gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of proton conductors for hydrogen separation (2006)

There is a global push to develop a range of hydrogen technologies for timely adoption of the hydrogen economy. This is critical in view of the depleting oil reserves and looming transport fuel shortage, global warming, and increasing pollution. Molecular hydrogen (H2) can be generated by a number of renewable and fossil-fuel-based resources. However, given the high cost of H2 generation by renewable energy at this stage, fossil or carbon fuels are likely to meet the short- to medium-term demand for hydrogen. In view of this, effective technologies are required for the separation of H2 from a gas feed (by-products of coal or bio-mass gasification plants, or gases from fossil fuel partial oxidation or reforming) consisting mainly of H2 and CO2 with small quantities of other gases such as CH4, CO, H2O, and traces of sulphur compounds. Several technologies are under development for hydrogen separation. One such technology is based on ion transport membranes, which conduct protons or both protons and electrons. Although these materials have been considered for other applications, such as gas sensors, fuel cells and water electrolysis, the interest in their use as gas separation membranes has developed only recently. In this paper, various classes of proton-conducting materials have been reviewed with specific emphasis on their potential use as H2 separation membranes in the industrial processes of coal gasification, natural gas reforming, methanol reforming and the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction. Key material requirements for their use in these applications have been discussed.
A new animal model of choroidal neovascularization (2005)

Surgical debridement of the retinal pigment epithelium followed by mechanical rupture of BM is a reproducible method of producing CNV in the domestic pig, whereas photocoagulation gives rise to glially derived subretinal fibrovascular membranes and primarily retinal neovascularization.
Impact of sepsis-induced changes in plasma on LPS interactions with monocytes and plasma lipoproteins: roles of soluble CD14, LBP, and acute phase lipoproteins (2003)

Sepsis-induced changes in human plasma decrease LPS association with monocytes by regulating dynamic interactions among LPS, monocytes, and plasma lipoproteins. In the physiological environment of undiluted human serum, we have found that: (i) LPS binds transiently to monocytes and is released into plasma lipoproteins; (ii) the release of LPS from monocytes is dependent upon lipoprotein acceptors and is enhanced by soluble CD14 (sCD14); and (iii) both lipoproteins and sCD14 can attenuate cytokine responses in monocytes that have already bound LPS. Whereas LPS binding protein (LBP) also inhibited LPS responses after LPS had bound to monocytes, this did not require extensive release of cell-bound LPS as was observed with sCD14. In the serum of septic patients, both free LPS and monocyte-bound LPS were usually transferred to lipoproteins at an accelerated rate. In spite of a sharp decline in HDL levels, HDL remained the dominant LPS acceptor in many severely septic patients, whereas in some cases LPS binding shifted largely to a non-HDL lipoprotein fraction that co-eluted according to size with very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Preliminary data suggest that these lipoproteins have a very low density, and they contain apolipoprotein E and higher than normal proportions of the total lipoprotein cholesterol, phospholipid, apolipoprotein B, and serum amyloid A. The data suggest that the VLDL fraction contains acute phase lipoproteins of significantly altered composition that can replace HDL as the dominant LPS acceptor during sepsis when HDL levels are low.
Degradation and Solubilization of<sup>13</sup>C_,<sup>14</sup>C-side Chain Labeled Synthetic Lignin (Dehydrogenative Polymerizate) by Laccase III of<i>Coriolus versicolor</i> (1995)

During the decay of wood by the typical white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor, Laccase III was the most abundantly secreted phenol oxidase. In this study, we proposed a possibility of the intermediate degradation steps of polymeric lignin by a purified Laccase III using synthetic [β-13C] and [β-14C]lignin (DHP). When the [β-14C]DHP was incubated with Laccase III, the water-soluble degradation product formed was about 8% of the applied [β-14C]DHP. The enzymic attack of Laccase III catalyzed the cleavage of the intermonomer linkages in the side chain structure of the polymeric lignin. In polymeric lignin metabolism by this fungus, laccase activity was closely related to the accumulation of water-soluble degradation products.
Weighted RAIM for APV: An Optimised Protection Level (2009)

