gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sulfonated poly(aryl ether ether ketone ketone)s containing fluorinated moieties as proton exchange membrane materials (2006)

Abstract A series of sulfonated poly(aryl ether ether ketone ketone)s statistical copolymers with high molecular weights were synthesized via an aromatic nucleophilic substitution polymerization. The sulfonation content (SC), defined as the number of sulfonic acid groups contained in an average repeat unit, could be controlled by the feed ratios of monomers. Flexible and strong membranes in sodium sulfonate form could be prepared by the solution casting method, and readily transformed to their proton forms by treating them in 2 N sulfuric acid. The polymers showed high T g s, which increased with an increase in SC. Membranes prepared from the present sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone ketone) copolymers containing the hexafluoroisopropylidene moiety (SPEEKK‐6F) and copolymers containing the pendant 3,5‐ditrifluoromethylphenyl moiety (SPEEKK‐6FP) had lower water uptakes and lower swelling ratios in comparison with previously prepared copolymers containing 6F units. All of the polymers possessed proton conductivities higher than 1 × 10 −2 S/cm at room temperature, and proton conductivity values of several polymers were comparable to that of Nafion at high relative humidity. Their thermal stability, oxidative stability, and mechanical properties were also evaluated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2299–2310, 2006
Optical system design for femtosecond-level synchronization of clocks (2016)

Synchronization of optical clocks via optical two-way time-frequency transfer across free-space links can result in time offsets between the two clocks below tens of femtoseconds over many hours. The complex optical system necessary to support such synchronization is described in detail here.
Fully three dimensional image reconstruction from "V"-projections acquired by Compton camera with three vertex electronic collimation (2002)

The Compton camera has been proposed as an alternative to the Anger camera for SPECT. In its conventional form, the camera consists of two gamma detectors, so that incident gamma photons undergo Compton scattering in the first detector and are absorbed in the second. Coincident registration of these two interaction events defines a "cone of possibility" for the origin of a particular gamma photon. The three vertex electronic collimation requires a Compton camera with three detectors and is achieved by coincident registration of three interaction events: Compton scatterings in the first two detectors and absorption in the third detector. Because of polarization, the plane containing the three vertices defined by the interaction events tends to make a small angle with respect to the plane containing the source point and the first two vertices. This allows significant reduction of the "cone uncertainty" and better approximation of the source location by two semilines in the shape of a "V" which are the result of the intersection of the plane containing the three vertices and the cone. The data collected by such a camera are integrals over "V" shaped semilines called "V"-projections. This paper describes an approach for fully 3D image reconstruction from "V"-projections. The method is based on a special transformation, that maps a certain subset of "V"-projections into a complete set of line-projections and is used to develop both the backprojection filtering and the filtered backprojection algorithms. The results of computer simulations are presented for a Compton camera with strip geometry.
Synthesis of an Apical Sodium-Codependent Bile Acid Transporter Inhibitor (2006)

An extensive analogue program identified benzothiepine I as a potent, crystalline, nonhygroscopic apical sodium-codependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor as a potential drug for lowering serum LDL cholesterol. A remarkable step is the highly enantio- and diaste­reoselective ring closure of the aldehyde derived from F to benzothiepine G.
Plastid engineering in land plants: a conservative genome is open to change (1993)

We have developed efficient transformation protocols to modify each of the 500-10,000 plastid genome copies in a tobacco cell. The transforming DNA is introduced on the surface of microscopic tungsten particles by the biolistic process. Selection for transplastomes is by spectinomycin resistance based on expression of aminoglycoside-3"-adenyltransferase from a chimeric aadA gene in the transforming DNA. Manipulations that are now feasible include replacement of endogenous plastid genes with DNA sequences modified in vitro, targeted gene disruption, and insertion of reporter genes into the plastid genome. Alternative methods for plastid genome manipulations may be developed utilizing an extrachromosomal element which was identified during the transformation studies. Introduction of foreign genes under control of plastid gene expression elements results in duplication of endogenous regulatory sequences. A sensitive somatic assay to detect deletions via such direct repeats confirmed that these sequence duplications do not result in significant genome instability. The ability to transform plastids will facilitate the study of plastid gene regulation, and the application of genetic engineering to crop improvement.
Automatic Registration of Multiple Range Images by the Local Log-Polar Range Images (2006)

We propose a method for automatic registration of multiple range images by matching invariant feature vectors generated from the local log-polar range images. Point pairs are corresponded by finding the nearest neighbor of invariant feature vectors. The correspondence is validated, and the pairwise transformations between the input range images are determined by using the RANSAC algorithm. The registration of all input range images are determined by constructing the view tree of the input range images. The registration result of the proposed method is used as the initial value of a fine registration methods for object shape modeling.
Integrating Home Energy Simulation and Dynamic Electricity Price for Demand Response Study (2013)

