gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in vaccination against malaria: Preliminary studies on vaccination of rhesus monkeys with irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi and characterization of surface antigens of these parasites (1979)

Studies were conducted to develop an effective method of inducing protection against sporozoite-induced malaria in a primate system and to obtain information regarding the surface membrane antigens of sporozoites. Immunization of rhesus monkeys was performed with gamma-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi. Levels of antisporozoite antibodies were monitored by immunofluorescence, sporozoite neutralization, and the circumsporozoite precipitate reaction, and appeared to correlate well with protection. Only the intravenous route was effective in inducing both protection and antisporozoite antibodies. Immunization with sporozoites mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant failed completely to induce protection and resulted in a minimal antibody response. Mechanisms of resistance to sporozoites probably involve the interaction of the host's immune system with the parasite's surface antigen(s). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of surface-labelled, partially purified sporozoites followed by autoradiography revealed the presence of a small number of labelled proteins in the extract. Immunoprecipitation with specific antisera to P. berghei detected primarily one of these membrane components, with an apparent molecular weight of 41 000. The molecular weight of this main surface antigen in sporozoites of P. berghei was different from that in sporozoites of P. knowlesi.
Design and Integration of Fluoropolymers for Photonics (2005)

Perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymers exhibit a superior combination of optical and structural properties including: low transmission loss, unprecedented melt and solution or solvent-less processability, high tailorable refractive index and thermoptic coefficients compared to conventional fluoropolymers. Our strategy (Scheme 1) has focused on the thermal cyclopolymerization of trifunctional and bifunctional aryl trifluorovinyl ether monomers to PFCB copolymers.1 PFCB polymers can be microfabricated via standard methods and or by soft lithography techniques.2 The properties of variable PFCB copolymers including thermal properties (Tg = 120-350 °C), optical loss (< 0.2 db/cm at 1550 nm), refractive index tailorability (1.449-1.58 at 1550 nm), low birefringence, and optical stability present PFCB polymers as a unique and versatile technology for integrated optics.1(a) Single air interface bends (SAIB) with 95% bend efficiencies have been established.2 Electro-optic chromophores with high hyperpolarizability have been synthesized for incorporation into PFCB polymer networks.3 Towards use in active optical applications, our investigation in PFCB polymers include; (i) generation of a PFCB network covalently linked to hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene moieties, which can emit light over a broad range of wavelengths.1(b) (ii) development of semi-conjugated light emitting polymers with PFCB linkage (iii) studies on new PFCB/lanthanides composites and (iv) preparation of processable liquid crystalline PFCB polymers with oligophenylene block in the backbone. An overview of fluoropolymer optics and PFCB synthesis, fabrication, properties, and commercial opportunities will be presented.
Development of New High-Strength and Heat-Resistant Mg-Zn-Y-X (X=Zr and Ag) Casting Alloys (2014)

In order to develop a high strength and heat-resistant magnesium alloy, we focused on controlling microstructure of Mg 96 Zn 2 Y 2 (at %) casting alloy by the addition of a 4th element. Initially, we investigated the effects of zirconium addition and cooling rate for grain refinement on microstructure and mechanical properties. Consequently, Mg 95.8 Zn 2 Y 2 Zr 0.2 casting alloy contains fine equiaxed grains (approx. 0.01 mm), and it exhibits tensile and fatigue properties equivalent to or higher than those of commercial aluminum alloys at high temperature above 473 K. At 523 K, this alloy exhibited a tensile strength of 223 MPa nearly twice that of A4032-T6 alloy used in typical automotive pistons. The Mg 95.8 Zn 2 Y 2 Zr 0.2 casting alloy also reveals sufficient ductility and good castability, characteristics not common in current heat-resistant magnesium alloys. Next, we focused on controlling microstructure of Mg 96 Zn 2 Y 2 casting alloy by the addition of Ag. Mg 96 Zn 2 Y 2 cast alloy is composed of alpha-Mg phase, long-period stacking ordered phase and Mg 3 Zn 3 Y 2 phase; on the other hand, Mg-Zn-Y-Ag cast alloy had 4th phase by an addition of Ag. A substantial increase in yield strength at room temperature, without grain refining, was the result.
Ti Al N ∕ Ti Al O N ∕ Si 3 N 4 tandem absorber for high temperature solar selective applications (2006)

