gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Load-sensitive routing of long-lived IP flows (1999)

Internet service providers face a daunting challenge in provisioning network resources, due to the rapid growth of the Internet and wide fluctuations in the underlying traffic patterns. The ability of dynamic routing to circumvent congested links and improve application performance makes it a valuable traffic engineering tool. However, deployment of load-sensitive routing is hampered by the overheads imposed by link-state update propagation, path selection, and signaling. Under reasonable protocol and computational overheads, traditional approaches to load-sensitive routing of IP traffic are ineffective, and can introduce significant route flapping, since paths are selected based on out-of-date link-state information. Although stability is improved by performing load-sensitive routing at the flow level, flapping still occurs, because most IP flows have a short duration relative to the desired frequency of link-state updates. To address the efficiency and stability challenges of load-sensitive routing, we introduce a new hybrid approach that performs dynamic routing of long-lived flows, while forwarding short-lived flows on static preprovisioned paths. By relating the detection of long-lived flows to the timescale of link-state update messages in the routing protocol, route stability is considerably improved. Through simulation experiments using a one-week ISP packet trace, we show that our hybrid approach significantly outperforms traditional static and dynamic routing schemes, by reacting to fluctuations in network load without introducing route flapping.
Assembly and Function of a Bioengineered Human Liver for Transplantation Generated Solely from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2020)

The availability of an autologous transplantable auxiliary liver would dramatically affect the treatment of liver disease. Assembly and function in vivo of a bioengineered human liver derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has not been previously described. By improving methods for liver decellularization, recellularization, and differentiation of different liver cellular lineages of human iPSCs in an organ-like environment, we generated functional engineered human mini livers and performed transplantation in a rat model. Whereas previous studies recellularized liver scaffolds largely with rodent hepatocytes, we repopulated not only the parenchyma with human iPSC-hepatocytes but also the vascular system with human iPS-endothelial cells, and the bile duct network with human iPSC-biliary epithelial cells. The regenerated human iPSC-derived mini liver containing multiple cell types was tested in vivo and remained functional for 4 days after auxiliary liver transplantation in immunocompromised, engineered (IL2rg<sup>-/-</sup>) rats.
A Hybrid Pyrolysis / Oxidation System for Solid Waste Resource Recovery (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Pyrolysis is a very versatile waste processing technology which can be tailored to produce a variety of solid, liquid, and/or gaseous products. The main disadvantages of pyrolysis processing are: (1) the product stream is more complex than for many of the alternative treatments; (2) the product gases cannot be vented directly into the cabin without further treatment because of the high CO concentrations. One possible solution is to combine a pyrolysis step with catalytic oxidation (combustion) of the effluent gases. This integration takes advantage of the best features of each process. The advantages of pyrolysis are: insensitivity to feedstock composition, no oxygen consumption, and batch operation. The main advantage of oxidation is the simplicity and consistency of the product stream. In addition, this hybrid process has the potential to result in a significant reduction in Equivalent System Mass (estimated at 10-40%) and system complexity. This paper includes data from a laboratory study of a hybrid pyrolysis/oxidation process, including results for the following cases: 1) without post-oxidation; 2) with post-oxidation; 3) with catalyzed post-oxidation.</div>
Wireless Power Transfer for Telemetric Devices With Variable Orientation, for Small Rodent Behavior Monitoring (2014)

Gathering behavioral and biological data from small rodents is important for the study of various disease models in biomedical research. Such data acquisition requires a long-term powering method for telemetry electronics and radios, for which a wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme is desirable. This paper investigates a novel WPT system to deliver power from a stationary source (primary coil) to a moving telemetric device (secondary coil) via magnetic resonance coupling. To conduct research with rodents effectively, they must be able to move freely inside their cage. However, the continuously changing orientation of the rodent leads to coupling loss/problems between the primary and secondary coils, presenting a major challenge. We propose novel configurations of the secondary employing ferrite rods placed at specific locations and orientations within the coil. Three-dimensional finite-element analysis using COMSOL software is used to find the magnetic flux density distribution surrounding these secondary configurations. The simulation results show a significant increase of flux through the coil using our ferrite arrangement, with improved coupling at most orientations. Physical prototypes of these secondary coil configurations were constructed and experiments were conducted to test their performance. Measurements show that ferrite rods improved power transfer at most orientations, beyond that of the nominal ferrite-less configuration. The use of angled ferrite rods further improved power transfer, where the medium-ferrite-angled (4MFA) configuration is best. Experiments show the maximum power collected by 4MFA was 113 mW, when parallel to the primary coil, and 28 mW when 60° to the primary coil.
Simultaneous isomerization and reactive extraction of biomass sugars for high yield production of ketose sugars (2012)

