gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Research on fault diagnosis method for complex equipment based on VPRS and NBNC (2014)

The inconsistent diagnostic information often occurs in fault diagnosis of complex equipments. In order to improve the diagnosis precision, an integrated fault diagnosis method is proposed based on variable precision rough set (VPRS) and Naive Bayesian network classifier (NBNC). Firstly, according to the relative discernibility of the original fault diagnosis decision table, the β in VPRS is self-determined. Secondly, the β-reducts are obtained using the heuristic reduction algorithm which is based on the VPRS condition entropy. Thirdly, the NBNC is used to analyze the reduction decision table, and consequently, the diagnostic result can be obtained. Finally, the validity and engineering practicability of the proposed method is demonstrated by an example, and the comparison results show that the proposed method combines the tolerant analysis ability of VPRS and the classification superiority of NBNC, so it is more effective than rough set theory (RST) and VPRS methods to handle the inconsistent information.
[General Articles] Intracellular Thiol Concentration Modulating Inflammatory Response: Influence on the Regulation of Cell Functions Through Cysteine Prodrug Approach (2003)

Oxidative stress is defined as the consequence of overpowering of the immune system's reaction, which causes increased production of the reactive oxidative species (ROS) greater than the antioxidant protection. Tissue injury and oxidation of the circulating molecules may be the consequences. Moreover, the sulphur-containing amino acids (SAA) fate is perturbed during stress. The altered biochemical rules during inflammation weaken the anti-oxidant mechanism, and the extra-supply of SAA under inflammatory conditions can help to restore homeostasis. In brief, the main biochemical steps during inflammation are: The production of Cytokines, Acute Phase Protein, and Glutathione (GSH) pool are strongly modified during inflammation. The GSH participates in many important physiological processes controlling the homeostasis of the cells. A higher demand of Cysteine (Cys) supply causes difficulties in maintaining a constant GSH level. The role of GSH as a key regulator of thiol redox intracellular balance is established. This reveals that GSH is essential in regulating the cell's life cycle and that the reduction of intracellular GSH contributes to chronic inflammation. The fact that Cys availability is generally a limiting factor for the GSH synthesis stimulated the development of a pharmacologically useful Cys pro-drug. The simplest derivative is N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which appears to be the prototype of all Cys suppliers. Different approaches are presented here.
Hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C magnetic resonance detection of carboxypeptidase G2 activity (2009)

Carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) is a bacterial enzyme that is currently employed in a range of targeted cancer chemotherapy strategies such as gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). Employing dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and natural abundance (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), we observed the CPG2-mediated conversion of a novel hyperpolarized reporter probe 3,5-difluorobenzoyl-L-glutamic acid (3,5-DFBGlu) to 3,5-difluorobenzoic acid (3,5-DFBA) and L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) in vitro. Isotopic labeling of the relevant nuclei with (13)C in 3,5-DFBGlu or related substrates will yield a further factor of 100 increase in the signal-to-noise. We discuss the feasibility of translating these experiments to generate metabolic images of CPG2 activity in vivo.
Stability of 2D and quasi-2D perovskite materials and devices (2022)

Abstract Different 2D and quasi-2D perovskite materials have demonstrated significant improvements in the device stability compared to 3D perovskites due to their increased hydrophobicity and suppressed ion migration. However, fundamental investigations of these materials have been scarce and consequently detailed understanding of the processes responsible for experimental phenomena are often lacking despite huge interest in these materials. Even more importantly, there have been a limited number of structure-property studies for different material compositions, and research is generally by trial and error rather than by design. Here we discuss different stability issues in these materials and identify questions which need to be answered to design materials with further stability improvements.
On The Ballot Theorems (1997)

The discovery of various ballot theorems has had great impact on several areas of combinatorics and probability theory. This paper deals with the historical background and the development of these theorems, analyzes various proofs and gives some applications.
DNA Nanostructure‐Based Imaging Probes and Drug Carriers (2014)

Self-assembled DNA nanostructures are well-defined nanoscale shapes, with uniform sizes, precise spatial addressability, and excellent biocompatibility. With these features, DNA nanostructures show great potential for biomedical applications; various DNA-based biomedical imaging probes or payload delivery carriers have been developed. In this review, we summarize the recent developments of DNA-based nanostructures as tools for diagnosis and cancer therapy. The biological effects that are brought about by DNA nanostructures are highlighted by in vitro and in vivo imaging, antitumor drug delivery, and immunostimulatory therapy. The challenges and perspectives of DNA nanostructures in the field of nanomedicine are discussed.
Classification and Recognition of Crops Based on GIS Image (2021)

