gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Homo-Coupling Reactions of Norbornene Derivatives Catalyzed by Ni-Complexes (1986)

The homo-coupling reaction of norbornene (NB) and dicyclopentadiene (DCP) was investigated by using NiX2(R 3P)2-NaBH4 catalyst. This Ni-catalyzed reaction of NB gave homocoupling products, exo-2-(2'-norbornenyl)norbornane (1), bi-2, 2-norbornylidene (2) and exo-2-(4'-methylenecyclohex-1'-en-3'-yl) norbornane (3). Their product distributions depended on the ligand and the halogen bound to Ni-complex as well as the reaction temperature. When the NiCl2(Ph3P)2-NaBH4 system was employed as catalyst, 1 and 2 were formed in preference to 3. It was found that 2 was derived from Ni-catalyzed isomerization of 1, but not the direct coupling of NB. The reaction of NB catalyzed by NiBr2(Bu3P)2, instead of NiCl2(Ph3P)2, afforded the coupling product 3 in good yield. On the other hand, NiX2(R3P)2-NaBH4 catalyzed coupling of endo- and exo-DCP's gave somewhat different results from those of NB.
Optimization of CNFET Parameters for High Performance Digital Circuits (2016)

The Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNFET) is one of the most promising candidates to become successor of silicon CMOS in the near future because of its better electrostatics and higher mobility. The CNFET has many parameters such as operating voltage, number of tubes, pitch, nanotube diameter, dielectric constant, and contact materials which determine the digital circuit performance. This paper presents a study that investigates the effect of different CNFET parameters on performance and proposes a new CNFET design methodology to optimize performance characteristics such as current driving capability, delay, power consumption, and area for digital circuits. We investigate and conceptually explain the performance measures at 32 nm technologies for pure-CNFET, hybrid MOS-CNFET, and CMOS configurations. In our proposed design methodology, the power delay product (PDP) of the optimized CNFET is about 68%, 63%, and 79% less than that of the nonoptimized CNFET, hybrid MOS-CNFET, and CMOS circuits, respectively. Therefore, the proposed CNFET design is a strong candidate to implement high performance digital circuits.
The effect of pre-cooling intensity on cooling efficiency and exercise performance (2010)

Although pre-cooling is known to enhance exercise performance, the optimal cooling intensity is unknown. We hypothesized that mild cooling opposed to strong cooling circumvents skin vasoconstriction and thermogenesis, and thus improves cooling efficiency reflected in improved time to exhaustion. Eight males undertook three randomized trials, consisting of a pre-cooling and an exercise session. During the pre-cooling, performed in a room of 24.6 +/- 0.4 degrees C and 24 +/- 6% relative humidity, participants received either 45 min of mild cooling using an evaporative cooling shirt or strong cooling using an ice-vest. A no-cooling condition was added as a control. Subsequent cycling exercise was performed at 65%[Vdot]O(2peak) in a climatic chamber of 29.3 +/- 0.2 degrees C and 80 +/- 3% relative humidity. During the pre-cooling session, mild and strong cooling decreased the skin blood flow compared with the control. However, no differences were observed between mild and strong cooling. No thermogenesis was observed in any conditions investigated. The reduction of body heat content after pre-cooling was two times larger with strong cooling (39.5 +/- 8.4 W . m(-2)) than mild cooling (21.2 +/- 5.1 W . m(-2)). This resulted in the greatest improvement in time to exhaustion with strong cooling. We conclude that the cooling intensities investigated had a similar effect on cooling efficiency (vasoconstriction and thermogenesis) and that the improved performance after strong cooling is attributable to the greater decrease in body heat content.
The Promise of Anti-idiotype Revisited (2019)

