gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A total-field magnetometer system for location and identification of compact ferrous objects (1994)

A self-contained person-portable magnetometer system which accurately locates, identifies, and estimates orientation of compact ferrous objects on-line in near real time is described. It consists of a cart-mounted cesium magnetometer, optical encoder, microcontroller, interface, and laptop computer. The instrument guides the operator to collect simultaneous magnetic field and position data in a horizontal plane above an object. Custom algorithms estimate location and dipole moment, which is used to classify the object. Data collection takes 6-13 min, location and moment estimation 5 s, and classification 30 s. Experiments on ferrous spheroids are used to quantify error in estimation of location and dipole moment, error in classification, and relative effects of error sources. RMS error for location vector components was 0.019-0.045 m compared to the average precision of 0.003-0.005 m. Precision in estimation of the magnitude of the dipole moment was 0.51-8.21% of the dipole moment, and the accuracy was 24.5/spl plusmn/11.4%. If an experimental design set were used with the present experimental precision, the misclassification error should be between 2 and 5%. The misclassification rate using a theoretical design set was 28%. For correctly classified objects, angle estimates were generally within 5-10/spl deg/ of the actual values.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
40-Gb/s RZ 120-km transmission using a nonlinearly-chirped fiber Bragg grating (NL-FBG) for tunable dispersion compensation (2002)

We demonstrate tunable dispersion compensation for a 40-Gb/s signal over 120 km LEAF fiber using a single mechanically-stretched nonlinearly-chirped FBG. It is believed that the dispersion slope of nonlinearly-chirped FBGs is a serious problem at 40-Gb/s. However, we show that the third-order dispersion of the FBG induces a negligible penalty and the FBG still can have a wide tuning range.
High Efficiency Dielectric Reflection Gratings (1996)

We discuss examples of designs for all-dielectric high-efficiency reflection gratings that tolerate high intensity laser pulses and are, in theory, capable of placing 99% of the incident light into a single diffraction order. The designs are based on placing a dielectric transmission grating atop a high-reflectivity multilayer dielectric stack. We comment on the connection between transmission gratings and reflection gratings and note that many combinations of gratings and multilayer stacks offer high efficiency. Thus it is possible to attain secondary objectives in the design. We describe examples of such designs aimed toward improving fabrication and lowering the susceptibility to laser-induced damage.
Mechanistic-Empirical Design Guide Modeling of Asphalt Emulsion Full-Depth Reclamation Mixes (2007)

Full Depth Reclamation (FDR) using asphalt emulsion is a cost-effective method for rehabilitating distressed roads. A reclaimer mills through the asphalt layers and aggregate base, adds asphalt emulsion, and then mixes the materials. The uncompacted, recycled mixture is spread and compacted by motor graders and rollers. The new base can support traffic on the same day. Finally, a surface treatment or overlay is placed on the newly formed base. The FDR process adds strength and flexibility to the pavement structure, as well as removes distresses to improve future performance. Current pavement design methods do not account for the unique properties of FDR. These mixes behave somewhat similar to granular bases in their early life. After curing, the mixtures exhibit visco-elastic stiffness and performance-related properties similar to asphalt concrete. The mixture behavior depends on the stabilized materials and the properties of the asphalt emulsion with which they were stabilized. The asphalt emulsion used in this study is designed for returning the pavement to traffic on the same day as construction and for a quicker time to overlay compared to other emulsified asphalts. Two aggregate combinations were studied. One combination consisted of 25% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and 75% base rock. The other combination consisted of 75% RAP and 25% base rock. Cement was added to some of the mixtures. This paper discusses dynamic modulus testing performed on FDR mixes and how the test results relate to the expected performance in a pavement structure by the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software.
Development of a Novel Preparation Method of Recombinant Proteoliposomes Using Baculovirus Gene Expression Systems (2008)

