gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
When do WOM codes improve the erasure factor in flash memories? (2015)

Flash memory is a write-once medium in which re-programming cells requires first erasing the block that contains them. The lifetime of the flash is a function of the number of block erasures and can be as small as several thousands. To reduce the number of block erasures, pages, which are the smallest write unit, are rewritten out-of-place in the memory. A Write-once memory (WOM) code is a coding scheme which enables to write multiple times to the block before an erasure. However, these codes come with significant rate loss. For example, the rate for writing twice (with the same rate) is at most 0.77. In this paper, we study WOM codes and their tradeoff between rate loss and reduction in the number of block erasures, when pages are written uniformly at random. First, we introduce a new measure, called erasure factor, that reflects both the number of block erasures and the amount of data that can be written on each block. A key point in our analysis is that this tradeoff depends upon the specific implementation of WOM codes in the memory. We consider two systems that use WOM codes; a conventional scheme that was commonly used, and a new recent design that preserves the overall storage capacity. While the first system can improve the erasure factor only when the storage rate is at most 0.6442, we show that the second scheme always improves this figure of merit.
Method of using overbased branched-chain alklyaromatic sulfonates as waterflood additives (1976)

The preparation of overbased branched-chain alkylaromatic sulfonates is described. The ratio of excess base to sulfonate by weight is 0.03 to 3.0. A surfactant slug was composed of an aqueous mixture of the reaction products in the formation of the sodium sulfonate and base (0.6 ratio). Berea cores were saturated with 1 percent sodium chloride brine, flooded with Blandol product (a highly refined mineral oil), and waterflooded with brine. Treatment by the surfactant slug was followed by brine, then an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and driven by brine (2.1 percent PV oil was recovered). The addition of high molecular weight sulfonate (Petronate C) to the overbased anionic waterflood additives gave 11.6 percent PV oil.
Fault slip envelope: A new parametric investigation tool for fault system strength and slip (2020)

&lt;p&gt;The fact that inherited fault systems show strong variability in their 3D shape provides good reasons to consider the strength of the Earth&amp;#8217;s brittle crust as variably anisotropic. In this work we quantify this strength anisotropy as a function of fault system complexity by combining 3D boundary element model, frictional slip theory and fast iterative computation method. This method allows to analyze together a very large number of scenarios of stress and fault mechanical properties variations through space and time. Using both synthetic and real fault system geometries we analyze a very large number of numerical simulations (125,000) to define for the first time macroscopic rupture envelopes for fault systems, referred to as &amp;#8220;fault slip envelopes&amp;#8221;. Fault slip envelopes are defined using variable friction, cohesion and stress state, and their shape is directly related to the fault system 3D geometry and the friction coefficient on fault surfaces. The obtained fault slip envelopes shows that very complex fault geometry implies low and isotropic strength of the fault system compared to geometry having limited fault orientations relative to the remote stresses, providing strong strength anisotropy. This technique is applied to the realistic geological conditions of the Olkiluoto high-level nuclear waste repository (Finland). The model results suggests that Olkiluoto fault system has a better probability to slip under the present day Andersonian thrust stress regime, than for the strike-slip and normal stress regimes expected in the future due to the probable presence of an ice sheet. This new tool allows to quantify the anisotropy of strength and probability of slip of 3D real fault networks as a function of a wide range of possible geological conditions an mechanical properties. This significantly helps to define the most conservative fault slip hazard case or to account for potential uncertainties in the input data for slip. This technique therefore applies to earthquakes hazard studies, geological storage, geothermal resources along faults and fault leaks/seals in geological reservoirs.&lt;/p&gt;
Fucosyltransferase-specific inhibition <i>via</i> next generation of fucose mimetics (2021)

The ability to custom-modify cell surface glycans holds great promise for treatment of a variety of diseases. We propose a glycomimetic of l-fucose that markedly inhibits the creation of sLe<sup>X</sup> by FTVI and FTVII, but has no effect on creation of Le<sup>X</sup> by FTIX. Our findings thus indicate that selective suppression of sLex display can be achieved, and STD-NMR studies surprisingly reveal that the mimetic does not compete with GDP-fucose at the enzymatic binding site.
Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and cooperate with cytotoxic drugs in human cancer cell lines (2001)

