gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One-Step Preparation of Highly Hydrophobic and Oleophilic Melamine Sponges via Metal-Ion-Induced Wettability Transition (2018)

Hydrophobic and oleophilic absorbent materials have received wide attention in recent years for potential applications in pollutant removal from accidental spills of oil or organic chemicals. In this work, we report a metal-ion-induced hydrophobic melamine sponge (MII-HMS) prepared by a one-step solution immersion process. The commercial melamine sponge (intrinsically superhydrophilic with a water contact angle of ∼0°) is immersed in an aqueous solution of transition metal ions (e.g., FeCl<sub>3</sub>, Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, Zn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Ni(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, and Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) for a short period, followed by drying. This simple process renders the transition of the superhydrophilic melamine sponge to become highly hydrophobic (a water contact angle of ∼130°). Results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy suggest that the unprecedented transition is likely due to the formation of metal complexes during immersion. The MII-HMS is also oleophilic, exhibiting excellent oil absorption capabilities, ∼71-157 times of its weight, for a wide range of oils and organic solvents. Our work offers a simple, scalable, and economical approach to fabricate highly efficient absorbent materials for potential applications in oil spill recovery and environmental remediation.
Efficient Direct Electron Transfer of PQQ-glucose Dehydrogenase on Carbon Cryogel Electrodes at Neutral pH (2011)

We present a comprehensive study of the direct electron transfer reaction of soluble PQQ-GDH from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Wild-type PQQ-sGDH nonspecifically adsorbed on carbon cryogel electrodes retained its enzymatic activity for glucose and maltose oxidation at pH 7.2 and 37 °C. The cyclic voltammograms in the absence of enzymatic substrate showed 2 redox peaks that suggest a two-step, one-electron oxidation/reduction of PQQ. Calibration curves showed a linear amperometric response for a wide glucose concentration range, including the values normally found in blood. At saturation, the catalytic current reached 0.93 mA cm(-2). Altogether the experimental results suggest that the amperometric output of the electrodes and the shape of the calibration curves represent a combination of the intrinsic enzyme kinetics, the maximum rate of heterogeneous electron transfer and the substrate accessibility to the enzyme's active center caused by the confinement of the enzyme into the mesoporous structure. A new mutant enzyme, N428C, developed in our group that shows almost twice the maximum catalytic activity in homogeneous experiments in solution, also showed a DET signal on carbon cryogel electrodes for glucose electro-oxidation. The higher activity for the mutant enzyme was also verified on the electrode surface.
Slag Mix Mud Conversion Cementing Technology: Reduction of Mud Disposal Volumes and Management of Rig-Site Drilling Wastes (1993)

ABSTRACT* Blast furnace slag is a unique hydraulic material which is a by-product of the steel-making process. A new method of mud to cement conversion technology utilizing slag as the hydraulic material has been developed, and the technical merits of this slag mix are briefly reviewed. This slag mix technology is economically, technically, and environmentally superior to conventional Portland cements and has been used in many fields. The major environmental benefit is the reduction of mud disposal volume. Since the application of slag mix at Prospect Auger in the Gulf of Mexico, excess whole mud discharge has been reduced by about 70% (4,530 barrels per well). Approximately 15,000 barrels of excess drilling mud was recycled into slag mix at Auger. In addition, a new drilling waste management method to reduce or eliminate drilling waste at the rig-site has been developed. A new type of slag-supplemented drilling fluid containing 40 to 60 lb/bbl slag can produce slag-laden cuttings which are self-setting with time. The in-situ solidification method seems to be environmentally acceptable and potentially cost-effective.
Catalytic Cracking of Light Crude Oil to Light Olefins and Naphtha over E-Cat and MFI: Microactivity Test versus Advanced Cracking Evaluation and the Effect of High Reaction Temperature (2018)

