gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS AND RESOLUTION OF A NEW TYPE OF CHIRAL BISPHOSPHINE LIGAND, <i>trans</i>-BIS-1,2-(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)CYCLOBUTANE, AND ASYMMETRIC HYDROGENATION USING ITS RHODIUM COMPLEX (1986)

Abstract Oxidative coupling of the 1,4-dicarbanions derived from bis-1,4-(diphenylphosphinyl)butane gave (±)-trans-bis-1,2-(diphenylphosphinyl)cyclobutane. Asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino acids using rhodium complex of the optically active bisphosphine obtained by reduction of the resolved bisphosphine oxide afforded hydrogenated products in high optical yields.
Integrated and integral passive components: a technology roadmap (2002)

Integral passive devices are resistors, capacitors, inductors and integrated networks that are an integral part of the interconnection substrate (printed wiring board). Miniaturization, increased product function and performance are driving the need for higher component density and improved component performance. Eventually component density and performance requirements will force hand held product manufacturers to integrate the passive components within the printed wiring board (PWB). This paper is the work of the Passive Component Technology Working Group (P-TWG) of the National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (NEMI). NEMI is a privately funded initiative created to promote collaborative development by industry, government and academia of the underlying technology and infrastructure required to facilitate manufacture of new high-technology electronic products in North America. The obstacles which must be overcome to implement integral passives are very significant. First of all, integral passives will profoundly change the design process and much characterization and modeling must be done to allow designers to easily transition from use of discretes to integral passives. Since passives will become part of the PWB process, tools and methods must also be developed which reduce the added turnaround time which will probably be required to make design changes in boards using integrated passives. Since a high density interconnection substrate is an inherent primary element and the essential part of the manufacturing process of integral passive components, a vital forward thinking interconnect substrate and passive component industry is essential to reclaiming the electronics manufacturing infrastructure. Electronic design engineers, passive component and interconnection substrate manufacturers together have an opportunity to create this new manufacturing infrastructure. The ultimate objective of this new paradigm is to point the way towards smaller, faster and less expensive electronic products that get to market first and perform reliably for their consumers.
Cell-mediated immune responses to α-fetoprotein and other antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma (2009)

Cell-mediated immune responses play an important role in the control of tumour growth. CD4 and CD8 T cells recognise tumour antigens presented via major histocompatibility complex molecules of antigen presenting cells and develop into effector cells with the ability to identify and kill tumour cells. Here, we re-examine the adaptive immune response to tumour antigens expressed by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and discuss approaches that could be applied in future T-cell-based immunotherapy schedules to induce a potent and effective antitumour immunity. Moreover, we discuss cytotoxic T lymphocyte and Th1 responses to tumour antigens in patients with HCC and evaluate the effects of conventional treatments on antitumour T-cell responses.
Distributed MEMS impedance matching network using a SW-DGS technique (2012)

A novel distributed Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) impedance matching network is presented in this paper. This impedance matching network is based on DMTL (Distributed MEMS transmission line) having periodically loaded MEMS switches on a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line. In order to miniaturize the physical size of the DMTL, a combination of a slow-wave (SW) structure and defect-ground-structure (DGS) is utilized. As a result, the distribution of the impedance coverage on the Smith chart can be improved for the limited physical length or reducing its size for a certain desired impedance distribution can be achieved. The parameter values of the equivalent circuit of the proposed structure are extracted from numerical simulation results using the FDTD simulator EMPIRE and are implemented for the calculation the uniformity factor to describe the uniformity of the impedance distribution on the Smith chart.
Advanced intra prediction techniques for image and video coding (2015)

Intra prediction has been used in the H.264/AVC video coding standard to improve the coding efficiency of the intra frame. We present different intra prediction techniques that outperform the existing ones adopted by H.264/AVC and JPEG-LS in this research: 1. joint block/line-based intra prediction (JBLIP), 2. hierarchical (or multi-resolution) intra prediction (HIP), and 3. context-based hierarchical intra prediction (CHIP).
Detection of Hot Spots by Thermal Imaging to Protect Power Equipment’s (2015)

This paper aims at conducting automated periodical tests in a power plant or transformer and thus eliminates the risk of the damage caused by hot spots. Hot spots in an Industrial plant are major hazards that may lead to the complete replacement of equipment if left undetected for a long time. The principle of our paper is as follows - Any object above 0 K emits infrared radiations. An infrared camera is a device that records such radiations emitted and the intensity of such radiations shall represent the temperature of the source emitting those radiations. The image captured using Infrared camera is processed using Matlab to detect the temperature of the hot spot without direct contact measurement. The temperature measured serves as a base to calculate the severity of the arcing that is developed and thus commission the plant accordingly. The identification and the possible elimination of Hot Spots in time can safeguard many a equipment in an industrial plant. It helps to avoid unscheduled outages and the consequence monetary loss. Thus by prior detection of the hot spots, the plant is safeguarded and entire replacement of the plant components will be made obsolete.
On distinguishability criteria for estimating generative models (2014)