A desire to achieve one-pot syntheses of value-added products from biomass sugars has led to intense research efforts to convert these sugars with high yields into their ketose forms. Aldose-to-ketose isomerization has an unfavorable equilibrium, and to date, high yield conversion to ketoses in a manner that allows for further conversion economically has yet to be demonstrated. Here, a novel strategy for simultaneous-isomerization and reactive-extraction (SIRE), where the isomerization of aldose sugars and the reactive-extraction of ketoses occur concurrently in the same vessel, is presented. In SIRE, the unfavorable aldose–ketose equilibrium is overcome by selective extraction of ketose from the reaction medium maintained at the optimal pH of the xylose–glucose isomerase (XI) enzyme; the ketose sugar is back-extracted into a low pH strip solution as a pure, concentrated sugar stream. Starting with pure xylose and using Gensweet® for isomerization, best results for xylulose concentration and purification were achieved with an extraction phase of 1-octanol containing naphthalene-2-boronic acid (N2B) and Aliquat® 336. SIRE, followed by a two-stage strip, resulted in a nearly pure xylulose stream at high concentration and yield. Sugar can be concentrated in both the extraction and stripping steps by reducing the volume ratio of the sugar-receiving phase relative to the sugar-donating phase for each step. This result is significant as the separation of isomers is regarded as one of the most challenging and high cost purification processes. When implemented with biomass hydrolyzates, this technology has the potential to provide contaminant-free, concentrated ketose sugar streams without the need for energy-intensive separation and concentration schemes.
High-sensitivity, high-selectivity detection of chemical warfare agents (2006)

We report high-sensitivity detection of chemical warfare agents nerve gases with very low probability of false positives PFP. We demonstrate a detection threshold of 1.2 ppb 7.7 g/m 3 equivalent of Sarin with a PFP of 1:10 6 in the presence of many interfering gases present in an urban environment through the detection of diisopropyl methylphosphonate, an accepted relatively harmless surrogate for the nerve agents. For the current measurement time of 60 s, a PFP of 1 : 10 6 corresponds to one false alarm approximately every 23 months. The demonstrated performance satisfies most current homeland and military security requirements.
Isotope separation and enrichment by ultrafast laser ablation (2000)

Spatial separation of isotopes in ultrafast laser ablation plumes is observed for a variety of elements in the periodic table. Observations are made with a charge-state discriminating mass analyzer as a function of angle relative to the center of the ablation plume. Data is presented for femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses showing enrichments by factors of 2 to 20 depending on element, charge state, and laser pulse duration. Thin films are deposited from the plasma plumes, as a function of distance from the ablation source, and used to record the spatial distribution of isotopes. This information is utilized to construct a model for the isotopic separation process and to infer characteristics of the electromagnetic fields in the ablation plasmas.
Program Boosting (2014)

In this paper, we investigate an approach to program synthesis that is based on crowd-sourcing. With the help of crowd-sourcing, we aim to capture the "wisdom of the crowds" to find good if not perfect solutions to inherently tricky programming tasks, which elude even expert developers and lack an easy-to-formalize specification. We propose an approach we call program boosting, which involves crowd-sourcing imperfect solutions to a difficult programming problem from developers and then blending these programs together in a way that improves their correctness. We implement this approach in a system called CROWDBOOST and show in our experiments that interesting and highly non-trivial tasks such as writing regular expressions for URLs or email addresses can be effectively crowd-sourced. We demonstrate that carefully blending the crowd-sourced results together consistently produces a boost, yielding results that are better than any of the starting programs. Our experiments on 465 program pairs show consistent boosts in accuracy and demonstrate that program boosting can be performed at a relatively modest monetary cost.
WYNER-ZIV VIDEO CODING WITH LOW ENCODER COMPLEXITY (2004)

