gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Embryo vaccination against Marek's disease with serotypes 1, 2 and 3 vaccines administered singly or in combination. (1983)

Marek's disease virus (MDV) vaccines of serotypes 1 and 2 administered in 18-day-old embryonated eggs induced better protection against post-hatch challenge at 3 days with virulent MDV than vaccines given at hatch. Embryonal vaccination with a polyvalent vaccine containing equal quantities of serotypes 1 and 2 of MDV and serotype 3 virus (turkey herpesvirus, HVT) was also significantly more effective than post-hatch vaccination. These and earlier results indicate that protective efficacy of single or combined Marek's disease vaccine serotypes against post-hatch challenge at 3 days can be substantially improved if the vaccines are injected into 18-day embryos rather than at hatch. Injection of vaccines of serotypes 1 or 2 into embryonated eggs or hatched chicks did not cause detectable gross or microscopic lesions in chickens. Vaccine viruses of serotypes 1 and 2 could be isolated from spleen cells of chickens 1 week post-vaccination, and the titer of recoverable viruses was higher in chickens that received the vaccines at the 18th day of embryonation than in chickens vaccinated at hatch. Although embryo vaccination with HVT usually provided better protection than post-hatch vaccination against early post-hatch challenge with variant pathotypes of MDV, the protection was poor regardless of vaccination protocol. If challenge with variant pathotypes of MDV was delayed until embryonally or post-hatch HVT-vaccinated chickens were 21 days of age, protection of chickens by HVT was not enhanced. Thus, resistance induced by embryonal vaccination with HVT was qualitatively similar to that induced by post-hatch vaccination with this virus.
A Precision, Energy-Efficient, Oversampling, Noise-Shaping Differential SAR Capacitance-to-Digital Converter (2018)

This paper introduces an oversampling, noise-shaping differential successive-approximation-register capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) architecture for interfacing capacitive sensors. The proposed energy-efficient CDC achieves high-precision capacitive resolution by employing oversampling and noise shaping. The switched-capacitor (SC) integrator is inserted between the comparator and the charge-redistribution digital-to-analog converter to implement noise shaping and to make the interface circuit insensitive to parasitic capacitances. An inverter-based operational transconductance amplifier with a common-mode feedback circuit is employed to implement the SC integrator with subthreshold biasing for low voltage and low power. The ring-oscillator-based comparator is implemented to achieve high energy efficiency. The test chip is fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology. The proposed CDC experimentally achieves 150 aF absolute resolution and 12.74ENOB with an oversampling ratio of 15 and a sampling clock of 18.51 kHz. The fabricated prototype dissipates 1.2 and 0.39 μW from analog and digital supplies, respectively, with an energy efficiency figure-of-merit of 187 fJ/conversion step.
A Unified Buffer Cache Architecture that Subsumes Journaling Functionality via Nonvolatile Memory (2014)

Journaling techniques are widely used in modern file systems as they provide high reliability and fast recovery from system failures. However, it reduces the performance benefit of buffer caching as journaling accounts for a bulk of the storage writes in real system environments. To relieve this problem, we present a novel buffer cache architecture that subsumes the functionality of caching and journaling by making use of nonvolatile memory such as PCM or STT-MRAM. Specifically, our buffer cache supports what we call the in-place commit scheme. This scheme avoids logging, but still provides the same journaling effect by simply altering the state of the cached block to frozen. As a frozen block still provides the functionality of a cache block, we show that in-place commit does not degrade cache performance. We implement our scheme on Linux 2.6.38 and measure the throughput and execution time of the scheme with various file I/O benchmarks. The results show that our scheme improves the throughput and execution time by 89% and 34% on average, respectively, compared to the existing Linux buffer cache with ext4 without any loss of reliability.
Modified Mesoporous Silica Gas Separation Membranes on Polymeric Hollow Fibers (2011)

Thin, continuous, mesoporous silica membranes are formed on polymeric hollow fibers via liquid-phase coating at roomtemperature and aging with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) vapor at 100 °C. After liquid extraction of the surfactant template and mesopore infiltration with an aminoalkyloctasilsesquioxane, the membrane displays CO2-selective gas permeation properties.
Single-shot edge illumination x-ray phase-contrast tomography enabled by joint image reconstruction (2017)

Edge illumination x-ray phase-contrast tomography (EIXPCT) is an emerging x-ray phase-contrast tomography technique for reconstructing the complex-valued x-ray refractive index distribution of an object. Conventional image reconstruction approaches for EIXPCT require multiple images to be acquired at each tomographic view angle. This contributes to prolonged data-acquisition times and elevated radiation doses, which can hinder in vivo applications. In this work, a new "single-shot" method is proposed for joint reconstruction (JR) of the real and imaginary-valued components of the refractive index distribution from a tomographic data set that contains only a single image acquired at each view angle. The proposed method is predicated on a nonlinear formulation of the inverse problem that is solved by using a gradient-based optimization method. The method is validated and investigated using computer-simulated and experimental EIXPCT data sets.
Adaptive harmonics comb notch digital filter for measuring heart rate of laboratory rat using a 60-GHz radar (2016)

Harmonics of respiration frequency due to nonlinear Doppler phase demodulation may interfere the identification of heartbeat frequency in vital sign radar's baseband spectrum. The proposed adaptive harmonics comb notch digital filter is a type of spectrum-based filtering function with no degradation on the heartbeat signal, and no calibration is needed when the detection distance changes. Experimental results show that the proposed filter for removing respiration harmonics can help measuring laboratory rat's heart rate more accurately when the heartbeat movement is weak or overwhelmed by the respiratory movement in the detected spectrum. Furthermore, even when the heart rate is totally overlapped by the respiration rate harmonics, the heart rate can still be extracted.
Bisoxazolidine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Alkynylation of Aldehydes. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modeling of the electrically-tunable transistor-injected quantum cascade laser (2017)

A detailed quantum mechanical model that assesses the mid-infrared (MIR) and terahertz (THz) wavelength tunability of a three-terminal Transistor-Injected Quantum Cascade Laser (TI-QCL) is presented. It is shown that the device injection efficiency can be considerably enhanced by inserting an i-n layer between the QCL and the base of the transistor to match the quantum impedance between the two regions. Our calculations based on the Schrodinger equation with complex potential boundaries indicate that cascading lasing occurs when charge quasi-neutrality in the superlattice (SL) is achieved with an injection current density of 4.71 kA/cm2, which is comparable to the values obtained in conventional two-terminal QCLs. Our analysis of the transition dipole moments between various quasi-bound states in the QCL SL suggests that the lasing wavelength can vary over a few microns as a function of the electric field at constant current, which indicates that the TI-QCL has potential for tunable MIR and THz sources. Finally, simultaneous multi-color lasing with wide energy separation is anticipated with application in MIR multi-gas detection.
Meta-gradient reinforcement learning (2018)

The goal of reinforcement learning algorithms is to estimate and/or optimise the value function. However, unlike supervised learning, no teacher or oracle is available to provide the true value function. Instead, the majority of reinforcement learning algorithms estimate and/or optimise a proxy for the value function. This proxy is typically based on a sampled and bootstrapped approximation to the true value function, known as a return. The particular choice of return is one of the chief components determining the nature of the algorithm: the rate at which future rewards are discounted; when and how values should be bootstrapped; or even the nature of the rewards themselves. It is well-known that these decisions are crucial to the overall success of RL algorithms. We discuss a gradient-based meta-learning algorithm that is able to adapt the nature of the return, online, whilst interacting and learning from the environment. When applied to 57 games on the Atari 2600 environment over 200 million frames, our algorithm achieved a new state-of-the-art performance.
A Novel Approach to Oligonucleotide Synthesis Using an Imidazolium Ion Tag as a Soluble Support. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in naturally derived commercial surfactants (2009)

