gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of pressure assist on ventilation and respiratory mechanics in heavy exercise (1989)

To assess the effect of the normal respiratory resistive load on ventilation (VE) and respiratory motor output during exercise, we studied the effect of flow-proportional pressure assist (PA) (2.2 cmH2O.l-1.s) on various ventilatory parameters during progressive exercise to maximum in six healthy young men. We also measured dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) and lung resistance (RL) and calculated the time course of respiratory muscle pressure (Pmus) during the breath in the assisted and unassisted states at a sustained exercise level corresponding to 70-80% of the subject's maximum O2 consumption. Unlike helium breathing, resistive PA had no effect on VE or any of its subdivisions partly as the result of an offsetting increase in RL (0.78 cmH2O.1-1.s) and partly to a reduction in Pmus. These results indicate that the normal resistive load does not constrain ventilation during heavy exercise. Furthermore, the increase in exercise ventilation observed with helium breathing, which is associated with much smaller degrees of resistive unloading (ca. -0.6 cmH2O.l-1.s), is likely the result of factors other than respiratory muscle unloading. The pattern of Pmus during exercise with and without unloading indicates that the use of P0.1 as an index of respiratory motor output under these conditions may result in misleading conclusions.
Phonemic hidden Markov models with continuous mixture output densities for large vocabulary word recognition (1991)

The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of phonemic hidden Markov models with Gaussian mixture output densities (mixture HMMs) for speaker-dependent large-vocabulary word recognition. Speech recognition experiments show that for almost any reasonable amount of training data, recognizers using mixture HMMs consistently outperform those employing unimodal Gaussian HMMs. With a sufficiently large training set (e.g. more than 2500 words), use of HMMs with 25-component mixture distributions typically reduces recognition errors by about 40%. It is also found that the mixture HMMs outperform a set of unimodal generalized triphone models having the same number of parameters. Previous attempts to employ mixture HMMs for speech recognition proved discouraging because of the high complexity and computational cost in implementing the Baum-Welch training algorithm. It is shown how mixture HMMs can be implemented very simply in unimodal transition-based frameworks by allowing multiple transitions from one state to another.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Superconducting fault current limiters based on high Tc superconductors (1995)

The worldwide increasing demand for electrical power leads to a growing interconnection of electrical networks. As a consequence, short-circuit currents (I/sub sc/) increase, leading to high mechanical and thermal stresses. All electrical equipment has to be designed to withstand these stresses. It is obvious, from both technical and economical points of view, that a device that reduces the I/sub sc/ is needed. All the solutions realized up to now have substantial disadvantages. They fulfil only a few of the characteristics expected of an ideal fault current limiter. The advantages and disadvantages of high temperature superconductors for fault current limiters are briefly mentioned. The authors then discuss the main concepts of superconducting fault limiters, the ABB concept of a shielded iron core, and the construction of a 100 kVA prototype and its testing.
<title>Ultrasensitive flow cytometric analyses</title> (1993)

New techniques and approaches to cellular analysis are being developed at the Los Alamos National Flow Cytometry Resource. These developments can be divided into those that improve sensitivity through the implementation of new measurement techniques and those that move the technology into new areas by refining existing approaches. An example of the first category is a flow cytometric system being assembled that is capable of measuring the phase shift of fluorescence emitted by fluorophors bound to cells. This phase sensitive cytometer is capable of quantifying fluorescence life time on a cell-by-cell basis as well as using the phase sensitive detection to separate fluorescence emissions that overlap spectrally but have different lifetimes. A Fourier transform flow cytometer capable of measuring the fluorescence emission spectrum of individual labeled cells at rates approaching several hundred per second is also in the new technology category. The current implementation is capable of resolving the visible region of the spectrum into 8 bands. With this instrument, it is possible to resolve the contributions of fluorophors with overlapping emission spectra and to determine the emission spectra of dyes such as calcium concentration indicators that are sensitive to the physiological environment.
Finite element modeling of thermal behavior of molten pool in closed-loop controlled laser-based additive manufacturing (2002)

Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing (LBAM, laser metal powder deposition) is a promising manufacturing technology that can be widely applied in Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF), part reparation, and surface modification. The thermal behavior of the molten pool is one of the critical factors that influence the laser deposition performances, such as geometrical accuracy, material properties, and residual stresses. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model is developed using ANSYS to simulate the thermal behavior of the molten pool in building a thin wall via closed-loop controlled LBAM process in which the laser power is controlled to keep the width of the molten pool constant. The temperature distribution, the geometrical feature of the molten pool, and the cooling rate in different processing conditions are investigated. The simulation results are verified by the experiments based on the closed-loop controlled LBAM process. Results from the finite element thermal analysis provide guidance for processing parameter selection in LBAM, and develop a base for further residual stress analysis.
Preparation of the alloy target for magneto-optical recording media (1988)

