gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The mathematics of piano tuning (1989)

It is a well-known fact that piano strings vibrate inharmonically—the partials actually run sharp by amounts that vary from piano to piano and from note to note on any one piano. This affects the tuning significantly, and it is correct to say that no two pianos should be tuned exactly alike. This paper presents a mathematical solution to the problem of tuning such instruments for typical classes of inharmonicity versus note-number curves, the most important case being a straight-line logarithmic increase of about 3:1 per octave. Equal temperament is literally impossible in this case, and if one forces it with an electronic tuning, the instrument sounds very unmusical. The octave is no longer exactly 2:1, and must be redefined to allow for different types of octave partial matching. More general definitions of equal temperature and octaves lead to a tuning solution in the form of a difference equation. Although no two octaves or even semitones are exactly the same width, they are consistently wide by an amount that grows wider as the inharmonicity rises. Comparison with pianos tuned aurally shows that fine piano tuners have been solving this equation subconsciously for centuries.
eX-CELP: a speech coding paradigm (2002)

This paper presents the core technology of novel enhancements to achieve toll quality at 4 kbps, our experiments and test results traditional CELP coding, coined eXtended CELP (eX-CELP). It is showed that this technology is also successful and suitable for centered on a combined and selective usage of closed-loop/open-both high and medium bit rates. Fig. I and Fig.2 illustrate the basic loop approach, and variant algorithm structure concept. The above structure of the eX-CELP encoder and decoder. two concepts are complemented by new features and refined One of the main themes of the eX-CELP technology is the existing technologies. The eX-CELP paradigm was used in judicious combination of the closed-loop approach and the open-several speech coding systems. It is the core technology of the loop approach, together with a careful selective usage of them. recently chosen candidate for the 3G-CDMA speech codec This mechanism is coined COLA, and its main objective is to standard. It was the best candidate for ITU-T 4 kbps codec intelligently employ the most appropriate approach for different qualification test, and became the basis technology for a types of input signals in order to preserve the perceptually consortium candidate to the ITU-T 4 kbps speech coding important contents. Another important feature in the eX-CELP competition.
A new unified scheme for controlled power system separation using synchronized phasor measurements (2012)

Controlled power system separation, which separates the transmission system into islands in a controlled manner, is considered the final resort against a blackout under severe disturbances, e.g. cascading events. Three critical problems of controlled separation are where and when to separate and what to do after separation, which are rarely studied together. They are addressed in this paper by a proposed unified controlled separation scheme based on synchrophasors. The scheme decouples the three problems by partitioning them into sub-problems handled strategically in three time stages: the Offline Analysis stage determines elementary generator groups, optimizes potential separation points in between and designs post-separation control strategies; the Online Monitoring stage predicts separation boundaries by modal analysis on synchrophasor data; the Real-time Control stage calculates a synchrophasor-based separation risk index for each boundary to predict the time to perform separation. The proposed scheme is demonstrated on a 179-bus power system by case studies.
<title>On-line dosimetry for photodynamic therapy: part I--incident irradiance versus space irradiance for human skin</title> (1996)

One of the key components of photodynamic therapy dosimetry studies is the actual light dose delivered to the tissue at a targeted, therapeutic depth. The light dose delivered to the tissue is dependent upon the incident irradiance at the initial point of light application as well as the tissue optical properties. Since the parameters defining the light and therapeutic dose may vary between subjects and treatment sites as well as during treatment, it is advantageous to monitor the dosimetry during photodynamic therapy. The objective of this work is to develop methodologies and systems to enable on-line dosimetry. This initial study examines the relationship between incident irradiance and space irradiance for cutaneous areas in various humans. Space irradiance levels (mW/cm<SUP>2</SUP>) were measured on the skin surface of 30 subjects using isotropic fiber optic probes (0.8 mm) and were compared to incident irradiance levels. Space irradiance values were obtained from various anatomical locations on each subject during surface illumination (664 plus or minus 7 nm) using an incident irradiance of 100 mW/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. The results demonstrate ratios of space irradiance: incident irradiance from 1.49 to 2.35 for all cutaneous areas. Abnormal skin features, such as scars, birthmarks, moles, freckles, etc., on the arm demonstrated ratios ranging from 1.58 to 1.84. Variances observed within and between subjects demonstrate the need for accurate dosimetry monitoring during therapy. A larger study is planned to fully characterize space irradiance variations in normal skin as well as cutaneous lesions in additional subjects.
MALDI MS In-Source Decay of Glycans Using a Glutathione-Capped Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Matrix (2014)

