gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of rhDNase I to Glycation in the Dry-Powder State (1999)

The accumulated data on the glycation process in rhDNase I, formulated with lactose and stored in the dry-powder state, indicates that this protein becomes covalently modified with lactose at five of the six lysines (2, 50, 77, 157, 260) and to a lesser extent on the amino terminus. Analysis of the three-dimensional protein structure indicates that the reported requirements for the specificity of site reactivity, site accessibility, and the presence of a proton donor/acceptor group near the reaction site, are maintained in this protein. A chemical reaction in the dry-powder state may become permissible simply due to the close packing and resultant high concentrations of the reactant molecules. The reaction between reducing sugar and protein in the dried state indicates that the arrangement of molecules within the dry-powder particle allows for direct contact between all the reactants, including contacts between protein molecules, which may contribute to the completion of the covalent reaction at a surface-accessible reactive site in which the required surrounding microenvironment for self-catalysis is available on only 35% of the individual molecules. These findings should indicate that the use of reducing sugars in the formulation of an excipient for the stabilization of dried protein is not advisable, as reaction clearly occurs between the reducing sugar and protein because of the potentially reactive nature of the proteins' accessible amino groups.
Pyruvate Formate Lyase and Acetate Kinase Are Essential for Anaerobic Growth of<i>Escherichia coli</i>on Xylose (2004)

During anaerobic growth of bacteria, organic intermediates of metabolism, such as pyruvate or its derivatives, serve as electron acceptors to maintain the overall redox balance. Under these conditions, the ATP needed for cell growth is derived from substrate-level phosphorylation. In Escherichia coli, conversion of glucose to pyruvate yields 2 net ATPs, while metabolism of a pentose, such as xylose, to pyruvate only yields 0.67 net ATP per xylose due to the need for one (each) ATP for xylose transport and xylulose phosphorylation. During fermentative growth, E. coli produces equimolar amounts of acetate and ethanol from two pyruvates, and these reactions generate one additional ATP from two pyruvates (one hexose equivalent) while still maintaining the overall redox balance. Conversion of xylose to acetate and ethanol increases the net ATP yield from 0.67 to 1.5 per xylose. An E. coli pfl mutant lacking pyruvate formate lyase cannot convert pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A, the required precursor for acetate and ethanol production, and could not produce this additional ATP. E. coli pfl mutants failed to grow under anaerobic conditions in xylose minimal medium without any negative effect on their survival or aerobic growth. An ackA mutant, lacking the ability to generate ATP from acetyl phosphate, also failed to grow in xylose minimal medium under anaerobic conditions, confirming the need for the ATP produced by acetate kinase for anaerobic growth on xylose. Since arabinose transport by AraE, the low-affinity, high-capacity, arabinose/H+ symport, conserves the ATP expended in pentose transport by the ABC transporter, both pfl and ackA mutants grew anaerobically with arabinose. AraE-based xylose transport, achieved after constitutively expressing araE, also supported the growth of the pfl mutant in xylose minimal medium. These results suggest that a net ATP yield of 0.67 per pentose is only enough to provide for maintenance energy but not enough to support growth of E. coli in minimal medium. Thus, pyruvate formate lyase and acetate kinase are essential for anaerobic growth of E. coli on xylose due to energetic constraints.
Isolation and characterization of two homoserine dehydrogenases from maize suspension cultures. (1979)

Homoserine dehydrogenase in unpurified extracts of maize (Zea mays L.) cell suspensions is inhibited 73% by the feedback regulator threonine; the remaining 27% of the total activity is not affected even by high concentrations of threonine. The threonine-resistant and threonine-sensitive homoserine dehydrogenase activities were separated by affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose columns, and the two distinct homoserine dehydrogenases were purified. The threonine-resistant enzyme is an Mr = 70,000 dimer of two Mr = 38,000 subunits and the threonine-sensitive enzyme is an Mr = 190,000 dimer containing two apparently different subunits with molecular weights of 89,000 and 93,000. The threonine-resistant enzyme exhibits normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics and its activity is not affected by any of the amino acid end products of the aspartate pathway. The threonine-sensitive enzyme exhibits positive cooperative kinetics with respect to NADPH and is inhibited by threonine and stimulated by isoleucine. All attempts to affect interconversion of the two purified enzymes have been unsuccessful. Because the purified enzymes correspond to activities present in crude extracts of various maize tissues, it is concluded that the two types of homoserine dehydrogenase are natural in vivo constituents of maize.
Navigating and interacting indoors with a mobile learning game (2006)