A novel method of preparing rare-earth-transition metal (RE-TM) alloy targets suitable for use as magnetooptical media is developed. Three different targets are studied. One contains only alloy powders made by simultaneous reduction of and diffusion reactions between RE-oxide and TM powders (target A). The others contain alloy powders combined with both RE powders (target B) and alloy powders combined with both RE and TM powders (target C). Radial distributions of the film compositions on the disks are observed. Compositional variance of sputtered films prepared by targets that underwent long usage is also monitored. The compositional uniformity in the radial direction is superior for targets B and C. Target A, which has the lowest permeability among the three, exhibits better aging behaviour.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inorganic Aerogel Granules Dried at Atmospheric-Pressure (2007)

Silica aerogels using sodium silicates was synthesized by atmospheric-pressure drying. Granulation of silica aerogels was carried out in sequence of hydrogel formation, aging, surface modification, and drying. Rapidly prepared aerogels showed good properties in case aging and surface modification was done within 1 day. Drying is critical to aerogel granulation and the BET area of aerogel dried for a short duration had decreasing with time. It is suggested that sodium silicate-based aerogels granulation could be prepared within less than 5 days, half of initial processing. Aerogel granules had the average diameter of 1 mm and nearly spherical shape. It has very low thermal conductivity of 0.010 W/m⋅K, very light-weight and nanoporous structure with a porosity of upto 95%.
IMPORTANCE OF USING A REDUCED CONTRAST COUPLING MEDIUM IN 2D MICROWAVE BREAST IMAGING (2003)

Abstract Microwave imaging of the breast presents unique opportunities for tumor detection when compared with imaging of other anatomical sites. Because of the low permittivity of the breast relative to malignant tumors which are generally believed to be closer to that of biological saline due to rapid metabolism of the cancerous cells and associated angiogenesis, the contrast between normal and malignant breast tissue is considerably higher than that for other anatomical sites. However, the very same low permittivity of the breast presents significant challenges in terms of imaging. A lossy, permittivity—compatible liquid coupling medium is generally needed for medical microwave imaging, with saline being the most convenient for many sites—electrically because of its low contrast with the predominantly high water-content of the body, and economically because of its low cost and suitability for human contact. For breast imaging, a much lower permittivity liquid is required which must be environmentally safe and low in cost. We have been studying organic compounds and the degree to which their electrical properties can be controlled by dilution with varying fractions of saline. Initial 2D simulation and phantom experiments with reduced permittivity coupling mixtures have demonstrated significant improvements where previous limitations had been identified, including: (a) reduction of 3D wave propagation image artifacts, (b) reduction of the effective imaging slice thickness, (c) improvement in property characterization for large, low permittivity scatterers, and (d) enhancement of inclusion detection and artifact reduction. Results illustrating these improvements are presented here including a set of actual patient images and represent important milestones for clinical system development. Keywords:
Inferring client response time at the web server (2002)

As businesses continue to grow their World Wide Web presence, it is becoming increasingly vital for them to have quantitative measures of the client perceived response times of their web services. We present Certes (CliEnt Response Time Estimated by the Server), an online server-based mechanism for web servers to measure client perceived response time, as if measured at the client. Certes is based on a model of TCP that quantifies the effect that connection drops have on perceived client response time, by using three simple server-side measurements: connection drop rate, connection accept rate and connection completion rate. The mechanism does not require modifications to http servers or web pages, does not rely on probing or third party sampling, and does not require client-side modifications or scripting. Certes can be used to measure response times for any web content, not just HTML. We have implemented Certes and compared its response time measurements with those obtained with detailed client instrumentation. Our results demonstrate that Certes provides accurate server-based measurements of client response times in HTTP 1.0/1.1 [14] environments, even with rapidly changing workloads. Certes runs online in constant time with very low overhead. It can be used at web sites and server farms to verify compliance with service level objectives.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (2018)

Molecularly imprinted polymers are synthetic receptors for a targeted molecule. As such, they are analogues of the natural antibody-antigen systems. In this review, after a recounting of the early history of the general field, we specifically focus on the application of these polymers as sensors. In these applications, the polymers are paired with a reporting system, which may be electrical, electrochemical, optical, or gravimetric. The presence of the targeted molecule effects a change in the reporting agent, and a calibrated quantity of the target is recorded. In this review, we describe the imprinted polymer production processes, the techniques used for reporting, and the applications of the reported sensors. A brief survey of recent applications to gas-phase sensing is included, but the focus is primarily on the development of sensors for targets in solution. Included among the applications are those designed to detect toxic chemicals, toxins in foods, drugs, explosives, and pathogens. The application of computational chemistry to the development of new imprinted polymers is included as is a brief assessment of future developments.
Investigation of the electronic properties of doped Ba1-xSrxTiO3 phase shifting materials (1994)

