gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Concise Introduction to Geometric Numerical Integration (2016)

Discover How Geometric Integrators Preserve the Main Qualitative Properties of Continuous Dynamical Systems A Concise Introduction to Geometric Numerical Integration presents the main themes, techniques, and applications of geometric integrators for researchers in mathematics, physics, astronomy, and chemistry who are already familiar with numerical tools for solving differential equations. It also offers a bridge from traditional training in the numerical analysis of differential equations to understanding recent, advanced research literature on numerical geometric integration. The book first examines high-order classical integration methods from the structure preservation point of view. It then illustrates how to construct high-order integrators via the composition of basic low-order methods and analyzes the idea of splitting. It next reviews symplectic integrators constructed directly from the theory of generating functions as well as the important category of variational integrators. The authors also explain the relationship between the preservation of the geometric properties of a numerical method and the observed favorable error propagation in long-time integration. The book concludes with an analysis of the applicability of splitting and composition methods to certain classes of partial differential equations, such as the Schrödinger equation and other evolution equations. The motivation of geometric numerical integration is not only to develop numerical methods with improved qualitative behavior but also to provide more accurate long-time integration results than those obtained by general-purpose algorithms. Accessible to researchers and post-graduate students from diverse backgrounds, this introductory book gets readers up to speed on the ideas, methods, and applications of this field. Readers can reproduce the figures and results given in the text using the MATLAB® programs and model files available online.
The Spectrum of Renal Disease in Laurence–Moon–Biedl Syndrome (1988)

To determine the nature, extent, and severity of renal involvement in Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome (obesity, mental retardation, polydactyly, hypogonadism, and pigmented retinal dystrophy), we evaluated 20 of 30 patients with the disorder identified from ophthalmologic records in Newfoundland. The mean age was 31 years, and seven were male. All 20 patients had structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys or both. Three had end-stage renal disease, with two requiring maintenance hemodialysis. The remaining 17 patients had normal serum creatinine values and estimated creatinine clearances. Half the subjects had hypertension. Fourteen of 17 patients could not concentrate urine above 750 mOsm per kilogram of body weight even after vasopressin, whereas all 10 normal controls could. Urinary pH decreased below 5.3 after ammonium chloride administration in all 15 normal controls, but in only 13 of 18 patients. Calyceal clubbing or blunting was evident in 18 of 19 patients studied by intravenous pyelography; 13 patients had calyceal cysts or diverticula. Seventeen of 19 patients had lobulated renal outlines of the fetal type. Four patients had diffuse renal cortical loss, but only two of these had renal insufficiency. We conclude that Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome includes the presence of renal abnormalities.
Potentiation of Synaptic GluN2B NMDAR Currents by Fyn Kinase Is Gated through BDNF-Mediated Disinhibition in Spinal Pain Processing (2016)

In chronic pain states, the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transforms the output of lamina I spinal neurons by decreasing synaptic inhibition. Pain hypersensitivity also depends on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and Src-family kinases, but the locus of NMDAR dysregulation remains unknown. Here, we show that NMDAR-mediated currents at lamina I synapses are potentiated in a peripheral nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. We find that BDNF mediates NMDAR potentiation through activation of TrkB and phosphorylation of the GluN2B subunit by the Src-family kinase Fyn. Surprisingly, we find that Cl<sup>-</sup>-dependent disinhibition is necessary and sufficient to prime potentiation of synaptic NMDARs by BDNF. Thus, we propose that spinal pain amplification is mediated by a feedforward mechanism whereby loss of inhibition gates the increase in synaptic excitation within individual lamina I neurons. Given that neither disinhibition alone nor BDNF-TrkB signaling is sufficient to potentiate NMDARs, we have discovered a form of molecular coincidence detection in lamina I neurons.
Remembrance of places passed: Spatial memory in rats. (1976)