Today, due to the rapid development of science and technology, new science and technology constantly change the status of agriculture, precision agriculture is developing rapidly. Precision agriculture is the combination of three new technologies: Global Positioning System (GPS), Remote Sensing Technology (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS). In the 3S technology, GIS technology is the basis of realizing the other two technologies. It is a platform to achieve precision agriculture, supporting the input, analysis and output of agricultural resources data and other functions of precision agriculture. Classification and recognition of crop types is one of the most basic applications of precision agriculture. It can extract information from remote sensing images, accurately identify crop types and determine crop growth. In this paper, 7200 remote sensing image samples are divided into two groups: learning group and testing group. Combined with GIS image and RS technology, the characteristics of these four crops were summarized and counted through feature image extraction and feature data analysis of 5200 study group samples in GIS system. 2000 samples in the test group were used to calculate the recognition rate. Through experiments, we can know the recognition rate of peanut, spring maize, sweet potato and summer maize. The highest recognition rate is 98.60%, the lowest recognition rate is 90.20%, and the total recognition rate is 94.10%. It shows that in this experiment, the crop recognition rate of remote sensing image is very high in the application of classification and recognition based on GIS crop images. During the period when the spectral characteristics are very obvious, the recognition rate of crops in remote sensing images is higher, and the total recognition rate is increased by 3.98%. The NDVI values of crops in remote sensing images were analyzed and calculated, and the NDVI values of four crops in each growing period were obtained. By studying the NDVI value, we can determine the types of four crops and their growth period, and the accuracy of determining the types of crops is higher than that of determining the growth period of crops. Through the classification and identification of crop species and crop growth period, two experiments verify that the combination of GIS image and remote sensing image can improve the recognition accuracy of crop classification and identification, and the use of geospatial data in GIS can identify the differences between crops. By combining GIS images with remote sensing images, the development of precision agriculture can be promoted, and the reference for agricultural production and agricultural structure adjustment in designated areas can be provided.
Solvent Decompositions and Physical Properties of Decomposition Compounds in Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes Studied by DFT Calculations and Molecular Dynamics Simulations (2005)

The density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed for the reduction decompositions of solvents widely used in Li-ion secondary battery electrolytes, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonates (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC), including a typical electrolyte additive, vinylene carbonate (VC), at the level of B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p), both in the gas phase and solution using the polarizable conductor calculation model. In the gas phase, the first electron reduction for the cyclic carbonates and for the linear carbonates is found to be exothermic and endothermic, respectively, while the second electron reduction is endothermic for all the compounds examined. On the contrary, in solution both first and second electron reductions are exothermic for all the compounds. Among the solvents and the additive examined, the likelihood of undergoing the first electron reduction in solution was found in the order of EC > PC > VC > DMC > EMC > DEC with EC being the most likely reduced. VC, on the other hand, is most likely to undergo the second electron reduction among the compounds, in the order of VC > EC > PC. Based on the results, the experimentally demonstrated effectiveness of VC as an excellent electrolyte additive was discussed. The bulk thermodynamic properties of two dilithium alkylene glycol dicarbonates, dilithium ethylene glycol dicarbonate (Li-EDC) and dilithium 1,2-propylene glycol dicarbonate (Li-PDC), as the major component of solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) films were also examined through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in order to understand the stability of the SEI film. It was found that film produced from a decomposition of EC, modeled by Li-EDC, has a higher density, more cohesive energy, and less solubility to the solvent than the film produced from decomposition of PC, Li-PDC. Further, MD simulations of the interface between the decomposition compound and graphite suggested that Li-EDC has more favorable interactions with the graphite surface than Li-PDC. The difference in the SEI film stability and the behavior of Li-ion battery cycling among the solvents were discussed in terms of the molecular structures.
Low-cost single-layer replacement for the back-sheet and encapsulant layers (2008)

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) based polymers have been formulated for specific use in photovoltaic modules to produce better performance and longer term stability at a lower cost than standard materials. EPDM formulations are advantageous over ethylene vinyl-acetate (EVA) because they can use the same lamination/cure cycle as EVA, they do not need a second back-sheet protective material (e.g. PET/Tedlar), they have a lower glass transition temperature, no melting transition, more constant mechanical moduli as a function of temperature, they are less polar than EVA (provides better corrosion protection), and they have excellent damp heat (85°C/85% relative humidity) resistance against delamination. Module designs typically use EVA on the back side of cells despite the fact that transparency is not advantageous. We have developed a single encapsulant layer that will replace standard module back-sheet constructions consisting of EVA/PET/Tedlar. Because a single low-cost material layer is used, it will provide a significant materials cost savings of about $6 to $8/m<sup>2</sup> as compared to traditional back-sheets. Electrical insulation tests were conducted using 0.85 mm thick stainless steel sheets as a model for a cell. It was found that a polymer layer thickness of about 0.33mm provided better high voltage electrical insulation than a combined film of Tedla (0.038 mm) / PET (0.051 mm) / EVA (0.55 mm). When formulated with a white pigment, reflectivity was comparable to Tedlar<sup>TM</sup>. Upon accelerated exposure to light at 60C and 60% RH it was found that an EVA layer in front of these materials would decompose before significant yellowing and delamination of the back EPDM layer occurs.
Preparation and Microstructure of Multi‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes‐Toughened Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> Composite (2005)

With multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) as reinforcement, a 12 vol% MWNTs/alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) ceramic composite was obtained by hot pressing. A fracture toughness of 5.55±0.26 MPa·m 1/2 , 1.8 times that of pure Al 2 O 3 ceramics, was achieved. Experimental results showed that the enveloping of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is effective in changing the hydrophobicity of CNTs to hydrophilicity and improving the dispersion of CNTs in aqueous solution. Enveloped with SDS, CNTs can be homogeneously mixed with Al 2 O 3 at a microscopic level by heterocoagulation. This mixing method can obviously improve the chemical compatibility between CNTs and Al 2 O 3 , which is important for enhancement of interfacial strength between them.
Recommendation-Assisted Personal Web (2013)

With the growing establishment of Internet infrastructure, more and more online services become available to end user, which in turn promotes the prosperity of the Internet. However, two issues emerge during this information increase. First, users have to access many individual sites to get their services, which consumes lots of time and contains some duplicate work. Second, user traces in different websites could have been used to provide more personalized services. Given these observations, this position paper proposes a recommendation-assisted personal web system based on existing work on personal web and recommendation systems. This system can integrate several web services to form a personal web, derive request-specific user data, and provide a personalized service by content based filtering and user intention inference. Using a research assistant application as a case study, we show how this framework helps to deliver personalized services.
Treatment With Sulfur Hexafluoride in Children With Serous Otitis Media: An Alternative to Tubulation (1983)

In this pilot study, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), a nontoxic inert gas infused into the ear during myringotomy and acting as a gas cushion behind an intact eardrum, was tested on five children with bilateral serous otitis media. The contralateral ear was treated with air as a control. A significant difference in air-bone gaps (frequencies, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz) lasting at least eight weeks was found between the ears treated with SF6 and the air-treated ears. No side effects were noted. Tympanograms showed varying patterns. The long-term effects were also favorable for the SF6-treated ears. In selected cases, eg, ears with thin scars and retractions, this might be a valuable alternative to tubulation. Further studies are being carried out.
Atmospheric Pressure and Seizure Frequency in the Epilepsy Unit: Preliminary Observations (2007)

Surprisingly, in patients with known epilepsy, increased seizure frequency occurred with changes in barometric pressure, particularly over 5.5 mBar range per day. Speculative mechanisms of AP change on seizure susceptibility are discussed.
Highly Sensitive, Stretchable, and Wash-Durable Strain Sensor Based on Ultrathin Conductive Layer@Polyurethane Yarn for Tiny Motion Monitoring (2016)

Strain sensors play an important role in the next generation of artificially intelligent products. However, it is difficult to achieve a good balance between the desirable performance and the easy-to-produce requirement of strain sensors. In this work, we proposed a simple, cost-efficient, and large-area compliant strategy for fabricating highly sensitive strain sensor by coating a polyurethane (PU) yarn with an ultrathin, elastic, and robust conductive polymer composite (CPC) layer consisting of carbon black and natural rubber. This CPC@PU yarn strain sensor exhibited high sensitivity with a gauge factor of 39 and detection limit of 0.1% strain. The elasticity and robustness of the CPC layer endowed the sensor with good reproducibility over 10,000 cycles and excellent wash- and corrosion-resistance. We confirmed the applicability of our strain sensor in monitoring tiny human motions. The results indicated that tiny normal physiological activities (including pronunciation, pulse, expression, swallowing, coughing, etc.) could be monitored using this CPC@PU sensor in real time. In particular, the pronunciation could be well parsed from the recorded delicate speech patterns, and the emotions of laughing and crying could be detected and distinguished using this sensor. Moreover, this CPC@PU strain-sensitive yarn could be woven into textiles to produce functional electronic fabrics. The high sensitivity and washing durability of this CPC@PU yarn strain sensor, together with its low-cost, simplicity, and environmental friendliness in fabrication, open up new opportunities for cost-efficient fabrication of high performance strain sensing devices.
Rails and anchors: guiding and trapping droplet microreactors in two dimensions (2010)

