gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intracellular microenvironment responsive PEGylated polypeptide nanogels with ionizable cores for efficient doxorubicin loading and triggered release (2012)

Two kinds of reduction and pH responsive disulfide-cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol)-polypeptide copolymers were prepared through one-step ring-opening polymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride (BLG NCA) or ε-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine N-carboxyanhydride (ZLL NCA) and L-cystine N-carboxyanhydride (LC NCA) with amino group terminated monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG-NH2) as macroinitiator. Then, the copolymers were deprotected and dispersed in phosphate buffered saline, yielding PEG-polypeptide nanogels. Doxorubicin (DOX), a model anticancer drug, was effectively loaded into nanogels via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The DOX release from all DOX-loaded nanogels was accelerated in intracellular reductive and acidic conditions, which controlled by Fickian diffusion and nanogels swelling. The enhanced intracellular DOX release was observed in glutathione monoester (GSH-OEt) pretreated HeLa cells. DOX-loaded nanogels showed higher cellular proliferation inhibition towards GSH-OEt pretreated HeLa and HepG2 cells than to unpretreated or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) pretreated cells. Hemolysis tests indicated that nanogels were hemocompatible, and the presence of nanogels could reduce the hemolysis ratio (HR) of DOX significantly. These features suggest that the nanogels can efficiently load and deliver DOX into tumor cells and enhance the inhibition of cellular proliferation in vitro, providing a favorable platform to construct an efficient drug delivery system for cancer therapy.
CD4 T-Cell Responses in Primary HIV Infection: Interrelationship with Immune Activation and Virus Burden (2016)

Early events during primary HIV infection (PHI) are thought to influence disease outcome. Although a growing body of evidence suggests a beneficial role of HIV-specific CD4 help in HIV infection, it is unclear how early viral replication, systemic immune activation, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) may shape CD4 T-cell responses during PHI, and whether HIV-specific CD4 responses contribute to the high immune activation observed in PHI. Twenty-seven patients with early PHI were included in a prospective longitudinal study and 12 of them received ART after enrollment. Fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used for measurement of <i>ex vivo</i> T-cell activation and of cytokine-producing CD4 T-cells following stimulation with PMA/ionomycin or HIV-1-gag-p24 antigen. Patients were segregated based on CD8 T-cell activation level (i.e., % HLA-DR<sup>+</sup>CD38<sup>+</sup> CD8 T-cells) at baseline (BL). Patients with lower immune activation exhibited higher frequency of bulk CD4 T-cells producing IFN-γ or IL-17 and higher effector-to-regulatory cell ratios. No differences were found in HIV-specific CD4 T-cell frequencies. In contrast, segregation of patients based on plasma viral load (pVL) revealed that patients with higher pVL showed higher cytokine-producing HIV-specific CD4 responses. Of note, the frequency of IFN-γ<sup>+</sup> HIV-specific CD4 T cells significantly diminished between BL and month 6 only in ART-treated patients. However, early treatment initiation was associated with better maintenance of HIV-specific IFN-γ<sup>+</sup> CD4 T-cells. These data suggest that HIV-specific CD4 responses do not fuel systemic T-cell activation and are driven by viral replication but not able to contribute to its control in the early phase of infection. Moreover, our data also suggest a benefit of early treatment for the maintenance of HIV-specific CD4 T-cell help.
Shrinkage of growing Escherichia coli cells by osmotic challenge (1984)

The immediate response of growing Escherichia coli to changing external osmotic pressure was studied with stopped-flow turbidimetric measurements with a narrow-beam spectrophotometer. It is shown theoretically that in such a photometer rod-shaped bacteria have an apparent absorbance which is proportional to the inverse of the surface area. The apparent optical density, corrected for effects of alteration of the index of refraction of the medium, increased continuously as the external osmotic pressure was raised. Because of the short time scale of the measurements, the turbidity increases could result either from shrinkage of the cells or from plasmolysis, or both, but not from growth or metabolic adaptation. With low concentrations of pentose such that the external osmotic pressure was not greater than that inside the cells, plasmolysis would not occur and, consequently, only shrinkage of the previously stretched sacculus remains to account for the observed optical effects. Taking the osmotic pressure of the growing cells as 5 atmospheres (506 kPa), the turbidity changes correspond to the murein fabric having been stretched 20% beyond its unstressed equilibrium area during growth under the conditions used.
Reduced Soluble Proteins Associated with Maize Endosperm Protein Bodies (1982)

