gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvements on Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Minimum-Mean-Square-Error Noise Suppressor for Robust Speech Recognition (2008)

Recently we have developed a non-linear feature-domain noise reduction algorithm based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion on Mel-frequency cepstra (MFCC) for environment-robust speech recognition. Our novel algorithm operates on the power spectral magnitude of the filter-bank's outputs and outperforms the log-MMSE spectral amplitude noise suppressor proposed by Ephraim and Malah in both recognition accuracy and efficiency as demonstrated on the Aurora-3 corpora. This paper serves two purposes. First, we show that the algorithm is effective on large vocabulary tasks with tri-phone acoustic models. Second, we report improvements on the suppression rule of the original MFCC-MMSE noise suppressor by smoothing the gain over the previous frames to prevent the abrupt change of the gain over frames and adjusting gain function based on the noise power so that the suppression is aggressive when the noise level is high and conservative when the noise level is low. We also propose an efficient and effective parameter tuning algorithm named step-adaptive discriminative learning algorithm (SADLA) to adjust the parameters used by the noise tracker and the suppressor. We observed a 46% relative word error (WER) reduction on an in-house large-vocabulary noisy speech database with a clean trained model, which translates into a 16% relative WER reduction over the original MFCC-MMSE noise suppressor, and 6% relative WER reduction on the Aurora-3 corpora over our original MFCC-MMSE algorithm or 30% relative WER reduction over the CMN baseline.
A New Route to Perfluoro(Propyl Vinyl Ether) Monomer: Synthesis of Perfluoro(2-propoxypropionyl) Fluoride from Non-Fluorinated Compounds (2001)

Perfluoro(2-propoxypropionyl) fluoride (1a), which is the precursor of the perfluorinated propyl vinyl ether (PPVE) monomer of an industrially important perfluoroalkoxy copolymer (PFA), was synthesized by utilizing direct fluorination of the non-fluorinated counterpart for the first time. The partially-fluorinated ester 7 synthesized from the desired perfluorinated acid fluoride 1a itself and the non-fluorinated alcohol 5, which has a carbon skeleton corresponding to the desired compound 1a, was perfluorinated by liquid-phase direct fluorination with elemental fluorine. Degradation of the resulting perfluorinated ester 8 gave 2 mols of the desired acid fluoride 1a. In a sense, this process can be called self-multiplication of a perfluorinated acid fluoride from a non-fluorinated alcohol.
A Novel Q‐switched CO<sub>2</sub> Laser and its Applications (2014)

Abstract For the efficient treatment of a broad variety of materials, pulsed CO 2 laser radiation is well‐suited. But nevertheless, CO 2 lasers are well established in industrial processes, a significant disadvantage of all previously basicavailable commercial systems, which are suitable for material processing, is their restricted pulsability. This is not caused by the amplification properties of the active medium, but by the wavelength of about 10 μm. In this region the spectrum of optical materials, which can be used for modulation, especially Q‐switching, is rather limited. In principle for acousto‐optic modulation only Ge and for electro‐optic modulation only CdTe are suitable materials. But both semiconductors are relatively power‐sensitive and therefore Q‐switching of conventional CO 2 lasers is typically limited to less than 100 W of average power. This problem can be solved by the new resonator concept described below [1]. The aim is the optimum transformation of the potentially available power (cw up to the kW range) into average power of the pulsed radiation.
Tunable hot-carrier photodetectors for terahertz frequency operation (2015)

The cut-off wavelength limit (λc) in traditional photodetectors is determined by the activation energy (Δ) of the semiconductor structure, and is given by the relationship: λc = hc/Δ. This empirical spectral rule has dominated device design for many years, and was thought to limit intrinsically the long wavelength response of a photodetector. Recently, however, we have demonstrated a new, long wavelength photodetection principle using a hot-cold carrier energy transfer mechanism. Hot carriers injected into a semiconductor structure interact with cold carriers and excite them to higher energy states. This has enabled a very long-wavelength infrared response up to 55 μm to be achieved, which is tunable by varying the degree of hot-hole carrier injection.
Highly flexible, freestanding tandem sulfur cathodes for foldable Li–S batteries with a high areal capacity (2017)

Highly flexible tandem cathodes with a high sulfur loading achieve foldable lithium–sulfur batteries with a high areal capacity.
Water ingress mapping in photovoltaic module packaging materials (2018)

We demonstrate an imaging technique for mapping water ingress in photovoltaic module packaging materials that discriminates high versus low water content regions based on the differential absorption of infrared light corresponding to the water absorption band. The underlying principle of increased absorbance upon water ingress is demonstrated using transmission spectroscopy in encapsulant laminates and an imaging approach is shown to identify moisture ingress in laminate samples.
Surgical and Molecular Pathology of Barrett Esophagus (2015)

Grading is essential for developing appropriate treatment plans, follow-up visits, and therapeutic interventions for each patient. Familiarity with current molecular testing methods will help physicians correctly diagnose the disease and select the most appropriate therapy for each of their patients.
Cyber security of unmanned aircraft system traffic management (UTM) (2018)

Millions of small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) aircraft of various shapes and capabilities will soon fly at low altitudes in urban environments for ambitious applications. It is critical to ensure these remotely piloted aircraft fly safely, predictably, and efficiently in this challenging airspace, without endangering themselves and other occupants sharing that airspace or in proximity. Concepts, technologies, processes, and policies to solve this hard problem of UAS Traffic Management (UTM) are being explored. But, cyber security considerations are largely missing. This paper bridges this gap and addresses UTM cyber security needs and issues. It contributes a comprehensive framework to understand, identify, classify, and assess security threats to UTM, including those resulting from sUAS vulnerabilities. Promising threat mitigations, major challenges, and research directions are discussed to secure UTM.
Abstract P3-05-02: Global characterisation of the SRC-1 transcriptome and rational drug design results in the identification of a novel peptide targeting ADAM22 in endocrine resistance (2015)

Abstract In spite of therapeutic advances, up to 25% of luminal breast cancers will eventually develop resistance to endocrine therapy and develop metastatic disease. The underlying mechanism causing ER-positive, steroid responsive tumours to develop a resistant, metastatic phenotype remains unresolved. Previous work from our group and others has identified the P160 protein SRC-1 as a significant predictor of recurrence on endocrine therapy. The purpose of this study is to further examine downstream SRC-1 targets in the context of endocrine resistant breast cancer. We adopted a global approach to define the transcriptional targets of SRC-1. SRC-1 ChIP sequencing in endocrine resistant luminal B breast cancer cells was combined with SRC-1 gene expression array analysis. This identified a number of pathways significantly elevated following tamoxifen treatment, including a number involved in cellular adhesion. From these pathways, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase-22 (ADAM22) was selected for further study. Knockout studies confirmed ADAM22 as a tamoxifen dependent SRC-1 target gene. Functional assays including migration, three dimensional cell culture and adhesion independence growth assays confirmed a role for ADAM22 in promoting a migratory, aggressive phenotype. Samples from two separate TMAs comprising over 1,000 patients confirmed that ADAM22 is associated with poor disease free survival in breast cancer patients. LGI1 is a naturally occurring neuropeptide which acts on an inhibitory manner on ADAM22 in the central nervous system. Using molecular modelling, a novel peptide mimetic targeting the disintegrin binding domain of ADAM22 was designed. Treatment with this peptide mimetic restored endocrine resistant cells to a less aggressive, sensitive phenotype, similar to the effect seen with knockdown of ADAM22. Moreover in an endocrine resistant xenograft model, treatment with the LGI1 mimetic significantly reduced primary and metastatic tumour burden in tamoxifen treated animals. We have used next-generation sequencing techniques to identify a novel therapeutic target in endocrine resistant, metastatic breast cancer. Rational drug design has been used to manufacture a therapeutic peptide against ADAM22. A combination of in vitro, in vivo and patient studies has confirmed a role for ADAM22 in metastatic breast cancer. Our novel peptide mimetic may form a future basis for targeting ADAM22 in endocrine resistant disease. Citation Format: Jarlath C Bolger, Damian McCartan, Damir Vareslija, Ailis Fagan, Christopher Byrne, Marie McIlroy, Peadar O'Gaora, Arnold D Hill, Leonie S Young. Global characterisation of the SRC-1 transcriptome and rational drug design results in the identification of a novel peptide targeting ADAM22 in endocrine resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-05-02.
High performance piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting by electrical resonant frequency tuning (2022)

Abstract Extending the frequency bandwidth (BW) of vibration energy harvesters (VEH) that power wireless sensor nodes is of scientific and industrial interest. In this aim, electrical methods to tune the resonant frequency of piezoelectric harvesters with strong electromechanical coupling coefficients have been developed. In this work, we provide guidelines for designing such strongly coupled VEH and present a broadband harvester with high normalized power density (NPD). Through an analytical model, we explain how the coupling coefficient <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and the quality factor <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> of a cantilever can be jointly maximized, thereby maximizing the figure of merit <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The proposed cantilever prototype made of PZN-5.5PT and aluminum offers one of the best coupling coefficients among the state-of-the-art ( k 2 = 49.8%) and a high quality factor ( Q m = 140). Associated to an appropriate tunable electrical interface (short-circuit synchronous electric charge extraction (SECE) in our case), the prototype exhibits a NPD of 12.0 mW g −2 cm −3 and a frequency BW of 36.0% (56.5 Hz around 157 Hz) at 0.34 m s −2 with a tunable electrical interface: the short-circuit SECE. This represents the highest product NPW × BW from state of the art.
Identification of the first Rho–GEF inhibitor, TRIPα, which targets the RhoA‐specific GEF domain of Trio (2002)

The Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rho-GEFs) remodel the actin cytoskeleton via their Rho-GTPase targets and affect numerous physiological processes such as transformation and cell motility. They are therefore attractive targets to design specific inhibitors that may have therapeutic applications. Trio contains two Rho-GEF domains, GEFD1 and GEFD2, which activate the Rac and RhoA pathways, respectively. Here we have used a genetic screen in yeast to select in vivo peptides coupled to thioredoxin, called aptamers, that could inhibit GEFD2 activity. One aptamer, TRIAPalpha (TRio Inhibitory APtamer), specifically blocks GEFD2-exchange activity on RhoA in vitro. The corresponding peptide sequence, TRIPalpha, inhibits TrioGEFD2-mediated activation of RhoA in intact cells and specifically reverts the neurite retraction phenotype induced by TrioGEFD2 in PC12 cells. Thus TRIPalpha is the first Rho-GEF inhibitor isolated so far, and represents an important step in the design of inhibitors for the expanding family of Rho-GEFs.
Toroidal plasmoid generation via extreme hydrodynamic shear (2017)

Saint Elmo's fire and lightning are two known forms of naturally occurring atmospheric pressure plasmas. As a technology, nonthermal plasmas are induced from artificially created electromagnetic or electrostatic fields. Here we report the observation of arguably a unique case of a naturally formed such plasma, created in air at room temperature without external electromagnetic action, by impinging a high-speed microjet of deionized water on a dielectric solid surface. We demonstrate that tribo-electrification from extreme and focused hydrodynamic shear is the driving mechanism for the generation of energetic free electrons. Air ionization results in a plasma that, unlike the general family, is topologically well defined in the form of a coherent toroidal structure. Possibly confined through its self-induced electromagnetic field, this plasmoid is shown to emit strong luminescence and discrete-frequency radio waves. Our experimental study suggests the discovery of a unique platform to support experimentation in low-temperature plasma science.
Modeling Interconnect Variability Using Efficient Parametric Model Order Reduction (2005)

Assessing IC manufacturing process fluctuations and their impacts on IC interconnect performance has become unavoidable for modern DSM designs. However, the construction of parametric interconnect models is often hampered by the rapid increase in computational cost and model complexity. In this paper we present an efficient yet accurate parametric model order reduction algorithm for addressing the variability of IC interconnect performance. The efficiency of the approach lies in a novel combination of low-rank matrix approximation and multi-parameter moment matching. The complexity of the proposed parametric model order reduction is as low as that of a standard Krylov subspace method when applied to a nominal system. Under the projection-based framework, our algorithm also preserves the passivity of the resulting parametric models.
Synthesis of N.alpha.-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N.epsilon.-[N-(bromoacetyl)-.beta.-alanyl]-L-lysine: Its use in peptide synthesis for placing a bromoacetyl cross-linking function at any desired sequence position (1991)

A new amino acid derivative, N alpha-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N epsilon-[N-(bromoacetyl)-beta-alanyl]-L-lysine (BBAL), has been synthesized as a reagent to be used in solid-phase peptide synthesis for introducing a side-chain bromoacetyl group at any desired position in a peptide sequence. The bromoacetyl group subsequently serves as a sulfhydryl-selective cross-linking function for the preparation of cyclic peptides, peptide conjugates, and polymers. BBAL is synthesized by condensation of N-bromoacetyl-beta-alanine with N alpha-Boc-L-lysine and is a white powder which is readily stored, weighed, and used with a peptide synthesizer, programmed for N alpha-Boc amino acid derivatives. BBAL residues are stable to final HF deprotection/cleavage. BBAL peptides can be directly coupled to other molecules or surfaces which possess free sulfhydryl groups by forming stable thioether linkages. Peptides containing both BBAL and cysteine residues can be self-coupled to produce either cyclic molecules or linear peptide polymers, also linked through thioether bonds. Products made with BBAL peptides may be characterized by amino acid analysis of acid hydrolyzates by quantification of beta-alanine, which separates from natural amino acids in suitable analytical systems. Where sulfhydryl groups on coupling partners arise from cysteine residues, S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine in acid hydrolyzates may also be assayed for this purpose. Examples are given of the use of BBAL in preparing peptide polymers and a peptide conjugate with bovine albumin to serve as immunogens or model vaccine components.
Lifetime fluorescence apparatus for clinical investigations of tissues (2003)

We report on the design, development, and performance of a versatile and mobile fiber-optic based time-resolved fluorescence apparatus for <i>in-vivo</i> spectroscopy of biological tissues. The apparatus is of modular design which allows for facile interfacing with different pulsed light sources and fiber-optic probes. Main features of the apparatus include: 1) fast acquisition of fluorescence decays with high temporal resolution (0.3 ns) for a broad range of emission wavelengths (300 to 850 nm) and lifetimes (0.3 ns to ms), 2) near real time analysis of fluorescence decays via a Laguerre deconvolution technique, and 3) compatibility with the clinical environment (endoscopic procedures or other intraoperative uses). The apparatus is currently employed for <i>in-vivo</i> studies of diseased tissues (cardiovascular and oncological applications).
CsBa<sub>2</sub>I<sub>5</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup>,Sm<sup>2+</sup>—The First High‐Energy Resolution Black Scintillator for <i>γ</i>‐Ray Spectroscopy (2019)

Scintillators are materials that absorb a high energy particle (α,β,γ radiation) and downconvert it into a short pulse of visible or near‐visible light. As determined by photon detection statistics, the ultimate energy resolution for γ‐photon detection can only be approached for materials that show a perfect proportional response with γ‐energy. A large amount of research has resulted in the discovery of highly proportional materials, such as SrI 2 :Eu 2+ and CsBa 2 I 5 :Eu 2+ . However, the resolution is still limited because of unavoidable self‐absorption of Eu 2+ emission, especially when large‐sized scintillators are to be used. By co‐doping with Sm 2+ , the emission of Eu 2+ can be efficiently shifted to the far‐red by exploiting nonradiative energy transfer. Herein, this new idea is applied to CsBa 2 I 5 , and Sm co‐doped CsBa 2 I 5 :Eu 2+ can be considered as the first “black scintillator” with an emission wavelength around 755 nm, a remarkable high energy resolution of 3.2% at 662 keV gamma excitation, and a scintillation decay time of 2.1 μs. The proposed double‐doping principle can be used to develop an entirely new class of near‐infrared (NIR) scintillators.
Display independent real-time multi-view rendering engine (2013)

As often declared by customers, wearing glasses is a clear limiting factor for 3D adoption in the home. Auto-stereoscopic systems bring an interesting answer to this issue. These systems are evolving very fast providing improved picture quality. Nevertheless, they are numerous solutions that require adapted processing with high demanding computation power. The system we describe here is able to generate multi-view content adapted to different display structures. A GPU-based solution is proposed that ensures real-time performances. A dedicated work has also been done to understand the best way to optimize the sub-pixel rendering of each of each multi-view display. The challenge was to ensure that the global processing chain remains the same for each display.
Expression of Claudin 18.2 and HER2 in gastric, gastroesophageal junction, and esophageal cancers: Results from the FAST study. (2017)

4038 Background: Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2), a gastric mucosa tight junction protein, is aberrantly expressed in various cancers. In the FAST Phase 2 trial (NCT01630083), IMAB362, an anti-CLDN18.2 monoclonal antibody, administered in combination with EOX chemotherapy, prolonged survival compared to EOX alone in patients with advanced/recurrent gastric, gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), and esophageal cancers ineligible for trastuzumab. The aim of the present analysis was to assess tumor CLDN18.2 expression and co-expression with HER2 in the FAST population. Methods: Tumor tissue samples from patients screened for inclusion into the FAST trial were analyzed for CLDN18.2 expression using a CE-marked, validated immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. CLDN18.2 expression was centrally scored based on staining intensity and percentage of stained tumor cells. In a subset of tissue samples with known HER2 status, overall HER2 expression and co-expression with CLDN18.2 were determined. Results: Tissue samples from 730 patients with gastric, GEJ, and esophageal cancer were screened for the FAST study. Of these 730 samples, 685 (94%) were assessed by central IHC; 49% (n=333/685) met the FAST CLDN18.2 expression criterion (≥2+ intensity in ≥40% of tumor cells) for inclusion. Across the 154 tissue samples with known HER2 status, the majority (84%; n=129/154) were HER2 – . Furthermore, 94 of these 154 samples (61%) met the FAST CLDN18.2 expression criterion, of which 14% (n=13/94) co-expressed HER2 (Table). Conclusions: In tissue samples from patients screened for the FAST trial, nearly half met CLDN18.2 expression inclusion criterion. In samples with known HER2 status, co-expression of CLDN18.2 and HER2 occurred in 14% of the samples that met study eligibility. These data suggest CLDN18.2 may serve as a non-HER2 overlapping targetable alteration in a distinct subpopulation of patients with gastric, GEJ, or esophageal cancers. Clinical trial information: NCT01630083. [Table: see text]
Characterization of<i>Vibrio cholerae</i>Outer Membrane Vesicles as a Candidate Vaccine for Cholera (2008)

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) offer a new approach for an effective cholera vaccine. We recently demonstrated that immunization of female mice with OMVs induces a long-lasting immune response and results in protection of their neonatal offspring from Vibrio cholerae intestinal colonization. This study investigates the induced protective immunity observed after immunization with OMVs in more detail. Analysis of the stomach contents and sera of the neonates revealed significant amounts of anti-OMV immunoglobulins (Igs). Swapping of litters born to immunized and nonvaccinated control mice allowed us to distinguish between prenatal and neonatal uptakes of Igs. Transfer of Igs to neonates via milk was sufficient for complete protection of the neonates from colonization with V. cholerae, while prenatal transfer alone reduced colonization only. Detection of IgA and IgG1 in the fecal pellets of intranasally immunized adult mice indicates an induced immune response at the mucosal surface in the gastrointestinal tract, which is the site of colonization by V. cholerae. When a protocol with three intranasal immunizations 14 days apart was used, the OMVs proved to be efficacious at doses as low as 0.025 microg per immunization. This is almost equivalent to OMV concentrations found naturally in the supernatants of LB-grown cultures of V. cholerae. Heterologous expression of the periplasmic alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) of Escherichia coli resulted in the incorporation of PhoA into OMVs derived from V. cholerae. Intranasal immunization with OMVs loaded with PhoA induced a specific immune response against this heterologous antigen in mice. The detection of an immune response against this heterologously expressed protein is a promising step toward the potential use of OMVs as antigen delivery vehicles in vaccine design.