gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-Invasive Physiology: <sup>19</sup> F NMR of Perfluorocarbons (1994)

Ever since it was shown that the 19F NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates (R1) of perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions are highly sensitive to oxygen tension (pO2), there has been a developing interest in the use of PFCs to probe tissue physiology. Oxygen is required for efficient function by most tissues and hypoxia leads to rapid cellular dysfunction and damage. In addition, hypoxic tumor cells are refractory to radiotherapy. Thus, the opportunity to measure tissue oxygen tension non-invasively may be significant in understanding mechanisms of tissue function and in clinical prognosis. PFC NMR parameters are also sensitive to temperature, facilitating NMR thermometry with potential applications in hyperthermia studies. I will review the development of experimental techniques, applications to specific tissues and discuss the challenges and opportunities presented by 19F NMR of perfluorocarbons.
An Electrocardiogram-Based Technique to Assess Cardiopulmonary Coupling During Sleep (2005)

A sleep spectrogram derived from information in a single-lead electrocardiogram can be used to dynamically track cardiopulmonary interactions. The 2 distinct (bimodal) regimes demonstrate a closer relationship with visual cyclic alternating pattern and non-cyclic alternating pattern states than with standard sleep stages. This technique may provide a complementary approach to the conventional characterization of graded non-rapid eye movement sleep stages.
Rat Pancreatitis-Associated Protein Is Expressed in Relation to Severity of Experimental Pancreatitis (1994)

To study the relation between expression of the pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) and severity of pancreatitis in rats, different degrees of experimental pancreatitis were induced by a 1-, 3-, or 5-h cerulein infusion (5 micrograms kg-1 h-1). This treatment decreased pancreatic volume secretion to below 10%. Immediately after infusion, the secretion rate increased to approximately 50% of control. Within 1 day, volume and bicarbonate secretion rates were not different from controls. At this point, protein secretion amounted to 30% of control, but only in animals receiving the 3- or 5-h dose. The values increased to 40-60% within 3 days. In all groups, the isoenzyme pattern was not influenced by the cerulein treatment. One day after induction of pancreatitis, the PAP was found in pancreatic juice in concentrations related to the dose of cerulein given. By immunohistochemical techniques, the protein was localized over acinar cells, but was not detectable in interstitial tissue, islets, or in the healthy exocrine pancreas. Pathomorphologic alterations in the pancreas were quantified by a scoring system. One and 2 days after the treatment, a more severe pancreatitis and more elevated levels of PAP were found in animals treated with the higher dose of cerulein. It is concluded that PAP is expressed in the pancreas in relation to the severity of cerulein-induced pancreatitis.
On-chip samplers for test and debug of asynchronous circuits (2007)

On-chip high-bandwidth sampling circuits supplement traditional test and debug techniques by non-invasively probing analog voltages for off-chip measurement. Existing circuits rely on sub-sampling techniques and thus require a synchronous clock. We extend these ideas to asynchronous circuits by combining an analog sampling head with a variable delay element and activating this circuit with an asynchronously triggered event. Repeated triggering events with different delays emulate sub-sampling. Simulations in a 180 nm technology of SRAM timing margins and GasP control failure modes show this technique can probe asynchronous signals with high fidelity.
Confocal Shear Wave Acoustic Radiation Force Optical Coherence Elastography for Imaging and Quantification of the<i>In Vivo</i>Posterior Eye (2018)

Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population. Since no known cures are currently present, it is crucial to diagnose the condition in its early stages so that disease progression is monitored. Recent advances show that the mechanical elasticity of the posterior eye changes with the onset of AMD. In this work, we present a quantitative method of mapping the mechanical elasticity of the posterior eye using confocal shear wave acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (SW-ARF-OCE). This technique has been developed and validated with both an ex-vivo porcine tissue model and a customized in-vivo rabbit model, which both showed the quantified elasticity variations between different layers. This study verifies the feasibility of using this technology for the quantification and diagnosis of retinal diseases from the in-vivo posterior eye.
An iterative method for multi-class cost-sensitive learning (2004)

Cost-sensitive learning addresses the issue of classification in the presence of varying costs associated with different types of misclassification. In this paper, we present a method for solving multi-class cost-sensitive learning problems using any binary classification algorithm. This algorithm is derived using hree key ideas: 1) iterative weighting; 2) expanding data space; and 3) gradient boosting with stochastic ensembles. We establish some theoretical guarantees concerning the performance of this method. In particular, we show that a certain variant possesses the boosting property, given a form of weak learning assumption on the component binary classifier. We also empirically evaluate the performance of the proposed method using benchmark data sets and verify that our method generally achieves better results than representative methods for cost-sensitive learning, in terms of predictive performance (cost minimization) and, in many cases, computational efficiency.
Optimal puncturing of irregular low-density parity-check codes (2004)