Rats were tested on an eight-arm maze in a paradigm of sampling with replacement from a known set of items until the entire set was sampled. The first three experiments demonstrated that the animals performed efficiently, choosing an average of more than seven different arms within the first eight choices, and did not utilize intramaze cues or consistent chains of responses in solving the task. The second three experiments examined some characteristics of the rats' memory storage. There was a small but reliable recency effect with the likelihood of a repetition error increasing with the number of choices since the initial instance. This performance decrement was due to interference from choices rather than just to the passage of time. No evidence was found for a primary effect. The data also suggest that there was no tendency to generalize among spatially adjacent arms. The results are discussed in terms of the memory processes involved in this task and human serial When distinctive exteroceptive discriminative stimuli are consistently associated with a particular location, rats preferentially use these stimuli for discrimination learning, a phenomenon that is usually referred to as learning. If place learning can be used to solve a discrimination problem, rats learn very rapidly. If place learning cannot be used to solve a discrimination problem, rats learn slowly and almost invariably adopt a position habit or spatial hypothesis before finding the correct solution. (Relevant literature reviews may be found in Gleitman, 1955; Kimble, 1961, p. 223; Olton & Samuelson,
Chemoselective Two-Directional Reaction of Bifunctionalized Substrates: Formal Ketal-Selective Mukaiyama Aldol Type Reaction (2015)

In the presence of an acidic zwitterion bearing a highly stabilized carbanion, reactions of ω,ω-dialkoxy carbonyl compounds with ketene silyl acetals (KSA) resulted in an unusual molecular transformation; substitution reaction with the KSA at the ketal moiety and simultaneous silylative acetalization of the ketone moiety.
Induction of expression of growth-related genes by FGF-4 in mouse fibroblasts. (1996)

Cells monitor and respond to extracellular signals from polypeptide growth factors by the induction of a genetic program. Although poorly understood at the molecular level, the biological activity of growth factors is believed to be mediated by the regulation of specific sets of genes. We have isolated a number of cDNAs, the expression of whose corresponding RNAs is induced by FGF-4 (K-FGF) in murine NIH3T3 fibroblasts. The cDNAs (FIN, for FGF-inducible) were isolated using a strategy of subtractive hybridization designed to yield 'late' genes which compared transformed 3T3 cells that constitutively produce FGF-4 with their normal counterpart. The 21 independent cDNAs isolated were found to correspond to known genes (FIN1-12), or novel genes (FIN13-21). Expression of the FIN genes is induced in response to FGF-4 as well as to serum in NIH3T3 cells with delayed kinetics, with maximum stimulation occurring 12-18h after growth factor treatment. Induction requires protein synthesis and is mostly transcriptional. FIN1-12 encode a broad range of previously described genes, some of which are proposed to have an important role in cell proliferation. The novel clones include a putative serine-threonine phosphatase (FIN13) and a gene with homology to NTP-binding proteins (FIN16). The distribution of expression of the novel FIN clones in adult mouse tissues was highly restricted, although most were expressed in embryos. While expression of novel FIN cDNAs was strongly regulated in NIH3T3 cells, induction of differentiation in PC-12 cells by FGF-4 (as well as by NGF) did not result in significant induction of expression, suggesting that most of the FIN genes are proliferation-specific. Chromosomal localization of novel FIN clones indicated that each segregated independently to separate mouse chromosomes.
A 128*128 matrix electrically addressed ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator (1988)

The operation and performance of a 128 by 128 matrix electrically addressed ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator are described. The limits to device performance are briefly discussed and an indication given of future devices which will be possible using this rapidly advancing technology.
Research Directions for Principles of Data Management (Abridged) (2017)

