gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards Deeper Graph Neural Networks (2020)

Graph neural networks have shown significant success in the field of graph representation learning. Graph convolutions perform neighborhood aggregation and represent one of the most important graph operations. Nevertheless, one layer of these neighborhood aggregation methods only consider immediate neighbors, and the performance decreases when going deeper to enable larger receptive fields. Several recent studies attribute this performance deterioration to the over-smoothing issue, which states that repeated propagation makes node representations of different classes indistinguishable. In this work, we study this observation systematically and develop new insights towards deeper graph neural networks. First, we provide a systematical analysis on this issue and argue that the key factor compromising the performance significantly is the entanglement of representation transformation and propagation in current graph convolution operations. After decoupling these two operations, deeper graph neural networks can be used to learn graph node representations from larger receptive fields. We further provide a theoretical analysis of the above observation when building very deep models, which can serve as a rigorous and gentle description of the over-smoothing issue. Based on our theoretical and empirical analysis, we propose Deep Adaptive Graph Neural Network (DAGNN) to adaptively incorporate information from large receptive fields. A set of experiments on citation, co-authorship, and co-purchase datasets have confirmed our analysis and insights and demonstrated the superiority of our proposed methods.
Interactions of Thrombin with Benzamidine-based Inhibitors (1992)

Trypsin and trypsin-like enzymes cleave C-terminal bonds of the basic amino acids Arg and Lys. Inhibitors of these enzymes have been found not only among Arg and Lys derivatives but also with structurally related benzamidines. Especially cyclic amides of 4-amidinophenylalanine were found to be inhibitors of thrombin. The most potent selective thrombin inhibitor of these type is N alpha-(beta-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidine. From the X-ray crystal structures of thrombin and trypsin-inhibitor complexes the thrombin complexes formed with inhibitors derived from amidinophenylalanine have been modeled. These models allow valuable predictions to design inhibitors of improved selection and binding properties. Most recently, also the X-ray crystal structures of complexes of inhibitors with bovine thrombin have been solved.
Increasing the productivity of bioconversion processes (1997)

In some syntheses, product formation can cause problems that limit overall productivity. This is frequently the case in bioprocesses, especially in bioconversions, because the product may inhibit or damage the biological catalyst or interfere with other components in the reaction medium. Many reactions are reversible, so yields decrease when the product is allowed to accumulate in the reactor. Some desired products may be unstable or reactive under the conditions of the reaction. Any of these conditions can limit the maximum conversion or product concentration. However, many limitations can be overcome with in situ product removal (ISPR), a family of techniques in which the product is removed as it is synthesized. The authors have devised a systematic approach to identify the most suitable process options for the design and operation of bioconversion processes, emphasizing the integration of upstream (i.e., catalyst production) and downstream (i.e., product recovery) operations. The paper discusses separation principles, ISPR integration, choosing the best techniques, application of ISPR to bioconversion processes, and system design.
Binding of metal ions by polyethylenimine and its derivatives (1985)

Abstract Measurements have been made of the binding of divalent metal ions, Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , and Zn 2+ ions, by polyethylenimine (PEI) and its acetyl or alkyl derivatives by the equilibriumdialysis technique. These metal ions, in particular the Cu 2+ ion, exhibited tremendously remarkable binding affinity toward PEI. The extent of complexation of the polymer with the metal ions was decreased markedly by acetylation or alkylation of the polymer. PEI with no primary amine showed an appreciable decrease in its affinity for the metal ion. These results indicate the participation of the primary amine of the polymer in the formation of the complex. A cooperative binding isotherm was observed in PEI–metal ion complex formation, suggesting swelling or conformational change of the polymer induced by this coordination process. Binding of the Cu 2+ ion by PEI was found to be essentially independent of temperature over the range 5–35°C.
Abnormal integrin-mediated regulation of chronic myelogenous leukemia CD34 <sup>+</sup> cell proliferation: BCR/ABL up-regulates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27 <sup>Kip</sup> , which is relocated to the cell cytoplasm and incapable of regulating cdk2 activity (2000)

