gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detail-preserving tone mapping for low dynamic range displays with adaptive gamma correction (2015)

Tone mapping effectively produces high dynamic range images on low dynamic range displays. Global tone mapping is simple and fast because of using the same mapping curve for every pixel without considering its neighboring ones in the radiance map. However, it often loses fine details in an image with low dynamic range displays. In this paper, we propose detail-preserving tone mapping for low dynamic range displays with adaptive gamma correction. We first perform global logarithmic tone mapping to reproduce natural tone for low dynamic range displays. Although global logarithmic mapping effectively considers human perceptual abilities, it often loses some details especially in dark regions. Thus, we perform adaptive gamma correction to achieve local contrast enhancement. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances fine details of images as well as successfully preserves the overall image quality.
Glutathione Peroxidase 1 Activity and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (2003)

In patients with coronary artery disease, a low level of activity of red-cell glutathione peroxidase 1 is independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity may have prognostic value in addition to that of traditional risk factors. Furthermore, increasing glutathione peroxidase 1 activity might lower the risk of cardiovascular events.
The Production of Pleasure by Stimulation of the Brain: An Alleged Conflict Between Science and Philosophy (1976)

Alan E. Fuchs, The Production of Pleasure by Stimulation of the Brain: An Alleged Conflict Between Science and Philosophy, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Jun., 1976), pp. 494-505
FOLK MEDIA IN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION (2015)

The human urge to express, communicate, and share something beautiful gave birth to performing arts such as folk and traditional media. Folk performing arts have changed structure continuously over centuries according to the needs of changing situations but without losing their functional relevance to society.
CNNs for Surveillance Footage Scene Classification (2018)

In this project, we adapt high-performing CNN architectures to differentiate between scenes with and without abandoned luggage. Using frames from two video datasets, we compare the results of training different architectures on each dataset as well as on combining the datasets. We additionally use network visualization techniques to gain insight into what the neural network sees, and the basis of the classification decision. We intend that our results benefit further work in applying CNNs in surveillance and security-related tasks.
Concurrent Analysis of Nose and Groin Swab Specimens by the IDI-MRSA PCR Assay Is Comparable to Analysis by Individual-Specimen PCR and Routine Culture Assays for Detection of Colonization by Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2006)

The IDI-MRSA assay (Infectio Diagnostic, Inc., Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada) with the Smart Cycler II rapid DNA amplification system (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA) appears to be sensitive and specific for the rapid detection of nasal colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of this assay under conditions in which both the nose and cutaneous groin specimens were analyzed together and compared the accuracy of this PCR approach to that when these specimens were tested separately and by culture assays in an inpatient population with known high rates (12 to 15%) of MRSA colonization. Of 211 patients screened, 192 had results assessable by all three methods (agar-broth culture, separate nose and groin IDI-MRSA assay, and combined nose-groin IDI-MRSA assay), with MRSA carriage noted in 31/192 (16.1%), 41/192 (21.4%), and 36/192 (18.8%) patients by each method, respectively. Compared to agar culture results, the sensitivity and specificity of the combined nose-groin IDI-MRSA assay were 88.0% and 91.6%, respectively, whereas when each specimen was processed separately, the sensitivities were 90.0% (nose) and 83.3% (groin) and the specificities were 91.7% (nose) and 90.2% (groin). IDI-MRSA assay of a combined nose-groin specimen appears to have an accuracy similar to that of the current recommended PCR protocol, providing results in a clinically useful time frame, and may represent a more cost-effective approach to using this assay for screening for MRSA colonization.
Impedance spectroscopy of biological cells (2002)

