gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biolite: A Patented Ultra-Low-Level Laser-Therapy Device for Treating Musculoskeletal Pain and Associated Impairments (2015)

After an excursus on state-of-the-art knowledge for low-level laser therapy (LLLT), Biolite, a patented ultra-low-level laser therapy device used to treat musculoskeletal pain and associated impairments, is presented. The application protocols include short stimulation of sequences of acupuncture points. The observed effects seem, however, to be far from those that might be expected after acupuncture. The primary effect seems more likely to be an extracellular soft-tissue matrix reaction. The development of the technique, the studies performed, and the evidence collected over > 10 years suggest that specifically modulated laser light can interact with human tissues at light fluences well under those previously considered as being capable of having any effect. Musculoskeletal pain very often becomes an autonomous dysfunction that is independent of the original injury and that can be effectively treated using specific peripheral acupuncture-like stimulation. Because such acupuncture is capable of reducing motor control "interferences" from noxious stimuli, it can improve motor control performance, thereby reducing the risk of falls in the elderly individuals. The proposal of acupuncture-derived protocols to be applied by Western physiotherapists using an ultra-low-level laser therapy device is a further "bridge" between two different, and sometimes very different, clinical worlds to better serve our patients.
Improved superimposed training-based channel estimation method for closed-loop multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems (2011)

This study pertains to the use of superimposed training (ST) in closed-loop multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A novel method consisting of a technique to refine the channel estimate at the transmitter in an ST-based closed-loop MIMO-OFDM system is proposed. The estimate is refined at the transmitter by making use of the previous data that was transmitted. This significantly reduces the data interference in the channel estimate and hence improves performance. The mean squared estimation error (MSEE) of the refined channel estimate is mathematically analysed and it is shown that in the limit, the accuracy of the refined channel estimate is identical to the pilot-assisted case with the additional advantage of the bandwidth efficiency inherent in ST-based systems. Two factors in general affect all transmitter side techniques that make use of the fed back channel coefficients. One is the quantisation error affecting the channel estimate. The other is the channel variations that may render the fed back channel coefficients outdated for further use. The effect of these factors on the proposed refined channel estimation scheme is discussed in detail. Simulation results are presented in terms of the MSEE and the bit error rate performance demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed scheme.
Photodegradable Hydrogel Interfaces for Bacteria Screening, Selection, and Isolation (2021)

Biologists have long attempted to understand the relationship between phenotype and genotype. To better understand this connection, it is crucial to develop practical technologies that couple microscopic cell screening with cell isolation at high purity for downstream genetic analysis. Here, the use of photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for screening and isolation of bacteria with unique growth phenotypes from heterogeneous cell populations is described. The method relies on encapsulating or entrapping cells with the hydrogel, followed by culture, microscopic screening, then use of a high-resolution light patterning tool for spatiotemporal control of hydrogel degradation and release of selected cells into a solution for retrieval. Applying different light patterns allows for control over the morphology of the extracted cell, and patterns such as rings or crosses can be used to retrieve cells with minimal direct UV light exposure to mitigate DNA damage to the isolates. Moreover, the light patterning tool delivers an adjustable light dose to achieve various degradation and cell release rates. It allows for degradation at high resolution, enabling cell retrieval with micron-scale spatial precision. Here, the use of this material to screen and retrieve bacteria from both bulk hydrogels and microfabricated lab-on-a-chip devices is demonstrated. The method is inexpensive, simple, and can be used for common and emerging applications in microbiology, including isolation of bacterial strains with rare growth profiles from mutant libraries and isolation of bacterial consortia with emergent phenotypes for genomic characterizations.
Construction and structure–activity relationships of chimeric prourokinase derivatives with intrinsic thrombin-inhibitory potential (1996)

