gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
You can Plan the Most Productive Well Path and Drill it, too (2020)

The significant capital investment of constructing a well, in combination with its ex ante uncertain performance, creates one of the most difficult choice sets for the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs. A fundamental component is planning the well trajectory. Currently, well trajectories are planned with isolated, manual processes and numerous revisions involving geoscientists, geomechanics specialists, drilling engineers, and asset managers. The planning process can take days, weeks, or months, but even then, the truly optimal well might not be identified, because not all possible well trajectories can be evaluated by humans in reasonable time. We present a novel, integrated method of finding the optimal wellbore path in a given reservoir that considers distributed reservoir properties such as porosity, permeability, saturation and satisfies constraints such as pipe bend curvature limits, wellbore stability considerations, anti-collision assurance, and avoids obstructions and no-go zones within the reservoir. The selection of the optimal wellbore path can be posed as a constrained optimization problem, which we solve with a novel methodology. Starting at either the wellhead or a particular survey location along an existing well, we automatically create multiple possible well path trajectories. As each path is progressively constructed, we enforce drilling constraints, wellbore stability constraints, and anti-collision constraints. Each successfully created wellbore path is scored with an objective function based on reservoir properties, e.g., the length of the well exposed to reservoir rock that exceeds thresholds on porosity, permeability and hydrocarbon content. Early applications of this method suggest significant time savings when planning well trajectories in heterogeneous formations. We find excellent coverage of solution space for formations in a range of geological complexity, from simple reservoirs to dipping formations with strong compartmentalization due to faulting. This approach can accelerate well trajectory planning by orders of magnitude compared to existing workflows and provide a systematic coverage of parameter space. One key benefit of this method over existing manual workflows and processes, and over other computational schemes, is the possibility of near-perfect parallelization, because each possible wellbore path is independent from any other wellbore path. In addition, the proposed solution is guaranteed to find a solution, even when the valid solution space is miniscule. Furthermore, the technique can easily consider additional constraints and can readily be expanded to include the optimal placement of multiple wells.
Experiments with a supersonic multi-channel radial diffuser. Final report, November 1978-September 1979 (1980)

A supersonic radial flow diffuser of the type to be used for high energy radial flow lasers was investigated in cold flow experiments. The diffuser consisted of a multitude of small channels and it was the main purpose of the investigations to optimize the geometry of these channels. The nominal inlet Mach number of the diffuser was 3.5 and its axial length-to-diameter ratio referred to the inlet was 0.5. The maximum pressure recovery rate obtained with this diffuser was 80% of normal shock recovery. Selected channels tested individually reached a recovery rate of over 100%. Failure of the diffuser as a whole to reach this performance must be attributed to flow instabilities triggered by flow irregularities inherent to the present radial flow system.
<title>Automated pilling detection and fuzzy classification of textile fabrics</title> (1997)

In the textile industry, the degree of fabric pilling is subjectively determined by human inspectors resulting in inconsistent quality control. The observed resistance to pilling is reported on an arbitrary scale ranging from No. 5 (no pillings) to No. 1 (very severe pilling). This paper presents a system and a methodology that counts the number of pillings on textile fabric samples automatically and classifies them into one of the pre-defined classes with repeatable accuracy while accounting for the human judgment by allowing the determination of the degree of confidence assigned to the sample's membership in each class. The system consists of an apparatus; an imaging and data processing software procedure for counting the number of pillings; and a methodology for classifying the fabric samples into one of the pre-defined classes with repeatable accuracy while accounting for human judgment. A CCD camera is used to capture successive gray scale images of the fabric sample. A series of segmentation, Radon transform, morphological filtering, and detrending operations are applied to the fabric images to determine the true pilling count. The structuring element for the morphological operations is designed such that fuzz balls (which are not pillings) are filtered. Using fuzzy membership functions, the fabric pilling count is mapped to fabric pilling resistance rating. The system has been successfully tested on a large number of fabric samples with different shades and textures provided by the textile industry.
15 GHz single-photon detection at telecommunication wavelengths using sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (2009)

We report a telecom-band single-photon detector for gigahertz clocked quantum key distribution systems. The single-photon detector is based on a sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode. The gate repetition frequency of the single-photon detector reached 1.5 GHz. A quantum efficiency of 10.8 % at 1550 nm was obtained with a dark count probability per gate of 6.3 x 10(-7) and an afterpulsing probability of 2.8 %. Moreover, the maximum detection rate of the detector is 20 MHz.
Competitive Exclusion of a Toxigenic Strain of<i>Aspergillus flavus</i>by an Atoxigenic Strain (1993)

