gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FEASIBILITY OF DETECTING SOIL NITRATE CONTENT USING A MIDINFRARED TECHNIQUE (2001)

The longrange goal of this study was to develop a portable, soil nitrate sensor to determine soil nitrate contentinsitu. The immediate objective of this study was to develop a rapid technique to determine soil nitrate content using diffusereflectance spectroscopy in the midinfrared (MIR) range. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer was usedto determine the MIR response of various concentrations of calcium nitrate solution in water. The results clearly showed theexistence of a strong nitrate absorption peak at 7194 nm (1390 cm 1 ). For KBrdiluted soil samples, the ratio of the area underthe nitrate absorbance peak (13601390 cm 1 ) to the water absorbance peak (16401660 cm 1 ) was proportional to nitrateconcentration. Midinfrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy detected soil nitrate content at low concentrations inKBrdiluted soil samples. However, when undiluted soil samples containing varying amounts of nitrate content were testedin the MIR range, it was necessary to further condition the data with noise filtering techniques. Three noise removaltechniques were compared to improve the spectral quality: (1) the Savitzky and Golay, (2) FFT filtering, and (3) waveletdenoising. The wavelet denoising technique resulted in the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.856) for nitrateprediction. These noise removal techniques could not remove specular reflection effects and band overlap. To overcome theseproblems, a continuous wavelet transform, which could remove specular reflection as well as minimize noise, was used todeconvolute the soil spectral data, resulting in a high correlation (R 2 = 0.878) between soil nitrate content and MIR diffusespectral reflectance.
The influence of force on fingerprint recognition using automated data capture (2009)

Fingerprint image quality has a positive on recognition systems. By improving the quality of fingerprint images the performance of the system can be increased. Current automated fingerprint capture processes conduct quality analysis on fingerprints after capturing the fingerprint and prompt the user for additional fingerprints if the image does not conform to the quality criterion. The process of recapturing increases throughput time and increases the inconvenience faced by users. The objective of this research was to redesign the image capture process by identifying optimal force levels for initiating the capture operation. 70 subjects interacted with an optical fingerprint sensor at several force levels to identify the force level that yielded the best fingerprint image quality and least number of matching errors.
Stereo Acoustic Echo Control Using A Simplified Echo Path Model (2006)

In handsfree tele- or video-communication, acoustic echoes arise due to the coupling between the loudspeakers and microphones. It is much more challenging to remove the undesired acoustic echoes for stereo or multi-channel tele-communication systems than for mono systems due to the non-uniqueness problem. While non-uniqueness can be prevented by introducing independent distortions into the left and right loudspeaker signals, stereo echo cancellation is more challenging in terms of convergence speed and computational complexity than mono echo cancellation. The proposed stereo echo control algorithm circumvents the non-uniqueness problem by using simplified echo path models consisting of delays and short-time spectral modification. It is shown that for reasonably symmetric systems the left and right echo path models are similar enough that a single echo path model can be used for estimating the total echo power spectrum and a gain filter for removing the echo from the microphone channels. The proposed algorithm is also applicable to multi-channel systems and the computational complexity is very low. 1.
Face recognition with support vector machines: global versus component-based approach (2002)

We present a component-based method and two global methods for face recognition and evaluate them with respect to robustness against pose changes. In the component system we first locate facial components, extract them and combine them into a single feature vector which is classified by a Support Vector Machine (SVM). The two global systems recognize faces by classifying a single feature vector consisting of the gray values of the whole face image. In the first global system we trained a single SVM classifier for each person in the database. The second system consists of sets of viewpoint-specific SVM classifiers and involves clustering during training. We performed extensive tests on a database which included faces rotated up to about 40/spl deg/ in depth. The component system clearly outperformed both global systems on all tests.
Design and Demonstration of High-Efficiency Quantum Well Solar Cells Employing Thin Strained Superlattices (2019)