Summary form only given as follows: A 6-electrode impedance chamber is used to perform wide bandwidth (1 Hz-3 MHz), high sensitivity, complex impedance measurements on living cells. Impedance measurements are performed under normal physiologic conditions to evaluate the electrical properties of living cells. The increase in sensitivity for the measurements, compared to cell suspension techniques, is accomplished by embedding the cells into the pores of a filter. This creates a "pseudo-epithelium" and markedly reduces the extracellular current pathways around the cells and consequently increases the sensitivity of the measurement. The advantages of this technique are discussed, as are the general insights and improvements in impedance measurements that are possible. In this technique, the cellular geometry and the portion of cell membrane under measurement are more precisely controlled than in suspension techniques. Essentially, the technique produces a multi-parallel, whole-cell, patch-clamp like structure. The resistance of the leak pathway is about 6-7/spl times/10/sup 7/ /spl Omega/ for each cell, compared to a gigaohm for the patch clamp resistance. The effects of: bandwidth mismatch between high-input impedance amplifiers, reference point drift due to solution resistivity changes, and the use of porous electrodes on the measured cellular impedance are discussed. The ability to alter extracellular solution temperature and composition, during an impedance experiment, provides a methodology to elucidate the underlying processes and structures responsible for the measured impedance. Lastly, the ability to electroporate the portion of the cell membrane under measurement, contributes another unique way to study the impedance of living cells.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Assessment of passive porosity with free and fixed separation on a tangent ogive forebody (1992)

Subsonic wind tunnel tests were performed on solid and porous (22 percent) 5.0-caliber forebody models to assess the effect of free and fixed cross-flow separation on the effectiveness of passive porosity. The effectiveness of passive porosity to control the local pressure loading for forced cross-flow separation is found to be similar to that observed for the free cross-flow separation condition. It is also found that the effectiveness of passive porosity is significantly enhanced in the presence of large positive pressures on the porous surface.
Formulation of chitosan-DNA nanoparticles with poly(propyl acrylic acid) enhances gene expression (2004)

Poly(propyl acrylic acid) (PPAA) is a polymer specifically designed to disrupt lipid bilayer membranes within a sharply defined pH range. The pH sensitivity can be used to enhance the release of endocytosed drugs into the cytoplasmic compartment of the cell. By incorporating this polymer in a polymeric gene carrier, chitosan, the release of plasmid DNA from the endosomal compartment was enhanced. In vitro transfection studies confirmed that the incorporation of PPAA into the chitosan-DNA nanoparticles enhanced gene expression in both HEK293 and HeLa cells compared to chitosan nanoparticles alone. The dose and time at which PPAA was incorporated during the complex formation affected the release of DNA and transfection efficiency. The optimal dose of PPAA incorporated into the chitosan nanoparticles was determined to be 10 microg, corresponding to a PPAA/DNA weight ratio of 1:1. At this dose, the ternary complexes are approx. 400 nm in size with a net negative surface charge of -17.4 mV. Intracellular trafficking studies confirmed the association of PPAA, DNA and chitosan at 24 h post-transfection and the subsequent release of DNA and PPAA from the chitosan at 48 h. The diffuse appearance of the majority of the DNA and the PPAA at later time points suggests that the PPAA triggered membrane disruption resulting in the release of DNA from the endosomal compartment. Finally, the lack of colocalization between PPAA and Lysotracker indicated that the PPAA-loaded nanoparticles were not trafficked through a lysosomal pathway. This study suggests the promising strategy of including PPAA in the formulation of polymer-DNA complexes for non-viral gene delivery.
New developments in Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy and related diseases (2017)

This is a rapidly evolving field where better understanding of pathophysiology is paving the way to develop potentially effective treatments, part of which will soon be tested in patients. Intense research is currently devoted to prepare clinical trials and develop responsive outcome measures.
Demonstration of Equivalence between a Generic (M356) and Brand Copaxone® (glatiramer acetate injection) (P1.145) (2015)

