gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Truth Will Out: Interrogative Polygraphy (“Lie Detection”) With Event‐Related Brain Potentials (1991)

The feasibility of using Event Related Brain Potentials (ERPs) in Interrogative Polygraphy ("Lie Detection") was tested by examining the effectiveness of the Guilty Knowledge Test designed by Farwell and Donchin (1986, 1988). The subject is assigned an arbitrary task requiring discrimination between experimenter-designated targets and other, irrelevant stimuli. A group of diagnostic items ("probes"), which to the unwitting are indistinguishable from the irrelevant items, are embedded among the irrelevant. For subjects who possess "guilty knowledge" these probes are distinct from the irrelevants and are likely to elicit a P300, thus revealing their possessing the special knowledge that allows them to differentiate the probes from the irrelevants. We report two experiments in which this paradigm was tested. In Experiment 1, 20 subjects participated in one of two mock espionage scenarios and were tested for their knowledge of both scenarios. All stimuli consisted of short phrases presented for 300 ms each at an interstimulus interval of 1550 ms. A set of items were designated as "targets" and appeared on 17% of the trials. Probes related to the scenarios also appeared on 17% of the trials. The rest of the items were irrelevants. Subjects responded by pressing one switch following targets, and the other following irrelevants (and, of course, probes). ERPs were recorded from FZ, CZ, and PZ. As predicted, targets elicited large P300s in all subjects. Probes associated with a given scenario elicited a P300 in subjects who participated in that scenario. A bootstrapping method was used to assess the quality of the decision for each subject. The algorithm declared the decision indeterminate in 12.5% of the cases. In all other cases a decision was made. There were no false positives and no false negatives: whenever a determination was made it was accurate. The second experiment was virtually identical to the first, with identical results, except that this time 4 subjects were tested, each of which had a minor brush with the law. Subjects were tested to determine whether they possessed information on their own "crimes." The results were as expected; the Guilty Knowledge Test determined correctly which subject possessed which information. The implications of these data both for the practice of Interrogative Polygraphy and the interpretation of the P300 are discussed.
Automated daily processing of more than 1000 ground‐based GPS receivers for studying intense ionospheric storms (2005)

As the number of ground‐based and space‐based receivers tracking the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites steadily increases, it is becoming possible to monitor changes in the ionosphere continuously and on a global scale with unprecedented accuracy and reliability. As of August 2005, there are more than 1000 globally distributed dual‐frequency GPS receivers available using publicly accessible networks including, for example, the International GPS Service and the continuously operating reference stations. To take advantage of the vast amount of GPS data, researchers use a number of techniques to estimate satellite and receiver interfrequency biases and the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere. Most techniques estimate vertical ionospheric structure and, simultaneously, hardware‐related biases treated as nuisance parameters. These methods often are limited to 200 GPS receivers and use a sequential least squares or Kalman filter approach. The biases are later removed from the measurements to obtain unbiased TEC. In our approach to calibrating GPS receiver and transmitter interfrequency biases we take advantage of all available GPS receivers using a new processing algorithm based on the Global Ionospheric Mapping (GIM) software developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This new capability is designed to estimate receiver biases for all stations. We solve for the instrumental biases by modeling the ionospheric delay and removing it from the observation equation using precomputed GIM maps. The precomputed GIM maps rely on 200 globally distributed GPS receivers to establish the “background” used to model the ionosphere at the remaining 800 GPS sites.
Generation of polarization entanglement utilizing spatially correlated photon pairs from spontaneous parametric down-conversion (2007)

Polarization entanglement of photons provides a superior environment to demonstrate quantum info-communication protocols. Thus far, several methods using parametric down-conversion process have been realized to generate polarization-entangled photon pairs. In this report, we propose a novel method to generate polarization entanglement from spatially correlated photon pairs and demonstrate its experimental verification.
Selective Gas Sensing with a Single Pristine Graphene Transistor (2012)

