gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Two-Step Method for the Detection of Organic Gunshot Residue for Forensic Purposes: Fast Fluorescence Imaging Followed by Raman Microspectroscopic Identification (2019)

Gunshot residue (GSR) is potentially key evidence during a criminal investigation of a shooting accident. Current standardized forensic science methods target the detection of inorganic GSR (IGSR). In this proof-of-concept study, a new two-step method for the detection and identification of organic GSR (OGSR) is proposed. This method utilizes highly sensitive fluorescence hyperspectral imaging of a sample area to detect potential GSR particles, followed by confirmatory identification of the detected particles using Raman microspectroscopy. In this study, two different GSR samples on adhesive tape substrates were created. One sample was made by manually placing a known amount of OGSR particles onto an adhesive tape substrate. The second sample mimicked a real crime scene situation and had an unknown number of GSR particles mounted onto an adhesive tape substrate using a most common tape-lifting procedure for the recovery of GSR from the skin of a suspect and other surfaces. These two samples were subjected to the developed two-step analysis method. It was found that this method was accurately able to detect and identify all OGSR particles. Representative spectra of OGSR particles showed characteristic Raman peaks at 850 cm<sup>-1</sup>, 1287 cm<sup>-1</sup>, and 2970 cm<sup>-1</sup>. This methodology offers a promising means to meet current needs within the framework of GSR analysis by providing a way to accurately detect and identify OGSR.
Noonan Syndrome: Clinical Aspects and Molecular Pathogenesis (2010)

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively common, clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous developmental disorder characterized by postnatally reduced growth, distinctive facial dysmorphism, cardiac defects and variable cognitive deficits. Other associated features include ectodermal and skeletal defects, cryptorchidism, lymphatic dysplasias, bleeding tendency, and, rarely, predisposition to hematologic malignancies during childhood. NS is caused by mutations in the PTPN11, SOS1, KRAS, RAF1, BRAF and MEK1 (MAP2K1) genes, accounting for approximately 70% of affected individuals. SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11), SOS1, BRAF, RAF1 and MEK1 positively contribute to RAS-MAPK signaling, and possess complex autoinhibitory mechanisms that are impaired by mutations. Similarly, reduced GTPase activity or increased guanine nucleotide release underlie the aberrant signal flow through the MAPK cascade promoted by most KRAS mutations. More recently, a single missense mutation in SHOC2, which encodes a cytoplasmic scaffold positively controlling RAF1 activation, has been discovered to cause a closely related phenotype previously termed Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. This mutation promotes aberrantly acquired N-myristoylation of the protein, resulting in its constitutive targeting to the plasma membrane and dysregulated function. PTPN11, BRAF and RAF1 mutations also account for approximately 95% of LEOPARD syndrome, a condition which resembles NS phenotypically but is characterized by multiple lentigines dispersed throughout the body, café-au-lait spots, and a higher prevalence of electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, obstructive cardiomyopathy and sensorineural hearing deficits. These recent discoveries demonstrate that the substantial phenotypic variation characterizing NS and related conditions can be ascribed, in part, to the gene mutated and even the specific molecular lesion involved.
Detecting Stable Clusters Using Principal Component Analysis (2003)

Clustering is one of the most commonly used tools in the analysis of gene expression data (1,2). The usage in grouping genes is based on the premise that coexpression is a result of coregulation. It is often used as a preliminary step in extracting gene networks and inference of gene function (3,4). Clustering of experiments can be used to discover novel phenotypic aspects of cells and tissues (3,5,6), including sensitivity to drugs (7), and can also detect artifacts of experimental conditions (8). Clustering and its applications in biology are presented in greater detail in Chapter 13 (see also ref. 9). While we focus on gene expression data in this chapter, the methodology presented here is applicable for other types of data as well.
An efficient photolysis system for fast‐response NO<sub>2</sub> measurements (2000)

