gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Graph Evolution: Densification and Shrinking Diameters (2006)

How do real graphs evolve over time? What are ``normal'' growth patterns in social, technological, and information networks? Many studies have discovered patterns in static graphs, identifying properties in a single snapshot of a large network, or in a very small number of snapshots; these include heavy tails for in- and out-degree distributions, communities, small-world phenomena, and others. However, given the lack of information about network evolution over long periods, it has been hard to convert these findings into statements about trends over time. Here we study a wide range of real graphs, and we observe some surprising phenomena. First, most of these graphs densify over time, with the number of edges growing super-linearly in the number of nodes. Second, the average distance between nodes often shrinks over time, in contrast to the conventional wisdom that such distance parameters should increase slowly as a function of the number of nodes (like O(log n) or O(log(log n)). Existing graph generation models do not exhibit these types of behavior, even at a qualitative level. We provide a new graph generator, based on a ``forest fire'' spreading process, that has a simple, intuitive justification, requires very few parameters (like the ``flammability'' of nodes), and produces graphs exhibiting the full range of properties observed both in prior work and in the present study. We also notice that the ``forest fire'' model exhibits a sharp transition between sparse graphs and graphs that are densifying. Graphs with decreasing distance between the nodes are generated around this transition point.
LIDAR and Monocular Camera Fusion: On-road Depth Completion for Autonomous Driving (2019)

LIDAR and RGB cameras are commonly used sensors in autonomous vehicles. However, both of them have limitations: LIDAR provides accurate depth but is sparse in vertical and horizontal resolution; RGB images provide dense texture but lack depth information. In this paper, we fuse LIDAR and RGB images by a deep neural network, which completes a denser pixel-wise depth map. The proposed architecture reconstructs the pixel-wise depth map, taking advantage of both the dense color features and sparse 3D spatial features. We applied the early fusion technique and fine-tuned the ResNet model as the encoder. The designed Residual Up-Projection block recovers the spatial resolution of the feature map and captures context within the depth map. We introduced a depth feature tensor which propagates context information from encoder blocks to decoder blocks. Our proposed method is evaluated on the large-scale indoor NYUdepthV2 and KITTI odometry datasets and outperforms the state-of-the-art single RGB image and depth fusion method. The proposed method is also evaluated on a reduced-resolution KITTI dataset which synthesizes the planar LIDAR and RGB image fusion.
Impact of vitamin E on immune function and its clinical implications (2006)

Vitamin E is a chain-breaking antioxidant that protects membranes from free-radical damage. Evidence suggests significant impact of vitamin E on the modulation of immune functions. Results from animal and human studies indicate that vitamin E deficiency impairs both humoral and cell-mediated immune functions. Supplementation of vitamin E above the recommended levels has been shown to enhance immune functions and to be associated with increased resistance against several pathogens, especially in the aged. The current vitamin E consumption status from diets, the status of vitamin E supplement use, the effects of vitamin E on different aspects of immune functions and mechanisms of its action and the clinical significance of vitamin E supplementation will be reviewed.
Zeolite Microcrystals as Hosts for Supramolecular Organization of Dye Molecules (1998)

