gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The High Gain Light Water Breeder Reactor with a Uranium-Plutonium Cycle (1988)

The view has long been held that breeding in light water cores is possible only with the thorium cycle, at a rate slightly above the break-even point. If we utilize the uranium-plutonium cycle (plutonium fuel with 238U fertile material), we find that in a typical light water spectrum the value of η (number of neutrons emitted per neutron absorbed) for 239Pu, the principal plutonium isotope in standard light water reactor (LWR) spent fuel, is <2, which is the minimum value necessary for break-even in fissile fuel content. The reason for the low yield of fission neutrons from 239Pu absorption is that nearly one-third of the time 239Pu does not fission but instead forms 240Pu, a relatively nonfissile isotope. However, in studying the effect of neutron absorption by 240Pu and then by the subsequent 241Pu, which is highly fissionable with a large value of η, it is found that a net neutron gain is obtained. This, combined with the neutrons obtained from 239Pu fission and the fast effect (238U fissions), yields sufficient neutrons for a high gain breeding potential. Unfortunately, in a conventional LWR with plutonium fuel, we cannot run long enough to produce neutron absorption in 240Pu and in the resultant 241Pu because the 240Pu forms too quickly and its absorption is so high that it rapidly depletes the initial core reactivity. In the present concept, this difficulty has been overcome by a novel method of fuel management, which assumes the availability of rapid fuel reprocessing. In the design concept presented, two seed-blanket cores are utilized, a prebreeder and a breeder. The prebreeder core is fueled with plutonium obtained from standard LWR spent fuel and generates plutonium with a high isotopic content of 240Pu and 241Pu, which is used to fuel the breeder core. The initial fissile fuel for a 950-MW(electric) prebreeder is between 3000 and 4000 kg. Assuming the availability of rapid fuel reprocessing and refabrication, overall breeding of well over 10%/6 yr is feasible. The time between core refuelings is >1 yr, rather than once every 3 months as required in the case of liquid-metal fast breeder reactors, so that the fuel inventories are substantially reduced for our system. Thermal-hydraulic analysis indicates that each of the two seed-blanket cores can fit into a standard pressurized water reactor pressure vessel and meet safety requirements. Major advantages of the concept are continued utilization of present LWR plants and strong negative void coefficients for the core. It is anticipated that at equilibrium conditions, when plutonium for the prebreeder and breeder cores is recycled into standard LWRs, there will be a further gain in breeding.
Effect of a plume reduction in segmented electrode Hall thruster (2000)

A segmented electrode, which is placed at the thruster exit, is shown to affect thruster operation in several ways, whether the electrode produce low emission current or no emission current, although there appear to be advantages to the more emissive segmented electrode. Measured by plume divergence, the performance of Hall thruster operation, even with only one power supply, can approach or surpass that of non segmented operation over a range of parameter regimes, including the low gas rate regime. This allows the flexibility in operation of segmented electrode thrusters in variable thrust regimes.
Contextual synonym dictionary for visual object retrieval (2011)

In this paper, we study the problem of visual object retrieval by introducing a dictionary of contextual synonyms to narrow down the semantic gap in visual word quantization. The basic idea is to expand a visual word in the query image with its synonyms to boost the retrieval recall. Unlike the existing work such as soft-quantization, which only focuses on the Euclidean (l2) distance in descriptor space, we utilize the visual words which are more likely to describe visual objects with the same semantic meaning by identifying the words with similar contextual distributions (i.e. contextual synonyms). We describe the contextual distribution of a visual word using the statistics of both co-occurrence and spatial information averaged over all the image patches having this visual word, and propose an efficient system implementation to construct the contextual synonym dictionary for a large visual vocabulary. The whole construction process is unsupervised and the synonym dictionary can be naturally integrated into a standard bag-of-feature image retrieval system. Experimental results on several benchmark datasets are quite promising. The contextual synonym dictionary-based expansion consistently outperforms the l2 distance-based soft-quantization, and advances the state-of-the-art performance remarkably.
HSUPA Transport Network Congestion Control (2008)