Despite the role of reactive oxygen species in the development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants, the anti-oxidant properties of commercial surfactants have never been studied. We measured the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, the scavenger activity against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and its changes after the addition of SOD and CAT in four natural surfactants, namely Infasurf, Curosurf, Survanta, and Alveofact. We found that they contain measurable amount of SOD and CAT. Curosurf and Survanta seem to have higher antioxidant effect than Infasurf and Alveofact. Moreover, the highest phospholipid concentration and recommended dose of Curosurf imply that its scavenger activity for each treatment dose in preterm infants is likely higher than that of Survanta. Finally, the supplementation with SOD and CAT induced a remarkable increase of antioxidant action in all studied surfactants.
Cross-Contamination during Ferroelectric Nonvolatile Memory Fabrication (2001)

New metal contaminants, such as Pb, Zr, and Ir, introduced during ferroelectric nonvolatile memory (FeRAM) fabrication are of great concern because of their potentially adverse effects on complementary metal oxide semiconductor device characteristics. Numerous routes for cross-contamination exist in a Si wafer fab. In this study, we focus on the transfer of elements between the contaminated wafer handling system of a typical shared tool and the back side of clean wafers. Specifically, the potential for transferring Pb, Zr, Ti, and Ir from a contaminated surface to clean wafers was investigated. It was found that, after exposing a robotic handler and chuck directly to the surface of films, clean wafers that were subsequently run through the tool acquired a maximum of and of Pb, Zr, and Ti, respectively. After exposing the tool to Ir films, significantly less Ir transferal was observed In all cases, cycling a series of clean wafers through the tool led to a rapid decrease in the quantity of transferred contaminants, and was the most effective method for eliminating these elements altogether. Moreover, the Pb, Zr, Ti, or Ir contaminants transferred in this way were easily removed using a traditional pregate surface cleaning process. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Iterative SU-MIMO receivers based on SOMA demappers with improved survivor selection (2009)

We present a new class of reduced-complexity high-performance iterative receivers for single-user MIMO/OFDM systems with bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM). The proposed inner-outer decoder structures rely on joint demappers which generate soft-output via an M-algorithm limited tree-search. A key element of the proposed designs is the way the M-algorithm chooses its survivor candidates during the tree search. In particular, at every depth in the tree the survivor list comprises the best M candidates as well as additional good candidates which are chosen to enable high-quality soft-output information for every bit. In the context of iterative inner/outer decoders, simulations show that the proposed survivor selection criteria result in superior performance/complexity trade-offs as compared to a conventional M-algorithm search.
Prevention of postsurgical lymphedema via immediate delivery of sustained‐release 9‐cis retinoic acid to the lymphedenectomy site (2019)

Animals receiving 9-cis RA sustained-release implants at the time of surgery had improved lymphatic function and structure, indicating reduced lymphedema progression. Thus, we demonstrate that 9-cis RA contained within a single-use depot DDS has favorable properties in limiting pathologic responses to lymphatic injury and may be an effective strategy against secondary lymphedema.
Membrane-mediated electropolishing of damascene copper (2005)

Membrane-mediated electropolishing is a new process whereby a metal substrate is anodically oxidized in de-ionized water and the metal ions migrate across a charge-selective membrane to the cathode. All metal ions removed from the substrate are plated onto the cathode. In contrast with both CMP and electrochemical mechanical polishing the substrate is never exposed to abrasives or electrolytes, no reagents are consumed, no waste is generated and no post-cleaning is required. High removal rates and planarization efficiencies are achieved with low mechanical forces.
A new control strategy for the PWM current stiff rectifier/inverter with resonant snubbers (2002)

In this paper, a three phase current stiff type converter topology employing resonant snubbers with one auxiliary switch is reviewed. A new four quadrant control/modulation scheme is introduced for this topology leading to significant improvement on the utilization of the main devices over previously reported techniques. Voltage and current stresses on the main devices are reduced to the same levels observed in classical snubber topologies. Another benefit is the reduction of the ratings of the resonant snubber inductance and auxiliary device. Simulation results are included to illustrate the improvement introduced with the proposed control scheme.
Monocrystalline 1.7-eV MgCdTe solar cells (2022)

