gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional Polyurea Aerogels from Isocyanates and Water. A Structure−Property Case Study (2010)

It is well-known that isocyanates and water yield polyureas; however, that reaction is not generally associated with the synthesis of the latter, being used instead for environmental curing of films baring free NCO groups or for foaming polyurethanes. Here we report that careful control of the relative isocyanate/water/catalyst (Et3N) ratio in acetone, acetonitrile, or DMSO prevents precipitation, yielding instead polyurea (PUA) gels convertible to highly porous (up to 98.6% v/v) aerogels over a very wide density range (0.016−0.55 g cm−3). The method has been implemented successfully with several aliphatic and aromatic di and triisocyanates. PUA aerogels have been studied at the molecular level (13C NMR, IR, XRD), the elementary nanoparticle level (SANS/USANS), and the microscopic level (SEM). Their porous structure has been probed with N2-sorption porosimetry. Despite that the nanomorphology varies with density from fibrous at the low density end to particulate at the high density end, all samples consist of similarly sized primary particles assembled differently, probably via a reaction-limited cluster−cluster aggregation mechanism at the low density end, which changes into diffusion-limited aggregation as the isocyanate concentration increases. Higher density PUA aerogels (>0.3 g cm−3) are mechanically strong enough to tolerate the capillary forces of evaporating low surface tension solvents (e.g., pentane) and can be dried under ambient pressure; under compression, they can absorb energy (up to 90 J g−1 at 0.55 g cm−3) at levels observed only with polyurea-cross-linked silica and vanadia aerogels (50−190 J g−1 at similar densities). At cryogenic temperatures (−173 °C) PUA aerogels remain relatively ductile, a fact attributed to sintering effects and their entangled fibrous nanomorphology. Upon pyrolysis (>500 °C, Ar), PUA aerogels from aromatic isocyanates are converted to carbon aerogels in high yields (∼60% w/w). Those properties, considered together with the simple synthetic protocol, render PUA aerogels attractive multifunctional materials.
Numerical analysis of computational-cannula microscopy (2017)

Microscopy in hard-to-reach parts of a sample, such as the deep brain, can be enabled by computational-cannula microscopy (CCM), where light is transported from one end to the other end of a solid-glass cannula. Computational methods are applied to unscramble the recorded signal to obtain the object details. Since the cannula itself can be microscopic (∼250 μm in diameter), CCM can enable minimally invasive imaging. Here, we describe a full-scale simulation model for CCM and apply it to not only explore the limits of the technology, but also use it to improve the imaging performance. Specifically, we show that the complexity of the inverse problem to recover CCM images increases with the aspect ratio (length/diameter) of the cannula geometry. We also perform noise tolerance simulations, which indicate that the smaller aspect ratio cannula tolerate noise better than the longer ones. Analysis on noise tolerance using the proposed simulation model showed 2-3× improvement in noise tolerance when the aspect ratio is reduced in half. We can utilize these simulation tools to further improve the performance of CCM and extend the reach of computational microscopy.
Characterization of Helicobacter pylori dapE and construction of a conditionally lethal dapE mutant (1997)

Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human gastric mucosa and causes gastritis, ulceration, or gastric cancer. A previously uncharacterized region of the H. pylori genome was identified and sequenced. This region includes a putative operon containing three open reading frames termed gidA (1,866 bp), dapE (1,167 bp), and orf2 (753 bp); the gidA and dapE products are highly homologous to other bacterial proteins. In E. coli, dapE encodes N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelic acid to L-diaminopimelic acid (L-DAP) and succinate. When wild-type H. pylori strains were transformed to select for dapE mutagenesis, mutants were present when plates were supplemented with DAP but not with lysine; orf2 mutants were selected without DAP supplementation. Consistent with the finding that GidA is essential in Escherichia coli, we were unable to obtain a gidA mutant in H. pylori despite evidence that insertional mutagenesis had occurred. The positions of gidA, dapE, and orf2 suggest that they form an operon, which was supported by slot blot RNA hybridization and reverse transcriptase PCR studies. The data imply that the H. pylori dapE mutant may be useful as a conditionally lethal vaccine.
New Chest Drainage Unit with Integrated CO<sub>2</sub>-Detector Demonstrates False Air Leak (2021)

