gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heat treating and melting material with a scanning laser or electron beam (1977)

A thermal analysis for laser heating and melting materials is derived for a Gaussian source moving at a constant velocity. The resulting temperature distribution, cooling rate distribution, and depth of melting are related to the laser spot size, velocity, and power level. As the power is increased to heat the liquid above the boiling point, a transition to deep penetration welding is described. Calculations are presented for 304-stainless steel which are in agreement with experiment.
Topical treatments of skin pain: a general review with a focus on hidradenitis suppurativa with topical agents (2014)

Hidradenitis Supprurativa (HS) is a painful chronic follicular disease. Few papers have addressed pain control for this debilitating condition. Possible topical agents include tricyclic antidepressants, opioids, anticonvulsants, NSAIDs, NMDA receptor antagonists, local anesthetics and other agents. The first line agents for the topical treatment of the cutaneous pain of HS are diclonefac gel 1% and liposomal xylocaine 4% and 5% cream or 5% ointment. The chief advantage of topical xylocaine is that is quick acting i.e. immediate however with a limited duration of effect 1-2 hours. The use of topical ketamine, which blocks n-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in a non-competitive fashion, might be a useful tool for the treatment of HS pain. Topical doxepin, which available in a 5% commercially preparation (Zonalon®) , makes patients drowsy and is not useful for controlling the pain of HS . Doxepin is available in a 3% or 3.3% concentration (which causes less drowsiness) from compounding pharmacies and can be used in compounded analgesic preparations with positive effect. Topical doxepin is preferred over use of topical amitriptyline because topical doxepin is more effective. Nevertheless, topical amitriptyline increase of the tactile and mechanical nociceptive thresholds and can be used for topical pain control in compound mixture of analgesics . Gabapentin and pregablin can also be used compounded with other agents in topical analgesic preparations with positive topical anesthetic effect. Capsaicin is not useful for topical treatment of the pain of HS. Sometimes compounded of anesthetics medications such as ketamine 10%, bupivacaine 1%, diclofenac 3%, doxepin 3% or 3.3%, and gabapentin 6% can extend the duration of effect so that medication only needs to be used 2 or 3 times a day. Still in my experience the easiest to get and most patient requested agent is topical diclonefac 1% gel.
Increasing the flux in metabolic pathways: A metabolic control analysis perspective (1998)

The problems of engineering increased flux in metabolic pathways are analyzed in terms of the understanding provided by metabolic control analysis. Over-expression of a single enzyme is unlikely to be effective unless it is known to have a high flux control coefficient, which can be used as an approximate predictive tool. This is likely to rule out enzymes subject to feedback inhibition, because it transfers control downstream from the inhibited enzyme to the enzymes utilizing the feedback metabolite. Although abolishing feedback inhibition can restore flux control to an enzyme, it is also likely to cause large increases in the concentrations of metabolic intermediates. Simultaneous and coordinated over-expression of most of the enzymes in a pathway can, in principle, produce substantial flux increases without changes in metabolite levels, though technically it may be difficult to achieve. It is, however, closer to the method used by cells to change flux levels, where coordinated changes in the level of activity of pathway enzymes are the norm. Another option is to increase the demand for the pathway product, perhaps by increasing its rate of excretion or removal. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fast least squares adaptive notch filtering (2003)

An adaptive notch filter based on a fast recursive least squares (FLS) algorithm is studied. The adaptive procedure takes place in the FIR (finite impulse response) section of the filter and the IIR (infinite impulse response) section is updated each time with the most recent coefficients of the other section. The implementation can take the form of a cascade of second order sections. Overall, the FLS notch filter has about the same complexity as the transversal adaptive filter, but performs better for the analysis of narrow-band signals in high-level noise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rapid Growth of Thick ZnO Films with Room‐Temperature Ultraviolet Emission by Means of Atmospheric Pressure Halide Vapor‐Phase Epitaxy. (2002)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
International Comparison of C-Peptide Measurements (2007)

C-peptide results generated by different methods and different laboratories do not always agree, especially at higher concentrations of C-peptide. These data support the concept of using a single laboratory for multisite studies and support efforts to harmonize C-peptide measurements by use of calibrators prepared in the sample matrix.
Skin autofluorescence as a biological UVR dosimeter (2004)

Background/Purpose: Collagen is one of the major endogenous skin fluorophores. Alteration in the structure of collagen due to chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure may influence the intensity of the autofluorescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between collagen‐linked autofluorescence and sun exposure to clarify whether the skin can be used as a biological UVR dosimeter. Methods: We conducted an in vivo study with 131 healthy volunteers. Fluorescence was measured from sun‐exposed (dorsal forearm, forehead and shoulder) and sun‐protected (buttock) skin and corrected for the impact of pigmentation and redness. The excitation wavelengths (Ex) and emission wavelengths (Em) were: Ex330:Em370, Ex330:Em455 and Ex370:Em455 nm. Individual UVR exposure data were collected both retrospectively and prospectively using questionnaires and electronic personal UVR dosimeters for a summer period. Results: Age, but not sex, skin type or smoking habits correlated significantly positively with skin autofluorescence at Ex370:Em455 at all body sites ( P <0.001, r 2 =0.08–0.26), and at Ex330:Em455 only at the buttock ( P =0.001, r 2 =0.08), whereas age was not correlated with Ex330:Em370. Sun‐protected buttock skin had significantly higher autofluorescence than sun‐exposed skin ( P ‐values<0.0001). Because of great between‐subject differences in autofluorescence at different body sites, and because the autofluorescence at the unexposed buttock represents the baseline value, individual correction of skin autofluorescence measurement with that of the buttock was performed. Different measures of individual chronic cumulative UVR doses correlated significantly negatively with the skin autofluorescence ratio ( F ratio ), but the correlations were poor ( r 2 =0.03–0.10). Conclusion: The results indicate that the collagen‐linked skin F ratio might be best to use as a measure of individual photodamage, a UVR dose effect, and that it is also a better marker of individual cumulative UVR dose than the used UVR exposure measurements. The methods used to obtain UVR exposure data might not be sensitive and specific enough.
Influence of thermal cross-couplings on power cycling lifetime of IGBT power modules (2012)

Power cycling lifetime in a semiconductor module accounts for the progressive fatigue of the device due to repetitive thermo-mechanical stress. Mathematical models for the lifetime express the number of cycles that the device can withstand before failing under predefined repetitive conditions. These models reveal an exponential dependency of the lifetime with the amplitude of the swings of the chips junction temperature. Thus, an accurate estimation of the lifetime requires a precise knowledge of these temperature swings. During the design phase, the junction temperature time course over time is derived from the device losses with models of the thermal propagation inside the device package. The standard approach is based on discrete thermal models synthesized as a Cauer or Foster network equivalent. More advanced modelling techniques rely on Finite Element Methods (FEM). The paper compares three common thermal modelling approaches regarding their influence on lifetime prediction. In particular, it is demonstrated that these thermal models can present significant differences in predicting the cross couplings terms between the chips in the same module.
Data Vaults: Database Technology for Scientific File Repositories (2013)

Current data-management systems and analysis tools fail to meet scientists' data-intensive needs. A "data vault" approach lets researchers effectively and efficiently explore and analyze information.
An interaction between the SRP receptor and the translocon is critical during cotranslational protein translocation (2008)

The signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent targeting pathway facilitates rapid, efficient delivery of the ribosome-nascent chain complex (RNC) to the protein translocation channel. We test whether the SRP receptor (SR) locates a vacant protein translocation channel by interacting with the yeast Sec61 and Ssh1 translocons. Surprisingly, the slow growth and cotranslational translocation defects caused by deletion of the transmembrane (TM) span of yeast SRbeta (SRbeta-DeltaTM) are exaggerated when the SSH1 gene is disrupted. Disruption of the SBH2 gene, which encodes the beta subunit of the Ssh1p complex, likewise causes a growth defect when combined with SRbeta-DeltaTM. Cotranslational translocation defects in the ssh1DeltaSRbeta-DeltaTM mutant are explained by slow and inefficient in vivo gating of translocons by RNCs. A critical function for translocation channel beta subunits in the SR-channel interaction is supported by the observation that simultaneous deletion of Sbh1p and Sbh2p causes a defect in the cotranslational targeting pathway that is similar to the translocation defect caused by deletion of either subunit of the SR.
»Décadence. Randglossen« (1981)

