gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthetic-array heterodyne detection: a single-element detector acts as an array (1994)

A simple technique, synthetic-array heterodyne detection, permits an ordinary single-element optical detector to behave as though it were a coherent array. A successful experimental implementation of a synthetic two-pixel array, using a CO(2) laser and a single-element HgCdTe photodiode is reported. A different heterodyne local oscillator frequency is incident upon each resolvable region of the detector surface. Thus different regions are mapped to different heterodyne beat frequencies. One can determine where the photons struck the detector surface even though a single electrical connection to the detector is used. This also prevents the destructive interference that occurs when multiple speckles are imaged (akin to spatial diversity). In coherent lidar this permits a larger field of view. An acousto-optic modulator produces the local oscillator frequencies and can achieve good spatial separation of optical frequencies of the order of a megahertz apart.
Scale-Up Factor for Mean Drop Diameter in Batch Rotor-Stator Mixers with Internal Circulation (2010)

The aim of the present study is to propose a scale-up factor for the mean drop diameter in internally circulated batch rotor–stator mixers. The total energy dissipation rate (εt) is used as the scale-up factor for the mean drop diameter. εt is calculated from the power number, flow number, rotational speed, number of rotor blades, and number of stator holes. Because it is difficult to measure the circulation flow rate of an internally circulated mixer directly, the flow rate of a production-scale mixer is estimated by measuring the time required for complete mixing—termed “mixing time”—and taking into account the power number of the production- and pilot-scale mixers and the flow number of the pilot-scale mixer. Our experimental results indicate that εt could influence the mean drop diameter. Theoretical verification suggests that εt includes information on the mixer configuration (rotor diameter, stator hole diameter, stator wall thickness, stator opening ratio, and gap width) and manufacturing conditions (operating time: t; rotational speed: N; and total product volume: V). Our results show that a decrease in the mean drop diameter is proportional to t, N4, and V−1. Further, we estimate the mean drop diameter of the production-scale mixer by performing a model product experiment with a pilot-scale mixer. The above results also indicate that the scale-up criteria for the mean drop diameter can be determined on the basis of εt and in terms of the operating time and not necessarily in terms of the geometric similarities between mixer configurations, a constant rotor tip speed, or a constant clearance between the rotor and stator.
The effect of high-pressure jet processing on cocoa stability in chocolate milk (2021)

Fat-free chocolate milk formulations containing skim milk, cocoa powder, and sugar were thermally treated and then processed using high-pressure jet (HPJ) technology from 125 to 500 MPa. The rheological properties and stability of HPJ-treated chocolate milks were compared with controls (no HPJ processing) prepared both with and without added κ-carrageenan. As expected, carrageenan-free chocolate milk exhibited immediate phase separation of the cocoa powder, whereas formulations containing κ-carrageenan were stable for 14 d. An increased stability was observed with increasing HPJ processing pressure, with a maximum observed when chocolate milk was processed at 500 MPa. The apparent viscosity at 50 s<sup>-1</sup> of HPJ-processed samples increased from ~3 mPa·s to ~9 mPa·s with increasing pressure, and shear-thinning behavior (n < 0.9) was observed for samples processed at HPJ pressures ≥250 MPa. We suggest that HPJ-induced structural changes in casein micelles and new casein-cocoa interactions increased cocoa stability in the chocolate milk. Because casein seemed to be the major component enhancing cocoa stability in HPJ-treated samples, a second study was conducted to determine the effect of additional micellar casein (1, 2, or 4%) and HPJ processing (0-500 MPa) on the stability of fat-free chocolate milk. Formulations with 4% micellar casein processed at 375 and 500 MPa showed no phase separation over a 14-d storage period at 4°C. The addition of micellar casein together with HPJ processing at 500 MPa resulted in a higher apparent viscosity (~17 mPa·s at 50s<sup>-1</sup>) and more pronounced shear-thinning behavior (n ≤ 0.81) compared with that without added micellar casein. The use of HPJ technology to improve the dispersion stability of cocoa provides the industry with a processing alternative to produce clean-label, yet stable, chocolate milk.
Ti:sapphire-pumped infrared femtosecond optical parametric oscillator based on BiB3O6 (2007)

