gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acceleration Methods for Total Variation-Based Image Denoising (2003)

In this paper, we apply a fixed point method to solve the total variation-based image denoising problem. An algebraic multigrid method is used to solve the corresponding linear equations. Krylov subspace acceleration is adopted to improve convergence in the fixed point iteration. A good initial guess for this outer iteration at finest grid is obtained by combining fixed point iteration and geometric multigrid interpolation successively from the coarsest grid to the finest grid. Numerical experiments demonstrate that this method is efficient and robust even for images with large noise-to-signal ratios.
Optical illumination and critical dimension analysis using the through-focus focus metric method (2006)

In this paper we present recent developments in optical microscope image analysis using both, best focus optical image as well as those images conventionally considered out of focus for metrology applications. Depending on the type of analysis, considerable information can be deduced with the additional use of the out of focus optical images. One method for analyzing the complete set of images is to calculate the total "edge slope" from an image, as the target is moved through-focus. A plot of the sum of the mean square slope is defined as the through-focus focus metric. We present a unique method for evaluating the angular illumination homogeneity in an optical microscope (with Koehler illumination configuration), based on the through-focus focus metric approach. Both theoretical simulations and experimental results are presented to demonstrate this approach. We present a second application based on the through-focus focus metric method for evaluating critical dimensions (CD) with demonstrated nanometer sensitivity for both experimental and optical simulations. An additional approach to analyzing the complete set of images is to assemble or align the through focus image intensity profiles such that the x-axis represents the position on the target, the y-axis represents the focus (or defocus) position of the target with respect to the lens and the z-axis represents the image intensity. This two-dimensional image is referred to as the through focus image map. Using recent simulation results we apply the through focus image map to CD and overlay analysis and demonstrate nanometer sensitivity in the theoretical results.
A New Mathematical Model for Predicting the Surface Vibration Velocity on the Step Topography (2018)

In order to control production blasting and optimize mining operation, it is important to study the step topography vibration amplification and attenuation effect in the open‐pit mine. Surface particle vibration velocity attenuation characteristics, the formation, and change rules of the terrain effect were studied by analyzing the field measured data. Results show that local amplification effect and local attenuation amplification effect of particle vibration velocity are obvious. Amplification effect associates with bench height, and the attenuation effect is closely related with the distance from the vibration source and distance from the top. With the increase of elevation, vibration magnification of the particle on the top was 1.1∼1.4. Because of the influence of the terrain effect, particle vibration velocity on the slope toe was obviously inhibitory. Based on the measured data, elevation amplification factor and clamping effect factor which influence blasting vibration velocity are put forward, and a new mathematical model considering the attenuation coefficient, the elevation amplification coefficient, and the clamping effect coefficient for predicting the blasting vibration velocity of the step topography is further improved. The regression analysis results show that the fitting coefficient of determination of the new prediction model is 0.8152 in horizontal and 0.8902 in vertical, respectively, and the prediction error is less than 20%, which is much better than other formulas. This new model provides effective reference for blasting seismic wave propagation law research of slope engineering.
Optical touch screen with virtual force (2009)

This paper presents a novel approach of using stereovision or pseudo-stereovision to generate touch screen experience. A pair of digital cameras or a set of a digital camera and a mirror is mounted at the corners of a computer display. Algorithms are presented to generate the positions of the pointers when they are close to the screen. The paper also proposes to use positions, velocities and accelerations of a pointer to generate virtual forces in the active space of the touch screen. The user interface will be friendlier by applying the rich information obtained from the input methods presented in this paper.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell-surface proteins from Arabidopsis (1999)

Remodeling of the plant cell surface occurs during the establishment of cell polarity, cellular differentiation, and organ development. This report demonstrates the existence of multiple glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins in the model plant Arabidopsis. Using two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), we also show that GPI-anchored proteins are a relatively abundant class of protein and that they are present at the plant plasma membrane. Furthermore, some of these proteins are released into the extracellular matrix. At least one of these is an arabinogalactan protein (AGP), a class of proteins known to be associated with cellular differentiation. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of two novel AGP-like proteins from Arabidopsis predicts that these proteins contain consensus signals for GPI-anchor addition. These findings support a model where GPI-anchored proteins are involved in the generation of specialized cell surfaces and extracellular signaling molecules.
TLR2 and TLR4 signaling shapes specific antibody responses to <i>Salmonella typhi</i> antigens (2009)