A new matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry matrix is proposed for molecular mass and structural determination of glycans. This matrix contains an iron oxide nanoparticle (NP) core with gluthathione (GSH) molecules covalently bound to the surface. As demonstrated for the monosaccharide glucose and several larger glycans, the mass spectra exhibit good analyte ion intensities and signal-to-noise ratios, as well as an exceptionally clean background in the low mass-to-charge (m/z) region. In addition, abundant in-source decay (ISD) occurs when the laser power is increased above the ionization threshold; this indicates that the matrix provides strong energy transfer to the sample. For five model glycans, ISD produced extensive glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages in the positive ion mode from singly charged precursor ions with bound sodium ions. Linear, branched, and cyclic glycans were employed, and all were found to undergo abundant fragmentation by ISD. (18)O labeling was used to clarify m/z assignment ambiguities and showed that the majority of the fragmentation originates from the nonreducing ends of the glycans. Studies with a peracetylated glycan indicated that abundant ISD fragmentation occurs even in the absence of hydroxyl groups. The ISD product ions generated using this new matrix should prove useful in the sequencing of glycans.
Bearing Fault Detection in Adjustable Speed Drives via a Support Vector Machine with Feature Selection using a Genetic Algorithm (2008)

This paper presents a novel method to detect bearing defects in adjustable speed drives (ASD's). The harmonics in pulse-width-modulation (PWM) input voltage waveforms and EMI noise in ASD systems make bearing fault detection more difficult. The proposed method accomplishes bearing fault detection in ASD's by combining motor current signature analysis (MCSA), wavelet packet decomposition (WPD), a genetic algorithm (GA), and a support vector machine (SVM). The SVM in conjunction with the GA is applied to the rms values of the wavelet packet coefficients to obtain significant wavelet packet nodes which produce optimal classifiers for classifying both healthy and defective bearings in ASD systems.
Gratings for Increasing Solid-State Laser Gain and Efficiency (2010)

We introduce new concepts for increasing the efficiency of solid state lasers by using gratings deposited on laser slabs or disks. The gratings improve efficiency in two ways: (1) by coupling out of the slab deleterious amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and (2) by increasing the absorption efficiency of pump light. The gratings also serve as antireflective coatings for the extracting laser beam. To evaluate the potential for such coatings to improve laser performance, we calculated optical properties of a 2500 groove/mm, tantala-silica grating on a 1cm x 4cm x 8cm titanium-doped sapphire slab and performed ray-trace calculations for ASE and pump light. Our calculations show substantial improvements in efficiency due to grating ASE-coupling properties. For example, the gratings reduce pump energy required to produce a 0.6/cm gain coefficient by 9%, 20% and 35% for pump pulse durations of 0.5 {micro}s, 1{micro}s and 3{micro}s, respectively. Gratings also increase 532-nm pump-light absorption efficiency, particularly when the product slab overall absorption is small. For example, when the single-pass absorption is 1 neper, absorption efficiency increases from 66%, without gratings, to 86%, when gratings are used.
Multi-Party Audio Conferencing Based on a Simpler MCU and Client-Side ECHO Cancellation (2007)