Zeolite microcrystals can act as host for supramolecular organization of molecules, complexes, clusters, and quantum-size particles. They allow the design of precise and reversible functionalities. Techniques for arranging zeolite microcrystals of good quality and narrow size distribution as dense monograin layers on different substrates can be used to realize specific properties. The chemical reactivity between the intercalated molecules offers possibilities for in situ synthesis of molecular chains, clusters, and quantum-size particles, which might not be accessible otherwise. In some cases, guest-host reactivity must be considered. The reactivity of intercalated compounds with (small) molecules penetrating from the outside is an option for changing the composition of a material, i.e., molecules intercalated as monomers in a first step can be linked to form chains. New electronic structures are accessible either by specific geometrical arrangements made possible by the structure of the host and/or by explicitly involving its electronic properties. Some systems meet the conditions necessary for the occurrence of intrazeolite charge transport (ionic and electronic), realized by the guests in their ground state and in electronically excited states under high-vacuum conditions or in the presence of a solvent, depending on the composition and the structure of the material. In this article, we focus on organic dye molecules in the one-dimensional channels of zeolites with a hexagonal framework. This system consists of supramolecularly organized dye molecules. It is shown to provide fascinating possibilities for building an artificial antenna device which consists of highly concentrated monomeric dye molecules of up to 0.4M with a large Förster energy-transfer radius and a high luminescence quantum yield in an ideal geometrical arrangement of optimal size. Extremely fast electronic excitation-energy transport has been demonstrated by us in oxonine- and pyronine-dye-loaded zeolite L microcrystals. Many other highly organized dye-zeolite materials can be prepared, and they are expected to show a wide variety of challenging properties. We report on methods to distinguish between dye molecules which are inside of a microcrystal and those adsorbed on its outer surface, and we explain a demonstration experiment illustrating the intercalation of thionine into zeolite L and the thus resulting improved chemical stability of this dye.
Interference of the T Cell and Antigen-Presenting Cell Costimulatory Pathway Using CTLA4-Ig (Abatacept) Prevents Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Pathology (2017)

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a bacterial superantigen that binds the receptors in the APC/T cell synapse and causes increased proliferation of T cells and a cytokine storm syndrome in vivo. Exposure to the toxin can be lethal and cause significant pathology in humans. The lack of effective therapies for SEB exposure remains an area of concern, particularly in scenarios of acute mass casualties. We hypothesized that blockade of the T cell costimulatory signal by the CTLA4-Ig synthetic protein (abatacept) could prevent SEB-dependent pathology. In this article, we demonstrate mice treated with a single dose of abatacept 8 h post SEB exposure had reduced pathology compared with control SEB-exposed mice. SEB-exposed mice showed significant reductions in body weight between days 4 and 9, whereas mice exposed to SEB and also treated with abatacept showed no weight loss for the duration of the study, suggesting therapeutic mitigation of SEB-induced morbidity. Histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that SEB mediated lung damage and edema, which were absent after treatment with abatacept. Analysis of plasma and lung tissues from SEB-exposed mice treated with abatacept demonstrated significantly lower levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), which is likely to have resulted in less pathology. In addition, exposure of human and mouse PBMCs to SEB in vitro showed a significant reduction in levels of IL-2 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) after treatment with abatacept, indicating that T cell proliferation is the main target for intervention. Our findings demonstrate that abatacept is a robust and potentially credible drug to prevent toxic effects from SEB exposure.
Effect of melanocyte stimulating hormone on human cultured choroidal melanocytes, uveal melanoma cells, and retinal epithelial cells. (1994)

Ocular melanocytes show evidence of regulation by MSH and a range of mitogenic stimuli unlike the transformed melanoma cells, implying a loss of regulatory control in the latter.
Magnetic Enhancement of Stem Cell–Targeted Delivery into the Brain Following MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound for Opening the Blood–Brain Barrier (2017)

Focused ultrasound (FUS)-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) can enable even large therapeutics such as stem cells to enter the brain from the bloodstream. However, the efficiency is relatively low. Our previous study showed that human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in culture were attracted by an external magnetic field. In vivo, enhanced brain retention was observed near a magnet mounted on the skull in a rat model of traumatic brain injury, where BBBD also occurs. The goal of the current study was to determine whether magnetic attraction of SPION-loaded hNPCs would also enhance their retention in the brain after FUS-mediated BBBD. A small animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided FUS system operating at 1.5 MHz was used to treat rats (∼120 g) without tissue damage or hemorrhage. Evidence of successful BBBD was validated with both radiologic enhancement of gadolinium on postsonication TI MRI and whole brain section visualization of Evans blue dye. The procedure was then combined with the application of a powerful magnet to the head directly after intravenous injection of the hNPCs. Validation of cells within the brain was performed by staining with Perls' Prussian blue for iron and by immunohistochemistry with a human-specific antigen. By injecting equal numbers of iron oxide (SPIONs) and noniron oxide nanoparticles-loaded hNPCs, each labeled with a different fluorophore, we found significantly greater numbers of SPIONs-loaded cells retained in the brain at the site of BBBD as compared to noniron loaded cells. This result was most pronounced in regions of the brain closest to the skull (dorsal cortex) in proximity to the magnet surface. A more powerful magnet and a Halbach magnetic array resulted in more effective retention of SPION-labeled cells in even deeper brain regions such as the striatum and ventral cortex. There, up to 90% of hNPCs observed contained SPIONs compared to 60% to 70% with the less powerful magnet. Fewer cells were observed at 24 h posttreatment compared to 2 h (primarily in the dorsal cortex). These results demonstrate that magnetic attraction can substantially enhance the retention of stem cells after FUS-mediated BBBD. This procedure could provide a safer and less invasive approach for delivering stem cells to the brain, compared to direct intracranial injections, substantially reducing the risk of bleeding and infection.
Resource allocation using a reverse iterative combinatorial auction for device-to-device underlay cellular networks (2012)

An innovative auction-based allocation scheme is proposed to improve the performance of device-to-device (D2D) communications as an underlay in the downlink (DL) cellular networks. To optimize the system sum rate over the resource sharing of both D2D and cellular modes, we introduce a reverse iterative combinatorial auction as the allocation mechanism. In the auction, all the spectrum resources are considered as a set of resource units, which compete to obtain business as bidders while packages of D2D pairs are auctioned off as goods in each auction round. We first formulate the valuation of each resource unit for packages of D2D links. And then a detailed non-monotonic descending price auction algorithm is explained. Further, we prove that the proposed scheme is cheat-proof, converges in a finite number of iteration rounds, and has lower complexity compared to a traditional combinatorial allocation. The simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm efficiently leads to a good performance on the system sum rate.
Selective killing of methotrexate-resistant cells carrying amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes. (1981)

A method for the selective killing of methotrexate (MTX)-resistant cells has been developed. The selection is based on the incorporation of tritiated deoxyuridine into the DNA of MTX-resistant cells but not normal MTX-sensitive cells in the presence of the drug. A Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant that overproduces dihydrofolate reductase was used as an example of a MTX-resistant cell line. In this system, a 10,000-fold enrichment for wild-type MTX-sensitive cells could be achieved after 24 hr of exposure to the drug combination. This selection technique was applied to the isolation of MTX-sensitive segregants from hybrid cells formed between the MTX-resistant mutant and wild-type cells. The loss of MTX resistance and dihydrofolate reductase overproduction was always accompanied by the loss of a homogeneously staining region on chromosome 2 of the resistant parent that contains the amplified genes specifying this enzyme. While this region is always lost, other parts of chromosome 2 are almost always retained, suggesting that deletion rather than chromosome loss underlies marker segregation in this case. When the selection was applied to the resistant mutant itself, no MTX-sensitive revertants were obtained among 10(5) cells screened, attesting to the stability of gene amplification in this clone. It is suggested that this combination of drugs may be useful for the elimination of MTX-resistant tumor cells that develop after MTX chemotherapy.
Aircraft Excrescence Drag (1981)

A review has been undertaken of the available data on the subject of the drag of excrescences on aircraft surfaces. Information from this review has been summarized and presented in a way that is readily usable for prediction and design purposes. The basic characteristics of boundary layers are discussed and, where possible, the drag of excrescences is related to those characteristics. In particular, because the size of many types of surface imperfection is small in comparison with boundary layer thicknesses, the drag of such imperfections can be correlated in terms of the properties of inner regions of the boundary layer. Several previously published analyses of this type are highlighted and, where possible, extensions to other data sources or other types of excrescence are presented. The practical problems of applying these data in the varying velocity gradients existing on aircraft surfaces are treated and one section is devoted to the drag of auxiliary air inlet and exit openings. Gaps in existing data which offer opportunities for research effort are pointed out.
<title>Log polar image sensor in CMOS technology</title> (1996)

We report on the design, design issues, fabrication and performance of a log-polar CMOS image sensor. The sensor is developed for the use in a videophone system for deaf and hearing impaired people, who are not capable of communicating through a 'normal' telephone. The system allows 15 detailed images per second to be transmitted over existing telephone lines. This framerate is sufficient for conversations by means of sign language or lip reading. The pixel array of the sensor consists of 76 concentric circles with (up to) 128 pixels per circle, in total 8013 pixels. The interior pixels have a pitch of 14 micrometers, up to 250 micrometers at the border. The 8013-pixels image is mapped (log-polar transformation) in a X-Y addressable 76 by 128 array.
Study on the Relationship between QUAN De yü and HAN Yu (2000)

By studying the relationship between QUAN De yu and HAN yu, two great literary writers in the mid Tang Dynasty, it is believed that although there were favorable time and space and ideological background for the two writers to travel a lot and make friends, their literary works were not affected by the others. This indicates that as a leading literary writer in the intellectual group in the late Zheng Yuan Period of the Tang Dynasty, QUAN De yu paid much attention to the traditional regulations and practice, hence hardly associated himself with the conceited and radical candidates and noblemen, which resulted partly from the change of political situation, and partly from his seek of arts and personal preference. This reveals the relationship between the old intellectuals and the new ones in the mid Tang Dynasty,i.e.,the new learners in literature not only showed respect to their ancestors, but also broke down various constraints and bravely set up their own styles.
Effect of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria on adaptation of cattle to high-energy rations. (1977)

Heifers, unadapted to a concentrate ration, were intraruminally inoculated (1 dose) with cultures of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria or with ruminal fluid from a steer adapted to a concentrate ration. Inoculation with cultures (1 L) of Selenomonas ruminantium or Megasphaera elsdenii did not produce better average daily weight gains or feed efficiency of heifers fed a high-energy ration for 21 days, if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency of heifers inoculated with 1 L of Peptococcus asaccharolyticus culture or with 1 L of adapted ruminal fluid and fed a high-energy ration for 21 days were better if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers.
Application of feature-based multi-view servoing for lamp filament alignment (2002)

This paper presents an application of feature-based visual servoing to achieve accurate and robust 3D filament alignment. Two orthogonal cameras are used to localize the five degrees of freedom of an axi-symmetric filament. An algorithm for precisely estimating the center and orientation features of a filament in a camera view is described. The use of feature-based servoing overcomes the difficulty of 3D camera calibration in a factory environment. These features drive a PID control loop for each view. The two views are coupled in one degree of freedom, and the multiple-view controller switches between two single-view controllers to achieve 3D servoing. The overall accuracy achieved is in thousandths of an inch. Experimental results on the performance of the control algorithm are discussed. Models explaining the system behavior are presented. The use of visual servoing in this application far exceeds the positioning accuracy and the repeatability of human operators.
Self-phase modulation and dispersion in high data rate fiber-optic transmission systems (1990)

The theoretical transmission limits imposed by the interaction of first- and second-order group velocity dispersion and intensity-dependent self-phase modulation (SPM) effects for a range of wavelengths around the zero dispersion wavelength ( lambda /sub 0/) for fibers in which polarization dispersion is negligible are investigated. It is found that increasing the peak input power to 30 mW reduces the transmission distance for data rates greater than 50 Gb/s, if operating at wavelengths shorter than lambda /sub 0/. Operating at wavelengths longer than lambda /sub 0/ improves the performance due to the cancellation of first-order dispersion by self-phase modulation. For example, at 50 Gb/s and 30 mW peak input power, the maximum transmission distance is 255 and 162 km, if operating at wavelengths 1 nm longer or shorter than lambda /sub 0/, respectively. Above 100 Gb/s, higher-order dispersion limits the transmission distance even at wavelengths equal to, or longer than, lambda /sub 0/. Linear dispersion compensation using a grating-telescope combination can significantly improve system performance for wavelengths where first-order dispersion dominates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of the glycosylation sites in yeast external invertase. II. Location of the endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H-resistant sequons. (1988)

There are 14 potential Asn-X-Thr/Ser glycosylation sites, or sequons, in the yeast external invertase sequence. Of these, 13 are wholly or partially glycosylated to give an average of 9-10 oligosaccharides/subunit (Reddy, V. A., Johnson, R. S., Biemann, K., Williams, R. S., Ziegler, F. D., Trimble, R. B., and Maley, F. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6978-6985). On digestion of native holoenzyme by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (Endo H) an average of about seven oligosaccharides per subunit are released without affecting enzyme activity (Trimble, R. B., and Maley, F. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 4409-4412). To determine whether the remaining Endo H-resistant chains were restricted to a limited number of unique sequons or were randomly distributed on all 13, Endo H-treated native invertase was digested with either thermolysin or trypsin and the resultant glycopeptides isolated by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography and gel filtration. It was found that the oligosaccharides attached to Asn92, Asn247, and Asn350 were partially resistant to Endo H, while those at Asn45 and Asn337) were completely resistant. Bio-Gel P-4 analysis revealed the Endo H-resistant oligosaccharides at Asn45, Asn92, Asn247, and Asn337 to be Man8-14GlcNAc, while the minor residual carbohydrate at Asn350 was Man greater than 50GlcNAc. The Endo H-susceptible oligosaccharides at Asn4, Asn146, and Asn256 were Man greater than 50GlcNAc while all other glycosylation sites contained Man8-14GlcNAc. Based on a hydropathic analysis of invertase, the two most Endo H-resistant oligosaccharides at Asn45 and Asn337 were located in the more hydrophobic regions of the molecule. These may form part of the folded protein structure or interacting subunit surfaces, thus restricting their accessibility to Endo H.
Sound absorption of cellular metals with semiopen cells (2000)

A combined experimental and theoretical study is presented for the feasibility of using aluminum foams with semiopen cells for sound-absorption applications. The foams are processed via negative-pressure infiltration, using a preform consisting of water-soluble spherical particles. An analytical model is developed to quantify the dependence of pore connectivity on processing parameters, including infiltration pressure, particle size, wetting angle, and surface tension of molten alloy. Normal sound-absorption coefficient and static flow resistance are measured for samples having different porosity, pore size, and pore opening. A theory is developed for idealized semiopen metallic foams, with a regular hexagonal hollow prism having one circular aperture on each of its eight surfaces as the unit cell. The theory is built upon the acoustic impedance of the circular apertures (orifices) and cylindrical cavities due to viscous effects, and the principle of electroacoustic analogy. The predicted sound-absorption coefficients are compared with those measured. To help select processing parameters for producing semiopen metallic foams with desirable sound-absorbing properties, emphasis is placed on revealing the correlation between sound absorption and morphological parameters such as pore size, pore opening, and porosity.
NifB-dependent <i>in vitro</i> synthesis of the iron–molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase (2006)

Biological nitrogen fixation, an essential process of the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle that supports life on Earth, is catalyzed by the nitrogenase enzyme. The nitrogenase active site contains an iron and molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) composed of 7Fe-9S-Mo-homocitrate and one not-yet-identified atom, which probably is the most complex [Fe-S] cluster in nature. Here, we show the in vitro synthesis of FeMo-co from its simple constituents, Fe, S, Mo, and homocitrate. The in vitro FeMo-co synthesis requires purified NifB and depends on S-adenosylmethionine, indicating that radical chemistry is required during FeMo-co assembly.