gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biorefinery Approach to the Use of Macroalgae as Feedstock for Biofuels (2017)

This chapter presents an overview of the types of macroalgae and their properties. It addresses processes for isolating carbohydrates for biofuel production, and biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes for transforming these carbohydrates into liquid biofuels and biomethane. The chapter discusses uses of the proteins in macroalgae as part of the wider picture of using seaweeds as feedstock for the future biobased economy. It outlines cascading biorefinery approaches for macroalgae, focusing on the carbohydrates for biofuel production and on the protein fraction. The three main components in macroalgae are carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals. In macroalgae, the carbohydrates can be divided into storage carbohydrates, which function as a food reserve, and structural carbohydrates, which are found in the cell wall and give mechanical strength and prevent the seaweed from dehydration. Macroalgae have been used since ancient times as food, fertilizer, and a source of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food ingredients, mainly in Asia.
Chalcogels: Porous Metal−Chalcogenide Networks from Main-Group Metal Ions. Effect of Surface Polarizability on Selectivity in Gas Separation (2010)

We report the synthesis of metal-chalcogenide gels and aerogels from anionic chalcogenide clusters and linking metal ions. Metal ions such as Sb(3+) and Sn(2+), respectively chelated with tartrate and acetate ligands, react in solution with the chalcogenide clusters to form extended polymeric networks that exhibit gelation phenomena. Chalcogenide cluster anions with different charge densities, such as [Sn(2)S(6)](4-) and [SnS(4)](4-), were employed. In situ rheological measurements during gelation showed that a higher charge density on the chalcogenide cluster favors formation of a rigid gel network. Aerogels obtained from the gels after supercritical drying have BET surface areas from 114 to 368 m(2)/g. Electron microscopy images coupled with nitrogen adsorption measurements showed the pores are micro (below 2 nm), meso (2-50 nm), and macro (above 50 nm) regions. These chalcogels possess band gaps in the range of 1.00-2.00 eV and selectively adsorb polarizable gases. A 2-fold increase in selectivity toward CO(2)/C(2)H(6) over H(2) was observed for the Pt/Sb/Ge(4)Se(10)-containing aerogel compared to aerogel containing Pt(2)Ge(4)S(10). The experimental results suggest that high selectivity in gas adsorption is achievable with high-surface-area chalcogenide materials containing heavy polarizable elements.
Likelihood ratio decoding and confidence measures for continuous speech recognition (2002)

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are being integrated into a wider variety of tasks involving human-machine interaction. In evaluating these systems, however, it has become clear that more accurate means must be developed for detecting when portions of the decoded recognition hypotheses are either incorrect or represent out-of-vocabulary utterances. This paper describes the use of confidence measures based on likelihood ratio based optimization procedures for decoding and rescoring word hypotheses in an HMM based speech recognizer. These techniques ate applied to spontaneous utterances obtained from a "movie locator" based dialog task.
Whole‐column fluorescence‐imaged capillary electrophoresis (2004)

An axially illuminating whole-column fluorescence imaging capillary electrophoresis (CE) experimental setup was developed. A 6 cm long Teflon tube with an inside diameter (ID) of 42 microm was used as separation column. Excitation light of 488 nm from Ar+ laser was introduced to one end of the separation column by an optical fiber. The excitation light propagated inside the separation column by total internal reflection, since the refractive index of the buffer solution was larger than that of the Teflon tube. The fluorescence from the whole separation column was imaged with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Fluorescent compounds such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 5-carboxyfluorescein, and FITC-labeled protein were used to test the basic performance of the experimental setup. Experimental results illustrate that the whole-column-fluorescence imaging CE is a fast and sensitive separation method for fluorescent compounds and fluorescent-labeled proteins. Furthermore, it could be used for simple, fast, and easy comparisons of the resistance to photodegradation for various fluorescent compounds.
<title>Simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain using a single Bragg grating</title> (1999)

