gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stable and scalable smart window based on polymer stabilized liquid crystals (2020)

ABSTRACT A stable and scalable polymer‐stabilized liquid crystal window which electrically switches from transparent to opaque has been fabricated. Scanning electron microscope measurement shows that higher polymer concentration will induce denser polymer network in polymer stabilized liquid crystal system and then stronger anchoring force between polymer network and liquid crystal molecules, which resulting in larger operating voltage. The cell with larger cell gap has a lower saturated transmittance in the voltage‐on state, which attributed to a larger number of scattering domains in thick cell. The optimized cell exhibits a highly transparent voltage‐off state (3.5% haze) and a voltage‐on scattering state (98% haze) with the threshold voltage of around 20 V. The durability test shows that the optical device switches at least 100,000 times without degradation of optical contrast and shows a high temperature tolerance. Meanwhile, a 40 × 50 cm 2 window has been developed in an industrial production line showing the same optical properties. Our results demonstrate the fabrication of smart windows with a highly transparent rest state and high optical contrast on a commercial mass production scale, making them attractive for applications in buildings, automobiles, and switchable sunglasses for light management and potentially energy saving. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137 , 48917.
A near-real-time full-parallax holographic display for remote operations (1991)

A near real-time, full parallax holographic display system was developed that has the potential to provide a 3-D display for remote handling operations in hazardous environments. The major components of the system consist of a stack of three spatial light modulators which serves as the object source of the hologram; a near real-time holographic recording material (such as thermoplastic and photopolymer); and an optical system for relaying SLM images to the holographic recording material and to the observer for viewing.
<title>Whole-spacecraft shock isolation system</title> (2002)

Spacecraft are subjected to shock loads in the several thousands of g's level during their trip to orbit. These high shock loads usually result from some separation event, such as staging, spacecraft separation, and fairing separation. Shock loads are very detrimental to spacecraft components, instruments and electronics. A new type of shock isolation system is discussed. This shock system, referred to as the SoftRide ShockRing, is a whole-spacecraft isolation system, i.e., it shock isolates the complete spacecraft from the launch vehicle. Seven whole-spacecraft vibration isolation systems (SoftRide) have flown to date and flight data confirms large reductions of the dynamic loads on the spacecraft. The standard SoftRide system is a lower frequency isolation system than the ShockRing, vibration isolating the spacecraft starting in the approximately 25 Hz range. The ShockRing is targeted at shock loads and is set to isolate above approximately 75 Hz. Component tests have been performed on the ShockRing using a specially built pneumatic gun that can generate 10,000 g's on the test article. Results from these tests demonstrate substantial reductions of the shock being transmitted to the payload. Results from a system test consisting of a spacecraft simulator, payload attachment fittings, avionics section, and shock plate are discussed. In the system tests, pyrotechnic devices were used to obtain the high levels of shock for the tests.
A power flow controller with a stable reversing capability (2002)

Power flow in an alternating current transmission line is controlled by injecting, into the transmission line, a series compensating voltage, which is either in phase or in opposite phase with the reactive component of the transmission line voltage. A voltage source converter (VSC) generates the compensating voltage. The VSC is operated by a controller, which determines the angle of the transmission line voltage from voltage measurements taken at spaced-apart points on the transmission line. Operation of the converter with a voltage control method results in an increase in power flow when the compensating voltage is injected in opposite phase with the voltage across the transmission line effective reactance. The compensating voltage, injected in phase with the voltage across the transmission line effective reactance, decreases the power flow, at first, from the uncompensated value and reduces to zero when the compensating voltage equals the voltage across the transmission line effective reactance without compensation. Further increase in the compensating voltage in the same direction increases the power flow in the reverse direction. The novelty of the proposed controller is that it allows the line current and the power flow to be reduced to nearly zero and be reversed with absolute stability. The existing controller does not allow a near zero line current operating condition because a reactance control method relies primarily on the existence of the line current.
13. Functional Role of Adenovirus Penton in Modulating In Vivo Properties of Liver-Targeted and Liver-Detargeted Adenovirus Variants (2016)