We have developed a novel method for the preparation of 'recombinant proteoliposomes'. Membrane proteins were expressed on budded virus (BV) envelopes using baculovirus gene expression systems, and proteoliposomes were prepared by fusion of these viruses with liposomes. First, plasmid DNA containing the gene for the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) or the acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit (AChRalpha) was co-transfected with wild type virus [Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV)] genomes into insect cells [Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9)] to obtain recombinant viruses via homologous recombination. The recombinant viruses were again infected into Sf9 cells, and the resulting BVs were shown to express TSHR and AChRalpha. Next, the fusion behaviour of AcNPV-derived BVs and liposomes was examined via a fluorescence assay, and BVs were shown to fuse with phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes below pH 5.0, the pH at which fusion glycoprotein gp64 on the virus envelope becomes active. TSHR- or AChRalpha-expressed BVs were also shown to fuse with liposomes. Finally, TSHR- and AChRalpha-recombinant proteoliposomes were immobilized on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plates, and their reactivities were examined via a general immunoassay, which showed that the recombinant proteoliposomes were fully active. These results successfully demonstrate the development of a method based on a baculovirus gene expression system for the preparation of recombinant and functional proteoliposomes.
An integrated microfluidic platform for sensitive and rapid detection of biological toxins (2008)

Towards designing a portable diagnostic device for detecting biological toxins in bodily fluids, we have developed microfluidic chip-based immunoassays that are rapid (< 20 minutes), require minimal sample volume (<10 microL) and have appreciable sensitivity and dynamic range (microM-pM). The microfluidic chip is being integrated with miniaturized electronics, optical elements, fluid-handling components, and data acquisition software to develop a portable, self-contained device. The device is intended for rapid, point-of-care (and, in future, point-of-incident) testing in case of an accidental or intentional exposure/intoxication to biotoxins. Detection of toxins and potential host-response markers is performed using microfluidic electrophoretic immunoassays integrated with sample preconcentration and mixing of analytes with fluorescently labeled antibodies. Preconcentration is enabled by photopolymerizing a thin, nanoporous membrane with a MW cut-off of approximately 10 kDa in the sample loading region of the chip. Polymeric gels with larger pores are located adjacent to the size exclusion membrane to perform electrophoretic separation of antibody-analyte complex and excess antibody. Measurement of the ratio of bound and unbound immune-complex using sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection provides quantitation of analyte in the sample. We have demonstrated electrophoretic immunoassays for the biotoxins ricin, Shiga toxin I, and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). With off-chip mixing and no sample preconcentration, the limits of detection (LOD) were 300 pM for SEB, 500 pM for Shiga toxin I, and 20 nM for ricin. With a 10 min on-chip preconcentration, the LOD for SEB is <10 pM. The portable device being developed is readily applicable to detection of proteinaceous biomarkers of many other diseases and is intended to represent the next-generation diagnostic devices capable of rapid and quantitative measurements of multiple analytes simultaneously.
Attenuation of sound in water through collections of very large bubbles with elastic shells (2013)

The ultimate goal of this work is to accurately predict the attenuation through a collection of large (on the order of 10 cm radius) tethered encapsulated bubbles used in an underwater noise abatement system. Measurements of underwater sound attenuation were performed during a set of lake experiments, where a low-frequency compact electromechanical sound source was surrounded by different arrays of encapsulated bubbles with various individual bubbles sizes and void fractions. The measurements are compared with an existing predictive model [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 1510–1521 (1995)] of the dispersion relation for linear propagation in liquid containing encapsulated bubbles. Although the model was originally intended to describe ultrasound contrast agents, it is evaluated here for large bubbles, and hence low frequencies, as a design tool for the underwater noise abatement system, and there is fairly good quantitative agreement between the data and the model. Refinements to the model to incorporate multiple scattering effects, which may be important at high void fractions, via an effective medium approach [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 168–173 (2002)] and comparison with the data will also be discussed. [Work supported by Shell Global Solutions.]
Platelet-associated and plasma anti-glycoprotein autoantibodies in chronic ITP (1987)

Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is due to platelet destruction by circulating antiplatelet antibody. Although autoantibodies against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) complex and GPIb have been demonstrated using various methods, practical assays for detection of platelet-associated or plasma autoantibodies have not been available. We studied 59 patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in whom platelet-associated and plasma autoantibodies against the GPIIb/IIIa complex and GPIb were measured using a newly developed immunobead assay and a previously reported microtiter-well assay. Platelet-associated autoantibody was detected using the immunobead assay in 21 of 28 patients (75.0%; 13 with anti-GPIIb/IIIa, 8 with anti-GPIb). Plasma autoantibodies were noted in 34 of 59 patients (57.6%; 21 with anti-GPIIb/IIIa, 11 with anti-GPIb, and 2 with both). Positive results were noted in 30 of 59 patients using the immunobead assay and in only 14 of 59 using the microtiter-well assay, suggesting that solubilization of the platelets prior to antibody addition, as in the microtiter-well assay, alters epitope stability. Of the 31 thrombocytopenic control patients studied, all gave negative results using both assays. We conclude that these clinically adaptable assays allow detection of autoantibodies in most patients with chronic ITP, confirming the presence of an autoimmune process.
An Agonist Dependent Allosteric Antagonist of Prostaglandin EP2 Receptors (2020)

All reported prostaglandin EP2 receptor antagonists have a purely orthosteric, competitive mode of action. Herein, we report the characterization of compound <b>1</b> (pubchem CID 664888) as the first EP2 antagonist that features a reversible, agonist dependent allosteric mode of action. Compound <b>1</b> displayed an unsurmountable inhibition of cAMP accumulation stimulated by different EP2 agonists in C6 glioma cells overexpressing human EP2 (C6G-<i>h</i>EP2). The degree of reduction of agonist potency and efficacy depended on the agonist employed. Negative allosteric modulation was not observed in C6G cells overexpressing human EP4, IP, or DP1 receptors. Moreover, in the murine microglial cell line that stably expresses human EP2 receptors (BV2-<i>h</i>EP2), compound <b>1</b> reduced the EP2 agonist-induced elevation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and <i>h</i>EP2 mRNA levels and increased that of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Compound <b>1</b> was docked into a homology model of <i>h</i>EP2. The predicted binding site on the cytoplasmic receptor surface was similar to that of allosteric inhibitors of the β2-adrenergic, CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), and CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) receptors, which supports the notion of a conserved G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) binding pocket for allosteric inhibitors. As the first agonist dependent negative allosteric modulator of EP2 receptor, the structure of this compound may provide a basis for developing improved allosteric modulators of EP2 receptors.
A Solution-Phase Combinatorial Synthesis of Selective Dopamine D4 Ligands (2000)

Utilizing combinatorial synthesis and a preparative LC-MS automated chromatography system we have prepared and purified a library of 4-[2-(1,2,4-oxadiazolyl)]piperidines that were designed to be novel and selective dopamine D4 ligands. In one round of synthesis we identified N-4-chlorobenzyl-4-[2-(3-(2-thienyl)-1,2, 4-oxadiazolyl)]piperidine with a Kd of 5 nM for the human D4 receptor.
Modeling threat behaviors in surveillance video metadata for detection using an Analogical Reasoner (2010)

Video surveillance systems are generating much more imagery than can be cost-effectively analyzed by human analysts. One approach to the automated analysis of this imagery is to split the problem into video-to-metadata and metadata-to-interpretation tasks. We describe a system for the metadata-to-interpretation task that automatically extracts propositional graphs from the video metadata and generates graphs for use in an analogical reasoning system to detect threat behaviors that occurred in the original video scene.
Hybrid photonic analog-to-digital conversion using superconducting electronics (2004)

A hybrid analog-to-digital converter is described that uses photonic waveform sampling coupled with superconducting electronics for quantization and conversion to a binary format. The architecture scheme exploits extremely low clock jitter, amplitude stability, and a picosecond sampling aperture from the photonic system and magnetic flux quantization and high-speed digital logic in the superconducting system. The operational speed of the conversion is primarily limited by the maximum speed of the superconducting logic elements.
An Ultra-Low-Power Polarity-Coincidence Feedback Time-Delay-to-Digital Converter for Sound-Source Localization (2019)

