gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collagen VI Is Upregulated in COPD and Serves Both as an Adhesive Target and a Bactericidal Barrier for <b><i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i></b> (2015)

Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative human mucosal commensal and pathogen. It is a common cause of exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During the process of infection, host colonization correlates with recognition of host molecular patterns. Importantly, in COPD patients with compromised epithelial integrity the underlying extracellular matrix is exposed and provides potential adhesive targets. Collagen VI is a ubiquitous fibrillar component in the airway mucosa and has been attributed both adhesive and killing properties against Gram-positive bacteria. However, less is known regarding Gram-negative microorganisms. Therefore, in the present study, the interaction of M. catarrhalis with collagen VI was characterized. We found that collagen VI is upregulated in the airways of COPD patients and exposed upon epithelial desquamation. Ex vivo, we inoculated airway biopsies and fibroblasts from COPD patients with M. catarrhalis. The bacteria specifically adhered to collagen VI-containing matrix fibrils. In vitro, purified collagen VI microfibrils bound to bacterial surface structures. The primary adhesion target was mapped to the collagen VI α2-chain. Upon exposure to collagen VI, bacteria were killed by membrane destabilization in physiological conditions. These previously unknown properties of collagen VI provide novel insights into the extracellular matrix innate immunity by quickly entrapping and killing pathogen intruders.
Application of suboptimal Bayesian classification to handwritten numerals recognition (1994)

Non-parametric estimation of probability densities provides a useful way to realise Bayesian classifiers that may be used for example in OCR problems. The complexity of conventional kernel estimators is however far beyond the acceptable limits for performant systems. We present in this paper a novel learning vector quantization technique (IRVQ) which allows to strongly decrease the complexity of kernel estimators. We apply this original technique to the recognition of handwritten numerals and we prove its interest through high recognition rates coupled with low memory and computational requirements.
Electrical and mechanical effects of BRL34915 in guinea‐pig isolated trachealis (1986)

BRL34915 (0.1-10 microM) suppressed the spontaneous tone of guinea-pig isolated trachealis in a concentration-dependent manner. BRL34915 was not antagonized by propranolol (1 microM). In trachea where spontaneous tone was suppressed by indomethacin (2.8 microM) but subsequently restored to the same level with acetylcholine or histamine, the relaxant potency of BRL34915 was reduced. In Krebs solution containing K+ (120 mM), isolated trachealis muscle developed near-maximal tension. The relaxant effects of BRL34915 were virtually abolished in this medium. Concentration-effect curves for KCl, acetylcholine and histamine were constructed in tissues treated with indomethacin (2.8 microM). BRL34915 (10 microM) depressed the foot of the concentration-effect curve for KCl and caused minor rightward shifts in the concentration-effect curves of acetylcholine and histamine. Four K+-channel inhibitors were tested. Apamin (0.1 microM) did not modify the action of BRL34915. Tetraethylammonium (8 mM) had little effect but procaine (5 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (5 mM) each significantly inhibited the relaxant action of BRL34915. Intracellular electrophysiological recording showed that BRL34915 (0.1 microM) caused very minor relaxation and little, if any, electrical change. Higher concentrations (1-10 microM) evoked relaxation, suppression of spontaneous electrical slow waves and marked hyperpolarization of the trachealis cells. In the presence of TEA (8 mM) or procaine (5 mM) the hyperpolarization induced by BRL34915 was significantly reduced. In trachealis skinned of its plasma membranes, tension development induced by Ca2+ (20 microM) was unaffected either by BRL34915 (10 microM) or by nicorandil (1 mM). In studies of the efflux of 86Rb+ from muscle-rich strips of trachea, BRL34915 (1 and 10 microM) increased the efflux rate constant. It is concluded that BRL34915 evokes relaxation of the trachealis by a mechanism that involves neither beta-adrenoceptor activation nor direct reduction of the sensitivity of the intracellular contractile machinery to cytosolic free Ca2+. The action of BRL34915 may depend on the opening of K+ channels in the plasma membrane which are permeable to 86Rb+. The opening of these channels, or the effects of their opening, may be reduced by K+-channel inhibitors such as 4-aminopyridine, procaine and TEA but not by apamin.
Understanding the Representative Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Metformin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Patients Using Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling (2018)