The blood clotting enzyme thrombin plays a central role in the aetiology of occlusive disorders such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction. During fibrinolytic therapy with plasminogen activators, thrombin is neutralized by anticoagulative drugs. In order to combine plasminogen-activating and thrombin-inhibitory activities we constructed chimeric derivatives of recombinant single-chain, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (rscu-PA) which comprise the kringle and protease domain of rscu-PA fused via a linker sequence to a thrombin-inhibitory domain. The inhibitory domain contains a sequence element directed to the active site of thrombin and a sequence taken from either hirudin or the human thrombin receptor both binding to the fibrinogen recognition site of thrombin. Analysing different sets of point mutants showed that the linker between the protease domain and the active site-directed sequence is contributing significantly to the thrombin-inhibitory potential. Kinetic analysis of thrombin inhibition revealed that most of the chimeras tested competitively inhibit the thrombin-mediated cleavage of a peptide substrate in a concentration-dependent manner; however, in two examples the insertion of one glycine residue into the active site directed-sequence abolished the blockade of the active site. This supports the conclusion that the chimeras with high thrombin-inhibitory potential interact with the active site and the fibrinogen recognition site of thrombin.
Connection splitting: an efficient way of reducing call blocking in ATM (2002)

In this paper, we propose a technique for reducing ATM call blocking which is achieved by splitting wideband connections into multiple low-bandwidth subconnections and routing them independently through the network. The essence of the mechanism is to use fragmented network bandwidth for supporting calls which are otherwise blocked by conventional routing. ATM bandwidth fragmentation may take place in a situation when a connection occupies a part of a link bandwidth and the rest of it is not sufficient for another connection. The unused bandwidth becomes fragmented. We provide a detailed cell-level design for the split scheduling algorithms which use a special type of ATM resource management (RM) cell for maintaining cell ordering. The analysis and simulation of the scheduling algorithms show that connection splitting is capable of delivering acceptable cell-level quality of service to multiple traffic classes. We also deliver a solution for implementing splitting without requiring any protocol changes within the network. We show that it is sufficient to modify the data and control plane protocols only within the end-stations. Finally, a set of routing level simulations for splitting demonstrate that splitting can reduce blocking by up to 45% for high bandwidth calls in a moderately loaded network. Considering that it does not incur any network expenses and protocol changes, we propose splitting as an efficient means for reducing connection blocking.
Combination Approaches to Target PD-1 Signaling in Cancer (2022)

Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the US, accounting for 25% of all deaths nationwide. Immunotherapy techniques bolster the immune cells' ability to target malignant cancer cells and have brought immense improvements in the field of cancer treatments. One important inhibitory protein in T cells, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), has become an invaluable target for cancer immunotherapy. While anti-PD-1 antibody therapy is extremely successful in some patients, in others it fails or even causes further complications, including cancer hyper-progression and immune-related adverse events. Along with countless translational studies of the PD-1 signaling pathway, there are currently close to 5,000 clinical trials for antibodies against PD-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, around 80% of which investigate combinations with other therapies. Nevertheless, more work is needed to better understand the PD-1 signaling pathway and to facilitate new and improved evidence-based combination strategies. In this work, we consolidate recent discoveries of PD-1 signaling mediators and their therapeutic potential in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. We focus on the phosphatases SHP2 and PTPN2; the kinases ITK, VRK2, GSK-3, and CDK4/6; and the signaling adaptor protein PAG. We discuss their biology both in cancer cells and T cells, with a focus on their role in relation to PD-1 to determine their potential in therapeutic combinations. The literature discussed here was obtained from a search of the published literature and ClinicalTrials.gov with the following key terms: checkpoint inhibition, cancer immunotherapy, PD-1, PD-L1, SHP2, PTPN2, ITK, VRK2, CDK4/6, GSK-3, and PAG. Together, we find that all of these proteins are logical and promising targets for combination therapy, and that with a deeper mechanistic understanding they have potential to improve the response rate and decrease adverse events when thoughtfully used in combination with checkpoint inhibitors.
Field-Free Switching of Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junction via Voltage-Gated Spin Hall Effect for Low-Power Spintronic Memory (2018)