The time-delay between audio signals in a microphone array is the most important feature for sound-source localization. This article presents a polarity-coincidence, adaptive time-delay estimation (PCC-ATDE), a mixed-signal technique that uses 1-bit quantized signals and a negative-feedback architecture to directly determine the time-delay between signals in the analog inputs and convert it to a digital number. This direct conversion, without a multi-bit analog-to-digital converter and further digital-signal processing, allows for ultra-low power consumption. A prototype chip in 0.18-um CMOS with four analog inputs consumes 78 nW with a three-channel 8-bit digital time-delay output while sampling at 50 kS/s with a 20-us resolution and 6.06 ENOB. We present a theoretical analysis for the non-linear, signal-dependent feedback loop of the PCC-ATDE. A delay-domain model of the system is developed to estimate the power-bandwidth of the converter and predict its dynamic response. Results are validated with experiments using real-life stimuli, captured with a microphone array, that demonstrates the ability of the technique to localize a sound source. The chip is further integrated into an embedded platform and deployed as an audio-based vehicle-bearing IoT system.
Beyond visemes: Using disemes in synthetic speech with facial animation (1994)

Realistic on-screen computer ‘‘assistants’’ need synthetic visible speech that has accurate, pleasing articulation; they also need to run in real-time on a personal computer. Previous visible speech systems have used 9–32 ‘‘visemes,’’ minimal contrastive units of visible articulation. Viseme-based animation has been choppy, inaccurate, and insufficiently plastic. In contrast, concatenative speech synthesis utilizes a large inventory of diphone units. Therefore, two improvements are needed: expansion beyond simple visemes, and reduction of the number of diphones so that they may be mapped to the facial images in real-time. To this end, visible and articulatory archiphones and diphone ‘‘aliases’’ were formalized, using standard phonological distinctive features, and a system of disemes was created. Disemes begin during one viseme (phone) in an archiphonic family and end somewhere during the following viseme (phone), in another archiphonic family. In this way, many transitions that occur in approximately 1800 diphones (for General American English) can be visually depicted by the same diseme, due to their similarity in lip, teeth, and tongue image positions. The effectiveness of mapping these disemes may be demonstrated, using a variety of non-screen agents and faces.
Luminance Adaptive Coding of Chrominance Signals (1979)

We describe two techniques for digital coding of the chrominance components of a color television signal. Both techniques make use of an observation that in color pictures most of the locations of large spatial changes in the chrominance are coincident with large spatial changes in the luminance. This allows us to predict the chrominance samples more efficiently using the previously transmitted chrominance and luminance samples, and the present luminance sample. In general, we determine which of the previous luminance samples best represents the present luminance sample and use the corresponding previous chrominance sample to represent the present chrominance sample. We present results of computer simulations of two such coding schemes. The first scheme, in which the chrominance components are coded by a DPCM coder, uses adaptive prediction of the chrominance components based on the luminance. In the second scheme, the chrominance signal is adaptively extrapolated from its past using the luminance signal for adaptation. Only those chrominance samples where the extrapolation error is more than a threshold are transmitted to the receiver. The addresses of such samples are derived from the luminance signal and therefore need not be transmitted. Our computer simulations on videotelephone type of pictures, indicate that, for the predictive coding, the entropy of the coded chrominance signals can he reduced by about 15 to 20 percent by adaptation. This results in a bit rate of 0.55 bits/ luminance pel, for transmission of chrominance information. Using adaptive extrapolation, only about 20 percent of the chrominance samples need to be transmitted which results in a bit rate of approximately 0.58 bits/luminance pel.
A simple system for helicopter individual-blade-control and its application to gust alleviation (1980)