Endosperm protein bodies from developing maize were purified by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation and the protein content analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAE). Major proteins detected were zein polypeptides plus a component with Mr 28 000 and a doublet around Mr 58 000. These proteins were present only in the protein body fraction of the sucrose gradient. Treatment of protein bodies with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) in aqueous buffer dissolved the components with Mr 28 000 and 58 000, plus minor ones, but not zein. The reduced soluble proteins were separated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography into three fractions: two of these contained the component with Mr 28 000, and the third the components around Mr 58 000 plus minor ones. Proteins from the three fractions had characteristic amino acid compositions, markedly different from those of zein polypeptides. Chymotryptic digestion experiments performed on protein bodies under various conditions, and two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins from protein bodies suggested that the major zein polypeptides, the protein with Mr 28 000 and the other reduced soluble proteins have different native organizations.
High Power Characteristics of (Ca,Ba)TiO<sub>3</sub> Piezoelectric Ceramics with High Mechanical Quality Factor (2010)

(Ca 0.1 Ba 0.9 )TiO 3 + x wt % MnCO 3 [ x =0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0] (CBT-M x ) ceramics were prepared by conventional sintering, and their dielectric and piezoelectric properties were measured. The mechanical quality factor ( Q m ) of CBT was markedly enhanced by Mn addition and reached 2400 when x =0.5. The dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) was 0.0023 at room temperature. The Curie temperature ( T C ) was 133 °C. Then, the high power characteristics of CBT-M0.5 were investigated. The maximum vibration velocity ( v 0 ) of CBT-M0.5 was 1.1 m/s and was higher than that of Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 -based ceramics (Hard-PZT). The heat generation of CBT-M0.5 was smaller than that of Hard-PZT at the same v 0 . The resonant frequency ( f r ) of CBT-M0.5 was stable up to v 0 of 1.1 m/s. Additionally, the temperature stability of f r was investigated in the practical application temperature range (from -20 to 80 °C). The amount of change in f r for CBT-M0.5 was larger than that for Hard-PZT below 10 °C.
Temperature dependence of tunneling magnetoresistance in epitaxial magnetic tunnel junctions using a<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Co</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext>FeAl</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>Heusler alloy electrode (2010)

Spin-valve-type epitaxial magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) consisting of a full-Heusler alloy ${\text{Co}}_{2}\text{FeAl}$ (CFA) and a MgO tunnel barrier were fabricated on a single-crystal MgO(001) substrate using sputtering method for all the layers. Experimental temperature-dependent tunnel magnetoresistance in the MTJs was revealed to be fitted well using spin wave excitation model for tunneling spin polarization, $P(T)={P}_{0}(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}{T}^{3/2})$ up to room temperature, where ${P}_{0}$ is the spin polarization at 0 K and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is a fitting parameter. The determined $P$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ are shown to be significantly different between bottom and top CFA electrodes facing a MgO barrier. It is demonstrated that the bottom CFA deposited on a Cr buffer has a low $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and behaves as a half-metal with $P\ensuremath{\sim}1$ in terms of the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$ symmetry due to the coherent tunneling through a MgO barrier.
Tradeoffs With RGB-IR Image Sensors (2022)

Cameras with RGB-infrared (IR) image sensors are advantageous for applications that can benefit from simultaneous capture of color and near-IR (NIR) images. High quantum efficiency (QE) in NIR is desired for RGB-IR image sensors because it allows to reduce power of NIR illuminants, however, there is a tradeoff. As imaging with RGB-IR sensors is often done with visible/NIR dual bandpass filters, high NIR signal can lower the dynamic-range and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the color images. This work studies the effect of the NIR signal on the dynamic-range and the SNR of color and NIR images of RGB-IR image sensors. It presents a model that allows to evaluate these metrics using image sensor, camera, and scene parameters. The model is applied for the case of varied illuminant NIR content and for the case of varied pixel QE in NIR. Both cases are evaluated theoretically and experimentally, and experimental results are in good agreement with simulations.
Cavity ring-up spectroscopy for ultrafast sensing with optical microresonators (2015)

Spectroscopy of whispering-gallery mode microresonators has become a powerful scientific tool, enabling the detection of single viruses, nanoparticles and even single molecules. Yet the demonstrated timescale of these schemes has been limited so far to milliseconds or more. Here we introduce a scheme that is orders of magnitude faster, capable of capturing complete spectral snapshots at nanosecond timescales-cavity ring-up spectroscopy. Based on sharply rising detuned probe pulses, cavity ring-up spectroscopy combines the sensitivity of heterodyne measurements with the highest-possible, transform-limited acquisition rate. As a demonstration, we capture spectra of microtoroid resonators at time intervals as short as 16 ns, directly monitoring submicrosecond dynamics of their optomechanical vibrations, thermorefractive response and Kerr nonlinearity. Cavity ring-up spectroscopy holds promise for the study of fast biological processes such as enzyme kinetics, protein folding and light harvesting, with applications in other fields such as cavity quantum electrodynamics and pulsed optomechanics.
<title>Characterization, adaptive traffic shaping, and multiplexing of real-time MPEG II video</title> (1997)

We obtain network traffic model for real-time MPEG-II encoded digital video by analyzing video stream samples from real-time encoders from NUKO Information Systems. MPEG-II sample streams include a resolution intensive movie, City of Joy, an action intensive movie, Aliens, a luminance intensive (black and white) movie, Road To Utopia, and a chrominance intensive (color) movie, Dick Tracy. From our analysis we obtain a heuristic model for the encoded video traffic which uses a 15-stage Markov process to model the I,B,P frame sequences within a group of pictures (GOP). A jointly-correlated Gaussian process is used to model the individual frame sizes. Scene change arrivals are modeled according to a gamma process. Simulations show that our MPEG-II traffic model generates, I,B,P frame sequences and frame sizes that closely match the sample MPEG-II stream traffic characteristics as they relate to latency and buffer occupancy in network queues. To achieve high multiplexing efficiency we propose a traffic shaping scheme which sets preferred 1-frame generation times among a group of encoders so as to minimize the overall variation in total offered traffic while still allowing the individual encoders to react to scene changes. Simulations show that our scheme results in multiplexing gains of up to 10% enabling us to multiplex twenty 6 Mbps MPEG-II video streams instead of 18 streams over an ATM/SONET OC3 link without latency or cell loss penalty. This scheme is due for a patent.
Trusted Third Party Based Key Management for Enhancing LoRaWAN Security (2017)

The Internet of things (IoT) is pervading our lives to allow a comfortable and smarter human living space by connecting surrounding human things to the Internet. But, it reveals sensitive and private data as well as human appliances to intruders. To solve these problems, security solutions based on cryptography might be used. But, these solutions are based on encryption keys that must be managed securely and properly while taking into account the IoT characteristics. In this paper, we investigate the LoRaWAN IoT architecture. We evaluate its security by gathering possible attacks that can be launched on it, using the Scyther tool. Then, we propose an enhanced version of the LoRaWAN architecture that solves those attacks. We evaluate the proposed solution in terms of security and key management requirements and compare it to existing solutions.
Learned temporal models of image motion (2002)