This paper studies how to develop and evaluate demand response strategies from the consumer's perspective through a computational experiment approach. The proposed approach includes a home energy consumption simulator, a demand response mechanism obtained through optimization, particle swam or heuristic method, and an integrative computing platform that combines the home energy simulator and MATLAB together for demand response development and evaluation. Several demand response strategies are developed and evaluated through the computational experiment technique. The paper investigates and compares characteristics of different demand response strategies and how they are affected by dynamic pricing tariffs, seasons, and weather. Case studies are conducted by considering home energy consumption, dynamic electricity pricing schemes, and demand response methods.
Segmentation of ulcerated plaque: a semi-automatic method for tracking the progression of carotid atherosclerosis (2002)

A semi-automatic method for segmentation of three-dimensional carotid vascular ultrasound (US) images is presented. The method is based on a dynamic balloon model represented by a triangulated mesh. The mesh is manually placed within the interior of the carotid arteries, then is driven outward until it reaches the vessel wall by applying an inflation force to the mesh. Once the mesh is in close proximity to the vessel wall, it is further deformed using an image-based force, in order to better localize the boundary. The authors examine the ability of the segmentation method to segment in vivo 3D US images of the carotid arteries. They furthermore examine its ability to distinguish subtle changes in vessel morphology, with the ultimate goal being to detect the progression or regression of atherosclerotic plaque. Two nearly identical common carotid vessel phantoms were imaged using a three-dimensional US imaging system, automatically registered, then segmented using the semi-automatic algorithm. The fabrication of the two phantoms was identical except for the inclusion of a hemispherical ulceration cut into one of the vessels. The two segmented surfaces were compared by determining the distance between them at each point along one of the two surfaces. Since the 3D US images had been previously registered, the two segmented surfaces are expected to overlap everywhere except near the region of ulceration. This was confirmed to within a 0.3 mm error.
Alternating Ethene/Propene Copolymerization with a Metallocene Catalyst (1998)

A small variation in the substituent R' on the metallocene catalyst employed in the copolymerization of ethene and propene leads to a highly alternating (81-83%) structure (1) rather than a statistical copolymer. Such copolymers were until recently only accessible by hydrogenation of polyisoprene or 1,4-poly(pentadiene).
Global Laparoscopy Positioning System with a Smart Trocar (2017)

Purpose: in the context of minimally invasive surgery, navigation in the patients abdomen is crucial, but is also more complicated than during open procedures. While the advantages for the patient are numerous, surgeons may not always know where they are in this complex environment, and getting used to this technique takes a lot of practice. Method: we present a novel smart trocar device that provides a global positioning system for the laparoscopic instruments that are inserted through the trocars. We augment current trocars with a camera pointing towards the ceiling. At any point in time, and by using computer vision as well as projective geometry, our smart trocar can provide the position of rigid instruments. Results: with our system, we reach one-millimeter accuracy on translation and half a degree on rotation with the only limitation being the velocity of surgeons movements. But this limitation has not been an obstacle in real practice. Conclusion: the trocar can track specific landmarks found on the ceiling of the OR, and, from these, accurately determine its global position in the OR in real time. Applications of this invention are first, assessment and/or training of surgical skills second, once our system is coupled to a real-time three-dimensional simulator of patient anatomy, we envision that our system can automatically provide surgical guidance during the procedure.
Determination of Well Productivity Using Pump Downtime Data (2000)

Abstract Wells producing from sucker rod pumps are rarely tested for damage due to the expense and inconvenience of pulling the rods. We present a simple and elegant method to estimate the productivity index, PI, and the damage, or skin, of a rod pumping well utilizing only the knowledge of pump runtime vs. downtime. The technique does not require well intervention. The method is an inverse solution as is found in conventional well test interpretation. A theoretical or model pump runtime is computed assuming the two unknowns (PI and skin). The model is then compared with the actual runtime data. The unknowns are updated and the process is continued, either manually or automatically, until the model matches the measured data. The average reservoir pressure is assumed to be known from an independent source. The method lends itself to real-time production management as the required data may be continuously and automatically transmitted to a central location upon which, following the algorithms developed here, the behavior of the well/reservoir system may be monitored and the flow rates optimized. Furthermore, in conjunction with dynamometer information, declines in production may be immediately diagnosed as either a mechanical or reservoir problem. The value of the technique is illustrated using field data.
Novel Cryo-controlled Nucleation Technique for High-efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells (2018)

