gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging for Label-free and Automated Histopathology (2010)

A new paradigm in biomedical imaging is emerging in which the intrinsic chemical content of tissue is used to provide contrast in images. The approach utilizes spectroscopic methods to record the chemical information and computational methods to visualize the information. While knowledge extraction from chemical imaging is very powerful in that a single recording of data from unperturbed samples can be related to a variety of pathophysiologic states, the process of knowledge extraction and quantification of confidence in information is not straightforward. The constituent instrumentation, numerical methods, samples and statistics all play inter-related roles in the quality of information obtained. Here, we first present a case study of rapid analysis of breast biopsies to determine cancer, in which the role of sample and data quality is elucidated. We describe next strategies to ensure quality control over extracted information and provide examples of the use of numerical methods for the same. A synergistic control over quality of instrumentation, data and information extraction is shown to speed up decision-making for histopathology by almost two orders of magnitude in time.
Graded-Index "Whispering-Gallery" Optical Microresonators (2006)

Graded-index-of-refraction dielectric optical microresonators have been proposed as a superior alternative to prior dielectric optical microresonators, which include microspheres and microtori wherein electromagnetic waves propagate along circumferential paths in "whispering-gallery" modes. The design and method of fabrication of the proposed microresonators would afford improved performance by exploiting a combination of the propagation characteristics of the whisperinggallery modes and the effect of a graded index of refraction on the modes.
Chemosensitization and Radiosensitization of Human Cancer by Antisense Anti‐MDM2 Oligonucleotides (2003)

MDM2 oncogene is overexpressed in many human cancers including breast, colon, and prostate cancer, and MDM2 levels are associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Here, we summarize the investigation of the functions of MDM2 oncogene in human cancer growth and the value of MDM2 as a drug target for prostate cancer therapy by using antisense to inhibit MDM2 expression. Antisense anti-human-MDM2 oligonucleotides and mismatch controls were tested in in vitro and in vivo human cancer models for antitumor activity. Targeted gene products and related proteins were analyzed and the antitumor activity was determined when the oligonucleotides were used alone or in combination with cancer chemotherapeutics and radiation therapy. The antisense oligonucleotide specifically inhibited MDM2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, resulting in significant antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The antisense oligonucleotides also potentiated the effects of p53 activation and p21 induction by chemotherapeutic agents 10-hydroxycamptothecin, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, and paclitaxel. In a dose-dependent manner, the antisense oligonucleotide showed antitumor activity in nude mice bearing human cancer xenografts and increased therapeutic effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic agents irinotecan, paclitaxel, and Rituxan and radiation therapy. These results indicate that MDM2 has a role in various tumor growth through both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms, indicating that MDM2 inhibitors have a broad spectrum of antitumor activities in human cancers regardless of p53 status. These results provide a basis for clinical evaluation of antisense anti-MDM2 oligonucleotides as chemosensitizer and radiosensitizer.
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications (2004)

Abstract The paper reports progress on the design and development of niobium-nitride, superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of near-infrared photons for secure quantum communications. The SSPDs operate in the quantum detection mode, based on photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-width superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5 nm thick NbN films and kept at cryogenic (liquid helium) temperatures inside a cryostat. The detector experimental quantum efficiency in the photon-counting mode reaches above 20% in the visible radiation range and up to 10% at the 1.3–1.55 μn infrared range. The dark counts are below 0.01 per second. The measured real-time counting rate is above 2 GHz and is limited by readout electronics (the intrinsic response time is below 30 ps). The SSPD jitter is below 18 ps, and the best-measured value of the noise-equivalent power (NEP) is 2 × 10−18 W/Hz1/2. at 1.3 μm. In terms of photon-counting efficiency and speed, these NbN SSPDs significantly outperform semiconductor avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers.
Examining the phase evolution of lithium disilicate glass‐ceramics with lithium tantalate as a secondary phase (2021)

Abstract Lithium disilicate glass‐ceramics were discovered in the 1950s, and the evolution of the main target phase of these materials is well known. However, the lithium disilicate system is still an area of active research, especially when a secondary phase is introduced since the phase evolution of secondary phases is not currently understood. The present study examines the main target phases, as well as a secondary phase of lithium tantalate, via X‐ray diffraction. A large data set is obtained to investigate the evolution of all phases. It is found that the nucleation of the precursor lithium metasilicate phase is coupled to both the nucleation of the primary target phase, lithium disilicate, and the nucleation of lithium tantalate. A reaction equation describing this relationship is proposed.
Electrochemically modulated superconductivity (1991)

