gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor Bolometers Give Background-Limited Performance (2006)

Semiconductor bolometers that are capable of detecting electromagnetic radiation over most or all of the infrared spectrum and that give background-limited performance at operating temperatures from 20 to 300 K have been invented. The term background-limited performance as applied to a bolometer, thermopile, or other infrared detector signifies that the ability to detect infrared signals that originate outside the detector is limited primarily by thermal noise attributable to the background radiation generated external to the bolometer. The signal-to-noise ratios and detectivities of the bolometers and thermopiles available prior to this invention have been lower than those needed for background-limited performance by factors of about 100 and 10, respectively. Like other electrically resistive bolometers, a device according to the invention exhibits an increase in electrical resistance when heated by infrared radiation. Depending on whether the device is operated under the customary constant- current or constant-voltage bias, the increase in electrical resistance can be measured in terms of an increase in voltage across the device or a decrease in current through the device, respectively. In the case of a semiconductor bolometer, it is necessary to filter out visible and shorter-wavelength light that could induce photoconductivity and thereby counteract all or part of the desired infrared- induced increase in resistance. The basic semiconductor material of a bolometer according to the invention is preferably silicon doped with one or more of a number of elements, each of which confers a different variable temperature coefficient of resistance. Suitable dopants include In, Ga, S, Se, Te, B, Al, As, P, and Sb. The concentration of dopant preferably lies in the range between 0.1 and 1,000 parts per billion.
Development of Oxygen Blast Furnace Process with Preheating Gas Injection into Upper Shaft (1989)

A new blast furnace process has been developed which blows normal temperature oxygen in place of the hot blast through the tuyeres and injects preheating gas into the upper shaft.For the development of this process, mathematical model simulations and operation tests with an experimental blast furnace were done. The test operation was so stable that this process was technically verified to be consistent as an ironmaking process. The pulverized coal was injected up to the ratio of 0.94 kg-coal/Nm3-oxygen. The high productivity of 5.1t/dm3 was realized. According to the analysis of measurements during the operation and dissection results, this process has been verified to have the following characteristics; (1) The preheating gas injection lowers the heat flow ratio and raises the temperature in a whole section of the furnace. (2) The gaseous reduction takes place fast at relatively low temperature region and the content of the boudouard reaction is low. (3) The silicon content in metal is lower than that in the hot blast.The lower limit of the fuel rate was estimated 530 kg/t for a commercial blast furnace.
Method for the Selective Measurement of Amino-Terminal Variants of Procalcitonin (2009)

The new assays selectively measure PCT1-116 and PCT3-116. Both PCT species increase early during endotoxemia but differ in their kinetics thereafter. The selective measurement of PCT species with different in vivo kinetics may be useful in improving PCT-guided therapies.
Cytotoxic Agents from <i>Terminalia arjuna</i> (2007)

Although a number of chemicals have been isolated from Terminalia arjuna, only a few have been evaluated for their biological significance. As a part of our drug discovery programme for cytotoxic agents from Indian medicinal plants, four novel cytotoxic agents arjunic acid (1), arjungenin (2), arjunetin (3) and arjunoglucoside I (4) were isolated from the bark of T. ARJUNA. Out of the four compounds, arjunic acid (1) was significantly active against the human oral (KB), ovarian (PA 1) and liver (HepG-2 & WRL-68) cancer cell lines. Further, the most active compound arjunic acid was converted into seven semi-synthetic ester derivatives 5 - 11. 2-O-Palmitoyl arjunic acid (6) showed two times more activity, while 2, 3-di-O-acetyl-, 2-O-p-anisoyl-, 2, 3-di-O-benzoyl- and 2, 3-di-O-p-nitrobenzoyl arjunic acid (7 - 10) showed 1.7 - 2.3 times less activity than the cytotoxic drug vinblastine against the liver cancer cell lines HepG-2 and WRL-68 respectively.
Metabolic Primers for Detection of (Per)chlorate-Reducing Bacteria in the Environment and Phylogenetic Analysis of <i>cld</i> Gene Sequences (2004)

