gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compositional Analysis of Silicon for Solar Cells (1984)

A potential route to silicon for solar cells involves using an improved version of the carbothermic process to give an intermediate product capable of being upgraded by chemical and physical means to an acceptable end product. The compositional analysis of these intermediate and end products is discussed from the viewpoint of someone who must make research and development or business decisions based on information supplied by analysts. Methods are discussed for analyzing dopants (B and P), metals (Al, Fe, and others), and nonmetals (C, O, and ). Adequate methods are available, except when trying to measure the sub‐ppm concentrations of metals present in the final silicon product. A plan is suggested for developing a quality assurance method for the time when the industry grows to the extent of requiring its own source of silicon rather than by‐products from the semiconductor industry.
Matrix Remodeling Promotes Pulmonary Hypertension through Feedback Mechanoactivation of the YAP/TAZ-miR-130/301 Circuit (2015)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a deadly vascular disease with enigmatic molecular origins. We found that vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and stiffening are early and pervasive processes that promote PH. In multiple pulmonary vascular cell types, such ECM stiffening induced the microRNA-130/301 family via activation of the co-transcription factors YAP and TAZ. MicroRNA-130/301 controlled a PPAR?-APOE-LRP8 axis, promoting collagen deposition and LOX-dependent remodeling and further upregulating YAP/TAZ via a mechanoactive feedback loop. In turn, ECM remodeling controlled pulmonary vascular cell crosstalk via such mechanotransduction, modulation of secreted vasoactive effectors, and regulation of associated microRNA pathways. In vivo, pharmacologic inhibition of microRNA-130/301, APOE, or LOX activity ameliorated ECM remodeling and PH. Thus, ECM remodeling, as controlled by the YAP/TAZ-miR-130/301 feedback circuit, is an early PH trigger and offers combinatorial therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
β-Directing Effect of Electron-Withdrawing Groups at <i>O</i>-3, <i>O</i>-4, and <i>O</i>-6 Positions and α-Directing Effect by Remote Participation of 3-<i>O</i>-Acyl and 6-<i>O</i>-Acetyl Groups of Donors in Mannopyranosylations (2009)

Mannosylations of various acceptors with donors possessing an electron-withdrawing o-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl, benzylsulfonyl, p-nitrobenzoyl, benzoyl, or acetyl group at O-3, O-4, or O-6 positions were found to be beta-selective except when donors had 3-O-acyl and 6-O-acetyl groups, which afforded alpha-mannosides as major products. The alpha-directing effect of 3-O-acyl and 6-O-acetyl groups was attributed to their remote participation, and the isolation of a stable bicyclic trichlorooxazine ring resulting from the intramolecular trapping of the anomeric oxocarbenium ion by 3-O-trichloroacetimidoyl group provided evidence for this remote participation. The triflate anion, counteranion of the mannosyl oxocarbenium ion, was essential for the beta-selectivity, and covalent alpha-mannosyl triflates with an electron-withdrawing group at O-3, O-4, or O-6 were detected by low-temperature NMR. The strongly electron-withdrawing sulfonyl groups, which exhibited a higher beta-directing effect in the mannosylation, made the alpha-mannosyl triflates more stable than the weakly electron-withdrawing acyl groups. We therefore proposed the mechanism for the beta-mannosylation and the origin of the beta-directing effect: the electron-withdrawing groups would stabilize the alpha-mannosyl triflate intermediate, and the subsequent reaction of the alpha-triflate (or its contact ion pair) with the acceptor would afford the beta-mannoside. The beta-selective mannosylation of a sterically demanding acceptor was achieved by employing a donor possessing two strongly electron-withdrawing benzylsulfonyl groups at O-4 and O-6 positions.
Ion-Plasma Deposition of Carbon-Indium Hermetic Coatings for Optical Fibers (1981)

The major factor limiting long service life of fiber optic systems is the effect of moisture on strength. Conditions of strain and moisture reduce fracture strength. A hermetic coating will improve the fiber(1). We have developed and demonstrated our hermetic coating process(2)(3) which utilizes a noncontacting ion deposition technique to deposit Diamond-Like Carbon and also Indium films on optical fibers.
Analysis of speech under stress using Linear techniques and Non-Linear techniques for emotion recognition system (2012)

Analysis of speech for recognition of stress is important for identification of emotional state of person. This can be done using 'Linear Techniques', which has different parameters like pitch, vocal tract spectrum, formant frequencies, Duration, MFCC etc. which are used for extraction of features from speech. TEO-CB-Auto-Env is the method which is non-linear method of features extraction. Analysis is done using TU-Berlin (Technical University of Berlin) German database. Here emotion recognition is done for different emotions like neutral, happy, disgust, sad, boredom and anger. Emotion recognition is used in lie detector, database access systems, and in military for recognition of soldiers' emotion identification during the war.
TCEAL7 Inhibition of c-Myc Activity in Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres Regulates hTERT Expression (2010)

