gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Use of Ultrasound in Industrial Chemical Synthesis and Crystallization. 1. Applications to Synthetic Chemistry (1998)

Sonochemistry, or the application of power ultrasound to chemical processes, is a technology that has undergone very intensive research and development in the last 15−20 years, with respect to both its range of application and the methods employed for its implementation at industrial manufacturing scales. In a series of two papers, the authors review progress of the application of ultrasound to chemistry and chemical processing, and the development of equipment and scale-up methods. This first paper focuses on chemistry and also covers mechanisms of action of ultrasound and its in situ detection and measurement. Part 2 will deal with the application of ultrasound to crystallization processes (sonocrystallization) and with scale-up and equipment development.
High‐resolution mass spectrometric metabolite profiling of a novel synthetic designer drug, <i>N</i>‐(adamantan‐1‐yl)‐1‐(5‐fluoropentyl)‐1<i>H</i>‐indole‐3‐carboxamide (STS‐135), using cryopreserved human hepatocytes and assessment of metabolic stability with human liver microsomes (2014)

N-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (STS-135) is a new synthetic cannabinoid in herbal incense products discussed on Internet drug user forums and identified in police seizures. To date, there are no STS-135 clinical or in vitro studies identifying STS-135 metabolites. However, characterizing STS-135 metabolism is critical because synthetic cannabinoid metabolites can possess pharmacological activity and parent compounds are rarely detectable in urine. To characterize the metabolite profile, human hepatocytes were incubated with 10 µmol/L STS-135 for up to 3 h. High-resolution mass spectrometry with software-assisted data mining identified 29 STS-135 metabolites. Less than 25% of STS-135 parent compound remained after 3 h incubation. Primary metabolites were generated by mono-, di- or trihydroxylation with and without ketone formation, dealkylation, and oxidative defluorination of N-fluoropentyl side chain or possible oxidation to carboxylic acid, some of them further glucuronidated. Hydroxylations occurred mainly on the aliphatic adamantane ring and less commonly on the N-pentyl side chain. At 1 h, phase I metabolites predominated, while at 3 h, phase II metabolites were present in higher amounts. The major metabolites were monohydroxy STS-135 (M25) and dihydroxy STS-135 (M21), both hydroxylated on the adamantane system. Moreover, metabolic stability of STS-135 (1 µmol/L) was assessed in human liver microsomes experiments. The in vitro half-life of STS-135 was 3.1 ± 0.2 min and intrinsic clearance (CLint ) was 208.8 mL · min(-1) · kg(-1) . This is the first report characterizing STS-135 hepatic metabolic pathways. These data provide potential urinary targets to document STS-135 intake in clinical and forensic settings and potential candidates for pharmacological testing.
Single-photon pulsed-light indirect time-of-flight 3D ranging (2013)

"Indirect" time-of-flight is one technique to obtain depth-resolved images through active illumination that is becoming more popular in the recent years. Several methods and light timing patterns are used nowadays, aimed at improving measurement precision with smarter algorithms, while using less and less light power. Purpose of this work is to present an indirect time-of-flight imaging camera based on pulsed-light active illumination and a 32 × 32 single-photon avalanche diode array with an improved illumination timing pattern, able to increase depth resolution and to reach single-photon level sensitivity.
High-Performance Solution-Processed Amorphous Zinc−Indium−Tin Oxide Thin-Film Transistors (2010)

