gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and characterization of a new xylanase (xylanase B) produced by <i>Streptomyces lividans</i> 66 (1990)

A new extracellular xylanase produced by Streptomyces lividans 66 was isolated from a genetically engineered clone of that strain. This enzyme, named xylanase B, has an Mr of 31,000 and acts specifically on xylan as an endo-type xylanase producing short-chain xylo-oligosaccharides. The activity is optimal at pH 6.5 and at a temperature of 55 degrees C, which is similar to that of the previously characterized xylanase A. Xylanase B is glycosylated and has a pI of 8.4; its Km and Vmax. values are 3.71 mg/ml and 1.96 mmol/mg of enzyme respectively. Specific antibodies raised against xylanase A show no cross-reaction with xylanase B; however, the anti-(xylanase B) antibodies react slightly with xylanase A. A comparison of the hydrolysis products obtained from oat-spelts xylan with both enzymes show that xylanase A preferentially degrades short-chain oligo-xylosides, whereas xylanase B acts on the longer, water-insoluble, molecules.
Recent progress on superlattice avalanche photodiodes (1994)

Since the initial studies of ionization-coefficient improvement through band-gap engineering by Chin, Capasso, and others, many schemes for overcoming the limitations of conventional avalanche photodiodes (APDs) have been both proposed and demonstrated. InGaAs/InAlAs-based APDs have recently come under intense investigation because of their ability to detect light in the 1.3- 1.55-µm wavelength region of transmission in silica optical fibers. These devices are particularly well suited for high-speed optical communications because of their high sensitivity, simple construction, and low power consumption. This paper focuses mainly on recent developments in InAl-GaAs quantum-well superlattice APDs.
Adapting Language Models for Non-Parallel Author-Stylized Rewriting (2020)

Given the recent progress in language modeling using Transformer-based neural models and an active interest in generating stylized text, we present an approach to leverage the generalization capabilities of a language model to rewrite an input text in a target author's style. Our proposed approach adapts a pre-trained language model to generate author-stylized text by fine-tuning on the author-specific corpus using a denoising autoencoder (DAE) loss in a cascaded encoder-decoder framework. Optimizing over DAE loss allows our model to learn the nuances of an author's style without relying on parallel data, which has been a severe limitation of the previous related works in this space. To evaluate the efficacy of our approach, we propose a linguistically-motivated framework to quantify stylistic alignment of the generated text to the target author at lexical, syntactic and surface levels. The evaluation framework is both interpretable as it leads to several insights about the model, and self-contained as it does not rely on external classifiers, e.g. sentiment or formality classifiers. Qualitative and quantitative assessment indicates that the proposed approach rewrites the input text with better alignment to the target style while preserving the original content better than state-of-the-art baselines.
Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibody in Membranous Nephropathy (2011)

The M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) is a target autoantigen in adult idiopathic membranous nephropathy (MN), but the prevalence of autoantibodies against PLA2R is unknown among Chinese patients with MN. Here, we measured anti-PLA2R antibody in the serum of 60 patients with idiopathic MN, 20 with lupus-associated MN, 16 with hepatitis B (HBV)-associated MN, and 10 with tumor-associated MN. Among patients with idiopathic MN, 49 (82%) had detectable anti-PLA2R autoantibodies using a Western blot assay; an assay with greater sensitivity detected very low titers of anti-PLA2R in 10 of the remaining 11 patients. Using the standard assay, we detected anti-PLA2R antibody in only 1 patient with lupus, 1 with HBV, and 3 with cancer, producing an overall specificity of 89% in this cohort limited to patients with secondary MN. The enhanced assay detected low titers of anti-PLA2R in only 2 additional samples of HBV-associated MN. In summary, these results suggest that PLA2R is a major target antigen in Chinese idiopathic MN and that detection of anti-PLA2R is a sensitive test for idiopathic MN.
Robust Bayesian Matrix Factorisation (2011)

