gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevated Dickkopf-2 levels contribute to the abnormal phenotype of human osteoarthritic osteoblasts (2011)

The Wnt signaling pathway is crucial for osteogenesis and regulates terminal osteoblast differentiation. Although osteoarthritic (OA) osteoblasts show an abnormal phenotype and poor in vitro mineralization, the mechanism leading to this situation still remains unknow. Recent evidence indicates that Wnt signaling may be altered in OA osteoblasts. In this study we determined whether an alteration of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is responsible for the abnormal phenotype of OA osteoblasts. Expression of the Wnt signaling antagonist Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) was similar in normal and OA osteoblasts, whereas DKK2 expression was higher in OA osteoblasts than in normal osteoblasts. OA osteoblasts showed a decrease of Wnt3a-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling, measured by the TOPflash reporter assay and by Western blot analysis, compared with normal osteoblasts. Correcting DKK2 levels in OA osteoblasts by siRNA techniques enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Elevated DKK2 levels could be explained by elevated transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in OA osteoblasts, and exogenous TGF-β1 increased DKK2 expression in normal osteoblasts, whereas ablating TGF-β1 expression in OA osteoblasts reduced DKK2 expression. Inhibiting TGF-β1 or DKK2 expression corrected the abnormal phenotype of OA osteoblasts. In vitro mineralization of OA osteoblasts also was increased by DKK2 siRNA. We conclude that elevated TGF-β1 levels in OA osteoblasts can stimulate DKK2 expression, which, in turn, is responsible, at least in part, for their abnormal phenotype.
The three amigos (1977)

Several analogs structurally related to aspartame were prepared in order to establish if chemical modifications of the molecule might improve sweetness. None of these analogs exhibited any sweet taste; on the contrary in most cases they were bitter.
Non-uniform yield optimization for integrated circuit layout (2007)

We demonstrate a consolidated metric that can quantitatively express design quality with respect to multiple yield loss mechanisms. Using this metric and the design analysis and optimization framework we have developed, we study the effectiveness of different layout enhancements and the effect of combining multiple enhancements in a single layout. Previous works attempted to select a single combination of design enhancements that presents the optimal trade-off between different yield loss mechanisms and optimizes the total yield. We show that the optimal solution depends on the layout features on a small scale, thus the best yield can be achieved by selecting different combinations of enhancements in different locations. We introduce a general form of the cost function and compare different layout configurations, taking into account lithography process variations, random defect distributions, and recommended design rules. Since all layout configurations represent the same electrical devices, it is possible to dynamically determine the most robust layout implementation according to the cost function that incorporates the relative importance of each yield loss contributor. We compare the globally optimized layout, where the sequence of yield enhancements is selected based on the overall design yield, with locally optimized layouts, where the enhancements are fine-tuned for each location. We show that when comparing different layout enhancements it is important to consider two types of yield tradeoffs, local tradeoffs where the same layout feature impacts several yield loss mechanisms, and global tradeoffs where the net effect of a particular type of layout enhancement depends on its location. By selectively applying yield enhancements to the areas of the layout where they are needed we can considerably improve the overall design quality.
Factors Improving the Steeping Process of Corn Grains. Part II. Effect of Enzyme Addition (1981)

Abstract The effect of addition of proteolytic enzymes to the steeping liquor of corn grains was studied to reduce the steeping period and to obtain starch of low protein content. For this purpose the intact, scratched and broken corn grains were steeped in presence of Alcalase and Neutrase enzymes. It was found that the steeping period decreased by about 50% in case of broken grains, while steeping intact or scratched corn grains in presence of the enzymes gave no effect.
Electrooptic sampling evaluation of 1.5 μm metal-semiconductor-metal photodiodes by soliton compressed semiconductor laser pulses (1995)

An electrooptic sampling system using soliton compressed pulses from a gain switched laser diode was assembled and used to characterize an InGaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector at the important optical fiber wavelength of 1.55 microns. The measured rise time of the photodiode pulse was 6.5 ps. The pump and probe pulses had a FWHM of 0.6 ps as measured by autocorrelation. The sampling system rise time was evaluated to be 2.0 ps, yielding the estimated intrinsic photodiode rise time of 2.3 ps. By introducing a differential detection scheme and optical filtering, a shot noise limited sensitivity of 0.6 mV/Sqrt[Hz] was achieved. These results represent the fastest rise time, and most sensitive semiconductor laser based, electrooptic sampling system reported to date.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Closing the Loop With Graphical SLAM (2007)

