gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CGG-repeat length threshold for FMR1 RNA pathogenesis in a cellular model for FXTAS (2011)

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects carriers of premutation alleles (55-200 CGG repeats) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. The presence of elevated levels of expanded mRNA found in premutation carriers is believed to be the basis for the pathogenesis in FXTAS, but the exact mechanisms by which the mRNA causes toxicity are not known. In particular, it is not clear whether there is a threshold for a CGG-repeat number below which no cellular dysregulation occurs, or whether toxicity depends on mRNA concentration. We have developed a doxycycline-inducible episomal system that allows us to study separately the effects of CGG-repeat number and mRNA concentration (at fixed CGG-repeat length) in neuroblastoma-derived SK cells. Our findings show that there is a CGG-repeat size threshold for toxicity that lies between 62 and 95 CGG repeats. Interestingly, for repeat sizes of 95 CGG and above, there is a clear negative correlation between mRNA concentration and cell viability. Taken together, our results provide evidence for an RNA-toxicity model with primary dependence on CGG-repeat size and secondary dependence on mRNA concentration, thus formally ruling out any simple titration model that operates in the absence of either protein-binding cooperativity or some form of length-dependent RNA structural transition.
Diaphragm pacing improves sleep in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2011)

In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, respiratory insufficiency is a major burden. Diaphragm conditioning by electrical stimulation could interfere with lung function decline by promoting the development of type 1 muscle fibres. We describe an ancillary study to a prospective, non-randomized trial (NCT00420719) assessing the effects of diaphragm pacing on forced vital capacity (FVC). Sleep-related disturbances being early clues to diaphragmatic dysfunction, we postulated that they would provide a sensitive marker. Stimulators were implanted laparoscopically in the diaphragm close to the phrenic motor point in 18 ALS patients for daily conditioning. ALS functioning score (ALSFRS), FVC, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), and polysomnographic recordings (PSG, performed with the stimulator turned off) were assessed before implantation and after four months of conditioning (n = 14). Sleep efficiency improved (69 ± 15% to 75 ± 11%, p = 0.0394) with fewer arousals and micro-arousals. This occurred against a background of deterioration as ALSFRS-R, FVC, and SNIP declined. There was, however, no change in NIV status or the ALSFRS respiratory subscore, and the FVC decline was mostly due to impaired expiration. Supporting a better diaphragm function, apnoeas and hypopnoeas during REM sleep decreased. In conclusion, in these severe patients not expected to experience spontaneous improvements, diaphragm conditioning improved sleep and there were hints at diaphragm function changes.
Nonlinear Optical Films from Pairwise-Deposited Semiionomeric Syndioregic Polymers (1998)

Polar multilayer films of syndioregic nonlinear optical polymers were made using Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn (LBK) deposition of a polymeric salt formed at the water surface from two complementary polymers (a polycation insoluble in water and a water-soluble polyanion). Noncentrosymmetric order in the deposited films is maintained primarily by ionic and hydrogen bonding. An important advantage of using LBK technique to produce all-polymeric nonlinear optical films is it allows polymers to be processed near room temperature thus avoiding the disordering and degrading effects seen in high temperature electric field poling. In addition, the LBK technique offers control over final film thickness to within one monolayer and materials may be precisely located within the film to control properties for purposes such as phase matching of the fundamental and second harmonic waveguide modes. A well-known limitation, the long-standing problem of low thermal structural stability of LBK films, may be solved by using high Tg polymers. However, a serious limitation of LBK technique remains; namely, the long processing time required to build up films of sufficient thickness (>0.5 micrometers) for waveguiding. In principle, the pairwise deposition technique reported here will increase the rate of film thickness growth.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of β-Amino Acid Derivatives via Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unprotected Enamines (2004)

A direct asymmetric hydrogenation of unprotected enamino esters and amides is described. Catalyzed by Rh complexes with Josiphos-type chiral ligands, this method gives beta-amino esters and amides in high yield and high ee (93-97% ee). No acyl protection/deprotection is required.
Liquid-crystal micropolarimeter array for full Stokes polarization imaging in visible spectrum (2010)

In this paper, we describe the design, modeling, fabrication, and optical characterization of the first micropolarimeter array enabling full Stokes polarization imaging in visible spectrum. The proposed micropolarimeter is fabricated by patterning a liquid-crystal (LC) layer on top of a visible-regime metal-wire-grid polarizer (MWGP) using ultraviolet sensitive sulfonic-dye-1 as the LC photoalignment material. This arrangement enables the formation of either micrometer-scale LC polarization rotators, neutral density filters or quarter wavelength retarders. These elements are in turn exploited to acquire all components of the Stokes vector, which describes all possible polarization states of light. Reported major principal transmittance of 75% and extinction ratio of 1100 demonstrate that the MWGP's superior optical characteristics are retained. The proposed liquidcrystal micropolarimeter array can be integrated on top of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor for real-time full Stokes polarization imaging.
Rapidly building domain-specific entity-centric language models using semantic web knowledge sources (2014)