beta(1)-integrin engagement on normal (NL) CD34(+) cells increases levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (cdki), p27(Kip), decreases cdk2 activity, and inhibits G(1)/S-phase progression. In contrast, beta(1)-integrin engagement on chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) CD34(+) cells does not inhibit G(1)/S progression. We now show that, in CML, baseline p27(Kip) levels are significantly higher than in NL CD34(+) cells, but adhesion to fibronectin (FN) does not increase p27(Kip) levels. p27(Kip) mRNA levels are similar in CML and NL CD34(+) cells and remain unchanged after adhesion, suggesting posttranscriptional regulation. Despite the elevated p27(Kip) levels, cdk2 kinase activity is similar in CML and NL CD34(+) cells. In NL CD34(+) cells, >90% of p27(Kip) is located in the nucleus, where it binds to cdk2 after integrin engagement. In CML CD34(+) cells, however, >80% of p27(Kip) is located in the cytoplasm even in FN-adherent cells, and significantly less p27(Kip) is bound to cdk2. Thus, presence of BCR/ABL induces elevated levels of p27(Kip) and relocation of p27(Kip) to the cytoplasm, which contributes to the loss of integrin-mediated proliferation inhibition, characteristic of CML.
Large Signal Amplitude and Bias Range of Cascade Switch Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (2009)

Cascade switch superconducting nanowire single photon detectors has been fabricated of ultrathin NbN films deposited by DC-magnetron sputtering at room temperature on MgO substrates. Detectors using 4 to 24 nanowires in parallel, having an area coverage of 5times mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and a filling factor of 40%, have been investigated. Signal amplitudes increase with the number of parallel nanowires and reaches 12.3 mV with a signal noise of 20 muV. The range of bias currents where the detectors emit signal pulses also increase with the number of parallel nanowires and exceeds the nanowire critical current.
Genital warts: their etiology and treatment. (1998)

This article continues our series looking at the most common sexually transmitted infections. The risk factors, incidence and treatment of genital warts are explained and the care of the patient is described. A case study completes the overview.
Redefining Classification of Civil Regulation: Child Labor in the Global Supply Chain (2014)

As globalization has unfolded, the number of transnational corporations (TNCs) has dramatically increased. Operating under multiple national...
Abnormal Balance between Proliferation and Apoptotic Cell Death in Fibroblasts Derived from Keloid Lesions (2001)

A new culture model was developed to study the role of proliferation and apoptosis in the etiology of keloids. Fibroblasts were isolated from the superficial, central, and basal regions of six different keloid lesions by using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium containing 10% fetal calf serum as a culture medium. The growth behavior of each fibroblast fraction was examined in short-term and long-term cultures, and the percentage of apoptotic cells was assessed by in situ end labeling of fragmented DNA. The fibroblasts obtained from the superficial and basal regions of keloid tissue showed population doubling times and saturation densities that were similar to those of age-matched normal fibroblasts. In contrast, the fibroblasts from the center of the keloid lesions showed significantly reduced doubling times (25.9 +/- 6.3 hours versus 43.5 +/- 6.3 hours for normal fibroblasts) and reached higher cell densities. In long-term culture, central keloid fibroblasts formed a stratified three-dimensional structure, contracted the self-produced extracellular matrix, and gave rise to nodular cell aggregates, mimicking the formation of keloid tissue. Apoptotic cells were detected in both normal and keloid-derived fibroblasts, but their numbers were twofold higher in normal cells compared with all keloid fibroblasts. To examine whether apoptosis mediates the therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation on keloids, the cells were exposed to gamma rays at a dose of 8 Gy. Under these conditions, a twofold increase in the population of apoptotic cells was detected. These results indicate that the balance between proliferation and apoptosis is impaired in keloid fibroblasts, which could be responsible for the formation of keloid tumors. The results also suggest that keloids contain at least two different fibroblast fractions that vary in growth behavior and extracellular matrix metabolism.
The competing oxide and sub-oxide formation in metal-oxide molecular beam epitaxy (2015)

The hetero-epitaxial growth of the n-type semiconducting oxides β-Ga2O3, In2O3, and SnO2 on c- and r-plane sapphire was performed by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The growth-rate and desorbing flux from the substrate were measured in-situ under various oxygen to metal ratios by laser reflectometry and quadrupole mass spectrometry, respectively. These measurements clarified the role of volatile sub-oxide formation (Ga2O, In2O, and SnO) during growth, the sub-oxide stoichiometry, and the efficiency of oxide formation for the three oxides. As a result, the formation of the sub-oxides decreased the growth-rate under metal-rich growth conditions and resulted in etching of the oxide film by supplying only metal flux. The flux ratio for the exclusive formation of the sub-oxide (e.g., the p-type semiconductor SnO) was determined, and the efficiency of oxide formation was found to be the highest for SnO2, somewhat lower for In2O3, and the lowest for Ga2O3. Our findings can be generalized to further oxides that possess related sub-oxides.
Enabling Battery-Less Wireless Sensor Operation Using Solar Energy Harvesting at Locations with Limited Solar Radiation (2010)

