gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Evaluation of Multiple Valued Logic Gates Using Pseudo N-Type Carbon Nanotube FETs (2014)

Multiple valued logic (MVL) circuits are particularly attractive for nanoscale implementation as advantages in information density and operating speed can be harvested using emerging technologies. In this paper, a new family of MVL gates is proposed for implementation using carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). The proposed designs use pseudo N-type CNTFETs and no resistor is utilized for their operation. This approach exploits threshold voltage control of the P-type and N-type transistors, while ensuring correct MVL operation for both ternary and quaternary logic gates. This paper provides a detailed assessment of several figures of merit, such as static power consumption, switching power consumption, propagation delay and the power-delay product (PDP). Compared with resistor-loaded designs, the proposed pseudo-NCNTFET MVL gates show advantages in circuit area, power consumption and energy efficiency, while still incurring a comparable propagation delay. Compared to a complementary logic family, the pseudo-NCNTFET MVL logic family requires a smaller circuit area with a similar propagation delay on average, albeit with a larger PDP and static power consumption. A design methodology and a discussion of issues related to leakage and yield are also provided for the proposed MVL logic family.
Large-area metamaterials on thin membranes for multilayer and curved applications at terahertz and higher frequencies (2009)

A possible path for fabricating three-dimensional metamaterials with curved geometries at optical and infrared frequencies is to stack flexible metamaterial layers. We have fabricated highly uniform metamaterials at terahertz frequencies on large-area, low-stress, free-standing 1 μm thick silicon nitride membranes. Their response remains comparable to that of similar structures on thick substrates as measured by the quality factor of the resonances. Transmission measurements with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer highlight the advantage of fabricating high frequency metamaterials on thin membranes as etalon effects are eliminated. Releasing the membranes enables layering schemes and placement onto curved surfaces in order to create three-dimensional structures.
Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo: A meta-analysis of antidepressant medication. (1998)

Mean effect sizes for changes in depression were calculated for 2,318 patients who had been randomly assigned to either antidepressant medication or placebo in 19 double-blind clinical trials. As a proportion of the drug response, the placebo response was constant across different types of medication (75%), and the correlation between placebo effect and drug effect was .90. These data indicate that virtually all of the variation in drug effect size was due to the placebo characteristics of the studies. The effect size for active medications that are not regarded to be antidepressants was as large as that for those classified as antidepressants, and in both cases, the inactive placebos produced improvement that was 75% of the effect of the active drug. These data raise the possibility that the apparent drug effect (25% of the drug response) is actually an active placebo effect. Examination of pre–post effect sizes among depressed individuals assigned to no-treatment or wait-list control groups suggest that approximately one quarter of the drug response is due to the administration of an active medication, one half is a placebo effect, and the remaining quarter is due to other nonspecific factors.
Herd immunity to Newcastle disease virus in poultry by vaccination (2008)

Newcastle disease is an economically important disease of poultry for which vaccination is applied as a preventive measure in many countries. Nevertheless, outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated populations. This suggests that either the vaccination coverage level is too low or that vaccination does not provide perfect immunity, allowing the virus to spread in partially vaccinated populations. Here we study the requirements of an epidemiologically effective vaccination program against Newcastle disease in poultry, based on data from experimental transmission studies. The transmission studies indicate that vaccinated birds with low or undetectable antibody titres may be protected against disease and mortality but that infection and transmission may still occur. In fact, our quantitative analyses show that Newcastle disease virus is highly transmissible in poultry with low antibody titres. As a consequence, herd immunity can only be achieved if a high proportion of birds (>85%) have a high antibody titre (log(2) haemagglutination inhibition titre > or =3) after vaccination. We discuss the implications for the control of Newcastle disease in poultry by vaccination.
Clinical activity of GW572016 in EGF10003 in patients with solid tumors (2004)