In April 2016, a community of researchers working in the area of Principles of Data Management (PDM) joined in a workshop at the Dagstuhl Castle in Germany. The workshop was organized jointly by the Executive Committee of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (PODS) and the Council of the International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT). The mission of this workshop was to identify and explore some of the most important research directions that have high relevance to society and to Computer Science today, and where the PDM community has the potential to make significant contributions. This article presents a summary of the report created by the workshop. That report describes the family of research directions that the workshop focused on from three perspectives: potential practical relevance, results already obtained, and research questions that appear surmountable in the short and medium term.
Lipoprotein lipase (LpL) affects low density lipoprotein (LDL) flux through vascular tissue: evidence that LpL increases LDL accumulation in vascular tissue. (1994)

A cardinal feature of the atherosclerotic lesion is increased low density lipoprotein (LDL) content of the arterial wall. Such increases in vascular wall LDL could result from either increased flux of circulating LDL across the arterial endothelial barrier or decreased efflux of LDL that has entered the vascular tissue. A number of studies have focused on factors that alter permeability of endothelial cell monolayers and intact blood vessels causing increased LDL influx. In contrast, the current studies were designed to test the hypothesis that lipoprotein lipase (LpL), increases LDL accumulation and decreases LDL efflux from vascular tissue. Frog mesenteric venular microvessels were cannulated and the rates of fluorescently labeled LDL accumulation (N/t) and efflux (T1/2) were measured by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. When the vessels were perfused with a solution containing bovine milk LpL (10(-5) g/ml) and human LDL (protein = 0.68 mg/ml), N/t was > 15x greater than that of control vessels which were perfused with LDL alone. LpL addition did not change albumin permeability, suggesting that increased N/t was not related to changes in vessel permeability. Increased LDL accumulation within the vessel could have resulted from either an increase in LDL influx from the vessel lumen into the vascular tissue or a decrease in efflux of LDL. Therefore, LDL efflux from vascular tissue was determined by measuring the rate of decline in fluorescence intensity of control and LpL-treated vessels after washout of the vessel lumen with a clear, nonfluorescent solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
On the sensitivity of MD trajectories to changes in water-protein interaction parameters: The potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor in water as a test case for the GROMOS force field (1996)

A critical evaluation is presented of the sensitivity of the results of molecular dynamics simulations of proteins to changes in the parameters describing water-protein and protein-protein van der Waals interactions in the GROMOS force field. The origin of the van der Waals and electrostatic parameters of the GROMOS standard force field is reviewed, and possible weaknesses are discussed. Four alternate sets of van der Waals parameters for the oxygen types of the GROMOS force field that have been suggested by different authors are then tested against the original force field. Six 500 ps molecular dynamics simulations of the potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI) in solution using the different parameter sets are analyzed and the results compared with the available X-ray and NMR data. It is shown that the behavior of the molecular system is very sensitive to changes in the van der Waals parameters of the oxygens, especially when affecting the interactions between water and aliphatic or aromatic groups. It is also shown that correction of just the repulsive van der Waals parameter of the water oxygen for its interactions with nonpolar groups is sufficient to correct the main deficiency of the original GROMOS parameter set. Nevertheless, the present study suggest that further refinement of the current parameters is still needed for a proper representation of nonbonded interactions.
Broadband microstrip antenna using epsilon near zero metamaterials (2015)

In this study, the effect of loading microstrip antenna using epsilon near zero (ENZ) metamaterial is investigated. It is known that ENZ material may help to improve the transmission through a boundary condition and that the scattering parameters may be completely independent of such boundary properties. This idea is demonstrated to significantly increase the bandwidth of a simple rectangular microstrip patch antenna. To realise the ENZ material, a periodic wire medium is designed, simulated, fabricated, and tested. Simulation results based on CST Microwave studio have good agreement with measurements.
Enhancement of gate-bias and current stress stability of P-type SnO thin-film transistors with SiN<inf>x</inf>/HfO<inf>2</inf> passivation layers (2016)

