gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in human abdominal aortic aneurysms (2006)

SMCs and inflammatory cells were main cellular sources of increased iNOS in AAA, and NO may play a part in pathogenesis in AAA through inflammation.
Localization of Left Atrial Ganglionated Plexi in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (2009)

These results indicate additional benefits of GP ablation to PV antrum ablation and improvement with time, particularly > or = 12 months after ablation. We postulate that this late benefit may result from destruction of the autonomic neurons in the GP that cannot regenerate.
Black silicon method XI: oxygen pulses in SF<sub>6</sub>plasma (2010)

A detailed study is performed to understand and show the potential of high-speed, deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of silicon using oxygen inhibitor pulses as a replacement for hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs). This process might be considered the 'holy grail' in DRIE as the environmental restrictions for the use of HFCs are becoming increasingly stronger. When compared to the usual cryogenic mixed oxygen DRIE and with respect to profile control, the proposed cryogenic pulsed oxygen DRIE is virtually independent of silicon loading, mask material and trench width, and it is less prone to the formation of black silicon (BS). Some indication is found that one of the major causes for the formation of BS is the existence of dust inside the plasma. Dust is created when oxygen and silicon tetra fluoride (SiF 4 being the reaction product of silicon etching) coincide inside the plasma glow. This occurs in mixed oxygen plasma; the silica dust falls onto the wafer where it starts to form BS when directional etching is requested. Dust particles can also form when strong polymerizing gases are fed into the plasma. This is the case for the Bosch process using HFC pulses forming carbonic dust. The particles, and consequently the BS, are observed to be limited when the SiF 4 and O 2 gases are time separated, which forms the basis of the proposed pulsed oxygen DRIE. Another advantage of pulsed oxygen DRIE with respect to Bosch processing is that the protective skin of the sidewall during etching-a kind of native oxide-is believed to be self-terminating. This makes the process insensitive to profile variations caused by parameter fluctuations. It is found that inhibiting oxygen pulses give excellent results with respect to profile control at cryogenic temperatures (between -120 and -80 C) and can still compete with HFC pulses up to intermediate low temperatures (between -80 and -40 C). When selecting the proper DRIE conditions, the oxygen pulsed mode performs with excellent profile verticality and selectivity while keeping the silicon clean. It also shows a high etch rate up to 25 m min -1 (<1% Si load of a 100 mm wafer). When the temperature is raised further (between -40 and 0 C), the strength of the oxygen sidewall protection progressively fails and more oxygen with more bias is needed to keep sufficient profile directionality. The use of stronger oxide-forming agents is suggested in order to enable good performance at the more convenient, higher temperature, low bias conditions.
Rat Models of the Metabolic Syndrome (2003)

For some diseases, a line of causality exists in which a given antecedent elicits a particular disorder, which can be treated by interrupting a specific pathway of events. Most biomedical scientists have uncritically adopted the “line-of-causality” metaphor, and have therefore selected for study animal models of disease in which this metaphor by design must work because the models are chosen accordingly. Although peer review rewards the use of such models, and research with linear models of disease is often intellectually satisfying, it is doubtful that such an approach in the end will lead to breakthroughs for the treatment of the major diseases facing humankind today, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
An Expression Profile of Active Genes in Human Colonic Mucosa (1994)

An expression profile of genes active in the human colonic mucosa was obtained by collecting 959 partial sequences from a 3'-directed cDNA library. Seven genes were found to produce mRNA each of which comprised more than 1% of total mRNA. Four of these genes are novel, and are likely to be uniquely expressed in the colonic mucosa, and the other three have been identified as genes for fatty acid binding protein, immunoglobulin lambda chain, and carcinoma-associated antigen GA733-2. In the remaining 952 clones, 310 were composed of 118 species occurred recurrently but less than 1%, and 533 clones appeared only once. Because the 3'-directed cDNA library faithfully represents the mRNA population in the source tissue, these numbers represent the relative activities of the gene expression. Altogether 156 gene species were identified in GenBank, and a significant portion of these genes encode proteins found in Golgi apparatus and lysosomes, chromosome-encoded mitochondrial proteins, cell surface proteins, and components in the protein synthesis machinery. The types and proportions of genes identified is consistent with the known major activities of the colonic mucosa such as mucous protein production, energy-dependent water absorption, and rapid cell proliferation and turnover.
A Simplification Algorithm for Visualizing the Structure of Complex Graphs (2008)

Complex graphs, ones containing thousands of nodes of high degree, are difficult to visualize. Displaying all of the nodes and edges of these graphs can create an incomprehensible cluttered output. This paper presents a simplification algorithm that may be applied to a complex graph in order to produce a controlled thinning of the graph. Using importance metrics, the simplification process removes nodes from the graph, leaving the central structure for visualization and evaluation. The simplification algorithm consists of two steps, calculation of the importance metrics and pruning. Several metrics based on various topological graph properties are described. The metrics are then used in a pruning process to simplify the graph. Nodes, along with their corresponding edges, are removed from the graph, while maintaining the graph's overall connectivity. This simplified graph provides a cleaner, more meaningful visual representation of the graph's structure; thus aiding the analysis of the graph's underlying data.
Influence of GA3 and ZnSO4 on Fruiting, Yield and Quality Parameters of Litchi (Litchi chinensis S.) cv. Dehradun (2023)

The experiment was carried out at Horticulture Garden, Department of Fruit Science, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) during two consecutive years 2020 and 2021. Factorial Completely Randomized Design was used with three replications with sixteen treatments viz., four levels each of GA (0, 30, 60 and 90 ppm) and zinc (0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7%) and their combination, spraying of these were done twice i.e., before flowering (07 Feb.) and at pea stage (05 April) during both the years. This study for to assess the impact of GA and Zn to better flowering, decrease fruit cracking, better yield with qualitative fruits of litchi cv. Dehradun. From the results it is reported that the treatment of GA 60 ppm and Zinc 0.7 % improved fruit quality like; fruit count prior to foliar spray at pea stage (40.53 and 40.96), fruit count at pit hardening stage (28.79 and 30.36), fruit count at maturity stage (25.36 and 26.21), fruit count at ripening stage (22.23 and 23.06), yield of marketable fruit (72.62 and 74.74 kg/plant) and also increase nutritional qualities of fruit such as total soluble solids (21.47 and 22.600Brix), total sugars (14.31 and 14.34%), juice content (61.86 and 61.91 %), sugar acid ratio (28.89 and 29.91%), ascorbic acid (40.83 and 42.03mg) per 100g fruit pulp, organoleptic test (84.15 and 85.09) and reduction in number of cracked fruits at harvesting (2.45 and 2.11) with reduced titratable acidity (0.431 and 0.427%). It was concluded that the application of GA and Zinc resulted in to significant improvement in yield and quality of litchi with maximum fruit set and retention as well as yield attributing characters such weight of fruit which ultimately increased the yield per plant and thereby per hectare in both GA 60ppm and Zinc at 0.7% in litchi cv. Dehradun in the plains of northern India.
Electron-beam block exposure system for a 256 M dynamic random access memory (1993)

A block exposure system is developed to expose a 256 M DRAM pattern. Four mask deflectors deflect beams to select one of 48 blocks of stencil patterns in a 5 mm region in diameter on a mask. Each mask pattern is extracted as a unit of repetitions from the dynamic random access memory (DRAM) pattern, which is demagnified to 1/100 on a wafer. In a 256 M DRAM contact hole layer, only two blocks are used to expose memory cell regions. Forty-six blocks are for sense amplifier and decoder regions. The total shot number of the layer is decreased to 21.5×106 with the block exposure system, which is about 1/8 of that with a conventional shaped beam system. One chip is exposed in 11.5 s. Throughput is 10 wafers (6 in.)/h for the contact hole layer.
Estimating Food Waste as Household Production Inefficiency (2020)

Measuring food waste at the individual household level has been nearly impossible because comprehensive, current data on uneaten food do not exist. By using food acquisition data, this article employs a new approach to estimating household‐level food waste via a stochastic production frontier model in which food waste is identified as input inefficiency. For households in our data, the average household wastes 31.9% of the food it buys, and this figure, using survey weights, translates to annual U.S. consumer‐level food waste valued at $240 billion. In addition, by accommodating heterogeneous wasting behavior, we find that healthier diets and higher income lead to more household food waste, whereas lower household food security, food‐assistance program participation, and larger household sizes are associated with less food waste.
Isolation and partial characterization of mitogenic factors from cementum (1991)

Cementum is the mineralized structure through which soft connective tissues are attached to the teeth. It is a unique calcified tissue characterized by a low metabolic turnover, lack of blood supply, and presence of very few cells. However, it contains substances that influence the biological activities of fibroblasts of adjacent soft tissues. We have partially characterized cementum proteins that have mitogenic activity toward fibroblasts. Cementum was harvested from bovine teeth, and mitogenic factors were extracted in 0.5 M CH3COOH. Heparin-Sepharose chromatography separated the mitogenic activity into a major and a minor fraction eluted by 0.5 and 2.0 M NaCl, respectively. The distribution of cementum mitogens in heparin-Sepharose fractions was different from that of alveolar bone and other bones. The cementum mitogenic factor eluting with 2.0 M NaCl from a heparin-Sepharose column was shown to be basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the basis of inhibition by anti-bFGF antibody and Western blots. The 0.5 M NaCl fraction was purified by HPLC with use of a combination of a DEAE-3W column followed by TSK-250 and C18 columns. NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the purified fraction contained two protein bands with Mr 22,000 and 19,000, and mitogenic activity was associated with the Mr 22,000 species. The activity of this mitogen, designated as CGF, was potentiated by small quantities of plasma-derived serum or epidermal growth factor. It was heat resistant, but was destroyed by reduction. Assays of CGF preparations revealed that they contained no detectable platelet-derived growth factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Generation and Reactions of Trifluoromethylethenyl Titanium(II) Species (2009)

The reaction of (trifluoromethyl)dimethylphenylsilylacetylene and (eta(2)-propene)Ti(O(i)Pr)(2) generated in situ smoothly proceeded giving the corresponding (eta(2)-1-dimethylphenylsilyl-2-trifluoromethylalkyne)Ti(O(i)Pr)(2), which reacted with aldehydes and ketones to afford the corresponding addition products in good yields with good to excellent regioselectivity.
Chiral compounds from bacterial polyesters: Sugars to plastics to fine chemicals (1999)

A novel and efficient method for the production of enantiomerically pure (R)-(-)-hydroxycarboxylic acids by in vivo depolymerization of microbial polyester polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) was developed. Using this method, several model compounds, (R)-(-)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acids, consisting of 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and (R)-(-)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid, could be prepared. In particular, (R)-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid could be efficiently prepared by this method. By providing the environmental condition in which cells possess high activity of intracellular PHA depolymerase and low activity of (R)-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid dehydrogenase, (R)-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid could be produced with a yield of 96% in only 30 min by in vivo depolymerization of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulated in Alcaligenes latus.
Drain Corrosion in RF Power GaAs PHEMTs (2007)

We have investigated drain degradation in a set of experimental RF power GaAs PHEMTs. Drain degradation was observed in the form of an increase in R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> and a reduction in I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> in a variety of conditions. We found that both forms of degradation arise from surface corrosion that takes place on different locations on the drain and dominate in different regimes of operation. Specifically, the increase in R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> was prominent in the ON-state and was found to be associated with corrosion on the drain n+GaAs ledge. The reduction in I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> , in contrast, was prominent in the OFF-state and was associated with corrosion on the exposed AlGaAs barrier close to the gate. A significant finding is that in both cases, the drain-to-gate voltage emerges as a significant accelerating factor of drain corrosion.
The impact of operating system structure on memory system performance (1993)

In this paper we evaluate the memory system behavior of two distinctly different implementations of the UNIX operating system: DEC's Ultrix, a monolithic system, and Mach 3.0 with CMU's UNIX server, a microkernel-based system. In our evaluation we use combined system and user memory reference traces of thirteen industry-standard workloads. We show that the microkernel-based system executes substantially more non-idle system instructions for an equivalent workload than the monolithic system. Furthermore, the average instruction for programs running on Mach has a higher cost, in terms of memory cycles per instruction, than on Ultrix. In the context of our traces, we explore a number of popular assertions about the memory system behavior of modern operating systems, paying special attention to the effect that Mach's microkernel architecture has on system performance. Our results indicate that many, but not all of the assertions are true, and that a few, while true, have only negligible impact on real system performance.
Preparation and Characterization of Polydopamine-coated Silver Core/Shell Nanocables (2010)

Abstract This paper describes for the first time a simple method to synthesize polydopamine-coated Ag nanocable with well-defined core–shell structure. The morphology, structure, and composition of the products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray power diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Contextual Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategies (2017)

Many stochastic search algorithms are designed to optimize a fixed objective function to learn a task, i.e., if the objective function changes slightly, for example, due to a change in the situation or context of the task, relearning is required to adapt to the new context. For instance, if we want to learn a kicking movement for a soccer robot, we have to relearn the movement for different ball locations. Such relearning is undesired as it is highly inefficient and many applications require a fast adaptation to a new context/situation. Therefore, we investigate contextual stochastic search algorithms that can learn multiple, similar tasks simultaneously. Current contextual stochastic search methods are based on policy search algorithms and suffer from premature convergence and the need for parameter tuning. In this paper, we extend the well known CMA-ES algorithm to the contextual setting and illustrate its performance on several contextual tasks. Our new algorithm, called contextual CMA-ES, leverages from contextual learning while it preserves all the features of standard CMA-ES such as stability, avoidance of premature convergence, step size control and a minimal amount of parameter tuning.
oPass: A User Authentication Protocol Resistant to Password Stealing and Password Reuse Attacks (2011)

