gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerically reversing the nonlinear wave propagation in single-mode optical fiber (2003)

We have demonstrated the inverse operation of nonlinear light wave propagation in a single-mode optical fiber by using the inverse split-step Fourier method. Most effects are reversible, with some numerical distortion depending on system parameters. The idea of performing an inverse operation to wave propagation in a single-mode fiber unveiled a new aspect of studying nonlinear effects in a single-mode fiber and may provide new approaches to tackle some nonlinear problems in optical fiber communications.
Data synchronization in distributed client-server applications (2016)

Mobility is one of the major feature in the present computing environment and in the present era of computing almost all the mobile devices have the ability that they can easily be move from one location to other and the data reside on a single system can be utilize via other systems generally using the client-server paradigm . The mobile device can extract needed amount of data from the server and use in both online and as well as in offline mode, but whatever the changes being made during offline work should be copied back to the server and vice-versa whenever the server connects. As the server should always retain most recent data received from client database. So, the data synchronization is a major concern in this scenario by which data confliction can be resolved, data integrity is maintained and most recent data can be placed between the client-server. In this paper the overall data synchronization summary, architecture, tools & techniques between the two devices has been included.
Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Tetradentate Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Fused 6/5/6 Metallocycles (2020)

A series of neutral tetradentate Pt(II) complexes with fused 6/5/6 metallocycles and biphenyl (<i>bp</i>)-containing ligands have been designed and synthesized. All bridging atoms adopt nitrogens designed as an acridinyl group (Ac), an aza acridinyl group (AAc), and an aza carbazolyl group (ACz), which can effectively tune their LUMO energy levels. Their HOMO energy levels can be well-controlled through molecular modifications on the <i>bp</i> moieties with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. These molecular modifications also have profound effects on the electrochemical and photophysical properties and photostabilities of the Pt(II) complexes. The ground-states and excited states are systematically studied by density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), and natural transition orbital (NTO) calculations. All the Pt(II) complexes exhibit admixed <sup>3</sup>(LC/MLCT) characters in T<sub>1</sub> states with various proportions, which are strongly structure-dependent. These 6/5/6 Pt(II) complexes demonstrate high quantum efficiencies in dichloromethane solutions (Φ<sub>PL</sub> = 27-51%) and in doped PMMA films (Φ<sub>PL</sub> = 36-52%) at room temperature with short luminescence lifetimes of 1.6-9.5 μs and 7.6-9.0 μs, respectively. They emit green light with dominant peaks of 512-529 nm in solutions and 512-524 nm in doped PMMA films, respectively. Importantly, Pt(<i>bp</i>-2) exhibits highly stable emission colors with the same dominant peaks at 512 nm in various matrixes and also demonstrates a long photostability lifetime, LT<sub>80</sub>, at 80% of initial luminance, of 190 min, which is doped in polystyrene films (5 wt %) excited by UV light of 375 nm at 500 W/m<sup>2</sup>. These studies indicate that these 6/5/6 Pt(II) complexes can act as good phosphorescent emitters for OLED applications and should provide a viable route for the development of efficient and stable Pt(II)-based phosphorescent emitters.
Trace metal imaging with high spatial resolution: Applications in biomedicine (2010)

New generations of analytical techniques for imaging of metals are pushing hitherto boundaries of spatial resolution and quantitative analysis in biology. Because of this, the application of these imaging techniques described herein to the study of the organization and dynamics of metal cations and metal-containing biomolecules in biological cell and tissue is becoming an important issue in biomedical research. In the current review, three common metal imaging techniques in biomedical research are introduced, including synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). These are exemplified by a demonstration of the dopamine-Fe complexes, by assessment of boron distribution in a boron neutron capture therapy cell model, by mapping Cu and Zn in human brain cancer and a rat brain tumor model, and by the analysis of metal topography within neuromelanin. These studies have provided solid evidence that demonstrates that the sensitivity, spatial resolution, specificity, and quantification ability of metal imaging techniques is suitable and highly desirable for biomedical research. Moreover, these novel studies on the nanometre scale (e.g., of individual single cells or cell organelles) will lead to a better understanding of metal processes in cells and tissues.
Effects of chilling on male gametophyte development in rice (2006)

