gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneously enhanced device efficiency, stabilized chromaticity of organic light emitting diodes with lambertian emission characteristic by random convex lenses (2016)

An optical functional film applicable to various lighting devices is demonstrated in this study. The phase separation of two immiscible polymers in a common solvent was used to fabricate the film. In this paper, a self-organized lens-like structure is realized in this manner with optical OLED functional film. For an OLED, there are a few optical drawbacks, including light confinement or viewing angle distortion. By applying the optical film to an OLED, the angular spectra distortion resulting from the designed organic stack which produced the highest efficiency was successfully stabilized, simultaneously enhancing the efficiency of the OLED. We prove the effect of the film on the efficiency of OLEDs through an optical simulation. With the capability to overcome the main drawbacks of OLEDs, we contend that the proposed film can be applied to various lighting devices.
ArChes — Automatic generation of component fault trees from continuous function charts (2017)

The growing size and complexity of software in embedded systems poses new challenges to the safety assessment of embedded control systems. In industrial practice, the control software is mostly treated as a black box during the system's safety analysis. The appropriate representation of the failure propagation of the software is a pressing need in order to increase the accuracy of safety analyses. However, it also increase the effort for creating and maintaining the safety analysis models (such as fault trees) significantly. In this work, we present a method to automatically generate Component Fault Trees from Continuous Function Charts. This method aims at generating the failure propagation model of the detailed software specification. Hence, control software can be included into safety analyses without additional manual effort required to construct the safety analysis models of the software. Moreover, safety analyses created during early system specification phases can be verified by comparing it with the automatically generated one in the detailed specification phased.
A Microwave Burning Processor for Waste Disposal (1990)

Disposal of waste materials, especially garbage. has become a more serious problem in present society because of incombustibility and insanitariness. In order to solve this problem, a compact and odorless burning processor has been developed that furnishes an innovative solution to the problem by disposing of waste at the place where it is generated. In this processor, waste materials are dried and decomposed into gas by means of microwave energy. The gas generated is burned in a sanitary way, leaving only a small amount of ash.
An Origami-Based Medical Support System to Mitigate Flexible Shaft Buckling (2019)

Abstract This paper presents the development of an origami-inspired support system (the OriGuide) that enables the insertion of flexible instruments using medical robots. Varying parameters of a triangulated cylindrical origami pattern were combined to create an effective highly compressible anti-buckling system that maintains a constant inner diameter for supporting an instrument and a constant outer diameter throughout actuation. The proposed origami pattern is composed of two repeated patterns: a bistable pattern to create support points to mitigate flexible shaft buckling and a monostable pattern to enable axial extension and compression of the support system. The origami-based portion of the device is combined with two rigid mounts for interfacing with the medical robot. The origami-based portion of the device is fabricated from a single sheet of polyethylene terephthalate. The length, outer diameter, and inner diameter that emerge from the fold pattern can be customized to accommodate various robot designs and flexible instrument geometries without increasing the part count. The support system also adds protection to the instrument from external contamination.
Prevalence of XMRV in blood donors, HTLV and HIV cohorts (2011)

Background PCR-based testing has been widely utilized to assess the prevalence of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome patients. An alternative approach, screening for antibodies elicited by XMRV infection, represents a more desirable option for large-scale epidemiologic studies. In this study, blood donor and retrovirus-infected populations were screened for serologic evidence of XMRV infection.
Derivation of High Purity Neuronal Progenitors from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2011)

The availability of human neuronal progenitors (hNPs) in high purity would greatly facilitate neuronal drug discovery and developmental studies, as well as cell replacement strategies for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, such as spinal cord injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Here we describe for the first time a method for producing hNPs in large quantity and high purity from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in feeder-free conditions, without the use of exogenous noggin, sonic hedgehog or analogs, rendering the process clinically compliant. The resulting population displays characteristic neuronal-specific markers. When allowed to spontaneously differentiate into neuronal subtypes in vitro, cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and/or noradrenergic, and medium spiny striatal neurons were observed. When transplanted into the injured spinal cord the hNPs survived, integrated into host tissue, and matured into a variety of neuronal subtypes. Our method of deriving neuronal progenitors from hESCs renders the process amenable to therapeutic and commercial use.
The optical performance of perfluorocyclobutyl-based fluoropolymers and waveguides (2006)