The promise of idiotype-based therapeutics has been disappointing forcing a new look at the concept and its potential to generate an effective approach for immunotherapy. Here, the idiotype network theory is revisited with regard to the development of efficacious anti-idiotype vaccines. The experience of polyclonal anti-Idiotype reagents in animal models as well as an understanding of the immune response in humans lends to the proposition that polyclonal anti-Idiotype vaccines will be more effective compared to monoclonal-based anti-Idiotype vaccines. This novel strategy can be adapted in Biotech-standard production of therapeutic antibodies.
Sensitivity of Transmission Surface Plasmon Resonance (T‐SPR) Spectroscopy: Self‐Assembled Multilayers on Evaporated Gold Island Films (2005)

The distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon (SP) extinction of discontinuous gold films is a crucial issue in the application of transmission surface plasmon resonance (T-SPR) spectroscopy to chemical and biological sensing. This derives from the usual sensing configuration, whereby an analyte binds to a selective receptor layer on the gold film at a certain distance from the metal surface. In the present work the distance sensitivity of T-SPR spectroscopy of 1.0-5.0 nm (nominal thickness) gold island films evaporated on silanized glass substrates is studied by using coordination-based self-assembled multilayers, offering thickness tuning in the range from approximately 1 to approximately 15 nm. The morphology, composition and optical properties of the Au/multilayer systems were studied at each step of multilayer construction. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) showed no apparent change in the underlying Au islands, while atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated flattening of the surface topography during multilayer construction. A regular growth mode of the organic layers was substantiated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Transmission UV-visible spectra showed an increase of the extinction and a red shift of the maximum of the SP band upon addition of organic layers, establishing the distance dependence of the Au SP absorbance. The distance sensitivity of T-SPR spectroscopy can be varied by using characteristic substrate parameters, that is, Au nominal thickness and annealing. In particular, effective sensitivity up to a distance of at least 15 nm is demonstrated with 5 nm annealed Au films. It is shown that intensity measurements, particularly in the plasmon intensity change (PIC) presentation, provide an alternative to the usually measured plasmon band position, offering good accuracy and the possibility of measuring at a single wavelength. The present distance sensitivity results provide the basis for further development of T-SPR transducers based on receptor-coated Au island films.
Process modeling of an entrained flow coal gasifier (2011)

In this paper, a process model of coal gasifier was developed using MATLAB, MS EXCEL. The proposed model in this paper was developed to predict syngas compositions correctly through calculating heat and mass balances and detail design for gasification in reactor. Furthermore, the proposed model was made to calculate carbon conversion and cold gas efficiency which represent the performance of gasifier. In order to validate the proposed model, result of syngas compositions was compared with RGibbs model in ASPEN PLUS for 4 coals which have experimental results of shell gasifier. Errors of results between experimental data and the proposed model is within 0.5%, the standard deviation of errors is 0.27. The value is smaller than 1.27 of RGibbs model, so that results from the proposed model is stable for prediction of syngas compositions. Carbon conversion and cold gas efficiency 4 coals were about 99% and 80% for as same with typical performance of Shell gasifier. In addition, the proposed model calculated volatile yields and reaction coordinates for 4 coals. Specially, it notices that reaction coordinates of gasification depend on coal type and what kinds of reaction are superior in gasification for each coal. The proposed model will be used effectively for process modeling of gasification plant process.
The Molten Salt Reactor Adventure (1985)

A personal history of the development of molten salt reactors in the United States is presented. The initial goal was an aircraft propulsion reactor, and a molten fluoride-fueled Aircraft Reactor Experiment was operated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1954. In 1956, the objective shifted to civilian nuclear power, and reactor concepts were developed using a circulating UF4-ThF4 fuel, graphite moderator, and Hastelloy N pressure boundary. The program culminated in the successful operation of the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment in 1965 to 1969. By then the Atomic Energy Commission’s goals had shifted to breeder development; the molten salt program supported on-site reprocessing development and study of various reactor arrangements that had potential to breed. Some commercial and foreign interest contributed to the program which, however, was terminated by the government in 1976. The current status of the technology and prospects for revived interest are summarized.
Abstract 1798: B-type Natriuretic Peptide and the Effect of Ranolazine in Patients with Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes in the MERLIN-TIMI 36 Trial (2007)