Pharmacokinetic studies of adenovirus (Ad) vectors after intravascular delivery demonstrate that the majority of an administered virus dose is rapidly sequestered from the circulation by the liver. The molecular determinants that target Ad to the liver have been found on each of the virus capsid proteins, including hexon, penton, and fiber. The penton protein in the majority of Ad serotypes comprises a hypervariable loop containing an RGD motif that has been shown to interact with a number of cellular integrins upon virus entry into the cell. The binding of penton to integrins triggers virus internalization and relaxes the virus structure for subsequent endosomal disassembly. However, RGD motif interaction with integrins on tissue macrophages leads to production of inflammatory cytokines and significantly contributes to systemic Ad toxicity. Despite its importance for the virus entry into the cell, the penton is not well employed in the development of therapeutic Ad vectors. Therefore, in this study we evaluated strategies for modulating Ad penton interactions with cellular integrins. Ad vectors were created bearing substitutions of the RGD motif with mimetic non-RGD-containing peptides derived from extracellular proteins laminin 1 and laminin 3. These peptides are interacting with a different subset of integrins compared to those binging penton RGD motif. Unlike wild type (WT) Ad5, these penton-modified vectors were able to utilize β4 integrin for cell entry. The in vivo studies demonstrated that penton-modified Ads cannot activate a full inflammatory cascade and their in vivo toxicity, therefore, is dramatically reduced. Although the penton-mutated vectors were infecting a set of cancer cell lines in vitro and hepatocytes in vivo with a similar efficacy as the WT Ad5, interactions of virus with Kupffer cells and virus accumulation in the liver after intravascular vector delivery remain similar for penton-mutated and WT Ad vector. We also developed Ad vectors containing mutations abrogating virus interactions with all types of liver cells. Additionally to penton modifications, we introduced a T425A mutation in the hexon hyper variable loop HVR7 to completely abrogate virus interaction with blood coagulation FX and prevent transduction of hepatocytes. Furthermore, a set of mutations in the hexon HVR1 region were introduced to prevent Ad uptake by Kupffer cells. Due to penton modifications these vectors had very low toxicity and combinations of three mutations diverted the vector away from the liver. These data demonstrate that RGD loop modification represents a useful approach for introducing beneficial properties to the Ad vectors for greatly reducing their systemic toxicity and enable liver de-targeting. CryoEM analyses are currently underway to identify the structural differences in the capsid between the penton mutants and the wild type Ad.
Prostate segmentation by feature enhancement using domain knowledge and adaptive region based operations (2006)

Estimation of prostate location and volume is essential in determining a dose plan for ultrasound-guided brachytherapy, a common prostate cancer treatment. However, manual segmentation is difficult, time consuming and prone to variability. In this paper, we present a semi-automatic discrete dynamic contour (DDC) model based image segmentation algorithm, which effectively combines a multi-resolution model refinement procedure together with the domain knowledge of the image class. The segmentation begins on a low-resolution image by defining a closed DDC model by the user. This contour model is then deformed progressively towards higher resolution images. We use a combination of a domain knowledge based fuzzy inference system (FIS) and a set of adaptive region based operators to enhance the edges of interest and to govern the model refinement using a DDC model. The automatic vertex relocation process, embedded into the algorithm, relocates deviated contour points back onto the actual prostate boundary, eliminating the need of user interaction after initialization. The accuracy of the prostate boundary produced by the proposed algorithm was evaluated by comparing it with a manually outlined contour by an expert observer. We used this algorithm to segment the prostate boundary in 114 2D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images of six patients scheduled for brachytherapy. The mean distance between the contours produced by the proposed algorithm and the manual outlines was 2.70 ± 0.51 pixels (0.54 ± 0.10 mm). We also showed that the algorithm is insensitive to variations of the initial model and parameter values, thus increasing the accuracy and reproducibility of the resulting boundaries in the presence of noise and artefacts.
Negative differential resistance of InGaAs dual channel transistors (2006)

We demonstrate a new type of velocity modulation transistor (VMT) with an InGaAs dual channel structure fabricated on an InP (001) substrate. The dual channel structure consists of a high mobility 10 nm In0.53Ga0.47As quantum well, a 2 nm In0.52Al0.48As barrier layer, and a low mobility 1 nm In0.26Ga0.74As quantum well. The VMTs have a negative differential resistance (NDR) effect with a low source-drain voltage of 0.38 V. The NDR characteristics can be clearly seen in the temperature range of 50 to 220 K with a gate voltage of 5 V. The NDR mechanism is thought to be the carrier transfer from the high mobility to the low mobility channels. Three-terminal VMTs are favorable for applications to highfrequency, high-speed, and low-power consumption devices.
Polymer Cookery. 2. Influence of Polymerization Pressure and Polymer Swelling on the Performance of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (2004)

A set of polymers was imprinted with (+)-ephedrine at ambient and 10 bar pressure. The performance of the synthesized materials was studied by HPLC at six different temperatures: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C. It was shown that the polymer morphology (surface area and porosity) and enantioselective properties are different for these two polymersan unexpected result which was in contradiction with the theoretical forecasts. A possible mechanism which explains the observed phenomenon is discussed. The contributing factor which influenced the polymer performance was the polymer swelling. This shows that, in addition to temperature, other physical parameters such as pressure and polymer swelling should be analyzed and accounted for in the quality control of MIP synthesis and application.
Coded modulation to increase storage capacity of multilevel memories (2002)

