gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Mercury Resistance in the Crenarchaeote <i>Sulfolobus solfataricus</i> (2006)

ABSTRACT Mercuric ion, Hg(II), inactivates generalized transcription in the crenarchaeote Sulfolobus solfataricus . Metal challenge simultaneously derepresses transcription of mercuric reductase ( merA ) by interacting with the archaeal transcription factor aMerR. Northern blot and primer extension analyses identified two additional Hg(II)-inducible S. solfataricus genes, merH and merI (SSO2690), located on either side of merA . Transcription initiating upstream of merH at promoter merHp was metal inducible and extended through merA and merI , producing a merHAI transcript. Northern analysis of a merRA double mutant produced by linear DNA recombination demonstrated merHp promoter activity was dependent on aMerR to overcome Hg(II) transcriptional inhibition. Unexpectedly, in a merA disruption mutant, the merH transcript was transiently induced after an initial period of Hg(II)-mediated transcription inhibition, indicating continued Hg(II) detoxification. Metal challenge experiments using mutants created by markerless exchange verified the identity of the MerR binding site as an inverted repeat (IR) sequence overlapping the transcription factor B binding recognition element of merHp . The interaction of recombinant aMerR with merHp DNA, studied using electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, demonstrated that complex formation was template specific and dependent on the presence of the IR sequence but insensitive to Hg(II) addition and site-specific IR mutations that relieved in vivo merHp repression. Despite containing a motif resembling a distant ArsR homolog, these results indicate aMerR remains continuously DNA bound to protect and coordinate Hg(II)-responsive control over merHAI transcription. The new genetic methods developed in this work will promote experimental studies on S. solfataricus and other Crenarchaeota .
Forward Attention in Sequence- To-Sequence Acoustic Modeling for Speech Synthesis (2018)

This paper proposes a forward attention method for the sequence-to-sequence acoustic modeling of speech synthesis. This method is motivated by the nature of the monotonic alignment from phone sequences to acoustic sequences. Only the alignment paths that satisfy the monotonic condition are taken into consideration at each decoder timestep. The modified attention probabilities at each timestep are computed recursively using a forward algorithm. A transition agent for forward attention is further proposed, which helps the attention mechanism to make decisions whether to move forward or stay at each decoder timestep. Experimental results show that the proposed forward attention method achieves faster convergence speed and higher stability than the baseline attention method. Besides, the method of forward attention with transition agent can also help improve the naturalness of synthetic speech and control the speed of synthetic speech effectively.
Rapid Synthesis of Well-Defined Polyacrylamide by Aqueous Cu(0)-Mediated Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization (2016)

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylamide (AM) has proved challenging, typically exhibiting low conversions and broad molecular weight distributions (MWDs). Herein, we report the synthesis of well-defined polyacrylamide (both homo and block copolymers) via aqueous copper(0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Cu(0)-RDRP), exploiting the in situ disproportionation of Cu(I)Br in the presence of Me6Tren to yield insoluble Cu(0) and Cu(II)Br2 which acts as a deactivator. Careful optimization of the levels of Cu(I)Br and Me6TREN allowed for the synthesis of polyacrylamide of a range of molecular weights (DPn = 20–640) proceeding to quantitative conversion within just a few minutes (typically full conversion is attained within 15 min of reaction time) and exhibiting narrow MWDs (Đ as low as 1.09), which represents a significant improvement over transitional-metal-mediated approaches previously reported in the literature. This optimized approach was subsequently utilized to perform in situ chain extensions and block copolymerizations with hydroxyethyl acrylamide, yielding block copolymers of low dispersity and quantitative monomer conversions in a time frame of minutes.
Electron Affinity of Phenyl–C<sub>61</sub>–Butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM) (2013)