We show that vapors of different chemicals produce distinguishably different effects on the low-frequency noise spectra of graphene. It was found in a systematic study that some gases change the electrical resistance of graphene devices without changing their low-frequency noise spectra while other gases modify the noise spectra by inducing Lorentzian components with distinctive features. The characteristic frequency f(c) of the Lorentzian noise bulges in graphene devices is different for different chemicals and varies from f(c) = 10-20 Hz to f(c) = 1300-1600 Hz for tetrahydrofuran and chloroform vapors, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the low-frequency noise in combination with other sensing parameters can allow one to achieve the selective gas sensing with a single pristine graphene transistor. Our method of gas sensing with graphene does not require graphene surface functionalization or fabrication of an array of the devices with each tuned to a certain chemical.
Initial demonstration of a local, evanescent, array coupled biosensor concept (2005)

A concept for a novel, compact, immunoassay biosensor that can simultaneously sense multiple analytes simultaneously is being investigated. The dielectric planar waveguide sensor relies on modulation of the local evanescent field coupled into an array detector. Proof of concept experiments carried out using near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) on a 17 nm thick pseudo-adlayer demonstrated high sensitivity with an optical SNR of approximately 55:1. The measured results agree with numerical simulations
Modification of starch metabolism in transgenic <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> increases plant biomass and triples oilseed production (2015)

Summary We have identified a novel means to achieve substantially increased vegetative biomass and oilseed production in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . Endogenous isoforms of starch branching enzyme ( SBE ) were substituted by either one of the endosperm‐expressed maize ( Zea mays L.) branching isozymes, Zm SBEI or Zm SBEII b. Transformants were compared with the starch‐free background and with the wild‐type plants. Each of the maize‐derived SBE s restored starch biosynthesis but both morphology and structure of starch particles were altered. Altered starch metabolism in the transformants is associated with enhanced biomass formation and more‐than‐trebled oilseed production while maintaining seed oil quality. Enhanced oilseed production is primarily due to an increased number of siliques per plant whereas oil content and seed number per silique are essentially unchanged or even modestly decreased. Introduction of cereal starch branching isozymes into oilseed plants represents a potentially useful strategy to increase biomass and oilseed production in related crops and manipulate the structure and properties of leaf starch.
Discovery of VU6028418: A Highly Selective and Orally Bioavailable M<sub>4</sub> Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonist (2021)

Herein, we report the SAR leading to the discovery of VU6028418, a potent M<sub>4</sub> mAChR antagonist with high subtype-selectivity and attractive DMPK properties <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> across multiple species. VU6028418 was subsequently evaluated as a preclinical candidate for the treatment of dystonia and other movement disorders. During the characterization of VU6028418, a novel use of deuterium incorporation as a means to modulate CYP inhibition was also discovered.
Toward biomorphic control using custom aVLSI CPG chips (2002)

The locomotor controller for walking, running, swimming, and flying animals is based on a central pattern generator (CPG). Models of CPGs as systems of coupled nonlinear oscillators have been proposed and have been used for the control of robots. In this paper we describe the implementation of an adaptive CPG model in a compact, custom analog VLSI circuit. We demonstrate the function of the chip by controlling an underactuated, running robotic leg. This circuit has adaptive properties that allow it to tune its behavior based on sensory feedback. To our knowledge this is the first instance of an adaptive CPG chip. This approach supports the construction of extremely inexpensive, low power and compact controllers for walking, flying and swimming machines.
Safety of a temperature-sensitive vaccine strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus in pregnant cows (1986)

SUMMARY Safety tests were conducted in 78 pregnant cows vaccinated with a commercial preparation of a temperature-sensitive vaccine strain of bovine viral diarrhea ( bvd ) virus. After vaccination, seroconversion was detected in 33 (97%) of 34 cattle that did not have antibodies against bvd virus. Overall, 43 (91%) of 47 cows with prevaccination titers ≤ 4 seroconverted. During the test period, cows did not become naturally infected with bvd virus, and bvd -associated reactions to the vaccine were not observed in vaccinated cows. Calves born to vaccinated cows did not have clinical signs of fetal bvd . Precolostral blood samples collected from the progeny of cows that were seronegative at vaccination were free of antibody against bvd virus. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was not isolated from the cattle evaluated in the present study.
Melt free‐radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate onto polypropylene (1995)