A new photolytic converter for NO 2 measurement is described and its performance assessed using laboratory, ground‐, and aircraft‐based field data. Focusing the output of a 200‐W short‐arc Hg lamp into a photolytic cell attains conversion fractions of NO 2 to NO greater than 0.70 in cell residence times of less than a second. Limiting lamp output to wavelengths greater than 350 nm by means of optical filters increases specificity for NO 2 , affording a peroxyacetyl nitrate conversion fraction of less than 0.006 and negligible conversion of HNO 3 . Unwanted (artifact) signal in clean synthetic air is also greatly minimized through the use of optical filters. Fast instrument response is achieved by minimizing NO 2 inlet line and photolysis cell residence times. NO and NO 2 sample residence times are matched in a multichannel instrument so that signal from ambient NO may be easily subtracted from the total signal and ambient NO 2 calculated by difference at high time resolution. Induced change in the ambient ratio of NO to NO 2 , due to reaction of ozone and other oxidants with NO during sampling, is minimized in the new design. This configuration permits simple and accurate retrieval of NO 2 concentrations in aircraft transects of power plant plumes, where ambient NO concentrations can change over several orders of magnitude in seconds. At lower concentrations found in the planetary boundary layer, agreement between calculated and observed NO 2 is within ±(40 pptv+7%) for a 10‐s average. The new converter consumes less power, is more efficient, and is less expensive to operate than previous photolysis designs.
Neuroserpin: a selective inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator in the central nervous system (2004)

Neuroserpin is a member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) gene family that reacts preferentially with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and is primarily localized to neurons in regions of the brain where tPA is also found. Outside of the central nervous system (CNS) tPA is predominantly found in the blood where its primary function is as a thrombolytic enzyme. However, tPA is also expressed within the CNS where it has a very different function, promoting events associated not only with synaptic plasticity but also with cell death in a number of settings, such as cerebral ischemia and seizures. Neuroserpin is released from neurons in response to neuronal depolarization and plays an important role in the development of synaptic plasticity. Following the onset of cerebral ischemia there is an increase in both tPA activity and neuroserpin expression in the area surrounding the necrotic core (ischemic penumbra), and treatment with neuroserpin following ischemic stroke or overexpression of the neuroserpin gene results in a significant decrease in the volume of the ischemic area as well as in the number of apoptotic cells. TPA activity and neuroserpin expression are also increased in specific areas of the brain by seizures, and treatment with neuroserpin slows the progression of seizure activity throughout the CNS and results in significant neuronal survival in the hippocampus. Mutations in human neuroserpin result in a form of autosomal dominant inherited dementia which is characterized by the presence of intraneuronal inclusion bodies and is known as Familial Encephalopathy with Neuroserpin Inclusion Bodies.
<i>Time-budgeting</i>: a component based development methodology for real-time embedded systems (2013)

Abstract The design of a complex embedded control system involves integration of large number of components. These components need to interact in a timely fashion to achieve the system level end-to-end requirements. In practice, the component level timing specification consists of design attributes like component task mapping, task period and schedule definition but often lack details on their real-time (functional) requirements. As we observe, there is no systematic methodology in place for decomposing the feature level timing requirements into component level timing requirements. This paper proposes an early stage time-budgeting methodology to bridge the above gap. A salient proposal of this methodology is to consider parameterized component timing-requirements. A key step in the methodology involves computing a set of constraints by relating component requirements with feature requirements. This enables the separation of timing constraints from functionality decomposition, and facilitates early optimization of the component time-budget for a complex component based embedded system. This paper formalizes the proposed methodology by using Parametric Temporal Logic. A case study involving two advanced features from the automotive domain, namely Adaptive Cruise Control and Collision Mitigation is given to demonstrate the methodology.
Heteroarylation of 6‐Aryl‐2,3‐dihydroimidazo[2,1‐<i>b</i>]thiazole with <i>N</i>‐(Ethoxycarbonyl)heteroaromatic Salts (1993)

Abstract The ethyl chloroformate salts of a variety of benzo‐fused six membered π‐deficient heteroaromatics, including quinoline, isoquinoline, 4‐chloroquinoline, 3‐bromoquinoline, phthalazine, and quinazoline, reacted with 6‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydroimidazo[2,1‐ b ]thiazole at the 5‐position. The dihydroheteroaromatic adducts were oxidized by o ‐chloranil, sulfur, or electrochemical methodology to form the 5‐heteroaromatic‐6‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydroimidazo[2,1‐ b ]thiazoles, 10‐15 . In each example, the regiochemistry of addition to the heteroaromatic ring was established.
Universal monitoring of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia (2018)

Optimal management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) requires monitoring of treatment response, but minimal residual disease (MRD) may escape detection. We sought to identify distinctive features of AML cells for universal MRD monitoring.
Differential Binding of<i>Escherichia coli</i>Enterotoxins LT-IIa and LT-IIb and of Cholera Toxin Elicits Differences in Apoptosis, Proliferation, and Activation of Lymphoid Cells (2005)

Cholera toxin (CT), LT-IIa, and LT-IIb are potent adjuvants which induce distinct T-helper (Th)-cell cytokine profiles and immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass and IgA antibody responses. To determine if the distinct immune regulatory effects observed for LT-IIa, LT-IIb, and CT are elicited by binding of the enterotoxins to their cognate ganglioside receptors, the lineages of lymphoid cells that interact with the three enterotoxins and their effects on various lymphocyte responses in vitro were evaluated. Binding patterns of LT-IIa, LT-IIb, and CT to several lymphoid cell populations were distinctive for each enterotoxin. LT-IIa and CT, but not LT-IIb, induced apoptosis in CD8(+) T cells. LT-IIa(T34I), a mutant with no detectable binding to gangliosides, did not induce apoptosis. Blockade of GM(1) on the surface of CD8(+) T cells by LT-IIa(T14I), a mutant that binds only to GM(1) but does not induce apoptosis, did not inhibit induction of apoptosis by LT-IIa. Mitogen-induced proliferation of CD8(+) T cells was abrogated by treatment with CT, while resting CD8(+) T cells which were sensitive to LT-IIa-induced apoptosis became more resistant to apoptosis after mitogen activation. Exposure to CT, but not to LT-IIa or LT-IIb, inhibited mitogen-driven CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and expression of CD25 and CD69. In mitogen-stimulated B cells, CT, but not LT-IIa or LT-IIb, enhanced expression levels of CD86, while only CT induced B-cell differentiation into plasma cells. Thus, LT-IIa, LT-IIb, and CT exhibit distinguishable immunomodulatory properties which are likely dependent upon their capacities to recognize different ganglioside receptors on lymphocytes.
Strain Gages for SiC–SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite Engine Components (2018)

As increasingly more SiC-SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are being used in the hot sections of gas-turbine engines, there is a greater need for in situ strain measurement in these harsh conditions. Thin-film strain sensors are ideally suited for this task since they have minimal mass and are nonintrusive. However, if the bulk piezoresistive properties of SiC-SiC CMCs could be used instead of the thin-film piezoresistive properties, superior resolution and stability could be realized. Toward this end, we have fabricated strain gages in which the active strain element is the SiC-SiC CMC itself. As a result of this approach, a Pt:SiC CMC strain gage that is capable of operating at 500 °C for prolonged periods was demonstrated. The large piezoresistive responses associated with the SiC fibers and SiC matrix resulted in gage factors larger than 100. The performance of the Pt:SiC CMC strain gages under both tension and compression are reported, and the I-V characteristics of the strain gages, as well as the piezoresistive response as a function of temperature, are presented. In addition, the potential for embedded strain gages in advanced CMC engine components will be discussed.
The 1,2,4-oxadiazole elastomers (1981)

