gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Breaking the fidelity barrier (2006)

This paper presents a summary of the space of commonly-used HCI prototyping methods (low-fidelity to high-fidelity) and asserts that with a better understanding of this space, HCI practitioners will be better equipped to direct scarce prototyping resources toward an effort likely to yield specific results. It presents a set of five dimensions along which prototypes can be planned and characterized. The paper then describes an analysis of this space performed by members of the NASA Ames Human-Computer Interaction Group when considering prototyping approaches for a new set of tools for Mars mission planning and scheduling tools. A description is presented of a prototype that demonstrates design solutions that would have been particularly difficult to test given conventional low- or mid- fidelity prototyping methods. The prototype created was "mixed-fidelity," that is, high-fidelity on some dimensions and low-fidelity on others. The prototype is compared to a preexisting tool being redesigned and to a tool that has been developed using the prototype. Experimental data are presented that show the prototype to be a good predictor of eventual user performance with the final application. Given the relative cost of developing prototypes, it is critical to better characterize the space of fidelity in order to more precisely allocate design and development resources.
A map of human microRNA variation uncovers unexpectedly high levels of variability (2012)

Despite an expectation that miRNAs would be highly conserved genomic elements, our study reports a level of variability comparable to that observed for coding genes.
In situ green synthesis of silver–graphene oxide nanocomposites by using tryptophan as a reducing and stabilizing agent and their application in SERS (2014)

Silver–graphene oxide (Ag–GO) nanocomposites were in situ fabricated rapidly through a green one-pot method by using tryptophan (Trp) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The morphologies of synthesized Ag–GO nanocomposites were characterized by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and micro-Raman system. The results indicated silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with spherical size were well dispersed on the surface of graphene oxide (GO). The role of pH has been explored to obtain optimum reaction conditions during the growth process. Raman signals of GO were greatly enhanced after Ag NPs loaded on its surface. More importantly, the synthesized Ag–GO nanocomposites exhibited excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity as SERS substrates to detect crystal violet (CV) in aqueous solution, and the enhancement factor (EF) from the intensity of the vibrational mode at 1621 cm−1 was calculated to be 1.6 × 105.
Impingement Starting and Power Boosting of Small Gas Turbines (1985)

The technology of high-pressure air or hot-gas impingement from stationary shroud supplementary nozzles onto radial outflow compressors and radial inflow turbines to permit rapid gas turbine starting or power boosting is discussed. Data are presented on the equivalent turbine component performance for convergent/divergent shroud impingement nozzles, which reveal the sensitivity of nozzle velocity coefficient with Mach number and turbine efficiency with impingement nozzle admission arc. Compressor and turbine matching is addressed in the transient turbine start mode with the possibility of operating these components in braking or reverse flow regimes when impingement flow rates exceed design.
A Direct Approach to Robust Deep Learning Using Adversarial Networks (2019)

Deep neural networks have been shown to perform well in many classical machine learning problems, especially in image classification tasks. However, researchers have found that neural networks can be easily fooled, and they are surprisingly sensitive to small perturbations imperceptible to humans. Carefully crafted input images (adversarial examples) can force a well-trained neural network to provide arbitrary outputs. Including adversarial examples during training is a popular defense mechanism against adversarial attacks. In this paper we propose a new defensive mechanism under the generative adversarial network (GAN) framework. We model the adversarial noise using a generative network, trained jointly with a classification discriminative network as a minimax game. We show empirically that our adversarial network approach works well against black box attacks, with performance on par with state-of-art methods such as ensemble adversarial training and adversarial training with projected gradient descent.
Identification of shared and unique immunoglobulin E epitopes of the highly conserved tropomyosins in <i>Blomia tropicalis</i> and <i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i> (2002)

Although Blo t 10 and Der p 10 are highly conserved (shared 95% amino acids identity) and significantly cross-reactive, unique IgE epitopes do exist. The results suggest the potential deficiency of using only one of these highly conserved allergens as diagnostic or therapeutic reagents.
The C-Terminal Portion of the Nucleocapsid Protein Demonstrates SARS-CoV Antigenicity (2003)

