gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Bone Lesions by Subtraction Radiography (1985)

Examiner diagnostic accuracy and response times were compared using subtraction and conventional radiography in a dog model. Osseous lesions were induced interproximally and through the mandibular buccal bone interradicularly and radicularly. Standardized preoperative and postoperative conventional radiographs of the induced lesions were compared to subtraction images of the same sites by 11 dentists. Examiners using the subtraction technique demonstrated improved diagnostic performance (P less than 0.001) and response times (P less than 0.001). Additionally, this method yielded a 30% reduction in equivocal diagnostic decisions. Data from this study suggest that subtraction radiography is a sensitive and accurate method to detect osseous lesions associated with periodontal diseases.
Towards the elaboration of new gold-based optical theranostics (2014)

Four new red BODIPY-gold(I) theranostic compounds were synthesized. Some of them were vectorized by tethering a biovector (glucose or bombesin derivatives) to the metallic center. Their photophysical properties were studied. Additionally, their cytotoxicity was examined on different cancer cell lines and on a normal cell line, they were tracked in vitro by fluorescence detection, and their uptake was evaluated by ICP-MS measurements.
Automated, Robotic Preparation of Vitrified Samples for 2D and 3D Cryo Electron Microscopy (2005)

Abstract Fundamental research within the scope of cell and structural biology as well as nano-technology is increasingly focusing on unraveling interactive biological and biochemical processes and pathways at the macromolecular level. For this, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is indispensable. Of paramount importance is the three-dimensional visualization of macromolecular structures and molecular machines in their native hydrated state. Their physical fixation within ultra-thin vitrified ice layers is the crucial starting point.
Weakly- and Semi-Supervised Learning of a DCNN for Semantic Image Segmentation (2015)

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) trained on a large number of images with strong pixel-level annotations have recently significantly pushed the state-of-art in semantic image segmentation. We study the more challenging problem of learning DCNNs for semantic image segmentation from either (1) weakly annotated training data such as bounding boxes or image-level labels or (2) a combination of few strongly labeled and many weakly labeled images, sourced from one or multiple datasets. We develop Expectation-Maximization (EM) methods for semantic image segmentation model training under these weakly supervised and semi-supervised settings. Extensive experimental evaluation shows that the proposed techniques can learn models delivering competitive results on the challenging PASCAL VOC 2012 image segmentation benchmark, while requiring significantly less annotation effort. We share source code implementing the proposed system at https://bitbucket.org/deeplab/deeplab-public.
Robust extraction of moving objects through grouping edges along with optical flow (2005)

A robust network system is proposed for segmenting and extracting multiple moving objects. The system uses an interconnected neural network in which grouping factors, such as edge proximity and smoothness of edge orientation, and smoothness of motion component perpendicular to an edge, are embedded. Experimental results are provided to indicate performance and noise robustness of the system in extracting objects in synthesized images.
Genetic Architecture of Phenomic-Enabled Canopy Coverage in<i>Glycine max</i> (2017)

Digital imagery can help to quantify seasonal changes in desirable crop phenotypes that can be treated as quantitative traits. Because limitations in precise and functional phenotyping restrain genetic improvement in the postgenomic era, imagery-based phenomics could become the next breakthrough to accelerate genetic gains in field crops. Whereas many phenomic studies focus on exploratory analysis of spectral data without obvious interpretative value, we used field images to directly measure soybean canopy development from phenological stage V2 to R5. Over 3 years, we collected imagery using ground and aerial platforms of a large and diverse nested association panel comprising 5555 lines. Genome-wide association analysis of canopy coverage across sampling dates detected a large quantitative trait locus (QTL) on soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>, L. Merr.) chromosome 19. This QTL provided an increase in yield of 47.3 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> Variance component analysis indicated that a parameter, described as average canopy coverage, is a highly heritable trait (<i>h</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.77) with a promising genetic correlation with grain yield (0.87), enabling indirect selection of yield via canopy development parameters. Our findings indicate that fast canopy coverage is an early season trait that is inexpensive to measure and has great potential for application in breeding programs focused on yield improvement. We recommend using the average canopy coverage in multiple trait schemes, especially for the early stages of the breeding pipeline (including progeny rows and preliminary yield trials), in which the large number of field plots makes collection of grain yield data challenging.
Simultaneous development and qualification in the fast-changing 3.5" hard-disk-drive technology (2002)