The proliferation of optical systems has manifested the need for materials that possess a unique combination of physical, chemical, and optical properties as well as being easily fabricated into low loss waveguide structures. This paper focuses on the optical properties and waveguide performance of perfluorocyclobutyl-based (PFCB) polymers and copolymers. Topics include their experimental and theoretical optical performance, new PFCB derivatives and hybrids, and novel highly light emissive nanocomposites using inorganic lanthanide nanoparticles.
A unified dc link current control scheme for grid fault ride-through in current source converter based wind energy conversion systems (2009)

The increased penetration of wind power into utility grid brings challenges to power converter design in wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Among all, low-voltage ride-through has been enforced in the field, which is a major challenge for WECS. It is necessary to provide an integrated controller to protect the converter from over-voltage/over-current and to support the grid voltage during fault and recovery. In this paper, a unified dc link current control scheme for current source converter (CSC) based WECS is proposed. The controllers for generator-side and grid-side converters are coordinated to provide grid fault ride-through capability. In normal operation, the proposed control scheme can also smooth the real power flow while keeping the fast dynamic performance of the dc link current control. Simulation waveforms and experimental results are provided to verify the proposed control scheme.
Generating   Cells from Stem Cells--The Story So Far (2012)

Despite intensive research, a treatment for diabetic patients that completely restores normoglycemia for an indefinite period of time remains elusive. Although islet transplantation temporarily confers normoglycemia to patients, the lack of a renewable source of insulin-producing β cells hampers the use of this treatment option. Although significant hurdles remain, recent advances in stem cell biology indicate that generation of fully matured β cells from uncommitted progenitor cells, including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells derived from somatic cell populations, is becoming an achievable goal.
The murine homologue of the human NKp46, a triggering receptor involved in the induction of natural cytotoxicity (1999)

The NKp46 molecule has been proposed to play the role of triggering receptor in the natural cytotoxicity mediated by human NK cells. In this study we have identified the gene encoding the murine NKp46 homologue that we termed MAR-1. The MAR-1 gene is localized on chromosome 7 that is synthenic to the human chromosome 19 where the NKp46 gene is located. MAR-1 encodes a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily that, like human NKp46, is characterized by two C2-type Ig-like domains, a transmembrane portion containing a positively charged residue and a cytoplasmic tail lacking the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). The MAR-1 protein is expressed on the surface of cell transfectants and displays a molecular mass of approximately 46 kDa similar to that of its human counterpart. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that MAR-1, similar to the human NKp46, is selectively expressed by NK cells. The MAR-1 protein displays 58 % identity with the human NKp46 receptor. This high homology together with the presence of a charged amino acid (Arg) in the transmembrane portion suggest that MAR-1 may associate at the cell membrane into a multimeric complex with ITAM containing polypeptides.
Identifying the spatial and temporal dynamics of molecularly-distinct glioblastoma sub-populations (2020)

Abstract Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most aggressive primary brain tumours and have no known cure. Each individual tumour comprises multiple sub-populations of genetically-distinct cells that may respond differently to targeted therapies and may contribute to disappointing clinical trial results. Image-localized biopsy techniques allow multiple biopsies to be taken during surgery and provide information that identifies regions where particular sub-populations occur within an individual GBM, thus providing insight into their regional genetic variability. These sub-populations may also interact with one another through a competitive or cooperative nature; it is important to ascertain the nature of these interactions, as they may have implications for responses to targeted therapies. We combine genetic information from biopsies with a mechanistic model of interacting GBM sub-populations to characterise the nature of interactions between two commonly occurring GBM sub-populations, those with EGFR and PDGFRA genes amplified. We study population levels found across image-localized biopsy data from a cohort of 25 patients and compare this to model outputs under competitive, cooperative and neutral interaction assumptions. We explore other factors affecting the observed simulated sub-populations, such as selection advantages and phylogenetic ordering of mutations, which may also contribute to the levels of EGFR and PDGFRA amplified populations observed in biopsy data.
An Efficient Finite Difference Model For Flow In a Reservoir With Multiple Length-Scale Fractures (1999)

