gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Medical Management of Pancreatic Cancer: A Review (2003)

Pancreatic carcinoma is a commonly occurring cancer that tends to present late in its course when potentially curative surgical treatment is not possible. The majority of patients are, therefore, candidates for systemic therapy. We review the patient and disease-related factors that contribute to the difficulties in the medical management of this condition and discuss new methods of assessing response to treatment, including the introduction of more clinically relevant novel end points such as clinical benefit response. We review the current trial literature examining the use of conventional cytotoxic agents in this disease, both as single agents and in combination. We also review the use of more novel targeted agents and examine their potential utility in this disease. The use of the farnesyl transferase inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists, and angiogenesis inhibitors is discussed.
Glucose Uptake and Intracellular pH in a Mouse Model of Ductal Carcinoma In situ (DCIS) Suggests Metabolic Heterogeneity (2016)

Mechanisms for the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma remain unclear. Previously we showed that the transition to invasiveness in the mammary intraepithelial neoplastic outgrowth (MINO) model of DCIS does not correlate with its serial acquisition of genetic mutations. We hypothesized instead that progression to invasiveness depends on a change in the microenvironment and that precancer cells might create a more tumor-permissive microenvironment secondary to changes in glucose uptake and metabolism. Immunostaining for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) in tumor, normal mammary gland and MINO (precancer) tissue showed differences in expression. The uptake of the fluorescent glucose analog dye, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), reflected differences in the cellular distributions of glucose uptake in normal mammary epithelial cells (nMEC), MINO and Met1 cancer cells, with a broad distribution in the MINO population. The intracellular pH (pHi) measured using the fluorescent ratio dye 2’,7’-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-155 carboxyfluorescein-AM (BCECF-AM) revealed expected differences between normal and cancer cells (low and high, respectively), and a mixed distribution in the MINO cells, with a subset of cells in the MINO having an increased rate of acidification when proton efflux was inhibited. Invasive tumor cells had a more alkaline baseline pHi with high rates of proton production coupled with higher rates of proton export, compared with nMEC. MINO cells displayed considerable variation in baseline pHi that separated into two distinct populations: MINO high and MINO low. MINO high had a noticeably higher mean acidification rate compared with nMEC, but relatively high baseline pHi similar to tumor cells. MINO low cells also had an increased acidification rate compared with nMEC, but with a more acidic pHi similar to nMEC. These findings demonstrate that MINO is heterogeneous with respect to intracellular pH regulation which may be associated with an acidified regional microenvironment. A change in the pH of the microenvironment might contribute to a tumor-permissive or tumor-promoting progression. We are not aware of any previous work showing that a sub-population of cells in in situ precancer exhibits a higher than normal proton production and export rate.
A novel on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection for beyond 500 MHz DRAM (2002)

An on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection for high speed DRAMs that operate at higher than 500 MHz has been developed. Introduction of a newly developed common discharge line (CDL) can completely eliminate the protection device influence on the inner circuit operation. This enables minimization of the I/O capacitance by shrinking the I/O transistor dimension, which acted also as a protection device in the conventional device. As a result, the ESD tolerance of 4 kV for the charged device model (CDM) test, 4 kV for the human body model (HBM) test, and 700 V for the machine model (MM) test were obtained. In addition, a DRAM data rate higher than 660 MHz at room temperature was achieved. The results show significant improvement for both ESD and the I/O capacitance, compared with the conventional structure.
Multi-Parameters Estimation Based on Uni-Vector Sensor (2014)

It is very important to estimate the multi- parameters of multi- signals in the space, and signal parameters estimation based on the electromagnetic vector sensor is a new method in the array signal processing in recent years. Using the TLS- ESPRIT algorithm and vector cross product through just one vector sensor,multi- parameters estimation of signals is accomplished. The multi- parameter could match automatically without any additional processing,and up to five uncorrelated electromagnetic sources could be resolved. The computer simulation results indicate that the method performs well.
Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates periodontal regeneration in class II furcation defects created in beagle dogs (2003)

Several growth factors (or cytokines) have been recently investigated for their use as potential therapeutics for periodontal tissue regeneration. The objective of this study was to evaluate periodontal tissue regeneration, including new bone and cementum formation, following topical application of recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) to furcation class II defects. Twelve furcation class II bone defects were surgically created in six beagle dogs, then recombinant bFGF (30 micro g/site) + gelatinous carrier was topically applied to the bony defects. Six weeks after application, periodontal regeneration was analyzed. In all sites where bFGF was applied, periodontal ligament formation with new cementum deposits and new bone formation was observed histomorphometrically, in amounts greater than in the control sites. Basic FGF-applied sites exhibited significant regeneration as represented by the new bone formation rate (NBR) (83.6 +/- 14.3%), new trabecular bone formation rate (NTBR) (44.1 +/- 9.5%), and new cementum formation rate (NCR) (97.0 +/- 7.5%). In contrast, in the carrier-only sites, the NBR, NTBR, and NCR were 35.4 +/- 8.9%, 16.6 +/- 6.2%, and 37.2 +/- 15.1%, respectively. Moreover, no instances of epithelial down growth, ankylosis, or root resorption were observed in the bFGF-applied sites examined. The present results indicate that topical application of bFGF can enhance considerable periodontal regeneration in artificially created furcation class II bone defects of beagle dogs.
Infrared Emitting and Photoconducting Colloidal Silver Chalcogenide Nanocrystal Quantum Dots from a Silylamide-Promoted Synthesis (2011)