In this letter, we report enhanced gate-bias and current stress stability of p-type SnO thin-film transistors passivated with SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> /HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> layers. The improvement is primarily attributed to the effective suppression of bias-induced adsorption of oxygen molecules on the back-channel surface by the presence of passivation layers. Under the gate-bias stress of 10 V and -10 V for 10000 s, the threshold voltage shifts for the passivated TFT are 0.75 V and -0.42 V respectively, while the corresponding values for the unpassivated one are 1.24 V and -0.77 V Under the current stress of 2.5 μA for 10000 s, the threshold voltage shift is -0.29 V for the passivated TFT and -0.63 V for the unpassivated one.
One-pot synthesis of sustained-released doxorubicin silica nanoparticles for aptamer targeted delivery to tumor cells (2011)

Site-specific delivery of drugs can significantly reduce drug toxicity and increase the therapeutic effect. Here, we report a one-pot synthesis of doxorubicin-doped silica nanoparticles (Dox/SiNPs) by using sodium fluoride (NaF) catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate in a water-in-oil microemulsion. Through further surface chemical modification, carboxyl-terminated Dox/SiNPs (COOH-Dox/SiNPs) exhibiting high drug entrapment efficiency, strong fluorescence and long sustained release are obtained. Cell toxicity tests demonstrate that the COOH-Dox/SiNPs kill tumor cells effectively, while pure COOH-SiNPs are nontoxic. An aptamer is further conjugated to the nanoparticles for delivering loaded Dox to target cells. It is demonstrated that Dox/SiNPs modified with the aptamer sgc8c (sgc8c-Dox/SiNPs) could deliver loaded doxorubicin to CCRF-CEM cells with high specificity and excellent efficiency. Furthermore, ex vivo imaging studies show that the COOH-Dox/SiNPs are able to accumulate highly in the tumor areas, thanks to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. Our data suggest that the sgc8c-Dox/SiNPs may be a useful new tumor therapy system.
Evaluation of SAS1B as a target for antibody-drug conjugate therapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer (2018)

Successful therapeutic options remain elusive for pancreatic cancer. The exquisite sensitivity and specificity of humoral and cellular immunity may provide therapeutic approaches if antigens specific for pancreatic cancer cells can be identified. Here we characterize SAS1B (ovastacin, <i>ASTL</i>, astacin-like), a cancer-oocyte antigen, as an attractive immunotoxin target expressed at the surface of human pancreatic cancer cells, with limited expression among normal tissues. Immunohistochemistry shows that most pancreatic cancers are SAS1B<sup>pos</sup> (68%), while normal pancreatic ductal epithelium is SAS1B<sup>neg</sup>. Pancreatic cancer cell lines developed from patient-derived xenograft models display SAS1B cell surface localization, in addition to cytoplasmic expression, suggesting utility for SAS1B in multiple immunotherapeutic approaches. When pancreatic cancer cells were treated with an anti-SAS1B antibody-drug conjugate, significant cell death was observed at 0.01-0.1 μg/mL, while SAS1B<sup>neg</sup> human keratinocytes were resistant. Cytotoxicity was correlated with SAS1B cell surface expression; substantial killing was observed for tumors with low steady state SAS1B expression, suggesting a substantial proportion of SAS1B<sup>pos</sup> tumors can be targeted in this manner. These results demonstrate SAS1B is a surface target in pancreatic cancer cells capable of binding monoclonal antibodies, internalization, and delivering cytotoxic drug payloads, supporting further development of SAS1B as a novel target for pancreatic cancer.
Osmium has the Lowest Experimentally Determined Compressibility (2002)

On the basis of high pressure diamond-anvil compression studies for the precious metals Ru, Ir, and Os we report the surprising discovery that metallic osmium has a lower compressibility than covalently bonded diamond. We also find that Ir and Ru are as incompressible as Re. In addition, we have performed first principles calculations that confirm the trend in the measured transition metal compressibilities.
Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding (2022)