Chilling during male gametophyte development in rice inhibits development of microspores, causing male sterility. Changes in cellular ultrastructure that have been exposed to mild chilling include microspores with poor pollen wall formation, abnormal vacuolation and hypertrophy of the tapetum and unusual starch accumulation in the plastids of the endothecium in post-meiotic anthers. Anthers observed during tetrad release also have callose (1,3-beta-glucan) wall abnormalities as shown by immunocytochemical labelling. Expression of rice anther specific monosaccharide transporter (OsMST8) is greatly affected by chilling treatment. Perturbed carbohydrate metabolism, which is particularly triggered by repressed genes OsINV4 and OsMST8 during chilling, causes unusual starch storage in the endothecium and this also contributes to other symptoms such as vacuolation and poor microspore wall formation. Premature callose breakdown apparently restricts the basic framework of the future pollen wall. Vacuolation and hypertrophy are also symptoms of osmotic imbalance triggered by the reabsorption of callose breakdown products due to absence of OsMST8 activity.
Physical properties of N2O and NO-nitrided gate oxides grown on 4H SiC (2001)

N 2 O and NO nitridation by either annealing or direct growth of gate oxides on 4H SiC is analyzed in this letter. The analysis is based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy binding energies and secondary ion mass spectroscopy depth profiles of nitrogen at the SiO2–SiC interface. A clean SiO2–SiC interface is found in both NO and N2O annealed/grown samples, as opposed to the interface annealed in Ar which exhibits complex suboxides and oxide–carbon compounds. The results demonstrate that nitridation in the industry-preferred N2O ambient could be as effective as nitridation in NO, provided appropriate process optimization is performed.
Broadband 60-GHz beam-steering vertical off-center dipole antennas in LTCC (2012)

Broadband 60-GHz vertical off-center dipole antenna and its arrays in low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate are presented in this paper. The dipole antenna is designed using the off-center-fed technology to improve its bandwidth to cover the 60-GHz frequency band from 57 GHz to 66 GHz. A 4×4 planar array is optimized to achieve a maximum gain of 15.6 dBi at 60 GHz, while a beam-steering array using a low-cost Butler matrix is optimized to give a 5-dB measured beamwidth wider than 80° at 60 GHz. Measured results verified our prediction.
ETH-XGaze: A Large Scale Dataset for Gaze Estimation under Extreme Head Pose and Gaze Variation (2020)

Gaze estimation is a fundamental task in many applications of computer vision, human computer interaction and robotics. Many state-of-the-art methods are trained and tested on custom datasets, making comparison across methods challenging. Furthermore, existing gaze estimation datasets have limited head pose and gaze variations, and the evaluations are conducted using different protocols and metrics. In this paper, we propose a new gaze estimation dataset called ETH-XGaze, consisting of over one million high-resolution images of varying gaze under extreme head poses. We collect this dataset from 110 participants with a custom hardware setup including 18 digital SLR cameras and adjustable illumination conditions, and a calibrated system to record ground truth gaze targets. We show that our dataset can significantly improve the robustness of gaze estimation methods across different head poses and gaze angles. Additionally, we define a standardized experimental protocol and evaluation metric on ETH-XGaze, to better unify gaze estimation research going forward. The dataset and benchmark website are available at https://ait.ethz.ch/projects/2020/ETH-XGaze
Four-layer DOI-PET detector with a silicon photomultiplier array (2008)

Silicon photomultipliers are promising photo detectors for use in PET detectors due to their high internal gain, low power consumption and insensitivity to magnetic fields. We are developing a PET detector which consists of a scintillation crystal array and a silicon photomultiplier array. To achieve uniform spatial resolution, depth-of-interaction (DOI) detectors are required to reduce the parallax error. In this paper, we are studying the four-layer DOI PET detector with a silicon photomultiplier array.
Evaluation of Efficiency in Compressible Flow Ejectors (2008)

