gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of electrode configuration and substrate material on the mass deposition rate of electrospinning (2009)

Abstract Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) was electrospun using different methods to charge the polymer solution. A positive high voltage relative to the collecting electrode significantly increased the fiber deposition rate. Electron microscopy showed that approximately half of the increase in fiber mass was due to thicker fibers being deposited. The current flowing from the grounded electrode was measured to determine the charge carried on the PVOH jet. This showed that for a positive voltage charging condition there is a much larger current and hence more charge carriers generated in the PVOH solution. As a result, more mass is ejected from the Taylor cone, implying that a positive voltage also produces longer fiber for a given time period. We also tested whether different substrate materials caused any variation when the charging conditions were changed. Statistically significant variation between substrates was only found when the substrate was an insulator and was expected to support a high‐deposition rate. This confirms the view that the PVOH fiber arrives at the collecting electrode carrying a charge that must be neutralized, otherwise a repulsive charge will form where the fiber is deposited and some fiber will be lost to any alternative earth. In electrospraying, charge carriers are generated using associated redox reactions. Thus, for electrospinning a lack of symmetry in these reactions may result in the generation of different quantities of charge carriers in the PVOH solution and changes in the mass deposition rate of electrospun fiber. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Oxygen Vacancy Induced Band-Gap Narrowing and Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO (2012)

Oxygen vacancies in crystal have important impacts on the electronic properties of ZnO. With ZnO(2) as precursors, we introduce a high concentration of oxygen vacancies into ZnO successfully. The obtained ZnO exhibits a yellow color, and the absorption edge shifts to longer wavelength. Raman and XPS spectra reveal that the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the ZnO decreased when the samples are annealed at higher temperature in air. It is consistent with the theory calculation. The increasing of oxygen vacancies results in a narrowing bandgap and increases the visible light absorption of the ZnO. The narrowing bandgap can be confirmed by the enhancement of the photocurrent response when the ZnO was irradiated with visible light. The ZnO with oxygen vacancies are found to be efficient for photodecomposition of 2,4-dichlorophenol under visible light irradiation.
Playsom And Pocketsomplayer, Alternative Interfaces To Large Music Collections. (2005)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Recombinant thyroid hormone receptor and retinoid Xreceptor stimulate ligand-dependent transcription in vitro. (1994)

The thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptors form a heterodimer with each other and mediate thyroid hormone (T3)-dependent transcription. Retinoid X receptor, in addition, forms a homodimer and mediates 9-cis-retinoic acid-dependent transcription. Here, recombinant thyroid hormone receptor and recombinant retinoid X receptor beta expressed from baculovirus vectors have been studied for ligand-mediated activation of transcription in vitro. We show that the two recombinant receptors, most likely as a heterodimer, cooperatively enhance transcription in vitro from a template containing functional T3 responsive elements. The enhancement was specific for the T3 responsive element and was greatest when T3 was added to the reaction (approximately 14-fold increase). Albeit to a lesser degree, the two receptors also directed transcription in the absence of T3. Template competition experiments suggest that the two receptors enhance formation of the preinitiation complex and that activation by T3 occurs when the ligand binds the receptor prior to (or during), but not after, the formation of the preinitiation complex. Although 9-cis-retinoic acid had no effect on the T3-dependent transcription, this ligand activated transcription in vitro directed by recombinant retinoic X receptor beta, most likely as a homodimer. This activation was observed when using nuclear extracts from embryonal carcinoma cells as a source of basal transcription factors, but not those from B lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that transcriptional activation mediated by T3 and 9-cis-retinoic acid can be reconstituted in vitro with the respective recombinant receptors.
Anode-boundary-layer behaviour in a transferred, high-intensity arc (1998)