We analyse the noise arising in collaborative filtering when formalised as a probabilistic matrix factorisation problem. We show empirically that modelling row- and column-specific variances is important, the noise being in general non-Gaussian and heteroscedastic. We also advocate for the use of a Student-t prior for the latent features as the standard Gaussian is included as a special case. We derive several variational inference algorithms and estimate the hyperparameters by type-II maximum likelihood. Experiments on real data show that the predictive performance is significantly improved. Copyright 2011 by the authors.
Optimization of surface wettability of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) by precise dosing of oxygen atoms (2022)

Fluorinated polymers such as PTFE cannot be functionalized with polar, oxygen-containing functional groups by a one-step treatment with oxygen plasma because the treatment would preferentially lead to surface etching rather than substitution of fluorine with oxygen. A novel method for the functionalization of PTFE is presented. PTFE was initially treated in low-pressure non-equilibrium inductively coupled RF hydrogen plasma in the H-mode to obtain an appropriate surface finish for functionalization with oxygen atoms. The hydrogen-plasma treatment ensured the formation of a polyolefine-like surface film, which was functionalized with polar groups by subsequent exposure to a fluence of O atoms in the range between approximately 1 × 1022 m−2 and 1 × 1026 m−2. The evolutions of the surface wettability and composition were studied systematically in this range of O-atom fluences. A deep and rather broad minimum of the water contact angle (WCA) was observed. The minimum of the WCA was correlated to the concentrations of elements in the surface as analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A complete hydrophobic recovery was observed at the largest O-atom fluence, which coincided with the restoration of the surface composition. The surface kinetics upon exposure to O atoms or a weakly ionized oxygen plasma was studied and explained.
[Measuring intracardiac impedance for determining sympathetic nerve activity in frequency-adjustment electrostimulation--1: Biomedical technical principles]. (1992)

Modern Pacemaker technology makes it possible to adapt the pacing rate to hemodynamic requirements. The most ambitious approach aims at restoring the physiological closed-loop system by utilizing the information supplied by the Autonomic Nervous System and extracted from myocardial contractile performance. Measurement is accomplished by the impedance method using the stimulating electrode as the measuring electrode. The Ventricular Inotropic Parameter (VIP) has been identified as an ANS-dependent parameter. A special detection algorithm, the Regional Effective Slope Quantity (RQ), with a high ANS sensitivity has been developed specially for the purpose. Rate adaptation is achieved by using an individually-adjustable Inotropic Index (II). The concept has been evaluated in a multicenter study employing a standardized exercise protocol. The clinical results will be presented in Part 2 of this paper.
DETECTION OF SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSITIONS BY MAGNETICALLY MODULATED ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (1989)

A new technique for detecting superconductivity, based on observing the effect of magnetic field modulation on the dc resistance of superconductors, is presented. The phase detected response to the magnetic modulation shows a peak at T c for both metallic and ceramic superconductors, analogous to that observed in magnetically modulated microwave absorption. The results further demonstrate that the magnetically modulated microwave absorption peak at T c is not equivalent to the non-resonant low field microwave absorption observed in the ceramic superconductors.
A novel concept for URD cable fault location (1994)

A new concept for fault location has been developed which uses fault-generated waves to perform both real-time and after-the-fact fault location on single-phase underground residential distribution cable systems that are up to a mile in length. In either mode, faults are located with an accuracy of less than 2 percent of the length of the cable circuit. Thus, a fault can easily be located as being between two adjacent transformers. A device based on the concept would be installed at the normally open point of a radial URD tap, and would monitor the circuit for fault-created transients. When triggered by either a real-time fault transient or an after-the-fact thumper impulse, the conceptual device would provide a digital readout of the distance to the fault, allowing for rapid isolation of the faulted section of cable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The unique lipoprotein(a): properties and immunochemical measurement (1990)

Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] represents a class of lipoprotein particles defined by the presence of apolipoprotein(a), a unique glycoprotein linked by a disulfide bond to apolipoprotein B-100 to form a single macromolecule. Apolipoprotein(a) is formed by three different structural domains having high amino acid sequence homology with plasminogen. One of the domains, called kringle 4, is present in multiple copies, the number of which varies and is genetically determined. This accounts for the size heterogeneity of apolipoprotein(a) and thus of Lp(a). Because high concentrations of Lp(a) are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and may inhibit fibrinolysis, interest in measuring Lp(a) has increased considerably, leading to a rapid development of commercially available immunoassays for the measurement of Lp(a) in human plasma. However, the immunochemical measurement of Lp(a) has several peculiar problems in addition to those encountered by the measurements of other apolipoproteins. The major problems that need to be carefully evaluated are (a) the structural complexity and heterogeneity of Lp(a), (b) the homology of apolipoprotein(a) with plasminogen, (c) the lack of standardization of the methods, and (d) the lack of a common means of expressing the Lp(a) values.
4H-SiC Epitaxial Growth on Carbon-Face Substrates with Reduced Surface Roughness (2006)

4H-SiC epitaxial layers on Carbon-face (C-face) substrates were grown by a low-pressure hot-wall type chemical vapor deposition system. The C-face substrates were prepared by fine mechanical polishing using diamond abrasives with the grit size of 0.25 %m and in-situ HCl etching at 1400°C, which produced surface roughness of 0.27 nm. The use of the smooth substrates made it possible to decrease the substrate temperature and specular surface morphologies were realized at C/Si ratios of 1.5 or less both for a substrate temperature of 1550°C and for that of 1500°C. Surface roughness of 0.26 nm and the residual donor concentration of 6.7×1014 cm-3 were obtained for a C-face epitaxial layer grown at a C/Si ratio of 1.5 and at a substrate temperature of 1550°C. Schottky barrier diodes were fabricated on a non-doped C-face epitaxial layer grown at 1500°C and it was verified that a high quality metal-semiconductor interface was formed on the epitaxial layer.
Diprovocims: A New and Exceptionally Potent Class of Toll-like Receptor Agonists (2018)

A screen conducted with nearly 100000 compounds and a surrogate functional assay for stimulation of an immune response that measured the release of TNF-α from treated human THP-1 myeloid cells differentiated along the macrophage line led to the discovery of the diprovocims. Unique to these efforts and of special interest, the screening leads for this new class of activators of an immune response came from a compound library designed to promote cell-surface receptor dimerization. Subsequent comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies improved the potency 800-fold over that of the screening leads, providing diprovocim-1 and diprovocim-2. The diprovocims act by inducing cell-surface toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 dimerization and activation with TLR1 (TLR1/TLR2 agonist), bear no structural similarity to any known natural or synthetic TLR agonist, and are easy to prepare and synthetically modify, and selected members are active in both human and murine systems. The most potent diprovocim (3, diprovocim-1) elicits full agonist activity at extraordinarily low concentrations (EC<sub>50</sub> = 110 pM) in human THP-1 cells, being more potent than the naturally derived TLR1/TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 or any other known small molecule TLR agonist.
The first asynchronous microprocessor: the test results (1989)

We have designed the first entirely asynchronous (also called self-timed or delay-insensitive)\nmicroprocessor. The design was reported at the Decennial Caltech Conference on VLSI, last March. The conference paper is included here as an appendix. Since the chips had not yet been fabricated at the moment of writing\nthe conference paper, the paper does not include the results of the experiment. The purpose of this note is to publish these results, which are quite remarkable\nbecause of the speed reached on this first design, and, as importantly, because of the surprising robustness of the chips to variations in temperature and VDD voltage\nvalues.
Finite element analysis of Tumor Treating Fields in a patient with posterior fossa glioblastoma (2020)

Our finite element modeling showed that the alternative array configurations offer an improved TTFields coverage to the cerebellar tumor compared to the conventional supratentorial configuration.
Expression of the Chlamydial Genus-Specific Lipopolysaccharide Epitope in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1985)

The obligate intracellular prokaryote Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of trachoma and is a primary causative pathogen of sexually transmitted genital tract disease; both diseases affect millions of people each year. The cloning of genes encoding the enzyme or enzymes producing the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide antigen of Chlamydia into Escherichia coli is reported here. The cloned chlamydial lipopolysaccharide antigen appears to be a hybrid lipopolysaccharide molecule composed of both Chlamydia and Escherichia coli components. The chlamydial lipopolysaccharide antigen is expressed on the surfaces of the viable Escherichia coli recombinants. These findings may have a significant impact on defining the role of this highly conserved antigen in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of chlamydial infections.
Evaluation of Respiratory System Models Based on Parameter Estimates from Impulse Oscillometry Data (2005)

Impulse oscillometry offers advantages over spirometry because it requires minimal patient cooperation, it yields pulmonary function data in a form that is readily amenable to engineering analysis. In particular, the data can be used to obtain parameter estimates for electric circuit-based models of the respiratory system, which in turn may assist the detection and diagnosis of various diseases/pathologies. Of the six models analyzed during this study, Mead's model seems to provide the most robust and accurate parameter estimates for our data set of 5 subjects with airflow obstruction including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and another 5 normal subjects with no identifiable respiratory disease. Such a diagnostic approach, relying on estimated parameter values from a respiratory system model estimate and the degree of their deviation from the normal range, may require additional measures to ensure proper identification of diseases/pathologies but the preliminary results are promising.
Data Consistency in Multi-Cloud Storage Systems With Passive Servers and Non-Communicating Clients (2020)

Multi-cloud storage systems are becoming more popular due to the ever-expanding amount of consumer data. This growth is accompanied by increasing concerns regarding security, privacy, and reliability of cloud storage solutions. Ensuring data consistency in such systems is especially challenging due to their architecture and characteristics. Specifically, passive cloud storage cannot run coordination software, and clients cannot communicate directly to reach consensus. Furthermore, the atomicity of operations is not always guaranteed by the clouds' public APIs. In this paper, we formally define data consistency in multi-cloud storage systems, identify how they can be violated, and introduce a new method that provably maintains the data consistency in these systems. The implementation and experiments show that the proposed method can maintain data consistency with a certain delay in data uploading and that it is scalable with respect to the number of used clouds as well as the number of users. Integrating this method into multi-cloud storage systems will enhance their usability and reliability.
Hybrid Metal–Semiconductor Nanostructure for Ultrahigh Optical Absorption and Low Electrical Resistance at Optoelectronic Interfaces (2015)

Engineered optoelectronic surfaces must control both the flow of light and the flow of electrons at an interface; however, nanostructures for photon and electron management have typically been studied and optimized separately. In this work, we unify these concepts in a new hybrid metal-semiconductor surface that offers both strong light absorption and high electrical conductivity. We use metal-assisted chemical etching to nanostructure the surface of a silicon wafer, creating an array of silicon nanopillars protruding through holes in a gold film. When coated with a silicon nitride anti-reflection layer, we observe broad-band absorption of up to 97% in this structure, which is remarkable considering that metal covers 60% of the top surface. We use optical simulations to show that Mie-like resonances in the nanopillars funnel light around the metal layer and into the substrate, rendering the metal nearly transparent to the incoming light. Our results show that, across a wide parameter space, hybrid metal-semiconductor surfaces with absorption above 90% and sheet resistance below 20 Ω/□ are realizable, suggesting a new paradigm wherein transparent electrodes and photon management textures are designed and fabricated together to create high-performance optoelectronic interfaces.
Enabling multi-point haptic grasping in virtual environments (2011)