An approach for learning and estimating temporal-flow models from image sequences is proposed. The temporal-flow models are represented as a set of orthogonal temporal-flow bases that are learned using principal component analysis of instantaneous flow measurements. Spatial constraints on the temporal-flow are also developed for modeling the motion of regions in rigid and coordinated motion. The performance of these models is demonstrated on several long image sequences of rigid and articulated bodies in motion.
A Polar-Transmitter Architecture Using Multiphase Pulsewidth Modulation (2010)

This paper presents a transmitter architecture based on a pulse-modulated polar transmitter using multiphase pulsewidth modulation. The modulation to the radio-frequency input signal, instead of conventional drain modulation, significantly reduces the circuit complexity, while the multiphase modulation technique reduces the out-of-band emissions. An 836.5-MHz four-phase prototype transmitter using four class-C power amplifiers in parallel was constructed. Using the transmitter, single-phase, two-phase, and four-phase pulsewidth modulated signals were tested to verify the benefits of using the proposed multiphase architecture. Using a CDMA2000 1X signal, 46.8% efficiency at a 29-dBm output power level was measured while passing the spectral-mask requirements without using any kind of digital predistortion or calibration.
Two-Electrode Electrochemical Impedance Sensor: Part 2—Impedance Measurement and Simulation of Coatings on Nonmetal Substrates (2010)

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been studied extensively as a quantitative technique for evaluating protective coatings, which degrade unavoidably, regardless of their substrate type. However, most EIS studies focus on coatings on metal substrates. Consequently, on nonmetal substrates, coating evaluation is still lacking a quantitative method. Examples of the coatings on nonmetal substrates include not only those on nonconductive substrates such as plastics and composites but also the top layer of multilayer coatings on metal substrate. Here, with a two-cell EIS (TCEIS) configuration, EIS techniques are made available for evaluating coatings on nonconductive substrates, which is a progress toward future quantitative evaluation of these coatings. To test the feasibility of the TCEIS, impedance measurements were carried out on two different coatings on various non-metal and metal (for comparison) substrates. Measurements were successful on several nonmetal substrates and all the metal substrates. A simplified two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) model was used to assist the interpretation of the results and study the effects on the TCEIS measurements from the relative size and position of a coating defect and the two cells of TCEIS.
Identification of a Neurite Outgrowth-Promoting Motif within the Alternatively Spliced Region of Human Tenascin-C (2001)

Our work centers on understanding how the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-C regulates neuronal growth. We have found that the region of tenascin-C containing only alternately spliced fibronectin type-III repeat D, called fnD, when used by itself, dramatically increases neurite outgrowth in culture. We used overlapping synthetic peptides to localize the neurite outgrowth-promoting site within fnD to a 15 amino acid sequence, called D5. An antibody against D5 blocked promotion of neurite outgrowth by fnD as well as tenascin-C, indicating that this peptide sequence is functional in the context of the native molecule. Further testing of shorter synthetic peptides restricted the neurite outgrowth-promoting site to eight amino acids, VFDNFVLK. Of these, "FD" and "FV" are conserved in tenascin-C sequences derived from all the species available in the GenBank. To investigate the hypothesis that FD and FV are critical for the interaction with neurons, we tested a recombinant fnD protein and synthetic peptides with alterations in FD and/or FV. These molecules did not facilitate process extension, suggesting that the conserved amino acids are required for formation of the active site in fnD. We next investigated whether VFDNFVLK could be used as a reagent to overcome the neurite outgrowth inhibitory properties of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, the major inhibitory molecules in the glial scar. The peptide significantly enhanced outgrowth on proteoglycans and was more effective than laminin-1, L1-Fc, or intact tenascin-C, thus demonstrating the potential applicability of tenascin-C regions as therapeutic reagents.
A Generalized Feature Transformation Approach for Channel Robust Speaker Verification (2007)

In this paper we propose a generalized feature transformation approach to compensating for channel variation in speaker verification (SV) applications. Channel-dependent (CD) piecewise linear transformations are used for feature compensation. CD transformation parameters are estimated together with a channel-independent (CI) root Gaussian mixture model (GMM) from training data with a variety of channel conditions by using a maximum likelihood criterion. Experiments are conducted on the 2005 NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation (SRE) corpus for several text-independent GMM-based SV systems. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves relative equal error rate (EER) reductions of 8.19% and 26.24% in comparison with a traditional feature mapping approach and a baseline system, respectively.
The effects of lead exposure on learning in a multiple repeated acquisition and performance schedule. (1994)