Dysbiosis in the gut microbiome composition may be promoted by therapeutic drugs such as metformin, the world's most prescribed antidiabetic drug. Under metformin treatment, disturbances of the intestinal microbes lead to increased abundance of <i>Escherichia</i> spp., <i>Akkermansia muciniphila, Subdoligranulum variabile</i> and decreased abundance of <i>Intestinibacter bartlettii</i>. This alteration may potentially lead to adverse effects on the host metabolism, with the depletion of butyrate producer genus. However, an increased production of butyrate and propionate was verified in metformin-treated Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. The mechanisms underlying these nutritional alterations and their relation with gut microbiota dysbiosis remain unclear. Here, we used Genome-scale Metabolic Models of the representative gut bacteria <i>Escherichia</i> spp., <i>I. bartlettii, A. muciniphila</i>, and <i>S. variabile</i> to elucidate their bacterial metabolism and its effect on intestinal nutrient pool, including macronutrients (e.g., amino acids and short chain fatty acids), minerals and chemical elements (e.g., iron and oxygen). We applied flux balance analysis (FBA) coupled with synthetic lethality analysis interactions to identify combinations of reactions and extracellular nutrients whose absence prevents growth. Our analyses suggest that <i>Escherichia</i> sp. is the bacteria least vulnerable to nutrient availability. We have also examined bacterial contribution to extracellular nutrients including short chain fatty acids, amino acids, and gasses. For instance, <i>Escherichia</i> sp. and <i>S. variabile</i> may contribute to the production of important short chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate and butyrate, respectively) involved in the host physiology under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We have also identified pathway susceptibility to nutrient availability and reaction changes among the four bacteria using both FBA and flux variability analysis. For instance, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, nucleotide sugar metabolism, and amino acid metabolism are pathways susceptible to changes in <i>Escherichia</i> sp. and <i>A. muciniphila</i>. Our observations highlight important commensal and competing behavior, and their association with cellular metabolism for prevalent gut microbes. The results of our analysis have potential important implications for development of new therapeutic approaches in T2D patients through the development of prebiotics, probiotics, or postbiotics.
A modified gray level morphological gradient with accurate orientation estimates and reduced noise sensitivity (2002)

A new gray level morphological gradient method is proposed which uses gradient projections to both provide orientation information and also to reduce sensitivity to added noise. This results in a substantial performance improvement for both the blur minimum operator (BMO) and the well known morphological gradient defined as the difference between a dilated and eroded image using a symmetric structuring element. This new method is particularly attractive for applications which use morphological filtering at higher levels of processing, since complex structuring elements may often be decomposed into smaller structuring elements suitable for gradient operations. The performance is analyzed with respect to edge segment orientation accuracy using an image content model of an ideal sharp edge blurred by a square or circular aperture function with no preferential relationship between the orientation and displacement of the edge and the pixel grid. Sensitivity to noise can be evaluated in terms of the probability of false edge detection for a variety of noise sources. The theoretical results are supported with simulations designed to demonstrate performance expectations.
Web-Based Billing System Exploits Mature and Emerging Technology (2010)

Combining REST and Ajax with the traditional model-view-controller software architecture and using emerging technologies in software development, such as object relational modeling and Python, results in a successful new Web-based billing system.
Introduction to the Argument (2015)

