gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nutritional implications of the free-radical theory of aging. (1982)

Aging is the progressive accumulation of changes with time associated with and/or responsible for the ever-increasing susceptibility to disease and death. These time-related changes are attributed to the aging process. This process may be due in part to free radical reactions, largely those involving oxygen, going on continuously throughout the cells and tissues. Dietary manipulations expected to lower the rate of production of free-radical reaction damage have been shown to 1) increase the life span of mice, rats, fruit flies, nematodes, and rotifers, as well as the life span of neurospora, 2) inhibit development of some forms of cancer, 3) enhance humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and 4) slow development of amyloidosis and the autoimmune disorders of NZB mice. Free-radical reactions may also play a significant role in the deterioration of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems with age. It is reasonable to expect, on the basis of present data, that the healthy life span can be increased by five or more years by keeping body weight down, at a level compatible with a sense of well-being, while ingesting diets adequate in essential nutrients but designed to minimize random free-radical reactions in the body.
<i>Candida albicans</i> Lacking the Gene Encoding the Regulatory Subunit of Protein Kinase A Displays a Defect in Hyphal Formation and an Altered Localization of the Catalytic Subunit (2004)

The fungal pathogen Candida albicans switches from a yeast-like to a filamentous mode of growth in response to a variety of environmental conditions. We examined the morphogenetic behavior of C. albicans yeast cells lacking the BCY1 gene, which encodes the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A. We cloned the BCY1 gene and generated a bcy1 tpk2 double mutant strain because a homozygous bcy1 mutant in a wild-type genetic background could not be obtained. In the bcy1 tpk2 mutant, protein kinase A activity (due to the presence of the TPK1 gene) was cyclic AMP independent, indicating that the cells harbored an unregulated phosphotransferase activity. This mutant has constitutive protein kinase A activity and displayed a defective germinative phenotype in N-acetylglucosamine and in serum-containing medium. The subcellular localization of a Tpk1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was examined in wild-type, tpk2 null, and bcy1 tpk2 double mutant strains. The fusion protein was observed to be predominantly nuclear in wild-type and tpk2 strains. This was not the case in the bcy1 tpk2 double mutant, where it appeared dispersed throughout the cell. Coimmunoprecipitation of Bcy1p with the Tpk1-GFP fusion protein demonstrated the interaction of these proteins inside the cell. These results suggest that one of the roles of Bcy1p is to tether the protein kinase A catalytic subunit to the nucleus.
Mechanism for Light Emission in GaNAs/GaAs Structures Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1999)

A detailed photoluminescence (PL) study reveals that the low-temperature PL emission in GaNAs epilayers and GaAs/GaNxAs1—x quantum well structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy is governed by recombination of localized excitons. This conclusion is based on the analysis of the PL lineshape, its dependence on the excitation power and measurement temperature, as well as PL transient data. The depth of the localization potential is estimated as about 60 meV, varying slightly among the different structures.
Direct concentration of circulating DNA by using a nanostructured tip (2008)

Nucleic acids circulating in body fluids are drawing great attention due to their potential use for disease diagnostics and prognostics. Current detection methods have yet to demonstrate the capability to selectively detect the low abundance nucleic acids. The challenge lies in the separation of circulating DNA from the genomic DNA in normal cells. Here we present an approach employing a nano-structured tip, which directly concentrates nucleic acids to the tip from a sample solution. The high aspect ratio tip is able to collect nucleic acid molecules out of a buffer solution by using dielectrophoretic (DEP) and surface tension force. The DEP force attracts DNA and other biomolecules in the vicinity of a nanotip from the sample solution. Among the attracted molecules, circulating nucleic acids whose dimensions are much smaller than the nanotip diameter are selectively captured to the tip while other bioparticles comparable to or larger than the tip diameter remain in the solution due to surface tension induced force. The concentrated DNA molecules are characterized by SEM, X-ray, and fluorescent microscopy, which demonstrate DNA capturing out of a sample solution having a 1pg/mL DNA concentration. The nanotip-based capturing method will facilitate rapid, but highly sensitive detection of circulating DNA directly from minimally treated- or raw samples.
Mechanical Failure Mode Causes of In-Wheel Motors (2015)

