gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analog Memristive Synapse in Spiking Networks Implementing Unsupervised Learning (2016)

Emerging brain-inspired architectures call for devices that can emulate the functionality of biological synapses in order to implement new efficient computational schemes able to solve ill-posed problems. Various devices and solutions are still under investigation and, in this respect, a challenge is opened to the researchers in the field. Indeed, the optimal candidate is a device able to reproduce the complete functionality of a synapse, i.e., the typical synaptic process underlying learning in biological systems (activity-dependent synaptic plasticity). This implies a device able to change its resistance (synaptic strength, or weight) upon proper electrical stimuli (synaptic activity) and showing several stable resistive states throughout its dynamic range (analog behavior). Moreover, it should be able to perform spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP), an associative homosynaptic plasticity learning rule based on the delay time between the two firing neurons the synapse is connected to. This rule is a fundamental learning protocol in state-of-art networks, because it allows unsupervised learning. Notwithstanding this fact, STDP-based unsupervised learning has been proposed several times mainly for binary synapses rather than multilevel synapses composed of many binary memristors. This paper proposes an HfO<sub>2</sub>-based analog memristor as a synaptic element which performs STDP within a small spiking neuromorphic network operating unsupervised learning for character recognition. The trained network is able to recognize five characters even in case incomplete or noisy images are displayed and it is robust to a device-to-device variability of up to ±30%.
<title>Bomb detection using backscattered x rays</title> (1999)

Currently the most common method to determine the contents of a package suspected of containing an explosive device is to use transmission radiography. This technique requires that an x-ray source and film be placed on opposite sites of the package. This poses a problem if the package is placed so that only one side is accessible, such as against a wall. There is also a threat to personnel and property since explosive devices may be 'booby trapped.' We have developed a method to x-ray a package using backscattered x-rays. This procedure eliminates the use of film behind the target. All of the detection is done from the same side as the source. When an object is subjected to x-rays, some of them are scattered back toward the source. The backscattering of x-rays is proportional to the atomic number (Z) of the material raised to the 4.1 power. This Z<SUP>4.1</SUP> dependence allows us to easily distinguish between explosives, wires, timer, batteries, and other bomb components. Backscatter experiments at Sandia National Laboratories have been conducted on mock bombs in packages. We are able to readily identify the bomb components. The images that are obtained in this procedure are done in real time and the image is displayed on a computer screen.
<i>N</i>-1-Alkenyl-<i>N,S</i>-Diacyl-2-Aminobenzenethiols (Enamides) by Ring-Opening of 2,3-Dihydro-1,3-benzothiazoles with Aliphatic Carboxylic Anhydrides (1988)

The enamides 3 and 4 are obtained in good yields by treatment of 2,3-dihydro-1, 3-benzothiazoles 1 or N-acylderivatives 2 with aliphatic acid anhydrides.
Vinylogous carbinolamine tumor inhibitors. 24. Synthesis, chemistry, and antineoplastic activity of .alpha.-halopyridinium salts: potential pyridone prodrugs of acylated vinylogous carbinolamine tumor inhibitors. (1990)

A series of 4- and 5-[2,3-dihydro-6,7-bis[[(N-alkylcarbamoyl)oxy]methyl]-1H-pyrrol izin-5- yl]-2-halopyridinium iodides were synthesized. The rates of hydrolysis of the alpha-halopyridinium salts to the corresponding pyridones, and the reactivities of the carbamate moieties were studied as a function of pH, buffer composition, and ionic strength. The 4- and 5-pyrrolizinyl-2-halopyridinium iodides and the corresponding pyridones were evaluated against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in vivo. The alpha-fluoropyridinium compounds were active but the alpha-chloro compounds were not. This activity was correlated with the rates of hydrolysis of the alpha-halopyridinium compounds to the active pyridone. Compounds that were active in the P388 screen were evaluated in L1210 leukemia, M5076 carcinoma, and MX-1 mammary xenograft assays in mice.
Error correction/masking for digital voice transmission over the land mobile satellite system (1989)

The development of a 2400-b/s speech digitizer which provides an acceptable level of intelligibility and quality over land mobile satellite channels is described. Performance tests over simulated channels in the UHF band (800 MHz) are presented. The voice digitizer is a linear prediction (LPC) vocoder which uses a channel error correction and concealment procedure tailored to error statistics for a minimum-shift keyed (MSK) downlink to a moving vehicle. The error-handling technique is based on perceptual criteria and utilizes the parametric nature of LPC representation of speech. A single-error-correcting, single-burst-detecting (28, 20) fire code is shown to be the best choice for the application. The intelligibility of the vocoder is measured and compared to the standard LPC-10 algorithm. The major remaining sources of speech quality degradation due to channel errors are determined and ranked.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extremely Low Operating Voltage Green Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices (2013)

Abstract Organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) are expected to be adopted as the next generation of general lighting because they are more efficient than fluorescent tubes and are mercury‐free. The theoretical limit of operating voltage is generally believed to be equal to the energy gap, which corresponds to the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) for the emitter molecule divided by the electron charge ( e ). Here, green OLEDs operating below a theoretical limit of the energy gap ( E g ) voltage with high external quantum efficiency over 20% are demonstrated using fac ‐tris(2‐phenylpyridine)iridium(III) with a peak emission wavelength of 523 nm, which is equivalent to a photon energy of 2.38 eV. An optimized OLED operates clearly below the theoretical limit of the E g voltage at 2.38 V showing 100 cd m −2 at 2.25 V and 5000 cd m −2 at 2.95 V without any light outcoupling enhancement techniques.
Moisturizers and Ceramide-containing Moisturizers May Offer Concomitant Therapy with Benefits. (2014)

