gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevention and treatment of urogenital infections and complications: lactobacilli's multi-pronged effects (2006)

The association between depletion of vaginal lactobacilli and increased risk of various urogenital infections and complications such as preterm labor, has been known for some time. Restoration of depleted lactobacilli by administration of probiotic strains has been demonstrated in humans using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuter i RC-14. These organisms also augment antibiotic efficacy, lessen the side effects of these drugs, and alleviate diarrhea in AIDS patients. The mechanisms appear to be multi-factorial, and include production of: (i) anti-microbial factors such as lactic acid, bacteriocins, hydrogen peroxide, (ii) biosurfactants or other components that affect pathogen colonization and biofilm formation, (iii) signalling compounds that influence pathogen virulence expression, and (iv) signalling compounds that modulate immunity. Recombinant strains have been produced that inhibit or kill HIV, offering hope for microbicide applications that can be self-used by women. As more information becomes available about the ‘normal’ versus ‘disease prone’ vaginal microbiota and strains that confer the most benefits, current and new probiotic remedies will potentially provide improved restorative and therapeutic options to lower the one billion urogenital infections currently afflicting women around the world. Key words: probiotics, lactobacillus, urogenital infections, mechanisms
The Adjunctive Effect of a Binding Peptide on Bone Morphogenetic Protein Enhanced Bone Healing in a Rodent Model of Spinal Fusion (2008)

Specific growth factor binding agents, such as BBP, can be compounded into carriers used in fusion procedures to decrease the dosage of BMP and possibly decrease the side effects which are most likely dose-related. This may also decrease costs and improve clinical outcomes.
Bulk direct band gap MoS<inf>2</inf> by plasma induced layer decoupling (2015)

We report a robust method for engineering the optoelectronic properties of many-layer MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> using low energy oxygen plasma treatment. Gas phase treatment of MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> with oxygen radicals generated in an upstream N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> plasma is shown to enhance the photoluminescence (PL) of many-layer, mechanically exfoliated MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> flakes by up to 20 times, without reducing the layer thickness of the material. A blue shift in the photoluminescence spectra and narrowing of linewidth is consistent with a transition of MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> from indirect to direct band gap material. Atomic force microscopy and Raman spectra reveal that the flake thickness actually increases as a result of the plasma treatment, indicating an increase in the interlayer separation in MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . Ab-initio calculations reveal that the increased interlayer separation is sufficient to decouple the electronic states in individual layers, leading to a transition from an indirect to direct gap semiconductor. With optimized plasma treatment parameters, we observed enhanced PL signals for 32 out of 35 many-layer MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> flakes (2-15 layers) tested, indicating this method is robust and scalable. Monolayer MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , while direct band gap, has a small optical density, which limits its potential use in practical devices. The results presented here provide a material with the direct band gap of monolayer MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , without reducing sample thickness, and hence optical density.
Cycloolefin copolymer containing hindered hydroxyl group for 193nm photoresist (2005)

The basic requirements for polymer design rule in photoresist are as following. The performances of the photoresist relate to transmittance, adhesion on BARC material, dry etch resistance and process margin as a function of the exposure tool. However, it is very difficult for us to find the polymer that has good performance for 193 nm ArF photoresist, because it has many limitations as target feature size of photoresist become smaller. One of the most important properties in it is adhesion. Researchers usually introduce functional group, as an adhesion promoter, such as carboxylic acid group, hydroxyl group and lactone group at the side chain of the polymer. Carboxylic acid group represents the highest adhesive property, but it has poor dark erosion because of affinity with developer, 2.38 wt% TMAH solution. Lactone group has a limit for introduction as a functional group because it can cause low dry etch resistance and pattern slope. On the other hand, in case of primary alcohol, the hydroxyl group occurs cross-link with carbonyl unit of a neighboring unit. We have recently synthesized cycloolefin copolymer, which has a secondary hindered alcohol in its side chain. And they showed good performances in adhesion, resolution, PED stability, processing window, dry etch resistance, and good pattern profile in both L/S and C/H pattern profile. In this paper we will discuss the properties and the evaluation results.
Serum amyloid A induces G-CSF expression and neutrophilia via Toll-like receptor 2 (2008)

The acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is commonly considered a marker for inflammatory diseases; however, its precise role in inflammation and infection, which often result in neutrophilia, remains ambiguous. In this study, we demonstrate that SAA is a potent endogenous stimulator of granulocyte colony-stimulated factor (G-CSF), a principal cytokine-regulating granulocytosis. This effect of SAA is dependent on Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Our data demonstrate that, in mouse macrophages, both G-CSF mRNA and protein were significantly increased after SAA stimulation. The induction of G-CSF was blocked by an anti-TLR2 antibody and markedly decreased in the TLR2-deficient macrophages. SAA stimulation results in the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and binding activity to the CK-1 element of the G-CSF promoter region. In vitro reconstitution experiments also support that TLR2 mediates SAA-induced G-CSF expression. In addition, SAA-induced secretion of G-CSF was sensitive to heat and proteinase K treatment, yet insensitive to polymyxin B treatment, indicating that the induction is a direct effect of SAA. Finally, our in vivo studies confirmed that SAA treatment results in a significant increase in plasma G-CSF and neutrophilia, whereas these responses are ablated in G-CSF- or TLR2-deficient mice.
Effect of Anion Receptor Additives on Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries (2010)

Four boron-based anion receptors were investigated as electrolyte additives for lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of lithium-ion cells was found to strongly depend on the structure of the anion receptor added to the electrolyte. The capacity retention of the lithium-ion cell was slightly improved by adding 0.07 M bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl)pentafluorophenylboronate additive, whereas the addition of 2,5-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl)tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole dramatically deteriorated the electrochemical performance. The addition of a certain type of anion receptor can promote the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte, resulting in high interfacial impedance and accelerated capacity fading of lithium-ion cells. Ab initio calculations showed that the electrochemical performance of anion receptors had good correlation to the degree of localization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital at the boron center of anion receptors, which can potentially be used in the search for new anion receptors for lithium-ion batteries.
Polymer surface nano-structuring of reverse osmosis membranes for fouling resistance and improved flux performance (2010)

A new class of surface-structured RO membranes was developed with a hydrophilic brush layer of terminally anchored polymer chains resulting in fouling resistant membranes of low mineral scaling propensity and high permeability. The approach is based on free-radical graft polymerization of a suitable monomer, onto the active polyamide (PA) layer of a thin film composite (PA-TFC) membrane, post-surface activation with an impinging atmospheric pressure plasma source. Two types of nano-structured (SNS) RO membranes (SNS-PA-TFC) were synthesized based on methacrylic acid (MAA-SNS-PA-TFC) and acrylamide (AA-SNS-PA-TFC) graft polymerization. The poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(acrylamide) brush layers, on the PA surface, resulted in RO membranes of significantly lower mineral scaling propensity, evaluated with respect to the mineral scalant calcium sulfate dihydrate, compared with commercial RO membrane (LFC1) of about the same salt rejection (∼95%) and surface roughness (∼70 nm). Direct membrane surface imaging indicated that the rate of nucleation and thus mineral scaling were reduced owing to the polymer brush layer. Fouling resistance of the SNS-PA-TFC membranes was also demonstrated with respect to model foulants (the protein BSA and alginic acid). The MAA-SNS-PA-TFC and AA-SNS-PA-TFC membranes had a negatively charged and near neutral surfaces, respectively, with water contact angles somewhat lower for the former and higher for the latter membranes relative to the LFC1 membrane. The AA-SNS-PA-TFC membrane displayed lower mineral scaling propensity than the MAA based membrane, although its alginic acid fouling resistance was inferior, despite its lower surface roughness (25–33 nm) relative to the MAA-SNS-PA-RFC (∼60–80 nm) and LFC1 (∼73 nm) membranes.
Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimental osteoarthritis is associated with reduction in tissue levels of catabolic factors. (1999)

Our study demonstrates for the first time in vivo in an experimental model of OA, that a selective inhibition of iNOS by L-NIL and the subsequent decreased production of NO also results in a marked decrease in production of major catabolic factors such as MMP, IL-1beta and peroxynitrite, as well as a reduction in COX-2 expression.
High Glycolytic Flux Improves Pyruvate Production by a Metabolically Engineered <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain (2008)

We report pyruvate formation in Escherichia coli strain ALS929 containing mutations in the aceEF, pfl, poxB, pps, and ldhA genes which encode, respectively, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate formate lyase, pyruvate oxidase, phosphoenolpyruvate synthase, and lactate dehydrogenase. The glycolytic rate and pyruvate productivity were compared using glucose-, acetate-, nitrogen-, or phosphorus-limited chemostats at a growth rate of 0.15 h(-1). Of these four nutrient limitation conditions, growth under acetate limitation resulted in the highest glycolytic flux (1.60 g/g . h), pyruvate formation rate (1.11 g/g h), and pyruvate yield (0.70 g/g). Additional mutations in atpFH and arcA (strain ALS1059) further elevated the steady-state glycolytic flux to 2.38 g/g h in an acetate-limited chemostat, with heterologous NADH oxidase expression causing only modest additional improvement. A fed-batch process with strain ALS1059 using defined medium with 5 mM betaine as osmoprotectant and an exponential feeding rate of 0.15 h(-1) achieved 90 g/liter pyruvate, with an overall productivity of 2.1 g/liter h and yield of 0.68 g/g.
Entangled-photon imaging of a phase object (2003)

Previous experimental demonstrations of entangled-photon imaging have been limited to imaging amplitude objects. We report the first experimental results of entangled-photon imaging of a phase object in a reflection configuration.
Black Phosphorus Gas Sensors (2015)

The utilization of black phosphorus and its monolayer (phosphorene) and few-layers in field-effect transistors has attracted a lot of attention to this elemental two-dimensional material. Various studies on optimization of black phosphorus field-effect transistors, PN junctions, photodetectors, and other applications have been demonstrated. Although chemical sensing based on black phosphorus devices was theoretically predicted, there is still no experimental verification of such an important study of this material. In this article, we report on chemical sensing of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) using field-effect transistors based on multilayer black phosphorus. Black phosphorus sensors exhibited increased conduction upon NO2 exposure and excellent sensitivity for detection of NO2 down to 5 ppb. Moreover, when the multilayer black phosphorus field-effect transistor was exposed to NO2 concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppb, its relative conduction change followed the Langmuir isotherm for molecules adsorbed on a surface. Additionally, on the basis of an exponential conductance change, the rate constants for adsorption and desorption of NO2 on black phosphorus were extracted for different NO2 concentrations, and they were in the range of 130-840 s. These results shed light on important electronic and sensing characteristics of black phosphorus, which can be utilized in future studies and applications.
Probabilistic nonunitary quantum computing (2004)

In [1] Gingrich and Williams extended the standard quantum circuit model of quantum computation to include gates that perform arbitrary linear, yet non-unitary, transformations of their input state. In this paper we use this theory to construct quantum circuits that perform desired non-unitary state transformations of the sort arising in lattice-based quantum search. Such n-qubit non-unitary gates cannot be achieved deterministically, but they can be achieved probabilistically using a single ancilla. Our approach is to use the n-qubit non-unitary gate to design an (n+1)-qubit Hamiltonian that can be seen to induce a suitable conditional dynamics such that whenever the output value of the ancilla qubit is measured and found to be |O>, then the remaining (unmeasured) n qubits will contain the desired non-unitary transform of the n-qubit input state. The scheme is necessarily probabilistic because we cannot force the measurement on the ancilla qubit to return the value we want. Fortunately, however, failed attempts are found to disturb the n-qubit input state very little. This allows us to re-use the result of successive “failed” attempts until the success condition is finally attained, and we give analytic expressions for the success probability and net fidelity in this case. By using our previous method for designing a quantum circuit for an arbitrary n-qubit gate in conjunction with our new probabilistic non-unitary procedure we are able to compute an explicit quantum circuit sufficient to implement an arbitrary linear, yet non-unitary, transformation of an input pure or mixed n-qubit state, using only a single copy of the input state. This allows us to extend the repertoire of computations that may be performed on a quantum computer, and in particular, gives the first explicit construction of the quantum circuits needed to perform some of the key operations arising in quantum lattice search.
Multiobjective Scheduling of Dual-Blade Robotic Cells in Wafer Fabrication (2019)

As a kind of robotic cells, cluster tools are widely used for semiconductor wafer fabrication processes since they provide a reconfigurable and efficient environment. With recent advances in new semiconductor materials, the circuit line width has continuously being shrunk down, which brings new challenges for manufacturers. They require that a wafer should be moved away from a processing chamber as soon as possible after its processing is finished. To ensure high-quality integrated circuits in a wafer, its post-processing residency time must be minimized. It is also highly desirable to maximize the throughput of robotic cluster tools. This article aims at scheduling such tools with multiple objectives subject to wafer residency time constraints. To do so, new algorithms are proposed to calculate robot waiting time delicately upon the analysis of particular events of robot waiting for dual-blade robotic tools and optimally schedule such tools. The numerical results of industrial examples show that the proposed algorithms can provide an effective method to find schedules for dual-blade cluster tools such that multiple objectives are optimized.
Tropospheric Delay Correction of GNSS Signals for Satellite-Based Augmentation System (2007)