Falls nach hundert und mehr Jahren ein Mensch, ob „gebildet“ oder „ungebildet“ ist ganz egal — vorausgesetzt, daß es überhaupt noch Einen giebt, der sich um Gedrucktes schert, ein Buch unseres Zeitalters in die Hand nehmen und lesen wird, so dürfte dieser aus dem berühmten ,Schütteln des Kopfes‘, wie es der alte Kortum1 in seiner Jobsiade schildert, nicht so bald herauskommen.
Increased amounts of HMG-CoA reductase induce "karmellae": a proliferation of stacked membrane pairs surrounding the yeast nucleus. (1988)

Overproduction of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in yeast resulted in striking morphological effects on the structure of intracellular membranes. Specifically, stacks of paired membranes closely associated with the nuclear envelope were observed in strains that over-produced the HMG1 isozyme, one of two isozymes for HMG-CoA reductase in yeast. These nuclear-associated, paired membranes have been named "karmellae." In strains that overproduced the HMG1 isozyme, HMG-CoA reductase was present in the karmellar layers. At mitosis, karmellae were asymmetrically segregated: the mother cells inherited all of the karmellae and the daughter cells inherited none. A membranous structure of different morphology was occasionally found in cells that overproduced the HMG2 isozyme. These observations further establish the existence of cellular mechanisms that monitor the levels of membrane proteins and compensate for changes in these levels by inducing synthesis of particular types of membrane.
Does Far Transfer Exist? Negative Evidence From Chess, Music, and Working Memory Training (2017)

Chess masters and expert musicians appear to be, on average, more intelligent than the general population. Some researchers have thus claimed that playing chess or learning music enhances children's cognitive abilities and academic attainment. We here present two meta-analyses assessing the effect of chess and music instruction on children's cognitive and academic skills. A third meta-analysis evaluated the effects of working memory training-a cognitive skill correlated with music and chess expertise-on the same variables. The results show small to moderate effects. However, the effect sizes are inversely related to the quality of the experimental design (e.g., presence of active control groups). This pattern of results casts serious doubts on the effectiveness of chess, music, and working memory training. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings; extend the debate to other types of training such as spatial training, brain training, and video games; and conclude that far transfer of learning rarely occurs.
Total and free ketoprofen in serum and synovial fluid after intramuscular injection (1987)

Free and total ketoprofen levels in serum and synovial fluid were determined in 37 patients after a single intramuscular injection of ketoprofen, 100 mg. Free drug was separated by equilibrium dialysis. Ketoprofen was assayed by HPLC. Ketoprofen penetrated into the joints rapidly and significant concentrations were found at 15 minutes. The equilibrium time was about 3 1/2 hours. The AUC for total ketoprofen was greater in serum than in synovial fluid. On the other hand, the free fraction AUC in the serum and synovial fluid were quite similar. The mean residence time in the joint was about three times that in the systemic circulation. Ketoprofen was strongly bound to proteins and the percentage of free ketoprofen was not significantly different between serum and synovial fluid. These results provide a possible explanation for duration of the therapeutic effect of ketoprofen despite the short elimination half-life from the serum.
An efficient multiple scan chain testing scheme (2002)

In this paper an improved multiple scan chain testing scheme to enhance stuck-at and delay fault testing is proposed. With judicial selection of taps from an n stage CA generator, correlation within a multiple input scan chain is reduced. Adopting the multiple scan chains fed by the selected taps of the CA generator also eases the difficulty of arranging shift register latches (SRLs) for scan based pseudo-exhaustive stuck-at fault testing.
A high performance 0.13 μm SOI CMOS technology with a 70 nm silicon film and with a second generation low-k Cu BEOL (2002)

