gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-shot characterization of high-energy short optical pulses at 1.05 micron using spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-fleld reconstruction (2001)

Summary form only given. The characterization of ultrashort optical pulses is a useful tool for the optimization of chirped pulse amplification systems. The quality of the output pulse depends on many parameters, including the compensation of dispersion, nonlinear effects, and gain narrowing. Large systems now deliver pulses with peak powers in the 100 TW to1 PW range, but this is useless if the pulse shape is not optimal. The characterization device must be single shot, because of shot-to-shot discrepancies, mostly insensitive to the beam profile, able of working in real-time for optimization, and of course able of providing accurate results. Spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER) matches all these constraints. We have implemented SPIDER on a 100 TW laser system (30 Joules, 300 fs) operating around 1 micron.
A New Mathematical Formulation for Estimating Flow Capacity and Phase Mobility in Oil-Water Segregated Flow Systems (2020)

Abstract A new analytical procedure is introduced for the interpretation of pressure-transient data in oil producers with pronounced water production. The new mathematical model is applicable to flow conditions where segregated flow dominates the displacement process in the reservoir. Here, formation flow capacity and individual magnitudes of oil- and water-phase mobility are also determined, allowing accurate reservoir characterization under such complex flow conditions. Segregated flow is very common in natural porous rocks and is characterized by a sharp interface between oil and water. Hence, our new mathematical model mimics the dynamics of this flow mechanism by taking into consideration the individual contributions of oil and water from each reservoir zone. This novel mathematical model is utilized to extract formation flow capacity and mobility for both phases. An average fluid saturation can also be determined with a reasonable accuracy. The reservoir system in hand is represented by a two-layer model with no crossflow between the different zones in the reservoir. Because of gravity effects, oil is produced from the top layer while water is produced from the bottom one. Each reservoir layer has its own distinct static and dynamic properties, such as porosity, permeability, thickness, and petrophysical properties. A case study based on synthetic reservoir data is presented to demonstrate the application of the mathematical model in characterizing formation rocks. It is observed that conventional well-testing methods could produce inaccurate results when applied to reservoir systems influenced by segregated flow. Using the new model, a correction factor is derived to estimate absolute permeability values from the conventional well-testing analysis, producing a one-to-one transformation between dispersed and segregated flow. The conventional way of interpreting pressure-transient data for two-phase flow displacements under segregated conditions is based on an equivalent single-phase flow model that might produce inaccurate results and invalid estimates of flow capacity and phase mobility. Our new approach, therefore, is more representative for the system under consideration and captures the flow mechanism more robustly.
Prosthetic Hand Lifts Heavy Loads (1991)

Prosthetic hand designed to enable amputee to lift diverse heavy objects like rocks and logs. Has simple serrated end effector with no moving parts. Prosthesis held on forearm by system of flexible straps. Features include ruggedness, simplicity, and relatively low cost.
Improved noise tolerance for sonar applications in critical environments (2005)

Sonar systems are a key element in harbor security applications. One of the major challenges in their utilization is the presence of high levels of noise and cluster. In this paper, we analyze the distribution of errors in the time-delay estimation for a sonar system using a train of pulses and show that a robust fusion of echoes from multiple pings can greatly improve its resilience to noise. As a result, an increased range of operation can be achieved in applications to extremely noisy environments such as harbors, ports and costal facilities
Superconducting nanowire detector jitter limited by detector geometry (2016)

Detection jitter quantifies variance introduced by the detector in the determination of photon arrival time. It is a crucial performance parameter for systems using superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs). In this work, we have demonstrated that the detection timing jitter is limited in part by the spatial variation of the photon detection events along the length of the wire. We define this jitter source as a geometric jitter since it is related to the length and area of the SNSPD. To characterize the geometric jitter, we have constructed a differential cryogenic readout with less than 7 ps of an electronic jitter that can amplify the pulses generated from the two ends of an SNSPD. By differencing the measured arrival times of the two electrical pulses, we were able to partially cancel out the difference of the propagation times and thus reduce the uncertainty of the photon arrival time. We proved that the variation of the differential propagation time was a few ps for a 3 μm × 3 μm device, while it increased up to 50 ps for a 20 μm × 20 μm device. In a 20 μm × 20 μm large SNSPD, we achieved a 20% reduction in the overall detection timing jitter for detecting the telecom-wavelength photons by using the differential cryogenic readout.
Breast Tumor Characterization Based on Ultrawideband Microwave Backscatter (2007)

