gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SU-FF-T-223: Evaluation of Dosimetric Properties of 6 & 10 MV Photon Beams From a Liner Accelerator with No Flattening Filter (2006)

Purpose: To study the dosimetric properties of an IMRT treatment beam after removing the flattening filter. Our goal is to show that more efficient IMRT treatments can be performed on a standard IMRT-capable linac after the flattening filter has been removed. Method and Materials: Measurements and Monte Carlo simulations were performed of 6 and 10 MV photon beams from an Elekta SL-25. Comparisons of the properties of these beams were made, with and without the flattening filter. %dd curves, beam profiles and photon fluence spectra were the primary method of comparing the beams. A study using the LATCH option in BEAMnrc was also performed to determine the original of scattered photons that contribute to the dose outside of the treatment field. Results: Dose outside the treatment field was found to be reduced by up to 5.8%, depending on the field size. Photon fluence on the central axis of the 6 and 10 MV beams increased by a factor of 2.35 and 4.18. Conclusion: Our Monte Carlo study showed that by removing the flattening filter the amount of laterally scattered photons from the jaws and MLC's was reduced leading to lower photon fluencies outside of the treatment field. It is hypothesized that inverse treatments plans created using these filter-free beams would lead to a higher degree of conformation of the dose to the target. The increase in photon fluence that is induced by removal of the flattening filter is predicted to lead to shorter treatment times.
Electron transport and electron energy dissipation in Hall thruster discharges (2003)

Summary form only given. Due to their high thrust efficiencies and low propellant consumption, coaxial, cross-field (E x B) plasma accelerators (also called Hall thrusters) are gaining popularity as orbit-maintenance devices on commercial, scientific, and military satellites. Stanford University has constructed several laboratory Hall thruster models for investigation of the physical mechanisms, which control electron transport and electron energy dissipation. These types of plasmas are magnetized, and the mechanism for cross-field (B-field) electron transport is poorly understood. A variety of diagnostics have been developed and applied to this type of plasma These include time-resolved optical emission laser-induced fluorescence, direct thrust measurements, and electrostatic probe techniques to characterize the mean fluctuations in the plasma properties within the acceleration region of the discharge. The disturbances have both "coherent" and stochastic components, the later of which ranges from the tens of kHz to MHz range, and are consistent with a Bohm-type mechanism of cross-field transport. In this paper, we present a study of some of these interesting discharge phenomenon, their variations with changes in operating conditions, and the impact that they may have in applications in satellite propulsion.
[Nphe<sup>1</sup>,Arg<sup>14</sup>,Lys<sup>15</sup>]Nociceptin‐NH<sub>2</sub>, a novel potent and selective antagonist of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (2002)

1. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) modulates several biological functions by activating a specific G-protein coupled receptor (NOP). Few molecules are available that selectively activate or block the NOP receptor. Here we describe the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel NOP receptor ligand, [Nphe(1),Arg(14),Lys(15)]N/OFQ-NH(2) (UFP-101). 2. UFP-101 binds to the human recombinant NOP receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with high affinity (pK(i) 10.2) and shows more than 3000 fold selectivity over classical opioid receptors. UFP-101 competitively antagonizes the effects of N/OFQ on GTPgamma(35)S binding in CHO(hNOP) cell membranes (pA(2) 9.1) and on cyclic AMP accumulation in CHO(hNOP) cells (pA(2) 7.1), being per se inactive at concentrations up to 10 microM. 3. In isolated peripheral tissues of mice, rats and guinea-pigs, and in rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes preloaded with [(3)H]-5-HT, UFP-101 competitively antagonized the effects of N/OFQ with pA(2) values in the range of 7.3 - 7.7. In the same preparations, the peptide was inactive alone and did not modify the effects of classical opioid receptor agonists. 4. UFP-101 is also active in vivo where it prevented the depressant action on locomotor activity and the pronociceptive effect induced by 1 nmol N/OFQ i.c.v. in the mouse. In the tail withdrawal assay, UFP-101 at 10 nmol produces per se a robust and long lasting antinociceptive effect. 5. UFP-101 is a novel, potent and selective NOP receptor antagonist which appears to be a useful tool for future investigations of the N/OFQ-NOP receptor system.
Differential Multiple-Length Transmit Diversity (2004)