This paper describes a second generation 1.2 V high performance 0.13 /spl mu/m SOI technology. Aggressive ground rules and a tungsten damascene local interconnect render the densest 6T 0.13 /spl mu/m SRAM reported to date with a cell area of 1.80 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. 248 nm lithography is used for all critical levels. Interconnect performance requirements are achieved by using up to 8 levels of Cu wiring and an advanced BEOL process with low-k interlevel dielectrics and SiC barrier layers.
Xylene Polymers (2005)

Abstract G orham Process Monomers Other, Related Processes Dimer Polymer Applications Health and Safety
Production and characterization of Amanitin toxins from a pure culture of<i>Amanita exitialis</i> (2005)

Amanita exitialis Zhu L. Yang and T.H. Li is a lethal mushroom species recently isolated in Guangdong Province, China. In this report, a pure culture of this species was obtained for the first time. To confirm the identity of the pure culture, the internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA of the pure culture and of a typical fruiting body of the species were sequenced and compared. Further, amatoxins produced by pure cultures were analyzed and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. The results showed that the pure cultures produced 728.3 +/- 43.8 microg g(-1) (dry matter) of alpha-Amanitin and 60.0 +/- 20.7 microg g(-1) (dry matter) of beta-Amanitin, respectively, a yield which is about 10% of that produced by fruiting bodies.
Prediction of aqueous phase pH for enzymatic synthesis of peptides in aqueous–organic biphasic systems (2001)

Abstract An approach has been developed for predicting the change of the aqueous phase pH due to the partition of amino acid substrates in aqueous–organic biphasic systems. In the model reaction of papain‐catalyzed synthesis of N ‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐glycine‐ L ‐phenylalanine methyl ester (ZGPM) in an aqueous–ethyl acetate system, the effects of the initial aqueous phase pH and phase volume ratio on the final aqueous phase pH, and the change of the final aqueous phase pH during the course of ZGPM synthesis, are investigated. The results suggest that the approach is useful for selecting optimum reaction conditions for peptide synthesis not only in the aqueous–organic biphasic systems with free or immobilized enzymes but also with an immobilized enzyme in an organic solvent. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Chromosome 1 (2007)

Abstract Human chromosome 1 is the largest human chromosome. This metacentric chromosome, which contains 8% of the genetic material in the genome, is characterized by several gene clusters, including the epidermal differentiation complex, and genes predisposing to a large number of human diseases.
Synthesis of arbitrary quantum states via adiabatic transfer of Zeeman coherence (1993)

A scheme for the preparation of general coherent superpositions of photon-number states is proposed. By strongly coupling an atom to a cavity field, atomic ground-state Zeeman coherence can be transferred by (coherent) adiabatic passage to the cavity mode and a general field state can be generated without atomic projection noise.
Analysis of Improved Performance Under Negative Bias Illumination Stress of Dual Gate Driving a- IGZO TFT by TCAD Simulation (2016)

We report the numerical simulation of the effect of a dual gate (DG) TFT structure operating under dual gate driving on improving negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs). With respect to the transfer characteristics of a-IGZO TFTs, we show a larger negative threshold voltage shift (ΔVTH) with increasing a-IGZO active layer thickness. This trend is confirmed by TCAD simulation, where the initial transfer curve is plotted under varying a-IGZO thickness keeping a constant density of states. Under varying a-IGZO thickness, TCAD simulation results confirm TFTs under DG driving shows significantly less ΔVTH shift under NBIS compared with that of single gate (SG) driving TFTs. Under 10 K seconds of NBIS, TCAD simulation results show the increase in donor-like states (NGD) by 5.25 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">17</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> eV <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> and acceptor-like states (NGA) by 7.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">16</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> eV <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> .
Supervised Dictionary Learning (2008)