Characterization of architectural tissue features such as the shape, margin, and size of a suspicious lesion is commonly performed in conjunction with medical imaging to provide clues about the nature of an abnormality. In this paper, we numerically investigate the feasibility of using multichannel microwave backscatter in the 1-11 GHz band to classify the salient features of a dielectric target. We consider targets with three shape characteristics: smooth, microlobulated, and spiculated; and four size categories ranging from 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter. The numerical target constructs are based on Gaussian random spheres allowing for moderate shape irregularities. We perform shape and size classification for a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) to demonstrate the potential for tumor characterization based on ultrawideband (UWB) microwave backscatter. We approach classification with two basis selection methods from the literature: local discriminant bases and principal component analysis. Using these methods, we construct linear classifiers where a subset of the bases expansion vectors are the input features and we evaluate the average rate of correct classification as a performance measure. We demonstrate that for 10 dB SNR, the target size is very reliably classified with over 97% accuracy averaged over 360 targets; target shape is classified with over 70% accuracy. The relationship between the SNR of the test data and classifier performance is also explored. The results of this study are very encouraging and suggest that both shape and size characteristics of a dielectric target can be classified directly from its UWB backscatter. Hence, characterization can easily be performed in conjunction with UWB radar-based breast cancer detection without requiring any special hardware or additional data collection.
Ultraviolet Detectors Based on Ultraviolet–Ozone Modified Hydrogenated Diamond Surfaces (2009)

Photodetectors based on interdigitated fingers have been fabricated on hydrogen terminated diamond surfaces. These devices show weak photocurrent-to-dark current ratio (PDR∼10-2) and persistent photoconductivity making them inappropriate for ultraviolet (UV) detection applications despite high deep UV photocurrent (∼10-4 A) and a spectral discrimination ratio (210/630 nm) of 105. However, an original approach combining the previous hydrogen terminated diamond surface with subsequent controlled UV–ozone post-treatments has allowed to respectively enhance the PDR and the discrimination ratio by more than 7 and 2 orders of magnitude while keeping in the same time a high value of deep UV photocurrent (10-7–10-8 A).
Biaxially Stretched Polycarbonate Film For Capacitors (1992)

Report describes experiments on effects of biaxial stretching on crystal structures, dielectric properties, and sellected thermal and mechanical properties of biaxially stretched polycarbonate films. Highest stretch ratios produce highest degree of crystallinity, with single crystalline phase and distribution of crystallites more nearly isotropic than uniaxially oriented film. Electrical properties at high temperatures improved.
Selective Synthesis of Strained [7]Cycloparaphenylene: An Orange-Emitting Fluorophore (2011)

[n]Cycloparaphenylenes, which are short fragments of carbon nanotubes, have unique size-dependent optical properties. In this communication, we describe the first synthesis of [7]cycloparaphenylene ([7]CPP), the smallest cycloparaphenylene prepared to date. In order to access this structure, we have developed a synthetic route that capitalizes on successive orthogonal Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. [7]CPP has 83 kcal/mol of strain energy and an orange emission at 592 nm.
Lookup Peaks:  A Hybrid of de Novo Sequencing and Database Search for Protein Identification by Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2007)

A powerful technique for peptide and protein identification is tandem mass spectrometry followed by database search using a program such as SEQUEST or Mascot. These programs, however, become slow and lose sensitivity when allowing nonspecific cleavages or peptide modifications. De novo sequencing and hybrid methods such as sequence tagging offer speed and robustness for wider searches, yet these approaches require better spectra with more complete and consecutive fragmentation and, hence, are less sensitive to low-abundance peptides. Here we describe a new hybrid method that retains the sensitivity of pure database search. The method uses a small amount of de novo analysis to identify likely b- and y-ion peaks--"lookup peaks"--that can then be used to extract candidate peptides from the database, with the number of candidates tunable to fit a computing budget. We describe a program called ByOnic that implements this method, and we benchmark ByOnic on several data sets, including one of mouse blood plasma spiked with low concentrations of recombinant human proteins. We demonstrate that ByOnic is more sensitive than sequence tagging and, indeed, more sensitive than the three most popular pure database search tools--SEQUEST, Mascot, and X!Tandem--on both the peptide and protein levels. On the mouse plasma samples, ByOnic consistently found spiked proteins missed by the other tools.
Phosphonites Based on the Paracyclophane Backbone:  New Ligands for Highly Selective Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation (2001)

[reaction--see text] The synthesis of new phosphonites with a chiral paracyclophane backbone is described. The rhodium complexes derived from the phosphonites bearing biphenoxy and binaphthoxy substituents are highly active and highly selective catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino acids and esters.
The Spring Name Service (1993)

