gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain as a Stable-Potential Target for SARS-CoV-2 Detection by Surface—Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2021)

In this work, we report a new approach for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein (RBD) using the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique. The optical enhancement was obtained thanks to the preparation of nanostructured Ag/Au substrates. Fabricated Au/Ag nanostructures were used in the SERS experiment for RBD protein detection. SERS substrates show higher capabilities and sensitivity to detect RBD protein in a short time (3 s) and with very low power. We were able to push the detection limit of proteins to a single protein detection level of 1 pM. The latter is equivalent to 1 fM as a detection limit of viruses. Additionally, we have shown that the SERS technique was useful to figure out the presence of RBD protein on antibody functionalized substrates. In this case, the SERS detection was based on protein-antibody recognition, which led to shifts in the Raman peaks and allowed signal discrimination between RBD and other targets such as Bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. A perfect agreement between a 3D simulated model based on finite element method and experiment was reported confirming the SERS frequency shift potential for trace proteins detection. Our results could open the way to develop a new prototype based on SERS sensitivity and selectivity for rapid detection at a very low concentration of virus and even at a single protein level.
A new approach to speech enhancement by a microphone array using EM and mixture models (2002)

Speech enhancement and recognition in noisy, reverberant conditions is a challenging open problem.We present a new approach to this problem, which is developed in the framework of probabilistic modeling.Our approach incorporates information about the statistical structure of speech signals using a speech model, which is pre-trained on a large dataset of clean speech.The speech model is a component in a larger model describing the observed sensor signals.That model is parametrized by the coefficients of the reverberation filters and the spectra of the sensor noise.We develop an EM algorithm that estimates those parameters from data and constructs a Bayes optimal estimator of the original speech signal.
Design and evaluation of a sensory feedback system that provides grasping pressure in a myoelectric hand (1992)

Providing accurate sensory information to the individual with a myoelectric limb is of great importance for improving device use in a wide variety of tasks. A number of feedback systems presently being investigated rely on either vibrotactile or electrotactile skin stimulation, which does not provide sensory patterns similar to those in a natural grasping hand. A prototype system was developed to enhance sensory information transfer by using a technique in which the feedback modality (pressure) was the same as the grasping pressure. The present study compared the developed system (pressure) with vibrotactile feedback, vision, and compounds of these three modes. It was found that the pressure-pressure concept reduced grasping pressure replication errors and error variability.
Antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen: Immunochemical Purification from Standard Immune Serum Globulin (1980)

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) may be insolubilized onto a controlled pore glass (CPG) matrix by simple adsorption from acidified serum or plasma. The resultant complex has the properties of an HBsAg-specific immunoadsorbent. In this study, CPG-HBsAg complexes have been used to adsorb anti-HBs from standard immune serum globulin. Specific antibodies were eluted with acidic or chaotropic buffers. Recoveries ranging from 29 to 46 per cent, with purifications of approximately 1000-fold were obtained. Two procedures designed to inactivate hepatitis B virus had no effect upon the immunoadsorbent properties of the CPG-HBsAg complex. The possibility of using this simple method to prepare hepatitis B immune globulin is discussed.
A novel separate lateral confinement quantum well heterostructure laser (2001)

Summary form only given. In the lateral dimension of a semiconductor laser, a single structure is usually used to confine both carriers and the optical mode, as in buried heterostructure (BH) or ridge waveguide (RW) lasers. The BH exhibits threshold current densities half that of RW lasers due to strong lateral carrier confinement. However, due to the large index step created by the lateral heterostructure, the BH must be made very narrow (typically <2 /spl mu/m) to cutoff propagation of undesired higher order lateral modes. A narrow device has several disadvantages including: a smaller available gain volume, higher optical power densities at the facets, larger diffraction angles of the emitted beam, and more stringent process control requirements. One proposal that has been successfully implemented to mitigate these problems is to flare the waveguide near the facet to allow the mode to expand laterally. In our specific implementation, the optical mode is confined by a 3.5 /spl mu/m etched ridge waveguide (RW), which is centered over a wider BH. The RW is used to make a wide single mode index guide, while the BH laterally confines the carriers.
<i>In Vitro</i> Antimicrobial Activity of Wall Teichoic Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Isolates (2010)

