gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MULE: Multi-layer virtual network embedding (2017)

Network Virtualization (NV), considered as a key enabler for overcoming the ossification of the Internet allows multiple heterogeneous virtual networks to co-exist over the same substrate network. Resource allocation problems in NV have been extensively studied for single layer substrates such as IP or Optical networks. However, little effort has been put to address the same problem for multi-layer IP-over-Optical networks. The increasing popularity of multi-layer networks for deploying backbones combined with their unique characteristics (e.g., topological flexibility of the IP layer) calls for the need to carefully investigate the resource provisioning problems arising from their virtualization. In this paper, we address the problem of MUlti-Layer virtual network Embedding (MULE) on IP-overOptical networks. We propose two solutions to MULE: an Integer Linear Program (ILP) formulation for the optimal solution and a heuristic to address the computational complexity of the optimal solution. We demonstrate through extensive simulations that on average our heuristic performs within ≈1.47 × of optimal solution and incurs ≈66% less cost than the state-of-the-art heuristic.
Concentrations of Oligosaccharides in Human Milk and Child Growth (2021)

Abstract Background: The relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and child growth has been investigated only insufficiently with ambiguous results. Therefore, this study examines potential influencing factors of HMO concentrations and how HMOs are associated with child growth parameters. Methods: Milk samples from the German LIFE Child cohort of healthy children were analyzed for 9 HMOs. Putative associations with maternal and child cofactors and child height, head circumference and BMI between three months and seven years of age were examined. Secretor status, defined as the presence of 2’-fucosyllactose, was investigated for associations with infant outcomes. Results: Our population consisted of 21 (14.7%) non-secretor and 122 (85.3%) secretor mothers. Maternal age was significantly associated with higher 3’SL concentrations; gestational age was associated with LNT, 6’SL and LNFP-I. Pre-pregnancy BMI was negatively associated with LNnT only in non-secretors. The growth velocity of non-secretors’ children was inversely associated with LNnT at 3 months to 1 year (R=0.95 [0.90, 0.99], p=0.014), 1 to 2 years (R=0.80 [0.72, 0.88], p<0.001) and 5 to 6 years (R=0.71 [0.57, 0.87], p=0.002). 2’FL was negatively associated with BMI consistently, reaching statistical significance at 3 months and 4 and 5 years. Children of non-secretors showed higher BMI at 3 months, 6 months, and 3, 6, and 7 years of age. Conclusion: We found that some associations between HMOs and infant growth may extend beyond the infancy and breastfeeding periods. They highlight the importance of both maternal and infant parameters in the understanding of the underlying associations. Trial registration: The study is registered with ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT02550236.
Reducing the sensitivity of a free-electron laser to electron energy (1979)

A technique is described which allows a free-electron laser to utilize an electron beam with a wide energy spread. A laser using this technique can be powered by a greater variety of electron sources than would otherwise be possible. In addition, the techniques ease some of the problems encountered when designing a laser to operate in conjunction with a storage ring.
Fabrication of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional High-Resolution Binder-Free Graphene Circuits Using a Microfluidic Approach for Sensor Applications (2020)

In this study, a simple microfluidic method, which can be universally applied to different rigid or flexible substrates, was developed to fabricate high-resolution, conductive, two-dimensional and three-dimensional microstructured graphene-based electronic circuits. The method involves controlled and selective filling of microchannels on substrate surfaces with a conductive binder-free graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) solution. The ethanol-thermal reaction of GNP solution at low temperatures (∼75 °C) prior to microchannel filling (preheating) can further reduce the GNP andprovide a homogeneous GNP solution, which in turn enhances conductivity, reduces sheet resistance (∼0.05 kΩ sq<sup>-1</sup>), enables room-temperature fabrication, and eliminates harsh postprocessing, which makes this fabrication technique compatible with degradable substrates. This method can also be used in combination with 3D printing to fabricate 3D circuits. The feature sizes of the graphene patterns can range from a few micrometers (down to ∼15 μm in width and ∼5 μm in depth) to a few millimeters and use very small amounts of GNP solution (∼2.5 mg of graphene to obtain ∼0.1 kΩ sq<sup>-1</sup> of sheet resistance for 1 cm<sup>2</sup>). This microfluidic approach can also be implemented using other conductive liquids, such as conductive graphene-silver solutions. This technology has the potential to pave the way for low-cost, disposable, and biodegradable circuits for a range of electronic applications including near-field communication antennas and pressure or strain sensors.
<title>Stimulated emission in quantum wires fabricated by cleaved edge overgrowth</title> (1994)

