gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digital simulation of the measured electrochemical response of reversible redox couples at microelectrode arrays: consequences arising from closely spaced ultramicroelectrodes (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDigital simulation of the measured electrochemical response of reversible redox couples at microelectrode arrays: consequences arising from closely spaced ultramicroelectrodesAllen J. Bard, Joseph A. Crayston, Gregg P. Kittlesen, Theresa. Varco Shea, and Mark S. WrightonCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 11, 2321–2331Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00124a045https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00124a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1276Altmetric-Citations271LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamic Release–Immobilization of a Homogeneous Rhodium Hydroformylation Catalyst by a Polyoxometalate Metal–Organic Framework Composite (2015)

Abstract Thermal treatment of phosphotungstic acid (PTA)‐MIL‐101(Cr) composites in the presence of hydroformylation catalyst RhH(CO)(PPh 3 ) 3 leads to immobilization of the homogeneous Rh complex within the metal–organic framework (MOF) scaffold by coordination of PTA‐Rh. The Rh complex‐containing MOFs are tested in the hydroformylation of 1‐octene in which PTA competes with CO during ligand association. In the presence of the carbonyl ligand, the Rh complex is released from the MOF and behaves as a homogeneous catalyst. Therefore, the product spectra and selectivities of the Rh complex‐containing MOFs are similar to those of RhH(CO)(PPh 3 ) 3 . Upon CO evacuation, Rh recoordinates to PTA, allowing for easy recycling of this new pseudo‐heterogeneous catalyst.
Design and practice of a dispatch server architecture (2003)

Due to the rapid growth of World Wide Web applications on the Internet, a web server may encounter the situation that a huge number of connection requests coming in within a very short period of time. We call it the "connections explosion", which usually causes the web server system overload or even to crash if the problem were not prevented in advance. This article presents a dispatch server architecture that deals with the connection explosion problem as well as achieving the load balancing among multiple server machines. The system has been implemented and deployed for real public applications, and it functions satisfactorily.
Development of Random Hole Optical Fiber and Crucible Technique Optical Fibers (2005)

This dissertation reports the development of two new categories of optical fibers. These are the Random Hole Optical Fiber (RHOF) and the Crucible Technique Hybrid Fiber (CTF). The RHOF is a new class of microstructure fiber which possesses air holes which vary in diameter and location along the length of the fiber. Unlike all prior microstructure fibers, these RHOF do not have continuous air holes which extend throughout the fiber. The CTF is a method for incorporating glasses with vastly differing thermal properties into a single optical fiber. Each of these two classes of fiber brings a new set of optical characteristics into being. The RHOF exhibit many of the same guidance properties as the previously researched microstructure fibers, such as reduced mode counts in a large area core. CTF fibers show great promise for integrating core materials with extremely high levels of nonlinearity or gain. The initial goal of this work was to combine the two techniques to form a fiber with exceedingly high efficiency of nonlinear interactions.
Modification of Fiber Surfaces by Monomeric Additives (1978)

In contrast to commonly used polymeric fluorocarbon finishes, a new approach to the modification of fiber surfaces by nionomcnc fluorocarbon additives is described. The additives are not simply deposited on the fiber surface, as demon strated by examination with scanning electron microscope and by excellent durability of the modified surface to abrasion, home-laundering, and dry-cleaning. The additives are concentrated in the fiber polymer near the fiber surface and held there due to their miscibility with the polymer matrix and due to their insolubility in soap solutions or in dry-cleaning solvents. Concentration as low as 0.25% of the additives on the weight of the fiber results in excellent water and oil repel lencies. The modified fiber can be knitted and dyed without affecting the surface properties.
Immunoscore encompassing CD3+ and CD8+ T cell densities in distant metastasis is a robust prognostic marker for advanced colorectal cancer (2016)

