gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and development of soft landing ion mobility: A novel instrument for preparative material deposition (2011)

The design and fabrication of a novel soft landing instrument Soft Landing Ion Mobility (SLIM) is described here. Topics covered include history of soft landing, gas phase mobility theory, the design and fabrication of SLIM, as well as applications pertaining to soft landing. Principle applications devised for this instrument involved the gas phase separation and selection of an ionized component from a multicomponent gas phase mixture as combing technique to optimize coatings, catalyst, and a variety of alternative application in the sciences.
Films from soft‐core/hard‐shell hydrophobic latexes: Structure and thermomechanical properties (2000)

Structured latexes provide a promising route to hard coatings without the use of coalescing aids. We studied the thermomechanical properties of films from structured soft-core/hard-shell hydrophobic latexes. We found that the mechanical properties of these films were closely related to their very particular organization. When the rigid phase was continuous, whatever its volume fraction, the films exhibited a high elastic modulus. An analysis of the viscoelastic properties of the films provided a good method for obtaining information about the interphase between the hard shell and soft core of the latex particles. By varying the film structure through annealing or the particle composition (core/shell ratio, core crosslinking, etc.), we were able to tune the mechanical properties of the films. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2989–3000, 2000
The Design of a Fluidic Oxygen Intermittent-Demand Flow Device. (1980)

A laminar flow fluidic intermittent-demand valve for oxygen therapy has been designed and tested to faithfully follow a patient's respiratory cycle. A savings of oxygen from 10 to 67 percent is possible under certain conditions. A small air pump can power the fluidic circuit. Since no moving parts are used other than a diaphragm flow valve, this intermittent-demand valve is expected to be very reliable and require little or no maintenance. (Author)
A primary method for determination of optical parameters of turbid samples and application to intralipid between 550 and 1630nm (2006)

The lack of a primary method for determination of optical parameters remains a significant barrier in optical study of turbid media. We present a complete system of experimental setups and Monte Carlo modeling tools for fast and accurate solution of the inverse problem from the measured signals of homogeneous turbid samples. The calibration of the instrument and validation of the Monte Carlo modeling have been carried out to ensure the accuracy of the inverse solution. We applied this method to determine the optical parameters of turbid media of 10% intralipid between 550 and 940 nm and 20% intralipid between 550 and 1630 nm.
B- and T-lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease. An immunohistochemical study utilizing heterologous and monoclonal antibodies (1985)

Immunohistologic techniques utilizing monoclonal antibodies have made possible the identification of leukocytes by their phenotypic characteristics rather than by morphologic features alone. A panel of antibodies for T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, and monocyte/histiocyte markers has been applied to frozen sections of nodular sclerosing and mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease to identify more precisely the various cell types present in tissues involved in Hodgkin's disease. The majority of lymphocytes expressed detectable T-cell phenotypic markers, with a predominance of the "helper" phenotype (Leu 3/OKT4) in most cases. Lymphocytes reacting with anti-B-cell antibodies were also demonstrated; their distribution is described here and has not previously been reported. The anti-B- and anti-T-cell antibodies used in this study failed to give positive reactivity with Reed-Sternberg cells. However, one of the anti-monocyte antibodies (Leu-M1) reacted with diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells in some cases. The patterns of staining observed varied widely within the two histologic types of Hodgkin's disease, leading to a conclusion that this disease may be more heterogeneous than is currently suspected.
Robust full-length hepatitis C virus genotype 2a and 2b infectious cultures using mutations identified by a systematic approach applicable to patient strains (2012)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, but treatment options are limited. Basic HCV research required for vaccine and drug development has been hampered by inability to culture patient isolates, and to date only the JFH1 (genotype 2a) recombinant replicates spontaneously in hepatoma cells and releases infectious virus. A JFH1 chimera with the 5' end through NS2 from another genotype 2a strain, J6, had enhanced infectivity. However, the full-length J6 clone (J6CF), which we previously found to be fully functional in vivo, was replication incompetent in vitro. Through a systematic approach of culturing J6 with minimal JFH1 sequences, we identified three mutations in NS3, NS4A, and NS5B that permitted full-length J6 propagation and adaptation with infectivity titers comparable to JFH1-based systems. The most efficient recombinant, J6cc, had six adaptive mutations and did not accumulate additional changes following viral passage. We demonstrated that HCV NS3/NS4A protease-, NS5A- and NS5B polymerase-directed drugs respectively inhibited full-length J6 infection dose dependently. Importantly, the three J6-derived mutations enabled culture adaptation of the genetically divergent isolate J8 (genotype 2b), which differed from the J6 nucleotide sequence by 24%. The most efficient recombinant, J8cc, had nine adaptive mutations and was genetically stable after viral passage. The availability of these robust JFH1-independent genotype 2a and 2b culture systems represents an important advance, and the approach used might permit culture development of other isolates, with implications for improved individualized treatments of HCV patients and for development of broadly efficient vaccines.
Optical performance monitoring using data stream intensity autocorrelation (2006)

