gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Effects in Semidilute Mixed Solutions of Alginate and Lactose-Modified Chitosan (Chitlac) (2007)

The present study specifically aimed at preparing and characterizing semidilute binary polymer mixtures of alginate and chitlac which might find an application in the field of cell encapsulation. A polyanion, alginate, and a polycation, a lactose-modified chitosan, were mixed under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and NaCl 0.15) and at a semidilute concentration avoiding associative phase separation. The mutual solubility was found to be dependent on the charge screening effect of the added NaCl salt, being prevented below 0.05 M NaCl. A comparison with the behavior of the polyanion (alginate) under the same experimental conditions revealed that both the viscosity and the relaxation times of the binary polymer solutions are strongly affected by the presence of the polycation. In particular, the occurrence of electrostatic interactions between the two oppositely charged polysaccharides led to a synergistic effect on the zero-shear viscosity of the solution, which showed a 4.2-fold increase with respect to that of the main component of the solution, i.e., alginate. Moreover, the relaxation time, calculated as the reciprocal of the critical share rate, markedly increased upon reducing the alginate fraction in the binary polysaccharide solution. However, the formation of the soluble complexes and the synergistic effect are reduced upon increasing the concentration of the 1:1 electrolyte. By containing a gel-forming polyanion (alginate, e.g., with Ca(2+) ions) and a bioactive polycation (chitlac, bearing a beta-linked D-galactose), the present system can be regarded as a first step toward the development of biologically active scaffold from polysaccharide mixtures.
ATP Requirement for Acidic Resistance in Escherichia coli (2011)

ATP participates in many cellular metabolic processes as a major substrate to supply energy. Many systems for acidic resistance (AR) under extremely acidic conditions have been reported, but the role of ATP has not been examined. To clarify whether or not ATP is necessary for the AR in Escherichia coli, the AR of mutants deficient in genes for ATP biosynthesis was investigated in this study. The deletion of purA or purB, each of which encodes enzymes to produce AMP from inosinate (IMP), markedly decreased the AR. The content of ATP in these mutants decreased rapidly at pH 2.5 compared to that of the wild type. The AR was again decreased significantly by the mutation of adk, which encoded an enzyme to produce ADP from AMP. The DNA damage in the purA and purB mutants was higher than that in the wild type. These results demonstrated that metabolic processes that require ATP participate in survival under extremely acidic conditions, and that one such system is the ATP-dependent DNA repair system.
Hypoxia-Induced Endothelial Apoptosis Through Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB)–Mediated bcl-2 Suppression (2000)

The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a pivotal role in the coordinated transactivation of cytokine and adhesion molecule genes involved in endothelial activation. Although recent reports have documented the contribution of NF-kappaB to apoptosis, it is still controversial. Especially, the role of NF-kappaB in endothelial apoptosis is largely unknown. Hypoxia significantly induced human aortic endothelial cell death and apoptosis in a time-dependent manner (P<0.01), accompanied by NF-kappaB activation. Decrease in total cell number and increase in apoptotic cells induced by hypoxia were significantly attenuated by NF-kappaB decoy, but not by scrambled decoy, oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) (P<0.01). Increase in DNA fragmentation induced by hypoxia was also significantly inhibited by NF-kappaB decoy ODNs as compared with scrambled decoy ODNs (P<0.01). Moreover, transfection of NF-kappaB decoy ODNs resulted in a significant decrease in caspase-3-like activity, which is a common pathway for apoptosis, compared with scrambled decoy ODNs. Importantly, transfection of NF-kappaB decoy ODNs significantly increased protein of bcl-2, an inhibitor of apoptosis, and did not alter bax, a promoter of apoptosis, thereby resulting in a significant increase in the ratio of bcl-2 to bax (P<0.01). bcl-2 mRNA was also decreased by hypoxia, whereas transfection of NF-kappaB decoy ODNs significantly attenuated decrease in bcl-2 mRNA. These results demonstrate that activation of NF-kappaB by hypoxia induced endothelial apoptosis in a bcl-2-dependent manner. The importance of NF-kappaB in endothelial apoptosis was confirmed by the observation that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a potent NF-kappaB inhibitor, prevented endothelial apoptosis, caspase 3-like activity, and bcl-2 downregulation induced by hypoxia. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we transfected NF-kappaB decoy ODNs into rat intact carotid artery after reperfusion injury. Reperfusion injury was associated with a significant increase in endothelial apoptosis at 24 hours, whereas NF-kappaB decoy ODN treatment markedly decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive endothelial cells at 24 hours after reperfusion (P<0.01). Here, using synthetic double-stranded DNA with high affinity for NF-kappaB as a decoy approach, we demonstrated that activation of NF-kappaB by hypoxia caused aortic endothelial cell death and apoptosis through the suppression of bcl-2. NF-kappaB-mediated endothelial apoptosis induced by hypoxia may be involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction observed in cardiovascular ischemic diseases.
Removal of Perchloroethylene within a Silt Confining Layer Using Hydrogen Release Compound (2010)

The Site is a former dry cleaning operation where a release of perchloroethylene (PCE) to soil and groundwater had occurred. Hydrogen Release CompoundÂ® (HRC) is being used for source control to mitigate vapor intrusion to the existing building. The Site is located in the Connecticut River basin with PCE up to 250 mg/L in perched groundwater above a silt-layer aquitard. Site risk is driven by the soil vapor intrusion pathway into the commercial building. Soil vapor extraction was implemented to mitigate vapor intrusion, with no appreciable change in the perched groundwater conditions and rapid rebound of PCE in soil gas to pre-treatment levels in four months. Our evaluation of soil data following multiple HRC applications over an 8-year period into the perched groundwater on top of a Connecticut River basin silt deposit finds that treatment in the sandy unit above the aquitard achieved significant reduction of PCE in the silt layer below. This discovery changed the project Conceptual Site Model and led to further evaluation of the source of PCE feeding into soil gas. With decreased groundwater concentrations of PCE but persistent soil gas concentrations, Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) work was done to further assess the extent of additional area within the perched groundwater that required treatment. The results indicated that the extent of significant concentrations of PCE was in a peripheral area around the initial treatment zones. Following the MIP results, additional in-situ HRC treatment in the perched aquifer over a broader area than previous injections was implemented with the intent of removing a significant mass of PCE. As we expected, there was a PCE source in the silt layer below the treatment area. Subsequent data show further decreases in PCE concentrations measured in perched groundwater and soil gas.
ERp29 is a Radiation-Responsive Gene in IEC-6 Cell (2008)

ERp29 is a resident protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, which is thought to be involved in the folding of secretory proteins. In our previous work, it was found that, when treated with ionizing radiation (IR), the ERp29 expression was increased in mouse intestinal epithelia and cultured IEC-6 cells, which suggested that ERp29 might be a radiation-induced gene. The current work is to confirm the induction of ERp29 by IR and to analyze its role in irradiated IEC-6 cells. Our results showed that ERp29 expression was elevated by IR in IEC-6 cells at mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner. IEC-6 cells with different exogenous ERp29 expression were obtained by transfection with sense and antisense expression vectors of ERp29 coding region. As ERp29 expression was inhibited, these cells exhibited more serious radiation injury and more sensitivity to IR-induced apoptosis. To further elucidate the induction of ERp29, we analyzed the XBP1 expression after IR. Results showed that the spliced form of XBP1 mRNA rapidly reached a peak at 3 hours after irradiation, which indicated that UPR sensor was involved in radiation and might be a reason to induce ERp29 expression. Our results demonstrate that ERp29 is a radiation associated protein and plays an important role in protecting cells from IR.
Crystalline conjugated polymer containing fused 2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[2,3-b]thiophene and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione units for bulk heterojunction solar cells (2011)

A new conjugated polymer, PDTTTPD, comprising 2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione units, exhibits high crystallinity and excellent thermal stability. A device incorporating PDTTTPD and [6,6]-phenyl-C(71)-butyric acid methyl ester (1:1, w/w) exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 5.1%.
xDGP: A Dynamic Graph Processing System with Adaptive Partitioning (2013)

Many real-world systems, such as social networks, rely on mining efficiently large graphs, with hundreds of millions of vertices and edges. This volume of information requires partitioning the graph across multiple nodes in a distributed system. This has a deep effect on performance, as traversing edges cut between partitions incurs a significant performance penalty due to the cost of communication. Thus, several systems in the literature have attempted to improve computational performance by enhancing graph partitioning, but they do not support another characteristic of real-world graphs: graphs are inherently dynamic, their topology evolves continuously, and subsequently the optimum partitioning also changes over time. In this work, we present the first system that dynamically repartitions massive graphs to adapt to structural changes. The system optimises graph partitioning to prevent performance degradation without using data replication. The system adopts an iterative vertex migration algorithm that relies on local information only, making complex coordination unnecessary. We show how the improvement in graph partitioning reduces execution time by over 50%, while adapting the partitioning to a large number of changes to the graph in three real-world scenarios.
In Situ Stress Evolution in Li<sub>1+x</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Thin Films during Electrochemical Cycling in Li-Ion Cells (2016)

Real time monitoring of stress evolution in electrodes during electrochemical cycling can help quantify the driving forces that dictate their mechanical degradation. In the present work, in-situ stress evolution in thin films of spinel Li1+xMn2O4 (LMO) was measured by monitoring the change in the elastic substrate curvature during electrochemical cycling in a specially designed beaker cell in the 3.5-4.3 V (vs. Li/Li+) voltage range. The LMO thin films were prepared using a solution deposition technique and their structures and morphologies were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stress evolution in the early part of the first delithiation cycle (<4.05 V) was consistent with the XRD data. However, stress evolution during later stages of the first delithiation cycle (>4.05 V) was not consistent with the XRD results, and showed irreversible behavior, suggesting irreversible changes in the electrode. Beyond the first delithiation cycle, the stress evolution was reversible, with a steady buildup of compressive and tensile stress during lithium insertion and extraction, respectively. Measurements on LMO films of varying thicknesses suggest that the first cycle irreversibility in stress response arises primarily from the electrode bulk.
<title>Progress in gray-tone lithography and replication techniques for different materials</title> (1999)

The fabrication of 3D-microstructures with well-defined curved surface contours is of great importance for various mechanical, optical and electronic devices and subsystems. Complex geometrical structures or topographies are necessary to obtain a certain mechanical stability, a specific surface property or a predetermined electrostatic field configuration. Obviously in the micro-optic domain, there is a great demand to produce sophisticated surface topographies for refractive or diffractive optical elements, e.g. Fresnel lenses. This paper reports on progress in graytone lithography using subresolution pixeled chromium glass masks and introduces some replication techniques for different materials. In continuation of our work on graytone lithography, reported elsewhere, detailed view on reproducibility, fidelity and process latitude will be presented. Based on this results infrared diffractive optical elements have been fabricated in silicon using an 1:1 dry etching process, where the surface roughness of the shaped areas after etching has an 1 (sigma) value of 18 nm. For low cost application in the visible wavelength region a replication technique in polycarbonat by injection modeling is described. First results are shown.
The synthesis of possible hydroxylated metabolites of 2‐chlorophenothiazine derivatives (1977)

Abstract The synthesis of 7‐hydroxy, 8‐hydroxy and 7,8‐dihydroxy prochlorperazines (3a) and per‐phenazines (3b) is reported. The parent ehlorophenothiazines were prepared analogously to previously reported chlorpromazine (3e) metabolite syntheses. The prochlorperazine side chain was introduced in one step using 1‐(3‐chloropropyl)‐4‐methylpiperazine and the perphenazine side chain in two steps, first reaction with 1‐bromo‐3‐chloropropane followed by reaction with 1‐piperazineethanol. The methoxymethyleneoxy O‐proteetive groups were removed under mild conditions using methanolic hydrogen chloride. The preparations of 7‐hydroxydesmethylprochlorperazine and 7‐hydroxychlorpromazine quaternary methyl iodide are also reported.
Agent-Based, Energy Efficient Routing in Sensor Networks (2004)

Amorphous computing aims at discovering new approaches for programming and controlling vast number of computational entities. So far, most related studies are mainly on the problem of pattern formation. However, there still remains a great challenge: how to enable amorphous entities to handle computationally hard problems? In order to tackle this challenge, we propose to take the energy efficient routing problem in sensor networks as a special topic for study, due to the similar characteristics of sensor nodes and amorphous entities. In the paper, each data packet sent from a source node is carried by an autonomous mobile data agent, which can make its own routing decision based on its local information. Moreover, we propose a novel data routing idea on energy efficient route choosing. Simulation results demonstrate that our routing schemes based on the proposed idea can achieve a better performance of energy load balancing in the network, and a shorter time delay for data agents to travel from a source to a sink than other schemes discussed in the paper. Furthermore, by endowing the data agents with some intelligence, data aggregation can be performed locally and dynamically during their transmissions in sensor networks.
Drug evaluation: Reolysin--wild-type reovirus as a cancer therapeutic. (2006)

Oncolytics Biotech is developing an oncolytic reovirus therapy (Reolysin, Reosyn) for the potential treatment of a variety of Ras-mediated cancers, including glioma and medulloblastoma, pancreatic, prostate, breast, lung, colon, bladder, ovarian and hematological cancers, and melanoma and childhood sarcoma. Phase I/II clinical trials in recurrent malignant glioma began in 2002.
Intraorbital Polyacrylamide Gel Injection for the Treatment of Anophthalmic Enophthalmos (2008)

Polyacrylamide gel injection in the orbital space effectively reduces enophthalmos in ocular prosthesis wearers.
Structural and Functional Studies of Casein Kinase I-Like Protein from Rice (2011)

Casein kinase I (CKI) is a protein serine/threonine kinase that is highly conserved from plants to animals. It performs various functions in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, such as DNA repair, cell cycle, cytokinesis, vesicular trafficking, morphogenesis and circadian rhythm. CKI proteins contain a highly conserved kinase domain responsible for catalytic activity at the N-terminus and a highly diverse regulatory domain responsible for determining substrate specificity at the C-terminus. CKI-like protein has been identified in plants, including in rice, but its function and structure have not been reported. Here, we report the 2.0 Å crystal structure of the kinase domain of CKI-like protein from rice. Although the structure adopts the typical bi-lobal kinase architecture, the length and orientation of the glycine-rich ATP-binding motif are dynamic within the CKI family. A loop between α5 and α6 (the α5-α6 loop), which was previously not detected in the CKI family because of flexibility, was clearly detected in our structure. In addition, we identified a lipase as a substrate of CKI-like protein from rice. Phosphorylation of the lipase dramatically reduced its catalytic activity, suggesting that CKI may play a role in the regulation of lipase activity.
Combination of rule and pattern based lithography unfriendly pattern detection in OPC flow (2008)