We have constructed a series of 22 phosphorothioate 20-mer antisense oligonucleotides directed against different regions of the human (EGFR) mRNA. Treatment with EGFR antisense oligonucleotides showed a dose-dependent inhibition of human GEO colon cancer cell growth in soft agar. Western blot analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in EGFR expression after treatment with each EGFR antisense oligonucleotide. The ability to inhibit GEO anchorage-independent growth, however, varied among the EGFR antisense sequences with an IC(50) ranging between 0.5 and 3.5 microM. Two of these antisense oligonucleotides targeting the regions between 2457-2476 and 614-4633 bases of the human EGFR mRNA have been modified as hybrid DNA/RNA mixed backbone oligonucleotides (MBO) to examine their anticancer properties in vivo. The 2 EGFR antisense MBOs retained the same biological properties of the fully phosphorothioate EGFR antisense oligonucleotides targeting the same EGFR mRNA sequences, such as blocking EGFR synthesis, inhibiting cell growth and enhancing programmed cell death in human cancer cell lines that express functional EGFRs. Furthermore, a potentiation in the growth inhibitory effect on GEO cancer cells was observed after treatment with these EGFR antisense MBOs in combination with cytotoxic drugs, including cisplatin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, or topotecan. These results show the antiproliferative activity of specific EGFR antisense oligonucleotides and allow to identify novel EGFR antisense MBOs that deserve further evaluation as potential selective anticancer agents alone or in combination with cytotoxic drugs in human carcinomas that express functional EGFRs.
Numerical investigation of the frequency dependence of ultrasonic backscatter in trabecular bone (2002)

The goal of this study was to model the frequency-dependence of the ultrasonic backscatter coefficient in cancellous bone. A twofold theoretical approach has been adopted: the analytical theoretical model of Faran (1951) for spherical and cylindrical elastic scatterers, and the scattering model for weakly scattering medium in which the backscatter coefficient is related to the autocorrelation function of the propagating medium. The ultrasonic backscatter coefficient was measured in 19 bone specimens (human calcaneus) in the frequency range of 0.4-1.2 MHz. The autocorrelation function was computed from the 3D microarchitecture measured using synchrotron radiation microtomography. Good agreement was found between the frequency dependence of the experimental (f/sup 3.38/spl plusmn/0.31/) and autocorrelation modeled (f/sup 3.48/spl plusmn/0.26/) backscatter coefficients. The results based on Faran theory (cylindrical Faran model: f/sup 2.89/spl plusmn/0.06/ and spherical Faran model: f/sup 3.91/spl plusmn/0.04/) show qualitative agreement with experimental data. The good prediction obtained by modeling the backscatter coefficient using the autocorrelation function of the medium opens interesting prospects for the investigation of the influence of bone microarchitecture on ultrasonic scattering.
Enforcing Minimum Necessary Access in Healthcare Through Integrated Audit and Access Control (2013)

One of the most important requirements of HIPAA is the "minimum-necessary" access requirement, which states that healthcare personnel must be granted no more access to electronic healthcare data than is necessary in order to work effectively. Due to the complexity of constructing such a policy, many hospitals do not comply with the regulation and instead manually audit the logs when they suspect that abuse has occurred. This audit-only approach is error-prone and difficult due to the volume of data contained in the logs.
Identification of Risk Loci for Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Pug Dogs (2011)

Due to their unique population structure, purebred dogs have emerged as a key model for the study of complex genetic disorders. To evaluate the utility of a newly available high-density canine whole-genome array with >170,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genome-wide association was performed on a small number of case and control dogs to determine disease susceptibility loci in canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), a disorder with known non-Mendelian inheritance that shares clinical similarities with atypical variants of multiple sclerosis in humans. Genotyping of 30 NME-affected Pug dogs and 68 healthy control Pugs identified 2 loci associated with NME, including a region within dog leukocyte antigen class II on chromosome 12 that remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Our results support the utility of this high-density SNP array, confirm that dogs are a powerful model for mapping complex genetic disorders and provide important preliminary data to support in depth genetic analysis of NME in numerous affected breeds.
Automated Segmentation and Quantification of White Matter Hyperintensities in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with Cerebral Infarction (2014)

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) of presumed vascular origin are common in ageing population, especially in patients with acute cerebral infarction and the volume has been reported to be associated with mental impairment and the risk of hemorrhage from antithrombotic agents. WMHs delineation can be computerized to minimize human bias. However, the presence of cerebral infarcts greatly degrades the accuracy of WMHs detection and thus limits the application of computerized delineation to patients with acute cerebral infarction. We propose a computer-assisted segmentation method to depict WMHs in the presence of cerebral infarcts in combined T1-weighted, fluid attenuation inversion recovery, and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The proposed method detects WMHs by empirical threshold and atlas information, with subtraction of white matter voxels affected by acute infarction. The method was derived using MRI from 25 hemispheres with WMHs only and 13 hemispheres with both WMHs and cerebral infarcts. Similarity index (SI) and correlation were utilized to assess the agreement between the new automated method and a gold standard visually guided semi-automated method done by an expert rater. The proposed WMHs segmentation approach produced average SI, sensitivity and specificity of 83.142±11.742, 84.154±16.086 and 99.988±0.029% with WMHs only and of 68.826±14.036, 74.381±18.473 and 99.956±0.054% with both WMHs and cerebral infarcts in the derivation cohort. The performance of the proposed method with an external validation cohort was also highly consistent with that of the experienced rater.
Near-diffraction-limited diode laser arrays by wavelength beam combining (2005)