Here, we present a hot injection synthesis of colloidal Ag chalcogenide nanocrystals (Ag(2)Se, Ag(2)Te, and Ag(2)S) that resulted in exceptionally small nanocrystal sizes in the range between 2 and 4 nm. Ag chalcogenide nanocrystals exhibit band gap energies within the near-infrared spectral region, making these materials promising as environmentally benign alternatives to established infrared active nanocrystals containing toxic metals such as Hg, Cd, and Pb. We present Ag(2)Se nanocrystals in detail, giving size-tunable luminescence with quantum yields above 1.7%. The luminescence, with a decay time on the order of 130 ns, was shown to improve due to the growth of a monolayer thick ZnSe shell. Photoconductivity with a quantum efficiency of 27% was achieved by blending the Ag(2)Se nanocrystals with a soluble fullerene derivative. The co-injection of lithium silylamide was found to be crucial to the synthesis of Ag chalcogenide nanocrystals, which drastically increased their nucleation rate even at relatively low growth temperatures. Because the same observation was made for the nucleation of Cd chalcogenide nanocrystals, we conclude that the addition of lithium silylamide might generally promote wet-chemical synthesis of metal chalcogenide nanocrystals, including in as-yet unexplored materials.
Markerless Motion Tracking of Awake Animals in Positron Emission Tomography (2014)

Noninvasive functional imaging of awake, unrestrained small animals using motion-compensation removes the need for anesthetics and enables an animal's behavioral response to stimuli or administered drugs to be studied concurrently with imaging. While the feasibility of motion-compensated radiotracer imaging of awake rodents using marker-based optical motion tracking has been shown, markerless motion tracking would avoid the risk of marker detachment, streamline the experimental workflow, and potentially provide more accurate pose estimates over a greater range of motion. We have developed a stereoscopic tracking system which relies on native features on the head to estimate motion. Features are detected and matched across multiple camera views to accumulate a database of head landmarks and pose is estimated based on 3D-2D registration of the landmarks to features in each image. Pose estimates of a taxidermal rat head phantom undergoing realistic rat head motion via robot control had a root mean square error of 0.15 and 1.8 mm using markerless and marker-based motion tracking, respectively. Markerless motion tracking also led to an appreciable reduction in motion artifacts in motion-compensated positron emission tomography imaging of a live, unanesthetized rat. The results suggest that further improvements in live subjects are likely if nonrigid features are discriminated robustly and excluded from the pose estimation process.
Self-Diffusion, Phase Behavior, and Li<sup>+</sup> Ion Conduction in Succinonitrile-Based Plastic Cocrystals (2015)

We study the temperature-dependent molecular dynamics, ion conduction, and phase behavior of plastic-crystal electrolytes based on the succinonitrile molecule. We employ calorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy to probe binary mixtures of succinonitrile with glutaronitrile or acetonitrile and also analyze the effect of dissolving lithium salts in these systems. The glutaronitrile-succinonitrile mixture has the highest conductivity, and it is the only plastic-crystal system that displays a perfect correlation between the ion drift and the on-site reorientational dynamics. Doping with lithium ions boosts the conductivity but breaks such perfect correlation. All of these features can be rationalized by assuming that conduction is due to the self-diffusion of a minority of ionized dinitrile molecules. Doping with lithium salts slows down the collective molecular dynamics while leaving the intramolecular relaxation motion unaffected. All samples exhibit a very broad melting transition and exist in a mixed liquid plus plastic state near room temperature. Some mixtures undergo phase segregation below 233 K, the transition temperature between the plastic and the fully ordered solid phase in pure succinonitrile, resulting in the appearance of a space-charge relaxation loss. Phase separation therefore plays an important role in pristine and lithium-doped succinonitrile mixtures.
Interactive seismic mapping of net producible gas sand in the Gulf of Mexico (1984)

