gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Designing superior solid electrolyte interfaces on silicon anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (2019)

The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is a passivation layer formed on the surface of lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode materials produced by electrolyte decomposition. The quality of the SEI plays a critical role in the cyclability, rate capacity, irreversible capacity loss and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The stability of the SEI is especially important for Si anodes which experience tremendous volume changes during cycling. Therefore, in this review we discuss the effect of the SEI on Si anodes. Firstly, the mechanism of formation, composition, and component properties of solid electrolyte interfaces (SEIs) are introduced, and the SEI of native-oxide-terminated Si is emphasized. Then the growth model and mechanical failure of SEIs are analyzed in detail, and the challenges facing SEIs of Si anodes are proposed. Moreover, we highlight several modification methods for SEIs on Si anodes, including electrolyte additives, surface-functionalization of Si, coating artificial SEIs or protective layers, and the structural design of Si-based composites. We believe that designing a high-quality SEI is of great significance and is beneficial for the improved electrochemical performance of Si anodes.
Image Stabilisation using Piezoelectric Effect (2018)

Image Stabilisation has been considered as essential in delivering an improved image quality in professional cameras, astronomical telescopes and mainly, in smart phones. Due to their high-response, high-precision and small size, piezoelectric micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) can be integrated in almost any device. The purpose of this paper is, to study the technique of image stabilisation and the principle of operation of the piezoelectric accelerometer. Also, the integration of these accelerometers in Image Stabilisation is studied.
Medico-legal Responsibilities of the Malaysian Medical Graduate and the Teaching of Undergraduate Forensic Medicine (1999)

The requirement of the medical graduate, tabled in the objectives of undergraduate medical education, as envisaged by the Malaysian Medical Council, call for the all round basic doctor to be able to handle any medical emergency, as well as meet the requirements of law in examining, documenting and reporting on the common offences of the Penal Code, where medical documentation is required of law for the purposes of dispensing justice. However, in tabling the amended requirements of the undergraduate syllabus on the lines of those followed in some of the more developed nations, we seem to have lost this perspective. The authors discuss, based on his previous experience from another former colonial country viz. India, where the objectives of the undergraduate training is the same, and the influences on the legal profession bear a common origin and governance, the relevance of some of these topics, coming under the ambit of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology as an undergraduate subject,in the day-'to-day practise of medicine in and out of government service. 'While this issue has been the frequent topic of discussion in international conferences and symposia, where the decline in the of medico-legal work in the countries attending have been blamed on the fall in the standard of undergraduate teaching, due recognition of the pitfalls of the deletion or whittling down of the course content, independent of the overall overhauling of the syllabi of medical schools, to keep up to the trends of overseas universities, has not been accorded in the planing of the course revisions, resulting in a deletion of a vital aspect of daily practise of medicine.
Detecting GAN-Generated Imagery Using Saturation Cues (2019)

Image forensics is an increasingly relevant problem, as it can potentially address online disinformation campaigns and mitigate problematic aspects of social media. Of particular interest, given its recent successes, is the detection of imagery produced by Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), e.g. `deepfakes'. Leveraging large training sets and extensive computing resources, recent GANs can be trained to generate synthetic imagery which is (in some ways) indistinguishable from real imagery. We analyze the structure of the generating network of a popular GAN implementation [1], and show that the network's treatment of exposure is markedly different from a real camera. We further show that this cue can be used to distinguish GAN-generated imagery from camera imagery, including effective discrimination between GAN imagery and real camera images used to train the GAN.
Meteoritic constraints on processes in the solar nebula (1984)

The origin of chondritic meteorites is discussed. The characteristics of the chondrite subtypes are shown, and the fine structure of chondrites is described in terms of the three principal categories of aggregated objects present in chondrites: chondrules, Ca,Al-rich inclusions (CAIs), and matrix. Four possibilities for the origin of these components are considered, leading to four important constraints on the chondrite-forming processes, based on mineralogy and astrophysics. It is concluded that the chondrules and CAIs were formed in the solar nebula at a radial distance of about 3 AU. Some type of transient high-energy event or process, operating in zones of dust enrichment, furnished the high temperatures needed to process the chondrules and CAIs. These objects cooled on a time scale of minutes, then on a similarly short time scale began to aggregate, together with dust, into chondritic masses having approximately the solar proportions of major condensable elements.
The Effect of Probiotics on Animal Health REVIEW (2010)

