gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poly(vinylnaphthalene) and its derivatives as e-beam negative resists (1981)

Polymer materials, which contain vinylnaphthalene as monomer units, were developed as e-beam negative resists. Poly(vinylnaphthalene) was found to be highly resistive to dry etching. Under Ar ion milling or CCl4 sputter etching conditions, etching rates for poly(vinylnaphthalene) were found to be about two-thirds of those for polystyrene or AZ resist. For example, etching rates for PMMA, PMIPK, AZ1350J, polystyrene, and poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) in a neutralized 500-eV Ar ion beam (0.83 mA/cm2) at normal incidence, were estimated to be 400, 280, 190, 200, and 150 Å/min, respectively. The contrast (γ value) for poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) is better than that for polystyrene, which had been considered as the highest contrast negative organic resist known. Sensitivity for poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) is insufficient for todays’s requirements. Dig was found to be 2.5×10−4 C/cm2 for Mw = 4×104 polymer. Chloromethylation of this material improved sensitivity. For example, 38.5% chloromethylation attained Dig = 8×10−6C/cm2. Submicrometer fine pattern fabrication is presented. Preliminary results for copolymerization of vinylnaphthalene with other sensitive monomers are presented.
Biochemical and Immunologic Analysis of Hereditary Myeloperoxidase Deficiency (1983)

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme enzyme present in the azurophilic granules of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), is important in the oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity of PMN. MPO deficiency, defined as the lack of PMN peroxidative activity, is a common genetic defect of human PMN. The purpose of our study was to characterize the structural basis for this loss of enzymatic activity, using protein biochemical and immunochemical techniques to examine PMN from three subjects with partial MPO deficiency and from five subjects with complete MPO deficiency.We purified MPO from normal PMN and defined its electrophoretic mobility after two-dimensional electrophoretic separation, using nondenaturing acidic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) denaturation and SDS-PAGE separation of MPO subunit peptides. In agreement with previous studies, we found that normal MPO had subunits of 59,000 and 13,500 mol wt when subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Granule protein extracts of normal PMN, partially MPO-deficient PMN, and completely MPO-deficient PMN were analyzed with two-dimensional PAGE. Partially MPO-deficient PMN granules contained electrophoretically normal MPO in less than normal amounts, whereas completely MPO-deficient PMN granules contain no protein with the electrophoretic mobility of normal MPO. Using rabbit antiserum against purified MPO, we used immunoautoradiographic analysis to examine whole PMN for peptides immunochemically related to MPO. PMN from normal, partially MPO-deficient, and completely MPO-deficient subjects were solubilized in SDS and component peptides separated by SDS-PAGE. The peptides were electroblotted onto nitrocellulose paper that was exposed sequentially to rabbit anti-MPO and (125)I-protein A before autoradiography. Radiolabeled bands were identical when partially purified MPO or normal PMN were compared except that whole PMN contained a small amount of an immunologically cross-reactive membrane associated material of 75,000-90,000 mol wt. Using a modification of this immunoautoradiographic analysis, we quantitated the relative amounts of MPO peptides in PMN. PMN from MPO-deficient subjects contain 41.0-52.3% the amount of MPO peptides present in normal PMN. Similar analysis showed that completely MPO-deficient PMN lacked any peptides corresponding to MPO peptides.We conclude that partial MPO deficiency is characterized by the presence of electrophoretically and immunologically normal MPO in amounts approximately one-half that seen in PMN from normal subjects. Completely MPO-deficient PMN lack any normal MPO peptides. No MPO-deficient subject studied had an immunologically cross-reacting variant of MPO. Since this deficiency is associated with the absence of more than one peptide, it is possible that the underlying genetic defect may involve: (a) failure to synthesize a single precursor peptide; (b) abnormal regulation of the synthesis of two separate peptides; or (c) an aberration in postsynthetic processing or packaging into azurophilic granules.
A Simple Method of Genomic DNA Extraction from Human Samples for PCR-RFLP Analysis (2013)