This paper presents an enhanced approach to utilizing test as an aid to maturing the 3.5" hard-disk drive (HDD) to improve time to market. It focuses on designing tests that provide maximum feedback to the design function on the designs "goodness or maturity" and the strategy focuses on consolidating different tests done by different groups (including selective customer testing) to maximize useful information flowing back to the design team. To improve design weakness identification, the paper offers an alternative to performing design verification testing (DVT) that focuses on problem discovery rather than specification compliance. This paper also covers conformance testing as testimony to the successful approach taken on DVT testing. Although not all elements of the consolidated test strategy have been fully implemented, results so far are very encouraging.
The Effect of Chondroitin Sulphate and Hyaluronic Acid on Chondrocytes Cultured within a Fibrin-Alginate Hydrogel (2014)

Osteoarthritis is a painful degenerative joint disease that could be better managed if tissue engineers can develop methods to create long-term engineered articular cartilage tissue substitutes. Many of the tissue engineered cartilage constructs currently available lack the chemical stimuli and cell-friendly environment that promote the matrix accumulation and cell proliferation needed for use in joint cartilage repair. The goal of this research was to test the efficacy of using a fibrin-alginate hydrogel containing hyaluronic acid (HA) and/or chondroitin sulphate (CS) supplements for chondrocyte culture. Neonatal porcine chondrocytes cultured in fibrin-alginate hydrogels retained their phenotype better than chondrocytes cultured in monolayer, as evidenced by analysis of their relative expression of type II versus type I collagen mRNA transcripts. HA or CS supplementation of the hydrogels increased matrix glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production during the first week of culture. However, the effects of these supplements on matrix accumulation were not additive and were no longer observed after two weeks of culture. Supplementation of the hydrogels with CS or a combination of both CS and HA increased the chondrocyte cell population after two weeks of culture. Statistical analysis indicated that the HA and CS treatment effects on chondrocyte numbers may be additive. This research suggests that supplementation with CS and/or HA has positive effects on cartilage matrix production and chondrocyte proliferation in three-dimensional (3D) fibrin-alginate hydrogels.
Spatiotemporal Structure of Cortical Activity: Properties and Behavioral Relevance (1998)

The study was designed to reveal occurrences of precise firing sequences (PFSs) in cortical activity and to test their behavioral relevance. Two monkeys were trained to perform a delayed-response paradigm and to open puzzle boxes. Extracellular activity was recorded from neurons in premotor and prefrontal areas with an array of six microelectrodes. An algorithm was developed to detect PFSs, defined as a set of three spikes and two intervals with a precision of +/-1 ms repeating significantly more than expected by chance. The expected level of repetition was computed based on the firing rate and the pairwise correlation of the participating units, assuming a Poisson distribution of event counts. Accordingly, the search for PFSs was corrected for rate modulations. PFSs were found in 24/25 recording sessions. Most PFSs (76%) were composed of spikes of more than one unit but usually not more than two units (67%). The PFSs spanned hundreds of milliseconds, and the average interval between two events within the PFSs was 200 ms. No traces of periodic oscillations were found in the PFS intervals. The bins of the matrix that were defined as PFSs were isolated temporally: the spikes that generated PFSs were not associated with high-frequency bursts or rapid coherent rate fluctuations. A given PFS tended to be correlated with the animal's behavior. Furthermore, for 19% of the PFS pairs that shared the same unit composition, each member of the pair was associated with a different type of behavior. The PFSs often appeared in clusters that were associated with particular phases of the behavior. The firing rate of single units did not provide a full explanation for the timing and structure of these clusters. A reduced spike train (RST) was defined for each unit by taking all spikes of that unit that were part of any PFS. In 88% of the cases the degree of modulation of the RST was higher than that of the complete spike train. The results suggest that relevant information is carried by the fine temporal structure of cortical activity. A coding scheme that involves such temporal structures is rich and sufficiently flexible to facilitate a rapid organization of cortical neurons into functional groups. The results can be accounted for by the synfire chain model, which suggests that cortical activity is mediated by synchronous activation of neural groups in a reverberatory mode.
Osmotic Stress Activates the TAK1-JNK Pathway While Blocking TAK1-mediated NF-κB Activation (2006)

Osmotic stress activates MAPKs, including JNK and p38, which play important roles in cellular stress responses. Transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a member of the MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family and can activate JNK and p38. TAK1 can also activate IkappaB kinase (IKK) that leads to degradation of IkappaB and subsequent NF-kappaB activation. We found that TAK1 is essential for osmotic stress-induced activation of JNK but is not an exclusive mediator of p38 activation. Furthermore, we found that although TAK1 was highly activated upon osmotic stress, it could not induce degradation of IkappaB or activation of NF-kappaB. These results suggest that TAK1 activity is somehow modulated to function specifically in osmotic stress signaling, leading to the activation of JNK but not of IKK. To elucidate the mechanism underlying this modulation, we screened for potential TAK1-binding proteins. We found that TAO2 (thousand-and-one amino acid kinase 2) associates with TAK1 and can inhibit TAK1-mediated activation of NF-kappaB but not of JNK. We observed that TAO2 can interfere with the interaction between TAK1 and IKK and thus may regulate TAK1 function. TAK1 is activated by many distinct stimuli, including cytokines and stresses, and regulation by TAO2 may be important to activate specific intracellular signaling pathways that are unique to osmotic stress.
Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight water‐soluble polymers (1992)

