gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Are Cochlear Implant Patients Suffering From Perceptual Dissonance? (2005)

Cochlear implants provide functional hearing to the majority of recipients and have gained widespread acceptance clinically, but the range of performance remains great and largely unexplained. Designs for implanted electrodes and electronics have converged, whereas novel speech processing strategies have proliferated. For each patient, the fitting audiologist must sort empirically through options that produce large but idiosyncratic differences in both objective performance and subjective preference. This review and analysis suggests that the place-pitch and rate-pitch theories on which cochlear implants have been designed are incomplete. The missing component may be related to the phase-locking of auditory nerve activity to both acoustic and electrical stimulation. This component is likely to be highly distorted by electrical stimulation but its importance as one of several different pitch encoding mechanisms may vary widely among patients. Systematic means to control these putative phase effects using modern, high-speed, and high-density cochlear implants may make it possible to identify more efficiently the best strategy for a given patient and to minimize the perceptual confusion that arises from conflicting cues.
Novel Process with Advantages over Yeast Fermentations: The Zymomonas Process for Fermentation Ethanol (1980)

Bacterial ethanol fermentations using strains of Zymomonas mobilis are shown to offer many advantages over traditional yeast fermentations. These include significantly higher specific rates of sugar uptake and ethanol production and improved yields. In a continuous cell recycle system, a volumetric ethanol productivity of 120/g/l/h is reported. Studies on a new strain of Z.mobilis isolated from fermenting sugar cane juice have shown improved rates of glucose uptake and ethanol production and an enhanced tolerance to ethanol. Possible future developments such as optimal cell recycle and the application of genetic techniques to the problems of improving ethanol tolerance and broadening the range of substrates utilized by Zymomonas are discussed.
Upconversion multichannel infrared spectrometer (2005)

A multichannel IR spectrometer using a standard silicon CCD array is demonstrated. Sum frequency generation between an ultrafast optical pulse and a frequency-dispersed IR beam generates a spatially extended optical signal that is collected on a generic CCD video camera. This method provides an inexpensive and efficient alternative to conventional multichannel IR arrays.
Self-confinement of multimode optical pulse in a glass fiber (1980)

The nonlinear change of the dielectric constant (Kerr effect) in a glass fiber can be utilized to self-confine optical pulses in a multimode fiber at wavelengths longer than 1.3 microm. The range of the deviation in the group velocity Deltanu(g) of the different modes to be confined is given by Deltanu(g)(2)/nu(g)(2) </= 2( partial differentialnu(g)/ partial differentialf x f/nu(g))n(2)/n(0)|E|(2), where f and nu(g) are the frequency and the group velocity, respectively, of the mode; n(0) and n(2) (= 3 x 10(-22)m(2)/V(2)) are the linear and nonlinear indices of refraction; and E is the peak electric field averaged over the cross sections of the fiber.
Particle swarm optimization of air-launch vehicle and trajectory (2011)

A preliminary design optimization and trajectory optimization of air launch vehicle (ALV) are conducted using particle swarms. The optimization is conducted in three main steps. First, a mission analysis of ALV is performed using the required Delta-V predicted by trajectory optimization. The initial masses estimated are used for the preliminary ALV design to get the performance and geometric parameters. The second step is to optimize the ALV using particle swarm optimization (PSO) for a minimum total initial mass. The range of parameters based on existing ALV is used for the design variables. The third step is to optimize the trajectory for maximum payload mass. It was found that for the selected mission requirements, a maximum payload mass of 203 kg can be carried to a 400-km circular polar orbit using an ALV with minimum total initial mass of 16,453.9 kg.
Enhanced Resistance to Bacterial Diseases of Transgenic Tobacco Plants Overexpressing Sarcotoxin IA, a Bactericidal Peptide of Insect (1999)

Sarcotoxin IA is a bactericidal peptide of 39 amino acids found in the common flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina. Many agronomically important bacteria in Japan are killed by this peptide at sub-micro molar levels, and the growth of tobacco and rice suspension cultured cells is not inhibited with less than 25 microM. Transgenic tobacco plants which overexpress the peptide, i.e. over 250 pmol per gram of fresh leaf, under the control of a high expression constitutive promoter showed enhanced resistance to the pathogens for wild fire disease (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci) and bacterial soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora).
Short Communication: Influence of Dietary Tallow and Fish Oil on Milk Fat Composition (2000)