Natural attenuation of the environmental contaminant perchlorate is a cost-effective alternative to current removal methods. The success of natural perchlorate remediation is dependent on the presence and activity of dissimilatory (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria (DPRB) within a target site. To detect DPRB in the environment, two degenerate primer sets targeting the chlorite dismutase (cld) gene were developed and optimized. A nested PCR approach was used in conjunction with these primer sets to increase the sensitivity of the molecular detection method. Screening of environmental samples indicated that all products amplified by this method were cld gene sequences. These sequences were obtained from pristine sites as well as contaminated sites from which DPRB were isolated. More than one cld phylotype was also identified from some samples, indicating the presence of more than one DPRB strain at those sites. The use of these primer sets represents a direct and sensitive molecular method for the qualitative detection of (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria in the environment, thus offering another tool for monitoring natural attenuation. Sequences of cld genes isolated in the course of this project were also generated from various DPRB and provided the first opportunity for a phylogenetic treatment of this metabolic gene. Comparisons of the cld and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene trees indicated that the cld gene does not track 16S rDNA phylogeny, further implicating the possible role of horizontal transfer in the evolution of (per)chlorate respiration.
Hybrid interference subspace rejection for multi-rate CDMA with improved performance/complexity tradeoff (2006)

Interference subspace rejection (ISR) offers a wide range of canonic suppression modes that range in performance and complexity between interference cancellers and linear receivers. In this paper, we propose a hybrid ISR scheme that, instead of suppressing all users with the same canonic ISR mode, splits them into several groups based on their datarates before applying different canonic ISR modes for their nulling. The resulting receiver provides a much better performance/complexity tradeoff. Simulations suggest that a hybrid of the two simplest canonic ISR modes performs almost as well as the more complex mode with 30 to 60% less complexity, while it outperforms the simpler of the two by several dB gains with minimal increase in complexity.
Impact of via-line contact on CU interconnect electromigration performance (2005)

Damascene processing creates special features for copper interconnect electromigration (EM). Though the fast Cu diffusion path is along the interface between Cu and the top cap layer, the early EM fails are often associated with vias, either by voiding in the via (via depletion), or by voiding underneath the via (line depletion). While most of the early EM fails for via depletion are related to the liner quality in vias, for line depletion EM the contact configuration between the via and the underlying line is critical to the failure characteristics. The contact between the via and the line liner below can effectively prevent or minimize open-circuit type EM failures. Redundant vias can significantly improve the EM performance in both the median failure time (t/sub 50/) and the distribution shape (sigma, /spl sigma/), depending on the arrangement of these vias relative to the line below. This paper presents an EM study of Cu interconnects with various via/line contact configurations. Results from single via and multiple via contacts, with and without redundancy to the underlying lines, are discussed.
MicroRNA-146a acts as a guardian of the quality and longevity of hematopoietic stem cells in mice (2013)

During inflammation and infection, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into mature immune cells, especially of the myeloid lineage. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a critical negative regulator of inflammation. Deletion of miR-146a produces effects that appear as dysregulated inflammatory hematopoiesis, leading to a decline in the number and quality of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), excessive myeloproliferation, and, ultimately, to HSC exhaustion and hematopoietic neoplasms. At the cellular level, the defects are attributable to both an intrinsic problem in the miR-146a-deficient HSCs and extrinsic effects of lymphocytes and nonhematopoietic cells. At the molecular level, this involves a molecular axis consisting of miR-146a, signaling protein TRAF6, transcriptional factor NF-κB, and cytokine IL-6. This study has identified miR-146a to be a critical regulator of HSC homeostasis during chronic inflammation in mice and provided a molecular connection between chronic inflammation and the development of bone marrow failure and myeloproliferative neoplasms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00537.001.
Quantum field-effect directional coupler (1990)

We propose a new quantum-effect electronic device which consists of two one-dimensional electron waveguides which, over a certain interaction length, come in close proximity to each other so that coherent quantum mechanical tunneling can take place between them. The degree of coupling between the two waveguides is controlled by modulating, through the field-effect action of a gate, the height of the potential energy barrier which separates them. If an electron wave packet is injected into this device through one of the waveguides, then the probability density of the electron wave function will oscillate back and forth between the two waveguides as the packet advances. The gate voltage can be adjusted to achieve complete electron transfer at either of the two waveguides at the output of the device. The device, therefore, behaves as a current switch. In analogy with the optical dual-channel directional coupler and the microwave dual-guide multihole coupler, we call this device a quantum field-effect directional coupler. First-order calculations indicate that this device can be fabricated with state-of-the-art nanolithography.
A single thermometer wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index meter (1971)

A new instrument is described in which the readings of a single mercury-in-glass thermometer approximate to the wet bulb globe temperature index and therefore serve as a useful measure of the total heat stress imposed on man by his thermal environment. The thermometer bulb is located at the centre of a hollow blackened copper sphere which is covered by a moistened fabric jacket. Of several versions differing in jacket geometry, the most promising agrees with the WBGT index to within 1 degF in the range 70-90 degrees F WBGT for relative humidities ranging from 50 to 90%.
Transcriptional and Translational Regulation of α-Acetolactate Decarboxylase of <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> (2000)

The alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase (ALDC) gene, aldB, is the penultimate gene of the leu-ilv-ald operon, which encodes the three branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis genes in Lactococcus lactis. Its product plays a dual role in the cell: (i) it catalyzes the second step of the acetoin pathway, and (ii) it controls the pool of alpha-acetolactate during leucine and valine synthesis. It can be transcribed from the two promoters present upstream of the leu and ilv genes (P1 and P2) or independently under the control of its own promoter (P3). In this paper we show that the production of ALDC is limited by two mechanisms. First, the strength of P3 decreases greatly during starvation for BCAAs and under other conditions that generally provoke the stringent response. Second, although aldB is actively transcribed from P1 and P2 during BCAA starvation, ALDC is not significantly produced from these transcripts. The aldB ribosome binding site (RBS) appears to be entrapped in a stem-loop, which is itself part of a more complex RNA folding structure. The function of the structure was studied by mutagenesis, using translational fusions with luciferase genes to assess its activity. The presence of the single stem-loop entrapping the aldB RBS was responsible for a 100-fold decrease in the level of aldB translation. The presence of a supplementary secondary structure upstream of the stem-loop led to an additional fivefold decrease of aldB translation. Finally, the translation of the ilvA gene terminating in the latter structure decreased the level of translation of aldB fivefold more, leading to the complete extinction of the reporter gene activity. Since three leucines and one valine are present among the last six amino acids of the ilvA product, we propose that pausing of the ribosomes during translation could modulate the folding of the messenger, as a function of BCAA availability. The purpose of the structure-dependent regulation could be to ensure the minimal production of ALDC required for the control of the acetolactate pool during BCAA synthesis but to avoid its overproduction, which would dissipate acetolactate. Large amounts of ALDC, necessary for operation of the acetoin pathway, could be produced under favorable conditions from the P3 transcripts, which do not contain the secondary structures.
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS WITH AMINO END GROUPS BY ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION (1999)

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is a controlled radical polymerization process that produces polymers with predictable molecular weights, narrow polydispersities, and well-defined halogen end groups. The key factor in the control of the polymerization process is the presence of a metal/ligand complex that provides a fast, reversible activation and deactivation of the growing polymer chains. The ligands, used to complex the metal are mostly tertiary amino compounds. However, amines can interact with the halogen end groups of the initiator molecules or of the growing chains. Our investigations concern-ing this issue indicate that under the experimental conditions used during the polymerization process, interactions of end groups with tertiary amines are negligible. Ammonia and primary amines, e.g., n-butylamine, however can react with the halogen end groups. Moreover, after the polymerization reaction they can be used as nucleophilic agents to replace the halogens by other functional end groups. The use of difunctional molecules such as ethanolamine leads to the incorporation of alcohol end groups at the chain ends.
Noninvasive optoacoustic monitoring of cerebral venous blood oxygenation in newborns (2012)

Cerebral ischemia after birth and during labor is a major cause of death and severe complications such as cerebral palsy. In the USA alone, cerebral palsy results in permanent disability of 10,000 newborns per year and approximately 500,000 of the total population. Currently, no technology is capable of direct monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in newborns. This study proposes the use of an optoacoustic technique for noninvasive cerebral ischemia monitoring by probing the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), a large central cerebral vein. We developed and built a multi-wavelength, near-infrared optoacoustic system suitable for noninvasive monitoring of cerebral ischemia in newborns with normal weight (NBW), low birth-weight (LBW, 1500 - 2499 g) and very low birth-weight (VLBW, < 1500 g). The system was capable of detecting SSS signals through the open anterior and posterior fontanelles as well as through the skull. We tested the system in NBW, LBW, and VLBW newborns (weight range: from 675 g to 3,000 g) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. We performed single and continuous measurements of the SSS blood oxygenation. The data acquisition, processing and analysis software developed by our group provided real-time, absolute SSS blood oxygenation measurements. The SSS blood oxygenation ranged from 60% to 80%. Optoacoustic monitoring of the SSS blood oxygenation provides valuable information because adequate cerebral oxygenation would suggest that no therapy was necessary; conversely, evidence of cerebral ischemia would prompt therapy to increase cerebral blood flow.
Rheological Properties of Extracellular Matrix Derived Gels (2007)

Bioscaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) have been used for the repair of a variety of tissues often leading to tissue-specific constructive remodeling [1]. ECM scaffolds are typically prepared by decellularization of tissues and are composed of the structural proteins (e.g. collagen) and functional proteins (e.g. growth factors) that characterize the native ECM. However, for certain applications, the use of ECM scaffolds can be limited by the native two-dimensional sheet form in which they are harvested.
Laser Surface Cleaning in Air: Mechanisms and Applications (1994)

Surface contaminations are removed by laser irradiation with pulse output and short wavelength in ambient air. It is a dry cleaning process to remove surface contaminations without using ultrasonic cleaning requiring carbon fluorochloride and other organic solvents. The mechanisms of laser cleaning may include laser photodecomposition, laser ablation and surface vibration due to the impact of the laser pulse. Examples of cleaning metal surfaces and magnetic head sliders show that this cleaning process could be widely used in various industrial applications.
The isoenzyme of glutaminyl cyclase is an important regulator of monocyte infiltration under inflammatory conditions (2011)

Acute and chronic inflammatory disorders are characterized by detrimental cytokine and chemokine expression. Frequently, the chemotactic activity of cytokines depends on a modified N-terminus of the polypeptide. Among those, the N-terminus of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (CCL2 and MCP-1) is modified to a pyroglutamate (pE-) residue protecting against degradation in vivo. Here, we show that the N-terminal pE-formation depends on glutaminyl cyclase activity. The pE-residue increases stability against N-terminal degradation by aminopeptidases and improves receptor activation and signal transduction in vitro. Genetic ablation of the glutaminyl cyclase iso-enzymes QC (QPCT) or isoQC (QPCTL) revealed a major role of isoQC for pE(1) -CCL2 formation and monocyte infiltration. Consistently, administration of QC-inhibitors in inflammatory models, such as thioglycollate-induced peritonitis reduced monocyte infiltration. The pharmacologic efficacy of QC/isoQC-inhibition was assessed in accelerated atherosclerosis in ApoE3*Leiden mice, showing attenuated atherosclerotic pathology following chronic oral treatment. Current strategies targeting CCL2 are mainly based on antibodies or spiegelmers. The application of small, orally available inhibitors of glutaminyl cyclases represents an alternative therapeutic strategy to treat CCL2-driven disorders such as atherosclerosis/restenosis and fibrosis.
Thermosetting Fluoropolymer Foams (1987)

New process makes fluoropolymer foams with controllable amounts of inert-gas fillings in foam cells. Thermosetting fluoropolymers do not require foaming additives leaving undesirable residues and do not have to be molded and sintered at temperatures of about 240 to 400 degree C. Consequently, better for use with electronic or other parts sensitive to high temperatures or residues. Uses include coatings, electrical insulation, and structural parts.
Pathways to Mesoporous Resin/Carbon Thin Films with Alternating Gyroid Morphology (2017)

Three-dimensional (3D) mesoporous thin films with sub-100 nm periodic lattices are of increasing interest as templates for a number of nanotechnology applications, yet are hard to achieve with conventional top-down fabrication methods. Block copolymer self-assembly derived mesoscale structures provide a toolbox for such 3D template formation. In this work, single (alternating) gyroidal and double gyroidal mesoporous thin-film structures are achieved via solvent vapor annealing assisted co-assembly of poly(isoprene-block-styrene-block-ethylene oxide) (PI-b-PS-b-PEO, ISO) and resorcinol/phenol formaldehyde resols. In particular, the alternating gyroid thin-film morphology is highly desirable for potential template backfilling processes as a result of the large pore volume fraction. In situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering during solvent annealing is employed as a tool to elucidate and navigate the pathway complexity of the structure formation processes. The resulting network structures are resistant to high temperatures provided an inert atmosphere. The thin films have tunable hydrophilicity from pyrolysis at different temperatures, while pore sizes can be tailored by varying ISO molar mass. A transfer technique between substrates is demonstrated for alternating gyroidal mesoporous thin films, circumventing the need to re-optimize film formation protocols for different substrates. Increased conductivity after pyrolysis at high temperatures demonstrates that these gyroidal mesoporous resin/carbon thin films have potential as functional 3D templates for a number of nanomaterials applications.
The Doherty power amplifier (2015)

The Doherty power amplifier (DPA) architecture, in various formats using different technologies, has been a very popular means of providing high conversion efficiencies from raw electrical power to sophisticated modulated RF and microwave signals ever since the requirements for very high power amplitude modulated (AM) radio transmitters in the mid-1930's. This paper covers not only the “original stories” of high power tube-based Doherty power amplifiers for those early AM transmitters, but also provides many examples of implementations employing a range of modern semiconductor transistor and circuit technologies covering a wide range of power levels, modulation schemes and carrier frequencies.
Electrogenerative reduction of nitric oxide for pollution abatement (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrogenerative reduction of nitric oxide for pollution abatementKevin T. Pate and Stanley H. LangerCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1985, 19, 4, 371–373Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00134a013https://doi.org/10.1021/es00134a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views113Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts