gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Medicinal Chemistry of Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonists (2003)

The search for potent and selective A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists has been particularly fruitful in the early nineties. A series of 2-amino, 2-alkoxy, 2-alkythio-, 2-alkynyl-, and 2-alkenyl-derivatives of adenosine (Ado, 1) and N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 30) have been synthesized and tested mainly on different model of rat A(1) and A(2A) receptor subtypes. From these studies some ligands, such as CGS 21680 (33), HENECA (42), and (S)-PHPNECA (46b), showed to possess high A(2A) affinity combined with good A(2A) vs A(1) selectivity. More detailed characterization of these ligands at the four cloned human adenosine receptor subtypes revealed that none of the prototypical adenosine receptor agonists exhibits at the same time high affinity and selectivity for the human A(2A)AR subtype. Both NECA and CGS 21680, which are avalaible as radioligands for this subtype, have lower affinity at human than at rat receptor. The 2-alkynylNECA derivatives HENECA an PHPNECA showed high affinity also at human A(3) receptors. In particular, (S)-PHPNECA displayed K(i)s in the low nanomolar range at A(1), A(2A), and A(3)subtypes and an EC(50) of 220 nM at human A(2B) receptor. On the other hand, it is now well known that the coronary vasodilation induced by Ado in different species is mediated by activation of A(2A)AR and a compound capable of producing coronary vasodilation through activation of A(2A)AR, but that is devoid of A(1)- and A(1)-agonist activity would have advantage over Ado for use in myocardial perfusion imaging studies. Other potential therapeutic applications of selective A(2A)AR agonists are as anti-aggregatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-psychotic, and anti-Huntington's disease agents. This review is aimed at presenting a complete overview of the medicinal chemistry development of A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists and at stressing the strong need for more selective ligands at A(2A) human subtype.
A maneuver-based lane change assistance system (2011)

Lane change is a very demanding maneuver. Therefore, a maneuver-based lane change assistance system has been developed which, by means of a single-task-combining assistance concept, supports the driver from the driver's first lane change intention through the final movement of the vehicle from the initial to the target lane, without automatization of the vehicle guidance. The maneuver recommendation covers lane change timing, lane change direction as well as the required acceleration or deceleration. The system architecture with its modules to estimate the maneuver recommendation is described as well as the HMI which presents the information to the driver on a display and by an additional steering-wheel torque. A core assistance module geared to the driver's needs and the detection of driver's intention based on motivators, inhibitors and indicators is explained in detail.
A compact beam diagnostic device for 3D additive manufacturing systems (2018)

With the rapid development of additive manufacturing to an established industrial manufacturing process, arises an increasing demand for process control. Especially industrial sectors with stringent safety regulations like aerospace, automotive or medicine, require a high level of quality monitoring. The limited space and the variety of possible beam incidence angle and position configurations inherent to laser scanning systems, constitute special framework conditions, only inadequately provided by state of the art beam diagnostic devices. To meet these requirements we developed a novel and compact measuring instrument capable of addressing scanner specific measurement tasks, including quantities so far inaccessible to conventional beam diagnostics. These involve for example the examination of the field flatness, pincushion distortion, position dependent focal shift, or accuracy of position and marking speed. Even more sophisticated issues like the accurate stitching of two overlapping exposure schemes are feasible. The working principle is based on a pattern of scattering structures within a glass plate. When scanned across the pattern, a small fraction of the laser beam is scattered and the light is collected with a photo-diode, allowing the reconstruction of the light path and derivation of the beam width. All above mentioned quantities are measured with high resolution and reproducibility. The current state of the experiments is presented, and the prospects of this novel measuring technology for scanner system diagnostics discussed.
Motionbeam (2011)

