gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automated and Safe Vulnerability Assessment (2006)

As the number of system vulnerabilities multiplies in recent years, vulnerability assessment has emerged as a powerful system security administration tool that can identify vulnerabilities in existing systems before they are exploited. Although there are many commercial vulnerability assessment tools in the market, none of them can formally guarantee that the assessment process never compromises the computer systems being tested. This paper proposes a featherweight virtual machine (FVM) technology to address the safety issue associated with vulnerability testing. Compared with other virtual machine technologies, FVM is designed to facilitate sharing between virtual machines but still provides strong protection between them. The FVM technology allows a vulnerability assessment tool to test an exact replica of a production-mode network service, including both hardware and system software components, while guaranteeing that the production-mode network service is fully isolated from the testing process. In addition to safety, the vulnerability assessment support system described in this paper can also automate the entire process of vulnerability testing and thus for the first time makes it feasible to run vulnerability testing autonomously and frequently. Experiments on a Windows-based prototype show that Nessus assessment results against an FVM virtual machine are identical to those against a real machine. Furthermore, modifications to the file system and registry state made by vulnerability assessment runs are completely isolated from the host machine. Finally, the performance impact of vulnerability assessment runs on production network services is as low as 3%.
Development of Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein based indirect ELISA for Serodiagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Sheep and Goats (2016)

In this study, expression of immunogenic portion of Peste des Petits ruminants virus (PPRV) nucleocapsid (N) protein in Escherichia coli (BL21) was envisaged to evaluate the potential use of recombinant protein as a diagnostic antigen in polyclonal antibodies based indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis. The immunogenic region of N gene coding sequences from PPR vaccine virus (Sungri 96 strain) was amplified, cloned in pET32a vector and expressed in E. coli as fusion protein for bulk production and easy Ni-NTA His-tag purification. The recombinant PPRV N protein (rPPRVNP) was expressed in E. coli at an optimal temperature of 37 C with 1 mM IPTG for 5 h post induction and characterized by SDS-PAGE and western blot using PPRV-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies or serum or anti-His-tag conjugate that confirmed PPRV specific protein with a size of ~50kDa. The expressed rPPRVNP was in insoluble form and was purified under denaturation condition by Ni-NTA purification method followed by refolding, renaturation methods and further concentrated by protein cut-off concentrators for obtaining single protein band. The rPPRVNP was assessed for its immunoreactivity as diagnostic antigen by immunoblotting and ELISA using standard PPRV specific antibodies. The immunogenic reactivity of expressed rPPRVNP was optimized in indirect ELISA using known true positive and negative sera with respect to PPRV antibodies. On standardization of rPPRVNP based indirect ELISA using 661serum samples, the relative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay 83.76% and 83.13% respectively was observed at cut off level of 25 Per cent Positivity (PP) with an agreement of Cohen's kappa value of 0.648 with good agreement. This indirect ELISA as additional diagnostic tool for diagnosis of PPR in sheep and goats and rPPRVNP could be a sustainable source of safe antigen in countries of non-endemicity without the need to handle infectious virus for sero-diagnosis.
A Nonlinear Hyperbolic Model for Radiative Transfer Equation in Slab Geometry (2019)

Linear models for the radiative transfer equation have been well developed, while nonlinear models are seldom investigated even for slab geometry due to some essential difficulties. We have proposed a moment model in MPN for slab geometry which combines the ideas of the classical PN and MN model. Though the model is far from perfect, it was demonstrated to be quite efficient in numerically approximating the solution of the radiative transfer equation, that we are motivated to further improve this model. Consequently we propose in this paper a new model following the chartmap in MPN with some significant theoretic progresses. The new model is derived with global hyperbolicity, and meanwhile some necessary physical properties are preserved. We give a complete analysis to the characteristic structure and propose a numerical scheme for the new model. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the numerical performance of the new model.
Assessing the Immunogenicity of Biopharmaceuticals (2016)

Biopharmaceuticals have the potential to raise an immunogenic response in treated individuals, which may impact the efficacy and safety profile of these drugs. As a result, it is essential to evaluate immunogenicity throughout the different phases of the clinical development of a biopharmaceutical, including post-marketing surveillance. Although rigorous evaluation of biopharmaceutical immunogenicity is required by regulatory authorities, there is a lack of uniform standards for the type, quantity, and quality of evidence, and for guidance on experimental design for immunogenicity assays or criteria to compare immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals. Moreover, substantial technological advances in methods to assess immune responses have yielded higher immunogenicity rates with modern assays, and limit comparison of immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals outside of head-to-head clinical trials. Accordingly, research programs, regulatory agencies, and clinicians need to keep pace with continuously evolving analyses of immunogenicity. Here, we review factors associated with immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals, potential clinical ramifications, and current regulatory guidance for evaluating immunogenicity, and discuss methods to assess immunogenicity in non-clinical and clinical studies. We also describe special considerations for evaluating the immunogenicity of biosimilar candidates.
SCAR, a WASP-related Protein, Isolated as a Suppressor of Receptor Defects in Late <i>Dictyostelium</i> Development (1998)

