gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power and Money (2019)

Digital media are used in nearly every aspect of our lives today. How can their all-pervasive presence in society be accounted for? One approach is to treat this phenomenon as the aggregate result of different individuals making the same decision—people find digital technologies beneficial and convenient, and as more and more people embrace them, society becomes thoroughly digitized. However, the assumption that people voluntarily use these technologies because of their inherent utilitarian function is flawed; individuals also turn to them unwillingly because the external social environment renders the use of other alternatives unfeasible. Further, individuals are not necessarily aware of, or in favor of, how their digital activity is tracked and utilized. To explain the rise of digital media, and how it functions, this chapter draws on the concept of surveillance capitalism and shifts from an individualistic to a structural approach that shows how political and economic institutions engender and popularize digital technologies. This chapter shows that, the US state and corporations increasingly rely on mass personal data collected through digital technologies as a way to maintain power and generate profit; this is one key factor that leads to the digitization of society.
Supercoil-driven DNA structures regulate genetic transactions (2007)

DNA is a living molecule, writhing, twisting and bending in response to the physical forces applied to it by genetic processes. Twisting and untwisting of the double helix by powerful molecular motors generates, at least transiently, high levels of torques. Although under relaxed conditions the double helical B-form is the predominant conformation of DNA, in response to physical stress, B-DNA strains inhomogeneously, adopting a variety of alternative structures. These structures are the sites of genetic damage that increase the fragility of the genome, but they may also participate in physiological processes performing functions not achievable using conventional duplex. The dynamic response of DNA to supercoiling forces contributes to control of genes such as c-myc whose physiological levels must be precisely regulated.
The rapid imaging renaissance: sparser samples, denser dimensions, and glimmerings of a grand unified tomography (2015)

The task of imaging is to gather spatiotemporal information which can be organized into a coherent map. Tomographic imaging in particular involves the use of multiple projections, or other interactions of a probe (light, sound, etc.) with a body, in order to determine cross-sectional information. Though the probes and the corresponding imaging modalities may vary, and though the methodology of particular imaging approaches is in constant ferment, the conceptual underpinnings of tomographic imaging have in many ways remained fixed for many decades. Recent advances in applied mathematics, however, have begun to roil this intellectual landscape. The advent of compressed sensing, anticipated in various algorithms dating back many years but unleashed in full theoretical force in the last decade, has changed the way imagers have begun to think about data acquisition and image reconstruction. The power of incoherent sampling and sparsity-enforcing reconstruction has been demonstrated in various contexts and, when combined with other modern fast imaging techniques, has enabled unprecedented increases in imaging efficiency. Perhaps more importantly, however, such approaches have spurred a shift in perspective, prompting us to focus less on nominal data sufficiency than on information content. Beginning with examples from MRI, then proceeding through selected other modalities such as CT and PET, as well as multimodality combinations, this paper explores the potential of newly evolving acquisition and reconstruction paradigms to change the way we do imaging in the lab and in the clinic.
Low cost anti-soiling coatings for CSP collector mirrors and heliostats (2014)

Most concentrating solar power (CSP) facilities in the USA are located in the desert southwest where open land and sunshine are abundant, but airborne dust is prevalent. The accumulation of dust, sand and other natural pollutants on collector mirrors and heliostats presents a significant operational problem and M&O cost for the CSP facilities in this region. The optical performance of the CSP collectors is key to achieving low electricity costs, where a 1% decrease in reflectance directly leads to a 1% increase in the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) generated by these facilities. In this paper we describe the development of low cost, easy to apply anti-soiling coatings based on superhydrophobic (SH) functionalized nano silica materials and polymer binders that possess the key requirements necessary to inhibit particulate deposition on, and adhesion to, CSP mirror surfaces, and thereby significantly reducing mirror cleaning costs and facility downtime. The key requirements for these coatings are excellent optical clarity with minimal diffuse reflectance, and coating mechanical and exposure durability in harsh desert environments while maintaining SH and dirt shedding properties. The coatings developed to date have excellent SH properties with water contact angles >165° and rolling angles <5°. The solar weighted optical reflectance of the anti-soiling coating over the wavelength range 250 nm to 3μm is >99% that of uncoated mirror surfaces with coating diffuse reflectance being <1% over this wavelength range. Ongoing mechanical and accelerated solar UVA exposures also indicate these coatings will meet the required durability goals.
HRQoL, measured by the TACQOL, in a population of eight-year-old children with DS (n = 325), compared to the normative sample (NS, n = 519), arranged by gender; higher scores denote better HRQoL. (2015)

*<p>p<0.05,</p>**<p>p<0.01,</p>***<p>p<0.001.</p>1<p>Cohen's <i>d</i> effect size: <i>d</i><0.2 negligible; 0.2≤<i>d</i><0.5 small; 0.5≤<i>d</i><0.8 moderate; 0.8≤<i>d</i><1.3 large; <i>d</i>≥1.3 very large.</p><p>Abbreviations: HRQoL – Health-related quality of life, TACQOL – TNO-AZL Children's Quality of Life questionnaire, DS – Down syndrome, NS – Normative sample, SD – standard deviation.</p>
RNA-binding protein HuR enhances p53 translation in response to ultraviolet light irradiation (2003)

Exposure to short-wavelength UV light (UVC) strongly induces p53 expression. In human RKO colorectal carcinoma cells, this increase was not due to elevated p53 mRNA abundance, cytoplasmic export of p53 mRNA, or UVC-triggered stabilization of the p53 protein. Instead, p53 translation was potently enhanced after UVC irradiation. The 3' UTR of p53 was found to be a target of the RNA-binding protein HuR in a UVC-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. HuR-overexpressing RKO cells displayed elevated p53 levels, whereas cells expressing reduced HuR showed markedly diminished p53 abundance and p53 translation. Our results demonstrate a role for HuR in binding to the p53 mRNA and enhancing its translation.
The data warehouse toolkit: practical techniques for building dimensional data warehouses (1996)

This definitive guide succinctly explains how to build a data warehouse by using actual case studies of existing data warehouses developed for specific types of business applications such as retail, manufacturing, banking, insurance, subcriptions and airline reservations. Describes a powerful new model of data warehouse design, the dimensional data warehouse, that provides readers with the ability to quickly analyze complex information in order to make sound decisions. The accompanying CD-ROM includes a toolkit for building dimensional data warehouses and examples of all the databases discussed in the text.
T Cell Responses to Herpes Simplex Viruses in Humans (1991)

Much of the evidence that implicates cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the control of infections due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is circumstantial. However, the ease of induction of HSV-specific CTLs in vitro, the evidence from clinical observations in humans, and the protection afforded by adoptively transferred CTLs all tend to support an important role for CTLs in the resolution of HSV disease. One salient feature of the response of human CTLs to HSV that has emerged quite clearly is the presence of CD4+ T cells as a predominant killer cell phenotype. Given the importance of CD4+ T cells in mediating delayed type hypersensitivity responses and in clearing local infections on adoptive transfer, this T cell subset probably plays a critical role in the resolution of HSV recrudescent disease. Moreover, it is tempting to speculate that viral agents that impair the function of CD4+ T cells, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1, may predispose patients to severe local infections.
Strategies for seeking reusable components in Smalltalk (2002)

Although object oriented languages can help make software more reusable, class libraries can be difficult to use unless the programmer knows the library well. In particular, it can be hard to find and understand components that a programmer may want to reuse. The article focuses on novice programmers solving programming tasks which require the reuse of components. We take an in-depth look at how the programmers find the necessary components, and identify strategies that they use to achieve it. We also comment on the type of tool that is necessary from the viewpoint of the strategies.
Codar: a congestion-directed general area router (2003)

A general area router that integrates the phases of global routing and detailed routing has been developed. The global phase coarsely places the nets based on the congestion of the routing region, and the detailed phase modifies the course wiring to find legal positions for all wire segments. Both phases use the same grid space of routing tracks with two or more levels of interconnect. With this integrated data structure, the router can alternate between global and detailed routing operations, both of which use rip-up and reroute techniques. This integration has resulted in a router that can solve difficult problems not solvable by other programs while exhibiting runtimes that grow only moderately with the size of the routing problem.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Understanding structure-activity relationships in linear polymer photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution (2018)

Conjugated polymers have sparked much interest as photocatalysts for hydrogen production. However, beyond basic considerations such as spectral absorption, the factors that dictate their photocatalytic activity are poorly understood. Here we investigate a series of linear conjugated polymers with external quantum efficiencies for hydrogen production between 0.4 and 11.6%. We monitor the generation of the photoactive species from femtoseconds to seconds after light absorption using transient spectroscopy and correlate their yield with the measured photocatalytic activity. Experiments coupled with modeling suggest that the localization of water around the polymer chain due to the incorporation of sulfone groups into an otherwise hydrophobic backbone is crucial for charge generation. Calculations of solution redox potentials and charge transfer free energies demonstrate that electron transfer from the sacrificial donor becomes thermodynamically favored as a result of the more polar local environment, leading to the production of long-lived electrons in these amphiphilic polymers.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NITROHETEROCYCLES‐ PART II. SYNTHESIS OF 1‐METHYL‐2‐SUBSTITUTED 4‐ AND 5‐NITROPYRROLES (1977)