The presented survey includes a comprehensive overview of mechanical failure mode causes for direct driven electric in-wheel motors. As electric vehicles evolve and develop, in-wheel motor driven vehicles gain acknowledgement, more and more papers are published in order to show individual design challenges and overcoming solutions for failure causes and effects. Obtainable literature is mainly concerned with integral electrical failure modes, neglecting structural causes and effects which in some cases interact. The presented paper inspects the most likely potential mechanical causes of failure modes for in-wheel motors and shows related paper's results for comparison and reference. As several mechanical and electromagnetic layouts and construction topologies exist, only the most promising and generally used one has been studied within this work in order to emphasize sensible directions of further development. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) has been made with severity rating which present mechanical failure potential for permanent magnet synchronous motors intended for in-wheel motor application.
The subunit structure of the follitropin receptor. Chemical cross-linking of the solubilized follitropin-receptor complex. (1985)

Homobifunctional cross-linkers were utilized to characterize high affinity (Ka = 2.2 X 10(-10) M-1) follitropin (FSH) receptors in immature bovine testis. Following the formation of radioiodinated human FSH (125I-hFSH)-receptor complexes, the membranes were solubilized with Triton X-100 or beta-octyl glucoside and the supernatants from ultracentrifugation (220,000 X g) subjected to gel filtration (Sephadex G-200) to separate the labeled hormone-receptor complexes from the unbound 125I-hFSH. The appearance of a high molecular weight (greater than or equal to 200,000) radioactive component in the elution profile was abolished when an excess of unlabeled hFSH was included in the initial incubation. After concentration by ultrafiltration, the 125I-hFSH-receptor complex, as well as the free hormone, was treated with a variety of chemical cross-linkers and subjected to analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Bands of Mr = 65,000 and 83,000 observed in the autoradiograph of the hormone-receptor complex was not present in autoradiographs of free 125I-hFSH, nor were they present when an excess of unlabeled hFSH was included in the initial binding incubation mixtures. The 65,000 and 83,000 Mr bands were, therefore, considered to represent cross-linked complexes of labeled hFSH (Mr = 38,000) or its subunits (hFSH alpha, Mr = 16,000; hFSH beta, Mr = 21,000) and components of the FSH receptor. The bands were observed on autoradiographs when the extraction of the membranes was performed with either Triton X-100 or beta-octyl glucoside and when cross-linking was accomplished with disuccinimidyl suberate, ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate), or bis[2-(succinimido oxycarbonyl)oxyethyl]sulfone. The Mr of the native FSH receptor in the calf testis has been estimated at 146,000. Our studies demonstrate the multimeric nature of the FSH receptor. However, FSH is also composed of subunits, so that due to the complexity of the system, it was not possible to arrive at a precise assessment of the Mr or quaternary structure of the receptor subunits.
Determination of Lithology from Well Logs Using a Neural Network (1) (1992)

We have developed a computer program to automatically determine lithologies from well logs using a back-propagation neural network. Unlike a conventional serial computer, a neural network is a computational system composed of nodes (sometimes called neurons, neurodes, or units) and the connections between these nodes. Neural computing attempts to emulate the functions of the mammalian brain, thus mimicking thought processes. The neural network approach differs from previous pattern recognition methods in its ability to learn from examples. Unlike conventional statistical methods, this new approach does not require sophisticated mathematics and a large amount of statistical data. This paper discusses the application of neural networks to a pattern recognition problem in eology: the determination of lithology from well logs. The neural network determined the lithologies (limestone, dolomite, sandstone, shale, sandy and dolomitic limestones, sandy dolomite, and shale sandstone) from selected well logs in a fraction of the time required by an experienced human log analyst.
Dampace: Design of an Exoskeleton for Force-Coordination Training in Upper-Extremity Rehabilitation (2009)

