gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel background field removal method for MRI using projection onto dipole fields (PDF) (2011)

For optimal image quality in susceptibility-weighted imaging and accurate quantification of susceptibility, it is necessary to isolate the local field generated by local magnetic sources (such as iron) from the background field that arises from imperfect shimming and variations in magnetic susceptibility of surrounding tissues (including air). Previous background removal techniques have limited effectiveness depending on the accuracy of model assumptions or information input. In this article, we report an observation that the magnetic field for a dipole outside a given region of interest (ROI) is approximately orthogonal to the magnetic field of a dipole inside the ROI. Accordingly, we propose a nonparametric background field removal technique based on projection onto dipole fields (PDF). In this PDF technique, the background field inside an ROI is decomposed into a field originating from dipoles outside the ROI using the projection theorem in Hilbert space. This novel PDF background removal technique was validated on a numerical simulation and a phantom experiment and was applied in human brain imaging, demonstrating substantial improvement in background field removal compared with the commonly used high-pass filtering method.
An ultra-long-acting recombinant insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in cats (2021)

Successful control of clinical signs and maintenance of glycemia was achieved with this once-weekly novel insulin treatment. The efficacy and safety of this novel formulation should be further assessed in a large clinical trial.
Donor-Acceptor Complexes in Copolymerization. LIX. Alternating Diene-Dienophile Copolymers. 13. Copolymerization of Dicyclopentadiene and Maleic Anhydride (1977)

Abstract The solution and bulk copolymerization of dicyclopentadiene (DCP) and maleic anhydride (MAH) occurs over the temperature range 80–240°C, upon the addition of a free-radical catalyst which has a short half-life at the reaction temperature. An unsaturated 1/1 MAH/DCP copolymer, derived from the copolymerization of MAH with the norbornene double bond, followed by a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, is obtained in the presence of a large excess of DCP at 80° C, while a saturated 2/1 MAH/ DCP copolymer, derived from the cyclocopolymerization of the residual cyclopentene unsaturation, is obtained at higher temperatures or in the presence of excess MAH. The copolymers prepared under other conditions with intermediate MAH/DCP mole ratios contain both 1/1 and 2/1 repeating units. The copolymer obtained from bulk copolymerization above 170° C contains units derived from cyclopentadiene-MAH cyclocopolymerization as well as DCP-MAH copolymerization.
Distributed-feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers with laterally corrugated metal waveguides (2005)

We report the demonstration of distributed-feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on a first-order grating fabricated via a lateral corrugation in a double-sided metal ridge waveguide. The phase of the facet reflection was precisely set by lithographically defined facets by dry etching. Single-mode emission was observed at low to moderate injection currents, although multimode emission was observed far beyond threshold owing to spatial hole burning. Finite-element simulations were used to calculate the modal and threshold characteristics for these devices, with results in good agreement with experiments.
The transcription factor Net regulates the angiogenic switch (2003)

Angiogenesis is fundamental to physiological and pathological processes. Despite intensive efforts, little is known about the intracellular circuits that regulate angiogenesis. The transcription factor Net is activated by phosphorylation induced by Ras, an indirect regulator of angiogenesis. Net is expressed at sites of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during early mouse development, suggesting that it could have a role in blood vessel formation. We show here that down-regulation of Net inhibits angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. Ras-activated phosphorylated Net (P-Net) stimulates the mouse VEGF promoter through the -80 to -53 region that principally binds Sp1. P-Net and VEGF are coexpressed in angiogenic processes in wild-type mouse tissues and in human tumors. We conclude that Net is a regulator of angiogenesis that can switch to an activator following induction by pro-angiogenic molecules.
Animal Models of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (2014)

Pneumococcal disease results when colonizing pneumococci in the nasopharynx successfully invade sterile sites. The first half of this chapter focuses on individual disease models and provides general descriptions of the commonly used models. It also discusses considerations important to the application of these models to studies of vaccine antigens and some of the pros and cons of each model. The latter half of the chapter presents experimental considerations that relate to animal models in general: the need for multiple models, inclusion criteria for experiments, and statistics. Bacteremia is a potential outcome in virtually all models of pneumococcal infection and is easily evaluated. The classic mouse model for assessing protective immunity has been the use of otherwise fatal infections following intraperitoneally (i.p.) challenge to detect the effects of active immunization or passive antibodies. As neonates and infants are a major target for pneumococcal vaccination, the murine model of intranasal challenge with aspiration has been adapted to 1-week-old mice, whose immune system corresponds to that of the human neonate, and 3-week-old mice, whose immune system corresponds to that of the human infant. Otitis media models in several animal species have been developed to evaluate vaccine effects. The classic model of otitis media was developed using the chinchilla and has been well reviewed by Giebink. Advantages and limitations of the various animal models of invasive pneumococcal diseases emphasize the importance of a careful selection of animal models to address different scientific questions.
β7‐integrin‐independent enhancement of mucosal and systemic anti‐HIV antibody responses following combined mucosal and systemic gene delivery (2007)