The gas-phase electron affinity (EA) of phenyl–C61–butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), one of the best-performing electron acceptors in organic photovoltaic devices, was measured by low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy for the first time. The obtained value of 2.63(1) eV is only ca. 0.05 eV lower than that of C60 (2.683(8) eV), compared to a 0.09 V difference in their E1/2 values measured in this work by cyclic voltammetry. Literature E(LUMO) values for PCBM that are typically estimated from cyclic voltammetry and commonly used as a quantitative measure of acceptor properties are dispersed over a wide range between −4.38 and −3.62 eV; the reasons for such a huge discrepancy are analyzed here, and a protocol for reliable and consistent estimations of relative fullerene-based acceptor strength in solution is proposed.
Recent developments in deep x-ray lithography (1998)

Deep x-ray lithography (DXRL) with synchrotron radiation represents the technological core of the Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung (LIGA) microfabrication process, thus defining the lateral shape and the accuracy of the final product. High aspect ratio microcomponents with a height of some micrometers up to several millimeters can be manufactured with submicron precision. We report on recently performed theoretical investigations on the structure transfer accuracy in the shadow printing process. Model calculations revealed the importance of photoelectron emission compared to Fresnel diffraction and beam divergence for typical DXRL conditions. The parameters used to model the effects correspond to the spectral distribution of the BESSY I wavelength shifter, Berlin (0.8 GeV, 5 T) equipped with several vacuum windows and a mask membrane made of beryllium with a thickness of 500 μm. A poly(methylmethacrylate) resist layer of 300 μm thickness with a bottom dose of 5 kJ cm−3 is assumed. The calculated dose profiles are supplemented by a detailed experimental analysis confirming the calculation results which indicate a microstructure precision of less than 0.05 μm per 100 μm resist height. Additionally, advanced irradiation techniques like multiple tilted exposures and aligned double exposures are discussed with respect to their technological capacity. Resist side walls exposed under an inclination angle of 45° turned out to follow an accuracy of approximately 1 μm over a height of up to 500 μm, where overlay accuracy for multiple aligned irradiations can be achieved within submicron scale using an internal alignment system in the DEX2 JENOPTIK scanner. Both specially treated beryllium masks and optically transparent LIGA masks made of thin silicon nitride membranes have been utilized. Finally, novel applications of microproducts using DXRL as a prerequisite for mass production will be given.
High rate OFDM-modem with quasi-coherent DAPSK (2002)

An OFDM system with 64-DAPSK (differential amplitude and phase shift keying) modulation is considered. The performance with quasi-coherent demodulation is analysed in AWGN and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels with and without channel coding (convolutional coding) and compared to incoherent (64-DAPSK) and coherent (64-QAM) demodulation. It is shown that in contrast to coherent demodulation, no pilot symbols are required for quasi-coherent demodulation. Using this redundancy for additional channel coding, both coherent and quasi-coherent demodulation show approximately the same performance at the same net bit rate, but due to the relatively complex channel estimation the hardware complexity is considerably higher with coherent demodulation.
Convex optimization for inequality constrained adjustment problems (2015)

Whenever a certain function shall be minimized (e.g., a sum of squared residuals) or maximized (e.g., profit) optimization methods are applied. If in addition prior knowledge about some of the parameters can be expressed as bounds (e.g., a non-negativity bound for a density) we are dealing with an optimization problem with inequality constraints. Although, common in many economic and engineering disciplines, inequality constrained adjustment methods are rarely used in geodesy.<br /> Within this thesis methodology aspects of convex optimization methods are covered and analogies to adjustment theory are provided. Furthermore, three shortcomings are identified which are - in the opinion of the author - the main obstacles that prevent a broader use of inequality constrained adjustment theory in geodesy. First, most optimization algorithms do not provide quality information of the estimate. Second, most of the existing algorithms for the adjustment of rank-deficient systems either provide only one arbitrary particular solution or compute only an approximative solution. Third, the Gauss-Helmert model with inequality constraints was hardly treated in the literature so far. We propose solutions for all three obstacles and provide simulation studies to illustrate our approach and to show its potential for the geodetic community.<br /> Thus, the aim of this thesis is to make accessible the powerful theory of convex optimization with inequality constraints for classic geodetic tasks.
A Maximum Entropy Approach to Collaborative Filtering in Dynamic, Sparse, High-Dimensional Domains (2002)

We develop a maximum entropy (maxent) approach to generating recommendations in the context of a user’s current navigation stream, suitable for environments where data is sparse, highdimensional, and dynamic—conditions typical of many recommendation applications. We address sparsity and dimensionality reduction by first clustering items based on user access patterns so as to attempt to minimize the apriori probability that recommendations will cross cluster boundaries and then recommending only within clusters. We address the inherent dynamic nature of the problem by explicitly modeling the data as a time series; we show how this representational expressivity fits naturally into a maxent framework. We conduct experiments on data from ResearchIndex, a popular online repository of over 470,000 computer science documents. We show that our maxent formulation outperforms several competing algorithms in offline tests simulating the recommendation of documents to ResearchIndex users. 1
Effect of Pharmaceutical Excipients on the Stability of Trichlormethiazide Tablets under Humid Conditions (2009)

The stability of trichlormethiazide (TCM) and the drug in the nine products available on the market (the original tablet (B) and 8 generic tablets (G1-G8)) were investigated under humid conditions. TCM was non-hygroscopic and was not degraded under humid conditions. Drug degradation in aqueous ethanol was accelerated with increased water concentration, and the drug stability in buffer solution was improved with decreased pH. TCM decomposition was not detected in each unwrapped tablet at low relative humidity. However, rapid degradation was observed for products G1 and G2, while product B and G7 showed higher stability at high relative humidity. The stability of products G1 and G2 decreased with increasing humidity. The same results were observed for the tablets in press-through packages (PTP), but the degradation rate was much slower than tablets without PTP packages. These results suggested that the adsorbed moisture by excipients cause TCM degradation. Various pharmaceutical excipients are added to TCM tablets and these vary between different pharmaceutical companies. Intact drug and pharmaceutical excipients, including lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), low substituted HPC (L-HPC), calcium stearate, and light anhydrous silicic acid, were mixed, and the sample mixtures were stored in humid conditions. It was found that the TCM content decreased significantly in a binary mixture of TCM/HPC 1 : 1.
Inhibition of N-acetylaspartate production: implications for 1H MRS studies in vivo. (1996)

The effect of specific irreversible inhibitors of complexes I, III, IV and V of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, (rotenone, myxothiazol, cyanide and oligomycin, respectively) on mitochondrial N-acetylaspartate production, and its relationship to oxidative phosphorylation (ATP production and oxygen consumption) were investigated in isolated rat brain mitochondria. Mitochondrial N-acetylaspartate production, ATP production and oxygen consumption were all significantly decreased in the presence of each of the inhibitors used compared with control incubations, and correlated positively with each other. It is postulated that decreased N-acetylaspartate levels seen in disease states by 1H NMR spectroscopy in vivo may reflect primarily an impaired mitochondrial energy production rather than neuronal cell loss.
Association of Arsenic Methylation Capacity with Developmental Delays and Health Status in Children: A Prospective Case–Control Trial (2016)

This case-control study identified the association between the arsenic methylation capacity and developmental delays and explored the association of this capacity with the health status of children. We recruited 120 children with developmental delays and 120 age- and sex-matched children without developmental delays. The health status of the children was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI). The arsenic methylation capacity was determined by the percentages of inorganic arsenic (InAs%), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA<sup>V</sup>%), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA<sup>V</sup>%) through liquid chromatography and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Developmental delays were significantly positively associated with the total urinary arsenic concentration, InAs%, and MMA<sup>V</sup>%, and was significantly negatively associated with DMA<sup>V</sup>% in a dose-dependent manner. MMA<sup>V</sup>% was negatively associated with the health-related quality of life (HRQOL; -1.19 to -1.46, P < 0.01) and functional performance (-0.82 to -1.14, P < 0.01), whereas DMA<sup>V</sup>% was positively associated with HRQOL (0.33-0.35, P < 0.05) and functional performance (0.21-0.39, P < 0.01-0.05) in all children and in those with developmental delays. The arsenic methylation capacity is dose-dependently associated with developmental delays and with the health status of children, particularly those with developmental delays.
Flexible substrate micro-crystalline silicon and gated amorphous silicon strain sensors (2006)

We present two different kinds of semiconductor strain sensors: ungated n+ micro-crystalline silicon (n+ /spl mu/C-Si), and gated hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). Both sensor types are fabricated on flexible polyimide substrates. The sensors were characterized with bending perpendicular, parallel, and at 45/spl deg/ with respect to the sensor bias direction, and for several bending diameters. Sensor size and power consumption are significantly reduced compared to metallic foil strain sensors. Small sensor size and ease of integration with a-Si:H thin-film transistors also allows arrays of strain sensors or combinations of strain sensors with varying geometric orientation to allow strain direction as well as magnitude to be unambiguously determined.
Pd-Catalyzed Semmler–Wolff Reactions for the Conversion of Substituted Cyclohexenone Oximes to Primary Anilines (2013)

Homogeneous Pd catalysts have been identified for the conversion of cyclohexenone and tetralone O-pivaloyl oximes to the corresponding primary anilines and 1-aminonaphthalenes. This method is inspired by the Semmler-Wolff reaction, a classic method that exhibits limited synthetic utility owing to its forcing conditions, narrow scope, and low product yields. The oxime N-O bond undergoes oxidative addition to Pd(0)(PCy3)2, and the product of this step has been characterized by X-ray crystallography and shown to undergo dehydrogenation to afford the aniline product.
GaAs Shallow-homojunction solar cells on Ge-coated Si substrates (1981)

Solar cells with conversion efficiencies of 12% (AM1) have been fabricated from single-crystal GaAs epilayers grown by CVD on Ge-coated Si substrates. The cells utilize an n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> /p/p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> shallow-homo junction GaAs structure on a thin (<0.2 µm) epitaxial Ge layer. These solar cells are the first reported GaAs devices fabricated on Si substrates.
DOE/NETL's advanced NOx emissions control technology R & D program (2006)

Efforts are underway to provide more cost-effective options for coal-fired power plants to meet stringent emissions limits. Several recently completed DOE/NETL R & D projects were successful in achieving the short-term goal of controlling NOx emissions at 0.15 lb/MMBtu using in-furnace technologies. In anticipation of CAIR and possible congressional multi-pollutant legislation, DOE/NETL issued a solicitation in 2004 to continue R & D efforts to meet the 2007 goal and to initiate R & D targeting the 2010 goal of achieving 0.10 lb/MMBtu using in-furnace technologies in lieu of SCR. As a result, four new NOx R & D projects are currently underway and will be completed over the next three years. The article outlines: ALSTOM's Project on developing an enhanced combustion, low NOx burner for tangentially-fired boilers; Babcock and Wilcox's demonstration of an advanced NOx control technology to achieve an emission rate of 0.10 lb/MMBtu while burning bituminous coal for both wall- and cyclone-fired boilers; Reaction Engineering International's (REI) full-scale field testing of advanced layered technology application (ALTA) NOx control for cyclone fired boilers; and pilot-scale testing of ALTA NOx control of coal-fired boilers also by REI. DOE/NETL has begun an R & D effort to optimize performance of SCRmore » controls to achieve the long term goal of 0.01 lb/MMBtu NOx emission rate by 2020. 1 fig.« less
A Variant of the <i>HTRA1</i> Gene Increases Susceptibility to Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2006)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in the developed world and has a strong genetic predisposition. A locus at human chromosome 10q26 affects the risk of AMD, but the precise gene(s) have not been identified. We genotyped 581 AMD cases and 309 normal controls in a Caucasian cohort in Utah. We demonstrate that a single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs11200638, in the promoter region of HTRA1 is the most likely causal variant for AMD at 10q26 and is estimated to confer a population attributable risk of 49.3%. The HTRA1 gene encodes a secreted serine protease. Preliminary analysis of lymphocytes and retinal pigment epithelium from four AMD patients revealed that the risk allele was associated with elevated expression levels of HTRA1 mRNA and protein. We also found that drusen in the eyes of AMD patients were strongly immunolabeled with HTRA1 antibody. Together, these findings support a key role for HTRA1 in AMD susceptibility and identify a potential new pathway for AMD pathogenesis.
Electrodeposition of Nickel Hydroxide Nanoparticles on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for Oxidative Electrocatalysis (2010)

We demonstrate, for the first time, the electrosynthesis of uniformly dispersed nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (NPs) on polycrystalline boron-doped diamond (pBDD). This has been achieved by electrogenerating OH− at the pBDD surface in the presence of Ni2+ to create local conditions near the electrode where highly supersaturated (relative saturation ratio > 105) nickel hydroxide solutions are generated for short periods of time (approximately seconds). This results in the deposition of nickel hydroxide NPs directly on the electrode surface, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The NPs have a reasonably homogeneous size distribution and are deposited uniformly across the heterogeneous pBDD surface. We show that by simply increasing the electrogeneration time and, hence, increasing both the local concentration of OH− and extent of the precipitation reaction, it is possible to increase the size of the NPs. For example, after 1 s, NPs with dimensions of 12 ± 3 nm form, whereas after 15 s, NPs of size ∼39 ± 9 nm result. Longer times result in larger particles, which form aggregated structures. The effect of nickel hydroxide NP size on electrocatalytic activity was investigated by measuring the steady-state current for the oxidation of glucose in alkaline media. For NPs ≥ 25 nm in size, glucose oxidation is close to diffusion-controlled. However, for the smallest NPs produced (∼12 nm) the currents passed suggest kinetic limitations. For glucose at an effective surface coverage of nickel hydroxide of ∼20 nmol cm−2, equivalent to 15 ng of nickel hydroxide, this functionalized electrode showed a sensitivity of 330 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection of 400 nM. The latter represents one of the lowest limits of detection for glucose for nickel hydroxide-based electrodes. The electrocatalytic oxidation properties of this electrode toward methanol and ethanol was also found to be very efficient, yielding very high density currents of ∼1010 A g−1 for 0.5 M ethanol and 990 A g−1 for 0.47 M methanol.
Insulin and TOR signal in parallel through FOXO and S6K to promote epithelial wound healing (2016)

The TOR and Insulin/IGF signalling (IIS) network controls growth, metabolism and ageing. Although reducing TOR or insulin signalling can be beneficial for ageing, it can be detrimental for wound healing, but the reasons for this difference are unknown. Here we show that IIS is activated in the cells surrounding an epidermal wound in Drosophila melanogaster larvae, resulting in PI3K activation and redistribution of the transcription factor FOXO. Insulin and TOR signalling are independently necessary for normal wound healing, with FOXO and S6K as their respective effectors. IIS is specifically required in cells surrounding the wound, and the effect is independent of glycogen metabolism. Insulin signalling is needed for the efficient assembly of an actomyosin cable around the wound, and constitutively active myosin II regulatory light chain suppresses the effects of reduced IIS. These findings may have implications for the role of insulin signalling and FOXO activation in diabetic wound healing.
Green fluorescent protein as a genetic marker in transgenic <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (2000)

We report here the use of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria, as a genetic marker for the genetic transformation of mosquitoes. The EGFP gene, under the control of the actin5C promoter of Drosophila melanogaster was inserted into the Hermes transposable element. Preblastoderm embryos of a wild-type strain of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, were microinjected with this plasmid, together with a helper plasmid containing the Hermes transposase placed under the control of the D. melanogaster hsp70 promoter. Somatic EGFP expression was observed during early instars in approximately one-half of all G0 individuals. Two G1 individuals arising from a G0 female displayed high levels of EGFP gene expression during all stages of development. EGFP was transmitted in a Mendelian fashion to the G2 and G3 generations and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of the Hermes[actin5C:EGFP] gene in these insects. These results clearly demonstrate that EGFP can be used as an effective genetic marker in wild-type Ae. aegypti and most likely in other mosquito species as well.