The effects of the plasma's gas-flow rate on phenomena such as the negative anode fall and the heat flux to the anode in high-intensity arcs are discussed on the basis of a numerical model of the anode's boundary layer. The modelling system consists of a rotationally symmetrical argon plasma formed between the outlet of a constrictor tube and a water-cooled flat copper anode perpendicular to the axis of the plasma flow which is directed towards the anode. The arc is operated at atmospheric pressure and at a current level of 200 A. The boundary conditions for the electron temperature and the electron number density at the anode's surface are obtained by solving the electron-energy equation and the diffusion equation at the anode's surface simultaneously with all conservation equations for the calculation domain. A diffuse anode attachment is obtained for a mass flow rate exceeding 0.2 g and a constricted anode attachment is found for rates below 0.02 g . There is a (probably unstable) transition region between these flow rates. The anode boundary layer of the diffuse attachment is strongly affected by the mass-flow rate. Increasing the mass-flow rate shifts the location of the peak of the electrical potential towards the anode while its magnitude decreases and the total heat flux to the anode increases. This is a consequence of the effects of the mass-flow rate on the axial profiles of electron and heavy-particle temperatures and of the electron number density. In contrast, the anode boundary layer of the constricted attachment seems not to be affected by the mass-flow rate.
Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse (2004)

1. Wastewater Engineering: An Overview 2. Constituents in Wastewater 3. Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings 4. Introduction to Process Analysis and Selection 5. Physical Unit Operations 6. Chemical Unit Processes 7. Fundamentals of Biological Treatment 8. Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Processes 9. Attached Growth and Combined Biological Treatment Processes 10. Anaerobic Suspended and Attached Growth Biological Treatment Processes 11. Advanced Wastewater Treatment 12. Disinfection Processes 13. Water Reuse 14. Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal of Solids and Biosolids 15. Issues Related to Treatment-Plant Performance Appendixes A Conversion Factors B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and the Composition of Air C Physical Properties of Water D Solubility of Dissolved Oxygen in Water as a Function of Salinity and Barometric Pressure E MPN Tables and Their Use F Carbonate Equilibrium G Moody Diagrams for the Analysis of Flow in Pipes
Growth‐Promoting Activity of Tuna Growth Hormone and Expression of Tuna Growth Hormone Cdna in Escherichia Coli (1988)

Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) growth hormone (GH) was purified by using a column of Sepharose 4B to which tuna GH-specific IgG was linked. The molecular weight and isoelectric point of tuna GH were 21,000 and 6.5, respectively. The growth of snapper (Pagrus major) was remarkably accelerated when the purified hormone was administered by four intraperitonial injections at intervals of 5 days: 1.5-fold in length and 1.9-fold in body weight/60 days. To produce tuna GH in Escherichia coli cells, expression plasmids pTES8 and pTES8S for tuna GH cDNA with or without the signal peptide region were constructed and GH production in E. coli cells was examined with the Maxicell system. The product specified by the plasmids in E. coli cells was immunologically identified to be tuna GH.
PRESERVING THE FREEDOM OF PAPER IN A COMPUTER-BASED SKETCH TOOL (2001)

Abstract. The tradeoff between the ease of sketching a me-chanical system on paper and the power of representing it on a computer is too great, as evidenced by the fact that mechanical designers typically begin by sketching their designs on paper, then transfer them to the computer only after the initial design process is complete. To bring early design to the computer, we must develop a tool that allows the user to sketch freely, yet still interprets and understands the user’s drawing as a me-chanical system. We present a tool that allows users to sketch simple 2-D mechanisms and report on early reactions to it. 1
Human platelet alpha granules contain a nonspecific inhibitor of megakaryocyte colony formation: Its relationship to type β transforming growth factor (TGF‐β) (1988)