Abstract This paper concerns free‐radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto polypropylene (PP) in the molten state carried out in a batch mixer. This free‐radical grafting proceeds very rapidly as it goes to completion within two to three minutes at 200°C. The grafting yield of GMA alone is low and it is greatly enhanced upon addition of styrene as a second monomer with a reduced chain degradation of PP. Homopolymer and copolymer of GMA formed during grafting were quantified. It is suggested that in the presence of styrene, the dominating grafting mechanism is that styrene reacts with the PP macroradicals to form more stable styryl macroradicals which then react with GMA to form GMA‐grafted PP. The rate of this reaction is much greater than that between the PP macroradicals and GMA. Unlike grafting of mixtures of maleic anhydride and styrene, which is dictated primarily by formation of a charge transfer complex, free‐radical grafting of GMA in the presence of styrene follows a random copolymerization process.
A Highly Selective Hydantoin Inhibitor of Aggrecanase-1 and Aggrecanase-2 with a Low Projected Human Dose (2017)

Aggrecanase-1 and -2 (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) are zinc metalloproteases involved in the degradation of aggrecan in cartilage. Inhibitors could provide a means of altering the progression of osteoarthritis. We report the identification of 7 which had good oral pharmacokinetics in rats and showed efficacy in a rat chemical model of osteoarthritis. The projected human dose required to achieve sustained plasma levels ≥10 times the hADAMTS-5 IC<sub>50</sub> is 5 mg q.d.
<i>In situ</i>mechanical property measurements of amorphous carbon–boron nitride nanotube nanostructures (2011)

To understand the mechanical properties of amorphous carbon (a-C)/boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) nanostructures, in situ mechanical tests are conducted inside a transmission electron microscope equipped with an integrated atomic force microscope system. The nanotube structure is modified with amorphous carbon deposited by controlled electron beam irradiation. We demonstrate multiple in situ tensile, compressive, and lap shear tests with a-C/BNNT hybrid nanostructures. The tensile strength of the a-C/BNNT hybrid nanostructure is 5.29 GPa with about 90 vol% of a-C. The tensile strength and strain of the end-to-end joint structure with a-C welding is 0.8 GPa and 5.2% whereas the lap shear strength of the side-by-side joint structure with a-C is 0.25 GPa.
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta: an ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery and the isolation of a potentially useful new antihyperglycaemic agent (1998)

Evidence has been published that a wide array of plant-derived active principles, representing numerous classes of chemical compounds, demonstrate activity consistent with their possible use in the treatment of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Despite these interesting observations, to date, metformin is the only ethical drug approved for treatment of Type 2 DM derived from a medicinal plant. Why is this so, given the fact that higher plants are such a potential source of new drugs? The answer to this rhetorical question may lie in the reliance of most pharmaceutical companies on random, in vitro, mechanism-based, high throughput screening in the initial phases of plant drug research. In this article we describe an alternative pathway to discovery of drugs for the treatment of Type 2 DM: on based on an ethnomedical approach, involving ethnobotany and traditional medicine. In particular, we present evidence that cryptolepine, an indoloquinolone alkaloid isolated from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, significantly lowers glucose when given orally to a mouse model of diabetes. The antihyperglycaemic effect of cryptolepine leads to a significant decline in plasma insulin concentration, associated with evidence of an enhancement in insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Finally, cryptolepine increases glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cells. These data permit us to conclude that an ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery can identify a potentially useful drug for the treatment of Type 2 DM.
Preclinical development of orally available sphingosine kinase inhibitors (2009)