The problem of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is addressed using a graphical method. The main contributions are a computational complexity that scales well with the size of the environment, the elimination of most of the linearization inaccuracies, and a more flexible and robust data association. We also present a detection criteria for closing loops. We show how multiple topological constraints can be imposed on the graphical solution by a process of coarse fitting followed by fine tuning. The coarse fitting is performed using an approximate system. This approximate system can be shown to possess all the local symmetries. Observations made during the SLAM process often contain symmetries, that is to say, directions of change to the state space that do not affect the observed quantities. It is important that these directions do not shift as we approximate the system by, for example, linearization. The approximate system is both linear and block diagonal. This makes it a very simple system to work with especially when imposing global topological constraints on the solution. These global constraints are nonlinear. We show how these constraints can be discovered automatically. We develop a method of testing multiple hypotheses for data matching using the graph. This method is derived from statistical theory and only requires simple counting of observations. The central insight is to examine the probability of not observing the same features on a return to a region. We present results with data from an outdoor scenario using a SICK laser scanner.
Indications And Results of the Multichannel Cochlear Implant (1979)

In the case of total deafness, the multichannel cochlear implant prosthesis constitutes a substantial improvement. It allows known words to be recognized without lip reading, with a great percentage of good responses. Clinical and phoniatric results are reported in 21 cases of patients with implants.
Dissecting the role of chymase in angiotensin II formation and heart and blood vessel diseases (2002)

Inhibition of angiotensin II action or its formation by angiotensin-converting enzyme has been highly successful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Since the identification of chymase as a major angiotensin II-forming enzyme in the human heart and its vessels more than a decade ago, numerous studies have sought to understand the importance of this enzyme in tissue angiotensin II formation and in the pathogenesis of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and vascular disease. Recent studies show that chymase and angiotensin-converting enzyme regulate angiotensin II production in distinct tissue compartments and that, in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, chymase-dependent effects extend beyond its ability to regulate tissue angiotensin II levels.
Modulation of airway epithelial cell functions by Pidotimod: NF-kB cytoplasmatic expression and its nuclear translocation are associated with an increased TLR-2 expression (2013)

Through different effects on ERK1/2 and NF-kB, pidotimod was able to increase the expression of TLR-2 proteins, surface molecules involved in the initiation of the innate response to infectious stimuli. The lack of effect on ICAM-1 expression, the receptor for rhinovirus, and on IL-8 release, the potent chemotactic factor for neutrophils (that are already present in sites of infection), may represent protective functions. If confirmed in vivo, these activities may, at least in part, clarify the mechanism of action of this molecule at airway level.
Computed tomography with energy-resolved detection: a feasibility study (2008)

The feasibility of computed tomography (CT) with energy-resolved x-ray detection has been investigated. A breast CT design with multi slit multi slice (MSMS) data acquisition was used for this study. The MSMS CT includes linear arrays of photon counting detectors separated by gaps. This CT configuration allows for efficient scatter rejection and 3D data acquisition. The energy-resolved CT images were simulated using a digital breast phantom and the design parameters of the proposed MSMS CT. The phantom had 14 cm diameter and 50/50 adipose/glandular composition, and included carcinoma, adipose, blood, iodine and CaCO3 as contrast elements. The x-ray technique was 90 kVp tube voltage with 660 mR skin exposure. Photon counting, charge (energy) integrating and photon energy weighting CT images were generated. The contrast-to-noise (CNR) improvement with photon energy weighting was quantified. The dual energy subtracted images of CaCO3 and iodine were generated using a single CT scan at a fixed x-ray tube voltage. The x-ray spectrum was electronically split into low- and high-energy parts by a photon counting detector. The CNR of the energy weighting CT images of carcinoma, blood, adipose, iodine, and CaCO3 was higher by a factor of 1.16, 1.20, 1.21, 1.36 and 1.35, respectively, as compared to CT with a conventional charge (energy) integrating detector. Photon energy weighting was applied to CT projections prior to dual energy subtraction and reconstruction. Photon energy weighting improved the CNR in dual energy subtracted CT images of CaCO3 and iodine by a factor of 1.35 and 1.33, respectively. The combination of CNR improvements due to scatter rejection and energy weighting was in the range of 1.71-2 depending on the type of the contrast element. The tilted angle CZT detector was considered as the detector of choice. Experiments were performed to test the effect of the tilting angle on the energy spectrum. Using the CZT detector with 20 degrees tilting angle decreased the tailing of the measured x-ray spectrum as compared to a conventional CZT detector. It was concluded that the energy-resolved MSMS CT with tilted angle CZT detector is potentially feasible and could provide a unique combination of photon counting, energy weighting, scatter rejection and single kVp dual energy subtraction CT imaging.
La huida del Derecho Administrativo y sus nefastas consecuencias para las Administraciones Públicas (2011)

