gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interferon-λs: Front-Line Guardians of Immunity and Homeostasis in the Respiratory Tract (2017)

Type III interferons (IFNs), also termed lambda IFNs (IFNλs) or interleukins-28/29, constitute a new addition to the IFN family. They are induced upon infection and are particularly abundant at barrier surfaces, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Although they signal through a unique heterodimeric receptor complex comprising IFNLR1 and IL10RB, they activate a downstream signaling pathway remarkably similar to that of type I IFNs and share many functions with them. Yet, they also have important differences which are only now starting to unfold. Here, we review the current literature implicating type III IFNs in the regulation of immunity and homeostasis in the respiratory tract. We survey the common and unique characteristics of type III IFNs in terms of expression patterns, cellular targets, and biological activities and discuss their emerging role in first line defenses against respiratory viral infections. We further explore their immune modulatory functions and their involvement in the regulation of inflammatory responses during chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Type III IFNs are, therefore, arising as front-line guardians of immune defenses in the respiratory tract, fine tuning inflammation, and as potential novel therapeutics for the treatment of diverse respiratory diseases, including influenza virus infection and asthma.
Resolution of strong sources for a gamma-ray telescope using coded aperture imaging (1988)

A hard x-ray/medium energy gamma-ray telescope is being developed using coded aperture imaging. The image recorded on the detector has to be cross correlated to deconvolve the sky map. We have developed a deconvolution method using the 2-D discrete Fourier transform, whose goal is to improve the separating power of these reconstructed maps. The results and limits of the method are discussed.
Newborn Capabilities: Parent Teaching Is a Necessity (2004)

Parent-infant communication has long-lasting effects on the development of a peaceful and healthy child, adult, and society. Childbirth education classes offer the perfect setting for teaching parents how to recognize and respond to their infant's cues. This column provides a list of potential learning tasks for parents and their infants in order to facilitate and improve the basis of effective communication.
The mermaid: Moving towards reality after trauma (2005)

Abstract This paper presents primitive states of mind in an adopted child, which had been engendered by traumatic experiences in infancy and early childhood. Vignettes from her therapy illustrate difficulties in learning, speech and interaction, which were inhibiting her relationships with her adopted family from developing. The development of thought-images, comprehension of the past and representation of memory are explored through discussion of her play, painting and drawing in her relationship with her therapist. Dans cet article, l'auteur explore, chez une enfant adoptée, les états psychiques archaïques engendrés par des vécus traumatiques dans sa petite enfance et au-delà. Des vignettes extraites de sa thérapie illustrent ses difficultés d'apprentissage, de parole et d'interaction relationnelle ; ces troubles entravaient tout approfondissement de ses relations avec les membres de sa famille adoptive. Le développement d'images-pensées, la compréhension de son histoire passée et la représentation de ses traces mnésiques sont explorés, au sein de la relation patient-thérapeute, à travers le jeu, la peinture et le dessin. Dieser Artikel präsentiert primitive Gemütszustände in einem adoptierten Kind, die durch traumatische Erlebnisse als Baby und in der frühen Kindheit erzeugt wurden. Vignetten aus der Therapie illustrieren die Schwierigkeiten beim Lernen, der Sprache und Interaktion, die die Entwicklung seiner Beziehung mit der Adoptivfamilie einschränkten. Die Entwicklung von Gedankenbildern, das Verständnis der Vergangenheit und die Repräsentation des Gedächtnis werden durch sein Spiel, Malen und Zeichnungen in seiner Beziehung mit seiner Therapeutin exploriert. Riassunto: L'articolo descrive stati mentali primitivi in una bambina adottata che soffrì di esperienze traumatiche nell'infanzia e nella prima fanciullezza. Vengono illustrate con il materiale clinico le difficoltà di apprendimento, linguaggio e interazione che inibivano lo sviluppo della relazione con la famiglia che l'aveva adottata. Lo sviluppo di immagini-pensiero, la comprensione del passato e la rappresentazione della memoria vengono illustrate attraverso la discussione del gioco e dei disegni prodotti all'interno della relazione con la terapeuta.
<i>In vivo</i> functional discrimination between plant thioredoxins by heterologous expression in the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1998)