IS is a reproducible method for predicting the survival of patients with advanced CRC. Additionally, an IS including the CD3+ and CD8+ TIL densities at DM could be a strong prognostic marker for advanced CRC.
ECTAM™, A Continuous Combustion Engine for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The ECTAM (External Combustion Thermal Amplification Motor) is a new engine, designed from the ground up to meet the performance needs of Hybrid Electric Vehicles and low emissions goals for future transportation. The basic design incorporates a positive displacement pinned vane rotary compressor supplying a combustion chamber with pressurized air. The air combines with fuel in the combustion phase and is ported to the positive displacement pinned vane rotary expander. In the expander the working gas pressure drops as a function of the rotative blade position. Four out of eight blades are continuously performing work as a function of the differential pressure on each respective blade. Exhaust manifold and engine housing heat energy is used to create pressurized steam which is used in cooling the continuous combustion process. This augmented steam is then mixed with the constituents of combustion and is used as a component of the working fluid which is provided to the expander. The attributes of continuous combustion, combined with continuous blade loading in this rotary system result in an intrinsically balanced and quiet engine which produces high torque at low rotational speeds. The ECTAM is compact, capable of operation using a variety of fuels and incorporates components that have the potential to be cost effectively mass produced. The prototype expander and combustor has been tested using propane. The test results have validated the potential of the components to meet the design requirements.</div>
New Tricyclic Compounds : Pyrdio[2',3':4,5]- and Pyrdio[3',2':4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines (1990)

RbSt 2,3':4.51imidazo11.2-~lpyrimidin-2-anes 1 are synthesized from 3-amino-2-benzylaminopyridines by condensation with N-0-chlorapropanoyl)carbonimidic dichloride and subsequent cyclisation .1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrido[3',2':4.5]imidazoL1.2-~lpyrimidin-2-ones 2 are prepared from methyl N-l3-amino-2-pyridyl)-3-aain~propan~ates by condensation vith N-acetylcarbonimidic dichloride, hydrolysis and cyclisation.Alkylation of pyridoimidazoll,2-~lpyrimidin-2-ones 1 or 2 gives the corresponding 1-alkyl derivatives.In a former paper,' we described the preparation of pyrimidaIl,2-~lbenzimidaz01e from 2-phenylenediaaine and N-0-chloropropanoy1)carbonimidic dichloride.We report in the present note the synthesis of 1,2,3.4-tetrahydropyrid012'.3':4,51irnidazo[1.2-~]pyrimidin-2-ones 1 , 1,2.3.4-tetrahydropyrid0L3'.2':4,51iaidazo11.2-alpyrimidin-2-0ne~ 2 and some derivatives.condensation of N-(3-chloropropanoylIcarbonimidic dichloride vith 2.3-diaminapyridine gave 2-(3-chloropropanoylamin0)imida~0[4,5-~]pyidine; we could hope a selective cyclisation of this compound t o 1.2,3,4-tetrahydropyridoI2',3':4,51imidazoll.2-~lpyrimidin-2-onel o r 1.2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[3',2':4.51inidazo[l,2-alpyriolidin-2-0ne 2 , but heating 2-(3-chloropropanoylaminoliolidazo[4,5-blpyridine in DMF led, in any c a s e , to a mixture of compounds 1 and 2 .Since compounds 1 and 2 were not easily separable, we devised selective syntheses of these compounds.synthesis of coolpounds 1 was achieved starting from 3-amino-2-benzylaminopyridines 4 prepared from 2-benzylamino-3-nitropyridines 1 .2 .3 condensation of 4 with N-(3-chloroprapanayllcarbonioidic dichloride in the presence of triethylamine gave l-benzylamino-2-(3-chloropropanoyl-aolinalimidazol4.5-blpyridines 2, and subsequent heating of 5 in DMF afforded 10-benzyl-2.3.4.10-tetrahydropyrido12',3':4.51imidazo11.2-~]pyrirnidin-2-ones6 . in a similar manner to the formation of pyrimidabenzimidazale.1 Catalytic hydrogenolysis of the benzyl group of 6b.e gave U.e, but the benzyl group of 66 could not be removed by this method.Benzylation of le gave the 1-benzyl derivative 3. On other hand, reduction of compound & vith diborane in tetra-Scheme 1.
Morphology and Segregation in Continuously Cast High Carbon Steel Billets (2007)