A new, advanced type of active control for helicopters and its application to gust alleviation is described. Each blade is individually controlled in the rotating frame over a wide range of frequencies up to the sixth harmonic of rotor speed. Considerable system simplification is achieved by means of modal decomposition. It is shown both analytically and experimentally that by utilizing a tip-mounted accelerometer as a sensor in the feedback path, significant reductions in blade flapping response to a sinusoidal gust can be achieved at the gust excitation frequency as well as at super- and subharmonics of rotor speed.
Forward modeling of fracture-induced sonic anisotropy using a combination of borehole image and sonic logs (2007)

Abstract We develop a methodology to model and interpret borehole dipole sonic anisotropy related to the effect of geologic fractures, using a forward-modeling approach. We use a classical excess-compliance fracture model that relies on the orientation of the individual fractures, the elastic properties of the host rock, and the normal and tangential fracture-compliance parameters. Orientations of individual fractures are extracted from borehole-image log analysis. The model is validated using borehole-resistivity image and sonic logs in a gas-sand reservoir over a 160-ft (50 m) vertical interval of a well. Significant amounts of sonic anisotropy are observed at three zones, with a fast-shear azimuth (FSA) exhibiting 60° of variation and slowness difference between 2% and 16%. Numerous quasivertical fractures with varying dip azimuths are identified on the image log at the locations of strong sonic anisotropy. The maximum horizontal-stress direction, given by breakouts and drilling-induced fractures, is shown not to be aligned with the strike of natural fractures. We show that using just two adjustable fracture-compliance parameters, one fornatural fractures and one for drilling-induced fractures, is an excel-lent first-order approximation to explain the fracture-induced anisotropy response over a depth interval of 130ft. Given the presence of gas and the absence of clay filling within the fractures, we assumed equal normal and tangential compliances. The two inverted normal compliances are ZN′fNAT=1.7×10−12Pa−1 and ZN′fDI=0.8×10−12Pa−1. Predicted FSA matches measured FSA over 130ft (40 m) of the 160-ft (50 m) studied interval. Predicted slowness anisotropy matches the overall variation and measured values of anisotropy for two of the three strong anisotropy zones. Analysis of the symmetries of the modeled anisotropic response shows that the medium is mostly a horizontal transverse isotropic medium, with small azimuthal variation of the symmetry axis. Analysis of each independent fracture type shows that the anisotropy is mainly driven by open or partially healed fractures, but also consistent with stress-related, drilling-induced fractures. Therefore, the measured sonic anisotropy is caused by the combination of stress and fracture effects where the predominance of one mechanism over the other is depth-dependent. This method provides a consistent approach to data interpretation by integrating borehole image and sonic logs that probe the formation at different depths of investigation around the borehole.
The bridge permeameter; An alternative method for single-phase, steady-state permeability measurements (1994)

Laboratory measurements of single-phase, steady-state permeability of porous rock are important for a number of different applications. The oil and gas industry uses permeability data as a key indicator of the producability of a hydrocarbon reservoir; effective containment of large volumes of oil in underground salt caverns is directly dependent upon the permeability of the adjacent cavern walls; and safe, long term underground isolation of radioactive and hazardous waste is contingent upon the flow and transport characteristics of the surrounding geologic formations. An alternative method for measuring single-phase, steady-state permeability of porous rock is presented. The use of troublesome and expensive mass flow meters is eliminated and replaced with a bridge configuration of flow resistors. Permeability values can be determined directly from differential pressures across the bridge network, resulting in potentially significant cost savings and simplification for conducting these types of measurements. Results from the bridge permeameter are compared with results obtained using conventional methods.
DynMR (2014)

In order to improve the performance of MapReduce, we design DynMR. It addresses the following problems that persist in the existing implementations: 1) difficulty in selecting optimal performance parameters for a single job in a fixed, dedicated environment, and lack of capability to configure parameters that can perform optimally in a dynamic, multi-job cluster; 2) long job execution resulting from a task long-tail effect, often caused by ReduceTask data skew or heterogeneous computing nodes; 3) inefficient use of hardware resources, since ReduceTasks bundle several functional phases together and may idle during certain phases.