Whole blood serum (WBS) and platelet-poor plasma-derived serum (PDS) from the same normal subject were compared for their abilities to support human megakaryocyte (MK) colony formation. In all cases, PDS promoted the growth of a higher number (20-50%) of MK colonies than did WBS. Increasing amounts of WBS decreased the number of colonies, whereas increasing concentration of PDS had no marked effects. Crude platelet extracts or platelet secretory products from thrombin-activated platelets also elicited an inhibition of MK colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. A complete inhibition was found for a dose equivalent to 1.10(9) platelets/ml and a 50% inhibition in a range of 1.10(7)-1.10(8) platelets/ml. These platelet products were also inhibitory for erythroid progenitor growth. Platelets from two patients with gray platelet syndrome elicited only a minor inhibition of MK growth, suggesting that the platelet alpha granule is the origin of this inhibition. When platelet extracts were acid-treated, the biological activity of the inhibitor on CFU-MK and CFU-E growth was 20-50-fold higher. In addition, a potent stimulatory activity on the growth of day 7 CFU-GM was observed. The enhancement of biological activities by acid treatment suggests that type beta transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) could be involved in this platelet inhibitory activity. The homogeneous native TGF-beta (from 1 pg to 1 ng/ml) produced the same effects previously induced by platelet products. It totally inhibited CFU-MK growth (at a 500 pg/ml), it inhibited CFU-E growth, and it stimulated growth of day 7 CFU-GM in the presence of a colony-stimulating factor. The inhibition of CFU-MK growth was also observed on purified progenitors. In conclusion, these results suggest that TGF-beta may be implicated in negative autocrine regulation of megakaryopoiesis. However, since this molecule has ubiquitous biological activities, its physiologic relevance as a normal regulator of megakaryopoiesis requires further investigation.
Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by curcumin and related  -diketone derivatives: effects on cytosolic phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase (2004)

Aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism is involved in the inflammatory and carcinogenic processes. In this study, we investigated the effects of curcumin, a naturally occurring chemopreventive agent, and related beta-diketone derivatives on the release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in the murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. We also examined their effects on the catalytic activities and protein levels of related enzymes: cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), cyclooxygenases (COX) as well as 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). At 10 micro M, dibenzoylmethane (DBM), trimethoxydibenzoylmethane (TDM), tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) and curcumin effectively inhibited the release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW cells and A23187-stimulated HT-29 cells. Inhibition of phosphorylation of cPLA(2), the activation process of this enzyme, rather than direct inhibition of cPLA(2) activity appears to be involved in the effect of curcumin. All the curcuminoids (10 micro M) potently inhibited the formation of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in LPS-stimulated RAW cells. Curcumin (20 micro M) significantly inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 expression; this effect, rather than the catalytic inhibition of COX, may contribute to the decreased PGE(2) formation. Without LPS-stimulation, however, curcumin increased the COX-2 level in the macrophage cells. Studies with isolated ovine COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes showed that the curcuminoids had significantly higher inhibitory effects on the peroxidase activity of COX-1 than that of COX-2. Curcumin and THC potently inhibited the activity of human recombinant 5-LOX, showing estimated IC(50) values of 0.7 and 3 micro M, respectively. The results suggest that curcumin affects arachidonic acid metabolism by blocking the phosphorylation of cPLA(2), decreasing the expression of COX-2 and inhibiting the catalytic activities of 5-LOX. These activities may contribute to the anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic actions of curcumin and its analogs.
Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide Complementary to CXCR4 mRNA Block Replication of HIV-1 in COS Cells (1999)

CXCR4 is both a chemokine receptor and an entry co-receptor for the T-cell line-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To find a more efficacious therapeutic treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, we examined the effects of antisense oligonucleotides on CXCR4 production. COS cells, stably expressing CXCR4 and CD4, were incubated with several kinds of oligonucleotides. Total human p24 antigen production was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. An antisense phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotide, complementary to the translation initiation region of the CXCR4 mRNA, showed minimal inhibition of p24 antigen production at the high concentration of 2 microM. On the other hand, the antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, when used with transfection reagents, showed high efficiency at low concentrations, and confirmed the sequence-specific action. Interestingly, the oligonucleotide with the natural phosphodiester backbone, when used with the transfection reagents, also had high functional effects, comparable to the modified oligonucleotide. This study defines the prerequisite criteria necessary for the design and the application of antisense oligonucleotides against HIV-1 in vivo.
Antisense-mediated specific inhibition of P120 protein expression prevents G1- to S-phase transition. (1992)