3047 Background. ErbB1 or ErbB2 overexpression predicts for a poor clinical outcome in certain epithelial malignancies. GW572016, a reversible inhibitor of ErbB1/ErbB2 tyrosine kinases, induces tumor cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis. Methods. 64 patients (pts) (22 colon, 6 lung, 5 adenocarcinoma of unknown primary (AUP), 5 H&N, 5 renal, 4 breast, 3 ovarian, and 14 other) were treated with GW572016 once (qd) or twice (bid) daily in a dose escalation scheme. Thirty-nine pts were administered 175-1800 mg qd and 25 pts administered either 500, 750, or 900 mg bid. Pts were evaluated monthly and treated until disease progression or intolerable side effects. Clinical response was determined every 8 wks (RECIST). Results. One CR (sustained for 16+ mos) was observed in an ErbB1 overexpressing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Twenty-two pts with various tumors, most overexpressing either ErbB1 or ErbB2, experienced SD with a median duration of 4 mos (range 1–13+ months). Patients continuing therapy for > 4 mos were administered GW572016 at doses ≥ 1200 mg/day. Of the 22 SD pts, 2 with non-small cell lung cancer and AUP metastatic to lung, both progressing on previous Iressa therapy, remained on GW572016 for 12+ and 8+ mos, respectively. Transient grade 1–2 rash, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, fatigue, and anorexia were the most frequent AEs in all cohorts. There were no cases of interstitial pneumonitis. We also investigated whether serum VEGF levels represent an easily accessible pharmacodynamic endpoint for GW572016 therapy since VEGF is regulated in part by ErbB receptor signaling. Days 0 and 14 serum VEGF levels were assessed with VEGF inhibition observed in 30 patients (median % inhibition-23%). Conclusion.QD administration of GW572016 is well tolerated with evidence of clinical activity in this heavily pre-treated population. Serum VEGF may be a potential biomarker for GW572016 activity. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline Bristol-Myers Squibb; GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline
Comparison between back-to-back and matrix converters based on thermal stress of the switches (2004)

A comparison between a matrix converter and a back-to-back converter feeding a passive load is presented in this paper, with the aim of determining the converter topology which yields the highest output power per switches number. The comparison has been performed for different values of the output frequency. For each output frequency the load power has been increased until one of the switching devices reaches the maximum thermal stress, so defining the maximum output power of the converter. For this purpose, a simplified thermal model has been used to evaluate the junction temperature of the switches on the basis of the switch losses. An accurate computer model of both converters has been implemented taking into account the modulation laws and the real characteristics of the switching devices. Simulation results are presented showing the different behaviour of the two converters as a function of the output frequency. It has been verified that matrix converters perform better than back-to-back converters at low output frequencies.
Numerical simulation of flow control techniques for separation control (2002)

This paper extends previous results in computational studies using WIND flow solver to evaluate the effectiveness of different active flow control techniques for separation control. Twodimensional simulations were performed to compare the effects of discrete suction, microsuction and zeronet mass synthetic jets on a channel with a smooth expansion and a NACA0020 airfoil. Simulations using 3 order Runge-Kutta time integration and 5th order upwind-biased spatial schemes were performed at subsonic and transonic flow conditions for both laminar and turbulent boundary layers. The effects of triggering boundary layer transition at two locations on the leading edge of NACA0020 airfoil were also examined. It was realized that discrete suction can create nearly the same effect on the flowfield as microsuction over a large surface area, but requires only a fraction of the surface for plumbing. Zero-net mass synthetic jets on the other hand require only an electrical line and have the potential of controlling flow separation without the need of any additional plumbing. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of these different techniques and their potential for controlling flow separation and reattachment The presented work also demonstrates WIND code capabilities to simulate and provide valuable insight in control of unsteady flows.
Transformer protein language models are unsupervised structure learners (2020)

A bstract Unsupervised contact prediction is central to uncovering physical, structural, and functional constraints for protein structure determination and design. For decades, the predominant approach has been to infer evolutionary constraints from a set of related sequences. In the past year, protein language models have emerged as a potential alternative, but performance has fallen short of state-of-the-art approaches in bioinformatics. In this paper we demonstrate that Transformer attention maps learn contacts from the unsupervised language modeling objective. We find the highest capacity models that have been trained to date already outperform a state-of-the-art unsupervised contact prediction pipeline, suggesting these pipelines can be replaced with a single forward pass of an end-to-end model. 1
Frequency and Significance of Increased Upper Airway Resistance during Sleep (2000)

Previous studies have shown that episodes of inspiratory flow limitation can be clinically important. We have challenged the hypothesis that patients with the "upper airway resistance syndrome" have more episodes of inspiratory flow limitation, associated with greater swings in pleural pressure and more arousals from sleep than normal subjects. We thus studied eight symptomatic patients with UARS (ESS > 10, AHI < 15) and eight matched asymptomatic subjects. All had overnight polysomnography with recording of pleural pressure and airflow derived from nasal pressure. Events scored visually using nasal pressure were termed flow limitation events and those using both signals "resistive events." The patients with UARS had no more episodes of flow limitation or resistive events than the controls. However, pleural pressure swings at resistive event termination were significantly more negative in the patient group (-15 [IQR 9-19]; -11 [8-12] cm H(2)O; p = 0.02) and the number of cortical arousals associated with resistive events was higher in the patients (median, 10 [5-15]; 3 [1-9]/h slept; p = 0.02). This study confirms that patients with UARS have periods of increased upper airway resistance associated with significant sleep fragmentation. However, resistive events are also common in normal subjects, although these are associated with less negative pleural pressure swings and fewer arousals. Thus, the clinical significance of resistive events needs to be interpreted with caution.
Intestinal barriers protect against disease (2018)