We have used the molecular beam growth technique we call cleaved edge overgrowth to fabricate highly efficient lasers, which operate in the 1D quantum limit. The active region of our laser consists of quantum wires that form at the T-shaped intersections of 7 nm wide GaAs quantum wells grown along the (001) and after an in situ cleave along the (110) crystal axis. These intersections are, in turn, embedded in a T-shaped dielectric waveguide, which confines the optical mode to the vicinity of the quantum wires. The precise control of the quantum wire dimensions achievable in this way allows the observation of stimulated optical emission from the lowest exciton state in optically pumped devices. The implied absence of band-gap renormalization effects suggests an enhanced stability of the exciton gas phase in 1D. This is consistent with the observed red-shift of the quantum wire photoluminescence signal with respect to the quantum well signal of about 17 meV which strongly exceeds the shift predicted by theory for free carrier transitions and indicates an enhancement of the 1D exciton binding energy by more than 50%.
Studies on cardiotonic agents. VI. Synthesis of novel 4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives carrying some benzoheterocycles at the 6-position. (1991)

Several benzothiazolyl, imidazobenzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzothienopyrimidinyl and quinazolinyl 4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinones were synthesized and examined for cardiotonic activity in anesthetized dogs after i.v. administration. Among them, 4-methylamino-7-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-6- pyridazinyl)quinazoline (36) showed potent and long-lasting inotropic activity (relative potency = 2.11, milrinone = 1). The activity of 36 was more potent than indolidan (2) (relative potency = 1.53) which is one of the most potent inotropic agents to date.
Investigation of the Modulation Efficiency of InGaAsP/InP Ridge Waveguide Phase Modulators at 1.55 µm (2003)

Single-mode P–p–n–N InGaAsP/InP ridge waveguide phase modulators have been fabricated and investigated at 1.55 µm. The ridge waveguide structure has been designed using a finite element method, grown by metal-organic-chemical-vapor-deposition (MOCVD), and fabricated by chemical wet etching. Their phase modulation characteristics were measured by using the Fabry–Perot resonance method with a tunable laser. The measured phase modulation efficiency for a 2-mm-long device was determined to be as high as 34 deg/V·mm for the TE mode. This value corresponds to the highest experimental electrooptic modulation efficiency reported thus far for InGaAsP/InP DH-type phase modulators at the said wavelength region.
Synthesis of <i>N-</i>Substituted 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperidines, 4-(4-Hydroxybenzyl)piperidines, and (±)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidines:  Selective Antagonists at the 1<scp>a</scp>/2B NMDA Receptor Subtype (2000)

Antagonists at the 1A/2B subtype of the NMDA receptor (NR1A/2B) are typically small molecules that consist of a 4-benzyl- or a 4-phenylpiperidine with an omega-phenylalkyl substituent on the heterocyclic nitrogen. Many of these antagonists, for example ifenprodil (1), incorporate a 4-hydroxy substituent on the omega-phenyl group. In this study, the position of this 4-hydroxy substituent was transferred from the omega-phenyl group to the benzyl or phenyl group located on the 4-position of the piperidine ring. Analogues incorporating pyrrolidine in lieu of piperidine were also prepared. Electrical recordings using cloned receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes show that high-potency antagonists at the NR1A/2B subtype are obtained employing N-(omega-phenylalkyl)-substituted 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine, 4-(4-hydroxybenzyl)piperidine, and (+/-)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine as exemplified by 21 (IC(50) = 0.022 microM), 33 (IC(50) = 0.059 microM), and 40 (IC(50) = 0.017 microM), respectively. These high-potency antagonists are >1000 times more potent at the NR1A/2B subtype than at either the NR1A/2A or NR1A/2C subtypes. The binding affinities of 21 at alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors ([(3)H]prazosin, IC(50) = 0.54 microM) and dopamine D2 receptors ([(3)H]raclopride, IC(50) = 1.2 microM) are reduced by incorporating a hydroxy group onto the 4-position of the piperidine ring and the beta-carbon of the N-alkyl spacer to give (+/-)-27: IC(50) NR1A/2B, 0.026; alpha(1), 14; D2, 105 microM. The high-potency phenolic antagonist 21 and its low-potency O-methylated analogue 18 are both potent anticonvulsants in a mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES) study (ED(50) (iv) = 0.23 and 0.56 mg/kg, respectively). These data indicate that such compounds penetrate the blood-brain barrier but their MES activity may not be related to NMDA receptor antagonism.
Finite frequency selective surface modelling (2014)