TLR directly induce innate immune responses by sensing a variety of microbial components and are critical for the fine-tuning of subsequent adaptive immune responses. However, their impact and mechanism of action on antibody responses against bacterial antigens are not yet fully understood. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) porins have been characterized as inducers of long-lasting specific antibody responses in mice. In this report, we show that immunization of TLR4-deficient (TLR4(-/-)), myeloid differentiating gene 88-deficient and Toll/IL-R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta-deficient mice with S. typhi porins led to significantly reduced B-cell responses. TLR2(-/-) mice, as well, showed reduced IgG titers with a more pronounced impairment in the production of IgG3 anti-porins antibodies. Adoptive transfer of TLR2(-/-)- or TLR4(-/-)-B cells into B-cell-deficient mice revealed a direct effect of TLR4 on B cells for the primary IgM response, whereas stimulation of B cells via TLR2 was important for IgG production. Furthermore, S. typhi porins were found to efficiently elicit maturation of CD11c(+) conventional DC. Taken together, S. typhi porins represent not only a suitable B-cell antigen for vaccination, but exhibit potent TLR-dependent stimulatory functions on B cells and DC, which help to further enhance and shape the antibody response.
Optimization of Reductive Alkylation Catalysts by Experimental Design (2006)

Venu.arunajatesan@degussa.com Abstract Reductive alkylation is an efficient method to synthesize secondary amines from primary amines. The aim of this study is to optimize sulfur-promoted platinum catalysts for the reductive alkylation of p-aminodiphenylamine (ADPA) with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) to improve the productivity of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-Nphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD). In this study, we focus on Pt loading, the amount of sulfur, and the pH as the variables. The reaction was conducted in the liquid phase under kinetically limited conditions in a continuously stirred tank reactor at a constant hydrogen pressure. Use of the two-factorial design minimized the number of experiments needed to arrive at the optimal solution. The activity and selectivity of the reaction was followed using the hydrogen-uptake and chromatographic analysis of products. The most optimal catalyst was identified to be 1%Pt-0.1%S/C prepared at a pH of 6. Introduction The synthesis of an N-alkylarylamine by the reductive alkylation of an aromatic primary amine with a ketone is used in the preparation of antioxidants for polymers and rubber. The alkylation of an amine with a ketone is typically carried out in the liquid phase using heterogeneous catalysts such as Pd, Pt, Rh, or Ru supported on carbon (1,2). The reaction of ADPA with MIBK yields an imine, which then is hydrogenated over a Pt or sulfur promoted-Pt catalyst to yield 6-PPD.
LOW SERUM VITAMIN B<sub>12</sub> IN ALZHEIMER-TYPE DEMENTIA (1984)

Serum vitamin B12 levels (as determined by radio-immunoassay) were measured in 20 subjects aged 65 years and over with Alzheimer-type dementia, 20 age-matched subjects with non-Alzheimer type dementia and 20 age-matched subjects with no dementia. Serum vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower and serum vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly more frequent in subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia and were independent of age, sex, haematological abnormality or serum folate.
Targeting DNA G‐Quadruplexes with Helical Small Molecules (2014)

We previously identified quinoline-based oligoamide helical foldamers and a trimeric macrocycle as selective ligands of DNA quadruplexes. Their helical structures might permit targeting of the backbone loops and grooves of G-quadruplexes instead of the G-tetrads. Given the vast array of morphologies G-quadruplex structures can adopt, this might be a way to achieve sequence selective binding. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of molecules based on macrocyclic and helically folded oligoamides. We tested their ability to interact with the human telomeric G-quadruplex and an array of promoter G-quadruplexes by using FRET melting assay and single-molecule FRET. Our results show that they constitute very potent ligands--comparable to the best so far reported. Their modes of interaction differ from those of traditional tetrad binders, thus opening avenues for the development of molecules specific for certain G-quadruplex conformations.
Performance of sequential decoding of convolutional codes over fully fading ocean acoustic channels (1990)

Sequential decoding of long-constraint convolutional codes is shown to be a feasible technique for digital data telemetry over realistic marine acoustic channels. A computational bound for sequential decoding over a fading dispersive channel is derived for hardlimiting and quantizing decoders. The results indicate that a minimum of 8 dB of bit SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) is required for sequential decoder operation. Simulations indicate that 14-dB bit SNR results in simple and feasible implementations. Diversity methods for coded transmissions over Rayleigh fading channels are examined. The optimal diversity level for minimum error probability of uncoded systems and the diversity level of minimizing the sequential decoder computational load are derived and shown to be different, with the latter requiring a higher order of diversity. Performance differences between fixed-diversity and optimal-diversity systems are presented.
Q factor and emission pattern control of the WG modes in notched microdisk resonators (2006)

Two-dimensional (2-D) boundary integral equation analysis of a notched circular microdisk resonator is presented. Results obtained provide accurate description of optical modes, free from the staircasing and discretization errors of other numerical techniques. Splitting of the double degenerate whispering-gallery (WG) modes and directional light output is demonstrated. The effect of the notch depth and width on the resonance wavelengths, Q factors, and emission patterns is studied. Further improvement of the directionality is demonstrated in an elliptical notched microdisk. Applications of the notched resonators to the design of microdisk lasers, oscillators, and biosensors are discussed.
Value of tissue harmonic imaging (THI) and contrast harmonic imaging (CHI) in detection and characterisation of breast tumours (2006)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which tissue harmonic imaging (THI), speckle reduction imaging (SRI), spatial compounding (SC) and contrast can improve detection and differentiation of breast tumours. We examined 38 patients (14 benign, 24 malignant tumours) with different combinations of THI, SRI and SC. The effect on delineation, margin, tissue differentiation and posttumoral phenomena was evaluated with a three-point score. Additionally, 1oo not palpable tumours (diameters: 4-15 mm) were examined by contrast harmonic imaging (CHI) with power Doppler. After bolus injection (0.5 ml Optison), vascularisation and enhancement were observed for 20 min. The best combination for detection of margin, infiltration, echo pattern and posterior lesion boundary was the combination of SRI level 2 with SC low. THI was helpful for lesions OF more than 1 cm depth. In native Power Doppler, vessels were found in 54 of 100 lesions. Within 5 min after contrast medium (CM) injection, marginal and penetrating vessels increased in benign and malignant tumours and central vessels mostly in carcinomas (p<0.05). A diffuse CM accumulation was observed up to 20 min after injection in malignant tumours only (p<0.05). THI, SRI and SC improved delineation and tissue differentiation. Second-generation contrast agent allowed detection of tumour vascularisation with prolonged enhancement.
Migrating glioma cells activate the PI3-K pathway and display decreased susceptibility to apoptosis (2003)

Glioma cells that migrate out of the main tumor mass into normal brain tissue contribute to the failure of most gliomas to respond to treatment. Treatments that target migratory glioma cells may enhance the therapeutic response. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that suppression of apoptosis accompanies activation of the migratory phenotype. Here, we determine whether migration and apoptosis are consistently linked in glioma cells and whether manipulation of migration influences cytotoxic therapy-induced apoptosis. Camptothecin and Trail-induced apoptosis were decreased 2-5-fold in actively migrating glioma cells relative to migration-restricted cells. Consistent with a mechanistic link between migration and apoptosis, the dose-response for stimulation of migration on laminin was inversely proportional to apoptosis induction. Treatment of glioma cells with migration inhibitors alone had little effect on basal rates of apoptosis and had little effect on Trail-induced or camptothecin-induced apoptosis in migration-restricted cells. By contrast, migration inhibitors increased camptothecin and Trail-induced apoptosis in actively migrating glioma cells. Migrating glioma cells have increased amounts of phosphorylated Akt and its downstream substrate glycogen synthase kinase-3 relative to migration restricted cells. Treatment of migrating cells with a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K), LY294002, blocked the phosphorylation of Akt and increased the sensitivity to apoptosis. LY294002 had no effect on the migration of restricted cells. This suggests that migrating glioma cells activate the PI3-K survival pathway, protecting migrating cells from apoptosis. Taken together, these data provide support for a link between migration and apoptosis in glioma cells. In addition, evidence indicates that treatment with migration inhibitors, while not affecting apoptosis-induction in migration-restricted cells, can sensitize migrating glioma cells to cytotoxic agents.
Executing Team Plans in Dynamic, Multi-agent Domains (1996)

This paper focuses on flexible teamwork in dynamic and realworld multi-agent domains. Such teamwork is not simply a union of agents’ simultaneous execution of individual plans, even if such execution pre-coordinated. Indeed, uncertainties in complex, dynamic domains often obstruct pre-planned coordination, with a resultant breakdown in teamwork. The central hypothesis in this paper is that for durable teamwork, agents should be provided explicit team plans, which directly express a team’s joint activities. When agents execute such team plans, they abide by certain commonsense conventions of teamwork. Essentially, such conventions provide a deeper model of teamwork, facilitating flexible reasoning about coordination activities. Such a framework also frees the planner or the knowledge engineer from specifying very detailed low-level coordination plans. This framework has been implemented in the context of a real-world synthetic environment for helicopter-combat simulation.1
Effect of number of drop precedences in assured forwarding (2003)

This paper explores the issue of fair allocation of excess network bandwidth between congestion sensitive and insensitive flows in an assured forwarding traffic class. In the absence of any mechanism to distinguish between out-of-profile traffic of congestion sensitive and insensitive flows, congestion insensitive flows will get most of the excess network bandwidth. However, if out-of-profile packets of congestion sensitive and insensitive flows are 'colored' differently, network can be configured so as to give better treatment to excess packets of congestion sensitive flows and achieve fair allocation of excess network bandwidth. With a view to clearly distinguish between out-of-profile packets of congestion sensitive and insensitive flows, three levels of drop precedence are required. However, if the network operates close to its capacity, three levels of drop precedence are redundant as there is not much excess bandwidth to be shared.
Mobile fieldwork solution for the construction industry (2008)