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of invasive and superficial human infections, is increasingly antibiotic resistant, and is therefore the target for the development of new antimicrobials. Compounds (1835F03 and targocil) were recently shown to function as bacteriostatic inhibitors of wall teichoic acid (WTA) biosynthesis in S. aureus. To assess the value of targeting WTA biosynthesis in human infection, it was therefore of interest to verify the involvement of WTA in bacterial binding to human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and to assess the activities of inhibitors of WTA biosynthesis against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from cases of human keratitis. The 1835F03 MIC(90)s were 8 μg/ml for MSSA keratitis isolates and >32 μg/ml for MRSA keratitis isolates. The MIC(90) for the analog of 1835F03, targocil, was 2 μg/ml for both MRSA and MSSA. Targocil exhibited little toxicity at concentrations near the MIC, with increased toxicity occurring at higher concentrations and with longer exposure times. Targocil activity was moderately sensitive to the presence of serum, but it inhibited extracellular and intracellular bacteria in the presence of HCECs better than vancomycin. Targocil-resistant strains exhibited a significantly reduced ability to adhere to HCECs.
Optical sensing of anticoagulation status: Towards point-of-care coagulation testing (2017)

Anticoagulant overdose is associated with major bleeding complications. Rapid coagulation sensing may ensure safe and accurate anticoagulant dosing and reduce bleeding risk. Here, we report the novel use of Laser Speckle Rheology (LSR) for measuring anticoagulation and haemodilution status in whole blood. In the LSR approach, blood from 12 patients and 4 swine was placed in disposable cartridges and time-varying intensity fluctuations of laser speckle patterns were measured to quantify the viscoelastic modulus during clotting. Coagulation parameters, mainly clotting time, clot progression rate (α-angle) and maximum clot stiffness (MA) were derived from the clot viscoelasticity trace and compared with standard Thromboelastography (TEG). To demonstrate the capability for anticoagulation sensing in patients, blood samples from 12 patients treated with warfarin anticoagulant were analyzed. LSR clotting time correlated with prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time (r = 0.57-0.77, p<0.04) and all LSR parameters demonstrated good correlation with TEG (r = 0.61-0.87, p<0.04). To further evaluate the dose-dependent sensitivity of LSR parameters, swine blood was spiked with varying concentrations of heparin, argatroban and rivaroxaban or serially diluted with saline. We observed that anticoagulant treatments prolonged LSR clotting time in a dose-dependent manner that correlated closely with TEG (r = 0.99, p<0.01). LSR angle was unaltered by anticoagulation whereas TEG angle presented dose-dependent diminution likely linked to the mechanical manipulation of the clot. In both LSR and TEG, MA was largely unaffected by anticoagulation, and LSR presented a higher sensitivity to increased haemodilution in comparison to TEG (p<0.01). Our results establish that LSR rapidly and accurately measures the response of various anticoagulants, opening the opportunity for routine anticoagulation monitoring at the point-of-care or for patient self-testing.
PMD compensation in multilevel coded-modulation schemes using BLAST algorithm (2008)

We present two PMD compensation schemes suitable for use in multilevel block-coded modulation schemes with coherent detection: (i) Bell Laboratories layered space-time architecture (BLAST)-type polarization-interference cancellation scheme, and (ii) iterative polarization cancellation scheme.
The Molecular Basis of Drug Resistance against Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors (2012)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects over 170 million people worldwide and is the leading cause of chronic liver diseases, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Available antiviral therapies cause severe side effects and are effective only for a subset of patients, though treatment outcomes have recently been improved by the combination therapy now including boceprevir and telaprevir, which inhibit the viral NS3/4A protease. Despite extensive efforts to develop more potent next-generation protease inhibitors, however, the long-term efficacy of this drug class is challenged by the rapid emergence of resistance. Single-site mutations at protease residues R155, A156 and D168 confer resistance to nearly all inhibitors in clinical development. Thus, developing the next-generation of drugs that retain activity against a broader spectrum of resistant viral variants requires a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of drug resistance. In this study, 16 high-resolution crystal structures of four representative protease inhibitors--telaprevir, danoprevir, vaniprevir and MK-5172--in complex with the wild-type protease and three major drug-resistant variants R155K, A156T and D168A, reveal unique molecular underpinnings of resistance to each drug. The drugs exhibit differential susceptibilities to these protease variants in both enzymatic and antiviral assays. Telaprevir, danoprevir and vaniprevir interact directly with sites that confer resistance upon mutation, while MK-5172 interacts in a unique conformation with the catalytic triad. This novel mode of MK-5172 binding explains its retained potency against two multi-drug-resistant variants, R155K and D168A. These findings define the molecular basis of HCV N3/4A protease inhibitor resistance and provide potential strategies for designing robust therapies against this rapidly evolving virus.
ESD protection design for mixed-voltage I/O circuit with substrate-triggered technique in sub-quarter-micron CMOS process (2003)

A substrate-triggered technique is proposed to improve ESD protection efficiency of the stacked-NMOS device in the mixed-voltage I/O circuit. The substrate-triggered technique, can further lower the trigger voltage of the stacked-NMOS device to ensure effective ESD protection for the mixed-voltage I/O circuit. The proposed ESD protection circuit with the substrate-triggered technique for 2.5 V/3.3 V tolerant mixed-voltage I/O circuit has been fabricated and verified in a 0.25-/spl mu/m salicided CMOS process. Experimental results have confirmed that the HBM ESD robustness of the mixed-voltage I/O circuit can be increased /spl sim/65% by this substrate-triggered design.
23.1: Efficient Electron Injection from Bilayer Cathode with High Work Function Metal (2004)