Abstract The introduction outlines the problem: essential interests of individuals that are protected by public rights–constitutional and human rights–in relation to the state are increasingly violated by private actors. It briefly describes two main approaches to the problem–the ‘indirect effect’ model instituted in Germany and widely followed elsewhere and the US ‘state action’ approach–and argues that each fails to adequately address the real difficulties of applying public law rights norms within private law, both theoretically and practically. In contrast to these approaches, it introduces the distinctive method argued for in the book, in which a discrete set of private obligations would be established in respect of public law rights, which would arise where certain relational conditions obtain between the private parties.
<scp>T</scp> odd, <scp>T</scp> . <scp>W</scp> ingate (2018)

Thomas Wingate Todd was a seminal figure in early twentieth‐century anatomy and biological anthropology. An author of four books and hundreds of articles on a broad range of anatomical and anthropological topics, he is best known for his contributions to human osteology and growth and development studies. He also influenced the field in several other important ways. Theoretically, his work challenged standard ideas on anthropometry, typology, and racial formalism. Academically, he mentored several important figures in the field, including Wilton Krogman, Melville Herskovitz, and W. Montague Cobb, the nation's first black physical anthropology Ph.D. Organizationally, he played a role in the formal professional organization of the field. A charter and executive board member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, he was serving as its president at the time of his death.
Detailed Garment Recovery from a Single-View Image (2016)

Most recent garment capturing techniques rely on acquiring multiple views of clothing, which may not always be readily available, especially in the case of pre-existing photographs from the web. As an alternative, we pro- pose a method that is able to compute a rich and realistic 3D model of a human body and its outfits from a single photograph with little human in- teraction. Our algorithm is not only able to capture the global shape and geometry of the clothing, it can also extract small but important details of cloth, such as occluded wrinkles and folds. Unlike previous methods using full 3D information (i.e. depth, multi-view images, or sampled 3D geom- etry), our approach achieves detailed garment recovery from a single-view image by using statistical, geometric, and physical priors and a combina- tion of parameter estimation, semantic parsing, shape recovery, and physics- based cloth simulation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm by re-purposing the reconstructed garments for virtual try-on and garment transfer applications, as well as cloth animation for digital characters.
IFN-γ Enhances Osteoclast Generation in Cultures of Peripheral Blood from Osteopetrotic Patients and Normalizes Superoxide Production (2000)

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment increases osteoclastic bone resorption in vivo in patients with malignant osteopetrosis (OP). The treatment effect was studied in vitro in osteoclasts generated by culturing peripheral white blood cells (PWBC) from OP patients and normal human control subjects. Osteoclasts were treated with or without IFN-gamma prior to the end of the culture period. Osteoclasts from normal subjects were large in size (161 +/- 18 microm in diameter) with >10 nuclei per osteoclast. These cells showed intense staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), expressed abundant calcitonin receptors (CTR), and formed numerous resorption pits on bovine bone slices, indicative of authentic osteoclasts. In contrast, similarly cultured osteoclasts from OP patients were smaller in size (18 +/- 3 microm in diameter), with 2-3 nuclei per osteoclast, and stained lightly for TRAP. However, IFN-gamma treatment of osteoclasts from OP patients resulted in the formation of larger osteoclasts (171 +/- 33 microm in diameter) with >10 nuclei per cell, similar in appearance to osteoclasts from normal subjects. IFN-gamma stimulation increased the intensity of TRAP staining (p < 0.0001) to levels near that of the normal osteoclasts. Unstimulated osteoclasts from 6 OP patients had a significantly lower baseline level of superoxide production, as measured by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction (p < 0.0001), compared with normal osteoclasts. IFN-gamma markedly increased (p < 0.0001) superoxide production. Whereas there was a 3-fold increase in superoxide generation in OP patients' osteoclasts, osteoclasts from control subjects had only a small and insignificant increase in superoxide production after IFN-gamma treatment.
Effect of Orally Administered Reduced- and Oxidized-Glutathione against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. (1998)

