gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing (2012)

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals suffering from chronic medical conditions facile assessment of their immediate physiological state. Furthermore, it could serve as a research tool for analysis of complex, multifactorial medical conditions. In order for such a multianalyte sensor to be realized, it must be minimally invasive, sampling of interstitial fluid must occur without pain or harm to the user, and analysis must be rapid as well as selective. Initially developed for pain-free drug delivery, microneedles have been used to deliver vaccines and pharmacologic agents (e.g., insulin) through the skin. Since these devices access the interstitial space, microneedles that are integrated with microelectrodes can be used as transdermal electrochemical sensors. Selective detection of glucose, glutamate, lactate, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid has been demonstrated using integrated microneedle-electrode devices with carbon fibers, modified carbon pastes, and platinum-coated polymer microneedles serving as transducing elements. This microneedle sensor technology has enabled a novel and sophisticated analytical approach for in situ and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Multiplexing offers the possibility of monitoring complex microenvironments, which are otherwise difficult to characterize in a rapid and minimally invasive manner. For example, this technology could be utilized for simultaneous monitoring of extracellular levels of, glucose, lactate and pH, which are important metabolic indicators of disease states (e.g., cancer proliferation) and exercise-induced acidosis.
Obesity and Trends in Life Expectancy (2012)

Background. Increasing levels of obesity over recent decades have been expected to lead to an epidemic of diabetes and a subsequent reduction in life expectancy, but instead all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality rates have decreased steadily in most developed countries and life expectancy has increased. Methods. This paper suggests several factors that may be masking the effects of obesity on life expectancy. Results. It is possible that health and life expectancy gains could be even greater if it was not for the increasing prevalence of extreme obesity. It is also possible that the principal impact of obesity is on disability-free life expectancy rather than on life expectancy itself. Conclusion. If the principal impact of obesity were through disability-free life expectancy rather than on life expectancy itself, this would have substantial implications for the health of individuals and the future burden on the health care system.
PET Fibers, Films, and Bottles: Sections 5–7 (2002)

5 PET sheets and films 5.1 Unoriented PET sheets 5.2 Biaxially oriented thin films 5.3 Biaxially oriented thick films 5.4 Biaxially oriented PET films from a tubular process 5.5 Structure and morphology of biaxially oriented PET film 6 PET bottles 6.1 Injection molding of preforms 6.2 Stretch-blow molding of preforms 6.3 Heat-set bottles for hot-fill applications 6.4 Orientation and crystallinity 6.5 The PET bottle industry 7 Conclusions References
A High-Efficiency High-Density Wide-Bandgap Device-Based Bidirectional On-Board Charger (2018)

This paper proposes a novel two-stage topology for a 6.6-kW on-board charger. The first stage, employing an interleaved bridgeless totem-pole ac/dc in critical conduction mode to realize zero-voltage switching, is operated at over 300 kHz. A bidirectional CLLC resonant converter operating at 500 kHz is chosen for the second stage. A variable dc-link voltage is adopted to track the wide battery voltage range, so that the CLLC resonant converter can always operate at its most efficient point. The 1.2-kV SiC devices are adopted for the ac/dc stage and the primary side of dc/dc stage, while 650-V GaN devices are used for the secondary side of dc/dc stage. In addition, PCB winding coupled inductors and integrated transformer are implemented in ac/dc stage and dc/dc stage, respectively, for the purpose of high density and manufacture automation. The proposed structure is demonstrated to have 37-W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> power density and above 96% efficiency over the entire battery voltage range, which far exceeds the current practice.
Bio-functionalization of metal–organic frameworks by covalent protein conjugation (2011)

