gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface Modified Titania Visible Light Photocatalyst Powders (2010)

Titanium dioxide has received great attention both in fundamental and applied photocatalysis due to its low cost, non-toxicity, and stability against photocorrosion [ - ]. Unfortunately it can utilize only the very small UV part (about 3%) of solar light arriving at the earth surface. However, also the visible part (λ > 400 nm) may induce photocatalysis if titania is modified by transition or main group elements. Accordingly, many publications appeared in the last 20 years dealing with the problem of sensitizing titania for visible light photooxidation reactions. This may be achieved by doping, which means substitution of lattice ions, and by surface modification. In many cases authors not clearly differentiate between these two possibilities and so called doped titania quite often is a surface modified material. The latter is easily prepared by heating titania or its precursor compounds like titanium hydroxide in the presence of a modifier at temperatures in the range of 100 – 500 °C. In the following we summarize our work in this field using inorganic and organic sensitizers.
Optimal Antenna Type Selection in a Real SU-MIMO Network Planning Scenario (2009)

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is ready for deployment in the near future. A variety of MIMO antenna types including cross-polarized antennas, uniform linear arrays, and remote radio heads will be available. While theoretical MIMO performance gains have thoroughly been investigated, one of the major tasks of network operators, the selection process of an optimal MIMO antenna type for every sector in cellular network planning and optimization workflows, has rarely been treated so far. Consequently this paper presents a method on how advantages of different MIMO antenna types can be analyzed in coverage and capacity studies based on a MIMO gain benchmark. We show by simulations in a sample planning environment that the meaningful deployment of a variety of MIMO antenna types can increase the overall cellular network capacity and how mobile user positions influence the results.
Peer-Assisted VoD: Making Internet Video Distribution Cheap. (2007)

We consider the design and potential benefits of peerassisted video-on-demand, in which participating peers assist the server in delivering VoD content. The assistance is done in such a way that it provides the same user quality experience as pure clientserver distribution. We focus on the single-video approach, whereby a peer only redistributes a video that it is currently watching. We first describe three natural prefetching policies for exploiting surplus peer upload capacity. We then study the performance of peer-assisted VoD using stochastic simulation and trace-driven simulation, with traces collected from the MSN Video service. The results of these simulations show that peer-assisted VoD, with the proper prefetching policy, can dramatically reduce server bandwidth costs.
Theory of the magnetomechanical effect (1995)

This study investigated a model theory of the changes in magnetization that a ferromagnetic material undergoes when subjected to an applied uniaxial stress. The description of these effects is shown to be totally different from the description of the changes in the hysteresis curve under a series of constant applied stresses. The main mechanism in the proposed model theory is the unpinning of domain walls by the application of stress, which allows the walls to move and causes a change in the magnetization. This change in magnetization reduces the displacement from the anhysteretic magnetization. In addition, the anhysteretic magnetization itself is changed by the application of stress via the magnetoelastic coupling. It is shown that the effect can be described by an equation in which the rate of change of magnetization with elastic energy is proportional to the displacement of the magnetization from the anhysteretic magnetization. This is termed the 'law of approach'. This law seems to apply when the starting condition of the material is on a major hysteresis loop.
From Signal to Image: Capturing Fine-Grained Human Poses With Commodity Wi-Fi (2019)

Human sensing based on commodity Wi-Fi devices has become a promising technique in human tracking, gesture recognition, walking speed monitoring, in-home healthcare, etc. However, past human sensing systems usingWi-Fi capture limited information about humans. Hence in this letter, we try to make commodity Wi-Fi devices act as cameras to directly capture human poses, i.e., fine-grained human skeleton images. We use a synchronized camera to capture human skeletons as annotations for Wi-Fi signals and design a novel neural network to convert Wi-Fi signals into images. We utilize three transceivers coordinately and use amplitude and phase information of Channel State Information (CSI) jointly to improve the resolution of Wi-Fi signals. We also introduce a method to extract useful and accurate CSI corresponding to humans and construct CSI images which are input of the neural network. Experimental results show that commodity Wi-Fi devices can capture human poses almost as fine-grained as cameras.
Categorization by Learning and Combining Object Parts (2001)

We describe an algorithm for automatically learning discriminative components of objects with SVM classifiers. It is based on growing image parts by minimizing theoretical bounds on the error probability of an SVM. Component-based face classifiers are then combined in a second stage to yield a hierarchical SVM classifier. Experimental results in face classification show considerable robustness against rotations in depth and suggest performance at significantly better level than other face detection systems. Novel aspects of our approach are: a) an algorithm to learn component-based classification experts and their combination, b) the use of 3-D morphable models for training, and c) a maximum operation on the output of each component classifier which may be relevant for biological models of visual recognition.
Monotonic Lagrangian Particle Grid: A Fast Tracking Methodology for Air Traffic Modeling (2009)

We are developing a dynamic global particle model to be used in a test-bed framework for evaluating approaches to global air systems control and optimization. The underlying algorithm is the Monotonic Lagrangian Grid (MLG), which is a data structure for storing and ordering particle positions and other data needed to describe N moving bodies. Particles that are close to each other in physical space are always near neighbors in the MLG data arrays, resulting in a fast nearest-neighbor interaction algorithm that scales as the number of particles. We present results from a series of test problems in which 4900 aircraft travel over a 2500 mi x 2500 mi area. In some scenarios, the aircraft travel a straight path to their final destination; in others, the aircraft must circumvent a restricted area. We test various empirical rules for the aircraft to avoid a no-fly zone and quantify the delay time for each case. Results indicate that delays due to collision avoidance only are relatively insignificant. When aircraft are rerouted to avoid a restricted area, the rules which govern the detour significantly affect the time in which the aircraft arrive at their final destination.
Causal relation of queries from temporal logs (2007)

In this paper, we study a new problem of mining causal relation of queries in search engine query logs. Causal relation between two queries means event on one query is the causation of some event on the other. We first detect events in query logs by efficient statistical frequency threshold. Then the causal relation of queries is mined by the geometric features of the events. Finally the Granger Causality Test (GCT) is utilized to further re-rank the causal relation of queries according to their GCT coefficients. In addition, we develop a 2-dimensional visualization tool to display the detected relationship of events in a more intuitive way. The experimental results on the MSN search engine query logs demonstrate that our approach can accurately detect the events in temporal query logs and the causal relation of queries is detected effectively.
Beat-Frequency/Microsphere Medical Ultrasonic Imaging (1995)

Medical ultrasonic imaging system designed to provide quantitative data on various flows of blood in chambers, blood vessels, muscles, and tissues of heart. Sensitive enough to yield readings on flows of blood in heart even when microspheres used as ultrasonic contrast agents injected far from heart and diluted by circulation of blood elsewhere in body.
Olive Leaf Extracts for a Green Synthesis of Silver-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2022)

Green biosynthesis, one of the most dependable and cost-effective methods for producing carbon nanotubes, was used to synthesize nonhazardous silver-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SFMWCNTs) successfully. It has been shown that the water-soluble organic materials present in the olive oil plant play a vital role in converting silver ions into silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). Olive-leaf extracts contain medicinal properties and combining these extracts with Ag-NPs is often a viable option for enhancing drug delivery; thus, this possibility was employed for in vitro treating cancer cells as a proof of concept. In this study, the green technique for preparing SFMWCNTs composites using plant extracts was followed. This process yielded various compounds, the most important of which were Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol, and Oleuropein. Subsequently, a thin film was fabricated from the extract, resulting in a natural polymer. The obtained nanomaterials have an absorption peak of 419 nm in their UV-Vis. spectra. SEM and EDS were also used to investigate the SFMWCNT nanocomposites' morphology simultaneously. Moreover, the MTT assay was used to evaluate the ability of SFMWCNTs to suppress cancer cell viability on different cancer cell lines, MCF7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), and SW620 (human colorectal cancer). Using varying doses of SFMWCNT resulted in the most significant cell viability inhibition, indicating the good sensitivity of SFMWCNTs for treating cancer cells. It was found that performing olive-leaf extraction at a low temperature in an ice bath leads to superior results, and the developed SFMWCNT nanocomposites could be potential treatment options for in vitro cancer cells.
Detecting circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer patients using fiber-optic array scanning technology (2007)

1022 Background: Circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection and enumeration has been shown to be a valuable tool for determining prognosis in metastatic breast cancer patients. CTCs are rare, existing in the circulation at estimated concentrations of 1 in 1 - 10 million normal blood cells. To date, the most widely used technique to detect CTCs has used immunomagnetic enrichment based protocols. In this validation study, we sought to determine if an enrichment free approach using an immunofluorescent cell attachment protocol along with fiber-optic array scanning technology (FAST) could achieve similar results. Methods: We have developed and validated a scanning instrument using FAST that can be used in conjunction with an immunofluorescence staining protocol to efficiently detect CTCs. The protocol uses a pan anti-cytokeratin antibody cocktail directed against 9 cytokeratins along with a DAPI nuclear counterstain. FAST defines cell positions, so relocation and retrospective analysis of CTCs is possible. Using this system, we assayed 50 blood specimens obtained from metastatic breast cancer patients. Pathologic review of CTCs was performed identifying CTCs as cytokeratin positive and DAPI positive. Survival analyses were determined using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Results: 31 women with metastatic breast cancer were enrolled in the study and provided 50 peripheral blood specimens. The median CTC count for patients with progressive disease was 8.5, while the median CTC count for patients with stable or responding disease was 1. At a median follow-up of 1 year, 11 patients had died. Patients with =5 CTCs had a median survival of 212 days, while the median survival for patients with 0–4 CTCs had not been reached after 1 year (p=0.0012). Patients with progressive disease had significantly higher CTC counts (p<0.0001) than those who were stable or responding to therapy. Conclusions: This study confirms the previously reported efficacy of CTC enumeration in determining the prognosis of metastatic breast cancer patients and establishes the potential utility of the FAST cytometer as a method for CTC enumeration. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Lipospheres as a Vaccine Carrier System: Effects of Size, Charge, and Phospholipid Composition (1992)

This study describes a new fat-based vehicle (liposphere) that has been developed as a carrier for vaccines. Manufacture of lipospheres is accomplished by gently melting neutral fat in the presence of phospholipid and antigen, and then dispersing the melted mixture in an aqueous suspension by vigorous shaking. Upon cooling of this mixture a phospholipid-stabilized solid hydrophobic fat core containing antigen forms spontaneously. A typical composition of the lipid phase of the lipospheres consists of a neutral fat, such as tristearin or ethylstearate, and a phospholipid such as lecithin. A recombinant malaria antigen, R32NS 1, containing epitopes derived from the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum, was incorporated in lipospheres together with lipid A as an adjuvant. After intramuscular injection of the formulation in rabbits, high levels of specific IgG antibodies to the antigen were still present 12 weeks after primary immunization. Several chemical and physical parameters that might be expected to influence the liposphere vaccine formulation were investigated. The particle size distribution of lipospheres depended on the fat to phospholipid (F/PL) molar ratio, and the immune response to liposphere-encapsulated R32NSI was also dependent on the F/PL ratio. For F/PL ratios of < or = 0.75 most of the lipospheres had an average diameter of less than 10 micrometers, while at F/PL ratios of > or = 2.5 approximately 80 % of the particles had an average size of 73 micrometers. Among the ratios tested, a maximal level of IgG antibody production was obtained at a F/PL ratio of 0.75, while at larger ratios decreased antibody production was observed. The effects of antigen dose and phospholipid composition were also examined.
Compression−Ignition Fuel Properties of Fischer−Tropsch Syncrude (1998)

Fischer−Tropsch conversion of natural gas to liquid hydrocarbon fuel typically includes Fischer−Tropsch synthesis followed by refining (hydrocracking and distillation) of the syncrude into mostly diesel or kerosene with some naphtha (a feedstock for gasoline production). Refining is assumed necessary, possibly overlooking the exceptional fuel qualities of syncrude for more direct utilization as a compression−ignition (CI) fuel. This paper evaluates cetane number, viscosity, cloud-point, and pour-point properties of syncrude and blends of syncrude with blend stocks such as ethanol and diethyl ether. The results show that blends comprised primarily of syncrude are potentially good CI fuels, with pour-point temperature depression being the largest development obstacle. The resulting blends may provide a much-needed and affordable alternative CI fuel. Particularly good market opportunities exist with Environmental Policy Act (EPACT) applications.
Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices using <i>pin</i> structures (2002)

We have realized a small-molecule organic light-emitting diode where the intrinsic emitter layer is sandwiched by n- and p-doped transport layers with appropriate blocking layers. The diodes based on this pin concept have exponential forward characteristics up to comparatively high current densities. The diodes reach high brightness at very low operating voltage: for instance, 1000 cd/m2 at a voltage of 2.9 V. Despite the highly doped transport layers, the devices reach very high efficiency for the given emitter system up to high brightness.
New Chelators for Low Temperature Al<sup>18</sup>F-Labeling of Biomolecules (2016)

The Al(18)F labeling method is a relatively new approach that allows radiofluorination of biomolecules such as peptides and proteins in a one-step procedure and in aqueous solution. However, the chelation of the {Al(18)F}(2+) core with the macrocyclic chelators NOTA or NODA requires heating to 100-120 °C. Therefore, we have developed new polydentate ligands for the complexation of {Al(18)F}(2+) with good radiochemical yields at a temperature of 40 °C. The stability of the new Al(18)F-complexes was tested in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 and in rat serum. The stability of the Al(18)F-L3 complex was found to be comparable to that of the previously reported Al(18)F-NODA complex up to 60 min in rat serum. Moreover, the biodistribution of Al(18)F-L3 in healthy mice showed the absence of in vivo defluorination since no significant bone uptake was observed, whereas the major fraction of activity at 60 min p.i. was observed in liver and intestines, indicating hepatobiliary clearance of the radiolabeled ligand. The acyclic chelator H3L3 proved to be a good lead candidate for labeling of heat-sensitive biomolecules with fluorine-18. In order to obtain a better understanding of the different factors influencing the formation and stability of the complex, we carried out more in-depth experiments with ligand H3L3. As a proof of concept, we successfully conjugated the new AlF-chelator with the urea-based PSMA inhibitor Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys to form Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)L3, and a biodistribution study in healthy mice was performed with the Al(18)F-labeled construct. This new class of AlF-chelators may have a great impact on PET radiochemical space as it will stimulate the rapid development of new fluorine-18 labeled peptides and other heat-sensitive biomolecules.
Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production (2018)

A significant component of the US DOE Hydrogen Program is the development of a practical technology for the direct production of hydrogen using a renewable source of energy. High efficiency photoelectrochemical systems to produce hydrogen directly from water using sunlight as the energy source represent one of the technologies identified by DOE to meet this mission. Reactor modeling and experiments conducted at UH provide strong evidence that direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency greater than 10% can be expected using photoelectrodes fabricated from low-cost, multijunction (MJ) amorphous silicon solar cells. Solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies as high as 7.8% have been achieved using a 10.3% efficient MJ amorphous silicon solar cell. Higher efficiency can be expected with the use of higher efficiency solar cells, further improvement of the thin film oxidation and reduction catalysts, and optimization of the solar cell for hydrogen production rather than electricity production. Hydrogen and oxygen catalysts developed under this project are very stable, exhibiting no measurable degradation in KOH after over 13,000 hours of operation. Additional research is needed to fully optimize the transparent, conducting coatings which will be needed for large area integrated arrays. To date, the best protection has been afforded by wide bandgap amorphous silicon carbide films.
A Versatile Polymer Micelle Drug Delivery System for Encapsulation and <i>In Vivo</i> Stabilization of Hydrophobic Anticancer Drugs (2012)

Chemotherapeutic drugs are widely used for the treatment of cancer; however, use of these drugs is often associated with patient toxicity and poor tumor delivery. Micellar drug carriers offer a promising approach for formulating and achieving improved delivery of hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs; however, conventional micelles do not have long-term stability in complex biological environments such as plasma. To address this problem, a novel triblock copolymer has been developed to encapsulate several different hydrophobic drugs into stable polymer micelles. These micelles have been engineered to be stable at low concentrations even in complex biological fluids, and to release cargo in response to low pH environments, such as in the tumor microenvironment or in tumor cell endosomes. The particle sizes of drugs encapsulated ranged between 30-80 nm, with no relationship to the hydrophobicity of the drug. Stabilization of the micelles below the critical micelle concentration was demonstrated using a pH-reversible crosslinking mechanism, with proof-of-concept demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo models. Described herein is polymer micelle drug delivery system that enables encapsulation and stabilization of a wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs in a single platform.
An Artemisinin-Derived Dimer Has Highly Potent Anti-Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Anti-Cancer Activities (2011)

We recently reported that two artemisinin-derived dimers (dimer primary alcohol 606 and dimer sulfone 4-carbamate 832-4) are significantly more potent in inhibiting human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication than artemisinin-derived monomers. In our continued evaluation of the activities of artemisinins in CMV inhibition, twelve artemisinin-derived dimers and five artemisinin-derived monomers were used. Dimers as a group were found to be potent inhibitors of CMV replication. Comparison of CMV inhibition and the slope parameter of dimers and monomers suggest that dimers are distinct in their anti-CMV activities. A deoxy dimer (574), lacking the endoperoxide bridge, did not have any effect on CMV replication, suggesting a role for the endoperoxide bridge in CMV inhibition. Differences in anti-CMV activity were observed among three structural analogs of dimer sulfone 4-carbamate 832-4 indicating that the exact placement and oxidation state of the sulfur atom may contribute to its anti-CMV activity. Of all tested dimers, artemisinin-derived diphenyl phosphate dimer 838 proved to be the most potent inhibitor of CMV replication, with a selectivity index of approximately 1500, compared to our previously reported dimer sulfone 4-carbamate 832-4 with a selectivity index of about 900. Diphenyl phosphate dimer 838 was highly active against a Ganciclovir-resistant CMV strain and was also the most active dimer in inhibition of cancer cell growth. Thus, diphenyl phosphate dimer 838 may represent a lead for development of a highly potent and safe anti-CMV compound.
Radiation Brightening from Virus-like Particles (2019)

Concentration quenching is a well-known challenge in many fluorescence imaging applications. Here, we show that the optical emission from hundreds of chromophores confined onto the surface of a 28 nm diameter virus particle can be recovered under pulsed irradiation. We have found that as one increases the number of chromophores tightly bound to the virus surface, fluorescence quenching ensues at first, but when the number of chromophores per particle is nearing the maximum number of surface sites allowable, a sudden brightening of the emitted light and a shortening of the excited-state lifetime are observed. This radiation brightening occurs only under short pulse excitation; steady-state excitation is characterized by conventional concentration quenching for any number of chromophores per particle. The observed suppression of fluorescence quenching is consistent with efficient, collective relaxation at room temperature. Interestingly, radiation brightening disappears when the emitters' spatial and/or dynamic heterogeneity is increased, suggesting that the template structural properties may play a role that could be instrumental in developing virus-enabled imaging vectors that have optical properties qualitatively different than those of state-of-the-art biophotonic agents.