Two recently introduced criteria for estimation of generative models are both based on a reduction to binary classification. Noise-contrastive estimation (NCE) is an estimation procedure in which a generative model is trained to be able to distinguish data samples from noise samples. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are pairs of generator and discriminator networks, with the generator network learning to generate samples by attempting to fool the discriminator network into believing its samples are real data. Both estimation procedures use the same function to drive learning, which naturally raises questions about how they are related to each other, as well as whether this function is related to maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). NCE corresponds to training an internal data model belonging to the {\em discriminator} network but using a fixed generator network. We show that a variant of NCE, with a dynamic generator network, is equivalent to maximum likelihood estimation. Since pairing a learned discriminator with an appropriate dynamically selected generator recovers MLE, one might expect the reverse to hold for pairing a learned generator with a certain discriminator. However, we show that recovering MLE for a learned generator requires departing from the distinguishability game. Specifically: (i) The expected gradient of the NCE discriminator can be made to match the expected gradient of MLE, if one is allowed to use a non-stationary noise distribution for NCE, (ii) No choice of discriminator network can make the expected gradient for the GAN generator match that of MLE, and (iii) The existing theory does not guarantee that GANs will converge in the non-convex case. This suggests that the key next step in GAN research is to determine whether GANs converge, and if not, to modify their training algorithm to force convergence.
The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model: a tool to explore the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. (2003)

Experimental models of dopaminergic neurodegeneration play a critical role in our quest to elucidate the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite the recent development of "genetic models" that have followed upon the discovery of mutations causing rare forms of familial PD, toxic models remain at the forefront when it comes to exploring the pathogenesis of sporadic PD. Among these, the model produced by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has a competitive advantage over all other toxic models because once this neurotoxin causes intoxication, it induces in humans a syndrome virtually identical to PD. For the past two decades, the complex pharmacology of MPTP and the key steps in the MPTP neurotoxic process have been identified. These molecular events can be classified into three groups: First, those implicated in the initiation of toxicity, which include energy failure due to ATP depletion and oxidative stress mediated by superoxide and nitric oxide; second, those recruited subsequently in response to the initial neuronal perturbations, which include elements of the molecular pathways of apoptosis such as Bax; and, third, those amplifying the neurodegenerative insult, which include various proinflammatory factors such as prostaglandins. Herein, these different contributing factors are reviewed, as is the sequence in which it is believed these factors are acting within the cascade of events responsible for the death of dopaminergic neurons in the MPTP model and in PD. How to target these factors to devise effective neuroprotective therapies for PD is also discussed.
Transcriptional Regulatory Factor X6 (Rfx6) Increases Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) Expression in Enteroendocrine K-cells and Is Involved in GIP Hypersecretion in High Fat Diet-induced Obesity (2012)

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin released from enteroendocrine K-cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GIP potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and induces energy accumulation into adipose tissue, resulting in obesity. Plasma GIP levels are reported to be increased in the obese state. However, the molecular mechanisms of GIP secretion and high fat diet (HFD)-induced GIP hypersecretion remain unclear, primarily due to difficulties in separating K-cells from other intestinal epithelial cells in vivo. In this study, GIP-GFP knock-in mice that enable us to visualize K-cells by enhanced GFP were established. Microarray analysis of isolated K-cells from these mice revealed that transcriptional regulatory factor X6 (Rfx6) is expressed exclusively in K-cells. In vitro experiments using the mouse intestinal cell line STC-1 showed that knockdown of Rfx6 decreased mRNA expression, cellular content, and secretion of GIP. Rfx6 bound to the region in the gip promoter that regulates gip promoter activity, and overexpression of Rfx6 increased GIP mRNA expression. HFD induced obesity and GIP hypersecretion in GIP-GFP heterozygous mice in vivo. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometry analysis showed no significant difference in K-cell number between control fat diet-fed (CFD) and HFD-fed mice. However, GIP content in the upper small intestine and GIP mRNA expression in K-cells were significantly increased in HFD-fed mice compared with those in CFD-fed mice. Furthermore, expression levels of Rfx6 mRNA were increased in K-cells of HFD-fed mice. These results suggest that Rfx6 increases GIP expression and content in K-cells and is involved in GIP hypersecretion in HFD-induced obesity.
A Systematic Study of Functionalized Oxiranes as Initiating Groups for Cationic Polycyclization Reactions (2015)

