gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Attribute Extraction from Product Titles in eCommerce (2016)

This paper presents a named entity extraction system for detecting attributes in product titles of eCommerce retailers like Walmart. The absence of syntactic structure in such short pieces of text makes extracting attribute values a challenging problem. We find that combining sequence labeling algorithms such as Conditional Random Fields and Structured Perceptron with a curated normalization scheme produces an effective system for the task of extracting product attribute values from titles. To keep the discussion concrete, we will illustrate the mechanics of the system from the point of view of a particular attribute - brand. We also discuss the importance of an attribute extraction system in the context of retail websites with large product catalogs, compare our approach to other potential approaches to this problem and end the paper with a discussion of the performance of our system for extracting attributes.
Cover Picture: Kinetically Controlled Ligation for the Convergent Chemical Synthesis of Proteins (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 24/2006) (2006)

Convergent chemical ligation enables the more efficient total synthesis of protein molecules. S. B. H. Kent and co‐workers describe in their Communication on page 3985 ff. how the two halves of the target peptide chain can be synthesized by kinetically controlled chemical ligation of unprotected peptide segments. A final native chemical ligation step then gives the full‐length polypeptide chain, which folds with high efficiency to give the synthetic protein molecule. (The artwork for the coverpicture was prepared by David Boerema.)
Purified Rabies Vaccine (Suckling Rat Brain Origin) (1970)

A 10% suckling rat brain rabies vaccine free from encephalitogenic activity was prepared and inactivated with 1:8,000 beta-propiolactone (BPL), or ultraviolet light, or a combination of ultraviolet light and BPL, or 1% phenol. Potency was excellent in all samples, with the exception of the phenolized product which was marginal. A purified suckling rat brain (SRB) vaccine prepared by zonal centrifugation and inactivated with 1:8,000 BPL contained about 0.01 the amount of protein nitrogen of the unpurified 10% SRB vaccine. This purified product passed the National Institutes of Health potency test for rabies vaccine after administration of a quantity equivalent to a standard 10% brain suspension.
Deletion of the Murine Duffy Gene (<i>Dfy</i>) Reveals that the Duffy Receptor Is Functionally Redundant (2000)

All of the antigenic determinants of the Duffy blood group system are in a glycoprotein (gp-Fy), which is encoded by a single-copy gene (FY) located on chromosome 1. gp-Fy is also produced in several cell types, including endothelial cells of capillary and postcapillary venules, the epithelial cell of kidney collecting ducts, lung alveoli, and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. This protein, which spans the cell membrane seven times, is a member of the superfamily of chemokine receptors and a malarial parasite receptor. The mouse Duffy gene (Dfy) homolog of human FY is also a single-copy gene, which maps in a region of conserved synteny with FY and produces a glycoprotein with 60% homology to the human protein. The mouse Duffy-like protein also binds chemokines. To study the biological role of gp-Fy, we generated a mouse strain in which Dfy was deleted. These homozygous Dfy(-/-) mice were indistinguishable in size, development, and health from wild-type and heterozygous littermates. We also examined components of the immune system and found no differences in lymph nodes or peripheral blood leukocyte levels between knockout and wild-type mice. The gross and histological anatomy of the thymus, spleen, lung, and brain showed no significant differences between mutants and wild-type mice. There was no indication of an overall difference between the knockout and wild-type mice in systematic neurological examinations. The only significant difference between Dfy(-/-) and Dfy(+/+) mice that we found was in neutrophil migration in peritoneal inflammations induced by lipopolysaccharide and thioglycolate. In mice homozygous for the deletion, there was less neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity and neutrophil influx in the intestines and lungs than in wild-type mice. Despite this, the susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection was the same in the absence and in the presence of gp-Fy. Our results indicate that gp-Fy is functionally a redundant protein that may participate in the neutrophil migratory process.
Hypervideo expression (2005)