Abstract In the Garden Banks area of offshore Louisiana gas sands are laterally variable in thickness and effectiveness. An improved understanding of the spatial distribution of net producible gas sand is highly desirable for reservoir management. The bright reflections from the top and the base of each sand were tracked automatically on an interactive interpretation system. This yielded time structure maps and hence isochron maps for each gross sand interval. The horizon Seiscrop TM sections displaying amplitudes over the sand interfaces were then summed, adjusted for tuning effects, and smoothed to yield estimates of net gas/gross sand ratio over the area under study. By combining these with the corresponding isochron maps and an appropriate gas sand interval velocity, we obtained net gas sand isopach maps which tie acceptably with well data. Integration of these provided total reservoir volumes.--Modified journal abstract.
ePlace-MS: Electrostatics-Based Placement for Mixed-Size Circuits (2015)

We propose an electrostatics-based placement algorithm for large-scale mixed-size circuits (ePlace-MS). ePlace-MS is generalized, flat, analytic and nonlinear. The density modeling method eDensity is extended to handle the mixed-size placement. We conduct detailed analysis on the correctness of the gradient formulation and the numerical solution, as well as the rationale of dc removal and the advantages over prior density functions. Nesterov's method is used as the nonlinear solver, which shows high yet stable performance over mixed-size circuits. The steplength is set as the inverse of Lipschitz constant of the gradient function, while we develop a backtracking method to prevent overestimation. An approximated nonlinear preconditioner is developed to minimize the topological and physical differences between large macros and standard cells. Besides, we devise a simulated annealer to legalize the layout of macros and use a second-phase global placement to reoptimize the standard cell layout. All the above innovations are integrated into our mixed-size placement prototype ePlace-MS, which outperforms all the related works in literature with better quality and efficiency. Compared to the leading-edge mixed-size placer NTUplace3, ePlace-MS produces up to 22.98% and on average 8.22% shorter wirelength over all the 16 modern mixed-size benchmark circuits with the same runtime.
Partial traceback and dynamic programming (2005)

Dynamic programming is used in speech recognition to search efficiently for word sequences whose templates best match acoustic data. The search is constrained by finite-state networks embodying grammatical rules. Typically, dynamic programming is implemented in two steps: the first calculates, for each state in a network and for each time, the best way of arriving at that state at that time; the second traces back from the final state at the final time to the initial state at the initial time to determine the best path through the network. This second step cannot be initiated before the determination (usually from the detection of silence) that the final state has been reached. Such a determination is difficult in the recognition of truly continuous speech; there are often no reliable anchor points. Further, it is often desirable to be able to recognize at least part of an utterance before a speaker has stopped talking. In this paper we introduce a technique for discovering the initial section of the optimal path through a network before the traversal of the network is complete. It can be used to report a system's interpretation of acoustic data from the not-too-distant past without relying on or making any decisions which may degrade recognition accuracy.
Point Cloud Completion by Learning Shape Priors (2020)

In view of the difficulty in reconstructing object details in point cloud completion, we propose a shape prior learning method for object completion. The shape priors include geometric information in both complete and the partial point clouds. We design a feature alignment strategy to learn the shape prior from complete points, and a coarse to fine strategy to incorporate partial prior in the fine stage. To learn the complete objects prior, we first train a point cloud auto-encoder to extract the latent embeddings from complete points. Then we learn a mapping to transfer the point features from partial points to that of the complete points by optimizing feature alignment losses. The feature alignment losses consist of a L2 distance and an adversarial loss obtained by Maximum Mean Discrepancy Generative Adversarial Network (MMD-GAN). The L2 distance optimizes the partial features towards the complete ones in the feature space, and MMD-GAN decreases the statistical distance of two point features in a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space. We achieve state-of-the-art performances on the point cloud completion task. Our code is available at https://github.com/xiaogangw/point-cloud-completion-shape-prior.
Synthesis of 5-Fluoro Salicylic Acid (2000)

Abstract A short synthesis of 5-fluoro salicylic acid starting from 4-fluorophenol is reported.
Quantum-Dot Spin-State Preparation with Near-Unity Fidelity (2006)

We have demonstrated laser cooling of a single electron spin trapped in a semiconductor quantum dot. Optical coupling of electronic spin states was achieved using resonant excitation of the charged quantum dot (trion) transitions along with the heavy-light hole mixing, which leads to weak yet finite rates for spin-flip Raman scattering. With this mechanism, the electron spin can be cooled from 4.2 to 0.020 kelvin, as confirmed by the strength of the induced Pauli blockade of the trion absorption. Within the framework of quantum information processing, this corresponds to a spin-state preparation with a fidelity exceeding 99.8%.
Role of mRNA stability and translation in the expression of cytochrome c oxidase during mouse myoblast differentiation: instability of the mRNA for the liver isoform of subunit VIa (2000)