The Spring name service exploits and supports the uniformity of objects in the Spring object-oriented distributed system. The name service can be used to associate any name with any object independent of the type of object, and arbitrary name spaces can be created and used as first-class objects. The same client interface is used not only for all conventional operating system and network naming, but also for other services that support naming-style interaction. The architecture of the name service is open, supporting combinations of trusted and untrusted name servers and object implementations. The name service integrates access control and persistence for objects in a way that allows object implementations to delegate responsibility to the name service, or to implement their own policies. The interfaces between different name servers and between name servers and object implementations allow a variety of implementation strategies for objects and name servers, providing different levels of performance, persistence, robustness, security, and convenience.
UV-laser conditioning for reduction of 351-nm damage initiation in fused silica (2002)

This paper describes the effect of 355-nm laser conditioning on the concentration of UV-laser-induced surface damage sites on large-aperture fused silica optics. We will show the effect of various 355-nm laser conditioning methodologies on the reduction of surface-damage initiation in fused silica samples that have varying qualities of polishing. With the best, generally available fused silica optic, we have demonstrated that 355-nm laser conditioning can achieve up to 10x reduction in surface damage initiation concentration in the fluence range of 10-14 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> (355- nm at 3 ns).
A new strategy for Marek's disease immunisation ‐Bivalent vaccine (1984)

(1984). A new strategy for Marek's disease immunisation ‐Bivalent vaccine. Avian Pathology: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 133-135.
A Cavity-Enhanced UV Absorption Instrument for High Precision, Fast Time Response Ozone Measurements (2020)

Abstract. The NASA Rapid Ozone Experiment (ROZE) is a broadband cavity-enhanced UV absorption instrument for the detection of in situ ozone (O3). ROZE uses an incoherent LED light source coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity to achieve an effective pathlength of ~ 104 m. Due to its high-sensitivity and small optical cell volume, ROZE demonstrates a 1σ precision of 80 pptv (0.1 s) and 31 pptv (1 s), as well as a 1/e response time of 50 ms. ROZE can be operated in a range of field environments, including low- and high-altitude research aircraft, and is particularly suited to O3 vertical flux measurements using the eddy covariance technique. ROZE was successfully integrated aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during July–September 2019 and validated against a well-established chemiluminescence measurement of O3. A flight within the marine boundary layer also demonstrated flux measurement capabilities, and we observed a mean O3 deposition velocity of 0.029 ± 0.005 cm s–1 to the ocean surface. The performance characteristics detailed below make ROZE a robust, versatile instrument for field measurements of O3.
A Simple Technique for Reducing Pump Depletion in Long-Range Distributed Brillouin Fiber Sensors (2009)

We present a technical solution, capable of alleviating the problem of pump depletion in a long-range Brillouin distributed fiber sensor. This solution takes advantage of the presence of two sidebands in the probe wave to generate a dual gain-loss Brillouin interaction, giving rise to reduced pump depletion. Experimental results, carried out by using a Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis configuration, demonstrated the improvement offered by the gain-loss technique.
Durable tumor regression in genetically altered malignant rhabdoid tumors by inhibition of methyltransferase EZH2 (2013)

Inactivation of the switch/sucrose nonfermentable complex component SMARCB1 is extremely prevalent in pediatric malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) or atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. This alteration is hypothesized to confer oncogenic dependency on EZH2 in these cancers. We report the discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of EZH2 enzymatic activity, (N-((4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-5-(ethyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)-4-methyl-4'-(morpholinomethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxamide). The compound induces apoptosis and differentiation specifically in SMARCB1-deleted MRT cells. Treatment of xenograft-bearing mice with (N-((4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-5-(ethyl(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)-4-methyl-4'-(morpholinomethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxamide) leads to dose-dependent regression of MRTs with correlative diminution of intratumoral trimethylation levels of lysine 27 on histone H3, and prevention of tumor regrowth after dosing cessation. These data demonstrate the dependency of SMARCB1 mutant MRTs on EZH2 enzymatic activity and portend the utility of EZH2-targeted drugs for the treatment of these genetically defined cancers.
Abstract 20645: Ambient Circulation Surrounding an Ablation Catheter Tip Will Affect Delivery of Radiofrequency Current and Ablation Lesion Characteristics (2017)

Introduction: The circulating environment (CE) surrounding an ablation catheter electrode may affect radiofrequency (RF) current. A higher flow CE around a catheter tip may impact RF of targeted ca...
Adaptive-rate image compression for wireless digital data transmission systems (2002)