A steady-flow ejectors are fluid dynamic flow induction devices that directly transfer energy and momentum from a high energy primary fluid to a low energy secondary fluid through the work provided by entrainment and turbulent mixing. A variety of applications from refrigeration systems that are thermally energized and capable of using environmentally friendly refrigerants such as water and air, to desalination of water are currently being explored with this technology. The potential benefit of using environmentally friendly refrigerants makes it extensively useful for commercial air conditioning and refrigeration, particularly in applications where a source of waste heat is readily available. While steady-flow ejectors operate on entrainment and turbulent mixing between the primary (driving) flow, and the secondary (driven) flow, eliminating mechanically moving parts, the turbulent entrainment mechanism itself, is inherently dissipative of energy and little can be done to improve it. The process of mixing, which is irreversible is not accounted for explicitly in the existing definitions of ejector efficiency. Moreover, efficiency of ejectors is based on the concepts of a indirect flow induction viz., turbine-compressor analogy and compressor efficiency, and entrainment ratio. An experimental steady flow ejector with compressed air as the motive fluid and ambient air as suction fluid was fabricated and tested in this study. Comparisons of efficiency are made with the assumption of adiabatic and complete mixing of primary and secondary fluids before fluid discharge from the ejector. An important goal in our research is the definition of a proper measure of ejector efficiency which is appropriate for non-dissipative, non-steady ejectors. Such a definition would enable a more systematic methodology for evaluating ejector performance. There are three proposed methods that will be presented and compared.
Selecting power electronic converters for single phase switched reluctance motors (1998)

Switched reluctance motors are relatively inexpensive and robust. Especially for lower power drives, the proportional cost of the power electronics is large, it is therefore important to optimise the power converter for each particular application. This paper presents a selection guide and an over-view of power-electronic converters for single phase switched reluctance drives.
Spatial Processes for Recommender Systems (2022)

Spatial processes are typically used to analyse and predict geographic data. This paper adapts such models to the prediction of a user’s interests or item ratings in recommender systems. We present the theoretical framework for a model based on Gaussian spatial processes, and discuss efficient algorithms for parameter estimation. Our model was evaluated with simulated data and a real-world dataset collected by tracking visitors in a museum, and achieves a higher predictive accuracy than a non-personalised baseline. Additionally, in the real-world scenario, the model attains a higher predictive accuracy than state-of-the-art collaborative filters.
DOM-LM: Learning Generalizable Representations for HTML Documents (2022)

HTML documents are an important medium for disseminating information on the Web for human consumption. An HTML document presents information in multiple text formats including unstructured text, structured key-value pairs, and tables. Effective representation of these documents is essential for machine understanding to enable a wide range of applications, such as Question Answering, Web Search, and Personalization. Existing work has either represented these documents using visual features extracted by rendering them in a browser, which is typically computationally expensive, or has simply treated them as plain text documents, thereby failing to capture useful information presented in their HTML structure. We argue that the text and HTML structure together convey important semantics of the content and therefore warrant a special treatment for their representation learning. In this paper, we introduce a novel representation learning approach for web pages, dubbed DOM-LM, which addresses the limitations of existing approaches by encoding both text and DOM tree structure with a transformer-based encoder and learning generalizable representations for HTML documents via self-supervised pre-training. We evaluate DOM-LM on a variety of webpage understanding tasks, including Attribute Extraction, Open Information Extraction, and Question Answering. Our extensive experiments show that DOM-LM consistently outperforms all baselines designed for these tasks. In particular, DOM-LM demonstrates better generalization performance both in few-shot and zero-shot settings, making it attractive for making it suitable for real-world application settings with limited labeled data.
Stability and electronic structures of CuxTe (2007)

