gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radial fast interrupted steady‐state (FISS) magnetic resonance imaging (2017)

FISS imaging reduces flow artifact and fat signal conspicuity with respect to bSSFP imaging, and ameliorates arterial signal saturation observed with FLASH imaging. Potential clinical applications include fat-suppressed cine imaging and ungated nonenhanced MRA. Magn Reson Med 79:2077-2086, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
The biology <b>,</b> function <b>,</b> and biomedical applications of exosomes (2020)

The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and in organ homeostasis and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ~100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. The biogenesis of exosomes involves their origin in endosomes, and subsequent interactions with other intracellular vesicles and organelles generate the final content of the exosomes. Their diverse constituents include nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, which can reflect their cell of origin. In various diseases, exosomes offer a window into altered cellular or tissue states, and their detection in biological fluids potentially offers a multicomponent diagnostic readout. The efficient exchange of cellular components through exosomes can inform their applied use in designing exosome-based therapeutics.
Timing Calibration for Time-of-Flight PET Using Positron-Emitting Isotopes and Annihilation Targets (2016)

Adding time-of-flight (TOF) technology has been proven to improve image quality in positron emission tomography (PET). In order for TOF information to significantly reduce the statistical noise in reconstructed PET images, good timing resolution is needed across the scanner field of view (FOV). This work proposes an accurate, robust, and practical crystal-based timing calibration method using <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}^{18}{\rm F} - {\rm FDG}$</tex-math></inline-formula> positron-emitting sources together with a spatially separated annihilation target. We calibrated a prototype Toshiba TOF PET scanner using this method and then assessed its timing resolution at different locations in the scanner FOV.
High temperature refractory of MgCr/sub 2/O/sub 4/ matrix and unstabilized ZrO/sub 2/ particles (1987)

A high chromia refractory composite has been developed with improved thermal shock resistance and containing about 5-30 wt. % of unstabilized ZrO.sub.2 having a temperature-dependent phase change resulting in large expansion mismatch between the ZrO.sub.2 and the chromia matrix which causes microcracks to form during cooling in the high chromia matrix. The particle size preferably is primarily between about 0.6-5 microns and particularly below about 3 microns with an average size in the order of 1.2-1.8 microns.
Diverse reactions catalyzed by naphthalene dioxygenase fromPseudomonas sp strain NCIB 9816 (1996)

Naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO) fromPseudomonas sp strain NCIB 9816 is a multicomponent enzyme system which initiates naphthalene catabolism by catalyzing the addition of both atoms of molecular oxygen and two hydrogen atoms to the substrate to yield enantiomerically pure (+)-cis-(1R,2S)-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene. NDO has a relaxed substrate specificity and catalyzes the dioxygenation of many related 2- and 3-ring aromatic and hydroaromatic (benzocyclic) compounds to their respectivecis-diols. Biotransformations with a diol-accumulating mutant, recombinant strains and purified enzyme components have established that in addition tocis-dihydroxylation, NDO also catalyzes a variety of other oxidations which include monohydroxylation, desaturation (dehydrogenation),O-andN-dealkylation and sulfoxidation reactions. In several cases, the absolute stereochemistry of the oxidation products formed by NDO are opposite to those formed by toluene dioxygenase (TDO). The reactions catalyzed by NDO and other microbial dioxygenases can yield specific hydroxylated compounds which can serve as chiral synthons in the preparation of a variety of compounds of interest to pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries. We present here recent work documenting the diverse array of oxidation reactions catalyzed by NDO. The trends observed in the oxidation of a series of benzocyclic aromatic compounds are compared to those observed with TDO and provide the basis for prediction of regio- and stereospecificity in the oxidation of related substrates. Based on the types of reactions catalyzed and the biochemical characteristics of NDO, a mechanism for oxygen activation by NDO is proposed.
Acoustic ground impedance meter (1981)

A compact, portable instrument has been developed to measure the acoustic impedance of the ground, or other surfaces, by direct pressure—volume velocity measurement. A Helmholz resonator, constructed of heavy-walled stainless steel but open at the bottom, is positioned over the surface having the unknown impedance. The resonator chamber measures 0.229 m in diameter by 0.152 m high. The sound source, a cam-driven piston of known stroke and thus known volume velocity, is located in the neck of the resonator. The cam speed is variable up to a maximum 3600 rpm. The sound pressure at the test surface is measured by means of a microphone flush—mounted in the wall of the chamber. An optical monitor of the piston displacement permits measurement of the phase angle between the volume velocity and the sound pressure, from which the real and imaginary parts of the impedance can be evaluated. Measurements using a five-lobed cam can be made up to 300 Hz; these can be extended by means of a 15-lobed cam, presently under fabrication, to nearly 1000 Hz. Detailed design criteria and results on a soil sample will be presented.
Functional characterization of the C—C chemokine-like molecules encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus types 1 and 2 (1997)