Available chest drainage systems do not allow direct assessment of true or false air leakage, which may increase chest drain duration unnecessarily. The integration of a CO2-sensitive color indicator into a chest drainage unit allows simple distinction between false air leak and true air leak, which may improve postoperative management.
Electrochemically stable cathode current collectors for rechargeable magnesium batteries (2013)

This work identified that Mo and W are two electrochemically stable metals for using as current collectors and cell cases for rechargeable magnesium batteries.
Complex Oxide Ferroelectric Ceramics Pb(Ni <sub>1/3</sub> Nb <sub>2/3</sub> )O <sub>3</sub> –Pb(Zn <sub>1/3</sub> Nb <sub>2/3</sub> )O <sub>3</sub> –Pb(Mg <sub>1/3</sub> Nb <sub>2/3</sub> )O <sub>3</sub> –PbZrO <sub>3</sub> –PbTiO <sub>3</sub> with a Low Sintering Temperature (2007)

Perovskite phase ferroelectric ceramics with complex oxide compositions, comprising Pb(Ni 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 , Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 , Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 , PbZrO 3 , and PbTiO 3 (PNN–PZN–PMN–PZ–PT), with PZ and PT <50% by mole, were synthesized through a columbite approach at sintering temperatures as low as 850°–900°C. The effects of sintering temperature on the perovskite phase formation, density, dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties were investigated. A maximum piezoelectric coefficient d 33 of 393 pC/N was obtained with a composition of 0.10PNN–0.35PZN–0.15PMN–0.10PZ–0.30PT when sintered at 900°C, although it was away from a morphotropical phase boundary composition. The low processing temperature potentially enables the use of economical electrodes with these compositions for device applications. The dependence of the structure and properties on the compositions of the solid solutions was discussed, and the results indicated that various excellent ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties could be obtained at a low processing temperature by appropriately tailoring the complex composition.
Phenols and Carbon Compounds as Efficient Organic Catalysts for Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Living Radical Polymerization (RTCP) (2010)

Simple phenols and hydrocarbons were used as novel and efficient organic catalysts for reversible chain transfer catalyzed living radical polymerization (RTCP). This is the first use of oxygen- and carbon-centered compounds as catalysts of living radical polymerization. The catalysts include such common compounds as phenol itself, phenol-based antioxidants for foods and resins (e.g., 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT)), phenol-based natural antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E), and dienes (e.g., 1,4-cyclohexadiene). Their cheapness, excellent environmental safety, and ease of handing may be quite attractive in practice. The catalysts were highly active and tolerant to functional groups. The required amounts of the catalysts were typically as small as 100−500 ppm, yielding low-polydispersity polymers (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.1−1.4) at moderate temperatures (40−100 °C), where Mw and Mn are weight- and number-average molecular weights, respectively. A wide variety of functional monomers with alkyl, aryl, hydroxyl, poly(ethylene glycol), alkylamino, amino, and carboxylic acid groups were adopted to the homo- and copolymerizations. Kinetic studies supported that, mechanistically, the polymerization is based on reversible chain transfer (RT) for these catalysts.
A new approach to selective brain cooling by a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube (2016)

SBC was accomplished by blowing cold air from a vortex tube into the nasal cavities. Due to its portability, the method can be used continuously in resuscitated patients in both in- and out-of-hospital situations without interruption.
Improving wafer handling performance in semiconductor manufacturing (2013)

Purpose – The electronics industries are relying increasingly on robotics for their production. Wafer handling robots are used to transfer wafers between wafer processing stations. A pick‐measure‐place method is typically utilized to transfer wafers accurately. The measurement step is performed using an aligner, which is time‐consuming. To increase wafer transfer efficiency, it is desirable to speed up the measurement process or place it in parallel with other operations. To solve the problem, optic sensors are installed at each station to estimate the wafer eccentricity on‐the‐fly. The eccentricity values are then applied to control the robot to place the wafer directly onto another station accurately without using the aligner. However, current methods face problems to achieve high accuracy requirements to meet the electronic manufacturing needs. The purpose of this paper is to develop a technique to improve the wafer handling performance in semiconductor manufacturing.
Curcumin-Artemisinin Combination Therapy for Malaria (2006)