Morphology and centerline macrosegregation in continuously cast high carbon steel billet samples were investigated in order to establish the casting behavior of a six strand curved mold billet caster without electro-magnetic stirring. Several billet samples were collected from the continuous casting shop of Tata Steel, India and experimental observations were correlated with the operating parameters of the caster. Macrostructural examination revealed predominantly columnar structure associated with high degree of segregation and porosities in all billets cast above 21°C of tundish superheat. Centerline porosity was practically absent in the billet cast below 21°C. These billets showed prominent V-segregation and less prominent centerline segregation. Transition from U-segregation to V-segregation was observed around 21°C superheat. An attempt has been made to study the effectiveness of secondary cooling by measurements of the secondary dendrite arm spacing at various locations in billet samples. Finally, degree of segregation of constituent solute elements were correlated among themselves and applicability of one of the simple segregation models to the centerline macrosegregation has been tested.
Epidemiology and Transmission of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Infections in the United States (2018)

There are many similarities in the epidemiology and transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype (gt)3 infections in the United States. Both viruses are enterically transmitted, although specific routes of transmission are more clearly established for HAV than for HEV: HAV is restricted to humans and primarily spread through the fecal–oral route, while HEV is zoonotic with poorly understood modes of transmission in the United States. New cases of HAV infection have decreased dramatically in the United States since infant vaccination was recommended in 1996. In recent years, however, outbreaks have occurred among an increasingly susceptible adult population. Although HEV is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries, it is rarely diagnosed in the United States.
Sentinel node imaging via a nonparticulate receptor-binding radiotracer. (1997)

This study provides proof of principle for lymphoscintigraphy by receptor-mediated delivery of a nonparticulate imaging agent.
Combined Arms in the Electro-Magnetic Spectrum: Integrating Non-kinetic Operations (2013)

Anti-access, area denial (A2AD) environments provide adversaries with an asymmetric advantage too costly for a 21st - century military to overcome. Arguably, a counter to a defense-in-depth environment is an attack-in-depth strategy. However, regaining a relative advantage requires leveraging the electro-magnetic spectrum to offset the high cost of traditional targeting methodologies. This monograph suggests a framework for negating an anti-access, area denial advantage by integrating non-kinetic operations to induce strategic paralysis within the enemy's decision cycle. Electronic warfare, computer network operations, and space control negation require the same level of command and control, integration, and synchronization as kinetic fires in order to produce discernible effects on the battlespace. This paper postulates that there is not a common understanding of what non-kinetic effects encompass. This is because terms like information operations (IO) and non-kinetic effects are ambivalent and do not help military planners bring capabilities to bear as easily as with kinetic operations. In addition, planning and operating in the information environment requires a different perspective from that of traditional, kinetic fires. How do planners create non-kinetic options for the commander that increases relative advantage? One answer is through an examination and synthesis of a proposed evolution of the Clausewitzian definition of force with John Boyd's notion of a mental-moral-physical harmony that exists within the cognitive dimension of human decision-making. This monograph proves that there is a more effective mechanism for targeting outside the brackets of kinetic effects. The employment of electronic warfare and computer network operations throughout the non-kinetic battlespace serve as the mechanism to uncover an adversary’s strengths and weaknesses, exploit the friction caused by his inability to cope with unfolding circumstances, and overwhelm the critical connections that provide cohesion. This paper shows that non-kinetic thought links the elements of non-kinetic operations to reduce an adversary’s relative anti-access, area denial advantage in the physical domains of air, land, maritime, and space.
How to Understand Mundane Technology: New Ways of Thinking about Human-Technology Relations (2006)