Whereas vertebrates possess only two thioredoxin genes, higher plants present a much greater diversity of thioredoxins. For example, Arabidopsis thaliana has five cytoplasmic thioredoxins (type h) and at least as many chloroplastic thioredoxins. The abundance of plant thioredoxins leads to the question whether the various plant thioredoxins play a similar role or have specific functions. Because most of these proteins display very similar activities on artificial or biological substrates in vitro, we developed an in vivo approach to answer this question. The disruption of both of the two Saccharomyces cerevisiae thioredoxin genes leads to pleiotropic effects including methionine auxotrophy, H2O2 hypersensitivity, altered cell cycle characteristics, and a limited ability to use methionine sulfoxide as source of methionine. We expressed eight plant thioredoxins (six cytoplasmic and two chloroplastic) in yeast trx1, trx2 double mutant cells and analyzed the different phenotypes. Arabidopsis type h thioredoxin 2 efficiently restored sulfate assimilation whereas Arabidopsis type h thioredoxin 3 conferred H2O2 tolerance. All thioredoxins tested could complement for reduction of methionine sulfoxide, whereas only type h thioredoxins were able to complement the cell cycle defect. These findings clearly indicate that specific interactions between plant thioredoxins and their targets occur in vivo.
Microsatellite genome screening: rapid non-denaturing, non-isotopic dinucleotide repeat analysis. (1994)

The study of reverse genetics has made it possible for scientists to isolate and identify the genes responsible for such human diseases as cystic fibrosis and Duchenne- and Becker-type muscular dystrophy. The expensive and time-consuming process of detecting restriction fragment length polymorphisms by Southern blotting was the only method available to localize these genes. With the discovery of polymorphic microsatellite sequences in the human genome, the speed and ease of which a genome screening can be performed has increased dramatically. This paper reports on advanced methods for detection of microsatellite-repeated sequences making the task of mapping human genes simpler, safer and more economical.
IgE synthesis by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. (1989)

The present results indicate that B cells isolated from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) from 11 of 14 patients are capable of specifically producing IgE upon costimulation with IL-4 and hydrocortisone (HC). IgE is detected by intracytoplasmic fluorescence staining and by RIA. Clinical, hematological, and immunological parameters (including Rai stage, WBC, Lc, sIg kappa/lambda, CD5, and CD23 expression) cannot distinguish the IgE responder from the nonresponder patients. IL-4 alone is a potent inducer of human IgE synthesis by normal PBMC and we show here that its effect is strikingly enhanced by HC. The IgE produced by B-CLLs are monoclonal since they display the same L chain type as the freshly isolated CD5+ B-CLLs. We, therefore, conclude that the combination of IL-4 and HC can abrogate the maturation arrest of CD5+ B-CLLs by inducing their differentiation into IgE-producing cells. The present data provide a unique model to study the isotype switching to IgE and the regulation of human IgE synthesis by monoclonal human B cells.
Evaluation Metrics For Language Models (2018)

The most widely-used evaluation metric for language models for speech recognition is the perplexity of test data. While perplexities can be calculated efficiently and without access to a speech recognizer, they often do not correlate well with speech recognition word-error rates. In this research, we attempt to find a measure that like perplexity is easily calculated but which better predicts speech recognition performance. We investigate two approaches; first, we attempt to extend perplexity by using similar measures that utilize information about language models that perplexity ignores. Second, we attempt to imitate the word-error calculation without using a speech recognizer by artificially generating speech recognition lattices. To test our new metrics, we have built over thirty varied language models. We find that perplexity correlates with word-error rate remarkably well when only considering n-gram models trained on in-domain data. When considering other types of models, our novel metrics are superior to perplexity for predicting speech recognition performance. However, we conclude that none of these measures predict word-error rate sufficiently accurately to be effective tools for language model evaluation in speech recognition.
A 6-b UWB subsampling track &amp; hold with 5.5-GHz ERBW in 40 nm CMOS (2014)