The Dampace exoskeleton combines functional exercises resembling activities of daily living with impairment-targeted force-coordination training. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the Dampace. In the design, the joint rotations are decoupled from the joint translations; the robot axes align themselves to the anatomical axes, overcoming some of the traditional difficulties of exoskeletons. Setup times are reduced to mere minutes and static reaction forces are kept to a minimum. The Dampace uses hydraulic disk brakes, which can resist rotations with up to 50 N m and have a torque bandwidth of 10 Hz for multisine torques of 20 N m. The brakes provide passive control over the movement; the patients’ movements can be selectively resisted, but active movement assistance is impossible and virtual environments are restricted. However, passive actuators are inherently safe and force active patient participation. In conclusion, the Dampace is well suited to offer force-coordination training with functional exercises.
P(═O)H to P–OH Tautomerism: A Theoretical and Experimental Study (2015)

Phosphinylidene compounds R(1)R(2)P(O)H are important functionalities in organophosphorus chemistry and display prototropic tautomerism. Quantifying the tautomerization rate is paramount to understanding these compounds' tautomerization behavior, which may impact their reactivities in various reactions. We report a combined theoretical and experimental study of the initial tautomerization rate of a range of phosphinylidene compounds. Initial tautomerization rates are found to decrease in the order H3PO2 > Ph2P(O)H > (PhO)2P(O)H > PhP(O) (OAlk)H > AlkP(O)(OAlk)H ≈ (AlkO)2P(O)H, where "Alk" denotes an alkyl substituent. The combination of computational investigations with experimental validation establishes a quantitative measure for the reactivity of various phosphorus compounds, as well as an accurate predictive tool.
A 3.2fJ/c.-s. 0.35V 10b 100KS/s SAR ADC in 90nm CMOS (2012)

A low-voltage energy-efficient SAR ADC is presented in this paper with four techniques. Arbitrary weight capacitor array tolerates errors to reduce conversion time. To operate under low voltage, DAC common mode level shift and leakage reduction sample switch with a charge pump are proposed. Differential control logic is used to save its digital power. The prototype ADC consumes 170nW at 100KS/s from a 0.35V supply. It achieves an SNDR of 56.3dB at Nyquist rate and its FOM is 3.2fJ/c.-s.
Contribution of DFIG-based wind farms to power system short-term frequency regulation (2006)

A control strategy that provides a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farm with the capability to provide short-term frequency regulation is investigated. The controller manipulates dynamically the position of the DFIG rotor flux vector to slow down the generator allowing for a temporary surge in the power output, which helps to reduce the frequency drop following the transient period after the loss of network generation. A generic network that combines synchronous and wind-farm generation has been modelled and used for control system design and dynamic assessment. Studies are conducted for the DFIG operating at different speed and power output conditions. Simulation results are described which illustrate the contributions to frequency support of DFIG-based wind farms controlled with the proposed strategy. Machine data and control parameters are provided.
Computer animated graphics as a teaching tool for the Anesthesia Machine Simulator (1989)

Amnesia is
On the production of an aqueous colloidal solution of fullerenes (1995)

The formation of a stable finely dispersed aqueous colloidal solution of fullerenes C60 and C70 with particle sizes ⩽0.22 µm is reported and hypotheses concerning the nature of the aqueous solutions are discussed.
Behavioral synthesis of highly testable data paths under the non-scan and partial scan environments (1993)

Behavioral synthesis tools which only optimize area and performance can easily produce a hard-to-test architecture. In this paper, we propose a new behavioral synthesis algorithm for testability which reduces sequential loop size while minimizing area. The algorithm considers two levels of testability synthesis: synthesis for non-scan, which assumes no test strategy beforehand; and synthesis for partial scan, which uses the available scan information during resource allocation. Experimental results show that in almost all the cases our algorithm can synthesize benchmarks with a very high fault coverage in a small amount of test generation time, using the fewest registers and functional modules. Comparisons are also made with other behavioral synthesis algorithms which disregard testability in order to establish the efficacy of our approach.
Pattern-based disambiguation for natural language processing (2000)

