gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Making B+- trees cache conscious in main memory (2000)

Previous research has shown that cache behavior is important for main memory index structures. Cache conscious index structures such as Cache Sensitive Search Trees (CSS-Trees) perform lookups much faster than binary search and T-Trees. However, CSS-Trees are designed for decision support workloads with relatively static data. Although B+-Trees are more cache conscious than binary search and T-Trees, their utilization of a cache line is low since half of the space is used to store child pointers. Nevertheless, for applications that require incremental updates, traditional B+-Trees perform well.
Development of a reusable, flight-weight cryogenic foam insulation system (1986)

Attention is given to a light weight foam insulation system applicable to reusable cryogenic propellant tankage for hypersonic aircraft and space launch vehicles. The insulation system consists of nominally sized blocks of a high temperature-resistant polymethacrylimide foam that is wrapped with a vapor-impermeable membrane of Kapton-aluminum-Kapton laminate, which is adhesively bonded to the outer propellant tank wall. Test results are presented which indicate that this insulation system is capable of enduring a Mach 5 service environment without structural cracking, deterioration, or loss of performance.
Oncogenic activity of MAN2A1‐FER fusion in liver cancer and other human malignancies (2017)

Oncogenic fusion gene is one of the fundamental mechanisms driving the progression of human cancers. MAN2A1‐FER, a fusion gene between the mannosidase domain of MAN2A1 and tyrosine kinase domain of FER, was found in 6 different types of human malignancies. MAN2A1‐FER fusion translocated FER domain from cytoplasm to Golgi apparatus, and led to phosphorylation of N‐terminus of EGFR and activation of EGFR signaling pathway. Expression of MAN2A1‐FER generated dramatic increase of growth and invasion of cancers, while removal of MAN2A1‐FER through knockout generated significant lower level of growth and metastasis. The presence of MAN2A1‐FER increased the sensitivity of human cancers to FER kinase inhibitor crizotinib or EGFR kinase inhibitor canertinib. Hydrodynamic tail‐vein injection of MAN2A1‐FER gene resulted in rapid development of liver cancer in mice with somatic Pten deletion. Taken together, we concluded that MAN2A1‐FER fusion gene is one of the key drivers for human cancer development. Support or Funding Information NCI, DOD and UPCI
Changes in Anthocyanin Production during Domestication of <i>Citrus</i> (2017)

Mandarin (<i>Citrus reticulata</i>), citron (<i>Citrus medica</i>), and pummelo (<i>Citrus maxima</i>) are important species of the genus <i>Citrus</i> and parents of the interspecific hybrids that constitute the most familiar commercial varieties of <i>Citrus</i>: sweet orange, sour orange, clementine, lemon, lime, and grapefruit. Citron produces anthocyanins in its young leaves and flowers, as do species in genera closely related to <i>Citrus</i>, but mandarins do not, and pummelo varieties that produce anthocyanins have not been reported. We investigated the activity of the <i>Ruby</i> gene, which encodes a MYB transcription factor controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis, in different accessions of a range of <i>Citrus</i> species and in domesticated cultivars. A white mutant of lemon lacks functional alleles of <i>Ruby</i>, demonstrating that <i>Ruby</i> plays an essential role in anthocyanin production in <i>Citrus</i> Almost all the natural variation in pigmentation by anthocyanins in <i>Citrus</i> species can be explained by differences in activity of the <i>Ruby</i> gene, caused by point mutations and deletions and insertions of transposable elements. Comparison of the allelic constitution of <i>Ruby</i> in different species and cultivars also helps to clarify many of the taxonomic relationships in different species of <i>Citrus</i>, confirms the derivation of commercial varieties during domestication, elucidates the relationships within the subgenus <i>Papeda</i>, and allows a new genetic classification of mandarins.
Environment-conscious Cu Free Sintered Steels (2010)