This paper presents an ultra wideband track and hold (T/H) circuit using direct RF subsampling for radar applications. The circuit enables digitization of the whole received UWB pulse instead of a sole distance measurement used in correlating receivers. In this way, more target information is acquired for further digital processing. Subsampling was applied to achieve a low power concumption of 1.4 mW which includes the T/H core and clock generator. The circuit operates on a rail-to-rail input using the bootstrapping technique. To avoid reliability issues caused by bootstrapping the sampling switch, bulk switching and precharge techniques are introduced. An effective resolution bandwidth of 5.5-GHz was measured with an accuracy of 6-b. The track and hold circuit has been implemented in 40 nm CMOS.
Activated oncogenes in a rat hepatocellular carcinoma induced by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline. (1985)

The presence of activated oncogenes in several rat hepatocellular carcinomas induced by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoline (IQ) was examined by NIH 3T3 cell transfection assay and Southern blot analysis. In one tumor, IQ4, rat H-ras-1 and another oncogene that did not belong to the ras family were found to be activated.
A monoclonal antibody to the NH2-terminal segment of human IFN-gamma selectively interferes with the antiproliferative activity of the lymphokine (1993)

To gain more information about the relationship between the structure of IFN-gamma and its activity, a peptide corresponding to a hydrophilic peak between amino acids 4 and 16 was used to immunize mice and generate mAb. mAb IGMB-15 reacts to both native and rIFN-gamma and neutralizes the antiproliferative activity of IFN-gamma without affecting its antiviral activity or its ability to up-regulate HLA-DR Ag expression. Moreover, we observed that mAb IGMB-15 was unable to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled IFN-gamma to its cellular receptor. These findings show that the NH2-terminal region may somehow be involved in the biologic activity of IFN-gamma. Besides, the capability of mAb IGMB-15 to inhibit the antiproliferative but not the antiviral activity of IFN-gamma in the same cell (HEp-2) suggests the presence of different elements involved in signal transduction, which may account for the multiple activities of the lymphokine.
56.4: New Deep Blue Fluorescent Materials and Their Application to High Performance OLEDs (2011)

Abstract We developed highly efficient deep blue fluorescent materials. The bottom‐emission OLED showed a CIE1931 coordinate of (0.14, 0.08) and a current efficiency of 6.5 cd/A with using a new efficiency‐enhancement layer. We achieved CIEy of 0.062, a current efficiency of 7.5 cd/A and lifetime (LT95) of 2,000 hrs by depositing a new organic capping layer on a top‐emission blue OLEDs, A hybrid white OLED by stacking a deep blue fluorescence and a phosphorescent red/green stacked yellow was also demonstrated which has an efficacy of 23 lm/W and color temperature of 10,000 K at 10 mA/cm 2 and lifetime (LT50) of over 60,000 hrs at a luminance of 1,000 cd/m 2 .
Heme, Heme Oxygenase, and Ferritin: How the Vascular Endothelium Survives (and Dies) in an Iron-Rich Environment (2007)

Iron-derived reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous vascular disorders. One abundant source of redox active iron is heme, which is inherently dangerous when it escapes from its physiologic sites. Here, we present a review of the nature of heme-mediated cytotoxicity and of the strategies by which endothelium manages to protect itself from this clear and present danger. Of all sites in the body, the endothelium may be at greatest risk of exposure to heme. Heme greatly potentiates endothelial cell killing mediated by leukocytes and other sources of reactive oxygen. Heme also promotes the conversion of low-density lipoprotein to cytotoxic oxidized products. Hemoglobin in plasma, when oxidized, transfers heme to endothelium and lipoprotein, thereby enhancing susceptibility to oxidant-mediated injury. As a defense against such stress, endothelial cells upregulate heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin. Heme oxygenase opens the porphyrin ring, producing biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and a most dangerous product-redox active iron. The latter can be effectively controlled by ferritin via sequestration and ferroxidase activity. These homeostatic adjustments have been shown to be effective in the protection of endothelium against the damaging effects of heme and oxidants; lack of adaptation in an iron-rich environment led to extensive endothelial damage in humans.
Combined mechanism using both ARQ and scheduling for efficient transmission in OFDMA system (2009)