Nanostructured quantum well and quantum dot III-V solar cells provide a pathway to implement advanced single-junction photovoltaic device designs that can capture energy typically lost in traditional solar cells. To realize such high-efficiency single-junction devices, nanostructured device designs must be developed that maximize the open circuit voltage by minimizing both non-radiative and radiative components of the diode dark current. In this work, a study of the impact of barrier thickness in strained multiple quantum well solar cell structures suggests that apparent radiative efficiency is suppressed, and the collection efficiency is enhanced, at a quantum well barrier thickness of 4 nm or less. The observed changes in measured infrared external quantum efficiency and relative luminescence intensity in these thin barrier structures is attributed to increased wavefunction coupling and enhanced carrier transport across the quantum well region typically associated with the formation of a superlattice under a built-in field. In describing these effects, a high efficiency (>26% AM1.5) single-junction quantum well solar cell is demonstrated in a device structure employing both a strained superlattice and a heterojunction emitter.
Abstract B165: Abl kinase myristate-site inhibitor, mechanism and application (2009)

Abstract We recently reported a new class of allosteric inhibitors, exemplified by GNF-2, that selectively inhibit the proliferation of Bcr-Abl dependent cells. Here we demonstrate, using selection for resistant Bcr-Abl clones, site-directed mutagenesis, affinity chromatography, and steady-state kinetics, that GNF-2 inhibits Bcr-Abl kinase activity by binding to the Abl myristate binding pocket and stabilizes the auto-inhibited conformation. We demonstrate that the 2-hydroxyethyl amide analog of GNF-2, GNF-5, in combination with ATP-competitive inhibitors such as nilotinib and dasatinib can overcome the T315I “gatekeeper” mutant of Bcr-Abl which is resistant to all clinically approved Bcr-Abl inhibitors. These studies demonstrate that targeting of the Abl myristate binding site can provide an important pharmacological means to overcome mutations that cause resistance to ATP-competitive inhibitors. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B165.
Multivariate Analysis of Blood Oxygen Saturation Recordings in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis (2010)

This study focuses on the analysis of blood oxygen saturation (SaO(2)) from nocturnal pulse oximetry (NPO) to help in the diagnosis of the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. A population of 148 patients suspected of suffering from OSA syndrome was studied. A wide set of 16 features was used to characterize changes in the SaO(2) profile during the night. Our feature set included common statistics in the time and frequency domains, conventional spectral characteristics from the power spectral density (PSD) function, and nonlinear features. We performed feature selection by means of a step-forward logistic regression (LR) approach with leave-one-out cross-validation. Second- and fourth-order statistical moments in the time domain (M2t and M4t), the relative power in the 0.014-0.033 Hz frequency band ( P(R)), and the Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) were automatically selected. 92.0% sensitivity, 85.4% specificity, and 89.7% accuracy were obtained. The optimum feature set significantly improved the diagnostic ability of each feature individually. Furthermore, our results outperformed classic oximetric indexes commonly used by physicians. We conclude that simultaneous analysis in the time and frequency domains by means of statistical moments, spectral and nonlinear features could provide complementary information from NPO to improve OSA diagnosis.
Synthetic glycopeptide vaccines combining β-mannan and peptide epitopes induce protection against candidiasis (2008)

The first fully synthetic glycopeptide vaccines against a fungal disease have been used to combat disseminated candidiasis in mice. Six T cell peptides found in Candida albicans cell wall proteins were selected by algorithm peptide epitope searches; each was synthesized and conjugated to the fungal cell wall beta-mannan trisaccharide [beta-(Man)(3)] by novel saccharide-peptide linker chemistry to create glycopeptide conjugates. The six proteins were selected because of expression during human candidiasis and cell wall association and included: fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba); methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate (Met6); hyphal wall protein-1 (Hwp1); enolase (Enol); glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gap1); and phosphoglycerate kinase (Pgk1). By immunization protocols favoring production of protective antibody, the beta-(Man)(3)-Fba, beta-(Man)(3)-Met6 and beta-(Man)(3)-Hwp1 induced protection evidenced by survival and reduced kidney fungal burden, the beta-(Man)(3)-Eno1 and beta-(Man)(3)-Gap1 gave moderate protection, and the beta-(Man)(3)-Pgk1 slightly enhanced disease. For the beta-(Man)(3)-Fba conjugate, protection was uniquely acquired through immunity against the carbohydrate and the Fba peptide. This approach based on fully synthetic chemically defined immunogens should be generally useful in vaccine development.
Room-temperature operation of index-coupled distributed-feedback 4.75 μm quantum cascade lasers fabricated without epitaxial regrowth (2013)

