gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of an attenuated live QX-like infectious bronchitis virus strain as a vaccine for chickens (2011)

The attenuation of infectious bronchitis (IB) QX-like virus strain L1148 is described. The virus was passaged multiple times in embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs, and at different passage levels samples were tested for safety for the respiratory tract and kidneys in 1-day-old SPF chickens. There was a clear decrease in pathogenicity for the respiratory tract and kidneys when the virus had undergone a large number of passages. Passage level 80 was investigated for safety for the reproductive tract in 1-day-old and 7-day-old SPF chickens. In 1-day-old chickens, 12.5% of the vaccinated birds had macroscopic lesions. No lesions were observed if the chickens had been vaccinated at 7 days of age. Passage level 80 was investigated for its ability to spread from vaccinated to non-vaccinated chickens and for dissemination in the body. The virus was able to spread from vaccinated chickens to groups of non-vaccinated chickens, and in the vaccinated birds the virus was found frequently in oro-pharyngeal and cloacal swabs. A fragment of the hypervariable region of the S1 protein of passage level 80 was sequenced and revealed nucleotide changes resulting in two amino acid substitutions. Passage level 80 was given additional passages to levels 82 and 85. Both passage levels were tested for efficacy in SPF chickens and passage level 85 was tested for efficacy in commercial chickens with maternally derived antibodies (MDA) against a challenge with QX-like strain IB D388. In both SPF chickens and chickens with MDA, the vaccines based on strain IB L1148 were efficacious against challenge.
α-Conotoxin OmIA Is a Potent Ligand for the Acetylcholine-binding Protein as Well as α3β2 and α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (2006)

The molluskan acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP) is a homolog of the extracellular binding domain of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel family. AChBP most closely resembles the alpha-subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and in particular the homomeric alpha7 nicotinic receptor. We report the isolation and characterization of an alpha-conotoxin that has the highest known affinity for the Lymnaea AChBP and also potently blocks the alpha7 nAChR subtype when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Remarkably, the peptide also has high affinity for the alpha3beta2 nAChR indicating that alpha-conotoxin OmIA in combination with the AChBP may serve as a model system for understanding the binding determinants of alpha3beta2 nAChRs. alpha-Conotoxin OmIA was purified from the venom of Conus omaria. It is a 17-amino-acid, two-disulfide bridge peptide. The ligand is the first alpha-conotoxin with higher affinity for the closely related receptor subtypes, alpha3beta2 versus alpha6beta2, and selectively blocks these two subtypes when compared with alpha2beta2, alpha4beta2, and alpha1beta1deltaepsilon nAChRs.
Rectifier Array With Adaptive Power Distribution for Wide Dynamic Range RF-DC Conversion (2018)

This paper presents a novel rectifier array for a wide dynamic range of RF-dc conversion. The rectifier array consists of multiple rectifier cells optimized for operation at different power levels and uses an adaptive power distribution method to divide the RF input power among these rectifier cells according to the RF power levels. The adaptive power distribution takes advantage of the power-dependent input impedances of the rectifier cells and is implemented with passive devices. This method both improves the rectification efficiency and minimizes the impedance mismatch as the input power level varies, and therefore, significantly enhances the dynamic range. The rectifier array can be designed using either the same type or different types of rectifying devices and can be expanded by including more cells in the network to further increase the dynamic range. In this paper, three different implementations of such rectifier array circuits are described, including a two-diode rectifier array designed with the same type of diodes, a two-diode rectifier array designed with different types of diodes, and a three-diode rectifier array with different types of diodes. The performances of these circuits are validated with measurement and compared with each other. Significant enhancement of dynamic range over conventional rectifiers is demonstrated.
Partial Update: Efficient Materialized View Maintenance in a Distributed Graph Database (2018)

In order to efficiently serve a high volume of queries, LinkedIn's distributed graph service caches computationally-expensive materialized views. Despite this, even basic view maintenance has been a scalability bottleneck. In this paper, we introduce Partial Update, which efficiently applies incremental view maintenance in the absence of deletions in a materialized view. Without expensive transaction handling, Partial Update guarantees eventual consistency across source of truth databases, materialized views and base relations stores. By design, its delta change computation logic only produces lightweight queries, reducing any need to augment the underlying data storage systems. This allows Partial Update to seamlessly integrate on top of traditional eventually consistent systems. In LinkedIn's production systems, Partial Update achieves up to a 50% reduction in both maintenance time and network bandwidth utilization. The improved view maintenance scalability allows us to improve the quality of cached data by a factor of 20. We consider that Partial Update is general enough to be applicable to the majority of select-project-join view maintenance strategies in eventually consistent distributed data stores.
Stress Induced Effects for Advanced Polarization Control in Silicon Photonics Components (2008)

