gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous assays of glutaminyl cyclase: from development to application (2004)

Glutaminyl cyclase (QC, EC 2.3.2.5) catalyses the formation of pyroglutamyl residues from glutamine at the N‐terminus of peptides and proteins. In previously applied assays, QC activity was determined by either analysing the products formed using HPLC coupled with photometric or fluorometric detection, radioimmunoassay, or by detecting the release of ammonia spectrophotometrically. Although these methods are sensitive, they are all discontinuous and therefore time‐consuming and laborious. To conduct a detailed kinetic investigation of QC catalysis, we developed coupled continuous assays suitable for microplates which allow now convenient determination of QC activity. The methods either use pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase or glutamate dehydrogenase as auxiliary enzymes, which results in the liberation of chromophores or fluorophores such as p NA, AMC, β NA or in the conversion of the chromophore NADH/H + into NAD + , respectively. The assays were applied in various enzyme isolation and characterisation studies, using crude protein solutions as well as purified enzyme in pH‐dependence, substrate and inhibitor specificity investigations. Depending on the respective analytical task, both assays complement each other. Therefore, different enzymatic properties could be explored in more detail. Since the employed strategy of assay development could be of interest also for the analysis of other enzymes, the methods are described here in a comprehensive manner.
Direct space vector PWM strategy for matrix converters with reduced number of switching transitions (2010)

Abstract This paper proposes a novel “Direct Space Vector PWM (Direct SVPWM)” strategy based on the direct AC/AC conversion approach for three‐phase to three‐phase matrix converters. This method allows the sinusoidal input and output waveforms as a major premise, and gives top priority to the improvement of output control performance in motor drive applications, such as providing maximum riding comfort in elevators, etc. Output voltage harmonics, switching losses, and common‐mode voltages can be reduced across the entire voltage region. In addition, the switching count can be reduced even further by fully utilizing the output current detection value. Direct space vectors are first defined, and the method of selecting space vectors is described. Next, the PWM duty calculation technique is explained. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparison with the conventional virtual indirect method based on experimental and analytical results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(3): 52–63, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20953
Preparation of (−)-Nutlin-3 Using Enantioselective Organocatalysis at Decagram Scale (2013)

Chiral nonracemic cis-4,5-bis(aryl)imidazolines have emerged as a powerful platform for the development of cancer chemotherapeutics, stimulated by the Hoffmann-La Roche discovery that Nutlin-3 can restore apoptosis in cells with wild-type p53. The lack of efficient methods for the enantioselective synthesis of cis-imidazolines, however, has limited their more general use. Our disclosure of the first enantioselective synthesis of (-)-Nutlin-3 provided a basis to prepare larger amounts of this tool used widely in cancer biology. Key to the decagram-scale synthesis described here was the discovery of a novel bis(amidine) organocatalyst that provides high enantioselectivity at warmer reaction temperature (-20 °C) and low catalyst loadings. Further refinements to the procedure led to the synthesis of (-)-Nutlin-3 in a 17 g batch and elimination of all but three chromatographic purifications.
Evaluation of a Multiplex PCR System for Simultaneous Detection of <i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> , and <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 in Foods and in Food Subjected to Freezing (2008)

Conventional culture methods were compared to a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from enrichment cultures of various types of artificially inoculated and naturally contaminated foods. The multiplex PCR assay was evaluated in 44 types of spiked food samples, including meat, produce, fish, and dairy products targeting genes specific for each pathogen for simultaneous detection. The sensitivity of the assay was <or=5 CFU/25 g of inoculated sample after 20 hours of enrichment. The PCR assay was also evaluated in inoculated food samples stored at -20 degrees C for 2 weeks or 2 months. Out of 28 food samples tested, 27, 27, and 26 samples were positive for Salmonella Enteritidis, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, using the multiplex PCR assay, whereas only 13, 26, and 20 samples were positive, respectively, using the culture method after 2 weeks of storage at -20 degrees C. Similar results were obtained for samples stored at -20 degrees C for 2 months. The multiplex PCR assay method was capable of detecting 5 colony-forming units of each of the three pathogens per 25 g of more than 40 types of food, and the detection rate of the PCR assay was higher than that of conventional culture methods. As a result, the multiplex PCR assay is a valuable method for simultaneous rapid screening for the three pathogens in food, even after frozen storage.
Heralding Single Photons from a Photon Pair Source using a Superconducting Nanowire Detector (2022)

We experimentally demonstrate an improved heralded single photon source using a photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire detector compared to that using a conventional bucket detector. This work delineates a path towards ideal single photon sources.
Understanding and Improving Temporal Fairness on An Electronic Trading Venue (2017)

