gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Percussive augmenter of rotary drills (PARoD) (2013)

Increasingly, NASA exploration mission objectives include sample acquisition tasks for in-situ analysis or for potential sample return to Earth. To address the requirements for samplers that could be operated at the conditions of the various bodies in the solar system, a piezoelectric actuated percussive sampling device was developed that requires low preload (as low as 10N) which is important for operation at low gravity. This device can be made as light as 400g, can be operated using low average power, and can drill rocks as hard as basalt. Significant improvement of the penetration rate was achieved by augmenting the hammering action by rotation and use of a fluted bit to provide effective cuttings removal. Generally, hammering is effective in fracturing drilled media while rotation of fluted bits is effective in cuttings removal. To benefit from these two actions, a novel configuration of a percussive mechanism was developed to produce an augmenter of rotary drills. The device was called Percussive Augmenter of Rotary Drills (PARoD). A breadboard PARoD was developed with a 6.4 mm (0.25 in) diameter bit and was demonstrated to increase the drilling rate of rotation alone by 1.5 to over 10 times. The test results of this configuration were published in a previous publication. Further, a larger PARoD breadboard with a 50.8 mm (2.0 in) diameter bit was developed and tested. This paper presents the design, analysis and test results of the large diameter bit percussive augmenter.
Enhancing the Second Step of the Trans Excision-Splicing Reaction of a Group I Ribozyme by Exploiting P9.0 and P10 for Intermolecular Recognition (2004)

We previously reported that a group I intron-derived ribozyme can catalyze the excision of targeted sequences from within RNAs in vitro and that dissociation of the bridge-3' exon intermediate between the two reaction steps is a significant contributing factor to low product yields. We now analyze the effects of increasing the length, and thus the strength, of helices P9.0 and P10, which occur between the ribozyme and the bridge-3' exon region of the substrate, on this trans excision-splicing reaction. Using substrates where lengthy targeted regions are excised, these modifications can significantly increase product yields, specifically by enhancing the second reaction step. A threshold for product formation is obtained, however, at around five base pairs for P10 and eight base pairs for P9.0. Nevertheless, elongating P9.0 appears to be the more effective strategy, as both substrate binding and the rate of the second reaction step increase. In addition, P10 is required when P9.0 is not elongated. Also, a strong P9.0 helix cannot replace a weaker P10 helix, indicating that P9.0 and P10 play somewhat distinct roles in the reaction. We also show that second-step inhibition stems from the formation of an extended P1 helix (P1ex), consisting of as little as a single Watson-Crick base pair, as well as the mere presence of substrate nucleosides immediately downstream from P10. Both of these inhibitory components can be overcome by utilizing P9.0 and P10 elongated ribozymes. This work sets forth an initial framework for rationally designing more effective trans excision-splicing ribozymes.
The Sliding Windowed Infinite Fourier Transform [Tips & Tricks] (2017)

The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is the standard tool for spectral analysis in digital signal processing, typically computed using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). However, for real-time applications that require recalculating the DFT at each sample or over only a subset of the N center frequencies of the DFT, the FFT is far from optimal.
Thermophotovoltaic Generators Using Selective Metallic Emitters (1995)