In order to stay within schedule and budget limits, large construction projects require fluent communication and information exchange between the collaborating enterprises. Unnecessary project delays and rework is mostly caused by missing or outdated information. Easily available, accurate and up-to-date information on the project status can improve work efficiency and quality. Such information can be efficiently shared between project partners in electronic form, and extending the information flow to on-site workers requires mobile devices and wireless communication. This paper describes the development of a mobile solution for construction industry fieldwork. The mobile application enables the collection and access to relevant information at the point of activity, i.e., the construction site. The collected information is shared with all concerned project partners in real time. The solution was tested in a construction environment, and the results are presented and discussed. Aside from a few technical problems, the results were promising.
The hysteretic behavior of „V-shaped switching” smectic materials (2000)

Abstract We have investigated the electro-optic response below the bulk SmC* to SmCa* transition in materials exhibiting thresholdless, V-shaped switching in the SmC* phase. We are able to explain the very complicated hysteretic behavior observed in these materials and its dependence on frequency, temperature and field strength. Strong polar surface anchoring causes coexistence of stable or metastable synclinic (SmC*) domains and stable anticlinic (SmCa*) domains during switching. The resulting response has intermediate steps in the transmission-voltage curves which in the past may have been misinterpreted as ferrielectric states or phases.
Screening of differentially expressed genes associated with Kawasaki disease by microarray analysis (2017)

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an autoimmune disorder that can induce coronary artery aneurysms, particularly in the case of delayed diagnosis and/or treatment. Early diagnosis is important for treatment and reduces the risk of heart injury. The aim of the present study was to identify differentially expressed genes by comparing the levels of gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells following treatment with plasma from healthy individuals and patients with acute or convalescent KD. Following comparison of the control and acute KD groups, 385 up-regulated and 537 down-regulated genes were identified in the acute KD group. In the convalescent group, 505 and 879 genes were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, relative to the control group. Genes involved in the immune system and cell growth factors were up-regulated, while genes functioning in methylation were down-regulated, following treatment with KD plasma. In addition, five potential candidate molecular markers of KD, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), interleukin (IL) 8, tripartite motif containing 58 (TRIM58), immunoglobulin superfamily member 3 (IGSF3) and runt related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) were identified by microarray analysis and verified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A significant positive correlation was identified between the neutrophil polys and expression levels of four of these candidate genes, including CXCL2, IL8, TRIM58, and IGSF3 (all P<0.01; R<sup>2</sup>≥0.64). However, only CXCL2 expression was significantly positively correlated with neutrophil polys (P=0.01; R<sup>2</sup>=0.64) and neutrophil bands (P<0.001; R<sup>2</sup>=0.73). These results indicate that CXCL2 serves a crucial role in the injury of endothelial cells by KD plasma.
Structure and Stability Changes of Human IgG1 Fc as a Consequence of Methionine Oxidation (2008)

The Fc region has two highly conserved methionine residues, Met 33 (C(H)3 domain) and Met 209 (C(H)3 domain), which are important for the Fc's structure and biological function. To understand the effect of methionine oxidation on the structure and stability of the human IgG1 Fc expressed in Escherichia coli, we have characterized the fully oxidized Fc using biophysical (DSC, CD, and NMR) and bioanalytical (SEC and RP-HPLC-MS) methods. Methionine oxidation resulted in a detectable secondary and tertiary structural alteration measured by circular dichroism. This is further supported by the NMR data. The HSQC spectral changes indicate the structures of both C(H)2 and C(H)3 domains are affected by methionine oxidation. The melting temperature (Tm) of the C(H)2 domain of the human IgG1 Fc was significantly reduced upon methionine oxidation, while the melting temperature of the C(H)3 domain was only affected slightly. The change in the C(H)2 domain T m depended on the extent of oxidation of both Met 33 and Met 209. This was confirmed by DSC analysis of methionine-oxidized samples of two site specific methionine mutants. When incubated at 45 degrees C, the oxidized Fc exhibited an increased aggregation rate. In addition, the oxidized Fc displayed an increased deamidation (at pH 7.4) rate at the Asn 67 and Asn 96 sites, both located on the C(H)2 domain, while the deamidation rates of the other residues were not affected. The methionine oxidation resulted in changes in the structure and stability of the Fc, which are primarily localized to the C(H)2 domain. These changes can impact the Fc's physical and covalent stability and potentially its biological functions; therefore, it is critical to monitor and control methionine oxidation during manufacturing and storage of protein therapeutics.