gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of soft-segment CH2/O ratio on morphology and properties of a series of polyurethane elastomers (1996)

A series of six thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers were synthesized from a 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) chain extender, with poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO), poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO), poly(hexamethylene oxide) (PHMO), poly(octamethylene oxide) (POMO), poly(decamethylene oxide) (PDMO), and poly(1,6-hexyl carbonate)diol (PCDO) macrodiol soft segments. The soft-segment molecular weights employed were similar (approximately 1000 g/mol) and each polyurethane contained 55% (w/w) of the soft-segment macrodiol. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were employed to characterize the morphology. Tensile and Shore hardness tests were also performed. Materials were tested in the as-molded, solvent-cast, and annealed states. It was found that the polyurethanes produced from macrodiols with the highest CH2/O ratio displayed greater hard-domain crystallinity, a higher degree of phase separation, and the greatest hardness, stiffness, and opacity. POMO- and PDMO-based polymers displayed evidence of paracrystallinity in the soft domains. The PCDO-based material displayed a higher degree of phase mixing compared to the polyether-based materials. Annealing increased hard-domain crystallinity in all the polyether-based materials. The solvent-cast POMO- and PDMO-based materials had poor mechanical properties and were difficult to cast. The materials containing macrodiols with the lowest CH2/O ratio were more readily solvent-cost and produced strong, useful films. Morphologies of the solvent-cast materials differed greatly from those of the molded materials. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Real-Time Control for Plasma Spray: Production Issues and Distribution Implications (2003)

Abstract This paper investigates the advantages that an advanced control system can provide for plasma spray deposition in terms of variation reduction and greater ability to engineer coating structure. We report our work on implementing a feedback control system that automatically adjusts system inputs to maintain the desired particle states in spite of process variations. The limitations and performance capabilities of both feed forward and real-time control are evaluated. Important system characteristics needed to develop such controllers are discussed including dominant nonlinearalities, dynamics, cross-coupling, distributions, and sensor issues. Performance is evaluated in terms of engineering coating structure and production objectives.
Noncontact scanning impedance imaging in an aqueous solution (2004)

We present a method for imaging based on noncontact electrical impedance measurements and mechanical scanning. Measurement results are shown for an initial system based on this concept. An impedance probe design is presented, applicable to the test system. Line-scan data plots of high impedance contrast structures show a good fit to a theoretical physical model. Image resolutions on the order of 100μm are indicated for the initial system. Two-dimensional impedance images of biological tissue generated by this technique are shown.
Sleep Deprivation Affects Tau Phosphorylation in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (2020)

Tau hyperphosphorylation is an early step in tau-mediated neurodegeneration and is associated with intracellular aggregation of tau as neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal and synaptic loss, and eventual cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Sleep loss increases the cerebrospinal fluid concentration of amyloid-β and tau. Using mass spectrometry, we measured tau and phosphorylated tau concentrations in serial samples of cerebrospinal fluid collected from participants who were sleep-deprived, treated with sodium oxybate, or allowed to sleep normally. We found that sleep loss affected phosphorylated tau differently depending on the modified site. These findings suggest a mechanism for sleep loss to increase risk of Alzheimer disease. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:700-709.
Hybrid electromagnetic modeling of non-contact probes for terahertz device characterization (2013)

We present a hybrid full-wave/quasi-optical electromagnetic model for the design of lens-integrated THz antennas for high frequency non-contact device characterization (0.1-3 THz). The new non-contact probe setup consists of on-chip receiving and transmitting THz antennas in a co-planar waveguide environment. Commercially available THz-frequency extension modules are used in conjunction with microwave vector network analyzers to excite the probes. A hemispherical lens couples the signals into device-under-test using the on-chip antennas. To maximize antenna-to-device coupling over a wide bandwidth, we developed a hybrid electromagnetic model to optimize the THz antenna topology. This paper is focused on the system level computational analysis of the probe structure. The overall signal coupling performance of the non-contact probe is analyzed in a hybrid fashion by propagating the antenna fields computed from the moment method throughout the quasi-optical system.
A fractional order maximum power point tracker: Stability analysis and experiments (2012)