Four midlactation Holstein cows in a 4 x 4 Latin square design were fed one of four diets that contained 3% added fat (dry matter basis) as 100:0, 67:33, 50:50, or 33:67 tallow:fish oil. Feed intake and yield and composition of milk were not affected by treatment. The proportion of fatty acids 18:0 and cis-18:1 decreased and trans-18:1, conjugated linoleic acid, 18:3, 20:4, and 20:5 increased in milk fat with increasing fish oil. The efficiency of transferring dietary 20:5 and 22:6 to milk fat was < 7%.
A role for transferrin receptor in triggering apoptosis when targeted with gambogic acid (2005)

Transferrin receptor (TfR) has been shown to be significantly overexpressed in different types of cancers. We discovered TfR as a target for gambogic acid (GA), used in traditional Chinese medicine and a previously undiscovered link between TfR and the rapid activation of apoptosis. The binding site of GA on TfR is independent of the transferrin binding site, and it appears that GA potentially inhibits TfR internalization. Down-regulation of TfR by RNA interference decreases sensitivity to GA-induced apoptosis, further supporting TfR as the primary GA receptor. In summary, GA binding to TfR induces a unique signal leading to rapid apoptosis of tumor cells. These results suggest that GA may provide an additional approach for targeting the TfR and its use in cancer therapy.
Gordon Research Conference on Holography and Optical Information Processing (1987). (1987)

Abstract : The field of Holography and Optical Information Processing is an important and active one with many significant advances during the past twenty years. This conference had 19 formal talks describing the most recent areas of interest. The conference contained a carefully selected mixture of talks including optical computing, components and architectures; optical processors; holography; and applications of coherent light.
Searching Learning Strategy with Reinforcement Learning for 3D Medical Image Segmentation (2020)

Deep neural network (DNN) based approaches have been widely investigated and deployed in medical image analysis. For example, fully convolutional neural networks (FCN) achieve the state-of-the-art performance in several applications of 2D/3D medical image segmentation. Even the baseline neural network models (U-Net, V-Net, etc.) have been proven to be very effective and efficient when the training process is set up properly. Nevertheless, to fully exploit the potentials of neural networks, we propose an automated searching approach for the optimal training strategy with reinforcement learning. The proposed approach can be utilized for tuning hyper-parameters, and selecting necessary data augmentation with certain probabilities. The proposed approach is validated on several tasks of 3D medical image segmentation. The performance of the baseline model is boosted after searching, and it can achieve comparable accuracy to other manually-tuned state-of-the-art segmentation approaches.
Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites following a malarial outbreak in a non-endemic area of Sri Lanka (1990)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the synthetic peptide (NANP)40 was used to characterize the sporozoite antibodies in an unusual Plasmodium falciparum outbreak in a non-malarious area in Sri Lanka. A positive antibody response was seen in 62% of patients with their first P. falciparum illness. There was no correlation between sporozoite antibodies and the antibody against blood stages, determined by immunofluorescence assay. The majority (91%) of the patients lost the antibodies to circumsporozoite (CS) protein within one year (in the absence of re-exposure). Three patients had high levels of CS antibodies even after one year, and this persistence was related to the level of the initial antibody response. In the area of the outbreak 10% of schoolchildren had antibodies to the (NANP)40 peptide. 21% of the 42 children with present or past overt malaria were antibody positive. Of the children with no such background, 8% were antibody positive. The corresponding seropositivity rates for asexual blood stages were 31% and 1% for the 2 groups respectively. It is concluded that (NANP)40 ELISA is potentially a valuable tool in sero-epidemiology, particularly in situations of seasonal transmission and recurrences due to drug resistance.
Developing a hybrid system for sand and dust storm detection using satellite imaging and WSNs (2012)

Sand and dust storms (SDSs) offer very serious hazards to the environment, economy and health. An early warning of the upcoming SDS would allow people to take precautionary measures. Traditionally, satellite imaging is used to detect large-scale and long-term SDSs. However, small-scale and short-term SDSs may go undetected due to the poor spatial and temporal resolution of satellites. We propose a hybrid design of sand and dust storm detection system (SDSDS) using wireless sensor network (WSN) and satellite imaging in order to detect SDSs of all types. A layered architecture of context-aware system is used. While the WSN provides real time data from the area of interest, near-real time METEOSAT MSG images are obtained from their website. An experimental prototype is developed for evaluation of the proposed system. Performance studies show that such a hybrid approach can effectively detect and predict SDSs of all types.
Preparation of Highly Active Zr Oxide-Based Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts as PEFC Cathode (2013)

In order to make the PEFC gain in popularity, we are working on preparing the non-precious metal catalysts for the cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Our researches are focus on the oxide-based compounds of group 4 and 5 metals. We have reported that the oxide-based compounds, in particular, partially oxidized carbonitrides of Zr1 Nb2, and Ta3 had high stability and high catalytic activity for the ORR in acidic solution. But it is hard to prepare the fine particle catalysts to improve the ORR activity by using carbonitrides compounds. So we tried to prepare the oxide-based compounds by different starting material.
Process for control of pollutants generated during coal gasification. [DOE Patent] (1979)