Isolation of DNA from blood and buccal swabs in adequate quantities is an integral part of forensic research and analysis. The present study was performed to determine the quality and the quantity of DNA extracted from four commonly available samples and to estimate the time duration of the ensuing PCR amplification. Here, we demonstrate that hair and urine samples can also become an alternate source for reliably obtaining a small quantity of PCR-ready DNA. We developed a rapid, cost-effective, and noninvasive method of sample collection and simple DNA extraction from buccal swabs, urine, and hair using the phenol-chloroform method. Buccal samples were subjected to DNA extraction, immediately or after refrigeration (4-6°C) for 3 days. The purity and the concentration of the extracted DNA were determined spectrophotometerically, and the adequacy of DNA extracts for the PCR-based assay was assessed by amplifying a 1030-bp region of the mitochondrial D-loop. Although DNA from all the samples was suitable for PCR, the blood and hair samples provided a good quality DNA for restriction analysis of the PCR product compared with the buccal swab and urine samples. In the present study, hair samples proved to be a good source of genomic DNA for PCR-based methods. Hence, DNA of hair samples can also be used for the genomic disorder analysis in addition to the forensic analysis as a result of the ease of sample collection in a noninvasive manner, lower sample volume requirements, and good storage capability.
Separation of color channels from conventional colonoscopy images improves deep neural network detection of polyps (2021)

The separation of color channels from full-color NBI and WLE images taken from commercially available colonoscopes may improve the ability of the DNN to detect and discriminate polyps. Further studies are needed to better determine the color channels and combination of channels to include and exclude in DNN development for clinical use.
Chip multilayer antenna for 2.45 GHz-band application using LTCC technology (2002)

Utilizing the radiation from not only the antenna but GND plane of antenna-mounted terminals can contribute to reduce the size and weight of a chip antenna drastically without spoiling high performance. The optimization of the mounting conditions for the chip multilayer antenna is indispensable to realize higher performances. A wide bandwidth of more than 100 MHz (VSWR<2) is required for the 2.45 GHz applications such as Bluetooth, Home-RF and so on. This paper investigates optimization of the mounting conditions for the chip antenna. The chip multilayer antenna is a suitable antenna for 2.45 GHz-band applications under the optimized mounting conditions.
Pleiotropic Antibiotic Resistance Mutations Associated with Ribosomes and Ribosomal Subunits in <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> (1974)

Viomycin-resistant strains isolated from Mycobacterium smegmatis demonstrated pleiotropic resistance to tuberactinomycin-N, capreomycin, streptomycin, and kanamycin as a result of mutational alteration of ribosomes, even though they were selected for resistance to a single antibiotic. The pleiotropic drug resistance of three mutants isolated by stepwise selection for resistance to viomycin was due to alteration of the 30S ribosomal subunit. One mutant, strain A, isolated independently by multiple-step selection to viomycin resistance, was resistant to viomycin, tuberactinomycin-N, and capreomycin through an alteration of the 50S ribosomal subunit, whereas it was sensitive to kanamycin but resistant to streptomycin through an alteration of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Three streptomycin-resistant strains, which were isolated by one-step selection at a high concentration of streptomycin, did not show significant co-resistance to any other antibiotics tested in culture and cell-free systems; streptomycin resistance in these mutants was localized on the 30S ribosomal subunit.
53.3: Structural Advantage of WRGB OLED Displays for Edge Enhancement (2014)

Abstract WRGB OLED displays have more extra sub‐pixels to improve image quality than RGB OLED displays. This paper presents advantages of WRGB sub‐pixel structure in OLED displays by novel sharpening method which makes an image much sharper with less ringing artifacts. As a visual experimental result, the edges of images could be represented sharper and sharpening artifact was also reduced. In conclusion, the structure of WRGB sub‐pixel structure has advantages to enhance image quality.
Lexical Functional Grammar (2001)