Films of the high-performance solution-processed amorphous oxide semiconductor a-ZnIn(4)Sn(4)O(15), grown from 2-methoxyethanol/ethanolamine solutions, were used to fabricate thin-film transistors (TFTs) in combination with an organic self-assembled nanodielectric as the gate insulator. This structurally dense-packed semiconductor composition with minimal Zn(2+) incorporation strongly suppresses transistor off-currents without significant mobility degradation, and affords field-effect electron mobilities of approximately 90 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (104 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) maximum obtained for patterned ZITO films), with I(on)/I(off) ratio approximately 10(5), a subthreshhold swing of approximately 0.2 V/dec, and operating voltage <2 V for patterned devices with W/L = 50. The microstructural and electronic properties of ZITO semiconductor film compositions in the range Zn(9-2x)In(x)Sn(x)O(9+1.5x) (x = 1-4) and ZnIn(8-x)Sn(x)O(13+0.5x) (x = 1-7) were systematically investigated to elucidate those factors which yield optimum mobility, I(on)/I(off), and threshold voltage parameters. It is shown that structural relaxation and densification by In(3+) and Sn(4+) mixing is effective in reducing carrier trap sites and in creating carrier-generating oxygen vacancies. In contrast to the above results for TFTs fabricated with the organic self-assembled nanodielectric, ZnIn(4)Sn(4)O(15) TFTs fabricated with SiO(2) gate insulators exhibit electron mobilities of only approximately 11 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) with I(on)/I(off) ratios approximately 10(5), and a subthreshhold swing of approximately 9.5 V/dec.
The Efficacy of Software Prefetching and Locality Optimizations on Future Memory Systems (2004)

Software prefetching and locality optimizations are techniques for overcoming the speed gap between processor and memory. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of current software prefetching and locality optimization techniques, and evaluate the impact of memory trends on the effectiveness of these techniques for three types of applications: regular scientific codes, irregular scientific codes, and pointer-chasing codes. We find that for many applications, software prefetching outperforms locality optimizations when there is sufficient memory bandwidth, but locality optimizations outperform software prefetching under bandwidth-limited conditions. The break-even point (for 1 GHz processors) occurs at roughly 2.26 GBytes/sec on today’s memory systems, and will increase on future memory systems. We also study the interactions between software prefetching and locality optimizations when applied in concert. Naively combining the techniques provides robustness to changes in memory bandwidth and latency, but does not yield additional performance gains. We propose and evaluate several algorithms to better integrate software prefetching and locality optimizations, including a modified tiling algorithm, padding for prefetching, and index prefetching. Finally, we investigate the interactions of stride-based hardware prefetching with our software techniques. We find that combining hardware and software prefetching yields similar performance to software prefetching alone, and that locality optimizations enable stride-based hardware prefetching for benchmarks that do not normally exhibit striding. 1.
Effect of Gold Nanoparticle Aggregation on Cell Uptake and Toxicity (2011)

Aggregation appears to be a ubiquitous phenomenon among all nanoparticles and its influence in mediating cellular uptake and interactions remain unclear. Here we developed a simple technique to produce transferrin-coated gold nanoparticle aggregates of different sizes and characterized their uptake and toxicity in three different cell lines. While the aggregation did not elicit a unique toxic response, the uptake patterns were different between single and aggregated nanoparticles. There was a 25% decrease in uptake of aggregated nanoparticles with HeLa and A549 cells in comparison to single and monodisperse nanoparticles. However, there was a 2-fold increase in MDA-MB 435 cell uptake for the largest synthesized aggregates. These contrasting results suggest that cell type and the mechanism of interactions may play a significant role. This study highlights the need to investigate the behavior of aggregates with cells on a case-by-case basis and the importance of aggregation in mediating targeting and intracellular trafficking.
Immune checkpoint modulation enhances HIV-1 antibody induction (2020)

Eliciting protective titers of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development, but current vaccine strategies have yet to induce bnAbs in humans. Many bnAbs isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals are encoded by immunoglobulin gene rearrangments with infrequent naive B cell precursors and with unusual genetic features that may be subject to host regulatory control. Here, we administer antibodies targeting immune cell regulatory receptors CTLA-4, PD-1 or OX40 along with HIV envelope (Env) vaccines to rhesus macaques and bnAb immunoglobulin knock-in (KI) mice expressing diverse precursors of CD4 binding site HIV-1 bnAbs. CTLA-4 blockade augments HIV-1 Env antibody responses in macaques, and in a bnAb-precursor mouse model, CTLA-4 blocking or OX40 agonist antibodies increase germinal center B and T follicular helper cells and plasma neutralizing antibodies. Thus, modulation of CTLA-4 or OX40 immune checkpoints during vaccination can promote germinal center activity and enhance HIV-1 Env antibody responses.
Review of the recent developments in cellulose nanocomposite processing (2015)