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) has been discussed as one of major next generation multiple access techniques. Its basic concept is to assign different subcarriers into various users at the same time. Recently, many researches have identified ACK or NACK in automatic repeated request (ARQ) and their information have been transmitted to users in the downlink. However this paper considers each user's state with the scheduling in OFDMA system. The user's status can be considered for the user scheduler through either Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) module or ARQ module. The simulation results show that channel information transmission through ARQ has better throughput and increases the fairness than channels information transmission through CQI in terms of throughput and fairness.
Prevalence of dural venous sinus stenosis and hypoplasia in a generalized population (2016)

The prevalence of bilateral transverse sinus stenosis in the general population is not trivial. These data may be used as a reference for understanding the mechanistic role of stenoses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, tinnitus, and refractory headaches.
BNIP3 and Genetic Control of Necrosis-Like Cell Death through the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (2000)

Many apoptotic signaling pathways are directed to mitochondria, where they initiate the release of apoptogenic proteins and open the proposed mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pore that ultimately results in the activation of the caspase proteases responsible for cell disassembly. BNIP3 (formerly NIP3) is a member of the Bcl-2 family that is expressed in mitochondria and induces apoptosis without a functional BH3 domain. We report that endogenous BNIP3 is loosely associated with mitochondrial membrane in normal tissue but fully integrates into the mitochondrial outer membrane with the N terminus in the cytoplasm and the C terminus in the membrane during induction of cell death. Surprisingly, BNIP3-mediated cell death is independent of Apaf-1, caspase activation, cytochrome c release, and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor. However, cells transfected with BNIP3 exhibit early plasma membrane permeability, mitochondrial damage, extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation, and mitochondrial autophagy, yielding a morphotype that is typical of necrosis. These changes were accompanied by rapid and profound mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by opening of the mitochondrial PT pore, proton electrochemical gradient (Deltapsim) suppression, and increased reactive oxygen species production. The PT pore inhibitors cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid blocked mitochondrial dysregulation and cell death. We propose that BNIP3 is a gene that mediates a necrosis-like cell death through PT pore opening and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Las bases de datos cien años después del desastre colonial (2005)

Con el transcurrir de la Historia, es necesaria la posesión de bases de datos y archivadores en los cuales poder almacenar la información y documentación que el transcurso de los años va generando, para poder -si es necesario- ser utilizada en un futuro. El artículo explica cómo se originaron los primeros archivadores, en qué momento de la Historia aparecieron y, desde entonces, cómo han evolucionado y cómo se ha ido archivando la Historia. El CD-ROM es, actualmente, el medio que posee la más elevada capacidad de almacenamiento.
Prognosis of Bearing and Gear Wears Using Convolutional Neural Network with Hybrid Loss Function (2020)

This study aimed to propose a prognostic method based on a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1-D CNN) with clustering loss by classification training. The 1-D CNN was trained by collecting the vibration signals of normal and malfunction data in hybrid loss function (i.e., classification loss in output and clustering loss in feature space). Subsequently, the obtained feature was adopted to estimate the status for prognosis. The open bearing dataset and established gear platform were utilized to validate the functionality and feasibility of the proposed model. Moreover, the experimental platform was used to simulate the gear mechanism of the semiconductor robot to conduct a practical experiment to verify the accuracy of the model estimation. The experimental results demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Scale-space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion (1990)

