be converted into a heavier fraction with extra processing. This paper presents some details of the process and discusses results from a 100 MSCFD pilot unit.
<title>Tissue imaging for cancer detection using NIR autofluorescence</title> (2002)

Near IR imaging using elastic light scattering and tissue fluorescence under long-wavelength laser excitation are explored for cancer detection. Various types of normal and malignant human tissue samples were utilized in this investigation. A set of images of each tissue sample is recorded. These images are then compared with the histopathology of the tissue sample to reveal the optical fingerprint characteristics suitable for cancer detection. The experimental results indicate that the above approaches can help image and differentiate cancer form normal tissue.
Nanopatterning of “Hard<i>”</i> Magnetic Nanostructures via Dip-Pen Nanolithography and a Sol-Based Ink (2003)

A direct-write method for fabricating "hard" magnetic barium hexaferrite, BaFe12O19 (BaFe), nanostructures, based on dip-pen nanolithography and a sol−gel process, is presented. This method utilizes a conventional atomic force microscope tip, coated with the BaFe precursor solution, to generate patterns that can be post-treated at elevated temperature to generate magnetic features consisting of barium ferrite in its hexagonal magnetoplumbite (M-type) structure. Features ranging from several hundred nm down to below 100 nm were generated and studied using AFM, magnetic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The approach offers a new way for patterning functional inorganic nanostructures with deliberate control over feature size and shape, as well as interfeature distance and location.
Development of a laparoscope with multi-resolution foveation capability for minimally invasive surgery (2013)

Laparoscope is the essential tool for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) within the abdominal cavity. However, the focal length of a conventional laparoscope is fixed. Therefore, it suffers from the tradeoff between field of view (FOV) and spatial resolution. In order to obtain large optical magnification to see more details, a conventional laparoscope is usually designed with a small working distance, typically less than 50mm. Such a small working distance limits the field of coverage, which causes the situational awareness challenge during the laparoscopic surgery. We developed a multi-resolution foveated laparoscope (MRFL) aiming to address this limitation. The MRFL was designed to support a large working distance range from 80mm to 180mm. It is able to simultaneously provide both wide-angle overview and high-resolution image of the surgical field in real time within a fully integrated system. The high-resolution imaging probe can automatically scan and engage to any subfield of the wide-angle view. During the surgery, MRFL does not need to move; therefore it can reduce the instruments conflicts. The FOV of the wide-angle imaging probe is 80° and that of the high-resolution imaging probe is 26.6°. The maximum resolution is about 45um in the object space at an 80mm working distance, which is about 5 times as good as a conventional laparoscope at a 50mm working distance. The prototype can realize an equivalent 10 million-pixel resolution by using only two HD cameras because of its foveation capability. It saves the bandwidth and improves the frame rate compared to the use of a super resolution camera. It has great potential to aid safety and accuracy of the laparoscopic surgery.
Correlating wireless link cost metrics to capacity (2009)

In wireless mesh routing, it is common to use periodic estimation of link quality to identify high throughput paths. While extensive work has been devoted to the design and static throughput evaluation of path metrics, evaluating the accuracy of the underlying link cost metrics under dynamic conditions has not received due attention. We introduce an experimental and analytical methodology that quantifies the ability of link cost metrics to accurately estimate link capacity. We use this methodology on a wireless mesh testbed to evaluate network layer and cross-layer estimation approaches of ETT, a popular wireless link cost metric. Our results show that the network layer approach exhibits low correlation with link capacity across time and across multiple links. On the other hand, cross layer information obtained by our methodology can significantly improve accuracy and can aid in identifying the dominant factors that lead to link cost metric inaccuracies.
Carbon nanotube complementary logic with low-temperature processed end-bonded metal contacts (2016)