Hyper-Hitchcock is a hypervideo editor enabling the direct manipulation authoring of a particular form of hypervideo called "detail-on-demand video." This form of hypervideo allows a single link out of the currently playing video to provide more details on the content currently being presented. A workspace is used to select, group, and arrange video clips into several linear sequences. Navigational links placed between the video elements are assigned labels and return behaviors appropriate to the goals of the hypervideo and the role of the destination video. Hyper-Hitchcock was used by students in a Computers and New Media class to author hypervideos on a variety of topics. The produced hypervideos provide examples of hypervideo structures and the link properties and behaviors needed to support them. Feedback from students identified additional link behaviors and features required to support new hypervideo genres. This feedback is valuable for the redesign of Hyper-Hitchcock and the design of hypervideo editors in general.
Graphene-based plasmonic slot electro-optic modulator (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Graphene, as the first identified two dimensional material, has shown great electro-optic response via Pauli-blocking for near IR frequencies and modulating functionality. However, this ability to modulate light is fundamentally challenged by its small optical cross-section leading to miniscule modal confinement factors in diffraction-limited photonics despite intrinsically high electro-optic absorption modulation (EAM) potential given by its strong index change. Yet the inherent polarization anisotropy in graphene and device tradeoffs lead to additional requirements with respect to electric field directions and modal confinement. The extinction ratio of graphene based EAM has, so far, been limited due to the small light matter interaction given the monolayer structure nature. Here we report an ultra-compact graphene based EAM by integrating graphene with a plasmonic slot waveguide. We show that the modal confinement and hence the modulation strength of a single-layer modulated graphene in this plasmonically confined mode is able to improve by more than 10x compared to diffraction-limited modes. Combined with the strong-index modulation of graphene the modulation strength could achieve more than 1dB/um, which is more than 2-orders of magnitude higher compared to Silicon platform graphene modulators. Furthermore, the modal confinement was found to be synergistic with performance optimization via enhanced light-matter-interactions. These results show that there is room for scaling 2D material EAMs with respect to modal engineering towards realizing synergistic designs leading to high-performance modulators.
Synergism between the antifungal agents amphotericin B and alkyl glycerol ethers (1994)

The alkyl glycerol ether rac-1-O-dodecylglycerol inhibited the growth of members of two genera of yeasts, Candida and Cryptococcus, and was strongly synergistic with amphotericin B. At one-half its MIC, dodecylglycerol decreased the MIC of amphotericin B by as much as 80-fold. This high degree of synergism between dodecylglycerol and amphotericin B was demonstrated against a number of species of yeasts including Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus albidus, and Cryptococcus laurentii. All fractional inhibitory concentrations (for all strains and species) were calculated to be less than 1, and most were less than 0.6, again demonstrating strong synergism. Other alkyl glycerol ethers with alkyl chain lengths ranging from 8 to 18 carbon atoms were also found to be synergistic with amphotericin B against C. neoformans and C. albicans. Electron microscopy experiments showed that C. neoformans grown in the presence of dodecylglycerol had severely abnormal, deformed capsules. Although the mechanism of action of dodecylglycerol is not known, dodecylglycerol was not simply acting as a detergent. The natural detergent sodium deoxycholate could not substitute for dodecylglycerol. At comparable and higher concentrations, sodium deoxycholate had no fungicidal effect on its own, nor did it potentiate the activity of amphotericin B. Dodecylglycerol did not interact synergistically with the water-soluble antifungal agent fluconazole. The lipid-soluble hydrophobic properties of amphotericin B appear to be important for this synergistic effect, in that alkyl glycerol ethers could promote synergism with amphotericin B by potentially increasing the interaction between membrane-bound ergosterol and amphotericin B.
Separating lysozyme from bacteriophage P22 in two‐phase aqueous micellar systems (2002)

This communication demonstrates that two-phase aqueous mixed (nonionic/ionic) micellar systems have the potential for improving the separation of proteins from viruses. Specifically, two separation experiments were performed to show that the addition of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the two-phase aqueous nonionic n-decyl tetra(ethylene oxide) (C(10)E(4)) micellar system increases the yield of a model net positively charged protein, lysozyme, in the micelle-rich phase from 75 to 95%, while still maintaining approximately the same yield of a model net negatively charged virus, bacteriophage P22, in the micelle-poor phase (97% vs. 98%).
A novel method to embed watermark in different halftone images: data hiding by conjugate error diffusion (DHCED) (2003)