International standards (ICAO SARPS, 2006)
require the use of a weighted least-squares
approach to on-board Receiver Autonomous
Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). However, the
protection levels which have been developed to
determine if the conditions exist to perform a
measurement check, are not specified. Various
protection levels exist, the most current being
those of Brown and Chin (1998) and Walter and
Enge (1995). These protection levels are
essentially approximations to the complex problem
of computing the worst case missed detection
probability under a weighted system. In this paper,
a novel approach to determining this probability at
the worst case measurement bias is presented.
The missed detection probabilities are then
iteratively solved against the integrity risk
requirement in order to derive an optimal
protection level for the operation.
At the end of the paper, the benefits of this
technique are shown for Vertical Alert Limits (VAL)
of 50m and 20m which relate to Approaches with
Vertical Guidance APV-I and APV-II approaches,
and it is shown that availability is significantly
improved (˜30%) whilst staying safe. Given that
the computations are exact, it is unnecessary to
add an additional safety buffer to this ideal
protection level as is done in other solutions
(Hwang and Brown, 2005). The results presented
here are in comparison to the baseline weighted
RAIM (WRAIM) (Walter and Enge, 1995) and do
not optimise integrity at the cost of accuracy.
Hence, the potential for combining the technique
with recent advances such as NIORAIM exists and
may further alleviate the unnecessary dips in
RAIM coverage for certain applications.
Highly specific, membrane-permeant peptide blockers of cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iα inhibit NO-induced cerebral dilation (2000)

Arrays of octameric peptide libraries on cellulose paper were screened by using (32)P-autophosphorylated cGMP-dependent protein kinase Ialpha (cGPK) to identify peptide sequences with high binding affinity for cGPK. Iterative deconvolution of every amino acid position in the peptides identified the sequence LRK(5)H (W45) as having the highest binding affinity. Binding of W45 to cGPK resulted in selective inhibition of the kinase with K(i) values of 0.8 microM and 560 microM for cGPK and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), respectively. Fusion of W45 to membrane translocation signals from HIV-1 tat protein (YGRKKRRQRRRPP-LRK(5)H, DT-2) or Drosophila Antennapedia homeo-domain (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK-LRK(5)H, DT-3) proved to be an efficient method for intracellular delivery of these highly charged peptides. Rapid translocation of the peptides into intact cerebral arteries was demonstrated by using fluorescein-labeled DT-2 and DT-3. The inhibitory potency of the fusion peptides was even greater than that for W45, with K(i) values of 12.5 nM and 25 nM for DT-2 and DT-3, respectively. Both peptides were still poor inhibitors of cAPK. Selective inhibition of cGPK by DT-2 or DT-3 in the presence of cAPK was demonstrated in vitro. In pressurized cerebral arteries, DT-2 and DT-3 substantially decreased NO-induced dilation. This study provides functional characterization of a class of selective cGPK inhibitor peptides in vascular smooth muscle and reveals a central role for cGPK in the modulation of vascular contractility.
Network Search for Binary Networks (2019)

Neural networks with both high accuracy and small network size are urgently required for mobile phone applications. However, previous network search methods do not take network size into account. In this paper, we use the reinforcement learning method to search for networks offline, with both high accuracy and small network size. Gaussian policy is used to explore the number of convolutional channels in a finer manner. Parameter reward is included in our reward function to punish large networks. We also use binary networks to further reduce network size. Without skip connections or branches, the network generated by our method is competitive with other methods on Cifar-10. Our network is much smaller than networks generated by other network search methods. Besides, our accuracy is higher than original binary network reported in BinaryConnect and is competitive with other real-valued networks.
CMOS transceivers for the 60-GHz band (2006)

This paper gives an overview of millimeter-wave CMOS transceiver design and presents several critical building blocks operating around 60 GHz. A direct-conversion receiver front end employing LNA and mixer topologies is described that exploits resonance by means of folded microstrips. Also, a direct-conversion transmitter incorporating an on-chip dipole antenna is introduced that paves the way for beamforming and MIMO systems. Finally, a phase-locked frequency divider is described that, unlike its injection-locked counterparts, maintains a constant phase noise across the input frequency range. The circuits have been fabricated in standard 0.13-mum CMOS technology. Experimental results for each prototype are presented
Ballistic transport in semiconductor devices (1980)

"Ballistic" transport of electrons or holes, which can occur in Si and GaAs devices on distance scales of the order of tenths of microns, is transport unimpeded by interactions with the crystal lattice itself, with lattice defects, with impurities, or with interfaces - i.e., transport akin to that of a bullet in free space. Without the "drag" exerted by such interactions, charge carriers can achieve velocities several times those in larger devices, with a consequent multiplication of device speed. While it is difficult to achive pure ballistic transport, speeds can, nevertheless, increase somewhat as device sizes approach carrie mean free paths. This paper will discuss the nature of electron transport in devices so tiny that the familiar relationships between velocity and field with which materials have usually been described, no longer apply.
Data locality enhancement by memory reduction (2001)