In this paper we describe the development of an electromagnetic modelling technique to investigate edge illumination effects on finite size FSS performance. The work extends the commonly used unit cell approach and models the FSS as a linear array with Gaussian beam excitation. Bistatic scattering from the FSS is calculated at 23.8 GHz for a 45 incident beam. The results presented relate the beam size, edge illumination and scattering performance.
The propeptide of <i>Clostridium septicum</i> alpha toxin functions as an intramolecular chaperone and is a potent inhibitor of alpha toxin‐dependent cytolysis (1997)

Clostridium septicum alpha toxin is activated by a proteolytic cleavage at Arg-398 in its carboxy terminus, which yields a 41.3-kDa cytolytically active toxin and a 5.1-kDa propeptide. Studies were performed to determine when the propeptide dissociated from the toxin after proteolytic activation of the protoxin (AT(pro)) and to demonstrate the chaperone activity of the propeptide. The propeptide was found to remain associated with the toxin after activation with trypsin (AT(act)) when analysed by gel filtration or affinity chromatography of a polyhistidine-tagged derivative that contained the polyhistidine tag on the propeptide. The affinity of the propeptide for the toxin was decreased significantly when a mutation was introduced in which Val-400 was converted to a cysteine residue. This mutation destabilized the interaction of the propeptide with the toxin and the propeptide was found to dissociate from the toxin under the same gel-filtration conditions used for the wild-type toxin. The separation of the propeptide in the V400C mutant did not affect the cytolytic activity of the toxin and therefore the propeptide was not necessary for cytolytic activity. These data suggested that the propeptide did not dissociate from the main body of the toxin after proteolysis. Further analysis demonstrated that purified propeptide was a potent inhibitor of alpha toxin activity, which inhibited the oligomerization of alpha toxin into a functional pore. These data suggest that the propeptide does not participate in the final oligomerized complex and that oligomerization appears to displace the propeptide from AT(act). The importance of the propeptide to the solution stability of alpha toxin was also demonstrated. When AT(pro) was activated in solution with trypsin a significant level (approximately 50%) of inactive aggregate formed. This aggregate, which could be removed by centrifugation at 14,000 x g, was made up of both SDS-sensitive and -resistant aggregates, suggesting that a variety of inactive aggregates formed when the monomers interacted in solution. Significantly higher levels of haemolytic activity (approximately 16-fold) were observed when alpha toxin was proteolytically activated after membrane binding instead of in solution. These results support the role of the propeptide as an intramolecular chaperone that stabilizes the monomeric AT(pro) and shuttles it to the membrane where it is activated by protease, oligomerizes into a pre-pore complex and forms a pore. The data suggest that oligomerization of the toxin displaces the propeptide from the monomer form of alpha toxin and that the propeptide does not participate in, and is not necessary to, the final cytolytic complex.
Homologous Unequal Cross-Over within the Human CYP2A Gene Cluster as a Mechanism for the Deletion of the Entire CYP2A6 Gene Associated with the Poor Metabolizer Phenotype (1999)

To clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of the CYP2A6 gene deletion (E-type variant), we analyzed the CYP2A7 gene, which is located in the 5'-flanking region of the CYP2A6 gene, from individuals with the E-type variant and compared it with the sequences of wild type CYP2A7 and CYP2A6 genes. The 3'-downstream sequence (up to 324 bp from the SacI site in exon 9) of the CYP2A7 gene of the E-type variant is identical to that of the wild CYP2A7 gene. However, the 3'-downstream sequence (starting from 325 bp from the SacI site in exon 9) of the CYP2A7 gene of the E-type variant is identical to that of the wild CYP2A6 gene, indicating that the 3'-downstream region of CYP2A7 and the 3'-downstream region of CYP2A6 linked directly eliminating the whole CYP2A6 gene. PCR analysis using primers specific to the CYP2A7 gene and the CYP2A6 and CYP2A7 genes confirmed that all DNA samples obtained from 7 individuals carrying the E-type variant possessed the same break points. These results indicate that the breakpoint of the CYP2A6 gene deletion lies in the 3'-downstream region of the CYP2A7 and CYP2A6 genes.
Annulated Dialkoxybenzenes as Catholyte Materials for Non‐aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Achieving High Chemical Stability through Bicyclic Substitution (2017)

Abstract 1,4‐Dimethoxybenzene derivatives are materials of choice for use as catholytes in non‐aqueous redox flow batteries, as they exhibit high open‐circuit potentials and excellent electrochemical reversibility. However, chemical stability of these materials in their oxidized form needs to be improved. Disubstitution in the arene ring is used to suppress parasitic reactions of their radical cations, but this does not fully prevent ring‐addition reactions. By incorporating bicyclic substitutions and ether chains into the dialkoxybenzenes, a novel catholyte molecule, 9,10‐bis(2‐methoxyethoxy)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydro‐1,4:5,8‐dimethanenoanthracene (BODMA), is obtained and exhibits greater solubility and superior chemical stability in the charged state. A hybrid flow cell containing BODMA is operated for 150 charge–discharge cycles with a minimal loss of capacity.
Automated visual inspection for lsi water multilayer patterns by cascade pattern matching algorithm (1990)

Abstract This paper reports on the defect detection algorithm for the LSI wafer multilayer patterns, together with the result of evaluation. The multilayer patterns are constructed by the exposure after alignment between the wafer pattern and the reticle pattern for each chip. Consequently, the position relation between layers is different even for adjacent chips (interlayer registration error). The developed algorithm compares the gray‐level images of adjacent chips on the wafer and extracts the defect without being affected by the inter‐layer registration error. First, the pattern edge is extracted from the gray‐level image, and the position alignment is executed using the edges. Then, by eliminating the region where gray levels are equal, the regions are extracted for which the position alignment is unsatisfactory. The position alignment is attempted again for that region. This procedure is iterated. When the unmatched region of the pattern edge is sufficiently small, it is decided that the interlayer registration error is absorbed, and the unmatched region is extracted as the defect. An automatic visual inspection system was constructed and evaluated experimentally. As a result, it was verified that the whole chip area can be inspected, and the defect of 0.5 μm or more can be detected in a stable way.
High-temperature LPP collector mirror (2006)

The EUV source output power and the collector optics lifetime have been identified as critical key issues for EUV lithography. In order to meet these requirements a heated collector concept was realized for the first time. An ellipsoidal collector substrate with an outer diameter of 320 mm was coated with a laterally graded high-temperature multilayer. The interface-engineered Mo/Si multilayer coating was optimized in terms of high peak reflectivity at 13.5 nm and a working temperature of 400 °C. Barrier layers were introduced on both interfaces to block thermally induced interdiffusion processes of molybdenum and silicon to provide long-term optical stability of the multilayer at elevated temperatures. A normal-incidence reflectance of more than 40 % at 13.55 nm was measured after heating. After initial annealing at 400 °C for one hour, no degradation of the optical properties of these multilayer coatings occurred during both long-term heating tests for up to 100 hours and multiple annealing cycles. The successful realization of this high-temperature sub-aperture collector mirror represents a major step towards the implementation of the heated collector concept and illustrates the great potential of high-temperature EUV multilayer coatings.
H-SCAN: A high level alternative to full-scan testing with reduced area and test application overheads (2002)