In this paper, we propose a novel way called DHCED to hide invisible patterns in two or more visually different halftone images (e.g. Lena and Harbor) such that the hidden patterns would appear on the halftone images when they are overlaid. Conjugate error diffusion is used to embed the binary visual pattern in the two distinct halftone images. Simulation results show that the two halftone images have good visual quality, and the hidden pattern is visible when the two distinct halftone images are overlaid.
Ultra-broadband tunable (0.67–2.57 µm) optical vortex parametric oscillator (2017)

We demonstrate an ultra-broadband (>2-octave band) tunable optical vortex laser comprising an optical-vortex-pumped optical parametric oscillator by employing a nanosecond pulse (∼10 ns) green laser and cascaded non-critical phase-matching LiB3O5 crystals (45 mm long each). With this system, an optical vortex output was produced over an extremely wide wavelength range of 0.67–2.57 µm.
Extra-Heavy Crude Oil Downhole Upgrading Process Using Hydrogen Donors under Steam Injection Conditions (2001)

Abstract An extra-heavy crude oil underground upgrading process is described which involves the downhole addition of a hydrogen donor additive (tetralin) under steam injection conditions. Using a batch laboratory reactor or a continuous bench scale plant (280-315°C and residence times between 24-64 h), physical simulation experiments showed an increase of at least 3° in API gravity of the treated Extra-Heavy Crude Oil, three-fold viscosity reduction and, approximately, 8% decrease in the asphaltene content with respect to the original crude. It was found that the presence of the natural formation (catalyst) and methane (natural gas) is necessary to enhance the properties of the upgraded crude oil. Compositional-thermal numerical simulations were carried out and the results showed a good match between the calculated and experimental °API gravities of the upgraded crude oil (average relative error 1-4%) for all conditions studied. Similar results were obtained with the asphaltene contents (14-23%), percentage of conversion of the &gt;500°C fraction (12%) and tetralin (16-23%).
Active stabilization of ion trap radiofrequency potentials (2016)

We actively stabilize the harmonic oscillation frequency of a laser-cooled atomic ion confined in a radiofrequency (rf) Paul trap by sampling and rectifying the high voltage rf applied to the trap electrodes. We are able to stabilize the 1 MHz atomic oscillation frequency to be better than 10 Hz or 10 ppm. This represents a suppression of ambient noise on the rf circuit by 34 dB. This technique could impact the sensitivity of ion trap mass spectrometry and the fidelity of quantum operations in ion trap quantum information applications.
Self-localization of a tethered quadcopter using inertial sensors in a GPS-denied environment (2017)

This paper presents a novel approach to estimate the relative position of an aerial vehicle that is connected to a fixed location on the ground through a taut tether of varying length. The onboard commercial-of-the-shelf (COTS) inertial sensors are the only source of sensory data used for the proposed approach. A three-dimensional (3D) dynamics model of the tethered quadcopter system is presented illustrating the use of the cable force in estimating the relative position of the aerial vehicle. We demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach in software simulations. The results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach.
Natural and synthetic saponin adjuvant QS-21 for vaccines against cancer (2011)

One of the most widely used and potent immunological adjuvants is a mixture of soluble triterpene glycosides purified from the soap bark tree (Quillaja saponaria). Despite challenges in production, quality control, stability and toxicity, the QS-21 fraction from this extract has exhibited exceptional adjuvant properties for a range of antigens. It possesses an ability to augment clinically significant antibody and T-cell responses to vaccine antigens against a variety of infectious diseases, degenerative disorders and cancers. The recent synthesis of active molecules of QS-21 has provided a robust method to produce this leading vaccine adjuvant in high purity as well as to produce novel synthetic QS-21 congeners designed to induce increased immune responsiveness and decreased toxicity.
IO performance prediction in consolidated virtualized environments (2011)