Crosslinked 1,2,4-oxadiazole elastomers were prepared either by thermally condensing a monomer having the formula HwN(HON)C-R-Q, wherein Q is a triazine ring forming group such as nitrile or amidine, or by a mixture of said monomer with RC(NOH)NH22, with R in these formulas standing for a bivalent organic radical containing fluorine, hydrogen, or trifluoromethyl. In the monomer charge, the overall proportions of amidoxime groups to triazine ring forming groups varies depending on the extent of crosslinking desired in the final polymer. The heat and chemical resistant elastomers disclosed can serve, for instance, as adhesives, caulking compounds, channel sealants, fuel tank liners.
Errors in cerebral blood flow determinations by xenon‐enhanced computed tomography due to estimation of arterial xenon concentrations (1987)

Errors in the determination of xenon concentrations in arterial blood during inhalation of xenon-oxygen mixtures are used to assess errors in the derivation of regional cerebral blood flow by the xenon-enhanced computed tomography (CT) method. The results of this study indicate that approximating the arterial buildup by a single exponential introduces relatively small errors in estimated flow values. The most significant systematic error is introduced by errors in estimation of the xenon arrival time to the brain in relationship to sequential (CT) scanning times.
Luminescence Properties of α-SiAlONs and Related Compounds (2008)

-sialon and related compounds have been long known as structural ceramics due to their excellent thermomechanical properties. In this paper, we will present the luminescence of rare earth ions (i.e., Ce3+, Eu2+, Tb3+, Yb2+) in -sialons. The emission of Eu2+ in -sialon related compounds is also summarized. The interesting luminescent properties -sialon and related compounds enable them for use as promising down-conversion phosphors in white light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
In-Situ Fluid Rheological Behavior Characterization Using Data Analytics Techniques (2018)

Abstract The accurate characterization of drilling fluid rheological properties at the in-situ downhole temperature and pressure is essential for designing the hydraulic program as well as for managing potential challenges during the drilling operation. A rheometer capable of operating at high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) is the common experimental method used to measure drilling fluid rheological properties at in-situ conditions. This method is costly and time consuming and requires skilled fluids laboratory personnel to carry out the tests. At the rigsite these devices are usually not available. This paper/study presents an analytics based method to estimate drilling fluid rheological properties at in-situ downhole temperature and pressure and provide the required inputs for hydraulic modeling during well planning, for real-time monitoring and automation. The performance of the developed method is evaluated by utilizing data obtained from both, Mud Check tests and HTHP Viscosity measurements of synthetic and oil based drilling fluid samples. Drilling fluid samples were collected from the rigs in operations around the world. An algorithm is developed to retrieve data out of unstructured field service laboratory databases and to uncover hidden patterns by utilizing the text pattern matching, text analytics, table-based approach, data visualization and classification techniques. Several computational intelligence techniques and statistical methods are applied to interpret the data by correlation of variables measured in the Mud Check tests and HTHP rheometer data. Of the available data 70 percent have been randomly extracted to train the data driven-model to predict drilling fluids rheological behavior at the in-situ downhole temperature and pressure. The model is further tested with the remaining 30 percent of the available data to confirm that the model can not only fit the data used for training but also characterize the drilling fluid rheology at the in-situ downhole temperature and pressure with the required accuracy. This study indicates that in addition to temperature and pressure, several parameters including density, salt concentration, low and high gravity solid volume percentage, oil-water ratio, and oil phase volume percentage should be considered to accurately predict the rheological properties of drilling fluids at downhole conditions. Since the method presented here depends on several variables measured in the Mud Check tests, it can effectively be employed independent of location or formation. The developed method can be utilized at the rigsite by field personnel to estimate downhole rheological properties of drilling fluids with a small error margin, without using expensive test equipment and time consuming procedures.
Inhibition of Stimulated Interleukin-2 Production in Whole Blood: A Practical Measure of Cyclosporine Effect (1999)

In the search for a pharmacodynamic marker to better guide immunosuppressive therapy, the relationship between this simple, biologically relevant measure of CSA effect and clinical outcome should be determined.
Phytoextraction of Nickel and Cobalt by Hyperaccumulator <i>Alyssum</i> Species Grown on Nickel-Contaminated Soils (2003)