The mechanisms of action of probiotic bacteria and their effect in combating digestive disorders in humans and animals has been demonstrated and supported in numerous scientific studies. Probiotic bacteria are used in a wide range of nutritional techniques in order to support the host organism during physiological strain, to reduce stress due to technology and to combat diarrheal syndromes (occurring naturally or pharmacologically induced). Based on a rich bibliographic material, this paper presents the role of probiotic bacteria to equilibrate the beneficial microbial population and in bacterial turnover by stimulating the host immune response via specific secretions (eg. bacteriocins) and competitive exclusion of potentially pathogenic germs in the digestive tract (Salmonella, E. coli). In the same context, this review presents the basic studies on the effect of probiotic bacteria in health maintenance for the main species of farm animals: pigs, poultry, cattle and sheep.
Synthesis of Benzotrifuran and Benzotripyrrole Derivatives and Molecular Orientations on the Surface and in the Solid State (2013)

We developed a concise synthetic method for benzotrifurans and benzotripyrroles from 1,3,5-triethynyl-2,4,6-trifluorobenzenes by one-pot reactions in good to excellent yield. By investigating 2-D and 3-D structures of a variety of benzotrifuran and benzotripyrrole derivatives using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, we found both similarities and dissimilarities. We also found that diverse molecular 3-D orientations were derived in their single crystals according to substituents on the molecules and that the emission properties in the solid state are dependent on their packing manners.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Male Germ Cell Apoptosis in the Rat1 (2008)

Programmed germ cell death is critical for functional spermatogenesis. Increased germ cell apoptosis can be triggered by various regulatory stimuli, including testicular hyperthermia or deprivation of gonadotropins and intratesticular testosterone. We have previously shown the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 14 in apoptotic signaling of male germ cells across species after hormone deprivation. This study investigates the role of MAPK14 in germ cell apoptosis in rats triggered by testicular hyperthermia. The contributions of the MAPK1/3 and the MAPK8 to male germ cell death were also examined after this intervention. We show that 1) testicular hyperthermia results in induction of both MAPK1/3 and MAPK14 but not MAPK8; 2) inhibition of MAPK1/3 has no effect on the incidence of heat-induced germ cell apoptosis, suggesting that MAPK1/3 signaling may be dispensable for heat-induced male germ cell apoptosis; and 3) activation of MAPK14 and BCL2 phosphorylation are critical for heat-induced male germ cell apoptosis in rats. Thus, unlike the hormone deprivation model, heat stress through activation of the MAPK14 signaling promotes germ cell apoptosis by provoking BCL2 phosphorylation, leading to its inactivation and the subsequent activation of the mitochondria-dependent death pathway. These novel findings point to a critical role of MAPK14 in stage- and cell-specific activation of male germ cell apoptosis triggered by hormone deprivation or heat stress.
Inhibition of ZEB1 reverses EMT and chemoresistance in docetaxel‐resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (2012)

Docetaxel has been used as one of the first-line chemotherapies in solid tumors including advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, limited responses to chemotherapy are observed in clinic and the molecular mechanisms have not been fully understood. Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the processes of tumor metastasis as well as resistance towards anticancer agents. In this study, it was observed that docetaxel-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (SPC-A1/DTX) was typical of mesenchymal phenotype. SPC-A1/DTX cell line has increased migratory and invasive capacity both in vitro and in vivo. Among the master EMT-inducing transcriptional factors, ZEB1 was found to be significantly increased in SPC-A1/DTX cell line. ZEB1 knockdown with RNA interference could reverse the EMT phenotype and inhibit the migratory ability of SPC-A1/DTX cells. Furthermore, inhibition of ZEB1 significantly enhanced the chemosensitivity of SPC-A1/DTX cells to docetaxel in vitro and in vivo and ectopic expression of ZEB1 increased the chemoresistance of SPC-A1 cells to docetaxel. All these results provide experimental evidence that ZEB1 might be an attractive target for the treatment of human NSCLC.
Fault location in a DC marine power system (2013)

This paper introduced a fault localization method in DC Marine power system using multiple injections at two different locations. The experimental test results which were derived from a 30kW, 400V twin bus DC marine system demonstrator show that a fault can be located accurately regardless of the existence of system passive filters. (4 pages)
Barentsz is essential for the posterior localization of <i>oskar</i> mRNA and colocalizes with it to the posterior pole (2001)

The localization of Oskar at the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte induces the assembly of the pole plasm and therefore defines where the abdomen and germ cells form in the embryo. This localization is achieved by the targeting of oskar mRNA to the posterior and the localized activation of its translation. oskar mRNA seems likely to be actively transported along microtubules, since its localization requires both an intact microtubule cytoskeleton and the plus end-directed motor kinesin I, but nothing is known about how the RNA is coupled to the motor. Here, we describe barentsz, a novel gene required for the localization of oskar mRNA. In contrast to all other mutations that disrupt this process, barentsz-null mutants completely block the posterior localization of oskar mRNA without affecting bicoid and gurken mRNA localization, the organization of the microtubules, or subsequent steps in pole plasm assembly. Surprisingly, most mutant embryos still form an abdomen, indicating that oskar mRNA localization is partially redundant with the translational control. Barentsz protein colocalizes to the posterior with oskar mRNA, and this localization is oskar mRNA dependent. Thus, Barentsz is essential for the posterior localization of oskar mRNA and behaves as a specific component of the oskar RNA transport complex.
Introduction to the Theory of Ferromagnetism (2001)

