gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low k-factor and Low Density HCFC-141b Appliance Foam (1998)

HCFC-141b blown rigid foams have now been used successfully for a couple of years in North America as insulation in refrigerated home appliances. Manufacturers have had time to adjust to the differences in processing between these systems and the CFC-11 systems that they replaced. Many appliance manufacturers have now focused their interest on foams that will provide lower cost without sacrificing properties or processing characteristics. Although there are a number of ways to reduce cost, one of the best ways is to reduce the density of the foam. Bayer Corporation has previously reported on low density HCFC-141b appliance foam which had similar densities to CFC-11 foams of around 1.9 to 2.0 pounds per cubic foot (pcf). These foams had somewhat higher k-factors but still were successful in replacing some of the CFC-11 foams commercially. Other HCFC-141b foam systems were developed that gave equivalent or lower k-factor foams but at somewhat higher densities. These systems replaced most of the commercial CFC-11 systems. Thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams is to a large extent affected by the blowing agent, the closed cell content, cell size and the density. It has been reported that there exists a minimum thermal conductivity in the density range of around 2 to 3 pcf for CFC-11 blown foams. This appears to be true also for HCFC-141b foams, although the density range may be slightly different or narrower. It is not easy to reduce the density below 2 pcf without increasing the k-factor of the foam. Around or below 2 pcf, the increase in k-factor is caused not only by an increase in the radiation contribution to thermal conductivity due to coarser cells but to higher open cell content and possible convection currents within the cells. Since strength properties are also affected by density. There is a need by developers and manufacturers to evaluate long term dimensional stability of lower density foams. This paper will discuss the development of new low density HCFC-141b appliance foams which have similar k-factors compared to the majority of commercial appliance foam systems in the 2.1 to 2.2 pcf range. These new systems will also be shown to have substantially lower k-factors with only a slight increase in density compared to a commercial system in the 1.9 to 2.0 pcf range. In addition, physical properties and processing characteristics of these foams will be compared to commercial foams.
High-temperature microwave characteristics of GaAs MESFET devices with AlAs buffer layers (1996)

AlAs buffers used to reduce the leakage current of high-temperature GaAs MESFET devices are shown to have no detrimental effect on the microwave performance measured to 200/spl deg/C. The f/sub t/ values decrease with increasing temperature, but do not appear to be influenced by the AlAs buffer. The f/sub max/ values also decrease with increasing temperature; however, they are improved with increasing AlAs buffer thickness due to a concomitant decrease in the device output conductance, At 200/spl deg/C ambient temperature, f/sub t/ and f/sub max/ values of 14.5 GHz and 36.7 GHz, respectively, were measured.
Action recognition based on homography constraints (2008)

In this paper, we present a new approach for view-invariant action recognition using constraints derived from the eigenvalues of planar homographies associated with triplets of body points. Unlike existing methods that study an action as a whole, or break it down into individual poses, we represent an action as a sequence of pose transitions. Using the fact that the homography induced by the motion of a triplet of body points in two identical pose transitions reduces to the special case of a homology, we exploit the equality of two of its eigenvalues to impose constraints on the similarity of the pose transitions between two subjects, observed by different perspective cameras and from different viewpoints. Experimental results show that our method can accurately identify human pose transitions and actions even when they include dynamic timeline maps, and are obtained from totally different viewpoints with different camera parameters.
Efficient Distributed On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors for Nanoscale ICs (2008)

A distributed on-chip decoupling capacitor network is proposed in this paper. A system of distributed on-chip decoupling capacitors is shown to provide an efficient solution for providing the required on-chip decoupling capacitance under existing technology constraints. In a system of distributed on-chip decoupling capacitors, each capacitor is sized based on the parasitic impedance of the power distribution grid. Various tradeoffs in a system of distributed on-chip decoupling capacitors are also discussed. Related simulation results for typical values of on-chip parasitic resistance are also presented. The worst case error is 0.003% as compared to SPICE.
A Hybrid Approach to Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning (2019)

Federated learning facilitates the collaborative training of models without the sharing of raw data. However, recent attacks demonstrate that simply maintaining data locality during training processes does not provide sufficient privacy guarantees. Rather, we need a federated learning system capable of preventing inference over both the messages exchanged during training and the final trained model while ensuring the resulting model also has acceptable predictive accuracy. Existing federated learning approaches either use secure multiparty computation (SMC) which is vulnerable to inference or differential privacy which can lead to low accuracy given a large number of parties with relatively small amounts of data each. In this paper, we present an alternative approach that utilizes both differential privacy and SMC to balance these trade-offs. Combining differential privacy with secure multiparty computation enables us to reduce the growth of noise injection as the number of parties increases without sacrificing privacy while maintaining a pre-defined rate of trust. Our system is therefore a scalable approach that protects against inference threats and produces models with high accuracy. Additionally, our system can be used to train a variety of machine learning models, which we validate with experimental results on 3 different machine learning algorithms. Our experiments demonstrate that our approach out-performs state of the art solutions.
Dendritic Cells Initiate Immune Control of Epstein-Barr Virus Transformation of B Lymphocytes In Vitro (2003)

