gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-path routing techniques for a class of multistage fast packet switches (2003)

The Banyan interconnection, while well suited to multiprocessor and fast packet communication systems, is prone to link congestion resulting in a blocking switch architecture. Solutions have been proposed to reduce the severity of link congestion. In general, these solutions tend to increase packet delay variability and allow delivery of out-of-sequence packets. This may lead to an increase in end-to-end protocol complexity, particularly in the case of real-time services. Multipath interconnection is proposed to overcome this difficulty. Multiple (i.e. alternate) paths are provided, and one is selected at call setup. Subsequent packets belonging to the call are constrained to follow the selected path. A number of path-selection strategies are presented and evaluated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of anoxic anoxia on stomach emptying time of rats fed corn oil. (2012)

Concept of dis?-wing MAV with propeller in a wing slot has a number of advantages and disadvantages. The concept is used by MIPTEAM for solving the problem of fixed wing MAV indoor flight by means of lift maximization for wing with low aspect ratio. There are only few investigations of dis?-wing MAV aerodynamics with propeller in a wing slot. Present work describes numerical investigation technique and aerodynamic characteristics obtained. The main results are: good stall characteristics of this concept, low lift/drag ratio (further improvement is possible) and sophisticated flow pattern. It was obtained that the main part of the lift is created by wing surface in front of the actuator disk. Also, leading edge separation area produces small impact at the lift even at high angles of attack. It was found that increasing of the propeller thrust decreases maximum lift/drag ratio. Flow features in numerical results correspond to the known experimental results and flight tests.
A zero extraction and separation technique for surface acoustic wave and digital signal processing FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter implementation (1986)

Presented is a new method of separating the zeros of a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter producing an optimal digital filter or surface acoustic wave (SAW) design implementation. Overviews of zero extraction algorithms and of FIR design using the Remez Exchange algorithm are presented (McClellan et al. 1973). The computer aided design (CAD) procedure presented allows the designer to specify the general filter characteristic which the Remez algorithm translates to FIR time domain coefficients. These coefficients are readily translated to the frequency (z) domain, producing an Nth order polynomial in z. The characteristic polynomial is factoried to determine all roots or zeros using a three-stage factoring program presented by M.A. Jenkins (1975). The roots are optimally separated into two groups, each of which is recombined to form mutually exclusive functions. The two functions are then implemented as transducers of a SAW device or as a two-processor digital filter. The concept may be extended to more than two subgroups for multi-processor digital filter designs. (Author)
Anti-substance P anti-idiotypic antibodies. Characterization and biological activities. (1985)

Antibodies to substance P (SP) produced in rabbits have been characterized for their specificity toward SP and some 30 SP-related peptides. For each compound, we observed a close correlation between capacity of binding to anti-SP antibodies and biological activity, namely their spasmogenic effect on guinea pig ileum in vitro and their hypotensive effect in the rat in vivo, indicating that the combining sites of anti-SP and SP receptor(s) are structurally very similar. Further immunization of five rabbits with anti-SP immunoglobulins elicited in two allotype-matched animals the production of anti-SP anti-idiotypic antibodies. These latter antibodies were found to strongly inhibit the spasmogenic action of SP on the guinea pig ileum. In contrast, they specifically enhanced, like SP, phospholipid turnover in rat parotid gland cells, a physiological function mediated through an activation of SP receptors. Immunocytochemical studies actually revealed the presence of specific membranous binding sites for anti-idiotypic antibodies on the parotid gland-dissociated cells. The anti-idiotypic antibodies described here, which thus behave either as agonists or antagonists for SP depending on the biological test, might be used as original and powerful tools not only in studies of the receptor stereospecificity but also in attempts to purify the membranous SP receptors.
Transitions between corona, glow, and spark regimes of nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges in air at atmospheric pressure (2010)

In atmospheric pressure air preheated from 300 to 1000 K, the nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) method has been used to generate corona, glow, and spark discharges. Experiments have been performed to determine the parameter space (applied voltage, pulse repetition frequency, ambient gas temperature, and interelectrode gap distance) of each discharge regime. In particular, the experimental conditions necessary for the glow regime of NRP discharges have been determined, with the notable result that there exists a minimum and maximum gap distance for its existence at a given ambient gas temperature. The minimum gap distance increases with decreasing gas temperature, whereas the maximum does not vary appreciably. To explain the experimental results, an analytical model is developed to explain the corona-to-glow (C-G) and glow-to-spark (G-S) transitions. The C-G transition is analyzed in terms of the avalanche-to-streamer transition and the breakdown field during the conduction phase following the establishment of a conducting channel across the discharge gap. The G-S transition is determined by the thermal ionization instability, and we show analytically that this transition occurs at a certain reduced electric field for the NRP discharges studied here. This model shows that the electrode geometry plays an important role in the existence of the NRP glow regime at a given gas temperature. We derive a criterion for the existence of the NRP glow regime as a function of the ambient gas temperature, pulse repetition frequency, electrode radius of curvature, and interelectrode gap distance.
Design, Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of 2-(3-Amino-4-piperazinylphenyl)chromone Derivatives (2013)