The vast amount of data needed to represent digital imagery motivates the use of advanced compression systems to reduce the bandwidth required to transmit high-resolution source imagery. We propose two methods to provide optimal image quality at a fixed image delivery rate. The first method, channel-controlled variable-rate (CCVR) image coding, operates within the constraint that the modulation symbol rate is fixed. The second method, adaptive-rate coding-modulation (ARCM), utilizes adaptive modulation, and is less complex, while providing increased performance. Both methods use a variable-compression-ratio image coder and variable-rate channel coding. The objective is to maximize the quality of the reconstructed image at the receiver when transmitted through Rayleigh fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The reconstructed image quality is maximized through adaptive source-channel coding in the context of a bit rate tradeoff between the source and channel coders (CCVR), and then, in addition, adaptive-rate modulation (ARCM). Both methods require knowledge of the channel state which is used by the receiver to inform the transmitter, via a feedback channel, of the optimal strategy for image compression, channel coding, and modulation format. The resulting system using ARCM achieves up to a 17 dB improvement over the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performance of a system using a fixed-compression-ratio image coder and fixed-rate channel coding.
Electrooptical matrix multiplication using the twos complement arithmetic for improved accuracy (1983)

The use of the twos complement binary representation in performing matrix–matrix multiplication using an optical engagement array architecture is presented. Twos complement arithmetic offers a convenient means for handling bipolar numbers, avoids the need for matrix partitioning when the matrices are real, and offers a means to improve accuracy over conventional optical analog techniques.
Parallel excitation-emission multiplexed fluorescence lifetime confocal microscopy for live cell imaging (2014)

We present a novel excitation-emission multiplexed fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM) method that surpasses current FLIM techniques in multiplexing capability. The method employs Fourier multiplexing to simultaneously acquire confocal fluorescence lifetime images of multiple excitation wavelength and emission color combinations at 44,000 pixels/sec. The system is built with low-cost CW laser sources and standard PMTs with versatile spectral configuration, which can be implemented as an add-on to commercial confocal microscopes. The Fourier lifetime confocal method allows fast multiplexed FLIM imaging, which makes it possible to monitor multiple biological processes in live cells. The low cost and compatibility with commercial systems could also make multiplexed FLIM more accessible to biological research community.
A new sensing method for Electrical Capacitance Tomography (2010)

A new sensing method, termed Multiple Excitation Capacitance Polling (MECaP), has been developed to improve the efficiency of Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). Instead of applying one excitation signal to an electrode at a time, the MECaP technique progressively applies an increasing number of excitation signals to multiple electrodes, and measures the capacitance values simultaneously, thereby increasing the scanning speed significantly. A numerical model of a MECaP-based sensor system has been developed using the Finite Element method. Results obtained from simulation and experiment demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the new sensing technique and its applicability to a broad range of commercial and industrial applications where capacity measurement provides an efficient means for non-invasive monitoring of dynamic processes.
Boost Type Two-Stage Multi-Input High Frequency Link’s Inverter with Multiple Windings Simultaneous Power Supply (2020)

The single new energy power supply method has defects such as instability and discontinuousness. In order to improve the flexibility and stability of the power generation system and achieve the preferential utilization of new energy, this paper proposes a Boost type two-stage multi-input high frequency link's inverter with multi-winding simultaneous power supply, and the circuit topology, energy management control strategy (EMCS), high frequency switching process and active clamp circuit design of the inverter are studied and important conclusions are obtained. The circuit topology is composed of a two-level cascade of a multi-input Boost DC-DC converter and a Buck inverter. The front stage adopts the maximum power output phase-shifting pulse width modulation (PWM) control strategy with power limit. The rear stage adopts the single- polarity twice-frequency sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control strategy. The maximum power output of multiple input sources is adjusted by controlling the DC bus voltage. The designed and developed 1kVA dual-input inverter prototype has excellent performance such as high frequency isolation between output and input and multiple input sources, small volume and weight, wide duty cycle adjustment range, high conversion efficiency, etc., which verifies the feasibility of circuit topology and EMCS.
Characteristics of the base coupled insulated gate thyristor: experiment and analytical modeling (1998)

This paper describes the theoretical and experimental characteristics of a new insulated-gate thyristor structure called Base Coupled Insulated Gate Thyristor (BC-IGTH) in which the N-base region in the vicinity of the turn-off gate is prevented from being flooded with carriers in the on-state by controlling the voltage of this area by a NMOS operated by the same gate electrode. The characteristics of the BC-IGTH is experimentally studied and the behavior is explained with the help of analytical equations.
Preparation and properties of InP/CdS solar cells (1976)

We describe the preparation and properties of the recently reported InP/CdS single-crystal solar cells having a solar power conversion efficiency of 12.5%. We also describe a process for increasing the efficiency of these and inadvertently inferior cells to 14%. The ultimate efficiency achievable with InP/CdS using state-of-the-art liquid-encapsulated Czochralski p-type InP substrates is calculated to be 17.2% for AM2 conditions and 14.0% for AM0 conditions.