gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving end-to-end performance of the Web using server volumes and proxy filters (1998)

The rapid growth of the World Wide Web has caused serious performance degradation on the Internet. This paper offers an end-to-end approach to improving Web performance by collectively examining the Web components --- clients, proxies, servers, and the network. Our goal is to reduce user-perceived latency and the number of TCP connections, improve cache coherency and cache replacement, and enable prefetching of resources that are likely to be accessed in the near future. In our scheme, server response messages include piggybacked information customized to the requesting proxy. Our enhancement to the existing request-response protocol does not require per-proxy state at a server, and a very small amount of transient per-server state at the proxy, and can be implemented without changes to HTTP 1.1. The server groups related resources into volumes (based on access patterns and the file system's directory structure) and applies a proxy-generated filter (indicating the type of information of interest to the proxy) to tailor the piggyback information. We present efficient data structures for constructing server volumes and applying proxy filters, and a transparent way to perform volume maintenance and piggyback generation at a router along the path between the proxy and the server. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our end-to-end approach by evaluating various volume construction and filtering techniques across a collection of large client and server logs.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of human IgA antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen. (1993)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which uses a recombinant truncated form of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) membrane antigen gp350/250 has been developed and used to measure human IgA antibody responses to that antigen. From comparisons with conventional immunofluorescence assays (IFA) for measuring IgA antibody responses to EBV viral capsid antigens, the ELISA shows comparable specificity and is approximately 4-fold more sensitive. Since IgA antibodies to EBV indicate a high risk of developing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the described ELISA, which is more sensitive and objective than IFA, has potential for use in the diagnosis of NPC and for large-scale screening to identify individuals at risk for the development of this disease.
Very Large Counteranion Modulation of Cationic Metallocene Polymerization Activity and Stereoregulation by a Sterically Congested (Perfluoroaryl)fluoroaluminate (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTVery Large Counteranion Modulation of Cationic Metallocene Polymerization Activity and Stereoregulation by a Sterically Congested (Perfluoroaryl)fluoroaluminateYou-Xian Chen, Charlotte L. Stern, and Tobin J. MarksView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10, 2582–2583Publication Date (Web):March 12, 1997Publication History Received5 November 1996Published online12 March 1997Published inissue 1 March 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/ja963834jCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views603Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (116 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Anions,Catalysts,Cations,Hydrocarbons,Olefin polymerization Get e-Alerts
ElogP<sub>oct</sub>:  A Tool for Lipophilicity Determination in Drug Discovery (2000)

We present an RP-HPLC method, for the determination of logPoct values for neutral drugs, which combines ease of operation with high accuracy and which has been shown to work for a set of 36 molecules comprised largely of drugs. The general features of the method are as follows: (i) compound sparing (< or = 1 mL of a 30-50 microg/mL solution needed), (ii) rapid determinations (20 min on average), (iii) low sensitivity to impurities, (iv) wide lipophilicity range (6 logPoct units), (v) good accuracy, (vi) excellent reproducibility. A linear free energy relationship (LFER) analysis, based on solvation parameters, shows that the method encodes the same information obtained from a shake-flask logPoct determination. To the best of our knowledge a similar performance, on a set of noncongeneric drugs, has not been previously reported. We refer to the value generated via this method as ElogPoct.
Design and Characterization of an Acid‐Activated Antimicrobial Peptide (2009)

Dental caries is a microbial biofilm infection in which the metabolic activities of plaque bacteria result in a dramatic pH decrease and shift the demineralization/remineralization equilibrium on the tooth surface towards demineralization. In addition to causing a net loss in tooth minerals, creation of an acidic environment favors growth of acid-enduring and acid-generating species, which causes further reduction in the plaque pH. In this study, we developed a prototype antimicrobial peptide capable of achieving high activity exclusively at low environmental pH to target bacterial species like Streptococcus mutans that produce acid and thrive under the low pH conditions detrimental for tooth integrity. The features of clavanin A, a naturally occurring peptide rich in histidine and phenylalanine residues with pH-dependent antimicrobial activity, served as a design basis for these prototype 'acid-activated peptides' (AAPs). Employing the major cariogenic species S. mutans as a model system, the two AAPs characterized in this study exhibited a striking pH-dependent antimicrobial activity, which correlated well with the calculated charge distribution. This type of peptide represents a potential new way to combat dental caries.
Memento (2010)