Environmental monitoring applications demand wireless sensor networks to operate over a long period of time. Although energy consumption of these systems has been tremendously reduced, lifetime of sensor nodes is still limited by the capacity and lifetime of batteries used as energy sources. Energy harvesting, and in outdoor deployments particular, solar energy harvesting becomes a suitable way of powering wireless sensor nodes as their power consumption decreases. In this paper we address the feasibility of battery-less operation of wireless sensor nodes using solar energy harvesting at locations where the amount of solar radiation is severely limited and seasonal variations are large. We present two circuit architectures optimized for low energy leakage and evaluate their performance based on data gathered in a deployment during winter in Sundsvall, Sweden. We show that both architectures allow operation of sensor nodes even in the darkest period of the year. Furthermore comparisons between the two architecture designs are provided.
Amplitude and phase characterization by diffracted beam interferometry: blind dbi (2011)

Diffracted beam interferometry is a self referenced method characterization technique whose operation principle is based on the reconstruction of the phase of a beam starting from the interference data between the beam and its diffracted copy. The phase is recovered indirectly by means of an iterative algorithm that relates the irradiances of the interfering beams and its phase difference. The first experimental demonstration of DBI was implemented on a Mach-Zenhder interferometer which incorporated an afocal imaging system in each arm, in order to form an image of a common object in different planes at the output of the interferometer. The irradiance data as well as the phase difference data were picked up from one of the image planes and they were introduced in the iterative algorithm. In this work we discuss a modification of the algorithm that allows to reconstruct simultaneously the amplitude and phase of the wavefront starting from, exclusively, the phase difference between the two waves that interfere in one of the image planes. This new algorithm improves the reconstruction process because the data acquisition process is faster and consequently the method is less influenced by environment disturbances. The method has been applied successfully to the characterization of phase plates and laser beams as well as to the local characterization of ophthalmic lenses.
CPR Techniques That Combine Chest and Abdominal Compression and Decompression (1999)

Adjunctive maneuvers, combined with conventional chest compression, can produce substantial hemodynamic benefit in CPR by credible physiological mechanisms.
Pathogenicity, Growth, and Sporulation of Mucor mucedo and Botrytis cinerea in Cold or CA Storage (1990)

The virulence of Mucor mucedo (L.) Fr. (the cause of mucor rot) and Botrytis cinerea Pers. (gray mold) on vegetables stored at 13C for 7 days or 1C for 70 days varied with the host and controlled atmosphere (CA). M. mucedo was severely pathogenic at 13C to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), eggplant (Solarium melongena L. var. esculentum Nees), pepper (Capsicum annum L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), but not to bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The fungus did not infect carrot (Daucus carota L. var. sativa DC.), celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce DC.), onion (Allium cepa L.), or parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) at 1C. B. cinerea was virulent on all of these crops at 13 or 1C. The severity of mucor rot and gray mold on eggplant stored at 13C for 14 days was suppressed most in a CA of 7.5% CO + 1.5% O 2 and least in 1.5% 0 2 , in comparison with the air control. Similarly, the growth and sporulation of each pathogen on eggplant-extract agar maintained at 13C for 4 or 14 days were suppressed most in 7.5% CO + 1.5% O 2 ; suppression was least in 1.5% O 2 . The suppression of diseases on eggplant was highly correlated with the suppression of mycelial growth and sporulation of pathogens on agar.
Squaric Acid <i>N</i>-Hydroxylamides:  Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Vinylogous Hydroxamic Acid Analogues (2003)

The synthesis of squaric acid N-hydroxylamide esters 5 and amides 6 from dimethyl squarate 2a is described. These derivatives are analogues of the naturally occurring iron(III) chelator hydroxamic acid. On the basis of a comparative reactivity study, a concerted retro-Cope mechanism for the formation of the N-hydroxylamide esters 5 by reaction of dimethyl squarate with hydroxylamines is proposed. A preliminary iron(III) binding study of these hydroxamic acid analogues is presented, demonstrating binding of iron(III) to amides 6 in aqueous solutions, while the esters 5 did not show any sign of metal ion binding. 13C NMR spectroscopic data (chemical shift and spin-lattice relaxation time determination) of these and related derivatives delineate the resonance structures predominant in these molecules. The resonance structures of the derivatives rationalize their spectroscopic data, chemical reactivity, and iron(III) binding properties. Single-crystal X-ray structure analyses of squaric acid N-hydroxylamide ester 5b and squaric acid N-hydroxylamide amide 6c confirm their connectivity and provide structural evidence supporting the spectroscopically derived conclusions. The squaric acid N-hydroxylamides are potentially useful in the construction of chemosensors for iron(III).
Optimized programmable hardware scheduler for reconfigurable MPSoCs (2016)