Bioconjugation of functional proteins onto metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been achieved using activation of pendent linking groups of the organic linkers on the surface of MOFs. Fluorescent microscopy revealed successful conjugation of an enhanced fluorescent protein onto MOFs. In addition, Candida-antarctica-lipase-B-conjugated MOFs showed no loss of enantioselectivity and activity in transesterification of (±)-1-phenylethanol.
Efficient 16X16 Block Size Mode Detection In H.264 (2009)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Glasgow, Scotland, 2009
Improved in Vivo Whole-Animal Detection Limits of Green Fluorescent Protein–Expressing Tumor Lines by Spectral Fluorescence Imaging (2007)

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been used for cell tracking and imaging gene expression in superficial or surgically exposed structures. However, in vivo murine imaging is often limited by several factors, including scatter and attenuation with depth and overlapping autofluorescence. The autofluorescence signals have spectral profiles that are markedly different from the GFP emission spectral profile. The use of spectral imaging allows separation and quantitation of these contributions to the total fluorescence signal seen in vivo by weighting known pure component profiles. Separation of relative GFP and autofluorescence signals is not readily possible using epifluorescent continuous-wave single excitation and emission bandpass imaging (EFI). To evaluate detection thresholds using these two methods, nude mice were subcutaneously injected with a series of GFP-expressing cells. For EFI, optimized excitation and emission bandpass filters were used. Owing to the ability to separate autofluorescence contributions from the emission signal using spectral imaging compared with the mixed contributions of GFP and autofluorescence in the emission signal recorded by the EFI system, we achieved a 300-fold improvement in the cellular detection limit. The detection limit was 3 x 10(3) cells for spectral imaging versus 1 x 10(6) cells for EFI. Despite contributions to image stacks from autofluorescence, a 100-fold dynamic range of cell number in the same image was readily visualized. Finally, spectral imaging was able to separate signal interference of red fluorescent protein from GFP images and vice versa. These findings demonstrate the utility of the approach in detecting low levels of multiple fluorescent markers for whole-animal in vivo applications.
Fusion of Multispectral Data Through Illumination-aware Deep Neural Networks for Pedestrian Detection (2018)

Multispectral pedestrian detection has received extensive attention in recent years as a promising solution to facilitate robust human target detection for around-the-clock applications (e.g. security surveillance and autonomous driving). In this paper, we demonstrate illumination information encoded in multispectral images can be utilized to significantly boost performance of pedestrian detection. A novel illumination-aware weighting mechanism is present to accurately depict illumination condition of a scene. Such illumination information is incorporated into two-stream deep convolutional neural networks to learn multispectral human-related features under different illumination conditions (daytime and nighttime). Moreover, we utilized illumination information together with multispectral data to generate more accurate semantic segmentation which are used to boost pedestrian detection accuracy. Putting all of the pieces together, we present a powerful framework for multispectral pedestrian detection based on multi-task learning of illumination-aware pedestrian detection and semantic segmentation. Our proposed method is trained end-to-end using a well-designed multi-task loss function and outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on KAIST multispectral pedestrian dataset.
Analysis and control of the active area scaling effect on white organic light emitting diodes towards lighting applications (2006)

The authors investigate the scaling of the performances on white organic light emitting diode in devices having active regions ranging from 0.25to9cm2. They observe a drop in the luminance and in the current density with increasing active area of the devices. A model where both these effects are ascribed to the spread of the current leakage on the indium tin oxide surface is proposed. To limit the consequences of these effects on the device performances, they insert a pattern of metal stripes onto the anode contact. This results in a device with a maximum luminance of 1800cd∕m2 on a surface of 9cm2.
Improving emergency storm planning using machine learning (2014)

