gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced Polymer Loading, High Temperature Fracturing Fluids using Nano-crosslinkers (2015)

Abstract In the quest to discover more natural gas resources, considerable attention has been devoted to finding and extracting gas locked within tight formations with permeability in the nanoto microdarcy range. The main challenges associated with working in such formations are the intrinsically high temperature and high pressure bottom hole conditions. For formations with bottom hole temperatures around 350-400°F, traditional hydraulic fracturing fluids that use crosslinked polysaccharide gels, such as guar and its derivatives, are not suitable because of significant polymer breakdown in this temperature range. Fracturing fluids that can work at these temperatures require thermally stable synthetic polymers such as acrylamide-based polymers. However, such polymers have to be employed at very high concentrations in order to suspend proppants. The high polymer concentrations make it very difficult to completely degrade at the end of a fracturing operation. As a consequence, formation damage by polymer residue can block formation conductivity to gas flow. This paper addresses the shortcomings of the current state-of-the-art high temperature fracturing fluids, and focuses on developing a less damaging, high-temperature stable fluid that can be used at temperatures up to 400°F. A laboratory study was conducted with this novel system which is comprised of a synthetic acrylamide-based copolymer gelling agent and is capable of being crosslinked with a nano-sized particulate crosslinker (nano-crosslinker). The laboratory data has demonstrated that the temperature stability of the crosslinked fluid is much better than a similar fluid lacking the nano-crosslinker. The nano-crosslinker allows the novel fluid system to operate at significantly lower polymer concentrations (25 to 45 pptg) when compared to current commercial fluid systems (50 to 87 pptg) designed for temperatures from 350°F to 400°F. This paper presents results from rheological studies which demonstrate superior crosslinking performance and thermal stability in this temperature range. This fracturing fluid system has sufficient proppant carrying viscosity, and allows for efficient cleanup using an oxidizer-type breaker. Low polymer loading and little or no polymer residue are anticipated to facilitate efficient cleanup, reduced formation damage, better fluid conductivity and enhanced production rates. Laboratory results from proppant-pack regained conductivity tests are also presented.
Acute Corticosterone Administration during Meiotic Segregation Stimulates Females to Produce More Male Offspring (2011)

Birds have demonstrated a remarkable ability to manipulate offspring sex. Previous studies suggest that treatment with hormones can stimulate females to manipulate offspring sex before ovulation. For example, chronic treatments with corticosterone, the primary stress hormone produced by birds, stimulated significant skews toward female offspring. It has been suggested that corticosterone acts by influencing which sex chromosome is donated by the heterogametic female bird into the ovulated ovarian follicle. However, it is difficult to pinpoint when in developmental time corticosterone affects offspring sex, because in previous studies corticosterone treatment was given over a long period of time. We treated laying hens with acute high-dose corticosterone injections 5 h before the predicted time of ovulation and quantified the sexes of the subsequently ovulated eggs to determine whether mechanisms exist by which corticosterone can skew offspring sex ratios just before ovulation. We hypothesized that an injection of corticosterone coincident with segregation of the sex chromosomes would stimulate hens to produce more female than male offspring. Contrary to our predictions, hens injected with corticosterone produced a significant bias toward male offspring, nearly 83%. These results suggest that acute corticosterone treatment during meiosis I can influence primary sex ratios in birds, potentially through nonrandom chromosome segregation. Furthermore, acute corticosterone exposure, compared with chronic exposure, may act through different mechanisms to skew offspring sex.
Hypercluster of Airguns – More Low Frequencies for the Same Quantity of Air (2012)

We address the low-frequency deficiency of marine airgun source arrays. The output well below the lowest bubble resonance frequency is determined by the total quantity of air released, not how the air is distributed between guns in the array. However, the output at and above the lowest bubble frequency depends on the details of the array. Increasing the low-frequency output requires a bigger bubble. This will shift the bubble resonance frequency downwards. We design the large bubble using a ‘hypercluster’ of conventional airguns, which are placed so the released air behaves as one large bubble oscillating with the period associated with the combined air quantity. The airguns are placed close enough for the released air to frequency-lock, but not necessarily so close that the bubbles coalesce. Of course, we could generate the same resonance frequency by using a single enormous airgun, but we do not want to do that because this would severely limit the mid-frequency output, and it would also pose significant operational challenges. Frequency-locking enables array designers to utilize more of the total high-pressure air capacity for generating low-frequency sound.
<scp>R</scp>aman Spectroscopic Imaging (2001)