The introduction of high speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) greatly improves achievable uplink bitrate but it presents new challenges to be solved in the radio access network. In the transport network, bandwidth reservation for HSUPA is not efficient and TCP cannot efficiently resolve congestion because of lower layer retransmissions. This paper proposes an HSUPA transport network flow control algorithm that handles congestion situations efficiently and supports quality of service differentiation. In the radio network controller (RNC), transport network congestion is detected. Relying on the standardized control frame the RNC notifies the Node B about transport network congestion. In case of transport network congestion the Node B part of the HSUPA flow control instructs the air interface scheduler to reduce the bitrate of the flow to eliminate congestion. The performance analysis concentrates on transport network limited scenarios. It is shown that TCP cannot provide efficient congestion control. The proposed algorithm can achieve high end-user perceived throughput, while maintaining low delay, loss and good fairness in the transport network.
<title>Three-beam CD optical pickup using a holographic optical element</title> (1991)

A three beam CD optical pickup has been developed with a holographic optical element (HOE). The HOE has a hologram for beam splitting and servo signal generation on one side of a glass substrate, and a grating for tracking-beam generation on the other side. The hologram pattern is divided into two regions. The grating periods of these regions are different from each other, so that the focus error signal is detected by Foucault knife-edge method. And also the radial error signal is detected by the twin-spot method. The HOE is cemented at the top of a package in which a laser diode and a photodiode for signal detection are mounted. The HOE offers a improvement of environmental stability of the pickup too. In spite of the usage of a plastic housing, the optical pickup shows superior characteristics of environmental stability.
Exploiting A History Database for Backup (1993)

Database systems provide media recovery by talc-ing periodic backups and applying a recovery log to a backup to r’estore the failed media. A transaction-time database is one that retains multiple versions of data, recording with each version the time of the transac-tion that created it. Such a database provides access to historical versions based on transaction time, and permits reconstruction of timeslices representing the data that were valid at past times. This paper shows how a TSB-tree supported transaction-time database can also provide the backup function of media recov-ery. Thus, the same versions used for database his-tory are used for database backup. The coat of taking a T.&amp;%-tree backup is comparable to that of a conven-tional diflerential backup. The media recovery cost, especially when the media failure is partial, e.g. a single disk page, will usually be lower.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers and Amplifiers: Theory, Applications and Implications (2013)

Techniques for suppressing stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in high-power fiber amplifiers are reviewed with an emphasis on acoustically engineered fibers. Topics range from the physics of Brillouin scattering to advanced fiber designs for SBS suppression.
Natural Human Immunity Against Staphylococcal Protein A Relies on Effector Functions Triggered by IgG3 (2022)

Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is a multifunctional, highly conserved virulence factor of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. By binding the Fc portion of all human IgG subclasses apart from IgG3, SpA interferes with antibody and complement deposition on the bacterial surface, impairing staphylococcal clearance by phagocytosis. Because of its anti-opsonic properties, SpA is not investigated as a surface antigen to mediate bacterial phagocytosis. Herein we investigate human sera for the presence of SpA-opsonizing antibodies. The screening revealed that sera containing IgG3 against SpA were able to correctly opsonize the target and drive Fcγ receptor-mediated interactions and phagocytosis. We demonstrated that IgG3 Fc is significantly more efficient in inducing phagocytosis of SpA-expressing <i>S. aureus</i> as compared to IgG1 Fc in an assay resembling physiological conditions. Furthermore, we show that the capacity of SpA antibodies to induce phagocytosis depends on the specific epitope recognized by the IgGs on SpA molecules. Overall, our results suggest that anti-SpA IgG3 antibodies could favor the anti-staphylococcal response in humans, paving the way towards the identification of a correlate of protection against staphylococcal infections.
Visualization of local Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics with genetically encoded bioluminescent reporters (2005)

Measurements of local Ca2+ signalling at different developmental stages and/or in specific cell types is important for understanding aspects of brain functioning. The use of light excitation in fluorescence imaging can cause phototoxicity, photobleaching and auto-fluorescence. In contrast, bioluminescence does not require the input of radiative energy and can therefore be measured over long periods, with very high temporal resolution. Aequorin is a genetically encoded Ca(2+)-sensitive bioluminescent protein, however, its low quantum yield prevents dynamic measurements of Ca2+ responses in single cells. To overcome this limitation, we recently reported the bi-functional Ca2+ reporter gene, GFP-aequorin (GA), which was developed specifically to improve the light output and stability of aequorin chimeras [V. Baubet, et al., (2000) PNAS, 97, 7260-7265]. In the current study, we have genetically targeted GA to different microdomains important in synaptic transmission, including to the mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic vesicles and to the postsynaptic density. We demonstrate that these reporters enable 'real-time' measurements of subcellular Ca2+ changes in single mammalian neurons using bioluminescence. The high signal-to-noise ratio of these reporters is also important in that it affords the visualization of Ca2+ dynamics in cell-cell communication in neuronal cultures and tissue slices. Further, we demonstrate the utility of this approach in ex-vivo preparations of mammalian retina, a paradigm in which external light input should be controlled. This represents a novel molecular imaging approach for non-invasive monitoring of local Ca2+ dynamics and cellular communication in tissue or whole animal studies.
Modeling of Broadband Liners Applied to the Advanced Noise Control Fan (2015)

