gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tracking Lung Tumors in Orthogonal X-Rays (2013)

This paper presents a computationally very efficient, robust, automatic tracking method that does not require any implanted fiducials for low-contrast tumors. First, it generates a set of motion hypotheses and computes corresponding feature vectors in local windows within orthogonal-axis X-ray images. Then, it fits a regression model that maps features to 3D tumor motions by minimizing geodesic distances on motion manifold. These hypotheses can be jointly generated in 3D to learn a single 3D regression model or in 2D through back projection to learn two 2D models separately. Tumor is tracked by applying regression to the consecutive image pairs while selecting optimal window size at every time. Evaluations are performed on orthogonal X-ray videos of 10 patients. Comparative experimental results demonstrate superior accuracy (~1 pixel average error) and robustness to varying imaging artifacts and noise at the same time.
Lens design with reduced sensitivity to thermally induced stress birefringence (2013)

In optical systems required to maintain the polarization states of the transiting light, mechanically induced stress birefringence can degrade performance, at least locally altering polarization phase and ultimately reducing polarization contrast. Although thermally induced stress birefringence can cause similar problems in imaging systems bearing high optical flux, appropriate design approaches to resolve this problem have been lacking. This paper first develops criteria to select optical glasses with reduced sensitivity to thermally induced stress birefringence. The design of projection lenses using the resulting thermal stress desensitized reduced glass list is then discussed, as is the application of such lenses in laser projection systems.
Finger extraction from scene with grayscale morphology and BLOB analysis (2009)

In this paper, we describe a method to detect human fingers from images captured by a stereo camera. The images captured by the stereo camera are preprocessed by a skin detection module. Two hands are extracted from the skin regions using disparity information. We then apply grayscale morphology and use BLOB analysis to detect fingers and their directions. The method is simple yet powerful for finger detection. This extraction result can be used for posture and gesture recognition tasks in computer vision.
Employing Bessel-Gaussian Beams to Improve Physical-Layer Security in Free-Space Optical Communications (2018)

Physical-layer security in free-space optical communications channels can be compromised when an eavesdropper performs optical beam-splitting attacks over an atmospheric channel. Previous simulations have shown that Laguerre-Gaussian orbital angular momentum-carrying beams can provide higher secrecy capacities compared to that of ordinary Gaussian beams. In this paper, we determine if Bessel-Gaussian beams can provide further improvement over their corresponding Laguerre-Gaussian counterparts. Using computer simulations and experiments with spatial light modulators, an increase in secrecy capacity of 10 to 30 bits/sec/Hz in the weak to medium turbulence regimes is demonstrated. This verifies that Bessel-Gaussian beams have more resiliency to atmospheric turbulence effects than Laguerre-Gaussian beams. Furthermore, research on optimizing the quality of these beams can help to realize a practical system for more secure communications.
Sustained hydrogen photoproduction by <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii:</i> Effects of culture parameters (2002)

The green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is capable of sustained H(2) photoproduction when grown under sulfur-deprived conditions. This phenomenon is a result of the partial deactivation of photosynthetic O(2)-evolution activity in response to sulfur deprivation. At these reduced rates of water-oxidation, oxidative respiration under continuous illumination can establish an anaerobic environment in the culture. After 10-15 hours of anaerobiosis, sulfur-deprived algal cells induce a reversible hydrogenase and start to evolve H(2) gas in the light. Using a computer-monitored photobioreactor system, we investigated the behavior of sulfur-deprived algae and found that: (1) the cultures transition through five consecutive phases: an aerobic phase, an O(2)-consumption phase, an anaerobic phase, a H(2)-production phase and a termination phase; (2) synchronization of cell division during pre-growth with 14:10 h light:dark cycles leads to earlier establishment of anaerobiosis in the cultures and to earlier onset of the H(2)-production phase; (3) re-addition of small quantities of sulfate (12.5-50 microM MgSO(4), final concentration) to either synchronized or unsynchronized cell suspensions results in an initial increase in culture density, a higher initial specific rate of H(2) production, an increase in the length of the H(2)-production phase, and an increase in the total amount of H(2) produced; and (4) increases in the culture optical density in the presence of 50 microM sulfate result in a decrease in the initial specific rates of H(2) production and in an earlier start of the H(2)-production phase with unsynchronized cells. We suggest that the effects of sulfur re-addition on H(2) production, up to an optimal concentration, are due to an increase in the residual water-oxidation activity of the algal cells. We also demonstrate that, in principle, cells synchronized by growth under light:dark cycles can be used in an outdoor H(2)-production system without loss of efficiency compared to cultures that up until now have been pre-grown under continuous light conditions.
Immunological Synapse Predicts Effectiveness of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cells (2018)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy has the potential to improve the overall survival of patients with malignancies by enhancing the effectiveness of CAR T cells. Precisely predicting the effectiveness of various CAR T cells represents one of today's key unsolved problems in immunotherapy. Here, we predict the effectiveness of CAR-modified cells by evaluating the quality of the CAR-mediated immunological synapse (IS) by quantitation of F-actin, clustering of tumor antigen, polarization of lytic granules (LGs), and distribution of key signaling molecules within the IS. Long-term killing capability, but not secretion of conventional cytokines or standard 4-hr cytotoxicity, correlates positively with the quality of the IS in two different CAR T cells that share identical antigen specificity. Xenograft model data confirm that the quality of the IS in vitro correlates positively with performance of CAR-modified immune cells in vivo. Therefore, we propose that the quality of the IS predicts the effectiveness of CAR-modified immune cells, which provides a novel strategy to guide CAR therapy.
Optimal sampling from distributed streams (2010)

