gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Melt-Cast Organic Glass Scintillators for a Handheld Dual Particle Imager (2020)

The light output, time resolution, pulse shape discrimination (PSD), neutron light output, and interaction position reconstruction of melt-cast small-molecule organic glass bar scintillators were measured. The trans-stilbene organic scintillator detects fast neutrons and gamma rays with high efficiency and exhibits excellent PSD, but the manufacturing process is slow and expensive and its light output in response to neutrons is anisotropic. Small-molecule organic glass bars offer an easy-to-implement and cost-effective solution to these problems. These properties were characterized to evaluate the efficacy of constructing a compact, low-voltage neutron and gamma-ray imaging system using organic glass bars coupled to silicon photomultiplier arrays. A complete facility for melt-casting organic glass scintillators was setup at the University of Michigan. 6 × 6 × 50 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> glass bars were produced and the properties listed above were characterized. The first neutron image using organic glass was produced in simple backprojection.
MALDI Matrices for Biomolecular Analysis Based on Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials (2004)

When used in small molar ratios of matrix to analyte, derivatized fullerenes and single wall nanotubes are shown to be efficient matrices for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The mixing of an acidic functionalized fullerene with a solution of bioanalyte, depositing a dried droplet, and irradiating with a pulsed nitrogen laser yields protonated or cationized molecular ions. Derivatized fullerenes could offer several advantages over conventional MALDI matrices: a high analyte ionization efficiency, a small molar ratios (less than 1) of matrix/analyte, and a broader optical absorption spectrum, which should obviate specific wavelength lasers for MALDI acquisitions. The major disadvantage to the use of fullerenes is the isobaric interference between matrix and analyte ions; however, it is overcome by using MALDI-ion mobility time-of-flight (IM-oTOF) mass spectrometry to preseparate carbon cluster ions from bioanalyte ions prior to TOF mass analysis. However, an alternative to the dried droplet preparation of fullerene MALDI samples is the aerosolization of matrix-analyte solutions (or slurries) followed by impacting the aerosol onto a stainless surface. We also demonstrate that the fullerene matrices can be used to acquire spectra from rat brain tissue.
Improved Design Optimization for High-Efficiency Matching Networks (2017)

Multistage matching networks are often utilized to provide voltage or current gains in resonant conversion applications, such as large conversion ratio power converters and wireless power transfer. In the conventional approach, each stage of a multistage matching network is designed to have a purely resistive input impedance and assumed to be loaded by a purely resistive load. This paper introduces an improved design optimization approach for multistage matching networks comprising L-section stages. The proposed design optimization approach explores the possibility of improvement in efficiency of the network by allowing the L-section stages to have complex input and load impedances. A new analytical framework is developed to determine the effective transformation ratio and efficiency of each stage for the case when input and load impedances may be complex. The method of Lagrange multipliers is used to determine the gain and impedance characteristics of each stage in the matching network that maximize overall efficiency. Compared with the conventional design approach for matching networks, the proposed approach achieves higher efficiency, resulting in loss reduction of up to 35% for a three-stage L-section matching network. The theoretical predictions are validated experimentally using a three-stage matching network designed for 1 MHz and 100 W operation.
Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Octaarginine-Appended β-Cyclodextrin in <i>Npc1</i>-Trap-CHO Cells (2016)

Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder, which is an inherited disease characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in endolysosomes. Recently, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) has been used for the treatment of NPC, and ameliorated a hepatosplenomegaly in the patients. However, to obtain the treatment efficacy, a high dose of HP-β-CyD was necessary. Therefore, the decrease in dose by using active intracellular delivery system of β-CyD to NPC cells is expected. In this study, to efficiently deliver β-CyD to NPC-like cells, we newly synthesized octaarginine (R8)-appended β-CyD with a spacer of γ-aminobutyric acid (R8-β-CyD) and evaluated its cytotoxicity, intracellular distribution, endocytosis pathway and cholesterol-lowering effect in Npc1-trap-Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, cholesterol-accumulated cells through the impairment of NPC1 function. R8-β-CyD did not show cytotoxicity in the cells. In addition, Alexa568-labeled R8-β-CyD was actively internalized into Npc1-trap-CHO cells, possibly through micropinocytosis. Notably, R8-β-CyD significantly decreased intracellular cholesterol content compared with HP-β-CyD. These results suggest that R8-β-CyD may be a promising therapeutic agent for ameliorating cholesterol accumulation in NPC.
A Structural Basis for Recognition of A·T and T·A Base Pairs in the Minor Groove of B-DNA (1998)