We demonstrate 35 W output peak power with M2 approximately 1.35 in both dimensions from a 100 element, 100 microm pitch slab-coupled optical waveguide laser diode array using wavelength beam combining.
Synthesis of Metal Oxide Hollow Nanoparticles by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process (2006)

The influence of reaction temperature on phase evolution of iron oxide hollow nanoparticles during chemical vapor condensation (CVC) process using iron acetylacetonate was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that three iron oxide phases (α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3, and Fe3O4) and a mixture of β-Fe2O3 and small amount of γ-Fe2O3 were synthesized at 700oC and 900oC, respectively. TEM observation disclosed that the iron oxide particles are almost composed of hollow structured nanoparticles of 10~20 nm in size and 3~5 nm in shell thickness. This result implies that reaction temperature determining various reaction parameters plays an important role for the phase- and structural evolutions of iron oxide hollow nanoparticles. Especially, the present investigation attempted to explain temperature dependence of the phase evolution of β-Fe2O3 hollow nanoparticles in association with the decomposition of iron acetylacetonate.
A Geometry-Driven Photorealisitc Facial Expression Synthesis (2003)

Expression mapping (also called performance driven animation) has been a popular method to generate facial animations. One shortcoming of this method is that it does not generate expression details such as the wrinkles due to the skin deformation. In this paper, we provide a solution to this problem. We have developed a geometry-driven facial expression synthesis system. Given the feature point positions (geometry) of a facial expression, our system automatically synthesizes the corresponding expression image which has photorealistic and natural looking expression details. Since the number of feature points required by the synthesis system is in general more than what is available from the performer due to the difficulty of tracking, we have developed a technique to infer the feature point motions from a subset by using an example-based approach. Another application of our system is on expression editing where the user drags the feature points while the system interactively generates facial expressions with skin deformation details.
Prefetching with adaptive cache culling for striped disk arrays (2008)

Conventional prefetching schemes regard prediction accuracy as important because useless data prefetched by a faulty prediction may pollute the cache. If prefetching requires considerably low read cost but the prediction is not accurate, it may or may not be beneficial depending on the situation. However, the problem of low prediction accuracy can be dramatically reduced if we efficiently manage prefetched data by considering the total hit rate for both prefetched data and cached data. To achieve this goal, we propose an adaptive strip prefetching (ASP) scheme, which provides low prefetching cost and evicts prefetched data at the proper time by using differential feedback that maximizes the hit rate of both prefetched data and cached data in a given cache management scheme. Additionally, ASP controls prefetching by using an online disk simulation that investigates whether prefetching is beneficial for the current workloads and stops prefetching if it is not. Finally, ASP provides methods that resolve both independency loss and parallelism loss that may arise in striped disk arrays. We implemented a kernel module in Linux version 2.6.18 as a RAID-5 driver with our scheme, which significantly outperforms the sequential prefetching of Linux from several times to an order of magnitude in a variety of realistic workloads. 1
Ultrafast Quantum Random Number Generation Using Off-the-shelf Components (2014)

We demonstrate a 43 Gbps quantum random number generator using DPSK demodulation of pulses from a current-modulated laser diode. The signal is random by quantum phase diffusion, macroscopic, and detectable with off-the-shelf components.
Single-molecule detection sensitivity using planar integrated optics on a chip (2006)

We present a fully planar integrated optical approach to single-molecule detection based on microfabricated planar networks of intersecting solid and liquid-core waveguides. We study fluorescence from dye molecules in liquid-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides, and demonstrate subpicoliter excitation volumes, parallel excitation through multiple pump waveguides, and single-molecule detection sensitivity. Integrated silicon photonics combined with single-molecule detection in solution create a compact, robust, and sensitive platform that has applications in numerous fields ranging from atomic physics to the life sciences.
Early detection of retinal thickness changes in diabetes using Optical Coherence Tomography. (2010)

Our results support the view of neurodegeneration in diabetes in the early stage of retinopathy which seems to involve the ganglion cells and cells of the inner plexiform layers (RNFL+GCL+IPL) mostly. Local retinal thickness measures can be obtained from OCT scans using an intraretinal layer segmentation procedure, and these measures could be helpful in finding a surrogate for following development of retinopathy that could affect vision.
Bidirectionally decodable Wyner-Ziv video coding (2008)

