gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hash the Universe: Differentially Private Text Extraction with Feature Hashing (2022)

Abstract Using artificial intelligence for text extraction can often require handling privacy-sensitive text. To avoid revealing confidential information, data owners and practitioners can use differential privacy, a definition of privacy with provable guarantees. In this work, we show how differential privacy can be applied to feature hashing.Feature hashing is a common technique for handling out-of-dictionary vocabulary, and for creating a lookup table to find feature weights in constant time. One of the special qualities of feature hashing is that all possible features are mapped to a discrete, finite output space. Our proposed technique takes advantage of this fact, and makes hashed feature sets Renyi-differentially private. The technique enables data owners to privatize any model that stores the data-dependent weights in a hash table, and provides protection against inference attacks on the model output, as well as against linkage attacks directly on the model's hashed features and weights. As a case study, we show how we have implemented our technique in commercial software that enables users to train text sequence classifiers on their own documents, and share the classifiers with other users without leaking training data. Results show that even common words can be protected with (0.06, 10^-5)-differential privacy, with only a 1% average reduction in Recall and no change in Precision.
Crystallographic Characterization of <i>N</i>-Oxide Tripod Amphiphiles (2010)

Tripod amphiphiles are designed to promote the solubilization and stabilization of intrinsic membrane proteins in aqueous solution; facilitation of crystallization is a long-range goal. Membrane proteins are subjects of extensive interest because of their critical biological roles, but proteins of this type can be difficult to study because of their low solubility in water. The nonionic detergents that are typically used to achieve solubility can have the unintended effect of causing protein denaturation. Tripod amphiphiles differ from conventional detergents in that the lipophilic segment contains a branchpoint, and previous work has shown that this unusual amphiphilic architecture can be advantageous relative to traditional detergent structures. Here, we report the crystal structures of several tripod amphiphiles that contain an N-oxide hydrophilic group. The data suggest that tripods can adapt themselves to a nonpolar surface by altering the hydrophobic appendage that projects toward that surface and their overall orientation relative to that surface. Although it is not possible to draw firm conclusions regarding amphiphile association in solution from crystallographic data, trends observed among the packing patterns reported here suggest design strategies to be implemented in future studies.
Ultrasound Enhancement of Drug Release Across Non Ionic Surfactant Vesicle Membranes (2005)

Nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) have potential applications in targeted drug delivery and imaging because of their ability to encapsulate therapeutic agents and their enhanced uptake by physiological membranes. Ultrasound may be used to mediate delivery non-invasively by altering the niosome membrane structure. Niosomes composed of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (Tween 61), cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate were synthesized via a thin film hydration technique. A fluorescing dye, carboxyfluorescein (CF), was encapsulated and used as a drug model. The amount of dye in the niosomes, the concentration of the vesicles, and their mean particle size after each 5 minute incremental exposure to ultrasound were monitored. Dye concentration encapsulated by the niosomes in the samples decreased while the population and size distribution of the niosome remained largely unchanged. Our conclusion is that ultrasound enhances the rate of dye diffusion across the niosome membrane non-destructively.
Simple Method for De Novo Structural Determination of Underivatised Glucose Oligosaccharides (2018)

Carbohydrates have various functions in biological systems. However, the structural analysis of carbohydrates remains challenging. Most of the commonly used methods involve derivatization of carbohydrates or can only identify part of the structure. Here, we report a de novo method for completely structural identification of underivatised oligosaccharides. This method, which can provide assignments of linkages, anomeric configurations, and branch locations, entails low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) of sodium ion adducts that enable the cleavage of selective chemical bonds, a logical procedure to identify structurally decisive fragment ions for subsequent CID, and the specially prepared disaccharide CID spectrum databases. This method was first applied to determine the structures of four underivatised glucose oligosaccharides. Then, high-performance liquid chromatography and a mass spectrometer with a built-in logical procedure were established to demonstrate the capability of the in situ CID spectrum measurement and structural determination of the oligosaccharides in chromatogram. This consolidation provides a simple, rapid, sensitive method for the structural determination of glucose oligosaccharides, and applications to oligosaccharides containing hexoses other than glucose can be made provided the corresponding disaccharide databases are available.
Robust MIMO Communications Against Antenna Blockage and Interference (2019)