To investigate the effects of orally administered reduced-glutathione (GSH) and oxidized-glutathione (GSSG) on liver GSH repletion and liver injury, acetaminophen (AAP) highly loaded rats were used. Orally administered GSH, dependent on dosage, indicated a protective effect against AAP-induced hepatotoxicity. This effect was associated with a recovery of liver GSH levels. Orally administered GSSG also indicated liver GSH recovery and hepatotoxicity inhibition to the same extent as orally administered GSH. Because intraperitoneally administered GSH did not indicate liver GSH recovery, the replenishment of GSH levels after orally administered GSH is thought to be produced through the degradation of GSH into its constituent amino acids in the intestine and their re-synthesis in the liver. On the other hand, orally administered GSH indicated a lower liver GSH recovery than orally administered cysteine prodrugs did, although the hepatotoxicity inhibitory degree was similar. Thus orally administered GSH may have another hepatoprotective system besides the resynthesis of its constituent amino acids. The current study establishes that orally administered glutathione, both GSH and GSSG, is a useful tool to recover liver GSH levels and to prevent liver injury.
Hybrid binary image compression (2003)

The redundancy in digital image representation can be classified into two categories: local and global. In this paper, we propose a new lossless binary image compression processing scheme which increases local redundancy for more compression efficiency. The algorithm consists of reordering rows and columns of image data for assembling data that has a same value: '0' or '1', merging the data to reduce redundancy, encoding data to bitstream, then the encoded data will be compressed by other image compression algorithms. The experimental results confirm our technique performs better than other existing techniques.
<title>Experimental investigation of resonant grating filters based on two-dimensional gratings</title> (1996)

Resonant grating filters based on 2D gratings are investigated experimentally. A two-layer structure, which consists of a uniform guiding layer and a grating layer, is used to achieve a symmetric, low-sideband resonance that is suitable for narrow-band filter applications.
Trithiocarbonates Containing Trimethoxysilyl Functionalities as Mediating Agents in Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate (2009)

Abstract Summary : Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with benzyl(3‐trimethoxylsilylpropyl)trithiocarbonate (BTPT) and 1,4‐bis(3′‐trimethoxysilylpropyltrithiocarbonylmethyl)benzene (TPTB) as mediators was performed to produce branched poly(methyl acrylate) (pMA). The deviation of the experimental number average molecular weights towards higher values and the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) traces measured at distinct time instants after polymerization indicated a coupling of the trimethoxysilyl end‐groups to form terminal‐linked pMA of high molecular weight. The trimethoxysilyl moieties also caused the unusual creation of doubly ionized pMA chains in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). BTPT was furthermore anchored onto fumed silica to carry out a RAFT graft polymerization with benzylpropyltrithiocarbonate as additional RAFT agent in solution to afford well‐defined pMA chains fixed to silica nanoparticles. A block copolymerization of the living anchored pMA chains with styrene (Sty) produced grafted pMA‐ b ‐pSty chains with good agreement between experimental and theoretical molecular weights.
Performance tests. (1996)

This paper discusses the use of psychological performance tests to assess the effects of environmental stressors. The large number and the variety of performance tests are illustrated, and the differences between performance tests and other psychological tests are described in terms of their design, construction, use, and purpose. The stressor emphasis is on the effects of drugs since that is where most performance tests have found their main application, although other stressors, e.g., fatigue, toxic chemicals, are mentioned where appropriate. Diazepam is used as an example. There is no particular performance emphasis since the tests are intended to have wide applicability. However, vehicle-driving performance is discussed because it has been the subject of a great deal of research and is probably one of the most important areas of application. Performance tests are discussed in terms of the four main underlying models--factor analysis, general information processing, multiple resource and strategy models, and processing-stage models--and in terms of their psychometric properties--sensitivity, reliability, and content, criterion, construct, and face validity. Some test taxonomies are presented. Standardization is also discussed with reference to the reaction time, mathematical processing, memory search, spatial processing, unstable tracking, verbal processing, and dual task tests used in the AGARD STRES battery. Some comments on measurement strengths and appropriate study designs and methods are included.
The Reduced Bactericidal Function of Complement C5-Deficient Murine Macrophages Is Associated with Defects in the Synthesis and Delivery of Reactive Oxygen Radicals to Mycobacterial Phagosomes (2006)