The catalytic cracking of light paraffinic crude oil with an API gravity of 51° was compared using two laboratory testing techniques, a fixed-bed microactivity test (MAT) unit and a fixed fluidized-bed advanced cracking evaluation (ACE) unit. Both units were operated using equilibrated FCC catalyst (E-Cat), MFI zeolite (ZSM-5), and E-Cat/MFI (equal mixture with MFI) at two temperatures (550 and 600 °C) and a constant catalyst-to-oil ratio of 4.0. Despite the different hydrodynamics in MAT and ACE reactors, both units gave similar catalyst ranking based on the conversion of 221+ °C feed fraction at 550 and 600 °C in the order of E-Cat > E-Cat/MFI > MFI, which is attributed to diffusion limitation of MFI catalyst. While both testing techniques showed variation in product yield structure (dry gas, LPG, naphtha, and unconverted 221+ °C) over the three catalysts, the ACE unit gave significantly higher coke yield compared with MAT. The highest yield of light olefins was obtained over E-Cat/MFI (29 wt %) at 600 °C in MAT compared with MFI (23 wt %) and E-Cat (21 wt %). The effect of high temperature (650 °C) on crude oil cracking in ACE showed an increase in conversion and light olefins yield for all catalysts as well as in thermal cracking case (no catalyst) associated with a decrease in naphtha yield. The highest yields of light olefins (35 wt %) was obtained at a naphtha yield of 37 wt % over E-Cat/MFI compared with 30 and 41 wt %, respectively, for no catalyst. However, the operation at high temperature introduced the adverse effects of thermal cracking resulting in high yields of dry gas (14 wt % for E-Cat and 17 wt % for no-catalyst), which reflects a significant contribution of pyrolytic cracking reactions.
Highly Selective Membranes For The Separation Of Organic Vapors Using Super-Glassy Polymers (1997)

A process for separating hydrocarbon gases of low boiling point, particularly methane, ethane and ethylene, from nitrogen. The process is performed using a membrane made from a super-glassy material. The gases to be separated are mixed with a condensable gas, such as a C.sub.3+ hydrocarbon. In the presence of the condensable gas, improved selectivity for the low-boiling-point hydrocarbon gas over nitrogen is achieved.
Chemical compensation in macromolecular bridge-binding to thrombin (1993)

The binding energetics of eight synthetic peptides capable of interfering with thrombin function have been studied by steady-state measurements and clotting assays. The synthetic peptides are bifunctional inhibitors consisting of three domains: (i) a fragment of the C-terminus of recombinant hirudin, hir55-65, which binds to the fibrinogen-recognition site of thrombin; (ii) a small active site inhibitor, Ac-(DF)PRP, binding to the catalytic pocket of the enzyme, and (iii) a linker spanning these two portions with variable length and chemical composition. All these synthetic peptides are competitive inhibitors of fibrinogen. On the other hand, a linker of at least 13 carbon atoms is required for full competitive inhibition of the hydrolysis by thrombin of small synthetic substrates, which only bind to the catalytic pocket of the enzyme. The best inhibitory effect is observed with a linker of 13 carbon atoms, with a value of KI in the nanomolar range. Studies conducted as a function of temperature, in the range 15-40 degrees C, have revealed the enthalpic and entropic components of inhibitor binding to thrombin. Chemical compensation is observed for all synthetic peptides that bridge-bind to the fibrinogen-recognition site and the catalytic pocket of the enzyme thereby inhibiting in a competitive fashion either fibrinogen binding or the hydrolysis of small synthetic substrates. The extrathermodynamic relationship between delta H and delta G also includes the enthalpy and free energy of binding for the natural substrate fibrinogen and the potent natural inhibitor hirudin, measured under identical solution conditions. Preferential binding of hirudin over fibrinogen is an entropy-driven process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dielectric optical components for surface plasmon optics (2006)

We discuss various designs of two-dimensional dielectric optical elements, which enable efficient coupling of external light to surface plasmon polaritons, and allow us to guide and redistribute surface plasmon energy in the plane of propagation. Examples of these 2D dielectric optical elements include lenses, mirrors, waveguides, 2D plasmonic crystals, etc. The effective refractive index of the plasmonic crystals may be either positive or negative. These simple elements enable us to create compound 2D optical devices, such as microscopes and waveguide couplers. These devices exhibit diffraction-limited resolution, which is considerably better than the resolution of usual three-dimensional light optics.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery (1989)