Traditional multiparty audio conferencing uses a star-shaped topology where all the clients connect to a central MCU (multipoint control unit). The MCU mixes the signals from the speakers, encodes it, and sends back the encoded signal to each client. To prevent the speakers from hearing their own voices, the MCU has to produce and encode a different mixed signal for each speaker. As a result, the CPU load on the MCU increases proportionally to the number of speakers in the conference. In this paper, we introduce a new conferencing architecture, where the MCU produces a single encoded signal sum of all received signals and each client is responsible for removing its own signal if necessary. This architecture can substantially reduce CPU load on the MCU. The major challenge, however, is that the client's original speech is non-linearly distorted by the MCU encoding process. Simply subtracting the original speech from the mixed signal would produce an echo-like distortion. We solve that problem using a novel algorithm which completely removes the echo with minimal artifacts. Mean opinion score (MOS) results imply that the proposed algorithm works well, making the proposed multiparty audio conferencing architecture promising.
cDNA Cloning of an Aspartic Proteinase Secreted by <i>Candida albicans</i> (1992)

cDNA of an aspartic proteinase secreted by Candida albicans No. 114 was isolated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primary structure of the enzyme was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA and compared with the structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteinase A and vacuolar aspartyl proteinase of C. albicans. The mature aspartic proteinase consisted of 341 amino acid residues, and was 17.6 and 15.3% identical with the proteinase A and the aspartyl proteinase, respectively. Two active aspartic acid sites and the amino acids near those sites were conserved in the aspartic proteinase. We also showed that there is another gene of aspartic proteinase than that of strain ATCC10231 reported by Hube et al (J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 29 (1991)) in the same C. albicans genome, both in that strain and in No. 114.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Fullerenes C<sub>60</sub>and C<sub>70</sub>from Carbon Soot (1993)

Abstract A new branch of organic chemistry has begun to emerge following the development of a carbon-arc electric discharge process by Krätschmer et al. which produced a carbon soot containing a series of caged buckminsterfullerene C60, C70, and higher homologues. While these compounds are normally recovered either by sublimation in an inert atmosphere or by extraction with benzene, toluene, or a higher boiling aromatic, enhanced selectivity can be achieved by operating at supercritical conditions. The ability of supercritical fluid solvents to fractionate the extractable material of the carbon soot by pressure and/or temperature tuning of the solvent power appears to be possible due to the significant molecular weight and size difference between C60 and C70 which yield different threshold solubility densities. While CO2 is unable to extract any fullerenes, selective extraction of C60 is obtained when using a nonaromatic modifier such as cyclopentane. Quantitative recoveries are achieved by employing moderate concentrations of an aromatic solvent modifier such as toluene at pressures imparting solvent densities greater than 0.8 g/cm3.
Fuel governor augmented control of recompression HCCI combustion during large load transients (2012)

A control strategy designed to track desired combustion phasing for a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine during large load transitions is presented in this work. Three inputs are controlled, namely valve timings, fuel injection amount and fuel injection timing. The valve and fuel injection timings are manipulated to track combustion phasing using a mid-ranging control strategy. A fuel governor is then added on to the compensated system to modify the fuel injection amount by enforcing pointwise-in-time actuator constraints. The fuel governor is shown to improve the transient response of combustion phasing and load during large load transitions, when the possibility of future constraint violations exists. The use of the fuel governor during large load reductions can prevent engine misfire. Moreover, the fuel governor strategy simplifies the overall controller design by decoupling the phasing controller from the constraint enforcing mechanism. System complexity is reduced by approximating the nonlinear fuel governor as a set of linear algebraic expressions. This is solved with very little computational overhead and without incurring a significant loss in performance, as presented in simulations.
Inorganic composite membrane containing molecular-sieve crystals (1993)

Abstract of NL 9101148 (A) The present invention relates to an inorganic composite membrane which contains molecular-sieve crystals and comprises a porous support, more particularly a support converted into the form of a membrane module, on which molecular-sieve crystals are disposed which have been obtained by a reaction of a precursor of said crystals, which has been applied to the surface of the support.
Dynamic visualization of transient data streams (2003)