We demonstrate optical performance monitoring (OPM) using intensity autocorrelations of 10-Gb/s return-to-zero (RZ) data. Data stream intensity autocorrelations are used for the quantitative determination of the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) and accumulated dispersion values up to half the Talbot dispersion. Autocorrelations are performed using sensitive two-photon absorption in photon counting silicon avalanche photodiodes. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate the retrieval of optical signal-to-noise ratio values in the presence of large accumulated dispersion
Enhanced Interpolated-DFT for Synchrophasor Estimation in FPGAs: Theory, Implementation, and Validation of a PMU Prototype (2014)

The literature on the subject of synchrophasor estimation (SE) algorithms has discussed the use of interpolated discrete Fourier transform (IpDFT) as an approach capable to find an optimal tradeoff between SE accuracy, response time, and computational complexity. Within this category of algorithms, this paper proposes three contributions: the formulation of an enhanced-IpDFT (e-IpDFT) algorithm that iteratively compensates the effects of the spectral interference produced by the negative image of the main spectrum tone; the assessment of the influence of the e-IpDFT parameters on the SE accuracy; and the discussion of the deployment of IpDFT-based SE algorithms into field programmable gate arrays, with particular reference to the compensation of the error introduced by the free-running clock of A/D converters with respect to the global positioning system (GPS) time reference. The paper finally presents the experimental validation of the proposed approach where the e-IpDFT performances are compared with those of a classical IpDFT approach and to the accuracy requirements of both P and M-class phasor measurement units defined in the IEEE Std. C37.118-2011.
A one-step strategy for ultra-fast and low-cost mass production of plastic membrane microfluidic chips (2016)

An ultra-fast, extremely cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method was developed for fabricating flexible microfluidic chips with plastic membranes. With this method, we could fabricate plastic microfluidic chips rapidly (within 12 seconds per piece) at an extremely low cost (less than $0.02 per piece). We used a heated perfluoropolymer perfluoroalkoxy (often called Teflon PFA) solid stamp to press a pile of two pieces of plastic membranes, low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) coated with an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). During the short period of contact with the heated PFA stamp, the pressed area of the membranes permanently bonded, while the LDPE membrane spontaneously rose up at the area not pressed, forming microchannels automatically. These two regions were clearly distinguishable even at the micrometer scale so we were able to fabricate microchannels with widths down to 50 microns. This method combines the two steps in the conventional strategy for microchannel fabrication, generating microchannels and sealing channels, into a single step. The production is a green process without using any solvent or generating any waste. Also, the chips showed good resistance against the absorption of Rhodamine 6G, oligonucleotides, and green fluorescent protein (GFP). We demonstrated some typical microfluidic manipulations with the flexible plastic membrane chips, including droplet formation, on-chip capillary electrophoresis, and peristaltic pumping for quantitative injection of samples and reagents. In addition, we demonstrated convenient on-chip detection of lead ions in water samples by a peristaltic-pumping design, as an example of the application of the plastic membrane chips in a resource-limited environment. Due to the high speed and low cost of the fabrication process, this single-step method will facilitate the mass production of microfluidic chips and commercialization of microfluidic technologies.
Joint two‐view information for computerized detection of microcalcifications on mammograms (2006)

We are developing new techniques to improve the accuracy of computerized microcalcification detection by using the joint two-view information on craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral-oblique (MLO) views. After cluster candidates were detected using a single-view detection technique, candidates on CC and MLO views were paired using their radial distances from the nipple. Candidate pairs were classified with a similarity classifier that used the joint information from both views. Each cluster candidate was also characterized by its single-view features. The outputs of the similarity classifier and the single-view classifier were fused and the cluster candidate was classified as a true microcalcification cluster or a false-positive (FP) using the fused two-view information. A data set of 116 pairs of mammograms containing microcalcification clusters and 203 pairs of normal images from the University of South Florida (USF) public database was used for training the two-view detection algorithm. The trained method was tested on an independent test set of 167 pairs of mammograms, which contained 71 normal pairs and 96 pairs with microcalcification clusters collected at the University of Michigan (UM). The similarity classifier had a very low FP rate for the test set at low and medium levels of sensitivity. However, the highest mammogram-based sensitivity that could be reached by the similarity classifier was 69%. The single-view classifier had a higher FP rate compared to the similarity classifier, but it could reach a maximum mammogram-based sensitivity of 93%. The fusion method combined the scores of these two classifiers so that the number of FPs was substantially reduced at relatively low and medium sensitivities, and a relatively high maximum sensitivity was maintained. For the malignant microcalcification clusters, at a mammogram-based sensitivity of 80%, the FP rates were 0.18 and 0.35 with the two-view fusion and single-view detection methods, respectively. When the training and test sets were switched, a similar improvement was obtained, except that both the fusion and single-view detection methods had superior test performances on the USF data set than those on the UM data set. Our results indicate that correspondence of cluster candidates on two different views provides valuable additional information for distinguishing FPs from true microcalcification clusters.
Cell-Aware Test (2014)

This paper describes the new cell-aware test (CAT) approach, which enables a transistor-level and defect-based ATPG on full CMOS-based designs to significantly reduce the defect rate of manufactured ICs, including FinFET technologies. We present results from a defect-oriented CAT fault model generation for 1,940 standard library cells, as well as the application of CAT to several industrial designs. We present high volume production test results from a 32 nm notebook processor and from a 350 nm automotive design, including the achieved defect rate reduction in defective-parts-per-million. We also present CAT diagnosis and physical failure analysis results from one failing part and give an outlook for using the functionality for quickly ramping up the yield in advanced technology nodes.
Wide Field Collimator 2 (WFC2) for GOES Imager and Sounder (2004)

Two of the GOES instruments, the Imager and the Sounder, perform scans of the Earth to provide a full disc picture of the Earth. To verify the entire scan process, an image of a target that covers an 18o circular field-of-view is collimated and projected into the field of regard of each instrument. The Wide Field Collimator 2 (WFC2) 1 has many advantages over its predecessor, WFC1, including lower thermal dissipation, higher far field MTF, smaller package, and a more intuitive (faster) focusing process. The illumination source is an LED array that emits in a narrow spectral band centered at 689 nm, within the visible spectral bands of the Imager and Sounder. The illumination level can be continuously adjusted electronically. Lower thermal dissipation eliminates the need for forced convection cooling and minimizes time to reach thermal stability. The lens system has been optimized for the illumination source spectral output and athermalized to remain in focus during bulk temperature changes within the laboratory environment. The MTF of the lens is higher than that of the WFC1 at the edge of FOV. The target is focused in three orthogonal motions, controlled by an ergonomic system that saves substantial time and produces a sharper focus.
The development of micro/nano chemical sensor systems for aerospace applications (2010)

Aerospace applications require a range of chemical sensing technologies to monitor conditions related to both space exploration and aeronautic aircraft operations. These applications include leak detection, engine emissions monitoring, fire detection, human health monitoring, and environmental monitoring. This paper discusses efforts to produce microsensor platforms and Smart Sensor Systems that can be tailored to measure a range of chemical species. This technology development ranges from development of base sensor platforms to the evaluation of more mature systems in relevant environments. Although microsensor systems can have a significant impact on aerospace applications, extensive application testing is necessary for their long-term implementation. The introduction of nanomaterials into microsensor platforms has the potential to significantly enable improved sensor performance, but control of those nanostructures is necessary in order to achieve maximum benefits. Examples will be given of microsensor platform technology, Smart Sensor Systems, application testing, and efforts to integrate and control nanostructures into sensor structures.
Activated CD8+ T cell extracellular vesicles prevent tumour progression by targeting of lesional mesenchymal cells (2018)

Fibroblastic tumour stroma comprising mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promotes the invasive and metastatic properties of tumour cells. Here we show that activated CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) interrupt fibroblastic stroma-mediated tumour progression. Activated CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells from healthy mice transiently release cytotoxic EVs causing marked attenuation of tumour invasion and metastasis by apoptotic depletion of mesenchymal tumour stromal cells. Infiltration of EV-producing CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells is observed in neovascular areas with high mesenchymal cell density, and tumour MSC depletion is associated with preferential engulfment of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell EVs in this setting. Thus, CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells have the capacity to protect tumour progression by EV-mediated depletion of mesenchymal tumour stromal cells in addition to their conventional direct cytotoxicity against tumour cells.
High level production of thermostable alpha-amylase from Sulfolobus solfataricus in high-cell density culture of the food yeast Candida utilis. (1999)