It is now well established that sparse signal models are well suited to restoration tasks and can effectively be learned from audio, image, and video data. Recent research has been aimed at learning discriminative sparse models instead of purely reconstructive ones. This paper proposes a new step in that direction, with a novel sparse representation for signals belonging to different classes in terms of a shared dictionary and multiple class-decision functions. The linear variant of the proposed model admits a simple probabilistic interpretation, while its most general variant admits an interpretation in terms of kernels. An optimization framework for learning all the components of the proposed model is presented, along with experimental results on standard handwritten digit and texture classification tasks.
Contactless Thermal Boundary Resistance Measurement of GaN-on-Diamond Wafers (2014)

Low thermal resistance GaN-on-diamond wafers offer enhanced thermal management with respect to GaN-on-SiC devices. The GaN/diamond interfacial thermal resistance can contribute significantly to the total device thermal resistance and must therefore be minimized to gain the maximum benefit from GaN-on-diamond. A contactless thermoreflectance measurement technique has been developed, which can be used after wafer growth and before device fabrication, enabling rapid feedback about the influence of growth parameters on interfacial thermal resistance. A measured 2× reduction in the GaN/diamond interfacial resistance is achieved by reducing the dielectric thickness between the GaN and diamond from 90 to 50 nm, enabling a potential 25% increase in transistor power dissipation for GaN-on-diamond.
Differential dependence of store‐operated and excitation‐coupled Ca <sup>2+</sup> entry in skeletal muscle on STIM1 and Orai1 (2008)

In non-excitable cells, agonist-induced depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores triggers Ca(2+) influx via a process termed store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE). In T-lymphocytes, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) acts as the intra-store Ca(2+) sensor and Orai1 functions as the Ca(2+)-permeable SOCE channel activated by STIM1 following store depletion. Two functionally distinct Ca(2+) entry pathways exist in skeletal muscle; one activated by store depletion (SOCE) and a second by sustained/repetitive depolarization that does not require store depletion (excitation-coupled Ca(2+) entry, ECCE). However, the role of STIM1 and Orai1 in coordinating SOCE and ECCE activity in skeletal muscle and whether these two Ca(2+) entry pathways represent distinct molecular entities or two different activation mechanisms of the same channel complex is unknown. Here we address these issues using siRNA-mediated STIM1 knockdown, dominant-negative Orai1, and permeation-defective Orai1 to determine the role of STIM1 and Orai1 in store-operated and excitation-coupled Ca(2+) entry in skeletal myotubes. SOCE and ECCE activity were quantified from both intracellular Ca(2+) measurements and Mn(2+) quench assays. We found that STIM1 siRNA reduced STIM1 protein by more than 90% and abolished SOCE activity, while expression of siRNA-resistant hSTIM1 fully restored SOCE. SOCE was also abolished by dominant-negative Orai1 (E106Q) and markedly reduced by expression of a permeation-defective Orai1 (E190Q). In contrast, ECCE was unaffected by STIM1 knockdown, E106Q expression or E190Q expression. These results are the first to demonstrate that SOCE in skeletal muscle requires both STIM1 and Orai1 and that SOCE and ECCE represent two distinct molecular entities.
A novel extended dynamic range synchronous detector for AM shortwave upconversion receivers (1989)

In an upconversion receiver based on a high intermediate frequency (IF), only a limited IF selectivity can be obtained. A synchronous detector is presented which is intended to provide the required additional selectivity. Generally, this type of selectivity is limited by the dynamic range of the carrier-regenerating PLL (phase-locked loop). The dynamic range of the PLL, and thus of the complete detector, has been greatly extended by using automatic gain control (AGG) and autozero techniques. After optimization of the AGC amplifiers, a sufficiently high gain control range of 55 dB has been established with a prototype integrated on a 400-MHz analog semicustom array. The resulting signal-handling dynamic range of the PLL has turned out to be more than 60 dB. It is concluded that the proposed synchronous detector architecture, equipped with appropriately designed circuits, can provide the performance required by upconversion receivers with limited IF selectivity at frequencies of about 100 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>