We propose a trace-driven approach to predict the performance degradation of disk request response times due to storage device contention in consolidated virtualized environments. Our performance model evaluates a queueing network with fair share scheduling using trace-driven simulation. The model parameters can be deduced from measurements obtained inside Virtual Machines (VMs) from a system where a single VM accesses a remote storage server. The parameterized model can then be used to predict the effect of storage contention when multiple VMs are consolidated on the same virtualized server. The model parameter estimation relies on a search technique that tries to estimate the splitting and merging of blocks at the the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) level in the case of multiple competing VMs. Simulation experiments based on traces of the Postmark and FFSB disk benchmarks show that our model is able to accurately predict the impact of workload consolidation on VM disk IO response times.
Low-cost, porous carbon current collector with high sulfur loading for lithium–sulfur batteries (2013)

Li–S batteries with a porous carbon current collector (PCCC), high sulfur loading (2.3 mg cm− 2, equal to 80 wt.% sulfur content), high capacity, and long cycle life have been fabricated with a simple one-step paste absorption method. The intimate contact between the insulating sulfur and the embedded conductive matrix allows high active material loading. The high absorptivity of electrolyte by the PCCC facilitates efficient retention of soluble polysulfides within the PCCC, so the 3D cathode architecture stabilizes the electrochemical reaction within the porous space.
Unique Antiplatelet Effects of a Novel S-Nitrosoderivative of a Recombinant Fragment of von Willebrand Factor, AR545C: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Inhibition of Platelet Function (1999)

The recombinant fragment of von Willebrand factor (vWF) spanning Ala444 to Asp730 and containing an Arg545Cys mutation (denoted AR545C) has antithrombotic properties that are principally a consequence of its ability to inhibit platelet adhesion to subendothelial matrix. Endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) can also inhibit platelet function, both as a consequence of inhibiting adhesion as well as activation and aggregation. Nitric oxide can react with thiol functional groups in the presence of oxygen to form S-nitrosothiols, which are naturally occurring NO derivatives that prolong the biological actions of NO. Because AR545C has a single free cysteine (Cys545), we attempted to synthesize the S-nitroso-derivative of AR545C and to characterize its antiplatelet effects. We successfully synthesized S-nitroso-AR545C and found that it contained 0.96 mol S-NO per mole peptide. S-nitroso-AR545C was approximately 5-fold more potent at inhibiting platelet agglutination than was the unmodified peptide (IC(50) = 0.02 +/- 0. 006 micromol/L v 0.1 +/- 0.03 micromol/L, P =.001). In addition and by contrast, S-nitroso-AR545C was a powerful inhibitor of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation (IC(50) = 0.018 +/- 0.002 micromol/L), while AR545C had no effect on aggregation. These effects were confirmed in studies of adhesion to and aggregation on extracellular matrix under conditions of shear stress in a cone-plate viscometer, where 1.5 micromol/L S-nitroso-AR545C inhibited platelet adhesion by 83% and essentially completely inhibited aggregate formation, while the same concentration of AR545C inhibited platelet adhesion by 74% and had significantly lesser effect on aggregate formation on matrix (P </=.004 for each parameter by ANOVA). In an ex vivo rabbit model, we also found that S-nitroso-AR545C had a more marked and more durable inhibitory effect on botrocetin-induced platelet aggregation than did AR545C, and these differences were also reflected in the extent and duration of effect on the prolongation of the bleeding time in these animals. These data show that S-nitroso-AR545C has significant and unique antiplatelet effects, inhibiting both adhesion and aggregation, by blocking platelet GPIb receptor through the AR545C moiety and elevating platelet cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate through the -SNO moiety. These observations suggest that this NO-modified fragment of vWF may have potential therapeutic benefits as a unique antithrombotic agent.
<title>Development of open-loop fiber optic gyroscopes for industrial and consumer use</title> (1993)

Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs) are developed for industrial and consumer applications. The bias error, which is determined by electrical circuits rather than the optical system, varies between 0.01 and 36 deg/hr depending on the construction of the electrical system. The scale factor error at each input rate is less than 0.5% in the temperature range of -30 to 85 degree(s)C. These FOGs are compact, highly reliable, and need only a +12 V D.C. power source. They are ready for mass production.
Refractive Index of Nanolayered Polymeric Optical Materials (2011)