Fe-Cu-C sintered steels are widely used for automobile parts. However, low-cost Cu free general-purpose sintered steels are also required from the viewpoint of recycling because Cu in steels deteriorates their properties. In this study, Mn and Si were selected as new strengthening elements to replace Cu and the effects of additive method and amount of Mn and Si on the strength were investigated by Fe-Mn-Si-C steels sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere with low-oxygen partial pressure. It was shown that the Fe-Mn-Si ternary master alloys were desirable as the additive method, the addition of 1-2 % Fe-Mn-Si master alloys whose Mn/Si ratio (in mass%) was more than 1 showed mechanical properties superior to the Fe-Cu-C sintered steels.
General Framework for Evaluating Password Complexity and Strength (2015)

Although it is common for users to select bad passwords that can be easily cracked by attackers, password-based authentication remains the most widely-used method. To encourage users to select good passwords, enterprises often enforce policies. Such policies have been proven to be ineffectual in practice. Accurate assessment of a password's resistance to cracking attacks is still an unsolved problem, and our work addresses this challenge. Although the best way to determine how difficult it may be to crack a user-selected password is to check its resistance to cracking attacks employed by attackers in the wild, implementing such a strategy at an enterprise would be infeasible in practice. We first formalize the concepts of password complexity and strength with concrete definitions emphasizing their differences. Our framework captures human biases and many known techniques attackers use to recover stolen credentials in real life, such as brute-force attacks. Building on our definitions, we develop a general framework for calculating password complexity and strength that could be used in practice. Our approach is based on the key insight that an attacker's success at cracking a password must be defined by its available computational resources, time, function used to store that password, as well as the topology that bounds that attacker's search space based on that attacker's available inputs, transformations it can use to tweak and explore its inputs, and the path of exploration which can be based on the attacker's perceived probability of success. We also provide a general framework for assessing the accuracy of password complexity and strength estimators that can be used to compare other tools available in the wild.
Named entity translation (2002)

Named entity phrases are being introduced in news stories on a daily basis in the form of personal names, organizations, locations, temporal phrases, and monetary expressions. While the identification of named entities in text has received significant attention (e.g., [2] and [1]), translation of all named entities has not. This translation problem is especially challenging because new phrases can appear out of nowhere, and because many are domain specific, not to be found in bilingual dictionaries.
Magnetic, transport, and structural properties of iron-platinum thin films (1984)

The magnetic, transport, and structural properties of RF sputtered Fe-Pt thin films were studied as a function of Pt content from 0 to 75 at.%. Polycrystalline ferromagnetic films were obtained in the range studied. The properties of the films are very similar to those obtained for bulk alloys. A body-centered-cubic phase is obtained for as-deposited films with less than 25 at.% Pt, and a face-centered-cubic structure is obtained for films with more than 25 at.% Pt. By annealing equiatomic Fe-Pt films, very large coercivities (about 10 kOersteds) can be obtained depending on the thickness, duration and temperature of annealing. The magnetization of Fe-Pt films is sufficiently large such that a moment of approximately 0.4 Bohr magneton must be associated with the Pt if Fe remains at 2.2 Bohr magneton per atom. The magnetostriction, Hall effect, and anisotropic magnetoresistance are all large near the equiatomic range of compositions.
Non‐Invasive High‐Throughput Metrology of Functionalized Graphene Sheets (2012)

Abstract The utilization of fluorescence quenching microscopy (FQM) for quick visualization of chemical functionalization in relatively large regions of graphene, grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), is discussed. Through reactive ion plasma etching, patterns of p‐type CVD‐grown graphene functionalized with fluorine are generated. 4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2‐methyl‐6‐(4‐dimethylaminostyryl)‐4H‐pyran (DCM) is used as the fluorescent agent. The emission of DCM is quenched to a different extent by fluorinated and pristine graphene, which provides the fluorescence‐imaging contrast essential for this metrology. To probe the functionalized surface patterns with DCM, the dye is dispersed in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) then the graphene surface is coated, forming a 30‐nm‐thick DCM‐PMMA layer. Fluorescence images of dye‐coated graphene distinctly reveal the difference between the chemically treated and as‐grown regions. The pristine graphene quenches the DCM emission more efficiently than the fluorinated graphene. Therefore, the regions with pristine graphene appear darker on the fluorescence images than the regions with fluorinated graphene, enabling large‐scale mapping of the functionalized regions in CVD grown graphene sheets Due to its simplicity and consistent results, FQM is now poised for widespread adoption by graphene manufacturers as a basis for facile and high throughput metrology of large‐scale graphene sheets.
Specific cellular delivery and intracellular fate of quantum dot- peptide and quantum dot-polymer nanoassemblies (2008)

Luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) possess several unique optical and spectroscopic properties that are of great interest and promise in biology. These properties suggest that QDs will be integral to the development of the next generation of biosensors capable of detecting molecular processes in both living and fixed cells. We are developing robust and facile delivery schemes for the selective intracellular delivery of QD-based nanoassemblies. These schemes are based upon the self-assembly and subsequent cellular uptake of QD-peptide and QD-polymer bioconjugates. The QD-peptide structures are generated by the self-assembly of the peptide onto CdSe-ZnS core-shell QDs via metal ion coordination between the peptide's polyhistidine motif and the Zn-rich QD shell. The polymer-based QD assemblies are formed via the electrostatic interaction of aqueous cationic liposomes with available carboxylate moieties on the QD surface ligands. Cellular delivery experiments utilizing both delivery schemes will be presented. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be discussed, including the intracellular fate and stability of the QD-nanoassemblies.
Aesthetic ultrasound therapy (2012)

Ultrasound provides key benefits in aesthetic surgery compared to laser and RF based energy sources. We present results of research, development, pre-clinical and clinical studies, regulatory clearance and commercialization of a revolutionary non-invasive aesthetic ultrasound imaging and therapy system. Clinical applications for this platform include non-invasive face-lifts, brow-lifts, and neck-lifts achieved through fractionated treatment of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and subcutaneous tissue. Treatment consists of placing a grid of micro-coagulative lesions on the order of 1 mm3 at depths in skin of 1 to 6 mm, source energy levels of 0.1 to 3 J, and spacing on the order of 1.5 mm, from 4 to 10 MHz dual-mode image/treat transducers. System details are described, as well as a regulatory pathway consisting of acoustic and bioheat simulations, source characterization (hydrophone, radiation force, and Schlieren), pre-clinical studies (porcine skin ex vivo, in vivo, and human cadaver), human safety studies (treat and resect) and efficacy trials which culminated in FDA clearance (2009) under a new device classification and world-wide usage. Clinical before and after photographs are presented which validate the clinical approach.
The Effect of Carbon Starting Material on Carbon Fluoride Synthesized at Room Temperature: Characterization and Electrochemistry (2001)

International audience
Synthesis and hydroformylation reaction of dinuclear rhodium(<scp>I</scp>) complexes with mixed bridging ligands. X-Ray structure of [Rh<sub>2</sub>(µ-pz)(µ-SBu<sup>t</sup>)(CO)<sub>2</sub>{P(OMe)<sub>3</sub>}<sub>2</sub>] (1988)

The preparation and properties of dinuclear complexes containing one azolate (az) and one t-butylthio group as bridging ligands are described. Bubbling of carbon monoxide through dichloromethane solutions of [Rh2(µ-az)(µ-SBut)(η4-cod)2](cod = cyclo-octa-1,5-diene), followed by addition of phosphorus donor ligands (L) affords the complexes [Rh2(µ-az)(µ-SBut)(CO)2L2]. The crystal and molecular structure of cis-[Rh2(µ-pz)(µ-SBut)(CO)2{P(OMe)3}2](pz = pyrazolate) was determined from a single crystal by X-ray diffraction. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21, with a= 10.789(2), b= 12.226 0(3), c= 10.431 4(2)Å, β= 110.515(1)°, and Z= 2. The final agreement factors were R= 0.036 and R′= 0.044. In the dinuclear complex each rhodium atom is in a distorted square arrangement. The dihedral angle of 63.1(2)° between the two co-ordination planes leads to a bent geometry with a rhodium–rhodium distance of 3.477 0(9)Å. The [Rh2(µ-az)(µ-SBut)(CO)2L2] complexes are good precursors for the hydroformylation reaction of olefins under mild conditions.
A 5-V-only operation 0.6- mu m flash EEPROM with row decoder scheme in triple-well structure (1992)