Ranolazine is believed to exert anti-ischemic effects by reducing myocardial cellular Na + & Ca 2+ overload and consequently LV wall stress. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) rises in response to increased wall stress and is a potent indicator of risk in ACS. Thus, we designed a prospective evaluation of the interaction between BNP and the effect of ranolazine as part of a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS : We measured plasma BNP (ADVIA BNP) at baseline (N = 4543) in pts with non-ST elevation ACS randomized to ranolazine or placebo in the MERLIN-TIMI 36 trial. Pts were stratified using BNP >80 pg/ml based on prior work. The 1 o endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or recurrent ischemia (CVD/MI/RI). RESULTS : Pts with an elevated BNP (N = 1935) were at significantly higher risk of CVD/MI/RI (26.4% vs. 20.4%, p < 0.0001), CVD/MI (16.2% vs. 7.5%, p<0.0001) and CVD alone (9.0% vs. 2.4%, p<0.0001). In pts with BNP>80 pg/ml, ranolazine reduced the primary endpoint (HR 0.79; 95%CI 0.66 – 0.94, p=0.009) contrasting with the lack of detectable effect in those with a negative BNP result ( Figure , p-interaction = 0.05). The apparent effect of ranolazine in pts with BNP>80 pg/ml was directionally similar when considering both recurrent ischemia (HR 0.78; 0.62–0.98; p = 0.04) and CVD/MI (HR 0.83; 0.66–1.05, p= 0.12, p-interaction 0.07). CONCLUSIONS : Elevated BNP is associated with worse outcomes in ACS. The results of this planned exploratory analysis suggest that ranolazine may have enhanced efficacy in pts with elevated BNP. The potential interaction of biomarkers of hemodynamic stress and the effects of ranolazine warrants additional study.
Detection and classification of gate to S/D shorts using charge dynamics (2016)

Gate to source/drain (S/D) short is the most common and detrimental failure mechanism for advanced process technology development. In this paper, we demonstrate unique scan direction induced charging dynamics (SDCD) which stems from the transistor level response from electron beam inspection (EBI) scan. We found that SDCD effect is exceptionally useful for gate-S/D short induced voltage contrast (VC) defect detection, especially for identification of shorting locations. The unique SDCD effect signatures of gate-S/D shorts can be used as fingerprint for true short defect detection. Correlation with other characterization methods on the same defective location from EBI scan shows consistent results for various shorting mechanisms.
Structural signatures of dynamic heterogeneities in monolayers of colloidal ellipsoids (2014)

When a liquid is supercooled towards the glass transition, its dynamics drastically slows down, whereas its static structure remains relatively unchanged. Finding a structural signature of the dynamic slowing down is a major challenge, yet it is often too subtle to be uncovered. Here we discover the structural signatures for both translational and rotational dynamics in monolayers of colloidal ellipsoids by video microscopy experiments and computer simulations. The correlation lengths of the dynamic slowest-moving clusters, the static glassy clusters, the static local structural entropy and the dynamic heterogeneity follow the same power-law divergence, suggesting that the kinetic slowing down is caused by a decrease in the structural entropy and an increase in the size of the glassy cluster. Ellipsoids with different aspect ratios exhibit single- or double-step glass transitions with distinct dynamic heterogeneities. These findings demonstrate that the particle shape anisotropy has important effects on the structure and dynamics of the glass.
Programmable Cell Adhesion Encoded by DNA Hybridization (2005)

Stuck-on genes: Live cells functionalized with single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides bind, independent of native adhesion mechanisms, to substrates that bear complementary DNA strands in a sequence-specific manner. This strategy has been successfully utilized with several common mammalian cell lines and device platforms.
Regulation of nuclear factor kappaB activation by G-protein-coupled receptors. (2001)