We introduce two dynamic visualization techniques using multidimensional scaling to analyze transient data streams such as newswires and remote sensing imagery. While the time-sensitive nature of these data streams requires immediate attention in many applications, the unpredictable and unbounded characteristics of this information can potentially overwhelm many scaling algorithms that require a full re-computation for every update. We present an adaptive visualization technique based on data stratification to ingest stream information adaptively when influx rate exceeds processing rate. We also describe an incremental visualization technique based on data fusion to project new information directly onto a visualization subspace spanned by the singular vectors of the previously processed neighboring data. The ultimate goal is to leverage the value of legacy and new information and minimize re-processing of the entire dataset in full resolution. We demonstrate these dynamic visualization results using a newswire corpus and a remote sensing imagery sequence.
Method and apparatus for producing laser radiation following tow-photon excitation of a gaseous medium. [Patent application] (1977)

A method and apparatus for producing laser radiation by two-photon optical pumping of an atomic or molecular gaseous medium and subsequent lasing action are described. A population inversion is created as a result of two-photon absorption of the gaseous species. Stark tuning is utilized, if necessary, in order to tune the two-photon transition into exact resonance. In particular, gaseous ammonia (NH/sub 3/) or methyl fluoride (CH/sub 3/F) is optically pumped by a pair of CO/sub 2/ lasers to create a population inversion resulting from simultaneous two-photon excitation of a high-lying vibrational state, and laser radiation is produced by stimulated emission of coherent radiation from the inverted level.
Sectjunction: Wi-Fi indoor localization based on junction of signal sectors (2014)

In Wi-Fi fingerprint localization, a target sends its measured Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of access points (APs) to a server for its position estimation. Traditionally, the server estimates the target position by matching the RSSI with the fingerprints stored in database. Due to signal measurement uncertainty, this matching process often leads to a geographically dispersed set of reference points, resulting in unsatisfactory estimation accuracy. We propose a novel, efficient and highly accurate localization scheme termed Sectjunction which does not lead to a dispersed set of neighbors. For each selected AP, Sectjunction sectorizes its coverage area according to discrete signal levels, hence achieving robustness against measurement uncertainty. Based on the received AP RSSI, the target can then be mapped to the sector where it is likely to be. To further enhance its computational efficiency, Sectjunction partitions the site into multiple area clusters to narrow the search space. Through convex optimization, the target is localized based on the cluster and the junction of the sectors it is within. We have implemented Sectjunction, and our extensive experiments show that it significantly outperforms recent schemes with much lower estimation error.
Block Copolymerizations of Vinyl Acetate by Combination of Conventional and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (1999)

Four different methods of block copolymerization, combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and conventional radical polymerization, were studied. The first two methods employed azo compounds containing activated halogen atoms. 2,2'-Azobis[2-methyl-N-(2-(4-chloromethylbenzoyloxy)ethyl)propionamide] (AMCBP) was used to initiate the polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) at 90 °C. The resulting pVAc with a Cl terminal group (Mn = 47 900; Mw/Mn = 2.21) was subsequently used as a macroinitiator for styrene (St) to yield pVAc-b-pSt (Mn = 91 600; Mw/Mn = 1.80). In the second method, 2,2'-azobis[2-methyl-N-(2-(2-bromoisobutyryloxy)ethyl)propionamide] (AMBEP) was first used to polymerize n-butyl acrylate (BA) at 30 °C in the presence of CuBr/tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6-TREN). The pBA (Mn = 7500; Mw/Mn = 1.15) with the preserved central azo unit was dissolved in VAc and extended to a block copolymer (Mn = 41 800; Mw/Mn = 3.56). Alternatively, ATRP has been combined with a redox initiated system. VAc was polymerized in the presence of CCl4/Fe(OAc)2/N,N,N',N' ',N' '-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) to yield pVAc with trichloromethyl end groups (Mn = 3600; Mw/Mn = 1.81). The polymer obtained was dissolved in styrene and block copolymerized by ATRP to form pVAc-b-pSt (Mn = 24 300; Mw/Mn = 1.42). In the last method, pBA with a bromine end group (Mn = 2460; Mw/Mn = 1.32) as prepared by ATRP was dissolved in VAc together with CuBr/1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (Me4-cyclam) to initiate VAc polymerization. A block copolymer with Mn = 4450 and Mw/Mn = 2.58 was prepared. In the presence of 20 mol % of CuBr2, the polydispersity was further reduced to 1.73.
Detection Timing and Channel Selection for Periodic Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio (2008)