Volume 34 of Syntax and Semantics is a thorough and accessible overview and introduction to Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), a theory of the content and representation of different aspects of linguistic structure and the relations that hold between them. The book motivates and describes the two syntactic structures of LFG: surface phrasal organization is represented by a context-free phrase structure tree, and more abstract functional syntactic relations like subject and object are represented separately, at functional structure.The book also presents a theory of semantics and the syntax-semantics interface in which the meaning of an utterance is obtained via deduction from semantic premises contributed by its parts. Clear explication of the formal aspects of the theory is provided throughout, and differences between LFG and other linguistic theories are explored. The theory is illustrated by the analysis of a varied set of linguistic phenomena, including modification, control, anaphora, coordination, and long-distance dependencies. Besides its interest to linguists, LFG also has practical applications in computational linguistics and computer science.This book offers thorough overview of the state of the art in Lexical Functional Grammar. It presents clear explanation of the formal tools of the theory. It also offers introduction to the "glue" semantics, a theory of the syntax-semantics interface. It also presents in-depth syntactic and semantic analysis of a variety of linguistic constructions.
Evaluation criteria of HDLs: VHDL compared to Verilog, UDL/I and M (1992)

VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) is compared to three other well-known hardware description languages: Verilog (from Cadence Design Systems, now public), UDL/1 (new Japanese standards,) and M (from Mentor Graphics). This comparative study parallels the fundamental concepts of these languages and highlights the different design processes and methodologies they require. VHDL is a general-purpose modeling language, whereas Verilog, UDL/I and M are more dedicated to IC modeling. The predefined environment of VHDL compares poorly to the implicit IC environment of other languages. >
The Frequency of Gonadotropin-Releasing-Hormone Stimulation Differentially Regulates Gonadotropin Subunit Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression* (1989)

The hypothalamic decapeptide GnRH is known to regulate the synthesis and secretion of LH and FSH by pituitary gonadotrope cells. The frequency of pulsatile GnRH secretion changes and LH and FSH are differentially secreted in various physiological situations. To investigate the potential role of altered frequency of GnRH stimulation in regulating differential secretion of LH and FSH, we examined the effects of GnRH frequency on expression of the alpha, LH beta, and FSH beta genes. GnRH pulses (25 ng/pulse) were administered to castrate testosterone-replaced rats at intervals of 8-480 min to cover the range of physiological pulsatile GnRH secretion. Fast frequency GnRH pulses (8-min pulse intervals) increased alpha-subunit mRNA concentrations 3-fold above those in saline-pulsed controls (controls, 1.01 fmol cDNA bound/100 micrograms pituitary DNA) and LH beta mRNA by 50% (controls, 0.18 fmol cDNA bound), but FSH beta mRNA was unchanged (controls, 0.38 fmol cDNA bound). GnRH pulses given every 30 min increased all three subunit mRNAs (alpha, 3-fold, LHbeta, 2-fold; FSH beta, 2-fold), and acute LH release and serum FSH concentrations were maximal after this frequency. Slower frequency GnRH stimuli (120- to 480-min pulse intervals) did not change alpha and LH beta mRNA levels, but increased FSH beta mRNA 2- to 2.5-fold, and FSH secretion was maintained. Equalization of the total dose of GnRH given at different intervals over 24 h confirmed the frequency dependence of subunit mRNA expression. Fast frequency GnRH stimuli (8 min) increased alpha mRNA 1.5- to 2.5-fold, while the same total GnRH doses were ineffective when given at slow frequency (480 min). Similarly, LH beta mRNA was only increased by GnRH pulses given at 8-min intervals. In contrast, FSH beta mRNA increased 2-fold after pulses given every 480 min, and the 8-min pulse interval was ineffective. The data show that the frequency of GnRH stimulation can differentially regulate gonadotropin subunit mRNA expression and may be a mechanism that enables a single GnRH peptide to selectively regulate gonadotropin subunit gene expression and hormone secretion.
Rapid Identification of Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>and Simultaneous Species Confirmation Using Real-Time Fluorescence PCR (2000)