Complement C5-deficient (C5(-/-)) macrophages derived from B.10 congenic mice were found to be defective in killing intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). They were bacteriostatic after activation with IFN-gamma alone but bactericidal in the combined presence of IFN-gamma and C5-derived C5a anaphylatoxin that was deficient among these macrophages. Reduced killing correlated with a decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the C5(-/-) macrophages measured using fluorescent probes. Furthermore, a lack of colocalization of p47(phox) protein of the NADPH oxidase (phox) complex with GFP-expressing MTB (gfpMTB) indicated a defective assembly of the phox complex on phagosomes. Reconstitution with C5a, a known ROS activator, enhanced the assembly of phox complex on the phagosomes as well as the production of ROS that inhibited the growth of MTB. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are involved in the phosphorylation and translocation of p47(phox) onto bacterial phagosomes. Western blot analysis demonstrated a defective phosphorylation of PKC (alpha, beta, delta) and PKC-zeta in the cytosol of C5(-/-) macrophages compared with C5 intact (C5(+/+)) macrophages. Furthermore, in situ fluorescent labeling of phagosomes indicated that PKC-beta and PKC-zeta were the isoforms that are not phosphorylated in C5(-/-) macrophages. Because Fc receptor-mediated phox assembly was normal in both C5(-/-) and C5(+/+) macrophages, the defect in phox assembly around MTB phagosomes was specific to C5 deficiency. Reduced bactericidal function of C5(-/-) macrophages thus appears to be due to a defective assembly and production of ROS that prevents effective killing of intracellular MTB.
Mechanical strain effect of n-channel polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors (2006)

The current change of n-channel polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors is analyzed experimentally and theoretically under different strain conditions. Under the uniaxial strain parallel to the channel, the +6.7% and +5.3% drain current enhancements are achieved in linear and saturation regions, respectively. There are −4.4% (linear) and −4.6% (saturation) drain current degradations when the uniaxial strain is applied perpendicular to the channel. The polycrystalline silicon is mainly composed of (111)-oriented grains, measured by electron diffraction pattern. Phonon-limited mobility is theoretically calculated. There is a qualitative agreement between experiments and theoretical analysis.
An Early Design Stage UML-Based Safety Analysis Approach for High Assurrance Software Systems (2011)

High-assurance computer systems fulfill security, safety, fault-tolerant, and real-time properties. Analysis of these properties is typically performed in isolation. An integrated analysis of all the properties is a challenge that can be addressed by expressing these properties in a common integrated framework. The Unified Modeling Language is a standard modeling language which exhibits such a capability. In this paper we focus on using the Unified Modeling Language to analyze the safety properties of high-assurance systems. In particular we are interested in the study of software faults propagation and their functional level effects. In previous work we have developed the Failure Propagation and Simulation Approach to study whether a particular fault will propagate through the design and cause system-level functional failures. Mapping between different Unified Modeling Language diagrams is the central concept behind the approach. This paper briefly introduces the Failure Propagation and Simulation Approach and presents in detail the executable models developed to automate the simulation process. These executable models are built using the notations of the Event Sequence Diagram, one of the established reliability and safety analysis techniques for sequence progression.
Separation of dopamine and epinephrine by a novel electrophoresis technique with nafion membrane as separation column (2004)

A novel electrophoresis technique, in which a strip of perflurosulfonic-acid (nafion 117) membrane was used to replace the conventional separation column and liquid buffer solution within, was developed and employed to separate the mixture of dopamine and epinephrine under a low separation voltage of 100 V with quadruple pulses amperometry detection. It was showed that the so-called Nafion membrane electrophoresis could be one of very simple and easy method and has the potentiality to be used to separate and analyze some small organic biologic molecules.