This review addresses the recent developments of the processing of cellulose nanocomposites, focusing on the most used techniques, including solution casting, melt-processing of thermoplastic cellulose nanocomposites and resin impregnation of cellulose nanopapers using thermoset resins. Important techniques, such as partially dissolved cellulose nanocomposites, nanocomposite foams reinforced with nanocellulose, as well as long continuous fibers or filaments, are also addressed. It is shown how the research on cellulose nanocomposites has rapidly increased during the last 10 years, and manufacturing techniques have been developed from simple casting to these more sophisticated methods. To produce cellulose nanocomposites for commercial use, the processing of these materials must be developed from laboratory to industrially viable methods.
Expression of a T cell receptor gamma-chain (V gamma 1.1J gamma 4C gamma 4) transgene in mice influences T cell receptor ontogeny and thymic architecture during development. (1990)

In this report, we have characterized T cell ontogeny in mice transgenic for the V gamma 1.1J gamma 4C gamma 4 (TcR gamma 4) TCR chain gene by analyzing the T cell surface phenotype and microarchitecture of the transgenic lymphoid organs during development. The first wave of V gamma 3J gamma 1C gamma 1 TCR+ thymocytes that appear in the thymus at day 14 of gestation were virtually absent in the TCR gamma 4 transgenic mice. However, comparable levels of total gamma delta+ thymocytes were present in the TCR gamma 4 transgenic mice, suggesting that these thymocytes expressed a transgene receptor. In addition, the appearance of significant numbers of TCR alpha beta+ T cells occurred earlier (day 17 of fetal development) in the transgenic thymus. After birth, thymuses from TCR gamma 4 transgenic mice were characterized by a consistent increase in the number of TCR gamma delta+ thymocytes and a transient increase (between 2 and 4 wk of age) in the absolute number of TCR+ thymocytes (2- to 4-fold) compared with thymuses from normal mice. Immunohistologic analysis of the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes from 2-day and 3-wk-old transgenic mice showed significant differences to controls only in regions harboring mature, functional T cell subsets which may be the result of bidirectional signaling between lymphocyte subsets (influenced by transgene expression) and stromal elements. The results demonstrate that striking differences, leading to the earlier appearance of mature T cells, occurred in both the fetal and neonatal thymus and periphery of mice that expressed a TCR gamma 4 transgene. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that expression of the TCR gamma 4 chain gene, early in ontogeny, has a positive influence on the development of the T cell compartment.
Molecular Variation in the Variable-Length PCR Target and 120-Kilodalton Antigen Genes of<i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i>from White-Tailed Deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) (2003)

Genes encoding two surface-expressed antigens of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the variable-length PCR target (VLPT) and the 120-kDa antigen, which contain variable numbers of tandem repeats, were characterized for E. chaffeensis from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Both genes from infected deer contained numbers of repeats similar to those reported in genes from humans and ticks, although a new variant of the 120-kDa antigen gene containing five repeat units and coinfection with multiple VLPT and 120-kDa antigen gene genetic types were detected. Sequence analysis of both genes revealed more nucleotide variation than previously reported for E. chaffeensis from infected humans or ticks. This is the most extensive study of E. chaffeensis VLPT and 120-kDa antigen gene genetic variation to date and is the first to examine genetic variation in E. chaffeensis from a nonhuman vertebrate host.
Building Personalized Recommendation System in E-Commerce using Association Rule-Based Mining and Classification (2007)