This paper presents a fractional order extremum seeking control scheme for maximum power point tracking tasks to better accommodate rapid varying solar irradiance for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. The stability analysis of the proposed control algorithm is presented first. Then the new algorithm is benchmarked against the integer order extremum seeking control. Our extensive simulation and experimental results show that, our proposed maximum power point tracker has faster convergence speed in comparison with integer order one.
Practical quantum repeater using intense coherent light (2005)

We describe a practical quantum repeater protocol for long-distance quantum communication. In this scheme, entanglement is created between the intermediate nodes of the quantum channel by using a weak dispersive light-matter interaction and distributing the outgoing intense coherent light pulses among the nodes. Noisy entangled pairs of electronic spin are then prepared with high success probability via homodyne detection including postselection. The local gates for entanglement purification and swapping are deterministic and measurement-free, based upon the same coherent-light resources and weak interactions as for the initial entanglement distribution. Finally, the entanglement is stored in a nuclear-spin-based quantum memory. Simulations of the system show qubit-communication rates approaching 100 Hz and fidelities above 99 % for reasonable local gate errors.
Electronics and Instrumentation for NMR Imaging (1984)

The development of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging has brought together the experimental techniques of NMR spectroscopy and image processing with the consequence that new experimental requirements and apparatus are currently being developed. Examples of these requirements include the large amounts of data which can be generated and the effect on data processing and storage requirements. Also, the increased size of objects under investigation necessitate some major changes in the magnet and r.f. system. A discussion of these specific requirements is presented together with an overview of all components of the NMR imaging system.
MR fingerprinting using the quick echo splitting <scp>NMR</scp> imaging technique (2016)

The combination of the MRF and the QUEST provides an accurate quantification of T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub> simultaneously with reduced RF power deposition. The resulting lower SAR may provide a new acquisition strategy for MRF when RF energy deposition is problematic. Magn Reson Med 77:979-988, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
A simple intensity noise reduction technique for optical low-coherence reflectometry (1992)

It is shown that by attenuating the reference power in an optical low-coherence reflectometry (OLCR) measurement, the reflection sensitivity can be improved, even though, in many other types of optical measurements, sensitivity is improved as optical power is increased. The difference is due to the presence of inherent intensity noise associated with low-coherence sources, which can dominate over shot noise at optical powers that are as low as 1 mu W. A reflection sensitivity of -146 dB is demonstrated using this technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of monoclonal antibodies in detection of melanoma-associated antigens in intact human tumors. (1982)

The use of antimelanoma monoclonal antibodies on tissue sections using a two-step indirect immunoperoxidase technique is reported. Antibodies 691-13-17 and 691-I5-Nu4B reacted with dysplastic nevus cells and all melanomas tested, but not with normal skin melanocytes, intradermal nevi, or lentigines. Antibody 691-13-17, directed against DR antigen, reacted also with Langerhan's cells, macrophages, and a subpopulation of lymphocytes. Antibody 691-I5-Nu4B reacted only with melanomas. The technique allows analysis of the expression of antigens by tumor cells in situ.
Ensembles of radial basis function networks for spectroscopic detection of cervical precancer (1998)

The mortality related to cervical cancer can be substantially reduced through early detection and treatment. However, current detection techniques, such as Pap smear and colposcopy, fail to achieve a concurrently high sensitivity and specificity. In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique which quickly, noninvasively and quantitatively probes the biochemical and morphological changes that occur in precancerous tissue. A multivariate statistical algorithm was used to extract clinically useful information from tissue spectra acquired from 361 cervical sites from 95 patients at 337-, 380-, and 460-nm excitation wavelengths. The multivariate statistical analysis was also employed to reduce the number of fluorescence excitation-emission wavelength pairs required to discriminate healthy tissue samples from precancerous tissue samples. The use of connectionist methods such as multilayered perceptrons, radial basis function (RBF) networks, and ensembles of such networks was investigated. RBF ensemble algorithms based on fluorescence spectra potentially provide automated and near real-time implementation of precancer detection in the hands of nonexperts. The results are more reliable, direct, and accurate than those achieved by either human experts or multivariate statistical algorithms.
Lack of efficacy of erlotinib in most EGFR mutated non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) with acquired resistance to gefitinib (2008)

