gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Drain-Extended FinFET Device for High-Voltage High-Speed Applications (2012)

A novel drain-extended FinFET device is proposed in this letter for high-voltage and high-speed applications. A 2 × better <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> versus <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BD</sub> tradeoff is shown from technology computer-aided design simulations for the proposed device, when compared with a conventional device option. Moreover, a device design and optimization guideline has been provided for the proposed device.
An Instrument with Internal Calibration for Monitoring Chlorine Residuals in Natural Waters (1976)

To increase the sensitivity of field instruments for measurement of low level chlorine concentrations in natural waters a new monitor was developed. Iodine, resulting from oxidation of potassium iodide by chlorine residual, is measured amperometrically in a system in which coulometrically generated iodine is used as a system calibrant. Laboratory tests, field tests, and comparisons of the new chlorine monitor with other instruments were performed. Data obtained with the new instrument show that chlorine concentrations down to a few parts per billion can be measured. The instrument is portable, and has built-in electrical calibration features and direct read-out display in either microamperes or parts per million of residual chlorine.
Multilayer ceramic capacitors-recent trends (2002)

Recently, reduction of production costs with maintaining high reliability is required for wider applications of capacitors. Ni-electrode multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) of BaTiO/sub 3/-based dielectrics and AgPd-electrode MLCCs of relaxor materials were developed to meet the requirements. Thinner dielectric layers, miniaturization, and high capacitance are also major requirements for MLCCs. In these circumstances, much effort has been paid in order to achieve higher reliability. Ni-electrode MLCCs are promising way to satisfy the requirements of high capacitance, low cost, and high reliability. Major problems about the reliability were mechanical fracture, degradation of insulation resistance, and capacitance aging. These phenomena are strongly affected by both chemical composition and producing process.
Asymptotic performance of multiple description lattice quantizers (2002)

The high-rate squared-error distortions of a balanced multiple description lattice vector quantizer are analyzed for a memoryless source with probability density function p, differential entropy h(p)</spl infin/, and lattice codebook /spl Lambda/. For any a/spl isin/(0,1) and rate pair (R,R), it is shown that the two-channel distortion d~/sub 0/ and the channel 1 (or channel 2) distortion d~/sub s/ satisfy lim/sub R/spl rarr//spl infin//d~/sub 0/2/sup 2R(1+a)/=G(/spl Lambda/)2/sup 2h(p)//4 and lim/sub R/spl rarr//spl infin//d~/sub s/2/sup 2R(1-a)/=G(S/sub L/)2/sup 2h(p)/ where G(/spl Lambda/) is the normalized second moment of a Voronoi cell of the lattice /spl Lambda/ and G(S/sub L/) is the normalized second moment of a sphere in L dimensions.
Enhancement of optic cup detection through an improved vessel kink detection framework (2010)

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. The presence and extent of progression of glaucoma can be determined if the optic cup can be accurately segmented from retinal images. In this paper, we present a framework which improves the detection of the optic cup. First, a region of interest is obtained from the retinal fundus image, and a pallor-based preliminary cup contour estimate is determined. Patches are then extracted from the ROI along this contour. To improve the usability of the patches, adaptive methods are introduced to ensure the patches are within the optic disc and to minimize redundant information. The patches are then analyzed for vessels by an edge transform which generates pixel segments of likely vessel candidates. Wavelet, color and gradient information are used as input features for a SVM model to classify the candidates as vessel or non-vessel. Subsequently, a rigourous non-parametric method is adopted in which a bi-stage multi-resolution approach is used to probe and localize the location of kinks along the vessels. Finally, contenxtual information is used to fuse pallor and kink information to obtain an enhanced optic cup segmentation. Using a batch of 21 images obtained from the Singapore Eye Research Institute, the new method results in a 12.64% reduction in the average overlap error against a pallor only cup, indicating viable improvements in the segmentation and supporting the use of kinks for optic cup detection.
Abstract 2224: Discovery, development and characterization of a new class of therapeutic anti-PD-1 antibody (2016)

