gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Natural variation of cervical range of motion: a one-way repeated-measures design. (1998)

In asymptomatic subjects, the individual natural variation is quite large for active and passive cervical flexion/extension, lateral flexion and rotation. When measuring individual patients, one should allow for a natural variation of 12-20 degrees.
Nuclear factor-kappaB mediates angiogenesis and metastasis of human bladder cancer through the regulation of interleukin-8. (2003)

These results suggest that TCCs of the bladder have heterogenic responses to physicochemical changes in the microenvironment and identify NF-kappaB as a potential molecular target for therapy.
POLLER SCREWS (2000)

Director of Trauma Services; Alfred Hospital; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Krettek) University of California at San Francisco; San Francisco General Hospital; San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (Miclau)
Enzymatic Processing of Uracil Glycol, a Major Oxidative Product of DNA Cytosine (1998)

A major stable oxidation product of DNA cytosine is uracil glycol (Ug). Because of the potential of Ug to be a strong premutagenic lesion, it is important to assess whether it is a blocking lesion to DNA polymerase as is its structural counterpart, thymine glycol (Tg), and to evaluate its pairing properties. Here, a series of oligonucleotides containing Ug or Tg were prepared and used as templates for a model enzyme, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment (exo-). During translesion DNA synthesis, Ug was bypassed more efficiently than Tg in all sequence contexts examined. Furthermore, only dAMP was incorporated opposite template Ug and Tg and the kinetic parameters of incorporation showed that dAMP was inserted opposite Ug more efficiently than opposite Tg. Ug opposite G and A was also recognized and removed in vitro by the E. coli DNA repair glycosylases, endonuclease III (endo III), endonuclease VIII (endo VIII), and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase. The steady state kinetic parameters indicated that Ug was a better substrate for endo III and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase than Tg; for endonuclease VIII, however, Tg was a better substrate.
Spectrum Management for Interference-Limited Multiuser Communication Systems (2009)

Consider a multiuser communication system in a frequency selective environment whereby users share a common spectrum and can interfere with each other. Assuming Gaussian signaling and no interference cancelation, we study optimal spectrum sharing strategies for the maximization of sum-rate under separate power constraints for individual users. Since the sum-rate function is nonconcave in terms of the users' power allocations, there can be multiple local maxima for the sum-rate maximization problem in general. In this paper, we show that, if the normalized crosstalk coefficients are larger than a given threshold (roughly equal to <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</i> ), then the optimal spectrum sharing strategy is frequency division multiple access (FDMA). In case of arbitrary positive crosstalk coefficients, if each user's power budget exceeds a given threshold, then FDMA is again sum-rate optimal, at least in a local sense. In addition, we show that the problem of finding the optimal FDMA spectrum allocation is NP-hard, implying that the general problem of maximizing sum-rate is also NP-hard, even in the case of two users. We also propose several simple distributed spectrum allocation algorithms that can approximately maximize sum-rates. Numerical results indicate that these algorithms are efficient and can achieve substantially larger sum-rates than the existing Iterative Waterfilling solutions, either in an interference-rich environment or when the users' power budgets are sufficiently high.
Study of PcaV from Streptomyces coelicolor yields new insights into ligand-responsive MarR family transcription factors (2013)

MarR family proteins constitute a group of >12 000 transcriptional regulators encoded in bacterial and archaeal genomes that control gene expression in metabolism, stress responses, virulence and multi-drug resistance. There is much interest in defining the molecular mechanism by which ligand binding attenuates the DNA-binding activities of these proteins. Here, we describe how PcaV, a MarR family regulator in Streptomyces coelicolor, controls transcription of genes encoding β-ketoadipate pathway enzymes through its interaction with the pathway substrate, protocatechuate. This transcriptional repressor is the only MarR protein known to regulate this essential pathway for aromatic catabolism. In in vitro assays, protocatechuate and other phenolic compounds disrupt the PcaV-DNA complex. We show that PcaV binds protocatechuate in a 1:1 stoichiometry with the highest affinity of any MarR family member. Moreover, we report structures of PcaV in its apo form and in complex with protocatechuate. We identify an arginine residue that is critical for ligand coordination and demonstrate that it is also required for binding DNA. We propose that interaction of ligand with this arginine residue dictates conformational changes that modulate DNA binding. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism by which ligands attenuate DNA binding in this large family of transcription factors.
Electroluminescent refrigeration by ultra-efficient GaAs light-emitting diodes (2018)