CNT-based complementary logic using low-temperature processed end-boned metal contacts are demonstrated. This new form of end-bonded contact is made by carbon dissolution into metal contacts with high carbon solubility (e.g., Ni and Co), which requires only low annealing temperature (400-600 °C). As-fabricated end-bonded Ni contacts serve as robust p-type contacts to CNTs and perform better than standard Pd side-bonded contacts at scaled dimensions. In addition, stable NFETs are converted from PFETs using Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> as an n-type physicochemical doping layer. CMOS inverters are further built with end-bonded contacts for both PFETs and NFETs, featuring the smallest contact size thus far for CNT inverters. These new findings could pave the way to realizing CNT-based scalable CMOS technology.
Lab-on-a-Chip Device for Hydrogen Sulfide Sensing in Biomedical and Environmental Applications Using Electrochemical Approach (2015)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is rapidly emerging as a biologically significant signaling molecule. In recent studies, sulfide level in blood or plasma has been reported to be in the concentration between 10 and 300 μM suggesting it acts in various diseases. This work reports progress on a new Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) device for these applications. The uniquely designed, hand-held device uses advanced liberation chemistry that releases H2S from liquid sample and an electrochemical approach to detect sulfide concentration from the aqueous solution. The device itself consists of three distinct layers of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures and a three electrode system for direct and rapid H2S concentration measurement. In this work specifically, the oxidation of sulfide at the gold (Au) and platinum (Pt.) electrodes has been examined. This is the first known application of electrochemical H2S sensing in an LOC application. The analytical utility and performance of the device has been assessed through direct detection using chronoamperometry (CA) scan and cyclic voltammetry (CV). An electrocatalytic sulfide oxidation signal has been recorded for sulfide concentration range vs, Ag/AgCl at different pH buffers at the trapping chamber. The calibration curve in the range 1 μM to 1 M was obtained using this electrode setup. The detection limit was found to be 0.1 μM. This device shows promise for providing fast and inexpensive determination of H2S concentration in aqueous samples.
8-Amino-3-benzyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazines. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity. (1995)

Eleven substituted 8-amino-3-benzyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a] pyrazines were synthesized and tested for anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES) in rats. The compounds were prepared in four stages from the phenylacetonitriles. I. The intermediate (2,2,2-triethoxyethyl)benzenes III were condensed with 2-chloro-3-hydrazinopyrazine (IV) to provide the 3-benzyl-8-chloro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazines V. The latter were converted to the 8-amine targets VI with methylamine or ammonia. Several compounds exhibited potent activity against MES; the 3-(2-fluorobenzyl)-8-(methylamino) and 3-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-8-(methylamino)congeners (4 and 12) exhibited the best anticonvulsant activity with oral ED50S of 3 mg/kg. The 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine ring system serves as a bioisostere of the purine ring for anticonvulsant activity; however, these agents exhibit less propensity to cause emesis.
STIP: Spatio-temporal intersection protocols for autonomous vehicles (2014)

Autonomous driving is likely to be the heart of urban transportation in the future. Autonomous vehicles have the potential to increase the safety of passengers and also to make road trips shorter and more enjoyable. As the first steps toward these goals, many car manufacturers are investing in designing and equipping their vehicles with advanced driver-assist systems. Road intersections are considered to be serious bottlenecks of urban transportation, as more than 44% of all reported crashes in U.S. occur within intersection areas which in turn lead to 8,500 fatalities and approximately 1 million injuries every year. Furthermore, the impact of road intersections on traffic delays leads to enormous waste of human and natural resources. In this paper, we therefore focus on intersection management in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) research. In the future, when dealing with autonomous vehicles, it is critical to address safety and throughput concerns that arise from autonomous driving through intersections and roundabouts. Our goal is to provide vehicles with a safe and efficient passage method through intersections and roundabouts. We have been investigating vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications as a part of co-operative driving in the context of autonomous driving. We have designed and developed efficient and reliable intersection protocols to avoid vehicle collisions at intersections and increase traffic throughput. In this paper, we introduce new V2V intersection protocols to achieve the above goals. We show that, in addition to intersections, these protocols are also applicable to vehicle crossings at roundabouts. Additionally, we study the effects of position inaccuracy of commonly-used GPS devices on some of our V2V intersection protocols and suggest required modifications to guarantee their safety and efficiency despite these impairments. Our simulation results show that we are able to avoid collisions and also increase the throughput of the intersections up to 87.82% compared to common traffic-light signalized intersections.
Association of noninvasively measured renal protein biomarkers with histologic features of lupus nephritis (2012)