Abstract The synthesis of high molecular weight acrylic water‐soluble polymers in heterophase water‐in‐oil polymerizations is discussed. A mechanism has been elucidated which includes elementary reactions in the continuous (organic) and dispersed (aqueous) phases, as well as the interfacial layer. The latter allows for the identification of interfacially active species which can concurrently enhance stability and increase the linear molecular weight of the polymer. Suitable species are found to contain multiple radically active functional groups on either the hydrophilic or hydrophobic moieties. A one‐point light‐scattering method is also developed which improves the accuracy in molecular‐weight estimation to /pi5%. compared with /pi10% for the conventional dilution procedure. This is demonstrated for high molecular weight polyacrylamides and is found to reduce the sample measurement time fourfold, to 20 min.
Production of transgenic mice by random recombination of targeted genes in female germline stem cells (2010)

Oocyte production in most mammalian species is believed to cease before birth. However, this idea has been challenged with the finding that postnatal mouse ovaries possess mitotically active germ cells. A recent study showed that female germline stem cells (FGSCs) from adult mice were isolated, cultured long term and produced oocytes and progeny after transplantation into infertile mice. Here, we demonstrate the successful generation of transgenic or gene knock-down mice using FGSCs. The FGSCs from ovaries of 5-day-old and adult mice were isolated and either infected with recombinant viruses carrying green fluorescent protein, Oocyte-G1 or the mouse dynein axonemal intermediate chain 2 gene, or transfected with the Oocyte-G1 specific shRNA expression vector (pRS shOocyte-G1 vector), and then transplanted into infertile mice. Transplanted cells in the ovaries underwent oogenesis and produced heterozygous offspring after mating with wild-type male mice. The offspring were genetically characterized and the biological functions of the transferred or knock-down genes were investigated. Efficiency of gene-transfer or gene knock-down was 29%-37% and it took 2 months to produce transgenic offspring. Gene manipulation of FGSCs is a rapid and efficient method of animal transgenesis and may serve as a powerful tool for biomedical science and biotechnology.
Conditional models for 3D human pose estimation (2010)

Human 3d pose estimation from monocular sequence is a challenging problem, owing to highly articulated structure of human body, varied anthropometry, self occlusion, depth ambiguities and large variability in the appearance and background in which humans may appear. Conventional vision based approaches to human 3d pose estimation mostly employed "top-down methods", which used a complete 3d human model, in a hypothesized pose, to explain the configuration of the humans in the observed 2d image. In this thesis, we work with "bottom-up methods" for human pose estimation, that use low level image features to directly predict 3d pose. The research draws on recent innovations in statistical learning, observation-driven modeling, stable image encodings, semi-supervised learning and learning perceptual representations. We address the problems of (a) modeling pose ambiguities due to 3d-to-2d projection and self occlusion, (b) lack of sufficient labeled data for training discriminative models and (c) high dimensionality of human 3d pose state space. In order to resolve 3d pose ambiguities, we use multi-valued functions to predict multiple plausible 3d poses for an image observation. We incorporate unlabeled data in a semi-supervised learning framework to constrain and improve the training of discriminative models. We also propose generic probabilistic Spectral Latent Variable Models to efficiently learn low dimensional representations of high dimensional observation data and apply it to the problem of human 3d pose inference.
Ontology-based neural network for patent knowledge management in design collaboration (2012)

In order to stimulate innovation during the collaborative process of new product and production development, especially to avoid duplicating existing techniques or infringing upon others’ patents and intellectual property rights, the collaborative team of research and development, and patent engineers must accurately identify relevant patent knowledge in a timely manner. This research develops a novel knowledge management approach using ontology-based artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to automatically classify and search knowledge documents stored in huge online patent corpuses. This research focuses on developing a smart and semantic oriented classification and search from the sources of the most critical and well-structured knowledge publications, i.e. patents, to gain valuable and practical references for the collaborative networks of technology-centric product and production development teams. The research uses the domain ontology schema created using Protégé and derives the semantic concept probabilities of key phrases that frequently occur in domain relevant patent documents. Then, by combining the term frequencies and the concept probabilities of key phrases as the ANN inputs, the method shows significant improvement in classification accuracy. In addition, this research provides an advanced semantic-oriented search algorithm to accurately identify related patent documents in the patent knowledge base. The case demonstration analyses 343 chemical mechanical polishing and 150 radio-frequency identification patents sample sets to verify and measure the performance of the proposed approach. The results are compared with the previous automatic classification methods demonstrating much improved outcomes.
Brake Technology Handbook (2008)