Vaccination strategies that can block or limit heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmissions to local and systemic tissues are the goal of much research effort. Herein, in a mouse model, we aimed to determine whether the enhancement of antibody responses through mucosal and systemic immunizations, previously observed with protein-based vaccines, applies to immunizations with DNA- or RNA-based vectors. Intranasal (i.n.) followed by intramuscular (i.m.) immunizations (i.n./i.m.) with polylactide-coglycolide (PLG)-DNA microparticles encoding HIV-gag (PLG-DNA-gag) significantly enhanced serum antibody responses, compared with i.m., i.n. or i.m. followed by i.n. (i.m./i.n.) immunizations. Moreover, while i.n./i.m., i.n. or i.m./i.n. immunizations with PLG-DNA-gag resulted in genital tract antibody responses, i.m. immunizations alone failed to do so. Importantly, beta7-deficient mice developed local and systemic antibody responses following i.n./i.m. immunization, or immunization via any other route, similar to those of wild-type mice. To compare the DNA with an RNA delivery system, immunizations were performed with VEE/SIN-gag replicon particles, composed of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon RNA and Sindbis surface structure (SIN). i.n./i.m., compared with any other immunizations, i.n./i.m. immunization with VEE/SIN-gag resulted in enhanced genital tract but not serum antibody responses. These data show for the first time that mucosal followed by systemic immunizations with gene delivery systems enhance B-cell responses independent of the mucosal homing receptors alpha4beta7 and alphaEbeta7.
Monoclonal antibody analysis of specific antigenic similarities among pathogenic Treponema pallidum subspecies (1984)

Murine monoclonal antibodies directed against a 47,000-dalton immunodominant surface-exposed antigen of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (Nichols) were isolated. These monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with analogous 47,000-dalton antigens of two other virulent treponemes, T. pallidum subsp. pertenue and T. pallidum subsp. endemicum (Bosnia A), as determined by radioimmunoassay and immunoblot analyses. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that the 47,000-dalton antigen of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum was a surface-associated cellular component. Surface binding assays and immunoelectron microscopic studies also suggested that the analogous 47,000-dalton antigenic component of T. pallidum subsp. pertenue may not have been oriented toward the bacterial surface in the same way as the T. pallidum subsp. pallidum antigen or that the relevant antigenic determinant(s) may not have been exposed to the outer surface in the same way. The significance of this antigen relative to its apparent conservation among pathogenic treponemes and its possible diagnostic and vaccinogenic potentials are discussed.
A coded aperture for high-resolution nuclear medicine planar imaging with a conventional Anger camera: experimental results (2001)

As compared to pinholes and collimators, coded aperture cameras present the potential advantage of increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This advantage can be used to improve the resolution of conventional imagers while still producing clear images. In this paper, we describe a near-field coded aperture camera with a field of view of 9 /spl times/ 9 cm and 1.7-mm system resolution based on the use of an existing gamma-camera. Experimental results include planar in vivo studies of /sup 99m/Tc-labeled compounds in a mouse.
Comparison and Analysis of Zinc and Cobalt-Based Systems as Catalytic Entities for the Hydration of Carbon Dioxide (2013)

In nature, the zinc metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) efficiently catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to bicarbonate under physiological conditions. Many research efforts have been directed towards the development of small molecule mimetics that can facilitate this process and thus have a beneficial environmental impact, but these efforts have met very limited success. Herein, we undertook quantum mechanical calculations of four mimetics, 1,5,9-triazacyclododedacane, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododedacane, tris(4,5-dimethyl-2-imidazolyl)phosphine, and tris(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)amine, in their complexed form either with the Zn(2+) or the Co(2+) ion and studied their reaction coordinate for CO2 hydration. These calculations demonstrated that the ability of the complex to maintain a tetrahedral geometry and bind bicarbonate in a unidentate manner were vital for the hydration reaction to proceed favorably. Furthermore, these calculations show that the catalytic activity of the examined zinc complexes was insensitive to coordination states for zinc, while coordination states above four were found to have an unfavorable effect on product release for the cobalt counterparts.
Comparison of W-CDMA and DSSS-TDMA systems (2002)