Due to the convenience of Internet, people can search for whatever information they need and buy whatever they want on the web. In the age of E-Commerce, it is difficult to provide support for customers to find the most valuable products that match their heterogeneous needs. Traditional approaches to this so-called personalization problem adopt predefined formats to describe the customer requirements. This always leads to distortion in eliciting requirement information and thus inaccurate recommendations. In this paper, we propose a personalized recommendation system using association rule mining and classification in e-commerce. Customer requirements are extracted from text documents and transformed into a set of significant phrases. Allowing the transformed transaction records, a set of association rule are mined from database using Apriori algorithm. CBA-CB algorithm is applied to produce the best rules out of the whole set of rules. The best classifiers are then generated after the test and validation of those rules, aimed to predict the item labels for new customer requirements and thus assigns the corresponding class labels to the customer. The system analysis and design of the proposed recommendation system as well as the implementation of prototype are also presented.
Rate-Splitting Multiple Access for Multigateway Multibeam Satellite Systems With Feeder Link Interference (2022)

This paper studies the precoder design problem of achieving max-min fairness (MMF) amongst users in multigateway multibeam satellite communication systems with feeder link interference. We propose a beamforming strategy based on a newly introduced transmission scheme known as rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA). RSMA relies on multi-antenna rate-splitting at the transmitter and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the receivers, such that the intended message for a user is split into a common part and a private part and the interference is partially decoded and partially treated as noise. In this paper, we formulate the MMF problem subject to per-antenna power constraints at the satellite for the system with imperfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). We also consider the case of two-stage precoding which is assisted by on- board processing (OBP) at the satellite. Numerical results obtained through simulations for RSMA and the conventional linear precoding method are compared. When RSMA is used, MMF rate gain is promised and this gain increases when OBP is used. RSMA is proven to be promising for multigateway multibeam satellite systems whereby there are various practical challenges such as feeder link interference, CSIT uncertainty, per-antenna power constraints, uneven user distribution per beam and frame-based processing.
Molecular characterization of boscalid‐ and penthiopyrad‐resistant isolates of <i>Didymella bryoniae</i> and assessment of their sensitivity to fluopyram (2011)

The genotype-specific cross-resistance relationships between the SDHIs boscalid and penthiopyrad and the lack of cross-resistance between these fungicides and fluopyram should be taken into account when selecting SDHIs for gummy stem blight management.
Monocytes and macrophages in flow: an <scp>ESCCA</scp> initiative on advanced analyses of monocyte lineage using flow cytometry (2015)

In April 2013, a symposium was organized to highlight different aspects of differentiation and activation of the monocyte-macrophage lineage as analyzed on the flow cytometer. Characterization of this lineage requires knowledge of the maturation process from their progenitors that are present in bone marrow up to the mature monocytic cells in peripheral blood, because each monocytic lineage cell with an aberrant phenotype refers to the corresponding maturation stage. A standardized quantitative analysis will facilitate the monitoring of the pathological processes and the clinical features, such as the outcome of treatment. However, changes in marker expression by variation in intensity, asynchronism, and lineage infidelity must be considered. The dynamics of normal marker expressions in early differentiation stages, e.g. molecules like HLA II, CD64 or CD14, give rise to a hypothesis on their possible role in monocyte ontogeny. Besides their usual role in tissue homeostasis, mature macrophages may also play a similar role in hematopoiesis. This meeting highlighted the large potential of flow cytometric tools available for monitoring of all these aspects in the monocytic and macrophage cell lineage. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1—a new mediator of resistance to temozolomide in glioblastoma (2012)

Implementation of chemotherapy with the drug temozolomide increased the overall survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; WHO grade IV), in particular when the O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter is epigenetically silenced. Nevertheless, the prognosis remains poor, and relapse in GBM occurs regularly. This clinical behavior seems to be due to the existence of a therapy-resistant subpopulation of cells that induce tumor regrowth. The objective of this work was to analyze the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1A1 in mediating temozolomide resistance and its value as a predictor of clinical outcome in GBM patients. Nine GBM cell lines were treated with temozolomide alone or in combination with 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), an inhibitor of ALDH1A1, or with ALDH1A1 short hairpin (sh)RNA. ALDH1A1 expression and MGMT status of 70 primary GBM patients were correlated with median survival. ALDH1A1 overexpression predicted temozolomide resistance in vitro. Sensitivity of ALDH1A1 positive/MGMT-positive cells to temozolomide could be restored by inhibition of ALDH1A1 by DEAB or by knockdown with shRNA, as indicated by increased cytotoxicity, reduced clonogenicity, and accumulation in the G2/M cell-cycle phase. The prognosis of patients with a high level of ALDH1A1 expression was poor compared with that of patients with low levels (P < .0001). ALDH1A1 is a new mediator for resistance of GBM to temozolomide and a reliable predictor of clinical outcome and may serve as a potential target to improve treatment of human GBM.
Epithelial and stromal expression of syndecan-2 in pancreatic carcinoma. (2010)