In this chapter, I attempt to trace out some of the ways in which recent developments in the study of mundane technology might inform "technological literacy." As a subject taught in schools, "technology" (often twinned with design) makes certain assumptions about the nature of technology and the humans that engage with it. The design and production of technology is often conceptualized in terms of "fitness for function." However, the sociology of technology would problematize the very idea of "function" by showing how this is subject to all manner of negotiation. As we shall see, the malleability of "function" is something that is addressed in curricula, usually under a heading that addresses "context" (e.g., environmental or social effects). In contrast, latter-day sociology of science would seek to show how the functions of technologies emerge in the sociotechnical ensembles of which they are a part. In a sense, one can contrast the "assembling" of technology (by which is meant the assembling of skills, resources, and contexts to understand or make a technology) with the "ensembling" of technology, by which I mean the idea that technology emerges out of ensembles of heterogeneous entities in which there are various complex dynamics of ordering, disordering, and reordering. In this model of "ensembling," technologies are held to have an "influence" on people, often shaping them through their impacts upon their bodies. As such, humans are emergent too.KeywordsRemote ControlTechnological LiteracyPublic UnderstandingTechnological ArtifactGeiger CounterThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Noise-bias and polarization-artifact corrected optical coherence tomography by maximum a-posteriori intensity estimation (2017)

We propose using maximum a-posteriori (MAP) estimation to improve the image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in polarization diversity (PD) optical coherence tomography. PD-detection removes polarization artifacts, which are common when imaging highly birefringent tissue or when using a flexible fiber catheter. However, dividing the probe power to two polarization detection channels inevitably reduces the SNR. Applying MAP estimation to PD-OCT allows for the removal of polarization artifacts while maintaining and improving image SNR. The effectiveness of the MAP-PD method is evaluated by comparing it with MAP-non-PD, intensity averaged PD, and intensity averaged non-PD methods. Evaluation was conducted <i>in vivo</i> with human eyes. The MAP-PD method is found to be optimal, demonstrating high SNR and artifact suppression, especially for highly birefringent tissue, such as the peripapillary sclera. The MAP-PD based attenuation coefficient image also shows better differentiation of attenuation levels than non-MAP attenuation images.
Quantum Mechanical Characterization of Nucleic Acids in Solution:  A Linear-Scaling Study of Charge Fluctuations in DNA and RNA (2002)

Atom-centered point charges are a convenient and computationally efficient way to approximately represent the electrostatic properties of biological macromolecules. Atomic charges are routinely used in molecular modeling applications such as molecular simulations, molecular recognition, and ligand binding studies and for determining quantitative structure activity relationships. In the present paper a divide-and-conquer linear-scaling semiempirical method combined with a conductor-like screening model is applied to the calculation of charge distributions of solvated DNA and RNA duplexes in canonical A- and B-forms. The atomic charges on A-DNA, B-DNA, and A-RNA duplex decamers are analyzed to characterize the convergence of the linear-scaling method, and the effects of the charge model and semiempirical Hamiltonian. Furthermore, the inter- and intramolecular charge variations on DNA and RNA duplex 72-mers are investigated to gain insight into the influence of conformation, base stacking, and solvent polarization on the charge distributions. The charges derived from the linear-scaling semiempirical calculations reflect the electronic relaxation in the solvated macromolecular environment and therefore provide a better reference charge state for biomolecular modeling applications.
Quantized Capacitance Charging of Monolayer-Protected Au Clusters (1998)