The paper reports on the experiences of designing the interface of a mobile learning game. Three system versions were presented to discuss design issues and the results of three trials (the largest with more than 100 users). Eight design implications resulted from those trials. 1) Base the navigation interface on maps designed for walking. 2) Precise zooming is adequate for standing use only; button based coarse zooming is adequate for walking. 3) Good navigation support does not only cover the current situation, but also captures the past and supports planning. 4) Visualise imprecision of location information appropriately. 5) Chat-based communication is inadequate for many game situations. Carefully designed oral communication would be more appropriate in many situations. 6) Embed competitive awareness into the other channels. 7) Design explicitly for standing and walking use. 8) Design systems for user pairs. The design approaches discussed in this paper can also be applied to other mobile applications such as mobile learning in museums, emergency support or tourism.
Prediction of spike noise based on soft underlayer energy minimization (2005)

An energy minimization and balancing approach was adopted to predict the occurrence of spike noise by obtaining estimates of the magnetostatic and total wall energy of a soft underlayer (SUL) for a given configuration of domain walls. We find that single-layer SULs (thicknesses of 100–200 nm) are usually sources of spike noise unless their saturation magnetization is below 70–100emu∕cc. However, the use of such low-moment SULs is unacceptable in perpendicular recording. One solution that has been advocated is a multilayer SUL structure with C, Ta, etc., interlayers. Our predictions show that the ground state of a 200-nm double-layer FeCo∕C SUL is completely spike-free.
Reaching the Urban Poor with Private Infrastructure (1999)

Nontraditional infrastructure service providers supply many low-income consumers in slums and urban peripheries in developing countries. And technological change has eased entry by new providers. But the current approach to private participation in infrastructure typically gives exclusivity to a local monopoly for a long period. In return, the monopoly utility is obligated to provide service to all in the area at a certain standard, charging a rising block tariff and using some cross-subsidies. This approach can inadvertently erect barriers to improving service for low-income households. Policymakers therefore need to rethink their approach to private participation transactions and their regulation. In particular, they need to focus on facilitating new entry.
Inhibitory effect of a liposome‐mediated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on telomerase activity in a human gastric cancer cell line (2001)

OBJECTIVE : To investigate the effect of a specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASODN) on the telomerase activity of the human gastric cancer cell line FGC 85 . METHODS : FGC 85 cells were treated in vitro with ASODN complementary to the template region of the RNA component of human telomerase. A cationic liposomal transfection reagent was used as a delivery vector. Telomerase activity was detected by using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol/polymerase chain reaction/enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (TRAP‐PCR‐ELISA) method. RESULTS : The telomerase activity of FGC 85 cells was suppressed significantly by the liposome/ASODN treatment and the effect was related to the con‐centration of liposome/ASODN and treatment time. CONCLUSIONS : Specific ASODN have an inhibitory effect on telomerase activity in human gastric cancer cell line FGC 85 . Specific ASODN could be used in research into gene therapy for cancer treatments and the exploration of carcinogenesis.
Generation of the combined prothrombin activation peptide (F1-2) during the clotting of blood and plasma. (1977)

We have investigated the pathway of prothrombin activation in blood and plasma. By means of a rapid purification procedure involving chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite, we demonstrated that the major prothrombin fragment in serum is that representing the amino-terminal half of prothrombin (i.e. F1-2). The F1-2 isolated was characterized by its size, amino acid and antigenic compositions, amino-terminal residue, and the peptides (designated F1 and F2, respectively) it yielded upon hydrolysis by thrombin. Measurements by the isotope dilution technique showed that F1-2 could account for the fate of at least 90% of the prothrombin originally present in plasma. By contrast, the serum concentration of the fragment representing the amino-terminal third of prothrombin (viz. F1) was less than 10% that of F1-2. These results demonstrated that the major route of prothrombin conversion in blood or plasma involves the removal of the combined activation fragment (F1-2) as a single peptide.
METABOLIC STUDIES ON METIAZINIC ACID 1 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, EXCRETION AND METABOLISM IN RATS AND RABBITS (1975)

Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism after oral administration of 3-H-labelled metiazinic acid were studied. The administered radioactivity was excreted through both the urinary and fecal routes. The maximum levels of concentration in blood and most tissues were shown with 3 hr after dosing. The highest radioactivity was found in the kidney throughout all experiments. Relatively high radioactivity was observed in inflammatory-treated parts in rats. Unchanged compound, metiazinic acid S-oxide and these conjugates were found in urine and feces. Approximately 60% of the unchanged form was observed in plasma after 6 hr.
Inactivation of Phospholipase D Diminishes<i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>Pathogenesis (2010)

Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging bacterial pathogen of considerable health care concern. Nonetheless, relatively little is known about the organism's virulence factors or their regulatory networks. Septicemia and ventilator-associated pneumonia are two of the more severe forms of A. baumannii disease. To identify virulence factors that may contribute to these disease processes, genetically diverse A. baumannii clinical isolates were evaluated for the ability to proliferate in human serum. A transposon mutant library was created in a strain background that propagated well in serum and screened for members with decreased serum growth. The results revealed that disruption of A. baumannii phospholipase D (PLD) caused a reduction in the organism's ability to thrive in serum, a deficiency in epithelial cell invasion, and diminished pathogenesis in a murine model of pneumonia. Collectively, these results suggest that PLD is an A. baumannii virulence factor.
The Phenomenology of Raymond Aron (2003)

This article reviews the influence of Edmund Husserl's phenomenology on Raymond Aron's philosophy of history. In trying to create an original synthesis of Husserl's phenomenology and Max Weber's neo-Kantianism, Aron fashioned a dialectical logic that ultimately proved to be unstable. This tension accounts for the ambiguity and inconsistencies in some areas of Aron's thinking.
Heteroleptic Group 2 Metal Precursors for Metal Oxide Thin Films (2014)

Abstract A new class of heteroleptic complexes of calcium, strontium, and barium have been synthesized using 1‐{[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino}‐2‐methylpropan‐2‐ol (demampH) and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptanedione (tmhdH). Complexes [{Ca(demamp)(tmhd)} 2 ] ( 4 ), [{Sr(demamp)(tmhd)} 2 ] ( 5 ), and [{Ba(demamp)(tmhd)} 3 ] ( 6 ) were prepared in two‐step processes. Partially substituted complexes [{Ca(demamp)(btsa)} 2 ] ( 1 ), [{Sr(demamp)(btsa)} 2 ] ( 2 ), and [{Ba(demamp)(btsa)} 2 ] ( 3 ) [btsa = bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] were isolated and characterized. The molecular structures of all the compounds were studied by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The strontium and calcium complexes have dimeric configuration with bridging of two alkoxide oxygen atoms between the metals, whereas the barium complex is a trimer. Complexes 4 and 5 show higher volatility and thermal stability with respect to the homoleptic compounds, while barium complex 6 is unstable. The TG analyses of compounds 4 and 5 display one‐step curves with 9.0 and 9.6 % residue at 375 and 370 °C, respectively.
Zirconium Compound with Boundless Prospects (2001)

Zirconium compound has a wide-ranging use in the field of high and new technology. It is published in 2000'CHINA HIGH AND NEW TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT CATALOGUE , CHINA HIGH and NEW TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT EXPORT CATALOGUE, and INTERNATIONAL KEY AND URGING DEVELOPMENT CATALOGUE OF PROPERTY, COMMODITY AND TECHNOLNGY Zirconia with the characteristic of electricity, magnetism, optics and mechanies, has good advantageous in making configurable ceramic and functional ceramic, such as band filter, resonator, buzzer and other electronic elements; optical lens, upholster crystallize glasses and other glass; synthetic tooth, synthetic bones and other biological ceramic products; new type axletree, engine, valve, airproof loop and other components of internal-combustion engine and steamship; ferrozirconium and other high temperature ceramic paint. It become a new material which has a wide-ranging use in the field of electron, spaceflight, aerospace, metallurgy, chemistry, biology, medicine and etc.
Growth rate and biomass production of Deschampsia antarctica Desv. in the Admiralty Bay Region, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica (1999)

Our studies covered three subpopulations of Deschampsia antarctica Desv. in the Admiralty Bay region (<p = 62'09.41'S, X = 58-28.10^, King George Island), growing under dif­ ferent trophic and topographic conditions. Estimate of the standing crop, growth rate, and produc­ tion was carried out in plant patches and clusters with 100% cover. The maximum standing crop values for the three subpopulations of D. antarctica ranged from 498.80 to 2232.13 (g dry weight DW The green biomass values ranged from 294.41 to 1256.62 (g DW m~). The. The net an­ nual production of the above-ground parts estimated on the basis of maximum standing crop val­ ues ranged from 294.41 to 1256.62 (g DW m), while estimated based on the difference between the maximum and the minimum standing crop value ranged from 212.03 to 885.21 (g DW m). The highest biomass and production were found in a population growing in the vicinity of a pen­ guin rookery, under the most favourable trophic conditions. For all the populations the relative growth rate (RGR) and the unit leaf rate (ULR) showed declining tendencies in ontogenesis.
Photooxidation technology for correlated light and electron microscopy (2009)

The combination of the capabilities of light microscopical techniques with the power of resolution of electron microscopy along with technical advances has led to a gradual decline of the gap between classical light and electron microscopy. Among the correlative techniques using the synergistic opportunities, photooxidation methods have been established as valuable tools for visualizing cell structures at both light and electron microscopic level. Fluorescent dyes are used to oxidize the substrate diaminobenzidine, which in its oxidized state forms fine granular precipitates. Stained with osmium, the diaminobenzidine precipitates are well discernible in the electron microscope, thus labelling and defining the cellular structures, which at light microscopy level are recorded by fluorescent probes. The underlying photooxidation reaction is based on the excitation of free oxygen radicals that form upon illumination of fluorochromes; this is a central step in the procedure, which mainly influences the success of the method. This article summarizes basic steps of the technology and progresses, shows efforts and elaborated pathways, and focuses on methodical solutions as to the applicability of different fluorochromes, as well as conditions for fine structural localizations of the reaction products.
Androgen metabolism in prostate cancer: from molecular mechanisms to clinical consequences (2014)

Despite our most vigorous efforts, prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Understanding the intricacies of androgen metabolism is vital to finding therapeutic targets, particularly with progression of advanced prostate cancer after initial hormone therapy, where adrenal precursors are involved. Such is the case with castration-resistant prostate cancer, where adrenal androgens, for example, dehydroepiandrosterone, are a source for intratumoural synthesis of dihydrotestosterone. As prostate cancer progresses, androgen metabolism changes due to altered expression of steroidogenic enzymes and mutations in the components of the steroidogenic machinery. These alterations sustain disease and allow progression; mechanistically, they may also enable development of hormone therapy resistance. With the development of the newer agents, abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, efforts have been made to better define the basis for response and resistance. This work can be carried out in cell lines, animal models, as well as with ex vivo analysis of tissues obtained from patients. Efforts to further elucidate the finer details of the steroidogenic pathway are necessary to move toward a curative paradigm for patients with localised disease at high risk for recurrence.
Absenteeism, Presenteeism and Shirking (2005)

We develop the Barmby et al. (1993) model of absenteeism (which appeared in the Scandanavian Journal of Economics) to illustrate the potential for individuals to engage in ‘presenteeism’ viz. attending work even when they are entitled to paid absence.
Robust Spectro-Temporal Reverse Correlation for the Auditory System: Optimizing Stimulus Design (1999)

The spectro-temporal receptive field (STRF) is a functional descriptor of the linear processing of time-varying acoustic spectra by the auditory system.By cross-correlating sustained neuronal activity with the 'dynamic spectrum' of a spectro-temporally rich stimulus ensemble, one obtains an estimate of the STRF.In this paper, the relationship between the spectro-temporal structure of any given stimulus and the quality of the STRF estimate is explored, and exploited.Invoking the Fourier theorem, arbitrary dynamic spectra are described as sums of basic sinusoidal components, i.e., 'moving ripples.' Accurate estimation is found to be especially reliant on the prominence of components whose spectral and temporal characteristics are of relevance to the auditory locus under study, and is sensitive to the phase relationships between components with identical temporal signatures.These and other observations have guided the development and use of stimuli with deterministic dynamic spectra composed of the superposition of many 'temporally orthogonal' moving ripples having a restricted, relevant range of spectral scales and temporal rates.The method, termed sum-of-ripples, is similar in spirit to the 'whitenoise approach,' but enjoys the same practical advantages -which equate to faster and more accurate estimation -attributable to the time-domain sum-of-sinusoids method previously employed in vision research.Application of the method is exemplified with both modeled data and experimental data from ferret primary auditory cortex (AI).
A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich. (1992)

Thirty-seven degrees centigrade (98.6 degrees F) should be abandoned as a concept relevant to clinical thermometry; 37.2 degrees C (98.9 degrees F) in the early morning and 37.7 degrees C (99.9 degrees F) overall should be regarded as the upper limit of the normal oral temperature range in healthy adults aged 40 years or younger, and several of Wunderlich's other cherished dictums should be revised.
A xenon ionization detector for scanned projection radiography: Theoretical considerations (1983)

Xenon ionization detectors have been used successfully in computed tomography (CT) scanners; however, the detector design used in CT scanners does not provide sufficient spatial resolution for scanned projection radiography. We have been investigating a new design of xenon detector with individual element widths of 0.5 mm. In this design, there are no metal septa separating individual elements. As a result, detection efficiency is better than the design with septa, and construction of an array with submillimeter element widths is simpler; however, crosstalk will now occur between elements. Theoretical calculations of efficiency and resolution for our septaless design of xenon detector are presented. Results of these calculations indicate that for a spectrum of 100 kVp, element dimensions of 0.5 mm X 0.5 mm X 10 cm, a front window of 0.5-mm aluminum, and a xenon pressure of 20 atm, quantum efficiency will be greater than 95%, detective quantum efficiency (DQE) will be approximately 75%, and both energy and conversion efficiencies will be limited to 50% by K-fluorescent escape. The calculations also predict that for the same design, the reduction in lesion contrast induced by crosstalk will be less than 10% for all typical spectra. These theoretical results have encouraged us to pursue the construction of a prototype septaless xenon detector for scanned projection radiography.