Electroluminescence—the conversion of electrons to photons in a light-emitting diode (LED)—can be used as a mechanism for refrigeration, provided that the LED has an exceptionally high quantum efficiency. We investigate the practical limits of present optoelectronic technology for cooling applications by optimizing a GaAs/GaInP double heterostructure LED. We develop a model of the design based on the physics of detailed balance and the methods of statistical ray optics, and predict an external luminescence efficiency of η<sub>ext</sub> = 97.7% at 263 K. To enhance the cooling coefficient of performance, we pair the refrigerated LED with a photovoltaic cell, which partially recovers the emitted optical energy as electricity. For applications near room temperature and moderate power densities (1.0–10 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>), we project that an electroluminescent refrigerator can operate with up to 1.7× the coefficient of performance of thermoelectric coolers with ZT = 1, using the material quality in existing GaAs devices. We also predict superior cooling efficiency for cryogenic applications relative to both thermoelectric and laser cooling. Large improvements to these results are possible with optoelectronic devices that asymptotically approach unity luminescence efficiency.
Mechanism of Absorption of Ultrasound in Liver Tissue (1971)

The dominant part of the acoustic absorption of liver tissue and its components results from macromolecular relaxation processes. The absorption has been investigated over the frequency range 1–10 MHz and the following results have been obtained: (1) About two-thirds of the total absorption arises at the macromolecular level, with the remainder caused by macroscopic structure. (2) The specific absorption of tissue macromolecules, as expressed in absorption per weight percent, varies considerably from one biopolymer to another. (3) The absorption is related to the structure of the biological macromolecule or its hydration and changes with heat denaturation and pH. (4) A similar frequency dependence results for all materials investigated. This dependence is to be expected if one assumes that the molecular processes of absorption are characterized by a broad spectrum of relaxational time constants and activation energies extending over a range of at least 1:7.
Liver injury in α1-antitrypsin deficiency: an aggregated protein induces mitochondrial injury (2002)

α1-Antitrypsin (α1AT), the archetype of the Serpin supergene family, is the principal blood-borne inhibitor of destructive neutrophil proteases including elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3 (reviewed in ref. 1). This glycoprotein, is secreted by liver cells and is considered an acute-phase reactant because its plasma levels increase during the host response to inflammation/tissue injury. The classical form of α1AT deficiency, which affects 1 in 1,800 live births in Northern European and North American populations, is associated with a mutant molecule termed α1ATZ, which is retained as a polymer in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver cells (reviewed in refs. 2, 3). Homozygotes are predisposed to premature development of pulmonary emphysema by a loss-of-function mechanism in which lack of α1AT in the lung permits uninhibited proteolytic damage to the connective tissue matrix (4, 5). Cigarette smoking markedly increases the risk and rate of development of emphysema (6). One mechanism for this environmental risk factor involves the functional inactivation of residual α1AT by phagocyte-derived active oxygen intermediates (4, 5). However, a growing body of evidence suggests that other environmental factors and genetic traits affect the incidence and severity of lung disease among α1AT-deficient individuals (7). It is still not entirely clear whether heterozygotes for α1ATZ are predisposed to lung disease.

Homozygotes for α1ATZ (“PIZZ” individuals) are also at risk for liver disease. In fact, α1AT deficiency is the most common genetic cause of liver disease in children (2, 3), and it predisposes adults to chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (8). However, in contrast to the pathobiology of lung disease, liver injury in this deficiency appears to involve a gain-of-function mechanism whereby retention of the mutant α1ATZ molecule in the ER triggers a series of events that are eventually hepatotoxic. The strongest evidence for a gain-of-function mechanism comes from studies in which mice transgenic for mutant human α1ATZ develop liver injury with many of the histopathologic hallmarks of the human condition (9, 10). Because there are normal levels of anti-elastases in these mice, as directed by endogenous genes, the liver injury cannot be attributed to a loss of function.

Landmark nationwide prospective screening studies done by Sveger in Sweden have documented an extraordinary variation in the phenotypic expression of liver disease among homozygotes. In these studies, only 10–15% of the PIZZ population developed clinically significant liver disease over the first 20 years of life (11, 12). These data indicate that other genetic traits and/or environmental factors predispose a subgroup of PIZZ individuals to liver injury. Because only a subgroup of homozygotes develop liver disease and because there is an inherent bias in ascertainment in other clinical studies of α1AT deficiency, it has been very difficult to determine whether heterozygous (“PIMZ”) individuals are at increased risk for liver disease.
The role of indium in the activation of aluminum alloy galvanic anodes (2015)

Despite six decades use of aluminum as a galvanic (sacrificial) anode, there remains a need for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms for enhancing its efficient performance in cathodic protection systems. A few mechanisms have been proposed for the role of indium in the activation of Al‐Zn‐In anodes and there appears to be no general agreement on whether this element plays its depassivating role by modifying the bulk microstructure of the anode, chemical composition of its surrounding electrolyte or directly through doping the structure of the passive oxide film. These mechanisms have been critically reviewed to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the role of indium in such applications. Moreover, the novel solidification processing called controlled diffusion solidification (CDS) has been introduced as an efficient way to surmount the poor castability of the anode alloy without any need for the addition of elements with detrimental effects on the electrochemical properties of the anode.
Preventing Poisoning Attacks On AI Based Threat Intelligence Systems (2019)

As AI systems become more ubiquitous, securing them becomes an emerging challenge. Over the years, with the surge in online social media use and the data available for analysis, AI systems have been built to extract, represent and use this information. The credibility of this information extracted from open sources, however, can often be questionable. Malicious or incorrect information can cause a loss of money, reputation, and resources; and in certain situations, pose a threat to human life. In this paper, we use an ensembled semi-supervised approach to determine the credibility of Reddit posts by estimating their reputation score to ensure the validity of information ingested by AI systems. We demonstrate our approach in the cybersecurity domain, where security analysts utilize these systems to determine possible threats by analyzing the data scattered on social media websites, forums, blogs, etc.
Automated Anomaly Detection in Large Sequences (2020)

Subsequence anomaly (or outlier) detection in long sequences is an important problem with applications in a wide range of domains. However, current approaches have severe limitations: they either require prior domain knowledge, or become cumbersome and expensive to use in situations with recurrent anomalies of the same type. In this work, we address these problems, and propose NorM, a novel approach, suitable for domain-agnostic anomaly detection. NorM is based on a new data series primitive, which permits to detect anomalies based on their (dis)similarity to a model that represents normal behavior. The experimental results on several real datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms by a large margin the current state-of-the art algorithms in terms of accuracy, while being orders of magnitude faster.
Itraconazole can inhibit malignant pleural effusion by suppressing lymphangiogenesis in mice. (2015)