Extreme weather events pose significant challenges to power utilities as they require very rapid decision making regarding expected storm impact and necessary storm response efforts. In recent years National Grid has responded to a large number of events in its Massachusetts service territory including Tropical Storm Irene and Hurricane Sandy. National Grid, along with MIT, has built a statistical model which predicts localized interruption patterns based on weather forecasts, asset information, historical damage patterns, and geography. National Grid expects that this will become an important tool in its emergency response preparations. This paper will discuss the predictive model which will aid National Grid in its preventative emergency planning efforts. A machine learning predictive algorithm was built by considering physical properties of the network, historical weather data, and environmental information to predict outages, and ultimately damage, based on weather forecasts. The machine learning algorithm will continuously improve in granularity and accuracy through its continued use and the incorporation of additional information. As a data-driven model it provides an invaluable tool for decision making before a storm, which is currently motivated primarily by intuition from industry experience.
Effects of produced water discharges on the colonization potential of Macrocystis pyrifera spores (1993)

Point sources of pollution (e.g. industrial outfalls) may produce ecological impacts at distant locations if pollutants affect dispersive propagules. The authors used laboratory experiments to determine how exposure to produced water (PW; aqueous fraction of petroleum production that is typically discharged into coastal waters) in the water column influences the colonization potential of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) spores on the bottom. Spores were maintained in suspension in 18 L containers and exposed to one of five concentrations of PW (0 to 10%) for varying amounts of time. Spore swimming generally decreased with increasing PW concentration and exposure duration, with the specific pattern of decrease differing between experimental trials done at different dates. The effect of exposure duration in the water column on the ability of swimming spores to attach to plastic dishes placed the bottom varied with PW concentration. Spores placed in 1 and 10% PW showed a steady decline in their ability to attach with increased exposure; lower concentrations of PW had no such effects. The proportion of spores that germinated after attachment varied tremendously with exposure duration and date of experimental trial. A low proportion of spores that settled during the first 12 h germinated, indicative of amore » short period of precompetency. Surprisingly, water column exposure to high concentrations of PW during the first 12 h reduced this precompetent period and greatly improved germination success. The magnitude of this enhancement, however, varied among dates. Delayed expression of PW effects were not observed in developing gametophytes; survival of individuals that successfully germinated and gamete production was not affected by previous exposure to PW as a spore.« less
Hospital admission and emergency care attendance risk for SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) compared with alpha (B.1.1.7) variants of concern: a cohort study (2021)

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant was first detected in England in March 2021. It has since rapidly become the predominant lineage, owing to high transmissibility. It is suspected that the Delta variant is associated with more severe disease than the previously dominant Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant. Methods: Individual-level data on 43,338 COVID-19-positive cases (median age 31 years, inter-quartile range 17-43) in England between 29 March and 23 May 2021 and whose positive specimen had undergone whole genome sequencing were linked to routine healthcare datasets on vaccination, emergency care attendance, hospital admission and mortality. Hospital attendance and admission outcomes were compared between cases with sequencing-confirmed Delta and Alpha variants. Stratified Cox regression was used to adjust for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, recent international travel, area of residence, calendar period and vaccination status. Findings: There were 960 hospital admissions (2.5%) and 1,946 hospital admissions or emergency care attendances (4.5%) within 14 days. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for Delta vs Alpha cases was 2.26 (95% CI 1.32-3.89) of hospital admission within 14 days, and 1.45 (95% CI 1.08-1.95) of emergency care attendance or hospital admission within 14 days. Most cases were unvaccinated (32,078/43,338, 74%). The HRs for vaccinated Delta vs Alpha cases were similar to the HRs for unvaccinated Delta vs Alpha cases, but the precision for the vaccinated subgroup was low. Interpretation: This large national study found a higher emergency care attendance or hospital admission risk for COVID-19 cases infected with the Delta compared with the Alpha variant. While rates of hospital care among vaccinated individuals were low overall, results suggest that outbreaks of the Delta variant in unvaccinated populations may lead to a greater burden on healthcare services than the Alpha variant. Funding: Medical Research Council and MRC UKRI/DHSC NIHR.
Mechanisms of Instability in Ru-Based Dye Sensitization Solar Cells (1997)

