gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infrared photoretinoscope (1987)

A modification of the technique of photoretinoscopy is presented which allows measurement of the refractive state of the eye in noncooperative subjects and in very small eyes. Infrared light provided by high-output infrared LEDs permits measurement at large pupil sizes and thereby better resolution. Arrangement of the IR LEDs at different eccentricities from the optical axis of the video camera markedly increases the range of measurement. The current sensitivity for a measurement distance of 1.5 m in a human eye is +/- 0.3 diopter or better over a range of +/-5 diopters. Higher amounts of defocus can be better determined at shorter distances.
A Direct Method for 3D Hand Pose Recovery (2014)

This paper presents a novel approach for performing intuitive 3D gesture-based interaction using depth data acquired by Kinect. Unlike current depth-based systems that focus only on classical gesture recognition problem, we also consider 3D gesture pose estimation for creating immersive gestural interaction. In this paper, we formulate gesture-based interaction system as a combination of two separate problems, gesture recognition and gesture pose estimation. We focus on the second problem and propose a direct method for recovering hand motion parameters. Based on the range images, a new version of optical flow constraint equation is derived, which can be utilized to directly estimate 3D hand motion without any need of imposing other constraints. Our experiments illustrate that the proposed approach performs properly in real-time with high accuracy. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the system performance in 3D object manipulation. This application is intended to explore the system capabilities in real-time biomedical applications. Eventually, system usability test is conducted to evaluate the learn ability, user experience and interaction quality in 3D interaction in comparison to 2D touch-screen interaction.
Fulcrum: Flexible Network Coding for Heterogeneous Devices (2018)

We introduce Fulcrum, a network coding framework that achieves three seemingly conflicting objectives: 1) to reduce the coding coefficient overhead down to nearly n bits per packet in a generation of n packets; 2) to conduct the network coding using only Galois field GF(2) operations at intermediate nodes if necessary, dramatically reducing computing complexity in the network; and 3) to deliver an end-to-end performance that is close to that of a high-field network coding system for high-end receivers, while simultaneously catering to low-end receivers that decode in GF(2). As a consequence of 1) and 3), Fulcrum has a unique trait missing so far in the network coding literature: providing the network with the flexibility to distribute computational complexity over different devices depending on their current load, network conditions, or energy constraints. At the core of our framework lies the idea of precoding at the sources using an expansion field GF(2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sup> ), h > 1, to increase the number of dimensions seen by the network. Fulcrum can use any high-field linear code for precoding, e.g., Reed-Solomon or Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC). Our analysis shows that the number of additional dimensions created during precoding controls the trade-off between delay, overhead, and computing complexity. Our implementation and measurements show that Fulcrum achieves similar decoding probabilities as high field RLNC but with encoders and decoders that are an order of magnitude faster.
Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway (2010)

The gaseous radical nitric oxide is involved in numerous physiologic and pathophysiological events important in anesthesiology and intensive care. Nitric oxide is endogenously generated from the amino acid l-arginine and molecular oxygen in reactions catalyzed by complex nitric oxide synthases. Recently, an alternative pathway for nitric oxide generation was discovered, wherein the inorganic anions nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2), most often considered inert end products from nitric oxide generation, can be reduced back to nitric oxide and other bioactive nitrogen oxide species. This nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is regulated differently than the classic l-arginine-nitric oxide synthase nitric oxide pathway, and it is greatly enhanced during hypoxia and acidosis. Several lines of research now indicate that the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is involved in regulation of blood flow, cell metabolism, and signaling, as well as in tissue protection during hypoxia. The fact that nitrate is abundant in our diet gives rise to interesting nutritional aspects in health and disease. In this article, we present an overview of this field of research with emphasis on relevance in anesthesiology and intensive care.
Multiple antigen peptides (MAPs) as candidate vaccines against malaria. (1991)

Multiple Antigen Peptides (MAPs), branched molecules where multiple copies of a desired antigenic sequence are assembled on a small peptide core, have been recently described as an alternative approach to the synthesis of high molecular weight immunogens. In comparison with conventional peptide-carrier conjugates, the MAPs show several advantages, including chemical unambiguity and ease of synthesis. A MAP based on the sequence of the repetitive domain of P. malariae sporozoites was immunogenic in a large number of mouse strains. When covalently linked to the corresponding sequence of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein, [NANP]40, the resulting conjugate showed the properties of a multivalent vaccine, overcoming the severe genetic restriction of the [NANP] sequence. A second generation of MAPs including both sequences, with more desirable chemical properties, was equally effective. These compounds represent a promising step towards the development of synthetic, multivalent peptide vaccines against human malaria.
Proposed regulatory pathway encoded by the nodV and nodW genes, determinants of host specificity in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. (1990)