A new definition of scale-space is suggested, and a class of algorithms used to realize a diffusion process is introduced. The diffusion coefficient is chosen to vary spatially in such a way as to encourage intraregion smoothing rather than interregion smoothing. It is shown that the 'no new maxima should be generated at coarse scales' property of conventional scale space is preserved. As the region boundaries in the approach remain sharp, a high-quality edge detector which successfully exploits global information is obtained. Experimental results are shown on a number of images. Parallel hardware implementations are made feasible because the algorithm involves elementary, local operations replicated over the image.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The integration of nonutility generation and spot prices within utility generation scheduling (1994)

As deregulation becomes a reality within the utility industry, nonutility generators (NUGs) become an ever growing segment of the generation mix. The wider penetration of NUGs will profoundly affect many aspects of utility planning and operations; among these is the economical optimization of scheduling generation within established reliability criteria. This paper describes a unit commitment technique incorporating NUGs, which are assumed to be operating under spot pricing rates, within a consistent reliability framework.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Claudin‐4 Undergoes Age‐Dependent Change in Cellular Localization on Pig Jejunal Villous Epithelial Cells, Independent of Bacterial Colonization (2015)

Newborn piglets are immunologically naïve and must receive passive immunity via colostrum within 24 hours to survive. Mechanisms by which the newborn piglet gut facilitates uptake of colostral cells, antibodies, and proteins may include FcRn and pIgR receptor-mediated endocytosis and paracellular transport between tight junctions (TJs). In the present study, FcRn gene (FCGRT) was minimally expressed in 6-week-old gut and newborn jejunum but it was expressed at significantly higher levels in the ileum of newborn piglets. pIgR was highly expressed in the jejunum and ileum of 6-week-old animals but only minimally in neonatal gut. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Claudin-5 localized to blood vessel endothelial cells. Claudin-4 was strongly localized to the apical aspect of jejunal epithelial cells for the first 2 days of life after which it was redistributed to the lateral surface between adjacent enterocytes. Claudin-4 was localized to ileal lateral surfaces within 24 hours after birth indicating regional and temporal differences. Tissue from gnotobiotic piglets showed that commensal microbiota did not influence Claudin-4 surface localization on jejunal or ileal enterocytes. Regulation of TJs by Claudin-4 surface localization requires further investigation. Understanding the factors that regulate gut barrier maturation may yield protective strategies against infectious diseases.
A competitive integration model of exogenous and endogenous eye movements (2010)

We present a model of the eye movement system in which the programming of an eye movement is the result of the competitive integration of information in the superior colliculi (SC). This brain area receives input from occipital cortex, the frontal eye fields, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, on the basis of which it computes the location of the next saccadic target. Two critical assumptions in the model are that cortical inputs are not only excitatory, but can also inhibit saccades to specific locations, and that the SC continue to influence the trajectory of a saccade while it is being executed. With these assumptions, we account for many neurophysiological and behavioral findings from eye movement research. Interactions within the saccade map are shown to account for effects of distractors on saccadic reaction time (SRT) and saccade trajectory, including the global effect and oculomotor capture. In addition, the model accounts for express saccades, the gap effect, saccadic reaction times for antisaccades, and recorded responses from neurons in the SC and frontal eye fields in these tasks.
Simulation libraries for system-level design (1995)

Raising the level of design abstraction to achieve a system synthesis capability requires electronic design automation (EDA) tools for design capture, analysis and verification at the new level of abstraction, as well as tools for synthesis at the next lower level of abstraction. It is essential that simulation libraries exist that support the new toolset. In system synthesis, elements of the desired product functionality will be specified as combinations of functional primitives in a high-order language or as flowgraph representations. Implementation trade offs will require the designer to simulate the performance of these functions when implemented in ASICs, FPGAs, or software. Simulation will require extensive libraries of primitives and their performance characteristics on a wide variety of hardware and software implementations. The paper considers system synthesis and some problems in system-level simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>