Artemisinin and curcumin show an additive interaction in killing Plasmodium falciparum in culture. In vivo, 3 oral doses of curcumin following a single injection of alpha,beta-arteether to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice are able to prevent recrudescence due to alpha,beta-arteether monotherapy and ensure almost 100% survival of the animals.
Combination of LPL/ADAM29 Ratio and ZAP Expression Can Replace IGVH Sequencing in the Majority of CLL. (2004)

Abstract Background: The mutational status of immunoglobulin VH genes (IgVH) is an important prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but its determination remains unadapted to routine practice. Several reports have showed that ZAP-70, whose expression can be detected by flow cytometry, can be considered as a reliable surrogate marker of IgVH mutational status. We recently conducted a gene expression profiling study of 18 cases of CLL, which pointed out 2 other genes which might also discriminate CLL groups: the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and the disintegrin and metalloprotease 29 (ADAM29) genes which were overexpressed preferentially in unmutated (UM) and mutated (MT) cases respectively. Methods: We analyzed frozen cells obtained at diagnosis for 127 CLL patients (87 Binet stage A, 40 stage B or C). LPL, ADAM29 and house keeping GAPDH gene expression were measured by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 111 cases, and ZAP-70 protein by flow cytometry in 107 cases, both analyses being performed in 93 cases. LPL and ADAM29 were also quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC, n=4) and purified B cells (n=3) of healthy individuals. We correlated the results with the previously determined IgVH mutational status and clinical outcome. Results: With a cut-off value determined to be 1 for the LPL/GAPDH copy number ratio, LPL expression had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 68% for UM cases and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 85% for MT patients. Alternatively ADAM29 expression (ADAM29/GAPDH &gt; 3) had a PPV of 77% for MT cases and of 86% for UM cases. Combining LPL and ADAM29 RNA quantifications by a simple 1:1 ratio (L/A ratio; threshold=1) provided slightly better results than those obtained with ZAP-70 (positivity threshold = 20%) for PPV of UM status (90% vs 76%) and similar results for NPV of MT status (90% vs 91%). Simultaneaous usage of L/A ratio and ZAP-70 expression allowed an almost perfect (73/74) assessment of the IgVH status in 80% (74/93) of patients with concordant results (L/A+, ZAP-70+ or L/A-, ZAP-70-). Serial measurements of L/A ratio and ZAP-70 expression showed that both parameters can change over time (median follow-up 38 months, range 6–159) in a fraction of patients (5/25 tested). ADAM29 was not detected while LPL was present at very low levels or absent in PMBC or purified B cells from healthy donors. The IgVH mutational status, ZAP-70 and L/A ratio were predictive of event-free survival for the whole cohort and for stage A patients. However only the L/A ratio was significantly associated with a shorter survival (p=0.03) for stage B/C patients. Conclusions: Combination of LPL and ADAM29 mRNA quantification provides a good surrogate marker of the IgVH mutational status in CLL patients. Used in association with ZAP-70, it represents an reliable alternative to the sequencing of IgVH genes. In addition, it might constitute a more powerful prognostic marker than IgVH mutational status or ZAP-70.
Electrostatic graphene loudspeaker (2013)

Graphene has extremely low mass density and high mechanical strength, and key qualities for efficient wide-frequency-response electrostatic audio speaker design. Low mass ensures good high frequency response, while high strength allows for relatively large free-standing diaphragms necessary for effective low frequency response. Here, we report on construction and testing of a miniaturized graphene-based electrostatic audio transducer. The speaker/earphone is straightforward in design and operation and has excellent frequency response across the entire audio frequency range (20 Hz–20 kHz), with performance matching or surpassing commercially available audio earphones.
Airflow perturbation device for measuring human respiratory resistance (2002)

An instrument for the measurement of respiratory resistance, the Airflow Perturbation Device (APD), was constructed and tested on human subjects. The measurement of elevated respiratory resistance is important for the diagnosis of many respiratory diseases. The device is compact, portable, and easy to use. Testing on healthy human subjects showed APD resistance to be sensitive to changes in resistance and correlated with airway resistance as measured by body plethysmography.
The Combined CTA1-DD/ISCOMs Vector Is an Effective Intranasal Adjuvant for Boosting Prior<i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>BCG Immunity to<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2006)

Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The current "gold standard" vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG has a limited efficacy that wanes over time. The development of a vaccine to boost BCG-induced immunity is therefore a highly active area of research. Mucosal administration of vaccines is believed to provide better protection against pathogens, such as M. tuberculosis, that invade the host via mucosal surfaces. In this study we demonstrate that an intranasal vaccine, comprising the antigenic fusion protein Ag85B-ESAT-6 and the mucosal combined adjuvant vector CTA1-DD/ISCOMs, strongly promotes a Th1-specific immune response, dominated by gamma interferon-secreting CD4-positive T cells. Mucosal administration of Ag85B-ESAT-6 mixed with CTA1-DD/ISCOMs strongly boosted prior BCG immunity, leading to a highly increased recruitment of antigen-specific cells to the site of infection. Most importantly, we observed a significantly (P < 0.001) reduced bacterial burden in the lung compared to nonboosted control animals. Thus, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of mucosal vaccination with Ag85B-ESAT-6 mixed with CTA1-DD/ISCOMs as adjuvant for stimulating TB-specific protective immunity in the lung.
Isotope Exchange in Oxide Catalyst (1987)

Replacement technique maintains level of CO2/18 in closed-cycle CO2 lasers. High-energy, pulsed CO2 lasers using rare chemical isotopes must be operated in closed cycles to conserve gas. Rare isotopes operated in closed cycles to conserve gas. Rare isotopes as CO2/18 used for improved transmission of laser beam in atmosphere. To maintain laser power, CO2 must be regenerated, and O2 concentration kept below few tenths of percent. Conditions achieved by recombining CO and O2.
Ultrafast, large angle, noncollinear, and nonlinear, broadband multilayer deflectors (1993)

We demonstrate the use of a multilayer waveguide to enhance harmonic mixing over a large noncollinear angle and present first results for three-dimensional nonlinear waveguide wave mixing. The resulting surface emission can be used to select any target coordinate within an output plane or half-space with subpicosecond addressing speeds and large deflection angles. The electro-optic version is limited only by device capacitance.
Gallate-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient Removal of Trace Propyne from Propylene (2020)

Purification of propylene from the propyne (C3H4)/propylene (C3H6) mixture is a significant and challenging process in the chemical industry. Nowadays, the removal of propyne from propylene mainly relies on the energy-intensive hydrogenation catalyzed by noble metals. We herein report three gallate-based metal–organic frameworks, namely, M(II)-gallate (M = Ni, Mg, Co), which provide excellent performance in terms of removing propyne from the propyne/propylene mixture (1:99, v/v). The C3H4 uptake capacities of Mg-, Co-, and Ni-gallate can reach 3.75, 3.21, and 2.65 mmol/g, while the C3H6 uptake capacities are only 1.50, 1.49, and 0.9 mmol/g respectively, at ambient conditions. Particularly, the productivities of 99.9999% pure C3H6 in Co-gallate and Mg-gallate were 1580 and 1420 mL/g, respectively, outperforming the state-of-the-art material USTA-200 (1400 mL/g). The adsorption mechanism was further investigated by using the first-principle dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations, revealing that the excellent C3H4/C3H6 separation ability of M-gallate originates from stronger supramolecular interactions and C–H···O interactions between the hydrogen atoms from C3H4 and oxygen atoms from M-gallate frameworks. Besides, the M-gallate materials also show excellent regeneration ability. Thus, this work demonstrates that the family of M-gallate materials shows industrially promising porous materials for propylene purification by the adsorption process.
The Inflammatory Milieu of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Contemporary Review With Emphasis in Putative Immunohistochemistry and Serologic Markers (2016)

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic disease characterized by esophageal dysfunction, frequent clinical history of atopy, and eosinophilic inflammation of the esophagus. Within the esophageal mucosa, there is a wide variety of immune mediators, chemotactic factors, mediators of transcription, and markers of epithelial differentiation and integrity that are overexpressed or underexpressed in eosinophilic esophagitis, offering many candidates for biomarkers with diagnostic or prognostic potential. In this review, we summarize the results from studies performed so far to evaluate the detection of these markers by immunohistochemistry on esophageal biopsies. In addition, we briefly describe some attempts to identify markers that could be detected in serum to be used to diagnose or monitor the disease without the need of a biopsy.
Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers (1997)