Several experiments were employed to test the role of competition in the ability of an atoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus to inhibit the aflatoxin contamination of developing cotton bolls. In initial tests, nitrate-nonutilizing mutants were used to follow seed infection by toxigenic and atoxigenic strains of A. flavus in coinoculated bolls. Competitive exclusion was found to contribute to the effect of the atoxigenic strain on contamination, but results suggested a second mechanism may also have been in effect. Aflatoxin contamination by the toxigenic strain was similarly inhibited by an atoxigenic strain in vivo and in liquid fermentation, and the atoxigenic strain was equally effective when applied at spore concentrations either equal to those of the toxigenic strain or one-half those of the toxigenic strain [...]
An Ontology based Dialog Interface to Database (2018)

In this paper, we extend the state-of-the-art NLIDB system and present a dialog interface to relational databases. Dialog interface enables users to automatically exploit the semantic context of the conversation while asking natural language queries over RDBMS, thereby making it simpler to express complex questions in a natural, piece-wise manner. We propose novel ontology-driven techniques for addressing each of the dialog-specific challenges such as co-reference resolution, ellipsis resolution, and query disambiguation, and use them in determining the overall intent of the user query. We demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of dialog interface over two different domains viz. finance and healthcare.
Liquid sulfur as a reagent: synthesis of polysulfanes with 20 or more sulfur atoms with characterization by UPLC-(Ag<sup>+</sup>)-coordination ion spray-MS (2012)

Diallyl disulfide reacts within minutes with liquid sulfur at 120°C giving a family of diallyl polysulfanes, All2S n (n=3–22), characterized by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-(Ag+)-coordination ion spray-mass spectrometry (UPLC-(Ag+)CIS-MS). Similarly, garlic oil (GO), bis-(2-methyl-2-propenyl), bis-(2-chloro-2-propenyl), bis-(3-methyl-2-butenyl), and bis-(2-cyclohexen-1-yl) disulfides all give families of polysulfanes with up to 22 sequential sulfur atoms. New members of families of silver chelators with up to 10 sulfur atoms were found in GO using UPLC-(Ag+)CIS-MS.
Purified Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Does Not Function as an ATP Channel (1996)

The gene mutated in cystic fibrosis codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Previously, we provided definitive evidence that CFTR functions as a phosphorylation-regulated chloride channel in our planar lipid bilayer studies of the purified, reconstituted protein. Recent patch-clamp studies have lead to the suggestion that CFTR may also be capable of conducting ATP or inducing this function in neighboring channels. In the present study, we assessed the ATP channel activity of purified CFTR and found that the purified protein does not function as an ATP channel in planar bilayer studies of single channel activity nor in ATP flux measurements in proteoliposomes. Hence, CFTR does not possess intrinsic ATP channel activity and its putative role in cellular ATP transport may be indirect. The gene mutated in cystic fibrosis codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Previously, we provided definitive evidence that CFTR functions as a phosphorylation-regulated chloride channel in our planar lipid bilayer studies of the purified, reconstituted protein. Recent patch-clamp studies have lead to the suggestion that CFTR may also be capable of conducting ATP or inducing this function in neighboring channels. In the present study, we assessed the ATP channel activity of purified CFTR and found that the purified protein does not function as an ATP channel in planar bilayer studies of single channel activity nor in ATP flux measurements in proteoliposomes. Hence, CFTR does not possess intrinsic ATP channel activity and its putative role in cellular ATP transport may be indirect.
Privacy Preserving Association Rule Mining Revisited: Privacy Enhancement and Resources Efficiency (2010)

Privacy preserving association rule mining algorithms have been designed for discovering the relations between variables in data while maintaining the data privacy. In this article we revise one of the recently introduced schemes for association rule mining using fake transactions (FS). In particular, our analysis shows that the FS scheme has exhaustive storage and high computation requirements for guaranteeing a reasonable level of privacy. We introduce a realistic definition of privacy that benefits from the average case privacy and motivates the study of a weakness in the structure of FS by fake transactions filtering. In order to overcome this problem, we improve the FS scheme by presenting a hybrid scheme that considers both privacy and resources as two concurrent guidelines. Analytical and empirical results show the efficiency and applicability of our proposed scheme.
Selection of aptamers specific for glycated hemoglobin and total hemoglobin using on-chip SELEX (2014)

Blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels reflecting average glucose concentrations over the past three months are fundamental for the diagnosis, monitoring, and risk assessment of diabetes. It has been hypothesized that aptamers, which are single-stranded DNAs or RNAs that demonstrate high affinity to a large variety of molecules ranging from small drugs, metabolites, or proteins, could be used for the measurement of HbA1c. Aptamers are selected through an in vitro process called systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), and they can be chemically synthesized with high reproducibility at relatively low costs. This study therefore aimed to select HbA1c- and hemoglobin (Hb)-specific single-stranded DNA aptamers using an on-chip SELEX protocol. A microfluidic SELEX chip was developed to continuously and automatically carry out multiple rounds of SELEX to screen specific aptamers for HbA1c and Hb. HbA1c and Hb were first coated onto magnetic beads. Following several rounds of selection and enrichment with a randomized 40-mer DNA library, specific oligonucleotides were selected. The binding specificity and affinity were assessed by competitive and binding assays. Using the developed microfluidic system, the incubation and partitioning times were greatly decreased, and the entire process was shortened dramatically. Both HbA1c- and Hb-specific aptamers selected by the microfluidic system showed high specificity and affinity (dissociation constant, Kd = 7.6 ± 3.0 nM and 7.3 ± 2.2 nM for HbA1c and Hb, respectively). With further refinements in the assay, these aptamers may replace the conventional antibodies for in vitro diagnostics applications in the near future.
Nitrogen Detection in Bulk Samples Using a D-D Reaction-Based Portable Neutron Generator (2013)

Nitrogen concentration was measured via 2.52 MeV nitrogen gamma ray from melamine, caffeine, urea, and disperse orange bulk samples using a newly designed D-D portable neutron generator-based prompt gamma ray setup. Inspite of low flux of thermal neutrons produced by D-D reaction-based portable neutron generator and interference of 2.52 MeV gamma rays from nitrogen in bulk samples with 2.50 MeV gamma ray from bismuth in BGO detector material, an excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated yields of nitrogen gamma rays indicates satisfactory performance of the setup for detection of nitrogen in bulk samples.
The dialysis electrode—a new method for in vivo monitoring (1992)

A new type of enzyme electrode, the ‘dialysis electrode’, based on the enzyme glutamate oxidase, is used for the continuous measurement of levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain of a freely moving rat.
Reply to van Hoesel: Binaural jitter with cochlear implants, improved interaural time-delay sensitivity, and normal hearing (2008)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
COCULTURE OF BLADDER UROTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS ON SMALL INTESTINAL SUBMUCOSA: POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (2000)

Small intestinal submucosa supports the 3-dimensional growth of human bladder cells in vitro. Successful combined growth of bladder cells on small intestinal submucosa with different seeding techniques has important future clinical implications with respect to tissue engineering technology. The results of our study demonstrate that there are important smooth muscle cell-epithelial cell interactions involved in determining the type of in vitro cell growth that occurs on small intestinal submucosa. Small intestinal submucosa is a valuable tool for in vitro study of the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that are involved in regeneration and various disease processes of the bladder.
Acute kidney injury biomarkers offer the opportunity to reduce exposure to nephrotoxic drugs (2015)

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) are specific urinary biomarkers which can predict acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients within 12 hours [1]. A [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] result >0.3 (ng/ml)2/1,000 is associated with seven times the risk of AKI compared with a test result ≤0.3 [2]. The aim of our study was to explore the use of potentially nephrotoxic medications within the window between a positive biomarker test and the diagnosis of AKI stage 2 or 3.
An adaptive structure for sigma delta modulation with improved dynamic range (2002)

This work proposes a novel structure for adaptive sigma delta modulation that leads to considerable improvement in the dynamic range of the modulator. The quantizer step-size is adapted based on estimates of the input signal to the quantizer block rather than on estimates of the input signal to the modulator itself, as is common in current schemes. The proposed structure can be implemented rather directly by means of analog switches. Theoretical and simulation results show considerable improvement in SNR performance, especially for small amplitude signals, over existing adaptive sigma delta modulators.
SHAM‐sensitive alternative respiration in the xylose‐metabolizing yeast <i>Pichia stipitis</i> (2002)