Radiosurgery has become a widely accepted method of treating intracranial targets with a highly focused single dose of radiation. The technique allows the precise treatment of small targets through the use of stereotactic techniques. The ability to accurately focus and target tissues with both patient and gantry movements allows the production of sharp dose gradients. This permits large target doses and allows for the sparing of critical tissues which may only lie a few millimeters from the edge of the target volume. In order to carry out this technique, routine radiotherapy simulation and treatment planning must be replaced by virtual simulation and non-coplanar treatment planning. These procedures carry with them increased quality assurance responsibilities.
The Effect of Maternal Supplementation with Linoleic and .GAMMA.-Linolenic Acids on the Fat Composition and Content of Human Milk: A Placebo-Controlled Trial. (1991)

Total fat content and therefore total energy content and the content of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in milk are known to decline with prolonged breast feeding. In a placebo-controlled study a variety of evening primrose oil (Efamol) rich in linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids, or a matching placebo were given to 39 women for a period of 8 months starting between the 2nd and 6th months of lactation. Total fat and EFA contents of the milk declined in the placebo group but rose in the primrose oil supplemented group. A surprisingly high proportion of the supplemented dietary fatty acids could be accounted for by appearance in the milk. The milk composition can be readily manipulated by changing the fatty acid composition of the maternal diet.
40.4: The Research of Various Mode Color PDLC Structures for Flexible Reflective Display (2010)

Abstract Various type color PDLC structures have been characterized on a glass and a plastic substrate for reflective mode color display. The standard PDLC and the black diachronic dye mixed PDLC structure with color filter (RGB) show a good black state with high color purity and 256 gray levels, even though both structures have a dark color images. Color dichroic dye (RGB/CMY) mixed PDLC cells promise a good white reflectance. The problem of using color dye system is the enhancement of a poor black state. Using new CMY color based filter with black dye PDLC shutter structure can improve a white state with a proper color vision.
Robust speaker recognition: a feature-based approach (1996)

The future commercialization of speaker- and speech-recognition technology is impeded by the large degradation in system performance due to environmental differences between training and testing conditions. This is known as the "mismatched condition." Studies have shown [l] that most contemporary systems achieve good recognition performance if the conditions during training are similar to those during operation (matched conditions). Frequently, mismatched conditions axe present in which the performance is dramatically degraded as compared to the ideal matched conditions. A common example of this mismatch is when training is done on clean speech and testing is performed on noise- or channel-corrupted speech. Robust speech techniques [2] attempt to maintain the performance of a speech processing system under such diverse conditions of operation. This article presents an overview of current speaker-recognition systems and the problems encountered in operation, and it focuses on the front-end feature extraction process of robust speech techniques as a method of improvement. Linear predictive (LP) analysis, the first step of feature extraction, is discussed, and various robust cepstral features derived from LP coefficients are described. Also described is the afJine transform, which is a feature transformation approach that integrates mismatch to simultaneously combat both channel and noise distortion.
Raman spectral signatures of cervical exfoliated cells from liquid-based cytology samples (2017)

It is widely accepted that cervical screening has significantly reduced the incidence of cervical cancer worldwide. The primary screening test for cervical cancer is the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, which has extremely variable specificity and sensitivity. There is an unmet clinical need for methods to aid clinicians in the early detection of cervical precancer. Raman spectroscopy is a label-free objective method that can provide a biochemical fingerprint of a given sample. Compared with studies on infrared spectroscopy, relatively few Raman spectroscopy studies have been carried out to date on cervical cytology. The aim of this study was to define the Raman spectral signatures of cervical exfoliated cells present in liquid-based cytology Pap test specimens and to compare the signature of high-grade dysplastic cells to each of the normal cell types. Raman spectra were recorded from single exfoliated cells and subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. The study demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy can identify biochemical signatures associated with the most common cell types seen in liquid-based cytology samples; superficial, intermediate, and parabasal cells. In addition, biochemical changes associated with high-grade dysplasia could be identified suggesting that Raman spectroscopy could be used to aid current cervical screening tests.
Sintering of the Mechanochemically Activated Powders of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (1989)