In current interframe video compression systems, the encoder performs predictive coding to exploit the similarities of successive frames. The Wyner-Ziv Theorem on source coding with side information available only at the decoder suggests that an asymmetric video codec, where individual frames are encoded separately, but decoded conditionally (given temporally adjacent frames) could achieve similar efficiency. In previous work we proposed a Wyner-Ziv coding scheme for motion video that uses intraframe encoding, but interframe decoding. In this paper we improve on our Wyner-Ziv video codec by run-length coding high frequency coefficients and using these coefficients at the decoder to accurately estimate the motion. This allows us to implement a low-delay system where only the previous reconstructed frame is used to generate the side information of a current frame. Simulation results show significant gains above conventional DCT-based intraframe coding. The proposed Wyner-Ziv video codec enables low-complexity encoding while achieving high compression efficiency.
Rapid production of human liver scaffolds for functional tissue engineering by high shear stress oscillation-decellularization (2017)

The development of human liver scaffolds retaining their 3-dimensional structure and extra-cellular matrix (ECM) composition is essential for the advancement of liver tissue engineering. We report the design and validation of a new methodology for the rapid and accurate production of human acellular liver tissue cubes (ALTCs) using normal liver tissue unsuitable for transplantation. The application of high shear stress is a key methodological determinant accelerating the process of tissue decellularization while maintaining ECM protein composition, 3D-architecture and physico-chemical properties of the native tissue. ALTCs were engineered with human parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cell lines (HepG2 and LX2 cells, respectively), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), as well as primary human hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Both parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells grown in ALTCs exhibited markedly different gene expression when compared to standard 2D cell cultures. Remarkably, HUVEC cells naturally migrated in the ECM scaffold and spontaneously repopulated the lining of decellularized vessels. The metabolic function and protein synthesis of engineered liver scaffolds with human primary hepatocytes reseeded under dynamic conditions were maintained. These results provide a solid basis for the establishment of effective protocols aimed at recreating human liver tissue in vitro.
Applications of ultrafast lasers in ophthalmology (2003)

Ultrafast lasers are suitable for different surgical procedures in the eye: As a main goal in our group, the application of fs-lasers in refractive surgery is studied. Therefore,experiments in living rabbits were conducted, with wound healing studies up to 120 ays after surgery. Moreover,highly precise cuts inside the cornea were used to do keratoplasty an lamellar keratoplasty. Further applications like a new technique to overcome presbyopia are shown.
Expression and immunological properties of the five subunits of pertussis toxin (1987)

Pertussis toxin, a protein composed of five different subunits, is responsible for the pathogenicity of Bordetella pertussis and is the main component of a new vaccine against whooping cough. The genes coding for the five subunits, recently cloned and sequenced, are organized as an operon. We approached the problem of expression of the five genes in Escherichia coli and, although we obtained high levels of transcription of the native pertussis toxin genes, the amount of proteins produced was very low or undetectable. To obtain suitable expression of each of the five subunits, we fused their genes to the gene coding for the DNA polymerase of MS2 in the expression vector pEx31. A total of 5 to 30 mg of purified fusion proteins could be obtained from 1 liter of culture. The purified fusion proteins were used to immunize rabbits to obtain sera against each of the five subunits. These sera, although able to recognize the toxin in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the corresponding subunits in Western blots, were not able to protect CHO cells from the action of pertussis toxin. Mice immunized with the five subunits were not protected from an intracerebral challenge with B. pertussis. Subunits S2 and S3, which are 67% homologous, were shown to cross-react immunologically. The fused subunit S1 was able to ADP-ribosylate transducin as efficiently as the native pertussis toxin.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of the thermal resolution and dynamic range of CCD-based thermoreflectance imaging (2007)

We demonstrate thermal imaging using a charge-coupled device (CCD) thermoreflectance lock-in technique that achieves a record temperature resolution of 18 mK, 44 dB below the nominal dynamic range of the camera (from 72 to 116 dB) for 10(5) periods of measurement. We show that the quantization limit of the CCD camera does not set the lower bound on the precision of the technique. We present a theoretical description of the measurement technique, accounting for the effects of noise and nonideal analog-to-digital conversion, resulting in analytic expressions for the probability distribution function of the measured signals, and allowing for explicit calculation of resolution and error bars. The theory is tested against parametrically varied measurements and can be applied to other sampled lock-in measurements. We also experimentally demonstrate sub-quantization-limit imaging on a well-characterized model system, joule heating in a silicon resistor. The accuracy of the resistor thermoreflectance measurement is confirmed by comparing the results with those of a standard 3omega measurement.
X-ray Monochromatic Imaging from Single-spectrum CT via Machine (2020)