Abstract A novel bilayer cathode has been developed to variety of RGB emitting polymers to form an effective electron injector. An effective electron injection from high work function metal such as Al can be realized by incorporation of a thin layer of water‐ or alcohol‐soluble copolymer between metal and emitting layer. The device performance of polymer LEDs fabricated with such bilayer cathodes can be enhanced to levels comparable to or even higher than that obtained by using Ca and Ba cathode.
Physical simulation for water invasion and water control optimization in water drive gas reservoirs (2021)

The development of water drive gas reservoirs (WDGRs) with fractures or strong heterogeneity is severely influenced by water invasion. Accurately simulating the rules of water invasion and drainage gas recovery countermeasures in fractured WDGRs, thereby revealing the mechanism of water invasion and an appropriate development strategy, is important for formulating water management measures and enhancing the recovery of gas reservoirs. In this work, physical simulation methods were proposed to gain a better understanding of water invasion and to optimize the water control of fractured WDGRs. Five groups of experiments were designed and conducted to probe the impacts of the distance between the fractures and the gas well, the drainage position, the drainage timing and the aquifer size on the water invasion and production performance of a gas reservoir. The gas and water production and the internal pressure drop were monitored in real time during the experiments. Based on the above experimental works, a theoretical analysis was conducted to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the gas reservoir recovery via the gas well production performance, water invasion, dynamic pressure drop and residual gas and water distribution analysis. The results show that when the fracture scale was appropriate, a gas well drilled close to a fracture (Experiment 1-3) or a high-permeability formation could also produce gas and achieve drainage efficiently. The recovery factor of Experiment 1-3 reached 62.5%, which was 24.6% and 21.1% higher than those of Experiments 1-1 and 1-2, respectively, which had wells drilled in low-permeability areas. Draining water near an aquifer can effectively inhibit water invasion during the early stage of gas recovery. The setup in Experiment 2-1 effectively inhibited water invasion and avoided the formation of water-sealed volumes of gas to recover 30% more gas than recovered with that of Experiment 1-1 without drainage wells. A shorter distance between the drainage well and the aquifer increased the drainage capacity and decreased the gas production capacity, respectively (Well 2 at Point A vs Point B). A larger aquifer had a lower gas recovery, which reduced the economic benefit. For example, due to an infinitely large aquifer, the reserves in Experiment 4-1 were developed by a single well, the gas recovery was only 33.4%. These research results are expected to be beneficial for the preparation of development plans and the optimization of water control measures for WDGRs.
Zn-Fe/Zn-Ni double-layer electroplated steel sheet. (1983)

A new double-layer electroplated steel sheet has been developed, which is composed of an upper Zn-Fe layer provides good paint adhesion and a lower Zn-Ni layer intended to improve corrosion resistance. Nickel content of 10-15% and iron content more than 80% were desirable.Besides corrosion resistance, the steel sheet exceeded the conventional coated steel sheets also in the properties such as paint adhesion, workability and spot weldability.
The OSU Scheme for Congestion Avoidance in ATM networks Using Explicit Rate Indication (1998)

An explicit rate indication scheme for congestion avoidance in computer and telecommunication networks is proposed. The sources monitor their load and provide the information periodically to the switches. The switches, in turn, compute the load level and ask the sources to adjust their rates up or down. The scheme achieves high link utilization, fair allocation of rates among contending sources and provides quick convergence. A backward congestion notification option is also provided. The conditions under which this option is useful are indicated.
Integration of commercial microspeakers in an acoustic absorbing liner (2015)

In this work, the fabrication of an acoustic sound absorbing surface (i.e. liner) made of commercial Visaton™ K16 microspeakers is presented. The acoustic liner is made of a circular surface composed of a 10 cm diameter fix support with 7 embedded microspeakers covering 8.5% of th overall surface. Different electrical connections of the microspeakers using no added electronic circuit are tested and the obtained absorption coefficient is 0.2 close to the natural resonance frequency of the microspeakers. A Negative Impedance Converter is used to electrically compensate the losses occurring in the acoustic liner. The maximum sound absorption is raised to 0.31 using the NIC again close to the natural resonance frequency of the microspeakers with a 7 microspeakers configuration covering 8.5% of the wall surface. The back cavity of the microspeakers is found to slightly move the maximum absorption peak but not to modify the maximum absorption. The influence of the microspeakers density is measured in open circuit configuration. The surface covered by the microspeakers ranges from 2.85% up to 12.35% of the wall surface. The maximum sound absorption ranges then from 0.1 to 0.34.
Sub-Diffraction Optical Lenses for Use in Far-Field SubWavelength Optical Microscopy (FSOM) (2006)

We theoretically study a new imaging technique that allows for far-field sub-diffraction imaging. This technique is based on a near-field pre-magnification operated through a properly designed metamaterial crystal acting as a near-field sub-diffraction lens.
Learning a Variational Network for Reconstruction of Accelerated MRI\n Data (2017)

Purpose: To allow fast and high-quality reconstruction of clinical\naccelerated multi-coil MR data by learning a variational network that combines\nthe mathematical structure of variational models with deep learning.\n Theory and Methods: Generalized compressed sensing reconstruction formulated\nas a variational model is embedded in an unrolled gradient descent scheme. All\nparameters of this formulation, including the prior model defined by filter\nkernels and activation functions as well as the data term weights, are learned\nduring an offline training procedure. The learned model can then be applied\nonline to previously unseen data.\n Results: The variational network approach is evaluated on a clinical knee\nimaging protocol. The variational network reconstructions outperform standard\nreconstruction algorithms in terms of image quality and residual artifacts for\nall tested acceleration factors and sampling patterns.\n Conclusion: Variational network reconstructions preserve the natural\nappearance of MR images as well as pathologies that were not included in the\ntraining data set. Due to its high computational performance, i.e.,\nreconstruction time of 193 ms on a single graphics card, and the omission of\nparameter tuning once the network is trained, this new approach to image\nreconstruction can easily be integrated into clinical workflow.\n
Server‐based code obfuscation scheme for APK tamper detection (2014)

Abstract It is easy to decompile Android applications (or apps) owing to the structural characteristics of the app building process, but this ease makes them quite vulnerable to forgery or modification attacks. In particular, users may suffer direct financial loss if this vulnerability is exploited in security‐critical private and business applications, such as online banking. One of the solutions to these problems is a code obfuscation technique. In this regard, DexGuard, which is based on ProGuard, which is integrated into the Android software development kit build system, has recently been introduced. Although DexGuard protects Android applications more effectively, an attacker is still able to analyze the hex code of a Dalvix Executable file. To resolve this weakness, we begin by analyzing the DexGuard tool from both a static and dynamic point of view. Our analysis reveals that DexGuard has some weaknesses. In this paper, we propose an obfuscation technique based on a client/server model with one‐time secret key delivery using short message service or network protocol. The main concept is to store the core execute class file through obfuscation on the server, so when a program needs to execute core routines, it must request these routines from the server. In this way, we can protect Android apps from reverse engineering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impedance-Based Fault Location Algorithm for Ground Faults in Series-Capacitor-Compensated Transmission Lines (2017)

Locating a fault in a series-capacitor-compensated transmission line (SCCTL) is a challenging task due to the action of a metal-oxide varistor a nonlinear element present as a part of the protection system of the series capacitor. In this paper, an accurate fault-location algorithm that uses synchronized measurements from both ends of the SCCTL is presented which provides fault-location results without using the model of MOV or natural fault loop for single-phase-to-ground, and double-phase-to-ground faults. Another salient feature of the proposed technique is that the subroutines for locating faults in different sections transmission line yield almost identical fault-location results regardless of which section the transmission line is faulted. The proposed technique could also be extended to the double-circuit transmission lines. First, the proposed technique is introduced and its features are elaborated through detailed mathematical analysis. Thereafter, a 500-kV system with an SCCTL is designed in PSCAD, while the fault-location algorithm is modeled in MATLAB. The proposed algorithm is tested through simulations covering various fault scenarios in an SCCTL. For performance evaluation, the comparative analysis of the proposed technique with a well-known existing technique is performed in this paper.
d Algorith m for the Detectio n of Atrial Fibrilla tion in the Presence of Paced Rhythms (2010)

Approximately 5% of diagnostic ECGs acquired in the hospital setting are from patients with pacemakers. A significant percentage of these patients are in atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF), and have increased risk of stroke. Many automated diagnostic algorithms abort analysis when paced rhythms are identified. The Philips DXL algorithm can detect AF in the presence of paced rhythms and provides interpretations for both rhythms. The algorithm uses QRST subtraction with frequency domain analysis of the residual. A decision tree classifier uses features from the power spectrum, as well as irregularity of non-paced beats. On a training database of 355 paced ECGs with 265 in AF, the algorithm had AF detection sensitivity of 76%, PPV of 82%, and specificity of 73%. On a testing set of 1,057 paced ECGs with 194 AF cases, the algorithm had sensitivity of 71%, PPV of 83%, and specificity of 97%. Automated detection of AF in the presence of pacing is a clinically valuable tool to assist cardiologists in ECG diagnosis, and can be done with relatively high accuracy.