The role of mRNA stability and translation in mediating the expression of selected subunits of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) was examined during the differentiation of mouse myoblasts into myotubes in cell culture. The expression of the liver (L) and heart (H) isoforms of COX VIa, which undergo an isoform switch during muscle development, as well as of the Va subunit, which is expressed in all tissues, was analysed. The translational efficiencies of COX Va, VIa-L and VIa-H, as well as of mitochondrially encoded COX mRNAs, were inferred from their distribution in polysome gradients. These experiments suggest that the translational efficiencies of these mRNAs do not change during myoblast differentiation, although the nuclear mRNAs for COX Va, VIa-L and VIa-H are translated more efficiently than the mitochondrial mRNAs. Analysis of mRNA stability using the tetracycline-repressible promoter system and/or actinomycin D indicates that COX VIa-L mRNA decays with a half-life of ∼ 5–6h in both myoblasts and myotubes, whereas COX VIa-H and Va mRNAs decay with half-lives of &gt; 15h in myotubes. This relative instability of COX VIa-L mRNA serves to limit the accumulation of COX VIa-L mRNA in these myogenic cells, as compared with mRNAs for other COX subunits. Deletion/replacement mapping experiments suggest that the COX VIa-L 3´ untranslated region contains a destabilization element. Analysis of the rate of poly(A) tail shortening on COX VIa-L and stable α-globin mRNAs suggests that the overall rate of poly(A) shortening per se is not rate limiting for the degradation of COX VIa-L mRNA.
RECENT TRENDS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF MALARIA1 (1987)

Journal Article RECENT TRENDS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF MALARIA Get access DAVID F. CLYDE DAVID F. CLYDE Reprint requests to Dr. David F. Clyde, Center for Vaccine Development, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 219–243, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036303 Published: 01 March 1987
Impaired Trafficking and Activation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-converting Enzyme in Cell Mutants Defective in Protein Ectodomain Shedding (2003)

Protein ectodomain shedding is a specialized type of regulated proteolysis that releases the extracellular domain of transmembrane proteins. The metalloprotease disintegrin tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE) has been convincingly shown to play a central role in ectodomain shedding, but despite its broad interest, very little is known about the mechanisms that regulate its activity. An analysis of the biosynthesis of TACE in mutant cell lines that have a gross defect in ectodomain shedding (M1 and M2) shows a defective removal of the prodomain that keeps TACE in an inactive form. Using LoVo, a cell line that lacks of active furin, and alpha1-Antitrypsin Portland, a protein inhibitor of proprotein convertases, we show that TACE is normally processed by furin and other proprotein convertases. The defect in M1 and M2 cells is due to a blockade of the exit of TACE from the endoplasmic reticulum. The processing of other zinc-dependent metalloproteases, previously suggested to participate in activated ectodomain shedding is normal in the mutant cells, indicating that the component mutated is highly specific for TACE. In summary, the characterization of shedding-defective somatic cell mutants unveils the existence of a specific mechanism that directs the proteolytic activation of TACE through the control of its exit from the ER.
Fetal Cocaine Exposure: Analysis of Vernix Caseosa (1996)

Preliminary data regarding the use of vernix caseosa (VC) as an alternative to other biological specimens for the determination of fetal cocaine exposure are presented. Advantages of VC analysis include its presence on all newborn babies, historical record of drug exposure, and ease of collection and storage. Fifteen samples of vernix caseosa-five from babies known to be cocaine-exposed because of a positive benzoylecgonine result from the urine and umbilical cord blood and ten from nonexposed neonates-were analyzed for the presence of cocaine and metabolites. VC samples from three of the five neonates known to be cocaine-exposed were positive for cocaine or its metabolites, the other two had little or no remaining specimen. The remaining ten were negative.
A Potent Glucose–Platinum Conjugate Exploits Glucose Transporters and Preferentially Accumulates in Cancer Cells (2016)

Three rationally designed glucose-platinum conjugates (Glc-Pts) were synthesized and their biological activities evaluated. The Glc-Pts, 1-3, exhibit high levels of cytotoxicity toward a panel of cancer cells. The subcellular target and cellular uptake mechanism of the Glc-Pts were elucidated. For uptake into cells, Glc-Pt 1 exploits both glucose and organic cation transporters, both widely overexpressed in cancer. Compound 1 preferentially accumulates in and annihilates cancer, compared to normal epithelial, cells in vitro.
A view-based approach for improving software documentation practices (2006)

Documentation is an integral part of a software system. It contains the information that is necessary to effectively and successfully develop, use, and maintain a system. In practice, however, the creation of appropriate documentation is largely neglected. This paper investigates the reasons for this neglect, presents view-based software documentation, our approach to improve the current situation, and reports on empirical evidence in support of the presented approach. Because the quality of documentation depends on its usage, view-based software documentation exploits existing software modeling techniques to provide all users of documentation with the documentation they require for performing their tasks. View-based software documentation has been empirically validated in a series of experiments and case studies that showed that the approach improves the completeness, correctness, and usefulness of produced and maintained documentation. One of the experiments is described here in more detail