A tandem absorber of TiAlN∕TiAlON∕Si3N4 is prepared using a magnetron sputtering process. The graded composition of the individual component layers of the tandem absorber produces a film with a refractive index increasing from the surface to the substrate, which exhibits a high absorptance (0.95) and a low emittance (0.07). The tandem absorber is stable in air up to 600°C for 2h, indicating its importance for high temperature solar selective applications. The thermal stability of the tandem absorber is attributed to high oxidation resistance and microstructural stability of the component materials at higher temperatures.
Property‐Guided Synthesis of Aza‐Tricyclic Indolines: Development of Gold Catalysis En Route (2016)

Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide public health threat that needs to be addressed by improved antibiotic stewardship and continuing development of new chemical entities to treat resistant bacterial infections. Compounds that work alongside known antibiotics as combination therapies offer an efficient and sustainable approach to counteract antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Guided by property-based analysis, a series of aza-tricyclic indolines (ATIs) were synthesized to optimize their physiochemical properties as novel combination therapies with β-lactams to treat methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) infections. A novel and highly efficient gold-catalyzed tandem cyclization was developed to facilitate the synthesis of these ATIs. One guanidine-containing ATI was discovered to possess both improved anti-MRSA activity and lower mammalian toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, it also showed significantly enhanced aqueous solubility and metabolic stability. These results indicated that the ATIs are a novel class of anti-MRSA agents suitable for further evaluations as adjuvant therapy in animal model studies.
Interactions of thermally denatured fibrinogen on polyethylene with plasma proteins and platelets (1992)

During the investigation of fibrin deposition onto hydrophobic polymers in contact with human blood, a model was developed in which fibrinogen was denatured and irreversibly coated onto a polyethylene surface by heating to 70 degrees C for 10 min. The denatured fibrinogen-polyethylene surface is resistant to fluid wall shear rates of up to 550 s-1 and the fibrinogen does not desorb in the presence of plasma proteins. Compared to uncoated polyethylene, little albumin or fibrinogen adsorbs to heat-denatured fibrinogen. Thrombin binds to the denatured fibrinogen-coated polyethylene with low affinity and also acts on the surface-bound denatured fibrinogen and cleaves fibrinopeptide A (FPA) quantitatively. Washed, 51Cr-labeled platelets do not adhere to the thermally denatured fibrinogen at either low or high shear rates compared to surfaces coated with undenatured fibrinogen (p < 0.01). These observations support the role of the D domain of fibrinogen in platelet adhesion because this is the region that is denatured by heating. In contrast, the E domain of fibrinogen is not altered by heating to 70 degrees C and hence remains susceptible to thrombin and/or plasmin cleavage. The characteristics of this surface are such that it can be used to develop fibrin-coated surfaces for use in studies of thrombus formation on artificial surfaces.
Eye-friendly reduced graphene oxide circuits with nonlinear optical transparency on flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates (2015)

The fabrication of eye-friendly transparent microcircuitry patterned and reduced on graphene oxide using an industrial grade 1064 nm laser.
Enhanced immunogenicity of a synthetic DNA vaccine expressing consensus SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein using needle-free immunization (2021)