In this paper, we consider rate compatible puncturing of low density parity check (LDPC) codes. We present a general density evolution-based procedure which finds the optimal puncturing of a based code. We show that puncturing can be performed across a range of rates and code lengths in a manner that produces punctured codes with good thresholds. This allows one to implement a single optimal LDPC code of a low rate that can be punctured across a wide range of rates without loss of threshold performance. Simulation results show that the error floors of the codes do not degrade after puncturing.
Generation, Isolation, and Engraftment of In Vitro-Derived Human T Cell Progenitors (2012)

T cells typically differentiate via a series of coordinated steps within the highly specialized microenvironment of the thymus. Traditionally, human T-lymphopoiesis in vitro has been studied using the hybrid human/mouse fetal thymic organ culture system. Pioneering work by McCune et al. devised a method to examine human T cell development in vivo in relation to HIV-1 using the SCID/hu (thy/liv) model. This was followed by models that better reflected the ability of human hematopoietic cells to home and differentiate within the mouse host without human fetal tissues; however, human T cell development in these animals was poor. In this chapter, we outline a procedure to generate human progenitor T (proT) cells in vitro from umbilical cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells using the OP9-DL1 cell system; in addition, we describe the method used to examine the engraftment of in vitro-derived proT cells into immunodeficient mouse strains.
Catalytic ionic hydrogenations of ketones using molybdenum and tungsten complexesBased on the presentation given at Dalton Discussion No. 4, 10–13th January 2002, Kloster Banz, Germany. (2002)

Ketone complexes [CpM(CO)2(PR3)(η1-Et2CO)]+BAr′4− (R = Ph or Me; M = Mo or W) were prepared from hydride transfer from Cp(CO)2(PR3)MH to Ph3C+BAr′4− [Ar′ = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] in the presence of 3-pentanone. These ketone complexes are catalyst precursors for hydrogenation of Et2CO under mild conditions (23 °C, <4 atm H2). Analogous catalytic hydrogenations are obtained from reaction of the PCy3 complexes Cp(CO)2(PCy3)MH with Ph3C+BAr′4−. The proposed mechanism involves displacement of the ketone by H2, producing a cationic metal dihydride [CpM(CO)2(PR3)(H)2]+. Proton transfer from the dihydride gives a protonated ketone, followed by hydride transfer from the neutral metal hydride CpM(CO)2(PR3)H to produce the alcohol complex [CpM(CO)2(PR3)(Et2CHOH)]+. The free alcohol product is released from the metal through displacement by H2 or ketone, completing the catalytic cycle. In most cases, conversion of the ketone or alcohol complexes to the dihydride is the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle, with ketone and alcohol complexes being observed during the reaction. For reactions using the W–PCy3 system, the dihydride [CpW(CO)2(PCy3)(H)2]+ is observed as the resting state of the catalytic process. Proton transfer is slow and becomes turnover-limiting in this case. The Mo catalysts are more active than W, and the dependence on phosphine is PCy3 > PPh3 > PMe3. The turnover rates are slow, with the fastest initial rate of about 2 turnovers per hour found for the Mo–PCy3 system. This ionic hydrogenation mechanism does not require coordination of the ketone to the metal for the hydrogenation, thus differing from traditional mechanisms where coordination of a ketone to a metal precedes insertion of the ketone into a M–H bond.
Modified wideband 3D late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) MRI for patients with implantable cardiac devices (2015)

Background Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac MRI is the clinical gold standard for non-invasive assessment of myocardial viability and plays an important role in guiding catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT). The majority of VT patients have implanted cardiac devices such as implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). The presence of ICDs gives rise to strong off-resonance within the myocardium. This produces hyper-intensity (HI) artifacts in LGE, which can mask scar tissue, compromising the diagnostic value of LGE. Recent studies show that HI artifacts can be eliminated by using a wideband inversion recovery (IR) pulse in the LGE sequence. However, the current wideband LGE is a 2D sequence, which limits spatial resolution, especially slice thickness (8 mm). This is problematic for using LGE to guide catheter ablation of VT. High resolution LGE is feasible using a 3D LGE sequence. However, no prior studies have explored 3D LGE under the influence of strong off-resonance imposed by ICDs.
Dialing for documents (1994)

Standard telephone keypads are labeled with letters of the alphabet, enabling users to enter textual data for a variety of possible applications. However, the overloading of three letters on a single key creates a potential ambiguity as to which character was intended, which must be resolved for unambiguous text entry. Existing systems all use pairs of keypresses to spell out single key letters, but are extremely cumbersome and frustrating to use.Instead, we propose single-stroke text entry on telephone keypads, with the ambiguity resolved by exploiting information-theoretic constraints. We develop algorithms capable of correctly identifying up to 99% of the characters in typical English text, sufficient for such applications as telephones for the hearing impaired, E-mail without a terminal, and advanced voice-response systems.
Atomic‐Level Sculpting of Crystalline Oxides: Toward Bulk Nanofabrication with Single Atomic Plane Precision (2015)