G protein-coupled receptors trigger the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in many cell types, but the steps in this signal transduction cascade are poorly understood. During Dictyostelium development, extracellular cAMP functions as a chemoattractant and morphogenetic signal that is transduced via a family of G protein-coupled receptors, the cARs. In a strain where the cAR2 receptor gene is disrupted by homologous recombination, the developmental program arrests before tip formation. In a genetic screen for suppressors of this phenotype, a gene encoding a protein related to the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein was discovered. Loss of this protein, which we call SCAR (suppressor of cAR), restores tip formation and most later development to cAR2(-) strains, and causes a multiple-tip phenotype in a cAR2(+) strain as well as leading to the production of extremely small cells in suspension culture. SCAR-cells have reduced levels of F-actin staining during vegetative growth, and abnormal cell morphology and actin distribution during chemotaxis. Uncharacterized homologues of SCAR have also been identified in humans, mouse, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila. These data suggest that SCAR may be a conserved negative regulator of G protein-coupled signaling, and that it plays an important role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton.
In Situ Localization of Enzyme Activity in Live Cells by a Molecular Probe Releasing a Precipitating Fluorochrome (2017)

Abstract Current enzyme‐responsive, fluorogenic probes fail to provide in situ information because the released fluorophores tend to diffuse away from the reaction sites. The problem of diffusive signal dilution can be addressed by designing a probe that upon enzyme conversion releases a fluorophore that precipitates. An excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)‐based solid‐state fluorophore HTPQ was developed that is strictly insoluble in water and emits intense fluorescence in the solid state, with λ ex/em =410/550 nm, thus making it far better suited to use with a commercial confocal microscope. HTPQ was further utilized in the design of an enzyme‐responsive, fluorogenic probe (HTPQA), targeting alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as a model enzyme. HTPQA makes possible diffusion‐resistant in situ detection of endogenous ALP in live cells. It was also employed in the visualizing of different levels of ALP in osteosarcoma cells and tissue, thus demonstrating its interest for the diagnosis of this type of cancer.
Development of Large-Scale Fractionation Methods (1972)

A method is described for large-scale isolation of prothrombin complex from Cohn fraction III by means of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) and DEAE-cellulose. Residual thrombin and active factor X were irreversibly inactivated in the prothrombin complex preparation by the addition of heparin and cofactor, which in turn was isolated from Cohn fraction IV by means of Al(OH)(3) and ammonium sulfate. By this method a prothrombin complex preparation was obtained which was concentrated 29-fold over plasma in factor IX activity, with a 59-fold purification. The other three clotting factors were concentrated 17-51-fold with 36-106-fold purification. These concentrates met all the DBS requirements for human factor IX complex. The presence of activated factor IX and its inactivation during the stabilization step are postulated from the activity diagrams obtained by preparative acrylamide disc electrophoresis of prothrombin complex before and after addition of cofactor and heparin. Partial separation of antithrombin III and heparin cofactor activities was observed following fractionation of our cofactor by preparative disc electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing failed to separate individual clotting factors of the prothrombin complex.
Magnetic Slowing Down of Spin Relaxation due to Binary Collisions of Alkali-Metal Atoms with Buffer-Gas Atoms (2002)

We report the first studies of magnetic decoupling of the spin relaxation of alkali-metal atoms due to binary collisions with buffer gases. When binary collisions are the dominant relaxation mechanism, the relaxation and its magnetic decoupling are well described by the S-damping rate Gamma(SD) due to the spin-rotation interaction gammaN.S, the spin exchange rate Gamma(EX) for collisions between alkali atoms, and a new "Carver rate" Gamma(C), due to the pressure-shift interaction deltaAI.S, which can substantially broaden the magnetic decoupling curve while having no influence on the zero-field rates.
GDNF and BDNF Alter the Expression of Neuronal NOS, c-Jun, and p75 and Prevent Motoneuron Death following Spinal Root Avulsion in Adult Rats (2003)

In the present study, we examined the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and insulin growth factor (IGF-1) on adult motoneuron survival following spinal root avulsion. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), c-Jun, and the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (P75) following treatment with these neurotrophic factors was also examined. In control animals, approximately 80% of spinal motoneurons were nNOS positive at 3 weeks following the lesion, whereas in GDNF or BDNF treated animals no nNOS positive motoneurons were found at the same time point. Following injury and treatment with GDNF and BDNF increased numbers of motoneurons were c-Jun and P75 positive. By 6 weeks following the lesion, only approximately 28% of motoneurons persisted in control animals whereas about 90% of motoneurons survived injury following treatment with either GDNF or BDNF. In contrast, CNTF and IGF-1 were ineffective in either inhibiting nNOS expression or preventing motoneuron death. Our results provide in vivo evidence that the survival of injured adult mammalian motoneurons can be promoted by specific neurotrophic factors, and that this effect is associated with inhibition of nNOS expression and up-regulation of c-Jun and P75 expression.
Reducing the Energy Consumption of Ethernet with Adaptive Link Rate (ALR) (2008)

The rapidly increasing energy consumption by computing and communications equipment is a significant economic and environmental problem that needs to be addressed. Ethernet network interface controllers (NICs) in the US alone consume hundreds of millions of US dollars in electricity per year. Most Ethernet links are underutilized and link energy consumption can be reduced by operating at a lower data rate. In this paper, we investigate adaptive link rate (ALR) as a means of reducing the energy consumption of a typical Ethernet link by adaptively varying the link data rate in response to utilization. Policies to determine when to change the link data rate are studied. Simple policies that use output buffer queue length thresholds and fine-grain utilization monitoring are shown to be effective. A Markov model of a state-dependent service rate queue with rate transitions only at service completion is used to evaluate the performance of ALR with respect to the mean packet delay, the time spent in an energy-saving low link data rate, and the oscillation of link data rates. Simulation experiments using actual and synthetic traffic traces show that an Ethernet link with ALR can operate at a lower data rate for over 80 percent of the time, yielding significant energy savings with only a very small increase in packet delay.
On-column bromine- and chlorine-selected detection for capillary gas chromatography using a radio frequency plasma (1993)

A 350-kHz rf plasma sustained inside the end of a 0.25- or 0.32-mm-i.d. fused-silica GC column was evaluated for element-selective detection of brominated and chlorinated compounds separated by gas chromatography. Due to the small volume of the plasma cell, dilution of the GC effluent with make-up gas was unnecessary and a stable 25-W plasma was maintained in only 1.5-5 mL/min GC carrier gas. With the plasma sustained in pure helium, carbon formed from eluting material was deposited in the plasma region causing serious peak tailing and loss of sample. This was avoided by doping the GC carrier gas with traces of oxygen. With the 350-kHz rf plasma sustained on-column, detection limits for bromine and chlorine were improved by a factor of 50 to 0.9 and 1.1 pg/s, respectively. For both bromine and chlorine, element-to-carbon selectivities approaching 10<sup>3</sup>:1 and detector linearity over at least 3 orders of magnitude were obtained. The on-column detection system has been applied to a screening for halogenated compounds in snow from Antarctica and in drinking water produced offshore.
Encryption-enforced access control in dynamic multi-domain publish/subscribe networks (2007)

Publish/subscribe systems provide an efficient, event-based, wide-area distributed communications infrastructure. Large scale publish/subscribe systems are likely to employ components of the event transport network owned by cooperating, but independent organisations. As the number of participants in the network increases, security becomes an increasing concern. This paper extends previous work to present and evaluate a secure multi-domain publish/subscribe infrastructure that supports and enforces fine-grained access control over the individual attributes of event types. Key refresh allows us to ensure forward and backward security when event brokers join and leave the network. We demonstrate that the time and space overheads can be minimised by careful consideration of encryption techniques, and by the use of caching to decrease unnecessary decryptions. We show that our approach has a smaller overall communication overhead than existing approaches for achieving the same degree of control over security in publish/subscribe networks.
Aerosol Delivery of DNA/Liposomes to the Lung for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy (2014)

Abstract Lung gene therapy is being evaluated for a range of acute and chronic diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF). As these therapies approach clinical realization, it is becoming increasingly clear that the ability to efficiently deliver gene transfer agents (GTAs) to target cell populations within the lung may prove just as critical as the gene therapy formulation itself in terms of generating positive clinical outcomes. Key to the success of any aerosol gene therapy is the interaction between the GTA and nebulization device. We evaluated the effects of aerosolization on our preferred formulation, plasmid DNA (pDNA) complexed with the cationic liposome GL67A (pDNA/GL67A) using commercially available nebulizer devices. The relatively high viscosity (6.3±0.1 cP) and particulate nature of pDNA/GL67A formulations hindered stable aerosol generation in ultrasonic and vibrating mesh nebulizers but was not problematic in the jet nebulizers tested. Aerosol size characteristics varied significantly between devices, but the AeroEclipse II nebulizer operating at 50 psi generated stable pDNA/GL67A aerosols suitable for delivery to the CF lung (mass median aerodynamic diameter 3.4±0.1 μm). Importantly, biological function of pDNA/GL67A formulations was retained after nebulization, and although aerosol delivery rate was lower than that of other devices (0.17±0.01 ml/min), the breath-actuated AeroEclipse II nebulizer generated aerosol only during the inspiratory phase and as such was more efficient than other devices with 83±3% of generated aerosol available for patient inhalation. On the basis of these results, we have selected the AeroEclipse II nebulizer for the delivery of pDNA/GL67A formulations to the lungs of CF patients as part of phase IIa/b clinical studies.
Just War and Human Rights (1989)

As my title indicates, this lecture concerns two abstract ideas.Both conceptions have a prominent place in international law; they have been discussed at length in the treatises and discourses of that discipline.They are not, of course, the exclusive property or concern of international lawyers.Philosophers, theologians, political scientists, constitutional lawyers oand historians have pondered their meaning and consequences.But, that should not mislead us into thinking of these concepts as purely academic, even in the best sense.They are, above all, ideas that have powerfully influenced human conduct and continue to do so.
Introduction (1994)

Cet ouvrage rassemble les communications faites à l’Université de Caen en juin 1992, lors d’un colloque international organisé par le Groupe de Recherches en Études anglo-irlandaises, en la présence effective de Son Excellence l’Ambassadeur d’Irlande et du conseiller culturel qui ont bien voulu saluer notre Centre de recherche comme un haut lieu de la culture irlandaise en France ; ainsi en témoignait ce rassemblement des figures les plus éminentes de la littérature contemporaine irlandaise, ...
Current trends in flash memory technology (2006)

In this paper, we describe the basics of flash memory technology in general and flash memory drive in particular, and explain the current trends of major components of a flash memory drive including flash memory chips, host interface and flash memory controller.
DNA methylation changes in biomarker loci occur early in cancer progression (2019)

<ns4:p>Tumor-specific DNA methylation can be used for cancer diagnostics and monitoring. We have recently reported a set of DNA methylation biomarkers that can distinguish plasma samples from lung cancer patients versus healthy controls with high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the DNA methylation signal from the biomarker loci detected in plasma samples correlated with tumor size and decreased after surgical resection of lung tumors. In order to determine the timing of DNA methylation of these loci during carcinogenesis and thus the potential of the biomarkers to detect early stages of the disease we analyzed the DNA methylation of the biomarker loci in five precancerous conditions using available data from the GEO database. We found that the DNA methylation of the biomarker loci is gained early in carcinogenesis since most of the precancerous conditions already have biomarker loci hypermethylated. Moreover, these DNA methylation biomarkers are able to distinguish between precancerous lesions with malignant potential and those that stay benign where data is available. Taken together, the biomarkers have the potential to detect the earliest cancer stages; the only limitation to detection of cancer from plasma samples or other liquid biopsies is the timing when tumors start to shed enough DNA into body fluids.</ns4:p>
The non-B-DNA structure of d(CA/TG)n does not differ from that of Z-DNA. (1994)

A number of recent studies have shown that simple repetitive d(CA/TG) dinucleotide sequences adopt a left-handed non-B-DNA structure under negative superhelical stress. The pattern of chemical reactivities and the helical parameters observed for these sequences differ significantly from those of standard Z-DNA. In this study, the data for two naturally occurring d(CA/TG)n sequences are reevaluated by a statistical mechanics treatment of the B- to Z-DNA transition. The behavior of these sequences under negative superhelical stress is accurately simulated by this model, including the multiple and discrete transitions observed for the rat prolactin promoter. Furthermore, the average helical twist for the left-handed structure of d(CA/TG)n deviates < 2% from that expected for standard Z-DNA. Finally, the predicted distribution of the junctions between B- and Z-DNA are shown to account for differences observed in the patterns of chemical reactivity of d(CA/TG)n and d(CG)n. Thus, no new left-handed structure that differs from Z-DNA is needed to describe the supercoil-induced conformation in d(CA/TG)n sequences.
Content Influence on Brand Loyalty (2023)

This research paper explores that, in today's digital age, content has become a powerful tool when it comes to building brand loyalty. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the influence of content on brand loyalty. Specifically, this paper will examine the various types of content (e.g., social media, blogs, videos, etc.) and how they influence brand loyalty. Additionally, this paper will analyse the role of customer engagement and the impact on brand loyalty. Through primary & secondary data that we have collected, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how content can be used to enhance brand loyalty and drive customer engagement. Ultimately, this research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field of marketing and provide valuable insights for marketers to leverage content to build a loyal customer base. Keywords: Loyalty, Influence, Insights, Marketing, Enhance, Analyse.