We propose a new bandwidth-efficient differential transmit diversity scheme as an extension of differential space-time block codes from orthogonal designs. The information is coded in both the difference of successive unit-length vectors and the length difference of successive transmit vectors. We derive a simple soft-output detector which does not require knowledge of the channel coefficients or of the noise variance. The new scheme outperforms the existing unit-length approach at high bandwidth-efficiency, particularly in time-varying channels. At the same time the detection complexity is reduced.
Antibody Breadth and Protective Efficacy Are Increased by Vaccination with Computationally Optimized Hemagglutinin but Not with Polyvalent Hemagglutinin-Based H5N1 Virus-Like Particle Vaccines (2011)

One of the challenges for developing an H5N1 influenza vaccine is the diversity of antigenically distinct isolates within this subtype. Previously, our group described a novel hemagglutinin (HA) derived from a methodology termed computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA). This COBRA HA, when used as an immunogen, elicits a broad antibody response against H5N1 isolates from different clades. In this report, the immune responses elicited by the COBRA HA virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine were compared to responses elicited by a mixture of VLPs expressing representative HA molecules from clade 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 primary H5N1 isolates (polyvalent). The COBRA HA VLP vaccine elicited higher-titer antibodies to a panel of H5N1 HA proteins than did the other VLPs. Both COBRA and polyvalent vaccines protected vaccinated mice and ferrets from experimental infection with highly lethal H5N1 influenza viruses, but COBRA-vaccinated animals had decreased viral replication, less inflammation in the lungs of mice, and reduced virus recovery in ferret nasal washes. Both vaccines had similar cellular responses postchallenge, indicating that higher-titer serum antibodies likely restrict the duration of viral replication. Furthermore, passively transferred immune serum from the COBRA HA VLP-vaccinated mice protected recipient animals more efficiently than immune serum from polyvalent-vaccinated mice. This is the first report comparing these two vaccine strategies. The single COBRA HA antigen elicited a broader antibody response and reduced morbidity and viral titers more effectively than a polyvalent mixture of primary H5N1 HA antigens.
Cascaded WDM Passive Optical Network with a Highly Shared Source (1997)

We propose and demonstrate a cascaded distribution fabric for WDM Passive Optical Networks (WDM-PON) that delivers distinct data to potentially tens of thousands of subscribers using a single, centralized WDM source. This is possible by assigning a unique time slot to each wavelength, and replicating this ‘bit-interleaved’ WDM signal in cascaded stages of amplification and power splitting, before data is encoded for each WDM-PON by a single TDM modulator.
An active hearing protection device for musicians (2013)

Professional musicians have to deal with two main problems when wearing hearing protection devices (HPDs): the occlusion effect and the isolation effect. The occlusion effect is an unnatural and annoying perception of one's own voice when wearing HPDs. It will affect all musicians whose instrument induces vibrations to the skull, including singers and musicians whose instrument is pressed against any part of the head. The isolation effect is the unnatural sensation of being isolated from a given sound environment. It is caused by a non-uniform attenuation of the HPD over the audio spectrum and the absence of compensation for equal loudness contours. These two effects are highly unfavorable to the musicians' auditory perception and compromise their capacity to perform to the best of their abilities for their audience. This paper presents an active HPD for musicians, providing occlusion effect reduction and isolation effect compensation. Preliminary performance of the occlusion effect reduction system is presented and discussed.
Transplacental Transfer of a Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Peptide from Mother to Fetus in the Rat (2006)