In order to develop clinical diagnostic tools for rapid detection of the SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus) and to identify candidate proteins for vaccine development, the C-terminal portion of the nucleocapsid (NC) gene was amplified using RT-PCR from the SARS-CoV genome, cloned into a yeast expression vector (pEGH), and expressed as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) and Hisx6 double-tagged fusion protein under the control of an inducible promoter. Western analysis on the purified protein confirmed the expression and purification of the NC fusion proteins from yeast. To determine its antigenicity, the fusion protein was challenged with serum samples from SARS patients and normal controls. The NC fusion protein demonstrated high antigenicity with high specificity, and therefore, it should have great potential in designing clinical diagnostic tools and provide useful information for vaccine development.
Infrastructure support for adaptive mobile applications (1996)

Recent growth in the number and quality of wireless network technologies has led to an increased interest in mobile computing. Furthermore, these technologies have now advanced sufficiently to allow &quot;advanced applications&quot; to be engineered. Applications such as these are characterised by complex patterns of distribution and interaction, support for collaboration and multimedia data, and are typically required to operate over heterogeneous networks and end-systems. Given these operating requirements, it is the author&apos;s contention that advanced applications must adapt their behaviour in response to changes in their environment in order to operate effectively. Such applications are termed adaptive applications. This thesis investigates the support required by advanced...
Variability in drug response as a factor in drug design. (1999)

Variability in drug response can reside within the pharmacokinetic (PK) or the pharmacodynamic phase (PD) of the classical PK/PD model. Some reasons for variability in the pharmacokinetic phase are additive and therefore should be targets for drug design. For instance, poor absorption can be overcome by correct physicochemical properties. Excessive variability in clearance can be limited by avoiding metabolism by polymorphic cytochrome P450s, such as CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. However, clearance will always remain a large source of variability and has to be addressed by having sufficient selectivity for the target to avoid side-effects. There are also polymorphisms at the level of the drug target, such as in the beta(2)- adrenoceptor, which can add to the variability in the drugs response, making the desired selectivity sometimes difficult to attain. However, patient compliance is one of the most notable reasons for variability in drug response. This can be factored into drug design by targeting medicines that have convenient twice- or once-a-day dosage regimens, that are not complicated by food effects or by concomitant administration with other drugs.
On Some Pitfalls in Automatic Evaluation and Significance Testing for MT (2005)

We investigate some pitfalls regarding the discriminatory power of MT evaluation metrics and the accuracy of statistical sig-nificance tests. In a discriminative rerank-ing experiment for phrase-based SMT we show that the NIST metric is more sensi-tive than BLEU or F-score despite their in-corporation of aspects of fluency or mean-ing adequacy into MT evaluation. In an experimental comparison of two statistical significance tests we show that p-values are estimated more conservatively by ap-proximate randomization than by boot-strap tests, thus increasing the likelihood of type-I error for the latter. We point out a pitfall of randomly assessing signif-icance in multiple pairwise comparisons, and conclude with a recommendation to combine NIST with approximate random-ization, at more stringent rejection levels than is currently standard. 1
pH Imaging Based on Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer: Principles, Methods, Applications and Recent Progresses (2018)

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a novel molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method that makes full use of the chemical exchange between water protons and exchangeable protons from solute molecules. Through chemical exchanges, the MRI signal of bulk water decreases when saturating at specific frequency of solute protons. Important biological information related to the chemical exchange processes could be extracted from the amplitude of water signal decrease. For example, the CEST signals have been used for in vivo pH imaging since the proton exchange rate is often pH-dependent. CEST signals originated from endogenous proteins/peptides and exogenous small molecule/metal chelate probes have been used for in vivo pH imaging. Using the ratiometric methods or the amine and amide concentration-independent detection (AACID) methods, in vivo pH maps have been acquired from kidneys, ischemic brain and tumors. In this paper, we thoroughly reviewed the progresses during the past twenty years in the field of in vivo pH imaging with CEST contrast. Principles, methods and applications were discussed, as well as development trends and future directions.
Moduli determination in polyimide film bilayer systems: Prospects for depth profiling using impulsive stimulated thermal scattering (1995)

A laser-based ultrasonic technique, impulsive stimulated thermal scattering (ISTS), is used to characterize the acoustic waveguide behavior in a series of silicon-supported and free-standing polyimide bilayer structures. The experimental results demonstrate that multilayer structures are characterizable using ISTS measurements. In addition, simulations of acoustic waveguide behavior in coatings with very thin interfacial layers adjacent to the substrate and in films with continuously changing elastic properties are presented. The results indicate depth-profiling possibilities using ISTS.
Normal values for aortic diameters in children and adolescents – assessment in vivo by contrast-enhanced CMR-angiography (2008)