Our results support a potential role for syndecan-2 in pancreatic carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Moreover, expression of syndecan-2 might serve as a prognostic marker.
Modelling architectural design rules in UML (2008)

Current techniques for modelling software architecture do not support the modelling of architectural design rules, which are recognized as important design artefacts by current research in software architecture. This is a problem in the context of Model-Driven Development in which it is assumed that major design artefacts are represented as formal or semi-formal models. This paper addresses this problem by proposing how architectural design rules could be expressed in UML in a meta-model for the system model
A nanoporous metal phosphide catalyst for bifunctional water splitting (2018)

Nanoporous Ni–Fe–P prepared by dealloying exhibits excellent bifunctional catalytic activity for HER and OER under alkaline conditions.
[Development of synthetic peptide vaccine against influenza--T cell epitope the hemagglutinin of A/Aichi/2/68(H3N2) influenza virus induced immune response in mice]. (1994)

Residues 46 and 54 of a synthetic peptide composed of residues 43-58 (AEGFSYTDANKNKGIT) of pigeon cytochrome c (p43-58) function as the agretope (the site of contact between the major histocompatibility complex and the antigen) and residues 50 and 52 function as the epitope (the site of contact between the T cell receptor and the peptide antigen). 46F54A peptide which was prepared by reserving phenylalanine (F) at an agretopic position 46 but substituting asparagine (N) to alanine (A) at the other agretopic position 54 bound to I-Ab molecule more tightly than p43-58. Previously, it was demonstrated that F at position 46 and A at position 54 functioned as the agretope in the 46F54A-specific and I-Ab-restricted T cell responses. Then I proved that these substitutions of amino acids at the agretopic positions did not affect the epitopic function, and substitutions of amino acids at the epitopic positions did not affect the binding between the agretope and MHC class II molecule each other. In the present study, I synthesized peptide vaccine by introducing several peptide fragments deduced from the hemagglutinin (HA) of A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) influenza virus into the central epitopic part of 46F54A. 46F/HA127-133/54A (18mer) which was synthesized by substituting residues 48-52 of 46F54A to residues 127-133 of the HA could induce antigen specific proliferative response of T cells in I-Ab mice. In the sera obtained from the I-Ab mice immunized intraperitoneally with 46F/HA127-133/54A (18mer) specific antibodies to A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) influenza virus were detected by ELISA. In addition, the sera neutralized infectivity of the virus in plaque reduction test using MDCK cells in vitro. This synthetic peptide vaccine was incorporated in multi-lamella-liposome and administered intranasally to I-Ab mice. The mice were protected from challenge infection with A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) influenza virus in vivo.
Measurement of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with the DOAS Technique (1995)

Long-path DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) in the ultraviolet spectral region has been shown to be applicable for low-concentration measurements of light aromatic hydrocarbons. However, because of spectral interferences among different aromatics as well as with oxygen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, the application of the DOAS technique for this group of components is not without problems. This project includes a study of the differential absorption characteristics, between 250 and 280 nm, of twelve light aromatic hydrocarbons representing major constituents in technical solvents used in the automobile industry. Spectral overlapping between the different species, including oxygen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, has been investigated and related to the chemical structure of the different aromatics. Interference effects in the DOAS application due to spectral overlapping have been investigated both in quantitative and in qualitative terms, with data from a field campaign at a major automobile manufacturing plant.