Abstract Raman imaging instrumentation has advanced significantly since the first Raman images were obtained nearly three decades ago. Substantial improvements have been made in point scan, line scan, and widefield Raman imaging platform designs. The focus of this chapter is on Raman imaging instrumentation with respect to food science applications. Current technological approaches used in Raman imaging instrumentation, Raman instrumentation platform types, signal‐enhanced Raman instrumentation, tandem Raman imaging instruments that benefit from orthogonal information obtained from multiple sensor types, and how to assess performance of a Raman imaging instrument are detailed with food science examples. Raman imaging instruments are the tools used to determine where molecular‐specific Raman scatter arises in highly heterogeneous materials. These instruments are used to generate hundreds, thousands, or even millions of independent, spatially resolved Raman spectra from the material of interest. The resulting hyperspectral data cube consists of a series of wavelength‐specific images where each pixel contains a Raman spectrum associated with the material imaged at that location. The Raman spectra in the hypercube are processed to reveal image contrast that is chemical specific without the need for stains, dyes, or contrast agents. Consequently, there is often a reduced burden or even no need for sample preparation unlike many other material analysis tools.
<title>Fragile imperceptible digital watermark with privacy control</title> (1999)

We propose a watermarking scheme which allows the watermarked image to be authenticated by an authentication agent without revealing to the authentication agent the human-readable content of the image by combining privacy control with watermarking and authentication mechanisms. This watermarking scheme has universal applicability to data sets such as image, video and audio bit streams. The watermark can be made to be imperceptible to humans. Usage of public key cryptography allows the authentication agent to authenticate without the capabilities to watermark an image.
A machine learning approach to urban traffic state detection (2014)

We propose an urban traffic state detection method based on support vector machine (SVM) and multilayer perception (MLP). Fusing the SVM and MLP classifiers into a cascade two-tier classifier improves the accuracy of the traffic state classification. A cascade two-tier classifier MLP-SVM, a single SVM classifier and a single MLP classifier are then fused to further improve the final detection accuracy. We also implement a Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory of evidence based classifier. Finally, fusion strategies at the training and implementation phases are proposed to improve the detection accuracy.
Automatic Hyperparameter Tuning Method for Local Outlier Factor, with Applications to Anomaly Detection (2019)

Local outlier factor (LOF) is a state-of-the-art unsupervised machine learning model for anomaly detection in the Internet of Things (IoT). In recent years, there have been many important applications of LOF in large IoT systems, such as wireless transmission device system in high-speed trains, smart city vehicular social networks, industrial conditional monitoring systems, and network infrastructures for cyber security. LOF aims to forecast the imminent faults of an appliance in the IoT system, whose predictive performance greatly depends on the selection of its hyperparameters. The major challenge of hyperparameter tuning for unsupervised machine learning models including LOF in the context of IoT systems is that the incoming data may contain new types of anomaly that are unseen in the training data. In this paper, we propose a novel, heuristic methodology to tune the hyperparameters in LOF that accounts for this challenge. A tuned LOF model that uses the proposed method shows good predictive performance in both simulations and real data applications.
Critical Illumination Condenser for EUV Projection Lithography (1994)

A condenser system couples a radiation source to an imaging system. We have designed a critical illumination condenser system which meets the technical challenges of extreme ultraviolet projection lithography based on a ring field imaging system and a laser produced plasma source. The optical system, a three spherical mirror optical design, is capable of illuminating the extent of the mask plane by scanning either the primary mirror or the laser plasma source. This type of condenser optical design is sufficiently versatile to be employed with two distinct systems, one from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and one from AT&T/Sandia.
Biological determinants of intestinotrophic properties of GLP-2 in vivo (1997)

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) appears to regulate growth of the small bowel epithelium. The importance of dose, vehicle, and route of administration for GLP-2 bioactivity was examined in vivo. Mouse small bowel weight increased following subcutaneous injection of GLP-2, 0.25 to 5.0 microg twice daily, with an increment in jejunal crypt plus villus height detected with only 250 ng GLP-2 twice daily for 14 days (1.35-fold greater than control, P < 0.05). Small bowel weight was increased by 6 days of GLP-2 administration (1.4-fold greater than control, P < 0.05) and further increased after up to 14 days of GLP-2 treatment (P < 0.001, GLP-2 vs. control). GLP-2 increased small bowel weight in either 12% gelatin or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) formulations (P < 0.01 vs. P < 0.05, gelatin vs. PBS, respectively), and GLP-2 was intestinotrophic following either intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration (P < 0.05 for im and ip, P < 0.001 for sc, GLP-2 vs. control). GLP-2 also induced bowel growth when administered daily or every other day. These results define important biological parameters for the activity of GLP-2 in vivo.
A Streamlined Strategy for Biohydrogen Production with Halanaerobium hydrogeniformans, an Alkaliphilic Bacterium (2012)

Biofuels are anticipated to enable a shift from fossil fuels for renewable transportation and manufacturing fuels, with biohydrogen considered attractive since it could offer the largest reduction of global carbon budgets. Currently, lignocellulosic biohydrogen production remains inefficient with pretreatments that are heavily fossil fuel-dependent. However, bacteria using alkali-treated biomass could streamline biofuel production while reducing costs and fossil fuel needs. An alkaliphilic bacterium, Halanaerobiumhydrogeniformans, is described that is capable of biohydrogen production at levels rivaling neutrophilic strains, but at pH 11 and hypersaline conditions. H. hydrogeniformans ferments a variety of 5- and 6-carbon sugars derived from hemicellulose and cellulose including cellobiose, and forms the end products hydrogen, acetate, and formate. Further, it can also produce biohydrogen from switchgrass and straw pretreated at temperatures far lower than any previously reported and in solutions compatible with growth. Hence, this bacterium can potentially increase the efficiency and efficacy of biohydrogen production from renewable biomass resources.
Frequency domain optical parametric amplification (2014)

Today's ultrafast lasers operate at the physical limits of optical materials to reach extreme performances. Amplification of single-cycle laser pulses with their corresponding octave-spanning spectra still remains a formidable challenge since the universal dilemma of gain narrowing sets limits for both real level pumped amplifiers as well as parametric amplifiers. We demonstrate that employing parametric amplification in the frequency domain rather than in time domain opens up new design opportunities for ultrafast laser science, with the potential to generate single-cycle multi-terawatt pulses. Fundamental restrictions arising from phase mismatch and damage threshold of nonlinear laser crystals are not only circumvented but also exploited to produce a synergy between increased seed spectrum and increased pump energy. This concept was successfully demonstrated by generating carrier envelope phase stable, 1.43 mJ two-cycle pulses at 1.8 μm wavelength.
Identification of an immunodominant epitope on RNA polymerase III recognized by systemic sclerosis sera: Application to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (2002)

A major epitope commonly recognized by SSc sera containing anti-RNAP I/III antibodies was identified on RPC155. The ELISA using a recombinant fragment expressing the immunodominant epitope should be a valuable tool for routine screening for anti-RNAP I/III antibodies in clinical diagnostic laboratories.
A Gene Encoding Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein Partially Restores Fertility in RT98-Type Cytoplasmic Male-Sterile Rice (2016)

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) lines in rice, which have the cytoplasm of a wild species and the nuclear genome of cultivated rice, are of value for the study of genetic interactions between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. The RT98-type CMS line RT98A and the fertility restorer line RT98C carry the cytoplasm of the wild species Oryza rufipogon and the nuclear genome of the Taichung 65 cultivar (Oryza sativa L.). Based on a classical crossing experiment, fertility is reported to be restored gametophytically by the presence of a tentative single gene, designated Rf98, which is derived from the cytoplasm donor. Fine mapping of Rf98 revealed that at least two genes, which are closely positioned, are required for complete fertility restoration in RT98A. Here, we identified seven pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) genes that are located within a 170 kb region as candidates for Rf98 Complementation tests revealed that the introduction of one of these PPR genes, PPR762, resulted in the partial recovery of fertility with a seed setting rate up to 9.3%. We conclude that PPR762 is an essential fertility restorer gene for RT98-type CMS. The low rate of seed setting suggested that some other genes near the Rf98 locus are also necessary for the full recovery of seed setting.
Fault-tolerant distributed systems based on broadcast communication (2003)

Distributed systems present problems of maintaining consistency of distributed data in the presence of faults. These problems are currently solved by agreement protocols that require many messages to be exchanged between processors with adverse effects on system performance. An approach is presented to the design of fault-tolerant distributed systems that avoids this message exchange, resulting in systems that are substantially more efficient. This approach is based on broadcast communication over a local area network such as the Ethernet, and on two novel protocols: the Trans protocol which provides efficient reliable broadcast communication, and the Total protocol which, with high probability, promptly takes a total order on messages and achieves distributed agreement even in the presence of a fault. Reliable distributed operations, such as locking, update, and commitment, require only a single broadcast message rather than the several tens of messages required by current algorithms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sonic attenuating method for distinguishing between oil, water, and gas (1983)

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Face classification using curvature-based multiscale morphology (2002)

In this paper, we present a novel technique for classification of face images that employs Curvature-based Multi-scale Morphology (CMM). Multi-scale Morphology is an image analysis technique that employs mathematical morphology with structuring elements whose spatial dimensions are scaled successively. This scale-space representation of images has proven to be an efficient technique for indexing a large database of images. A majority of the existing techniques for multi-scale morphology employ regular and symmetrical structuring elements like cylinders, hemispheres or circular poweroids. The shape of these structuring elements is controlled only by the scaling parameter. In this paper, we propose the use of a structuring element whose shape is a function of both the scaling factor and the principal curvatures of the intensity surface of the face image. A high-dimensional feature vector is obtained by applying the CMM technique to the face images. The dimensionality of the feature vector is reduced by using the PCA technique, and the low- dimensional feature vectors are analyzed using an Enhanced FLD Model (EFM) for superior classification performance. Experimental results have shown that the proposed CMM technique outperforms existing approaches based on multi- scale morphology.
Design of High-Performance System-On-Chips Using Communication Architecture Tuners (2004)

In this paper, we present a methodology for the design of high-performance system-on-chip communication architectures. The approach is based on the addition of a layer of circuitry called the communication architecture tuner (CAT) layer around an existing communication architecture topology. The added layer provides a system with the capability of adapting to runtime variability in the communication needs of its constituent components. For example, more critical data may be handled differently, leading to lower communication latencies. The CAT associated with each component monitors its internal state, analyzes the communication transactions it generates, and "predicts" the relative importance of the transactions in terms of their impact on system-level performance metrics. It then configures the protocol parameters of the underlying communication architecture (e.g., priorities, burst modes, etc.) to best suit the system's changing communication needs. We illustrate the issues and tradeoffs involved in the design of CAT-based communication architectures, and present algorithms that automate the key steps. Experiments with example systems indicate that performance metrics (e.g., number of missed deadlines, average processing time) for systems with CAT-based communication architectures are significantly (sometimes over an order of magnitude) better than those with conventional communication architectures.
A Framework for Clustering Uncertain Data Streams (2008)

In recent years, uncertain data management applications have grown in importance because of the large number of hardware applications which measure data approximately. For example, sensors are typically expected to have considerable noise in their readings because of inaccuracies in data retrieval, transmission, and power failures. In many cases, the estimated error of the underlying data stream is available. This information is very useful for the mining process, since it can be used in order to improve the quality of the underlying results. In this paper we will propose a method for clustering uncertain data streams. We use a very general model of the uncertainty in which we assume that only a few statistical measures of the uncertainty are available. We will show that the use of even modest uncertainty information during the mining process is sufficient to greatly improve the quality of the underlying results. We show that our approach is more effective than a purely deterministic method such as the CluStream approach. We will test the approach on a variety of real and synthetic data sets and illustrate the advantages of the method in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.
Different allergenic activity of grass pollen allergens revealed by skin testing (2008)

Our results indicate that Phl p 4 and Phl p 13 are not essential components for a therapeutic grass pollen vaccine and underpin the importance of evaluating the in vivo allergenic activity of individual allergens for the formulation of therapeutic vaccines based on purified allergens.
Applications of superstructured fibre Bragg gratings in OCDMA systems (2005)

Superstructured fibre Bragg gratings enable the encoding and decoding of short pulses into long code sequences at ultrafast chip rates. Such code sequences can be used for the implementation of all-optical code division multiple access systems operating at Gbit/s data rates.
Carcinogenetic risk estimation based on quantification of DNA methylation levels in liver tissue at the precancerous stage (2011)

For appropriate surveillance of patients at the precancerous stage for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), carcinogenetic risk estimation is advantageous. The aim of our study was to establish criteria for such estimation based on DNA methylation profiling. The DNA methylation status of 203 CpG sites on 25 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, whose DNA methylation status had been proven to discriminate samples of noncancerous liver tissue obtained from patients with HCC (N) from normal liver tissue (C) samples by BAC array-based methylated CpG island amplification, was evaluated quantitatively using pyrosequencing. The 45 CpG sites whose DNA methylation levels differed significantly between C and N in the learning cohort (n=22) were identified. The criteria combining DNA methylation status for the 30 regions including the 45 CpG sites were able to diagnose N as being at high risk of carcinogenesis with 100% sensitivity and specificity in the learning cohort and 95.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the validation (n=90) cohort. DNA methylation status for the 30 regions in N samples was significantly correlated with the outcome of patients with HCCs, indicating that clinicopathologically valid DNA methylation alterations have already accumulated at the precancerous stage. The DNA methylation status of the 30 regions did not depend on the presence or absence of hepatitis virus infection, or the status of noncancerous liver tissue (chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis). These criteria may be applicable for carcinogenetic risk estimation using liver biopsy specimens obtained from patients who are followed up because of chronic liver diseases.