In this work, the authors study the stability and electronic properties of CuxTe as a function of the Cu∕Te ratio using first-principles calculations. They find that CuxTe shows bistability with energy minimum at x≈1.25 and x≈1.75. At low x, CuxTe is more stable in the tetragonal-based structures, whereas for x&gt;1.47, it is more stable in the trigonal-based structures. The valence-band maximum of Cu2Te is found to be 0.7eV higher than that of CdTe, indicating that it can easily be doped p type. The Cu diffusion barriers and hole density decrease with increasing Cu concentration, indicating that for x∼2, ionic conductivity may play a role.
Alterations in the expression of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) in human ovarian cancer and indentification of the therapeutic potential of APE1/Ref-1 inhibitor (2009)

Resistance to platinum is a major limitation for the treatment of ovarian cancer. In an effort to overcome the platinum resistance problem in ovarian cancer treatment, we explored the correlation between cisplatin resistance and the human AP endonuclease (APE1 or Ref-1). APE1/Ref-1 is a multifunctional protein that is not only an essential enzyme in base excision repair pathway, but also acts as a major redox-signaling factor that has a wide variety of important cellular functions including transcription factor regulation, oxidative signaling and cell cycle control. In this study, we examined APE1/Ref-1 expression by immunohistochemistry in sections of ovarian cancers from 78 patients who were administered standard adjuvant chemotherapy based on platinum post-operatively. Altered levels and subcellular APE1/Ref-1 expression was found in patients not responding to platinum-based chemotherapy comparing with those who responded to platinum-based chemotherapy. Meanwhile, we detected the APE1/Ref-1 expression in A2780 and CP70 cell lines which have different sensitivity to cisplatin. We found similar altered APE1/Ref-1 expression in them. We hypothesized that the APE1/Ref-1 expression is responsible in part for the cisplatin resistance. To answer this hypothesis, we decreased the APE1/Ref-1 level by silencing RNA targeting technology in A2780 and CP70 cell lines. The A2780 cells treated with APE1-siRNA had IC50 values ranging from 6.70 to 1.74 microM cisplatin compared with 15.81 microM for control A2780 cells. The CP70 cells treated with APE1-siRNA had 1.62-4.63-fold enhancement in cisplatin sensitivity. The apoptosis assays using TUNEL analysis showed that decreased APE1/Ref-1 level resulted in increased apoptosis levels in A2780 and CP70 cell lines compared with the control-treated cells. These data suggest that APE1/Ref-1 levels play an important role in the sensitization of ovarian cancer cells to apoptosis. In vitro studies revealed that it is possible to substantially enhance the cisplatin cytotoxicity by decreasing APE1/Ref-1 level in cisplatin-resistant cell lines.
Clinical variability in keratometry, ultrasound biometry measurements, and emmetropic intraocular lens power calculation (1991)

We calculated inter-examiner and intra-examiner variability in keratometry and ultrasound biometry when performed by two different examiners. The potential effect on intraocular lens power calculation was also considered. Intra-examiner variability was statistically and clinically significant for axial measurements, particularly in eyes with axial length greater than 24 mm. Thus, variability in biometric examination affected the emmetropic intraocular lens power, especially in myopic eyes.
Phenotypic Characterization of Murine Primitive Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Isolated on Basis of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity (2004)

There are several different technical approaches to the isolation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with long-term repopulating ability, but these have problems in terms of yield, complexity, or cell viability. Simpler strategies for HSC isolation are needed. We have enriched primitive hematopoietic progenitors from murine bone marrow of mice from different genetic backgrounds by lineage depletion followed by selection of cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity using the Aldefluor reagent (BD Biosciences, Oxford, U.K.). Lin- ALDH(bright) cells comprised 26.8 +/- 1.0% of the total Lin- population of C57BL6 mice, and 23.5 +/- 1.0% of the Lin- population of BALB/c mice expressed certain cell-surface markers typical of primitive hematopoietic progenitors. In vitro hematopoietic progenitor function was substantially higher in the Lin- ALDH(bright) population compared with the Lin- ALDH(low) cells. These cells have higher telomerase activity and the lowest percentage of cells in S phase. These data strongly suggest that progenitor enrichment from Lin- cells on the basis of ALDH is a valid method whose simplicity of application makes it advantageous over conventional separations.
Disease-Modifying Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis: Strategies For Optimizing Management (2002)