A fiber optic sensor using the first and the second order fiber Bragg grating spectra to simultaneously measure temperature and strain is investigated. A theoretical model for estimating the wavelength and the reflectivity of the second order Bragg resonance in a fiber grating is developed, and the results are compared with the experimental results in Corning SMF 28 fiber. Moreover, technical issues regarding the sensor design such as the spectral characteristics of the Bragg gratings, bending loss in optical fibers and the higher order propagation modes are investigated. Experiments are conducted to measure the strain and temperature response of the grating sensors and compared to conventional sensors with encouraging results.
Dry and Semi-Dry Methods for Removal of Ammonia from Pulverized Fuel Combustion Fly Ash (2002)

Fly ash from pulverized solid fuel combustion can become contaminated by ammonia during selective catalytic/noncatalytic NOx reduction processes and/or electrostatic precipitator conditioning, resulting in problems with the commercial handling, disposal, and utilization of ash. The present paper investigates the chemistry of a class of postcombustion ammonia removal processes that operate near room temperature and in the dry or semi-dry state. Laboratory experiments are carried out in which ammonia is liberated from fly ash through introduction of controlled amounts of water to the interparticle spaces using static humid air, flowing humid air, and/or flowing fog (water aerosol). Additional experiments explore the possibility of destroying ammonia using ozone as a low-temperature oxidant under both dry and wet conditions, alone or in combination with hydrogen peroxide.
C- and L-Band Erbium-Doped Aluminum Oxide Lasers with Silicon Nitride Distributed Bragg Reflector Cavities (2013)

We demonstrate erbium-doped waveguide lasers with lithographically-defined silicon nitride distributed Bragg reflectors. We measure output powers of up to 5 mW and show emission over a wide wavelength range (1536, 1561 and 1596 nm).
A new self-limiting process for the production of thin submicron semiconductor films (1983)

This paper describes a new anodic etching technique for the fabrication of device quality, self-limited, thin submicron semiconductor films. The technique relies upon the creation of a thin slightly damaged surface layer in the semiconductor by low dosage ion implantation. Evidence is presented to show that the lifetime of holes in this layer is drastically reduced causing the etching rate to decrease by a factor of several thousand when the damaged layer is exposed to the anodic etching solution.
Indium Arsenide (<scp>In</scp><scp>As</scp>) Nanowire Wrapped‐Insulator‐Gate Field‐Effect Transistor (2010)

Abstract In the highly competitive R&D‐field aimed at extensions or replacements of standard transistors and integrated circuits, two primary approaches are envisioned: either as modifications to today's technology (e.g. via development of high‐ k dielectrics), or as the development of more radically approaches on the device and integration level. One of these non‐disruptive technologies involves the use of vertical transistors in the form of monolithically grown, one‐dimensional III–V transistor channels, with a coaxial configuration of a metal‐insulator‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MISFET) implementation. This geometry and material choice promises a competitive new technology that may extend the scaling roadmap. The main benefits are the ideal terms of electrostatics, as well as down‐scaling offered in the coaxial configuration and the possibility of increasing the drive current and enhancing device performance with the addition of designed heterostructures as part of the transistor technology. In this chapter, the state‐of‐the‐art vertical wrap‐gate nanowire‐based transistor is described, and this family of transistors as wrapped‐insulator‐gate field‐effect transistors (abbreviated as WIGFET) is outlined.
Real-time first- and second-order PMD characterization using averaged state-of-polarization of filtered signal and polarization scrambling (2003)

A real-time estimation technique for first- and second-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) is presented. It makes use of the spectrum of telecommunication signals. At the output of the transmission fiber, the signal is tapped and filtered. Three filters are used: a high-pass filter, a low-pass filter, and a narrow-band filter. The averaged states of polarization (SOPs) of the filtered signals are then measured using a polarimeter. We repeat the measurement for several different input SOPs using a polarization scrambler at the input of the fiber. From these measurements, we deduce the first-order PMD and, subsequently, the second-order PMD.
Dependence of the Bi-functional Nature of a Sialyltransferase from Neisseria meningitidis on a Single Amino Acid Substitution (2001)