Embedded System plays a vital role in consumer Industry. Complex applications need systems which contains multiple heterogeneous processors, running in parallel to speed up the system. Also due to area constraints, the processors are evolved in a single System on Chip called Multiprocessor System on Chip (MPSoC). The system should be reusable and debuggable, hence the designers designed and developed Reconfigurable MPSoCs rather than Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). Multiprocessor System on Chip (MPSoC) platform plays a vital role in parallel processor architecture design. However the growth of number of processing elements in one chip, task decomposition and scheduling become major bottlenecks of MPSoC architecture. To execute the applications, the application software is splitted as tasks and mapped to the different available processors and scheduled the tasks as when to execute in the available processors when the resources are ready. Selection of most suitable candidates for execution in a particular processor is very much important. Hardware related tasks are executed in different hardware accelerators and software tasks in processors. The area occupied by the schedulers in memory is more in internal memory. For scheduling these tasks, a programmable hardware is developed as hardware scheduler in the reconfigurable MPSoC using NIOS II processor. The algorithm for optimized scheduling in the target architecture is proposed. The literature survey is made with the hardware scheduler and new target MPSoC architecture. Quartus II version 12.1 and SOPC Builder are used to configure the NIOS II processer. Nios II EDS software tool has been used to build the application code.
Halogenated carbonyl ylides in the reactions of mercurial dihalocarbene precursors with substituted benzaldehydes (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHalogenated carbonyl ylides in the reactions of mercurial dihalocarbene precursors with substituted benzaldehydesCharles W. Martin, Paul R. Lund, Erich Rapp, and John A. LandgrebeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 6, 1071–1076Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00400a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00400a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views343Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Privacy-Preserving Matchmaking in Geosocial Networks with Untrusted Servers (2017)

As a major branch of LBSs, geosocial networking services become popular. An important functionality of geosocial networking services is allowing people to find potential friends who have similar profile within close proximity and initiate communication with each other. However, in order to realize this functionality, most existing services require mobile users to reveal their profiles and location information to an untrusted service provider, which may expose LBSs to vulnerabilities for abuse and endanger mobile users' privacy. To address this problem, we propose to encrypt users' profile with a new searchable encryption scheme. Combining this searchable encryption scheme with other cryptographic techniques we construct a privacy- preserving matchmaking system. Compared with a previous one that aims to solve the same problem, ours is more secure, supports more flexible functionalities and moves computationally heavy key updates to resourceful service providers.
Metal Matrix Composite Brake Rotor: Historical Development and Product Life Cycle Analysis (2014)

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have become attractive for engineering structural applications due to their excellent specific strength and are increasingly seen as an alternative to conventional materials, particularly in the automotive industry. In this study, a historical background on the development and application of metal matrix composites for automotive brake rotors is presented. The discussion also includes an analysis of the product life cycle with stir casting as a case study. The historical review analysis revealed that gradual development of material and processing techniques have led to lighter weight, lower cost and higher performance brake rotors as a result of a better understanding of the mechanics of metal matrix composites. It emerged from the study that the stir casting technique provides ease of operation, sustainability and, most significantly, very competitive costs without sacrificing quality relative to other techniques; as such, it is the most attractive manufacturing process in the industry. These findings can be used for future design and manufacture of an efficient and effective aluminium matrix composite brake rotor for automotive and other applications.
Evidence that transpeptidation is a significant function of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. (1981)

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (purified from rat kidney) was incubated with glutathione and a mixture of amino acids that closely approximates the amino acid composition of blood plasma, and the relative extents of transpeptidation and hydrolysis were determined by quantitative measurement of the products formed (glutamate, cysteinylglycine, gamma-glutamyl amino acids). At pH 7.4, in the presence of 50 microM glutathione and the amino acid mixture, about 50% of the glutathione that was utilized participated in transpeptidation. Studies in which the formation of individual gamma-glutamyl amino acids was determined in the presence of glutathione and the amino acid mixture showed that L-cystine and L-glutamine are the most active amino acid acceptors, and that other neutral amino acids also participate in transpeptidation to a significant extent. These in vitro experiments are consistent with a number of other findings which indicate that transpeptidation is a significant physiological function of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
A Novel Anti-Vascular Therapy for Cancer (2004)

Commentary to: Targeting Vascular and Avascular Compartments of Tumors with C. novyi-NT and Anti-microtubule Agents L.H. Dang, C. Bettegowda, N. Agrawal, I. Cheong, D. Huso, P. Frost, F. Loganzo, L. Greenberger, J. Barkoczy, G.R. Pettit, A.B. Smith, H. Gurulingappa, S. Khan, G. Parmigiani, K.W. Kinzler, S. Zhou and B. Vogelstein