Abstract The ongoing global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) calls for an urgent development of effective and safe prophylactic and therapeutic measures. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) glycoprotein is a major immunogenic and protective protein, and plays a crucial role in viral pathogenesis. In this study, we successfully constructed a synthetic codon-optimized DNA-based vaccine as a countermeasure against SARS-CoV-2; denoted as VIU-1005. The design was based on the synthesis of codon-optimized coding sequence for optimal mammalian expression of a consensus full-length S glycoprotein. The successful construction of the vaccine was confirmed by restriction digestion and sequencing, and the protein expression of the S protein was confirmed by western blot and immunofluorescence staining in mammalian cells. The immunogenicity of the vaccine was tested in two mouse models (BALB/c and C57BL/6J). Th1-skewed systemic S-specific IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were significantly induced in both models four weeks post three injections with 100 μg of the VIU-1005 vaccine via intramuscular needle injection but not intradermal or subcutaneous routes. Importantly, such immunization induced long-lasting IgG response in mice that lasted for at least 6 months. Interestingly, using a needle-free system, we showed an enhanced immunogenicity of VIU-1005 in which lower doses such as 25-50 μg or less number of doses were able to elicit significantly high levels of Th1-biased systemic S-specific IgG antibodies and nAbs via intramuscular immunization compared to needle immunization. Compared to the intradermal needle injection which failed to induce any significant immune response, intradermal needle-free immunization elicited robust Th1-biased humoral response similar to that observed with intramuscular immunization. Furthermore, immunization with VIU-1005 induced potent S-specific cellular response as demonstrated by the significantly high levels of IFN-γ, TNF and IL-2 cytokines production in memory CD8 + and CD4 + T cells in BALB/c mice. Together, our results demonstrate that the synthetic VIU-1005 candidate DNA vaccine is highly immunogenic and capable of inducing long-lasting and Th1-skewed immune response in mice. Furthermore, we show that the use of needle-free system could enhance the immunogenicity and minimize doses needed to induce protective immunity in mice, supporting further preclinical and clinical testing of this candidate vaccine.
Cafestol, a Bioactive Substance in Coffee, Has Antidiabetic Properties in KKAy Mice (2017)

Daily coffee consumption is inversely associated with risk of type-2 diabetes (T2D). Cafestol, a bioactive substance in coffee, increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro and increases glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle cells. We hypothesized that cafestol can postpone development of T2D in KKAy mice. Forty-seven male KKAy mice were randomized to consume chow supplemented daily with either 1.1 (high), 0.4 (low), or 0 (control) mg of cafestol for 10 weeks. We collected blood samples for fasting glucose, glucagon, and insulin as well as liver, muscle, and fat tissues for gene expression analysis. We isolated islets of Langerhans and measured insulin secretory capacity. After 10 weeks of intervention, fasting plasma glucose was 28–30% lower in cafestol groups compared with the control group (p < 0.01). Fasting glucagon was 20% lower and insulin sensitivity improved by 42% in the high-cafestol group (p < 0.05). Cafestol increased insulin secretion from isolated islets by 75–87% compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Our results show that cafestol possesses antidiabetic properties in KKAy mice. Consequently, cafestol may contribute to the reduced risk of developing T2D in coffee consumers and has a potential role as an antidiabetic drug.
VeriWeb: Automatically Testing Dynamic Web Sites (2002)

Web sites are becoming increasingly complex as more and more services and information are made available over the Internet and intranets. At the same time, the correct behavior of sites has become crucial to the success of businesses and organizations and thus should be tested thoroughly and frequently. Although traditional software testing is already a notoriously hard, time-consuming and expensive process, testing Web sites presents even greater challenges: Web interfaces are very dynamic; the environment of Web applications is more complex than that of typical monolithic or client-server applications; Web applications, most notably e-commerce sites, have a large number of users who have no training on how to use the application and hence are more likely to exercise it in unpredictable ways. Existing testing tools for automating the process of testing dynamic Web sites require the specification of test scenarios, which results in limited test coverage. In this paper, we present an overview of VeriWeb, a tool for automatically discovering and systematically exploring Web-site execution paths that can be followed by a user in a Web application. Unlike traditional crawlers which are limited to the exploration of static links, VeriWeb can navigate automatically through dynamic components of Web sites, including form submissions and execution of client-side script.
Designing memristors: Physics, materials science and engineering (2012)