Polyamide dimers containing three types of aromatic rings-pyrrole, imidazole, and hydroxypyrrole-afford a small-molecule recognition code that discriminates among all four Watson-Crick base pairs in the minor groove. The crystal structure of a specific polyamide dimer-DNA complex establishes the structural basis for distinguishing T.A from A.T base pairs. Specificity for the T.A base pair is achieved by means of distinct hydrogen bonds between pairs of substituted pyrroles on the ligand and the O2 of thymine and N3 of adenine. In addition, shape-selective recognition of an asymmetric cleft between the thymine-O2 and the adenine-C2 was observed. Although hitherto similarities among the base pairs in the minor groove have been emphasized, the structure illustrates differences that allow specific minor groove recognition.
Data Foundry: Data Warehousing and Integration for Scientific Data Management (2000)

Data warehousing is an approach for managing data from multiple sources by representing them with a single, coherent point of view. Commercial data warehousing products have been produced by companies such as RebBrick, IBM, Brio, Andyne, Ardent, NCR, Information Advantage, Informatica, and others. Other companies have chosen to develop their own in-house data warehousing solution using relational databases, such as those sold by Oracle, IBM, Informix and Sybase. The typical approaches include federated systems, and mediated data warehouses, each of which, to some extent, makes use of a series of source-specific wrapper and mediator layers to integrate the data into a consistent format which is then presented to users as a single virtual data store. These approaches are successful when applied to traditional business data because the data format used by the individual data sources tends to be rather static. Therefore, once a data source has been integrated into a data warehouse, there is relatively little work required to maintain that connection. However, that is not the case for all data sources. Data sources from scientific domains tend to regularly change their data model, format and interface. This is problematic because each change requires the warehouse administrator to update the wrapper, mediator, and warehouse interfaces to properly read, interpret, and represent the modified data source. Furthermore, the data that scientists require to carry out research is continuously changing as their understanding of a research question develops, or as their research objectives evolve. The difficulty and cost of these updates effectively limits the number of sources that can be integrated into a single data warehouse, or makes an approach based on warehousing too expensive to consider.
Synthetic aperture radar (1991)

A synthetic aperture radar system (10) includes a distortion correction device (60) arranged for autofocussing of raw data by contrast maximisation. Low resolution processing in a first correlator (78a) identifies sixteen high contrast range gates. These are reprocessed at high resolution in a second correlator (78b) with reference functions selected on the basis of a range of trial accelerations. The acceleration producing highest contrast averaged over the sixteen range gates is taken as the current radar platform across-track acceleration. A microprocessor (80e) computes across-track position and velocity changes on the basis of across-track acceleration history. These are employed to generate phase and range corrections for the raw data, which convert it to that which would have been obtained if the radar platform had maintained its initial track accurately. A processing device (100) processes the corrected data with reference functions selected on the basis of corrected range. Processed image data is then stored or displayed as a function of corrected range. In one embodiment, the invention provides distortion correction accurate to a few metres, as opposed to typical errors of up to hundreds of metres in conventional SAR processing. Image change detection may also be implemented.
<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae pms2</i> Mutations Are Alleles of <i>MLH1</i> , and <i>pms2-2</i> Corresponds to a Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Carcinoma-Causing Missense Mutation (1996)

A number of mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains having phenotypes consistent with defects in DNA mismatch repair have been described, but not all have been extensively characterized. In this study we demonstrate that the pms2-1 and pms2-2 alleles arise from missense mutations in the MLH1 gene which inactivate MLH1. One of these alleles, pms2-2, causes the same amino acid substitution in a highly conserved region of the known MutL homologs as that caused by a proposed missense mutation observed in a Swedish hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma kindred. This observation supports the functional significance of missense mutations found in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma kindreds and indicates that in some cases S. cerevisiae can serve as a useful model system for the analysis of such mutations.
New MBE buffer used to eliminate backgating in GaAs MESFETs (1988)

The buffer is grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at low substrate temperatures (150-300 degrees C) using Ga and As/sub 4/ beam fluxes. It is highly resistive, optically inactive, and crystalline, and high-quality GaAs active layers can be grown on top of the buffer. MESFETs fabricated in active layers grown on top of this new buffer show improved output resistance and breakdown voltages; the DC and RF characteristics are otherwise comparable to MESFETs fabricated by alternative means and with other buffer layers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Monitoring the Occurrence of Sulfonylurea-Resistant Prickly Lettuce <i>(Lactuca serriola</i>) (1992)

Sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant prickly lettuce was discovered in Idaho in 1987. The objectives of these surveys were to determine the change with time in the proportion of sulfonylurea resistant and susceptible prickly lettuce biotypes on the farm where it originally occurred, and to determine the spread of sulfonylurea resistant prickly lettuce beyond its point of origin. On average, the proportion of resistant plants had decreased from 1988 to 1990, a period when sulfonylurea herbicide use was discontinued on the farm. Resistant prickly lettuce plants were found at seven sites away from the original infested farm. Several sites were near the farm along roadsides that had been sprayed with sulfometuron. This study shows that the proportion of resistant prickly lettuce decreased where previously found, but its range increased.
Holographically corrected telescope for high-bandwidth optical communications (1999)

We present a design for an optical data communications receiver-transmitter pair based on the holographic correction of a large diameter, poor-quality, reflecting primary mirror. The telescope has a narrow bandwidth (<0.1 nm) with good signal frequency isolation (>60 dB) and is scalable to meter-class apertures. We demonstrate the correction of a reflector telescope with over 2000 waves of aberration to diffraction-limited operation, capable of handling data transmission rates up to 100 GHz.
Adjuvant potential of archaeal synthetic glycolipid mimetics critically depends on the glyco head group structure (2008)

Subunit vaccines capable of providing protective immunity against the intracellular pathogens and cancers that kill millions of people annually require an adjuvant capable of directing a sufficiently potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to purified antigens, without toxicity issues. Archaeosome lipid vesicles, prepared from isoprenoid lipids extracted from archaea, are one such adjuvant in development. Here, the stability of an archaeal core lipid 2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol (archaeol) is used to advantage to synthesize a series of disaccharide archaeols and show that subtle variations in the carbohydrate head group alters the type and potency of immune responses mounted in a mammal. Critically, a glycosylarchaeol was required to elicit high cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell activity, with highest responses to the antigen entrapped in archaeosomes containing disaccharides of glucose in beta- or alpha1-6 linkage (beta-gentiobiose, beta-isomaltose), or of beta-lactose. This first study on synthetic archaeal lipid adjuvants reveals potential for this class of regulatory friendly, easily scalable, inexpensive, and potent glyco-adjuvant.
Transducer for picking up mechanical vibrations, in particular seismic waves, and a seismic measuring system including such a transducer (1984)

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Cell division inhibitors with efficacy equivalent to isoniazid in the acute murine<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>infection model (2015)

Next-generation benzimidazoles with excellent potency and efficacy against M. tuberculosis have been developed. This is the first report on benzimidazole-based FtsZ inhibitors showing an equivalent level of efficacy to isoniazid in an acute murine M. tuberculosis infection model.
Histones and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Enhance Tubular Necrosis and Remote Organ Injury in Ischemic AKI (2017)

Severe AKI is often associated with multiorgan dysfunction, but the mechanisms of this remote tissue injury are unknown. We hypothesized that renal necroinflammation releases cytotoxic molecules that may cause remote organ damage. In hypoxia-induced tubular epithelial cell necrosis <i>in vitro</i>, histone secretion from ischemic tubular cells primed neutrophils to form neutrophil extracellular traps. These traps induced tubular epithelial cell death and stimulated neutrophil extracellular trap formation in fresh neutrophils. <i>In vivo</i>, ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse kidney induced tubular necrosis, which preceded the expansion of localized and circulating neutrophil extracellular traps and the increased expression of inflammatory and injury-related genes. Pretreatment with inhibitors of neutrophil extracellular trap formation reduced kidney injury. Dual inhibition of neutrophil trap formation and tubular cell necrosis had an additive protective effect. Moreover, pretreatment with antihistone IgG suppressed ischemia-induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation and renal injury. Renal ischemic injury also increased the levels of circulating histones, and we detected neutrophil infiltration and TUNEL-positive cells in the lungs, liver, brain, and heart along with neutrophil extracellular trap accumulation in the lungs. Inhibition of neutrophil extracellular trap formation or of circulating histones reduced these effects as well. These data suggest that tubular necrosis and neutrophil extracellular trap formation accelerate kidney damage and remote organ dysfunction through cytokine and histone release and identify novel molecular targets to limit renal necroinflammation and multiorgan failure.
Exploiting structure in positioning of nonsymmetric signals (2002)

One of the most crucial emerging challenges in lithography is achieving rapid and accurate alignment under a wide variety of conditions brought about by different processing steps. Current alignment algorithms assume symmetric alignment signals. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on subspace decomposition of alignment signals. We assume that the process-induced asymmetries are small enough so that only linear effects need to be considered. We first find the subspace of alignment signals using a set of signals with pre-known positions. The position of a new signal is calculated considering that, if shifted correctly, it will lie in the same subspace of previous signals. Since this method exploits the structure of the signals, it results in more accurate measurement of the position. Simulation results show that the alignment error is about an order of magnitude smaller than that achieved with conventional maximum likelihood or phase-fitting approaches.
On integrating power and signal routing for shield count minimization in congested regions (2003)

With worsening crosstalk in nanometer designs, it is increasingly important to control the switching cross-coupling experienced by critical wires. This is commonly done by inserting shields adjacent to these wires. However, the number of shielded wires can become extremely large, resulting in a large area impact. We address this problem at both the methodological and algorithmic levels, integrating the traditionally separate steps of power and signal routing in a safe manner to minimize the number of shields required to satisfy all shielding constraints. We propose a new abstraction for the block-level global and detailed routing hierarchy that allows accurate early estimation of crosstalk. Furthermore, we postpone the power routing in middle metal layers to after critical signal nets and their shields have been laid out (with maximal shield sharing), and then try to construct a fine-grained power grid out of the already routed shields. Given a routing on a metal layer, our adaptive power routing algorithm adds provably fewest new power lines to complete the power grid on that layer while guaranteeing adequate power delivery. Our approach has proven effective while designing some high-frequency blocks of a commercial gigahertz range microprocessor using a 0.18-/spl mu/m process technology.
Revealing Backdoors, Post-Training, in DNN Classifiers via Novel Inference on Optimized Perturbations Inducing Group Misclassification (2020)

Recently, a special type of data poisoning (DP) attack against deep neural network (DNN) classifiers, known as a backdoor, was proposed. These attacks do not seek to degrade classification accuracy, but rather to have the classifier learn to classify to a target class whenever the backdoor pattern is present in a test example. Here, we address the challenging post-training detection of backdoor attacks in DNN image classifiers, wherein the defender does not have access to the poisoned training set, but only to the trained classifier itself, as well as to clean (unpoisoned) examples from the classification domain. We propose a defense against imperceptible backdoor attacks based on perturbation optimization and novel, robust detection inference. Our method detects whether the trained DNN has been backdoor-attacked and infers the source and target classes involved in an attack. It outperforms alternative defenses for several backdoor patterns, data sets, and attack settings.
Macrophages as a Cell-Based Therapy for Liver Disease (2019)

Abstract Liver failure arising from acute and chronic liver disease is an unmet clinical need that urgently requires novel therapeutic options in addition to orthotopic liver transplantation. Cell therapies offer new strategies to recover liver function through the reconstitution of healthy parenchyma and resolution of tissue pathology. Macrophages are professional phagocytes that comprise a key part of the innate immune system providing an important defense mechanism against invading pathogens. Macrophages are an inherently diverse cell type with respect to ontogeny, tissue distribution, phenotype, and function. The ability of macrophages to afford innate immunity, efficiently scavenge apoptotic/necrotic cells, and modulate local tissue microenvironment makes them an attractive cell therapy candidate for various diseases. This review aims to outline the rationale and utility of macrophages to serve as a potential cell therapy for liver disease.
Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis secA</i>gene (2002)

To better understand the protein secretion mechanisms involved in the growth and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we examined the secA gene from M. tuberculosis (tbsecA; cosmid sequence accession No. z95121.gb_ba). We generated plasmids containing the full-length tbsecA gene or a fusion containing the 5' sequence from the M. tuberculosis secA gene and the remainder from the Escherichia coli secA gene and evaluated the ability of each construct to complement the defective SecA protein in E. coli MM52ts when grown at the non-permissive temperature. The full-length tbsecA gene was unable to compensate for the temperature-sensitive defect, whereas E. coli MM52ts that has been transformed with plasmid pMF8TB226 containing a chimeric secA gene was able to grow at 42 degrees C. This work confirms that the topography of SecA and its ATP binding sites are highly conserved, whereas its membrane insertion domains are species specific.
Further decrease in glycated hemoglobin following ingestion of a LoBAG30 diet for 10 weeks compared to 5 weeks in people with untreated type 2 diabetes (2010)

A LoBAG30 diet resulted in continued improvement in glycemic control. This improvement occurred without significant weight loss, with unchanged insulin and glucagon profiles, and without deterioration in serum lipids, blood pressure or kidney function. Extending the duration of time on a LoBAG30 diet from 5 to 10 weeks had little or no further effect on the hormones and metabolites measured, i.e. a metabolic equilibrium was established.
Significant Improvement of Photovoltaic Performance of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells by Using 4-Trimethylsilylpyridine as Organic Additive to Electrolyte Solution (2012)

Abstract The applicability of 4-trimethylsilylpyridine (4TMSpy) was investigated as an organic additive to the electrolyte solution of dye-sensitized solar cells. The N3-sensitized solar cell with 4TMSpy showed higher light-to-electric energy conversion efficiencies than that with the ordinary organic additive of 4-tert-butylpyridine by a factor of ca. 1.1. This improvement of the photovoltaic performance was considered to be due to the bulkiness and peculiar electronic properties of the trimethylsilyl group.
Design of a transparent tactile stimulator (2012)

This paper presents the design of a transparent tactile stimulator, based on the friction reduction between the fingertip and the active surface. With such a design, the ratio between the useful area (i.e. the active display and the tactile area) and the device face is equal to 0.7, while the touched area's size is 93mm×65mm. Key design procedure is given, and experimental results are presented.