Abstract Blockade of immune checkpoint (IC), such as PD-1, confers durable clinical benefit to a minority of melanoma and lung cancer patients. Challengingly, the 5-year survival rate is still below 30% in those patients, and most other solid tumors are not particularly responsive to immunotherapy. Therefore, more IC blocking mAbs are under development to meet clinical needs. Using Enumeral's unique single cell immunoprofiling platform, we developed a novel class of anti-PD-1 antibodies, named 244C8, with distinct epitope binding site than currently marketed anti-PD-1 antibodies. To evaluate the function of 244C8 on anti-tumor immunity, we employed ex vivo methods to determine responsiveness of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), isolated from human lung cancer biopsies, to various anti-PD-1 antibodies, including our lead anti-PD1 therapeutic candidate 244C8. The results show that all anti-PD-1 antibodies tested reversed T cell exhaustion in tumor microenvironment. Further, 244C8-treated cells produced increased IFN-y compared to nivolumab, indicating a stronger anti-tumor immunity. In the settings of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and CMV antigen-recall assays, 244C8 treatment also led to higher levels of T cell activation compared to conventional anti-PD-1 antibodies. Interestingly, in both ex vivo and in vitro models, we observed a pattern of cytokine production in 244C8-treated cells that is consistently distinct from that produced by conventional/marketed anti-PD-1 antibodies, suggesting a differentiated mechanism of action. Citation Format: Lei Wang, Najmia Amirina, Fellix Scheuplein, Vikki Spaulding, Yanyan Wang, Sri Vadde, M. Isabel Chiu, Daniel Doty, Thomas McQuade, Bin Feng, Sheila Ranganath, Anhco “Cokey” Nguyen. Discovery, development and characterization of a new class of therapeutic anti-PD-1 antibody. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2224.
Buffered Spin-Torque Sensors for Minimizing Delay and Energy Consumption in Global Interconnects (2016)

We propose a low-voltage, low-current interconnect architecture using buffered/pipelined spin-torque (ST) sensors to optimize the overall delay and energy consumption. Conventional techniques for reducing energy consumption on long interconnects involve low voltage swings on interconnects or current-mode interconnects. However, such techniques require power-consuming voltage converters or trans-impedance amplifiers at the receivers. ST-sensor-based receivers have recently been introduced that can operate without analog components at the receiver. As a result, the energy consumption is lower compared to existing techniques. However, the delay can be relatively high in these networks for long Cu-lines since these methods do not accommodate conventional buffering schemes for delay minimization. Here, we propose the use of ST buffers in the line in addition to ST-sensing at the receiver. The buffers and sensors used in our design consist of a magnetic strip of two magnetic domains separated by a domain wall. The domain wall can be moved by a current flowing through an adjacent spin-Hall metal which leads to a change in the resistance of the receiver. This resistance change is easily sensed using simple CMOS components. With the introduction of buffering for ST-sensor interconnects, the proposed method can be highly efficient in optimizing the energy-delay performance for long, global on-chip or off-chip lines. Our simulation results indicate that for a 10 mm line in 45 nm CMOS technology, the energy consumption with ST-sensing is about 2 percent that of full-swing, and about 4 percent that of low-swing, CMOS interconnects. Moreover, the delay is much lower than low-swing, and comparable to full-swing, CMOS designs.
Simple Triarylamine-Based Dyes Containing Fluorene and Biphenyl Linkers for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2009)

New dipolar dyes featuring arylamine donors, fluorene or biphenyl conjugation, and cyanoacetic acid acceptor units have been synthesized and characterized by spectral, optical, and electrochemical measurements. Absorption measurements indicate that the fluorene conjugation is beneficial for red shifting the charge transfer transition and increasing the optical density. On the contrary, the biphenyl linker leads to a blue-shifted hypochromic charge-transfer transition due to the inefficiency in the π-conjugation. For a particular linker, the diphenylamine unit acts as an efficient donor when compared to the 1-naphthylphenylamine moiety. However, the red shift observed in the absorption profile for the diphenylamine-containing dyes is compensated for by a reduction in the molar extinction coefficient, that is, the naphthylamine derivatives are beneficial for increasing the molar extinction coefficient. Electrochemical investigations show that the fluorene-based dyes are more redox stable than the corresponding biphenyl derivatives. Effects of deprotonation on the absorption maxima and redox potential have been investigated by absorption and electrochemical measurements. These studies reveal a blue shift in the absorption profile and a cathodic shift for the oxidation potential originating due to deprotonation of the dyes. The dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated using these dyes exhibit moderate to good efficiencies, and the fluorene-based dyes are better than the biphenyl analogues. It is attributed to the diminished charge separation in the biphenyl derivatives due to the nonplanar structural feature which hinders donor−acceptor interactions and electron delocalization across the molecule.
Area-efficient high-speed decoding schemes for turbo decoders (2002)

Turbo decoders inherently have large decoding latency and low throughput due to iterative decoding. To increase the throughput and reduce the latency, high-speed decoding schemes have to be employed. In this paper, following a discussion on basic parallel decoding architectures, the segmented sliding window approach and two other types of area-efficient parallel decoding schemes are proposed. Detailed comparison on storage requirement, number of computation units, and the overall decoding latency is provided for various decoding schemes with different levels of parallelism. Hybrid parallel decoding schemes are proposed as an attractive solution for very high level parallelism implementations. To reduce the storage bottleneck for each subdecoder, a modified version of the partial storage of state metrics approach is presented. The new approach achieves a better tradeoff between storage part and recomputation part in general. The application of the pipeline-interleaving technique to parallel turbo decoding architectures is also presented. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed area-efficient parallel decoding schemes do not cause performance degradation.
Single Crystal Rhombohedral Epitaxy of Sige on Sapphire at 450.Degree. C.-500.Degree. C. Substrate Temperatures (2018)