An experimental 4-Mb flash EEPROM has been developed based on 0.6- mu m triple-well CMOS technology in order to establish circuit technology for high-density flash memories. A cell size of 2.0*1.8 mu m/sup 2/ has been achieved by using a negative-gate-biased source erase scheme and a self-aligned source (SAS) process technology. A newly developed row decoder with a triple-well structure has been realized in accordance with its small cell size. The source voltage during the erase operation was reduced by applying a negative voltage to the word line, which results in a 5-V-only operation. The chip size of the 4-Mb flash EEPROM is 8.11*6.95 mm/sup 2/, and the estimated chip size of a 16-Mb flash EEPROM is 98.4 mm/sup 2/ by using the minimal cell size (2.0*10 mu m/sup 2/).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polarization-maintaining, large-effective-area, higher-order-mode fiber (2017)

Higher-order-mode (HOM) fibers guiding light in large-effective-area (A<sub>eff</sub>) Bessel-like modes have recently generated great interest for high-power laser applications. A polarization-maintaining (PM) version of HOM fibers can afford the added possibility of coherent beam combination, improved material processing, and polarization multiplexing of high-power fiber lasers. We report a PM-HOM fiber for guiding Bessel-like modes with A<sub>eff</sub> ranging from 1200-2800 μm<sup>2</sup>. The fiber modes exhibit a birefringence value that compares well with that of a conventional single-mode PM fiber (2×10<sup>-4</sup>), and exhibit a polarization extinction ratio ranging from 13-23 dB over meter-long fiber lengths, practical for amplifier systems. This fiber presents a unique platform for next-generation high-power fiber systems, as well as for the fundamental studies on deterministically polarized Bessel-like modes in fibers.
Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysis − A New Concept for Homogeneous Hydroformylation Catalysis (2002)

The new concept of supported ionic liquid catalysis involves the surface of a support material that is modified with a monolayer of covalently attached ionic liquid fragments. Treatment of this surface with additional ionic liquid results in the formation of a multiple layer of free ionic liquid on the support. These layers serve as the reaction phase in which a homogeneous hydroformylation catalyst was dissolved. Supported ionic liquid catalysis combines the advantages of ionic liquid media with solid support materials which enables the application of fixed-bed technology and the usage of significantly reduced amounts of the ionic liquid. The concept of supported ionic liquid catalysis has successfully been used for hydroformylation reactions and can be further expanded into other areas of catalysis.
Engineering a Vascularized Hypoxic Tumor Model for Therapeutic Assessment (2021)

Solid tumors in advanced cancer often feature a structurally and functionally abnormal vasculature through tumor angiogenesis, which contributes to cancer progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistances. Hypoxia is considered a major driver of angiogenesis in tumor microenvironments. However, there remains a lack of in vitro models that recapitulate both the vasculature and hypoxia in the same model with physiological resemblance to the tumor microenvironment, while allowing for high-content spatiotemporal analyses for mechanistic studies and therapeutic evaluations. We have previously constructed a hypoxia microdevice that utilizes the metabolism of cancer cells to generate an oxygen gradient in the cancer cell layer as seen in solid tumor sections. Here, we have engineered a new composite microdevice-microfluidics platform that recapitulates a vascularized hypoxic tumor. Endothelial cells were seeded in a collagen channel formed by viscous fingering, to generate a rounded vascular lumen surrounding a hypoxic tumor section composed of cancer cells embedded in a 3-D hydrogel extracellular matrix. We demonstrated that the new device can be used with microscopy-based high-content analyses to track the vascular phenotypes, morphology, and sprouting into the hypoxic tumor section over a 7-day culture, as well as the response to different cancer/stromal cells. We further evaluated the integrity/leakiness of the vascular lumen in molecular delivery, and the potential of the platform to study the movement/trafficking of therapeutic immune cells. Therefore, our new platform can be used as a model for understanding tumor angiogenesis and therapeutic delivery/efficacy in vascularized hypoxic tumors.
Analysis of a split-flow inertial particle separator by finite elements (1985)