A wide range of natural language problems can be viewed as disambiguating between a small set of alternatives based upon the string context surrounding the ambiguity site. In this paper we demonstrate that classification accuracy can be improved by invoking a more descriptive feature set than what is typically used. We present a technique that disambiguates by learning regular expressions describing the string contexts in which the ambiguity sites appear.
Cost Effective Paper-Based Colorimetric Microfluidic Devices and Mobile Phone Camera Readers for the Classroom (2015)

We have developed a simple and direct method to fabricate paper-based microfluidic devices that can be used for a wide range of colorimetric assay applications. With these devices, assays can be performed within minutes to allow for quantitative colorimetric analysis by use of a widely accessible iPhone camera and an RGB color reader application (app) to measure color intensity. In the described laboratory experiment, students design and create their own microfluidic devices with common laboratory supplies such as Kimwipes, Parafilm, and a thermal laminator, and gain hands-on experience in the analysis of Fe2+ and Cu2+ by colorimetric determination.
Energy Efficiency of Massive MIMO: Coping with Daily Load Variation (2015)

Massive MIMO is a promising technique to meet the exponential growth of mobile traffic demand. However, contrary to the current systems, energy consumption of next generation networks is required to be load adaptive as the network load varies significantly throughout the day. In this paper, we propose a load adaptive multi-cell massive MIMO system where each base station (BS) adapts the number of antennas to the daily load profile (DLP) in order to maximize the downlink energy efficiency (EE). In order to incorporate the DLP, the load at each BS is modeled as an M/G/m/m state dependent queue under the assumption that the network is dimensioned to serve a maximum number of users at the peak load. The EE maximization problem is formulated in a game theoretic framework where the number of antennas to be used by a BS is determined through best response iteration. This load adaptive system achieves around 24% higher EE and saves around 40% energy compared to a baseline system where the BSs always run with the fixed number of antennas that is most energy efficient at the peak load and that can be switched off when there is no traffic.
Refining Word Embeddings for Sentiment Analysis (2017)

Word embeddings that can capture semantic and syntactic information from contexts have been extensively used for various natural language processing tasks. However, existing methods for learning contextbased word embeddings typically fail to capture sufficient sentiment information. This may result in words with similar vector representations having an opposite sentiment polarity (e.g., good and bad), thus degrading sentiment analysis performance. Therefore, this study proposes a word vector refinement model that can be applied to any pre-trained word vectors (e.g., Word2vec and GloVe). The refinement model is based on adjusting the vector representations of words such that they can be closer to both semantically and sentimentally similar words and further away from sentimentally dissimilar words. Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve conventional word embeddings and outperform previously proposed sentiment embeddings for both binary and fine-grained classification on Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST).
Vascular endothelial platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) expression is decreased by TNF-α and IFN-γ. Evidence for cytokine-induced destabilization of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts in bovine endothelial cells (1996)

Platelet endothelial cell-adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31) is constitutively expressed by vascular endothelium and concentrates at intercellular junctions. Regulation of PECAM-1 expression on endothelial cells may modulate leukocyte trafficking, angiogenesis, and vascular permeability. Given that cytokine activation induces profound alterations in endothelial phenotype, studies sought to determine whether cytokine treatment modulated PECAM-1 mRNA and protein content in macro- and microvascular endothelial cells. Northern blot analysis revealed expression of PECAM-1 mRNA transcripts in endothelial cells derived from bovine aorta, bovine glomeruli, and human umbilical vein under basal conditions. Treatment of endothelial cells with TNF-alpha and/or IFN-gamma led to dramatic decreases in steady-state levels of PECAM-1 mRNA transcripts. In contrast, reciprocal induction of ICAM-1 mRNA was evident. Actinomycin D chase experiments demonstrated that cytokines selectively destabilize PECAM-1 mRNA transcripts in bovine endothelial cells, decreasing the PECAM-1 mRNA transcript t1/2 from basal values of 15 +/- 2 h to 4 +/- 1 h in TNF-alpha- and IFN-gamma-treated cells (p < 0.005), an effect that appeared to be independent of new protein synthesis. Nuclear run-off analysis demonstrated no change in the rates of PECAM-1 gene transcription in response to cytokines treatment. Immunoblots and quantitative indirect immunofluorescence indicated decreased total cellular and cell-surface PECAM-1 protein expression following cytokine treatment. These findings provide evidence for cytokine-induced reciprocal regulation of transcripts of Ig-like adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium.
Delay minimal decomposition of multiplexers in technology mapping (1996)