Airborne platforms, either piloted or unmanned, are an integral part of most situational awareness systems. An imperative to the success of such situational awareness systems is the ability to reliably deliver high throughput low latency data from these airborne platforms. This paper presents a promising airborne multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system for the intended situation awareness applications. The proposed system addresses three major challenges in airborne MIMO communications: 1) antenna blockage due largely to the movement and orientation of the airborne platforms; 2) the presence of unknown interference inherent to the intended application; 3) the lack of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. Built on the Diagonal Bell-Labs Layered Space-Time (D-BLAST) MIMO architecture, the system integrates three key design approaches: spatial spreading to counter antenna blockage; temporal spreading to mitigate signal to interference and noise ratio degradation due to interference; and a simple low rate feedback scheme to enable adaptivity in the absence of full transmitter CSI. A fully functioning experimental 4 × 4 MIMO system is built using USRP software radio systems. Extensive studies using the developed system validate the performance advantage over the conventional D-BLAST system in the presence of channel impairment due to antenna blockage and interference.
Synthesis of Phthalocyanines with a Pentafluorosulfanyl Substituent at Peripheral Positions (2015)

The pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) group is more electronegative, lipophilic and sterically bulky relative to the well-explored trifluoromethyl (CF3) group. As such, the SF5 group could offer access to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and optoelectronic materials with novel properties. Here, the first synthesis of phthalocyanines (Pcs), a class of compounds used as dyes and with potential as photodynamic therapeutics, with a SF5 group directly attached on their peripheral positions is disclosed. The key for this work is the preparation of a series of SF5-containing phthalonitriles, which was beautifully regio-controlled by a stepwise cyanation via ortho-lithiation/iodination from commercially available pentafluorosulfanyl arenes. The macrocyclization of the SF5-containing phthalonitriles to SF5-substituted Pcs required harsh conditions with the exception of the synthesis of β-SF5-substituted Pc. The regiospecificity of the newly developed SF5-substituted Pcs observed by UV/Vis spectra and fluorescence quantum yields depend on the peripheral positon of the SF5 group.
An electrically alterable nonvolatile memory cell using a floating-gate structure (1979)

An electrically alterable, floating-gate, nonvolatile memory transistor has been developed, with a cell area of under 500 /spl mu/m/SUP 2/, and using an advanced n-channel, polysilicon gate process. Cell programming occurs via hot-electron injection, exhibiting three distinct operating regimes. Erase, on the other hand, is based on field emission from floating gate to control gate. The magnitude of electrical erase is determined by applied bias, device parameters, and processing history, particularly the interlevel oxidation temperature. Analysis of experimental data shows that electrical erase does change programming characteristics significantly, and must be accounted for in circuit design. A 5-V, 16K high-speed EAROM has been developed which shows successful programming and erase behaviour at nominal voltages of 25 and 35 V, respectively.
A Survey of Uncertain Data Algorithms and Applications (2008)

In recent years, a number of indirect data collection methodologies have lead to the proliferation of uncertain data. Such data points are often represented in the form of a probabilistic function, since the corresponding deterministic value is not known. This increases the challenge of mining and managing uncertain data, since the precise behavior of the underlying data is no longer known. In this paper, we provide a survey of uncertain data mining and management applications. In the field of uncertain data management, we will examine traditional methods such as join processing, query processing, selectivity estimation, OLAP queries, and indexing. In the field of uncertain data mining, we will examine traditional mining problems such as classification and clustering. We will also examine a general transform based technique for mining uncertain data. We discuss the models for uncertain data, and how they can be leveraged in a variety of applications. We discuss different methodologies to process and mine uncertain data in a variety of forms.
An S-band low-noise amplifier with self-adjusting bias for improved power consumption and dynamic range in a mobile environment (2003)

A discrete low-noise amplifier designed to operate in a mobile wireless environment is presented. The amplifier utilizes two cascaded GaAs FETs to achieve 25 dB gain and 0.9 dB noise figure at 2.5 GHz. An active bias control circuit automatically and continuously adjusts the drain-source currents of the FETs to maintain power consumption at 33 mW in nominal small-signal conditions, and to provide elevated input IP3 and reduced noise figure during jamming. A 15 dB improvement in input IP3 is achieved in large-signal operation.
Ultracompliant, passively decoupled thermal probe arrays: large area mapping of non-planar surfaces without force feedback (2004)

This paper describes an 8-probe system for scanning thermal microscopy. The design of the probe array, along with the choice of polyimide as the structural material provides very large compliance that virtually eliminates the need for z-axis mechanical feedback both at the chip and probe level in contact mode scans. The high compliance accommodates significant variations in the sample surface, and also prevents damage to soft samples. In addition, since integrated actuators and accompanying circuitry are no longer required, the prospect of scaling to large numbers of probes for high speed, high resolution thermal mapping of large areas with simple detection circuitry is enhanced. Based on single probes fabricated in the same process, the estimated spatial resolution, thermal conductance resolution, and temperature resolution are 50 nm, 11 pW/K, and 1.2 mK respectively. Scalability and performance of the 8-probe prototype are evaluated, addressing issues of speed vs. resolution, thermal and mechanical decoupling. Results demonstrate that contact mode scans can provide better than 2 /spl mu/m spatial resolution at speeds greater than 200 /spl mu/m/sec with each probe.
Directly modulated narrowband slab-coupled optical waveguide laser (2010)