Spin Hall effect (SHE) and voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) are two promising methods for low-power electrical manipulation of magnetization. Recently, magnetic field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization through SHE has been reported with the aid of an exchange bias from an antiferromagnetic IrMn layer. In this letter, we experimentally demonstrate that the IrMn/CoFeB/MgO structure exhibits a VCMA effect of 39 fJ/Vm, which is comparable to that of the Ta/CoFeB/MgO structure. Magnetization dynamics under a combination of the SHE and VCMA are modeled and simulated. It is found that, by applying a voltage of 1.5 V, the critical SHE switching current can be decreased by 10 times owing to the VCMA effect, leading to low-power operations. Furthermore, a high-density spintronic memory structure can be built with multiple magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) located on a single IrMn strip. Through hybrid CMOS/MTJ simulations, we demonstrate that fast-speed write operations can be achieved with power consumption of only 8.5 fJ/bit. These findings reveal the possibility to realize high-density and low-power spintronic memory manipulated by voltage-gated SHE.
PET Performance Evaluation of an MR-Compatible PET Insert (2009)

A magnetic resonance (MR) compatible positron emission tomography (PET) insert has been developed in our laboratory for simultaneous small animal PET/MR imaging. This system is based on lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillator arrays with position-sensitive avalanche photodiode (PSAPD) photodetectors. The PET performance of this insert has been measured. The average reconstructed image spatial resolution was 1.51 mm. The sensitivity at the center of the field of view (CFOV) was 0.35%, which is comparable to the simulation predictions of 0.40%. The average photopeak energy resolution was 25%. The scatter fraction inside the MRI scanner with a line source was 12% (with a mouse-sized phantom and standard 35 mm Bruker 1H RF coil), 7% (with RF coil only) and 5% (without phantom or RF coil) for an energy window of 350-650 keV. The front-end electronics had a dead time of 390 ns, and a trigger extension dead time of 7.32 μs that degraded counting rate performance for injected doses above ~0.75 mCi (28 MBq). The peak noise-equivalent count rate (NECR) of 1.27 kcps was achieved at 290 μCi (10.7 MBq). The system showed good imaging performance inside a 7-T animal MRI system; however improvements in data acquisition electronics and reduction of the coincidence timing window are needed to realize improved NECR performance.
Enhanced Practical Photosynthetic CO2 Mitigation (2004)

This report highlights significant achievements in the Enhanced Practical Photosynthetic CO{sub 2} Mitigation Project for the period ending 09/30/2004. The primary effort of this quarter was focused on mass transfer of carbon dioxide into the water film to study the potential effects on the photosynthetic organisms that depend on the carbon. Testing of the carbon dioxide scrubbing capability (mass transfer capability) of flowing water film appears to be relatively high and largely unaffected by transport of the gas through the bioreactor. The implications are that the transfer of carbon dioxide into the film is nearly at maximum and that it is sufficient to sustain photosynthesis at whatever rate the organisms can sustain. This finding is key to assuming that the process is an energy (photon) limited reaction and not a nutrient limited reaction.
Modulation of Acid-sensing Ion Channel Currents, Acid-induced Increase of Intracellular Ca2+, and Acidosis-mediated Neuronal Injury by Intracellular pH (2006)