Three different methods have been developed that effectively utilize chiral oxiranes derived from Katsuki-Sharpless epoxidation of allylic alcohols as initiating groups for cationic cyclization of unsaturated substrates to form chiral polycycles. This type of transformation has previously been problematic. These employ either epoxy-methoximes, vinyl-substituted oxiranes, or hydroxymethyl oxiranes. All three approaches are described in detail. In addition, this research has led to possible explanations for previously encountered difficulties in this area and provided two new insights into the Lewis acid activation of oxiranes. The methodology described herein constitutes a valuable link between two powerful synthetic constructions, enantioselective Katsuki-Sharpless epoxidation and cationic polycyclization reactions.
Accuracy Enhancement of Inertial Sensors Utilizing High Resolution Spectral Analysis (2012)

In both military and civilian applications, the inertial navigation system (INS) and the global positioning system (GPS) are two complementary technologies that can be integrated to provide reliable positioning and navigation information for land vehicles. The accuracy enhancement of INS sensors and the integration of INS with GPS are the subjects of widespread research. Wavelet de-noising of INS sensors has had limited success in removing the long-term (low-frequency) inertial sensor errors. The primary objective of this research is to develop a novel inertial sensor accuracy enhancement technique that can remove both short-term and long-term error components from inertial sensor measurements prior to INS mechanization and INS/GPS integration. A high resolution spectral analysis technique called the fast orthogonal search (FOS) algorithm is used to accurately model the low frequency range of the spectrum, which includes the vehicle motion dynamics and inertial sensor errors. FOS models the spectral components with the most energy first and uses an adaptive threshold to stop adding frequency terms when fitting a term does not reduce the mean squared error more than fitting white noise. The proposed method was developed, tested and validated through road test experiments involving both low-end tactical grade and low cost MEMS-based inertial systems. The results demonstrate that in most cases the position accuracy during GPS outages using FOS de-noised data is superior to the position accuracy using wavelet de-noising.
Antigenic Relationship Between Serotype-Specific Agglutinogen and Fimbriae of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> (1982)

The widely held view that the filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) of Bordetella pertussis is derived from fimbriae (pili) is not supported by studies of fimbriation and FHA content of the organism. Fimbriae do not label specifically with antibody to FHA in immuno-electron microscopy but do label with antibody to serotype-specific agglutinogen.
A performance comparison of media synchronization schemes for collaborative systems in an interconnected ATM-wireless LAN (2002)

This paper makes an experimental comparison of performance among six media synchronization schemes in collaborative systems, where drawing on a shared window, voice and video streams need to be synchronized with each other. Five of the six schemes are based on the virtual-time rendering (VTR) algorithm proposed by the authors, and they differ from each other in the relation between master and slave streams. The remaining one employs another algorithm. In our experimental system using an interconnected ATM-wireless LAN, live drawing voice and video input at a source workstation are transferred separately and then they are synchronized and output at a destination workstation. This paper also presents the system performance such as mean square error of inter-stream synchronization and average delay time. In addition, we examine the effect of intrastream and inter-stream synchronisation control on the performance.
Systematic analysis of STD control: an operational model. (1998)

Even where data are incomplete or not available, the model can be a useful tool for analysis. Application of the model, as the Nairobi example illustrates, provides a useful starting point in terms of determining both general and specific determinants of STDs, identifying problems, highlighting significant sex differences, and indicating where it might be appropriate to focus interventions. The model showed that, in Nairobi, only a small proportion of STD cases are removed from the reservoir of infection in the community through curative services, that cases are lost to the health services at every step, and therefore that interventions are required at every step to achieve comprehensive STD control. It highlights the need for strategies to prevent infections, to identify and treat those with and without symptoms, to motivate those who are aware of their infection to seek treatment, and to improve the effectiveness of partner notification and treatment. Finally, the model points to areas where data are inadequate and where STD control programmes need to concentrate information collection efforts.
Passive Vectoring of a Colloidal Carrier System for Sodium Stibogluconate: Preparation, Characterization and Performance Evaluation (1993)

The intracellular residence of the Leishmania parasite in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system--predominantly the liver and spleen--prompted the development of a polymeric, particulate, colloidal carrier system for the antileishmanial drug sodium stibogluconate. The system was pharmaceutically characterized for shape, size, structural integrity, electrokinetic properties and in vitro drug release. The relationship between such physical parameters as size, electrophoretic mobility and surface charge and the effectiveness of the system is discussed. Subsequent in vivo studies in rats revealed that the carrier system successfully vectored the drug to the site of infection.
Fast and robust 2D Minkowski sum using reduced convolution (2011)

We propose a new method for computing the 2-d Minkowski sum of non-convex polygons. Our method is convolution based. The main idea is to use the reduced convolution and filter the boundary by using the topological properties of the Minkowski sum. The main benefit of this proposed approach is from the fact that, in most cases, the complexity of the complete convolution is much higher than the complexity of the final Minkowski sum boundary. Therefore, the traditional approach often wastes a large portion of the computation on computing the arrangement induced by the complete convolution that is later on thrown away. Our method is designed to specifically avoid this waste of computation. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed method is more efficient than the existing methods.
CD45 ligation induces programmed cell death in T and B lymphocytes (1996)

Studies have shown an essential role for the CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase in regulating Ag receptor-derived signals in lymphocytes. Co-ligating CD45 with the Ag receptor, however, can also inhibit receptor signaling, as manifest in T cells by the lack of IL-2 production and proliferation. We report that CD45 ligation alone induces apoptosis in normal T cells, and that death was greatly potentiated by cross-linking CD3. Normal B cells and T and B cell lines were also induced to die with insoluble CD45 mAb. CD45-induced cell death was blocked by inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases, but not by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis or by cyclosporin A. Morphologically, CD45-mediated apoptosis resembled death induced via CD95 (Fas), as evidenced by nuclear condensation and membrane blebbing, but did not cause DNA fragmentation into oligonucleosomes. Co-ligating CD45 and CD95 either enhanced or inhibited CD45-induced cell death, depending on the degree of CD45 and CD95 cross-linking. Finally, CD45 cross-linking induced its rapid association with the detergent-insoluble cell fraction, suggesting that it becomes linked to the cytoskeleton during CD45-induced apoptosis. These data show a novel role for CD45 in regulating lymphocyte death as well as proliferation.
Mechanisms of action of abscisic acid at the cellular level (1991)

Abscisic acid (ABA) has been implicated in the control of a diverse range of physiological processes in higher plants. In this review, we focus on the events which constitute the cellular responses to ABA. Current evidence suggests that it is possible to classify the responses to ABA on the basis of whether they are rapid, involving ion fluxes (typified by the stomatal response), or slower and requiring alterations to gene expression (for example the response of cereal embryos to ABA). In our consideration of ABA stimulus response coupling pathways, we have chosen to highlight the role of the calcium ion in the rapid responses, while we have concentrated on the contribution of as-acting elements and trans-acting factors in the regulation of ABA-responsive genes. We also draw attention to the possibility that interaction may exist between these pathways. Additionally, we discuss the controls of ABA concentrations during development and in response to environmental stimuli. Factors which contribute to the controls of ABA sensitivity are also reviewed. In our conclusions, we suggest that a general role for ABA may be to prepare tissue for entry into a new and different physiological state, perhaps by resetting the direction of cellular metabolism. CONTENTS Summary 9 I. Introduction 10 II. Stimulus response coupling 17 Synopsis 27 Acknowledgements 28 References 28.
Analysis of Relay Enhanced Cellular System's Power Saving Characteristic (2006)

This paper studies the reverse link power saving characteristic of relay enhanced cellular network, in which the relays are placed at fixed locations and each wireless route includes at most one relay. Results of theoretical analysis and intensive computer simulation have proved that, under the same demand of wireless link qualities as the conventional cellular network, the necessary transmission powers of mobile terminals can be significantly saved even if the relays share the radio resources of the conventional network.
Processing and Localization of ADAMTS-1 and Proteolytic Cleavage of Versican during Cumulus Matrix Expansion and Ovulation (2003)

ADAMTS-1 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs-1) is a member of the ADAMTS family of metalloproteases which, together with ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, has been shown to degrade members of the lectican family of proteoglycans. ADAMTS-1 mRNA is induced in granulosa cells of periovulatory follicles by the luteinizing hormone surge through a progesterone receptor-dependent mechanism. Female progesterone receptor knockout (PRKO) mice are infertile primarily due to ovulatory failure and lack the normal periovulatory induction of ADAMTS-1 mRNA. We therefore investigated the protein localization and function of ADAMTS-1 in ovulating ovaries. Antibodies against two specific peptide regions, the pro-domain and the metalloprotease domain of ADAMTS-1, were generated. Pro-ADAMTS-1 of 110 kDa was identified in mural granulosa cells and appears localized to cytoplasmic secretory vesicles. The mature (85-kDa pro-domain truncated) form accumulated in the extracellular matrix of the cumulus oocyte complex (COC) during the process of matrix expansion. Each form of ADAMTS-1 protein increased >10-fold after the ovulatory luteinizing hormone surge in wild-type but not PRKO mice. Versican is also localized selectively to the ovulating COC matrix and was found to be cleaved yielding a 70-kDa N-terminal fragment immunopositive for the neoepitope DPEAAE generated by ADAMTS-1 and ADAMTS-4 protease activity. This extracellular processing of versican was reduced in ADAMTS-1-deficient PRKO mouse ovaries. These observations suggest that one function of ADAMTS-1 in ovulation is to cleave versican in the expanded COC matrix and that the anovulatory phenotype of PRKO mice is at least partially due to loss of this function.