Recently, memory and storage have taken a front seat in computer hardware as it experiences an explosive growth at a rate faster than Moore's law for the past 10 years. With the upcoming challenges for further FLASH scaling into the next generations, emerging technologies have appeared portraying perspectives with the potential to shift computer architecture concepts. Here we present a brief overview and progress in our quest to create a device with competitive attributes, with the ultimate goal of achieving a universal, non-volatile data storage solution.
Wounding of Root or Basal Stalk Prior to Harvest Affects Pre‐harvest Antioxidant Accumulation and Tobacco‐specific Nitrosamine Formation during Air Curing of Burley Tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> L.) (2006)

Abstract Wounding stresses were tested for their ability to induce an accumulation of antioxidants in harvested tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) and for the reduction of tobacco‐specific nitrosamines (TSNA) during subsequent air curing. Data indicated that root pruning of burley tobacco 1 week before harvest resulted in an increased accumulation of α ‐tocopherol, chlorogenic acid and rutin, compared with untreated plants. Wounding also increased total antioxidant capacity in both green and cured tobacco. Field experiments performed over 3 years showed a consistent decrease in nitrite concentration in leaves from wounded tobacco, and the reduction in TSNA was always associated with reduced levels of nitrite. Depending on climate and curing conditions, curing resulted in significant reductions in TSNA, compared with unwounded, control plants. Thus, the results suggested that higher endogenous antioxidants present during senescence and curing of wounding‐stressed tobacco may affect the propensities of those tissues to inhibit TSNA formation by reaction with nitrite.
Terahertz wave parametric amplifier (2014)

The importance of terahertz (THz) wave techniques has been demonstrated in various fields, and the range of applications is now expanding rapidly. However, the practical implementation of THz science to solve the real-world problems is restricted due to the lack not only of convenient high power THz wave emitters and sensitive detectors but also of efficient quasi-optical active devices such as amplifiers. In this work, we demonstrate the direct amplification of THz waves in room temperature using magnesium oxide-doped lithium niobate (MgO:LiNbO3) crystals as the nonlinear gain medium. The input THz wave is injected as a seed beam along with the pump beam into the nonlinear crystal and it is amplified by the optical parametric process. We report gain in excess of 30 dB with an input THz pulse energy of less than 1 pJ. We believe that this demonstration will contribute to the convenience and further applicability of THz frequency techniques.
Bioconjugation of Ultrabright Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Specific Cellular Targeting (2010)

Semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) represent a new class of ultrabright fluorescent probes for biological imaging. They exhibit several important characteristics for experimentally demanding in vitro and in vivo fluorescence studies, such as their high brightness, fast emission rate, excellent photostability, nonblinking, and nontoxic feature. However, controlling the surface chemistry and bioconjugation of Pdots has been a challenging problem that prevented their widespread applications in biological studies. Here, we report a facile yet powerful conjugation method that overcomes this challenge. Our strategy for Pdot functionalization is based on entrapping heterogeneous polymer chains into a single dot, driven by hydrophobic interactions during nanoparticle formation. A small amount of amphiphilic polymer bearing functional groups is co-condensed with the majority of semiconducting polymers to modify and functionalize the nanoparticle surface for subsequent covalent conjugation to biomolecules, such as streptavidin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). The Pdot bioconjugates can effectively and specifically label cellular targets, such as cell surface marker in human breast cancer cells, without any detectable nonspecific binding. Single-particle imaging, cellular imaging, and flow cytometry experiments indicate a much higher fluorescence brightness of Pdots compared to those of Alexa dye and quantum dot probes. The successful bioconjugation of these ultrabright nanoparticles presents a novel opportunity to apply versatile semiconducting polymers to various fluorescence measurements in modern biology and biomedicine.
Prediction, Expectation, and Surprise: Methods, Designs, and Study of a\n Deployed Traffic Forecasting Service (2012)