Previous studies showed that when growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) was administered to either pregnant rats or pigs as a plasmid-mediated therapy, pituitary weight, somatotroph and lactotroph numbers, and postnatal growth rate of the offspring increased. To determine if these responses resulted from direct effects of GHRH on the fetus or were secondary to effects incurred in the mother, we studied in the rat the transplacental transfer of a GHRH analog (HV-GHRH) to the fetus from the maternal circulation. For the in vivo study, HV-GHRH was labeled with 125I and purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At 18 days of gestation, pregnant dams were administered a priming intravenous dose followed by a constant infusion of the labeled peptide. Approximately 2 days later, intact [125I]-HV-GHRH was isolated from the fetal liver, stomach contents, and brain. The amounts of tracer were positively correlated with those present in the corresponding dam's plasma. These data suggest that a GHRH analog of nonplacental origin, even at physiologic concentrations, can cross the placenta and, therefore, has the potential to influence fetal pituitary development directly.
Apparatus for simulating dynamic interactions between the spinal cord and soft-coupled intradural implants (2013)

We have designed, built, and tested an apparatus used for investigating the biomechanical response of a novel intradural spinal cord stimulator to the simulated physiological movement of the spinal cord within the thecal sac. In this apparatus, the rostral-caudal displacements of an anthropomorphic spinal cord surrogate can be controlled with a resolution of approximately 0.1% of a target value for up to 10(7) lateral movement cycles occurring at a repetition rate of 2 Hz. Using this system, we have been able to determine that the restoring force of the stimulator's suspension system works in concert with the frictional coupling between the electrode array and the surrogate to overcome the 0.42 μN inertial force associated with the lateral motion of the array. The result is a positional stability of the array on the surrogate (in air) of better than 0.2 mm over ~500,000 movement cycles. Design modifications that might lead to improved physiological performance are discussed.
Unified graph matching in Euclidean spaces (2010)

Graph matching is a classical problem in pattern recognition with many applications, particularly when the graphs are embedded in Euclidean spaces, as is often the case for computer vision. There are several variants of the matching problem, concerned with isometries, isomorphisms, homeomorphisms, and node attributes; different approaches exist for each variant. We show how structured estimation methods from machine learning can be used to combine such variants into a single version of graph matching. In this paradigm, the extent to which our datasets reveal isometries, isomorphisms, homeomorphisms, and other properties is automatically accounted for in the learning process so that any such specific qualification of graph matching loses meaning. We present experiments with real computer vision data showing the leverage of this unified formulation.
High-Throughput Cervical Cancer Screening Using Intracellular Human Papillomavirus<i>E6</i>and<i>E7</i>mRNA Quantification by Flow Cytometry (2005)

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test, based solely on the morphologic examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix, has reduced deaths due to cervical cancer by 74% in the United States during the past 40 years. During that time, the molecular mechanisms of cervical cancer have largely been elucidated. Taken together, these observations have identified a need for a high-throughput cervical cancer screening assay. We report the development of a high-throughput assay consisting of simultaneous immunophenotyping and ultrasensitive in situ hybridization for human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 messenger RNA (mRNA). This assay can be performed in less than 3 hours directly from liquid-based cervical cytology specimens. Overall, HPV fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for E6 and E7 mRNA demonstrated 83.3% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions compared with the Pap test in 231 liquid-based cytology samples from 2 cohorts. In a subset of these samples, HPV FISH demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity than Hybrid Capture (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD) for high-risk genotypes.
Cutting single-walled carbon nanotubes (2005)

A two-step process is utilized for cutting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The first step requires the breakage of carbon-carbon bonds in the lattice while the second step is aimed at etching at these damage sites to create short, cut nanotubes. To achieve monodisperse lengths from any cutting strategy requires control of both steps. Room-temperature piranha and ammonium persulfate solutions have shown the ability to exploit the damage sites and etch SWNTs in a controlled manner. Despite the aggressive nature of these oxidizing solutions, the etch rate for SWNTs is relatively slow and almost no new sidewall damage is introduced. Carbon-carbon bond breakage can be introduced through fluorination to ∼C(2)F, and subsequent etching using piranha solutions has been shown to be very effective in cutting nanotubes. The final average length of the nanotubes is approximately 100 nm with carbon yields as high as 70-80%.
Use of both translation initiation sites of the middle wall protein gene in Bacillus brevis 47 (1990)