Text password is the most popular form of user authentication on websites due to its convenience and simplicity. However, users' passwords are prone to be stolen and compromised under different threats and vulnerabilities. Firstly, users often select weak passwords and reuse the same passwords across different websites. Routinely reusing passwords causes a domino effect; when an adversary compromises one password, she will exploit it to gain access to more websites. Second, typing passwords into untrusted computers suffers password thief threat. An adversary can launch several password stealing attacks to snatch passwords, such as phishing, keyloggers and malware. In this paper, we design a user authentication protocol named oPass which leverages a user's cellphone and short message service to thwart password stealing and password reuse attacks. oPass only requires each participating website possesses a unique phone number, and involves a telecommunication service provider in registration and recovery phases. Through oPass, users only need to remember a long-term password for login on all websites. After evaluating the oPass prototype, we believe oPass is efficient and affordable compared with the conventional web authentication mechanisms.
A simple method of crosstalk reduction by metal filled via hole fence in bent transmission lines on PCBs (2006)

The crosstalk between bent transmission lines and the effects of metal filled via hole fence on alleviating the crosstalk are investigated. To analyze the crosstalk, the circuit concept approach for transmission line sections and impedance modeling for via hole sections are used. All sections are represented by ABCD matrices and then cascaded. Crosstalk reduction by metal filled via hole fence is estimated theoretically and compared with the measurement. Finally, except diameter of via hole from coupling length, the reduced error is remarkable
Two Approximate Voting Schemes for Reliable Computing (2017)

This paper relies on the principles of inexact computing to alleviate the issues arising in static masking by voting for reliable computing in the nanoscales. Two schemes that utilize in different manners approximate voting, are proposed. The first scheme is referred to as inexact double modular redundancy (IDMR). IDMR does not resort to triplication, thus saving overhead due to modular replication. This scheme is crudely adaptive in its operation, i.e., it allows a threshold to determine the validity of the module outputs. IDMR operates by initially establishing the difference between the values of the outputs of the two modules; only if the difference is below a preset threshold, then the voter calculates the average value of the two module outputs. The second scheme (ITDMR) combines IDMR with TMR (triple modular redundancy) by using novel conditions in the comparison of the outputs of the three modules. Within an inexact framework, the majority is established using different criteria; in ITDMR, adaptive operation is carried further than IDMR to include approximate voting in a pairwise fashion. So, the validity of the three inputs is established and when only two of the three inputs satisfy the threshold condition, the IDMR operation is utilized. An extensive analysis that includes the voting circuits as well as a probabilistic framework is included. The proposed IDMR and ITDMR schemes improve the power dissipation and tolerance to variations compared to a traditional TMR. To further validate the applicability of the proposed schemes, inexact voting has been used in two applications (image processing and FIR filtering); the simulation results show that performance is substantially improved over TMR.
Information supply-chains and Webcasting: a design framework (2002)

Introduces a design framework for analyzing different intermediation structures in dynamic content creation and information distribution supply chains. The framework is developed around the concepts of content modularization and postponement. In the framework, modularization is related to inbound content as a combination of the different information components used in the assembly of the digital product. Postponement corresponds to the point in the channel where the product gets customized based on preferences or local knowledge. The presented framework is characterized by four structures defined according to the combined level of modularization and postponement: rigid/sequential, customized, modularized and flexible. A key finding of the framework is that the choice of intermediation structure is a function of content and organizational structure/decision rights. Also, another finding is that rigid or sequential structures are desirable for real-time products under quality-of-service and service-time constraints, while flexible supply chains are more desirable under competitive differentiation and customization constraints.
Site-Dependent Recruitment of Inflammatory Cells Determines the Effective Dose of Leishmania major (2014)

The route of pathogen inoculation by needle has been shown to influence the outcome of infection. Employing needle inoculation of the obligately intracellular parasite Leishmania major, which is transmitted in nature following intradermal (i.d.) deposition of parasites by the bite of an infected sand fly, we identified differences in the preexisting and acute cellular responses in mice following i.d. inoculation of the ear, subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation of the footpad, or inoculation of the peritoneal cavity (intraperitoneal [i.p.] inoculation). Initiation of infection at different sites was associated with different phagocytic populations. Neutrophils were the dominant infected cells following i.d., but not s.c. or i.p., inoculation. Inoculation of the ear dermis resulted in higher frequencies of total and infected neutrophils than inoculation of the footpad, and these higher frequencies were associated with a 10-fold increase in early parasite loads. Following inoculation of the ear in the absence of neutrophils, parasite phagocytosis by other cell types did not increase, and fewer parasites were able to establish infection. The frequency of infected neutrophils within the total infected CD11b(+) population was higher than the frequency of total neutrophils within the total CD11b(+) population, demonstrating that neutrophils are overrepresented as a proportion of infected cells. Employing i.d. inoculation to model sand fly transmission of parasites has significant consequences for infection outcome relative to that of s.c. or i.p. inoculation, including the phenotype of infected cells and the number of parasites that establish infection. Vector-borne infections initiated in the dermis likely involve adaptations to this unique microenvironment. Bypassing or altering this initial step has significant consequences for infection.