Monocrystalline 1.7 eV Mg0.13Cd0.87Te/MgxCd1−xTe (x &gt; 0.13) double heterostructure (DH) solar cells with varying Mg compositions in the barrier layers are grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A Mg0.13Cd0.87Te/Mg0.37Cd0.63Te DH solar cell featuring abrupt interfaces between barriers and absorber and the addition of a SiO2 anti-reflective coating demonstrate open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current density (JSC), fill factor (FF), and device active-area efficiencies up to 1.129 V, 17.3 mA/cm2, 77.7%, and 15.2%, respectively. The VOC and FF vary oppositely with the MgxCd1−xTe barrier height, indicating an optimal design of the MgCdTe DHs as a trade-off between carrier confinement and carrier transport. Temperature-dependent VOC measurements reveal that the majority of carrier recombination in the devices occurs outside the DHs, in the a-Si:H hole-contact layer, and at the interface between the a-Si:H layer and the MgxCd1−xTe top barrier at room temperature. Simulation results for the device with the highest efficiency show that the p-type a-Si:H layer and the Mg0.37Cd0.63Te top barrier contribute 1.3 and 2.4 mA/cm2 JSC loss, respectively.
Scintillation properties of Lu<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>:Ce<sup>3 </sup>, a fast and efficient scintillator crystal (2003)

Cerium doped lutetium pyrosilicate Lu2Si2O7:Ce3+ (LPS), a new inorganic scintillator, displays particularly promising performance. This material can be readily pulled from the melt. A high light output (average value: 26 300 ph MeV−1), a relatively good energy resolution (9%) and a fast decay time (38 ns) without afterglow make this new scintillator very attractive, in particular for medical imaging. Optical characterizations and scintillation properties of LPS:Ce large single crystals are presented, including timing properties and study of the scintillation yields as a function of incident energy.
Structure and magnetic properties of bulk Fe-Al-Ga-P-C-B-Si glassy alloys in a ringed form prepared by copper mold casting (1999)

Structure and soft magnetic properties were investigated for a bulk glassy Fe/sub 70/Al/sub 5/Ga/sub 2/P/sub 10.05/C/sub 5.75/B/sub 4.6/Si/sub 2.6/ alloy in a ring shape form with an outer diameter of 10 mm, an inner diameter of 6 mm and a thickness of 1 mm prepared by copper mold casting. The bulk sample consisted of only a single amorphous phase. The supercooled liquid region, saturation magnetization, and Curie temperature for the bulk sample are about 60 K, 1.2 T, and 620 K, respectively, in agreement with that of the corresponding amorphous alloy ribbon, The maximum permeability and the coercivity for the bulk sample are about 110000 and 2.2 A/m. These good soft magnetic properties of the bulk glassy alloy are presumably due to a higher degree of structural homogeneity resulting from its high glass-forming-ability. Therefore, these excellent soft magnetic properties as well as the very high castability for the Fe-Al-Ga-P-C-B-Si glassy alloy allows us to expect that this glassy alloy will be used as an engineering magnetic material.
One-step fabrication of a mixed-halide perovskite film for a high-efficiency inverted solar cell and module (2016)

Combining halogen composition and film casting engineering, a high quality homogeneous film with a large area can be prepared using a one-step method. Inverted solar cells and modules, based on mixed-halide perovskite films, achieved the highest efficiency of 16.52% and 14.3%, respectively.
Pooling Information from Auctions with Varying Number of Bidders (2002)