The broadband component of fan noise has grown in relevance with an increase in bypass ratio and incorporation of advanced fan designs. Therefore, while the attenuation of fan tones remains a major factor in engine nacelle acoustic liner design, the simultaneous reduction of broadband fan noise levels has received increased interest. As such, a previous investigation focused on improvements to an established broadband acoustic liner optimization process using the Advanced Noise Control Fan (ANCF) rig as a demonstrator. Constant-depth, double-degree of freedom and variable-depth, multi-degree of freedom liner designs were carried through design, fabrication, and testing. This paper addresses a number of areas for further research identified in the initial assessment of the ANCF study. Specifically, incident source specification and uncertainty in some aspects of the predicted liner impedances are addressed. This information is incorporated in updated predictions of the liner performance and comparisons with measurement are greatly improved. Results illustrate the value of the design process in concurrently evaluating the relative costs/benefits of various liner designs. This study also provides further confidence in the integrated use of duct acoustic propagation/radiation and liner modeling tools in the design and evaluation of novel broadband liner concepts for complex engine configurations.
An IL13Rα2 peptide exhibits therapeutic activity against metastatic colorectal cancer (2018)

We propose that the D-D1 peptide from IL13Rα2 represents a promising therapeutic agent to inhibit metastatic progression in colorectal cancer and, likely, other solid tumours.
Hollow Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Application in Lithium Ion Batteries (2012)

Material design in terms of their morphologies other than solid nanoparticles can lead to more advanced properties. At the example of iron oxide, we explored the electrochemical properties of hollow nanoparticles with an application as a cathode and anode. Such nanoparticles contain very high concentration of cation vacancies that can be efficiently utilized for reversible Li ion intercalation without structural change. Cycling in high voltage range results in high capacity (∼132 mAh/g at 2.5 V), 99.7% Coulombic efficiency, superior rate performance (133 mAh/g at 3000 mA/g) and excellent stability (no fading at fast rate during more than 500 cycles). Cation vacancies in hollow iron oxide nanoparticles are also found to be responsible for the enhanced capacity in the conversion reactions. We monitored in situ structural transformation of hollow iron oxide nanoparticles by synchrotron X-ray absorption and diffraction techniques that provided us clear understanding of the lithium intercalation processes during electrochemical cycling.
Antibodies From Patients With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia/Thrombosis Recognize Different Epitopes on Heparin: Platelet Factor 4 (1998)

Antibodies associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis (HITT) are now thought to be specific for complexes formed between heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4), a basic protein found normally in platelet alpha granules. How these antibodies cause thrombocytopenia and, in some patients, thrombosis, is not fully understood, in part because purified antibodies that could be labeled and used as probes to characterize target epitopes have not been available. We developed a novel method for antibody purification involving binding to and elution from PF4 complexed to heparin immobilized by end-linkage (EL) to a solid phase. Isolated antibodies were functional and after biotinylation, reacted with heparin: PF4 complexes in the same manner as unlabeled antibodies. Using these probes, we found that antibodies from 11 patients with HITT recognized two, and probably three, distinct sites on heparin: PF4 complexes. The antibodies did not bind to PF4 complexed with heparin immobilized by multiple chemical cross-linkages, suggesting that the heparin molecule must be in a flexible, relatively unconstrained state to react with PF4 in such a way as to create sites for HITT antibody binding.
Assessment of STAT5 as a potential therapy target in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer (2020)

Despite enzalutamide's efficacy in delaying the progression of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), resistance to this anti-androgen inevitably occurs. Several studies have revealed that the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 plays a role in tumour progression and development of drug resistance such as enzalutamide. Data mining revealed heterogeneous expression of STAT5 in enzalutamide-treated mCRPC patients and enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). Isobologram analysis revealed that the STAT5 inhibitor pimozide combined with enzalutamide has? additive and synergistic inhibitory effects on cell viability in the used models. Functional analysis with siRNA-mediated STAT5 knockdown yielded divergent results. The LNCaP-derived cell line MR49F could be resensitised to enzalutamide by siRNA-mediated STAT5b-knock-down. In contrast, neither STAT5a nor STAT5b knockdown resensitised enzalutamide-resistant LAPC4-EnzaR cells to enzalutamide. In conclusion, our results indicate that STAT5 may be a possible target in a subgroup of enzalutamide-resistant PCa. However, based on the data presented here, a general role of STAT5 in enzalutamide-resistance and its potential as a therapeutic target could not be shown.
Abstract 15728: Real-Time Noninvasive Intra-Cardiac Pressure Estimation Using Subharmonic Signals From Ultrasound Contrast Agents (2019)