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the comprehensive evaluation of equivalence of a Generic (M356) and Brand Copaxone®. BACKGROUND: M356 is being developed by Momenta and Sandoz as a generic version of Copaxone for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and is under FDA review (as of October 2014). Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a mixture of synthetic polypeptides manufactured from four amino acids: alanine, lysine, glutamic acid, and tyrosine. It is produced entirely through chemical processes with standard starting materials in a predictable and reproducible reaction. This presentation is the first public disclosure of the framework Momenta utilized to determine equivalence between the two products and data submitted to FDA as part of the Abbreviated New Drug Application. DESIGN/METHODS: Equivalence between M356 and Copaxone was evaluated in several categories: 1) starting materials and basic chemistry; 2) manufacturing process (polymerization, depolymerization, and purification); 3) physicochemical properties (e.g., multiple methods for amino acid composition, molar mass distribution, N- and C-terminal analysis, peptide/acetate ratio, potency, etc.); 4) biological and immunological properties (e.g., multiple molecular, cell based, and in vivo assays for T cell, B cell, and APC biology; experimental autoimmune encephalitis [EAE] models; gene expression profile; etc.). RESULTS: No differences were observed in the structure and function of M356 and Copaxone. Equivalence of physicochemical properties was demonstrated across >45 tests using a variety of methods for characterization (e.g., amino acid analysis, NMR, SEC, ELISA, HPLC, LC-MS, CD, Western Blot, etc.). Equivalence of biological properties was demonstrated across >15 assays including efficacy in three EAE models, immunogenicity studies, and gene expression profiling. CONCLUSIONS: Momenta asserts that M356 and Copaxone are equivalent versions of GA. The FDA will make the final determination of therapeutic equivalence and approvability of M356 as a generic version of Copaxone.
Distributed feedback lasers with an S-bent waveguide for high-power single-mode operation (1995)

DFB lasers with variations in the Bragg wavenumber along the cavity (corrugation-pitch modulation) can be designed to operate in a single mode up to high output powers. Practical implementation of various pitch-modulated DFB cavities is facilitated by bending the laser waveguide over a uniform grating, so that the Bragg wavenumber is varied along the cavity. In this paper, above-threshold behavior of such lasers is studied, and design rules for high power single-mode operation are developed. S-bent waveguide DFB lasers, fabricated according to our design criteria, exhibit single-mode operation with 40 dB side mode suppression ratio from threshold to 10/spl times/I/sub th/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Powering down (2008)

Smart power management is all about doing more with the resources we have.
Current and future prospects for hemophilia gene therapy (2016)

Here we review the recent literature on Hemophilia gene transfer/therapy. Gene therapy is one of several new technologies being developed as a treatment for bleeding disorders. We will discuss current and pending clinical efforts and attempt to relate how the field is trending. In doing so, we will focus on the use of recombinant Adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector-mediated gene transfer since all currently active trials are using this vector. Recent exciting results embody nearly 20 years of preclinical and translational research. After several early clinical attempts, therapeutic factor levels that can now be achieved reflect several modifications of the original vectors. Patterns of results are slowly starting to emerge as different AAV vectors are being tested. As with any new technology, there are drawbacks, and the potential for immune/inflammatory and oncogenic risks have emerged and will be discussed.
Current Advances in Covalent Stabilization of Macromolecular Complexes for Structural Biology (2021)

Structural characterization of macromolecular assemblies is often limited by the transient nature of the interactions. The development of specific chemical tools to covalently tether interacting proteins to each other has played a major role in various fundamental discoveries in recent years. To this end, protein engineering techniques such as mutagenesis, incorporation of unnatural amino acids, and methods using synthetic substrate/cosubstrate derivatives were employed. In this review, we give an overview of both commonly used and recently developed biochemical methodologies for covalent stabilization of macromolecular complexes enabling structural investigation via crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and cryo-electron microscopy. We divided the strategies into nonenzymatic- and enzymatic-driven cross-linking and further categorized them in either naturally occurring or engineered covalent linkage. This review offers a compilation of recent advances in diverse scientific fields where the structural characterization of macromolecular complexes was achieved by the aid of intermolecular covalent linkage.
Carboxymethyl Cellulose Produced at Different Mercerization Conditions and Characterized by NIR FT Raman Spectroscopy in Combination with Multivariate Analytical Methods (2013)