The presence of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) indicates a poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Itraconazole has been identified as a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation that suppresses angiogenesis; however, its role in the suppression of lymphangiogenesis is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of itraconazole for MPE and the mechanism of lymphangiogenesis suppression.Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were injected into the mouse pleural cavity to establish the MPE mouse model, followed by randomization of the mice into three groups. Each mice was injected with either a high dose of itraconazole (25 mg/kg, H-ITCZ), a low dose of itraconazole (8 mg/kg, L-ITCZ), or 50 μL of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (130 mg/mL, H-β-C) into the pleural cavity four times every 3 days. The MPE of the mice was collected and measured with a 1 mL syringe. The vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression level in the MPE was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the VEGF-C expression and lymphatic micro vessel density (LMVD) in the tumor tissue was observed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining.The number of pleural tumor foci, the volume of pleural effusion, the LMVD and the VEGF-C expression levels in the tumor tissue were significantly reduced in the H-ITCZ-treated group.Our results revealed that itraconazole may play an important role in the MPE mice by suppressing lymphangiogenesis, which demonstrated the usefulness of itraconazole in the treatment of MPE.
Temperature and flow stress during the hot extrusion of steel (1974)

AbstractAbstractMild steel and type 316 stainless-steel billets have been extruded to bar through flat dies using glass lubrication, reheating temperatures of 1070°, 1170°, and 1280°C, and ram speeds of 25–240 mm/s. The low effective coefficient of friction (0·002–0·011) under these conditions leads to extrusion without formation of a dead-metal zone, and hence to a low redundant work/actor. Temperature losses to the atmosphere and to the container after upset of the billet have been measured and used to determine the mean temperature as afunction of ram travel. From the effect of mean temperature on the flow stress determined from torsion tests, extrusion pressure curves have been calculated to within ±5% of the observed curves.
Low-threshold disorder-defined buried heterostructure strained-layer Al<i>y</i>Ga1−<i>y</i>As-GaAs-In<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As quantum well lasers (λ∼910 nm) (1989)

The stability of strained-layer Aly Ga1−yAs-GaAs-InxGa1−x As single quantum well heterostructures against thermal processing is examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. A self-aligned impurity-induced layer disordering process employing Si-O diffusion is used to produce buried heterostructure stripe geometry lasers with a pseudomorphic InxGa1−x As quantum well active region. The 2-μm-wide stripe laser diodes exhibit high efficiency (η∼41%/facet), low threshold (Ith =7 mA), and high output power (Pout &gt;20 mW/facet).
Initial implementations of point-to-point Ethernet over SONET/SDH transport (2004)

There is considerable interest in using Ethernet over SONET/SDH (EoS) for Ethernet transport in a wide area network. EoS leverages the existing SONET/SDH infrastructure to provide efficient Ethernet transport with excellent OAM capabilities. In our initial evaluations and deployments of EoS, we have encountered some issues, as is common with any new technology. These issues include non-transparent transport of Ethernet information, lack of carrier-class performance monitoring and fault propagation, and non-standardized implementation of basic concepts. Vendors, service providers, and standards bodies should work together to resolve these remaining issues and thus bring forth the full potential of EoS.
Laminar and regional distributions of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease: a quantitative study of visual and auditory cortices (1987)

The number of Thioflavine S-positive neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and neuritic plaques (NP) was determined in visual and auditory cortical regions of 8 patients with Alzheimer's disease. On both a regional and laminar basis, NFT exhibited very distinctive and consistent distribution patterns. The mean (+/- SEM) number of NFT in a 250-micron-wide cortical traverse was very low in area 17, primary visual cortex (0.9 +/- 1.0), increased 20-fold in the immediately adjacent visual association cortex of area 18 (19.7 +/- 3.6), and showed a further doubling in area 20, the higher-order visual association cortex of the inferior temporal gyrus (35.5 +/- 8.8). Similar differences in NFT number were present between primary auditory (1.6 +/- 0.5) and auditory association (18.9 +/- 5.4) regions. On a laminar basis, NFT were predominantly present in layers III and V, although there were striking regional differences in the proportion of NFT in these 2 layers. Layer III contained 79% of the NFT in layers III and V in area 18, 41% in area 20, and only 27% in area 22. In contrast, NP showed different, and less specific, regional and laminar distribution patterns. Total NP number was similar in the 3 visual areas, although there were marked regional differences in the type of NP present. Nearly 80% of the NP in area 17 was of the NPc type (i.e., contained a dense, brightly fluorescent core), whereas over 70% of the NP in both areas 18 and 21 was of the NPnc type (i.e., lacked a dense, brightly fluorescent core). NP were present in every cortical layer but were most numerous in layers III and IV. The distinctive distribution patterns of NFT are very similar to the regional and laminar locations of long corticocortical projection neurons in homologous regions of monkey neocortex. This association suggests that NFT reside in the cell bodies of a subpopulation of pyramidal neurons, namely, those that furnish long corticocortical projections. In contrast, the distribution patterns of NP suggest that multiple neuronal systems contribute to their formation.
Process window aware layout optimization using hot spot fixing system (2007)

The feasibility of Hot Spot Fixing (HSF) system in DfM flow is studied and reported. Hot spot fixing using process simulation is indispensable under low-k1 lithography process for logic devices with advanced design rule (DR). Hot spot such as pinching, bridging, line-end shortening will occur, mainly depending on local pattern context. Proper calibration of DR, mask data preparation (MDP), resolution enhancement technique (RET) and optical proximity effect correction (OPC) will reduce potential hot spots. However, pattern layout variety is so enormous that, even with most careful calibration of every process, unexpected potential hot spots are occasionally left in the design layout 1-2. OPC optimization is useful for maximizing common process margin, but it cannot expand individual pattern's process margin without modification of design layout. So, at an early design stage, hot spot extraction using lithography compliance check (LCC) and manual modification of design at hot spots will be a simple and useful method. The problem is that, it is difficult to determine how to modify layout in order to be consistent with DR, MDP/OPC rule. For proper layout modification, intimate knowledge of the entire process would be necessary, and moreover, the modification work often tends to be iterative, and thus time-consuming. Therefore, using our automated HSF system in the cell design stage and also the chip design stage is helpful for fixing design layout while avoiding fatal hot spot occurrence, with enough process margin and also with short turnaround time (TAT) 3-4. The basic system flow in the developed system is as follows; LCC extracts potential hot spots, and the hot spots are categorized by lithography error mode, grade, and surrounding context. And then, hot spot modification instructor, taking the surrounding situation into consideration, generates modification guide for every hot spot. Design data is automatically modified according to the instruction at every hot spot, complying with the design rule. The design modification process is verified with design-rule checker (DRC) and process simulation to confirm hot spot elimination without side effect. In this work, HSF is implemented in the design flow for various logic devices of 65 nm node. We extend modification target layers to multiple critical layers, including active area, poly, local metal wire and intermediate metal wire. The feasibility of the provided HSF system has been studied by applying it to around one hundred data of various sizes with respect to pattern fixing rate and turn around time (TAT). Moreover, process margin expansion including depth of focus (DOF) and exposure latitude (EL), in small layout was verified using process simulation and also by experimental results, namely, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of focus exposure matrix. The detailed results are shown in the paper.
Chondrosarcoma: A Diagnostic Imager's Guide to Decision Making and Patient Management (2013)

Chondrosarcoma is the third most common primary malignant bone tumor. Currently, outcomes are based largely on a histologic grading scale described by the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Bone Tumors (2002). This classification scheme possesses evident utility in the evaluation and management of higher grade tumors, but it is often unable to distinguish enchondromas from low-grade chondrosarcomas. This is problematic when low-grade lesions that are histologically similar to enchondromas demonstrate aggressive imaging features. Because histologic classification alone often belies the clinical significance of chondroid lesions, it is also important to consider radiologic staging as part of the clinical decision making process. This article focuses on medical decision support considerations relevant when confronted with this challenging subset of chondroid tumors, particularly differentiating the benign enchondroma from its notorious relative, the low-grade chondrosarcoma. In doing so, we present a review of the salient imaging features and discuss key differentiating characteristics.