The goal of this project was to test the feasibility of electrochemically modulated superconductivity in the cuprate superconductors. Such a test is possible because the new high temperature superconductors are ionic solids that are extremely sensitive to oxygen potential. Passive optimization of the latter is impossible, not only due to materials processing limitations but also due to thermodynamic and structural instabilities. Our approach is active intervention by electrochemical means, in other words, electrochemical polarization while the material is actually or potentially in the superconducting state. This requires electrolytes that are functional at cryogenic temperatures. Several years ago we discovered cryogenic electrolysis and demonstrated the existence of such remarkable media. Success in this effort would make possible a new class of electronic and photonic devices that exploit the capability to control actively the transition into and out of the superconducting state while the material is in service. A cuprate-based superconductor is polarized electrochemically in a cryogenic electrolyte while the electrical resistivity is measured simultaneously.
Reliable Integer Ambiguity Resolution with Multi-Frequency Code Carrier Linear Combinations (2010)

Carrier phase measurements are extremely accurate but ambiguous. The estimation of the integer ambiguitie s is in general split in two parts: A least-squares floa t solution, which is obtained by disregarding the integer property, and the actual fixing. The latter one can be a simple rounding, a sequential fixing (bootstrapping), or a n integer least-squares estimation, which typically inclu des an integer decorrelation and a search. All these fixin g methods suffer from a poor accuracy of the float so lution due to the small carrier wavelengths. Moreover, the optimal integer least-squares estimation techniques are extremely sensitive to unknown biases. This paper provides a new group of multi-frequency linear combinations to overcome the previous shortc omings: The combinations include both code and carrie r phase measurements, and allow an arbitrary scaling of the geometry, an arbitrary scaling of the ionospher ic delay, and any preferred wavelength. The maximization of the ambiguity discrimination results in combinat ions with a wavelength of several meters and a noise lev el of a few centimetres. These combinations are recommended for any application where reliability is mor e important than accuracy. This paper restricts to li near combinations for Galileo although the concept can b e equally applied for GPS or any other GNSS system. Moreover, the paper provides an efficient method fo r the computation of the success rate of rounding.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 mutants regulate angiogenesis of human umbilical and lung vascular endothelial cells (2004)

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) is considered one of the key regulators of tumor invasion, metastasis, as well as cancer-related angiogenesis. The literature suggests that PAI-1 plays a dual role in these processes because it inhibits plasmin-originated proteolysis and binds to vitronectin or integrins. Stimulation or inhibition of angiogenesis largely depends on which of these elements PAI-1 interacts. Wild PAI-1 converts quickly into its latent, inactive form and loses its anti-proteolytic activity, but still binds to vitronectin and integrins. Thus we constructed PAI-1s with extended half-life to prolong their anti-proteolytic activity. We have analyzed the effects of sprout formation inhibition by PAI-1s on two functionally different endothelial cell (EC) systems, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), expressing moderate amounts of urokinase (uPA), and human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC), expressing high amounts of this enzyme. We have used wild-type PAI-1 (wPAI-1) (t(1/2) = 1.6 h) and PAI-1 cysteine mutants (CysPAI-1) characterized by their prolonged half-life time (hDbetaT) (t(1/2) = 63.6 h and t(1/2) = 7,000 h). We have observed a significant inhibitory dose-dependent effect exerted by the CysPAI-1s on sprout formation by HUVEC and HLMVEC cells. The inhibition rate was considerably stronger in lung capillary cell cultures and significantly more pronounced for CysPAI-1 mutants with longer anti-uPA activity (betaT). wPAI-1 with a short anti-proteolytic half-life has induced sprout formation in HUVEC, but not in HLMVEC cultures. This difference in behavior was most likely related to the presence of excessive amounts of uPA in HLMVEC cells and the known mechanism of clearing PAI-1/uPA/uPAR complexes from the cell surface. A less efficient system of HUVEC cells might give wPAI-1 the chance to interact with non-proteolytic pathways of angiogenesis stimulation. We conclude that while the anti-proteolytic properties of PAI-1 constructs are preserved, these proteins inhibit angiogenesis and inhibitory activity dominates over any stimulatory effects of PAI-1.
A Phase III Extension Trial With a 1-Arm Crossover From Leuprolide to Degarelix: Comparison of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist and Antagonist Effect on Prostate Cancer (2011)

Data support the statistically significant prostate specific antigen progression-free survival benefit for degarelix over leuprolide seen during year 1 and the use of degarelix as first line androgen deprivation therapy as an alternative to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.
On-line cursive Kanji character recognition using stroke-based affine transformation (1996)

This paper describes a distortion-tolerant online Kanji character recognition method using stroke-based affine transformation (SAT). The first part of the method determines one-to-one stroke correspondence between an input pattern and each reference pattern. The second part applies optimal SAT to each stroke of the input pattern to absorb handwriting distortion. The last part calculates the inter-pattern distance between the reference pattern and the SAT-superimposed input pattern. Only a single reference pattern for each of 2,980 Kanji character categories is generated by using training data written carefully with the correct stroke-number and stroke-order. Recognition tests are made using two kinds of test data in the square style and in the cursive style written by 36 different people; recognition rates of 98.4% and 96.0% are obtained.
Mechanical stress reduction in variable speed wind turbine drivetrains (2011)

The use of variable-speed wind power generation has seen considerable growth. The use of gearboxes in wind turbines allows for smaller size, lower weight, and higher speed generators. In this paper, we attempt to describe methods to extend the life and reliability of wind turbine drivetrains by reducing the mechanical stress. We will represent a two-mass model for the drivetrain of a 750-kW wind turbine. This model is verified by using simulation and experimental results. A controller is designed to adjust the generator torque at the end of the drivetrain to remove the unwanted and damaging torque variations from the drivetrain. The ultimate goal of this study is to present a detailed model of the drivetrain, including the gearbox and ways to mitigate the stress on the gearbox.
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HTV-1) Replication In Vitro by Noncytotoxic Doses of Camptothecin, a Topoisomerase I Inhibitor (1991)

We examined the effects of topoisomerase inhibitors on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of H9 cells in cell culture. Infection is blocked or substantially reduced by the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin (CPT), but not by two topoisomerase II inhibitors. Significant reduction (greater than or equal to 90%) in the amount of virus released, as measured by reverse transcriptase, is obtained if the cells are treated for 1 h with 0.01-0.02 microM CPT at the time of virus infection, and expression of viral proteins is also blocked. CPT is also shown to reduce the level of infection when chronically infected cells are cocultivated with uninfected cells. These results with CPT suggest that this compound may represent a new class of drugs with antiretroviral potential.
A new therapeutic effect of simvastatin revealed by functional improvement in muscular dystrophy (2015)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal, degenerative muscle disease with no effective treatment. DMD muscle pathogenesis is characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Statins, cholesterol-lowering drugs, inhibit these deleterious processes in ischemic diseases affecting skeletal muscle, and therefore have potential to improve DMD. However, statins have not been considered for DMD, or other muscular dystrophies, principally because skeletal-muscle-related symptoms are rare, but widely publicized, side effects of these drugs. Here we show positive effects of statins in dystrophic skeletal muscle. Simvastatin dramatically reduced damage and enhanced muscle function in dystrophic (mdx) mice. Long-term simvastatin treatment vastly improved overall muscle health in mdx mice, reducing plasma creatine kinase activity, an established measure of muscle damage, to near-normal levels. This reduction was accompanied by reduced inflammation, more oxidative muscle fibers, and improved strength of the weak diaphragm muscle. Shorter-term treatment protected against muscle fatigue and increased mdx hindlimb muscle force by 40%, a value comparable to current dystrophin gene-based therapies. Increased force correlated with reduced NADPH Oxidase 2 protein expression, the major source of oxidative stress in dystrophic muscle. Finally, in old mdx mice with severe muscle degeneration, simvastatin enhanced diaphragm force and halved fibrosis, a major cause of functional decline in DMD. These improvements were accompanied by autophagy activation, a recent therapeutic target for DMD, and less oxidative stress. Together, our findings highlight that simvastatin substantially improves the overall health and function of dystrophic skeletal muscles and may provide an unexpected, novel therapy for DMD and related neuromuscular diseases.
Beyond Lambert: Reconstructing Specular Surfaces Using Color (2005)

We present a photometric stereo method for non-diffuse materials that does not require an explicit reflectance model or reference object. By computing a data-dependent rotation of RGB color space, we show that the specular reflection effects can be separated from the much simpler, diffuse (approximately Lambertian) reflection effects for surfaces that can be modeled with dichromatic reflectance. Images in this transformed color space are used to obtain photometric reconstructions that are independent of the specular reflectance. In contrast to other methods for highlight removal based on dichromatic color separation (e.g., color histogram analysis and/or polarization), we do not explicitly recover the specular and diffuse components of an image. Instead, we simply find a transformation of color space that yields more direct access to shape information. The method is purely local and is able to handle surfaces with arbitrary texture.
New approaches for improving the production of the 1st and 2nd generation ethanol by yeast. (2015)

Increase in the production of 1st generation ethanol from glucose is possible by the reduction in the production of ethanol co-products, especially biomass. We have developed a method to reduce biomass accumulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the manipulation of the intracellular ATP level due to overexpression of genes of alkaline phosphatase, apyrase or enzymes involved in futile cycles. The strains constructed accumulated up to 10% more ethanol on a cornmeal hydrolysate medium. Similar increase in ethanol accumulation was observed in the mutants resistant to the toxic inhibitors of glycolysis like 3-bromopyruvate and others. Substantial increase in fuel ethanol production will be obtained by the development of new strains of yeasts that ferment sugars of the abundant lignocellulosic feedstocks, especially xylose, a pentose sugar. We have found that xylose can be fermented under elevated temperatures by the thermotolerant yeast, Hansenula polymorpha. We combined protein engineering of the gene coding for xylose reductase (XYL1) along with overexpression of the other two genes responsible for xylose metabolism in yeast (XYL2, XYL3) and the deletion of the global transcriptional activator CAT8, with the selection of mutants defective in utilizing ethanol as a carbon source using the anticancer drug, 3-bromopyruvate. Resulted strains accumulated 20-25 times more ethanol from xylose at the elevated temperature of 45°C with up to 12.5 g L(-1) produced. Increase in ethanol yield and productivity from xylose was also achieved by overexpression of genes coding for the peroxisomal enzymes: transketolase (DAS1) and transaldolase (TAL2), and deletion of the ATG13 gene.
Heralded two-photon entanglement from probabilistic quantum logic operations on multiple parametric down-conversion sources (2003)

An ideal controlled-NOT gate followed by projective measurements can be used to identify specific Bell states of its two input qubits. When the input qubits are each members of independent Bell states, these projective measurements can be used to swap the post-selected entanglement onto the remaining two qubits. Here we apply this strategy to produce heralded two-photon polarization entanglement using Bell states that originate from independent parametric down-conversion sources, and a particular probabilistic controlled-NOT gate that is constructed from linear optical elements. The resulting implementation is closely related to an earlier proposal by Sliwa and Banaszek, and can be intuitively understood in terms of familiar quantum information protocols. The possibility of producing a "pseudo-demand" source of two-photon entanglement by storing and releasing these heralded pairs from independent cyclical quantum memory devices is also discussed.
Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia (2000)

"Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia." Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 54(4), pp. 298–299
A method for measuring the distribution of the shortest telomeres in cells and tissues (2017)

Improved methods to measure the shortest (not just average) telomere lengths (TLs) are needed. We developed Telomere Shortest Length Assay (TeSLA), a technique that detects telomeres from all chromosome ends from <1 kb to 18 kb using small amounts of input DNA. TeSLA improves the specificity and efficiency of TL measurements that is facilitated by user friendly image-processing software to automatically detect and annotate band sizes, calculate average TL, as well as the percent of the shortest telomeres. Compared with other TL measurement methods, TeSLA provides more information about the shortest telomeres. The length of telomeres was measured longitudinally in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during human aging, in tissues during colon cancer progression, in telomere-related diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, as well as in mice and other organisms. The results indicate that TeSLA is a robust method that provides a better understanding of the shortest length of telomeres.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Phthalocyanine Derivative Having Peripheral 2‐Thienyl Substituents. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Surface Seismic Imaging with VSP Green’s Functions (2007)

H012 Surface Seismic Imaging with VSP Green’s Functions S. Brandsberg-Dahl* (BP America) X. Xiao (University of Utah) & B. Hornby (BP America) SUMMARY We present a method for imaging surface seismic data that does not depend on a background velocity model. Instead of computing Green’s functions in a background velocity model we use direct measurements from VSP data as Green’s functions for the migration. Although the method is strictly only valid for v(z) media we show that mild lateral variations can be handled. The proposed method allows us to image/migrate surface seismic data from areas with layered geology without having
Recent Developments in the Field of A<sub>2A</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> Adenosine Receptor Antagonists (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Immunomodulation of atherosclerosis (2007)

Much has changed in the field of atherosclerotic plaque imaging since the publication of ‘Handbook of the Vulnerable Plaque’.1 The accuracy and reproducibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing atherosclerotic lesion size and composition has been previously reviewed.2-13 This chapter reviews key recent advances in vulnerable plaque imaging, integration of imaging with hemodynamic and tissue mechanical property studies, and the use of imaging as a biomarker. This review focuses on MR imaging used for the human carotid, aorta, and coronary arteries, and concludes with a discussion of the present and future status of MR plaque imaging.
Porous One‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals Improve the Power‐Conversion Efficiency of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (2008)

The solar-to-electric power-conversion efficiency (η) of dye-sensitized solar cells can be greatly enhanced by integrating a mesoporous, nanoparticle-based, 1D photonic crystal as a coherent scattering layer in the device. The photogenerated current is greatly improved without altering the open-circuit voltage of the cell, while keeping the transparency of the cell intact. Improved average η values between 15% and 30% are attained. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.