e14615 Background: Sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes control the dynamic balance of important bioactive lipids, including apoptotic ceramide and proliferative sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Several growth factors and inflammatory cytokines promote the cleavage of sphingomyelin and ceramide leading to rapid elevation of S1P levels through the action of sphingosine kinases (SKs). SK1 is oncogenic and is markedly overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, making this enzyme a potential molecular target for cancer therapy. Methods: SK inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated in a variety of cellular and in vivo models. Antitumor activity was assessed in an allogeneic model utilizing murine JC mammary adenocarcinoma cells growing in Balb/c mice, and a xenograft model of human Bxpc pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells growing in scid-mice. Results: The lead SK inhibitors, called ABC294640 and ABC294735, inhibit SK1 and SK2 at low micromolar concentrations, and are nontoxic to rodents at acute doses up to at least 1000 mg/kg (po). ABC294640 is orally-available, and has excellent pharmacokinetics, with serum levels exceeding the effective SK inhibitory concentration for at least 8 hours. Acute- and chronic- toxicology studies indicate that ABC294640 induces a transient minor decrease in the hemotocrit of rats and mice receiving 100 and 250 mg/kg/day; however, this normalizes by 28 days of treatment. No other changes in hematology parameters, or gross or microscopic tissue pathology result from treatment with ABC294640. Oral administration of ABC294640 to mice bearing JC adenocarcinomas results in dose-dependent antitumor activity associated with depletion of S1P levels in the tumors and progressive tumor cell apoptosis. ABC294735 is also orally-active in both JC and Bxpc tumor models, and demonstrates synergistic antitumor activity when combined with cisplatin or gemcitabine. Conclusions: These newly developed SK inhibitors provide orally-available drug candidates for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and other diseases. IND-enabling CMC and toxicology work is currently underway, and an SK inhibitor is expected to enter clinical trials in early 2010. [Table: see text]
Ultra High Compression for Weather Radar Reflectivity Data Storage and Transmission (2005)

Bandwidth is a premium resource in ground-air and air-ground communication links. Transmission of raw Doppler weather radar data over these links incurs significant latency and high cost. Traditional image compression techniques utilizing spatial redundancy of pictorial data for reducing the bit-rate achieve at most an order-of-magnitude of compression ratios. An efficient compression scheme for reflectivity data based on contour representation of weather phenomena is presented in this paper. The method, incorporating automatic contouring, control point generation, spline-based reconstruction, and contour filling, offers compression ratios in excess of a hundred while preserving meteorologically useful features.\n
Synthesis of Higher Diamondoids and Implications for Their Formation in Petroleum (2010)

Could chemistry be as easy as A+B=C? Higher diamondoids form from lower ones in experiments mimicking petroleum cracking. The yields are low but can be significantly improved by the addition of isobutane or isobutene. Rather than through superacid-catalyzed carbocation rearrangement reactions—long assumed to be responsible for diamondoid growth—the reactions take place through free-radical mechanisms akin to CVD growth.
Endothelial microparticles as markers of endothelial dysfunction (2004)

Endothelial microparticles (EMP) are small vesicles released from disturbed endothelial cells (EC). Owing to the central importance of EC injury in thrombotic and inflammatory conditions, assay of EMP as a marker of EC disturbance has come under intensive development by several laboratories. The review begins with established markers of EC injury, commonly soluble markers such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, von Willebrand factor (vWF), etc., pointing out that many of these are in fact mixtures of true soluble molecules with membrane-bound forms, for example, EMP. Assays of EMP from different labs are reviewed and standardization of assay is recommended. EMP are heterogeneous: those released in activation vs. apoptosis are distinctive in phenotypic markers and procoagulant properties. Application of EMP phenotype analysis can distinguish EC state of activation from apoptosis. Some EMP carry functional vWF with properties different from soluble vWF. Certain EMP bind to and activate monocytes; EMP-monocyte conjugates were found to be a marker of inflammatory disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS), and to enhance transendothelial migration of leukocytes in vitro. Clinical studies have revealed elevated plasma levels of EMP in lupus anticoagulant (LA), multiple sclerosis (MS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, preeclampsia, and diabetes. Further refinement of EMP assay could open new windows for evaluating and monitoring endothelial injury in thrombotic and inflammatory disorders.
Design and synthesis of yellow- to red-emitting gold(<scp>iii</scp>) complexes containing isomeric thienopyridine and thienoquinoline moieties and their applications in operationally stable organic light-emitting devices (2021)