The middle wall protein gene of Bacillus brevis 47 has two potential translation initiation sites located tandemly in the same reading frame. We demonstrate here that both sites are utilized to start translation in B. brevis 47. Translation from the first site (located upstream) gives rise to a precursor of the middle wall protein with an extension peptide of 31 amino acids preceding the signal peptide. The precursor was cleaved at the same position as that of the precursor translated from the second site. The TTG codon seems to play an appreciable role in the initiation of translation in B. brevis 47.
An Enhanced Deterministic Sequential Monte Carlo Method for Near-Optimal MIMO Demodulation (2006)

We propose a low-complexity, linear MMSE-based sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) technique as an alternative to the sphere decoder for near-optimal demodulation in MIMO systems. Prior to the SMC procedure, the received signal is passed through a linear MMSE-based preprocessing step, which also determines an optimal channel-dependent order of detection and produces a sequential structure. The algorithm then draws the symbol samples in a deterministic fashion, and the survivor paths are selected based on their importance weights. The proposed algorithm exploits the rectangular structure of the QAM signal constellation by separating the real and imaginary parts of the signal to reduce the complexity associated with the listing and weight update steps. We demonstrate through simulations that the new method achieves the sphere decoder performance for V-BLAST systems.
Packet-Optical Integration in Segment Routing (2019)

This document illustrates a way to integrate a new class of nodes and
links in segment routing to represent transport/optical networks in an
opaque way into the segment routing domain. An instance of this class
would be optical networks that are typically transport centric by
having very few devices with the capability to process packets. In the
IP centric network, this will help in defining a common control
protocol for packet optical integration that will include optical
paths as 'transport segments' or sub-paths as an augmentation to
packet paths. The transport segment option also defines a general
mechanism to allow for future extensibility of segment routing into
non-packet domains.
Electron-hole transport and photovoltaic effect in gated MoS2 Schottky junctions (2013)

Semiconducting molybdenum disulfphide has emerged as an attractive material for novel nanoscale optoelectronic devices due to its reduced dimensionality and large direct bandgap. Since optoelectronic devices require electron-hole generation/recombination, it is important to be able to fabricate ambipolar transistors to investigate charge transport both in the conduction band and in the valence band. Although n-type transistor operation for single-layer and few-layer MoS2 with gold source and drain contacts was recently demonstrated, transport in the valence band has been elusive for solid-state devices. Here we show that a multi-layer MoS2 channel can be hole-doped by palladium contacts, yielding MoS2 p-type transistors. When two different materials are used for the source and drain contacts, for example hole-doping Pd and electron-doping Au, the Schottky junctions formed at the MoS2 contacts produce a clear photovoltaic effect.
BindingDB Entry 50008049: ( (2021)

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is frequently overactivated in cancer, and drives cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metastasis. Here, we report a structure-activity relationship study, which led to the discovery of a drug-like adenosine 5'-triphosphate-site PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor: (<i>S</i>)-4-(difluoromethyl)-5-(4-(3-methylmorpholino)-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine (PQR530, compound <b>6</b>), which qualifies as a clinical candidate due to its potency and specificity for PI3K and mTOR kinases, and its pharmacokinetic properties, including brain penetration. Compound <b>6</b> showed excellent selectivity over a wide panel of kinases and an excellent selectivity against unrelated receptor enzymes and ion channels. Moreover, compound <b>6</b> prevented cell growth in a cancer cell line panel. The preclinical in vivo characterization of compound <b>6</b> in an OVCAR-3 xenograft model demonstrated good oral bioavailability, excellent brain penetration, and efficacy. Initial toxicity studies in rats and dogs qualify <b>6</b> for further development as a therapeutic agent in oncology.
An ARC-Free Thermal Blanket for Spacecraft Use (1980)