A femtosecond optical parametric oscillator based on the nonlinear material BiB <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> pumped by a Kerr-lens-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser is reported. Continuous tuning across the spectral range of 1.2-1.6 μm is demonstrated.
Sparse array antennas with optimized elements positions and dimensions (2014)

A deterministic algorithm based on simple analytical equations for designing planar circular sparse array antennas is presented. The positions and the dimensions of the radiating elements are jointly exploited and optimized using simple analytical equations. The algorithm permits solving one of the main limitations associated to sparse arrays, i.e. the poor aperture efficiency especially when patterns with low sidelobe levels are obtained using only the density of the elements avoiding any amplitude tapering.
315. Optimization of the Capsid of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus 6 (AAV6) Vectors for Liver-, and Muscle-Directed Gene Therapy (2015)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are currently in use in a number of Phase I/II clinical trials. However, large vector doses are needed to achieve therapeutic effects. The ubiquitinproteasome pathway plays a critical role in the intracellular trafficking of AAV vectors, and phosphorylation of certain surface-exposed amino acid residues on the capsid provides the primary signal for ubiquitination. We have previously reported that substitution of critical amino acid residues dramatically increases the transduction efficiency of vectors based on AAV serotypes 2, 3, 5, and 8 by preventing capsid phosphorylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. In the present studies, we document that the combination of mutations of specific tyrosine (Y), serine (S), threonine (T) and lysine (K) residues on the capsid of AAV6 vectors also significantly increases the transduction efficiency compared with the wild-type (WT) AAV6 vectors. AAV6 capsid contains 7 tyrosine, 17 serine, 19 threonine and 11 lysine residues, which are surface-exposed. Initially, 17 single-mutants were generated based on the AAV6 crystal structure and overlap of amino acid positions with previously studied serotypes: Y445F, Y705F, Y731F, S455V, S472V, S499V, S551V, S663V, S669V, T251V, T492V, T665V, T722V, K531E, K567E, K666E, K707E. Next, the best performing Y-, S-, T-, and K- mutations were combined onto a single AAV6 capsid to generate 9 double-mutants: Y705+731F, Y731F+T492V, T492V+S663V, T492V+S551V, T665V+S551V, S663V+S551V, T492V+K531E, S663V+K531E, T492V+K666E; 7 triple-mutants: Y445+705+731F, Y705+731F+S663V, Y705+731F+S551V, Y705+731F+T492V, Y705+731F+K531E, Y705+731F+K666E, T492V+S663V+K531E; and two quadruple-mutants: Y705+731F+T492V+S663V, and Y705+731F+T492V+K531E. We identified several AAV6-mutant vectors, such as S663+551V, Y705+731F+T492V and Y705+731F+K531E, which were particularly efficient. These vectors increased the transduction efficiency by approximately 5- to 8-fold in a murine hepatocyte cell line, H2.35, and approximately 3- to 5-fold in a murine myoblast cell line, C2C12, over the WT AAV6 vector in vitro. Similar results were obtained in murine hepatocytes and muscle in vivo after tail-vein or intra-muscular injections of these vectors, followed by whole-body bioluminescence imaging of C57BL/6 mice. These residues are localized towards the base of the protrusions surrounding the icosahedral 3-fold axes of the capsid (T492S, S551V and K531E), in the depression surrounding the 2-fold axes (Y705F and Y731Y), or the HI loop (Y663S). This study thus identifies these capsid surface regions as being critical for the trafficking and transduction properties of the AAV6 vectors. In summary, our studies have led to the generation of novel capsid-optimized AAV6 vectors for their potential use in liver-directed, and muscle-directed gene therapy in humans.
Compatible dual-echo arteriovenography (CODEA) using an echo-specific K-space reordering scheme (2009)

