gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Supramolecular Translation of Enzymatically Triggered Disassembly of Micelles into Tunable Fluorescent Responses (2015)

The need for advanced fluorescent imaging and delivery platforms has motivated the development of smart probes that change their fluorescence in response to external stimuli. Here a new molecular design of fluorescently labeled PEG-dendron hybrids that self-assemble into enzyme-responsive micelles with tunable fluorescent responses is reported. In the assembled state, the fluorescence of the dyes is quenched or shifted due to intermolecular interactions. Upon enzymatic cleavage of the hydrophobic end-groups, the labeled polymeric hybrids become hydrophilic, and the micelles disassemble. This supramolecular change is translated into a spectral response as the dye-dye interactions are eliminated and the intrinsic fluorescence is regained. We demonstrate the utilization of this molecular design to generate both Turn-On and spectral shift responses by adjusting the type of the labeling dye. This approach enables transformation of non-responsive labeling dyes into smart fluorescent probes.
Formation of Oxides and Their Role in the Growth of Ag Nanoplates on GaAs Substrates (2008)

Simple galvanic reactions between highly doped n-type GaAs wafers and a pure aqueous solution of AgNO 3 at room temperature provide an easy and efficient protocol to directly deposit uniform Ag nanoplates with tunable dimensions on the GaAs substrates. The anisotropic growth of the Ag nanoplates in the absence of surfactant molecules might be partially ascribed to the codeposition of oxides of gallium and arsenic, which are revealed by extensive data from electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, during the growth of the Ag nanoplates. The electron microscopic characterization shows that each Ag nanoplate has a "necked" geometry, that is, it pins on the GaAs lattices through only a tiny neck (with sizes of <10 nm). In addition, the as-grown Ag nanoplates exhibit strong enhancement toward Raman scattering of materials on (or around) their surfaces.
Cognitive interference-minimizing code assignment for underlay CDMA networks in asynchronous multipath fading channels (2009)

We propose a secondary CDMA network that operates as an underlay for a primary CDMA network where the code assignment for the secondary network is done cognitively. A code assignment criterion that minimizes interference from primary users and existing secondary users is formulated. The primary user codes as well as bit boundaries are unknown to the secondary network. The problem is initially formulated as a constrained optimization problem. Exhaustive search has complexity that is exponential in the spreading factor. The constraints are therefore relaxed to obtain a near-optimal solution with a complexity that is linear in the spreading factor and performance very close to the exhaustive search method. We consider the different cases where the primary users are bit- and chip-synchronous, chip-synchronous but bit-asynchronous, and chip-asynchronous over multi-path fading channels. We propose a method for blind epoch acquisition by processing the covariance matrix of the received signal. In all cases the performance improvement of the interference-minimizing code assignment over random code assignment is significant reaching over 3 dB for coded systems.
Generic Object Detection With Dense Neural Patterns and Regionlets (2014)

This paper addresses the challenge of establishing a bridge between deep convolutional neural networks and conventional object detection frameworks for accurate and efficient generic object detection. We introduce Dense Neural Patterns, short for DNPs, which are dense local features derived from discriminatively trained deep convolutional neural networks. DNPs can be easily plugged into conventional detection frameworks in the same way as other dense local features(like HOG or LBP). The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated with the Regionlets object detection framework. It achieved 46.1% mean average precision on the PASCAL VOC 2007 dataset, and 44.1% on the PASCAL VOC 2010 dataset, which dramatically improves the original Regionlets approach without DNPs.
Resource Management for Intelligent Vehicular Edge Computing Networks (2021)

To overcome the inherent defect of centralized data processing in cloud computing, the mobile edge computing (MEC) brings data storage and computing capacities, to the edge closer to end users. However, the uneven distribution of access vehicles, as well the volume of computing data, cause the workload diversity among various mobile edge computing servers (MECSs). In this paper, we propose a hierarchical model with quality of service (QoS)-aware and power-aware resource management for the cooperative edge-computing-based intelligent vehicular network (CEC-IoV), and the system latency and energy efficiency at MECSs are respectively optimized. Specifically, considering the changing response times versus MECSs’ workloads, the Minimum Latency with Migration Loads (MLML) scheme is developed for workload balance among multiple MECSs. By selecting the appropriate response time threshold and migration loads from overloading MECSs to idle MECSs simultaneously, the load-balancing problem can be efficiently solved for multiple MECSs with unbalanced workloads. On the other hand, through performing workload redistribution and dynamic reconfiguration of virtual machines (VMs) instantiated onto the parallel computing platform at one MECS, the energy-efficiency can be also optimized while guaranteeing the QoS requirement on the processing delay. With the latency constraint, the power minimization problem is formulated to be a convex one, and the semi-closed forms for optimal solutions of VMs’ workloads and processing rates are provided using KKT conditions. Compared with the performance obtained by benchmark schemes, numerical results exhibit that our resource management schemes gain lower system latency and higher energy efficiency.
Applications of Micro-Cathode Arc Thruster as in-space propulsion subsystem for PhoneSat (2014)