For domain-specific speech recognition tasks, it is best if the statistical language model component is trained with text data that is content-wise and style-wise similar to the targeted domain for which the application is built. For state-of-the-art language modeling techniques that can be used in real-time within speech recognition engines during first-pass decoding (e.g., N-gram models), the above constraints have to be fulfilled in the training data. However collecting such data, even through crowd sourcing, is expensive and time consuming, and can still be not representative of how a much larger user population would interact with the recognition system. In this paper, we address this problem by employing several semantic web sources that already contain the domain-specific knowledge, such as query click logs and knowledge graphs. We build statistical language models that meet the requirements listed above for domain-specific recognition tasks where natural language is used and the user queries are about name entities in a specific domain. As a case study, in the movies domain where users’ voice queries are movie related, compared to a generic web language model, a language model trained with the above resources not only yields significant perplexity and word-errorrate improvements, but also presents an approach where such language models can be rapidly developed for other domains.
A Novel Agarolytic β-Galactosidase Acts on Agarooligosaccharides for Complete Hydrolysis of Agarose into Monomers (2014)

Marine red macroalgae have emerged to be renewable biomass for the production of chemicals and biofuels, because carbohydrates that form the major component of red macroalgae can be hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars. The main carbohydrate in red algae is agarose, and it is composed of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (AHG), which are alternately bonded by β1-4 and α1-3 linkages. In this study, a novel β-galactosidase that can act on agarooligosaccharides (AOSs) to release galactose was discovered in a marine bacterium (Vibrio sp. strain EJY3); the enzyme is annotated as Vibrio sp. EJY3 agarolytic β-galactosidase (VejABG). Unlike the lacZ-encoded β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli, VejABG does not hydrolyze common substrates like lactose and can act only on the galactose moiety at the nonreducing end of AOS. The optimum pH and temperature of VejABG on an agarotriose substrate were 7 and 35°C, respectively. Its catalytic efficiency with agarotriose was also similar to that with agaropentaose or agaroheptaose. Since agarotriose lingers as the unreacted residual oligomer in the currently available saccharification system using β-agarases and acid prehydrolysis, the agarotriose-hydrolyzing capability of this novel β-galactosidase offers an enormous advantage in the saccharification of agarose or agar in red macroalgae for its use as a biomass feedstock for fermentable sugar production.
Electrical-Spin Transduction for CMOS-Spintronic Interface and Long-Range Interconnects (2017)

We propose circuits for efficient transduction between electrical and spin signals and compare designs for long-range spintronic interconnects based on transducers and repeaters. This paper analytically analyzes the performance of spintronic all-spin logic (ASL) interconnects in terms of delay, area overhead, and energy dissipation, and validates the analysis by numerical simulations. The results of simulations show that compared to ASL repeaters, the proposed transducer-based interconnect achieves 5 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\times }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> shorter delay, 19 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\times }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> lower energy dissipation per bit per length, and a 9 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\times }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> smaller area-delay-power product for a 4 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> long interconnect. We show that the proposed interconnect can operate under supply voltage values ranging from 300 to 950 mV and tunnel magnetoresistance values ranging from 131% to 450%.
R-Region cDNA Inserts in Retroviral Vectors Are Compatible with Virus Replication and High-Level Protein Synthesis from the Insert (1995)

Protein expression from retroviral vectors is often highest when the expressed cDNA is driven by the retroviral promoter. However, the typical retroviral vector design places the cDNA downstream of the retroviral packaging signal and far from the retroviral promoter. In an attempt to improve protein production levels from cDNAs expressed in retroviral vectors, we inserted the MyoD or the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) cDNAs into the R regions of both retroviral LTRs, close to the retroviral promoter and just upstream of the polyadenylation signal present in each long terminal repeat (LTR). These R-region double-copy vectors could be produced in unrearranged form, although the titer was about seven-fold lower than that of typical vectors. R-region positioning of the MyoD cDNA resulted in five-fold higher MyoD expression compared to MyoD expression in a typical vector, whereas PNP expression was not improved. Thus, R-region double-copy vectors provide an alternative vector design that can improve protein expression from some cDNAs.
A health-optimal adaptive Reaction Control System for spacecraft (2011)

A systematic approach to health management provides increased vehicle reliability and availability, mission flexibility, and system-of-system collaboration. Current RCS thruster redundancy management algorithms generally require a priori knowledge of all possible failure scenarios resulting in the development and configuration control of large sets of tabular data loads. Existing spacecraft Reaction Control System (RCS) and health algorithms typically provide short-term notice of an impending thruster failure since detection is triggered by significantly abnormal behavior, possibly after considerable damage has already been done. The Adaptive Pulse Modulator (APM) thruster selection algorithm is presented, which provides the capability to exploit all of the available thruster control power, autonomously adapt to vehicle/thruster dispersions, and to adapt to thruster failures. Using Integrated Vehicle Health Management concepts, diagnostic and prognostic vehicle health capabilities have been integrated with the APM algorithm to produce actionable information that can be used to autonomously reconfigure the spacecraft, perform contingency management, optimally re-plan mission objectives and coordinate with other systems where available. Performance of the integrated algorithms is demonstrated in a 6-DOF GN&C simulation of a rendezvous and docking mission.
A view of the data on P2P file‐sharing systems (2009)

Abstract Peer‐to‐peer (P2P) file sharing is a leading Internet application. Millions of users use P2P file‐sharing systems daily to search for and download files, accounting for a large portion of Internet traffic. Due to their scale, it is important to fully understand how these systems work. We analyze user queries and shared files collected on the Gnutella system, draw some conclusions on the nature of the application, and propose some research problems.
Optimizing the efficiency of high‐field multivoxel spectroscopic imaging by multiplexing in space and time (2006)

A new strategy to yield information from the maximum number of voxels, each at the optimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per unit time, in MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is introduced. In the past, maximum acquisition duty-cycle was obtained by multiplexing in time several single slices each repetition time (TR), while optimal SNR was achieved by encoding the entire volume of interest (VOI) each TR. We show that optimal SNR and acquisition efficiency can both be achieved simultaneously by multiplexing in space and time several slabs of several slices, each. Since coverage of common VOIs in 3D proton MRSI in the human brain typically requires eight or more slices, at 3 T or higher magnetic fields, two or more slabs can fit into the optimum TR (approximately 1.6 s). Since typically four or less slices would then fit into each slab, Hadamard encoding is favored in that direction for slice profile reasons. It is demonstrated that per fixed examination length, the new method gives, at 3 T, twice as many voxels, each of the same SNR and size, compared with current 3D chemical shift imaging techniques. It is shown that this gain will increase for more extensive spatial coverage or higher fields.
A Minimalist Approach to All-Optical Packet Switching (2005)

By retaining only the most essential packet-switching functions in the optical domain, a single Fabry Perot Laser Diode can function as an all-optical on/off switch with all-optical header processing, and an all-optical add/drop node can be used to construct an all-optical ring network.
Cycloparaphenylenes: The Shortest Possible Segments of Armchair Carbon Nanotubes (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Carbon Nanotubes as New Challenges for Organic Synthesis Timeline for Cycloparaphenylene Synthesis Conclusion and Future Directions References and Notes
REDISTRIBUTION AND VIRUS INACTIVATION EFFICACY OF A SILICON PHTHALOCYANINE IN RED BLOOD CELL CONCENTRATES AS A FUNCTION OF DELIVERY VEHICLE (1995)

The silicon phthalocyanine, HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2 (Pc 4), is a new photosensitizer that can inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses in red blood cell concentrates (RBCC) upon exposure to red light. Because Pc 4 is insoluble in water, it was delivered either as an emulsion in saline and cremophor EL (CRM) or as a solution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In RBCC, Pc 4 added in either vehicle distributed between the plasma and red blood cells (RBC) in a ratio of 4:6, similar to the ratio of these components in RBCC 3:7 (i.e. a hematocrit of 70%). Light exposure did not affect this distribution and caused only marginal degradation of Pc 4 at a light dose that inactivates > 5 log10 vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Among human plasma proteins, Pc 4 bound mainly (about 70%) to lipoproteins and to a lesser extent to albumin and lower molecular weight proteins when delivered in DMSO. When delivered in CRM, distribution between lipoproteins and albumin became more even. Among the lipoproteins Pc 4 bound almost exclusively to very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) when delivered in DMSO and to both VLDL and low-density lipoproteins when added in CRM. The rate of VSV inactivation was independent of the delivery vehicle but there was less RBC damage, as measured by hemolysis during storage, when Pc 4 was added in CRM. These results indicate that using CRM as emulsifier can enhance the specificity of Pc 4-induced photochemical decontamination of RBCC for transfusion.
A Review of Different and Promising Defect Etching Techniques: from Si to Ge (2007)

