gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Superplastic Silicon Nitride Ceramics. (1995)

Effect of particle size of raw powder on the sintering and grain growth of silicon nitride ceramics was invesitigated. β -silicon nitride powder, which is stable at high temperature, was used to eliminate the effect of phase transformation. Fine powder was made from commercial submicrometer powder by removing particles of over 0.5μm in diameter using grinding and centrifugal sedimentation. The fine and submicrometer powders were sintered by hot-pressing. Fine-grained silicon nitride ceramics was fabricated from the fine powder. This fine grained ceramics deformed at a strain rate of 1.8×10-4/s under 1500°C and 40 MPa of compressive stress, i.e. it had superplasticity. Microstructure of the fine-grained ceramics was stable on annealing at 1800°C for lh. The grain growth rate during hot-pressing and annealing of submicrometer powder was larger than that in fine powder. It was revealed that the difference in grain size is a main driving force for the grain growth. Fine and homogeneous particle size distribution of raw powder is necessary to fabricate superplastic silicon nitride ceramics.
Self-calibration technique for reduction of hold failures in low-power nano-scaled SRAM (2006)

Increasing source voltage (Source-Biasing) is an efficient technique for reducing gate and sub-threshold leakage of SRAM arrays. However, due to process variation, a higher source voltage can significantly increase data flipping in standby mode (Hold Failures) resulting in faulty memories. This imposes serious concerns in reducing standby power with source-bias. In this paper, we analyze the effect of source bias on hold failures under both inter-die and intra-die variations. We propose a self-calibrating SRAM for aggressively reducing leakage while maintaining the hold failures under control.
Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators (2016)

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.
Crosstalk-Based Capacitance Measurements: Theory and Applications (2006)

Geometry scaling increases the relative effect of coupling capacitances on performance, power, and noise so that they need to be carefully taken into account during process development, characterization, and monitoring. In the last decade, charge-based capacitance measurements (CBCMs) have been widely used to estimate on-chip wiring and coupling capacitances because of their accuracy and simplicity. We provide a thorough theoretical and experimental study of CBCMs applied to the selective extraction of cross-coupling capacitances. We take a historical perspective starting from the original CBCM approach proposed by Chen in 1996, and we present a new technique for crosstalk-based capacitance measurements (CTCMs). CTCMs improve the accuracy and usability of CBCMs while reducing the complexity of the test structures. We present the theory of CTCM, we provide experimental results demonstrating its improved accuracy, and we discuss its application to a wide range of process monitoring and testing tasks. Experimental results are used throughout the paper to support the discussion.
A rapid <i>in vivo</i> screen for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma therapeutics (2015)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and is projected to be second by 2025. It has the worst survival rate among all major cancers. Two pressing needs for extending life expectancy of affected individuals are the development of new approaches to identify improved therapeutics, addressed herein, and the identification of early markers. PDA advances through a complex series of intercellular and physiological interactions that drive cancer progression in response to organ stress, organ failure, malnutrition, and infiltrating immune and stromal cells. Candidate drugs identified in organ culture or cell-based screens must be validated in preclinical models such as KIC (p48(Cre);LSL-Kras(G12D);Cdkn2a(f/f)) mice, a genetically engineered model of PDA in which large aggressive tumors develop by 4 weeks of age. We report a rapid, systematic and robust in vivo screen for effective drug combinations to treat Kras-dependent PDA. Kras mutations occur early in tumor progression in over 90% of human PDA cases. Protein kinase and G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling activates Kras. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins are coincidence detectors that can be induced by multiple inputs to feedback-regulate GPCR signaling. We crossed Rgs16::GFP bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice with KIC mice and show that the Rgs16::GFP transgene is a Kras(G12D)-dependent marker of all stages of PDA, and increases proportionally to tumor burden in KIC mice. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of cultured primary PDA cells reveals characteristics of embryonic progenitors of pancreatic ducts and endocrine cells, and extraordinarily high expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl, an emerging cancer drug target. In proof-of-principle drug screens, we find that weanling KIC mice with PDA treated for 2 weeks with gemcitabine (with or without Abraxane) plus inhibitors of Axl signaling (warfarin and BGB324) have fewer tumor initiation sites and reduced tumor size compared with the standard-of-care treatment. Rgs16::GFP is therefore an in vivo reporter of PDA progression and sensitivity to new chemotherapeutic drug regimens such as Axl-targeted agents. This screening strategy can potentially be applied to identify improved therapeutics for other cancers.
Graphene Dendrimer-stabilized silver nanoparticles for detection of methimazole using Surface-enhanced Raman scattering with computational assignment (2016)