Various embodiments may provide a low temperature (i.e., less than 850 C.) method of Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) on sapphire (Al2O3) (SiGe/sapphire) growth that may produce a single crystal film with less thermal loading effort to the substrate than conventional high temperature (i.e., temperatures above 850 C.) methods. The various embodiments may alleviate the thermal loading requirement of the substrate, which in conventional high temperature (i.e., temperatures above 850 C.) methods had surface temperatures within the range of 850 C.-900 C. The various embodiments may provide a new thermal loading requirement of the sapphire substrate for growing single crystal SiGe on the sapphire substrate in the range of about 450 C. to about 500 C.
Magnetism in high-resolution NMR probe design. II: HR MAS (1998)

Various issues affecting nuclear magnetic resonance probe resolution are discussed, with emphasis on high-resolution or magic angle spinning (MAS) in this part. Symmetric positioning of chip capacitors at the magic angles addresses the largest B0 perturbation with ultra-low-inductance decoupling coils, and symmetric spinner drive designs with silicon-nitride coilforms are shown to be extremely beneficial in reducing spinning-, decoupling-, and variable temperature-induced thermal gradients. Other factors discussed include MAS sample cell design, high frequency (HF) coils, centrifugation, shimming, B1 homogeneity, B0 stability, and geometric compensation for variable angle spinning resolution. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 10: 239–260, 1998
Electrical Control of Shape in Voxelated Liquid Crystalline Polymer Nanocomposites (2017)

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) exhibit anisotropic mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. The director orientation within an LCE can be spatially localized into voxels [three-dimensional (3-D) volume elements] via photoalignment surfaces. Here, we prepare nanocomposites in which both the orientation of the LCE and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) are locally and arbitrarily oriented in discrete voxels. The addition of SWNTs increases the stiffness of the LCE in the orientation direction, yielding a material with a 5:1 directional modulus contrast. The inclusion of SWNT modifies the thermomechanical response and, most notably, is shown to enable distinctive electromechanical deformation of the nanocomposite. Specifically, the incorporation of SWNTs sensitizes the LCE to a dc field, enabling uniaxial electrostriction along the orientation direction. We demonstrate that localized orientation of the LCE and SWNT allows complex 3-D shape transformations to be electrically triggered. Initial experiments indicate that the SWNT-polymer interfaces play a crucial role in enabling the electrostriction reported herein.
Characterization of the Leptospiral Outer Membrane and Description of Three Novel Leptospiral Membrane Proteins (2002)

The outer membrane (OM) of the mammalian pathogen Leptospira kirschneri was isolated in the form of membrane vesicles by alkaline plasmolysis and separated from the protoplasmic cylinder by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. All four components of the alkaline plasmolysis buffer, including 1.0 M NaCl, 27% sucrose (wt/vol), 2 mM EDTA, and 10 mM Tris (pH 9), were required for efficient OM release, as judged by recovery of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide. Two populations of OM vesicles (OMVs) were recovered, with peak concentrations found in the sucrose gradient at densities of 1.16 and 1.18 g/ml. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the more buoyant OMV population was smaller (<0.1 micro m in diameter) than the denser OMV population (0.2 to 0.3 micro m in diameter). The densities of both populations of OMVs were distinct from that of the protoplasmic-cylinder material, which was found in the sucrose gradient at a density of 1.20 g/ml. The OMV fractions were free of protoplasmic-cylinder material, as judged by immunoblotting with antibodies to the endoflagellar sheath protein, heat shock protein GroEL, and two novel cytoplasmic membrane proteins, lipoprotein LipL31 and transmembrane protein ImpL63. The protein components of the OMVs were characterized by one- and two-dimensional immunoblotting and found to include previously described OM proteins (OMPs), including the porin OmpL1; the lipoproteins LipL32, LipL36, and LipL41; and the peripheral membrane protein P31(LipL45). A number of less well-characterized OMPs were also identified, including those with molecular masses of 16, 21, 21.5, 22, 31, 36, 44, 48, 90, and 116 kDa. The 48-kDa OMP was identified as a novel OM lipoprotein designated LipL48. The use of membrane-specific markers in OM isolation techniques facilitates an accurate description of the leptospiral OM and its components.
A Study on Mastectomy Samples to Evaluate Breast Imaging Quality and Potential Clinical Relevance of Differential Phase Contrast Mammography (2013)

