gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Blind identification of the kinetic parameters in three-compartment models (2004)

Quantified knowledge of tissue kinetic parameters in the regions of the brain and other organs can offer information useful in clinical and research applications. Dynamic medical imaging with injection of radioactive or paramagnetic tracer can be used for this measurement. The kinetics of some widely used tracers such as [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose can be described by a three-compartment physiological model. The kinetic parameters of the tissue can be estimated from dynamically acquired images. Feasibility of estimation by blind identification, which does not require knowledge of the blood input, is considered analytically and numerically in this work for the three-compartment type of tissue response. The non-uniqueness of the two-region case for blind identification of kinetic parameters in three-compartment model is shown; at least three regions are needed for the blind identification to be unique. Numerical results for the accuracy of these blind identification methods in different conditions were considered. Both a separable variables least-squares (SLS) approach and an eigenvector-based algorithm for multichannel blind deconvolution approach were used. The latter showed poor accuracy. Modifications for non-uniform time sampling were also developed. Also, another method which uses a model for the blood input was compared. Results for the macroparameter K, which reflects the metabolic rate of glucose usage, using three regions with noise showed comparable accuracy for the separable variables least squares method and for the input model-based method, and slightly worse accuracy for SLS with the non-uniform sampling modification.
What lies beneath grey matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis? (2016)

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Cortical atrophy patterns in multiple sclerosis are non-random and clinically relevant’, by Steenwijk et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awv337). 

Over the last 20 years, there have been remarkable advances in our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in multiple sclerosis, particularly those responsible for relapses and remissions. Over the same period a series of increasingly effective treatments have become available that suppress relapses. However, there has been a conspicuous lack of success in treating progressive multiple sclerosis, which most people with the condition eventually develop, and which is associated with the greatest disability. This has led to a reappraisal of pathological processes underlying progressive multiple sclerosis, and the recognition that pathology is more extensive and complicated than formerly thought. In this issue of Brain , Steenwijk and co-workers look specifically at cortical atrophy in patients with long-standing multiple sclerosis, and reveal that such atrophy occurs in largely non-random patterns (Steenwijk et al. , 2016).

Previously, a commonly held view of multiple sclerosis was of a multi-focal and multi-phasic immune-mediated white matter inflammatory demyelinating disorder, and indeed the suppression of such a process has underpinned the major progress in disease-modifying treatment to date. However, it is now abundantly clear that in progressive multiple sclerosis, demyelinating lesions may be as extensive in grey matter as they are in white matter, and that there is substantial and widespread neuro-axonal loss, not only in white matter lesions but also in normal-appearing white matter, and in both the cortical and deep grey matter. It is also clear that grey matter pathology is present in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and increases with time. Neuro-axonal loss is now thought to be responsible for a major proportion of irreversible progressive disability in multiple sclerosis, but its causes are poorly understood, …
Compilation of small ribosomal subunit RNA structures (1993)

The database on small ribosomal subunit RNA structure contained 1804 nucleotide sequences on April 23, 1993. This number comprises 365 eukaryotic, 65 archaeal, 1260 bacterial, 30 plastidial, and 84 mitochondrial sequences. These are stored in the form of an alignment in order to facilitate the use of the database as input for comparative studies on higher-order structure and for reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. The elements of the postulated secondary structure for each molecule are indicated by special symbols. The database is available on-line directly from the authors by ftp and can also be obtained from the EMBL nucleotide sequence library by electronic mail, ftp, and on CD ROM disk.
Accuracy and Precision of Continuous Noninvasive Arterial Pressure Monitoring Compared with Invasive Arterial Pressure (2014)

The results from this meta-analysis found that inaccuracy and imprecision of continuous noninvasive arterial pressure monitoring devices are larger than what was defined as acceptable. This may have implications for clinical situations where continuous noninvasive arterial pressure is being used for patient care decisions.
Event Detection and Clustering for Surveillance Video Summarization (2008)

The target of surveillance summarization is to identify high-value information events in a video stream and to present it to a user. In this paper we present surveillance summarization approach using detection and clustering of important events. Assuming that events are main source of energy change between consecutive frames set of interesting frames is extracted and then clustered. Based on the structure of clusters two types of summaries are created static and dynamic. Static summary is build of key frames that are organized in clusters. Dynamic summary is created from short video segments representing each cluster and is used to lead user to the event of interest captures in key frames. We describe our approach and present experimental results.
Carbohydrate Composition of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (1977)

SUMMARY The content and composition of carbohydrate in hepatitis B surface antigen HB8Ag) were clarified by gas chromatography. A value of 75.8 µg carbohydrate per mg of protein was obtained. The main components were N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose and sialic acid and the minor one was fucose. No N-acetyl-galactosamine was detected. The fact that no sugar was detected in lipid fractions suggests that the sugar in HB8Ag exists almost exclusively in the form of glycoprotein and there is no glycolipid.
Solubilization of fullerenes into water with polyvinylpyrrolidone applicable to biological tests (1994)