A duplex LightCycler PCR assay targeting the mecA gene and a Staphylococcus aureus-specific marker was used to test 165 S. aureus strains and 80 strains of other bacterial species. Within an assay time of 60 min plus 10 min for sample preparation, S. aureus as well as the presence or absence of the mecA gene was correctly identified.
Anti-spam filtering: a centroid-based classification approach (2003)

Nowadays, electronic mail is the most popular and convenient way for communication in daily life. Spam or junk E-mails are also increasingly appearing in the mail box from commercial Web sites. Therefore, we investigated the way to filter these junk e-mails through a variety of techniques, i.e. naive Bayesian, k-nearest neighbor and centroid based approach. We found that the centroid-based approach is the most suitable for the mail filtering application with 83.00 % of correctness. The outcome of our research has been successfully implemented as an intelligent Web mail service with the anti-spam mail filtering feature plug-in.
Scalable extensibility via nested inheritance (2004)

Inheritance is a useful mechanism for factoring and reusing code. However, it has limitations for building extensible systems. We describe <i>nested inheritance</i>, a mechanism that addresses some of the limitations of ordinary inheritance and other code reuse mechanisms. Using our experience with an extensible compiler framework, we show how nested inheritance can be used to construct highly extensible software frameworks. The essential aspects of nested inheritance are formalized in a simple object-oriented language with an operational semantics and type system. The type system of this language is sound, so no run-time type checking is required to implement it and no run-time type errors can occur. We describe our implementation of nested inheritance as an unobtrusive extension of the Java language, called Jx. Our prototype implementation translates Jx code to ordinary Java code, without duplicating inherited code.
Three SRA-Domain Methylcytosine-Binding Proteins Cooperate to Maintain Global CpG Methylation and Epigenetic Silencing in Arabidopsis (2008)

Methylcytosine-binding proteins decipher the epigenetic information encoded by DNA methylation and provide a link between DNA methylation, modification of chromatin structure, and gene silencing. VARIANT IN METHYLATION 1 (VIM1) encodes an SRA (SET- and RING-associated) domain methylcytosine-binding protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, and loss of VIM1 function causes centromere DNA hypomethylation and centromeric heterochromatin decondensation in interphase. In the Arabidopsis genome, there are five VIM genes that share very high sequence similarity and encode proteins containing a PHD domain, two RING domains, and an SRA domain. To gain further insight into the function and potential redundancy among the VIM proteins, we investigated strains combining different vim mutations and transgenic vim knock-down lines that down-regulate multiple VIM family genes. The vim1 vim3 double mutant and the transgenic vim knock-down lines showed decreased DNA methylation primarily at CpG sites in genic regions, as well as repeated sequences in heterochromatic regions. In addition, transcriptional silencing was released in these plants at most heterochromatin regions examined. Interestingly, the vim1 vim3 mutant and vim knock-down lines gained ectopic CpHpH methylation in the 5S rRNA genes against a background of CpG hypomethylation. The vim1 vim2 vim3 triple mutant displayed abnormal morphological phenotypes including late flowering, which is associated with DNA hypomethylation of the 5' region of FWA and release of FWA gene silencing. Our findings demonstrate that VIM1, VIM2, and VIM3 have overlapping functions in maintenance of global CpG methylation and epigenetic transcriptional silencing.
Analysis of Color Difference in Digital Proofing Based on Color Management System (2009)

Managing and controlling color is a major concern for the imaging industry. The aim of the investigation was to identify the color difference that exists in the color patches in a typical color reproduction workflow. After the calibration and characterization and conversion of all the devices (Microtek scanmaker 8700, Apple CRT and EPSON stylus pro 7800) using GretagMacbeth Profilemaker 5.05 software and X-Rite Eye-one spectrophotometer, the color gamut of the devices were inspected with ColorThink software for profile accuracy. Based on the results obtained by spectrophotometer measurements, the reproduction quality of specially color patches was evaluated in terms of the ΔE in CIEL(superscript *)a(superscript *)b(superscript *) color space. The analysis shows the color difference that exists in digital proofing and the results can be significant to acquire flexibility over colors in reproducing images.
Mechanisms of Virus‐Induced Demyelination and Remyelinationa (1988)