We demonstrate single-mode distributed-feedback quantum cascade lasers at 4.75 µm with etched index-coupled surface gratings and spin-on dielectric infilling. We observe continuous wave laser emission at room temperature with 5 W of electrical power consumption.
Method of preparing a negative electrode including lithium alloy for use within a secondary electrochemical cell. [Li--Al/KCl--LiCl/FeS] (1977)

A negative electrode that includes a lithium alloy as active material is prepared by briefly submerging a porous, electrically conductive substrate within a melt of the alloy. Prior to solidification, excess melt can be removed by vibrating or otherwise manipulating the filled substrate to expose interstitial surfaces. Electrodes such as solid lithium--aluminium filled within a substrate of metal foam are provided. 1 figure, 1 table.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties of Diazido Heteroaromatic High-Nitrogen C−N Compound (2005)

The synthesis, characterization, and energetic properties of diazido heteroaromatic high-nitrogen C-N compound, 3,6-diazido-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DiAT), are reported. Its normalized heat of formation (NDeltaHf), experimentally determined using an additive method, is shown to be the highest positive NDeltaHf compared to all other organic molecules. The unexpected azido-tetrazolo tautomerizations and irreversible tetrazolo transformation of DiAT are remarkable compared to all other polyazido heteroaromatic high-nitrogen C-N compounds, for example, 2,4,6-triazido-1,3,5-triazine; 4,4',6,6'-tetra(azido)hydrazo-1,3,5-triazine; 4,4',6,6'-tetra(azido)azo-1,3,5-triazine; and 2,5,8-tri(azido)-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaazaphenalene (heptazine).
Mechanism of Neomycin and Rev Peptide Binding to the Rev Responsive Element of HIV-1 As Determined by Fluorescence and NMR Spectroscopy (2000)

Rev is an essential HIV-1 regulatory protein that binds the Rev responsive element (RRE) within the env gene of the HIV-1 RNA genome and is involved in transport of unspliced or partially spliced viral mRNA from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm. Previous studies have shown that a short alpha-helical peptide derived from Rev (Rev 34-50), and a truncated form of the RRE sequence provide a useful in vitro system to study this interaction while still preserving the essential aspects of the native complex. We have selectively incorporated the fluorescent probe 2-aminopurine 2'-O-methylriboside (2-AP) into the RRE sequence in nonperturbing positions (A68 and U72) such that the binding of both Rev peptide and aminoglycoside ligands could be characterized directly by fluorescence methods. Rev peptide binding to the RRE-72AP variant resulted in a 2-fold fluorescence increase that provided a useful signal to monitor this binding interaction (K(D) = 20 +/- 7 nM). Using stopped-flow kinetic measurements, we have shown that specific Rev peptide binding occurs by a two-step process involving diffusion-controlled encounter, followed by isomerization of the RNA. Using the RRE-68AP and -72AP constructs, three classes of binding sites for the aminoglycoside neomycin were unambiguously detected. The first site is noninhibitory to Rev binding (K(D) = 0.24 +/- 0.040 microM), the second site inhibited Rev binding in a competitive fashion (K(D) = 1. 8 +/- 0.8 microM), and the third much weaker site (or sites) is attributed to nonspecific binding (K(D) >/= 40 microM). Complementary NMR measurements have shown that neomycin forms both a specific binary complex with RRE and a specific ternary complex with RRE and Rev. NMR data further suggest that neomycin occupies a similar high-affinity binding site in both the binary and ternary complexes, and that this site is located in the lower stem region of RRE.
Food image analysis: The big data problem you can eat! (2016)