A review of defect selective etchings used for process monitoring of Si, SiGe and Ge is presented. Cr-based and Cr-free solutions as well a gaseous HCl etch technique are described. Some applications of these techniques on Si and SiGe relaxed substrates as well their etching mechanisms are highlighted and discussed.
Solar energy storage. Production of hydrogen by 546-nm irradiation of a dinuclear rhodium(I) complex in acidic aqueous solution (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolar energy storage. Production of hydrogen by 546-nm irradiation of a dinuclear rhodium(I) complex in acidic aqueous solutionKent R. Mann, Nathan S. Lewis, Vincent M. Miskowski, David K. Erwin, George S. Hammond, and Harry B. GrayCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 16, 5525–5526Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00458a071https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00458a071research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views699Altmetric-Citations102LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hybridised sol-gel process for optical fibres (1987)

A new method of making fibres by sol-gel processing consists of overcladding a consolidated core derived from vapour deposition techniques with a cast colloidal gel. The gel, comprising 95% of the fibre mass, is dehydrated in chlorine and consolidated about the core to produce fibres having losses as low as 0.43 dB/km.
A chase too far? (2000)

In a previous paper we proposed a novel method for generating alternative query plans that uses chasing (and back-chasing) with logical constraints. The method brings together use of indexes, use of materialized views, semantic optimization and join elimination (minimization). Each of these techniques is known separately to be beneficial to query optimization. The novelty of our approach is in allowing these techniques to interact systematically, eg. non-trivial use of indexes and materialized views may be enabled only by semantic constraints.
Dynamic vibration absorber using magnetic spring and damper (1995)

This paper describes a dynamic vibration absorber based on a magnetic spring and damper system. A pair of double cylindrical magnets face each other across a gap, with one magnet fixed to the target structure and the other to the moving mass of the dynamic vibration absorber. The magnetic restoring force characteristics of the proposed system are examined through static loading tests and analysis. The dynamic characteristics are also tested in vibration tests. Furthermore, application of the proposed dynamic vibration absorber to a rotating machinery model demonstrates that the system gives effective two-dimensional vibration control.
Tomographic and multimodal scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy with peak force tapping mode (2018)

Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) enables nanoscale spectroscopic imaging and has been instrumental for many nano-photonic discoveries and in situ studies. However, conventional s-SNOM techniques with atomic force microscopy tapping mode operation and lock-in detections do not provide direct tomographic information with explicit tip-sample distance. Here, we present a non-traditional s-SNOM technique, named peak force scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (PF-SNOM), by combination of peak force tapping mode and time-gated light detection. PF-SNOM enables direct sectioning of vertical near-field signals from a sample surface for both three-dimensional near-field imaging and spectroscopic analysis. Tip-induced relaxation of surface phonon polaritons are revealed and modeled by considering tip damping. PF-SNOM also delivers a spatial resolution of 5 nm and can simultaneously measure mechanical and electrical properties together with optical near-field signals. PF-SNOM is expected to facilitate three-dimensional nanoscale near-field characterizations and correlative in situ investigations on light-induced mechanical and electrical effects.
Grain alignment in bulk YBa2Cu3O<i>x</i> superconductor by a low temperature phase transformation method (1994)

A quench and directional phase transformation process has been developed to achieve grain alignment in bulk YBa2Cu3Ox superconductors at temperatures about 100 °C below the peritectic temperature. Isothermal phase transformation of quenched precursors at 890 °C for 3 min is found to result in the formation of more than 75% of YBa2Cu3Ox phase without any formation of Y2BaCuO5. Phase transformation at higher temperatures leads to rapid formation of Y2BaCuO5 in addition to YBa2Cu3Ox. A well-aligned microstructure is achieved by directional phase transformation of the quenched compacts as a rate of 10 mm/h. The magnetic field dependence of the critical current density at 77 K of the directionally phase transformed material compares well with that of melt-textured YBCO and is superior to that of magnetically aligned and sintered YBCO.
Kristallin‐flüssige 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole. II [1]. 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole mit Cyclohexanstrukturfragmenten (1989)

Liquid Crystalline 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles. II. 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles with Cyclohexanefragments Preparation and liquid crystalline properties of disubstituted 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles (1 and 2) are described. The mesomorphic behaviour of the title compounds is compared with their benzoate analogues. The dielectric anisotropy of these compounds is negative.