Our results demonstrate that complementary information provided by phase and scattering enhanced mammograms obtained with the mammoDPC approach deliver images of generally superior quality. This technique has the potential to improve radiological breast diagnostics.
Quantifying the Level of Intermacromolecular Interactions in Ethylene–Propylene Copolymers by Using Pyrene Excimer Formation (2015)

A unique methodology based on fluorescence measurements is introduced to quantitatively measure the actual level of interpolymeric association between ethylene–propylene (EP) copolymers used as viscosity index improvers (VIIs) in engine oils. To this end, two EP copolymers, one amorphous (EP(AM)) and the other semicrystalline (EP(SM)), were maleated and then fluorescently labeled with 1-pyrenemethylamine and 2-(2-naphthyl)ethylamine to yield Py-EP and Np-EP, respectively. Successful maleation and fluorescence labeling were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The level of crystallinity of the EP copolymers was inferred from FTIR, carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. The solution behavior of the EP copolymers was characterized by conducting intrinsic viscosity measurements as a function of temperature to define the temperature range where fluorescence studies should be conducted. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments were used to demonstrate the existence of interpolymeric associations, but a quantitative measure of the actual level of association, such as the molar fraction of interpolymeric interaction (finter) between EP copolymers, could not be determined by FRET. However, taking advantage of the fact that the fluorescence intensity ratio IE/IM of excimer-to-monomer is directly proportional to the local pyrene concentration [Py]loc of a pyrene-labeled polymer, a quantitative measure of the actual level of intermolecular association was obtained by measuring the IE/IM ratio. Results showed that finter of pyrene-labeled EP(SM) increased upon decreasing the temperature and increasing the polymer concentration as would have been expected from such a polymer. This result suggests that pyrene excimer formation provides a reliable method to quantitatively determine finter for EP copolymers used as VIIs, an information which is otherwise difficult to extract from standard FRET experiments.
Highly Dispersed Pd Species Active in the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction (2009)

Structures of Pd/zeolites immersed in solvents were measured by in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). Systematic studies revealed that the selection of an appropriate support (USY-zeolite), thermal treatment temperature of USY, solvent (o-xylene), H(2) partial pressure (6%), and the use of a Pd amine complex affect the structure of Pd. As a result, we found that monomeric Pd can be obtained in the USY support with H(2) bubbling in o-xylene. The structural properties of Pd correlate well with its catalytic performance in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions; a very high TON of up to 11,000,000 was obtained over the monomeric Pd.
Ternary and quadriphase sequence diffusers (2006)

A room acoustic diffuser breaks up reflected wavefronts, and this can be achieved by presenting a spatially varying surface impedance. In hybrid surfaces, varying impedance is achieved by patches of absorption and reflection, giving reflection coefficients nominally of 0 and 1. These surfaces are hybrids, absorbing some of the incident sound while diffusing any reflected energy. A problem with planar hybrid surfaces is that specular energy is only removed by absorption. By exploiting interference, by reflecting waves out-of-phase with the specular energy, it is possible to diminish the specular energy further. This can be achieved by using a diffuser based on a ternary sequence that nominally has reflection coefficients of 0, -1, and +1. Ternary sequences are therefore a way of forming hybrid absorber-diffusers that achieve better scattering performance without additional absorption. This paper discusses methods for making ternary sequence diffusers, including giving sequence generation methods. It presents prediction results based on Fourier and boundary element method models to examine the performance. While ternary diffusers have better performance than unipolar binary diffusers at most frequencies, there are frequencies at which the performances are the same. This can be overcome by forming diffusers from four-level, quadriphase sequences.
Stabilizer for fuel mixtures (1981)

A stabilizer for fuel mixtures of finely divided coal and fuel oil is composed of an active ingredient, a non-ionic surface active agent consisting of a block copolymer represented by the following general formula (I): R/sub 1/O-(C/sub 2/H/sup 4/O)l-(C/sub 3/H/sup 6/O)m-(C/sub 2/H/sup 4/O)n-R/sub 2/ (I) wherein r/sub 1/ and r/sub 2/ stand for a hydrogen atom or an alklyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, the mole number (L+n) of added ethylene oxide is in the range of from 30 to 300, the mole number (M) of added propylene oxide is in the range of from 15 to 80, and the content of ethylene oxide in the whole molecule is 40 to 85% by weight.
Medial-Surface Generation Technique for Transforming an Assembly Model for Finite Element Analysis (2005)

A technique for generating a medial surface-which is used to transform a thin structure into a shell model-was developed. This technique has the advantage of reducing the workload in generating an analytic shell mesh for a thin-structure model. And it can automatically transform complex assembly models containing contact parts into analysis data. The technique consists of three steps : first, medial surfaces are generated in each part of an assembly model, second, jointing parts are searched, and third, tyings or shared nodes are connected with the target jointed part. Tests on magnetic-disk cover parts showed that the new technique can accurately generate the medial surface for such parts.