We present research on developing models that forecast traffic flow and\ncongestion in the Greater Seattle area. The research has led to the deployment\nof a service named JamBayes, that is being actively used by over 2,500 users\nvia smartphones and desktop versions of the system. We review the modeling\neffort and describe experiments probing the predictive accuracy of the models.\nFinally, we present research on building models that can identify current and\nfuture surprises, via efforts on modeling and forecasting unexpected\nsituations.\n
Seaweed biomass derived bio solvents for the large scale production of few layered graphene nanosheets from graphite (2021)

Large-scale production of graphene sheets by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite is a challenging task from a sustainability point of view. Certain bio-derived solvents were found to exfoliate graphite to produce single-layered graphene sheets but the high cost of the solvent is always a deterring factor towards upscaling of the process. Herein, Kappaphycus alvarezii, a cultivable red seaweed is demonstrated as a sustainable resource for producing a bio solvent for exfoliation and to produce graphene sheets from graphite. A solvent system consisting of levulinic acid, acetic acid, and γ-valerolactone was prepared from the polysaccharide obtained from the seaweed biomass through acid hydrolysis under pressure and the mixture was found to exfoliate graphite to produce few-layered pristine graphene nanosheets. The process is scalable and cost-effective and the seaweed biomass-derived solvent mixture can be recovered and reused in the subsequent cycles of exfoliation for large-scale production of graphene nanosheets.
On the Achievable Throughput of MIMO Broadcast Channels with Finite Rate Feedback (2007)

We consider multiuser scheduling with limited feedback of partial channel state information in MIMO broadcast channels. By using spatial multiplexing at the base station (BS) and antenna selection for each user, we propose a multiuser scheduling method that allocates independent information streams from all <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> transmit antennas to the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> most favorable users with the highest signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). A close approximation of the achievable sum-rate throughput for the proposed method is obtained and shown to match the simulation results very well. Moreover, a scheduling algorithm with finite rate feedback of SINR is proposed and the achievable throughput is derived. Performance analysis will show that even with only 1-bit quantization of SINR, the proposed scheduling approach can exploit multiuser diversity at an expense of slight decrease of throughput.
In-Plane Mechanical Properties of Ultrathin 2D Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites (2018)

Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) are new members of the 2D materials family with wide tunability, highly dynamic structural features and excellent physical properties. Ultrathin 2D HOIPs and their heterostructures with other 2D materials have been exploited for study of new physical phenomena and novel device applications. The in-plane mechanical properties of 2D ultrathin HOIPs are critical for understanding the coupling between mechanical and other physical fields and for integrated devices applications. Here we report for the first time the in-plane mechanical properties of ultrathin freestanding 2D lead iodide perovskite membranes and their dependence on the membrane thickness. The in-plane Young's moduli of 2D HOIPs are smaller than that of conventional covalently bonded 2D materials. Both the Young's modulus and breaking strength first decrease and then plateau as the thickness increases from monolayer to 4 layers due to interlayer slippage during deformation. Our results show that ultrathin 2D HOIPs exhibit outstanding breaking strength/Young's Modulus ratio compared to many other widely used engineering materials and polymeric flexible substrates, which renders them suitable for application into flexible electronic devices.
One-dimensional magnetic flux microscope based on the dc superconducting quantum interference device (1992)

We have designed and operated a magnetic flux microscope which measures the magnetic field above a sample surface by scanning a 4.2 K thin-film dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) along one direction. With the SQUID and sample separated by about 160 μm, the system can image features with a spatial resolution of about 220 μm and a magnetic field resolution of 1.8×10−13 THz−1/2. We have used the system to view trapped magnetic flux, to image thin-film strips of superconducting Pb in field strengths of 0–750 nT, and to monitor the position of a sample with a resolution of approximately 0.5 nm Hz−1/2 at a frequency of 4 kHz.