SHAM-sensitive (STO) alternative respiration is present in the xylose-metabolizing, Crabtree-negative yeast, Pichia stipitis, but its pathway components and physiological roles during xylose metabolism are poorly understood. We cloned PsSTO1, which encodes the SHAM-sensitive terminal oxidase (PsSto1p), by genome walking from wild-type CBS 6054 and subsequently deleted PsSTO1 by targeted gene disruption. The resulting sto1-delta deletion mutant, FPL-Shi31, did not contain other isoforms of Sto protein that were detectable by Western blot analysis using an alternative oxidase monoclonal antibody raised against the Sto protein from Sauromatum guttatum. Levels of cytochromes b, c, c(1) and a.a(3) did not change in the sto1-delta mutant, which indicated that deleting PsSto1p did not alter the cytochrome pool. Interestingly, the sto1-delta deletion mutant stopped growing earlier than the parent and produced 20% more ethanol from xylose. Heterologous expression of PsSTO1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased its total oxygen consumption rate and imparted cyanide-resistant oxygen uptake but did not enable growth on ethanol, indicating that PsSto1p is not coupled to ATP synthesis. We present evidence that the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (Complex I) was present in wild-type CBS 6054 but was bypassed in the cells during xylose metabolism. Unexpectedly, deleting PsSto1p led to the use of Complex I in the mutant cells when xylose was the carbon source. We propose that the non-proton-translocating NAD(P)H dehydrogenases are linked to PsSto1p in xylose-metabolizing cells and that this non-ATP-generating route serves a regulatory function in the complex redox network of P. stipitis.
All Holographic Line Scanner For Use In Diode Laser Printers (1989)

We have developed an all holographic line scanner for use in diode laser printers. The scanner consists of only a holographic disk and a holographic lens for laser scanning and focusing. No other optics such as a collimating lens and f- θ lens are necessary. The holographic disk performs high precision straight line scanning. The focusing function is achieved by the compound optical power of a holographic disk and lens. To make the disk more compact, while retaining a required scanning width and scanning beam, the increasing deviation from a straight line and scanning beam aberration need be overcome. In this paper, we devised the method to obtain the required phase transfer functions of the holograms and discussed the holographic recording method to fabricate the holograms.
Synthesis and photochemistry of photochromic fluorescing 2-indolylfulgimides (2000)

A series of N-substituted, thermally stable, photochromic fluorescing indol-2-ylfulgimides were synthesized, with high yields, from the corresponding fulgides by Lewis acid and hexamethyldisilazane promoted one-pot reaction. The quantum efficiencies of the photoinduced coloration and bleaching processes, in polar and nonpolar solvents, were determined. The fluorescence quantum yields of the colored form as well as the thermal stability and fatigue resistances of the synthesized fulgimides were also determined.
Electrochemical methane sensor (1984)

A method and instrument including an electrochemical cell for the detection and measurement of methane in a gas by the oxidation of methane electrochemically at a working electrode in a nonaqueous electrolyte at a voltage about 1.4 volts vs R.H.E. (the reversible hydrogen electrode potential in the same electrolyte), and the measurement of the electrical signal resulting from the electrochemical oxidation.
Vegetable Oils-Based Polyols (2005)

Natural fats and oils normally consist of triglycerides of a mixture of fatty acids (FA). The FA part represents around 90% by weight and the glycerine part around 10% of the fat/oil molecule. The individual FA are characterized by the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, ranging generally from C8 (caprylic acid) to C22 (erucic acid) and additionally by the number of the double bonds in the chain. Typical FA compositions of selected natural oils are shown in Table 6.1. One of the naturally occurring oils with an unusual chemical structure is castor oil, which typically comprises about 87% ricinoleic acid and has an average hydroxyl functionality of 2.7. Polyurethanes are probably the most versatile group of polymers which can be used in the form of foams, cast resins, coatings, adhesives, and sealants. Polyols used in the polyurethane industry currently exceed 2.4 million tons/year in the U.S. (1). To use natural oils as raw materials for polyurethane production, multiple hydroxyl functionality is required. Castor oil has hydroxyl functionality naturally built in, thus it has received extensive exploration as polyurethane building blocks, such as casting resins, elastomers, urethane foams, and interpenetrating networks (2–8). Hydroxyl functionality can be introduced synthetically in other natural oils. This process involves a number of approaches and has been studied extensively by scientists around the world (2,9–47), but commercial production of oil-based polyols has been scarce. While the economics of the associated processes is certainly a large factor, properties of the product conforming to end-use play an important role. Many problems remain to be solved. For example, commercial polyols for rigid urethane foams require an OH number of 450–500 mg KOH/g. Rigid foam production also requires the viscosity of the polyol component to <2,000 centipoises under ambient conditions for the purposes of easy processing and optimal product performance. Most oil-based polyols do not satisfy both requirements at the same time. Some of them have the right viscosity but have a low OH content; others have a high OH content but have turned to greases. Still others have lost their triglyceride linkages—an additional crosslinking naturally built into each oil molecule that enhances crosslinking and thus rigidity. Secondly, studies on the effect of Ch6(IndOils)(110-130)Final 3/23/05 6:29 PM Page 110