The L1 immunotype strain 126E of Neisseria meningitidis has been shown to have an N-acetyl-neuraminic acid-containing lipooligosaccharide in which an alpha-linked galactose from a P(k) epitope is substituted at the O6 position (Wakarchuk, W. W., Gilbert, M., Martin, A., Wu, Y., Brisson, J. R., Thibault, P., and Richards, J. C. (1998) Eur. J. Biochem. 254, 626-633). Using a synthetic P(k)-epitope containing acceptor in glycosyltransferase reactions, we were able to show by NMR analysis of the reaction product that the 126E(L1)-derived sialyltransferase can make both alpha-2,3 and alpha-2,6 linkages to the terminal galactose. Gene disruption experiments showed that the lst gene in 126E(L1) was responsible for the in vivo addition of the alpha-2,6-linked N-acetyl-neuraminic acid residue. By site-directed mutagenesis it was possible to change the MC58(L3)-derived enzyme into a bifunctional enzyme with a single amino acid change at position 168, where a glycine was changed to an isoleucine. We performed a gene replacement experiment where the 126E(L1) alpha-2,3/6-sialyltransferase was replaced by allelic exchange with the monofunctional MC58(L3) alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase and with the mutant MC58(L3) allele G168I. We observed that the level of LOS sialylation with the G168I allele was very similar to that of the wild type 126E(L1), indicating that residue 168 is the critical residue for the alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase activity in vitro as well as in vivo.
A Virtual Reality—Based Exercise System for Hand Rehabilitation Post-Stroke (2005)

This paper presents preliminary results from a virtual reality (VR)-based system for hand rehabilitation that uses a CyberGlove and a Rutgers Master II-ND haptic glove. This computerized system trains finger range of motion, finger flexion speed, independence of finger motion, and finger strength using specific VR simulation exercises. A remote Web-based monitoring station was developed to allow telerehabilitation interventions. The remote therapist observes simplified versions of the patient exercises that are updated in real time. Patient data is stored transparently in an Oracle database, which is also Web accessible through a portal GUI. Thus the remote therapist or attending physician can graph exercise outcomes and thus evaluate patient outcomes at a distance. Data from the VR simulations is complemented by clinical measurements of hand function and strength. Eight chronic post-stroke subjects participated in a pilot study of the above system. In keeping with variability in both their lesion size and site and in their initial upper extremity function, each subject showed improvement on a unique combination of movement parameters in VR training. Importantly, these improvements transferred to gains on clinical tests, as well as to significant reductions in task-completion times for the prehension of real objects. These results are indicative of the potential feasibility of this exercise system for rehabilitation in patients with hand dysfunction resulting from neurological impairment.
Quantum Sensor Miniaturization (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The classical bound on image resolution defined by the Rayleigh limit can be beaten by exploiting the properties of quantum mechanical entanglement. If entangled photons are used as signal states, the best possible resolution is instead given by the Heisenberg limit, an improvement proportional to the number of entangled photons in the signal. In this letter, we present a novel application of entanglement by showing that the resolution obtained by an imaging system utilizing separable photons can be achieved by an imaging system making use of entangled photons, but with the advantage of a smaller aperture, thus resulting in a smaller and lighter system. This can be especially valuable in satellite imaging where weight and size play a vital role. </para>
Nonsymbiotic haemoglobins in plants. (1999)