We present the MotionBeam metaphor for character interaction with handheld projectors. Our work draws from the tradition of pre-cinema handheld projectors that use direct physical manipulation to control projected imagery. With our prototype system, users interact and control projected characters by moving and gesturing with the handheld projector itself. This creates a unified interaction style where input and output are tied together within a single device. We introduce a set of interaction principles and present prototype applications that provide clear examples of the MotionBeam metaphor in use. Finally we describe observations and insights from a preliminary user study with our system.
Ultrafast holography and transient-absorption spectroscopy in charge-transfer polymers (1997)

Charge-transfer polymers are a new class of nonlinear optical materials which can be used for generating femtosecond holographic gratings. Using semiconducting polymers sensitizes with varying concentrations of C<SUB>60</SUB>, holographic gratings were recorded by individual ultrafast laser pulses; the diffraction efficiency and time decay of the gratings were measured using non-degenerate four-wave mixing. Using a figure of merit for dynamic data processing, the temporal diffraction efficiency, this new class of materials exhibits between two and 12 orders of magnitude higher response than previous reports. The charge transfer range at polymer/C<SUB>60</SUB> interfaces was further studied using transient absorption spectroscopy. The fact that charge-transfer occurs in the picosecond-time scale in bilayer structures implies that diffusion of localized excitations to the interface is not the dominant mechanism; the charge transfer range to be 80 angstrom and interpret that range as resulting from quantum delocalization of the photoexcitations.
PAP‐1, a Selective Small Molecule Kv1.3 Blocker (2006)

The lymphocyte K + channel Kv1.3 constitutes an attractive target for the selective suppression of effector memory T (T EM ) cells in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type‐1 diabetes and psoriasis. Unfortunately, all of the existing small molecule Kv1.3 blockers are not selective and many of them like correolide, PAC and our own compound Psora‐4 inhibit the cardiac K + channel Kv1.5. Using Psora‐4 as a template we identified a new series of phenoxyalkoxypsoralens, which exhibit 2 to 50‐fold selectivity for Kv1.3 over Kv1.5. The most potent and “drug‐like” compound of this series, PAP‐1, blocks Kv1.3 with a Hill coefficient of 2 and an EC 50 of 2 nM by preferentially binding to the C‐type inactivated state of the channel. PAP‐1 is 23‐fold selective over Kv1.5, 33 to 125‐fold selective over other Kv1‐family channels and 500 to 7500‐fold selective over Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv3.2, Kv4.2, HERG, calcium‐activated K + channels, Na + , Ca 2+ and Cl − channels. PAP‐1 potently inhibits the proliferation of human T EM cells and suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity, a CD4 + T cell mediated reaction, in rats when administered intraperitoneally or orally. PAP‐1 further effectively treats allergic contact dermatitis, a CD8 + T cell mediated reaction. PAP‐1 and several of its derivatives therefore constitute excellent new tools to further explore Kv1.3 as a target for immunosuppression. Supported by NMSS
Constitutively Dead, Conditionally Live HIV-1 Genomes (2001)

An effective vaccine against AIDS is unlikely to be available for many years. As we approach two decades since the first identification of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), currently, only one subunit vaccine candidate has reached phase 3 of clinical trials. The subunit approach has been criticized for its inability to elicit effectively cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response, which is felt by many to be needed for protection against HIV-1 infection. In subhuman primates, a live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine candidate, capable of inducing CTL, has been found to confer prophylactic immunity sufficient to prevent simian AIDS. Because replication competent (live) attenuated viruses could over time revert to virulence, such a live attenuated approach has largely been dismissed for HIV-1. Here, we describe the creation of constitutively dead conditionally live (CDCL) HIV-1 genomes. These genomes are constitutively defective for the Tat/TAR axis and are conditionally dependent on tetracycline for attenuated replication with robust expression of viral antigens. Our results suggest that CDCL genomes merit consideration as safer "live" attenuated HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTED 5‐NITRO‐1,3‐DIOXANES‐ CORRELATION OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY (1977)

Abstract Auf verschiedenen Wegen werden die 5‐Nitro‐1,3‐dioxane (I), (II), (III) und (IV) dargestellt und auf ihre antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit geprüft.
Photosensitized Onium-Salt-Induced Cationic Polymerization with Hydroxymethylated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (2002)

The modification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by fitting them with hydroxymethyl groups provides a new class of efficient electron-transfer photosensitizers for photoinitiated cationic polymerization that perform several additional highly useful functions. Not only are these compounds capable of photosensitizing the photolysis of a wide variety of onium salt photoinitiators in the long-wavelength UV and visible regions, but the presence of the hydroxymethyl group accelerates the rate of cationic polymerization of many types of vinyl and heterocyclic monomers. In addition, the new photosensitizers become bound as end groups to the chains of the polymers that are formed.
Increasing Traffic Flows with DSRC Technology: Field Trials and Performance Evaluation (2018)

As traffic congestion becomes a huge problem for most developing and developed countries across the world, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are becoming a hot topic that is attracting attention of researchers and the general public alike. In this paper, we demonstrate a specific implementation of an ITS system whereby traffic lights are actuated by DSRC radios installed in vehicles. More specifically, we report the design of prototype of a DSRC-Actuated Traffic Lights (DSRC-ATL) system. It is shown that this system can reduce the travel time and commute time significantly, especially during rush hours. Furthermore, the results reported in this paper do not assume or require all vehicles to be equipped with DSCR radios. Even with low penetration ratios, e.g., when only 20% of all vehicles in a city are equipped with DSRC radios, the overall performance of the designed system is superior to the current traffic control systems.
Fully motorized optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (2014)

We have developed fully motorized optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), which integrates five complementary scanning modes and simultaneously provides a high imaging speed and a wide field of view (FOV) with 2.6 μm lateral resolution. With one-dimensional (1D) motion-mode mechanical scanning, we measured the blood flow through a cross section of a blood vessel in vivo. With two-dimensional (2D) optical scanning at a laser repetition rate of 40 kHz, we achieved a 2 kHz B-scan rate over a range of 50 μm with 20 A-lines and 50 Hz volumetric-scan rate over a FOV of 50 μm × 50 μm with 400 A-lines, which enabled real-time tracking of cellular dynamics in vivo. With synchronized 1D optical and 2D mechanical hybrid scanning, we imaged a 10 mm × 8 mm FOV within three minutes, which is 20 times faster than the conventional mechanical scan in our second-generation OR-PAM. With three-dimensional mechanical contour scanning, we maintained the optimal signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution of OR-PAM while imaging objects with uneven surfaces, which is essential for quantitative studies.
Pancreatic human islets and insulin-producing cells derived from embryonic stem cells are rapidly identified by a newly developed Dithizone (2019)

We developed an optimized Dipheylthiocarbazone or Dithizone (DTZ) with improved physical and chemical properties to characterize human islets and insulin-producing cells differentiated from embryonic stem cells. Application of the newly formulated iDTZ (i stands for islet) over a range of temperatures, time intervals and cell and tissue types found it to be robust for identifying these cells. Through high transition zinc binding, the iDTZ compound concentrated in insulin-producing cells and proved effective at delineating zinc levels in vitro.
The chemical basis for removal of organic sulfur from coal via JPL chlorinolysis (1987)

Because of the environmental problems attributable to Acid Rain, sulfur removal has been one of the most important areas of coal utilization research. Although a number of physical and chemical desulfurization processes which effectively remove inorganic sulfur have been developed, only a small portion of the organic sulfur can be removed under these conditions. The authors have investigated the behavior of various organic sulfur functional groups under JPL Chlorinolysis conditions in order to elucidate the major desulfurization pathways. They have also looked at undesirable chlorination side reactions and have briefly examined conditions which minimize the ratio of chlorination to desulfurization.
Approach to discover T- and B-cell antigens of intracellular pathogens applied to the design of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> vaccines (2011)

Natural immunity against obligate and/or facultative intracellular pathogens is usually mediated by both humoral and cellular immunity. The identification of those antigens stimulating both arms of the immune system is instrumental for vaccine discovery. Although high-throughput technologies have been applied for the discovery of antibody-inducing antigens, few examples of their application for T-cell antigens have been reported. We describe how the compilation of the immunome, here defined as the pool of immunogenic antigens inducing T- and B-cell responses in vivo, can lead to vaccine candidates against Chlamydia trachomatis. We selected 120 C. trachomatis proteins and assessed their immunogenicity using two parallel high-throughput approaches. Protein arrays were generated and screened with sera from C. trachomatis-infected patients to identify antibody-inducing antigens. Splenocytes from C. trachomatis-infected mice were stimulated with 79 proteins, and the frequency of antigen-specific CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+) T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. We identified 21 antibody-inducing antigens, 16 CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+)-inducing antigens, and five antigens eliciting both types of responses. Assessment of their protective activity in a mouse model of Chlamydia muridarum lung infection led to the identification of seven antigens conferring partial protection when administered with LTK63/CpG adjuvant. Protection was largely the result of cellular immunity as assessed by CD4(+) T-cell depletion. The seven antigens provided robust additive protection when combined in four-antigen combinations. This study paves the way for the development of an effective anti-Chlamydia vaccine and provides a general approach for the discovery of vaccines against other intracellular pathogens.
Combining Asphaltene Science and Downhole Fluid Analysis for Improved Reservoir Characterisation (2013)

Abstract Understanding reservoir complexities such as compartmentalisation and compositional gradients early in the life of a field is crucial for its optimal development. That's especially true for deepwater reservoirs. Deepwater exploration and development has become a key area for most E&P companies because of the increased global demand for oil and gas and the limited accessibility of other potential unexploited resources. Modern wireline formation testers can provide a wide range of downhole rock and fluid properties at in-situ reservoir conditions and can help diagnose deepwater reservoir issues such as compartmentalisation and compositional grading early on. Advanced downhole fluid analysis (DFA) performed by wireline formation testing tools provides real time quantitative measurement of variation in asphaltene content as manifested though fluorescence and fluid coloration. Gas-oil ratio (GOR), another key determinant in asphaltene stability and gradients, is also measured downhole with the DFA technique. Building on recent advances in asphaltene molecular and colloidal physics, a new asphaltene equation of state (EoS) can be used to model asphaltene gradients in crude oils in the same way that a traditional cubic EoS is used for modeling GOR gradients. In this paper, we analyze a deepwater case study showing increases in asphaltenes content with depth due to destabilisation resulting from secondary gas charging at the top of the column and with solid hydrocarbon/tar depositing at the base. These seemingly contradictory observations are shown to follow from a new nanoscience model of asphaltenes. A simple model is proposed for this tar mat formation and consisting of disequilibrium gas charging, large disequilibrium gradients of asphaltene and GOR, asphaltene instability in the oil, and tar in the core. Likely compartmentalisation will also be identified using DFA analysis and verified using lab data analysis, allowing integration into the reservoir modeling process.
Two supersonic business aircraft conceptual designs, with and without sonic boom constraint (2005)

A pair of supersonic business jet conceptual designs has been developed to assess the impact of designing for reduced sonic boom. One aircraft was designed without a sonic boom constraint. The other was limited to an initial sonic boom overpressure of 0.4 lb/ft 2 . All other design requirements were the same. Sonic boom mitigation places a requirement on the buildup of lift and volume along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, with any excess or shortfall adversely impacting the sonic boom. Methods were developed for incorporating this requirement into the conceptual design process. Both the method for incorporating the boom constraint in the design process and the result, a side-by-side comparison of one low-boom and one unconstrained aircraft with substantially identical performance in all other respects, are considered significant. The boom-constrained aircraft was approximately 25% longer with 18% higher takeoff gross weight than the unconstrained aircraft.
A Device and Network-Aware Scaling Framework for Efficient Delivery of Scalable Video over Wireless Networks (2007)