Technology mapping requires the unmapped logic network to be represented in terms of base functions, usually two-input NORs and inverters. Technology decomposition is the step that transforms arbitrary networks to this form. Typically, such decomposition schemes ignore the fact that certain circuit elements can be mapped more eciently by treating them separately during decomposition. Multiplexers are one such category of circuit elements. They appear very naturally in circuits, in the form of datapath elements and as a result of synthesis of CASE statements in HDL specications of control logic. Mapping them using multiplexers in technology libraries has many advantages. In this paper, we give an algorithm for optimally decomposing multiplexers, so as to minimize the delay of the network, and demonstrate its eectiveness in improving the quality of mapped circuits.
Synopsis of Preterm Birth Genetic Association Studies: The Preterm Birth Genetics Knowledge Base (PTBGene) (2010)

After publishing this field synopsis, the PTBGene database will be regularly updated to keep track of the evolving evidence base of genetic factors in preterm birth with the goal of promoting knowledge sharing and multicenter collaboration among preterm birth research groups.
The Impact of Surfactant Imbibition and Adsorption for Improving Oil Recovery in the Wolfcamp and Eagle Ford Reservoirs (2018)

Summary Improving oil recovery from unconventional liquid reservoirs (ULRs) is a major challenge, and knowledge of recovery mechanisms and the interaction of completion-fluid additives with the rock is fundamental in tackling the problem. Fracture-treatment performance and consequent oil recovery can be improved by adding surfactants to stimulation fluids to promote imbibition by wettability alteration and moderate interfacial-tension (IFT) reduction. Also, the extent of surfactant adsorption on the ULR surface during the imbibition of completion fluids is a key factor to consider when designing fracture jobs. The experimental and modeling work presented in this paper focuses on the effectiveness of surfactant additives for improving oil recovery in Wolfcamp and Eagle Ford reservoirs, as well as the extent of surfactant loss by adsorption during the imbibition of surfactant-laden completion fluid. Original rock wettability is determined by contact angle (CA) and zeta potential. Then, distinct types of surfactants—anionic, anionic/nonionic, and cationic—are evaluated to gauge their effectiveness in altering wettability and IFT. Moreover, surfactant-adsorption measurements are performed using ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy. Next, the potential for improving oil recovery using surfactant additives in ultralow-permeability Wolfcamp and Eagle Ford shale cores is investigated by spontaneous-imbibition experiments, and computed-tomography (CT) methods are used to determine fluid imbibition in real time. Finally, laboratory data are used in numerical simulations to model laboratory results and to upscale these findings to field scale. The results showed that aqueous solutions with surfactants altered rock wettability from oil-wet and intermediate-wet to water-wet and reduced IFT to moderately low values. In addition, cationic surfactant presented the highest adsorption capacity following a Langmuir-type adsorption profile. Spontaneous-imbibition results showed that aqueous solutions with surfactants had higher imbibition, and were better at recovering oil from shale core compared with water without surfactants, which agrees qualitatively with wettability and IFT alteration. However, rock lithology and surfactant type played a key role in adsorption capacity and oil recovery. Our upscaling result showed that, compared with a well that is not treated with surfactant, a 24% increase in the initial peak oil rate and an 8% increase in the 3-year cumulative oil production were observed. For the results obtained, we can conclude that the addition of surfactants to completion fluids can improve oil recovery by wettability alteration and IFT reduction, maximizing well performance after stimulation from Wolfcamp and Eagle Ford unconventional reservoirs.