Specific urinary biomarkers are associated with specific tissue changes observed in conjunction with LN activity and chronicity. Especially in combination with select established markers of renal function, urinary biomarkers are well-suited for use in noninvasive measurement of LN activity, LN chronicity, and the presence of membranous LN.
Phase-shift effect on a two-dimensional surface-emitting photonic-crystal laser (2005)

We analyzed the effect of a phase shift on a two-dimensional surface-emitting photonic crystal laser. It was shown that a single-lobed beam with linear polarization could be achieved for the crystal with elliptical air holes.
Polycapillary (multichannel) chromatographic columns in liquid chromatography (2009)

The use of polycapillary (multichannel) columns with channels 3–10 μm in diameter in liquid chromatography was studied. It was shown that, in a number of cases, polycapillary columns can give analytical results more rapidly than conventional packed columns. The polycapillary columns studied in this work were not used in liquid chromatography before.
<title>Nonlinear-optic-polymer-based integrated optoelectronic modulators/switches</title> (1998)

A new scheme for a nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer opto- electronic (OE) modulators/switch is presented that renders the potential to realize a device interaction length that is an order of magnitude shorter than conventional NLO polymer OE devices operating at TTL voltage levels. It utilizes available NLO polymer materials for the corelayer and conductive polymer materials for the cladding layers in order to realize an effective 1 micrometers separation between the electrodes. Using current NLO polymer materials with electro-optic coefficients of 20 pm/V, it is feasible to demonstrate < 2 mm interaction length OE devices operating at 5 volts. These lengths could lead to insertion within multichip modules. A 1 micrometers gap between electrodes also makes it possible to perform in-situ poling.
Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Alkanes by PCP–Pincer Iridium Complexes Using Proton and Electron Acceptors (2021)

Dehydrogenation to give olefins offers the most broadly applicable route to the chemical transformation of alkanes. Transition-metal-based catalysts can selectively dehydrogenate alkanes using either olefinic sacrificial acceptors or a purge mechanism to remove H2; both of these approaches have significant practical limitations. Here, we report the use of pincer-ligated iridium complexes to achieve alkane dehydrogenation by proton-coupled electron transfer, using pairs of oxidants and bases as proton and electron acceptors. Up to 97% yield was achieved with respect to oxidant and base, and up to 15 catalytic turnovers with respect to iridium, using t-butoxide as base coupled with various oxidants, including oxidants with very low reduction potentials. Mechanistic studies indicate that (pincer)IrH2 complexes react with oxidants and base to give the corresponding cationic (pincer)IrH+ complex, which is subsequently deprotonated by a second equivalent of base; this affords (pincer)Ir which is known to dehydrogenate alkanes and thereby regenerates (pincer)IrH2.
Non-Ohmic Properties of ZnO-Rare Earth Metal Oxide-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Ceramics (1977)

Zinc oxide ceramics containing rare earth metal oxide and cobalt oxide which exhibit non-ohmic current-voltage characteristics were studied. The nonlinearity was similar to that of the zinc oxide varistor containing Bi2O3 and other additives. According to microstructural observations, the intergranular layer of the ceramics was found to be a rare earth metal oxide compound without Zn and Co atoms, and its thickness was expected to be less than 100 Å. The nonlinear characteristics are attributed to the potential barrier due to the depletion layer formed in the interfacial region of the ZnO grainboundaries doped with Co atoms. Qualitative analysis of capacitance-voltage relations confirmed this model.