A pentadecadeoxyribonucleotide (5'-AAAGCCCCCCACCAC), complementary to a splice junction site of mRNA for human proliferation-associated nucleolar protein P120, inhibited expression of the P120 gene and the mitogen-induced proliferation of human lymphocytes. The inhibition of P120 gene expression and proliferation was concentration dependent and reached 90% at 200 microM, as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake and by densitometric scanning of Northern (mRNA) and Western (protein) blots of P120. Inhibition was not observed in cells treated with the correspondent nonsense oligomer. P120 antisense oligomer treatment prevented S-phase entry of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, as determined by flow cytometric analysis, but did not block G0-G1 transition assessed by morphological blast transformation and induction of [3H]uridine incorporation. Results of this study suggest that P120 expression may be required for the upregulation of nucleolar function necessary for cell proliferation.
Sulfonamide-containing polymers: a new class of pH-sensitive polymers and gels (2001)

New pH-responsive polymers and hydrogel nanoparticles were synthesized, which bear either sulfapyridine or sulfamethoxypyridazine. The linear copolymers in water showed soluble/insoluble transition, while the hydrogel nanoparticles in aqueous solutions experienced association/dissociation transition in a narrow pH range. Their pH sensitivity was confirmed by the change in turbidity or particle size as a function of pH. The ionization of SO2NH group in sulfonamides is responsible for aggregation of the polymers or hydrogel nanoparticles. The transition pH is determined by the amount of SO2NH groups in the copolymers or on the hydrogel nanoparticle surface; at an optimum composition, the transitions occur near physiological pH. These systems may present a potential for various biomedical and bioengineering fields, such as pulsatile drug delivery, targeting, embolization, sensors, and bioseparation.
Metabolism of acetonitrile and propionitrile by Nocardia rhodochrous LL100-21 (1976)

Six nitrile compounds and two amide derivatives were degraded by Nocardia rhodochrous LL100-21. Acetonitrile, hydroacrylonitrile, and propionitrile were the best sources of carbon and nitrogen for growth, whereas butenenitrile, succinonitrile, and acetamide supported less growth. Acrylonitrile and acrylamide supported growth but only as a source of nitrogen. Gas chromatography of the culture medium revealed a decrease in acetonitrile with the sequential formation of acetamide and acetic acid. Ammonia was also detected by colorimetric procedures. The enzyme system responsible for the hydrolysis of acetonitrile was shown to be intracellular and inducible. The breakdown of acetonitrile by a crude bacterial extract was a two-step enzymatic hydrolysis with acetamide as the intermediate product and acetic acid and ammonia as the final products. Product formation was stoichiometric with substrate disappearance. When propionitrile was the growth substrate, there was complete conversion of the nitrile to propionic acid and ammonia as the major products. The enzymatic breakdown of the propionitrile, although slower than acetonitrile, yielded the corresponding carboxylic acid and ammonia. Propionamide was produced in very small amounts as an intermediate product.
Anticandidial Effect of Phenylbutene Derivatives and Their Interaction with Ergosterol (1999)

This paper reports the effect of phenylbut-3-en-2-one, of its analogues, bearing 3-nitro, 4-nitro, 4-chloro- and 4-dimethylamino substituents at the phenyl moiety, and of the hydrazide, phenylhydrazide and oxime of 4-nitrophenylbut-3-en-2-one on the growth and germ-tube formation of Candida spp., as well as their ability to interact with ergosterol in water/dimethylformamide (DMF) solution and their acute toxicity for mice. 3-Nitro-, 4-nitro- and 4-chlorophenylbut-3-en-2-ones inhibit candidial growth in vitro in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to > 0.4 mM and their activity is comparable to that of ketoconazole (in mg/l) and lower than that of amphotericin B. The rest of the compounds are inactive at > 0.4 mM. Germ-tube formation of C.albicans is inhibited at 0.04 mM 4-nitrophenylbut-3-en-2-one and at 0.005 mM of the 3-nitro isomer. A decrease in the absorption maxima in ergosterol mixtures with 4-dimethylamino, 3-nitrophenylbut-3-en-2-one and the oxime of the 4-nitrophenylbut-3-en-2-one was observed, indicative of interaction in water/DMF solutions, while no changes in the UV spectra of the remaining compounds were detectable. That suggests that the growth inhibiting effect is not in correlation with their ability to interact with ergosterol, despite the resemblance to polyenes. LD50 for mice is 367 mg/kg for 4-nitrophenylbut-3-en-2-one and 398 mg/kg for the 3-nitro isomer.
Purification of penicillin‐binding protein 4 of <i>Escherichia coli</i> as a soluble protein by dye‐affinity chromatography (1991)