Pulsed single mode operation of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers is reported above room temperature at both 5.4 and 8 μm wavelengths. Peak optical powers up to 60 mW at 300 K are obtained with a tuning range of ∼60 nm from 100 to ∼320 K. The linewidth is limited by thermal drift during the pulse with a typical value of 0.3 cm−1 for a 10 ns long pulse at 300 K.
The Thermodynamics of Polyamide−DNA Recognition:  Hairpin Polyamide Binding in the Minor Groove of Duplex DNA (1999)

Crescent-shaped synthetic ligands containing aromatic amino acids have been designed for specific recognition of predetermined DNA sequences in the minor groove of DNA. Simple rules have been developed that relate the side-by-side pairings of Imidazole (Im) and Pyrrole (Py) amino acids to their predicted target DNA sequences. We report here thermodynamic characterization of the DNA-binding properties of the six-ring hairpin polyamide, ImImPy-gamma-PyPyPy-beta-Dp (where gamma = gamma-aminobutyric acid, beta = beta-alanine, and Dp = dimethylaminopropylamide). Our data reveal that, at 20 degrees C, this ligand binds with a relatively modest 1.8-fold preference for the designated match site, 5'-TGGTA-3', over the single base pair mismatch site, 5'-TGTTA-3'. By contrast, we find that the ligand exhibits a 102-fold greater affinity for its designated match site relative to the double base pair mismatch site, 5'-TATTA-3'. These results demonstrate that the energetic cost of binding to a double mismatch site is not necessarily equal to twice the energetic cost of binding to a single mismatch site. Our calorimetrically measured binding enthalpies and calculated entropy data at 20 degrees C reveal the ligand sequence specificity to be enthalpic in origin. We have compared the DNA-binding properties of ImImPy-gamma-PyPyPy-beta-Dp with the hairpin polyamide, ImPyPy-gamma-PyPyPy-beta-Dp (an Im --> Py "mutant"). Our data reveal that both ligands exhibit high affinities for their designated match sites, consistent with the Dervan pairing rules. Our data also reveal that, relative to their corresponding single mismatch sites, ImImPy-gamma-PyPyPy-beta-Dp is less selective than ImPyPy-gamma-PyPyPy-beta-Dp for its designated match site. This result suggests, at least in this case, that enhanced binding affinity can be accompanied by some loss in sequence specificity. Such systematic comparative studies allow us to begin to establish the thermodynamic database required for the rational design of synthetic polyamides with predictable DNA-binding affinities and specificities.
A Novel Design of High-Temperature Lead-Free Solders for Die-Attachment in Power Discrete Applications (2021)

Abstract Development of high-temperature lead-free (HTLF) solders to replace high-lead solders for die-attachment in power device applications is driven by (1) the harmful effects of lead to human health and the environment, and (2) the demand of the improved bonding materials serving under high-power density and high-junction temperatures, especially for wide-band-gap power devices. A novel design, based on a mixed solder powder paste technology—Durafuse™—has been developed to deliver a Sn-rich HTLF paste, presenting the merits of both constituent powders. The combination of the rigid, high-melting SnSbCuAgX and the ductile, low-temperature Sn-rich solder in one paste enables reflow at a relatively low temperature (barely above the liquidus temperature of the final joint composition) and maintains the joint strength above 15MPa in the temperature range between 270°C and 295°C. The sufficient high-temperature strength has demonstrated the capability of maintaining the joint integrity during subsequent multiple SMT reflows below the 270°C peak temperature, regardless of the existence of a partial melting phase. Both X-ray inspection and cross-section microstructure have not shown any damage in the Si die or any noticeable cracks in the bonding joint, even after 3000 cycles of TCT (−40 to 150°C). In summary, Durafuse™ HT, the novel design of the high-temperature lead-free pastes, has shown the feasibility as a drop-in solution to replace high-lead solders for die-attachment in power discrete applications.