Abstract The present book is the second edition of Amikam Aharoni's Introduction to the Theory of Ferromagnetism, based on a popular lecture course. Like its predecessor, it serves a two-fold purpose: First, it is a textbook for first-year graduate and advanced undergraduate students in both physics and engineering. Second, it explains the basic theoretical principles on which the work is based for practising engineers and experimental physicists who work in the field of magnetism, thus also serving to a certain extent as a reference book. For both professionals and students the emphasis is on introducing the foundations of the different subfields, highlighting the direction and tendency of the most recent research. For this new edition, the author has thoroughly updated the material especially of chapters 9 ('The Nucleation Problem') and 11 ('Numerical Micromagnetics'), which now contain the state of the art required by students and professionals who work on advanced topics of ferromagnetism. From reviews on the 1/e: '... a much needed, thorough introduction and guide to the literature. It is full of wisdom and commentary. Even more, it is Amikam Aharoni at his best - telling a story... He is fun to read... The extensive references provide an advanced review of micromagnetics and supply sources for suitable exercises... there is much for the student to do with the guidance provided by Introduction to the Theory of Ferromagnetism.' A. Arrott, Physics Today, September 1997
Radiation toxicity and proteinase‐activated receptors (2003)

Abstract Despite recent technological advances, the cure rates that can be achieved with radiation therapy are limited by the risk of injury to the normal tissues that surround the tumor. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) and their possible role in the pathogenesis of normal tissue radiation injury. In particular, data are presented indicating that activation of PAR 1 by thrombin, and PAR 2 by trypsin and mast cell proteinases, may be involved both in acute radiation responses, as well as in the chronic fibroproliferative processes that lead to the development of radiation‐induced tissue fibrosis and clinical complications. If effective pharmacologic modulators of PAR 1 or PAR 2 were available, these compounds would be potentially useful as preventive or therapeutic agents in patients receiving radiation therapy, especially if blockade could be targeted to specific tissues or cellular compartments. Drug Dev. Res. 60:1–8, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient Handwritten Digit Recognition based on Histogram of Oriented Gradients and SVM (2014)

Automatic Handwritten Digits Recognition (HDR) is the process of interpreting handwritten digits by machines. There are several approaches for handwritten digits recognition. In this paper we have proposed an appearance feature-based approach which process data using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG). HOG is a very efficient feature descriptor for handwritten digits which is stable on illumination variation because it is a gradient-based descriptor. Moreover, linear SVM has been employed as classifier which has better responses than polynomial, RBF and sigmoid kernels. We have analyzed our model on MNIST dataset and 97.25% accuracy rate has been achieved which is comparable with the state of the art.
Metabolic Engineering in Isoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis (2007)

Higher plants produce diverse classes of metabolites. Metabolic engineering offers tremendous potential to improve the production and quality of these chemicals. This report summarizes the possibility of using metabolic engineering in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, such as morphine, sanguinarine, and berberine, are synthesized from tyrosine via reticuline in Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Papaveraceae, and many other species. The early pathway from tyrosine to reticuline is common among many plant species, whereas there is more diversity in late pathways. This review describes several strategies to improve the yield and quality of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. First, the overexpression of a rate-limiting enzyme in an early pathway to increase the overall alkaloid yield is discussed. Second, the introduction of a new branch into the pathway has been shown to produce novel metabolites. Finally, the possibility of accumulating a pathway intermediate by the knock-down of a key step is examined. Further metabolic modification is also discussed, since the latter two modifications may lead to the production of novel compound(s) from an accumulated intermediate through metabolic activation. These metabolic changes could be further modified to increase chemical diversity through somatic variation in cell culture. Besides this direct metabolic engineering with isolated biosynthetic genes, the regulation of biosynthetic activity with transcription factors and/or with reconstruction of the entire biosynthesis will also be discussed for the next generation of metabolite production.
Multiuser Cooperative Diversity Through Network Coding Based on Classical Coding Theory (2011)