Multilevel memory cells and analog memory cells have the capability of storing considerably more than one bit per cell. A multilevel or an analog memory cell is modelled as an additive white Gaussian noise channel. Thus storing a certain number of bits in one cell corresponds to storing a finite number of amplitude levels. Due to the additive noise in the memory cell, the bits read from the memory cell are affected by an output error probability. This paper proposes using a coded modulation technique to increase the storage capacity of multilevel and analog memory cells by one extra bit per cell. The technique can also be applied to improve the read-out bit-error probability and provide unequal error protection for the bits to be stored. One and two-dimensional coded modulation schemes as well as uncoded modulation schemes are presented in detail. Complexity issues are also considered.
Process for the production of .sup.18 F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (1986)

Process for the production of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose and the corresponding .sup.18 F-compound in which methyl 4,6-O-benzylidine-3-O-methyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-.beta.-D-mannopy ranoside is reacted with a triflating reagent, the resulting compound reacted with CsHF.sub.2, RbF or the corresponding .sup.18 F-compounds, and thereafter the alkyl groups removed by hydrolysis.
Algorithmic approaches to redesigning tcam-based systems (2008)

Using Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs) to perform high-speed packet classification has become the de facto standard in industry because TCAMs enable constant time classification by comparing a packet with all rules of ternary encoding in parallel. However, TCAMs have limitations of small capacity, large power consumption and heat generation, and high hardware cost. Although a hardware solution to TCAM limitations is not impossible, TCAMs are unlikely to have hardware breakthroughs because they have pushed silicon to its limit. Furthermore, the number of rules in packet classifiers increases rapidly due to the explosive growth of services deployed on the Internet. In this paper, we propose three approaches, multi-lookup, pipelined-lookup, and packing. The central theme of these three approaches is to minimize the number of TCAM bits used to represent a packet classifier. Reducing TCAM space usage directly addresses the physical limitations of TCAMs. Smaller TCAM implies lower power consumption, less heat generation, less board space, and lower hardware cost. Furthermore, reducing the number of bits used in a TCAM leads to less power consumption and heat generation because the energy consumed by a TCAM grows linearly with the number of bits it uses in storing rules. Our approaches are based on three key observations. First, information stored in TCAMs tends to have high redundancy from an information theory perspective. Specifically, we observe that the same ternary string for a specific field may be repetitively stored in multiple TCAM entries. For example, in the simple two-dimensional packet classifier in Figure 1(a), the strings 001, 010, and 100 from the first
496. Elucidating Design Rules Governing Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Therapeutic Protein Delivery (2016)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted biological nanoparticles that have great potential as therapeutic delivery vehicles - they are well-tolerated in vivo and naturally capable of transferring RNA and proteins between cells. Our ability to engineer EVs as therapeutic delivery vehicles is limited by an incomplete understanding of how EVs load biomolecular cargo and deliver it to recipient cells. In particular, the biophysical rules governing mRNA and protein delivery by EVs have not been elucidated. Open questions include: Does size limit mRNA loading efficiency into EVs? To what extent is EV mRNA cargo translated in recipient cells? What factors impact the degree to which RNA and protein cargo are delivered to the cytoplasm of recipient cells? To quantitatively investigate the above questions, we leveraged our Targeted and Modular EV Loading (TAMEL) platform, which enables active loading of specific cargo RNA into EVs. TAMEL can enrich cargo mRNA loading into EVs up to 40-fold relative to passive loading. By directly comparing active loading efficiencies between mRNAs of different lengths, we characterized what type of RNAs can be loaded into EVs. While active loading of mRNA-length (> 1.5 kb) cargo molecules was significant, active loading was much more efficient for smaller (~0.5 kb) RNA molecules, providing the first direct evidence for the impact of cargo RNA size on loading into EVs. We next leveraged the TAMEL platform to elucidate the limiting steps in EV-mediated delivery of mRNA and protein to prostate cancer cells, as a therapeutically relevant model system. In this model system, we did not observe translation of EV-delivered mRNA in recipient cells, indicating this is a limiting step in functional delivery of EV cargo. In contrast, we observed robust EV-mediated delivery of dTomato reporter protein, and thus further explored EVs as therapeutic protein delivery vehicles. To probe the efficacy of EV-mediated therapeutic protein delivery, we investigated using EVs to deliver the prodrug converting enzyme cytosine deaminase fused to uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (CD-UPRT), which converts the prodrug 5-FC to the toxic 5-FU. Importantly, CD-UPRT can function without without requiring endosomal escape because both 5-FC and 5-FU are membrane permeable. We also explored strategies for EV-mediated delivery of Cas9 nuclease, which must overcome the EV loading barrier imposed by its NLS sequence as well as escape the endosome in recipient cells. To address the loading challenge, we investigated a strategy for conditional NLS reconstitution to allow enhanced loading of Cas9 into EVs. We then used Cas9 delivery to assess the degree to which EV-delivered proteins can escape the endosomal/lysosomal pathways and traffic to other subcellular locations. Altogether, our investigations elucidated key design rules and central limiting steps that may guide the further development and utilization of EVs as therapeutic biomolecule delivery vehicles.
Abstract 305: Development of an Antidote-Controlled RNA Probe for Molecular Thrombi Imaging (2015)