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), activated by lowering extracellular pH (pH(o)), play an important role in normal synaptic transmission in brain and in the pathology of brain ischemia. Like pH(o), intracellular pH (pH(i)) changes dramatically in both physiological and pathological conditions. Although it is known that a drop in pH(o) activates the ASICs, it is not clear whether alterations of pH(i) have an effect on these channels. Here we demonstrate that the overall activities of ASICs, including channel activation, inactivation, and recovery from desensitization, are tightly regulated by pH(i). In cultured mouse cortical neurons, bath perfusion of the intracellular alkalizing agent quinine increased the amplitude of the ASIC current by approximately 50%. In contrast, intracellular acidification by withdrawal of NH(4)Cl or perfusion of propionate inhibited the current. Increasing pH buffering capacity in the pipette solution with 40 mm HEPES attenuated the effects of quinine and NH(4)Cl. The effects of intracellular alkalizing/acidifying agents were mimicked by using intracellular solutions with pH directly buffered at high/low values. Increasing pH(i) induced a shift in H(+) dose-response curve toward less acidic pH but a shift in the steady state inactivation curve toward more acidic pH. In addition, alkalizing pH(i) induced an increase in the recovery rate of ASICs from desensitization. Consistent with its effect on the ASIC current, changing pH(i) has a significant influence on the acid-induced increase of intracellular Ca(2+), membrane depolarization, and acidosis-mediated neuronal injury. Our findings suggest that changes in pH(i) may play an important role in determining the overall function of ASICs in both physiological and pathological conditions.
Integrated refractive effects prediction system /IREPS/ (1977)

Non-standard variations in temperature and humidity in the lower part of the atmosphere often produce unexpected refraction of radio waves and possible waveguide-like ducts in which radio energy can be “trapped” and carried to great distances. At times the strength of such anomalous refractive effects can seriously alter the performance of electromagnetic systems. In the case of shipboard surveillance radars, low-flying targets can sometimes be detected at ranges far exceeding the normal radar horizon, while at the same time higher-flying targets can only be detected at less-than-normal ranges. Even though it is generally acknowledged that such refractive effects can create serious problems, there is presently no capability in the operational fleet to solve the problem. NELC’s Integrated Refractive Effects Prediction System (IREPS) is being developed to fill this need. A more detailed description of IREPS is given by Hitney and Richter (1976).
Auxin response factor 2 (ARF2) plays a major role in regulating auxin-mediated leaf longevity (2010)

Auxin regulates a variety of physiological and developmental processes in plants. Although auxin acts as a suppressor of leaf senescence, its exact role in this respect has not been clearly defined, aside from circumstantial evidence. It was found here that ARF2 functions in the auxin-mediated control of Arabidopsis leaf longevity, as discovered by screening EMS mutant pools for a delayed leaf senescence phenotype. Two allelic mutations, ore14-1 and 14-2, caused a highly significant delay in all senescence parameters examined, including chlorophyll content, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, membrane ion leakage, and the expression of senescence-associated genes. A delay of senescence symptoms was also observed under various senescence-accelerating conditions, where detached leaves were treated with darkness, phytohormones, or oxidative stress. These results indicate that the gene defined by these mutations might be a key regulatory genetic component controlling functional leaf senescence. Map-based cloning of ORE14 revealed that it encodes ARF2, a member of the auxin response factor (ARF) protein family, which modulates early auxin-induced gene expression in plants. The ore14/arf2 mutation also conferred an increased sensitivity to exogenous auxin in hypocotyl growth inhibition, thereby demonstrating that ARF2 is a repressor of auxin signalling. Therefore, the ore14/arf2 lesion appears to cause reduced repression of auxin signalling with increased auxin sensitivity, leading to delayed senescence. Altogether, our data suggest that ARF2 positively regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.
Fast laser writing technique for laser assisted selective electroless copper deposition on dielectrics surface for in-mold electronics applications (2021)

The selective surface activation induced by laser (SSAIL) for electroless copper deposition on PC-ABS blend is one of promoising technique of electric circuit formation on free-form dielectric surfaces, which broadens capabilities of 3D microscopic integrated devices (3D-MID). The process consists of laser excitation, chemical activation of laser-excited areas by dipping in a liquid and electroless copper deposition of laser-treated areas. The limiting factor to increase throughput of the technology is a laser activation step. Laser writing is performed by modern galvanometric scanners which reach the scanning speed of several meters per second. However, adverse thermal effects on PC-ABS polymer surface abridge the high-speed laser writing. In this work, an advantageous laser beam scanning technique by shifted pulse is used to overcome mentioned problems.
Using Anatomical Markers for Left Ventricular Segmentation of Long Axis Ultrasound Images (2015)