This paper presents an analytical design method for inertial particle separators required for aviation gas turbines applications to helicopters. The solution of the flowfield inside the separator is based on a finite element code for the radial equilibrium equation. The aerodynamic forces calculated are then used to predict the trajectories of solid particles of various sizes. Several separator designs are demonstrated and a very efficient final configuration is determined.
Small-Molecule Screens to Study Lateral Root Development (2012)

Development of the root system is essential for proper plant growth and development. Extension of the root system is achieved by the continuous establishment of new meristems in existing parental root tissues, which leads to the development of lateral roots. This process of lateral root organogenesis consists of different developmental stages, which are all controlled by the plant hormone auxin. In this chapter, we describe a screening method in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify small synthetic molecules that interfere with the process of lateral root development during specific developmental stages.
A concept for a broadband electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure (2011)

This paper presents a concept of a broadband electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure that can be used for antenna applications. The design is derived from cascading uniform EBG structures [4] and is validated by using it with a broadband sinuous antenna. The purpose of this paper is to show the potential of the broadband EBG (progressive EBG) structure with a broadband antenna. The performance of the antenna with the progressive EBG is compared with that of a uniform EBG.
Spatial browsing to retrieve multimedia information (1998)

Burgeoning consumer products and services provided through cable, television, and the World Wide Web (WWW) make it challenging for consumers to organize and use their home entertainment and information centers. Assuming that this large amount of home entertainment multimedia information will come to consumers' homes through a television or a television-like device, the Spatial Browsing project explores a 3D interface solution to multimedia database browsing and searching. Philips Research in Briarcliff, New York is developing various algorithms for browsing and retrieving information in large multimedia databases. As a design research effort, the Spatial Browsing project further augments the available in-house technology in developing user interface design concepts for interacting with such databases.
Method and apparatus for separation of bitumen from tar sands. [electric flatation cell] (1979)

Method and apparatus for separation of bitumen from tar sands involves an electric flotation cell formed of a container in which is placed a charge of unseparated tar sand to a first level and which is then filled with water to a second level and electrodes positioned in the cell in relation to the tar sand such that on application of a voltage to the electrodes an electric current flows through the tar sand and water. It has been found that after application of the electrical energy to the tar sands agitation and then separation takes place with the bitumen being floated to the upper surface.
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters of the Salamander Retina: Identification, Localization, and Function (1998)

The rapid re-uptake of extracellular glutamate mediated by a family of high-affinity glutamate transporter proteins is essential to continued glutamatergic signaling and neuronal viability, but the contributions of individual transporter subtypes toward cellular physiology are poorly understood. Because the physiology of glutamate transport in the salamander retina has been well described, we have examined the expression and function of glutamate transporter subtypes in this preparation. cDNAs encoding five distinct salamander excitatory amino acid transporter (sEAAT) subtypes were isolated, and their molecular properties and distributions of expression were compared. We report evidence that at least four distinct sEAAT subtypes are expressed in glial (Müller) cells. In addition, four of the five transporter subtypes are localized in neurons throughout the retina. The brightest immunostaining was seen in the synaptic regions of the inner and outer plexiform layers and in the outer nuclear layer. Using electrophysiological measurements in the Xenopus oocyte expression system, we also examined the pharmacology and ionic dependence of the four expressing transporter subtypes that make it possible to distinguish, on the basis of functional behavior, among the various subtypes. Although no simple correlation between transporter subtype and retinal cell physiology can be made, the diverse population of sEAAT transporter subtypes with unique localization and functional properties indicates that glutamate transporters play a wide variety of roles in retinal function and are likely to underlie both the uptake of glutamate by Müller cells and the glutamate-elicited chloride conductance involved in signal transduction by photoreceptors and bipolar cells.