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been analyzed with cells from EBV-seronegative blood donors in culture. The addition of dendritic cells (DCs) is essential to prime naive T cells that recognize EBV-latent antigens in enzyme-linked immunospot assays for interferon gamma secretion and eradicate transformed B cells in regression assays. In contrast, DCs are not required to control the outgrowth of EBV-transformed B lymphocytes from seropositive donors. Enriched CD4+ and CD8+ T cells mediate regression of EBV-transformed cells in seronegative and seropositive donors, but the kinetics of T-dependent regression occurs with much greater speed with seropositives. EBV infection of DCs cannot be detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for mRNA for the EBNA1 U and K exons. Instead, DCs capture B cell debris and generate T cells specific for EBV latency antigens. We suggest that the cross-presentation of EBV-latent antigens from infected B cells by DCs is required for the initiation of EBV-specific immune control in vivo and that future EBV vaccine strategies should target viral antigens to DCs.
High value of 64Cu as a tool to evaluate the restoration of physiological copper excretion after gene therapy in Wilson’s disease (2022)

Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism associated with mutations in <i>ATP7B</i> gene. We have shown that the administration of an adeno-associated vector (AAV) encoding a mini version of human ATP7B (VTX-801) provides long-term correction of copper metabolism in a murine WD model. In preparation of a future clinical trial, we have evaluated by positron emission tomography (PET) the value of <sup>64</sup>Cu biodistribution, excretion pattern, and blood kinetics as pharmacodynamic biomarkers of VTX-801 effects. Six-week-old WD mice were injected intravenously with increasing doses of VTX-801 and 3 weeks or 3 months later with [<sup>64</sup>Cu]CuCl<sub>2</sub>. Untreated WD and wild-type (WT) mice were included as controls. Control WD mice showed increased hepatic <sup>64</sup>Cu retention, reduced fecal excretion of the radiotracer, and altered <sup>64</sup>Cu blood kinetics (BK) compared with WT mice. VTX-801 treatment in WD mice resulted in a significant reduction of hepatic <sup>64</sup>Cu accumulation, the restoration of fecal <sup>64</sup>Cu excretion, and the correction of <sup>64</sup>Cu BK. This study showed that VTX-801 restores physiological copper metabolism in WD mice, confirming the mechanism of action of VTX-801, and demonstrated the translational potential of [<sup>64</sup>Cu]CuCl<sub>2</sub>-PET to explore VTX-801 pharmacodynamics in a minimally invasive and sensitive manner in WD patients.
Self-maintaining high-voltage ac vacuum system (1978)

This paper describes an experimental investigation of pumping characteristics of high-voltage ac Penning discharges. The investigation has focused on maintaining a vacuum in the 10−5 Torr pressure range while operating at a high ac voltage in the 10–100 kV rms range. It is intended that the pump will be an integral part of high-voltage ac power equipment and will thus ’’self-maintain’’ a vacuum in the equipment.
Antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax sporozoites in areas with stable and unstable malaria. (1990)

Availability of synthetic and recombinant peptides reproducing the repetitive regions of the circumsporozoite (CS) proteins of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax has allowed the development of assays for the detection of specific antibodies and of potential subunit vaccines. Knowledge of the immune responses to malaria sporozoites is a prerequisite for the optimal design of a sporozoite antigen-based vaccine. Studies carried out in areas with stable P. falciparum malaria (United Republic of Tanzania) have shown that antibodies against the synthetic peptide (NANP)40 increase as a function of age. Cluster analysis revealed marked inter-household variation of the anti-sporozoite antibody response, despite comparable risks of exposure to infectious bites. An age-related prevalence of anti-P. vivax sporozoite antibodies has been observed in an area of Sri Lanka with unstable malaria, using a 45-mer synthetic peptide reproducing a defined sequential array of the two main 9-mer variants of the P. vivax CS protein. In this area, anti-(NANP)40 antibodies became detectable after the first epidemic of P. falciparum malaria. Interestingly, their prevalence also increased with age. Since this population had not been exposed to P. falciparum malaria for at least 10 years previously, one can suggest that anti-sporozoite antibodies reflect the relative exposure to infectious bites in the different age groups, and, in turn, the transmission of the disease. This can be particularly useful in areas where entomological indices of transmission tend to be unreliable because of the low vectorial capacity and wide fluctuations in vector densities.
Mining broad latent query aspects from search sessions (2009)

Search queries are typically very short, which means they are often underspecified or have senses that the user did not think of. A broad latent query aspect is a set of keywords that succinctly represents one particular sense, or one particular information need, that can aid users in reformulating such queries. We extract such broad latent aspects from query reformulations found in historical search session logs. We propose a framework under which the problem of extracting such broad latent aspects reduces to that of optimizing a formal objective function under constraints on the total number of aspects the system can store, and the number of aspects that can be shown in response to any given query. We present algorithms to find a good set of aspects, and also to pick the best k aspects matching any query. Empirical results on real-world search engine logs show significant gains over a strong baseline that uses single-keyword reformulations: a gain of 14% and 23% in terms of human-judged accuracy and click-through data respectively, and around 20% in terms of consistency among aspects predicted for similar queries. This demonstrates both the importance of broad query aspects, and the efficacy of our algorithms for extracting them.
Microsensor Hot-Film Anemometer (1995)

Improved hot-film anemometer developed for making high-bandwidth turbulence measurements in moderate-enthalpy supersonic and hypersonic flows (e.g., NASP inlets and control surfaces, HSCT jet exhaust). Features include low thermal inertia, ruggedness, and reduced perturbation of flow.
Hub-Accelerator: Fast and Exact Shortest Path Computation in Large Social Networks (2013)

Shortest path computation is one of the most fundamental operations for managing and analyzing large social networks. Though existing techniques are quite effective for finding the shortest path on large but sparse road networks, social graphs have quite different characteristics: they are generally non-spatial, non-weighted, scale-free, and they exhibit small-world properties in addition to their massive size. In particular, the existence of hubs, those vertices with a large number of connections, explodes the search space, making the shortest path computation surprisingly challenging. In this paper, we introduce a set of novel techniques centered around hubs, collectively referred to as the Hub-Accelerator framework, to compute the k-degree shortest path (finding the shortest path between two vertices if their distance is within k). These techniques enable us to significantly reduce the search space by either greatly limiting the expansion scope of hubs (using the novel distance- preserving Hub-Network concept) or completely pruning away the hubs in the online search (using the Hub2-Labeling approach). The Hub-Accelerator approaches are more than two orders of magnitude faster than BFS and the state-of-the-art approximate shortest path method Sketch for the shortest path computation. The Hub- Network approach does not introduce additional index cost with light pre-computation cost; the index size and index construction cost of Hub2-Labeling are also moderate and better than or comparable to the approximation indexing Sketch method.
Follistatin Like Protein-1 is a Marker of Inflammation (131.31) (2007)

Abstract Follistatin-like protein-1 (FSTL-1) is a poorly characterized gene which we have recently shown to be a novel proinflammatory molecule. FSTL-1 is overexpressed in mouse paws during early arthritis, especially at the interface of synovial pannus and eroding bone. In this study we evaluated FSTL-1 expression following inflammation in both mice and humans in order to characterize the role of FSTL-1 in inflammation. Mice inoculated with complete Freunds’ adjuvant in paws, LPS in the peritoneal cavity, or pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lungs displayed an elevation of FSTL-1 protein, similar to that found in arthritic mice. In addition, utilizing quantitative PCR and ELISA specific for FSTL-1, we demonstrated increased FSTL-1 expression in the heart and brain following LPS peritoneal injection. Finally, FSTL-1 is increased in sera of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and Kawasaki Disease, compared to normal aged-matched control patients. These observations suggest that FSTL-1 is a potential biomarker of inflammation and may be a novel target for therapy. This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants AI44566 and T32AR052282.
A general algorithm for word graph matrix decomposition (2003)

In automatic speech recognition, word graphs (lattices) are commonly used as an approximate representation of the complete word search space. Usually these word lattices are acyclic and have no a-priori structure. More recently a new class of normalized word lattices have been proposed. These word lattices (a.k.a. sausages) are very efficient (space) and they provide a normalization (chunking) of the lattice, by aligning words from all possible hypotheses. We propose a general framework for lattice chunking, the pivot algorithm. There are four important components of the pivot algorithm. First, the time information is not necessary but is beneficial for the overall performance. Second, the algorithm allows the definition of a predefined chunk structure of the final word lattice. Third, the algorithm operates on both weighted and unweighted lattices. Fourth, the labels on the graph are generic, and could be words as well as part of speech tags or parse tags. While the algorithm has applications to many tasks (e.g. parsing, named entity extraction) we present results on the performance of confidence scores for different large vocabulary speech recognition tasks. We compare the results of our algorithms against off-the-shelf methods and show significant improvements.
An atmospheric pressure plasma source (2000)

An atmospheric pressure plasma source operated by radio frequency power has been developed. This source produces a unique discharge that is volumetric and homogeneous at atmospheric pressure with a gas temperature below 300 °C. It also produces a large quantity of oxygen atoms, ∼5×1015 cm−3, which has important value for materials applications. A theoretical model shows electron densities of 0.2–2×1011 cm−3 and characteristic electron energies of 2–4 eV for helium discharges at a power level of 3–30 W cm−3.
The ribonucleotide reductase domain of the R1 subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase is essential for R1 antiapoptotic function (2007)

The R1 subunit (ICP10) of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) ribonucleotide reductase (RR), which in addition to its C-terminal reductase domain possesses a unique N-terminal domain of about 400 aa, protects cells against apoptosis. As the NH(2) domain on its own is not antiapoptotic, it has been postulated that both domains of R1 or part(s) of them could be necessary for this function. Here, N- and C-terminal deletions were introduced in HSV-2 R1 to map the domain(s) involved in its antiapoptotic potential. The results showed that, whereas most of the NH(2) domain including part of the recently described putative alpha-crystallin domain is dispensable for antiapoptotic activity, it is the integrity of the structured RR domain that is required for protection. As the alpha-crystallin domain appears to play an important role in protein folding and oligomerization, the N-terminal boundary of the antiapoptotic domain could not be defined precisely. In addition, this study provided evidence that overexpression of HSV-2 R2 at levels up to 30-fold more than HSV-2 R1 did not decrease protection from tumour necrosis factor alpha, indicating that the R1 surface where R2 binds is not involved in antiapoptotic activity. Importantly, this result suggests that the co-expression of both RR subunits during the lytic cycle should not affect protection from this cytokine.
<title>Holographic elements for LCD projectors</title> (1995)

Projection system based on Liquid-Crystal Displays (LCDs) offer new opportunities to display high definition and large size TV images. In order to increase LCD projectors performances, in particular the brightness and optical efficiency, we propose to introduce Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs) in the optical architecture of the projector. Due to their spectral bandpasses, phase volume HOEs are very well suited to the design of dichroic components. These components are, for example, either dichroic mirrors with specific polarization and 16/9 anamorphic properties in a 3-LCD architecture, or dichroic micro-lenses for selective focusing in a single-LCD architecture. First, this paper analyzes the conditions that must be fulfilled by the HOEs in LCD projection systems. It concerns spectral and angular bandpass and colorimetric properties in the presence of white light illumination. Then, examples of phase volume HOEs (mirrors and lenses) satisfying those conditions are presented. A complete colorimetric analysis is achieved with red, green and blue holographic lens characteristics in a single-LCD architecture. Also an evaluation of the gain of luminous flux obtained by using these components in place of classical color filters is presented. Our HOEs have been recorded in a photopolymer from DuPont corporation.
Eco-friendly and versatile brominating reagent prepared from a liquid bromine precursor (2006)

Facile bromination of various organic substrates has been demonstrated with a 2 : 1 bromide:bromate reagent prepared from the alkaline intermediate of the conventional bromine recovery process. The reagent is acidified in situ to generate HOBr as the reactive species, which effects bromination. Aromatic substrates that have been successfully brominated under ambient conditions without use of any catalyst include phenols, anilines, aromatic ethers and even benzene. Non-aromatic compounds bearing active methylene group were monobrominated selectively with the present reagent and olefinic compounds were converted into the corresponding bromohydrins in moderate yields. By obtaining the present reagent from the liquid bromine precursor, the twin advantages of avoiding liquid bromine and producing the reagent in a cost-effective manner are realised. When coupled with the additional advantage of high bromine atom efficiency, the present protocol becomes attractive all the way from “cradle to grave”.
Nanostructured pseudocapacitive materials decorated 3D graphene foam electrodes for next generation supercapacitors (2015)

Nowadays, advancement in performance of proficient multifarious electrode materials lies conclusively at the core of research concerning energy storage devices. To accomplish superior capacitance performance the requirements of high capacity, better cyclic stability and good rate capability can be expected from integration of electrochemical double layer capacitor based carbonaceous materials (high power density) and pseudocapacitive based metal hydroxides/oxides or conducting polymers (high energy density). The envisioned three dimensional (3D) graphene foams are predominantly advantageous to extend potential applicability by offering a large active surface area and a highly conductive continuous porous network for fast charge transfer with decoration of nanosized pseudocapacitive materials. In this article, we review the latest methodologies and performance evaluation for several 3D graphene based metal oxides/hydroxides and conducting polymer electrodes with improved electrochemical properties for next-generation supercapacitors. The most recent research advancements of our and other groups in the field of 3D graphene based electrode materials for supercapacitors are discussed. To assess the studied materials fully, a careful interpretation and rigorous scrutiny of their electrochemical characteristics is essential. Auspiciously, both nano-structuration as well as confinement of metal hydroxides/oxides and conducting polymers onto a conducting porous 3D graphene matrix play a great role in improving the performance of electrodes mainly due to: (i) active material access over large surface area with fast charge transportation; (ii) synergetic effect of electric double layer and pseudocapacitive based charge storing.