Leaky cell-cell junctions contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases
Synchronous performance and reliability improvement in pipelined ASICs (2002)

The clock frequency of a synchronous circuit can be increased at the expense of increased system latency, area, and power using synchronous optimization techniques such as pipelining and retiming. Pipelining is well developed methodology, having been applied to almost every computer architecture from microprocessors to supercomputers. Retiming, on the other hand, has only recently become popular and practical application areas currently being developed. Both pipelining and retiming are reviewed in this paper. In order to make retiming more generally useful, low-level circuit delay components inherent to IC must be incorporated into the retiming process. These include variable register delay, clock skew, and interconnect delay. An algorithm is presented by the authors for incorporating variable register delays, interconnect delay, and the clock skew into retiming. The algorithm identifies and eliminates path-dependant race conditions in synchronous circuits. The results of applying the algorithm to MCNC benchmarks is presented and both performance and reliability improvements are observed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
P854 Quantitative microbiome profiling changes the described dysbiotic state in inflammatory bowel disease (2018)

Gut microbiota play a crucial role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The usage of culture-independent techniques lead to the identification of dysbiosis in IBD, but generate only relative microbiome profiles (RMP) with no ability to provide information on the extent or directionality of changes in taxa abundances. Quantitative microbiome profiling (QMP) combines microbiome sequencing with flow cytometric counting of microbial cells to quantitatively assess microbiota variation (Vandeputte et al., 2017). We aimed to investigate the differences in microbial load in patients with active Crohn’s disease (CD). We compared the distribution of the different enterotypes and hypothesised that microbial load may be associated with the inflammatory status in IBD. Fecal samples of 69 CD patients with endoscopically active disease were collected prior to biological therapy. Fecal samples of 66 healthy controls (HC) from the Flemish Gut Flora Project (FGFP) were used as comparison. Microbiota phylogenetic profiling was conducted by using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and microbial loads of frozen fecal samples were measured using flow cytometry. These cell counts were used to transform the sequencing data into an absolute microbiome abundance matrix that allowed QMP by modifying sequencing depth rarefying procedures and generated QMP expressed as number of cells per gram faces. Our flow cytometric analysis data confirm a significant lower microbial load (Wilcoxon r = −0.49; p < 0.001) in active CD, up to a hundred-fold lower, compared with HC (Figure 1). Enterotypes distribution varies between the active CD and HC. Notably, 10.6% of the FGFP samples were typed as Bacteroides2, compared with a much higher prevalence of 88.2 % in our patients with active CD. Furthermore, we compared the microbial load between clinical responders (defined as HBI score of ≤ 4 points) and non-responders (no decrease from study baseline HBI score of at least four points) prior to biological therapy. Baseline microbial density was not significantly different between these clinical responders (n = 54) and non-responders (n = 15) (Wilcoxon p = 0.48). The introduction of QMP, as recently published, leads to a revisiting of the known dysbiosis in IBD microbiome research. Using QMP, we confirm previous observations of lower microbial loads and a high Bacteroides2 prevalence in CD, even more pronounced due to the active disease state. No difference in microbial density is seen between clinical responders and non-responders, but further investigation is needed. Microbial Load in healthy controls vs. Crohn’s disease
Highly Scaled, High Endurance, Ω-Gate, Nanowire Ferroelectric FET Memory Transistors (2020)

In this work, we demonstrate highly scaled, non-volatile memory transistors with ferroelectric Zr-doped HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (HZO) as gate insulator. <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\Omega }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -gate transistors with gate length ~30 nm and width ~85 nm were fabricated on ~20 nm thick SOI. We demonstrate robust memory operation with ≤100 ns program and erase speed at ±5 V, projected memory retention time up to 10 years at 85 °C, and ~0.5 V memory window after 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> endurance cycles. The impact of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V} _{\text {D}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> on erase speed provides insights into the importance of holes on memory operation.
Permanent Pattern‐Resolved Adjustment of the Surface Potential of Graphene‐Like Carbon through Chemical Functionalization (2008)

Beyond the age of silicon: A combination of radical chemistry under standard conditions and clean-room lithography can alter the electronic structure of graphene layers permanently through covalent chemical functionalization. The potential change follows the Hammett correlation. This simple method is a promising approach for graphene-based electronics.
Ultrasonic in-line sensors for inclusion detection in liquid metals (2003)