8105 Background: The majority of NSCLC patients (pts) with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations respond to gefitinib, however acquired resistance to this tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) ensues. The secondary resistant T790M mutation has been identified in 50% of progressing pts. The amplification of the MET oncogene occurs in 20% of TKI-resistant pts and sometimes concomitantly with T790M. Very few other secondary mutations (D761Y, L747S) exist. Our goal was to determine the effects of erlotinib 150mg/d in EGFR mutated pts who became resistant to gefitinib 250mg/d, since the EGFR TKI erlotinib is given at a higher biologically active dose than gefitinib. Methods: We followed radiographic responses of 18 EGFR mutated pts from 4 academic medical centers that were given gefitinib and subsequently erlotinib. All pts, but one, had either exon 19 deletion or L858R mutations. 4 pts had tumor re-sampling after becoming resistant to TKI therapy. Results: Most pts achieved a response to gefitinib monotherapy (14/18, 77.7%) and median time to progression (TTP) was 11 months (95%CI, 4–16.5). After the tumors became gefitinib-resistant, most of the pts exposed to erlotinib had progressive radiographic disease (14/18, 77.7%) and median TTP was 2 months (95%CI, 2–3.8). The 3 pts with exon 19 deletions that acquired the T790M gefitinib-resistant mutation progressed on erlotinib. Only 1 gefitinib-resistant pt achieved a radiographic partial response and this patient had acquired L858R-L747S EGFR, which in vitro is sensitive to serum levels of erlotinib 150mg/d. Conclusions: In EGFR mutated tumors that become resistant to gefitinib, a switch to another reversible EGFR TKI given at higher biological doses - erlotinib - does not lead to responses in most pts. These findings were expected since the two most common mechanisms of gefitinib resistance (T790M and MET amplification) in vitro lead to high-grade resistance to clinically achievable doses of gefitinib and erlotinib. A gefitinib to erlotinib switch may only be beneficial in the rare EGFR mutated pt who acquires atypical “partial” resistance secondary EGFR mutations. Continued clinical development of novel EGFR and MET inhibitors for pts with EGFR mutated TKI resistant tumors is warranted. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Influence of Emulsifying Salts on the Textural Properties of Nonfat Process Cheese Made from Direct Acid Cheese Bases (2007)