Abstract A ceramic phase shifting device (used in phased array antenna systems) has been demonstrated using Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (BSTO) ceramics. As a part of an effort to optimize the electronic device performance in the phase shifter, various dopants have been incorporated into BSTO. The effect of these additives on the Curie temperature, dielectric properties, tunability, hysteresis, and grain size has been investigated. The homogeneity of the doped materials has been verified using Curie-Weiss analysis. To further improve the electrical performance, some higher levels of doping has been attempted. A few of the results for these ceramic-ceramic composites will be presented.
Chromatic Modulator for a High-Resolution CCD or APS (2008)

A chromatic modulator has been proposed to enable the separate detection of the red, green, and blue (RGB) color components of the same scene by a single charge-coupled device (CCD), active-pixel sensor (APS), or similar electronic image detector. Traditionally, the RGB color-separation problem in an electronic camera has been solved by use of either (1) fixed color filters over three separate image detectors; (2) a filter wheel that repeatedly imposes a red, then a green, then a blue filter over a single image detector; or (3) different fixed color filters over adjacent pixels. The use of separate image detectors necessitates precise registration of the detectors and the use of complicated optics; filter wheels are expensive and add considerably to the bulk of the camera; and fixed pixelated color filters reduce spatial resolution and introduce color-aliasing effects. The proposed chromatic modulator would not exhibit any of these shortcomings. The proposed chromatic modulator would be an electromechanical device fabricated by micromachining. It would include a filter having a spatially periodic pattern of RGB strips at a pitch equal to that of the pixels of the image detector. The filter would be placed in front of the image detector, supported at its periphery by a spring suspension and electrostatic comb drive. The spring suspension would bias the filter toward a middle position in which each filter strip would be registered with a row of pixels of the image detector. Hard stops would limit the excursion of the spring suspension to precisely one pixel row above and one pixel row below the middle position. In operation, the electrostatic comb drive would be actuated to repeatedly snap the filter to the upper extreme, middle, and lower extreme positions. This action would repeatedly place a succession of the differently colored filter strips in front of each pixel of the image detector. To simplify the processing, it would be desirable to encode information on the color of the filter strip over each row (or at least over some representative rows) of pixels at a given instant of time in synchronism with the pixel output at that instant.
Monoclonal antibodies for the detection of trace chemicals (1986)

In the present study, mineralization of an aromaticN-heterocyclic molecule, indole, by microorganisms present in anaerobically digested sewage sludge was examined. The first step in indole mineralization was the formation of a hydroxylated intermediate, oxindole. The rate of transformation of indole to oxindole and its subsequent disappearance was dependent on the concentration of inoculum and indole and the incubation temperature. Methanogenesis appeared to be the dominant process in the mineralization of indole in 10% digested sludge even in the presence of high concentrations of sulfate. Enrichment of the digested sludge with sulfate as an electron acceptor allowed the isolation of a metabolically stable mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria which transformed indole to oxindole and acetate, and ultimately to methane and carbon dioxide. This mixed culture exhibited a predominance of sulfate-reducers over methanogens with more than 75% of the substrate mineralized to carbon dioxide. The investigation demonstrates that indole can be transformed by both methanogenic and sulfate-reducing microbial populations.
A Portable Infrasonic Detection System (2008)

During last couple of years, NASA Langley has designed and developed a portable infrasonic detection system which can be used to make useful infrasound measurements at a location where it was not possible previously. The system comprises an electret condenser microphone, having a 3-inch membrane diameter, and a small, compact windscreen. Electret-based technology offers the lowest possible background noise, because Johnson noise generated in the supporting electronics (preamplifier) is minimized. The microphone features a high membrane compliance with a large backchamber volume, a prepolarized backplane and a high impedance preamplifier located inside the backchamber. The windscreen, based on the high transmission coefficient of infrasound through matter, is made of a material having a low acoustic impedance and sufficiently thick wall to insure structural stability. Close-cell polyurethane foam has been found to serve the purpose well. In the proposed test, test parameters will be sensitivity, background noise, signal fidelity (harmonic distortion), and temporal stability. The design and results of the compact system, based upon laboratory and field experiments, will be presented.
Genetic Testing for Long-QT Syndrome (2009)

should be viewed as variants of uncertain significance and prompt further investigation to clarify the likelihood of disease causation. However, mutations in regions such as the transmembrane, linker, and pore of KCNQ1 and KCNH2 may be defined confidently as high-probability LQTS-causing mutations. These findings will have implications for other genetic disorders involving mutational analysis.
Dual heterodyne polarization diversity demodulation for fiber-optic interferometers (1999)