Fairness, in general, is a topic that has received much attention in research on distributed systems. In their application as electronic trading venues, however, temporal fairness remains a topic that is poorly understood. This is concerning because operators of these venues generally have obligations to ensure their fairness. Consequently, this paper (1) describes what temporal fairness is and is not, (2) identifies things that can make it elusive, and (3) describes a mechanism for improving it that was recently retrofitted to a major FX trading venue: Thomson Reuters Matching.
A simulated comparison of lung tumor target verification using stereoscopic tomosynthesis or radiography (2022)

Stereoscopic tomosynthesis may provide a noninvasive, low dose, intrafraction motion verification technique for lung tumors treated by ablative radiotherapy. The system architecture is compatible with real-time video capture at 30 frames per second. Simulations suggest that most, but not all, lung tumors can be adequately visualized from at least one viewing angle.
Bone Regeneration with Resorbable Polymeric Membranes: Treatment of Diaphyseal Bone Defects in the Rabbit Radius with Poly(L-Lactide) Membrane. A Pilot Study (1996)

Tubular poly(L-lactide) membranes with a pore size of 5-15 microns and a molecular weight of 70,000 Daltons were implanted into 24 New Zealand skeletally mature rabbits to cover 10-mm mid-diaphyseal defects of the radius of the forelimb. An identical defect on the contralateral limb was not treated with the membrane and served as a control. The animals were killed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 64 weeks after implantation, and radiographic and microscopic studies were conducted. The canals of the polymeric tubes were initially filled with blood. At 2 weeks, there was direct woven bone formation within the polymeric tube in continuity with the fragment cortices and its medullary canal. The formation of woven bone across the defect progressed until reconstruction of the defect had occurred at 6-8 weeks. The bone continued to remodel throughout the observation period of 64 weeks. By 12 weeks, bone within the lumen of the implant consisted of cancellous bone and cortical bone lining the membrane walls. At 24, 36, and 64 weeks, the implants were filled with cancellous bone and cortical bone in direct apposition to the polymer membrane. For one implant, the newly formed woven bone had only incompletely filled the defect at 8 weeks. This resulted in a nonunion with a residual gap of 0.5 mm and the appearance of mature bone. There was extensive bone formation along the intraosseous membrane in both control and implanted defects, although the untreated defects were rapidly filled with overlying muscle and soft tissues. The osseous activity of the untreated defects appeared confined to the bone ends by the interposed muscle and fibrous soft-tissue margins. The untreated defects resulted in radial-ulnar synostosis along the intraosseous membrane with cortical bone caps at the bone ends. The poly(L-lactide) membrane remained intact throughout the 64-week period without evidence of significant degradation. The membranes were encapsulated in a thin fibrous tissue. There was no histological evidence of acute or chronic inflammation associated with the implants.
OSDA-free synthesis of zeolite beta: Broadening the methodology for a successful use of the product as a seed (2022)

The synthesis of zeolite beta without any organic structure directing agents (OSDAs) is achieved by the addition of seed crystals. Applying the obtained OSDA-free synthesized zeolite beta as seed crystals for this purpose was quite tricky and subsequently leads to the formation of mordenite zeolite as a contaminant. Herein, we show a successful post-synthetic powder technology for retrieving the micrometer-sized pure zeolite beta seed particles that were originally blend with mordenite impurity. Taking advantage of the particle size variation, this new technique (involving a specially designed centrifugation unit) allowed us to segregate up to 35% of pure beta microparticles and use them as OSDA-free beta seeds. The recyclability of this technique is successful up to three generations after which the size variation window between the blend beta and mordenite particles become inseparably narrow. It was also clarified that controlling the silicon to aluminum (Si/Al) ratio and dissolution of the segregated microparticles using acid and alkali treatments respectively aid the formation of pure phase of zeolite beta.
Designing a Self-orthogonal Quasi-cyclic Code with Extended Minimum Hamming Distance (2006)

A method to design a parity-check matrix with a generalized anti-Pasch configuration is developed for a self-orthogonal quasi-cyclic code as a regular low-density parity-check code. This method can be applied to search a parity-check matrix with an arbitrary constant column weight and with an arbitrary number of rows. The minimum Hamming distance of a code designed by this method is at least the column weight plus two for an even column weight and the column weight plus three for an odd column weight. It is shown that the error floor and undetected error probabilities of a code with a high code rate above 0.95 designed by this method are significantly improved compared with those of a conventional self-orthogonal quasi-cyclic code based on finite geometry.
Perceptual coding of narrow-band audio signals at low rates (2006)