In the literature to date on thermophotovoltaic (TPV) generators, two types of infrared emitter's have been emphasized : gray body emitters and rare earth oxide selective emitters. The gray body emitter is defined as an emitter with a spectral emissivity independent of wavelength whereas the rare earth oxide selective emitter is idealized as a delta function emitter with a high emissivity at a select wavelength and a near zero emissivity at all other wavelengths. Silicon carbide is an example of a gray body emitter and ER-YAG is an example of a selective emitter. The Welsbach mantle in a common lantern is another example of an oxide selective emitter. Herein, we describe an alternative type of selective emitter, a selective metallic emitter. These metallic emitters are characterized by a spectral emissivity curve wherein the emissivity monotonically increases with shorter infrared wavelengths as is shown. The metal of curve A, tungsten, typifies this class of selective metallic emitter's. In a thermophotovoltaic generator, a photovoltaic cell typically converts infrared radiation to electricity out to some cut-off wavelength. For example, Gallium Antimonide (GaSb) TPV cells respond out to 1.7 microns. The problem with gray body emitters is that they emit at all wavelengths. Therefore, a large fraction of the energy emitted will be outside of the response band of the TPV cell. The argument for the selective emitter is that, ideally, all the emitted energy can be in the cells response band. Unfortunately, rare earth oxide emitters are not ideal. In order to suppress the emissivity toward zero away from the select wavelength, the use of thin fiber's is necessary. This leads to a fragile emitter typical of a lantern mantle. Even given a thin ER-YAG emitter, the measured emissivity at the select wavelength of 1.5 microns has been reported to be 0.6 while the off wavelength background emissivity falls to only 0.2 at 5 microns. This gives a selectivity ratio of only 3. Another problem with a delta function selective emitter is its low power density at practical temperatures because of its narrow emission bandwidth. The concept of selectivity can be generalized by noting that we simply wish to maximize the ratio of in-cell-band power to out-of-cell-band power. Using this generalized selectivity concept and assuming a GaSb cell covered by a simple dielectric filter, we note that the emissivity selectivity ratio for tungsten is 0.3 (at 1.5 microns) / 0.07 (at 5 microns) = 4.3. In the folloy4ng sections, we note that the selective metallic emitters can be valuable in both radioisotope TPV generators in space and in hydrocarbon fired TPV generators here on earth.
A computational model of a controllable needle-free jet injector (2012)

We present a mathematical model of the dynamics of a previously developed needle-free jet injector (NFJI) that is based upon a servo-controlled Lorentz-force motor. The injector creates a fluid jet that can pierce through the skin and deliver a drug to dermal, subcutaneous and muscular tissue. We use the model to predict the jet speed achieved during an injection. The model simulates the electrical response of the motor coil, the mechanical response of the drug piston and ampoule and the friction incident upon the piston during the time course of the injection. High-speed video measurements of piston movement in response to a step input show that the model predicts piston-tip position during an injection within an RMS error of 287 µm. The corresponding jet speed is predicted to be 180 m·s(-1) with a maximum overshoot to 205 m·s(-1).
Augmentation of condensation heat transfer by applying non-uniform electric fields. 2nd report Augmentation of condensation outside a vertical tube by use of helical wire electrodes. (1986)

For the utilization of the waste hot water, advanced condensers with a higher performance have been studied by applying non-uniform electric fields. In this report, the condensation outside a vertical tube has been experimentally augmented by use of helical wire electrodes. Consequently, by extracting the condensate electro-hydro-dynamically from the condensation surface to the helical wires, 96% of the total amount of the condensate could be removed from the tube, and the heat transfer coefficients have been increased over 2.8 times compared with the one without electric fields. The relation between the removed condensate amount and heat transfer augmentation value was explained quantitatively by considering the decrease of the film thickness due to condensate removal under the condition of laminar falling film flow.
Axially Elongated Field-Free Point Data Acquisition in Magnetic Particle Imaging (2014)

The magnetic particle imaging (MPI) technology is a new imaging technique featuring an excellent possibility to detect iron oxide based nanoparticle accumulations in vivo. The excitation of the particles and in turn the signal generation in MPI are achieved by using oscillating magnetic fields. In order to realize a spatial encoding, a field-free point (FFP) is steered through the field of view (FOV). Such a positioning of the FFP can thereby be achieved by mechanical or electromagnetical movement. Conventionally, the data acquisition path is either a planar 2-D or a 3-D FFP trajectory. Assuming human applications, the size of the FOV sampled by such trajectories is strongly limited by heating of the body and by nerve stimulations. In this work, a new approach acquiring MPI data based on the axial elongation of a 2-D FFP trajectory is proposed. It is shown that such an elongation can be used as a data acquisition path to significantly increase the acquisition speed, with negligible loss of spatial resolution.
Trivalent PROTACs Enhance Protein Degradation Through Cooperativity and Avidity (2020)