Pressureless sintering of hexagonal boron nitride (BN) was performed using a powder activated by mechano‐chemical treatments. Physical properties of the sintered BN bodies depend on the type of starting powder and the conditions of the treatments. The BN body, which was obtained at 2000°C using an appropriate activated powder, was 99 wt% pure and was excellent in mechanical and physical properties, in spite of its low density (1.64 g/cm 3 ).
Characterization of Hybrid Entanglement via a Photonic Basis Converter (2013)

Photonic entanglement interconversion between time-bin and polarization bases has application to quantum communication, computation and memories. We characterize hybrid-basis entanglement between a pair photons obtained through such interconversion and show that non-classical correlations persist.
Search for IMRT inverse plans with piecewise constant fluence maps using compressed sensing techniques (2009)

An intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) field is composed of a series of segmented beams. It is practically important to reduce the number of segments while maintaining the conformality of the final dose distribution. In this article, the authors quantify the complexity of an IMRT fluence map by introducing the concept of sparsity of fluence maps and formulate the inverse planning problem into a framework of compressing sensing. In this approach, the treatment planning is modeled as a multiobjective optimization problem, with one objective on the dose performance and the other on the sparsity of the resultant fluence maps. A Pareto frontier is calculated, and the achieved dose distributions associated with the Pareto efficient points are evaluated using clinical acceptance criteria. The clinically acceptable dose distribution with the smallest number of segments is chosen as the final solution. The method is demonstrated in the application of fixed-gantry IMRT on a prostate patient. The result shows that the total number of segments is greatly reduced while a satisfactory dose distribution is still achieved. With the focus on the sparsity of the optimal solution, the proposed method is distinct from the existing beamlet- or segment-based optimization algorithms.
Surface Phase Diagram of 4H-SiC {0001} Step-Terrace Structures during Si-Vapor Etching in a TaC Crucible (2012)

Step-terrace structures were observed at on-axis/4o off 4H-SiC {0001} surfaces after Si-vapor etching which we have been supposed as an original technique to planarize and etch the SiC surfaces by utilizing a TaC crucible in temperature ranged from 1600 to 2200 oC. The structures obtained after the Si-vapor etching obviously indicated temperature dependence. There were two types of step-terrace structures in terms of the step height and the shape of the step edges at on-axis surfaces. Step bunched surfaces consisting of full unit cell height (= 1.0 nm) steps with {1-10n} facets at the step edges were observed at 4H-SiC (0001) in lower temperatures below 2000 oC, while smooth isotropic surfaces with half unit cell height (= 0.5 nm) steps and without any stable facets at the step edges were observed at 4H-SiC (0001) in higher temperatures above 2000 oC and in all temperature conditions (1600 - 2200 oC) at 4H-SiC (000-1). Similar tendency was also confirmed at 4o off 4H-SiC {0001} surfaces. From the comparison with 6H-SiC, macro step bunching (~10 nm height) was revealed to be a unique phenomenon at 4H-SiC (0001) surface in the etching.
Trans-apical versus surgical implantation of autologous ovine tissue-engineered heart valves. (2012)

This direct comparison of trans-apical and conventional surgical implantation techniques showed that crimping had no adverse effect on the integrity or functional outcome of TEHVs. This suggests that a thickening of TEHVs in vivo is neither caused by nor enhanced by the crimping procedure, but represents a functional tissue remodeling process.
Intracavity frequency doubling of an optically-pumped, external-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor laser (1998)

The authors have produced milliwatts of blue light from a diode-pumped, multiple-quantum-well semiconductor laser. This compact source has a pump-to-blue optical efficiency >1%.
Radical Reaction of Sodium Hypophosphite with Terminal Alkynes:  Synthesis of 1,1-Bis-<i>H</i>-phosphinates (2005)