Many viruses have evolved mechanisms for evading the host immune system by synthesizing proteins that interfere with the normal immune response. The poxviruses are among the most accomplished at deceiving their hosts' immune systems. The nucleotide sequence of the genome of the human cutaneous poxvirus, molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) type 1, was recently reported to contain a region that resembles a human chemokine. We have cloned and expressed the chemokine-like genes from MCV type 1 and the closely related MCV type 2 to determine a potential role for these proteins in the viral life cycle. In monocyte chemotaxis assays, the viral proteins have no chemotactic activity but both viral proteins block the chemotactic response to the human chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha. Like MIP-1alpha, both viral proteins also inhibit the growth of human hematopoietic progenitor cells, but the viral proteins are more potent in this activity than the human chemokine. These viral chemokines antagonize the chemotactic activity of human chemokines and have an inhibitory effect on human hematopoietic progenitor cells. We hypothesize that the inhibition of chemotaxis is an immune evasion function of these proteins during molluscum contagiosum virus infection. The significance of hematopoietic progenitor cell inhibition in viral pathogenesis is uncertain.
The Ensemble Kalman Filter as a tool for estimating temperatures in the powder bed fusion process (2021)

Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is a type of additive manufacturing process that builds parts out of metal powder in a layerwise fashion. Quality control (QC) remains an unsolved problem for PBF. Data-driven models of PBF are expensive to train and maintain, in terms of materials and machine time, because they are sensitive to changes in processing conditions. The length and time scale discrepancies of the process make physics-based modeling impractical to implement. We propose monitoring PBF with an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). The EnKF combines the computational efficiency of data-driven models with the flexibility of physics-based models, while mitigating the flaws of either method. We validate EnKF performance for linear process models, using finite element method data in place of measured experimental data. We show that the EnKF can reduce the error signal 2-norm and ∞-norm relative to the open loop model by as much as 75%.
Approximate continuous querying over distributed streams (2008)

While traditional database systems optimize for performance on one-shot query processing, emerging large-scale monitoring applications require continuous tracking of complex data-analysis queries over collections of physically distributed streams. Thus, effective solutions have to be simultaneously space/time efficient (at each remote monitor site), communication efficient (across the underlying communication network), and provide continuous, guaranteed-quality approximate query answers. In this paper, we propose novel algorithmic solutions for the problem of continuously tracking a broad class of complex aggregate queries in such a distributed-streams setting. Our tracking schemes maintain approximate query answers with provable error guarantees, while simultaneously optimizing the storage space and processing time at each remote site, and the communication cost across the network. In a nutshell, our algorithms rely on tracking general-purpose randomized sketch summaries of local streams at remote sites along with concise prediction models of local site behavior in order to produce highly communication- and space/time-efficient solutions. The end result is a powerful approximate query tracking framework that readily incorporates several complex analysis queries (including distributed join and multi-join aggregates, and approximate wavelet representations), thus giving the first known low-overhead tracking solution for such queries in the distributed-streams model. Experiments with real data validate our approach, revealing significant savings over naive solutions as well as our analytical worst-case guarantees.
Rapid, High Sensitivity Handheld Test for Cardiac Troponin Using Magnetic Particle Labels (2008)

s: Critical and Point-of-Care Testing: Managing Technology for the Benefit of All Populations: 22nd International Symposium: September 17-20, 2008: Catalonia Barcelona Plaza Hotel|Barcelona, Spain
A novel renaming scheme to exploit value temporal locality through physical register reuse and unification (2002)

Hardware renaming schemes provide multiple physical locations (register or memory) for each logical name. In current renaming schemes, a new physical location is allocated for each dispatched instruction regardless of its result value. However, these values exhibit a high level of temporal locality (result redundancy). This paper proposes: Physical Register Reuse. To reuse a physical location whenever it is detected that an incoming result value matches a previous one. This is performed during register renaming and requires some VALUE-IDENTITY DETECTION hardware. By mapping several logical registers holding the same value to the same physical register, Physical Register Reuse gives the opportunities: SHARING-exploit the high level of value-redundancy in the register file to either reduce the file size and complexity, or effectively enlarge the active instruction window. Our results suggest reduction factors of 2 to 4 in some cases. Performance is increased either by the enlarged instruction window or by the higher frequency enabled by a smaller register file requiring fewer ports. RESULT REUSE AND DEPENDENCY REDIRECTION-move the responsibility of generating results: (1) From the functional units to the register renamer, resulting in the possible elimination of processed instructions from the execution stream. (2) From one instruction to an earlier instruction stream, possibly allowing instructions to be scheduled earlier. This way, large performance speedups are achieved. 2. Unification. To combine the memory renamer with the register renamer in order to extend the above-stated sharing and result reuse and dependency redirection ideas to both registers and memory locations. This allows even greater hardware savings and performance improvements. This also simplifies the processing of store instructions.
Comparison of S-layer secretion genes in freshwater caulobacters (2004)

Our freshwater caulobacter collection contains about 40 strains that are morphologically similar to Caulobacter crescentus. All elaborate a crystalline protein surface (S) layer made up of protein monomers 100-193 kDa in size. We conducted a comparative study of S-layer secretion in 6 strains representing 3 size groups of S-layer proteins: small (100-108 kDa), medium (122-151 kDa), and large (181-193 kDa). All contained genes predicted to encode ATP-binding cassette transporters and membrane fusion proteins highly similar to those of C. crescentus, indicating that the S-layer proteins were all secreted by a type I system. The S-layer proteins' C-termini showed unexpectedly low sequence similarity but contained conserved residues and predicted secondary structure features typical of type I secretion signals. Cross-expression studies showed that the 6 strains recognized secretion signals from C. crescentus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and similarly that C. crescentus was able to secrete the S-layer protein C-terminus of 1 strain examined. Inactivation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter abolished S-layer protein secretion, indicating that the type I transporter is necessary for S-layer protein secretion. Finally, while all of the S-layer proteins of this subset of strains were secreted by type I mechanisms, there were significant differences in genome positions of the transporter genes that correlated with S-layer protein size.
The Method of Quantum Clustering (2002)

We propose a novel clustering method that is an extension of ideas inherent to scale-space clustering and support-vector clustering. Like the latter, it associates every data point with a vector in Hilbert space, and like the former it puts emphasis on their total sum, that is equal to the scale-space probability function. The novelty of our approach is the study of an operator in Hilbert space, represented by the Schrodinger equation of which the probability function is a solution. This Schrodinger equation contains a potential function that can be derived analytically from the probability function. We associate minima of the potential with cluster centers. The method has one variable parameter, the scale of its Gaussian kernel. We demonstrate its applicability on known data sets. By limiting the evaluation of the Schrodinger potential to the locations of data points, we can apply this method to problems in high dimensions.
Broadband six-port reflectometer junction (1983)

The letter describes a six-port junction for use in a reflectometer having a theoretical bandwidth equal to that of its four constituent directional couplers. Their voltage coupling coefficients can be chosen to optimise the resolution in measuring voltage reflection coefficient Γ, given the same fullscale indication for each of the four detectors. Experiment indicates that, using thermistor detectors, a standard deviation of less than 5×10−4 in |Γ| can be achieved with less than 1 mW power incident on this junction.
Mach wave elimination in supersonic jets (1997)

Experimental results are presented on a method that eliminates Mach waves from the exhaust of supersonic jets and, hence, that removes a strong component of supersonic jet noise. Elimination is achieved by surrounding the jet with an annular stream at prescribed velocity and temperature so that all turbulent motions become intrinsically subsonic. No mechanical suppressors are used. Implementation of the technique in a typical turbofan engine is estimated to increase takeoff thrust with minimal impact on overall fuel consumption.
Synthesis and aromatase inhibitory activity of novel 1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane- and -[3.1.1]heptane-2,4-diones (1991)

The synthesis of 3-(cyclohexymethyl)-1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2, 4-dione (1h), with its optical enantiomers, and a series of novel achiral 1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]haptane-2,4-diones (2a-i,k) is described. These compounds were tested in vitro for inhibition of human placental aromatase, a cytochrome-P450-dependent enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens. All of them displayed enzyme-inhibiting activity, and 3-cyclohexyl derivative 2g and 3-cyclohexylmethyl derivative 1h both proved more potent (greater than 140-fold) than the clinically effective agent aminoglutethimide [3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione, AG]. As with AG and its derivatives, the 1R-(+)-enantiomer of 1h was responsible for the enzyme inhibitory activity. These novel compounds are of interest as potential drugs for endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent tumors, e.g. breast cancer.
Energy proportional datacenter networks (2010)

Numerous studies have shown that datacenter computers rarely operate at full utilization, leading to a number of proposals for creating servers that are energy proportional with respect to the computation that they are performing. In this paper, we show that as servers themselves become more energy proportional, the datacenter network can become a significant fraction (up to 50%) of cluster power. In this paper we propose several ways to design a high-performance datacenter network whose power consumption is more proportional to the amount of traffic it is moving -- that is, we propose energy proportional datacenter networks . We first show that a flattened butterfly topology itself is inherently more power efficient than the other commonly proposed topology for high-performance datacenter networks. We then exploit the characteristics of modern plesiochronous links to adjust their power and performance envelopes dynamically. Using a network simulator, driven by both synthetic workloads and production datacenter traces, we characterize and understand design tradeoffs, and demonstrate an 85% reduction in power --- which approaches the ideal energy-proportionality of the network. Our results also demonstrate two challenges for the designers of future network switches: 1) We show that there is a significant power advantage to having independent control of each unidirectional channel comprising a network link, since many traffic patterns show very asymmetric use, and 2) system designers should work to optimize the high-speed channel designs to be more energy efficient by choosing optimal data rate and equalization technology. Given these assumptions, we demonstrate that energy proportional datacenter communication is indeed possible.
Pressor systems in hypertension and congestive heart failure. Role of vasopressin. (1990)

Elevated peripheral vascular resistance, which characterizes hypertension and congestive heart failure (the latter regardless of absolute blood pressure level) is maintained to a large extent by the combined effects of three major neurohormonal pressor mechanisms: the renin-angiotensin system, the sympathoadrenal system, and arginine vasopressin. Blockade of one of these mechanisms may lead to compensatory stimulation of the others, thus offsetting in part the hemodynamic benefits of a specific intervention. Combination therapy, designed to attack all three systems (with use of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, a sympathetic blocker such as clonidine, and an antagonist of the vasopressor action of vasopressin), may help in the treatment of such cases. To illustrate this strategy, two experimental studies, one case of malignant hypertension, and one case of congestive heart failure are presented.
Numerical Evaluation of Storage Density in Reflection-type Holographic Memory by Shift Multiplexing with Random Phase Modulation (2006)

Numerical evaluation of storage density in reflection-type holographic memory by shift multiplexing with random phase modulation is presented. Numerical results show that the random phase modulation can improve the shift selectivity in shift multiplexing recording.
Induction of megakaryocytic differentiation and modulation of protein kinase gene expression by site-selective cAMP analogs in K-562 human leukemic cells. (1989)

Two classes (site 1- and site 2-selective) of cAMP analogs, which either alone or in combination demonstrate a preference for binding to type II rather than type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase isozyme, potently inhibit growth in a spectrum of human cancer cell lines in culture. Treatment of K-562 human leukemic cells for 3 days with 30 and 10 microM 8-chloroadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP) (site 1-selective) resulted in 60% and 20% growth inhibition, respectively (with over 90% viability). N6-Benzyl-cAMP (site 2-selective) (30 microM) treatment resulted in 20% growth inhibition by day 3. When 8-Cl-cAMP (10 microM) and N6-benzyl-cAMP (30 microM) were both added, growth was almost completely arrested. The growth inhibition was accompanied by megakaryocytic differentiation in K-562 cells. The untreated control cells expressed little or no detectable levels of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa surface antigen complex. 8-Cl-cAMP (30 microM) treatment for 3 days substantially increased the antigen expression, while N6-benzyl-cAMP caused little or no change in the antigen expression. When cells were treated with 8-Cl-cAMP in combination with N6-benzyl-cAMP, antigen expression was synergistically enhanced, and cells demonstrated megakaryocyte morphology. By Northern blotting, we examined the mRNA levels of the type I and type II protein kinase regulatory subunits (RI alpha and RII beta), the catalytic subunit, and c-myc during 8-Cl-cAMP treatment. The steady-state level of RII beta cAMP receptor mRNA sharply increased within 1 hr of treatment and remained elevated for 3 days, while that of the RI alpha receptor markedly decreased to below control level within 6 hr and remained low during treatment. However, 8-Cl-cAMP did not affect the mRNA level of the catalytic subunit. 8-Cl-cAMP treatment also brought about a rapid decrease in c-myc mRNA. Thus, differential regulation of cAMP receptor genes is an early event in cAMP-induced differentiation and growth control of K-562 leukemia cells.
Price prediction and insurance for online auctions (2005)

Online auctions are generating a new class of fine-grained data about online transactions. This data lends itself to a variety of applications and services that can be provided to both buyers and sellers in online marketplaces. We collect data from online auctions and use several classification algorithms to predict the probable-end prices of online auction items. This paper describes the feature extraction and selection process, and several machine learning formulations of the price prediction problem. As a prototype application, we developed Auction Price Insurance that uses the predicted end-price to offer price insurance to sellers in online auctions. We define Price Insurance as a service that offers insurance to auction sellers that guarantees a price for their goods, for an appropriate premium. If the item sells for less than the insured price, the seller is reimbursed for the difference. We show that our price prediction techniques are accurate enough to offer price insurance as a profitable business. While this paper deals specifically with online auctions, we believe that this is an interesting case study that applies to dynamic markets where the price of the goods is variable and is affected by both internal and external factors that change over time.