A slab-coupled optical waveguide laser (SCOWL) is simultaneously wavelength stabilised with a fibre Bragg grating and characterised under a narrow pulse and high repetition rate direct modulation scheme that is suitable for efficient pulse position modulation format optical communication systems. The SCOWL exhibits a large, nearly circular, singlemode that couples efficiently to optical fibre. With a pulse width of 35 ns and a repetition rate of 2.5 MHz, a peak fibre-coupled output power of 1.6 W is achieved for a wavelength stabilised 965 nm SCOWL.
Iterative zonal wave-front estimation algorithm for optical testing with general-shaped pupils (2005)

An iterative zonal wave-front estimation algorithm for slope or gradient-type data in optical testing acquired with regular or irregular pupil shapes is presented. In the mathematical model proposed, the optical surface, or wave-front shape estimation, which may have any pupil shape or size, shares a predefined wave-front estimation matrix that we establish. Owing to the finite pupil of the instrument, the challenge of wave front shape estimation in optical testing lies in large part in how to properly handle boundary conditions. The solution we propose is an efficient iterative process based on Gerchberg-type iterations. The proposed method is validated with data collected from a 15 x 15-grid Shack-Hartmann sensor built at the Nanjing Astronomical Instruments Research Center in China. Results show that the rms deviation error of the estimated wave front from the original wave front is less than lambda/130-lambda/150 after approximately 12 iterations and less than lambda/100 (both for lambda = 632.8 nm) after as few as four iterations. Also, a theoretical analysis of algorithm complexity and error propagation is presented.
Spatial Power Combiner With Low-Impedance Inputs and Increased Isolation (2017)

A 2.5-Ω, 8-way, 1-6 GHz spatial power combiner with increased isolation is presented. Insertion losses are better than 1.8 dB on the 1-6 GHz, except on a few peaks. Isolation is better than -10 dB for 45° inputs pairs and better than -15 dB for other pairs. This power combiner provides wide bandwidth, high isolation, and low input impedance at the same time.
Plasma Amino-Terminal Pro C-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Neonate: Relation to Gestational Age and Postnatal Linear Growth (2007)

In neonates with diverse disorders affecting growth and nutrition, plasma NTproCNP was strongly correlated with linear growth during the first 4 wk of postnatal life and may prove to be a novel marker of growth plate activity in neonates.
Highly Potent and Selective Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitors Designed Based on a Small-Molecular Substrate (2006)

To find novel histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-selective inhibitors and clarify the structural requirements for HDAC6-selective inhibition, we prepared thiolate analogues designed based on the structure of an HDAC6-selective substrate and evaluated the histone/alpha-tubulin acetylation selectivity by Western blot analysis. Aliphatic compounds 17b-20b selectively caused alpha-tubulin acetylation over histone H4 acetylation. In enzyme assays using HDAC1, HDAC4, and HDAC6, compounds 17a-19a exhibited HDAC6-selective inhibition over HDAC1 and HDAC4.
A coding technique for the contours in smoothly perfect eight-connectivity based on two-stage motion compensation (1999)

In this paper, a new contour-coding technique for object-oriented video coding is proposed, In our approach, the two-stage motion compensation technique is considered, in order to cope with the rather complex motion of the object. While the object-based motion compensation is performed in the first stage, the second-stage motion compensation is carried out to search the best match of the contours, which are not motion compensated in the first stage. Also by introducing the notion of the error band, the current contours can be properly fitted to the motion compensated contours using the interframe relationship of the contours. In addition, an efficient technique for encoding the contours, simplified by the majority filter, is also proposed. From the simulation result, it is shown that the proposed technique provides better performance than the content-based arithmetic encoding, especially when lossy encoding is allowed. Moreover, by varying the width N of the error band, it is shown that the bit amount for the shape information can be adjusted according to the channel condition.
CdSe nanocrystal quantum-dot memory (2005)

Memory effects in the electronic transport in CdSe nanocrystal (NC) quantum-dot arrays have been observed and characterized. Conduction through a NC array can be reduced with a negative voltage and then restored with a positive voltage. Light can also be used to restore or even increase the NC array conduction. We have studied the switching of the conduction in CdSe NC arrays and found the behavior to be highly sensitive to the value and duration of the laser and voltage pulses.
Simultaneous water and fat MRI with chemical-shift correction (2002)

