gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gaseous ammonia pretreatment lowers the required energy input for fine milling-enhanced enzymatic saccharification of switchgrass (2015)

The combination of knife milling, low moisture gaseous ammonia pretreatment followed by attritor milling that costs only ~5 % of the energy content of the biomass for a total energy input of ~11 % of the biomass energy content, is capable of delivering high sugar titers upon enzymatic saccharification. These results show, therefore, how to better integrate a mechanochemical step into the pretreatment of switchgrass in a commercial biomass to biofuels conversion process.
Experimental studies on synthetic jet cooling enhancement for portable platforms (2008)

As portable platforms including laptops, handheld PCs, and similar handheld electronics become more powerful and more popular, they present unique thermal management challenges. In the past, most thermal management solutions have dealt with directly cooling the microprocessor by way of a heat spreader, heat sink, and fan. However, the microprocessor thermal solution does not cool all areas of the entire platform, and prominent thermal issues arise and must be addressed. For example, maintaining a comfortable skin temperature in portable electronics is a major issue as devices operate at higher powers and with more capabilities. Additionally, the small form factors and limited volume of portable devices make the cooling of the overall platform a significant challenge. Synthetic jets are diaphragm-induced flow devices that can be used to enhance heat transfer in locations otherwise cooled by natural convection or very low-speed forced convection. In this work, the performance of synthetic jets operating perpendicular (i.e., in cross-flow) to a low speed duct flow is investigated. The nature of the jet and bulk flow interaction is studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and thermal measurements are taken on a heated duct wall. Synthetic jets are shown to slow down the bulk flow by entraining mass into the flow and creating "dead zones" where the bulk flow is blocked. The heat transfer studies indicate that cooling can be increased in the main body of the synthetic jet stream by as much as 25% but that the jet creates an impediment to the bulk flow which results in other areas of localized heating.
Uniform Scalar Quantization Based Wyner-Ziv Coding of Laplace-Markov Source (2007)

Wyner-Ziv coding has recently emerged as an alternative to conventional DPCM coding for compression of sources with memory, particularly in video compression. This paper studies the operational rate-distortion performance of Wyner-Ziv coding, using uniform scalar quantization followed by perfect Slepian-Wolf coding, for compression of a Laplace-Markov source. The performance gap of this technique relative to DPCM coding is characterized through derived rate-distortion expressions and numerical simulations.
Studies of vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogs. 42. 3-Deoxy-3-thia-1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its 1.beta.-epimer: synthesis and biological evaluation (1992)

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Providing Location Service for Mobile WiMAX (2008)

With mobile WiMAX being widely deployed, providing a feasible solution for location service in mobile WiMAX is imperative and significant. In this paper, we propose a novel mobile WiMAX positioning scheme, which includes four steps: downlink preamble fast detection (DPFD), positioning algorithm selection mechanism based on the number of detected preambles, media access control (MAC) message signaling, and location calculation. In the first step, neighbor information carried by MOBNBR-ADV is introduced to decrease the neighbor BSs' preamble detection time. Meanwhile, Uplink Ranging Assistant Downlink-Time Difference of Arrival (URAD-TDoA)/uplink ranging assistant-cell ID (URA-CelllD) are proposed in selection mechanism for two/one preambles detected. Furthermore, new messages and detail message signaling for positioning are designed in MAC layer. By simulations, we show that the proposed positioning scheme can be a promising candidate for location service in mobile WiMAX systems.
Economic Analysis of an Electric Thermal Energy Storage System Using Solid Particles for Grid Electricity Storage (2021)

Abstract As renewable power generation becomes the mainstream new-built energy source, energy storage will become an indispensable need to complement the uncertainty of renewable resources to firm the power supply. When phasing out fossil-fuel power plants to meet the carbon neutral utility target in the midcentury around the world, large capacity of energy storage will be needed to provide reliable grid power. The renewable power integration with storage can support future carbon-free utility and has several significant impacts including increasing the value of renewable generation to the grid, improving the peak-load response, and balancing the electricity supply and demand. Long-duration energy storage (10–100 hours duration) can potentially complement the reduction of fossil-fuel baseload generation that otherwise would risk grid security when a large portion of grid power comes from variable renewable sources. Current energy storage methods based on pumped storage hydropower or batteries have many limitations. Thermal energy storage (TES) has unique advantages in scale and siting flexibility to provide grid-scale storage capacity. A particle-based TES system has promising cost and performance for the future growing energy storage needs. This paper introduces the system and components required for the particle TES to be technically and economically competitive. A technoeconomic analysis based on preliminary component designs and performance shows that the particle TES integrated with an efficient air-Brayton combined cycle power system can provide power for several days by low-cost, high-performance storage cycles. It addresses grid storage needs by enabling large-scale grid integration of intermittent renewables like wind and solar, thereby increasing their grid value. The design specifications and cost estimations of major components in a commercial scale system are presented in this paper. The cost model provides insights for further development and cost comparison with competing technologies.
Composite distance metric integration by leveraging multiple experts' inputs and its application in patient similarity assessment (2012)