Bivalent small-molecule degraders, or proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), work by simultaneously binding a target protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase to produce a ternary complex. To drive target ubiquitination and degradation at low catalytic concentrations, degraders must form appropriately positioned complexes of sufficient stability, aided by intra-complex interactions. We hypothesized these molecular recognition features could be enhanced by increasing binding valency. Here we present trivalent PROTACs as a strategy to boost protein degradation. Our design for a trivalent PROTAC consisted of two BET bromodomain inhibitors and an E3 ligase ligand, each separately tethered via a branched linker. In screening, we identified SIM1, a VHL-based PROTAC, as a highly potent BET degrader, capable of low picomolar degradation for all family members, with preference for BRD2. In functional comparison studies to bivalent PROTACs or inhibitors, SIM1 showed more sustained anti-cancer activity across numerous therapeutically relevant cell lines. Biophysical, biochemical, and cellular mechanistic studies showed SIM1 induces conformational changes upon binding to the BET protein to simultaneously engage with high avidity both its bromodomains in a cis intramolecular fashion. The resulting 1:1:1 complex showed positive cooperativity, high stability and prolonged cellular residence time. We provide proof-of-concept for augmenting the binding valency of proximity-induced modalities as a strategy to leverage both cooperativity and avidity within the ternary complex to advance functional outcomes.
PWC: a proactive worm containment solution for enterprise networks (2009)

Abstract We propose PWC, a proactive worm containment solution for enterprises. PWC can stop—instead of just slow down—an infected host from releasing worm scans as early as after merely four scans. Motivated by the observation that a worm uses a sustained outgoing packet rate, PWC gains infection awareness seconds before a signature or filter can be generated. To overcome denial‐of‐service possibly caused by such characteristic indicators of infection, PWC/,develops two new white detection (detecting who are uninfected) techniques: (a) the vulnerability time window lemma , and (b) the relaxation analysis . PWC does not rely on contents‐based signatures thus it can defend against polymorphic worms timely in containment. PWC is also resilient to containment evading. PWC is not sensitive to worm scan rate, and not protocol specific. Due to white detection, PWC causes minimal denial‐of‐service. Evaluation based on real traces and worm simulations demonstrates that PWC significantly outperforms Virus Throttle in terms of number of released worm scans, number of hosts infected by local scans, and denial‐of‐service effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineered Spider Silk Proteins for Biomimetic Spinning of Fibers with Toughness Equal to Dragline Silks (Adv. Funct. Mater. 23/2022) (2022)

Engineered Spider Silk Protein In article number 2200986, Anna Rising and co-workers present the impressive strength of spider silk fibers conferred by poly-alanines in stacked β-sheets (steric zippers in pink). By protein engineering and expression in prokaryotic hosts, they have done what spiders cannot do: increase the hydrophobicity and intermolecular interactions of the steric zippers (turquoise) thereby generating stronger artificial spider silk.
Noise-Enhanced Detection of Micro-Calcifications in Digital Mammograms (2009)

The appearance of micro-calcifications in mammograms is a crucial early sign of breast cancer. Automatic micro-calcification detection techniques play an important role in cancer diagnosis and treatment. This, however, still remains a challenging task. This paper presents novel algorithms for the detection of micro-calcifications using stochastic resonance (SR) noise. In these algorithms, a suitable dose of noise is added to the abnormal mammograms such that the performance of a suboptimal lesion detector is improved without altering the detector's parameters. First, a SR noise-based detection approach is presented to improve some suboptimal detectors which suffer from model mismatch due to the Gaussian assumption. Furthermore, a SR noise-based detection enhancement framework is presented to deal with more general model mismatch cases. Our algorithms and the framework are tested on a set of 75 representative abnormal mammograms. They yield superior performance when compared with several classification and detection approaches developed in our work as well as those available in the literature.
Proof-of-principle of a novel method for sputter-deposition of high Tc supeconducting films via a computer-controlled mass analyzed ion beam (1988)

A novel concept is demonstrated for ion beam sputter‐induced deposition of high Tc superconductor films. The concept involves the use of a well‐focused ion beam which can be sequentially directed via a set of x‐y electrostatic deflection plates onto three or more different elemental or compound targets which are constituents of the desired composite film. The deflection plates are driven by two ±1000 volt bipolar programmable power supplies which are controlled by a DEC LSI 11/73 computer. A custom program drives two D/A converters to provide the ±10 volt analog signal which is used to drive the power supplies in such a way that the ion beam is positioned on selected spots on the different targets. By programming the dwell time for each targe according to the known sputtering yield and desired layer thickness for each material, it is possible to deposit composite films from a well‐controlled sub‐monolayer up to thicknesses determined only by the available deposition time. Initial results on the deposition of Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O films are presented to demonstrate the concept, which in principle can also be applied to the deposition of high Tc superconducting films by electron‐ and laser‐induced evaporation of elemental or oxide targets.
Reciprocal Protective Immunity against<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>and<i>Bordetella parapertussis</i>in a Murine Model of Respiratory Infection (2001)

The protective immunity induced by infection with Bordetella pertussis and with Bordetella parapertussis was examined in a murine model of respiratory infection. Convalescent mice that had been infected by aerosol with B. pertussis or with B. parapertussis exhibited a protective immune response against B. pertussis and also against B. parapertussis. Anti-filamentous hemagglutinin (anti-FHA) serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-FHA lung IgA antibodies were detected in both mice infected with B. pertussis and those infected with B. parapertussis. Antibodies against pertussis toxin (anti-PT) and against killed B. pertussis cells were detected in mice infected with B. pertussis. Pertactin-specific antibodies and antibodies against killed B. parapertussis cells were detected in mice infected with B. parapertussis. Spleen cells from mice infected with B. pertussis secreted interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in response to stimulation by FHA or PT. Spleen cells from mice infected with B. parapertussis also secreted IFN-gamma in response to FHA. Interleukin-4 was not produced in response to any of the antigens tested. The profiles of cytokine secretion in vitro revealed induction of a Th1-biased immune response during convalescence from infection by B. pertussis and by B. parapertussis. It is possible that Th1 and Th2 responses against FHA might be related to the reciprocal protection achieved in our murine model.
Molecular Cloning and Expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> of Equine Type I Interferons (1986)

Using human interferon-alpha 2 (IFN-alpha 2) and IFN-beta DNA to probe an equine genomic library we isolated recombinant phages containing genes for equine interferon-alpha (EqIFN-alpha), interferon-beta (EqIFN-beta), and interferon-omega (EqIFN-omega). Sequence and hybridization analyses of these genes reveal that the equine genome contains gene families of each of these three type I interferon classes. The mature proteins of EqIFN-alpha are 71-77% homologous to human IFN-alpha polypeptides, and, when expressed in E. coli, possess antiviral activity on both equine and human cells. By contrast, EqIFN-beta is only 59% homologous to its human counterpart and shows activity only on equine cells.
Enhanced resolution pulse-echo imaging with stabilized pulses (2016)

Many pulse-echo imaging systems use focused beams to improve lateral resolution. The beam width is determined by the choice of source and apodization function, the frequency, and the physics of focusing. Postprocessing strategies to improve lateral resolution can be limited by the need for conditioning the mathematics of inverse filtering, due to instabilities. We present an analysis that defines key constraints on sampled versions of lateral beampatterns. Within these constraints are useful symmetric beampatterns, which, when properly sampled, can have a stable inverse filter. A framework for analysis and processing is described and applied to phantoms and tissues to demonstrate the improvements that can be realized.
Control of InN quantum dot density using rare gases in metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (2007)