We review the use of the oxide cladding stress‐induced photoelastic effect to modify the polarization dependent properties in silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) waveguide components, and highlight characteristics particular to this high index contrast (HIC) systems. The birefringence in SOI waveguides has its origin in the electromagnetic boundary conditions at the waveguide boundaries, and can be further modified by the presence of stress in the waveguiding materials. With typical stress levels in SiO 2 films, which are often used as the upper cladding, the waveguide effective index can be altered anisotropically up to the order of 10 −3 for ridges with heights ranging from 1 μ m to 5 μ m. This effect can be used effectively to counter the waveguide geometrical birefringence, allowing the waveguide cross‐section profiles to be optimized for design criteria other than null geometrical birefringence. Design strategies are developed for using stress engineering to achieve a variety of functions. Polarization insensitive arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs), polarization insensitive ring resonators, and polarization splitters and filters are demonstrated using these design principles.
Effect of <i>p</i>‐toluenesulfonate on inhibition of overoxidation of polypyrrole (2013)

Abstract Electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) films degrade under anodic polarization in aqueous solution. PPy is irreversibly oxidized leading to subsequently to an insulating material. This article highlights the degradation behavior of electrochemically synthesized PPy films using inorganic (perchlorate, ClO 4 − ), organic ( p ‐toluenesulfonate, pTS − ) and mixed (inorganic‐organic, ClO 4 − + pTS − ) anions systems in aqueous solution. The PPy films were subject to overoxidation by means of anodic polarization for a certain period of time and consecutively cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to investigate the influence of anions used during polymerization on the stability and redox activity of the polymer. The modification in the surface morphology of PPy films due to the application of anodic polarization distinctively shows the effect of degradation at polymer/electrolyte interface. The presence of organic anion in the system (PPy/pTS and PPy/mixed) has shown improved electrochemical activity and is stable to electrochemical degradation for a longer period of time than PPy/ClO 4 − . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Sagnac interferometric switch utilizing Faraday rotation (2009)

In this paper, a novel fiber-based, magneto-optic switch based on a Sagnac interferometer is presented. Experimental results at 1550nm are reported and device performance such as extinction ratio for both single-mode and multi-mode fiber is presented. The performance is modeled using an analytical model which includes reflections at magneto-optic interfaces. The paper examines ways to improve the extinction ratio and the performance of the Sagnac configuration.
Advanced Nanoemulsions (2012)

Recent advances in the growing field of nanoemulsions are opening up new applications in many areas such as pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics. Moreover, highly controlled nanoemulsions can also serve as excellent model systems for investigating basic scientific questions about soft matter. Here, we highlight some of the most recent developments in nanoemulsions, focusing on methods of formation, surface modification, material properties, and characterization. These developments provide insight into the substantial advantages that nanoemulsions can offer over their microscale emulsion counterparts.
Automatic Image Defect Diagnosis. (2016)

Although problems relating to specific image correction have been explored intensively, the problem of simultaneous diagnosis for multiple photographic defects remains relatively untouched. Solutions to this problem attempt to predict the existence, severity, and locations of common defects. This paper proposes a first attempt at a solution to the general defect diagnosis problem based on our novel dataset. We formulate the defect diagnosis problem as a multi-task prediction problem and utilize multi-column deep neural networks (DNN) to approach the problem. We propose DNN models with holistic and multi-patch inputs and combine their predicted scores to integrate multi-scale information. During experiments, we validate the complementarity of both kinds of inputs. We also validate that our combined predictions have a more consistent ranking correlation with our ground truth than the average of individual users' judgments. Furthermore, we apply the fully convolutional version of our trained model to visualize defect severity heat maps, which can effectively identify defective regions of input images. We propose that our work will provide casual photographers with better experiences when using image editing software to improve image quality. Another promising avenue for future application involves the equipping of photo summarization systems with defect cues to focus more on defect-free photos.
Performance Evaluation of Representative Figure Method for Proximity Effect Correction (1991)

The representative figure method has been proposed in previous papers to reduce the processing time for proximity effect correction. The Phantom, which is an application of the representative figure method to Ghost, assigns only one representative rectangle in each small area instead of the inverted original patterns, and the rectangles are exposed with a defocused beam. From the results of numerical calculation and experiment, there is little difference in correction effect between Phantom and Ghost, even if the small area size is nearly equal to the electron backscattering range. So, the small area size can be set as large as the backscattering range. It is shown that the same correction accuracy as Ghost can be obtained by Phantom. The correction exposure time can be reduced to 1/25∼1/500 that of Ghost by Phantom.
Intranasal Vaccination with a Secreted Chlamydial Protein Enhances Resolution of Genital<i>Chlamydia muridarum</i>Infection, Protects against Oviduct Pathology, and Is Highly Dependent upon Endogenous Gamma Interferon Production (2006)

There is currently no licensed vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis, the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial disease worldwide. Conventional vaccination attempts using surface-exposed chlamydial antigens have achieved only partial success. We have employed a novel vaccination strategy using a secreted protein, chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF), which has been shown to degrade host major histocompatibility complex transcription factors and keratin-8 and therefore may allow immune evasion and establishment of a productive infection. Intranasal immunization using recombinant CPAF (rCPAF) plus interleukin-12 (IL-12) (rCPAF+IL-12 immunization) was used to assess the protective immunity against genital Chlamydia muridarum infection in BALB/c mice. rCPAF+IL-12 immunization induced robust gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production and minimal IL-4 production by splenocytes upon in vitro recall with rCPAF. The total and immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) anti-rCPAF antibody levels in serum were significantly elevated after rCPAF+IL-12 vaccination, as were the total antibody, IgG2a, and IgA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and vaginal fluids when the animals were compared to animals that received rCPAF alone. rCPAF+IL-12-vaccinated mice displayed significantly reduced bacterial shedding upon chlamydial challenge and accelerated resolution of infection compared to mock-immunized (phosphate-buffered saline) animals. Moreover, rCPAF+IL-12-immunized animals exhibited protection against pathological consequences of chlamydial infection, including the development of hydrosalpinx and oviduct dilatation. This vaccination regimen also reduced the development of fibrosis and the influx of neutrophils into the upper genital tract when the animals were compared to mock-immunized (phosphate-buffered saline) animals after bacterial challenge. rCPAF+IL-12-mediated resolution of the bacterial infection and protection against Chlamydia-induced inflammatory disease were highly dependent on endogenous IFN-gamma production. Together, these results demonstrate that secreted chlamydial antigens may be novel vaccine candidates to induce protective immunity.
A variable resolution x‐ray detector for computed tomography: II. Imaging theory and performance (2000)

A computed tomography (CT) imaging technique called variable resolution x-ray (VRX) detection provides variable image resolution ranging from that of clinical body scanning (1 cy/mm) to that of microscopy (100 cy/mm). In this paper, an experimental VRX CT scanner based on a rotating subject table and an angulated storage phosphor screen detector is described and tested. The measured projection resolution of the scanner is > or = 20 lp/mm. Using this scanner, 4.8-s CT scans are made of specimens of human extremities and of in vivo hamsters. In addition, the system's projected spatial resolution is calculated to exceed 100 cy/mm for a future on-line CT scanner incorporating smaller focal spots (0.1 mm) than those currently used and a 1008-channel VRX detector with 0.6-mm cell spacing.
Novel pyrazolopyrimidines as novel cyćlin dependent kinase inhibitors (2008)

The title compds. [I; R = H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, etc.; R2 =
alkyl, halo, aryl, etc.; R3 = H, halo, aryl, etc.; R4 = H,
halo, alkyl], useful as inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases
for treatment, prevention, inhibition, or amelioration of one
or more diseases assocd. with the CDKs such as cancer, were
prepd. Thus, reacting II (prepn. given) with
4-aminomethylpyridine afforded 93% III which showed IC50 of
0.020 .mu.M and 0.029 .mu.M against CDK2 kinase (cyclin A or
cyclin E-dependent). The pharmaceutical compn. comprising the
compd. I, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agent,
is claimed.
Analytic modeling of loss and cross-coupling in capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (2002)

The structural loss mechanism of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (cMUT) is investigated using finite element analysis and the normal mode theory. A single micromachined transducer membrane on an infinite silicon substrate is simulated by incorporating absorbing boundary conditions in the finite element method. This enables direct evaluation of the mechanical impedance of the membrane. Furthermore, the field distribution along the thickness of the silicon substrate due to outward radiating wave modes is obtained. The normal mode theory is applied to extract the contributions of different wave modes to the complicated field distributions. It is found that, the lowest order Lamb wave modes are responsible for the loss. Evaluation of absolute and relative power losses due to individual modes indicate that the lowest order anti-symmetric (A/sub 0/) mode is the dominant radial mode in agreement with experimental measurements. The results of the analysis are used to derive a detailed equivalent circuit model of a cMUT with structural loss.
Two-handed marking menus for multitouch devices (2011)

We investigate multistroke marking menus for multitouch devices and we show that using two hands can improve performance. We present two new two-handed multistroke marking menu variants in which users either draw strokes with both hands simultaneously or alternate strokes between hands. In a pair of studies we find that using two hands simultaneously is faster than using a single, dominant-handed marking menu by 10--15%. Alternating strokes between hands doubles the number of accessible menu items for the same number of strokes, and is similar in performance to using a one-handed marking menu. We also examine how stroke direction affects performance. When using thumbs on an iPod Touch, drawing strokes upwards and inwards is faster than other directions. For two-handed simultaneous menus, stroke pairs that are bilaterally symmetric or share the same direction are fastest. We conclude with design guidelines and sample applications to aid multitouch application developers interested in using one- and two-handed marking menus.
Strong group-velocity dispersion compensation with phase-engineered sheet metamaterials (2014)