We have developed a new MRI technique that simultaneously acquires both water and fat images in a single acquisition time, and combines the water and fat images to produce chemical-shift free water-fat images. The new technique was implemented on a 3D gradient echo (GRE), and 2D dual-echo spin echo (SE) and GRE imaging sequences at 1.5 Tesla. Binomial spatial-spectral selective Shinnar-Le Roux RF and gradient excitation pulses were used for excitation. In the GRE sequences, the phase-encoding lines in the slice selection direction were interlaced with alternate water and fat excitation separated by half repetition time (TR). For the 2D SE sequences, the water signal was first excited and acquired, followed by fat signal excitation. A non-spectral selective /spl pi/ pulse then refocused the spins and generated the first echo for fat and the second echo for water. The water-only and fat-only images were reconstructed on a workstation where they were realigned and combined to form chemical-shift free images. Results from phantoms and human subjects demonstrated that there were no cross-talk between the water and fat excitation, and the image contrast was the same as the regular sequences. With the chemical shift corrected, shadow artifacts often seen at water and fat boundaries were removed. Since this technique simultaneously provides water-only images showing soft tissue and bone pathology, and water-fat images depicting the anatomy, it could be useful in evaluation of musculoskeletal conditions. The superb selectivity for water signal resulting from this technique may also enhance tumor conspicuity in brain and other organs.
A versatile method for producing functionalized cellulose nanofibers and their application (2016)

A facile method was developed to produce functionalized cellulose nanofibers in one step by ball milling. Through the synergy of mechanical and chemical actions, the produced cellulose nanofibers are ca. 20 nm wide and several micrometers long, with surface properties tailored by choice of modifying reagent. Modified by succinic anhydride, a cellulose nanofiber shows enhanced hydrophilicity, can be readily dispersed in water or DMSO, and gives a zeta potential of -38.7 mV due to carboxyl groups on the surface. Modified by dodecyl succinic anhydride, a cellulose nanofiber has excellent dispersibility in o-xylene and good compatibility with polyethylene. The polyethylene-cellulose nanofiber composite presents overall enhancement of mechanical properties. This method opens a new way to the production of functionalized cellulose nanofibers.
Modeling pulmonary nitric oxide exchange (2004)

Nitric oxide (NO) was first detected in the exhaled breath more than a decade ago and has since been investigated as a noninvasive means of assessing lung inflammation. Exhaled NO arises from the airway and alveolar compartments, and new analytical methods have been developed to characterize these sources. A simple two-compartment model can adequately represent many of the observed experimental observations of exhaled concentration, including the marked dependence on exhalation flow rate. The model characterizes NO exchange by using three flow-independent exchange parameters. Two of the parameters describe the airway compartment (airway NO diffusing capacity and either the maximum airway wall NO flux or the airway wall NO concentration), and the third parameter describes the alveolar region (steady-state alveolar NO concentration). A potential advantage of the two-compartment model is the ability to partition exhaled NO into an airway and alveolar source and thus improve the specificity of detecting altered NO exchange dynamics that differentially impact these regions of the lungs. Several analytical techniques have been developed to estimate the flow-independent parameters in both health and disease. Future studies will focus on improving our fundamental understanding of NO exchange dynamics, the analytical techniques used to characterize NO exchange dynamics, as well as the physiological interpretation and the clinical relevance of the flow-independent parameters.
SMAR1-derived P44 Peptide Retains Its Tumor Suppressor Function through Modulation of p53 (2007)

The use of pharmacologically active short peptide sequences is a better option in cancer therapeutics than the full-length protein. Here we report one such 44-mer peptide sequence of SMAR1 (TAT-SMAR1 wild type, P44) that retains the tumor suppressor activity of the full-length protein. The protein transduction domain of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1, Tat protein was used here to deliver the 33-mer peptide of SMAR1 into the cells. P44 peptide could efficiently activate p53 by mediating its phosphorylation at serine 15, resulting in the activation of p21 and in effect regulating cell cycle checkpoint. In vitro phosphorylation assays with point-mutated P44-derived peptides suggested that serine 347 of SMAR1 was indispensable for its activity and represented the substrate motif for the protein kinase C family of proteins. Using xenograft nude mice models, we further demonstrate that P44 was capable of inhibiting tumor growth by preventing cellular proliferation. P44 treatment to tumor-bearing mice prevented the formation of poorly organized tumor vasculature and an increase in hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression, both being signatures of tumor progression. The chimeric TAT-SMAR1-derived peptide, P44, thus has a strong therapeutic potential as an anticancer drug.
The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a predictor of compulsive disease: Bayes' theorem. (1995)

The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been profoundly implicated in reward mechanisms in the meso-limbic circuitry of the brain. Dysfunction of the D2 dopamine receptors leads to aberrant substance (alcohol, drug, tobacco and food) seeking behavior. Decades of research indicate that genetics play an important role in vulnerability to severe substance seeking behavior. We propose that variants of the D2 dopamine receptor gene are important common genetic determinants in predicting compulsive disease.