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is produced commercially in a two-stage process consisting of a mercerization stage followed by an etherification stage. In this work, extended mercerization stages were used when producing CMC from a spruce dissolving pulp. Near infra-red (NIR) Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy was used to analyse the molecular structures of the CMC and the gel fractions formed in the CMC preparation. Three different CMC groups were obtained, representing backbone structures of cellulose I, cellulose II, and amorphous cellulose. By applying principal component analyses (PCA) to the spectral data, two CMC classes were identified with different degrees of substitution (DS). Thus, a low degree of substitution was obtained in the CMC if the alkaline concentration in the mercerization stage was only 9.0%, and the backbone structure was cellulose I or II. However, if the alkaline concentration was higher (18.25% or 27.5%), then the degree of substitution in the CMC was also higher, and the backbone structure was more amorphous.
Wavelet Transform Based on the Optimal Wavelet Pairs for Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Signal Processing (2015)

This paper presents a novel methodology-based discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the choice of the optimal wavelet pairs to adaptively process tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) spectra for quantitative analysis, such as molecular spectroscopy and trace gas detection. The proposed methodology aims to construct an optimal calibration model for a TDLAS spectrum, regardless of its background structural characteristics, thus facilitating the application of TDLAS as a powerful tool for analytical chemistry. The performance of the proposed method is verified using analysis of both synthetic and observed signals, characterized with different noise levels and baseline drift. In terms of fitting precision and signal-to-noise ratio, both have been improved significantly using the proposed method.
Human Factor H-Related Protein 2 (CFHR2) Regulates Complement Activation (2013)

Mutations and deletions within the human CFHR gene cluster on chromosome 1 are associated with diseases, such as dense deposit disease, CFHR nephropathy or age-related macular degeneration. Resulting mutant CFHR proteins can affect complement regulation. Here we identify human CFHR2 as a novel alternative pathway complement regulator that inhibits the C3 alternative pathway convertase and terminal pathway assembly. CFHR2 is composed of four short consensus repeat domains (SCRs). Two CFHR2 molecules form a dimer through their N-terminal SCRs, and each of the two C-terminal ends can bind C3b. C3b bound CFHR2 still allows C3 convertase formation but the CFHR2 bound convertases do not cleave the substrate C3. Interestingly CFHR2 hardly competes off factor H from C3b. Thus CFHR2 likely acts in concert with factor H, as CFHR2 inhibits convertases while simultaneously allowing factor H assisted degradation by factor I.
Self-Interaction Nanoparticle Spectroscopy:  A Nanoparticle-Based Protein Interaction Assay (2008)

Solution conditions conducive to protein crystallization are identified mainly in an empirical manner using screening methods. Measurements of a dilute solution thermodynamic parameter, the osmotic second virial coefficient, have been shown to be useful in guiding this search, yet the measurement of this parameter remains difficult. In this work, a nanoparticle-based assay, self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy, is presented as an efficient alternative. The method involves adsorbing proteins on the surface of gold nanoparticles and adding the protein/gold conjugates to solutions of interest for crystallization. The optical properties of gold colloid, including macroscopic ones such as color, are sensitive to the interparticle separation distance, and they are demonstrated to correlate with the value of the second virial coefficient for BSA and ovalbumin. Serendipitously, the conditions that correspond to second virial coefficient values within the thermodynamic region ideal for protein crystallization lead to the maximum change in color of the gold suspensions. Given the remarkable efficiency of this method, it holds significant potential to aid in the crystallization of proteins that have not been crystallized previously. Moreover, this method may find utility in the analysis of weak homo- and heterotypic interactions involved in other biological applications, including preventing protein aggregation and formulating therapeutic proteins.
FRONTIERNET: frequency-routing-type time-division interconnection network (1997)