A fundamental problem in data management is to draw a sample of a large data set, for approximate query answering, selectivity estimation, and query planning. With large, streaming data sets, this problem becomes particularly difficult when the data is shared across multiple distributed sites. The challenge is to ensure that a sample is drawn uniformly across the union of the data while minimizing the communication needed to run the protocol and track parameters of the evolving data. At the same time, it is also necessary to make the protocol lightweight, by keeping the space and time costs low for each participant. In this paper, we present communication-efficient protocols for sampling (both with and without replacement) from k distributed streams. These apply to the case when we want a sample from the full streams, and to the sliding window cases of only the W most recent items, or arrivals within the last w time units. We show that our protocols are optimal, not just in terms of the communication used, but also that they use minimal or near minimal (up to logarithmic factors) time to process each new item, and space to operate.
Seeing through biological tissues using the fly eye principle (2003)

During the past decade, optical imaging through scattering medium has proved to be a powerful technique for many applications. It is especially effective in medical diagnostic, since it is safe, noninvasive and low-cost compared with the conventional radiation techniques. Based on a similar principle of the fly's visual system, we show a novel method of optical imaging through scattering medium. An image of bones hidden between two biological tissues (chicken breast) is recovered from many noisy speckle pictures obtained on the output of a multi-channeled optical imaging system. The operation of multiple imaging is achieved using a microlens array. Each lens from the array projects a different speckled image on a digital camera. The set of speckled images from the entire array are first shifted to a common center and then accumulated to a single average picture in which the concealed object is exposed.
User Controllable Data Grouping for Business Document Translation (2007)

Business document translation is a critical business activity that is essential for business process integration. To achieve interoperability among enterprise applications, common document formats or standards must be followed across business entities, e.g., the legacy electronic data interchange (EDI) and the popular extensible Markup Language (XML). Based on the document object model (DOM), both source and target documents can be visualized as structural trees. Naturally, document translation involves a tree traversal process (for source) and a tree creation process (for target). However, data grouping problem occurs when there are multiple items of the same type (or XML tag) and there is a need to group items differently. The normal document translation process may need to traverse the source DOM trees multiple times due to the ambiguities associated with the process. In this paper, we propose a document translation mechanism that performs a tree traversal over the source tree structure in one pass and automatically creates a target tree structure based upon user-defined rules. For certain grouping options that may cause ambiguity during the translation process, our approach requires just an additional pass over the target tree structure.
Modeling and simulation for ESD protection circuit design and optimization (2004)

An overview of the application of modeling and simulation methodologies for ESD protection circuit design optimization is presented. This methodology will reduce the development cycle time and costs and consists of a device compact model definition valid under ESD conditions and circuit level optimization of the protection circuits. This enables to extract information on the ESD robustness of the product at pre-silicon phase and could lead to first-time-right product designs.
In-situ, In-Memory Stateful Vector Logic Operations based on Voltage Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy (2018)

Recently, the exponential increase in compute requirements demanded by emerging applications like artificial intelligence, Internet of things, etc. have rendered the state-of-art von-Neumann machines inefficient in terms of energy and throughput owing to the well-known von-Neumann bottleneck. A promising approach to mitigate the bottleneck is to do computations as close to the memory units as possible. One extreme possibility is to do in-situ Boolean logic computations by using stateful devices. Stateful devices are those that can act both as a compute engine and storage device, simultaneously. We propose such stateful, vector, in-memory operations using voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ). Our proposal is based on the well known manufacturable 1-transistor - 1-MTJ bit-cell and does not require any modifications in the bit-cell circuit or the magnetic device. Instead, we leverage the very physics of the VCMA effect to enable stateful computations. Specifically, we exploit the voltage asymmetry of the VCMA effect to construct stateful IMP (implication) gate and use the precessional switching dynamics of the VCMA devices to propose a massively parallel NOT operation. Further, we show that other gates like AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NIMP (complement of implication) can be implemented using multi-cycle operations.
Optical tests of nanoengineered liquid mirrors (2003)

We describe a new technology for the fabrication of inexpensive high-quality mirrors. We begin by chemically producing a large number of metallic nanoparticles coated with organic ligands. The partides are then spread on a liquid substrate where they self-assemble to give optical quality reflective surfaces. Since liquid surface can be modified by a variety of means (e.g., rotation, electromagnetic fields), this opens the possibility of making a new class of versatile and inexpensive optical elements that can have complex shapes and that can be modified within short time scales. Interferommetric measurements show optical quality surfaces. We have obtained reflectivity curves that show 80% peak reflectivities. We are confident that we can improve the reflectivity curves because theoretical models predict higher values. We expect nanoengineered liquid mirrors to be useful for scientific and engineering applications. The technology is interesting for large optics, such as large rotating parabolic mirrors, because of its low cost. Furthermore, because the surfaces of of ferrofluids can be shaped with magnetic fields, one can generate complex, time-varying surfaces that are difficult to make with conventional techniques.
23 dB gain upconversion pumped erbium doped fibre amplifier operating at 850 nm (1991)

An erbium doped fluorozirconate fibre amplifier has been constructed which uses upconversion pumping at 801 nm to provide in excess of 20 dB small signal gain at a wavelength of 850 nm.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Soybean and Common Bean (2013)

Plant viral vectors are useful for transient gene expression as well as for downregulation of gene expression via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). When used in reverse genetics approaches, VIGS offers a convenient way of transforming genomic information into knowledge of gene function. Efforts to develop and improve plant viral vectors have expanded their applications and have led to substantial advances needed to facilitate gene function studies in major row crops. Here, we describe a DNA-based Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) vector system for both gene expression and VIGS in soybean and common bean.
Brain Penetration and Efficacy of Different Mebendazole Polymorphs in a Mouse Brain Tumor Model (2015)

Among mebendazole polymorphs, C reaches therapeutically effective concentrations in the brain tissue and tumor with fewer side effects, and is the better choice for brain cancer therapy. Its efficacy can be further enhanced by combination with elacridar.
Generalized Model Selection for Unsupervised Learning in High Dimensions (1999)

In this paper we describe an approach to model selection in unsupervised learning. This approach determines both the feature set and the number of clusters. To this end we first derive an objective function that explicitly incorporates this generalization. We then evaluate two schemes for model selection - one using this objective function (a Bayesian estimation scheme that selects the best model structure using the marginal or integrated likelihood) and the second based on a technique using a cross-validated likelihood criterion. In the first scheme, for a particular application in document clustering, we derive a closed-form solution of the integrated likelihood by assuming an appropriate form of the likelihood function and prior. Extensive experiments are carried out to ascertain the validity of both approaches and all results are verified by comparison against ground truth. In our experiments the Bayesian scheme using our objective function gave better results tha n cross-validatio...
Plant disease resistance genes: unravelling how they work (1995)

Resistance (R) genes confer on a plant the ability to defend itself following microbial attack. Each R gene exhibits an extreme specificity of action and is only effective against a microbe that has the corresponding functional avirulence (Avr) gene. This article reviews the strategies and experimental approaches deployed to understand the molecular events underlying the specificity of action of various tomato Cf resistance genes that results in incompatibility to the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Topics covered include the clustering of Cf genes, the biology of Cf-dependent incompatibility, the map-based and transposon tagging approaches used to clone the Cf-2 and Cf-9 genes, respectively, identification by mutagenesis of other plant loci required for full Cf-9 mediated resistance, the expression of a functional Avr9 gene in planta and its lethal consequences to Cf-9 containing plants, the physiological and molecular host responses to C. fulvum and AVR elicitor challenges and some genetic approaches to ascertain the crucial components of the defense response. Key words: Cladosporium fulvum, Lycopersicon esculentum, tomato leaf mold, Cf resistance genes, fungal avirulence genes, plant defense responses.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Antitumor Activity of a Series of N‐Substituted Iminodiacetato(diammine)platinum(II) Complexes. (1988)

Abstract The water‐soluble N‐substituted title complexes (III) are synthesized according to the scheme and characterized by measurements of physical properties (conductivity and pH) and spectroscopic techniques (IR, 1 H, 13C(1H) NMR).
Effect of enzyme inactivation on the extracted soybean meal and oil (1981)

Abstract The objective was prevention of lipoxygenase activity prior to oil extraction in order to obtain a meal of superior flavor quality and a crude oil of superior oxidative stability. Accordingly, experiments were performed in which soybeans were heated at various moisture contents and times to inactivate the enzyme system. Once the optimal conditions were determined, heat treated and raw beans were extracted in a laboratory system designed to simulate conditions in commercial solvent extraction and the component oil and meal were evaluated. Oxidative stability of the oil from heat‐treated beans was increased as determined by the Swift stability test and an organoleptic evaluation. Similarly, organoleptic blandness ratings of the heat‐treated meal were also superior to the meal produced from raw beans. It was concluded that steam heat treatment of soybeans prior to extraction was beneficial to quality of both oil and flake.
Spray Powders and Coatings on the Basis of Titanium Suboxides (2001)

Abstract Titanium suboxides form a class of ceramic materials possessing such technically interesting properties as electrical conductivity and solid lubrication. Consequently, these materials have a high potential for application as thermally sprayed coatings. In this paper the preparation and characterisation of two spray powders of different composition by agglomeration and sintering with a narrow range of the value n in TinO2n-1 is described. Powders were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), thermogravimetric measurements (TG), helium pycnometry, nitrogen adsorption and mercury intrusion techniques. The sprayability was tested by plasma spraying. The coating structures were studied by optical microscopy, XRD, TG and TEM. Although the powders were only partially oxidized as a result of the spray process, the crystallographic structure was changed significantly, according to XRD and TEM investigations. As an alternative method of preparation of titanium suboxide spray powders, the reduction of a fused and crushed spray powder with hydrogen is described. Powder particle shape and size distribution are not changed in this process.
Engineering of Amylopectin Biosynthesis in Rice Endosperm (2003)

Metabolic engineering of the structure of amylopectin in rice endosperm has been performed by manipulating the activities of the major isoforms of soluble starch synthase, starch branching enzyme, and starch debranching enzymes. Our results show that each isoform distinctly affects amylopectin cluster structure and that the change leads to the synthesis of novel starches with varied physicochemical properties . This paper describes these experimental results and discusses the advantage of the molecular approach for elucidation of the starch biosynthesis system and for production of novel starches.
Oncogenic activation of human R-ras by point mutations analogous to those of prototype H-ras oncogenes. (1994)

R-ras, K-rev-1/rap and TC21, are more closely related to prototype H-ras than any other known members of the ras superfamily. We recently isolated a mutationally activated TC21 oncogene from a human ovarian carcinoma cell line. Based upon these observations, we sought to re-examine the transforming potential of R-ras, which was reported earlier to lack transforming capacity. Mutations were introduced into the R-ras gene at codons 38 or 87, analogous to positions 12 and 61, respectively, responsible for H-ras oncogene activation. While both mutations resulted in acquisition of R-ras transforming capacity for NIH3T3 cells the position 61 was shown to be more active. Transfectants expressing either R-ras mutant formed colonies in soft agar and were tumorigenic in vivo. As has been reported for H-ras, R-ras cooperated with c-raf-1 in inducing transformation of NIH3T3 cells. These results imply interactions in R-ras and c-raf-1 signaling pathways. We observed R-ras transcripts of 4.6 and 1.2 kb ubiquitously expressed in each of a variety of tissues examined. All these findings raise the possibility that R-ras, like prototype ras genes, may be mutationally activated as an oncogene in some human malignancies.
Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography with a toroid cavity detector (1995)

A new type of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography has been developed at Argonne National Laboratory. The method uses the strong radio frequency field gradient within a cylindrical toroid cavity to provide high-resolution NMR spectral information while simultaneously resolving distances on the micron scale. The toroid cavity imaging technique differs from conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in that NMR structural information is not lost during signal processing. The new technique could find a wide range of applications in the characterization of surface layers and in the production of advanced materials. Potential areas of application include in situ monitoring of growth sites during ceramic formation processes, analysis of the oxygen annealing step for wires coated with high-temperature superconducting films, and investigation of the reaction chemistry as a function of distance within the diffusion layer for electrochemical processes.
Novel 1-Cyclopropyl-1-(4-substituted phenyl)-4-cyano-(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)butane Insecticides (1995)

4-Cyano-1-cyclopropyl- 1,4-diarylbutanes are potent broad-spectrum insecticides, and, in some cases acaricides. The chemistry and biological activity of these compounds are discussed. The biological activity is compared to both relevant commercial standards and the corresponding unsubstituted compounds, the 1,4-diaryl-1-cyclopropylbutanes.