[reaction: see text] The room-temperature radical addition of sodium hypophosphite to terminal alkynes produces the previously unknown 1-alkyl-1,1-bis-H-phosphinates in moderate yield. The reaction is initiated by R3B and air and proceeds under mild conditions in an open container. The bissodium salts precipitate spontaneously from the reaction mixtures, thus providing a simple purification procedure and the opportunity for multigram synthesis. The 1,1-bis-H-phosphinate products are novel precursors of the biologically important 1,1-bisphosphonates.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Indenoisoquinoline Topoisomerase I Inhibitors Featuring Polyamine Side Chains on the Lactam Nitrogen (2003)

The indenoisoquinolines are a class of noncamptothecin topoisomerase I inhibitors that display significant cytotoxicity in human cancer cell cultures. They offer a number of potential advantages over the camptothecins, including greater chemical stability, formation of more persistent cleavage complexes, and induction of a unique pattern of DNA cleavage sites. Molecular modeling has suggested that substituents on the indenoisoquinoline lactam nitrogen would protrude out of the DNA duplex in the ternary cleavage complex through the major groove. This indicates that relatively large substituents in that location would be tolerated without compromising biological activity. As a strategy for increasing the potencies and potential therapeutic usefulness of the indenoisoquinolines, a series of compounds was synthesized containing polyamine side chains on the lactam nitrogen. The rationale for the synthesis of these compounds was that the positively charged ammonium cations would increase DNA affinity through electrostatic binding to the negatively charged DNA backbone, and the polyamines might also facilitate cellular uptake by utilization of polyamine transporters. The key step in the synthesis involved the condensation of Schiff bases, containing protected amine side chains, with substituted homophthalic anhydrides, to afford cis-3-aryl-4-carboxy-1-isoquinolones. These isoquinolones were then converted to indenoisoquinolines with thionyl chloride. Although monoamines were much more potent than the lead compound, no significant increase in potency was observed through incorporation of additional amino groups in the side chain. However, one of the monoamine analogues, which features a bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino group in the side chain, proved to be one of the most cytotoxic indenoisoquinoline synthesized to date, with a GI50 mean-graph midpoint (MGM) of 0.07 microM in the NIH human cancer cell culture screen, and topoisomerase I inhibitory activity comparable to that of camptothecin.
Gene therapy of cancer using an interleukin-2 transmembrane construct (2004)

658 Selective expression of cytokines on the surface of tumors is likely to stimulate tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that are primed and already recognize tumor antigens. This may result in enhanced tumor recognition and killing. This gene therapy approach may avoid toxicity associated with systemic therapy with high doses of the cytokines needed to achieve the same effects. In order to test this concept, we have evaluated an IL-2 gene construct that is designed to induce tumor cells to express a membrane bound form of IL-2 (IL-2tm). A mammalian plasmid expression vector was designed to express a fusion gene consisting of human interleukin 2 with a Fc receptor epsilon transmembrane anchor derived from the gamma subunit of the Fc receptor epsilon. We demonstrated that mRNA and protein for the IL-2tm fusion protein was expressed in transfected RD995 tumor cells. Expression of the IL-2tm protein on the tumor cell surface membrane was confirmed by laser confocal microscopy. In order to assess biological function, RD995 transfected with IL-2tm or the empty expression vector (pCMV2b) were implanted subcutaneously into C3H/HEN mice. Non-transfected RD995 was also implanted subcutaneously for tumor growth comparison (control group). Groups of mice implanted with 10 6 or 10 5 RD995 transfected with IL-2tm grew considerably more slowly than RD995 transfected with pCMV2b or non-transfected control RD995 implanted tumors. Further preclinical evaluation of the IL-2tm gene therapy as a possible cancer treatment is underway.
Fluidized-Bed Reactor With Zone Heating (1989)

Deposition of silicon on wall suppressed. In new fluidized bed, silicon seed particles heated in uppermost zone of reactor. Hot particles gradually mix with lower particles and descend through fluidized bed. Lower wall of vessel kept relatively cool. Because silane enters at bottom and circulates through reactor pyrolized to silicon at high temperatures, silicon deposited on particles in preference wall. Design of fluidized bed for production of silicon greatly reduces tendency of silicon to deposit on wall of reaction vessel.