Left ventricular segmentation is essential for measuring left ventricular function indices. Segmentation of one or several images requires an initial guess of the contour. It is hypothesized here that creating an initial guess by first detecting anatomical markers, would lead to correct detection of the endocardium. The first step of the algorithm presented here includes automatic detection of the mitral valve. Next, the apex is detected in the same frame. The valve is then tracked throughout the cardiac cycle. Contours passing from the apex to each valve corner are then found using a dynamic programming algorithm. The resulting contour is used as an input to an active contour algorithm. The algorithm was tested on 21 long axis ultrasound clips and showed good agreement with manually traced contours. Thus, this study demonstrates that detection of anatomic markers leads to a reliable initial guess of the left ventricle border.
Cloning and expression of the gene encoding the <i>Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus</i> 39E secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase and biochemical characterization of the enzyme (1996)

The adhB gene encoding Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase (S-ADH) was cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. The 1056 bp gene encodes a homotetrameric recombinant enzyme consisting of 37.7 kDa subunits. The purified recombinant enzyme is optimally active above 90 degrees C with a half-life of approx. 1.7 h at 90 degrees C. An NADP(H)-dependent enzyme, the recombinant S-ADH has 1400-fold greater catalytic efficiency in propan-2-ol oxidation than in ethanol oxidation. The enzyme was inactivated by chemical modification with dithionitrobenzoate (DTNB) and diethylpyrocarbonate, indicating that Cys and His residues are involved in catalysis. Zinc was the only metal enhancing S-ADH reactivation after DTNB modification, implicating the involvement of bound zinc in catalysis. Arrhenius plots for the oxidation of propan-2-ol by the native and recombinant S-ADHs were linear from 25 to 90 degrees C when the enzymes were incubated at 55 degrees C before assay. Discontinuities in the Arrhenius plots for propan-2-ol and ethanol oxidations were observed, however, when the enzymes were preincubated at 0 or 25 degrees C. The observed Arrhenius discontinuity therefore resulted from a temperature-dependent, catalytically significant S-ADH structural change. Hydrophobic cluster analysis comparisons of both mesophilic and thermophilic S-ADH and primary- versus S-ADH amino acid sequences were performed. These comparisons predicted that specific proline residues might contribute to S-ADH thermostability and thermophilicity, and that the catalytic Zn ligands are different in primary-alcohol dehydrogenases (two Cys and a His) and S-ADHs (Cys, His, and Asp).
Impact of negative bias temperature instability on digital circuit reliability (2003)

We have examined the impact of NBTI degradation on digital circuits through the stressing of ring oscillator circuits. By subjecting the circuit to pMOS NBTI stress, we have unambiguously determined the circuit reliability impact of NBTI. We demonstrate that the relative frequency degradation of the NBTI stressed ring oscillator increases as the voltage at operation decreases. This behavior can be explained by reduced transistor gate overdrive and reduced voltage headroom at the circuit level. We present evidence that donor interface state generation during NBTI stress is a significant component of the transistor degradation. Furthermore, we show that the Static Noise Margin of a SRAM memory cell is degraded by NBTI and the relative degradation increases as the operating voltage decreases.
Design, Modeling, and Improvement of Integrated EMI Filter With Flexible Multilayer Foils (2010)

Integrated electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter design method with flexible multilayer (FML) foils is presented. An analysis model for integrated EMI filter with FML foils, distributed electromagnetic component (DEMC) model, is proposed. The DEMC model is verified by the experiment. In addition, method to improve the high-frequency performance of integrated EMI filter is investigated. Prototype of integrated EMI filter with FML foils is made for 1 kW switching power supply. In comparison with the traditional discrete EMI filter, it can reduce total volume by 45%.