This paper describes a photonic time division multiplexing (TDM) highway switch, called FRONTIERNET, that uses optical frequency as routing information. This switch architecture can be applied to asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switching systems. The N/spl times/N switch consists of N tunable frequency convertors and N frequency-division-multiplexed (FDM) output buffers connected through an N/spl times/N frequency router. The router can interconnect N input highways with N output highways in a completely noninterfering way. It is possible to address each output highway uniquely by the choice of frequency (frequency routing) and each output highway can receive any given frequency from only one input. This switch architecture therefore has three advantages: its novel output buffering scheme achieves the best possible performance, there is no need for a complicated contention resolution mechanism between input highways, and there is no splitting loss of the transmitted optical power. An experimental switch with a one-cell FDM buffer was constructed. The tunable frequency convertor based on fast tunable frequency lasers can transmit high-speed optical cells to which frequencies are assigned on a cell-by-cell basis. The frequency router is an integrated-optic arrayed-waveguide grating 16/spl times/16 filter produced by using planar-lightwave-circuit (PLC) technology. The one-cell FDM output buffer based on optical fiber delay lines can store FDM cells and select only one cell at each timeslot over the output highway. A 2.5-Gb/s experimental switch was successfully operated, And an experimental FDM loop buffer was also demonstrated. This stores two cells at a data rate of 2.5 Gb/s. The bit error rate (EER) of the cells after up to 10 circulations is <10/sup -9/. The performance of the buffer in terms of the probability of cell loss and the cell wafting time in the buffer is analyzed numerically. It is concluded that fewer optical buffers are needed to satisfy the desired probability of the cell loss compared with the conventional electronic buffers. The scale of the switch can be expanded in a modular fashion in two ways using a multistage frequency router and a multistage switching network. And the multihop FRONTIERNET architecture is proposed to reduce the required frequency channels rather than the single-hop FRONTIERNET. The switch scale is also very easy to expand by connecting the frequency-router-based switching submodules.
Microwave Chaotic Sources (2003)

The objective of the project was a search, analysis and selection of RF devices that have potential to be used to generate chaotic oscillations and that already have mathematical models that demonstrate low-dimensional chaotic behavior. The last property potentially enables to construct the symbolic description of chaotic trajectories. The performed search and analysis show that among potential candidates traveling-wave tube (TWT) and chaotic oscillator based on microtriode are more suitable for our purposes. Chosen models are investigated as for existence of low-dimensional chaotic modes. The possibility of symbolic' description of a trajectory, through construction of a quasi-one-dimensional map is studied for values of parameters corresponding to low-dimensional chaotic modes. It is shown how the symbolic description can be constructed, both for the model of TWT and for the model of chaotic oscillator based on microtriode.
Design and Fabrication of Vertically-Integrated CMOS Image Sensors (2011)

Technologies to fabricate integrated circuits (IC) with 3D structures are an emerging trend in IC design. They are based on vertical stacking of active components to form heterogeneous microsystems. Electronic image sensors will benefit from these technologies because they allow increased pixel-level data processing and device optimization. This paper covers general principles in the design of vertically-integrated (VI) CMOS image sensors that are fabricated by flip-chip bonding. These sensors are composed of a CMOS die and a photodetector die. As a specific example, the paper presents a VI-CMOS image sensor that was designed at the University of Alberta, and fabricated with the help of CMC Microsystems and Micralyne Inc. To realize prototypes, CMOS dies with logarithmic active pixels were prepared in a commercial process, and photodetector dies with metal-semiconductor-metal devices were prepared in a custom process using hydrogenated amorphous silicon. The paper also describes a digital camera that was developed to test the prototype. In this camera, scenes captured by the image sensor are read using an FPGA board, and sent in real time to a PC over USB for data processing and display. Experimental results show that the VI-CMOS prototype has a higher dynamic range and a lower dark limit than conventional electronic image sensors.