Abstract Es werden Hydrazone der durch Formylieren und Nitrieren von N‐Methyl‐pyrrol in mäßiger Ausbeute erhältlichen isomeren Aldehyde (I) dargestellt, wie z.B. (II), und die Bromketone (III) werden durch Kondensation mit Imidazolidinthion‐(2) bzw. 2‐Amino‐pyrimidin in die Imidazothiazoliumbromide (IV)"bzw. in das Imidazopyrimidin (V) übergeführt.
Design and Application of a Mevalonate‐Responsive Regulatory Protein (2010)

Screening with a customized protein: The regulatory protein AraC in Escherichia coli was engineered to respond to the inducer mevalonate and used as an endogenous molecular reporter in library screening for improved inducer production (see picture; PBAD is the promoter). Mutants of a mevalonate-synthesis operon were expressed in E. coli, and a variant responsible for a fourfold increase in the mevalonate titer was isolated.
Behind the Scenes: Experiences of Multilingual Therapists and Trainees in U.S. University Counseling Centers (2023)

As student bodies on college campuses in the United States (U.S.) continue to diversify, university counseling centers have begun to recognize the importance of hiring multilingual therapists and trainees to meet the needs of 66 million U.S. residents who speak languages other than English. The study used a qualitative approach to better understand the experiences of multilingual therapists and trainees working at university counseling centers in the U.S. Thirty-one participants (three men and 28 women; 27 senior staff and four trainees) completed an online survey with six open-ended questions. The following themes were identified: rewards and benefits of providing multilingual therapy, supervision experiences given, and organizational support provided to multilingual therapists. Senior staff participants also make suggestions for trainees who would like to practice multilingual therapy as well as support that agencies can offer to their multilingual therapists. Limitations, practical implications, and future research directions are discussed.
A Graph Model for TDM Diagrams of Clinical Trials (2011)

The SDTM standard developed by the CDISC consortium introduces the TDM diagram which visually represents overall design of a clinical trial. The design includes the schedule of interventions, which may be treatment or no treatment, during a period of time. In this paper, we propose a graph model formulating the TDM diagram, and integrity rules that should be satisfied with the diagram. The rules can prevent incorrect diagrams while building the diagram. The proposed TDM graph and its integrity rules will be utilized in developing a graphical design tool for clinical trials.
Robust H∞ compensation for external vibration on hard disk drives in mobile applications (2008)

Compensation for external vibration impact on the positioning accuracy of hard disk drives is considered with the presence of actuator uncertainty in this paper. The low-frequency mode change due to actuator pivot nonlinearity of the voice-coilmotor (VCM) actuator is described as frequency and damping uncertainty. A robust feedforward controller is then designed in continuous time domain by using H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</inf> method to attenuate the impact with the aid of a sensor to detect external vibrations. The linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach is adopted to solve the robust H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</inf> feedforward control design problem. The application results in a 1.8-inch disk drive with an accelerometer to measure acceleration signal show that 27% to 91% reduction of the position error signal is achieved with the robust feedforward controller when the frequency changes in 70±50 Hz and damping in 0:4±0:3. The effectiveness of the robust feedforward control is also demonstrated to be better than nominal feedforward control.
Multibody factorization with uncertainty and missing data using the EM algorithm (2004)

Multibody factorization algorithms give an elegant and simple solution to the problem of structure from motion even for scenes containing multiple independent motions. Despite this elegance, it is still quite difficult to apply these algorithms to arbitrary scenes. First, their performance deteriorates rapidly with increasing noise. Second, they cannot be applied unless all the points can be tracked in all the frames (as will rarely happen in real scenes). Third, they cannot incorporate prior knowledge on the structure or the motion of the objects. In this paper we present a multibody factorization algorithm that can handle arbitrary noise covariance for each feature as well as missing data. We show how to formulate the problem as one of factor analysis and derive an expectation-maximization based maximum-likelihood algorithm. One of the advantages of our formulation is that we can easily incorporate prior knowledge, including the assumption of temporal coherence. We show that this assumption greatly enhances the robustness of our algorithm and present results on challenging sequences.
Flexible acquisition of 3D structure from motion (1998)

In this paper the problem of obtaining 3D models from image sequences is addressed. The presented method deals with uncalibrated monocular image sequences. No prior knowledge about the scene or about the camera is necessary to build the 3D models. This approach is very flexible, even allowing the camera zoom to be used, and has no restriction on the size of the scenes.
Abortion of reproductive organs in sweet pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>L.): a review (2009)