The alpha-amylase from Sulfolobus solfataricus has the commercially important ability to hydrolyze glycosyltrehalose and can be used for the production of trehalose from soluble starch. We have produced this enzyme in the food yeast Candida utilis at extremely high levels. Because the S. solfataricus gene was previously shown to be very poorly expressed, the gene was resynthesized based on codons preferentially found in the highly expressed C. utilis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) gene. Expression of this synthetic gene under the control of the GAP promoter yielded biologically active alpha-amylase, accounting for more than 50% of the soluble protein. Comparison of the expression levels of various chimeric constructs of the synthetic and native genes indicated that the production level of the alpha-amylase was improved more than 2x10(4)-fold by substituting the native gene with the synthesized one. Northern analysis revealed the formation of short mRNAs in transformants with constructs containing native gene fragments, suggesting that premature termination of the transcripts is responsible for the low production level. The alpha-amylase-producing C. utilis cells were grown up to 92 grams dry cell weight per liter in a synthetic medium, yielding 12.3 g/l alpha-amylase which accounts for up to 27% of total cell proteins.
Kernel Sparse Models for Automated Tumor Segmentation (2013)

In this paper, we propose sparse coding-based approaches for segmentation of tumor regions from MR images. Sparse coding with data-adapted dictionaries has been successfully employed in several image recovery and vision problems. The proposed approaches obtain sparse codes for each pixel in brain magnetic resonance images considering their intensity values and location information. Since it is trivial to obtain pixel-wise sparse codes, and combining multiple features in the sparse coding setup is not straightforward, we propose to perform sparse coding in a high-dimensional feature space where non-linear similarities can be effectively modeled. We use the training data from expert-segmented images to obtain kernel dictionaries with the kernel K-lines clustering procedure. For a test image, sparse codes are computed with these kernel dictionaries, and they are used to identify the tumor regions. This approach is completely automated, and does not require user intervention to initialize the tumor regions in a test image. Furthermore, a low complexity segmentation approach based on kernel sparse codes, which allows the user to initialize the tumor region, is also presented. Results obtained with both the proposed approaches are validated against manual segmentation by an expert radiologist, and the proposed methods lead to accurate tumor identification.
Modified Pressure System for Imaging Egg Cracks (2008)

One aspect of grading table eggs is shell checks or cracks. Currently, USDA voluntary regulations require that humans grade a representative sample of all eggs processed. However, as processing plants and packing facilities continue to increase their volume and throughput, human graders are having difficulty matching the pace of the machines. Additionally, some plants also have a problem with micro-cracks that the graders often miss because they are very small and hard to see immediately post-processing but grow and become readily apparent before they reach market. An imaging system was developed to help the grader detect these small micro-cracks. The imaging system utilized one image captured at atmospheric pressure and a second at a slight negative pressure to enhance the crack and make detection much easier. A simple image processing algorithm was then applied to the ratio of these two images and the resulting image, containing both cracked and/or intact eggs were color-coded to simplify identification. The imaging system was capable of imaging 15 eggs in about second and the algorithm processing took about another 10 seconds. These times could easily be reduced with a dedicated, multi-threaded computer program. In analyzing 1000 eggs, the system was 99.6% accurate overall with only 0.3% false positives compared to 94.2% accurate overall for the human graders with 1.2% false positives. An international patent on the system was filed and further automation of the system is needed.
<title>Fluorescent ion indicators for detecting heavy metals</title> (1995)

A series of fluorescent ion indicators were tested for their spectral response to submicromolar levels of 13 divalent and trivalent metal ions in aqueous solution. Upon binding their target ions, these fluorescent compounds exhibit changes in fluorescence emission intensity that are easily detectable, making them useful for direct the detection of soluble heavy metal ions including Hg<SUP>2+</SUP>, Cu<SUP>2+</SUP>, Ni<SUP>2+</SUP> and Cd<SUP>2+</SUP>. The fluorescence response of these indicators to ion binding results from photoinduced electron transfer effects, fluorophore/quencher interactions, fluorescence quenching by heavy metal ions or a combination of these processes. The majority of the indicators we tested bind their target ions reversibly with dissociation constants (K<SUB>d</SUB>) near 1 (mu) M (approximately 1 ppm) and detection limits near 100 nM (approximately 100 ppb) at pH 7. However, several indicators exhibit very high affinity for their target ion; for example, Magnesium Green<SUP>TM</SUP> binds Zn<SUP>2+</SUP> with a K<SUB>d</SUB> near 20 nM. All the indicators synthesized and tested are based on water-soluble fluorophores that have high fluorescence quantum yields (from 0.3 to 0.7) and can be excited with an Ar laser, fluorometer or hand- held UV lamp. Furthermore, the excitation and emission spectra of these indicators are insensitive to pH changes over the range of 5 to 10, as well as to high concentrations of K<SUP>+</SUP>, Na<SUP>+</SUP>, Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> and Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>. These properties make the indicators useful for the direct measurement of metal ions in solutions, such as biological fluids, sea water and waste streams, that contain high concentrations of salts.