This study provides normative values for aortic diameters in children measured by CE-CMRA. These data may serve for making the diagnosis of pediatric arch anomalies, assessing the need for treatment and planning interventions.
<i>IgV</i> gene intraclonal diversification and clonal evolution in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (2006)

Intraclonal diversification of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) genes was evaluated in leukaemic cells from a B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) case over a 2-year period at four time points. Intraclonal heterogeneity was analysed by sequencing 305 molecular clones derived from polymerase chain reaction amplification of B-CLL cell IgV heavy (H) and light (C) chain gene rearrangements. Sequences were compared with evaluating intraclonal variation and the nature of somatic mutations. Although IgV intraclonal variation was detected at all time points, its level decreased with time and a parallel emergence of two more represented V(H)DJ(H) clones was observed. They differed by nine nucleotide substitutions one of which only caused a conservative replacement aminoacid change. In addition, one V(L)J(L) rearrangement became more represented over time. Analyses of somatic mutations suggest antigen selection and impairment of negative selection of neoplastic cells. In addition, a genealogical tree representing a model of clonal evolution of the neoplastic cells was created. It is of note that, during the period of study, the patient showed clinical progression of disease. We conclude that antigen stimulation and somatic hypermutation may participate in disease progression through the selection and expansion of neoplastic subclone(s).
Molecular Necklace:  Quantitative Self-Assembly of a Cyclic Oligorotaxane from Nine Molecules (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTMolecular Necklace: Quantitative Self-Assembly of a Cyclic Oligorotaxane from Nine MoleculesDongmok Whang, Ki-Min Park, Jungseok Heo, Peter Ashton, and Kimoon KimView Author Information Center for Smart Supramolecules and Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, South Korea School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 19, 4899–4900Publication Date (Web):April 30, 1998Publication History Received5 January 1998Published online30 April 1998Published inissue 1 May 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja980029rhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja980029rrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1528Altmetric-Citations198LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Mixtures,Molecules,Oxygen,Platinum,Self organization Get e-Alerts
Lending a Hand (2006)

Social contact promotes enhanced health and well-being, likely as a function of the social regulation of emotional responding in the face of various life stressors. For this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 16 married women were subjected to the threat of electric shock while holding their husband's hand, the hand of an anonymous male experimenter, or no hand at all. Results indicated a pervasive attenuation of activation in the neural systems supporting emotional and behavioral threat responses when the women held their husband's hand. A more limited attenuation of activation in these systems occurred when they held the hand of a stranger. Most strikingly, the effects of spousal hand-holding on neural threat responses varied as a function of marital quality, with higher marital quality predicting less threat-related neural activation in the right anterior insula, superior frontal gyrus, and hypothalamus during spousal, but not stranger, hand-holding.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: Results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses (2005)

This study provides proof of pharmacologic characteristics for sitagliptin in humans. By inhibiting plasma DPP-IV activity, sitagliptin increases the postprandial rise in active glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations without causing hypoglycemia in normoglycemic healthy male volunteers. Sitagliptin possesses pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that support a once-daily dosing regimen.
Penicillin-Binding Protein 1 of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Is Essential for Growth (1998)

pbpA, a gene encoding penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1 of Staphylococcus aureus, was cloned in an Escherichia coli MC1061 transformant which grew on a plate containing 512 microg of vancomycin per ml. This gene encodes a 744-amino-acid sequence which conserves three motifs of PBPs, SXXK, SXN, and KTG. The chromosomal copy of pbpA could be disrupted only when RN4220, a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strain, had additional copies of pbpA in its episome. Furthermore, these episomal copies of pbpA could not be eliminated by an incompatible plasmid when the chromosomal copy of pbpA was disrupted beforehand. Based on these observations, we concluded that pbpA is essential for the growth of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus.
On the Features of Chinese in Science and Technology Times (2002)

Lingual phenomenon is a special social evidence that grows along with the development of society.Chinese is by no means an exception.Different age has different Chinese characters,especially in the growing modern times of science and technology,which has brought about its profound influences upon us as well as the development of Chinese that embodies the features of the specific times:precision,conceptualization,logicization,stratification and compatibility.etc.
CDK12 phosphorylates 4E-BP1 to enable mTORC1-dependent translation and mitotic genome stability (2019)

The RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain kinase, CDK12, regulates genome stability, expression of DNA repair genes, and cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In addition to its role in mRNA biosynthesis of DNA repair genes, we show here that CDK12 phosphorylates the mRNA 5' cap-binding repressor, 4E-BP1, to promote translation of mTORC1-dependent mRNAs. In particular, we found that phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 by mTORC1 (T37 and T46) facilitates subsequent CDK12 phosphorylation at two Ser-Pro sites (S65 and T70) that control the exchange of 4E-BP1 with eIF4G at the 5' cap of <i>CHK1</i> and other target mRNAs. RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing (RIP-seq) revealed that CDK12 regulates release of 4E-BP1, and binding of eIF4G, to many mTORC1 target mRNAs, including those needed for MYC transformation. Genome-wide ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) further identified specific CDK12 "translation-only" target mRNAs, including many mTORC1 target mRNAs as well as many subunits of mitotic and centromere/centrosome complexes. Accordingly, confocal imaging analyses revealed severe chromosome misalignment, bridging, and segregation defects in cells deprived of CDK12 or CCNK. We conclude that the nuclear RNAPII-CTD kinase CDK12 cooperates with mTORC1, and controls a specialized translation network that is essential for mitotic chromosome stability.
A 10.3-GS/s, 6-Bit Flash ADC for 10G Ethernet Applications (2013)

This paper presents the design of a 40-nm CMOS 10.3-GS/s 6-bit Flash ADC used as the analog frontend of a universal DSP-based receiver that meets the requirements for all the NRZ 10G Ethernet (10GE) standards, for both fiber and copper channels. The 4-way interleaved ADC consists of a pair of frontend variable gain amplifiers (VGAs) driving four sets of track-and-hold (T/H) switches, followed by fine VGAs that drive 6-bit comparator arrays. A Wallace-tree adder is utilized as the thermometer-to-binary encoder allowing comparator re-ordering and redundancy. Also integrated is an 8-bit calibration DAC that is used as a reference to nullify the accumulated offset of the entire signal path, as well as to compensate for the nominal nonlinearity of the fine VGA and the resistor ladder. After calibration, the peak SNDR of the ADC is about 34 dB with bandwidth ranging from 3.5 to 6 GHz over all VGA gain settings. The ADC, along with its entire clock path, occupies 0.27 mm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{2}$</tex></formula> and consumes 242 mW from a 0.9-V supply.
Machine-Learning based Analog and Mixed-signal Circuit Design and Optimization (2021)

A machine-learning based regression model of analog and mixed-signal (AMS) circuit presents an alternative design methodology against the rapidly increased design complexity. The more advanced technology structures, such as FinFET or SOI, are proposed, the more powerful computation engine is required to fulfill the different design specification ensuring an operational robustness. In this work, we applied a supervised learning artificial neural network (ANN) to characterize the regression model of AMS, thus it enables fast exploration of the complex design space including the performance change due to the PVT variations. Moreover, this approach saves significant computation cost compared to SPICE simulations. To prove the concept, successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) with various specifications in 14nm predicted technology model (PTM) is designed to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.
The Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Leukemia (2019)

In addition to intrinsic factors, leukemia cell growth is influenced by the surrounding nonhematopoietic cells in the leukemic microenvironment, including fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, vascular cells, and various immune cells. Despite the fact that macrophages are an important component of human innate immunity, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have long been considered as an accomplice promoting tumor growth and metastasis. TAMs are activated by an abnormal malignant microenvironment, polarizing into a specific phenotype and participating in tumor progression. TAMs that exist in the microenvironment of different types of leukemia are called leukemia-associated macrophages (LAMs), which are reported to be associated with the progression of leukemia. This review describes the role of LAMs in different leukemia subtypes.
Hydrogen Manufacturing Using Low Current, Non-Thermal Plasma Boosted Fuel Converters (2001)

Hydrogen-rich gas can be efficiently produced in compact plasma boosted reformers by conversion of a variety of hydrocarbon fuels including natural gas and diesel. A novel type of plasma reformers, using a low current, high voltage non-thermal plasmatron