Accumulating evidence indicates that G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an active role in transcriptional regulation. In leukocytes, activation of receptors for several chemokines and classic chemoattractants has been associated with enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. GPCRs in endothelial and epithelial cells also regulate transcription and contribute to the expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and growth factors that are essential for extravasation of leukocytes and tissue repair. Nuclear factor (NF) kappaB is one of the most important transcription factors responsible for the expression of these proinflammatory genes. Recent studies have shown that GPCRs utilize several different pathways to activate NF-kappaB. These pathways differ from the ones induced by classic cytokines in that they are initiated by heterotrimeric G-proteins, but they converge to IkappaB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation/modification of the NF-kappaB proteins. GPCR-induced NF-kappaB activation provides an effective means for local expression of cytokine and growth factor genes due to the wide distribution of these receptors. Chemokine-induced, GPCR-mediated production of chemokines constitutes an autocrine regulatory mechanism for the growth of certain malignant tumors and enhances the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation.
Introduction to Biomedical Imaging (2002)

An integrated, comprehensive survey of biomedical imaging modalities An important component of the recent expansion in bioengineering is the area of biomedical imaging. This book provides in-depth coverage of the field of biomedical imaging, with particular attention to an engineering viewpoint. Suitable as both a professional reference and as a text for a one-semester course for biomedical engineers or medical technology students, Introduction to Biomedical Imaging covers the fundamentals and applications of four primary medical imaging techniques: magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, and X-ray/computed tomography. Taking an accessible approach that includes any necessary mathematics and transform methods, this book provides rigorous discussions of: . The physical principles, instrumental design, data acquisition strategies, image reconstruction techniques, and clinical applications of each modality. Recent developments such as multi-slice spiral computed tomography, harmonic and sub-harmonic ultrasonic imaging, multi-slice PET scanning, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. General image characteristics such as spatial resolution and signal-to-noise, common to all of the imaging modalities
Fundamental Research Needs in Combined Water and Thermal Management Within a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Under Normal and Cold-Start Conditions (2009)

Each fuel cell component of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) used in automotive application operates most effectively (from performance and durability standpoints) within specific ranges of water content and temperature. The water and heat transport processes are coupled and present a challenge in providing the right balance over the entire range of operating conditions. Another important related aspect is CO poisoning of the electrocatalyst, which adversely affects the fuel cell performance. Freezing and cold-start present additional challenges for automotive PEMFCs. A critical review of the recent developments on these topics is presented in this paper. The study covers both the microscopic and macroscopic aspects of the transport within membrane, catalyst layers, gas diffusion layers, and gas channels, and an overview of the current PEMFC cooling technology. After discussing the current status, suggestions for future work on the above topics are presented.
Dual Modification of Starch via Partial Enzymatic Hydrolysis in the Granular State and Subsequent Hydroxypropylation (2008)

The effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the degree of corn and mung bean starch derivatization by propylene oxide was investigated. The starch was enzymatically treated in the granular state with a mixture of fungal alpha-amylase and glucoamylase at 35 degrees C for 16 h and then chemically modified to produce enzyme-hydrolyzed-hydroxypropyl (HP) starch. Partial enzyme hydrolysis of starch in the granular state appeared to enhance the subsequent hydroxypropylation, as judged from the significant increase in the molar substitution. A variable degree of granule modification was obtained after enzyme hydrolysis, and one of the determinants of the modification degree appeared to be the presence of natural pores in the granules. Enzyme-hydrolyzed-HP starch exhibited significantly different functional properties compared to hydroxypropyl starch prepared from untreated (native) starch. It is evident that the dual modification of starch using this approach provides a range of functional properties that can be customized for specific applications.
Synthetic mammalian transgene negative autoregulation (2013)