Thermal considerations require the use of dielectric materials, such as Kapton and Teflon on the outside of a spacecraft. These materials, when subjected to energetic electrons, are charged to several thousand volts. Consequent discharges present a problem to the smooth operation of the spacecraft and also cause degradation of the material and electronic components, thus limiting the useful lifetime of the spacecraft. This paper presents a new low mass, low cost multilayer thermal blanket (*) utilising Kapton on the outside which limits charge build-up and completely eliminates arcing. The multilayer thermal blanket operates by providing a strong electric field across the outer Kapton layer so that the incoming electrons are accelerated towards an inner conducting layer. The resulting enhanced leakage current ensures that the surface potential is kept to well below the threshold potential for spontaneous discharges. The principle of operation and the tests carried out to prove the effectiveness of this new blanket are presented.
A new approach to on-demand loop-free routing in ad hoc networks (2003)

A new protocol is presented for on-demand loop-free routing in ad hoc networks. The new protocol, called labeled distance routing (LDR) protocol, uses a distance invariant to establish an ordering criterion and per-destination sequence numbers to reset the invariant resulting in loop-freedom at every instant. The distance invariant allows nodes to change their next hops or distances to destinations without creating routing-table loops. The destination sequence number, which only the destination may increment, permits nodes to reset the values of their distance invariants. The performance of LDR is compared against the performance of three other protocols that are representative of the state-of-the art, namely AODV, DSR and OLSR.
Continuous Glucose Sensors: Continuing Questions about Clinical Accuracy (2007)

Continuous glucose sensors (CGS) offer the potential to greatly change the lives of people with diabetes. Even though two of these systems (Guardian RT, Medtronic, Northridge, CA, and DexCom STS, DexCom, San Diego, CA) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use as adjuncts to self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM), questions remain concerning the accuracy of these devices. When considering accuracy, two distinct approaches should be emphasized: (1) numerical and (2) clinical. Because CGS data are a process in time, each of these two approaches includes two subtypes of accuracy: point and rate. Conventional statistics such as correlation coefficients, mean and median relative absolute differences, and International Standards Organization criteria are measures of numerical point accuracy. A new measure, the R deviation, is introduced to quantify numerical rate accuracy. Error-grid analysis (Clarke EGA) measures clinical point accuracy. The only measure of both clinical point accuracy and rate accuracy is continuous glucose error-grid analysis. This analysis is a combination of two components, P-EGA measuring point accuracy and R-EGA measuring rate accuracy, which are designed to assess the information that distinguishes continuous glucose measurements from intermittent SBGM determinations. Further, a better understanding of the source of the error associated with time lag and its effect on CGS readings may improve sensor output. Finally, the reliability of the CGS sensors, in terms of initial calibration and long-term application, needs to be assessed carefully if current CGS systems are to be used as hypoglycemia monitors or incorporated in the future design of closed loop (artificial pancreas) systems.
A basic concept of direct converting digital microphone (1999)

An electroacoustic system which directly converts analog acoustic signals to digital electric signals is described. The system consists of a subtractor, a sampling and holding circuit, a sigma–delta modulator as a comparator, an accumulator, and a local direct digital-to-analog converting transducer similar to a typical electronic analog-to-digital converter. The subtractor is an electrostatic device which has a diaphragm, driving electrodes, and a detecting electrode. The surface area of the driving electrodes corresponds to the significant bits in the digital signal, as an electroacoustic digital-to-analog converter. The detecting electrode produces an electrical signal proportional to the displacement of the diaphragm driven by subtracting the received acoustic signal from the electrostatically driven force. This is regarded as a subtractor. The detected signal is amplified and sampled-held and modulated by the sigma–delta procedure and generates a signal of ±1 bit, which is added to the accumulator memory by a high clock frequency. The output of the accumulator is the digital signal output and is also fed to the driving electrodes. A 4-bit conceptual system was developed to affirm this concept.