Microelectronics and mechatronics have resulted in a significant increase in the technical potential and functionality of brake systems. In a single source, this book provides comprehensive coverage of the current state of the art, as well as the future, of brakes and braking systems. Translated and completely updated from the landmark German-language work Bremsenhandbuch, Brake Technology Handbook covers brake system fundamentals, requirements, design, construction, components, and subsystem functions for vehicles of all types (including passenger cars, commercial vehicles, off-road vehicles, motorcycles, racing vehicles and even aircraft).
A novel method of diagnosing premature ventricular contraction based on sparse auto-encoder and softmax regression (2015)

Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is one of the most serious arrhythmias. Without early diagnosis and proper treatment, PVC can result in significant complications. In this paper, a novel feature extraction method based on a sparse auto-encoder (SAE) and softmax regression (SR) classifier was used to differentiate PVCs from other common Non-PVC rhythms, including normal sinus (N), left bundle branch block (LBBB), right bundle branch block (RBBB), atrial premature contraction (APC), and paced beat (PB) rhythms. The proposed method was analyzed using 40 ECG records obtained from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database. The proposed method exhibited an overall accuracy of 99.4%, with a PVC recognition sensitivity and positive predictability of 97.9% and 91.8%, respectively.
The fitness costs of developmental canalization and plasticity (2009)

Organisms are capable of an astonishing repertoire of phenotypic responses to the environment, and these often define important adaptive solutions to heterogeneous and unpredictable conditions. The terms 'phenotypic plasticity' and 'canalization' indicate whether environmental variation has a large or small effect on the phenotype. The evolution of canalization and plasticity is influenced by optimizing selection-targeting traits within environments, but inherent fitness costs of plasticity may also be important. We present a meta-analysis of 27 studies (of 16 species of plant and 7 animals) that have measured selection on the degree of plasticity independent of the characters expressed within environments. Costs of plasticity and canalization were equally frequent and usually mild; large costs were observed only in studies with low sample size. We tested the importance of several covariates, but only the degree of environmental stress was marginally positively related to the cost of plasticity. These findings suggest that costs of plasticity are often weak, and may influence phenotypic evolution only under stressful conditions.
Emerging Therapeutic Ultrasound (2006)

Mechanisms for Bioeffects of Ultrasound Relevant to Therapeutic Applications (W L Nyborg) Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Therapy (D L Miller) Emerging Technologies Using Ultrasound for Drug Delivery (K Tachibana & S Tachibana) MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound for Local Tissue Ablation and Other Image-guided Interventions (K Hynynen & N McDannold) Sonoporation, Gene Transfection, Anticancer Drug and Antibody Delivery Using Ultrasound (J Wu) Low-Frequency Sonophoresis: Ultrasound-Mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery (S Mitragotri) Clinical Applications of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound in the Treatment of Patients with Solid Malignancy (F Wu).
Mo(bile) money, mo(bile) problems: analysis of branchless banking applications in the developing world (2015)

Mobile money, also known as branchless banking, brings much-needed financial services to the unbanked in the developing world. Leveraging ubiquitous cellular networks, these services are now being deployed as smart phone apps, providing an electronic payment infrastructure where alternatives such as credit cards generally do not exist. Although widely marketed as a more secure option to cash, these applications are often not subject to the traditional regulations applied in the financial sector, leaving doubt as to the veracity of such claims. In this paper, we evaluate these claims and perform the first in-depth measurement analysis of branchless banking applications. We first perform an automated analysis of all 46 known Android mobile money apps across the 246 known mobile money providers and demonstrate that automated analysis fails to provide reliable insights. We subsequently perform comprehensive manual teardown of the registration, login, and transaction procedures of a diverse 15% of these apps. We uncover pervasive and systemic vulnerabilities spanning botched certification validation, do-it-yourself cryptography, and myriad other forms of information leakage that allow an attacker to impersonate legitimate users, modify transactions in flight, and steal financial records. These findings confirm that the majority of these apps fail to provide the protections needed by financial services. Finally, through inspection of providers' terms of service, we also discover that liability for these problems unfairly rests on the shoulders of the customer, threatening to erode trust in branchless banking and hinder efforts for global financial inclusion.