Graphene functionalized with polyamidoamine dendrimer, decorated with silver nanoparticles (G-D-Ag), was synthesized and evaluated as a substrate with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for methimazole (MTZ) detection. Sodium borohydride was used as a reducing agent to cultivate silver nanoparticles on the dendrimer. The obtained G-D-Ag was characterized by using UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The SEM image indicated the successful formation of the G-D-Ag. The behavior of MTZ on the G-D-Ag as a reliable and robust substrate was investigated by SERS, which indicated mostly a chemical interaction between G-D-Ag and MTZ. The bands of the MTZ normal spectra at 1538, 1463, 1342, 1278, 1156, 1092, 1016, 600, 525 and 410 cm(-1) were enhanced due to the SERS effect. Correlations between the logarithmical scale of MTZ concentrations and SERS signal intensities were established, and a low detection limit of 1.43 × 10(-12) M was successfully obtained. The density functional theory (DFT) approach was utilized to provide reliable assignment of the key Raman bands.
Improving TDR Measurements through Accounting for Soil Shrinkage Properties (2008)

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a widely used tool for indirect measurement of soil moisture content. Empirical formulation is used to link the apparent dielectric constant of soil to the volumetric moisture content (Topps Equation: Topp et al., 1980) or gravimetric moisture content as a function of soil bulk density (Siddiqui and Drnevich Equation: Siddiqui and Drnevich, 1995). This paper introduces a methodology to account for soil volume change by integrating the true bulk density of the soil into the measurements using the soil Shrinkage Curve (specific volume (cm3/g) versus gravimetric water content). Thus, bulk density becomes a non-constant parameter that can be calculated as a function of the soil water content in the Siddiqui and Drnevich Equation. Experimental evidence demonstrates accounting for soil shrinkage improves the accuracy of TDR measured moisture contents and allows for estimating the shrinkage curve. Direct water content calculation for the Chalmers soil was compared to water contents from TDR readings with and without shrinkage corrections; those with shrinkage corrections showed significantly improved accuracy in TDR-determined soil moisture.
Sequential nature of the exothermic reactions leading to the formation of flexible polyurethane foams (1983)

Abstract The exotherms of the reactions leading to the formation of polyurethane foams were measured. The inflection points of the exotherm curves were made evident by continuous differentiation with respect to time. The position and magnitude of the inflection points demonstrated the sequential nature of the reactions. The effects of the functionality of the polyol, the concentrations of the tin and amine catalysts, and the silicone surfactant are discussed.
An Efficient Estimation Method for Reducing the Axial Intensity Drop in Circular Cone‐Beam CT (2008)

Reconstruction algorithms for circular cone-beam (CB) scans have been extensively studied in the literature. Since insufficient data are measured, an exact reconstruction is impossible for such a geometry. If the reconstruction algorithm assumes zeros for the missing data, such as the standard FDK algorithm, a major type of resulting CB artifacts is the intensity drop along the axial direction. Many algorithms have been proposed to improve image quality when faced with this problem of data missing; however, development of an effective and computationally efficient algorithm remains a major challenge. In this work, we propose a novel method for estimating the unmeasured data and reducing the intensity drop artifacts. Each CB projection is analyzed in the Radon space via Grangeat's first derivative. Assuming the CB projection is taken from a parallel beam geometry, we extract those data that reside in the unmeasured region of the Radon space. These data are then used as in a parallel beam geometry to calculate a correction term, which is added together with Hu's correction term to the FDK result to form a final reconstruction. More approximations are then made on the calculation of the additional term, and the final formula is implemented very efficiently. The algorithm performance is evaluated using computer simulations on analytical phantoms. The reconstruction comparison with results using other existing algorithms shows that the proposed algorithm achieves a superior performance on the reduction of axial intensity drop artifacts with a high computation efficiency.
Application of a Polarizing Holographic Optical Element to a Recordable Optical Head (1996)

A polarizing holographic optical element (HOE) with compensating grooves on the surface of a LiNbO 3 substrate has good polarizing beam-splitter characteristics. This polarizing HOE was applied to a recordable optical head with an integrated laser and photodetector unit. In the optical head, a correct far-field tracking method is constructed by setting the polarizing HOE and a quarter-wave plate right under the objective lens, which can be moved with the objective lens. A holographic pattern of the polarizing HOE is divided into 20 portions along a disc track direction for spot size focus error detection and far field tracking detection. Wth this optical head, conventional CD play-back and recording signals on phase change discs were performed. Then the tracking offset caused by objective lens shift was measured and determined to be markedly decreased. Signal degradation by the ±1 st light diffracted by a polarizing HOE was not observed. Good characteristics of recording and play-back for phase change discs were also obtained. This recordable optical head was found to have desirable characteristics and high productivity.
Reengineering a transmembrane protein to treat muscular dystrophy using exon skipping (2015)