A theoretical model based on electrostatic interactions is developed to account for the formal potentials of current peaks observed in differential pulse voltammetry of solutions of 10 different nanometer-sized alkylthiolate and arylthiolate monolayer-protected gold clusters. The current peaks arise from successive, quantized (single-electron) capacitative charging of ensembles of individual cluster cores (i.e., electrochemical ensemble Coulomb staircase charging). Experimental peak potentials for a given cluster change roughly linearly with changes in its core charge state, as predicted by the theory, and the sub-attofarad capacitances (CCLU) of individual clusters obtained from the slopes of such plots agree with those estimated from a simple concentric sphere capacitor model. The charging of clusters with very small cores becomes redox molecule-like, indicating as reported recently, the emergence of HOMO−LUMO energy gaps. Because the quantized charging currents of the clusters are diffusion controlled, their voltammetric behavior can be readily simulated, but requires attention to dispersities in CCLU that occur in experimental samples of these materials. Simulations of microelectrode voltammetry incorporating Gaussian dispersions in cluster properties display features similar to those observed experimentally. The simulations show that quantized charging features are more difficult to detect when the nanoparticles are not monodisperse, but can be seen in polydisperse samples when the cores are small (small CCLU) and not highly charged.
The working mechanism of an immune complex vaccine that protects chickens against infectious bursal disease (1998)

The role of immune complexes (Icx) in B-cell memory formation and affinity maturation allow for their potential use as vaccines. Recently, a new immune complex vaccine has been developed that is currently under field trials conducted in commercial poultry. This immune complex vaccine is developed by mixing live intermediate plus infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with hyperimmune IBDV chicken serum (IBDV-Icx vaccine). Here we have investigated the infectivity of this vaccine as well as the native IBDV (uncomplexed) vaccine in terms of differences in target organs, in target cells and speed of virus replication. At various days after inoculation on day 18 of incubation (in ovo) with either one dose of virus alone or the IBDV-Icx vaccine, the replication of IBDV and the frequency of B cells and other leucocyte populations were examined in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus using immunocytochemistry. With both vaccines, IBDV was detected associated with B cells, macrophages and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in bursa and spleen, although complexing IBDV with specific antibodies caused a delay in virus detection of about 5 days. Most remarkable was the low level of depletion of bursal and splenic B cells in IBDV-Icx vaccinated chickens. Furthermore, in ovo inoculation with the IBDV-Icx vaccine induced more germinal centres in the spleen and larger amounts of IBDV were localized on both splenic and bursal FDC. From these results we hypothesize that the working mechanism of the IBDV-Icx vaccine is related to its specific cellular interaction with FDC in spleen and bursa.
Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks for Polyphonic Sound Event Detection (2017)

Sound events often occur in unstructured environments where they exhibit wide variations in their frequency content and temporal structure. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are able to extract higher level features that are invariant to local spectral and temporal variations. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are powerful in learning the longer term temporal context in the audio signals. CNNs and RNNs as classifiers have recently shown improved performances over established methods in various sound recognition tasks. We combine these two approaches in a convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) and apply it on a polyphonic sound event detection task. We compare the performance of the proposed CRNN method with CNN, RNN, and other established methods, and observe a considerable improvement for four different datasets consisting of everyday sound events.
Dislocation- and crystallographic-dependent photoelectrochemical wet etching of gallium nitride (2004)

Polarity and dislocation dependence study of photoelectrochemical wet etching on GaN was carried out on lateral epitaxial overgrown nonpolar (112̄0)a-GaN/(11̄02)r-plane sapphire substrate. This LEO nonpolar GaN sample has low dislocation density Ga- and N-faces exposed horizontally in opposite directions, which can be exposed to identical etching conditions for both polarity and dislocation dependence study. It is observed that N-face GaN is essentially much chemically active than Ga-face GaN, which shows the hexagonal pyramids with {101̄1̄} facets on the etched N face. No obvious etching was observed on Ga face in the same etch condition. As for dislocation dependence, the “wing” (low dislocation density) region was etched faster than the “window” (high dislocation density) region. Smooth etched surfaces were formed with the (1̄1̄22̄) facet as an etch stop plane both on Ga and N-wing region.