Abstract We describe a hierarchical approach for modeling fluid flow in a naturally fractured reservoir with multiple length-scale fractures. Based on fracture length (lf) relative to the finite-difference grid size (lg), fractures are classified as belonging to one of three groups: (1) short disconnected fractures (lf &lt;&lt; lg), (2) medium-length fractures (lf ~ lg), and (3) long fractures (lf &lt;&lt; lg). Effective grid-block permeabilities, associated with the short and medium length fractures, are used as input to a finite-difference simulator. We also present a separate transport equation for flow through long fractures to capture effects of large-scale high permeability pathways. Our new approach provides an improved means to include realistic and explicit fracture descriptions. Previously, Lough et al. (1997, 1998) developed a numerical method to compute the effective permeability of simulation grid-blocks with realistic fracture characterizations. Although this method handles generalized fracture geometries, it is numerically inefficient for the case where many small fractures exist. The method can also underestimate the flow contribution from long fractures. Assuming a linear potential gradient alongthe short fractures, we derive an analytical solution for the permeability contribution from short fractures. The solution becomes more accurate as fractures become randomly distributed and asymptotically small in length. The permeabilities from this analytical solution are used as the effective matrix permeability in computing a combined effective grid-block permeability that includes medium-length fractures. The method of Lough is used for this computation. This hierarchical approach takes into account coupled flow between the rock matrix, short fractures and medium-length fractures. Long fractures are modeled explicitly in the reservoir simulator, using a transport equation that describes flow between long fractures and surrounding simulation grid-blocks. Simulation results from our new hierarchical approach are compared with those from the conventional dual porosity/permeability model. Numerical efficiency and accuracy are also examined.
Pulsed and continuous-wave operation of long wavelength infrared (λ=9.3 μm) quantum cascade lasers (1997)

The operation of quantum cascade lasers at a wavelength (/spl lambda//spl sime/9.3 /spl mu/m) well within the 8-13-/spl mu/m atmospheric window is reported. A detailed study of intersubband luminescence in a vertical transition structure shows linewidths as narrow as /spl sim/10 meV at cryogenic temperatures, increasing to 20 meV at room temperature. Pulsed operation is demonstrated up to 220 K with a peak power /spl ap/10 mW and /spl ap/35 mW at 140 K. The temperature dependence of the threshold current density (J/sub th/) is described by a high T/sub 0/ (128 K), J/sub th/ is also systematically studied as a function of cavity length to determine the peak gain and waveguide losses. Continuous-wave, single-mode operation is demonstrated up to 30 K with powers /spl ap/2 mW.
Time-decaying aggregates in out-of-order streams (2008)

Processing large data streams is now a major topic in data management. The data involved can be truly massive, and the required analyses complex. In a stream of sequential events such as stock feeds, sensor readings, or IP traffic measurements, data tuples pertaining to recent events are typically more important than older ones. This can be formalized via time-decay functions, which assign weights to data based on the age of data. Decay functions such as sliding windows and exponential decay have been studied under the assumption of well-ordered arrivals, i.e., data arrives in non-decreasing order of time stamps. However, data quality issues are prevalent in massive streams (due to network asynchrony and delays etc.), and correct arrival order is not guaranteed.
A Simple Method for Sampling In-Phase and Quadrature Components (1984)

We present a method of developing in-phase and quadrature samples of a band-limited RF waveform. The problem of matching gain and phase response differences between the two components is avoided by a combination of mixing to an IF frequency, sampling and digitizing, and digital filtering. The novelty of the method is in the design of the digital filter, which is realized as a pair of 900 phase splitting networks with several symmetries which are exploited to save computation.
Crawling rich internet applications: the state of the art (2012)

Large scale analysis and statistics of socio-technical systems that just a few short years ago would have required the use of consistent economic and human resources can nowadays be conveniently performed by mining the enormous amount of digital data produced by human activities. Although a characterization of several aspects of our societies is emerging from the data revolution, a number of questions concerning the reliability and the biases inherent to the big data "proxies" of social life are still open. Here, we survey worldwide linguistic indicators and trends through the analysis of a large-scale dataset of microblogging posts. We show that available data allow for the study of language geography at scales ranging from country-level aggregation to specific city neighborhoods. The high resolution and coverage of the data allows us to investigate different indicators such as the linguistic homogeneity of different countries, the touristic seasonal patterns within countries and the geographical distribution of different languages in multilingual regions. This work highlights the potential of geolocalized studies of open data sources to improve current analysis and develop indicators for major social phenomena in specific communities.
Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding (2005)

We present a novel lossless (reversible) data-embedding technique, which enables the exact recovery of the original host signal upon extraction of the embedded information. A generalization of the well-known least significant bit (LSB) modification is proposed as the data-embedding method, which introduces additional operating points on the capacity-distortion curve. Lossless recovery of the original is achieved by compressing portions of the signal that are susceptible to embedding distortion and transmitting these compressed descriptions as a part of the embedded payload. A prediction-based conditional entropy coder which utilizes unaltered portions of the host signal as side-information improves the compression efficiency and, thus, the lossless data-embedding capacity.
An Immobilized/Soluble Hybrid Catalyst System for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2001)

A new two-component catalyst system consisting of an immobilized catalyst and a soluble catalyst in ppm quantities was applied to atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A high conversion of monomer (>90%) was achieved with a predetermined molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.1−1.3) in the ATRP of methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate. The immobilized catalyst was removed by a filtration or sedimentation procedure. The casting of the reaction solution afforded clear and colorless polymer films. It was confirmed by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis that the residual amount of Cu in the resulting polymer was as low as 20 ppm.
Reflections on metaclass programming in SOM (1994)

This paper reports on the evolution of metaclass programming in SOM (the IBM System Object Model). Initially, SOM's use of explicit metaclasses introduced metaclass incompatibilities. This was cured by having SOM dynamically derive an appropriate metaclass by interpreting the “metaclass declaration” as a constraint. In effect, inheritance is given a new dimension, because the constraint is also inherited. The derived metaclass is the least solution to all these constraints. Subsequently, this cure led to the possibility of metaclasses conflicting over the need to assign meaning to a method. The cure for this problem is a framework that facilitates the programming of metaclasses that cooperate on the assignment of meaning to methods.
Spatially and temporally scalable compression of animated 3D meshes with MPEG-4 / FAMC (2008)

We introduce an efficient method for scalable compression of animated 3D meshes. The approach consists of a combination of inter-frame motion compensation and layer-wise predictive coding of remaining residuals. It is shown that motion compensated predictive coding can lead to a significant improvement in compression performance upon the current state of the art with gains of over 40%. In addition, the created bit stream is temporally and spatially scalable allowing an adaptation to network transfer rates and end-user devices. This compression method is currently standardized within MPEG as part of MPEG-4 AFX Amd. 2, where it is referred to as FAMC - Frame-based Animated Mesh Compression.
A Noise and Background Reduction Method for Component Detection in Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (1996)

The combination of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, particularly using electrospray as an ionization method, can result in chromatograms with a high level of background and noise. The use of background subtraction techniques or the Biller−Biemann algorithm to reduce this problem was of limited success. A variable selection procedure was developed that selects mass chromatograms with low noise and low background; these mass chromatograms are then combined to form a reduced total ion chromatogram (TIC) trace. This is achieved by calculating a “similarity index” between each original mass chromatogram and its smoothed and mean-subtracted version. It is further shown that it is possible to reduce the number of mass chromatograms by more than an order of magnitude without losing chemically significant information. The process results in significantly improved chromatograms and a significant reduction in data analysis times for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The approach is named component detection algorithm (CODA).
Expression of microRNAs in bovine and human pre-implantation embryo culture media (2014)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are short non-coding RNAs which act to regulate expression of genes driving numerous cellular processes. These RNAs are secreted within exosomes from cells into the extracellular environment where they may act as signaling molecules. In addition, they are relatively stable and are specifically expressed in association to certain cancers making them strong candidates as biological markers. Moreover, miRNAs have been detected in body fluids including urine, milk, saliva, semen, and blood plasma. However, it is unknown whether they are secreted by embryonic cells into the culture media. Given that miRNAs are expressed throughout embryonic cellular divisions and embryonic genome activation, we hypothesized that they are secreted from the embryo into the extracellular environment and may play a role in the developmental competence of bovine embryos. To test this hypothesis, bovine embryos were cultured individually from day 5 to day 8 of development in an in vitro fertilization system and gene expression of 5 miRNAs was analyzed in both embryos and culture media. Differential miRNA gene expression was observed between embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage and those that failed to develop from the morula to blastocyst stage, deemed degenerate embryos. MiR-25, miR-302c, miR-196a2, and miR-181a expression was found to be higher in degenerate embryos compared to blastocyst embryos. Interestingly, these miRNAs were also found to be expressed in the culture media of both bovine and human pre-implantation embryos. Overall, our results show for the first time that miRNAs are secreted from pre-implantation embryos into culture media and that miRNA expression may correlate with developmental competence of the embryo. Expression of miRNAs in in vitro culture media could allow for the development of biological markers for selection of better quality embryos and for subsequent successful pregnancy.
Immunogenicity of haptenated schistosomula <i>in vitro</i>. (1981)

Skin-stage schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni modified with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) induce primary anti-TNP plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses in normal mouse spleen cells in vitro. The PFC are TNP-specific, and the response is dependent on adherent cells and T lymphocytes. In contrast, comparably haptenated lung stage larvae are weakly or nonimmunogenic in this system, and their inability to stimulate anti-TNP PFC cannot be attributed to a toxic or suppressive effect. These observations suggest that maturation of schistosomula in vivo is accompanied by a decline in their immunogenicity, which, along with other adaptive mechanisms, may promote the survival of parasites in the host environment.