Previously, we have confirmed that the antiviral activities of the chromone derivatives were controlled by the type as well as the position of the substituents attached to the chromone core structure. In the course of our ongoing efforts to optimize the antiviral activity of the chromone derivatives, we have been attempting to derivatize the chromone scaffold via introduction of various substituents. In this proof-of-concept study, we introduced a 3-amino-4-piperazinylphenyl functionality to the chromone scaffold and evaluated the antiviral activities of the resulting chromone derivatives. The synthesized 2-(3-amino-4-piperazinylphenyl)-chromones showed severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus (SARS-CoV)-specific antiviral activity. In particular, the 2-pyridinylpiperazinylphenyl substituents provided the resulting chromone derivatives with selective antiviral activity. Taken together, this result indicates the possible pharmacophoric role of the 2-pyridinylpiperazine functionality attached to the chromone scaffold, which warrants further in-depth structure-activity relationship study.
Mechanisms of Hypoxic Neurodegeneration in the Developing Brain (2002)

Asphyxia and other insults to the developing brain are responsible for several human neurodevelopmental disorders. The pattern of neonatal brain injury differs from that seen in the adult nervous system, and there are wide differences in regional vulnerability. Recent evidence suggests that two events that contribute to this pattern of selective vulnerability are developmental changes in excitatory glutamate-containing neurotransmitter circuits and the propensity for immature neurons to die by apoptosis rather than necrosis. Developmental up-regulation of NMDA receptors with enhanced function and increased expression of caspase-3 at critical periods in development are linked to these mechanisms. Although these molecular changes enhance the developing brain's capacity for plasticity by helping to prune redundant synapses and neurons, they can become "Achilles heels" in the face of a brain energy crisis.
Quick contrast sensitivity measurements in the periphery (2014)

Measuring the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in the periphery of the eye is complicated. The lengthy measurement time precludes all but the most determined subjects. The aim of this study was to implement and evaluate a faster routine based on the quick CSF method (qCSF) but adapted to work in the periphery. Additionally, normative data is presented on neurally limited peripheral CSFs. A peripheral qCSF measurement using 100 trials can be performed in 3 min. The precision and accuracy were tested for three subjects under different conditions (number of trials, peripheral angles, and optical corrections). The precision for estimates of contrast sensitivity at individual spatial frequencies was 0.07 log units when three qCSF measurements of 100 trials each were averaged. Accuracy was estimated by comparing the qCSF results with a more traditional measure of CSF. Average accuracy was 0.08 log units with no systematic error. In the second part of the study, we collected three CSFs of 100 trials for six persons in the 20° nasal, temporal, inferior, and superior visual fields. The measurements were performed in an adaptive optics system running in a continuous closed loop. The Tukey HSD test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between all fields except between the nasal and the temporal fields. Contrast sensitivity was higher in the horizontal fields, and the inferior field was better than the superior. This modified qCSF method decreases the measurement time significantly and allows otherwise unfeasible studies of the peripheral CSF.
On-chip chalcogenide glass waveguide-integrated mid-infrared PbTe detectors (2016)

We experimentally demonstrate an on-chip polycrystalline PbTe photoconductive detector integrated with a chalcogenide glass waveguide. The device is monolithically fabricated on silicon, operates at room-temperature, and exhibits a responsivity of 1.0 A/W at wavelengths between 2.1 and 2.5 μm.
Pulse Deficit Correction Trigger for Planar CdTe (2006)

Planar CdTe produces gamma-ray spectra that typically exhibit tailing on the low energy side of photopeaks above 100 keV due to the material's asymmetric transfer properties of the electrons and holes. XRF Corporation has recently developed and submitted a patent for a novel trigger methodology that corrects for the charge deficit of photon interactions across the full depth of the crystal. This trigger also improves the resolution so that we are able to produce devices that yield a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 1% at 662 keV using the entire bulk of the crystal. This new trigger methodology has been incorporated into XRF Corporation's ICS-4000 radionuclide identifier improving both the sensitivity and the resolution of the device. I. INTRODUCTION oom temperature semiconductor gamma ray detectors have been in use for many years and have several advantages over other technologies employed in gamma-ray detection. Semiconductor detector crystals have good resolution and are robust against temperature change and vibration. CdTe and CdZnTe are the primary room temperature semiconductor detector materials in common use. The simplest detector geometry is a planar crystal with conducting surfaces on opposing faces. A bias voltage is applied across the conducting faces to attract the charge carriers released by the interaction of a high energy photon. The number of charge carriers released is in direct proportion to the energy of the incident photon and can be measured as a change in the bias voltage. A well known problem with these detectors is that their gamma-ray spectra typically exhibit a tail on the low energy side of the photopeaks. This tail reduces the collection efficiency and spectral resolution of the detectors and is due to an asymmetry in the transport properties of the electron and hole charge carriers. The signal induced on the contacts of the detector is a product of the amount of charge released multiplied by its travel distance, being the sum of the signals resulting from the electron travel and the hole travel. The electron charge carriers produce a signal that accurately represents the energy of the incident photon as a function of the depth of interaction, whereas the hole charge carriers are slower moving and have lifetimes that may be short with respect to the travel time across the crystal, so that the contribution from the hole charge carriers may have a deficit. In the simple planar
Zipper CMOS (1986)

A circuit structure called zipper CMOS is described. The major components in a zipper CMOS circuit are the zipper driver circuit and the alternative N- and P-dynamic logic blocks. The zipper driver generates four strobe signals that drive all the subsequent dynamic blocks. In this structure, the triggering threshold is controlled by the zipper driver and is less than conventional value of half the drain voltage. This allows zipper CMOS circuits to operate at least twice as fast as static CMOS circuits. The zipper driver also ensures stability of the circuit and prevents charge-sharing problems without any penalty in performance or silicon area utilization.
Ethiopia - Rural Capacity Building Project : resettlement policy framework (2004)

The Rural Capacity Building Project is a major investment in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. As such, it will provide technical, and vocational education, and training for agriculture, agricultural advisory services at farmers training centers, and, conduct agricultural research, and institutional capacity building. This Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) sets the guidelines for compensation for loss of land, crops and trees, access to pastoral lands, and to fishing resources, in addition to compensation for loss of physical structures and buildings. Land losses shall be compensated at replacement costs, while crop losses shall be estimated to include invested labor costs plus the average of the highest staple food price of the farm lost crops. Loss of access to pastoral lands will have access through alternate routes based on community consultations. Loss of access to fishing resources, shall be compensated at catch market values, including fish products, or other produce. Buildings and structures losses will be compensated in-kind, whose cost shall be based on basic training needs for a family of ten, to include a house comprising four bedrooms, ventilated latrines, and outdoor kitchen and storage place. Moving expenses will be provided, and, grievance mechanisms will be in place should conflict occur. The cost of training farmers, pastoralists, and other project affected people is a mitigation measure seeking to involve those affected by the project implementation.
Bolus Calculators (2014)

Matching meal insulin to carbohydrate intake, blood glucose, and activity level is recommended in type 1 diabetes management. Calculating an appropriate insulin bolus size several times per day is, however, challenging and resource demanding. Accordingly, there is a need for bolus calculators to support patients in insulin treatment decisions. Currently, bolus calculators are available integrated in insulin pumps, as stand-alone devices and in the form of software applications that can be downloaded to, for example, smartphones. Functionality and complexity of bolus calculators vary greatly, and the few handfuls of published bolus calculator studies are heterogeneous with regard to study design, intervention, duration, and outcome measures. Furthermore, many factors unrelated to the specific device affect outcomes from bolus calculator use and therefore bolus calculator study comparisons should be conducted cautiously. Despite these reservations, there seems to be increasing evidence that bolus calculators may improve glycemic control and treatment satisfaction in patients who use the devices actively and as intended.
Orientation invariant ECG-based stethoscope tracking for heart auscultation training on augmented standardized patients (2013)

Auscultation, the act of listening to the heart and lung sounds, can reveal substantial information about patients’ health and other cardiac-related problems; therefore, competent training can be a key for accurate and reliable diagnosis. Standardized patients (SPs), who are healthy individuals trained to portray real patients, have been extensively used for such training and other medical teaching techniques; however, the range of symptoms and conditions they can simulate remains limited since they are only patient actors. In this work, we describe a novel tracking method for placing virtual symptoms in correct auscultation areas based on recorded ECG signals with various stethoscope diaphragm orientations; this augmented reality simulation would extend the capabilities of SPs and allow medical trainees to hear abnormal heart and lung sounds in a normal SP. ECG signals recorded from two different SPs over a wide range of stethoscope diaphragm orientations were processed and analyzed to accurately distinguish four different heart auscultation areas, aortic, mitral, pulmonic and tricuspid, for any stethoscope’s orientation. After processing the signals and extracting relevant features, different classifiers were applied for assessment of the proposed method; 95.1% and 87.1% accuracy were obtained for SP1 and SP2, respectively. The proposed system provides an efficient, non-invasive, and cost efficient method for training medical practitioners on heart auscultation.
Mitochondrial transplantation regulates antitumour activity, chemoresistance and mitochondrial dynamics in breast cancer (2019)

This study reveals the antitumour potential of mitochondrial transplantation in breast cancer via distinct regulation of mitochondrial function.
Characterization and Degradation Behavior of Agar–Carbomer Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications: Solute Effect (2011)

In this study hydrogels synthesized from agarose and carbomer 974P macromers were selected for their potential application in spinal cord injury (SCI) repair strategies following their ability to carry cells and drugs. Indeed, in drug delivery applications, one of the most important issues to be addressed concerns hydrogel ability to provide a finely controlled delivery of loaded drugs, together with a coherent degradation kinetic. Nevertheless, solute effects on drug delivery system are often neglected in the large body of literature, focusing only on the characterization of unloaded matrices. For this reason, in this work, hydrogels were loaded with a chromophoric salt able to mimic, in terms of steric hindrance, many steroids commonly used in SCI repair, and its effects were investigated both from a structural and a rheological point of view, considering the pH-sensitivity of the material. Additionally, degradation chemistry was assessed by means of infrared bond response (FT-IR) and mass loss.
Calibration of light forces in optical tweezers (1995)

Axial and lateral optical-trapping forces on polystyrene and glass microbeads are measured as a function of sphere size and axial trapping position inside a specimen chamber containing water. A strong decrease of the light forces with increasing distance of the trapping position from the coverslip of the chamber is found. It is shown that beyond a certain maximal distance the trapping efficiency decreases substantially but trapping becomes possible in different, axial positions. We consider these effects to be accounted for by spherical aberration of the focused laser beam.
Role of neuronal nitric oxide in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. (1996)

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway damage similar to that observed in Parkinson disease (PD). To study the role of NO radical in MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, we injected MPTP into mice in which nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was inhibited by 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. 7-NI dramatically protected MPTP-injected mice against indices of severe injury to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, including reduction in striatal dopamine contents, decreases in numbers of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, and numerous silver-stained degenerating nigral neurons. The resistance of 7-NI-injected mice to MPTP is not due to alterations in striatal pharmacokinetics or content of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), the active metabolite of MPTP. To study specifically the role of neuronal NOS (nNOS), MPTP was administered to mutant mice lacking the nNOS gene. Mutant mice are significantly more resistant to MPTP-induced neurotoxicity compared with wild-type littermates. These results indicate that neuronally derived NO mediates, in part, MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. The similarity between the MPTP model and PD raises the possibility that NO may play a significant role in the etiology of PD.
Online query relaxation via Bayesian causal structures discovery (2005)

We introduce a novel algorithm, TOQR, for relaxing failed queries over databases; i.e., over-constrained DNF queries that return an empty result. TOQR uses a small dataset to discover the implicit relationships among the domain attributes, and then it exploits this domain knowledge to relax the failed query. TOQR starts with a relaxed query that does not include any constraint, and it tries to add to it as many as possible of the original constraints or their relaxations. The order in which the constraints are added is derived from the domain's causal structure, which is learned by applying the TAN algorithm to the small training dataset. Our experiments show that TOQR clearly outperforms other approaches: even when trained on a handful of examples, it successfully relaxes more that 97% of the failed queries; furthermore, TOQR's relaxed queries are highly similar to the original failed query.
Not all aberrations are equal: Reading impairment depends on aberration type and magnitude (2011)

The eye's optical components are imperfect and cause distortions in the retinal image that cannot be corrected completely by conventional spectacles. It is important to understand how these uncorrected aberrations (those excluding defocus and primary astigmatism) affect visual performance. We assessed reading performance using text with a simulated monochromatic aberration (defocus, coma, or secondary astigmatism), all of which typically occur in the normal population. We found that the rate of decline in reading performance with increasing aberration amplitude was smaller for coma than for secondary astigmatism or defocus. Defocus and secondary astigmatism clearly had an impact on word identification, as revealed by an analysis of a lexical frequency effect. The spatial form changes caused by these aberrations are particularly disruptive to letter identification, which in turn impacts word recognition and has consequences for further linguistic processing. Coma did not have a significant effect on word identification. We attribute reading impairment caused by coma to effects on saccade targeting, possibly due to changes in the spacings between letters. Effects on performance were not accompanied by a loss of comprehension confirming that even if an aberration is not severe enough to make text illegible it may still have a significant impact on reading.
MEK1-ERK2 Signaling Pathway Protects Myocardium From Ischemic Injury In Vivo (2004)

These data are the first to demonstrate that ERK2 signaling is required to protect the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo.