gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in measuring ocean salinity with an optical sensor (2011)

Absolute salinity measurement of seawater has become a key issue in thermodynamic models of the oceans. One of the most direct ways is to measure the seawater refractive index which is related to density and can therefore be related to the absolute salinity. Recent advances in high resolution position sensitive devices enable us to take advantage of small beam deviation measurements using refractometers. This paper assesses the advantages of such technology with respect to the current state-of-the-art technology. In particular, we present the resolution dependence on refractive index variations and derive the limits of such a solution for designing seawater sensors well suited for coastal and deep-sea applications. Particular attention has been paid to investigate the impact of environmental parameters, such as temperature and pressure, on an optical sensor, and ways to mitigate or compensate them have been suggested here. The sensor has been successfully tested in a pressure tank and in open oceans 2000 m deep.
Optical Monitor for Rotating Welding Turret (1987)

Set of internal mirrors in welding-torch turret allows weld seam to be monitored regardless of angle between turret and torch. Turret rotated as necessary to reach various positions on workpiece.Optical system simple, compact, and placed in commercially available 90 degrees welding torch.
Real‐time tissue characterization on the basis of <i>in vivo</i> Raman spectra (2002)

Abstract The application of in vivo Raman spectroscopy for clinical diagnosis demands dedicated software that can perform the necessary signal processing and subsequent (multivariate) data analysis, enabling clinically relevant parameters to be extracted and made available in real time. Here we describe the design and implementation of a software package that allows for real‐time signal processing and data analysis of Raman spectra. The design is based on automatic data exchange between Grams, a spectroscopic data acquisition and analysis program, and Matlab, a program designed for array‐based calculations. The data analysis software has a modular design providing great flexibility in developing custom data analysis routines for different applications. The implementation is illustrated by a computationally demanding application for the classification of skin spectra using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Transient Tokamak. (1979)

A tokamak plasma, and its toroidal current, can be generated by an intense pulsed ion beam. The beam is injected into a target plasma or empty vacuum chamber and then builds the plasma around it. It is shown that ignition is theoretically possible for a dense, high field tokamak. (Author)
Abstract 3703: Superior efficacy of novel albumin-binding auristatin E-based prodrugs compared to auristatin E in a panel of human xenograft models in mice (2018)

Abstract Auristatins are highly cytotoxic antimitotic tubulin-binding peptides. Of this family, only Adcetris®, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) derived from monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), is approved and marketed. Other auristatins such as dolastatin 10, dolastatin 15, and auristatin PE reached phase 1 and 2 clinical trials, but due to systemic toxicity and low antitumor activity they were discontinued.1 Because of the high cytotoxicity, it is important to deliver these drugs selectively to the tumor avoiding premature release in the blood circulation. We developed an acid-sensitive drug delivery system that uses circulating endogenous serum albumin as a macromolecular carrier. The drug is rapidly bound covalently to albumin upon i.v. injection and, following accumulation in the tumor due to enhanced uptake and retention mechanisms, the highly cytotoxic agent is released in a pH-dependent manner.2 Herein we present in-vivo data of the considerably improved efficacy of two auristatin E derived prodrugs, AE-Keto-Sulf07 and AE-Ester-Sulf07, compared to the parent compound auristatin E. The acid-sensitive hydrazone prodrugs were prepared from the respective carbonyl-containing auristatin E derivatives and the water-solubilizing maleimide-bearing linker Sulf07. Female NMRI nu/nu mice were inoculated subcutaneously with patient- or cell-derived human tumor xenografts (A375, A2780, RXF631, LXFA737) and randomized (n=7-8 per group) with starting tumor volumes in the range of 140-350 mm3. AE-Keto-Sulf07 showed excellent antitumor response over a wide dose range (3.0-6.5 mg/kg twice per week over 3-4 weeks), with optimal dosage at 4.5 mg/kg twice per week over 4 weeks. AE-Ester-Sulf07 was highly efficacious between 1.9 and 2.4 mg/kg dosed twice per week over 3-4 weeks or at 3.8 mg/kg dosed once per week over 4 weeks, but caused cumulative skin lesions due to scratching and biting. In contrast, auristatin E was dosed at 0.3 mg/kg twice per week over 3-4 weeks and was only marginally active. In summary, we have shown for the first time that auristatin E derivatives, namely AE-Keto-Sulf07 and AE-Ester-Sulf07, bound to circulating albumin demonstrate promising antitumor efficacy and induce statistically significant long-term partial or complete remission in a panel of human xenograft models in mice. Citation Format: Stephan D. Koester, Lara Pes, Johannes P. Magnusson, Serghei Chercheja, Federico Medda, Friederike I. Nollmann, Patricia Perez Galan, Javier Garcia Fernandez, Heidi-Kristin Walter, Khalid Abu Ajaj, Anna Warnecke, Felix Kratz. Superior efficacy of novel albumin-binding auristatin E-based prodrugs compared to auristatin E in a panel of human xenograft models in mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3703.
Graphene-based dental adhesive with anti-biofilm activity (2017)

A significantly lower vitality of S. mutans cells has been demonstrated when in contact with the GNP filled dental adhesives. Biofilm growth on adhesive-covered dentine tissues demonstrated anti-adhesion properties of the produced materials. µ-TBS results demonstrated no significant difference in µ-TBS between the experimental and the control adhesive. The rheology tests highlighted the necessity to avoid low shear rate regimes during adhesive processing and application in clinical protocol, and confirmed that the adhesive containing the 0.2%wt of GNPs possess mechanical properties comparable with the ones of the control adhesive.
Yaw Control At High Angles Of Attack (1988)

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is highly disabling, but often without identifiable source. Focus has been on impaired anti-nociceptive mechanisms contributing to pain maintenance, though methods of targeting this impairment remain limited. This randomised-controlled cross-over pilot trial used active versus sham medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) for 3-consecutive days to improve descending pain inhibitory function. Twelve CLBP patients were included with an average visual analogue scale (VAS) pain intensity of 3.0 ± 1.5 and pain duration of 5.3 ± 2.6 years. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), conditioned pain modulation (CPM), and temporal summation of pain (TSP) assessed by cuff algometry, as well as pain symptomatology (intensity, unpleasantness, quality, disability) and related psychological features (pain catastrophizing, anxiety, affect), were assessed on Day1 before 3 consecutive days of HD-tDCS sessions (each 20 minutes), at 24-hours (Day 4) and 2-weeks (Day 21) following final HD-tDCS. Blinding was successful. No significant differences in psychophysical (PPT, CPM, TSP), symptomatology or psychological outcomes were observed between active and sham HD-tDCS on Day4 and Day21. CPM-effects at Day 1 negatively correlated with change in CPM-effect at Day4 following active HD-tDCS (P = .002). Lack of efficacy was attributed to several factors, not least that patients did not display impaired CPM at baseline. TRIAL REGISTRATION: : ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03864822). PERSPECTIVE: Medial prefrontal HD-tDCS did not alter pain, psychological nor psychophysical outcomes, though correlational analysis suggested response may depend on baseline pain inhibitory efficacy, with best potential effects in patients with severe impairments in descending pain inhibitory mechanisms. Future work should focus on appropriate patient selection and optimising stimulation targeting.
Slice-based guided navigation for colonography (2007)

A simple and efficient method for guiding 2D-image reading for colon screening is proposed. It provides visual feedback by highlighting the region of interest in the current 2D cross section and indicates the direction in which to scroll based on the anatomical structure of the colon given by the centerline. Unobserved areas are calculated using a region growing algorithm and displayed in a 3D view to guarantee a complete inspection. This technique is intended to significantly reduce any chance of inadvertently skipping over portions of the colon in the inspection process and to generate faster examination times. The visual feedback can also be used as a guided learning tool for inexperienced radiologists.
PhTM: Phased Transactional Memory (2007)

Presented at The Second ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Transactional Computing (TRANSACT 07), Portland, Oregon, August 16, 2007.
Elastic HTML5: Workload Offloading Using Cloud-Based Web Workers and Storages for Mobile Devices (2012)

In this position paper, we propose the concept of Elastic HTML5, which enables web applications to offload workload using cloud-based web workers and cloud-based storage for mobile devices. Elastic HTML5 is a collection of software components and functions in for a web runtime agent (e.g., web browser); this includes components and methods to create and manage web workers in the cloud so as to augment the computation functionality of a browser-based application running on a device. Elastic HTML5 also includes the components and methods to create and manage elastic storage between the main thread of a web application and its web workers. With these functions, a web application can run in elastic manner such that, whenever necessary, the mobile device can obtain resources from the cloud, including computation and storage, and when necessary, it can run offline at the device side completely.
A 16-Gb/s 14.7-mW Tri-Band Cognitive Serial Link Transmitter With Forwarded Clock to Enable PAM-16/256-QAM and Channel Response Detection (2016)