An improved dual-echo sequence magentic resonance (MR) imaging technique was developed to simultaneously acquire a time-of-flight MR angiogram (MRA) and a blood oxygenation level-dependent MR venogram (MRV) in a single MR acquisition at 3 T. MRA and MRV require conflicting scan conditions (e.g., excitation RF profile, flip angle, and spatial presaturation pulse) for their optimal image quality. This conflict was not well counterbalanced or reconciled in previous methods reported for simultaneous acquisition of MRA and MRV. In our dual-echo sequence method, an echo-specific K-space reordering scheme was used to uncouple the scan parameter requirements for MRA and MRV. The MRA and MRV vascular contrast was enhanced by maximally separating the K-space center regions acquired for the MRA and MRV, and by adjusting and applying scan parameters compatible between the MRA and MRV. As a preliminary result, we were able to acquire a simultaneous dual-echo MRA and MRV with image quality comparable to that of the conventional single-echo MRA and MRV that were acquired separately at two different sessions. Furthermore, integrated with tilted optimized nonsaturating excitation and multiple overlapping thin-slab acquisition techniques, our dual-echo MRA and MRV provided seamless vascular continuity over a large coverage volume of the brain anatomy. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Long Range Guided Wave Natural Focusing Pipe Inspection (2006)

Long range ultrasonic guided wave nondestructive evaluation can be used to inspect pipelines over fairly long distances. Partial loading of transducers around the circumference leads to a non-axisymmetric energy distribution. At particular axial distances and frequencies, the ultrasonic energy is naturally focused at some spots around the circumference via constructive wave interference. This so called “natural focusing” phenomenon can be used to improve guided wave sensitivity for a defect since more energy is sent to the defect. However, defects located in other places could possibly be missed, unless we can move the natural focusing points throughout the pipe. We have done this by frequency and circumferential angle tuning for specific circumferential loading lengths. In order to utilize the natural focusing phenomenon to enhance detection sensitivity, a frequency and angle tuning (FAT) technique is employed to extend the area that is scanned by focal energy. It is observed that the natural focal points at a fixed axial distance move with frequency variation and circumferential excitation length change. In this paper, the natural focusing phenomenon with FAT is theoretically calculated and experimentally investigated. The results show that the natural focusing inspection technique can sufficiently inspect an entire pipe with FAT. Some sample inspection data is compared by applying axisymmetric excitations, FAT, and phased array focusing.
Opportunistic fungi and fungal infections: the challenge of a single, general antifungal vaccine (2006)

A vaccine made up by an algal beta-glucan (laminarin), conjugated with a protein component, protects against infections by different fungi and induces antibodies capable of inhibiting fungal growth. Although taking a premium on a common molecular theme, this remains a sort of 'cross-kingdom' vaccine because the immunizing antigen and the vaccination target belong to organisms from two different kingdoms and this is certainly the first case in the field of human vaccines. Thus, it is possible to convey in a single immunological tool the potential to protect against multiple infections, in theory all those caused by beta-glucan-expressing fungi. The generation of antibodies with the potential to directly inhibit the growth of, or kill the fungal cells also opens an exciting perspective for both active and passive vaccination in immunocompromised subjects.
Extracting Diagnostic Information from Optical Coherence Tomography Images of Diabetic Retinal Tissues Using Depth-dependent Attenuation rate and Fractal Analysis (2012)

The sensitivity of OCT images to sample diabetic morphology is tested by calculating attenuation coefficients and fractal dimension. Fractal analysis provided a better sensitivity, offering a potential diagnostic predictor for detecting early diabetic retinopathy.
Amplification of RNA: High-Temperature Reverse Transcription and DNA Amplification with a Magnesium-Activated Thermostable DNA Polymerase (2006)

of RNA: High-Temperature Reverse Transcription and DNA with a Magnesium-Activated Thermostable DNA Polymerase Edward S. Smith, Alvin K. Li, Alice M. Wang, David H. Gelfand, and Thomas W. Myers This protocol was adapted from Amplification of RNA: High-Temperature Reverse Transcription and DNA with a Magnesium-Activated Thermostable DNA Polymerase, contributed by Edward S. Smith, Alvin K. Li, Alice M. Wang, David H. Gelfand, and Thomas W. Myers, Chapter 16, in PCR Primer, 2nd edition (eds. Dieffenbach and Dveksler). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA, 2003.
Novel Ru nanoparticle catalysts for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of biomass-derived furanic compounds (2020)

Highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles supported on N-doped mesoporous carbon demonstrated an admirable catalytic activity in catalytic transfer hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-dimethylfuran and furfural to 2-methylfuran.
Greenhouse Screening of Corn Gluten Meal as a Natural Control Product for Broadleaf and Grass Weeds (1995)

Corn ( Zea mays L.) gluten meal (CGM) was evaluated under greenhouse conditions for efficacy on 22 selected monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed species. Corn gluten meal was applied at 0, 324, 649, and 973 g·m –2 and as a soil-surface preemergence (PRE) and preplant-incorporated (PPI) weed control product. CGM reduced plant survival, shoot length, and root development of all tested species. Black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum L.), common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.), creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.), curly dock ( Rumex crispus L.), purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.), and redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were the most susceptible species. Plant survival and root development for these species were reduced by ≥75%, and shoot length was decreased by >50% when treated PRE and PPI with 324 g CGM/m 2 . Catchweed bedstraw ( Galium aparine L.), dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale Weber), giant foxtail ( Setaria faberi Herrm.), and smooth crabgrass [ Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl] exhibited survival and shoot length reductions >50% and an 80% reduction in root development when treated with PPI CGM at 324 g·m –2 . Barnyardgrass [ Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] and velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) were the least susceptible species showing survival reductions ≤31% when treated with 324 g CGM/m 2 .
Clinical Utility of Ventricular Repolarization Dispersion for Real‐Time Detection of Non‐ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Emergency Departments (2015)

A simple measure of global VRD on the presenting 12-lead ECG correlates with ischemic myocardial injury and can discriminate NSTEMI cases very early during evaluation. Prospective studies should validate these findings and test whether VRD can guide therapy.
PhotoReply (2018)

We introduce the problem of automatically suggesting conversational responses to photos and present an intelligent assistant called PhotoReply that solves the problem in the context of a messaging application. For example, when a user receives a photo showing a dog, PhotoReply suggests responses such as "Aww»» and "Cute terrier!»» This simplifies composing responses on constrained mobile keyboards, and delights users with uncanny insights into the photos they receive. PhotoReply is an integral part of the Allo chat application, being its predictive assistance feature with highest click-through rate. We formalize the problem of suggesting responses to images as an instance of multimodal learning which is akin to caption generation models, a topic that has recently received significant attention \citeKarpathy2015,Vinyals2015,Xu2015. We then present a system that "translates»» image pixels to text responses. The system includes a conditioned language model, based on an LSTM, which, given an embedding of image pixels and the previous predicted words, calculates the probability of all words in a vocabulary of being the next word in the generated response and a triggering model trained with image embeddings and concept labels from a large concept taxonomy. We describe training of the models and a thorough experimental evaluation based on crowdsourced datasets and live traffic.
Polymer‐Based Muscle Expansion and Contraction (2013)

Weight lifting: A polymer-based device capable of lifting many times its own mass was fabricated by drying a solution of the polycation poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (pDADMAC) on a surface coated with charged poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based microgels. Upon drying of the pDADMAC solution on the microgel-modified surface, it bends. Flexible surfaces then curl up into scroll-like structures, which can be opened up at high humidity.
Sagnac loop mirror and micro-ring based laser cavity for silicon-on-insulator (2014)

An integrated laser is a key component in silicon based photonic integrated circuits. Beyond incorporating the gain medium, on-chip cavity design is critical to device performance and yield. Typical recent results involve cavities utilizing distributed Bragg gratings that require ultra-fine feature sizes. We propose to build laser cavity on silicon using a Sagnac loop mirror and a micro-ring wavelength filter for the first time. The Sagnac loop mirror provides broadband reflection, which is simple to fabricate, has an accurately-controlled reflectivity, and negligible excess loss. Single-mode operation is achieved with the intra-cavity micro-ring filter and, using a 248 nm stepper, the laser wavelength can be lithographically controlled within a standard deviation of 3.6 nm. We demonstrate a proof-of-concept device lasing at 1551.7 nm, with 44 dB SMSR, 1.2 MHz linewidth and 4.8 mW on-chip output power.
Interference subspace rejection in wideband CDMA: Modes for high data-rate operation (2002)