The George Washington University (GWU) has developed a scalable, efficient and relatively safe electric propulsion device, for small spacecraft applications, called the Micro-Cathode Arc Thruster (μCAT). The first on-orbit demonstration of this thruster subsystem capability is planned in the second half of 2014, as the primary experiment onboard a US Naval Academy BRICSat-P mission, utilizing a 1.5U CubeSat, for validating the performance and design. From December 2012 to September 2013, NASA Ames Research center (ARC) and GWU worked together to increase the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of the technology by integrating a complete 3-channel μCAT subsystem with the ARC PhoneSat bus. The main objectives of the collaboration were (1) to build a test bench in which a phone, running the PhoneSat firmware and a custom designed Android App could fire several thrusters in a vacuum chamber at the same time and (2) to design a CAD model of a <;3U model that could incorporate the PhoneSat bus, the thruster avionics and the thrusters themselves. At the conclusion of experimental trials, development of embedded applications, and fabrication of compact versions of legacy (2007-2012) laboratory designs, including testing in a controlled environment, the μCAT system achieved TRL 5 equivalent status. This paper presents how the interfaces of these two systems were developed, as well as the results obtained during the testing phase. The μCAT technology has several desirable properties for applications in Space, such as high specific impulse, low energy consumption, and low input voltage range. In particular, it has a compact and simple concentric design with no moving parts for extremely high reliability that yields extended operational lifetime. In this paper, analytical studies are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness for various CubeSat class spacecraft maneuvers. Analyzing the effects of low-thrust is challenging, as small variations of orbital properties should be accurately computed over a long-time period. We present brief, simplified orbital analysis based on the secular change of orbital elements derived from orbital perturbation theory. It is shown that micro-cathode thruster can be effectively used for several phases of a CubeSat mission, including orbital regularization, and inclination changes.
A high-accuracy, calibration-free technique for measuring the electrical conductivity of liquids (1998)

A high-accuracy, calibration-free technique to measure the electrical conductivity of liquids has been developed — the coaxial cylinders technique. Because the liquid under investigation comes in contact only with metal and not with anything dielectric, this technique enables the measurement of the electrical properties of liquids inaccessible by classical high-accuracy techniques. Two coaxial cylindrical electrodes are immersed in the liquid to an arbitrary initial depth, and ac impedance is measured over a wide range of frequency. This process is repeated at many immersions. The electrical conductivity is calculated from the change in measured conductance with immersion. This technique was validated in 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 D KCl(aq) solutions at room temperature. Measured electrical conductivities were within ±0.5% of the standard reference values.
Evaluation of Promoter Hypermethylation Detection in Body Fluids as a Screening/Diagnosis Tool for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2008)

Q-MSP detection of HNSCC in serum and salivary rinses using multiple targets offers improved performance when compared with single markers. Compartment-specific methylation in normal subjects affects the utility of Q-MSP detection strategies.
Heat shock-inducible expression vectors for use in<i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i> (2006)

A new, heat shock-inducible expression system based on an endogenous hsp16+ promoter was developed for use in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Analysis of GFP expression profiles indicated that a 1.2-kb segment of the hsp16+ promoter region was sufficient to drive expression of heterologous protein. The hsp16+ promoter was found to be activated not only by heat shock but also by other stresses including cadmium, ethanol, and oxidative stress. Two expression vectors, pHIL and pHIU, were constructed using the 1.2-kb hsp16+ promoter for inducible gene expression in Sch. pombe. This new expression system utilizes a simple induction protocol and promises to be a useful tool for analyzing gene expression in Sch. pombe.
A novel x-ray imaging technique based on coded apertures making phase contrast imaging feasible with conventional sources (2008)