This paper presents H-SCAN, a practical testing methodology that can be easily applied to a high-level design specification. H-SCAN allows the use of combinational test patterns without the high area and test application time overheads associated with full-scan testing. Connectivities between registers existing in an RT-level design are exploited to reduce the area overhead associated with implementing a scan scheme. Test application time is significantly reduced by using the parallelism inherent in the design, and eliminating the pin constraint of parallel scan schemes by analyzing the test responses on-chip using existing comparators. The proposed method also includes generating appropriate sequential test vectors from combinational test vectors generated by a combinational ATPG program. Application of H-SCAN to RT-level designs and fault simulation using the test patterns generated by H-SCAN shows fault coverage comparable to full-scan testing, with significant reduction in test area overhead and test application time when compared to a traditional gate-level full-scan implementation.
Graphene-coated wearable textiles for EOG-based human-computer interaction (2018)

Electrooculography (EOG) is a well-known approach to analyze eye movement features. Applications of EOG can be found in various areas including medical diagnosis, neurosciences, control systems, sensors and interfaces for human-computer interaction (HCI). However, standard gel-based electrodes limit wearability and portability which hinder the development of long-term EOG monitoring applications. To overcome these limitations, we have employed graphene-coated fabric electrodes as suitable alternatives for the currently used silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) "wet" electrodes. Proof of the concept is provided by side by side comparison of conventional electrodes and fabric electrodes in automatic blink detection with sequential multi-step thresholding algorithm. Additionally, the EOG biopotentials are converted into real-time digital signals which could be used as clock signals to facilitate the development of HCI applications.
A Validated Gene Expression Signature of High Risk Multiple Myeloma Is Defined by Deregulated Expression of Genes Mapping to Chromosome 1. (2006)

Abstract In an effort to better define the molecular mechanisms of aggressiveness in multiple myeloma (MM), we performed microarray analysis on tumor cells from 532 newly diagnosed patients treated on two separate protocols. We hypothesized that expression extremes of a subset of genes linked to poor survival might point to important regions of the genome that when amplified or deleted may lead to altered expression of resident genes and hence disease progression. Using log rank tests of expression quartiles, 70 genes, 30% mapping to chromosome 1 (P &lt;.001) were linked to early disease-related death. Importantly, the majority of up-regulated genes mapped to 1q and down-regulated genes mapped to 1p. This high-risk signature, seen in 13% of patients, was linked to poor outcome in both a training (HR 5.16, P &lt;.0001) and test cohort (HR 4.96, P &lt;.0001) and was an independent predictor of outcome in multivariate analysis (P &lt;.0001) that included the ISS. Using a combination of high-resolution aCGH and microarray profiling, we recently identified 47 minimal common regions (MCRs) of genomic gain across the myeloma genome and 207 genes in these MCRs whose expression increases with copy number changes (Carrasco et al., Cancer Cell 2006 9:313–325). When the expression of these copy number-sensitive genes was compared between the high and low risk diseases defined by the 70 gene model, we found that only genes mapping to MCRs at 1q21, 1q22 and 1q43–q44 were significantly over expressed in high-risk disease. These data support prior studies indicating that gains of 1q and amplification of 1q21 and loss of 1p define a distinct subset of disease with poor survival. Novel treatment modalities are justified in these high-risk patients who have not yet benefited from advances in MM therapy.
<title>Laser light coupling physics in high-repetition-rate laser-plasma droplet-target x-ray point sources</title> (2001)

The droplet laser plasma source has previously been shown to have many attractive features as a continuous, almost debris-free source for EUV and x-ray applications. In a combined experimental and theoretical study, we analyze the interaction physics between the laser light and the target over a range of conditions.
Preparation and Characterization of Cerium Hydrate Fiber (2007)

Cerium hydrate fiber (CHF), which showed an aspect ratio greater than 100, was synthesized by a novel method, which used the mixing of cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)3), sodium hydrate (NaOH) and citric acid (C6H8O7) synthesized at a relative low temperature and ambient pressure. The precipitates were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. The results showed that in addition to fibers, two morphologies could be obtained depending on the synthesizing conditions. Aging time and formulation were two key factors for the control of the aspect ratio of the precipitates. By a heating treatment at 600oC for 2 h, the homogenous and well-crystallized cerium dioxide (CeO2) fiber can be fabricated. The effects of synthesis parameters, such as the concentration of the starting solution, aging period, and pH value were reported and discussed.