We experimentally tested a predictive model of refractive index proposed for nanolayered polymer films for use in designing and fabricating biologically inspired GRIN lenses, which enables good estimation of index based on component weight fractions.
One-Pass Video Stabilization on Mobile Devices (2014)

We study real-time one-pass video stabilization on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. A localized camera path planning framework is proposed, where through maintaining a forward or backward-looking buffer window, the short-term camera trajectory is locally optimized according to cinematographic rules. Also, we propose a hybrid auto-corrective path optimization algorithm, where the system automatically switches among different motion models according to the actual video adaptively. Using a multithreading mechanism, the proposed method can be implemented on mobile devices to achieve real-time one-pass video stabilization. Evaluation on a large variety of consumer videos demonstrates the effectiveness of our system.
<title>Photonic crystal fibers, waveguides, and resonators</title> (1999)

Fibers and planar waveguides made from dielectric materials which are periodically patterned on the scale of the optical wavelength--photonic crystals--have quite remarkable properties, requiring a complete realignment of the goal- posts in conventional guided-wave photonics. For example, photonic crystal fibers can be designed to be single-mode at every frequency, and full 2D photonic bandgaps can permit light to be guided--single mode--in a core region where the refractive index is lower than the cladding. A whole menagerie of new possibilities are presently emerging, including hollow-core single-mode optical fibers and ultra- compact micro-components formed in planar photonic crystal films.
Development of a scanning atom probe (1995)

In order to extend the applicability of the conventional atom probe (AP), a new AP named ‘‘scanning atom probe (SAP)’’ is proposed. The SAP has a microextraction electrode which scans over a flat specimen surface with many microcusps. Then the electrode and a cusp forms a minute field ion microscope. Calculation of field distribution in the confined small space between the cusp apex and the electrode indicates that the field can be high enough to field evaporate the apex atoms and that the atom-by-atom mass analysis by the SAP is highly feasible. Accordingly, a trial SAP is under construction modifying a low-temperature UHV scanning tunneling microscope.
Eculizumab prevents intravascular hemolysis in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and unmasks low-level extravascular hemolysis occurring through C3 opsonization (2010)

These data demonstrate a previously masked mechanism of red cell clearance in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and suggests that blockade of complement at C5 allows C3 fragment accumulation on some paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria red cells, explaining the residual low-level hemolysis occurring in some eculizumab-treated patients.
Vertical Crystallization of C<sub>60</sub> Nanowires by Solvent Vapor Annealing Process (2013)

We report that C60 molecules are spontaneously crystallized into vertical nanowires by the solvent vapor annealing (SVA) process. C60 molecules have been known to be assembled into wire-like crystals by simply dropping and drying C60 solutions in m-xylene on a solid substrate. By the drop-drying process, C60 nanowires have been mostly grown laterally on a solid substrate, as the major force applied to the droplet during the drying process is parallel to the substrate. On the other hand, the SVA process seems to provide an ideal environment under which the direction of the dominant drying force of a droplet becomes vertical. When a thermally evaporated C60 film is exposed to m-xylene solvent vapor under controlled SVA environments at room temperature, C60 molecules are found to be crystallized into vertical nanowires. The effect of solvent vapor pressure on the vertical growth of C60 nanowire is examined by comparative studies using mesitylene and 1,3-dichlorobenzene. The versatility of the SVA process for the growth of vertical organic nanostructures is further demonstrated by the successful formations of vertically grown C60 2D disks and 5,7,12,14-pentacenetetrone anisotropic crystals by employing carbon tetrachloride and toluene solvent vapors, respectively.
Solid low-bend-loss transmission fibers using resonant suppression of higher-order modes (2008)

Ring-assisted fibers suppress unwanted modes, improving the tradeoff that limits bend loss. Fabricated fibers achieve low bend loss and compatibility with standard fibers required for fiber to the home.