Exon skipping uses antisense oligonucleotides as a treatment for genetic diseases. The antisense oligonucleotides used for exon skipping are designed to bypass premature stop codons in the target RNA and restore reading frame disruption. Exon skipping is currently being tested in humans with dystrophin gene mutations who have Duchenne muscular dystrophy. For Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the rationale for exon skipping derived from observations in patients with naturally occurring dystrophin gene mutations that generated internally deleted but partially functional dystrophin proteins. We have now expanded the potential for exon skipping by testing whether an internal, in-frame truncation of a transmembrane protein γ-sarcoglycan is functional. We generated an internally truncated γ-sarcoglycan protein that we have termed Mini-Gamma by deleting a large portion of the extracellular domain. Mini-Gamma provided functional and pathological benefits to correct the loss of γ-sarcoglycan in a Drosophila model, in heterologous cell expression studies, and in transgenic mice lacking γ-sarcoglycan. We generated a cellular model of human muscle disease and showed that multiple exon skipping could be induced in RNA that encodes a mutant human γ-sarcoglycan. Since Mini-Gamma represents removal of 4 of the 7 coding exons in γ-sarcoglycan, this approach provides a viable strategy to treat the majority of patients with γ-sarcoglycan gene mutations.
Ambient-Temperature Sputtering Of Composite Oxide Films (1992)

Technique for deposition of homogeneous films of multicomponent oxides on substrates at ambient temperature based on sequential sputter deposition of individual metal components, as alternating ultra-thin layers, from multiple targets. Substrates rotated over sputtering targets of lead, zirconium, and titanium. Dc-magnetron sputtering of constituent metals in reactive ambient of argon and oxygen leads to formation of the respective metal oxides intermixed on extremely fine scale in desired composition. Compatible with low-temperature microelectronic processing.
<title>Performance of approximate cone-beam reconstruction in multislice computed tomography</title> (2000)

A multitude of approximate cone-beam algorithms have been proposed suited for reconstruction of small cone angle CT data. The goal of this study is to identify a practical and efficient approximate cone-beam method, and to investigate its performance at medium cone angles associated to area detectors. Three different approximate algorithms for spiral cone-beam CT will be compared: the (pi) -method, the Multirow- Fourier-Reconstruction and the Advanced Single-Slice Rebinning method. These algorithms are different in the way how the two- dimensional detector images are filtered. In each view x-ray samples are identified which describe an approximation to a virtual reconstruction plane. The image quality of the respective reconstruction will be assessed with respect to image artifacts, the slice sensitivity profile, and the in- plane modulation transfer function. It turns out that the performance of approximate reconstruction improves as the virtual reconstruction plane better fits the spiral focus path. The Advanced Single-Slice Rebinning method using tilted reconstruction planes is a practical algorithm, providing image quality comparable to that of a single-row scanning system even with a 46 row detector at a table feed of 64 mm per rotation of the gantry.
A quenchable GaAs HBT X-band VCO for switched band synthesizer architectures (2002)

The authors have achieved the lowest phase noise reported for an HBT VCO at X-band. The VCO employs an off-chip quarter-wave open stub microstrip resonator fabricated on a 50 mil quartz substrate and a shunt-varactor diode for frequency tuning. At a center frequency of 8.9 GHz, the VCO achieves -103 to -105 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz over a tuning bandwidth of 140 MHz (1.6%). By reducing the unloaded Q of the microstrip resonator, a 770 MHz tuning bandwidth (8.6%) can be achieve with a phase noise ranging from -98.5 to 100.5 dBc/Hz. Without a tuning varactor, a record minimum phase noise of -112 dBc/Hz was achieved at a center frequency of 8.3 GHz which benchmarks the lowest reported phase noise achieved for an HBT oscillator at X-band. The HBT VCO MMIC features a monolithically integrated PIN diode quench circuit which enables the VCO to be used in switchband synthesizer applications.
Engineering Resveratrol Glucoside Accumulation into Alfalfa: Crop Protection and Nutraceutical Applications (2002)