Resonant metamaterials usually exhibit substantial dispersion, which is considered a shortcoming for many applications. Here we take advantage of the ability to tailor the dispersive response of a metamaterial, introducing a new method of group-velocity dispersion compensation in telecommunication systems. The method consists of stacking a number of highly dispersive sheet metamaterials and is capable of compensating the dispersion of optical fibers with either negative or positive group-velocity dispersion coefficients. We demonstrate that the phase-engineered metamaterial can provide strong group-velocity dispersion management without being adversely affected by large transmission loss, while at the same time offering high customizability and a small footprint.
A Modelling and Nonlinear Equalization Technique for a 20 Gb/s 0.77 pJ/b VCSEL Transmitter in 32 nm SOI CMOS (2016)

This paper describes an ultralow-power VCSEL transmitter in 32 nm SOI CMOS. To increase its power efficiency, the VCSEL is driven at a low bias current. Driving the VCSEL in this condition increases its inherent nonlinearity. Conventional pre-emphasis techniques cannot compensate for this effect because they have a linear response. To overcome this limitation, a nonlinear equalization scheme is proposed. A dynamic VCSEL modelling technique is used to generate the time-domain optical responses for “one” and “zero” bits. Based on the asymmetry of the two responses, the rising and falling edges are equalized separately. Additionally, instead of using fixed bit delays, the equalization delay is selected based on the bias current of the VCSEL. The efficiency of the proposed modelling and equalization technique is evaluated through simulations and measurements. The transmitter achieves energy efficiency of 0.77 pJ/b at 20 Gb/s and occupies 100 μm × 60 μm active silicon area.
Compact 3-D Sensor for Robots Using X-Shaped Slit Light (1987)

Recently many types of practical robot vision systems have been developed. However, most of them are based on the 2-D image processing technique and can recognize objects only on a known plane. On the other hand, much fundamental research effort on 3-D recognition has been made, but achieved results are still time-consuming and impractical.In this paper, we describe the compact 3-D sensor for robots. 3-D information about objects can be detected by the light section method. Projecting a slit light onto the object and taking its image from the oblique direction, the distances from a point on the slit light plane to the light stripes, which are intersections of the object and the slit light, can be measured based on the triangulation. The proposed sensor projects two slit lights one by one, which are arranged like X-shape. The light stripes neighboring the intersection of two slit lights in the taken images are guaranteed to be on a continuous surface. Therefore, once the sensor is directed to the desired surface just roughly, the orientation and the distance of the surface in the 3-D space can be detected through the calculation of the distances to the points neighboring the intersection of the slit lights, without moving the sensor.The developed sensor consists of two slit light sources and a solid state TV camera. Infrared LED chips are used as the light source and Camera Control Unit is separated from the sensor itself. They enable us to realize a light-weight and compact sensor which is suitable for being mounted on a robot arm. The size of the sensor is 200mmW×57mmH×75mmL and the weight is 400g. According to the experimental results, the repeatability of the detected position of the cylindrical object is σ=0.04mm for the x-y coordinate, σ=0.09mm for the distance and σ=0.2° for the orientation and the acquisition time is about 0.1 second.
Insecticidal efficacy and persistence of a co‐occluded binary mixture of <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> nucleopolyhedrovirus (<scp>HearNPV</scp>) variants in protected and field‐grown tomato crops on the Iberian Peninsula (2015)

The efficacy and persistence of HearSP1B:LB6 OBs were comparable with those of commercial insecticides in both field and greenhouse tomato crops. Future studies should focus on reducing application rates to determine insecticidal efficacy at lower OB concentrations. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
Zensors (2015)

The promise of "smart" homes, workplaces, schools, and other environments has long been championed. Unattractive, however, has been the cost to run wires and install sensors. More critically, raw sensor data tends not to align with the types of questions humans wish to ask, e.g., do I need to restock my pantry? Although techniques like computer vision can answer some of these questions, it requires significant effort to build and train appropriate classifiers. Even then, these systems are often brittle, with limited ability to handle new or unexpected situations, including being repositioned and environmental changes (e.g., lighting, furniture, seasons). We propose Zensors, a new sensing approach that fuses real-time human intelligence from online crowd workers with automatic approaches to provide robust, adaptive, and readily deployable intelligent sensors. With Zensors, users can go from question to live sensor feed in less than 60 seconds. Through our API, Zensors can enable a variety of rich end-user applications and moves us closer to the vision of responsive, intelligent environments.