This paper compares a wireless telecommunication system employing W-CDMA transmissions from both terminal-to-base and base-to-terminal, with a novel system which employs spread-TDMA transmission from terminal-to-base and W-CDMA transmission from base to-terminal, thereby providing high quality performance in both directions. The systems are compared on the basis of capacity in a multipath, multiple cell, environment and on the basis of complexity. The spread spectrum receivers employed in both systems employ matched filters, which permit connectionless as well as connection-based packet switched communications at data rates up to 12 Mb/s, for multimedia or LAN applications, as well as voice communication.
Recombinantly produced cellobiose dehydrogenase from <i>Corynascus thermophilus</i> for glucose biosensors and biofuel cells (2012)

Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an emerging enzyme in the field of bioelectrocatalysis. Due to its flexible cytochrome domain, which acts as a built-in redox mediator, CDH is capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrode surfaces. This rare property is employed in mediatorless "third generation" biosensors. The ability of Corynascus thermophilus CDH to oxidize glucose under physiological conditions makes it a promising candidate for miniaturized glucose biosensors or glucose powered biofuel cell anodes. We report for the first time the electrochemical application and characterization of a recombinantly produced CDH in a glucose biosensor. Recombinant CDH from C. thermophilus (rCtCDH) was expressed by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (376 U L(-1) , 132 mg L(-1) ). A comparative characterization of rCtCDH and CtCDH shows identical pH optima, K(M) values and heme b midpoint potentials. In contrast, the specific activity of rCtCDH (2.84 U mg(-1) ) and consequently the turnover numbers were ~five-times lower than for CtCDH, which was caused by a sub-stoichiometric occupation of catalytic sites with flavin-adenin-dinukleotid (FAD). The performance of rCtCDH-modified electrodes demonstrates the suitability for electrochemical studies. This opens the possibility to engineer the substrate specificity of C. thermophilus CDH for specific carbohydrates by rational engineering or directed evolution.
Basal plane dislocation reduction in nitrogen doped 8&#x00B0; 4H-SiC epilayers (2009)

In summary, this work has shown that the mechanism by which BPDs are converted to TEDs is dependent on carrier concentration and type in 8° off-cut SiC epilayers. The conversion process takes place throughout the epilayer for UID-p films, even when an interrupt is employed, while low nitrogen doped films exhibit an abrupt increase in conversion at interrupts. High levels of nitrogen doping in the film prior to the interrupt drastically reduce the conversion efficiency. Therefore, it is imperative to better understand the role of nitrogen on the BPD conversion process to achieve full annihilation of BPDs in an n+ buffer layer for reliable bipolar devices.
Non-endoscopic screening biomarkers for Barrett’s oesophagus: from microarray analysis to the clinic (2009)

TFF3 is a promising marker for Barrett's oesophagus screening since it is expressed at the luminal surface of Barrett's oesophagus but not in adjacent tissue types and may be applied to a non-endoscopic screening device.
Fully integrated detection of single magnetic beads in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (2008)

Microcoils are integrated with n-well Hall sensors in a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit for the detection of individual superparamagnetic beads. The 4.2-μm-wide microcoils, generating magnetic fields of 800μT with 10mA of current, are used to polarize beads of 2.8μm in diameter. The resulting 10.8μT magnetization field induced in the bead is measured by a 4.7μm Hall sensor, stacked below the microcoil. The detection system has a sensitivity and resolution of 34V∕AT and 300nT∕√Hz, respectively. Integration of the magnetic bead detection onto a CMOS platform drastically reduces system cost, complexity, and power consumption, and marks an important milestone on the road to implementing low-cost, easy-to-use, point-of-care diagnostic assay.
Dynamic price optimization models for managing time-of-day electricity usage (2013)

We present a day-ahead price-optimization based approach for an electric utility to proactively manage the intra-day residential electricity load profile, using dynamic-pricing incentives within a smart grid framework. A novel aspect of our approach is the ability to predict the customer response to price incentives that are designed to induce shifts in the electricity usage from the peak to the off-peak time periods of the daily residential load cycle. A Multinomial Logit (MNL) consumer-choice model is used for estimating the magnitudes of these intra-day hourly loads. The resulting nonlinear optimization problem for the specified profit and capacity-utilization objectives is solved using a series of transformations, which include the reformulation-linearization technique (RLT), to obtain a Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) model. Using a piecewise-linear cost structure for satisfying electricity demand, we subsequently derive a set of valid inequalities to effectively tighten the underlying relaxation of this MIP. The proposed optimization methodology can also incorporate various regulatory and customer bill-protection constraints. Our model calibration and computational analysis using a real-world data set indicates that the proposed predictive-control methodology can be incorporated into a practical decision support tool to manage the time-of-day electricity demand in order to achieve the desired objectives.
Determining Directional Emittance With An Infrared Imager (1994)