Stilbenes, including resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene), are phenolic natural products which accumulate in several plant species, but not in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). We have genetically engineered the constitutive accumulation of resveratrol glucoside in transgenic alfalfa leaves and stems. Growth and sporulation of one fungal pathogen was greatly inhibited in transgenic plants, without detrimental effects on plant development. Resveratrol consumption has potential beneficial effects on human health, but there are few dietary sources. Studies in transgenic alfalfa reveal new aspects to be considered in introducing resveratrol synthesis into more human food plants, and provided material for animal tests of the chemopreventive value of such modifications.
Model-based noise reduction leveraging frequency-wise confidence metric for in-car speech recognition (2012)

Model-based approaches for noise reduction effectively improve the performance of automatic speech recognition in noisy environments. Most of them use the Minimum Mean Square Estimate (MMSE) criterion for de-noised speech estimates. In general, an observation has speech-dominant bands and noise-dominant bands in the Mel spectral domain. This paper introduces a method to add weight to speech-dominated bands when evaluating the posterior probability of each speech state, as these bands are generally more reliable. To leverage high-resolution information in the Mel domain, we use Local Peak Weight (LPW) as the confidence metric for the degree of speech dominance. This information is also used to regulate the amount of compensation that is applied to each frequency band during feature reconstruction under an integrated probabilistic model. The method produced relative word error rate improvements of up to 33.8% over the baseline MMSE method on an isolated word task with car noise.
Fluorescence Spectra of Individual Flowing Airborne Biological Particles Measured in Real Time (2001)

Abstract : The UV-excited fluorescence spectra of individual flowing biological aerosol particles as small as 2 pm in diameter have been measured in real time (rates up to 10 particles per second). The particles are illuminated with a single shot from a Q-switched 266- or 351-nm laser. The signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of the spectra are sufficient for observing small line-shape differences among various types of bioaerosols (e.g., bacteria versus pollens) and between the same types of bioaerosol prepared under different conditions (e.g., the unstarved and four-month-starved E. coli strain DH5). Multiple-wavelength excitation provides additional information for distinguishing bioaerosols based on their fluorescence spectra.
The Gene <i>Sr33,</i> an Ortholog of Barley <i>Mla</i> Genes, Encodes Resistance to Wheat Stem Rust Race Ug99 (2013)

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, afflicts bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). New virulent races collectively referred to as "Ug99" have emerged, which threaten global wheat production. The wheat gene Sr33, introgressed from the wild relative Aegilops tauschii into bread wheat, confers resistance to diverse stem rust races, including the Ug99 race group. We cloned Sr33, which encodes a coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat protein. Sr33 is orthologous to the barley (Hordeum vulgare) Mla mildew resistance genes that confer resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. The wheat Sr33 gene functions independently of RAR1, SGT1, and HSP90 chaperones. Haplotype analysis from diverse collections of Ae. tauschii placed the origin of Sr33 resistance near the southern coast of the Caspian Sea.
Hydrated Iron Phosphates FePO[sub 4]⋅nH[sub 2]O and Fe[sub 4](P[sub 2]O[sub 7])[sub 3]⋅nH[sub 2]O as 3 V Positive Electrodes in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (2002)

Hydrated Fe111 phosphates were investigated as positive electrode materials in lithium batteries. Reversible lithium insertion into amorphous and crystalline FePO4·nH2O and Fe4(P2O7)3·n H2O compositions was found at potentials between 3.5 and 2.5 V vs. Li+/Li. The roles of (i) specific surface area, (ii) amorphous vs. crystalline state, (iii) H2O content, and (iv) electronic contact between particles in the composite positive electrode, on the electrochemical performances of these materials are discussed. Very stable cycling was obtained for optimized FePO4·1.6H2O and Fe4(P2O7)3·4H2O electrodes at an average voltage of 3.0 and 3.2 V vs. Li+/Li, respectively.
Synthetic aperture radar with dynamic metasurface antennas: a conceptual development (2017)

We investigate the application of dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs) to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. Metasurface antennas can generate a multitude of tailored electromagnetic waveforms from a physical platform that is low-cost, lightweight, and planar; these characteristics are not readily available with traditional SAR technologies, such as phased arrays and mechanically steered systems. We show that electronically tuned DMAs can generate steerable, directive beams for traditional stripmap and spotlight SAR imaging modes. This capability eliminates the need for mechanical gimbals and phase shifters, simplifying the hardware architecture of a SAR system. Additionally, we discuss alternative imaging modalities, including enhanced resolution stripmap and diverse pattern stripmap, which can achieve resolution on par with spotlight, while maintaining a large region-of-interest, as possible with stripmap. Further consideration is given to strategies for integrating metasurfaces with chirped pulse RF sources. DMAs are poised to propel SAR systems forward by offering a vast range of capabilities from a significantly improved physical platform.