Vascular thrombosis is a major underlying factor in many cardiovascular diseases worldwide and is also a major post-surgical complication. Early detection and treatment of thrombi improves outcomes for patients since the responsiveness of thrombi to fibrinolytic treatment decreases with thrombus age. The serine protease thrombin plays a central role in thrombogenesis and remains associated with the thrombus thereby facilitating further activation of coagulation factors and platelets after initial clot formation. Therefore, targeting and imaging clot-bound thrombin may provide a way of distinguishing newly formed thrombi from older, constituted ones. The goal of this study was to determine whether a thrombin-binding RNA aptamer conjugated to a near-infrared fluorophore could detect clot-bound thrombin and if a complementary antidote oligonucleotide could remove clot-bound aptamer thereby creating a subtraction image. The thrombin-binding aptamer conjugate, Tog25t-AF680, was assessed for its in vitro binding capability to newly formed human plasma clots using fluorescence reflectance imaging. In comparison to a labeled non-binding control RNA, we observed a greater than 6-fold increase in near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) target-to-background ratio (TBR) with Tog25t-AF680. Upon treatment with the antidote oligonucleotide (AO4), we observed an approximately 57% reduction in fluorescence signal after 10 minutes of incubation. Our results suggest that thrombin is a suitable target for imaging newly formed clots and that a RNA aptamer conjugate binds to clot-bound thrombin with high specificity. This thrombin-targeting near-infrared probe has the potential to be used as a diagnostic tool for arterial and venous thrombosis and may further advance our understanding of the role of thrombin in vivo.
Recovery of tungsten from WC–Co hard metal scraps using molten salts electrolysis (2018)

The recycling of WC–Co hard metal scraps has been taken into consideration in the literature, due to the release of toxic substances and long recovery process. In this study, the recovery of tungsten process, based on the molten salt electrolysis treatment of WC–Co hard metal scraps, was developed. The anode polarization curves were applied to investigate the dissolution of the WC–Co hard metal scrap. Then, the electrochemical behavior of tungsten and cobalt ions dissolved from WC–Co scrap anode, was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The results demonstrated that the reduction of tungsten and cobalt ions occurred through a one-step process involving the transfer of two electrons. This process was achieved by the diffusion of tungsten and cobalt ions in the melts. Finally, the parameters, such as the electrolysis current, the electrolysis duration and temperatures, were applied to analyze the effect of different electrolysis conditions on the composition of recycled products. The results demonstrated that the electrolysis current and the electrolysis temperature, compared to electrolysis duration, have significant effects on the selectivity of tungsten recycling. Furthermore, the analysis of cathode products demonstrated that a tungsten powder of approximately 500 nm could be selectively recovered from WC–Co hard metal scrap with the electrolysis condition of 60 mA for 4 h at 1073 K in NaF–KF molten salt. Keywords: WC–Co scrap, Electrochemical recovery, Tungsten
Word-specific precoding of contention bursts for broadband wireless networks (2003)

A precoding technique for pre-equalising contention bursts in a slotted-ALOHA access request scheme, for use in single-carrier broadband fixed wireless access (FWA) networks is presented. Multipath channel distortion is compensated for at the transmitter, so that the contention burst arrives undistorted at the receiver.
Ammonia-mediated, large-scale synthesis of ammonia borane (2014)

A simple, large-scale synthesis of ammonia borane from NaBH4 and (NH4)2SO4 at 0 °C-rt in THF containing 5% NH3 is described. The presence of ammonia is critical for the reaction to proceed and allows the reaction at high concentrations and ambient temperature without the need for anhydrous solvent or inert atmosphere.