Directional emittances of flat specimen of smooth-surfaced, electrically nonconductive material at various temperatures computed from measurements taken by infrared radiometric imager operating in conjunction with simple ancillary equipment. Directional emittances useful in extracting detailed variations of surface temperatures from infrared images of curved, complexly shaped other specimens of same material. Advantages: simplification of measurement procedure and reduction of cost.
<i>Hd6</i> , a rice quantitative trait locus involved in photoperiod sensitivity, encodes the α subunit of protein kinase CK2 (2001)

Hd6 is a quantitative trait locus involved in rice photoperiod sensitivity. It was detected in backcross progeny derived from a cross between the japonica variety Nipponbare and the indica variety Kasalath. To isolate a gene at Hd6, we used a large segregating population for the high-resolution and fine-scale mapping of Hd6 and constructed genomic clone contigs around the Hd6 region. Linkage analysis with P1-derived artificial chromosome clone-derived DNA markers delimited Hd6 to a 26.4-kb genomic region. We identified a gene encoding the alpha subunit of protein kinase CK2 (CK2 alpha) in this region. The Nipponbare allele of CK2 alpha contains a premature stop codon, and the resulting truncated product is undoubtedly nonfunctional. Genetic complementation analysis revealed that the Kasalath allele of CK2 alpha increases days-to-heading. Map-based cloning with advanced backcross progeny enabled us to identify a gene underlying a quantitative trait locus even though it exhibited a relatively small effect on the phenotype.
Understanding optical end of line metrology (1999)

Optical end of line metrology, OELM, is a new method to measure relative line shortening effects using conventional optical overlay instruments. In this technique, a frame which has two adjacent sides that are constructed of lines and spaces is imaged onto a wafer. Since sub 0.5 micrometers gratings cannot be resolved using conventional optics,the alignment tool sees the sides compared of lines and spaces as solid edges. The purpose of this paper is to characterize errors implicit with this approach. First we show a general error analysis for determining best focus using OELM measurements. From this, we introduce the concept of local image quality as the inverse of the minimum lien shortening, and curvature of line shortening with focus.
Multifunctional elastomer nanocomposites with functionalized graphene single sheets (2012)

Abstract We demonstrate the use of functionalized graphene sheets (FGSs) as multifunctional nanofillers to improve mechanical properties, lower gas permeability, and impart electrical conductivity for several distinct elastomers. FGS consists mainly of single sheets of crumbled graphene containing oxygen functional groups and is produced by the thermal exfoliation of oxidized graphite (GO). The present investigation includes composites of FGS and three elastomers: natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene rubber, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). All of these elastomers show similar and significant improvements in mechanical properties with FGS, indicating that the mechanism of property improvement is inherent to the FGS and not simply a function of chemical crosslinking. The decrease in gas permeability is attributed to the high aspect ratio of the FGS sheets. This creates a tortuous path mechanism of gas diffusion; fitting the permeability data to the Nielsen model yields an aspect ratio of ∼1000 for the FGS. Electrical conductivity is demonstrated at FGS loadings as low as 0.08% in PDMS and reaches 0.3 S/m at 4 wt % loading in NR. This combination of functionalities imparted by FGS is shown to result from its high aspect ratio and carbon‐based structure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Optical cell separation from three-dimensional environment in photodegradable hydrogels for pure culture techniques (2014)

Cell sorting is an essential and efficient experimental tool for the isolation and characterization of target cells. A three-dimensional environment is crucial in determining cell behavior and cell fate in biological analysis. Herein, we have applied photodegradable hydrogels to optical cell separation from a 3D environment using a computer-controlled light irradiation system. The hydrogel is composed of photocleavable tetra-arm polyethylene glycol and gelatin, which optimized cytocompatibility to adjust a composition of crosslinker and gelatin. Local light irradiation could degrade the hydrogel corresponding to the micropattern image designed on a laptop; minimum resolution of photodegradation was estimated at 20 µm. Light irradiation separated an encapsulated fluorescent microbead without any contamination of neighbor beads, even at multiple targets. Upon selective separation of target cells in the hydrogels, the separated cells have grown on another dish, resulting in pure culture. Cell encapsulation, light irradiation and degradation products exhibited negligible cytotoxicity in overall process.
Hiding Information in Flash Memory (2013)

This paper introduces a novel information hiding technique for Flash memory. The method hides data within an analog characteristic of Flash, the program time of individual bits. Because the technique uses analog behaviors, normal Flash memory operations are not affected and hidden information is invisible in the data stored in the memory. Even if an attacker checks a Flash chip's analog characteristics, experimental results indicate that the hidden information is difficult to distinguish from inherent manufacturing variation or normal wear on the device. Moreover, the hidden data can survive erasure of the Flash memory data, and the technique can be used on current Flash chips without hardware changes.