El presente articulo analiza el fenomeno de la huida del Derecho Administrativo, es decir, la utilizacion indiscriminada de procedimientos y tecnicas del Derecho privado por la Administracion con el fin de eludir los controles y garantias de aquel, con especial consideracion de sus principales manifestaciones asi como las tecnicas de reaccion frente al mismo.
Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19 (2020)

In patients with severe Covid-19 not requiring mechanical ventilation, our trial did not show a significant difference between a 5-day course and a 10-day course of remdesivir. With no placebo control, however, the magnitude of benefit cannot be determined. (Funded by Gilead Sciences; GS-US-540-5773 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04292899.).
Knocking combustion in spark-ignition engines (2017)

Knocking combustion research is crucially important because it determines engine durability, fuel consumption, and power density, as well as noise and emission performance. Current spark ignition (SI) engines suffer from both conventional knock and super-knock. Conventional knock limits raising the compression ratio to improve thermal efficiency due to end-gas auto-ignition, while super-knock limits the desired boost to improve the power density of modern gasoline engines due to detonation. Conventional combustion has been widely studied for many years. Although the basic characteristics are clear, the correlation between the knock index and fuel chemistry, pressure oscillations and heat transfer, and auto-ignition front propagation, are still in early stages of understanding. Super-knock combustion in highly boosted spark ignition engines with random pre-ignition events has been intensively studied in the past decade in both academia and industry. These works have mainly focused on the relationship between pre-ignition and super-knock, source analyses of pre-ignition, and the effects of oil/fuel properties on super-knock. The mechanism of super-knock has been recently revealed in rapid compression machines (RCM) under engine-like conditions. It was found that detonation can occur in modern internal combustion engines under high energy density conditions. Thermodynamic conditions and shock waves influence the combustion wave and detonation initiation modes. Three combustion wave modes in the end gas have been visualized as deflagration, sequential auto-ignition and detonation. The most frequently observed detonation initiation mode is shock wave reflection-induced detonation (SWRID). Compared to the effect of shock compression and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) combustion on ignition delay, shock wave reflection is the main cause of near-wall auto-ignition/detonation. Finally, suppression methods for conventional knock and super-knock in SI engines are reviewed, including use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), the injection strategy, and the integration of a high tumble - high EGR-Atkinson/Miller cycle. This paper provides deep insights into the processes occurring during knocking combustion in spark ignition engines. Furthermore, knock control strategies and combustion wave modes are summarized, and future research directions, such as turbulence-shock-reaction interaction theory, detonation suppression and utilization, and super-knock solutions, are also discussed.
Neurocontrollers trained with rules extracted by a genetic assisted reinforcement learning system (1995)

This paper proposes a novel system for rule extraction of temporal control problems and presents a new way of designing neurocontrollers. The system employs a hybrid genetic search and reinforcement learning strategy for extracting the rules. The learning strategy requires no supervision and no reference model. The extracted rules are weighted micro rules that operate on small neighborhoods of the admissable control space. A further refinement of the extracted rules is achieved by applying additional genetic search and reinforcement to reduce the number of extracted micro rules. This process results in a smaller set of macro rules which can be used to train a feedforward multilayer perceptron neurocontroller. The micro rules or the macro rules may also be utilized directly in a table look-up controller. As an example of the macro rules-based neurocontroller, we chose four benchmarks. In the first application we verify the capability of our system to learn optimal linear control strategies. The other three applications involve engine idle speed control, bioreactor control, and stabilizing two poles on a moving cart. These problems are highly nonlinear, unstable, and may include noise and delays in the plant dynamics. In terms of retrievals; the neurocontrollers generally outperform the controllers using a table look-up method. Both controllers, though, show robustness against noise disturbances and plant parameter variations.
Artificial Zinc Finger DNA Binding Domains: Versatile Tools for Genome Engineering and Modulation of Gene Expression (2015)

Genome editing and alteration of gene expression by synthetic DNA binding activities gained a lot of momentum over the last decade. This is due to the development of new DNA binding molecules with enhanced binding specificity. The most commonly used DNA binding modules are zinc fingers (ZFs), TALE-domains, and the RNA component of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These binding modules are fused or linked to either nucleases that cut the DNA and induce DNA repair processes, or to protein domains that activate or repress transcription of genes close to the targeted site in the genome. This review focuses on the structure, design, and applications of ZF DNA binding domains (ZFDBDs). ZFDBDs are relatively small and have been shown to penetrate the cell membrane without additional tags suggesting that they could be delivered to cells without a DNA or RNA intermediate. Advanced algorithms that are based on extensive knowledge of the mode of ZF/DNA interactions are used to design the amino acid composition of ZFDBDs so that they bind to unique sites in the genome. Off-target binding has been a concern for all synthetic DNA binding molecules. Thus, increasing the specificity and affinity of ZFDBDs will have a significant impact on their use in analytical or therapeutic settings.
POSTER: Domain-Specialized Cache Management for Graph Analytics (2019)