The dacB gene of Escherichia coli, coding for penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP4) was cloned under the control of the phage lambda pR promoter and cro gene translation signals. Depression of the phage lambda promoter for 2 h at 42 degrees C in E. coli led to the maximum over-production of PBP4 to 3.8% of the total soluble protein. Expression at 42 degrees C but not at 40 degrees C or 37 degrees C led to incomplete processing and aggregation of the preform of PBP4. Cibacron navyblue 2G-E was selected from a collection of triazine dyes as having a high affinity for PBP4. The immobilised dye was used in a two-step procedure to isolated 374 mg PBP4 from the soluble fraction of 125 g (wet mass) cells of the over-producing strain, with a recovery of 63.2% and a final purity of 99% as determined by active-site titration with radiolabelled penicillin. Saturation of PBP4 with various beta-lactam derivatives did not abolish binding to the dye material, nor was PBP4 eluted by addition of beta-lactams from the dye matrix. PBP4 behaved as a soluble protein throughout the purification, that was performed in the complete absence of detergents. Furthermore, in flotation experiments on sucrose density gradients and in Triton X-114 fractionation experiments, it showed the characteristics of a soluble protein. Cibacron navyblue 2G-E showed class specificity for all E. coli PBP except PBP3 and could be used for the isolation of these PBP from membrane extracts.
Polymeric Conjugates of Gd<sup>3+</sup>−Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid and Dextran. 1. Synthesis, Characterization, and Paramagnetic Properties (1997)

Macromolecular conjugates of dextran and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), aimed to complex gadolinium, were synthesized to obtain contrast agents for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with good paramagnetic properties and long intravascular persistence. These conjugates were prepared from dextran 40 (Mn = 38 kg/mol and Mw = 43 kg/mol), which was first carboxymethylated. Then amines were introduced by reacting ethylenediamine with dextran carboxylic acid groups in the presence of 2-ethoxy-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,2-dihydroquinoline. DTPA was then covalently linked to aminated dextran by using three different coupling procedures (DTPA bisanhydride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide, and isobutyl chloroformate). The different final products were compared in terms of DTPA contents, molecular masses, and sizes, and it was proved that the last synthesis step led to a small fraction of cross-linked chains as Mn was between 128 and 166 kg/mol and Mw between 332 and 371 kg/mol. In spite of this partial cross-linking which theoretically decreases the complexation capacity of the dextran-linked DTPA molecules, the Gd(3+)-complexed conjugates exhibited relaxivities at 20 MHz/mol of gadolinium-2.5 times as great as that of free GdDTPA2-.
PTP1B inhibitory secondary metabolites from the Antarctic lichen <i>Lecidella carpathica</i> (2011)

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an attractive therapeutic target for diabetes, playing a major role in negative regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. Bioassay-guided investigations of an MeOH extract of the Antarctic lichen, Lecidella carpathica, afforded three PTP1B inhibitory metabolites: hopane-6α,22-diol (1), brialmontin 1 (2), and atraric acid (3), along with two aromatic metabolites (4 and 5) previously isolated from a different Antarctic lichen species. Their structures were determined by analysis of NMR and MS data. Compounds 1–3 inhibited PTP1B activity in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 3.7, 14.0 and 51.5 μM, respectively, and kinetic analyses of PTP1B inhibition by compounds 1 and 2 suggested that these compounds inhibit PTP1B activity in a competitive manner. In addition, 6,22-hopanediol (1) displayed some selectivity toward PTP1B over other protein tyrosine phosphatases, such as TCPTP (IC50 = 8.4 μM), SHP-2 (IC50 > 68 μM), LAR (IC50 > 68 μM), and CD45 (IC50 > 68 μM).
The year's new drugs and biologics 2015-part II: Trends andhighlights that marked a complicated year (2016)

This eagle's-eye overview of the drug industry in 2015 provides insight into some of last year's top stories, including drug pricing, orphan drug development, the FDA's priority review voucher system, pipeline attrition, and the ongoing movement in M&A. We also take a look into the crystal ball and anticipate the new drugs that may reach the market in 2016.