Introduction: Subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) utilizes subharmonic signals from ultrasound contrast agents to estimate ambient pressures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the...
Physiologically gated micro-beam radiation therapy using electronically controlled field emission x-ray source array (2013)

Micro-beam radiation therapy (MRT) uses parallel planes of high dose narrow (10-100 um in width) radiation beams separated by a fraction of a millimeter to treat cancerous tumors. This experimental therapy method based on synchrotron radiation has been shown to spare normal tissue at up to 1000Gy of entrance dose while still being effective in tumor eradication and extending the lifetime of tumor-bearing small animal models. Motion during the treatment can result in significant movement of micro beam positions resulting in broader beam width and lower peak to valley dose ratio (PVDR), and thus can reduce the effectiveness of the MRT. Recently we have developed the first bench-top image guided MRT system for small animal treatment using a high powered carbon nanotube (CNT) x-ray source array. The CNT field emission x-ray source can be electronically synchronized to an external triggering signal to enable physiologically gated firing of x-ray radiation to minimize motion blurring. Here we report the results of phantom study of respiratory gated MRT. A simulation of mouse breathing was performed using a servo motor. Preliminary results show that without gating the micro beam full width at tenth maximum (FWTM) can increase by 70% and PVDR can decrease up to 50%. But with proper gating, both the beam width and PVDR changes can be negligible. Future experiments will involve irradiation of mouse models and comparing histology stains between the controls and the gated irradiation.
Human Ovarian Cancer Stroma Contains Luteinized Theca Cells Harboring Tumor Suppressor Gene GT198 Mutations (2013)

Ovarian cancer is a highly lethal gynecological cancer, and its causes remain to be understood. Using a recently identified tumor suppressor gene, GT198 (PSMC3IP), as a unique marker, we searched for the identity of GT198 mutant cells in ovarian cancer. GT198 has germ line mutations in familial and early onset breast and ovarian cancers and recurrent somatic mutations in sporadic fallopian tube cancers. GT198 protein has been shown as a steroid hormone receptor coregulator and also as a crucial factor in DNA repair. In this study, using GT198 as a marker for microdissection, we find that ovarian tumor stromal cells harboring GT198 mutations are present in various types of ovarian cancer including high and low grade serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and granulosa cell carcinomas and in precursor lesions such as inclusion cysts. The mutant stromal cells consist of a luteinized theca cell lineage at various differentiation stages including CD133(+), CD44(+), and CD34(+) cells, although the vast majority of them are differentiated overexpressing steroidogenic enzyme CYP17, a theca cell-specific marker. In addition, wild type GT198 suppresses whereas mutant GT198 protein stimulates CYP17 expression. The chromatin-bound GT198 on the human CYP17 promoter is decreased by overexpressing mutant GT198 protein, implicating the loss of wild type suppression in mutant cells. Together, our results suggest that GT198 mutant luteinized theca cells overexpressing CYP17 are common in ovarian cancer stroma. Because first hit cancer gene mutations would specifically mark cancer-inducing cells, the identification of mutant luteinized theca cells may add crucial evidence in understanding the cause of human ovarian cancer.
Dynamic threshold based rate adaptation for HTTP live streaming (2017)

The Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is specified to cope with the changing network conditions and provide an adaptive bit-rate HTTP-based streaming solution. While there have been many researches of rate adaptation algorithms on adaptive HTTP streaming, much of the work is focused on Video on Demand (VoD) service - which is not same as live streaming. It is generally preferred to minimize the end-to-end delay and make full use of the bandwidth for live services. In this paper, we propose a buffer-based rate adaptation algorithm with dynamic threshold which can decrease the rate transitions and provide a seamless playback under a low latency requirement. The rate adaptation metrics not only take into account the momentary value of bandwidth but also consider its fluctuation as the recognition of bandwidth is crucial over small buffer. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed rate adaptation scheme outperforms the methods using fixed threshold or instant throughput.