A high temperature ultrasonic sensor for detecting inclusion particles in molten metals is presented. The sensor consists of a conventional piezoelectric transducer and a focused waveguide, and provides high spatial resolution measurements in molten metals in a pulse-echo mode at 10 MHz. A taper-shaped clad buffer rod is used as the waveguide. In order to design the waveguide, elastic wave propagation in the rod is evaluated by a numerical simulation using a finite difference method. Focusing ability of the acoustic lens fabricated at the end of the rod is also examined numerically. Using the developed sensor, backscattered echoes from alumina particles of 160 /spl mu/m suspended in molten aluminum at 1073 K have clearly been observed.
Generosity vs. Altruism: Philanthropy and Charity in the United States and United Kingdom (2001)

This paper presents a comparative analysis of giving ethos and behavior in the United States and the United Kingdom, in particular the relationship of giving to civic life. Obvious disparities between the two countries exist when overall levels of giving are considered. In the United States, individual giving as a percentage of gross national or domestic product has consistently hovered around 2% of Gross Domestic Product. By contrast, charitable giving in the United Kingdom has yet to reach 1% of GDP. The paper identifies the differences in giving ethos and behavior in the two countries in relation to the complexity of the differences between the political structures, social attitudes, and the role of charitable giving in the two countries. In particular, the paper postulates a set of models—generosity and altruism—for explaining the differences.
In vivo assessment of antimicrobial-treated textiles on skin microflora (2014)

Purpose – Antimicrobials may be incorporated into garments to protect the textiles, control malodour or to potentially reduce the spread of infection. Yet still not well understood is how antimicrobial-treated textiles may influence a person's resident microflora during wear, as limited in vivo testing has previously been carried out. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether normal skin microflora was altered as a result of contact with selected antimicrobial-treated fabrics. Design/methodology/approach – Three selected antimicrobial-treated fabrics (i.e. Fabric 1: triclosan; Fabric 2: zinc pyrithione derivative; and Fabric 3: silver chloride and titanium dioxide) were placed on the forearm of participants ( n =19). Bacterial counts obtained under treated and untreated fabrics following 24 hours of occlusion were compared. The antimicrobial efficacy of fabrics displayed in vitro was also compared with the activity displayed in vivo . Findings – Two of the three fabrics (Fabrics 1 and 2) reduced bacterial populations on the skin following 24 hours occlusion compared to the matched control fabrics (Fabric 1: p <0.05; Fabric 2: p <0.001). Whereas, following occlusion with Fabric 3 bacterial populations were not significantly different than the matched control. The present study demonstrated that in vitro assessment of antimicrobial capacities of fabrics do not necessarily predict the effects of such fabrics during wear. Originality/value – The paper highlights that in vivo studies are a necessary and important tool for understanding the interactions of an antimicrobial-treated fabric with the wearer's skin. As well, the new method developed can be used by other researchers to examine the potential impact on skin microflora due to contact with antimicrobial-treated textiles.
Alfabetización Digital: un peldaño hacia la sociedad de la información (2008)

Human beings tend to react to the words by their antonymous. The first thing that comes to the mind when speaking of literacy is in the illiterate. Unfortunately, this word has a very strong antonymous and with highly negative social and cultural implications. This is one of the great criticisms to the tendency to call “literacy” to this ongoing renewal of the capacities of learning and communicating. In this article we agree with those thinkers who state that the word “literacy”, meaning the ability to read and write, has gradually extended its scope of application in the digital era to move to mean the ability to use the information and communications technologies and to understand the information, whatever its format. We present literacy as a constant and permanent learning process which should continue during life so that people can be functional for their family life, for the society and for the organizations in which they work, in this new paradigm called “Information Society”. Digital Literacy is the last step known in this escalation towards the Information Society. We are in the middle of a permanent process of transformation which compels us to rethink our relationship with reality and we must be prepared to act accordingly since time and availability and the access to information have become key elements of survival in this new Society.
Possible antipredator behavior associated with river crossings by proboscis monkeys (<i>Nasalis larvatus</i>) (1991)

Abstract Proboscis monkeys' ( Nasalis larvatus ) river crossing behavior was examined as a potential behavioral response to predation threat. N. larvatus ' major predator at the Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia, appeared to be the false gavial ( Tomistoma schlegeli ), a crocodilian. An adolescent female proboscis monkey was captured and drowned by a false gavial during this study. The monkeys crossed the river at its more narrow points, with several individuals or groups crossing simultaneously. Increased vigilance prior to crossing and leaping as far across the river as possible were also observed. Proboscis monkey groups often associate at their sleeping sites at the river's edge. A potential function of these associations may be to allow groups to synchronize their movement with other groups during river crossings.