Y. N. Yamakoshi, T. Yagami, K. Fukuhara, S. Sueyoshi and N. Miyata, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 517 DOI: 10.1039/C39940000517
Transmission Control Protocol Specification (2020)

This document specifies the Internet's Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP). TCP is an important transport layer protocol in the
Internet stack, and has continuously evolved over decades of use and
growth of the Internet. Over this time, a number of changes have been
made to TCP as it was specified in RFC 793, though these have only
been documented in a piecemeal fashion. This document collects and
brings those changes together with the protocol specification from RFC
793. This document obsoletes RFC 793, as well as 879, 2873, 6093,
6429, 6528, and 6691 that updated parts of RFC 793. It updates RFC
1122, and should be considered as a replacement for the portions of
that document dealing with TCP requirements. It updates RFC 5961 due
to a small clarification in reset handling while in the SYN-RECEIVED
state. RFC EDITOR NOTE: If approved for publication as an RFC, this
should be marked additionally as STD: 7 and replace RFC 793 in that
role.
STT-RAM Cell Optimization Considering MTJ and CMOS Variations (2011)

Spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) becomes a promising technology for future computing systems for its fast access time, high density, nonvolatility, and small write current. However, like all the other nanotechnologies, STT-RAM suffers from process variations and environment fluctuations, which significantly affect the performance and stability of magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) devices. In this study, we combine magnetic and circuit simulations to quantitatively analyze the impacts of MTJ and CMOS variations on the STT-RAM designs. Both bit-to-bit and cycle-by-cycle variations are considered. A robust STT-RAM design flow is also proposed.
Effect of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Treatment at a Low Dose but for a Long Duration in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease (2006)

A low dose but long duration of G-CSF treatment may have a beneficial effect without any serious complications in patients with coronary heart disease.
Nontechnical Loss Detection for Metered Customers in Power Utility Using Support Vector Machines (2009)

Electricity consumer dishonesty is a problem faced by all power utilities. Finding efficient measurements for detecting fraudulent electricity consumption has been an active research area in recent years. This paper presents a new approach towards nontechnical loss (NTL) detection in power utilities using an artificial intelligence based technique, support vector machine (SVM). The main motivation of this study is to assist Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Sdn. Bhd. in peninsular Malaysia to reduce its NTLs in the distribution sector due to abnormalities and fraud activities, i.e., electricity theft. The fraud detection model (FDM) developed in this research study preselects suspected customers to be inspected onsite fraud based on irregularities in consumption behavior. This approach provides a method of data mining, which involves feature extraction from historical customer consumption data. This SVM based approach uses customer load profile information and additional attributes to expose abnormal behavior that is known to be highly correlated with NTL activities. The result yields customer classes which are used to shortlist potential suspects for onsite inspection based on significant behavior that emerges due to fraud activities. Model testing is performed using historical kWh consumption data for three towns within peninsular Malaysia. Feedback from TNB Distribution (TNBD) Sdn. Bhd. for onsite inspection indicates that the proposed method is more effective compared to the current actions taken by them. With the implementation of this new fraud detection system TNBD's detection hitrate will increase from 3% to 60%.
Chlorogenic acid inhibits glioblastoma growth through repolarizating macrophage from M2 to M1 phenotype (2017)

Glioblastoma is an aggressive tumor that is associated with distinctive infiltrating microglia/macrophages populations. Previous studies demonstrated that chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid, CHA), a phenolic compound with low molecular weight, has an anti-tumor effect in multiple malignant tumors. In the present study, we focused on the macrophage polarization to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the anti-glioma response of CHA in vitro and in vivo. We found that CHA treatment increased the expression of M1 markers induced by LPS/IFNγ, including iNOS, MHC II (I-A/I-E subregions) and CD11c, and reduced the expression of M2 markers Arg and CD206 induced by IL-4, resulting in promoting the production of apoptotic-like cancer cells and inhibiting the growth of tumor cells by co-culture experiments. The activations of STAT1 and STAT6, which are two crucial signaling events in M1 and M2-polarization, were significantly promoted and suppressed by CHA in macrophages, respectively. Furthermore, In G422 xenograft mice, CHA increased the proportion of CD11c-positive M1 macrophages and decreased the distribution of CD206-positive M2 macrophages in tumor tissue, consistent with the reduction of tumor weight observed in CHA-treated mice. Overall these findings indicated CHA as a potential therapeutic approach to reduce glioma growth through promoting M1-polarized macrophage and inhibiting M2 phenotypic macrophage.
Overexpression of the sterol 14α‐demethylase gene (<i>MgCYP51</i>) in <i>Mycosphaerella graminicola</i> isolates confers a novel azole fungicide sensitivity phenotype (2012)

The identification of an insertion in the predicted MgCYP51 promoter in azole-resistant isolates overexpressing MgCYP51 is the first report of a genetic mechanism, other than changes in target-site coding sequence, affecting sensitivity to multiple azoles in field isolates of M. graminicola. The identification of recent isolates overexpressing MgCYP51 confirms the ongoing evolution and diversification of resistance mechanisms in European populations of M. graminicola.
A Survey of Link Recommendation for Social Networks: Methods, Theoretical Foundations, and Future Research Directions (2015)

Link recommendation has attracted significant attentions from both industry practitioners and academic researchers. In industry, link recommendation has become a standard and most important feature in online social networks, prominent examples of which include "People You May Know" on LinkedIn and "You May Know" on Google+. In academia, link recommendation has been and remains a highly active research area. This paper surveys state-of-the-art link recommendation methods, which can be broadly categorized into learning-based methods and proximity-based methods. We further identify social and economic theories, such as social interaction theory, that underlie these methods and explain from a theoretical perspective why a link recommendation method works. Finally, we propose to extend link recommendation research in several directions that include utility-based link recommendation, diversity of link recommendation, link recommendation from incomplete data, and experimental study of link recommendation.
A Review of Integrated On-Board EV Battery Chargers: Advanced Topologies, Recent Developments and Optimal Selection of FSCW Slot/Pole Combination (2020)

Integrated on-board battery chargers (OBCs) have been recently introduced as an optimal/elegant solution to increase electric vehicle (EV) market penetration as well as minimize overall EV cost. Unlike conventional off-board and on-board battery chargers, integrated OBCs exploit the existing propulsion equipment for battery charging without extra bulky components and/or dedicated infrastructure. OBCs are broadly categorized into three-phase and single-phase types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. This paper starts with surveying the main topologies introduced in the recent literature employing either induction or permanent magnet motors to realize fully integrated slow (single-phase) and fast (three-phase) on-board EV battery charging systems, with emphasis on topologies that entail no or minimum hardware reconfiguration. Although, permanent magnet (PM) motors with conventional double-layer distributed winding layouts have been deployed in most commercial EV motors, the non-overlapped fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) has been the prevailing choice in the most recent permanent magnet motor designs due to its outstanding operational merits. Hence, a thorough investigation of the impact different FSCW stator winding designs have on machine performance under the charging process is presented in this paper. To this end, the induced magnet losses, which represent a challenging demerit of the FSCW, have been used to compare different topologies under both propulsion and charging operation modes. Based on the introduced comparative study, the optimal slot/pole combinations that correspond to the best compromise under both operational modes have been highlighted.
Advanced Properties of Urine Derived Stem Cells Compared to Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells in Terms of Cell Proliferation, Immune Modulation and Multi Differentiation (2015)

Adipose tissue stem cells (ADSCs) would be an attractive autologous cell source. However, ADSCs require invasive procedures, and has potential complications. Recently, urine stem cells (USCs) have been proposed as an alternative stem cell source. In this study, we compared USCs and ADSCs collected from the same patients on stem cell characteristics and capacity to differentiate into various cell lineages to provide a useful guideline for selecting the appropriate type of cell source for use in clinical application. The urine samples were collected via urethral catheterization, and adipose tissue was obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue during elective laparoscopic kidney surgery from the same patient (n = 10). Both cells were plated for primary culture. Cell proliferation, colony formation, cell surface markers, immune modulation, chromosome stability and multi-lineage differentiation were analyzed for each USCs and ADSCs at cell passage 3, 5, and 7. USCs showed high cell proliferation rate, enhanced colony forming ability, strong positive for stem cell markers expression, high efficiency for inhibition of immune cell activation compared to ADSCs at cell passage 3, 5, and 7. In chromosome stability analysis, both cells showed normal karyotype through all passages. In analysis of multi-lineage capability, USCs showed higher myogenic, neurogenic, and endogenic differentiation rate, and lower osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation rate compared to ADSCs. Therefore, we expect that USC can be an alternative autologous stem cell source for muscle, neuron and endothelial tissue reconstruction instead of ADSCs.
Fundamentals of Inkjet Technology (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Surface Tension and Viscosity Dimensionless Groups in Inkjet Printing Methods of Drop Generation Resolution and Print Quality Grey-Scale Printing Reliability Satellite Drops Print-Head and Substrate Motion Inkjet Complexity References
How secure is security? (2013)

This article considers the impact and effect of Oakhurst Property Developments (Lowndes Square No. 2) Limited and Others v Blackstar (Isle of Man) Limited and Another, [2012] EWHC 1131 (Ch).
A Convenient Method of Synthesizing 3-Ethoxycarbonylbenzofurans from Salicylaldehydes and Ethyl Diazoacetate (2006)