In this paper, we propose memory reduction as a new approach to data locality enhancement. Under this approach, we use the compiler to reduce the size of the data repeatedly referenced in a collection of nested loops. Between their reuses, the data will more likely remain in higher-speed memory devices, such as the cache. Specifically, we present an optimal algorithm to combine loop shifting, loop fusion and array contraction to reduce the temporary array storage required to execute a collection of loops. When applied to 20 benchmark programs, our technique reduces the memory requirement, counting both the data and the code, by 51% on average. The transformed programs gain a speedup of 1.40 on average, due to the reduced footprint and, consequently, the improved data locality.
Automated Measurement of Mouse Freezing Behavior and its Use for Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Contextual Fear Conditioning in (BALB/cJ × C57BL/6J)F<sub>2</sub>Mice (1998)

The most commonly measured mouse behavior in fear conditioning tests is freezing. A technical limitation, particularly for genetic studies, is the method of direct observation used for quantifying this response, with the potential for bias or inconsistencies. We report the use of a computerized method based on latency between photobeam interruption measures as a reliable scoring criterion in mice. The different computer measures obtained during contextual fear conditioning tests showed high correlations with hand-scored freezing; r values ranged from 0.87 to 0.94. Previously reported strain differences between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J in context-dependent fear conditioning were also detected by the computer-based system. In addition, the use of computer-scored freezing of 199 (BALB/cJ x C57BL/6J)F2 mice enabled us to detect a suggestive gender-dependent chromosomal locus for contextual fear conditioning on distal chromosome 8 by QTL analysis. Automation of freeze scoring would significantly increase efficiency and reliability of this learning and memory test.
Aroma Development in Ripening Fruits (1989)

Instrumental aroma analysis, involving headspace sampling, analysis and identification of aroma compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allows evaluation of the different flavor determinating parameters in fruits. In apples e.g. aroma compounds, mainly esters, are formed gradually during ripening in a manner which parallels the respiration climacteric towards a maximum. Headspace gas chromatography permits following the complete ripening process. Measurement during the early picking period, allows prediction of the earliest acceptable harvest date for storage apples. After storage in controlled atmosphere (CA-storage) the normal ripening pattern is disturbed and ester production diminishes as a function of storage time. Volatile analysis by non-destructive headspace techniques is also an interesting tool for flavor formation studies e.g. by treatment of intact apples with ester precursors (carboxylic acids, aldehydes, alcohols).
Optimization of a radiative membrane for gas sensing applications (2014)

To engineer a cheap, portable and low-power optical gas sensor, incandescent sources are more suitable than expensive quantum cascade lasers and low-efficiency light-emitting diodes. Such sources of radiation have already been realized, using standard MEMS technology, consisting in free standing circular micro-hotplates. This paper deals with the design of such membranes in order to maximize their wall-plug efficiency. Specification constraints are taken into account, including available energy per measurement and maximum power delivered by the electrical supply source. The main drawback of these membranes is known to be the power lost through conduction to the substrate, thus not converted in (useful) radiated power. If the membrane temperature is capped by technological requirements, radiative flux can be favored by increasing the membrane radius. However, given a finite amount of energy, the larger the membrane and its heat capacity, the shorter the time it can be turned on. This clearly suggests that an efficiency optimum has to be found. Using simulations based on a spatio-temporal radial profile, we demonstrate how to optimally design such membrane systems, and provide an insight into the thermo-optical mechanisms governing this kind of devices, resulting in a nontrivial design with a substantial benefit over existing systems. To further improve the source, we also consider tailoring the membrane stack spectral emissivity to promote the infrared signal to be sensed as well as to maximize energy efficiency.
The Effects of Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Streptokinase, or Both on Coronary-Artery Patency, Ventricular Function, and Survival after Acute Myocardial Infarction (1993)

This study supports the hypothesis that more rapid and complete restoration of coronary flow through the infarct-related artery results in improved ventricular performance and lower mortality among patients with myocardial infarction. This would appear to be the mechanism by which accelerated t-PA therapy produced the most favorable outcome in the GUSTO trial.
Accelerated Damage Testing Method for Evaluating the Service Performance of Asphalt Pavement Affected by Acid Rain (2016)

Climate change and environmental pollution pose challenges to the sustainable development of human society. Acid rain phenomenon occurs persistently in Hong Kong, and is one of the major impact factors that may affect asphalt pavement service performance, leading to the reduction in service life. This paper presents the use of an innovative accelerated damage testing machine with acidic solution of different pH values ranging from 3.0 to 7.0 to study the effects of acidic solution on the performance of the asphalt mixtures. The study involves laboratory tests to examine the service performance of the conventional wearing course of asphalt mixtures. The accelerated damage testing machine can effectively simulate the acid rain effects on the asphalt pavement in laboratory under the quality control of using dynamic permanent deformation test and mass loss ratio.
Speaker Model Clustering for Efficient Speaker Identification in Large Population Applications (2009)