Abstract In the real world, it is common that different experts have different opinions on the same problem due to their different experience. How to come up with a consistent decision becomes a critical issue. As an example, patient similarity assessment is an important task in the context of patient cohort identification for comparative effectiveness studies and clinical decision‐support applications. The goal is to derive clinically meaningful distance metric to measure the similarity between patients represented by their key clinical indicators. It is desirable to learn the distance metric based on experts' knowledge of clinical similarity among subjects. However, often different physicians have different understandings of patient similarity based on the specifics of the cases. The distance metric learned for each individual physician often leads to a limited view of the true underlying distance metric. The key challenge will be how to integrate the individual distance metrics obtained for a group of physicians into a globally consistent unified metric. To achieve this goal, we propose the composite distance integration ( Comdi ) approach in this paper. Comdi first constructs discriminative neighborhoods from each individual metrics, then it combines all discriminative information in those neighborhoods to learn a single optimal distance metric. We formulate Comdi as a quadratic optimization problem and propose an efficient alternating strategy to find the solution. Besides learning a globally consistent metric, Comdi provides an elegant way to share knowledge across multiple experts without sharing the underlying data, which lowers the risk of disclosing private data. Our experiments on several benchmark data sets show approximately 10% improvement in classification accuracy over baseline methods, which suggests that Comdi is an effective and general metric learning approach. We also demonstrate two case studies on applying Comdi to real‐world clinic data sets. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 5: 54–69, 2012
A large effective area few-mode multi-core fiber (2012)

A design concept of few-mode multi-core fiber is presented. A four-core fiber that supports two LP modes with large effective area (A <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> ) larger than 110 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> realizes the highest relative core multiplicity factor of 11.7.
The Solix AGS system: A low-cost photobioreactor system for production of biofuels from microalgae (2009)

Photobioreactors facilitate the cultivation of specific strains of algae and allow optimal growth conditions to be maintained. To date, however, the high capital and operating costs of photobioreactors have prohibited their use for “low-valued” products such as biofuels. A systematic development effort at Solix Biofuels has resulted in the AGS (Algae Growth System) system for low cost production in closed photobioreactors (PBR). The AGS system comprises a network of thin, vertical panels buoyantly supported in a shallow water bath. The algal culture is contained in these panels; the vertical orientation provides “extended surface area” which allows illumination of more surface area at lower intensity per unit area, thus maximizing photosynthetic efficiency. The AGS panels contain sparging tubes which deliver CO2 as a carbon source and also deliver sparging air to remove dissolved oxygen a byproduct of photosynthesis. The Solix system is applicable to a wide range of algae species, both freshwater and marine species. This presentation will provide details on the Solix photobioreactor technology, control and operational strategy, and downstream processes. Extensive testing and process modeling has been performed and are presented for the system operating with the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oculata. Experimental results and modeling are used to show that the marginal cost of large-scale production using the current technology to be approximately $1/liter ($150/barrel); with a defined path to reducing the production cost by half over the next 2-3 years. Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6 (2009) 192015 doi:10.1088/1755-1307/6/9/192015
Low-dose Rivaroxaban Plus Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: an Evaluation of COMPASS (2018)

The cardiovascular outcomes for people using anticoagulation strategies (NCT01776424) trial randomized 27,395 patients with stable coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease (PAD) to receive rivaroxaban 5 mg twice-daily alone, the combination of rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice-daily and aspirin 100 mg daily, or aspirin 100 mg daily alone. The combination arm resulted in a 24% reduction in the primary end point of cardiovascular death, stroke or myocardial infarction, and an 18% reduction in mortality. Rivaroxaban alone did not produce any additional benefit compared with aspirin. The combination therapy also reduced major adverse limb events, including amputation, in patients with PAD. Based on these results, the addition of rivaroxaban to aspirin is expected to substantially reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with stable coronary or PAD.
Improved quantification and mapping of anomalous pulmonary venous flow with four‐dimensional phase‐contrast MRI and interactive streamline rendering (2015)

Shunt flow may be reliably quantified with 4D-PC MRI, either indirectly or with detailed delineation of flow from multiple shunts. The 4D-PC may be a more accurate alternative to conventional MRI.
Effect of a Characterized Continuous-Flow Culture of Cecal Bacteria on Salmonella typhimurium Crop Colonization in Broiler Chicks (1996)

Broiler chicks were inoculated orally at 1 day of age with a continuous-flow (CF) culture of anaerobic cecal bacteria and challenged with 10(4) Salmonella typhimurium 48 hr (at 3 days old) after inoculation to determine the effect of the CF culture (CF3) on Salmonella crop colonization. Chicks were assigned to four groups: 1) untreated control chicks, 2) challenged at 3 days old with Salmonella, 3) inoculated at 1 day old (day-of-hatch) with CF3, and 4) inoculated at 1 day old with CF3 and challenged at 3 days old with Salmonella. Crop pH decreased significantly (P < 0.05) 24 hr after inoculation in chicks provided with CF3. The pH of crops at 24 hr from control chicks (group 1) was 5.4 and the pH of crops from inoculated chicks (group 3) was 4.7. Decreased pH was accompanied by a significant increase (P < 0.05) in corp lactic acid from approximately 0.1 mmol/ml in control chicks to about 0.2 mmol/ml in chicks given the culture. Salmonella crop colonization decreased (P < 0.05) 4 hr after challenge from a 2.6 log10 colony-forming units (cfu) in Salmonella-control (group 2) chicks to 0.6 log10 cfu in CF3-inoculated (group 4) chicks. Although at 4 and 8 hr after challenge, there were decreased (P < 0.05) numbers of crops testing culture-positive for Salmonella regardless of treatment, Salmonella colonization decreased (P < 0.05) in chicks inoculated with CF3 as compared with controls. The results indicated that CF3 can effectively reduce Salmonella crop colonization.
Fourier Domain Mode Locking (FDML): A New Laser Operating Regime and Applications for Biomedical Imaging, Profilometry, Ranging and Sensing (2009)

Fourier Domain Mode Locking (FDML) is a new stationary operating regime of lasers, generating narrowband, rapidly wavelength swept output waveforms. The FDML mechanism and applications for biomedical imaging, coherent sensing and spectroscopy are discussed. (Advanced Solid-State Photonics, 2009). Download original .PDF file here: <a href="http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ASSP-2009-MA1">MA1</a>.
Toughening of Hydrogels with Double Network Structure (2005)

Hydrogels are made of swollen polymer networks containing more than 90% water. If modified with free chains on their surface, gels exhibit low surface friction and thus have been attractive candidates as artificial cartilage and low frictional materials. However, most hydrogels are mechanically too weak to be used as any load bearing devices. We have overcome this problem by synthesizing hydrogels with a double network (DN) structure. Despite of 90% water, these tough gels exhibit a fracture stress of 170 kg/cm2, similar to that of cartilage. Extremely high mechanical property is due to peculiarly inhomogeneous structure of DN gels. The inhomogeneous structure is thought that large 'voids' of the first network may exist, and the second polymers exist in 'voids' of first network act as 'molecular crack-stopper' in DN gels, keeping the crack from growing to a macroscopic level. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2005.8]
Cover Feature: Automatic Full Glycan Structural Determination through Logically Derived Sequence Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ChemBioChem 18/2019) (2019)

The structures of oligosaccharides, including the differentiation of the diastereomer and anomer of each monosaccharide and the identification of linkage positions of each glycosidic bond, can be determined by a new method: tandem mass spectrometry guided by a logically derived sequence (LODES). The entire procedure of mass spectrum measurement guided by LODES can be programmed in a computer for automatic structural identification of the oligosaccharides eluted from high-performance liquid chromatography. More information can be found in the full paper by C.-K. Ni et al. on page 2351 in Issue 18, 2019 (DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900228).
Isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae from Sources Other Than Swine (1978)

Fecal samples were collected from animals and environments on 3 swine farms and cultured for Treponema hyodysenteriae. Each farm was a farrow-to-finish operation and, at the time of sampling, swine dysentery was enzootic among 8- to 22-week-old pigs. Pathogenic T hyodysenteriae was isolated from pigs on all 3 farms. On farm A, nonpathogenic T hyodysenteriae was isolated from a sample of lagoon water. On farm B, pathogenic T hyodysenteriae was isolated from a waste-holding pit. On farm C, a dog was observed to be eating feces of pigs that had swine dysentery. The dog was diarrheic and a fecal sample yielded a pathogenic isolant of T hyodysenteriae. Further isolation attempts were unsuccessful after the dog was removed from the infected premises. Isolation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms from waste-holding systems emphasizes the need for cultural techniques in detecting pathogenic T hyodysenteriae.
Adaptive Charging Networks: A Framework for Smart Electric Vehicle Charging (2021)

We describe the architecture and algorithms of the Adaptive Charging Network (ACN), which was first deployed on the Caltech campus in early 2016 and is currently operating at over 100 other sites in the United States. The architecture enables real-time monitoring and control and supports electric vehicle (EV) charging at scale. The ACN adopts a flexible Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm based on convex optimization and model predictive control and allows for significant over-subscription of electrical infrastructure. We describe some of the practical challenges in real-world charging systems, including unbalanced three-phase infrastructure, non-ideal battery charging behavior, and quantized control signals. We demonstrate how the Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm handles these challenges, and compare its performance against baseline algorithms from the deadline scheduling literature using real workloads recorded from the Caltech ACN and accurate system models. We find that in these realistic settings, our scheduling algorithm can improve operator profit by 3.4 times over uncontrolled charging and consistently outperforms baseline algorithms when delivering energy in highly congested systems.
Cryogenic trapped-ion system for large scale quantum simulation (2018)

Trapped-ion systems are among themost promising hardware candidates for large scale quantum computing and quantumsimulation. In order to scale up such devices, it is necessary to engineer extremehigh vacuum(XHV) environments to prevent background gas from disrupting the ion crystal. Here we present a new cryogenic ion trapping system designed for long time storage of large ion chains. Our apparatus is based on a segmented-blade ion trap enclosed in a 4Kcryostat, which enables us to routinely trap and hold over 100 171Yb+ions for hours in a linear configuration, due to low background gas pressure from differential cryo-pumping.We characterize theXHVcryogenic environmentmeasuring pressures below10-11 Torr by recording both inelastic and elastic collisions between the ion chain and themolecular background gas.Wealso demonstrate coherent one and two-qubit operations and nearly equidistant ion spacing for chains of up to 44 ions using anharmonic axial potentials, in order to enable better detection and single ion addressing in large ion arrays.We anticipate that this reliable production and lifetime enhancement of large linear ion chainswill enable quantum simulation ofmodels that are intractable with classical computermodeling.
A Small Gold-Conjugated Antibody Label: Improved Resolution for Electron Microscopy (1987)

A general method has been developed to make the smallest gold-conjugated antibody label yet developed for electron microscopy. It should have wide application in domainal mapping of single molecules or in pinpointing specific molecules, sites, or sequences in supramolecular complexes. It permits electron microscopic visualization of single antigen-binding antibody fragments (Fab') by covalently linking an 11-atom gold cluster to a specific residue on each Fab' such that the antigenic specificity and capacity are preserved. The distance of the gold cluster from the antigen is a maximum of 5.0 nanometers when the undecagold-Fab' probe is used as an immunolabel.
Embryonic Stem Cell Lines of Nonhuman Primates (2002)

Human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines have opened great potential and expectation for cell therapy and regenerative medicine. Monkey and human ES cell lines, which are very similar to each other, have been established from monkey blastocysts and surplus human blastocysts from fertility clinics. Nonhuman primate ES cell lines provide important research tools for basic and applicative research. Firstly, they provide wider aspects of investigation of the regulative mechanisms of stem cells and cell differentiation among primate species. Secondly, their usage does not need clearance or permission from the regulative rules in many countries that are associated with the ethical aspects of human ES cells, although human and nonhuman embryos and fetuses are very similar to each other. Lastly and most importantly, they are indispensable for animal models of cell therapy to test effectiveness, safety, and immunological reaction of the allogenic transplantation in a setting similar to the treatment of human diseases. So far, ES cell lines have been established from rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), and cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), using blastocysts produced naturally or by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). These cell lines seem to have very similar characteristics. They express alkaline phosphatase activity and stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-4 and, in most cases, SSEA-3. Their pluripotency was confirmed by the formation of embryoid bodies and differentiation into various cell types in culture and also by the formation of teratomas that contained many types of differentiated tissues including derivatives of three germ layers after transplantation into the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. The noneffectiveness of the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signal makes culture of primate and human ES cell lines prone to undergo spontaneous differentiation and thus it is difficult to maintain these stem cell colonies. Also, these ES cells are more susceptible to various stresses, causing difficulty with subculturing using enzymatic treatment and cloning from single cells. However, with various improvements in culture methods, it is now possible to maintain stable colonies of monkey ES cells using a serum-free medium and subculturing with trypsin treatment. Under such conditions, cynomolgus monkey ES cell lines can be maintained in an undifferentiated state with a normal karyotype and pluripotency even after prolonged periods of culture over 1 year. Such progress should facilitate many aspects of stem cell research using both nonhuman primate and human ES cell lines.
Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Optical Interconnects (2020)

The articles in this special section focus on optical interconnects. These papers present the most recent developments in this field with extensiveness and depth, while ensuring the inclusion of the highest quality work. Large-scale data centers and high-performance computers (HPC) are becoming increasingly limited by the capacity of interconnects due to the rapidly increasing power consumption and bandwidth demands. As a result of the continuing bandwidth scaling, optical interconnects (OI) have been implemented at ever decreasing communication distances to replace electrical interconnects. Over the past decade, core switches and routers in data centers and HPC systems have adopted fiber optics to deliver the I/O performance between racks in multi-chassis configurations. Meanwhile, the further penetration of OI into shorter distances, such as the board and chip levels, poses new challenges on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for continued performance and cost scaling and further requires innovations in integration and packaging.