Six of the ten leading causes of death in the United States can be directly linked to diet. Measuring accurate dietary intake, the process of determining what someone eats is considered to be an open research problem in the nutrition and health fields. We are developing image-based tools in order to automatically obtain accurate estimates of what foods a user consumes. We have developed a novel food record application using the embedded camera in a mobile device. This paper describes the current status of food image analysis and overviews problems that still need to be addressed.
Bonding of optical materials by femtosecond laser welding for aerospace and high power laser applications (2012)

A process for joining optical materials by direct bonding reinforced by femtosecond laser welding is presented. It is suitable for assembly of components for aerospace and high power laser applications where adhesives must be avoided. Joining is realized in two steps. Firstly, materials are direct bonded so as to achieve a state of optical contact preferably over the whole area between bonded surfaces. The second step consists in sealing the direct bonded region by writing weld lines by femtosecond laser pulses at the outskirts of the bonding surface. The bond, applicable to both similar and dissimilar material combinations, is resistant to important mechanical and thermal constraints and does not alter the assembly’s optical transmission properties inside the sealed area. Most importantly, the drawbacks of common joining methods are avoided, such as premature aging, degassing, photo-bleaching and limited applicable material combinations.
Disturb-free Independently-controlled-Gate 7T FinFET SRAM cell (2011)

We propose a novel Independently-controlled-Gate (IG) 7T FinFET SRAM cell. The cell utilizes the “stacking-like” property of split-gate super-high-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> FinFET devices to eliminate Read disturb and Half-Select disturb, and keeper and VSS-control to mitigate Read bit-line leakage. The stability and performance of the proposed cell are compared with the conventional 6T tied-gate cell and recently reported 6T-Column-Decoupled cell using TCAD mixed-mode simulations. 3D atomistic mixed-mode Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to investigate the impact of local random variations due to Fin LER. The results indicate that the proposed cell shows better cell stability and provides sufficient margins even considering intrinsic device variations.
<title>Comparison of synthetic-aperture radar autofocus techniques: phase gradient versus subaperture</title> (1991)

Two methods of focusing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are compared. Both a conventional subaperture cross-correlation method and a new phase gradient autofocus (PGA) algorithm developed at Sandia National Laboratories are shown to perform well if high-order phase errors are not present. With the introduction of significant high-order phase errors [e.g., due to uncompensated platform motion], both algorithms suffer a loss in performance. However, relative performance degradation is less for PGA than for the subaperture focusing technique. An explanation is presented for the observed behavior of the two autofocus techniques.
Berichtigung: Digital Quantification of DNA Replication and Chromosome Segregation Enables Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility after only 15 Minutes of Antibiotic Exposure (2017)

Im Abschnitt "Antibiotic exposure time course experiments" des Experimentalteils in den Hintergrundinformationen zu dieser Zuschrift muss "early logarithmic" durch "early stationary (OD600 3.1-6.9)" ersetzt werden.
Photoinduced refractive-index changes in two-mode, elliptical-core fibers: sensing applications (1991)

Photoinduced refractive-index changes in two-mode, elliptical-core optical fibers are shown to affect the differential phase modulation between the LP(01) and the LP(11)(even) modes. This change in beat length is dependent on the amount of strain induced in the fiber while the grating is being formed. We present experimental results that agree with conventional coupled-mode theory and propose the use of such sensors for weighted and distributed applications.
Inter-species chimeras of leukaemia inhibitory factor define a major human receptor-binding determinant. (1993)