This paper describes a coding paradigm using coding tools based on the characteristics of the human hearing system so as to accommodate a wide range of narrow-band audio inputs without annoying artifacts at low rates (down to 8 kb/s). The narrow-band perceptual audio coder (NPAC) employs a variety of algorithms to account for the perceptually irrelevant parts of the input signal in addition to statistical redundancies. The new algorithms used in the NPAC coder include a perceptual error measure in training the codebooks and selecting the best codewords which takes into account the audible parts of the quantization noise, a perception-based bit-allocation algorithm and a new predictive scheme to vector quantize the scale factors. The NPAC coder delivers acceptable quality without annoying artifacts for most narrow-band audio signals at around 1 bit/sample. Informal subjective tests have shown that the NPAC coder outperforms a commercial low-rate music coder operating at 8 kb/s.
A probabilistic framework for landmark detection based on phonetic features for automatic speech recognition (2008)

A probabilistic framework for a landmark-based approach to speech recognition is presented for obtaining multiple landmark sequences in continuous speech. The landmark detection module uses as input acoustic parameters (APs) that capture the acoustic correlates of some of the manner-based phonetic features. The landmarks include stop bursts, vowel onsets, syllabic peaks and dips, fricative onsets and offsets, and sonorant consonant onsets and offsets. Binary classifiers of the manner phonetic features-syllabic, sonorant and continuant-are used for probabilistic detection of these landmarks. The probabilistic framework exploits two properties of the acoustic cues of phonetic features-(1) sufficiency of acoustic cues of a phonetic feature for a probabilistic decision on that feature and (2) invariance of the acoustic cues of a phonetic feature with respect to other phonetic features. Probabilistic landmark sequences are constrained using manner class pronunciation models for isolated word recognition with known vocabulary. The performance of the system is compared with (1) the same probabilistic system but with mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), (2) a hidden Markov model (HMM) based system using APs and (3) a HMM based system using MFCCs.
CP-61,405, a novel polycyclic pyrrolether antibiotic produced byStreptomyces routienii Huang sp. nov. (1988)

CP-61,405 (C26H29N2O7Na) is a novel polycyclic pyrrolether antibiotic produced by a new species,Streptomyces routienii Huang sp. nov. (ATCC 39446). Recovery, fractionation and purification were achieved using standard procedures. The crystalline form includes the CP-61,405 sodium salt, m.p. 334–335°C, [α]D25°C+315°C (c=1, chloroform). The structure is shown below. CP-61,405 was co-produced with the polycyclic ether antibiotics salinomycin and epi-17-deoxy-(0–8)-salinomycin. It exhibited activity in vitro against gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria, efficacy against poultry coccidia and stimulation in vitro of propionic acid production.
Electromagnetic Time Reversal Similarity Characteristics and Its Application to Locating Faults in Power Networks (2019)

The existing Electromagnetic Time Reversal (EMTR)-based fault location methods generally leverage the features (e.g., energy) of the signals simulated in the EMTR reversed-time stage (relative to the direct-time stage wherein a fault occurs and its originated transient signals are measured). This paper presents for the first time an integrated time-frequency analysis that identifies the similarity between the signals respectively present in the direct time and in the reversed time. It is demonstrated that the fault current observed at the true fault location exclusively behaves as a quasi-scaled copy of the time-reversed back-injected transient current, such that, the fault location can be identified through a similarity assessment. In this respect, the paper proposes calculating a cross-correlation metric to quantitatively represent the level of similarity between the back-injected transient signal and the fault current signal simulated at the guessed fault locations. The similarity characteristic and the fault location performance of the proposed cross-correlation metric are validated first through simulation case studies based on the IEEE 34-bus test distribution feeder, and then using a pilot test wherein a live medium-voltage radial distribution network was subject to realistic fault occurrences. It is demonstrated that the proposed similarity metric is applicable to locating various types of faults and is robust against uncertainties like fault impedance and fault inception angle.
Understanding Marine Mussel Adhesion (2007)

In addition to identifying the proteins that have a role in underwater adhesion by marine mussels, research efforts have focused on identifying the genes responsible for the adhesive proteins, environmental factors that may influence protein production, and strategies for producing natural adhesives similar to the native mussel adhesive proteins. The production-scale availability of recombinant mussel adhesive proteins will enable researchers to formulate adhesives that are water-impervious and ecologically safe and can bind materials ranging from glass, plastics, metals, and wood to materials, such as bone or teeth, biological organisms, and other chemicals or molecules. Unfortunately, as of yet scientists have been unable to duplicate the processes that marine mussels use to create adhesive structures. This study provides a background on adhesive proteins identified in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, and introduces our research interests and discusses the future for continued research related to mussel adhesion.
Application of an Optimal Tuner Selection Approach for On-Board Self-Tuning Engine Models (2011)