Several Alyssum species native to Mediterranean serpentine soils hyperaccumulate nickel. These species can potentially be used to remediate Ni-contaminated soils. However, the ability of these species to phytoextract Ni from nonserpentine Ni-contaminated soils is unknown. Two Ni hyperaccumulator species, Alyssum murale and Alyssum corsicum, were grown for 120 days on two nonserpentine Ni-contaminated soils in a greenhouse experiment. Soils were amended to provide a range of values for three soil factors: soil pH, available phosphorus, and exchangeable Ca/Mg ratio. Both species hyperaccumulated Ni, but not Co, from both soils. Ni uptake was reduced at lower soil pH and increased at higher soil pH. Neither P fertilization nor adjustment of the exchangeable Ca/Mg ratio significantly affected phytoextraction of Ni or Co. There was no difference between the two species in the amount of Ni phytoextracted, but A. corsicum phytoextracted more Co than A. murale. Higher amounts of both metals were phytoextracted from the loam than from the organic soil. Further research is needed to better understand the unusual effect of soil pH adjustment on Ni uptake by these hyperaccumulator species.
Naturalness index for a tone-mapped high dynamic range image (2016)

High dynamic range (HDR) images can only be backward-compatible with existing low dynamic range (LDR) imaging systems after being processed by tone-mapping operators. Hence, the quality assessment (QA) of tone-mapped HDR images has become an important and challenging issue in HDR imaging research. In this paper, we propose a naturalness index for a tone-mapped image to predict its quality. First, we extract the statistical features of the tone-mapped image's luminance value and use it to evaluate the brightness naturalness with no reference information. Meanwhile, we use perceptive color, image contrast, and detail information to represent the image content and predict their naturalness qualities, respectively. Then, the four components of the naturalness qualities are combined to yield the overall naturalness quality of the tone-mapped image. Experimental results on a publicly available database demonstrated that, in comparison with a traditional LDR image QA method and a leading tone-mapped image QA method, the proposed method has better performance in evaluating a tone-mapped image's quality.
Multi-resolution disambiguation of term occurrences (2003)

We describe a system for extracting mentions of terms such as company and product names, in a large and noisy corpus of documents, such as the World Wide Web. Since natural language terms are highly ambiguous, a significant challenge in this task is disambiguating which occurrences of each term are truly related to the right meaning, and which are not. We describe our approach for disambiguation, and show that it achieves very high accuracy with only limited training. This serves as a necessary first step for applications that strive to do analytics on term mentions.
Simple and Sensitive Binding Assay for Measurement of Adenosine Using Reduced S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase (2000)

The highly sensitive adenosine-binding protein assay is a simple test that allows detection of adenosine in samples with small volumes without purification, and is in this respect superior to HPLC.
Taxonomy and challenges of rendezvous algorithms in cognitive radio networks (2012)

Cognitive radio network (CRN) is a new networking paradigm in which unlicensed users with cognitive radios can opportunistically access idle channels in the spectrum of licensed users without causing interference. Rendezvous is a fundamental and essential operation for unlicensed users to meet and establish a communication link on a common channel, so that information exchange and data communication can be carried out. This article presents a comprehensive review of existing rendezvous algorithms and a possible taxonomy. We focus on the most representative rendezvous algorithms and summarize their characteristics. The article further highlights research directions of future study on rendezvous.
Bi-temporal Timeline Index: A data structure for Processing Queries on bi-temporal data (2015)

Following the adoption of basic temporal features in the SQL:2011 standard, there has been a tremendous interest within the database industry in supporting bi-temporal features, as a significant number of real-life workloads would greatly benefit from efficient temporal operations. However, current implementations of bi-temporal storage systems and operators are far from optimal. In this paper, we present the Bi-temporal Timeline Index, which supports a broad range of temporal operators and exploits the special properties of an in-memory column store database system. Comprehensive performance experiments with the TPC-BiH benchmark show that algorithms based on the Bi-temporal Timeline Index outperform significantly both existing commercial database systems and state-of-the-art data structures from research.