Human leukaemia inhibitory factor (hLIF) binds to both human and mouse LIF receptors (LIF-R), while mouse LIF (mLIF) binds only to mouse LIF-R. Moreover, hLIF binds with higher affinity to the mLIF-R than does mLIF. In order to define the regions of the hLIF molecule responsible for species-specific interaction with the hLIF-R and for the unusual high-affinity binding to the mLIF-R, a series of 15 mouse/human LIF hybrids has been generated. Perhaps surprisingly, both of these properties mapped to the same region of the hLIF molecule. The predominant contribution was from residues in the loop linking the third and fourth helices, with lesser contributions from residues in the third helix and the loop connecting the second and third helices in the predicted three-dimensional structure. Since all chimeras retained full biological activity and receptor-binding activity on mouse cells, and there was little variation in the specific biological activity of the purified proteins, it can be concluded that the overall secondary and tertiary structures of each chimera were intact. This observation also implied that the primary binding sites on mLIF and hLIF for the mLIF-R were unaltered by inter-species domain swapping. Consequently, the site on the hLIF molecule that confers species-specific binding to the hLIF-R and higher affinity binding to the mLIF-R, must constitute an additional interaction site to that used by both mLIF and hLIF to bind to the mLIF-R. These studies define a maximum of 15 amino acid differences between hLIF and mLIF that are responsible for the different properties of these proteins.
Stabilized precoder with antenna diversity for wireless LANs (1999)

Multipath fading is a major obstacle to be overcome in achieving high data rates for wireless LANs. Powerful equalizers needed to combat multipath are costly in terms of processing power, training sequence overhead and training time. In time-division-duplex radio systems, precoding may be used to shift the equalization burden from the receiver to the transmitter, enabling significant reductions in complexity and transmission overhead. This article describes a stabilized precoder with switched antenna diversity which achieves simple and efficient precoding for wireless LANs.
Microphone placement evaluation for acoustic detection of coronary artery disease (2011)

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States yet no screening tool exists. The acoustic approach detects CAD noninvasively with microphones placed at the chest. Identifying ideal microphone placement on the body may improve accuracy. Here we examine measurements from acoustic recordings taken on the chest at three positions: the base, middle and apex level of the heart. Eight CAD positive and 13 negative subjects were used. Approximate entropy (ApEn) and largest Lyapunov exponents (LLE) were used to analyze measurements. Using these features the apex recording produced 88%-54% sensitivity-specificity while the middle and base positions produced 63%-77% and 0%-92% sensitivity-specificity respectively. These results show LLE and ApEn to be sensitive to CAD related signals and suggest that the best location for analysis is above the apex of the heart.
Interrelationship between Densification, Crystallization, and Chemical Evolution in Sol‐Gel Titania Thin Films (1994)

The mechanisms contributing to densification during non‐isothermal heat treatments in sol‐gel titania films have been studied. At low temperatures, shrinkage is attributed to condensation reactions between hydroxyls located primarily within the oxide skeleton. At higher temperatures, densification is due to both continued condensation between surface hydroxyls and structural relaxation. Shrinkage stops when films attain a level of crystallinity corresponding to the percolation threshold. At conventional rates, densification is delayed by faster heating; however, at very fast heating rates provided by rapid thermal annealing (8000°C/min), condensation is highly arrested and densification is faster. Similarly, the onset of crystallization increases with conventional heating rates, but crosses over to a lower temperature with rapid thermal annealing.
Higher capacity with smaller global energy consumption in core optical networks due to elastic channel spacing (2010)

We propose a novel model for core optical networks combining benefits of transparent and opaque networks through variable channel spacing. We demonstrate increased capacity at limited energy cost through detailed transmission experiments and network planning.
Hypoglycemia Risk and Glucose Variability Indices Derived from Routine Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Are Related to Laboratory Measures of Insulin Sensitivity and Epinephrine Counterregulation (2010)

higher insulin sensitivity and lower epinephrine response during hypoglycemia are related to increased glucose variability (as quantified by the ADRR), irrespective of HbA1c and other patient characteristics. Lower epinephrine relates to risk for hypoglycemia as well.