In recent years, the number of devices that can support multimedia-content over wireless networks has increased significantly. With devices ranging from cellular phones to TV's, there is a challenge faced by content service providers to support multimedia delivery for a diverse set of devices. Scalable video coding (SVC) may provide a solution by enabling devices with techniques to extract video streams scaled to match their capabilities. However, SVC can be significantly bandwidth inefficient. By sending the highest possible quality stream over the network, irrespective of the capabilities of the end-devices and the network, SVC can limit the number of devices being served and reduce the network's average quality satisfaction. In this paper, we present a device and network- aware scaling (DeNAS) framework to address these problems. Based on device capability information, network capacity, and the desired service objective, DeNAS finds the suitable scaling level for each video stream prior to its delivery over the wireless network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DeNAS through simulation and show that DeNAS is able to improve quality satisfaction, increase bandwidth efficiency, and satisfy a greater number of clients simultaneously.
Integrated scalable continuously tunable variable optical delay lines (invited) (2005)

A wide-tuning-range optical delay line is demonstrated in high (2%) index contrast waveguides. This device integrates 4-stage ring resonator all-pass filters (APFs) with cascaded fixed spiral-type delay waveguides; each fixed delay path varies in length by a factor of 2 from the previous stage. A 2/spl times/2 switch separates each fixed delay and the tunable parts of the delay line. The APFs allow for continuous delay tuning. This device enables coherent switching and continuous tuning ranges greater than 2.56 ns.
PERI (2002)

Recent years have seen significant research in finding closed-form formulae for the delay of an RC circuit that improves upon the Elmore delay model. However, several of these formulae assume a step excitation, leaving it to the reader to find a suitable extension to ramp inputs. The few works that do consider ramp inputs do not present a closed-form formula that works for a wide range of possible input slews. We propose a new technique, PERI (Probability distribution function Extension for Ramp Inputs), that extends delay metrics for step inputs to the more general and realistic non-step (such as a saturated ramp) inputs. Although there has been little work done in finding good slew (which is also referred as signal transition time) metrics, we also show how one can extend a slew metric for step inputs to the non-step case. We validate the efficacy of our approach through experimental results from several hundred RC dominated nets extracted from an industry ASIC design.
Evolutionary Design of Low Molecular Weight Organic Anolyte Materials for Applications in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries (2015)

The integration of renewable energy sources into the electric grid requires low-cost energy storage systems that mediate the variable and intermittent flux of energy associated with most renewables. Nonaqueous redox-flow batteries have emerged as a promising technology for grid-scale energy storage applications. Because the cost of the system scales with mass, the electroactive materials must have a low equivalent weight (ideally 150 g/(mol·e<sup>–</sup>) or less), and must function with low molecular weight supporting electrolytes such as LiBF<sub>4</sub>. However, soluble anolyte materials that undergo reversible redox processes in the presence of Li-ion supports are rare. We report the evolutionary design of a series of pyridine-based anolyte materials that exhibit up to two reversible redox couples at low potentials in the presence of Li-ion supporting electrolytes. A combination of cyclic voltammetry of anolyte candidates and independent synthesis of their corresponding charged-states was performed to rapidly screen for the most promising candidates. Results of this workflow provided evidence for possible decomposition pathways of first-generation materials and guided synthetic modifications to improve the stability of anolyte materials under the targeted conditions. This iterative process led to the identification of a promising anolyte material, N-methyl 4-acetylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate. This compound is soluble in nonaqueous solvents, is prepared in a single synthetic step, has a low equivalent weight of 111 g/(mol·e<sup>–</sup>), and undergoes two reversible 1e<sup>–</sup> reductions in the presence of LiBF<sub>4</sub> to form reduced products that are stable over days in solution.