Replicative senescence forms a major barrier to tumor progression. Cancer cells bypass this by using one of the two known telomere maintenance mechanisms: telomerase or the recombination-based alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. The molecular details of ALT are currently poorly understood. We have previously shown that telomerase is actively repressed through complex networks of kinase, gene expression, and chromatin regulation. In this study, we aimed to gain further understanding of the role of kinases in the regulation of telomerase expression in ALT cells. Using a whole human kinome small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen, we highlighted 106 kinases whose expression is linked to human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter activity. Network modeling of transcriptional regulation implicated c-Myc as a key regulator of the 106 kinase hits. Given our previous observations of lower c-Myc activity in ALT cells, we further explored its potential to regulate telomerase expression in ALT. We found increased c-Myc binding at the hTERT promoter in telomerase-positive compared with ALT cells, although no expression differences in c-Myc, Mad, or Max were observed between ALT and telomerase-positive cells that could explain decreased c-Myc activity in ALT. Instead, we found increased expression of the c-Myc competitive inhibitor TCEAL7 in ALT cells and tumors and that alteration of TCEAL7 expression levels in ALT and telomerase-positive cells affects hTERT expression. Lower c-Myc activity in ALT may therefore be obtained through TCEAL7 regulation. Thus, TCEAL7 may present an interesting novel target for cancer therapy, which warrants further investigation.
Vaccine Efficacy of a Lysine Auxotroph of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2003)

The in vivo growth phenotype and vaccine efficacy of a lysine auxotrophic mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv are described. An immunization experiment using a mouse model with an aerosol challenge showed that two doses of the M. tuberculosis mutant were required to generate protection equivalent to that of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine.
Myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography: comparison of contrast disappearance rates in normal and underperfused myocardium. (1984)

A computer algorithm was developed and applied to measure brightness decay rates of myocardial contrast opacification observed with two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE). An agitated mixture of diatrizoate meglumine and saline (Renografin-saline) was injected into the left main coronary artery of 17 closed-chest dogs during the control state as well as after placement of an intracoronary plug to induce 85% stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in five dogs. In 12 dogs, injections were also performed distally to complete intracoronary balloon occlusion of the LAD. For each injection, up to 35 electrocardiographic-gated, end-diastolic 2DE frames were digitized into an image-processing computer that determined mean pixel brightness of each of 12 myocardial segments per 2DE short-axis cross-section. Time-activity curves for each segment were generated, and contrast decay half-life (t 1/2) was calculated. Mean t 1/2 for control-state injections was found to be 24.1 +/- 7.7 sec, as opposed to 293.8 +/- 164.5 sec after complete coronary occlusion (p less than .001). In the five dogs in which 85% LAD stenosis was induced, prolongation of contrast t 1/2 from 18.3 +/- 8.9 sec during control to 44.3 +/- 21.0 sec (p less than .001) after plug insertion occurred in myocardial segments subserved by the stenosed vessel. No significant change occurred in segments that were not supplied by the stenosed vessel (21.9 +/- 9.1 sec during control vs 24.9 +/- 11.6 after plug insertion into the LAD). A reproducibility study of injection-to-injection t 1/2 in the control state indicated a correlation coefficient of r = .84 and a standard error of the estimate (SEE) equal to 5.86 sec, while interobserver t 1/2 reproducibility was r = .91 and SEE = 5.21 sec. The t 1/2 measurement derived by computer analysis of myocardial contrast 2DE may serve as an index for characterization of regional myocardial blood flow and may be applicable to evaluate interventions that alter perfusion.
MAGNETIC AFTEREFFECTS OF PARTICLES FOR HIGH-DENSITY MAGNETIC RECORDING MEDIA (1989)

Thermal fluctuation aftereffect constant SV of particles for high-density magnetic recording media, whose mean volume V and coercive force Hc differed, were measured at the practical temperature range from 196 to 413 K. As for longitudinal magnetic recording particles, this experiment showed that the relationship of HC ∼ v-0.67 can be obtained among the activation volume v calculated from SV, HC, and mean volume V of magnetic particles. V/v is large, 4 to 50, and there is possibility that magnetization reversal caused by domain wall displacement will occur inside particles. On the other hand, unlike longitudinal magnetic recording particles, the relationship with perpendicular magnetic recording particles is HC ∼ v-1.9 and V/v is small, 1.4 to 2.3, surmised to have a mechanism of magnetization similar to that of single domain particles.
A Biomathematical Modeling Approach to Central Nervous System Radioligand Discovery and Development (2009)