Bradyrhizobium japonicum is the root nodule endosymbiont of soybean (Glycine max), mung bean (Vigna radiata), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum). We report the characteristics of a nodulation-gene region of B. japonicum that contributes only marginally to the bacterium's ability to nodulate soybean but is essential for the nodulation of the three alternative hosts. This DNA region consists of two open reading frames designated nodV and nodW. The predicted amino acid sequences of the NodV and NodW proteins suggest that they are members of the family of two-component regulatory systems, which supports the hypothesis that NodV responds to an environmental stimulus and, after signal transduction, NodW may be required to positively regulate the transcription of one or several unknown genes involved in the nodulation process. It seems likely that all host plants produce the necessary signal, whereas host specificity may be brought about by the product(s) of the gene(s) activated by NodW.
Model checking C programs using F-Soft (2006)

With the success of formal verification techniques like equivalence checking and model checking for hardware designs, there has been growing interest in applying such techniques for formal analysis and automatic verification of software programs. This paper provides a brief tutorial on model checking of C programs. The essential approach is to model the semantics of C programs in the form of finite state systems by using suitable abstractions. The use of abstractions is key, both for modeling programs as finite state systems and for reducing the model sizes in order to manage verification complexity. We provide illustrative details of a verification platform called F-Soft, which provides a range of abstractions for modeling software, and uses customized SAT-based and BDD-based model checking techniques targeted for software.
Natural mineral tetrahedrite as a direct source of thermoelectric materials (2013)

We show that a simple powder processing procedure using natural mineral tetrahedrite, the most widespread sulfosalt on earth, provides a low cost, high throughput means of producing thermoelectric materials with high conversion efficiency. These earth-abundant thermoelectrics can open the door to many new and inexpensive power generation opportunities.
Quantum Cascade Laser on Silicon at 4.8 µm (2016)

Here we demonstrate a room-temperature, 4.8 μm quantum cascade laser (QCL) heterogeneously integrated with silicon-on-nitride-on-insulator waveguides. QCL mesas are defined above silicon waveguides to form lasers.
A miniature forward-imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe (2012)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has had a tremendous global health impact upon the current ability to diagnose, treat, and monitor multiple eye diseases. We propose that a miniature forward-imaging OCT probe can be developed for real-time ocular imaging. A miniature 25-gauge forward-imaging probe was designed and developed to use with an 850 nm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) system (Bioptigen, Inc. Durham, NC). Imaging parameters were determined. Ocular tissues were examined with the miniature OCT probe. A miniature SDOCT probe was developed with the scanning driver within the hand piece. The SDOCT fiber-scanning probe maximally transmitted power of 800 μW. The scanning range was 3 mm when the probe tip was held 3 to 5 mm from the tissue surface. The axial resolution was 6 μm and the lateral resolution was 30-35 μm. The 25-gauge forward-imaging probe was used to image cellophane tape, eyelid skin, cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, iris, anterior lens, anterior chamber angle, retina, retinal tear, retinal detachment, optic nerve head, and optic nerve sheath. Images obtained from the miniature probe appeared similar to images from a 3 mm scanning range of a commercial large handheld OCT probe (Bioptigen, Inc. Durham, NC).
Sealing Effects on the Storage Stability of the Cyanide Antidotal Candidate, Dimethyl Trisulfide (2017)

DMTS formulated in 15% aqueous Poly80 solution has excellent stability when stored in fire-sealed glass ampules and thus has the potential to be effectively stored as an intramuscular CN countermeasure for mass casualty scenarios.
A New Class of Smart Automotive Active Suspensions Using Piezoceramic Actuation (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Active suspension for automobiles involves an active control of wheel motions. This work investigates the possibility of realizing controlled wheel motion for an active suspension using a class of <i>smart</i> materials, namely piezoceramics. The proposed concept deviates significantly from conventional practice of using heavier, hydraulic actuators. Rather than accomplishing the wheel motion using the direct stroke of an actuator, the motion is to be realized by actively modifying the effective stiffness of the suspension system using piezoceramic sensing and actuation. Piezoceramic actuators have been typically waived as totally unacceptable for such large stroke, load carrying applications since these actuators have always been limited to micro-motion ranges. In this research, a strategic combination of elastic and piezoceramic layers is shown to have the potential to meet this challenge. Preliminary analysis and experimentation have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the above concept. A candidate design is analytically investigated using composite piezoceramic suspension elements. It is shown that it piezoceramic actuation has the potential to control suspension system deflections through sufficient motion ranges necessary for this application. A prototype actuator demonstrating larger stroke actuation has also been designed, fabricated, and tested.</div>
Differential inertial focusing of particles in curved low-aspect-ratio microchannels (2009)

Microfluidic-based manipulation of particles is of great interest due to the insight it provides into the physics of hydrodynamic forces. Here, we study a particle-size-dependent phenomenon based on differential inertial focusing that utilizes the flow characteristics of curved, low aspect ratio (channel width ≫ height), microfluidic channels. We report the emergence of two focusing points along the height of the channel (z-plane), where different sized particles are focused and ordered in evenly spaced trains at correspondingly different lateral positions within the channel cross-section. We applied the system for continuous ordering and separation of suspension particles.
A sparsified vector autoregressive model for short-term wind farm power forecasting (2015)

Short-term wind farm power forecasting is studied by exploiting the spatio-temporal correlation between individual turbine's power output. A multivariate time series model for wind farm power generation is developed by using vector autoregression (VAR). In order to avoid the possible over-fitting issues caused by a large number of autoregressive coefficients and the impact on the forecasting performance of VAR models, a sparsified autoregressive coefficient matrix is constructed by utilizing the information on wind direction, wind speed and wind farm's layout. Then, the VAR model parameters are obtained through maximum likelihood estimation of real-time measurement data, by taking into account the sparse structure of the autoregressive coefficient matrix. The proposed approach is compared with univariate autoregressive models through numerical experiments, resulting in significant improvement, which is attributed to the turbine-level correlation captured by the developed VAR model.
High-throughput nanostructured SERS substrates by self-assembly (2012)

The fabrication of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates that are optimized for use with specific laser wavelength - analyte combinations is addressed. In order to achieve large signal enhancement, temporal stability, and reproducibility over large substrate areas at low cost, only self-assembly and templating processes are employed. The resulting substrates consist of arrays of gold nanospheres with controlled diameter and spacing, properties that dictate the optical response of the structure. We demonstrate the tunability of the extended surface plasmon resonance in the range of 520-1000 nm, helping to match the enhancement profile to the laser line of the Raman instrument. Despite relying on self-organization, we obtain site-to-site SERS enhancement factor variations smaller than 10%.
Cyanobacterium-Derived Extracellular Carbohydrate Polymer for the Controlled Delivery of Functional Proteins (2016)

The unicellular cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. CCY 0110 is a highly efficient producer of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), releasing up to 75% of the polymer to the culture medium. The carbohydrate polymer released to the medium (RPS) was previously isolated and characterized; it is composed of nine different monosaccharides including two uronic acids, and also containing peptides and sulfate groups. Here it is shown that the RPS spontaneously assembles with proteins at high concentrations leading to a phase transition. The proteins are released progressively and structurally intact near physiological conditions, primarily through the swelling of the polymer-protein matrix. The releasing kinetics of the proteins can be modulated through the addition of divalent cations, such as calcium. Notably, the polymer is not toxic to human dermal neonatal fibroblasts in vitro at RPS concentrations bellow 0.1 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> . The results show that this polymer is a good candidate for the delivery of therapeutic macromolecules.
Direct temporal intensity measurement of ultrashort optical pulses using third-harmonic-generation based triple correlation (2001)

Summary form only given. Because electronic devices (streak camera etc.) are too slow to measure temporal evolution of ultrashort optical pulses, many techniques were developed to retrieve temporal pulse shape. Most of them extract the temporal intensity either by assuming an analytic pulse shape (autocorrelation) or with the help of spectral measurements (including FROG and SPIDER.) All, of these techniques rely on either interference or various nonlinear effect including second harmonic generation and optical Kerr effect. However, in the later 1960s it was shown,that a triple correlation is sufficient to determine the temporal intensity of, a laser pulse with a direct mathematical calculation. In this report, we demonstrate direct temporal intensity measurement of ultrashort optical pulses using a novel third-harmonic-generation (THG) based triple correlation method. Using THG process in a single GaN thin film, the optical pulse intensity profile, from a mode-locked Cr:forsterite laser was directly obtained with the background free triple correlation trace without any spectral information and pulseshape assumption. This is different from the previous demonstration where triple correlation was obtained through a complex combination of second-harmonic generation and sum-frequency-generation. In order to retrieve the corresponding phase information, a simple genetic algorithm was also developed for the first time based on, the direct optical spectrum measurement with improved O(n) complexity than O(n/sup 2/) in.
High Contrast Far-Field Radiative Thermal Diode (2017)

We propose a theoretical concept of a far-field radiative thermal rectification device that uses a phase change material to achieve a high degree of asymmetry in radiative heat transfer. The proposed device has a multilayer structure on one side and a blackbody on other side. The multilayer structure consists of transparent thin film of KBr sandwiched between a thin film of VO<sub>2</sub> and a reflecting layer of gold. When VO<sub>2</sub> is in its insulating phase, the structure is highly reflective due to the two transparent layers on highly reflective gold. When VO<sub>2</sub> is in the metallic phase, Fabry-Perot type of resonance occurs and the tri-layer structure acts like a wide-angle antireflection coating achieved by destructive interference of partially reflected waves making it highly absorptive for majority of spectral range of thermal radiation. The proposed structure forms the active part of configuration that acts like a far-field radiative thermal diode. Thermal rectification greater than 11 is obtained for a temperature bias of 20 K, which is the highest rectification ever predicted for far-field radiative diode configurations.
Transfer of nanopantography-defined patterns using highly selective plasma etching (2015)

Nanopantography is a method for massively parallel patterning of nanofeatures over large areas. Transfer of patterns defined by nanopantography using highly selective plasma etching of Si, with the native silicon oxide as hard mask, can improve patterning speed and etch profile. With this method, arrays of high aspect ratio (&gt;5) ∼10 nm-diameter holes, as well as slots, were fabricated in silicon with no mask undercut. The ability to fabricate complex patterns using nanopantography, followed by highly selective plasma etching, was also demonstrated.
Multiple blood-proteins approach for early-response exposure assessment using an in vivo murine radiation model (2009)

Purpose: The aim was to evaluate the utility of multiple blood-protein biomarkers for early-response assessment of radiation exposure using a murine radiation model system.Material and methods: BALB/c male mice (8–10 weeks old) were exposed to whole-body 60Co γ-rays (10 cGy min−1) over a broad dose range (0–7 Gy). Blood protein biomarkers (i.e., Growth Arrest and DNA Damage Inducible Gene 45 or GADD45α, interleukin 6 or IL-6, and serum amyloid A or SAA) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after total-body irradiation (TBI).Results: Time- and dose-dependent increases in the protein targets were observed. The use of multiple protein targets was evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis to provide dose-response calibration curves for dose assessment. Multivariate discriminant analysis demonstrated enhanced dose-dependent separation of irradiated animals from control as the number of biomarkers increased.Conclutions: Results from this study represent a proof-of-concept for multiple blood-proteins biodosimetry approach. It was demonstrated for the first time that protein expression profile could be developed not only to assess radiation exposure in male BALB/c mice but also to distinguish the level of radiation exposure, ranging from 1–7 Gy.
Exon skipping for DMD (2012)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive muscle-wasting disorder, while Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is milder muscle disease [1]. Both are caused by mutations in dystrophin, a protein, which stabilizes muscle fibers during contraction by linking muscle actin to the extracellular matrix. In DMD patients mutations disrupt the open reading frame, generating prematurely truncated, nonfunctional dystrophins [2]. In BMD patients, mutations maintain the reading frame allowing production of internally deleted, partly functional dystrophins.

The exon skipping approach uses antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) to induce skipping of targeted exons during pre-mRNA splicing, with the aim of reading frame restoration, converting of the severe DMD into the milder BMD phenotype [3]. This approach is mutation specific. However, as mutations cluster in a few hotspots, skipping of some exons applies to larger groups of patients (e.g. exon 51 skipping applies to 13%) [4].

After promising results in cultured cells and animal models where AON treatment allowed in dystrophin restoration (reviewed in [3]), a first clinical trial was performed by LUMC and Prosensa Therapeutics, where four DMD patients where intramuscularly injected with an exon 51 (GSK2402968/PRO051, a 2’-O-methyl phosphorothioate (2OMePS) AON) [5]. Exon skipping and dystrophin restoration was observed for each patient in muscle biopsies taken 4 weeks after the injection.

Towards systemic application, studies in animal models revealed that dystrophic muscles facilitated uptake of 2OMePS AONs and that subcutaneous delivery was feasible [6]. In a subsequent clinical trial, patients were subcutaneously injected with 2OMePS AONS targeting exon 51 [7]. Dystrophin was restored in a dose-dependent manner at levels up to 15%. All patients were enrolled in an open label extension study and have received subcutaneous AON injections at 6 mg/kg for over 2.5 years. A pivotal, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial for exon 51 skipping is currently ongoing (coordinated by GlaxoSmithKline).

In parallel, preclinical studies to further optimise treatment regimens are in progress as well as clinical trials for additional exons for exon 44 skipping (PRO044, applicable to 6% of patients). Trials are planned for exon 45 and 53 skipping (PRO045 and PRO053, both applicable to 8% of patients).

The mutation specificity of the approach poses challenges to drug development regulations. A concerted effort of academic researchers, industry, regulators and patients is needed to adapt regulations to enable application of these personalised medicine approaches to rare diseases.
Automatic protection switching for link failures in optical networks with bi-directional links (2002)

This paper proposes a methodology for performing automatic protection switching (APS) for link failures in optical networks with arbitrary topologies and bi-directional links. In the scenario considered, the protection fibers' layout and the protection switches' set-up is implemented in non-real time, during the set-up of the network. When a fiber link fails, the connections that use that link are automatically restored and their signals are routed to their original destination using the protection fibers and protection switches. Depending on the position of the link failures multiple faults can be restored simultaneously.