An enhanced design methodology for minimizing the error in on-line Kalman filter-based aircraft engine performance estimation applications is presented in this paper. It specifically addresses the underdetermined estimation problem, in which there are more unknown parameters than available sensor measurements. This work builds upon an existing technique for systematically selecting a model tuning parameter vector of appropriate dimension to enable estimation by a Kalman filter, while minimizing the estimation error in the parameters of interest. While the existing technique was optimized for open-loop engine operation at a fixed design point, in this paper an alternative formulation is presented that enables the technique to be optimized for an engine operating under closed-loop control throughout the flight envelope. The theoretical Kalman filter mean squared estimation error at a steady-state closed-loop operating point is derived, and the tuner selection approach applied to minimize this error is discussed. A technique for constructing a globally optimal tuning parameter vector, which enables full-envelope application of the technology, is also presented, along with design steps for adjusting the dynamic response of the Kalman filter state estimates. Results from the application of the technique to linear and nonlinear aircraft engine simulations are presented and compared to the conventional approach of tuner selection. The new methodology is shown to yield a significant improvement in on-line Kalman filter estimation accuracy.
Micro lens-on-lens array (2011)

Four different types of micro lens-on-lens array structures, one of which corresponds to an array of a compound eye lens, were fabricated on a commercial plastic film using a novel fabrication technique. All lens-on-lens structures were fabricated not as an isolated lens but as an array on a transparent plastic film on a large scale. The technique developed in this work is expected to provide a route to new functional optical films.
Optical touch switch based on total internal reflection (2003)

This paper proposes for the first time an optical touch switch based on total internal reflection (TIR). Key features include ease of implementation, prevention of the light beam from becoming incident directly on the user's eyes, and ability to accept both strong and weak mechanical forces from users. Experimental proof of the concept in the touch-off, release-on mode using a Dove prism shows that a small electrical load (e.g., an LED) in the on state can be turned to the off state by just placing a finger with a measured small force of 0.3 N. The optical loss of 0.4 dB is also measured; it is due to back reflection from the Dove prism. In addition, two methods for removing the finger from the touching surface are studied, indicating that slide-out is suitable in practice for operating the TIR-based optical touch switch.
Dosimeter for oxides of nitrogen (1976)

A simple, lightweight, prototype dosimeter, based on wet chemical principles, has been developed for personal monitoring of NO2. A simple modification provides for the determination of NOx. This device requires no auxiliary equipment and is intrinsically safe for use in coal mines. In use, NO2 permeates a membrane and is absorbed in acidic aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The latter oxidizes NO2 to nitrate. When a total NOx determination is required, an oxidizing prefilter converts NO to NO2 prior to conversion to nitrate in solution. The NO3--is determined in the laboratory with a specific ion electrode. The NO2 or NOx is determined from the NO3--found with reasonably good precision and accuracy. Caution should be exercised when using a dosimeter to determine compounds having a "C" value. These devices will not indicate an excursion concentration existing during a limited time. Effects due to dosimeter orientation, liquid evaporation, and temperature (above 15 degrees) were insignificant. Prior to field testing, it would be desirable to conduct more extensive laboratory tests. The entire TLV range of NO (up to 25 ppm) should be covered, and exposure of the dosimeters to known mixtures of NO and NO2 should be evaluated. Tests against specific interferences should also be performed.
Room temperature cw and pulsed nearinfrared tunable laser operation of Cr/sup 4+/: Ca/sup 2/GeO/sup 4/ (2005)

The demonstration of laser operation1 of chromium-doped forsterite (Cr:Mg2SiO4) has led to interest in other Cr4+-doped crystals suitable for laser operation in the 1.2-1.6 μm wavelength region.
Characteristics of stably induced laser plasma (1996)

A large and stably induced laser plasma has been formed to characterise the plasma structure and the absorption property of the laser beam. It can be attained with a good combination of an arc and the laser beam. The average absorption coefficient was measured using a power probe. The distributions of the electron density and temperature were evaluated by measuring the infrared radiation from the plasma. Maximum values of the electron density and temperature of the plasma are 2.0×l017 cm−3 and 18000 to 19000 K, respectively. The absorption coefficient shows an approximately constant value of 0.6 cm−1 independent of the laser power and the flow rate of the assist gas. On the other hand, the composition of the plasma exerts a great influence on the absorption coefficient. The results are discussed on the basis of inverse Bremsstrahlung.
Synthesis of herbicidal 3‐substituted‐4(3<i>H</i>)‐pyrimidinones under high pressure (2001)

Abstract The reaction of an N ‐monosubstituted amidine with a β‐ketoester to afford a pyrimidinone is sluggish at best under normal conditions. We now report that this reaction can be effected in moderate yield under high pressure. Thus, 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐pyridyl‐( N ‐prop‐2‐ynyl)carboxamidine (4b) was reacted with three α‐substituted‐β‐ketoesters (2b‐d) at 10–16 kbar to afford herbicidal 2‐(2,6‐dichloro‐4‐pyridyl)‐3‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)‐4(3 H )‐pyrimidinones 5b and 5c in 15 ‐ 43% yield. This result expands the scope of reactions promoted by application of high pressure.