The atomic-level sculpting of 3D crystalline oxide nanostructures from metastable amorphous films in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is demonstrated. Strontium titanate nanostructures grow epitaxially from the crystalline substrate following the beam path. This method can be used for fabricating crystalline structures as small as 1-2 nm and the process can be observed in situ with atomic resolution. The fabrication of arbitrary shape structures via control of the position and scan speed of the electron beam is further demonstrated. Combined with broad availability of the atomic resolved electron microscopy platforms, these observations suggest the feasibility of large scale implementation of bulk atomic-level fabrication as a new enabling tool of nanoscience and technology, providing a bottom-up, atomic-level complement to 3D printing.
Joint Bandwidth Provisioning and Cache Management for Video Distribution in Software-Defined Passive Optical Networks (2014)

We propose joint bandwidth provisioning and base station caching for video delivery in software-defined PONs. Performance evaluation via custom simulation models reveals 30% increase in served video requests and 50% reduction in service response delays.
Piezoelectric anomalies at the ferroelastic phase transitions of lead-free tungsten bronze ferroelectrics (2010)

This paper reports on the piezoelectric anomalies at the temperature or composition-induced ferroelastic phase transitions of tungsten bronze ferroelectrics. First, the temperature-dependent piezoelectric properties of Sr1.9Ca0.1NaNb5O15 (SCNN) ceramics were characterized using a resonance/anti-resonance method. SCNN has a ferroelastic phase transition manifested by a broad dielectric peak in the temperature range of −60°C to 20°C. The electromechanical coupling factor and elastic compliance showed the maximum at −40°C, increasing the transverse piezoelectric constant (d31) by 38% compared with the room temperature value. Tungsten bronze ferroelectrics follow a trade-off relationship between the longitudinal piezoelectric constant (d33) and the Curie temperature, while SCNN deviates significantly from the trend curve. This deviation is attributed to the ferroelastic phase transition close to room temperature.Second, the ferroelastic phase transition was investigated for epitaxial films of (1 − x)(Sr3Ba2)Nb10O30–xBa4Bi2/3Nb10O30 as a function of the composition. A careful structural analysis by X-ray diffraction revealed that there is a ferroelastic phase boundary between tetragonal and orthorhombic crystals at x = 0.06–0.3. The electric field-induced strain and the relative dielectric constants characterized at 80 K for the epitaxial films increased in the vicinity of the phase boundary composition. These results suggest that engineering the ferroelastic phase transition is an approach to improving the piezoelectric properties of lead-free tungsten bronze ferroelectrics.
Arbitrarily Parallel Turbo Decoding for Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication in 3GPP LTE (2019)

In order to meet the latency requirements of the ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) mode of the third-generation partnership project's long term evolution (LTE) mobile communication standard, this paper proposes a novel turbo decoding algorithm that supports an arbitrarily high degree of parallel processing, facilitating significantly higher processing throughputs and substantially lower processing latencies than the state-of-the-art (SOTA) LTE turbo decoder. As in conventional turbo decoding algorithms, the proposed Arbitrarily Parallel Turbo Decoder (APTD) decomposes each frame of information bits into a sequence of windows, where the bits within different windows are processed simultaneously using forward and backward recursions in a serial manner. However, in contrast to conventional turbo decoding algorithms, the APTD does not require different windows to be composed of an identical number of bits, which allows the use of an arbitrary number of windows and hence an arbitrary degree of parallelism, when decoding information bits of an arbitrary frame length. Furthermore, conventional turbo decoding algorithms alternate between simultaneously processing the windows in the upper decoder and those in the lower decoder. By contrast, the APTD processes the odd-indexed windows in the upper decoder at the same time as the even-indexed windows in the lower decoder and alternates between this and the reversed arrangement, hence further improving the decoding throughput and latency. Furthermore, the APTD achieves a reduced hardware resource requirement by calculating the extrinsic information based only on the outputs of the forward recursions, rather than based on both the forward and backward recursions of conventional turbo decoding algorithms. We demonstrate that the proposed APTD achieves superior latency, throughput, and computational efficiency than the SOTA LTE turbo decoder at all frame lengths, but particularly at the short frame lengths that are typically used in URLLC approaches. For example, at a frame length of N = 504 bits, the proposed APTD achieves an FER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> at the same E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> as I = 8 iterations of a conventional turbo decoder but with a computational efficiency that is 6 times higher than that of the SOTA turbo decoder, while achieving a latency and throughput that are 0.7 and 1.4 times those of the SOTA decoder, respectively.
Incremental maintenance of length normalized indexes for approximate string matching (2009)