In the domain of graph analytics, power-law graphs are prevalent. In such graphs, a small fraction of vertices are responsible for a large share of all graph connections. These richly-connected (hot) vertices inherently exhibit high reuse. However, this work finds that the state-of-the-art hardware cache management schemes struggle in capitalizing on their reuse due to highly irregular access patterns of graph analytics. In response, we argue in favor of leveraging software knowledge of graph data structures to accurately pinpoint hot vertices in hardware. To that end, we propose GRASP, a domain-specialized LLC management scheme that enables high cache efficiency for graph analytics with minimal modifications to existing cache structures.
Role of Osteal Macrophages in Bone Metabolism (2015)

Macrophages have been shown to have pleiotropic functions in various pathophysiologies, especially in terms of anti-inflammatory and regenerative activity. Recently, the novel functions of bone marrow resident macrophages (called osteal macrophages) were intensively studied in bone development, remodeling and tissue repair processes. This review discusses the current evidence for a role of osteal macrophages in bone modeling, remodeling, and fracture healing processes.
Crosslinking of the U5 snRNP-specific 116-kDa protein to RNA hairpins that block step 2 of splicing. (1997)

Step 2 of pre-mRNA splicing has characteristics that are suggestive of a 5' to 3' scanning process from the branch point to locate the 3' splice site. Specifically, the 3' splice site is almost always at the first AG downstream of the branch point even when the two elements are separated by hundreds of nucleotides. Insertion of new AGs between the branch and 3' splice site, or mutation of the wild-type 3' splice site, usually results in use of the new first AG as the 3' splice site. Finally, insertion of stable secondary structure between the branch point and 3' splice site, but distant from both elements, results in a block to step 2. We have sought to complement this circumstantial evidence by detecting physical contacts between the spliceosome and the RNA substrate in regions that are not themselves important for splicing, other than that they lie between the branch point/polypyrimidine tract and the 3' splice site. We have blocked step 2 of splicing by insertion of hairpin structures between the branch point and 3' splice site and applied methylene blue-mediated crosslinking, which is specific for protein-dsRNA interactions. Using this approach, we have detected a 116-kDa crosslinked protein that appears after step 1 of splicing with all transcripts containing a hairpin downstream of the branch point. The protein was identified as the 116-kDa U5 snRNP protein, which is a GTP-binding protein involved in step 2 of splicing. The crosslinking characteristics of U5 p116 are consistent with it having a role in locating the 3' splice site AG prior to step 2 of splicing.
Development of an Electric Active Stabilizer System Based on Robust Design (2006)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Electric Active Stabilizer (EAS) system, that is capable of having a good balance between roll angle control and comfortable driving, has been developed. The EAS system can automatically control a roll angle by using the DC motor actuator installed in the center of a stabilizer bar. The actuator consists of a small brushless DC motor and a compact gear set. In order to improve vehicle drivability and to secure robustness against ambient temperature and power supply voltage fluctuation, we found that the motor rotation control was critical. In order to improve the motor rotation control, an actuator structure was optimized and H∞ control algorithm was introduced to have an excellent response and stability. As a result, the EAS system with high efficiency and reliable has been achieved. In this paper, the results are explained with a comparison between simulation results and experimental results.</div>
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons in Thermal Cracked Oil from Vacuum Residue (1978)

石油系減圧残さ分解油の有効利用を企図して, 過熱水蒸気による減圧残さの低温熱分解油中に存在する直鎖成分の分離と分析を行った。直鎖成分の分離には尿素付加法を, その分析にはGC, MS, 13C-NMRなどを用いた。直鎖成分は軽質分解油の全沸点範囲に亘ってほぼ均等に分布しており, その含有率は20%を越えた。また直鎖成分はパラフィンとオレフィンから成り, 両者の割合は約7対3であった。直鎖オレフィン (C9～C12) の約80%はα-オレフィンであり, 十数%が2-オレフィン (トランス体が主), 他の内部オレフィンはわずかであった。減圧残さ熱分解工程に直鎖成分分離工程を付置することにより, 分解油の有効利用が期待される。
Integrated grating circuit for guided-beam multiple division fabricated by electron-beam direct writing (1980)

An integrated grating circuit (IGC) for guided-beam multiple division was fabricated in an As2S3 film waveguide by the electron-beam direct-writing technique, and excellent optical performance was demonstrated. The circuit was composed of one chirped and three uniform-period gratings, each precisely arrayed to satisfy the Bragg condition. An incident IR guided beam (lambda = 1.153 microm) was successfully divided into multiple beams by an IGC of 1.0 X 3.0 mm. Design, fabrication technique, and optical performance of the IGC for guided-beam multiple division are discussed.