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of several types of emulsifying salts (ES) on the texture of nonfat process cheese (NFPC). Improperly produced nonfat cheese tends to exhibit several problems upon baking including stickiness, insufficient or excessive melt, pale color upon cooling, formation of a dry skin (skinning) often leading to dark blistering, and chewy texture. These attributes are due to the strength and number of interactions between and among casein molecules. We propose to disrupt these interactions by using suitable emulsifying salts (ES). These ES chelate Ca and disperse caseins. Stirred curd cheese bases were made from skim milk using direct acidification with lactic acid to pH values 5.0, 5.2, and 5.4, and ripened for 1 d. Various levels of trisodium citrate (TSC; 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 5%), disodium phosphate (DSP; 1, 2, 3, and 4%), or trisodium phosphate (TSP; 1, 2, 3, and 4%) were blended with the nonfat cheese base. Cheese, ES, and water were weighed into a steel container, which was placed in a waterbath at 98 degrees C and then stirred using an overhead stirrer for 9 min. Molten cheese was poured into plastic containers, sealed, and stored at 4 degrees C for 7 d before analysis. Texture and melting properties were determined using texture profile analysis and the UW-Melt-profiler. The pH 5.2 and 5.4 cheese bases were sticky during manufacture and had a pale straw-like color, whereas the pH 5.0 curd was white. Total calcium contents were approximately 400, 185, and 139 mg/100 g for pH 5.4, 5.2, and 5.0 cheeses, respectively. Addition of DSP resulted in NFPC with the lowest extent of flow, and crystal formation was apparent at DSP levels above 2%. The NFPC manufactured from the pH 5.0 base and using TSP had reduced melt and increased stickiness, whereas melt was significantly increased and stickiness was reduced in NFPC made with pH 5.4 base and TSP. However, for NFPC made from the pH 5.4 cheese and with 1% TSP, the pH value was >6.20 and crystals were observed within a few days. Use of TSC increased extent of flow up to a maximum with the addition of 2% ES for all 3 types of cheese bases. Addition of high levels of TSC to the pH 5.2 and 5.4 cheese bases resulted in increased stickiness. Similar pH trends for attributes such as extent of flow, hardness, and adhesiveness were observed for both phosphate ES but no consistent pH trends were observed for the NFPC made with TSC. These initial trials suggest that the pH 5.0 cheese base was promising for further research and scale-up to pilot-scale process cheese making, because cheeses had a creamy color, reasonable melt, and did not have high adhesiveness when TSC was used as the ES. However, the acid whey produced from the pH 5.0 curd could be a concern.
Self powered pacers and stimulators. [radioisotope-or biologically-powered pacers and stimulators] (1976)

A simulator device is described for insertion in a living body, having particular advantage for intracardiac use comprising a housing having a body formed for transvenous or transarterial insertion, electrode means at the outer surface of said body, means included in said housing defining a pulsing circuit electrically connected with said electrode means and means for activating said pulsing circuit embodied in said housing, said activating means being free of physical connection with an outside power source and dependent for its function on the living body in which it is inserted.
An integrated clinical and genetic model for predicting risk of severe COVID-19: A population-based case–control study (2021)

Up to 30% of people who test positive to SARS-CoV-2 will develop severe COVID-19 and require hospitalisation. Age, gender, and comorbidities are known to be risk factors for severe COVID-19 but are generally considered independently without accurate knowledge of the magnitude of their effect on risk, potentially resulting in incorrect risk estimation. There is an urgent need for accurate prediction of the risk of severe COVID-19 for use in workplaces and healthcare settings, and for individual risk management. Clinical risk factors and a panel of 64 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified from published data. We used logistic regression to develop a model for severe COVID-19 in 1,582 UK Biobank participants aged 50 years and over who tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus: 1,018 with severe disease and 564 without severe disease. Model discrimination was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). A model incorporating the SNP score and clinical risk factors (AUC = 0.786; 95% confidence interval = 0.763 to 0.808) had 111% better discrimination of disease severity than a model with just age and gender (AUC = 0.635; 95% confidence interval = 0.607 to 0.662). The effects of age and gender are attenuated by the other risk factors, suggesting that it is those risk factors-not age and gender-that confer risk of severe disease. In the whole UK Biobank, most are at low or only slightly elevated risk, but one-third are at two-fold or more increased risk. We have developed a model that enables accurate prediction of severe COVID-19. Continuing to rely on age and gender alone (or only clinical factors) to determine risk of severe COVID-19 will unnecessarily classify healthy older people as being at high risk and will fail to accurately quantify the increased risk for younger people with comorbidities.
Photo-responsive hydrogels with enhanced volume changes due to local pH alterations (2016)

Photo-responsive hydrogels of varying compositions containing spiropyran photochromic units have been widely studied in recent years due to their many potential applications, including photo-actuated micro-valves for microfluidic devices [1,2].