A new class of yellow- to red-emitting carbazolylgold(III) complexes containing isomeric thienopyridine or thienoquinoline moieties in the cyclometalating ligand has been designed and synthesized, which showed high photoluminescence quantum yields of over 80% in solid-state thin films. The isomeric effect and extended π-conjugation of the <i>N</i>-heterocycles have been found to remarkably perturb the photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescence properties of the gold(III) complexes. In particular, the operational lifetimes of organic light-emitting devices based on that incorporated with thieno[2,3-<i>c</i>]pyridine are almost three orders of magnitude longer than that incorporated with thieno[3,2-<i>c</i>]pyridine. This has led to long device operational stability with a LT<sub>70</sub> value of up to 63 200 h at a luminance of 100 cd m<sup>-2</sup> and a long half-lifetime of 206 800 h, as well as maximum external quantum efficiencies of up to 8.6% and 14.5% in the solution-processed and vacuum-deposited devices, respectively. This work provides insights into the development of robust and highly luminescent gold(III) complexes and the identification of stable molecular motifs for designing efficient emitters.
ChemInform Abstract: IODINE‐CONTAINING ORGANIC CARBONATES AS INVESTIGATIVE RADIOPAQUE COMPOUNDS (1977)

Abstract p‐Jodphenol (I) wird zu (II) verestert.
Cycloshermilamine D, a New Pyridoacridine from the Marine Tunicate <i>Cystodytes violatinctus</i> (2000)

A new alkaloid, cycloshermilamine D, was isolated from the marine tunicate Cystodytes violatinctus, and its structure (1), which is closely related to shermilamine D, was established mainly on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data.
Multimodal interaction patterns in mobile local search (2012)

Speak4it™ is a mobile search application that leverages multimodal input and integration to allow users to search for and act on local business information. We present an initial empirical analysis of user interaction with a multimodal local search application deployed in the field with real users. Specifically, we focus on queries involving multimodal commands, and analyze multimodal interaction behaviors seen in a deployed multimodal system.
Soluble CD146, an innovative and non-invasive biomarker of embryo selection for in vitro fertilization (2017)

Although progress was made in in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques, the majority of embryos transferred fail to implant. Morphology embryo scoring is the standard procedure for most of IVF centres for choosing the best embryo, but remains limited since even the embryos classified as "top quality" may not implant. As it has been shown that i) CD146 is involved in embryo implantation and ii) membrane form is shed to generate soluble CD146 (sCD146), we propose that sCD146 in embryo supernatants may constitute a new biomarker of embryo selection. Immunocytochemical staining showed expression of CD146 in early embryo stages and sCD146 was detected by ELISA and Western-blot in embryo supernatants from D2. We retrospectively studied 126 couples who underwent IVF attempt. The embryo culture medium from each transferred embryo (n = 222) was collected for measurement of sCD146 by ELISA. Significantly higher sCD146 concentrations were present in embryo supernatants that did not implant (n = 185) as compared to those that successfully implanted (n = 37) (1310 +/- 1152 pg.mL-1 vs. 845+/- 1173 pg.mL-1, p = 0.024). Sensitivity analysis performed on single embryo transfers (n = 71) confirmed this association (p = 0.0054). The computed ROC curve established that the optimal sCD146 concentration for embryo implantation is under 1164 pg.mL-1 (sensitivity: 76%, specificity: 48%, PPV: 25% and NPV: 92%). Over this sCD146 threshold, the implantation rate was significantly lower (9% with sCD146 levels >1164 pg.ml-1 vs. 22% with sCD146 levels ≤ 1164 pg.mL-1, p = 0.01). Among the embryos preselected by morphologic scoring, sCD146 determination could allow a better selection of the embryo(s), thus improving the success of elective single embryo transfer. This study establishes the proof of concept for the use of sCD146 as a biomarker for IVF by excluding the embryo with the highest sCD146 level. A multicentre prospective study will now be necessary to further establish its use in clinical practice.