Biological networks contain overrepresented small-scale topologies, typically called motifs. A frequently appearing motif is the transcriptional negative-feedback loop, where a gene product represses its own transcription. Here, using synthetic circuits stably integrated in human kidney cells, we study the effect of negative-feedback regulation on cell-wide (extrinsic) and gene-specific (intrinsic) sources of uncertainty. We develop a theoretical approach to extract the two noise components from experiments and show that negative feedback results in significant total noise reduction by reducing extrinsic noise while marginally increasing intrinsic noise. We compare the results to simple negative regulation, where a constitutively transcribed transcription factor represses a reporter protein. We observe that the control architecture also reduces the extrinsic noise but results in substantially higher intrinsic fluctuations. We conclude that negative feedback is the most efficient way to mitigate the effects of extrinsic fluctuations by a sole regulatory wiring.
Exemplar-Based Image Inpainting Using Multiscale Graph Cuts (2012)

We present a novel formulation of exemplar-based inpainting as a global energy optimization problem, written in terms of the offset map. The proposed energy function combines a data attachment term that ensures the continuity of reconstruction at the boundary of the inpainting domain with a smoothness term that ensures a visually coherent reconstruction inside the hole. This formulation is adapted to obtain a global minimum using the graph cuts algorithm. To reduce the computational complexity, we propose an efficient multiscale graph cuts algorithm. To compensate the loss of information at low resolution levels, we use a feature representation computed at the original image resolution. This permits alleviation of the ambiguity induced by comparing only color information when the image is represented at low resolution levels. Our experiments show how well the proposed algorithm performs compared with other recent algorithms.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Culture and History, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2018)

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Culture and History, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2018
Selective-Area Fluorination of Graphene with Fluoropolymer and Laser Irradiation (2012)

We have devised a method to selectively fluorinate graphene by irradiating fluoropolymer-covered graphene with a laser. This fluoropolymer produces active fluorine radicals under laser irradiation that react with graphene but only in the laser-irradiated region. The kinetics of C–F bond formation is dependent on both the laser power and fluoropolymer thickness, proving that fluorination occurs by the decomposition of the fluoropolymer. Fluorination leads to a dramatic increase in the resistance of the graphene while the basic skeletal structure of the carbon bonding network is maintained. Considering the simplicity of the fluorination process and that it allows patterning with a nontoxic fluoropolymer as a solid source, this method could find application to generate fluorinated graphene in graphene-based electronic devices such as for the electrical isolation of graphene.
Acoustic Emission at the Laser Weld Site as an Indicator of Weld Quality (1994)

An experienced laser operator can hear when the desired weld quality is reached by the harmonic content, or timbre, of the sound produced during laser welding. This perceived timbre is the portion of the acoustic emission signature which lies within the audio range. Recent work by several research groups has focussed on finding relationships between the acoustic emission signature and various welding parameters. The purpose of this paper was to analyze acoustic emission signatures to isolate the factors producing the timbral changes perceived by the operator.An experienced laser operator can hear when the desired weld quality is reached by the harmonic content, or timbre, of the sound produced during laser welding. This perceived timbre is the portion of the acoustic emission signature which lies within the audio range. Recent work by several research groups has focussed on finding relationships between the acoustic emission signature and various welding parameters. The purpose of this paper was to analyze acoustic emission signatures to isolate the factors producing the timbral changes perceived by the operator.
Expression of attaching/effacing activity by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli depends on growth phase, temperature, and protein synthesis upon contact with epithelial cells (1996)

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a 90-kDa protein (Hp90) in infected epithelial cells. This in turn facilitates intimate binding of EPEC via the outer membrane protein intimin, effacement of host cell microvilli, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and bacterial uptake. This phenotype has been commonly referred to as attaching/effacing (A/E). The ability of EPEC to induce A/E lesions was dependent on bacterial growth phase and temperature. Early-logarithmic-phase EPEC grown at 37 degrees C elicits strong A/E activity within minutes after infection of HeLa epithelial cells. EPEC de novo protein syntheses during the first minutes of interaction with the host cell was required to elicit A/E lesions. However, once formed, bacterial viability was not needed to maintain A/E lesions. The type of growth media and partial O2 pressure level do not seem to affect the ability of EPEC to cause A/E lesions. These results indicates that the A/E activity of EPEC is tightly regulated by environmental and host factors.