This paper extends our study on a multi-user receiver structure for base-station receivers with antenna arrays in multicellular systems. The receiver employs a beamforming structure with constraints that nulls the signal component in appropriate interference subspaces. Here we introduce a new mode, ISR-D (diversities), which finds and suppresses the subspace of the identified paths of all known interferers. A frame extension technique is proposed which can be applied to all available ISR modes to increase the dimensionality of the observation space and thereby avoid noise amplification as a result of subspace suppression, as well as allow asynchronous transmission. Performance differences arise between the modes due to different sensitivities to channel identification and data detection errors. For homogeneous high data-rate situations ISR-DX manifests the best performance. However, due to its reduced complexity, ISR-TRX appears to offer the best complexity-performance tradeoffs.
Beamformer design with feedback rate constraints: criteria and constructions (2003)

This paper describes the design of beamformers when finite rate channel feedback is available in a multiple transmit antenna system. This paper also discusses a geometrical framework for the analysis and design criterion of beamformer codebooks construction with finite number of beam-former vectors to minimize the outage probability.
Matching output queueing with a combined input/output-queued switch (1999)

The Internet is facing two problems simultaneously: there is a need for a faster switching/routing infrastructure and a need to introduce guaranteed qualities-of-service (QoS). Each problem can be solved independently: switches and routers can be made faster by using input-queued crossbars instead of shared memory systems; QoS can be provided using weighted-fair queueing (WFQ)-based packet scheduling. Until now, however, the two solutions have been mutually exclusive-all of the work on WFQ-based scheduling algorithms has required that switches/routers use output-queueing or centralized shared memory. This paper demonstrates that a combined input/output-queueing (CIOQ) switch running twice as fast as an input-queued switch can provide precise emulation of a broad class of packet-scheduling algorithms, including WFQ and strict priorities. More precisely, we show that for an N/spl times/N switch, a "speedup" of 2-1/N is necessary, and a speedup of two is sufficient for this exact emulation. Perhaps most interestingly, this result holds for all traffic arrival patterns. On its own, the result is primarily a theoretical observation; it shows that it is possible to emulate purely OQ switches with CIOQ switches running at approximately twice the line rate. To make the result more practical, we introduce several scheduling algorithms that with a speedup of two can emulate an OQ switch. We focus our attention on the simplest of these algorithms, critical cells first (CCF), and consider its running time and implementation complexity. We conclude that additional techniques are required to make the scheduling algorithms implementable at a high speed and propose two specific strategies.
SO.sub.2 sensor (1994)

This invention is a process for detecting low concentration levels of sulfur oxides (SO.sub.2) in a flowing gas stream (typically a combustion exhaust gas stream) and a catalytic SO.sub.2 sensor system which may be used in that process.
Load Aware Channel-Width Assignments in Wireless LANs (2007)

Measurements studies show that there exist large spatial and temporal fluctuations in the traffic load handled by different access points in Wireless LANs. In order to alleviate this problem, researchers have proposed various load-balancing techniques based for instance on channel assignment, power control, or client allocation. Fundamentally, however, assigning each AP the same amount of bandwidth (one channel) can inevitably lead to inefficient usage of the spectrum. In this work, we address the problem by adaptively tuning a radio parameter that has so far been largely untouched in Wireless LAN networks: the channel-width. Particularly, we show that a significant improvement in network capacity and per-client fairness can be achieved if the channel-widths at different APs are made a function of the traffic load. We propose the use of dynamic-width channels, where every AP adjusts its center-frequency and channel width to match its current traffic load. Our techniques are made possible by recent advances in radio hardware design and do not require changes in current hardware. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme through analysis and simulations using real-world scenarios.