Approximate string matching is a problem that has received a lot of attention recently. Existing work on information retrieval has concentrated on a variety of similarity measures TF/IDF, BM25, HMM, etc.) specifically tailored for document retrieval purposes. As new applications that depend on retrieving short strings are becoming popular(e.g., local search engines like YellowPages.com, Yahoo!Local, and Google Maps) new indexing methods are needed, tailored for short strings. For that purpose, a number of indexing techniques and related algorithms have been proposed based on length normalized similarity measures. A common denominator of indexes for length normalized measures is that maintaining the underlying structures in the presence of incremental updates is inefficient, mainly due to data dependent, precomputed weights associated with each distinct token and string. Incorporating updates usually is accomplished by rebuilding the indexes at regular time intervals. In this paper we present a framework that advocates lazy update propagation with the following key feature: Efficient, incremental updates that immediately reflect the new data in the indexes in a way that gives strict guarantees on the quality of subsequent query answers. More specifically, our techniques guarantee against false negatives and limit the number of false positives produced. We implement a fully working prototype and illustrate that the proposed ideas work really well in practice for real datasets.
Position sensorless control of switched reluctance motor based on numerical method (2016)

In this paper, a new position sensorless control method for switched reluctance motor drives is proposed. Rotor position is initially calculated based on the flux linkage-position-phase current characteristics by numerical method. Then, a third-order phase locked loop considering the acceleration variation is designed to undermine the impact of current sampling noise and numerical residual error on the estimated rotor position. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed position sensorless control method has achieved sufficient accuracy in terms of position and speed estimation.
Ceramic fiber-reinforced monoclinic celsian phase glass-ceramic matrix composite material (1994)

A hyridopolysilazane-derived ceramic fiber reinforced monoclinic celsian phase barium aluminum silicate glass-ceramic matrix composite material is prepared by ball-milling an aqueous slurry of BAS glass powder and fine monoclinic celsian seeds. The fibers improve the mechanical strength and fracture toughness and with the matrix provide superior dielectric properties.
Super Carbon Fouling Resistive Small Iridium Spark Plug (2005)

A recent trend in the making of automotive engines, where high efficiency and low emissions need to be considered, is to mount multiple parts around the motor in order to improve overall engine efficiency. As a result of modern technology, the engine head and surrounding space have an excessive amount of parts. To accommodate the congested engine compartment, it is desirable to reduce the size of the spark plug. Small size spark plugs have the problem of poor resistance to carbon fouling and are subject to side sparks if carbon fouling occurs. This results from a reduced insulating gap between the center electrode and the housing achieved by reducing the size of the spark plug. By using visualization of flame growth and electric field strength analysis, we have conducted studies on insulator temperatures and spark behaviors in search of the optimal specifications. By doing so a new spark plug has been successfully developed, which performs as well as if not better than the conventional plug, although its thread size has been reduced from M14 to M10.
Probabilistic approach to model intelligent robot services (2006)

This paper is for making intelligent service models and presents examples using those models. The intelligence in a robot is necessary to make a robot provide much proper services to users. To do so, a lot of things are needed: service's mechanism, service models, and so on. In this paper, we just concentrate on modeling services. There would be several ways to provide an intelligent service. Here, we use Bayesian Networks to model a service and each model represents each target situation including contextual information. Using the advantage of the Bayesian Networks, services can be served even if there's no enough data to start them and/or even if under uncertainty.
Ultraselective and sensitive detection of xylene and toluene for monitoring indoor air pollution using Cr-doped NiO hierarchical nanostructures (2013)

Ultraselective and sensitive detection of xylene and toluene with minimum interferences of other indoor air pollutants such as benzene, ethanol, and formaldehyde is achieved using NiO hierarchical nanostructures doped with Cr. Pure and 1.15–2.56 at% Cr-doped NiO flower-like hierarchical nanostructures assembled from nanosheets are prepared by a simple solvothermal reaction and their gas sensing characteristics toward o-xylene and toluene gases are investigated. The 1.15 at% Cr-doped NiO hierarchical nanostructures show high responses to 5 ppm of o-xylene and toluene (ratio of resistance to gas and air = 11.61 and 7.81, respectively) and negligible cross-responses to 5 ppm of benzene, formaldehyde, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. However, pure NiO nanostructures show low responses to 5 ppm of o-xylene and toluene (ratio of resistance to gas and air = 2.01 and 1.14, respectively) and no selectivity toward any specific gas is observed. Significant enhancement of the response and selectivity to o-xylene and toluene is attributed to the decrease in the hole concentration in NiO and the catalytic oxidation of methyl groups by Cr doping.