Foundry companies encounter again and again the same or similar lithography unfriendly patterns (Hot-spots) in different designs within the same technology node and across different technology nodes, which eluded design rule check (DRC), but detected again and again in OPC verification step. Since Model-based OPC tool applies OPC on whole-chip design basis, individual hot-spot patterns are treated same as the rest of design patterns, regardless of its severity. We have developed a methodology to detect those frequently appeared hot-spots in pre-OPC design, as well as post OPC designs to separate them from the rest of designs, which provide the opportunity to treat them differently in early OPC flow. The methodology utilizes the combination of rule based and pattern based detection algorithms. Some hotspot patterns can be detected using rule-based algorithm, which offer the flexibility of detecting similar patterns within pre-defined ranges. However, not all patterns can be detected (or defined) by rules. Thus, a pattern-based approach is developed using defect pattern library concept. The GDS/OASIS format hot-spot patterns can be saved into a defect pattern library. Fast pattern matching algorithm is used to detect hot-spot patterns in a design using the library as a pattern template database. Even though the pattern matching approach lacks the flexibility to detect patterns' similarity, but it has the capability to detect any patterns as long as a template exists. The pattern-matching algorithm can be either exact match or a fuzzy match. The rule based and pattern based hot-spot pattern detection algorithms complement each other and offer both speed and flexibility in hot spot pattern detection in pre-OPC and post-OPC designs. In this paper, we will demonstrate the methodology in our OPC flow and the benefits of such methodology application in production environment for 90nm designs. After the hot spot pattern detection, examples of special treatment to selected hot spot patterns will be shown.
CDKN1B, encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27), is located in the minimally deleted region of 12p abnormalities in myeloid malignancies and its low expression is a favorable prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukemia (2011)

CDKN1B is an interesting candidate gene as a potential biomarker for prognostication in acute myeloid leukemia.
Toward low-sensitive and high-energetic cocrystal I: evaluation of the power and the safety of observed energetic cocrystals (2013)

Energetic cocrystals are attracting increasing attention in the field of energetic materials. To low-sensitive and high energetic materials, we provide the evaluations of power and safety of 41 observed binary energetic cocrystals, by studying their densities (d), oxygen balances (OB), explosive properties and crystal morphologies with the aid of theoretical calculations. The results show that: the power is diluted but the safety may be improved after cocrystallization in contrast to the more energetic pure component; the cocrystallization mediates the OB of the composing pure components, as well as d with some exceptions sometimes, and it can alter crystal shapes relative to pure energetic components involved. Some qualitative even quantitative corrections of these cocrystals are obtained to verify the factors influencing the power and the safety, leading to some specifications of d and OB (d298K ≥ 1.78 g cm−3 and −100% ≤ OB ≤ −50% regarding VD ≥ 8.5 km s−1 and H50 ≥ 50 cm), a procedure and some suggestions for designing low sensitive high energetic cocrystals.
Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted (2020)

Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted Fauci, Lane, and Redfield comment on the early clinical features and epidemiology of cases reported in Wuhan, China, along with current mortality data, noting th...
Selection of high-definition 2D virtual profiles with multiple RF pulse excitations along interleaved echo-planark-space trajectories (1999)

A method for spatially selective excitation of 2D RF profiles is reported. The method makes use of multiple shots to traverse interleaved echo-planar trajectories in 2D k space during each RF pulse excitation. Results from each of the interleaved excitations are summed, with the net effect being the excitation of a virtual profile. The method allows for the excitation of high-definition 2D profiles with standard gradient hardware. Signal to noise is enhanced by a factor equal to the square root of the number of interleaved excitations, compared with a single-shot excitation. Potential applications for volume-localized spectroscopy, functional MRI, and high-resolution reduced-field-of-view imaging are discussed.
Batching to Minimize Flow Times on One Machine (1987)

Machine sequencing formulations typically assume that the characteristics of the job set to be processed are given. However, in many applications, jobs can be batched in different ways. Two types of minimum flow-time sequencing problems with lot sizing are formulated. The “item-flow” formulation is solved giving an index rule for ordering items. The “batch-flow” formulation is solved for the single product case showing that processing is done in unequal batches ordered in decreasing size. Heuristics and bounds are provided for the multiproduct case.
Explosion pulping of bagasse and wheat straw (1981)

Bagasse and wheat straw were soda-pulped in a digester at 200 degrees under N pressure of up to 13.8 MPa, followed by explosive discharge through nozzles to give pulp having lower yield and higher initial freeness than batch soda pulp. Explosion pulping required less NaOH than conventional batch soda pulping, and the properties of explosion pulp obtained were similar to those of batch soda pulp at a given freeness.