A novel method is described for the simultaneous suppression of polarization and phase bias induced signal fading in fiber-optic interferometers based on differentially frequency shifted orthogonal polarization components. An experimental demonstration proved the operating principle with a high sensitivity of 28 μrad//spl radic/(Hz).
P‐105: New Electrochromic Systems having Controllable Color and Bistability (2009)

Abstract Here we describe the newly designed electrochromic(EC) materials to achieve better RGB colors and improved bistability. We also report the color images of the printed reflecting and transparent EC devices showing good reversibility and memory. A reflectance value of above 50% was obtained by using the white reflector. The simple structure and easy driving method will allow the device application in various areas, such as simple segment driving devices, display information (DI) board, and paper like display (PLD).
Efficient Certificate Revocation List Organization and Distribution (2011)

In this paper, we propose a lightweight mechanism for revoking security certificates that is appropriate for the limited bandwidth and hardware cost constraints of a VANET. A Certificate Authority (CA) issues certificates to trusted nodes, i.e., vehicles. If the CA looses trust in a vehicle (e.g., due to evidence of malfunction or malicious behavior), the CA must promptly revoke the certificates of the distrusted vehicle. To distribute revocation information quickly even during incremental deployment, we propose that CAs use Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs). The CRL should be composed in a secure manner, and it should be exchanged in a way such that the CRL is both quickly and widely distributed. We previously proposed a mechanism for the quick distribution of CRL updates that also covers a wide area by using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication . In this paper, we additionally investigate the performance of V2V communication in partial deployment scenarios, that is, where only a certain percentage of vehicles are equipped with VANET radios. We provide simulation results that show our V2V exchange mechanism is quicker than distributing CRLs or CRL updates through road-side units (RSUs) alone. However, this revocation process, which involves both the CA and vehicles, must conform to the aforementioned bandwidth and hardware restrictions. In this paper, we present mechanisms that achieve the goals of reduced CRL size, a computationally efficient mechanism for determining if a certificate is on the CRL, and a lightweight mechanism for exchanging CRL updates. Additionally, we expand on our previous work to provide privacy to revoked vehicles prior to their revocation.
Peptide Amphiphile Nanofibers with Conjugated Polydiacetylene Backbones in Their Core (2008)

The coupling of electronic and biological functionality through self-assembly is an interesting target in supramolecular chemistry. We report here on a set of diacetylene-derivatized peptide amphiphiles (PAs) that react to form conjugated polydiacetylene backbones following self-assembly into cylindrical nanofibers. The polymerization reaction yields highly conjugated backbones when the peptidic segment of the PAs has a linear, as opposed to a branched, architecture. Given the topotactic nature of the polymerization, these results suggest that a high degree of internal order exists in the supramolecular nanofibers formed by the linear PA. On the basis of microscopy, the formation of a polydiacetylene backbone to covalently connect the beta-sheets that help form the fibers does not disrupt the fiber shape. Interestingly, we observe the appearance of a polydiacetylene (PDA) circular dichroism band at 547 nm in linear PA nanofibers suggesting the conjugated backbone in the core of the nanostructures is twisted. We believe this CD signal is due to chiral induction by the beta-sheets, which are normally twisted in helical fashion. Heating and cooling shows simultaneous changes in beta-sheet and conjugated backbone structure, indicating they are both correlated. At the same time, poor polymerization in nanofibers formed by branched PAs indicates that less internal order exists in these nanostructures and, as expected, then a circular dichroism signal is not observed for the conjugated backbone. The general variety of materials investigated here has the obvious potential to couple electronic properties and in vitro bioactivity. Furthermore, the polymerization of monomers in peptide amphiphile assemblies by a rigid conjugated backbone also leads to mechanical robustness and insolubility, two properties that may be important for the patterning of these materials at the cellular scale.
Investigation of a novel color tunable long afterglow phosphor KGaGeO<sub>4</sub>:Bi<sup>3+</sup>: luminescence properties and mechanism (2016)

A novel long afterglow phosphor KGaGeO<sub>4</sub>:Bi<sup>3+</sup> with its afterglow color tuning from cyan to blue was prepared and investigated systematically.
Design and Development of a Unit-Use Cartridge for Coagulation Testing in Whole Blood (1999)

Abstract The following describes the development of a disposable cartridge for use at the patient bedside to perform traditional coagulation assays on fresh whole blood samples. The cartridge provides a means by which a blood sample can be metered and quantitatively mixed with reagents that activate the coagulation cascade. Clot formation is subsequently detected using a microfabricated sensor housed within the cartridge. The functional features of the cartridge and sensor are described.