Inter frame prediction technique significantly improves the compression efficiency in the hybrid video coding schemes. However, this technique causes the decoding dependency of each inter frame on all of its reference frames. This dependency complicates the reverse play operation which is the most common video cassette recording (VCR) functions. This dependency also causes error propagation when the video is transmitted over error prone channel. In this paper, we propose a novel bidirectionally decodable Wyner-Ziv video coding scheme which relaxes this inter frame dependency. The proposed bidirectionally decodable Wyner-Ziv frame can be decoded by using whether forward prediction or backward prediction as side information at the decoder, i.e. the proposed stream supports forward decoding and backward decoding simultaneously. Compared with the other schemes which support reverse playback, our scheme requires much lower bandwidth and smaller storage space. In error resilient test, our scheme outperforms H.264 up to 4dB at same bitrate. Our proposed frames also support video splicing and stream switching at arbitrary time point like I-frames.
Engineering Modular Viral Scaffolds for Targeted Bacterial Population Editing (2015)

SUMMARY Bacteria are central to human health and disease, but the tools available for modulating and editing bacterial communities are limited. New technologies for tuning microbial populations would facilitate the targeted manipulation of the human microbiome and treatment of bacterial infections. For example, antibiotics are often broad spectrum in nature and cannot be used to accurately manipulate bacterial communities. Bacteriophages can provide highly specific targeting of bacteria, but relying solely on natural phage isolation strategies to assemble well-defined and uniform phage cocktails that are amenable to engineering can be a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Here, we present a synthetic-biology strategy to modulate phage host ranges by manipulating phage genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . We used this technology to swap multiple modular phage tail components and demonstrated that Escherichia coli phage scaffolds can be redirected to target pathogenic Yersinia and Klebsiella bacteria, and conversely, Klebsiella phage scaffolds can be redirected to target E. coli . The synthetic phages achieved multiple orders-of-magnitude killing of their new target bacteria and were used to selectively remove specific bacteria from multi-species bacterial communities. We envision that this approach will accelerate the study of phage biology, facilitate the tuning of phage host ranges, and enable new tools for microbiome engineering and the treatment of infectious diseases.
On Strongly Truncated Leaky-Wave Antennas Based on Periodically Loaded Transmission Lines (2010)

Leaky-wave radiation of strongly truncated periodic structures is investigated. Starting with the analysis of an infinite structure with one-dimensional periodicity, the implications of a truncation on the far-field radiation characteristic are pointed out. In particular, the influence on the half-power beamwidth and the direction of maximum radiation is examined. The theoretical results are verified by the design of a transmission-line based leaky-wave antenna. The antenna consists of a microstrip line loaded periodically by inductive short-circuited stubs. The direction of maximum radiation and the half-power beamwidth are determined by the dispersion of the infinite structure and the total length of the antenna, respectively, both parameters representing degrees of freedom for the design. It is also shown how the total efficiency of strongly truncated antennas can be enhanced considerably.
Software defined network-enabled multicast for multi-party video conferencing systems (2014)

Providing well-satisfactory multi-party video conferencing service is remarkably challenging, which demands not only high bandwidth but also low latency. Current commercial implementations typically use one or multiple multipoint control units (MCUs) as the central points for distributing video bit-streams to all participants in the conferencing session. Such MCU-based solution has limited control on quality of service (QoS), which may cause large delay, single-point malfunction and communication bottleneck for entire system. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of a new paradigm in networking, software defined networking (SDN), which advocates separating data plane and control plane, making network switches in the data plane simple packet forwarding devices and leaving a logically centralized controller to manipulate network behaviors. SDN provides the flexibility of changing underlying infrastructure and makes it possible to radically provide service/flow-aware QoS guarantee. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture for multi-party video conferencing by utilizing SDN-enabled multicasting, where SDN controller helps media controller to buildup multicast trees for video flows originated at video parties. To realize the architecture, we correspondingly propose a novel multicast construction and packing method, in which multiple source-based multicast trees are constructed and integrated to maximize system-wide utility while guaranteeing an end-to-end delay bound. Extensive simulations demonstrate that it could provide better video delivery compared to the conventional MCU-based solution in terms of video rate and delay in both sparsely and densely distributed networks.
80 GHz bandwidth-gain-product Ge/Si avalanche photodetector by selective Ge growth (2009)

We demonstrate selectively grown Ge/Si avalanche photodetectors with a bandwidth of 10 GHz at gain=8 at 1310 nm. The high bandwidth-gain-product of 80 GHz and Si monolithic integration capability offer great potentials for future applications.