A cognitive tri-band transmitter (TX) with a forwarded clock using multiband signaling and high-order digital signal modulations is presented for serial link applications. The TX features learning an arbitrary channel response by sending a sweep of continuous wave, detecting power level at the receiver side, and then adapting modulation scheme, data bandwidth, and carrier frequencies accordingly based on detected channel information. The supported modulation scheme ranges from nonreturn to zero/Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) to Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) 16/256-Quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM). The proposed highly reconfigurable TX is capable of dealing with low-cost serial channels, such as low-cost connectors, cables, or multidrop buses with deep and narrow notches in the frequency domain (e.g., a 40-dB loss at notches). The adaptive multiband scheme mitigates equalization requirements and enhances the energy efficiency by avoiding frequency notches and utilizing the maximum available signal-to-noise ratio and channel bandwidth. The implemented TX prototype consumes a 14.7-mW power and occupies 0.016 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in a 28-nm CMOS. It achieves a maximum data rate of 16 Gb/s with forwarded clock through one differential pair and the most energy efficient figure of merit of 20.4 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /Gb/s/dB, which is calculated based on power consumption of transmitting per gigabits per second data and simultaneously overcoming per decibel worst case channel loss within the Nyquist frequency.
Efficient Replication of Genotype 3a and 4a Hepatitis C Virus Replicons in Human Hepatoma Cells (2012)

Despite recent advances in the treatment of hepatitis C, the quest for pan-genotype, effective, and well-tolerated inhibitors continues. To facilitate these efforts, it is desirable to have in vitro replication systems for all major HCV genotypes. However, cell culture replication systems exist for only genotypes 1a, 1b, and 2a. In this study, we generated G418-selectable subgenomic replicons for prototype strains of genotypes 3a (S52) and 4a (ED43). Production of G418-resistant colonies by S52 and ED43 in Huh-7.5 cells required the amino acid substitutions S2210I and R2882G, respectively, cell culture adaptive mutations originally reported for genotype 1b replicons. RNA replication was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and detection of viral protein. Sequencing of multiple independent replicon clones revealed the presence of additional nonsynonymous mutations. Interestingly, all potentially adaptive mutations mapped to the NS3 protein. These mutations, when introduced back into original constructs, substantially increased colony formation efficiency. To make these replicons useful for high-throughput screening and evaluation of antiviral compounds, they were modified to express a chimeric fusion protein of firefly luciferase and neomycin phosphotransferase to yield stable replicon-expressing cells. Using these constructs, the inhibitory effects of beta interferon (IFN-β), an NS3 protease inhibitor, and an NS5B nucleoside polymerase inhibitor were readily detected by monitoring luciferase activity. In conclusion, we have established functional replicons for HCV genotypes 3a and 4a, important new additions to the armamentarium required to develop inhibitors with a pan-genotype activity.
Development of a New Three-Dimensional Cranial Imaging System (2004)

The development of a new three-dimensional (3D) imaging system designed to obtain a digital image of an infant's cranium is described. This system is intended to replace the manual plaster-casting technique currently used during the process of fabricating cranial remodeling bands. The system uses 18 triangulated digital cameras and the projection of random infrared patterns to capture a 360 degrees image of an infant's cranium instantaneously, including the face and top of the head. Accuracy was calculated by comparing models digitized with this system with the same models digitized with high-precision inspection equipment. Safety was documented under guidelines established by the American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Images were acquired in 0.008 seconds and processed for viewing in software within 2.5 minutes. Accuracy was calculated to be +/-0.236 mm. Hazard analysis confirmed the system to be safe for direct continuous exposure. The data acquired may be viewed as a point cloud, wire frame, or surface on which a digital photograph (ie, texture) is automatically overlaid. Physical models are created by exporting the digital data to a multiaxis milling machine or stereolithography machine. Quantitative data (linear and surface measurements, curvature, and volumes) can be obtained directly from the digital data. The cranial imaging system is a safe and accurate method of obtaining digital 3D images of an infant's cranium. Along with the obvious clinical and manufacturing benefits, it also has significant potential as a research tool for documenting the natural history and evaluating the treatment of plagiocephaly.
Electric Field Stimulates Angiogenesis via Activation of MAPK/ERK Signaling in Microvascular Endothelial Cells (2012)

Different types of physiological amplitude (40–250 mV/mm) [1] electric fields (EFs) have been shown to influence a wide variety of biological systems [2] and have been used as a therapeutic tool for tissue repair [3]. There has been emerging evidence that certain types of EFs can promote angiogenesis and tissue vascularization [4]. Studies have shown that direct current EF and pulsed EF induced angiogenic responses including cell migration, VEGF release and cytoskeletal reorganization in human endothelial cells (HUVECs) [4, 5]. Similarly different types of EF induced the activation of intracellular MAPK pathways in several non-endothelial cell types. [6, 7]. However, the effect of EF with different modalities on endothelial angiogenic responses and the intracellular pathways remain unknown.
Pressure-Up Blowdown Combustion: A Channeled Reservoir Recovery Process (1993)

Summary The cyclic pressure-up blowdown combustion process was developed as a follow-up to cyclic steam stimulations that used fracturing to create injectivity. The process was designed to exploit a reservoir that had a high contrast between the mobility of the heated channels, left as a remnant of the cyclic steam operations, and the adjacent cold reservoir. The combined process of cyclic steam followed by combustion has the potential to achieve a recovery factor of about 30%.
An automated mapping satellite system (MAPSAT) (1982)

Digital data from highly stabilized stereo linear arrays are amenable to simplified processing to produce both planimetric imagery and elevation data. A satellite, called MAPSAT, including this concept was proposed to accomplish automated mapping in near real time. Image maps as large as 1:50,000 scale with contours as close as 20-m interval may be produced from MAPSAT data.
An on-chip microfluidic pressure regulator that facilitates reproducible loading of cells and hydrogels into microphysiological system platforms (2016)

Coculturing multiple cell types together in 3-dimensional (3D) cultures better mimics the in vivo microphysiological environment, and has become widely adopted in recent years with the development of organ-on-chip systems. However, a bottleneck in set-up of these devices arises as a result of the delivery of the gel into the microfluidic chip being sensitive to pressure fluctuations, making gel confinement at a specific region challenging, especially when manual operation is performed. In this paper, we present a novel design of an on-chip regulator module with pressure-releasing safety microvalves that can facilitate stable gel delivery into designated microchannel regions while maintaining well-controlled, non-bursting gel interfaces. This pressure regulator design can be integrated into different microfluidic chip designs and is compatible with a wide variety of gel injection apparatuses operated automatically or manually at different flow rates. The sensitivity and working range of this pressure regulator can be adjusted by changing the width of its pressure releasing safety microvalve design. The effectiveness of the design is validated by its incorporation into a microfluidic platform we have developed for generating 3D vascularized micro-organs (VMOs). Reproducible gel loading is demonstrated for both an automatic syringe pump and a manually-operated micropipettor. This design allows for rapid and reproducible loading of hydrogels into microfluidic devices without the risk of bursting gel-air interfaces.
Note: Model identification and analysis of bivalent analyte surface plasmon resonance data (2015)

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a widely used, affinity based, label-free biophysical technique to investigate biomolecular interactions. The extraction of rate constants requires accurate identification of the particular binding model. The bivalent analyte model involves coupled non-linear differential equations. No clear procedure to identify the bivalent analyte mechanism has been established. In this report, we propose a unique signature for the bivalent analyte model. This signature can be used to distinguish the bivalent analyte model from other biphasic models. The proposed method is demonstrated using experimentally measured SPR sensorgrams.
Load Balanced On-Chip Power Delivery for Average Current Demand (2016)

A dynamic power management system for homogeneous chip multi-processors (CMP) is proposed. Each core of the CMP includes on chip DC-DC switching buck converters that are interconnected through a switch network. The peak current rating of the buck converter is selected to meet only the average current demand of the load circuit. A real-time load balancing algorithm is developed which reconfigures the power delivery network by combining the output of multiple buck converters when the workload demand exceeds the peak current rating. Simulation results for the proposed power delivery method indicate up to a 44% reduction in the energy consumption of the CMP system. In addition, the on-chip footprint of the power delivery network, including the on-chip voltage regulators and the switching network, is reduced by at least 23%.
Hybrid bearings for turbopumps and the like (1994)

In rocket engines power is usually obtained by burning fuel and oxidizer which are mixed, pressurized, and directed to a combustion chamber by means of turbopumps. Roller bearings are generally used in these turbopumps, but because of bearing demands hydrostatic bearings were proposed. The use of such bearings is quite feasible because during flight hydrostatic lubrication can reduce roller bearing wear. A disadvantage of such proposals is that during startup, acceleration, and shutdown high pressure fluids are not available for hydrostatic bearings. The fluid lubrication film is not always present in bearings of turbopumps. During these periods a second bearing is required to carry the load. This requirement suggests the use of hybrid bearings in rocket engine turbopumps. Such duplex bearings were provided, but when their inner races are keyed to the shaft or journal two of them are required. And such duplex bearings do not wear evenly. A hybrid hydrostatic-rolling element bearing was provided wherein the rolling element bearing is locked on the stationary housing rather than on the rotating journal.
Type II InAs/GaSb superlattices for high-performance photodiodes and FPAs (2003)

The authors report the most recent progress in Type II InAs/GaSb superlattice materials and photovoltaic detectors developed for focal plane array applications with a cutoff wavelength of ~8 μm. No turn-on of tunneling current was observed even at a reverse bias of -3 V for a 3 μm thick p-i-n photodiodes. The thermally-limited zero bias detectivity under 300 K 2 π FOV was 2~3×10<sup>11</sup> cm•Hz<sup>1/2</sup>/W at liquid nitrogen temperature, with a current responsivity of 2~3 A/W and a mean quantum efficiency of ~50%. Initial passivation using SiO<sub>2</sub> has shown to decrease the dark current by ~30% at a reverse bias of -1 V. The same detector structure was used for focal plane arrays with silicon readout integrated circuit. Concept proof of imaging was demonstrated with a format of 256×256 at liquid nitrogen temperature.