In large population speaker identification (SI) systems, likelihood computations between an unknown speaker's feature vectors and the registered speaker models can be very time-consuming and impose a bottleneck. For applications requiring fast SI, this is a recognized problem and improvements in efficiency would be beneficial. In this paper, we propose a method whereby GMM-based speaker models are clustered using a simple <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> -means algorithm. Then, during the test stage, only a small proportion of speaker models in selected clusters are used in the likelihood computations resulting in a significant speed-up with little to no loss in accuracy. In general, as the number of selected clusters is reduced, the identification accuracy decreases; however, this loss can be controlled through proper tradeoff. The proposed method may also be combined with other test stage speed-up techniques resulting in even greater speed-up gains without additional sacrifices in accuracy.
Inhibition of human bladder cancer cell motility by genistein is dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor but not p21ras gene expression (1998)

A significant portion of patients who present with non-muscle invasive “superficial” bladder cancer develop the muscle “invasive” life-threatening form of the disease during subsequent follow-up. In clinical studies, overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the p21ras oncogene have been strongly associated with this phenotypic tumor transition. The marked difference in incidence of invasive bladder cancer in Asia compared to the United States has made us hypothesize that, among other factors, dietary influences have an impact on such tumor progression. A significantly higher dietary consumption of soy products exists in Asia and has led to the notion that the isoflavones present in this diet may contribute to a reduction in the number of invasive transitional cell bladder cancers. In this regard, we sought to determine the effect of genistein, a naturally occurring dietary protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, on the growth and motility of human bladder cancer cell lines with diverse EGFR and p21ras expression phenotypes and corresponding invasive behaviors. These effects were compared with those of tyrphostin, a pure synthetic EGFR inhibitor. Our results indicate that both genistein and tyrphostin are effective inhibitors of bladder cancer motility and growth, key factors in the development of muscle invasive disease. In addition, the growth and motility inhibitory effects of genistein and tyrphostin are observed preferentially in cells that overexpress the EGFR. Cells that have a mutated p21ras but do not overexpress the EGFR are less inhibited by these 2 compounds, suggesting that their effect is primarily directed at the EGFR signal transduction pathways proximal to the p21ras gene. Our results would seem to corroborate the notion that a high dietary intake of isoflavones is a likely explanation for the decreased incidence of invasive bladder cancer. Int. J. Cancer 78:775–782, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
<title>Two-dimensional x-ray sensor utilizing photostimulated luminescence in europium-doped potassium chloride single crystals</title> (1993)

Intense photostimulated luminescence (PSL) is observed, for the first time, in x-ray irradiated europium-doped potassium chloride (KCL:Eu) single crystals. The intensity of PSL with a peak at about 420 nm, which is emitted by stimulation with 560 nm light, is proportional to the optical density of the F centers, which are created by x-ray irradiation, over the wide range of the x-ray absorbed dose. This suggests that KCl:Eu is one of the most attractive candidates for a two-dimensional x-ray imaging sensor utilizing the PSL phenomenon.
Object Detection in Real Images (2013)

Object detection and recognition are important problems in computer vision. Since these problems are meta-heuristic, despite a lot of research, practically usable, intelligent, real-time, and dynamic object detection/recognition methods are still unavailable. We propose a new object detection/recognition method, which improves over the existing methods in every stage of the object detection/recognition process. In addition to the usual features, we propose to use geometric shapes, like linear cues, ellipses and quadrangles, as additional features. The full potential of geometric cues is exploited by using them to extract other features in a robust, computationally efficient, and less meta-heuristic manner. We also propose a new hierarchical codebook, which provides good generalization and discriminative properties. The codebook enables fast multi-path inference mechanisms based on propagation of conditional likelihoods, that make it robust to occlusion and noise. It has the capability of dynamic learning. We also propose a new learning method that has generative and discriminative learning capabilities, does not need large and fully supervised training dataset, and is capable of online learning. The preliminary work of detecting geometric shapes in real images has been completed. This preliminary work is the focus of this report. Future path for realizing the proposed object detection/recognition method is also discussed in brief.
3-D surface reconstruction using a polarization state analysis (1995)

Analysing the polarization state of reflected beams in a vision system provides essential informations concerning the observed surface orientations. In this paper, we present an original 3-D surface reconstruction method based on this principle. The polarimetric characterization of reflected beams in two stereoscopic images enables the determination, for every surface element of the analysed scene, of a normal vector to this surface element. In this aim, a specific stereoscopic image acquisition device including optical processors has been defined. The normal vectors to a surface elements are then involved in a specific integration process which yields the complete 3-D surface reconstruction. Results of this global treatment for real scenes are shown and discussed.