General aspects regarding the presence of nonsymbiotic haemoglobin in plants are presented with the emphasis on those related to its function. As it becomes apparent that the nonsymbiotic haemoglobins are widespread across the plant kingdom and that they represent a more primitive and evolutionary older form of the plant globin genes, the question of their function becomes more attractive. While the physiological functions of the symbiotic haemoglobins in plants are well understood, almost nothing is known about their nonsymbiotic predecessors. Therefore, the known and hypothetical functions of haemoglobins in various systems are described along with information concerning properties and the regulation of expression of the nonsymbiotic haemoglobins. Interestingly, a number of nonsymbiotic haemoglobins have been shown to be hypoxia-inducible. The spatial and temporal pattern of this induction in barley may suggest that it is an integral part of the plants response to limiting oxygen stress.
Sweetpotato α‐ and β‐Amylases: Characterization and Kinetic Studies with Endogenous Inhibitors (1994)

ABSTRACT Sweetpotato α‐ and β‐amylases were characterized to assist optimization of direct hydrolysis of starch by endogenous amylases. In kinetic studies purified starch was substrate, and ascorbate, oxalate, phenolics, phytate and sweetpotato extracts were assayed for inhibitory activity. α‐Amylase had optimum pH between 5.8 and 6.4 and was stable from pH 5.0 to 9.0. Optimum activity occurred at 71.5°, but it was inactivated by heat in the absence of Ca 2+ at > 63°. The Km for soluble starch was 2.08 mg/mL. The molecular weight was 45000 daltons. α‐Amylase activity was reduced up to 70% by 0.2 mM K‐ascorbate and moderately by Na‐oxalate and Na‐phytate. β‐Amylase had optimum pH between 5.3 and 5.8, and was stable from pH 4.0 to 8.0. Its maximum activity was at 53° and it was inactivated at 60°. Km for soluble starch was 3.71 mg/mL. At 0.08 mM, K‐ascorbate strongly inhibited β‐amylase activity.
Ceiling culture-derived proliferative adipocytes retain high adipogenic potential suitable for use as a vehicle for gene transduction therapy (2011)

Adipose tissue is expected to provide a source of proliferative cells for regenerative medicine and cell-transplantation therapies using gene transfer manipulation. We have recently identified ceiling culture-derived proliferative adipocytes (ccdPAs) from the mature adipocyte fraction as cells suitable as a therapeutic gene vehicle because of their stable proliferative capacity. In this study, we examined the capability of adipogenic differentiation of the ccdPAs compared with stromal vascular fraction (SVF)-derived progenitor cells (adipose-derived stem cells, ASCs) with regard to their multipotential ability to be converted to another lineage and therefore their potential to be used for regenerative medicine research. After in vitro passaging, the surface antigen profile and the basal levels of adipogenic marker genes of the ccdPAs were not obviously different from those of the ASCs. However, the ccdPAs showed increased lipid-droplet accumulation accompanied with higher adipogenic marker gene expression after stimulation of differentiation compared with the ASCs. The higher adipogenic potential of the ccdPAs than the ASCs from the SVF was maintained for 42 days in culture. Furthermore, the difference in the adipogenic response was enhanced after partial stimulation without indomethacin. These results indicate that the ccdPAs retain a high adipogenic potential even after in vitro passaging, thus suggesting the commitment of ccdPAs to stable mature adipocytes after autotransplantation, indicating that they may have potential for use in regenerative and gene-manipulated medicine.
GOING IN COLD: POSITIVE RESULTS COME OUT OF EXPERIMENTAL COLD IN-PLACE RECYCLING PROJECT IN KANSAS (2000)

The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) had used asphalt emulsions for cold in-place recycling (CIR) in many projects with good results. However, some emulsion CIR projects exhibited rutting and asphalt stripping problems, leaving KDOT, in 1992, to specify Class C fly ash as the only approved recycling additive for CIR. Concerns about early cracking with fly ash caused KDOT to construct a 19.05-mi (30.65-km) experimental CIR project on U.S. 283 in 1997. The experimental project had approximately two equal sections of CIR, one with fly ash and one with both a solventless asphalt emulsion formulated for recycling and a lime slurry. The purpose of the hydrated lime was to improve the early gain in strength and resistance to moisture damage of the asphalt emulsion recycled mixture. After proper curing, the CIR was overlaid with a 1.5-in. (3.8-cm) wearing course of Kansas BM-2A hot mix asphalt manufactured with a PG 64-22 performance graded asphalt binder. Cores were taken in both sections in 1998 to measure the performance of each of the CIR materials. The cores were tested for cold temperature properties, for the modulus, and for rutting properties. A distress survey was performed in November 1999. Transverse cracks were measured in three fly ash sections and three emulsion with lime slurry sections. A total of 711 ft (217 m) of cracking in the three fly ash sections was measured, and 369 ft (112 m) of transverse cracking was measured. The fly ash section had nearly twice the amount of cracking as the emulsion with lime slurry section. It is believed that the excess cracking originated in the recycle fly ash layer. The greater severity of longitudinal cracking in the fly ash section indicates a greater tendency for fatigue associated damage. The tendency of the fly ash section for greater fatigue damage was indicated by the greater stiffness as measured in shear modulus testing. There was slight to no rutting observed in the field and no notable difference between the sections.
Characterization of a cDNA coding for human factor VII. (1986)

A lambda gt11 cDNA library containing DNA inserts prepared from human liver mRNA has been screened with an antibody to human factor X, a plasma protein participating in the middle phase of the blood coagulation cascade. Ten positive clones were isolated from 2 X 10(6) phage and plaque purified. The cDNA in the phage containing the largest insert has been sequenced and shown to code for human factor X. This cDNA insert contained 1137 base pairs coding for a portion of the light chain of the molecule, a connecting region, the heavy chain, a stop codon, a short 3' noncoding region, and a poly(A) tail. The sequence of A-T-T-A-A-A, which functions as a potential recognition site for polyadenylylation or processing, was present in the 3' end of the coding sequence and preceded the stop codon of TGA by 1 base pair and the poly(A) tail by 14 base pairs. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA indicated that factor X is synthesized as a single-chain polypeptide containing the light and heavy chains connected by an Arg-Lys-Arg tripeptide. The single-chain molecule is then converted to the light and heavy chains by cleavage of two (or more) internal peptide bonds. In plasma, these two chains are linked together by a disulfide bond. The DNA sequence coding for the active site of human factor X showed a high degree of identity with prothrombin and factor IX, two other vitamin K-dependent serine proteases that participate in blood coagulation. These data along with the protein sequence data previously published for the light chain of human factor X establish the complete amino acid sequence for the mature protein present in plasma.
Interband cascade distributed-feedback lasers (2007)

Significant recent advances in the high-temperature, high-power performance of type-II antimonide interband cascade lasers (ICLs) operating in the mid-infrared are reported. A 5-stage ICL with a 12-&mgr;m ridge width and Au electroplating for improved epitaxial-side-up heat sinking operates cw to a maximum temperature of 257 K, where the emission wavelength is 3.7 &mgr;m. A similar device with a ridge width of 22 &mgr;m emits > 260 mW per facet for cw operation at 80 K (λ = 3.4 &mgr;m) and 100 mW at 200 K (λ = 3.6 &mgr;m). Beam qualities for the narrowest ridges approach the diffraction limit. A single-mode output power of 41 mW has been obtained at <i>T</i> = 120 K and λ ≈ 3.44 μm from a 13-&mgr;m-wide ICL patterned with a Ge distributed-feedback grating. The side mode suppression ratio at the maximum power is 23 dB, and the linewidth of 0.1 nm is instrument-limited. An alternate contacting geometry yielded robust single-mode output over a broad range of currents and temperatures, and current tuning of the wavelength by up to 17 nm.
A requantization-based method for recompressing JPEG images (2002)

We propose a new method for requantizing JPEG images, based on the well-known Laplacian distribution of the AC discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients and on an analysis of the error introduced by requantization. The resulting images have improved perceptual image quality over a “blind” requantization approach, that is, one that does not consider the properties of the quantization matrices.