X-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCi) overcomes the main limitation of absorption-based x-ray imaging i.e. poor image contrast due to small absorption differences, and was proven capable to produce high contrast images of objects invisible to conventional methods. The problem so far was that XPCi was only feasible with synchrotron radiation sources (SR), which prevented any application of the technique outside the research domain. XPCi images can be produced outside SR only by means of microfocal sources, which result in dramatically increased exposure times. XPCi images with conventional sources were also obtained by means of a grating (or shearing) interferometer, but this still requires the source to be spatially coherent unless an absorption grid is placed in close contact with the source itself. By doing this, the output of the source is dramatically reduced, resulting in exposure times only marginally improved over those obtained with microfocal sources. We have developed a new technique, based on coded apertures, which overcomes all the above limitations and allows intense XPCi signals to be achieved with source sizes fully compatible with current state-of-the-art X-ray sources, without requiring any filtering/focusing/grating element to be placed in contact with the source thus suppressing its output. A pre-sample coded aperture system with a fill factor of 0.5 is used instead, which means that the increase in exposure time over conventional methods is only of a factor of 2. The technique was fully modelled and a proof-of-concept experiment carried out. The obtained results are in full agreement with the model, and demonstrate that image contrast increases comparable to those obtained with SR can be achieved with a focal spot of 100 micron. A larger scale imaging prototype aimed at homeland security is currently under development, and future applications aimed at medical, scientific and industrial imaging are currently being studied.
Discovery and Creation of Rich Entities for Knowledge Bases (2018)

Businesses and professional organizations from a variety of different domains such as finance, weather, healthcare, social networks, etc., produce massive amounts of unstructured, semi-structured and structured data. Knowledge bases, enable querying and analysis of integrated content derived from such data available as open, third party and propriety data sets. Many knowledge bases today, provide an entity-centric view over the integrated content by using domain-specific ontologies. These entity-centric views enable querying individual real-world entities, as well as exploring exact information (such as address or net revenue of a company) through explicit querying using languages such as SQL or SPARQL. Although very useful for many business and commercial applications, this may not be sufficient for the exploration of relevant and context specific information associated with real-world entities stored in these knowledge bases. Users often need to resort to a manual and tedious process of exploration using ad-hoc queries to gather the required information.
Cancelation of pointer adjustment jitter in SDH networks (1994)

The timing jitter induced by pointer adjustments in the basic STM-1 frame represents a serious technical problem in SDH-based networks. This paper describes two jitter reduction techniques to cope with this phenomenon. The first technique is based on digital phase-lock loop (PLL) theory, and obtained through two structural modifications of a previously proposed desynchronizer. The second technique is entirely novel, and it avoids the generation of the random noise with uniform probability density, which is required in PLL-type desynchronizers to smooth the 1-b phase steps at the output of the first stage. We describe two different methods to adapt the speed of this desynchronizer to the incoming pointer adjustment statistics. The performance of both jitter reduction techniques is investigated in both the normal mode and the degraded mode of operation of the network. Using a design example, it is shown that the peak-to-peak jitter in the presence of isolated pointer adjustments that characterize the normal operation mode is kept below 0.1 b. It is also shown that with frequency offsets up to 4.6 ppm in the degraded mode, the peak-to-peak jitter does not exceed 0.6 b. Lower jitter values are achievable if the complexity and memory requirements of the desynchronizer are allowed to increase.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Notification Volume Control and Optimization System at Pinterest (2018)

Notifications (including emails, mobile / desktop push notifications, SMS, etc.) are very effective channels for online services to engage with users and drive user engagement metrics and other business metrics. One of the most important and challenging problems in a production notification system is to decide the right frequency for each user. In this paper, we propose a novel machine learning approach to decide notification volume for each user such that long term user engagement is optimized. We will also discuss a few practical issues and design choices we have made. The new system has been deployed to production at Pinterest in mid 2017 and significantly reduced notification volume and improved CTR of notifications and site engagement metrics compared with the previous machine learning approach.
Impact of Real-Time Ionospheric Determination on Improving Precise Navigation with GALILEO and Next-Generation GPS (2003)

ABSTRACT: Ionospheric differential refraction at distances of tens of kilometers or more is one of the main problems affecting the capability of instantaneous carrier-phase ambiguity resolution. As a consequence, the ionosphere affects the feasibility of centimeter-accuracy navigation with dual-frequency global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), such as present-day GPS, as well as future systems with three frequencies, such as GALILEO and modernized GPS. We have shown in previous work that a real-time tomographic model of the ionosphere, computed from GPS reference network data, is accurate enough to allow GPS real-time carrier-phase ambiguity resolution for a rover at hundreds of kilometers from the nearest reference site. In this work, we study the extension of such techniques to the improvement of instantaneous three-carrier-phase ambiguity resolution algorithms, such as three-carrier ambiguity resolution (TCAR), at medium and long distances (from tens to hundreds of kilometers) and with a minimum of geodetic computation. The datasets used were generated with a modified GNSS satellite signal generator. In particular, the success rate of instantaneous ambiguity resolution with three frequencies can be improved from about 60 percent of all attempts in previous work to about 100 percent with the proposed technique at distances of about 60 km and with low ionospheric values, and to more than 90 percent at distances of more than 100 km under solar maximum conditions.
Enzymatic differentiation of the enantiotopic hydroxymethyl groups of glycerol; synthesis of chiral building blocks (1986)