In this study two hydrogel formulations were employed to produce reversible photo-responsive hydrogel actuators operative in neutral pH. Both compositions contain the photochromic unit spiropyran acrylate (SP) and acrylic acid (AA) copolymerised in the main polymer backbone, together with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) or acrylamide (AAm), respectively. At neutral pH, the AA comonomer dissociates to the acrylate anion (A-) and the proton transfers to the SP unit to give the more hydrophilic protonated merocyanine (MC-H+) form, which triggers water uptake and hydrogel expansion. Under white light irradiation, the MC-H+ reverts to the more hydrophobic SP isomer, with simultaneous reformation of acrylic acid, and hydrogel contraction. 

In the case of p(NIPAAm-co-AA-co-SP) hydrogel, an area contraction of up to 45% of its fully hydrated size was achieved after 4 min of white light exposure followed by reswelling to up to 85% of the initial size after 11 min in the dark. 

In the case of p(AAm-co-AA-co-SP) hydrogel, the SP unit serves also as a reversible photo-acid generator changing the local pH which in turn determines the ratio of AA/A-, and therefore the hydrophilic character of the polymer backbone. In this case, photo-contraction of ~15% in diameter is achieved within 90 seconds of white light irradiation followed by reswelling to ~95% of its fully hydrated size after further ~30 seconds in the dark. 

In both cases the photo-induced contraction/reswelling processes were reversible and repeatable over at least 3 cycles with no detectable hysteresis.
Introduction of electromagnetic image-based chipless RFID system (2013)

All available techniques in chipless RFID systems are suffering from low data capacity. In this paper electromagnetic imaging technique in mm-wave range is proposed to enhance low data capacity of chipless RFID tags. It is shown through simulation that the diffraction of electromagnetic waves by a well oriented narrow conductive strip suggests a reliable approach for data encoding in the proposed technique. The proposed technique is capable of coding 2 bit/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in only 100 MHz of frequency bandwidth. Synthetic Aperture Radar technique is also proposed to provide a high resolution image and solving the problem of farfield limitation of the reader antenna.
<i>Sicyos angulatus</i> ameliorates acute liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress via upregulation of anti-oxidant enzymes (2018)

SA ameliorated liver injury and might be a good strategy for the treatment of liver injury.
Dendritic Cell‐Based Therapeutics for Breast Cancer (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Exploiting spatial‐domain simplicity in spectral image analysis (2009)

Abstract Full‐spectrum imaging is fast becoming a tool of choice for characterizing heterogeneous materials. Spectral images, which consist of a complete spectrum at each point in a spatial array, can be acquired from a wide variety of surface and microanalytical spectroscopic techniques. It is not uncommon that such spectral image data sets comprise tens of thousands of individual spectra, or more. Given the vast quantities of raw spectral data, factor analysis methods have proved indispensable for extracting the chemical information from these high‐dimensional data sets into a limited number of factors that represent the spectral and spatial characteristics of the sample's composition. It is well known that factor models suffer a ‘rotational ambiguity’, that is, there are an infinite number of factor models that will fit the data equally well. Thus, physically inspired constraints are often employed to derive relatively unique models that make the individual factors more easily interpreted by the practicing analyst. In the present work, we note that many samples undergoing spectral image analysis are ‘simple’ in the sense that only one or a few of the sample's constituents are present at any particular location. When this situation prevails, simplicity in the spatial domain can be exploited to make the resulting factor models more realistic. In particular, orthogonal rotation of the spatial‐domain vectors arising from singular value decomposition (SVD) of the spectral data matrix will be shown to be an effective method for making physically acceptable and easily interpretable estimates of the pure‐component spectra and abundances. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High power CW performance from a Ti:Sapphire laser and a single-pass amplifier (1990)

Using two argon-ion lasers to pump a CW Ti:Sapphire laser we have demonstrated consistent high power (19 watts) operation with a low order spatial mode. Thermal lensing effects were controlled by enclosing the laser in a vacuum and cooling the rod with liquid nitrogen. Using this laser we also demonstrated a CW Ti:Sapphire amplifier with an efficiency of 20%. 5 refs., 5 figs.