A comprehensive treatment approach to the utilization of disease-modifying therapy in MS can serve to optimize the management of our patients and effectively meet the challenges that arise during the course of treatment.
Poly(ethylene oxide)-<i>b</i>-poly(ethylene imine) Dodecanoate Complexes:  Lamellar-<i>within</i>-lamellar Morphologies and Nanoparticles (2001)

The complexes formed between poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene imine)s and dodecanoic acid were studied in the solid state and as nanoparticles. The poly(ethylene imine) blocks had different architectures, cyclic, linear, and branched, while the poly(ethylene oxide) blocks were held constant. Self-organized lamellar-within-lamellar structures were obtained with two different length scales, which are, for example, 15 and 3 nm. Small-angle X-ray scattering methods were used to quantify the morphological differences between noncomplexed and complexed diblock copolymers. Core−shell nanoparticles were prepared from the complexes in aqueous solution with sizes around 200 nm. Their cores are formed by poly(ethylene imine) dodecanoate while their shells consist of poly(ethylene oxide). It was found that the shapes of the nanoparticles depend on the PEI block. They are, for example, prolate if the PEI is linear and spherical if the PEI is branched. The nanoparticles are block ionomer complexes and supposed to be potentially useful as drug carrier systems.
Lactobacillus casei DG and its postbiotic reduce the inflammatory mucosal response: an ex-vivo organ culture model of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (2017)

LC-DG and its PB attenuate the inflammatory mucosal response in an ex-vivo organ culture model of PI-IBS D.
Proximity effect correction data processing system for electron beam lithography (1992)

A proximity effect correction system has been developed by utilizing an efficient dose modulation technique based on a double Gaussian proximity function. A shaped electron beam system is assumed to be used. Two improvements are made. First, an optimal exposure dose on each pattern is determined by a new fast iterative method. The optimal dose makes the development isocontour conform to the pattern specification fairly well. Second, a ‘‘simple cell unit algorithm’’ that one of identical cells is proximity-corrected, and the result is used to the other remaining cells is introduced. This offers to both decrease the processing time and save the memory/disk space. The present system is applied to the data processing of scaled-down version of an aluminum wiring layer pattern of 16 Mbit dynamic random access memory with its minimum dimension of 0.4 μm. The calculation is successfully completed within 1 h of CPU time on a 10 MIPS general-purpose computer. The dimensional accuracy of 10% is confirmed experimentally for the pattern including minimum features of 0.4 μm in the combination of trilayer resist process.
3D micro self-assembly using a hydrophobic interaction controlled by SAMs (2003)

This paper shows three-dimensional micro-scale self-assembly using hydrophobic interaction. We fabricated micro-scale particles (10/spl times/10/spl times/5 /spl mu/m) and modified the wettabilities of the surfaces by forming self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). In 2-isopropanol (IPA) solution, the particles were stirred and self-assembled. The hydrophobic interaction acts on the two hydrophobic surfaces of the particles. The selectivity of the bindings was examined by counting the number of the bound particles. We showed the hydrophobic interaction can be applied to the micro-scale self-assembly.
Improved Consistency Regularization for GANs (2021)

Recent work has increased the performance of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) by enforcing a consistency cost on the discriminator. We improve on this technique in several ways. We first show that consistency regularization can introduce artifacts into the GAN samples and explain how to fix this issue. We then propose several modifications to the consistency regularization procedure designed to improve its performance. We carry out extensive experiments quantifying the benefit of our improvements. For unconditional image synthesis on CIFAR-10 and CelebA, our modifications yield the best known FID scores on various GAN architectures. For conditional image synthesis on CIFAR-10, we improve the state-of-the-art FID score from 11.48 to 9.21. Finally, on ImageNet-2012, we apply our technique to the original BigGAN model and improve the FID from 6.66 to 5.38, which is the best score at that model size.