gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The National Shipbuilding Research Program. 1997 Ship Production Symposium, Paper Number 8: Environmentally Acceptable Corrosion Resistant Coating for Aluminum Alloys (1997)

A coating system is described that is based on passivation of aluminum alloys by application of Lithium salts as pigments. The resulting composition and morphology of coating films are discussed. Pigment selection applying Greco-Latin Squares statistical method to evaluate corrosion as a function of current flow on 6061-T6 test surfaces was performed. The test device is a potentiostat made by Princeton Applied Research. The pigment is an Aluminum-Lithium powder which has been surface enriched with Lithium by heating under an argon blanket and subsequently treated with the selected anions. The author calls this process "nanostructural inhibitors." The vehicle in this case is a lithium silicate inorganic water soluble matrix which becomes water insoluble upon drying. The vehicle is commercially available. Testing by an independent laboratory to ASTM B117 for 168 hours of scribed panels showed no corrosion on various alloy substrates with and without topcoats.
Decimal Floating-Point Square Root Using Newton-Raphson Iteration (2006)

With continued reductions in feature size, additional functionality may be added to future microprocessors to boost the performance of important application domains. Due to growth in commercial, financial, and Internet-based applications, decimal floating point arithmetic is now attracting more attention and hardware support for decimal operations is being considered by various computer manufacturers. In order to standardize decimal number formats and operations, specifications for decimal floating point arithmetic have been added to the draft revision of the IEEE-754 standard for floating point arithmetic (IEEE-754R). This paper presents an efficient arithmetic algorithm and hardware design for decimal floating point square root. This design uses an optimized piecewise linear approximation, a modified Newton-Raphson iteration, a specialized rounding technique, and a modified decimal multiplier. Synthesis results show that a 64-bit (16 digit) implementation of decimal square root, which is compliant with IEEE-754R, has an estimated critical path delay of 0.95 ns and a maximum latency of 210 clock cycles when implemented using a sequential multiplier and LSI Logic's 0.11 micron Gflx-P standard cell library.
Blue InGaN/GaN laser diodes grown on (33$ \bar 3 \bar 1 $) free‐standing GaN substrates (2011)

Abstract We demonstrate the first blue AlInGaN‐based laser diodes (LDs) grown on semipolar (33 $ \bar 3 \bar 1 $ ) free‐standing GaN substrates. Etched facet ridge waveguide LDs were fabricated and tested under pulsed operation. Lasing was achieved at 477.5 nm with a threshold current density of 12.2 kA/cm 2 . The peak electroluminescence wavelength was shown to blue‐shift from approximately 494 nm to 477 nm upon reaching threshold. Initial experimental data also show the (33 $ \bar 3 \bar 1 $ ) plane to have higher indium incorporation efficiency than the (33 $ \bar 3 \bar 1 $ ) plane, suggesting that (33 $ \bar 3 \bar 1 $ ) GaN substrates may be more suitable for growth and fabrication of long‐wavelength AlInGaN‐based LDs than (33 $ \bar 3 \bar 1 $ ) GaN substrates. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biological crystal alignment using image processing (2006)

Crystal location and alignment to the x-ray beam is an enabling technology necessary for automation of the macromolecular crystallography at synchrotron beamlines. In a process of crystal structure determination, a small size x-ray synchrotron beam with FWHM as small as 70 μm (bending magnet beamlines) and 20 μm (undulator beamlines) is focused at or downstream of the crystal sample. Protein crystals used in structure determination become smaller and approach 50 μm or less, and need to be precisely placed in the focused x-ray beam. At the Structural Biology Center the crystals are mounted on a goniostat, allowing precise crystal xyz positioning and rotations. One low and two high magnification cameras integrated into synchrotron beamline permit imaging of the crystal mounted on a goniostat. The crystals are held near liquid nitrogen temperatures using cryostream to control secondary radiation damage. Image processing techniques are used for automatic and precise placing of protein crystals in synchrotron beam. Here we are discussing automatic crystal centering process considered for Structure Biology Center utilizing several image processing techniques.
2D Nonlinear Terahertz Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Magnons in a Canted Antiferromagnet (2016)

Using two intense time-delayed terahertz (THz) magnetic fields, we record 2D THz spectra of magnons, from which multiple nonlinear field-magnon interactions are identified. Our study presents a prototype for multi-dimensional THz magnetic resonance spectroscopy in condensed matter.
A 12-bit 110MS/s 4-stage single-opamp pipelined SAR ADC with ratio-based GEC technique (2012)

This paper presents a 12-bit 110MS/s 4-stage pipelined SAR ADC integrated through a single low-gain op-amp. A ratio-based GEC (Gain Error Calibration) technique based on op-amp sharing is proposed to reduce the complexity of digital calibration circuit. Only one PN (Pseudo-random Number) signal is employed to perform the dither injection but calibrate multiple gain errors, and thus accelerates the convergence speed, gets rid of input signal reduction and minimizes the analog modification due to the background calibration. The effectiveness of the architecture is verified in 65-nm CMOS chips whose analog core area is 0.12 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> only. The ADC obtains an average SNDR of 63 dB and SFDR of 75.2 dB at 110MS/s consuming analog power of 11.5mW from a 1.2-V supply. Only 40 thousand points are needed to achieve desirable SNDR with the proposed calibration technique.
Mechanisms of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Neutralization by L2 Cross-Neutralizing and L1 Type-Specific Antibodies (2008)

Pseudovirions of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16), the principal etiologic agent in 50% of cervical cancers, were used as a model system to investigate the cell surface interactions involved in the exposure of the broadly cross-neutralizing papillomavirus L2 epitopes. These neutralizing epitopes were exposed only after cell surface binding and a subsequent change in capsid conformation that permitted cleavage by the cellular protease furin at a specific highly conserved site in L2 that is immediately upstream of the cross-neutralizing epitopes. Unexpectedly, binding of L2 antibodies led to the release of the capsid/antibody complexes from the cell surface and their accumulation on the extracellular matrix. Study of the dynamics of exposure of the L2 epitopes further revealed that representatives of the apparently dominant class of L1-specific neutralizing antibodies induced by virus-like particle vaccination prevent infection, not by preventing cell surface binding but rather by preventing the conformation change involved in exposure of the L2 neutralizing epitope. These findings suggest a dynamic model of virion-cell surface interactions that has implications for both evolution of viral serotypes and the efficacy of current and future HPV vaccines.
Electricity from methane by reversing methanogenesis (2017)

Given our vast methane reserves and the difficulty in transporting methane without substantial leaks, the conversion of methane directly into electricity would be beneficial. Microbial fuel cells harness electrical power from a wide variety of substrates through biological means; however, the greenhouse gas methane has not been used with much success previously as a substrate in microbial fuel cells to generate electrical current. Here we construct a synthetic consortium consisting of: (i) an engineered archaeal strain to produce methyl-coenzyme M reductase from unculturable anaerobic methanotrophs for capturing methane and secreting acetate; (ii) micro-organisms from methane-acclimated sludge (including Paracoccus denitrificans) to facilitate electron transfer by providing electron shuttles (confirmed by replacing the sludge with humic acids), and (iii) Geobacter sulfurreducens to produce electrons from acetate, to create a microbial fuel cell that converts methane directly into significant electrical current. Notably, this methane microbial fuel cell operates at high Coulombic efficiency.
T-cell response to cardiac myosin persists in the absence of an alloimmune response in recipients with chronic cardiac allograft rejection1 (2002)

MR1-treated BALB/c recipients of C57BL/6 hearts with chronic rejection displayed a high frequency of activated CM-specific T cells, whereas the frequency of activated alloreactive T cells were similar to naïve, nontransplanted mice. In contrast, no activation of CM-reactive T cells was detected in tolerant recipients after CTLA4Ig treatment. Therefore, in the absence of alloimmunity, chronic rejection is associated with persistence of a T-cell response against CM. Our data indicate that anti-CM autoimmunity may be involved in the immune mechanisms of chronic rejection and suggest that tolerance strategies should target both allo- and autoimmune responses to prevent this process.
Broadband emission of double perovskite Cs<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>04</sub>Ag<sub>06</sub>In<sub>0995</sub>Bi<sub>0005</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>:Mn<sup>2+</sup> for single-phosphor white-light-emitting diodes (2019)

In this Letter, we report the broadband photoluminescence of lead-free double perovskite Cs<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>0.4</sub>Ag<sub>0.6</sub>In<sub>0.95</sub>Bi<sub>0.05</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>:Mn<sup>2+</sup>. Under ultraviolet excitation, the white phosphor shows two emission peaks at 550 nm and 610 nm from self-trapped exciton and doped Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions, respectively, leading to a broad emission spectrum over the whole visible spectrum suitable for lighting application. The white-light-emitting diodes exhibit high light quality with CIE coordinates (0.38, 0.42) and color rendering index of 82.6. The mechanism of luminescence of this double perovskite is also discussed in this Letter.
Realization of ground-state artificial skyrmion lattices at room temperature (2015)

The topological nature of magnetic skyrmions leads to extraordinary properties that provide new insights into fundamental problems of magnetism and exciting potentials for novel magnetic technologies. Prerequisite are systems exhibiting skyrmion lattices at ambient conditions, which have been elusive so far. Here, we demonstrate the realization of artificial Bloch skyrmion lattices over extended areas in their ground state at room temperature by patterning asymmetric magnetic nanodots with controlled circularity on an underlayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). Polarity is controlled by a tailored magnetic field sequence and demonstrated in magnetometry measurements. The vortex structure is imprinted from the dots into the interfacial region of the underlayer via suppression of the PMA by a critical ion-irradiation step. The imprinted skyrmion lattices are identified directly with polarized neutron reflectometry and confirmed by magnetoresistance measurements. Our results demonstrate an exciting platform to explore room-temperature ground-state skyrmion lattices.
Quadrature Mixer LO Leakage Suppression Through Quadrature DC Bias (2002)

A new concept has been developed which allows direct-to-RF conversion of digitally synthesized waveforms. The concept named Quadrature Error Corrected Digital Waveform Synthesis (QECDWS) employs quadrature amplitude and phase predistortion to the complex waveform to reduce the undesirable quadrature image. Another undesirable product of QECDWS-based RF conversion is the Local Oscillator (LO) leakage through the quadrature upconverter (mixer). A common technique for reducing this LO leakage is to apply a quadrature bias to the mixer I and Q inputs. This report analyzes this technique through theory, lab measurement, and data analysis for a candidate quadrature mixer for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) applications.
Abstract 651: The clinical significance of tissue miR-124 methylation in sporadic and ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer. (2013)

Abstract Background: Growing evidence indicates that the expression of several miRNAs can be epigenetically regulated through methylation of their promoter CpG sequences. MiR-124 is one such tumor suppressive miRNA, which is expressed at lower levels in various human cancers due to methylation of its promoter region. The present study aimed to determine miR-124 methylation status and determine its clinical significance in sporadic and ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials & Methods: We analyzed 579 colorectal tissues, which included 176 sporadic CRC and the corresponding adjacent normal colonic mucosa (NC), 57 colorectal adenomas and 20 normal colonic mucosae from non-cancer patients (NN). In addition, we also examined 135 normal mucosae (N-UC), 12 dysplasia(D-UC) and 12 colitic cancers (C-UC) from UC patients. We performed quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing analysis to determine miR-124 promoter methylation levels. Results: MiR-124 methylation rate was significantly higher in CRCs and adenomas compared to NC or NN (P&lt;0.0001, CRC vs. NC; P&lt;0.0001, CRC vs. NN). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that methylation levels of miR-124 can robustly discriminate patients with CRC (AUC=0.977) and adenomas (AUC=0.985) from healthy controls. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high miR-124 methylation demonstrated poor overall survival (p=0.001), and high miR-124 methylation was an independent prognostic factor of sporadic CRC (p=0.028). Similarly, miR-124 methylation was significantly higher in C-UC and D-UC compared to N-UC (p&lt;0.0001). ROC analysis showed that miR-124 methylation can successfully discriminate C-UC (AUC=0.978) and D-UC (AUC=0.884) from N-UC. Interestingly, high levels of miR-124 methylation in rectal specimens were an independent predictor for the development of UC-associated CRC. Conclusions: miR-124 methylation is an early event in sporadic, as well as ulcerative colitis-associated CRC. Since miR-124 methylation could robustly identify patients with colorectal adenomas and cancers, this miRNA has the potential to serve as a diagnostic marker in colorectal neoplasia. Citation Format: Yuji Toiyama, Keun Hur, Koji Tanaka, Yasuhiro Inoue, Takeshi Nagasaka, Masato Kusunoki, C. Richard Boland, Ajay Goel. The clinical significance of tissue miR-124 methylation in sporadic and ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 651. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-651
Next Gen PCFG Password Cracking (2015)

Passwords continue to remain an important authentication technique. The probabilistic context-free grammar-based password cracking system of Weir et al. was an important addition to dictionary-based password cracking approaches. In this paper, we show how to substantially improve upon this system by systematically adding keyboard patterns and multiword patterns (two or more words in the alphabetic part of a password) to the context-free grammars used in the probabilistic password cracking. Our results on cracking multiple data sets show that by learning these new classes of patterns, we can achieve up to 22% improvement over the original system. In this paper, we also define metrics to help analyze and improve attack dictionaries. Using our approach to improving the dictionary, we achieve an additional improvement of ~33% by increasing the coverage of a standard attack dictionary. Combining both approaches, we can achieve a 55% improvement over the previous system. Our tests were done over fairly long password guessing sessions (up to 85 billion) and thus show the uniform effectiveness of our techniques for long cracking sessions.
Whispering gallery modes of microspheres in the presence of a changing surrounding medium: A new ray-tracing analysis and sensor experiment (2010)

A simple plane wave, ray-tracing approach was used to derive approximate equations for the dielectric microsphere whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonant wavenumber and quality factor, as dependent on the surrounding medium’s refractive index. These equations are then used to determine the feasibility of a micro-optical sensor for species concentration. Results indicate that the WGMs are not sensitive enough to refractive index changes in the case of gas media. However, they can be sufficiently sensitive for measurements in liquids. Experiments were carried out to validate the analysis and to provide an assessment of this sensor concept.
Gene therapy into photoreceptors and Müller glial cells restores retinal structure and function in CRB1 retinitis pigmentosa mouse models (2015)

Mutations in the Crumbs-homologue-1 (CRB1) gene lead to severe recessive inherited retinal dystrophies. Gene transfer therapy is the most promising cure for retinal dystrophies and has primarily been applied for recessive null conditions via a viral gene expression vector transferring a cDNA encoding an enzyme or channel protein, and targeting expression to one cell type. Therapy for the human CRB1 disease will be more complex, as CRB1 is a structural and signaling transmembrane protein present in three cell classes: Müller glia, cone and rod photoreceptors. In this study, we applied CRB1 and CRB2 gene therapy vectors in Crb1-retinitis pigmentosa mouse models at mid-stage disease. We tested if CRB expression restricted to Müller glial cells or photoreceptors or co-expression in both is required to recover retinal function. We show that targeting both Müller glial cells and photoreceptors with CRB2 ameliorated retinal function and structure in Crb1 mouse models. Surprisingly, targeting a single cell type or all cell types with CRB1 reduced retinal function. We show here the first pre-clinical studies for CRB1-related eye disorders using CRB2 vectors and initial elucidation of the cellular mechanisms underlying CRB1 function.
Overexpression of thioredoxin <i>h</i> leads to enhanced activity of starch debranching enzyme (pullulanase) in barley grain (1999)

Biochemically active wheat thioredoxin h has been overexpressed in the endosperm of transgenic barley grain. Two DNA constructs containing the wheat thioredoxin h gene (wtrxh) were used for transformation; each contained wtrxh fused to an endosperm-specific B(1)-hordein promoter either with or without a signal peptide sequence for targeting to the protein body. Twenty-two stable, independently transformed regenerable lines were obtained by selecting with the herbicide bialaphos to test for the presence of the bar herbicide resistance gene on a cotransformed plasmid; all were positive for this gene. The presence of wtrxh was confirmed in 20 lines by PCR analysis, and the identity and level of expression of wheat thioredoxin h was assessed by immunoblots. Although levels varied among the different transgenic events, wheat thioredoxin h was consistently highly expressed (up to 30-fold) in the transgenic grain. Transgenic lines transformed with the B(1)-hordein promoter with a signal peptide sequence produced a higher level of wheat thioredoxin h on average than those without a signal sequence. The overexpression of thioredoxin h in the endosperm of germinated grain effected up to a 4-fold increase in the activity of the starch debranching enzyme, pullulanase (limit dextrinase), the enzyme that specifically cleaves alpha-1,6 linkages in starch. These results raise the question of how thioredoxin h enhances the activity of pullulanase because it was found that the inhibitor had become inactive before the enzyme showed appreciable activity.
Increasing Scan Compression by Using X-chains (2008)

Scan testing and scan compression are key to realizing cost reduction and quality control of ever more complex designs. However, compression can be limited if the density of unknown (X) values is high. We present a method to identify a small, but important, subset of scan cells that are "likely" to capture an X, place them on separate "X-chains", create a combinational unload compressor tuned for these X-chains, and modify test generation to take advantage of this circuit. This method is fully integrated in the design-for-test (DFT) flow, requires no additional user input and has negligible impact on area and timing. Test generation results on industrial designs demonstrate significantly increased compression, with no loss of coverage, for designs with high X-densities.
Intratumoral administration of 5-[123I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine in a patient with a brain tumor. (1996)

The pharmacokinetics of [123I]IUdR locoregionally administered to a human glioma in situ resembled those observed in a rat glioma model where administration of the radiopharmaceutical radiolabeled with the Auger electron emitter 125I was therapeutically effective.
Radiation phantom with humanoid shape and adjustable thickness (RPHAT) (2004)

A new radiation phantom with humanoid shape and adjustable thickness (RPHAT) has been developed. Unlike the RANDO phantom which is a fixed thickness, this newly designed phantom has adjustable thickness to address the range of thicknesses of real-world patients. RPHAT allows adjustment of the body thickness by being sliced in the coronal (instead of axial) direction. Centre slices are designed so that more sections can be added or removed while maintaining the anthropomorphic shape. A prototype of the new phantom has been successfully used in a study investigating peripheral dose delivery, where the amount of scatter within the patient, and therefore the patient thickness, plays a critical role in dose deposition. This newly designed phantom is an important tool to improve the quality of radiation therapy.
Experimental Validation of a Four-Way Outphasing Combiner for Microwave Power Amplification (2013)

This letter presents a 2.14 GHz, four-way power combining and outphasing system for high-power amplifiers such as those in radio basestations (RBS). The combiner is ideally lossless, and enables power control through load modulation of the power amplifiers (PAs). A discrete-component power combiner is designed and characterized, and combined with inverse Class-F PAs using GaN HEMT devices to develop a complete PA system. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the system over a range of outphasing control angles. This first-ever microwave implementation of the outphasing system has a peak CW drain efficiency of 68.9%, with efficiency greater than 55% over a 5.5 dB power range. It provides an average modulated efficiency of 57% for a W-CDMA signal with 3.47 dB peak to average power ratio (PAPR) at 42 dBm output power.
Hydride absorption refrigerator system for ten kelvin and below (1985)

A very long-life, lightweight and efficient hydride absorption refrigerator system was built to operate at ten Kelvin and below. The system consists of four basic stages of refrigeration. The first stage is accomplished by an active refrigeration system. The second stage is operated by a hydride absorption system, wherein a heated hydride powder drives off high pressure hydrogen through a Joule-Thomson/heat exchanger expansion loop such that the hydrogen is partially liquefied. In the third stage, the vapor pressure over the collected liquid hydrogen is lowered by absorbing the hydrogen vapor onto a different low pressure, worn hydride. With a 1.7 torr partial pressure of hydrogen gas in the hydride, liquid hydrogen is solidified and sublimes at 10 K. Long-life adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators, helium desorption, or helium diaphragm compressors are used to cool to 4 K or below. It is shown that the hydride concepts provide an extremely efficient means of refrigeration to 10 K, and that an entire sorption refrigeration process can be accomplished solely by using low grade heat energy at about 150 C.