We present Imagen, a text-to-image diffusion model with an unprecedented degree of photorealism and a deep level of language understanding. Imagen builds on the power of large transformer language models in understanding text and hinges on the strength of diffusion models in high-fidelity image generation. Our key discovery is that generic large language models (e.g. T5), pretrained on text-only corpora, are surprisingly effective at encoding text for image synthesis: increasing the size of the language model in Imagen boosts both sample fidelity and image-text alignment much more than increasing the size of the image diffusion model. Imagen achieves a new state-of-the-art FID score of 7.27 on the COCO dataset, without ever training on COCO, and human raters find Imagen samples to be on par with the COCO data itself in image-text alignment. To assess text-to-image models in greater depth, we introduce DrawBench, a comprehensive and challenging benchmark for text-to-image models. With DrawBench, we compare Imagen with recent methods including VQ-GAN+CLIP, Latent Diffusion Models, and DALL-E 2, and find that human raters prefer Imagen over other models in side-by-side comparisons, both in terms of sample quality and image-text alignment. See https://imagen.research.google/ for an overview of the results.
Contracting for Artificial Intelligence (2023)

Considering the promises and perils of contracting for the use of artificial intelligence tools and data.
Predicate Argument Structure Analysis for Use Case Description Modeling (2012)

In a large software system development project, many documents are prepared and updated frequently. In such a situation, support is needed for looking through these documents easily to identify inconsistencies and to maintain traceability. In this research, we focus on the requirements documents such as use cases and consider how to create models from the use case descriptions in unformatted text. In the model construction, we propose a few semantic constraints based on the features of the use cases and use them for a predicate argument structure analysis to assign semantic labels to actors and actions. With this approach, we show that we can assign semantic labels without enhancing any existing general lexical resources such as case frame dictionaries and design a less language-dependent model construction architecture. By using the constructed model, we consider a system for quality analysis of the use cases and automated test case generation to keep the traceability between document sets. We evaluated the reuse of the existing use cases and generated test case steps automatically with the proposed prototype system from real-world use cases in the development of a system using a packaged application. Based on the evaluation, we show how to construct models with high precision from English and Japanese use case data. Also, we could generate good test cases for about 90% of the real use cases through the manual improvement of the descriptions based on the feedback from the quality analysis system.
Neural network model using a normalized inner product as a measure of similarity (1988)

A three-layer neural network model is proposed. The input and output layers of neurons consist of nodes to interconnect the inputs and outputs to the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer of neurons is a modified Grossberg slab with feedback whose function is a winner-take-all operation. The network improves on a previously proposed model by taking into account the number of nonzero elements in the binary stored vectors. The network can be used as a content-addressable memory or as a symbolic substitution system which yields an arbitrarily defined output for any input. Computer simulations using the network as an autoassociative content-addressable memory show improved performance over the previous model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biosynthetic studies of aridicin antibiotics. I. Labeling patterns and overall pathways. (1986)

Biosynthetic feeding experiments with 14C and 13C-labeled precursors in Kibdelosporangium aridum have established the biosynthetic origins of the heptapeptide aglycone of the aridicin antibiotics, and the tentative sequence of the later stage biosynthetic transformations. The aglycone moiety has been found to be derived from tyrosine, sodium acetate and L-methionine. It is suggested that the preformed aglycone is first mannosylated and then followed by the attachment of the glycolipid. The sugar oxidation to the glucuronic acid level was found to take place as a terminal step of the biosynthesis.
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CYSTINURIA: CRITICAL REAPPRAISAL OF LONG-TERM RESULTS (2000)

Our study provides evidence that a regularly followed medical program based on high diuresis and alkalization with second line addition of thiols may arrest or markedly decrease cystine stone formation and preclude the need for urological procedures in more than half of the patients. However, patients poorly compliant with hyperdiuresis remain at risk for recurrence. We suggest that maintaining a daily urine volume of greater than 3 l. is essential for therapeutic success regardless of whether thiol derivatives are administered.