auctions, bidding strategies, nonparametric estimation, econometrics of auctions First price auctions are among the most commonly used auction mechanisms, especially in procurement. Recent research activity in economics of auctions focuses on development of econometric methods to analyze the bid data from such auctions to estimate the underlying structural variables. Optimization of almost all auction-related decisions (reserve price, auction format, information rule s) requires reliable estimates of these structural elements. Current nonparametric methods to estimate the distribution of bidders’ private valuations in first price auctions make use of functionals of bid distributions. Currently known estimation methods require separate estimation of these functionals for each configuration of observable variates. In many situations the sizes of some subsamples are too small to obtain reliable estimates of the functionals of interest. In such cases, the practice is to discard such subsamples and work with the remaining observations to estimate the latent valuation distributions. This waste of information may have substantial impact on the reliability of the final estimates and the decisions based on such estimates. Especia lly in situations where the total size of available samples are small to start with, the need for methods and algorithms that make use of all available data is obvious. We propose a new fully nonparametric approach that makes full use of all available auction data. This paper describes the methods based on the new approach and presents Monte Carlo experimental evaluation of alternative methods of combining information from auctions with varying numbers of bidders.
Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies five modifier loci of lung disease severity in cystic fibrosis (2015)

The identification of small molecules that target specific CFTR variants has ushered in a new era of treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF), yet optimal, individualized treatment of CF will require identification and targeting of disease modifiers. Here we use genome-wide association analysis to identify genetic modifiers of CF lung disease, the primary cause of mortality. Meta-analysis of 6,365 CF patients identifies five loci that display significant association with variation in lung disease. Regions on chr3q29 (MUC4/MUC20; P=3.3 × 10(-11)), chr5p15.3 (SLC9A3; P=6.8 × 10(-12)), chr6p21.3 (HLA Class II; P=1.2 × 10(-8)) and chrXq22-q23 (AGTR2/SLC6A14; P=1.8 × 10(-9)) contain genes of high biological relevance to CF pathophysiology. The fifth locus, on chr11p12-p13 (EHF/APIP; P=1.9 × 10(-10)), was previously shown to be associated with lung disease. These results provide new insights into potential targets for modulating lung disease severity in CF.
Ultralow friction behavior of borided steel surfaces after flash annealing (1996)

In this letter, we describe the ultralow friction mechanism of borided steel surfaces subjected to a short-duration, or ‘‘flash,’’ annealing procedure. In this procedure, a borided steel surface is exposed to high temperature (600 to 800 °C) for a short time (3 to 5 min) and then cooled to room temperature in open air. During the high-temperature exposure, boron atoms within the borided layer diffuse to the surface and react spontaneously with oxygen in air. The reaction product is a thin boron oxide film. During cooling, the boron oxide reacts spontaneously with moisture in the surrounding air to form a thin boric acid film. The sliding friction coefficient of a Si3N4 ball against this flash-annealed surface is about 0.06, but is 0.5 and higher against the unborided or borided-only surfaces. Mechanistically, we propose that the ultralow friction behavior of the borided and flash-annealed surface is due mainly to the layered-crystal structure of the boric acid film that forms on the sliding surface.
SNR-availability Based Provisioning for Optical Networks Employing Fine Tunable Modulation Technologies (2019)

We review an SNR-availability based provisioning scheme that maximizes capacity while satisfying target service availability in optical networks employing fine tunable modulations such as probabilistically shaped mQAM and show capacity gain in VON services.
Parallel Encoding - Decoding Operation for Multiview Video Coding with High Coding Efficiency (2007)

Multiview Video Coding (MVC) standardization is an ongoing effort aiming to extend H.264/AVC by developing novel tools optimized for 3D and multiview video use cases. One of the key identified requirements for the MVC standard is its ability to support parallel processing of different views. The parallel operation is known to be especially important for 3DTV applications, where the display needs to output many views simultaneously to support head-motion parallax. In this paper, we present a novel coding structure that enables parallel encoder/decoder operation for different views, without compromising from the coding efficiency. This is achieved by systematically restricting the reference area of each view, so that encoding and decoding of macroblocks from different views could be efficiently pipelined and parallel operation of separate views becomes possible. As the inter-view prediction is still used, proposed structure achieves up to 0.9 dB gain compared to simulcast, maintaining very similar desirable parallelism characteristics.