gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlated Oscillations in Glucose Consumption, Oxygen Consumption, and Intracellular Free Ca2+ in Single Islets of Langerhans (2000)

Micron-sized sensors were used to monitor glucose and oxygen levels in the extracellular space of single islets of Langerhans in real-time. At 10 mM glucose, oscillations in intraislet glucose concentration were readily detected. Changes in glucose level correspond to changes in glucose consumption by glycolysis balanced by mass transport into the islet. Oscillations had a period of 3.1 +/- 0.2 min and amplitude of 0.8 +/- 0.1 mM glucose (n = 21). Superimposed on these oscillations were faster fluctuations in glucose level during the periods of low glucose consumption. Oxygen level oscillations that were out of phase with the glucose oscillations were also detected. Oscillations in both oxygen and glucose consumption were strongly dependent upon extracellular Ca(2+) and sensitive to nifedipine. Simultaneous measurements of glucose with intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) revealed that decreases in [Ca(2+)](i) preceded increases in glucose consumption by 7.4 +/- 2.1 s during an oscillation (n = 9). Conversely, increases in [Ca(2+)](i) preceded increases in oxygen consumption by 1.5 +/- 0.2 s (n = 4). These results suggest that during oscillations, bursts of glycolysis begin after Ca(2+) has stopped entering the cell. Glycolysis stimulates further Ca(2+) entry, which in turn stimulates increases in respiration. The data during oscillation are in contrast to the time course of events during initial exposure to glucose. Under these conditions, a burst of oxygen consumption precedes the initial rise in [Ca(2+)](i). A model to explain these results is described.
An enhanced router based queuing policy providing better fairness to real-time data transfers in Internet (2015)

Forwarding and delivery in IP based internet is a best effort service. IP being a connectionless forwarding mechanism, it may drop the packets at the time of congestion. This may affect the services in internet as it is not able to deliver the packet with sufficient Quality of service (QOS). The reliability mechanism adopted by a TCP source may be successful in delivering the packet ultimately but the traffic running on UDP gets severely affected by congestion. The real-time applications running over UDP fail to meet their QOS deadlines on throughput delay and jitter. The queue management mechanisms precisely the scheduling and dropping policies should be capable of promoting real-time transfers to a fair extend without affecting the non-real-time transfers. Active queue management policies like RED based policies try to bring general fairness by allocating bandwidth fairly to all the flows. But, even such schemes cannot provide a fair treatment to real-time flows which send small sized packets at regular intervals. The paper analyses the AQM mechanisms and its ability to promote real-time data transfers. The paper also proposes a new dropping policy fairRED which is inspired from RED but show better fairness in dropping packets, ultimately promoting the real-time data transfers.
How to ventilate patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome? (2014)

There is increasing and convincing evidence that the use of lower tidal volumes during mechanical ventilation of patients without ARDS prevents against ventilator-induced lung injury.
Protein Cages: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications (2022)

Proteins that self-assemble into polyhedral shell-like structures are useful molecular containers both in nature and in the laboratory. Here we review efforts to repurpose diverse protein cages, including viral capsids, ferritins, bacterial microcompartments, and designed capsules, as vaccines, drug delivery vehicles, targeted imaging agents, nanoreactors, templates for controlled materials synthesis, building blocks for higher-order architectures, and more. A deep understanding of the principles underlying the construction, function, and evolution of natural systems has been key to tailoring selective cargo encapsulation and interactions with both biological systems and synthetic materials through protein engineering and directed evolution. The ability to adapt and design increasingly sophisticated capsid structures and functions stands to benefit the fields of catalysis, materials science, and medicine.
Ultraviolet imaging spectrometer for monitoring high-latitude precipitating patterns (1993)

Previously flown satellite imaging experiments have demonstrated the suitability of the VUV region for remote sensing observations of auroral particle precipitation. In the wavelength region 120 to 145 nm, a downward-viewing imager is uncontaminated by Earth albedo, and in most cases the intensity of auroral emissions is competitive with rescattered light even during daylit conditions. These features permit quantitative imaging of auroral regions during day and night conditions. An instrument was designed that has adequate wavelength resolution to separate key spectral features and simultaneously observe the Doppler profile of the auroral Lyman-or line. This instrument consists of an F3.8 Rowland circle spectrograph with a far-UV intensified COD at the focal plane. The spectrograph produces a 2-D spectral image where one dimension represents luminosity distribution and the other wavelength dependence. The UV intensified COD is programmed to pick up the luminosity distribution of various key spectral regions. The entrance slit is parallel to the spin axis and during rotation, a complete luminosity map of the region under the satellite is recorded. The proton velocity distribution will be studied by Doppler profile measurement of the Lyman-α line. A Hadamard grille is superimposed on the spectral slit and the Lyman-α data are deconvolved to obtain the required wavelength resolution.
Analyzing the Scaling of Connectivity in Neuromorphic Hardware and in Models of Neural Networks (2011)

In recent years, neuromorphic hardware systems have significantly grown in size. With more and more neurons and synapses integrated in such systems, the neural connectivity and its configurability have become crucial design constraints. To tackle this problem, we introduce a generic extended graph description of connection topologies that allows a systematical analysis of connectivity in both neuromorphic hardware and neural network models. The unifying nature of our approach enables a close exchange between hardware and models. For an existing hardware system, the optimally matched network model can be extracted. Inversely, a hardware architecture may be fitted to a particular model network topology with our description method. As a further strength, the extended graph can be used to quantify the amount of configurability for a certain network topology. This is a hardware design variable that has widely been neglected, mainly because of a missing analysis method. To condense our analysis results, we develop a classification for the scaling complexity of network models and neuromorphic hardware, based on the total number of connections and the configurability. We find a gap between several models and existing hardware, making these hardware systems either impossible or inefficient to use for scaled-up network models. In this respect, our analysis results suggest models with locality in their connections as promising approach for tackling this scaling gap.
Biosynthesis and Export of Colicin A in<i>Citrobacter freundii</i>CA31 (1981)

Synthesis of colicin A after induction with mitomycin C was studied. Specific inhibition of chromosomal protein synthesis occurred very shortly after mitomycin addition. There was no coordinate synthesis of colicin A (61000 Mr) and low-molecular-weight protein. Free and membrane-bound polysome fractions were isolated from cells induced with mitomycin C. Colicin A is synthesized in vitro in the free polysomes and not in the membrane-bound polysomes. Conditions are described which allow a practically specific labelling of colicin A in vivo. By using this system it was possible to demonstrate that colicin A is not transferred cotranslationally across the cytoplasmic membrane. In contrast, this protein leaves the cell where it was made long after synthesis. Preliminary evidence, suggesting that pauses occur during synthesis of colicin A, is presented.
From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology (2016)

Apart from having been used and misused for at least four millennia for, among others, recreational and medicinal purposes, the cannabis plant and its most peculiar chemical components, the plant cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), have the merit to have led humanity to discover one of the most intriguing and pleiotropic endogenous signaling systems, the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This review article aims to describe and critically discuss, in the most comprehensive possible manner, the multifaceted aspects of 1) the pharmacology and potential impact on mammalian physiology of all major phytocannabinoids, and not only of the most famous one Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 2) the adaptive pro-homeostatic physiological, or maladaptive pathological, roles of the ECS in mammalian cells, tissues, and organs. In doing so, we have respected the chronological order of the milestones of the millennial route from medicinal/recreational cannabis to the ECS and beyond, as it is now clear that some of the early steps in this long path, which were originally neglected, are becoming important again. The emerging picture is rather complex, but still supports the belief that more important discoveries on human physiology, and new therapies, might come in the future from new knowledge in this field.
Using Taylor dispersion profiles to characterize polymer molecular weight distributions (2004)

Optical interferometry and NMR spectroscopy can be used to characterize polymer molecular weight distributions from diffusion measurements. The present work develops the relatively simple Taylor dispersion technique for this purpose. Small volumes of polymer solution are injected into laminar carrier streams of solvent flowing through a long capillary tube. The broadened distribution of the dispersed polymer sample is monitored at the tube outlet by a liquid-chromatography differential refractometer detector. Moments analysis of the refractive-index profiles generated by the dispersion of dilute nonionic i-mers with diffusion coefficients Di shows that the profile height and first moment divided by the profile area provide the mass-average values of Di1/2 and Di−1/2, respectively. This information can be used to estimate molecular weight distributions if the form of the distribution (Poisson, log-normal etc.) is known. Alternatively, a linear combination ∑aiP(Mi*) of a small basis set of dispersion profiles P(Mi*) for monodisperse solutes of molecular weight Mi* spanning the molecular weight range of the polydisperse sample can be fitted to measured profiles. The number-average and mass-average molecular weights (MN and MM) are evaluated using MN = ∑ai/(∑ai/Mi*) and MM = (∑aiMi*)/∑ai. The proposed methods for studying molecular weight distributions are tested by measuring dispersion profiles for aqueous solutions of mixed glycols with accurately known weight distributions prepared by mixing ethylene glycol and pure ethylene glycol oligomers.
Microglial translational profiling reveals a convergent APOE pathway from aging, amyloid, and tau (2018)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloidosis, tauopathy, and activation of microglia, the brain resident innate immune cells. We show that a RiboTag translational profiling approach can bypass biases due to cellular enrichment/cell sorting. Using this approach in models of amyloidosis, tauopathy, and aging, we revealed a common set of alterations and identified a central APOE-driven network that converged on CCL3 and CCL4 across all conditions. Notably, aged females demonstrated a significant exacerbation of many of these shared transcripts in this APOE network, revealing a potential mechanism for increased AD susceptibility in females. This study has broad implications for microglial transcriptomic approaches and provides new insights into microglial pathways associated with different pathological aspects of aging and AD.
Electrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction with nickel complexes supported by tunable bipyridyl-N-heterocyclic carbene donors: understanding redox-active macrocycles (2018)

A series of nickel complexes featuring redox-active macrocycles is reported for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. A remarkable structure-activity relationship is elucidated from the series through electrochemical studies and DFT calculations, wherein a fine electronic balance between metal and ligand redox chemistry dictates selectivity for CO2 reduction versus the competing proton reduction reaction.
Microbial Etiologies of Hospital‐Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia and Ventilator‐Associated Bacterial Pneumonia (2010)

Hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia (HABP) and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP) can be caused by a wide variety of bacteria that originate from the patient flora or the health care environment. We review the medical and microbiology literature and the results of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2008) to establish the pathogens most likely to cause HABP or VABP. In all studies, a consistent 6 organisms (Staphylococcus aureus [28.0%], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [21.8%], Klebsiella species [9.8%], Escherichia coli [6.9%], Acinetobacter species [6.8%], and Enterobacter species [6.3%]) caused approximately 80% of episodes, with lower prevalences of Serratia species, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and community-acquired pathogens, such as pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae. Slight changes in the pathogen order were noted among geographic regions; Latin America had an increased incidence of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli. In addition, VABP isolates of the same species had a mean of 5%-10% less susceptibility to frequently used extended-spectrum antimicrobials, and the rate of drug resistance among HABP and VABP pathogens has been increasing by 1% per year (2004-2008). In conclusion, the empirical treatment of HABP and VABP due to prevailing bacterial causes and emerging drug resistance has become more challenging and requires use of multidrug empirical treatment regimens for routine clinical practice. These facts have profound impact on the choices of comparison therapies to be applied in contemporary new drug clinical trials for pneumonia.
Chitosan Microneedle Patches for Sustained Transdermal Delivery of Macromolecules (2012)

This paper introduces a chitosan microneedle patch for efficient and sustained transdermal delivery of hydrophilic macromolecules. Chitosan microneedles have sufficient mechanical strength to be inserted in vitro into porcine skin at approximately 250 μm in depth and in vivo into rat skin at approximately 200 μm in depth. Bovine serum albumin (BSA, MW=66.5 kDa) was used as a model protein to explore the potential use of chitosan microneedles as a transdermal delivery device for protein drugs. In vitro drug release showed that chitosan microneedles can provide a sustained release of BSA for at least 8 days (approximately 95% of drugs released in 8 days). When the Alexa Fluor 488-labeled BSA (Alexa 488-BSA)-loaded microneedles were applied to the rat skin in vivo, confocal microscopic images showed that BSA can gradually diffuse from the puncture sites to the dermal layer and the fluorescence of Alexa 488-BSA can be observed at the depth of 300 μm. In addition, encapsulation of BSA within the microneedle matrix did not alter the secondary structure of BSA, indicating that the gentle nature of the fabrication process allowed for encapsulation of fragile biomolecules. These results suggested that the developed chitosan microneedles may serve as a promising device for transdermal delivery of macromolecules in a sustained manner.
Elucidating the Regulon of Multidrug Resistance Regulator RarA in Klebsiella pneumoniae (2013)

RarA is an AraC-type regulator in Klebsiella pneumoniae, which, when overexpressed, confers a low-level multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype linked to the upregulation of both the acrAB and oqxAB efflux genes. Increased rarA expression has also been shown to be integral in the development of tigecycline resistance in the absence of ramA in K. pneumoniae. Given its phenotypic role in MDR, microarray analyses were performed to determine the RarA regulon. Transcriptome analysis was undertaken using strains Ecl8ΔrarA/pACrarA-2 (rarA-expressing construct) and Ecl8ΔrarA/pACYC184 (vector-only control) using bespoke microarray slides consisting of probes derived from the genomic sequences of K. pneumoniae MGH 78578 (NC_009648.1) and Kp342 (NC_011283.1). Our results show that rarA overexpression resulted in the differential expression of 66 genes (42 upregulated and 24 downregulated). Under the COG (clusters of orthologous groups) functional classification, the majority of affected genes belonged to the category of cell envelope biogenesis and posttranslational modification, along with genes encoding the previously uncharacterized transport proteins (e.g., KPN_03141, sdaCB, and leuE) and the porin OmpF. However, genes associated with energy production and conversion and amino acid transport/metabolism (e.g., nuoA, narJ, and proWX) were found to be downregulated. Biolog phenotype analyses demonstrated that rarA overexpression confers enhanced growth of the overexpresser in the presence of several antibiotic classes (i.e., beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones), the antifungal/antiprotozoal compound clioquinol, disinfectants (8-hydroxyquinoline), protein synthesis inhibitors (i.e., minocycline and puromycin), membrane biogenesis agents (polymyxin B and amitriptyline), DNA synthesis (furaltadone), and the cytokinesis inhibitor (sanguinarine). Both our transcriptome and phenotypic microarray data support and extend the role of RarA in the MDR phenotype of K. pneumoniae.
Seismic wave detection system based on fiber optic sensor (2006)

In this paper we will demonstrate our fiber Bragg grating (FBG) accelerometer system in seismic wave detection applications. Optical fiber sensors using fiber Bragg grating have a number of advantages such as immune to electromagnetic interference, lightweight, and low power consumption. Most important, the FBG sensor has high sensitivity to dynamic strain signals and the strain sensitivity can approach sub micro-strain. The basic principle of the FBG seismic sensing system is that it transforms the acceleration of ground motion into the strain signal of the FBG sensor through mechanical design, and after the optical demodulation generates the analog voltage output proportional to the strain changes. The customized FBG seismic sensor prototype is described, which includes the electro-optical design, mechanical design and the hardware and software interface of the sensor system. The laboratory evaluation of the system is performed systematically on a commercial vibration stage. Studies of the sensor properties show that the sensor has a high sensitivity (2500 mV/g at 90 Hz) to the acceleration signal, a large dynamic range (80 dB), the good linearity and stability after device integration and packaging.
Long‐Term Performance of Endocardial Pacing Leads (1994)

To assess the performance of endocardial pacemaker leads and to identify factors associated with structural lead failure, medical records of 2,611 endocardial pacing leads (in 1,518 patients) implanted between 1980 and 1991, having at least 1 month of follow-up, were reviewed. Leads without structural failure had normal function at the last follow-up date, or were discontinued for reasons other than structural failure (patient death, infection, dislodgment, lead-pacemaker incompatibility, operative complication, or abandonment by telemetry not related to failure). Leads with suspected structural failures were invasively or noninvasively disconnected because of clinical malfunction (loss of capture or sensing, oversensing, elevated thresholds, or skeletal muscular stimulation). Leads with verified structural failures met the criteria for suspected lead failure and also had a visible defect seen in the operating room or on chest roentgenograms, a change in the impedance interpreted by the physician as lead disruption, or a manufacturer's return product report that confirmed structural failure. Variables analyzed included patients' age and gender, paced chamber, venous access, insulation materials, fixation mechanism, coaxial design, polarity, and different lead models. The cumulative lead survival at 5 and 10 years were 97.4% and 92.9%, respectively, for suspected failures; and 98.7% and 97.3%, respectively, for verified failures. Leads in older patients (> or = 65 years old), and leads in atrial position had fewer verified failures (P = 0.014 and P = 0.007, respectively). Unipolar leads also tended to perform better according to the verified definition (P = 0.07).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Excitatory amino acids display compartmental disparity between plasma and synovial fluid in clinical arthropathies. (2013)

Clinical samples demonstrated distinct, independent compartmental EAA concentrations between blood and joint compartments in support that local arthritic processes rather than plasma influence SF EAA concentrations. The SF EAA levels, whether from local cell production, local neurogenic sources, and/or transport-gradient mechanisms, parallel local pathology in the joint compartment and thus serve as surrogate biomarkers of local inflammatory processes.
Comparison of Direct and Indirect Laser Ablation of Metallized Paper for Inexpensive Paper-Based Sensors (2018)

In this work, we present a systematic study of laser processing of metallized papers (MPs) as a simple and scalable alternative to conventional photolithography-based processes and printing technologies. Two laser-processing methods are examined in terms of selectivity for the removal of the conductive aluminum film (25 nm) of an MP substrate; these processes, namely direct and indirect laser ablation (DLA and ILA), operate at wavelengths of 1.06 μm (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) and 10.6 μm (CO<sub>2</sub>), respectively. The required threshold energy for each laser processing method was systematically measured using electrical, optical, and mechanical characterization techniques. The results of these investigations show that the removal of the metal coating using ILA is only achieved through partial etching of the paper substrate. The ILA process shows a narrow effective set of laser settings capable of removing the metal film while not completely burning through the paper substrate. By contrast, DLA shows a more defined and selective removal of the aluminum layer without damaging the mechanical and natural fibular structure of the paper substrate. Finally, as a proof of concept, interdigitated capacitive moisture sensors were fabricated by means of DLA and ILA onto the MP substrate, and their performance was assessed in the humidity range of 2-85%. The humidity sensitivity results show that the DLA sensors have a superior humidity sensing performance compared to the ILA sensors. The observed behavior is attributed to the higher water molecule absorption and induced capillary condensation within the intact cellulose network resulting from the DLA process (compared to the damaged one from the ILA process). The DLA process of MP should enable scalable production of low-cost, paper-based physical and chemical sensing systems for potential use in point-of-care diagnostics and food packaging.