gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The ZCache: Decoupling Ways and Associativity (2010)

The ever-increasing importance of main memory latency and bandwidth is pushing CMPs towards caches with higher capacity and associativity. Associativity is typically improved by increasing the number of ways. This reduces conflict misses, but increases hit latency and energy, placing a stringent trade-off on cache design. We present the zcache, a cache design that allows much higher associativity than the number of physical ways (e.g. a 64-associative cache with 4 ways). The zcache draws on previous research on skew-associative caches and cuckoo hashing. Hits, the common case, require a single lookup, incurring the latency and energy costs of a cache with a very low number of ways. On a miss, additional tag lookups happen off the critical path, yielding an arbitrarily large number of replacement candidates for the incoming block. Unlike conventional designs, the zcache provides associativity by increasing the number of replacement candidates, but not the number of cache ways. To understand the implications of this approach, we develop a general analysis framework that allows to compare associativity across different cache designs (e.g. a set-associative cache and a zcache) by representing associativity as a probability distribution. We use this framework to show that for zcaches, associativity depends only on the number of replacement candidates, and is independent of other factors (such as the number of cache ways or the workload). We also show that, for the same number of replacement candidates, the associativity of a zcache is superior than that of a set-associative cache for most workloads. Finally, we perform detailed simulations of multithreaded and multiprogrammed workloads on a large-scale CMP with zcache as the last-level cache. We show that zcaches provide higher performance and better energy efficiency than conventional caches without incurring the overheads of designs with a large number of ways.
Design of a distributed computer security lab (2004)

Across the US and the rest of the world, there exists a lack of computer security components in many CS/IT curricula. For those programs that do have such components in computer security, a common difficulty is to integrate labs into the courses, in order to provide hands-on experiences to the learners. Due to concerns for security breaches and network hacking, system administrators are reluctant to allow computer security labs involving network sniffing, virus scripting, etc. to be deployed in the campus network. Without hands-on, real-world projects, it is difficult for the learners to integrate the acquired security theories and knowledge with up-to-date security technologies and practices. Computer science educators who are interested in teaching computer security in a context are thus faced with a unique challenge: Setting up 'real-world' computer security laboratories and assignments, without negatively impacting the rest of the campus network. The primary goal of our project is to develop a Distributed Computer Security Lab (DCSL) to answer the challenge. We have established, across multiple university campuses, a computer lab which enables the faculty and students to analyze and study vulnerabilities of a realistic corporate network. The lab provides hands-on experience for students to study cutting-edge computer security technologies, and serves as a test bed for projects which are otherwise impossible to implement in general-purpose labs. In this paper, we first discuss the general model of the DCSL and our implementation, and then present a selected set of projects that we have conducted to aid the design of the DCSL. The paper concludes with a summary and future work.
Engagement of CD83 on B Cells Modulates B Cell Function In Vivo (2009)

The transmembrane glycoprotein CD83 is an important regulator of both thymic T cell maturation and peripheral T cell response. Recent studies suggested that CD83 is also involved in the regulation of B cell maturation, activation, and homeostasis. In this study, we show that in vivo overexpression of CD83 dose dependently interfered with the Ig response to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent model Ag immunization. CD83 deficiency, in contrast, which was restricted to B cells in mixed bone marrow chimeras, led to unchanged or even slightly increased Ig responses. Strikingly, the engagement of CD83 that is naturally up-regulated on wild-type B cells by injection of anti-CD83 mAb in vivo induced a 100-fold increase in the IgG1 response to immunization. Kinetic analysis revealed that CD83 had to be engaged simultaneously or shortly after the B cell activation through injection of Ag, to modulate the IgG1 secretion. Furthermore, using mixed bone marrow chimeras in which either selectively the B cells or the dendritic cells were CD83 deficient, we demonstrate that anti-CD83 mAb mediated its biologic effect by engaging CD83 on B cells and not on CD11c(+) dendritic cells. Taken together, we provide strong evidence that CD83 transduces regulatory signals into the very B cell on which it is expressed.
Bluetongue virus tubules made in insect cells by recombinant baculoviruses: expression of the NS1 gene of bluetongue virus serotype 10 (1988)

Bluetongue virus (BTV) forms tubules in mammalian cells. These tubules appear to be composed of only one type of protein, NS1, a major nonstructural protein of the virus. To obtain direct evidence for the origin of the tubules, the complete M6 gene of BTV serotype 10 was inserted into the baculovirus transfer vector pAcYM1, so that it was under the control of the polyhedrin promoter of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. After cotransfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells with wild-type A. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA in the presence of recombinant transfer vector DNA, polyhedrin-negative baculoviruses were recovered. When S. frugiperda cells were infected with one of the derived recombinant viruses, a protein similar in size and antigenic properties to the authentic BTV NS1 protein was made (representing ca. 50% of the stained cellular proteins). The protein reacted with BTV antibody and formed numerous tubular structures in the cytoplasm of S. frugiperda cells. The tubular structures have been purified to homogeneity from infected-cell extracts by gradient centrifugation. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the recombinant virus antigen has been used to identify antibodies to five United States BTV serotypes in infected sheep sera, indicating the potentiality of the expressed protein as a group-reactive antigen in the diagnosis of BTV infections.
Acoustic reflections during rhinometry: spatial resolution and sound loss (1998)

The accuracy of the acoustic reflections method for the evaluation of human nasal airway geometry is determined by the physical limitations of the technique and also by the in vivo deviations from the assumptions of the technique. The present study 1) examines the sound loss caused by nonrigidity of the nasal mucosa and viscous loss caused by complex geometry and its influence on the estimation of the acoustic area-distance function; 2) examines the optimal relation between sampling frequency and low-pass filtering, and 3) evaluates advantages of breathing He-O2 during the measurements on accuracy. Measurements made in eight plastic models, with cavities exactly identical to the "living" nasal cavities, revealed only minor effects of nonrigidity of the nasal mucosa. This was confirmed by an electrical analog model, based on laser vibrometry admittance measurements of the nasal mucosa, which indicated that the error in the acoustic measurements caused by wall motion is insignificant. The complex geometry of the nasal cavity per se (i.e., departure from circular) showed no significant effects on the measurements. Low-pass filtering of the signal is necessary to cut off cross modes arising in the nasal cavity. Computer simulations and measurements in models showed that the sampling frequency should be approximately four times the low-pass filtering frequency (i.e., twice the Nyquist frequency) to avoid influence on the result. No advantage was found for the the use of He-O2 vs. air in the nasal cavity.
Ecology and nature of immunoglobulin A1 protease-producing streptococci in the human oral cavity and pharynx (1981)

The identity and proportional distribution of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) protease-producing streptococci in the oral and pharyngeal microflora were studied. A collection of 459 streptococcal strains, including reference strains of Streptococcus species, and fresh isolates from human dental plaque and buccal and pharyngeal mucosa were identified by biochemical means and were examined for IgA1 protease production. IgA1 protease production was demonstrated in some, but not all, strains of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitior and in a group of strains of uncertain taxonomic affiliation. The property was not associated with particular biotypes within the two species. Strains of S. sanguis and S. mitior isolated from Macaca fascicularis also cleaved human IgA1. A significantly different proportion of streptococcal populations in different ecosystems produced IgA1 protease. The enzyme was released by 62.7% of streptococcal isolates from buccal mucosa in contrast to only 7.8% from pharyngeal mucosa. In samples from initial and mature dental plaque 38 to 40% of streptococcal isolates produced IgA1 protease. This difference was largely a result of the frequency by which IgA1 protease activity was present in S. mitior, the predominant streptococcal species in all samples. Among otherwise identical isolates of S. mitior, 67.8% from buccal mucosa in contrast to only 5.9% from pharyngeal mucosa produced IgA1 protease. The results indicate that IgA1 protease may confer an ecological advantage to streptococci colonizing surfaces exposed to a secretory IgA-mediated selection pressure.
Phase I Study of the Novel Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) Inhibitor GSK2816126 in Patients with Advanced Hematologic and Solid Tumors (2019)

The MTD of GSK2816126 was established at 2,400 mg, but the dosing method and relatively short half-life limited effective exposure, and modest anticancer activity was observed at tolerable doses.
Monitoring anti-angiogenic therapy response in mouse U87MG tumor model using 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG microPET/CT (2013)

1333 Objectives Anti-angiogenic therapy (AAT) has become the major anticancer treatment strategies and there is an urgent need to monitor AAT response by noninvasive, functional molecular imaging with PET/CT since the tumor shrinkage maybe absent for AAT. This study aimed to monitor Sunitinib-based AAT response in mouse U87MG tumor models using 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG MicroPET/CT, comparatively. Methods U87MG tumor models in female nude mice were established and separated into two groups. Both groups were treated by the intragastrical injection of Sunitinib at a dose of 80 mg/kg for 7 days. The MicroPET/CT imaging of both 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT were acquired using MicroPET/CT scanner (Inveon) at day 0, 1, 3, 7 and 13 after AAT. The regions of interest within tumor tissues were delineated and the maximum Stanardized Uptake Values (SUVmax) were applied for the quantitative analysis. The tumor tissues were collected to perform Ki-67, Glut-1 and CD31 staining for immunohistochemical analysis. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed using One-Way ANOVA test and Pearson correlation analysis. Results Both 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG MicroPET/CT imaging were applied into monitoring AAT response in mouse U87MG tumor models. SUVmax of 18F-FLT uptake post AAT decreased significantly at day 1 (1.57 ± 0.06, P = 0.009), 3 (1.70 ± 0.10, P = 0.034), 7 (1.33 ± 0.15, P = 0.001), then raised at day 13 (1.87 ± 0.38, P = 0.162), comparing with baseline uptake at day 0 (2.13 ± 0.23). Notably, there were no significant differences for 18F-FLT uptakes at days post AAT. However, for 18F-FDG uptakes, there were no significant changes between post and prior AAT, with the exception that an increased SUVmax was observed at day 3 (2.33 ± 0.47), comparing with that at day 0 (1.68 ± 0.43, P = 0.013). Moreover, AAT was confirmed by CD31 staining, and the probe uptakes were correlated with the positive radios of Ki-67 and Glut-1 in tumor tissues. Conclusions MicroPET/CT imaging with 18F-FLT could be superior to that with 18F-FDG for monitoring anti-angiogenic therapy response. Research Support This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11275050, No. 30700188).
A Digital PWM Regulator Based on Serial-Error Correcting Mechanism for DC-DC Buck Conversion (2006)

This paper describes the design and implementation of a digital pulse-width modulation (PWM) regulator using a serial feedback error voltage to adjust the input voltage of a high frequency switching dc-dc buck converter. The digital controller comprises an error process unit (EPU), a PID compensator and a digital PWM. The employment of a serial comparator and an error process unit (EPU) can greatly reduce the complexity of the analog-to-digital conversion. Moreover, a table look-up approach for the PID compensator alleviates the penalty of large chip area of multiplies. The proposed architecture has been validated with measured results.
Classifying facial expressions using point-based analytic face model and Support Vector Machines (2007)

This paper describes a fully automated method of classifying facial expressions using support vector machines (SVM). Facial expressions are communicated by subtle changes in one or more discrete features such as tightening the lips, raising the eyebrows, opening and closing of the eyes or certain combination of them, which can be identified through monitoring the changes in muscles movement located near about the regions of mouth, eyes and eyebrows. In this work, we have applied an analytic face model using eleven feature points that represent and identify the principle muscle actions as well as provide measurements of the discrete features responsible for each of the six basic human emotions. A multi-detector approach of facial feature point localization has been utilized for identifying these points of interest from the contours of facial components such as eyes, eyebrows and mouth. Feature vectors composed of eleven features are then obtained by calculating the degree of displacement of these eleven feature points from a non-changeable rigid point. Finally, the obtained feature sets are used to train a SVM classifier so that it can classify facial expressions when given to it in the form of a feature set. The method has been tested on two different publicly available facial expression databases and on average, 89.44% and 84.86% of successful recognition rates have been achieved.
Epitaxial Oxides on Semiconductors: From Fundamentals to New Devices (2019)

Abstract Functional oxides are an untapped resource for futuristic devices and functionalities. These functionalities can range from high temperature superconductivity to multiferroicity and novel catalytic schemes. The most prominent route for transforming these ideas from a single device in the lab to practical technologies is by integration with semiconductors. Moreover, coupling oxides with semiconductors can herald new and unexpected functionalities that exist in neither of the individual materials. Therefore, oxide epitaxy on semiconductors provides a materials platform for novel device technologies. As oxides and semiconductors exhibit properties that are complementary to one another, epitaxial heterostructures comprised of the two are uniquely poised to deliver rich functionalities. This review discusses recent advancements in the growth of epitaxial oxides on semiconductors, and the electronic and physical structure of their interfaces. Leaning on these fundamentals and practicalities, the material behavior and functionality of semiconductor–oxide heterostructures is discussed, and their potential as device building blocks is highlighted. The culmination of this discussion is a review of recent advances in the development of prototype devices based on semiconductor–oxide heterostructures, in areas ranging from silicon photonics to photocatalysis. This overview is intended to stimulate ideas for new concepts of functional devices and lay the groundwork for their realization.
The Disulfiram (Antabuse)‐Alcohol Reaction in Male Alcoholics: Its Efficient Management by 4‐Methylpyrazole (1981)

4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, rapidly abolished the accumulation of acetaldehyde following alcohol ingestion both in volunteers pretreated with the Antabuse analog calcium carbimide and in an antabuse-treated alcoholic. 4-MP also attenuated other typical symptoms, including facial flushing and tachycardia, thus suggesting its usefulness in the acute treatment of severe disulfiram-alcohol reactions.
Layer transfer of Cu(In,Ga)Se<inf>2</inf> thin-film to alternative substrate and application to solar cells (2009)

To widen the variety of substrate choice of Cu(In, Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (CIGS) solar cells, a lift off process was developed without an intentional sacrifice layer between CIGS and Mo back contact layers. CIGS films grown on Mo/glass substrates were transferred to alternative substrates of glass and polyimide. Based on the transferred CIGS films, deices with ITO/ZnO/CdS/CIGS/Mo/epoxy/alternative-substrates structure were fabricated. Both solar cells showed almost half values of efficiencies compared to a CIGS solar cell fabricated with a standard process. Modifications on a back contact property and a composition profile of the CIGS layer will improve the device performance of the lift-off cells.
Precision<i>in situ</i>volume measurement of micro droplets (2008)

This research presents an in situ droplet volume measurement system which is applied to the one drop fill (ODF) process of liquid crystal display (LCD) manufacture. The system developed utilizes a stroboscopic technique to synchronize the triggering of a strobe light and a CCD camera. A steady image of the droplet flying in free space can be captured in situ by the CCD camera. The method of precise volume estimation is based on a rotationally symmetric model of the droplet's shape. Polynomial fitting is used to reconstruct the droplet profile. The image resolution can thus be enhanced by a subpixel technique. Compared to a precision electronic balance, the total weight measured by this system has an error within ± 0.3%, and the computation time for each droplet is about 0.4 s. This satisfies the actual ODF requirements.
Analysis and characterization of device variations in an LSI chip using an integrated device matrix array (2003)

For future LSI design technology, the device matrix array (DMA), which can precisely evaluate variation in device parameters within a die, has been developed. The DMA consists of a 14-by-14 array of common units. The unit size is 240 by 240 /spl mu/m, and each unit contains 148 measurement elements (52 transistors, 30 capacitors, 51 resistors, and 15 ring oscillators).
Measuring Motivations for Online Opinion Seeking (2006)

Online interpersonal influence or electronic word-of-mouth (“eWOM”) is an important aspect of ecommerce. Consumers give and seek opinions online in much the same way as they do offline, thereby affecting the sales of many goods and services. To further the understanding of eWOM, the present study used data from a survey of 309 consumers to develop a 32-item self-report scale measuring consumer motivations for online opinion seeking. This study revealed eight distinct factors. Consumers seek the opinions of others online to reduce their risk, because others do it, to secure lower prices, to get information easily, by accident (unplanned), because it is cool, because they are stimulated by off-line inputs such as TV, and to get pre-purchase information. A second study using data from 109 consumers showed that: (1) the scales measuring these motivations are free from social desirability response bias and acquiescence, (2) other consumers’ information is more important than advertising, and (3) consumers are likely to continue to seek WOM online, thereby confirming its importance in ecommerce.
Introduction (2014)

In the last few decades, numerous liberal democratic states have offered public apologies for past violations of human rights1. A gesture formerly associated with weakness is nowadays perceived as a marker of moral strength.2 Crimes such as enslavement, displacement, violation of treaties, war crimes, ethnic discrimination, cultural disruption and many other types of human rights abuses have led to public expressions of regret.3 Whereas politicians have traditionally been unwilling, or at least hesitant, to offer apologies for historical injustices at the hands of the state, we are currently witnessing a veritable wave of apologies around the world. Academic research has rapidly picked up on these changes, so much so that the nature of state apologies has become a subject of inquiry for a number of key disciplines in the social sciences and humanities, including philosophy, political science, theology, history and sociology.4
Subclinical hypothyroidism (2013)

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), defined as an elevated serum TSH level, but normal serum Free T4 and T3 levels, is a common laboratory finding, but its clinical significance remains uncertain and controversial. This brief review will summarize the definition, epidemiology, current data related to the effects of SH on cardiovascular risk and in pregnancy, and clinical guidelines on therapy.
Chiral magnetic photocurrent in Dirac and Weyl materials (2019)

Circularly polarized light (CPL) can induce an asymmetry between the number of left- and right-handed chiral quasiparticles in Dirac and Weyl semimetals. We show that if the photoresponse of the material is dominated by chiral quasiparticles, the total chiral charge induced in the material by CPL can be evaluated in a model-independent way through the chiral anomaly. In the presence of an external magnetic field perpendicular to the incident CPL, this allows us to predict the linear density of the induced photocurrent resulting from the chiral magnetic effect. The predicted effect should exist in any kind of Dirac or Weyl materials, with both symmetric and asymmetric band structure. An estimate of the resulting chiral magnetic photocurrent in a typical Dirac semimetal irradiated by an infrared laser of intensity $\ensuremath{\simeq}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ and a wavelength of $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\simeq}10\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ in an external magnetic field $B\ensuremath{\simeq}2\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ yields a current $J\ensuremath{\simeq}50\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nA}$ in the laser spot of size $\ensuremath{\simeq}50\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. This current scales linearly with the magnetic field and wavelength, opening up possibilities for applications in photonics, optoelectronics, and THz sensing.