Viral models of demyelination and remyelination provide important clues to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Determining the precise viral polypeptides recognized by T cells during the demyelinating process will be important in understanding the mechanisms of viral-induced myelin destruction. Isolation, purification, and characterization of factors that promote remyelination and proliferation of oligodendrocytes may provide hope in the treatment of patients with chronic demyelinating disorders.
The Receptor-like Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase DEP-1 Is Constitutively Associated with a 64-kDa Protein Serine/ Threonine Kinase (1997)

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes and may function as positive effectors as well as negative regulators of intracellular signaling. Recent data demonstrate that malignant transformation of cells is frequently associated with changes in PTP expression or activity. Our analysis of PTP expression in mammary carcinoma cell lines resulted in the molecular cloning of a receptor-like PTP, also known as DEP-1. DEP-1 was found to be expressed at varying levels in mammary carcinoma cell lines and A431 cells. In all tumor cell lines analyzed, DEP-1 was constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. Phosphorylation of DEP-1 increased significantly after treatment of cells with the PTP inhibitor pervanadate. In A431 cells, tyrosine phosphorylation of DEP-1 was also observed after stimulation with epidermal growth factor, however, only after prolonged exposure of the cells to the ligand, suggesting an indirect mechanism of phosphorylation. In addition, DEP-1 coprecipitated with several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins from pervanadate-treated cells. In vitro binding experiments using a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein containing the catalytically inactive PTP domain of DEP-1 (Gst-DEP-1-C/S) identify these proteins as potential substrates of DEP-1. In addition, we found a 64-kDa serine/threonine kinase to be constitutively associated with DEP-1 in all tumor cell lines tested. The 64-kDa kinase forms a stable complex with DEP-1 and phosphorylates DEP-1 and DEP-1-interacting proteins in vitro. These data suggest a possible mechanism of DEP-1 regulation in tumor cell lines involving serine/threonine and/or tyrosine phosphorylation.
A Survey of NFC Sensors Based on Energy Harvesting for IoT Applications (2018)

In this article, an overview of recent advances in the field of battery-less near-field communication (NFC) sensors is provided, along with a brief comparison of other short-range radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies. After reviewing power transfer using NFC, recommendations are made for the practical design of NFC-based tags and NFC readers. A list of commercial NFC integrated circuits with energy-harvesting capabilities is also provided. Finally, a survey of the state of the art in NFC-based sensors is presented, which demonstrates that a wide range of sensors (both chemical and physical) can be used with this technology. Particular interest arose in wearable sensors and cold-chain traceability applications. The availability of low-cost devices and the incorporation of NFC readers into most current mobile phones make NFC technology key to the development of green Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
Determinants of aquaporin-4 assembly in orthogonal arrays revealed by live-cell single-molecule fluorescence imaging (2009)

We investigated the molecular determinants of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) assembly in orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) by visualizing fluorescently labeled AQP4 mutants in cell membranes using quantum-dot single-particle tracking and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The full-length ;long' (M1) form of AQP4 diffused freely in membranes and did not form OAPs, whereas the ;short' (M23) form of AQP4 formed OAPs and was nearly immobile. Analysis of AQP4 deletion mutants revealed progressive disruption of OAPs by the addition of three to seven residues at the AQP4-M23 N-terminus, with polyalanines as effective as native AQP4 fragments. OAPs disappeared upon downstream deletions of AQP4-M23, which, from analysis of point mutants, involves N-terminus interactions of residues Val24, Ala25 and Phe26. OAP formation was also prevented by introducing proline residues at sites just downstream from the hydrophobic N-terminus of AQP4-M23. AQP1, an AQP4 homolog that does not form OAPs, was induced to form OAPs upon replacement of its N-terminal domain with that of AQP4-M23. Our results indicate that OAP formation by AQP4-M23 is stabilized by hydrophobic intermolecular interactions involving N-terminus residues, and that absence of OAPs in AQP4-M1 results from non-selective blocking of this interaction by seven residues just upstream from Met23.