This paper presents a method to control the motion of nanolitre drops in a wide and thin microchannel, by etching fine patterns into the channel's top surface. Such control is possible for drops that are squeezed by the channel roof, by allowing them to reduce their surface energy as they enter into a local depression. The resulting gain in surface energy pulls a drop into the groove such that localized holes can be used as anchors for holding drops, while linear patterns can be used as rails to guide them along complex trajectories. An anchored drop can remain stationary indefinitely, as long as the driving flow rate is below a critical value which depends on the hole and drop sizes. By micro-fabricating holes into a grid pattern, drops can be arrayed and held in the observation field of a microscope against the mean carrier flow. Their contents can then be modulated by gas exchange with the flowing carrier oil. We demonstrate in particular how the pH or the oxygen levels within the drops can be controlled spatially and temporally, either by exposing rows of drops to two streams of oil at different gas concentrations or by periodically switching oil inputs to vary the gas concentration of drops as a function of time. Oxygen control is used to selectively deoxygenate droplets that encapsulate red blood cells from patients suffering from sickle cell disease, in order to study the polymerization of intracellular hemoglobin. Cycles of oxygenation and deoxygenation of anchored droplets induce depolymerization and polymerization of the hemoglobin, thus providing a method to simulate the cycling that takes place in physiological flows.
An Approach for Selecting Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Product (2009)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) helps organizations avoid capital expenditure and pay for the functionality as an operational expenditure. Though enterprises are unlikely to use SaaS model for all their information systems needs, certain business functionalities such as Sales Force Automation (SFA), are more seen to be implemented using SaaS model. Such demand has prompted quite a few vendors to offer SFA functionality as SaaS. Enterprises need to adopt an objective approach to ensure they select the most appropriate SaaS product for their needs. This paper presents an approach that makes use of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique for prioritizing the product features and also for expert-led scoring of the products.
Minority Carrier Transport in Lead Sulfide Quantum Dot Photovoltaics (2017)

Lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) are an attractive material system for the development of low-cost photovoltaics (PV) due to their ease of processing and stability in air, with certified power conversion efficiencies exceeding 11%. However, even the best PbS QD PV devices are limited by diffusive transport, as the optical absorption length exceeds the minority carrier diffusion length. Understanding minority carrier transport in these devices will therefore be critical for future efficiency improvement. We utilize cross-sectional electron beam-induced current (EBIC) microscopy and develop methodology to quantify minority carrier diffusion length in PbS QD PV devices. We show that holes are the minority carriers in tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI)-treated PbS QD films due to the formation of a p-n junction with an ethanedithiol (EDT)-treated QD layer, whereas a heterojunction with n-type ZnO forms a weaker n<sup>+</sup>-n junction. This indicates that modifying the standard device architecture to include a p-type window layer would further boost the performance of PbS QD PV devices. Furthermore, quantitative EBIC measurements yield a lower bound of 110 nm for the hole diffusion length in TBAI-treated PbS QD films, which informs design rules for planar and ordered bulk heterojunction PV devices. Finally, the low-energy EBIC approach developed in our work is generally applicable to other emerging thin-film PV absorber materials with nanoscale diffusion lengths.
Study of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Adoptive Therapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and Metastatic Melanoma: Sequential Proliferation of Cytotoxic Natural Killer and Noncytotoxic T Cells in RCC (1991)

We investigated the immunological properties of interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), which were used for adoptive therapy of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (seven patients) by focusing on natural killer (NK) cells, and metastatic melanoma (six patients) by focusing on cytotoxic T lymphocytes. TIL from five of seven cases proliferated well in culture with AIM-V serum-free medium and 1000 U/ml rIL-2 in 3-L gas permeable bags, whereas TIL from two RCCs exhibited delayed proliferation. Proliferation of CD3-CD56+ NK cells with major histocompatibility complex-nonrestricted cytotoxicity in RCC-TIL (n = 6, mean = 651-fold, ranging from 39- to 3450-fold) for the first 2-4 weeks was 63 times higher than that of noncytotoxic CD3+ T cells (n = 6, 10.3-fold ranging from 0.8 to 35-fold). Thereafter, CD3+ T cells predominantly proliferated, and proliferation of CD3+ T cells (n = 5, 743-fold) for 5-6 weeks were 24 times higher than that of CD3-CD56+ NK cells (n = 5, 31-fold). Significant numbers of RCC-TIL became adherent to the surfaces of the bags several weeks after initiation of culture. These adherent TIL consisted of more CD3-CD56+ NK cells and exhibited higher cytotoxicity than did nonadherent TIL. Adherent RCC-TIL produced interferon (IFN)-gamma, while nonadherent TIL did not. These results suggest that initially cytotoxic CD3-CD56+ NK cells and, later, noncytotoxic CD3+ T cells proliferated in culture of RCC-TIL for adoptive therapy. These noncytotoxic TIL were primarily transferred to RCC patients, who also received cyclophosphamide, IL-2, and IFN-alpha. In contrast to RCC-TIL, IL-2-activated melanoma TIL consisting of all CD3+ T cells displayed modest levels of cytotoxicity, primarily restricted to autologous melanoma cells in all cases tested. The cytotoxic melanoma TIL were adoptively transferred to melanoma patients. Three of seven RCC patients responded to the adoptive therapy.