While users often revisit pages on the Web, tool support for such re-visitation is still lacking. Current tools (such as browser histories) only provide users with basic information such as the date of the last visit and title of the page visited. In this paper, we describe a system that provides users with descriptive topic-phrases that aid re-finding. Unlike prior work, our system considers both the content of a webpage and the context in which the page was visited. Preliminary evaluation of this system suggests users find this approach of combining content with context useful.
Identification of 4,5-Dihydro-1<i>H</i>-pyrazolo[4,3-<i>h</i>]quinazoline Derivatives as a New Class of Orally and Selective Polo-Like Kinase 1 Inhibitors (2010)

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a fundamental regulator of mitotic progression whose overexpression is often associated with oncogenesis and therefore is recognized as an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of proliferative diseases. Here we discuss the structure-activity relationship of the 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-h]quinazoline class of compounds that emerged from a high throughput screening (HTS) campaign as potent inhibitors of Plk1 kinase. Furthermore, we describe the discovery of 49, 8-{[2-methoxy-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}-1-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-h]quinazoline-3-carboxamide, as a highly potent and specific ATP mimetic inhibitor of Plk1 (IC(50) = 0.007 microM) as well as its crystal structure in complex with the methylated Plk1(36-345) construct. Compound 49 was active in cell proliferation against different tumor cell lines with IC(50) values in the submicromolar range and active in vivo in the HCT116 xenograft model where it showed 82% tumor growth inhibition after repeated oral administration.
A uranium-titanium-niobium alloy (1990)

A uranium alloy having small additions of Ti and Nb shows improved strength and ductility in cross section of greater than one inch over prior uranium alloy having only Ti as an alloying element.
In Vitro and in Vivo Molecular Imaging of Estrogen Receptor α and β Homo- and Heterodimerization: Exploration of New Modes of Receptor Regulation (2011)

Estrogen receptor (ER) biology reflects the actions of estrogens through the two receptors, ERα and ERβ, although little is known regarding the preference for formation of ER homo- vs. heterodimers, and how this is affected by the level of ligand occupancy and preferential ligand affinity for one of the ER subtypes. In this report, we use a split optical reporter-protein complementation system to demonstrate the physical interaction between ERα and ERβ in response to different ER ligands in cells and, for the first time, by in vivo imaging in living animals. The genetically encoded reporter vectors constructed with the ligand-binding domains of ERα and ERβ, fused to split firefly or Renilla luciferase (Fluc or hRluc) fragments, were used for this study. This molecular proteomic technique was used to detect ERα/ERα or ERβ/ERβ homodimerization, or ERα/ERβ heterodimerization induced by ER subtype-selective and nonselective ligands, and selective ER modulators (SERM), as well as in dimers in which one mutant monomer was unable to bind estradiol. The SERM-bound ERα and ERβ form the strongest dimers, and subtype-preferential homodimerization was seen with ERα-selective ligands (methyl piperidino pyrazole/propyl pyrazole triol) and the ERβ-selective ligands (diarylpropionitrile/tetrahydrochrysene/genistein). We also demonstrated that a single ligand-bound monomer can form homo- or heterodimers with an apo-monomer. Xenografts of human embryonic kidney 293T cells imaged in living mice by bioluminescence showed real-time ligand induction of ERα/ERβ heterodimerization and reversal of dimerization upon ligand withdrawal. The results from this study demonstrate the value of the split luciferase-based complementation system for studying ER-subtype interactions in cells and for evaluating them in living animals by noninvasive imaging. They also probe what combinations of ERα and ERβ dimers might be the mediators of the effects of different types of ER ligands given at different doses.
Spin-wave utilization in a quantum computer (2001)

We propose a quantum computer scheme using spin waves for quantum-information exchange. We demonstrate that spin waves in the antiferromagnetic layer grown on silicon may be used to perform single-qubit unitary transformations together with two-qubit operations during the cycle of computation. The most attractive feature of the proposed scheme is the possibility of random access to any qubit and, consequently, the ability to recognize two qubit gates between any two distant qubits. Also, spin waves allow us to eliminate the use of a strong external magnetic field and microwave pulses. By estimate, the proposed scheme has as high as ${10}^{4}$ ratio between quantum system coherence time and the time of a single computational step.
Assessment of liver function in acute or chronic liver disease by the methacetin breath test: a tool for decision making in clinical hepatology (2009)

Patients suffering from acute or chronic liver disease require on-going assessment of disease progression in terms of the degree of hepatic fibrosis and overall liver impairment. This assessment is pivotal for determining the prognosis and for making decisions about medical treatment and liver transplantation. Currently available methods are either invasive, lack diagnostic accuracy or are limited by technical difficulties such as obesity or biochemical confounders. The metabolic breath test relies on the measurement of tagged metabolites of an organ-specific substrate in the exhaled breath. (13)C-methacetin is metabolized uniquely by the liver, and (13)CO(2) is measured continuously in the exhaled breath. Measuring this liver-specific substrate using molecular correlation spectroscopy provides a rapid, point-of-care, non-invasive method to assess liver function. The use of the (13)C-methacetin breath test (MBT) may provide a powerful tool for clinical hepatologists in decision making at the bedside. This paper reviews recent findings regarding the ability of the point-of-care (13)C-MBT to assess fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatic functional reserve in patients with acute and chronic liver disease.
A Multi-view Camera Model for Line-Scan Cameras with Telecentric Lenses (2021)

Abstract We propose a novel multi-view camera model for line-scan cameras with telecentric lenses. The camera model supports an arbitrary number of cameras and assumes a linear relative motion with constant velocity between the cameras and the object. We distinguish two motion configurations. In the first configuration, all cameras move with independent motion vectors. In the second configuration, the cameras are mounted rigidly with respect to each other and therefore share a common motion vector. The camera model can model arbitrary lens distortions by supporting arbitrary positions of the line sensor with respect to the optical axis. We propose an algorithm to calibrate a multi-view telecentric line-scan camera setup. To facilitate a 3D reconstruction, we prove that an image pair acquired with two telecentric line-scan cameras can always be rectified to the epipolar standard configuration, in contrast to line-scan cameras with entocentric lenses, for which this is possible only under very restricted conditions. The rectification allows an arbitrary stereo algorithm to be used to calculate disparity images. We propose an efficient algorithm to compute 3D coordinates from these disparities. Experiments on real images show the validity of the proposed multi-view telecentric line-scan camera model.
Anti‐drug monoclonal antibodies antagonize toxic effect more than anti‐tumor activity of doxorubicin (1991)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) able to bind epitope(s) of drug molecule can interfere with the biologic action of the drug. This is known and already exploited in some instances of practical relevance, as in the reversal of the digoxin effect. Similar antidotal action is exhibited by MAbs reacting with a cytotoxic antibiotic, doxorubicin (DXR), and in such a way as to induce differential neutralization of drug action. Indeed, within certain limits, the cytotoxic action of DXR in vitro as well as in vivo is more effectively neutralized on normal than on tumor cells, with consequent increase in therapeutic index.
Using run-time reverse-engineering to optimize DRAM refresh (2017)

The overhead of DRAM refresh is increasing with each density generation. To help offset some of this overhead, JEDEC designed the modern Auto-Refresh command with a highly optimized architecture internal to the DRAM---an architecture that violates the timing rules external controllers must observe and obey during normal operation. Numerous refresh-reduction schemes manually refresh the DRAM row-by-row, eliminating unnecessary refreshes to improve both energy and performance of the DRAM. However, it has been shown that modern Auto-Refresh is incompatible with these schemes, that their manual refreshing of specified rows through explicit Activate and Precharge precludes them from exploiting the architectural optimizations available internally for Auto-Refresh operations.
High-efficiency reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes requires suppression of pro-fibrotic signalling (2015)

Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes by forced expression of cardiomyogenic factors, GMT (GATA4, Mef2C, Tbx5) or GHMT (GATA4, Hand2, Mef2C, Tbx5), has recently been demonstrated, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiac repair. However, current approaches are inefficient. Here we demonstrate that pro-fibrotic signalling potently antagonizes cardiac reprogramming. Remarkably, inhibition of pro-fibrotic signalling using small molecules that target the transforming growth factor-β or Rho-associated kinase pathways converts embryonic fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocyte-like cells, with the efficiency up to 60%. Conversely, overactivation of these pro-fibrotic signalling networks attenuates cardiac reprogramming. Furthermore, inhibition of pro-fibrotic signalling dramatically enhances the kinetics of cardiac reprogramming, with spontaneously contracting cardiomyocytes emerging in less than 2 weeks, as opposed to 4 weeks with GHMT alone. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac conversion of fibroblasts and would enhance efforts to generate cardiomyocytes for clinical applications.
Investigations of the electrospray interface for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInvestigations of the electrospray interface for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometryMichael G. Ikonomou, Arthur T. Blades, and Paul. KebarleCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 9, 957–967Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00208a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00208a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views902Altmetric-Citations240LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Wide Field Of View Three-Mirror Anastigmat (TMA) Employing Spherical Secondary And Tertiary Mirrors (1987)

A new relayed three-mirror anastigmat (TMA) optical form is presented in this paper. Although several variants of the form, are shown, the most interesting is one that utilizes spherical secondary and tertiary mirrors in conjunction with a point testable ellipsoid primary. The designs are especially suited to high aspect ratio line fields of view (FOV). Exceptionally good correction of aberrations and a number of other desirable features principally related to pupil imagery are exhibited for FOVs from 1 X 7 degrees, 1 X 10 degrees, 1 X 12 degrees up to a 30 degree line. The highly practical nature of the form for many applications is established through theory and example.
Optically transparent microwave screens based on engineered graphene layers (2016)

We propose an innovative approach for the realization of a microwave absorber fully transparent in the optical regime. This device is based on the Salisbury screen configuration, which consists of a lossless spacer, sandwiched between two graphene sheets whose sheet resistances are different and properly engineered. Experimental results show that it is possible to achieve near-perfect electromagnetic absorption in the microwave X-band. These findings are fully supported by an analytical approach based on an equivalent circuital model. Engineering and integration of graphene sheets could facilitate the realization of innovative microwave absorbers with additional electromagnetic and optical functionalities that could circumvent some of the major limitations of opaque microwave absorbers.
Improved electrodes for photon drag detectors (1983)

Conventional photon drag detectors for CO2 lasers with two ring electrodes at the ends of the active cylinder typically have up to 40% change of sensitivity across the active area. It is shown that this arises from the current patterns in the device. A modified system has been developed with four rings in which the signal is developed across the central pair while the outer pair is loaded to reduce the sensitivity at the edges. With the appropriate outer load resistance the new arrangement can give a sensitivity within 5% of the central value over the whole active area whereas the conventional system typically gives this over only 30% of the diameter. Possible further improvements by changing other parameters are discussed.
Elastomer spatial light modulators for extreme ultraviolet lithography (2004)

In this paper, we present an elastomer spatial light modulator (SLM) that can be scaled to meet the requirements of extreme ultraviolet (EUV- 13 nm wavelength) maskless lithography. The feasibility of the proposed process was tested in a series of release and injection experiments, which showed that the surface quality is not adversely affected by the introduction of a soft elastomer in the structure. We fabricated an elastomer SLM with an array of four by four micromirrors and demonstrated localized response. Analysis of the experimental results showed that patterning of the reflective multilayer, as well as its supporting nitride shell and electrode, is required for SLMs with pixel sizes of 1 by 1 /spl mu/m or less.
Astrocytes Regulate the Development and Maturation of Retinal Ganglion Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2019)

Summary Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) form the connection between the eye and the brain, with this connectivity disrupted in numerous blinding disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability to derive RGCs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs); however, these cells exhibited some characteristics that indicated a limited state of maturation. Among the many factors known to influence RGC development in the retina, astrocytes are known to play a significant role in their functional maturation. Thus, efforts of the current study examined the functional maturation of hPSC-derived RGCs, including the ability of astrocytes to modulate this developmental timeline. Morphological and functional properties of RGCs were found to increase over time, with astrocytes significantly accelerating the functional maturation of hPSC-derived RGCs. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the functional and morphological maturation of RGCs in vitro, including the effects of astrocytes on the maturation of hPSC-derived RGCs.
Optimization of self-aligned silicon MESFETs for VLSI at micron dimensions (1980)

This paper discusses the experimental optimization of the structural parameters of MESFET devices using a new self-aligned MESFET structure that incorporates a source-drain extension. Detail device characteristics as a function of gate length and width are presented. Ring oscillator measurements have demonstrated speed-power products as low as 1.5 femtoJoules.