The present invention is directed to an improvement in the coal gasification process that effectively eliminates substantially all of the environmental pollutants contained in the producer gas. The raw producer gas is passed through a two-stage water scrubbing arrangement with the tars being condensed essentially waterfree in the first stage and lower boiling condensables, including pollutant laden water, being removed in the second stage. The pollutant-laden water is introduced into an evaporator in which about 95% of the water is vaporized and introduced as steam into the gas producer. The condensed tars are combusted and the resulting products of combustion are admixed with the pollutant-containing water residue from the evaporator and introduced into the gas producer.
Surface acoustic wave device (2007)

There is disclosed a surface acoustic wave device having at least a diamond film, a piezoelectric-material film, and an electrode on a base material wherein all or some part of the diamond film consists of an electroconductive diamond in which a dopant is doped. Thereby, there can be provided a surface acoustic wave device wherein breakage of the substrate due to generation of static electricity can be prevented in a device manufacturing process so that the device manufacture yield can be increased, and electrification can be prevented at the time of real use so that high performance can be maintained for a long time, even if it is a surface acoustic wave device using diamond.
GAN and dual‐input two‐compartment model‐based training of a neural network for robust quantification of contrast uptake rate in gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI (2020)

The study indicates that data length is significant for LSITC analysis as applied to DCE data for standard temporal sampling, and that machine learning methods, such as the implemented NN, have potential for much greater resilience to shortened acquisition time than directly fitting to the LSITC model.
Metalâ€“Organic Framework-Based Catalysts: Chemical Fixation of CO2 with Epoxides Leading to Cyclic Organic Carbonates (2015)

As a C1 feedstock, CO2 has the potential to be uniquely highly economical in both a chemical and a financial sense. In particular, the highly atom-economical acid-catalyzed cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides to yield cyclic organic carbonates (OCs), a functionality having many important industrial applications, is an attractive reaction for the utilization of CO2 as a chemical feedstock. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising candidates in catalysis as they are a class of crystalline, porous and functional materials with remarkable properties including great surface area, high stability, open channels and permanent porosity. MOFs structure tunability and their affinity for CO2, makes them great catalysts for the formation of OCs using CO2 and epoxides. In this review, we examine MOF-based catalytic materials for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to epoxides. Catalysts are grouped based on the location of catalytic sites, i.e., at the struts, nodes, defect sites, or some combination thereof. Additionally, important features of each catalyst system are critically discussed.
LSM-Based Unit Pruning for Concatenative Speech Synthesis (2007)

The level of quality that can be achieved in concatenative text-to-speech synthesis is primarily governed by the inventory of units used in unit selection. This has led to the collection of ever larger corpora in the quest for ever more natural synthetic speech. As operational considerations limit the size of the unit inventory, however, pruning is critical to removing any instances that prove either spurious or superfluous. This paper proposes a novel pruning strategy based on a data-driven feature extraction framework separately optimized for each unit type in the inventory. A single distinctiveness/redundancy measure can then address, in a consistent manner, the (traditionally separate) problems of outliers and redundant units. Experimental results underscore the viability of this approach for both moderate and aggressive inventory pruning.
The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection (2022)

Current therapeutic innovations, such as CAR-T cell therapy, are heavily reliant on viral-mediated gene delivery. Although efficient, this technique is accompanied by high manufacturing costs, which has brought about an interest in using alternative methods for gene delivery. Electroporation is an electro-physical, non-viral approach for the intracellular delivery of genes and other exogenous materials. Upon the application of an electric field, the cell membrane temporarily allows molecular delivery into the cell. Typically, electroporation is performed on the macroscale to process large numbers of cells. However, this approach requires extensive empirical protocol development, which is costly when working with primary and difficult-to-transfect cell types. Lengthy protocol development, coupled with the requirement of large voltages to achieve sufficient electric-field strengths to permeabilize the cells, has led to the development of micro-scale electroporation devices. These micro-electroporation devices are manufactured using common microfabrication techniques and allow for greater experimental control with the potential to maintain high throughput capabilities. This work builds off a microfluidic-electroporation technology capable of detecting the level of cell membrane permeabilization at a single-cell level under continuous flow. However, this technology was limited to 4 cells processed per second, and thus a new approach for increasing the system throughput is proposed and presented here. This new technique, denoted as cell-population-based feedback control, considers the cell permeabilization response to a variety of electroporation pulsing conditions and determines the best-suited electroporation pulse conditions for the cell type under test. A higher-throughput mode is then used, where this 'optimal' pulse is applied to the cell suspension in transit. The steps for fabricating the device, setting up and running the microfluidic experiments, and analyzing the results are presented in detail. Finally, this micro-electroporation technology is demonstrated by delivering a DNA plasmid encoding for green fluorescent protein (GFP) into HEK293 cells.
Scaling of High-Aspect-Ratio Current Limiters for the Individual Ballasting of Large Arrays of Field Emitters (2012)

We report the fabrication and characterization of high-aspect-ratio silicon pillar current limiters [vertical ungated field-effect transistors (FETs)] for ballasting individual field emitters within field-emitter arrays (FEAs). Dense (1- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> pitch) FEAs that are individually ballasted by 100-nm-diameter and 10- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> -tall current limiters were fabricated, resulting in an emitter tip radius under 10 nm. When characterized without field emitters, the vertical current limiters (ungated FETs) show current-source-like behavior, with saturation currents up to 15 pA/FET. When the current limiters are incorporated into large arrays of field emitters, the current–voltage characteristics of the FEA show evidence of current limitation at high extraction gate voltages. Emission current densities of over 200 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{A/cm}^{2}$</tex></formula> were obtained from 1.36 million emitter arrays with 5- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> pitch.
Structural Performance of Hybrid GFRP/Steel Concrete Sandwich Panels (2008)

Precast/prestressed concrete sandwich panels consist of two concrete wythes separated by a rigid insulation foam layer and are generally used as walls or slabs in thermal insulation applications. Commonly used connectors between the two wythes, such as steel trusses or concrete stems, penetrate the insulation layer causing a thermal bridge effect, which reduces thermal efficiency. Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite shell connectors between the two concrete wythes are used in this research as horizontal shear transfer reinforcement. The design criterion is to establish composite action, in which both wythes resist flexural loads as one unit, while maintaining insulation across the two concrete wythes of the panel. The experiments carried out in this research show that hybrid GFRP/steel reinforced sandwich panels can withstand out-of-plane loads while providing resistance to horizontal shear between the two concrete wythes. An analytical method is developed for modeling the horizontal shear transfer enhancement using a shear flow approach. In addition, a truss model is built, which predicts the panel deflections observed in the experiments with reasonable accuracy.
Blind DC Estimation in the Presence of Non-Gaussian Signal (2006)

A method of estimating DC offset based solely on the received signal, without using any training information, is presented. This method takes into account the non-Gaussian statistical distribution of the modulated desired signal in order to produce a DC estimate that is more accurate than the conventional sample average of the received signal. Specifically, two iterative algorithms are derived based on the generalized expectation-maximization algorithms for jointly estimating the DC offset, the noise variance, and the parameters that characterize the signal distribution. As an application, we consider the special case where the modulated signal has a constant-envelope characteristic. Using the GSM/EDGE air interface, we demonstrate that the proposed method yields significant reduction in the DC-offset estimation error, which translates into performance gains in receiver sensitivity when used in direct-conversion receivers.
Real-time processor for stellar speckle interferometry using microchannel spatial light modulator (1990)

To obtain the averaged Fourier power spectrum of a time-varying stellar speckle images from a binary star a portable real-time Fourier-transform processor is developed for stellar speckle interferometry, in which the Fourier transform of the image is done optically by using a microchannel spatial light modulator. Several double star images are analyzed on the telescope sites by the real-time processor. The cycle time of 2-10 Hz is achieved in this instrument depending upon incoming light level.
Comparison of prognostic algorithms for estimating remaining useful life of batteries (2009)

The estimation of remaining useful life (RUL) of a faulty component is at the centre of system prognostics and health management. It gives operators a potent tool in decision making by quantifying how much time is left until functionality is lost. RUL prediction needs to contend with multiple sources of errors, like modelling inconsistencies, system noise and degraded sensor fidelity, which leads to unsatisfactory performance from classical techniques like autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and extended Kalman filtering (EKF). The Bayesian theory of uncertainty management provides a way to contain these problems. The relevance vector machine (RVM), the Bayesian treatment of the well known support vector machine (SVM), a kernel-based regression/classification technique, is used for model development. This model is incorporated into a particle filter (PF) framework, where statistical estimates of noise and anticipated operational conditions are used to provide estimates of RUL in the form of a probability density function (pdf). We present here a comparative study of the above-mentioned approaches on experimental data collected from Li-ion batteries. Batteries were chosen as an example of a complex system whose internal state variables are either inaccessible to sensors or hard to measure under operational conditions. In addition, battery performance is strongly influenced by ambient environmental and load conditions.