A strategy to realize the tropospheric delay correction in satellite based augmentation systems is presented. The tropospheric delay is one of the major error sources of the GNSS signals. It is attempted to generate the correction information from the numerical weather prediction data to realize the tropospheric delay correction in real-time for mobile positioning. To introduce the correction information into the satellite based augmentation system, the amount of the correction data must be minimized without degrading the correction accuracy. In this paper, through several statistical evaluations using the long-term observation data, the appropriate contents and the data amount of the correction message are investigated. It is shown that the correction message should consist of the information of the tropospheric zenith delay and its average gradient in height. The amount of the correction data is also successfully minimized, and users in the region of Japan can receive the sufficient correction information by receiving only 3 messages. The results of the analyses clearly show the feasibility of the presented strategy.
Leak Detection and Self Healing Pipelines Using Twin Balls Technology (2016)

Abstract Healing leaks is always a priority in the oil and gas industry and plays a major concern to human safety. The time required to fix any leak has a direct relationship in determining the damages caused to the environment, industry and most importantly the number of lives lost caused by catastrophic pipe failures. Detecting leak size and location in pipelines with higher accuracy present major challenges to operators. This paper presents an innovative solution to detect leaks or potential future leaks and heal them instantly using Twin Balls Technology. The solution is based on establishing a relationship between leaks and its associated sound level. Knowing those sound levels precisely and how they propagate with respect to time from the leak source will help build the solution with higher precision. The solution consists of inserting two flowing smart balls into the pipeline. The first smart ball will be receiving acoustic data thanks to the sensors inside of it. Once the threshold of sound level is surpassed, designed thanks to multiple experiments, the smart ball will send a signal immediately to a second flowing ball responsible of ejecting a healing fluid. The healing fluid will flow towards the leaking outlet and close it instantly, preventing any further damages. Also, the first ball will alert instantly the supervisors via wifi monitoring and text messages describing the leak size and location. Twin Balls Technology could be used in pipelines of different sizes and flowing fluids.
Safety design for smart Electric Vehicle charging with current and multiplexing control (2013)

As Electric Vehicles (EVs) increase, charging infrastructure becomes more important. When during the day there is a power shortage, the charging infrastructure should have the options to either shut off the power to the charging stations or to lower the power to the EVs in order to satisfy the needs of the grid. This paper proposes a design for a smart charging infrastructure capable of providing power to several EVs from one circuit by multiplexing power and providing charge control and safety systems to prevent electric shock. The safety design is implemented in different levels that include both the server and the smart charging stations. With this smart charging infrastructure, the shortage of energy in a local grid could be solved by our EV charging management system.
From multi-sensors observations towards cross-disciplinary study of pre-earthquake signals. What have we learned from the Tohoku earthquake? (2012)

The lessons we have learned from the Great Tohoku EQ (Japan, 2011) how this knowledge will affect our future observation and analysis is the main focus of this presentation.We present multi-sensors observations and multidisciplinary research in our investigation of phenomena preceding major earthquakes. These observations revealed the existence of atmospheric and ionospheric phenomena occurring prior to theM9.0 Tohoku earthquake of March 11, 2011, which indicates s new evidence of a distinct coupling between the lithosphere and atmosphere/ionosphere, as related to underlying tectonic activity. Similar results have been reported before the catastrophic events in Chile (M8.8, 2010), Italy (M6.3, 2009) and Sumatra (M9.3, 2004). For the Tohoku earthquake, our analysis shows a synergy between several independent observations characterizing the state of the lithosphere /atmosphere coupling several days before the onset of the earthquakes, namely: (i) Foreshock sequence change (rate, space and time); (ii) Outgoing Long wave Radiation (OLR) measured at the top of the atmosphere; and (iii) Anomalous variations of ionospheric parameters revealed by multi-sensors observations. We are presenting a cross-disciplinary analysis of the observed pre-earthquake anomalies and will discuss current research in the detection of these signals in Japan. We expect that our analysis will shed light on the underlying physics of pre-earthquake signals associated with some of the largest earthquake events
The gene defective in anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is expressed in the developing epithelium, neuroectoderm, thymus, and bone (1998)

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) is characterized by defects in the development of teeth, hair, and sweat glands. To study the expression of the human gene defective in EDA in human fetal development (Weeks 6–23 of gestational age) and in adult tissues, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used. First signs of expression were detected at Week 8 in epidermis and in neuroectodermal cells. Starting at Week 12, osteoblasts and thymus were positive for EDA mRNA. Hair follicles expressed EDA mRNA from 18 weeks. The presence of the EDA protein coincided with mRNA expression in the tissues examined. The expression pattern of the EDA gene is consistent with typical involvement of the skin in the syndrome. However, the expression is not limited to the ectodermal tissues and many sites of expression are not obviously reflected in the clinical features of the syndrome.