In-situ infrared studies performed with operating Ru-complex-sensitized wet solar cells using a total reflection technique reveal that the ruthenium complex (both tri- and mononuclear) attached to TiO2 is photoelectrochemically transformed and irreversibly consumed under conditions of insufficient regeneration by iodide or from the oxide within the nanocrystalline TiO2 pores. The sensitizer [(Ru(bpy)2(CN)2)2Ru(bpca)2]2- (bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine, bpca is 2,2‘-bipyridine-4,4‘-dicarboxylate) decomposes into fragments; one of them was identified to be Ru(bpy)2(CN)2. For the sensitizer Ru(bpca)2(SCN)2, it is shown that a molecular fragment (absorbing at 2013 cm-1) is generated which is diffusing out of the nanostructured TiO2 layer. Due to its correlation with the photocurrent density, it is identified as a product of the oxidized sensitizer. Due to a high serial resistance introduced by the total reflection element and the resulting low fillfactor of the sensitization cell during in-situ measurements, only small photocurrents (5−10 μA cm-2) could be passed through the sensitizing interface. Since the rate of product formation should be proportional to the ratio of photocurrent density to iodide concentration, the iodide concentration was correspondingly reduced (1−10 mM) as compared to the conditions in a solar cell (10 mA cm-2, 1 M). This spectroscopic technique was developed because efforts to produce stable sensitization solar cells proved to be unsuccessful due to sealing problems. Our experiments do not seem to permit extrapolation to 107−108 electron transfer numbers for sensitizing Ru complexes, and real long-term testing is required for reevaluating long-term performance.
MEMS Rotary Engine Power System (2003)

This work presents a project overview and recent research results for the MEMS Rotary Engine Power System project at the Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center of the University of California at Berkeley. The research motivation for the project is the high specific energy density of hydrocarbon fuels. When compared with the energy density of batteries, hydrocarbon fuels may have as much as 20x more energy. However, the technical challenge is the conversion of hydrocarbon fuel to electricity in an efficient and clean micro engine. A 12.9 mm diameter Wankel engine will be shown that has already generated 4 Watts of power at 9300rpm. In addition, the 1mm and 2.4 mm Wankel engines that BSAC is developing for power generation at the microscale will be discussed. The project goal is to develop electrical power output of 90milliwatts from the 2.4 mm engine. Prototype engine components have already been fabricated and these will be described. The integrated generator design concept utilizes a nickel-iron alloy electroplated in the engine rotor poles, so that the engine rotor also serves as the generator rotor.
Characterization of Landfill Gas Composition at the Fresh Kills Municipal Solid-Waste Landfill (1998)

The most common disposal method in the United States for municipal solid waste (MSW) is burial in landfills. Until recently, air emissions from these landfills were not regulated. Under the New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for MSW landfills, MSW operators are required to determine the nonmethane organic gas generation rate of their landfill through modeling and/or measurements. This paper summarizes speciated nonmethane organic compound (NMOC) measurement data collected during an intensive, short-term field program. Over 250 separate landfill gas samples were collected from emission sources at the Fresh Kills landfill in New York City and analyzed for approximately 150 different analytes. The average total NMOC value for the landfill was 438 ppmv (as hexane) versus the regulatory default value of 4000 ppmv (as hexane). Over 70 individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected and quantified in the landfill gas samples. The typical gas composition for this landfill was determined as well as estimates of the spatial, temporal, and measurement variability in the gas composition. The data for NMOC show that the gas composition within the landfill is equivalent to the composition of the gas exiting the landfill through passive vents and through the soil cover.
Supporting Preemptive Task Executions and Memory Copies in GPGPUs (2012)

GPGPUs (General Purpose Graphic Processing Units) provide massive computational power. However, applying GPGPU technology to real-time computing is challenging due to the non-preemptive nature of GPGPUs. Especially, a job running in a GPGPU or a data copy between a GPGPU and CPU is non-preemptive. As a result, a high priority job arriving in the middle of a low priority job execution or memory copy suffers from priority inversion. To address the problem, we present a new lightweight approach to supporting preemptive memory copies and job executions in GPGPUs. Moreover, in our approach, a GPGPU job and memory copy between a GPGPU and the hosting CPU are run concurrently to enhance the responsiveness. To show the feasibility of our approach, we have implemented a prototype system for preemptive job executions and data copies in a GPGPU. The experimental results show that our approach can bound the response times in a reliable manner. In addition, the response time of our approach is significantly shorter than those of the unmodified GPGPU runtime system that supports no preemption and an advanced GPGPU model designed to support prioritization and performance isolation via preemptive data copies.
New target-strength model indicates more krill in the Southern Ocean (2004)

Abstract Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, comprises the foundation of the foodweb in the Southern Ocean and is the target of a large fishery. Recently, the total abundance of krill in the Scotia Sea was estimated from an international echosounder and net survey (CCAMLR 2000) to be 44.3 million metric tonnes (Mt; CV 11.4%) (Hewitt et al., 2002). The new biomass estimate prompted the Antarctic Treaty's Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to revise the precautionary catch level for krill in the area from 1.5 to 4 Mt (SC-CAMLR, 2000). These survey results are based on the total echo energy attributed to krill, scaled by the Greene et al. (1991) model of krill acoustical reflectivity or target strength (TS). Presented here is a re-analysis of the CCAMLR 2000 data incorporating recent improvements in the characterization of krill TS. The results indicate that the estimated krill biomass in the Scotia Sea may be as high as 192.4 Mt (CV = 11.7%), or as low as 109.4 Mt (CV = 10.4%), depending solely on the expected distribution of krill orientations. The new Stochastic, Distorted-Wave, Born-Approximation (SDWBA) TS model solved with an empirically estimated distribution of in situ orientations leads to a krill-biomass estimate that is nearly 2.5 times the previous estimate. In consequence, revisions may be warranted of the standard krill TS model, the CCAMLR 2000 biomass estimate, and the associated precautionary catch level for krill in the Scotia Sea.
Rapid DNA sequence identification based on electrostatic interactions with unmodified gold nanoparticles (2005)

We find that single and double stranded oligonucleotides have different propensities to adsorb on gold nanoparticles (Au-nps) in colloidal solution. We use this observation to design a hybridization assay for DNA oligonucleotides . Because the underlying adsorption mechanism is electrostatic, no covalent functionalization of the gold or the target DNA is required. Hybridization can be optimized to be rapid and efficient since it is separated from detection. The assay is complete within five minutes and single base pair mismatches are easily detected.
Design and Implementation of a Hands-Free Electrolarynx Device Controlled by Neck Strap Muscle Electromyographic Activity (2004)

The electrolarynx (EL) voice prosthesis is widely used, but suffers from the inconvenience of requiring manual control. Therefore, a hands-free EL triggered by neck muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity was developed (EMG-EL). Signal processing circuitry in a belt-mounted control unit transforms EMG activity into control signals for initiation and termination of voicing. These control signals are then fed to an EL held against the neck by an inconspicuous brace. Performance of the EMG-EL was evaluated by comparison to normal voice, manual EL voice, and tracheo-esophageal (TE) voice in a series of reaction time experiments in seven normal subjects and one laryngectomy patient. The normal subjects produced voice initiation with the EMG-EL that was as fast as both normal voice and the manual EL. The laryngectomy subject produced voice initiation that was slower than with the manual EL, but faster than with TE voice. Voice termination with the EMG-EL was slower than normal voice for the normal subjects, but not significantly different than with the manual EL. The laryngectomy subject produced voice termination with the EMG-EL that was slower than with TE or manual EL. The EMG-EL threshold was set at 10% of the range of vocal-related EMG activity above baseline. Simulations of EMG-EL behavior showed that the 10% threshold was not significantly different from the optimum threshold produced through the process of error minimization. The EMG-EL voice reaction time appears to be adequate for use in a day-to-day conversation.