Haptic interaction has received increasing research interest in recent years. Currently, most commercially available haptic devices provide the user with a single point of interaction. Multi-point haptic devices present a logical progression in device design and enable the operator to experience a far wider range of haptic interactions, particularly the ability to grasp via multiple fingers. This is highly desirable for various haptically enabled applications including virtual training, telesurgery and telemanipulation. This paper presents a gripper attachment which utilises two low-cost commercially available haptic devices to facilitate multi-point haptic grasping. It provides the ability to render forces to the user's fingers independently and using Phantom Omni haptic devices offers several benefits over more complex approaches such as low-cost, reliability, and ease of programming. The workspace of the gripper attachment is considered and in order to haptically render the desired forces to the user's fingers, kinematic analysis is discussed and necessary formulations presented. The integrated multi-point haptic platform is presented and exploration of a virtual environment using CHAI 3D is demonstrated.
Abstract #4774: Discovery of a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of PKD functionality (2009)

Protein kinase D is a novel family of serine/threonine kinases targeted by the second messenger diacylglycerol. It has been implicated in many important cellular processes and pathological conditions. However, further analysis of PKD in these processes is severely hampered by the lack of a PKD-specific inhibitor that can be readily applied to cells and in animal models. We now report the discovery of the first potent and selective cell-active small molecule inhibitor for PKD - benzoxoloazepinolone CID755673. This inhibitor was identified from the National Institutes of Health small molecule repository library of 196,173 compounds using a human PKD1 (PKCmu)-based fluorescence polarization high throughput screening assay. CID755673 suppressed half of the PKD1 enzyme activity at 182 nM and exhibited selective PKD1 inhibition when compared to AKT, PLK1, CAK, CAMKIIalpha and three different PKC isoforms. Moreover, it was not competitive with ATP for enzyme inhibition. In cell-based assays, CID755673 blocked phorbol ester-induced endogenous PKD1 activation in LNCaP cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Functionally, CID755673 inhibited the known biological actions of PKD1 including phorbol ester-induced class IIa histone deacetylase 5 nuclear exclusion, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, and the Ilimaquinone-induced Golgi fragmentation. Moreover, CID755673 inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion. In summary, our findings indicate that CID755673 is a potent and selective PKD1 inhibitor with valuable pharmacological and cell biological potential. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 4774.
Bridging thin and thick skin solutions for alternating currents in cracked conductors (2005)

The alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique is used to monitor surface cracks in electrical conductors. At high frequencies, the current flows in a superficial skin layer. Two distinct solutions are currently available for the thin and thick skin cases. However, there is no general solution that bridges these two modes in a seamless fashion. A numerical model is used to analyze the ACPD of a surface crack with uniform depth. A general solution is given that bridges the thin and thick skin solutions, which closely matches the numerical results, irrespective of the skin thickness.
Design of A Gradient-Index Video-Disc Lens (1984)

Two versions of a video-disc pickup lens system have been designed. The first, using piano surfaces (Wood lens) with a radial index of refraction gradient. The numerical aperture of the lens system on the short conjugate side is 0.45 and lens diameter is less than 8mm. A restriction is placed on the design that no terms in the index of refraction polynomial greater than r 6 are used. The system was investigated on-axis and off-axis with two different base indices of refraction (1.5 and 1.7). An analysis is given of the dominant aberration and the potential for use of such a system.
DNA homology between Saccharopolyspora strains and other erythromycin-producing actinomycetes (1990)

The macrolide antibiotic erythromycin is produced by different genera of the Actinomycetales, including strains of Saccharopolyspora, Arthrobacter, Micromonospora and possibly Streptomyces. Erythromycin is also produced by several unclassified strains, four of which could be assigned to the genus Saccharopolyspora on the basis of bacteriophage host specificity. We used cloned erythromycin biosynthetic and resistance genes from Saccharopolyspora erythraea as hybridization probes to determine if the DNA sequences encoding these genes are conserved in different genera. Our results indicated strong hybridization to genomic restriction fragments from strains that were assigned to the genus Saccharopolyspora, and weak hybridization to DNA from strains which produce erythromycin or other macrolides but belong to other genera.