SummaryLevels of abortion of reproductive organs (i.e., buds, flowers, and young fruits) in sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) are high, and cyclical fluctuations occur in fruit set. Stages susceptible to abortion are very young buds (< 2.5 mm), buds close to anthesis, and flowers and fruits up to 14 d after anthesis. An overview of factors and processes involved in flower and fruit abortion in sweet peppers is presented. More light, higher CO2 concentrations, and lower planting density, increase the availability of assimilates per plant, and decrease fruit abortion. The cyclical pattern in fruit set is caused by changes in demand for assimilates. High flower abortion occurs when fast growing fruit (at approx. 3 weeks after anthesis) are present, due to competition for assimilates. Fruit set increases when fast growing fruit are almost mature and have a low assimilate demand. Prior to abortion, auxin export from the reproductive organ diminishes, ethylene production increases, and lower levels of activity of sucrose-cleaving enzymes are found. Severe water stress and low nutrient supply also increase abortion levels. Low night- and high day-time temperatures hamper pollen development, causing low seed set, which can result in fruit abortion. Two theories have been used to explain abortion: unbalanced demand for and supply of assimilates, and hormonal dominance of developing fruit over young fruit. Attempts to prevent abortion or to diminish the cyclical pattern of fruit set have not yet been successful, but new suggestions are presented.
Embolization Agents—Which One Should Be Used When? Part 2: Small-Vessel Embolization (2010)

In Part 1 of this two-part article, we discussed commonly used large-vessel embolic agents and clinical scenarios in which the agents might be used. We also discussed how to choose between the multitude of embolic agents that are currently commercially available. In this article, we will focus on embolic agents used to occlude small vessels and when to choose which agent.
Mediastinal Approach to the Placement of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters in Patients with Central Vein Occlusion in an Outpatient Access Center (2010)

As the lifespan of our dialysis patient population continues to improve, we will see an increasing need to perform complicated access procedures to maintain HD support. These three cases emphasize the value of the transmediastinal technique using basic C-arm fluoroscopy and a limited stock of basic catheters and guidewires.
[Preparation of tea polyphenols sustained-release microcapsule]. (2000)

With ethycellulose (EC) as matrix tea polyphenols (TP) microcapsule was prepared by using emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Effect of preparation condition on size and drug entrapment efficiency of microcapsule was investigated. We also investigated the drug entrapment effect of microcapsule. The result showed that the tawny microcapsule with highly porous surface was obtained by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium dodccyl sulate (SDS) as dispersant. The stirring rate, polymer concentration and drug payload affected the size and drug entrapment efficiency of microcapsule. The matrix and preparation method do not damage the ingredient of TP. The microcapsule can improve the stability of TP and sustain TP released.
Highly Ordered Large-Scale Neuronal Networks of Individual Cells – Toward Single Cell to 3D Nanowire Intracellular Interfaces (2012)

The use of artificial, prepatterned neuronal networks in vitro is a promising approach for studying the development and dynamics of small neural systems in order to understand the basic functionality of neurons and later on of the brain. The present work presents a high fidelity and robust procedure for controlling neuronal growth on substrates such as silicon wafers and glass, enabling us to obtain mature and durable neural networks of individual cells at designed geometries. It offers several advantages compared to other related techniques that have been reported in recent years mainly because of its high yield and reproducibility. The procedure is based on surface chemistry that allows the formation of functional, tailormade neural architectures with a micrometer high-resolution partition, that has the ability to promote or repel cells attachment. The main achievements of this work are deemed to be the creation of a large scale neuronal network at low density down to individual cells, that develop intact typical neurites and synapses without any glia-supportive cells straight from the plating stage and with a relatively long term survival rate, up to 4 weeks. An important application of this method is its use on 3D nanopillars and 3D nanowire-device arrays, enabling not only the cell bodies, but also their neurites to be positioned directly on electrical devices and grow with registration to the recording elements underneath.
Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in cancer immunotherapy: selective depletion of intratumoral regulatory T cells or checkpoint blockade? (2018)

Antibodies to human CTLA-4 have been shown to induce long-lasting protection against melanoma. It is assumed that these antibodies cause tumor rejection by blocking negative signaling from the B7-CTLA-4 interactions to enhance priming of naïve T cells in the lymphoid organs. Recently, we reported that anti-CTLA-4 antibody Ipilimumab effectively induces tumor rejection in vivo although it blocks neither B7 transendocytosis by CTLA-4 nor CTLA-4 binding to immobilized or cell-associated B7. Using genetic model in which the anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are unable to engage more than 50% of CTLA-4, we demonstrated that saturating binding of CTLA-4 is not necessary for tumor rejection. Our results argue against B7-CTLA-4 blockade as the mechanism of action for the clinically effective Ipilimumab. Moreover, Ipilimumab induces tumor rejection even in the absence of de novo T cell priming in the lymphoid organs. Thus, our data are inconsistent with key provisions of the prevailing hypothesis on mechanism of action by anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Furthermore, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies effectively induce depletion of regulatory T (Treg) cells in tumor microenvironment but not in the peripheral lymphoid organs, which is strictly dependent on Fc receptor on host cells. Based on these data and other recent publications on the subject, we propose that anti-human CTLA-4 antibodies induce tumor rejection by selective depletion of Tregs in the tumors rather than blockade of B7-CTLA-4 interaction in lymphoid organs.