The prochiral (3b), derived from glycerol, was transformed by enantioselective, enzymatic hydrolysis into the central chiral building block (R)-(4) of high enantiomeric purity, which was further elaborated into a variety of chiral building blocks with the glycerol skeleton.
Selective removal of H/sub 2/S from steam also containing CO/sub 2/ (1985)

Essentially all of the H/sub 2/S in steam which also contains up to 30 ppmw of CO/sub 2/ per ppmw of H/sub 2/S can be scrubbed from the steam with aqueous NaOH or Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ without consuming more than about 4 mols of NaOH or 2 mols of Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ per mol of H/sub 2/S and without consuming more than about 0.18 pounds of water per pound of steam scrubbed, if the steam is scrubbed countercurrently in a tower containing a contacting means equivalent to at least 6 theoretical stages, the sulfide species in the tower effluent are completely oxidized to sulfo species and the oxidized effluent-less a bleed stream and plus water and base makeup-is recycled to the tower. If the steam is scrubbed in this manner before being introduced to the turbines in a power plant, the exhaust from the turbines can be vented to the atmosphere without further treatment. The method of the invention is particularly suited for use at the Geysers geothermal ''steam'' field in California.
Bioreactor Cultivation of Functional Bone Grafts (2011)

The clinical demand for functional tissue-engineered bone grafts to regenerate bone defects resulting from trauma and surgical resection of congenital anomalies remains very high. One approach involves the use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) that are seeded into biomaterial scaffolds and are induced to generate new bone tissue by osteo-inductive cues. The size of tissue constructs that can be cultured under conventional static conditions is seriously limited by diffusional constraints of nutrient supply resulting from high metabolic activity of bone cells. To cultivate bone constructs of clinically-relevant sizes, it is necessary to utilize perfusion bioreactors, which provides convective transfer of nutrients, and most critically oxygen, to the cells throughout the construct volume. This chapter describes a method for engineering 4-mm thick cylindrical bone grafts using hMSCs (isolated from bone marrow aspirates), biomaterial scaffolds (made of fully decellularized bovine trabecular bone), and a perfusion bioreactor (designed for simultaneous cultivation of six constructs for up to 5 weeks). This approach results in the formation of completely viable, biological bone grafts of clinically relevant sizes.
Facilitation of Plasmid Transfer in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> by Chromosomal Homology (1982)

The frequency of plasmid establishment in the transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae by plasmid DNA was increased more than 10-fold when the plasmid carried DNA homologous to the host chromosome. Perfect homology was not necessary for such facilitation; small additions or deletions were tolerated, but extensive deletions in the homologous segment of either plasmid or chromosome reduced or eliminated facilitation. The facilitated plasmid transfer showed a linear dependence on monomeric plasmid concentration rather than the quadratic dependence found in the absence of homology, which indicated that entering plasmid fragments interacted with the chromosome rather than with each other to establish a plasmid replicon. Restriction enzyme cleavage of the plasmid in the nonhomologous segment destroyed its activity, but cleavage in the homologous segment or even enzymatic removal of part of that segment did not prevent plasmid transfer, and plasmids of the original size were established. In facilitated transfer, chromosomal markers (additions and deletions as well as single-site mutations) entered the plasmid with a frequency ranging from 10 to 90% depending on the marker location. Several possible mechanisms for the establishment of plasmids in the presence of chromosomal homology and for the transfer of chromosomal information are considered. They depend on synapsis of the newly entered single-strand plasmid fragment with the host chromosome and subsequent copying of, donation from, or integration into the homologous chromosomal segment. After plasmid establishment, equilibration of donor and chromosomal markers between the chromosome and the plasmid pool, presumably by homologous recombination events, was observed.
Complex wavefront engineering with disorder-engineered metasurfaces (2017)

Recently, complex wavefront engineering with disordered media has demonstrated optical manipulation capabilities beyond those of conventional optics. These capabilities include extended volume, aberration-free focusing and subwavelength focusing via evanescent mode coupling. However, translating these capabilities to useful applications has remained challenging as the input-output characteristics of the disordered media ($P$ variables) need to be exhaustively determined via $O(P)$ measurements. Here, we propose a paradigm shift where the disorder is specifically designed so that its exact characteristics are known, resulting in an a priori determined transmission matrix that can be utilized with only a few alignment steps. We implement this concept with a disorder-engineered metasurface, which exhibits additional unique features for complex wavefront engineering such as an unprecedented optical memory effect range, excellent stability, and a tailorable angular scattering profile.