This study sought to determine the selectivity of Pb-induced changes in learning, as distinct from non-specific or performance effects, and to explore the nature of the underlying error patterns contributing to any learning deficits. To accomplish this, rats were chronically exposed to 0, 50, or 250 ppm Pb acetate in drinking water from weaning and trained on a multiple repeated acquisition (RA) and performance (P) schedule beginning at 55 days of age. The RA component required the rat to learn a new 3-member sequence of responses during each experimental session (Center Right Left, RLC, CLR, RCL, and LRC), while the correct sequence of responses for the P component was constant across sessions (LCR). Significant decrements in accuracy on the RA component but not on the P component were found in Pb-exposed groups compared to control, effects that could not be attributed to differential rates of responding. Analyses of error patterns revealed that the effects of Pb exposure on RA accuracy levels derived from two sources. The first consisted of a perseveration of P-like sequence responding (LCR) even during the RA component. Secondly, Pb exposure increased perseverative responding on a single lever, even though the schedule itself never directly reinforced such repetitive responding. The increase in frequency of these two types of perseverative behavior was incompatible with acquisition of non P-like sequences during the RA component. Adding a 5 sec tone to the light stimuli signalling the transition between RA and P components of the multiple schedule failed to attenuate these effects of Pb, suggesting that deficits in stimulus control were not the sole behavioral mechanism of these impairments. Examination of individual data revealed the presence of both 'learners' and 'non-learners' in each group, with the prevalence of the latter being suggestively higher in Pb-exposed groups than in controls. These findings may be relevant to the classroom setting, where periods requiring learning may frequently be interspersed with periods of performance of learned skills.
Dual space drawing methods for cones (2004)

Ruled surface design and its applications are widely used in CAGD (Computer Aid Geometric Design) and industrial areas. In this paper, the cone is a particular ruled surface, which is drawn by using the dual methods based on the cylindrical shape [Ding 2003] with its same base curve. The underlying principle is the conversion from cylinders to cones by application of the dual displacement methods [Sprott and Ravani 1997]. Based on the dual methods, a comprehensive study is carried out for the creation of cones. The translation, which satisfies the condition of dual methods, from cylinders which have been created by using the dual De Casteljau algorithm [Ding 2003] to cones is investigated. During the process, a new theorem, the tangential interpolation line theorem is unveiled. This discovery lays the foundation for the conversion from cylinders to cones. The new methods are put forward to draw different cones, which have been successfully implemented by computer simulation.
Pomalidomide and its clinical potential for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: an update for the hematologist (2013)

Multiple myeloma is a common plasma cell neoplasm that is incurable with conventional therapy. The treatment paradigm of multiple myeloma is not standardized and is evolving. The advent of novel drugs, including the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and the immunomodulatory agents, has resulted in increased median survival. Unfortunately, all patients eventually relapse and require further therapy. Pomalidomide is the newest immunomodulatory drug, created by chemical modification of thalidomide with the intention of increasing therapeutic activity while limiting toxicity. Its mechanism of action is incompletely understood but involves anti-angiogenic effects, immunomodulation, an effect on the myeloma tumor microenvironment, and the protein cereblon. It is more potent than thalidomide and lenalidomide. In phase II studies, it has shown significant activity in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, including patients who are heavily pretreated, have disease refractory to lenalidomide and bortezomib, and those with high-risk cytogenetic or molecular markers. It is generally well tolerated, with adverse effects including fatigue, neutropenia, neuropathy, and thromboembolic disease. Pomalidomide is a promising new agent in the expanding arsenal of antimyeloma drugs. In this review, we discuss the clinical experience to date with pomalidomide in multiple myeloma.