A biomathematical modeling approach has the potential to predict the in vivo performance of ligands from in silico/in vitro data and aid in the development of molecular imaging probes.
Neuro-Modulating Effects of Honokiol: A Review (2013)

Honokiol is a poly-phenolic compound that exerts neuroprotective properties through a variety of mechanisms. It has therapeutic potential in anxiety, pain, cerebrovascular injury, epilepsy, and cognitive disorders including Alzheimer's disease. It has been traditionally used in medical practices throughout much of Southeast Asia, but has now become more widely studied due to its pleiotropic effects. Most current research regarding this compound has focused on its chemotherapeutic properties. However, it has the potential to be an effective neuroprotective agent as well. This review summarizes what is currently known regarding the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective and anesthetic effects of this compound and identifies potential areas for further research.
Parallel-plate metamaterials for cloaking structures (2007)

In this work, we assess theoretically the physical response of metamaterial composite structures that emulate the behavior of negative-permittivity materials in certain relevant setups. The metamaterials under analysis consist of metallic parallel-plate implants embedded in a dielectric host in a two-dimensional geometry. Simple design rules and formulas are presented, fully considering the effect and consequences of excitation of higher-order diffraction modes at the metamaterial-dielectric interface. Following the ideas of transparency and cloaking developed by us [Alù and Engheta, Phys. Rev. E 72, 016623 (2005)], we demonstrate, analytically and numerically, that it is possible in this way to design metamaterial cloaks that significantly reduce the total scattering cross section of a given two-dimensional dielectric obstacle in some frequency band. This effect, which may be realized in a feasible way, may find interesting applications in electromagnetic cloaking, total scattering cross section reduction, and noninvasive probing.
Performance, Power, and Area Design Trade-Offs in Millimeter-Wave Transmitter Beamforming Architectures (2019)

Millimeter wave (mmW) communications is viewed as the key enabler of 5G cellular networks due to vast spectrum availability that could boost peak rate and capacity. Due to increased propagation loss in mmW band, transceivers with massive antenna array are required to meet a link budget, but their power consumption and cost become limiting factors for commercial systems. Radio designs based on hybrid digital and analog array architectures and the usage of radio frequency (RF) signal processing via phase shifters have emerged as potential solutions to improve radio energy efficiency and deliver performances close to the conventional digital antenna arrays. In this paper, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art mmW massive antenna array designs and comparison among three array architectures, namely digital array, partially-connected hybrid array (sub-array), and fully-connected hybrid array. The comparison of performance, power, and area for these three architectures is performed for three representative 5G downlink use cases, which cover a range of pre-beamforming signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) and multiplexing regimes. This is the first study to comprehensively model and quantitatively analyze all design aspects and criteria including: 1) optimal linear precoder, 2) impact of quantization error in digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and phase shifters, 3) RF signal distribution network, 4) power and area estimation based on state-of-the-art mmW circuits including baseband digital precoding, digital signal distribution network, high-speed DACs, oscillators, mixers, phase shifters, RF signal distribution network, and power amplifiers. Our simulation results show that the fully-digital array architecture is the most power and area efficient compared against optimized designs for sub-array and hybrid array architectures. Our analysis shows that digital array architecture benefits greatly from multi-user multiplexing. The analysis also reveals that sub-array architecture performance is limited by reduced beamforming gain due to array partitioning, while the system bottleneck of the fully-connected hybrid architecture is the excessively complicated and power hungry RF signal distribution network.
Evaluation of Different Methods for Assaying Protein Carbonylation (2007)

Most current methods for determining protein carbonyl content are based on the reaction of carbonyl groups with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) to form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives, which can then be detected and quantitated spectrophotometrically or immunochemically. In this article, we evaluate different quantitative and semi-quantitative techniques for measuring protein carbonylation. We assessed the sensitivity and accuracy of these techniques using both test samples and tissue extracts. We found that absorbance based quantitation of protein phenylhydrazone content is prone to experimental variation, often generating unreliable results. A previously described microplate ELISA method enabled very sensitive and accurate measurement of the carbonyl content of mixtures of reduced and oxidized BSA but proved to be quite insensitive when complex biological samples were assayed. Immunochemical detection and quantitation of DNPH derivatized samples spotted onto nitrocellulose membrane or processed using unifilter devices often produced inconsistent results. The difficulties observed with each of these methods appear to be associated with the presence of unreacted DNPH and nonprotein carbonyl. We found that short SDS-PAGE of derivatized sample efficiently removes these confounding substances and enables sensitive and reliable immunochemical detection of protein carbonyl after electrophoretic transfer of the proteins onto nitrocellulose membrane. Keywords: Carbonylation assay, Protein oxidation, C. elegans
Thermally Stable Carbazole-Diimides as Hole Transport Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Devices (2012)

We synthesized new carbazole-diimide hole-transporting materials with different dianhydride groups by thermal imidization. The imide moieties were introduced to improve thermal stability of a carbazole hole transport molecule. Result showed that the carbazole-diimdes exhibit good thermal stability with glass transition temperature of 142-182 degrees C and degradation temperature of approximately 450 degrees C as well as good optical transparency in the visible region. The organic light-emitting device (OLED) using alicyclic diimide (CBCZ) shows maximum luminance approximately 8,600 cd/m2 at 12 V and current efficiency of 2.1 cd/A. With optimization of fabricating conditions, the thermally stable CBCZ is expected to be used as a promising hole-transporting material with higher efficiency and durability.
Clinical and haematological improvement induced by etidronate in a patient with idiopathic myelofibrosis and osteosclerosis (1994)

We report a patient with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia associated with debilitating bone pain due to increased bone turnover and osteosclerosis. Treatment with etidronate at a dose of 6 mg/kg per day on alternate months resulted in a complete recovery of bone symptoms and normalization of metabolic parameters of bone turnover; unexpectedly, a sustained haematological improvement was also observed after several months of therapy, suggesting that bone marrow microenvironment improvement was able to restore a nearly normal haemopoiesis. We suggest that diphosphonate therapy may be of value in patients with AMM and increased bone turnover.
<i>Senecavirus A</i>: An Emerging Vesicular Infection in Brazilian Pig Herds (2015)

Vesicular diseases are clinically and economically important infections that affect farm animals. North American studies have suggested that Senecavirus A infection might be associated with a vesicular disease in pigs known as porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD). In the beginning of 2015, outbreaks of porcine vesicular disease have occurred in six Brazilian states from three geographical regions. Official diagnostic tests were performed with negative results for classical vesicular diseases of compulsory reporting. This study investigated Senecavirus A infection in PIVD outbreaks in which other aetiological agents were ruled out. A primer set was designed to amplify a 542-bp product size of VP3/VP1 region of Senecavirus A genome in RT-PCR assay. Primer specificity was analysed in silico and in porcine biological specimens. For this, clinical specimens were collected from eight pig herds affected with PIVD, including vesicular fluid (n = 4) and swabs (n = 7) and scrapings of ruptured vesicles and ulcerative lesions (n = 5) from weaned and adult pigs. Clinically healthy animals (n = 52) of PIVD-affected and non-affected pig herds also were evaluated for Senecavirus A infection. The 16 samples from PIVD-affected animals were positive for Senecavirus A in the RT-PCR assay, while none of the clinically healthy pigs were detected with the virus. Sequencing analysis revealed high nucleotide (87.6-98.5%) and amino acid (95-99.4%) similarities to SVV-01 prototype and other Senecavirus A strains from North American pigs. Primer set presented herein was suitable for molecular characterization of Senecavirus A. The results suggest that Senecavirus A was the aetiological agent of the vesicular disease outbreaks in the evaluated pig herds. This is the first study to report the Senecavirus A infection in clinically affected pigs outside of North America. Senecavirus A was considered a novel emerging pathogen associated with an important vesicular disease in Brazil.
Urethral Trauma After Foley Catheter Placement (2016)

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Occurrence of sulfated galactans in marine angiosperms: evolutionary implications (2004)

We report for the first time that marine angiosperms (seagrasses) possess sulfated polysaccharides, which are absent in terrestrial and freshwater plants. The structure of the sulfated polysaccharide from the seagrass Ruppia maritima was determined. It is a sulfated D-galactan composed of the following regular tetrasaccharide repeating unit: [3-beta-D-Gal-2(OSO3)-1-->4-alpha-D-Gal-1-->4-alpha-D-Gal-1-->3-beta-D-Gal-4(OSO3)-1-->]. Sulfated galactans have been described previously in red algae and in marine invertebrates (ascidians and sea urchins). The sulfated galactan from the marine angiosperm has an intermediate structure when compared with the polysaccharides from these two other groups of organisms. Like marine invertebrate galactan, it expresses a regular repeating unit with a homogenous sulfation pattern. However, seagrass galactan contains the D-enantiomer of galactose instead of the L-isomer found in marine invertebrates. Like red algae, the marine angiosperm polysaccharide contains both alpha and beta units of D-galactose; however, these units are not distributed in an alternating order, as in algal galactan. Sulfated galactan is localized in the plant cell walls, mostly in rhizomes and roots, indicative of a relationship with the absorption of nutrients and of a possible structural function. The occurrence of sulfated galactans in marine organisms may be the result of physiological adaptations, which are not correlated with phylogenetic proximity. We suggest that convergent adaptation, due to environment pressure, may explain the occurrence of sulfated galactans in many marine organisms.