A novel cryo-controlled nucleation technique is developed to grow mixed halide perovskite for solar cells (PSCs). The abrupt decrease in the ambient temperature results in a supersaturation condition in the precursor film prepared by the spin coating process, leading to form uniform nucleation sites for subsequent crystal growth. The low temperature ambient retards the pre-mature crystallization of the perovskite film in the early stage before a uniform seed layer is obtained. This film deposition approach ensures excellent uniformity of the nucleation layers and, subsequently, higher quality perovskite films. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.4 % for the champion PSC can be achieved by the proposed perovskite growth technique.
Oral amphipathic peptides as therapeutic agents (2005)

Cholesterol can promote inflammation by its ability to stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species that result in the formation of pro-inflammatory oxidised phospholipids. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are part of the innate immune response and can be either pro- or anti-inflammatory independently of plasma HDL-cholesterol levels. During systemic inflammation as occurs with atherosclerosis, Apolipoprotein A-I can be altered, reducing its ability to promote reverse cholesterol transport and HDL can become pro-inflammatory. Amphipathic peptides with either a class A amphipathic helix (D-4F) or a class G* amphipathic helix (D-[113-122]apoJ), or even those that are too small to form a helix (KRES and FREL) have some similar characteristics. Their interaction with lipids leads to a reduction in lipoprotein-lipid hydroperoxides that releases HDL-associated antioxidant enzymes, such as paraoxonase, therefore providing antiatherosclerosis and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, the peptide D-4F stimulates the formation and cycling of pre-beta HDL. These amphipathic peptides appear to have therapeutic potential as oral agents.
Author response: Designed α-sheet peptides inhibit amyloid formation by targeting toxic oligomers (2014)

The build up of very thin fibres called amyloid fibrils is known to lead to more than 40 different human diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. These diseases involve soluble proteins or peptides joining other proteins or peptides to form the fibrils, which are not soluble. However, the damage is done by the time the fibrils form because soluble intermediate structures formed by the proteins and peptides are toxic. The development of methods that can detect these toxic intermediate structures could lead to earlier interventions before significant damage. Amyloid fibrils are known to have a beta-sheet structure that is found in many protein systems. In 2004, based on computer simulations, researchers predicted that proteins and peptides that go on to form amyloid fibrils would pass through a related but less stable structure called an alpha-sheet, and that this structure would be toxic. Now Hopping et al., including some of the researchers involved in the 2004 work, have confirmed that the alpha-sheet structure is indeed involved in the formation of amyloid fibrils. To do this Hopping et al. designed peptides with alpha-sheet structures that could bind to the alpha-sheet structures predicted by their simulations. When these complementary designed peptides were added to a solution of peptide that causes Alzheimer’s Disease, or a protein that causes systemic amyloid disease, the designed peptides bound the toxic peptides or proteins and prevented the formation of fibrils. The results of Hopping et al. suggest that designed alpha-sheet compounds might be able to capture peptides and proteins that are implicated in a wide variety of amyloid diseases, independent of their composition and native structure, by targeting the intermediate alpha-sheet structure. Future challenges include showing that most proteins and peptides pass through this intermediate structure as they form fibrils, and improving the sensitivity of the binding in the hope of developing diagnostics for amyloid diseases.
TU‐H‐BRA‐01: The Physics of High Power Radiofrequency Isolation in a Novel Compact Linear Accelerator Based MRI Guided Radiation Therapy System (2016)

Purpose: To develop a method for isolating the radiofrequency waves emanating from linear accelerator components from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system of an integrated MRI‐linac. Methods: An MRI‐guided radiation therapy system has been designed that integrates a linear accelerator with simultaneous MR imaging. The radiofrequency waves created by the accelerating process would degrade MR image quality, so a method for containing the radiofrequency waves and isolating the MR imager from them was developed. The linear accelerator radiofrequency modulator was placed outside the room, so a filter was designed to eliminate the radiofrequency corresponding to the proton Larmour frequency of 14.7 MHz. Placing the radiofrequency emitting components in a typical Faraday cage would have reduced the radiofrequency emissions, but the design would be susceptible to small gaps in the shield due to the efficiency of the Faraday cage reflecting internal radiofrequency emissions. To reduce internal radiofrequency reflections, the Faraday cage was lined with carbon fiber sheets. Carbon fiber has the property of attenuating the radiofrequency energy so that the overall radiofrequency field inside the Faraday cage is reduced, decreasing any radiofrequency energy emitted from small gaps in the cage walls. Results: Within a 1.2 MHz band centered on the Larmor frequency, the radiofrequency (RF) leakage from the Faraday cage was measured to be −90 dB with no RF on, −40 dB with the RF on and no shield, returning to −90 dB with the RF on and shields in place. The radiofrequency filter attenuated the linear accelerator modulator emissions in the 14.7 MHz band by 70 dB. Conclusions: One of the major challenges in designing a compact linear accelerator based MRI‐guided radiation therapy system, that of isolating the high power RF system from the MRI, has been solved. The measured radiofrequency emissions are sufficiently small to enable system integration. This research was funded by ViewRay, Inc., Oakwood, OH
A novel flexographic printed strain gauge on paper platform (2015)

A novel flexible printed strain gauge was fabricated successfully on a flexible paper substrate using flexography printing process. Silver (Ag) ink was printed on the paper substrate as metallization layer. The performance of the printed device was investigated by subjecting the strain gauge to a 3-point bend test, with a displacement of 1 mm and 2 mm at 3 Hz operating frequency for 500 cycles. The electro-mechanical response of the strain gauge for the 1 mm displacement demonstrated an overall resistance change of 6.4 % and 6.5 % for the base resistance and bend resistance, respectively after 500 cycles of bending. Similarly an overall resistance change of 87.97 % and 28.8 % was observed for the base resistance and bend resistance, respectively after 500 cycles of bending for 2 mm displacement. The response of the fabricated strain gauge, as a function of electrical resistance, is analyzed and presented in this paper.
Photonic crystals as optical fibers-properties and applications (2000)

Photonic crystal fiber is a pure silica ﬁber with a regular array of air holes running down its length. We describe band-gap and effective-index waveguiding in these structures, and the remarkable new properties they possess.
Summation Invariant and Its Applications to Shape Recognition (2006)

A novel summation invariant of curves under transformation group action is proposed. This new invariant is less sensitive to noise than the differential invariant and does not require an analytical expression for the curve as the integral invariant does. We exploit this summation invariant to define a shape descriptor called a semi-local summation invariant and use it as a new feature for shape recognition. Tested on a database of noisy shapes of fish, it was observed that the summation invariant feature exhibited superior discriminating power compared to that of wavelet-based invariant features.
Phytoremediation of methylmercury pollution: <i>merB</i> expression in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> confers resistance to organomercurials (1999)

Methylmercury is an environmental toxicant that biomagnifies and causes severe neurological degeneration in animals. It is produced by bacteria in soils and sediments that have been contaminated with mercury. To explore the potential of plants to extract and detoxify this chemical, we engineered a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, to express a modified bacterial gene, merBpe, encoding organomercurial lyase (MerB) under control of a plant promoter. MerB catalyzes the protonolysis of the carbon---mercury bond, removing the organic ligand and releasing Hg(II), a less mobile mercury species. Transgenic plants expressing merBpe grew vigorously on a wide range of concentrations of monomethylmercuric chloride and phenylmercuric acetate. Plants lacking the merBpe gene were severely inhibited or died at the same organomercurial concentrations. Six independently isolated transgenic lines produced merBpe mRNA and MerB protein at levels that varied over a 10- to 15-fold range, and even the lowest levels of merBpe expression conferred resistance to organomercurials. Our work suggests that native macrophytes (e.g., trees, shrubs, grasses) engineered to express merBpe may be used to degrade methylmercury at polluted sites and sequester Hg(II) for later removal.
Augmented Therapeutic Efficacy of an Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Mutant Expressing ICP34.5 Under the Transcriptional Control of <i>musashi1</i> Promoter in the Treatment of Malignant Glioma (2007)

Although second-generation replication-conditional herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vectors defective for both ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and the virulence factor gamma(1)34.5 have been proven safe through a number of animal experiments and clinical trials, their therapeutic efficacy was also markedly reduced. To overcome this situation, we concentrated on the use of a tumor-specific promoter in this study, to express ICP34.5 selectively in malignant glioma cells. As a molecular marker for malignant glioma, we focused on the neural RNA-binding protein, Musashi1. On the basis of the results of defective vector dvM345, as reported previously, we created, via homologous recombination, a novel HSV-1 vector termed KeM34.5, which expresses ICP34.5 under the transcriptional control of the musashi1 gene promoter (P/musashi1). Cytotoxicity mediated by KeM34.5 was significantly enhanced in human glioma cell lines (U87MG, U87MG-E6, U251, and T98G), resulting in an approximately 2-log increase in viral yield, compared with its parental vector G207. This virus also showed much higher therapeutic efficacy in the in vivo glioma model, while maintaining the desirable neuroattenuated phenotype. These results suggest that oncolytic HSV-1 expressing ICP34.5 under the transcriptional control of the musashi1 gene promoter could be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of malignant glioma.
Investigating Elastic Anisotropy of the Porcine Cornea as a Function of Intraocular Pressure With Optical Coherence Elastography (2016)

The presented noncontact OCE method was capable of detecting and assessing the corneal elastic anisotropy as a function of IOP. Due to the noninvasive nature and small amplitude of the elastic wave, this method may be able to provide further information about corneal health and integrity in vivo. [J Refract Surg. 2016;32(8):562-567.].