In this paper, we propose and analyze a generalized construction of distributed network codes for a network consisting of M users sending independent information to a common base station through independent block fading channels. The aim is to increase the diversity order of the system without reducing its throughput. The proposed scheme, called generalized dynamic-network codes (GDNC), is a generalization of the dynamic-network codes (DNC) recently proposed by Xiao and Skoglund. The design of the network codes that maximize the diversity order is recognized as equivalent to the design of linear block codes over a nonbinary finite field under the Hamming metric. We prove that adopting a systematic generator matrix of a maximum distance separable block code over a sufficiently large finite field as the network transfer matrix is a sufficient condition for full diversity order under link failure model. The proposed generalization offers a much better tradeoff between rate and diversity order compared to the DNC. An outage probability analysis showing the improved performance is carried out, and computer simulations results are shown to agree with the analytical results.
Studies on the Physiological Functions of the Melanocortin System (2006)

The melanocortin system refers to a set of hormonal, neuropeptidergic, and paracrine signaling pathways that are defined by components that include the five G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors; peptide agonists derived from the proopiomelanocortin preprohormone precursor; and the endogenous antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein. This signaling system regulates a remarkably diverse array of physiological functions including pigmentation, adrenocortical steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis, natriuresis, erectile responses, energy homeostasis, and exocrine gland secretion. There are many complex and unique aspects of melanocortin signaling, such as the existence of endogenous antagonists, the agouti proteins, that act at three of the five melanocortin receptors. However, there is an aspect of melanocortin signaling that has facilitated highly reductionist approaches aimed at understanding the physiological functions of each receptor and peptide: in contrast to many peptides, the melanocortin agonists and antagonists are expressed in a limited number of very discrete locations. Similarly, the melanocortin receptors are also expressed in a limited number of discrete locations where they tend to be involved in rather circumscribed physiological functions. This review examines my laboratory's participation in the cloning of the melanocortin receptors and characterization of their physiological roles.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates Based on Self-Assembled PEGylated Gold and Gold–Silver Core–Shell Nanorods (2013)

For routine laboratory practice, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy must be simple, inexpensive, stable for a long time, and reproducible. In this study, we mixed 1 μL of PEGylated silver-coated gold nanorods (Au–Ag NRs) with 1 μL of Raman reporters to obtain, after deposition on a silicon wafer and drying at room temperature for 5 min, a self-assembled NR monolayer with incorporated Raman molecules. In addition, PEGylated NR powders were fabricated and used for SERS in two options. In one, they were used to prepare SERS colloids with a desired NR concentration in a matter of seconds; in the other, they were directly dissolved in a drop of analyte and were then deposited on a silicon wafer. We investigated the SERS spectra of rhodamine 6G (R6G) and the analytical enhancement factor (AEF) as a function of silver shell thickness and NR concentration at 633 nm laser excitation. A very thin (∼2 nm) silver coating of Au NRs was sufficient to increase the AEF from 103 for Au NRs to 2.5 × 104 for composite Au–Ag NRs. The increase in the NR concentration from 2 to 14 g/L of Au gave a 3-fold increase in the SERS intensity but did not affect the AEF. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations confirmed that the electromagnetic mechanism of AEF enhancement for silver-coated NRs was due to the generation of hotspots near the end-to-end and end-to-side nanoparticle contacts. The estimated cost of all reagents for one SERS measurement is about one cent. Coupled with its simplicity, reproducibility, and low cost, the proposed SERS technique can be recommended for routine chemical or biomedical sensing of small analyte amounts with various substrates, such as glass, polymer films, or even Whatman paper.
Acute systemic reactions to carbonless copy paper associated with histamine release (1988)

We report two cases of recurrent episodes of hoarseness, cough, flushing, pruritus, and rash occurring within 30 minutes of topical exposure to carbonless copy paper. Provocative challenges revealed that alkylphenol novolac resin was the ingredient responsible. Video endoscopy of the larynx was performed and plasma histamine levels were obtained prior to and 30 minutes after cutaneous challenge of a patient with alkylphenol novolac resin. We documented marked laryngeal edema and a sixfold increase in plasma histamine levels after challenge. We conclude that topical exposure to carbonless copy paper may cause mast cell/basophil-mediated acute systemic and potentially life-threatening reactions in susceptible patients. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:242-243)
[Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detecting enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7: a comparison with PCR]. (2012)

The rfbE-based LAMP assay can serve as a rapid, sensitive, specific and low-cost means for detecting EHEC O157:H7 strain.
On the Appearance of a Cooper Minimum in the Photoionization Cross Sections of the Plasma-Embedded Li Atom (2009)

The plasma screening effect is found to uncover a Cooper minimum in the photoionization cross sections from the ground state of the Li atom embedded in Debye plasma environment. The variation of the location of this minimum with Debye screening length is discussed and analyzed in terms of the instability of the ground state.
Suppressive regulatory T cells and latent transforming growth factor-β-expressing macrophages are altered in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis (2018)

Proportions of suppressive Tregs and LAP<sup>+</sup> macrophages are altered locally in the PF of endometriosis patients.