We have developed a convenient one-pot procedure for the synthesis of 3-ethoxycarbonylbenzofurans from commercially available salicylaldehydes and ethyl diazoacetate. The method is high-yielding, efficient, simple and selective.
Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Composition, and Management: The World Scenario (2012)

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the abridgment of the waste generated from domestic, commercial, and construction activities by natural persons that is collected and treated by municipalities. Exponential growth of population and urbanization, and the development of social economy, coupled with the improvement of living standard, have resulted in an increase in the amount of MSW generation throughout the world. On average the developed countries typically generate 521.95–759.2 kg per person per year (kpc) and 109.5–525.6 kpc typically by developing countries. Recent estimates suggest that the MSW generation globally exceeds 2 billion tons per year, which is a potential threat to environmental dilapidation. Therefore, MSW management (MSWM) seems to be one of the key topics for environmental protection in present days and also in the future. The authors have illustrated MSW generation and composition analysis and have provided a comprehensive review of MSWM in different countries throughout the world based on the available literatures. Some of the important aspects of waste management, such as composting, landfilling, and incineration, are illustrated.
Gait analysis using a portable, microprocessor-based segmental foot force measuring system (2005)

A new system is described that measures forces at multiple, discrete locations under the foot. The specially designed transducers are thin and flexible so that they may be adhered to the plantar skin of the foot directly. The Electrodynogram (TM) system, as it is called, collects dynamic force data using a small, portable microprocessor pack and subsequently transfers it's data to the host computer. Data may be gathered with or without the use of shoes and in the subject's normal walking environment. Seven transducers are used per foot at specific anatomic locations. The host computer system compares incoming test values with normal values and issues statements that describe the clinical significance of the results.
The role of optical coherence tomography in vascular medicine (2009)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging imaging modality that provides high-resolution, microstructural information on atherosclerotic plaques in biological systems. Intracoronary OCT can identify thin-cap fibroatheroma and other vulnerable plaques that may be responsible for acute coronary events. These characteristics make OCT helpful in guiding coronary management and interventions, including stent apposition and early identification of procedure-related complications. OCT is being assessed for its potential role in carotid plaque characterization and in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial atherosclerosis. Its current use in studying carotid and cerebral vasculature and in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial diseases is limited and ill defined, but it is finding increasing application in these areas. Its performance can be further improved by increasing the signal to noise ratio and by using dynamic focus tracking techniques. It can potentially be used to monitor the progression and regression of atherosclerosis in the coronary, cerebral and peripheral vasculature. New indications for its use in vascular medicine are emerging as its technology continues to improve over time.
Extensive small intestinal T-cell lymphoma of low-grade malignancy associated with a new chromosomal translocation (1994)

We believe this is the first description of an extensive, small intestinal lymphoma of low-grade malignancy made up of monoclonal T-cells with a TCR alpha-beta and helper/inducer phenotype, associated with a novel chromosomal translocation.
Recognition of chemical entities: combining dictionary-based and grammar-based approaches (2015)

We developed an ensemble system that combines dictionary-based and grammar-based approaches for chemical named entity recognition, outperforming any of the individual systems that we considered. The system is able to provide structure information for most of the compounds that are found. Improved tokenization and better recognition of specific entity types is likely to further improve system performance.
α1-Adrenergic Receptor Subtype mRNAs Are Differentially Regulated by α1-Adrenergic and Other Hypertrophic Stimuli in Cardiac Myocytes in Culture and In Vivo (1996)

The three cloned alpha1-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes, alpha1B, alpha1C, and alpha1D, can all couple to the same effector, phospholipase C, and the reason(s) for conservation of multiple subtypes remain uncertain. All three alpha1-ARs are expressed natively in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, where chronic exposure to the agonist catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) induces hypertrophic growth and gene transcription. We show here, using RNase protection, that the alpha1-AR subtype mRNAs respond in distinctly different ways during prolonged NE exposure (12 72 h). Alpha1B and alpha1D mRNA levels were repressed by NE, whereas alpha1C mRNA was induced. Changes in mRNA levels were mediated by an alpha1-AR, were not explained by altered mRNA stability, and were reflected in receptor proteins by [3H]prazosin binding. alpha1-AR-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis and myocyte growth were not desensitized. Three other hypertrophic agonists in culture, endothelin-1, PGF2alpha, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, also induced alpha1C mRNA and repressed alpha1B mRNA. In myocytes from hearts with pressure overload hypertrophy, alpha1 mRNA changes were identical to those produced by NE in culture. These results provide the first example of a difference in regulation among alpha1-AR subtypes expressed natively in the same cell. Transcriptional induction of the alpha1C-AR could be a mechanism for sustained growth signaling through this receptor and is a common feature of a hypertrophic phenotype in cardiac myocytes.