In this paper, detection timing and channel selection for periodic spectrum sensing are investigated to improve the performance of cognitive radio (CR) users. Designed to maximize the channel efficiency of CR users under a given level of interference with licensed users, the detection timing scheme utilizes the statistics of the licensed channel occupancy to determine the optimal starting point of each sensing action. A channel selection scheme in the multichannel multiuser environment is also proposed to specify which channel to detect for the upcoming sensing action based on detection timing. Numerical results demonstrate that our schemes considerably improve the overall channel efficiency while protecting the communication among licensed users.
Accurate Loss and Surface Mode Modeling in Fabricated Hollow-Core Photonic Bandgap Fibers (2014)

We present a method to reconstruct the cross-sectional profile of fabricated hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers from SEM images. For the first time, numerical simulations show a good agreement with measured loss and surface mode position.
Self-interference cancellation with phase noise induced ICI suppression for full-duplex systems (2013)

One of the main bottlenecks in practical full-duplex systems is the oscillator phase noise, which bounds the possible cancellable self-interference power. In this paper, a digital-domain self-interference cancellation scheme for full-duplex orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems is proposed. The proposed scheme increases the amount of cancellable self-interference power by suppressing the effect of both transmitter and receiver oscillator phase noise. The proposed scheme consists of two main phases, an estimation phase and a cancellation phase. In the estimation phase, the minimum mean square error estimator is used to jointly estimate the transmitter and receiver phase noise associated with the incoming self-interference signal. In the cancellation phase, the estimated phase noise is used to suppress the intercarrier interference caused by the phase noise associated with the incoming self-interference signal. The performance of the proposed scheme is numerically investigated under different operating conditions. It is demonstrated that the proposed scheme could achieve up to 9 dB more self-interference cancellation than the existing digital-domain cancellation schemes that ignore the intercarrier interference suppression.
Seeking an Optimal Approach for Computer-Aided Pulmonary Embolism Detection (2021)

Pulmonary embolism (PE) represents a thrombus ("blood clot"), usually originating from a lower extremity vein, that travels to the blood vessels in the lung, causing vascular obstruction and in some patients, death. This disorder is commonly diagnosed using CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Deep learning holds great promise for the computer-aided CTPA diagnosis (CAD) of PE. However, numerous competing methods for a given task in the deep learning literature exist, causing great confusion regarding the development of a CAD PE system. To address this confusion, we present a comprehensive analysis of competing deep learning methods applicable to PE diagnosis using CTPA at the both image and exam levels. At the image level, we compare convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with vision transformers, and contrast self-supervised learning (SSL) with supervised learning, followed by an evaluation of transfer learning compared with training from scratch. At the exam level, we focus on comparing conventional classification (CC) with multiple instance learning (MIL). Our extensive experiments consistently show: (1) transfer learning consistently boosts performance despite differences between natural images and CT scans, (2) transfer learning with SSL surpasses its supervised counterparts; (3) CNNs outperform vision transformers, which otherwise show satisfactory performance; and (4) CC is, surprisingly, superior to MIL. Compared with the state of the art, our optimal approach provides an AUC gain of 0.2\% and 1.05\% for image-level and exam-level, respectively.