Indium nitride (InN) quantum dots have been grown on gallium nitride (GaN) templates with heights of 10 and 20nm. The authors demonstrate that the surface densities of the dots are strongly affected by the nature of the carrier gas used during the growth, which can be used to modulate the surface density. The authors show here that replacing nitrogen by helium leads to a decrease of the dot surface density, while argon induces a strong increase of the density. Although validated for the InN∕GaN system, this approach has a more general scope and can be extended to other material systems.
Adaptive weighted fuzzy mean filter (2002)

A new fuzzy filter for the removal of additive impulse noise, called the adaptive weighted fuzzy mean (AWFM) filter, is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The AWFM is an extensive version of weighted fuzzy mean (WFM) filter and its filtered output signal is either the output of WFM or the processed signal by the detection algorithm. This filter gives very superior performance compared with conventional filters when evaluated by mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE) and subjective evaluation criteria. For dedicated hardware implementation, AWFM is also much simpler than the conventional median filter.
A novel ground based multi bistatic radar for interferometric measurement of displacement vector (2011)

A novel ground based multi bistatic interferometric radar sensor has been realized in order to measure the three dimensional displacement vector of civil structures as buildings, bridges and towers. Data processing techniques were developed to determine the position of each target and to calculate three dimensional displacement starting from mono dimensional displacement measured from three different positions in space. Experimental tests were finally carried out in controlled environment in order to validate the proposed technique and to assess the accuracy of displacement's measurement.
Low-Temperature Carburization of Austenitic Stainless Steels (2014)

Abstract Low-temperature carburization hardens the surface of austenitic stainless steels through the diffusion of interstitial carbon without the formation of carbides. This article provides an overview on austenitic stainless steels and low-temperature carburization. It reviews the competing technologies and commercial application of low-temperature carburization. The article discusses several processing parameters, including activation of the surface, proper surface preparation, selection and condition of the alloy to be carburized, treatment temperature, and carburizing atmosphere for successful low-temperature carburization of austenitic stainless steels and other chromium-containing alloys. It describes the performance properties of the low-temperature carburized layer: fatigue resistance, wear resistance, erosion resistance, and corrosion resistance.
Modeling, Design and Fabrication of a Microdevice for E-Field Cell Lysis (1999)

Abstract The development of an electric field cell lysis device for microfluidic applications will be presented. Detailed modeling of the electrode configuration for the optimization of the electric field has been performed. Device design and fabrication has been accomplished using traditional integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing techniques. As a result, murine lymphocytes have been lysed using several electrode configurations. The requisite electric field strength and pulse parameters for cell lysis were determined. The non-specific adsorption of the released DNA to the materials used in the fabrication of the device was observed. Surface passivation of the fabrication materials was effected through the use of silanization compounds.
Design and ex situ performance of a shape-changing accommodating intraocular lens (2019)

Presbyopia, the age-related loss of the crystalline lens's ability to dynamically focus, occurs primarily because of stiffening of lens material, making the ciliary muscle forces insufficient to reshape the lens.Despite its prevalence, there is no satisfactory solution to presbyopia.Here we present a novel accommodating intraocular lens (AIOL) able to reshape upon equatorial forces in compliance with the eye's accommodating mechanism.The concept and design parameters are demonstrated through finite element model simulations and measurements in a manufactured AIOL prototype, using custom quantitative 3D OCT (geometrical changes) and laser ray tracing (power changes), with forces radially applied using a custom eight-arm mechanical stretcher.There was an excellent agreement between simulations and measurements (1% for the focal length and 11.4% for geometrical parameters, on average) for radial load up to 0.6 N. The developed design is expected to achieve ∼2.5D of effective power change with a polymer material with 0.10-0.25 MPa Young's modulus and n 1.43 -1.46.