The conventional computed tomography (CT) with single energy spectrum only reconstructs effective linear attenuation coefficients, obtaining average spectral CT images, basically discarding x-ray energy-dependent information, which cannot be applied for the material identification because different materials may have the same CT value. Dual-energy CT (DECT) is a well-established technique, allowing monochromatic imaging and material decomposition. However, DECT requires two distinct x-ray energy spectra to generate two spectrally-different projection datasets. Generally it would increase radiation dose, system complexity, and equipment cost relative to single-spectrum CT. In this paper, a machine-learning-based CT reconstruction method is proposed to perform monochromatic image reconstruction using clinical CT scanner. This method establishes a residual neural network (ResNet) model to map average spectral CT images to monochromatic images at pre-specified energy level via deep learning. This ResNet is trained based on clinical dual energy dataset, showing an excellent convergence and stability. Testing data demonstrate the trained ResNet produces high quality monochromatic images with a relative error of less than 0.2%. The resultant x-ray monochromatic imaging can be applied for material differentiation, tissue characterization, and proton therapy treatment planning.
DEVELOPING RECOMBINANT BACTERIA FOR CONTROL OF MOSQUITO LARVAE (2007)

Genetic engineering techniques have been used to significantly improve mosquito larvicides based on the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs). These new larvicides hold excellent promise for providing better and more cost-effective control of nuisance mosquitoes and vectors of important diseases, including the anopheline vectors of malaria and culicine vectors responsible for filariasis and viral encephalitides. The toxicity of Bti and Bs is due primarily to endotoxin proteins produced during sporulation. After ingestion by larvae, these are activated and destroy the larval stomach, quickly resulting in death. By cloning the genes encoding various endotoxins from Bt and Bs species, and engineering these for high levels of synthesis, we have been able to generate recombinant bacterial strains based on Bti that are more than 10 times as effective as the conventional strains of Bti or Bs that serve as the active ingredients of commercial bacterial larvicides currently used for mosquito control. The best of these recombinants contain all major Bti endotoxins, specifically, Cry4A, Cry4B, Cry11A, and Cyt1A, plus the binary (Bin) endotoxin of Bs, the principal mosquitocidal protein responsible for the activity of this species. The presence of Cyt1A in these recombinants, which synergizes Cry toxicity and delays resistance to these proteins and Bs Bin, should enable long term use of these recombinants with little if any development of resistance. In the field, these new recombinants should be particularly effective larvicides against most important vectors and nuisance species of the genus Culex, the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis, and species of Aedes and Ochlerotatus sensitive to Bs.
Factors Affecting Perceptual Thresholds in Epiretinal Prostheses (2008)

Maintaining close proximity between the electrode array and the retinal surface is critical in developing a successful retinal implant. With the development of chronic electrode arrays that are stable and flush on the retinal surface, it is likely that the influence of other factors such as electrode size, retinal degeneration, and subject age will become more apparent. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00279500.).
Two-focal-length optical correlator (1989)

A two-focal-length coherent optical correlator design is presented that uses simple, single element lenses. Experimental autocorrelation results using a binary phase-only filter verify the performance of this compact design.
A 0.2 W CW laser with buried twin-ridge substrate structure (1985)

An extremely high output power has been obtained with a new structure laser named the buried twin-ridge substrate (BTRS) laser. The very thin active layer formed on a ridged substrate permitted high power output increasing the catastrophic damage level. The buried stripe formed with a blocking layer remarkably improved the current confinement lowering the threshold current. A multilayer coating technique was applied to both facets to increase the front facet output. Fundamental transverse mode is achieved at more than 100 mW in CW with an uncoated laser while the maximum output power attained is as high as 200 mW in CW operation with a multicoated laser.
The Effect of Topoisomerase I Inhibitors on the Efficacy of T-Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy (2017)

We demonstrated that Top1 inhibitors can improve the antitumor efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, thus providing the basis for developing novel strategies using Top1 inhibitors to augment the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Design and implementation of a consistent time service for fault-tolerant distributed systems (2004)

Clock-related operations are one of the many sources of replica non-determinism and of replica inconsistency in fault-tolerant distributed systems. In passive replication, if the primary server crashes, the next clock value returned by the new primary server might have actually rolled back in time, which can lead to undesirable consequences for the replicated application. The same problem can happen for active replication where the result of the first replica to respond is taken as the next clock value. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a consistent time service for fault-tolerant distributed systems. The consistent time service introduces a group clock that is consistent across the replicas and that ensures the determinism of the replicas with respect to clock-related operations. The group clock is monotonically increasing, is transparent to the application and is fault-tolerant. The consistent time service guarantees the consistency of the group clock even when faults occur, when new replicas are added into the group and when failed replicas recover. 1