The panel proposes that adjunctive therapy with moisturizers, particularly ceramide-containing moisturizers, should be considered in acne-treated patients.
Effect of LiI Amount to Enhance the Electrochemical Performance of Carbon-Coated LiFePO[sub 4] (2009)

We used the wet chemistry method with different amounts of LiI to prepare and carbon-coated samples. The lithiation process of LiI for preparing the is proposed. We found that the amount of LiI greatly affected the purities of products. The sample showed constant values of current density during potential cycling up to as compared to , suggesting that the has better electrochemical performance. The obtained maximum capacity for can be approached to the theoretical capacity of . Moreover, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements of and showed a surface area of 6.7 and , respectively. It is reasonable to believe that the excellent performance of the compound developed in our work can be attributed to the smaller particle size coated with conductive carbon achieved by the controlling LiI in the sol-gel method.
On the convergence of the secant method in Banach space (2002)

A weaker condition is given for the convergence of the secant method than that in Hernandez M A et al by using the same information at initial points used in Hernandez M A et al. A similar error estimate is also given as that in Hernandez M A et al. At the same time, the error estimate of ‖f(x n+1 )‖‖f(x n)‖ is obtained.
Application of TV program recommendation to communication support between human and partner robot (2008)

This paper studies the communication support between human and partner robot based on TV program recommendation. It is expected in near future that various robots designed for supporting humans will come into our daily lives. In order for such robots to coexist with humans, those should be recognized as ldquopartnersrdquo for us. Therefore, studying communication between humans and robots is very important. In this paper, we focus on the communication under the situation of watching TV, because TV is bound up with the ordinary, natural rhythms of our daily life. If a robot can estimate our interests / preference by observing our watching behavior and have conversation about the topics we might be interested in, we could recognize the robot as a partner. This paper applies TV program recommendation to communication support between human and partner robot. First, the paper proposes a method for generating user profile for TV program recommendation based on fuzzy inference. The method does not estimate userpsilas interest in a TV program only from its watching time as most of existing methods do, but also from userpsilas utterances by applying sentiment analysis. Experiments are performed with test subjects, and the results show the proposed method can generate a user profile that can reflect userpsilas interests. The paper also introduces a prototype system for studying communication support between human and partner robot under TV watching environment, in which the proposed profile generation method is implemented. The system architecture as well as how it works for TV program recommendation is described.
Targeting drugs to APJ receptor: From signaling to pathophysiological effects (2018)

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are recognized as the largest protein receptor superfamily, which are widely distributed in various tissues and organs. In addition, GPCRs are involved in many physiological and pathological longitudinal responses. Studies have indicated that putative receptor protein related to AT1 (APJ receptor) is an orphan GPCRs until its endogenous ligand apelin is found. Recently, Elabela, a new APJ receptor endogenous ligand was also found. Some evidence showed that the APJ receptor is distributed in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, the APJ receptor and its ligand are involved in many physiological functions and pathophysiological effects, making it a promising drug target for future treatment of diseases such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, and others. Although APJ is closely associated with many diseases, there are no drugs that can activate or inhibit APJ directly. In the current review, we try our best to summarize all agonists and antagonists targeting APJ, including peptides and small molecules. Given the role of apelin/APJ and Elabela/APJ in cardiovascular and other diseases, we believe that the combination of these agonists and antagonists with apelin and Elabela will play a corresponding role in various pathophysiological effects with further development of research.
Recurrent transition hierarchies for continual learning: a general overview (2011)

Continual learning is the unending process of learning new things on top of what has already been learned (Ring 1994). Temporal Transition Hierarchies (TTHs) were developed to allow prediction of Markov-k sequences in a way that was consistent with the needs of a continual-learning agent (Ring 1993). However, the algorithm could not learn arbitrary temporal contingencies. This paper describes Recurrent Transition Hierarchies (RTH), a learning method that combines several properties desirable for agents that must learn as they go. In particular, it learns online and incrementally, autonomously discovering new features as learning progresses. It requires no reset or episodes. It has a simple learning rule with update complexity linear in the number of parameters. Overview
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Biosynthetic Precursors of Amarogentin — A Retrobiosynthetic <sup>13</sup>C NMR Study. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Association of HLA Genetic Risk Burden With Disease Phenotypes in Multiple Sclerosis (2016)

We confirm and extend previous observations linking HLA MS susceptibility alleles with disease progression and specific clinical and magnetic resonance imaging phenotypic traits.
The Relationship between Dry Matter Increase of Seed and Shoot during the Seed-Filling Period in Three Kinds of Soybeans with Different Growth Habits Subjected to Shading and Thinning (2006)

The ratio of dry-matter increase in seed (S) to that in shoot (W), referred to as Rs/W, during the seed-filling period may reflect the balance between the assimilate supply and the sink capacity of harvest organs. In the determinate soybean, cv. Tamahomare, Rs/W during the seed-filling period was nearly the same under various growing conditions including shading and thinning of plants. Therefore, the S in the determinate soybean seems to correlate with the W under various conditions. However, the correlation of the S with the W in indeterminate soybeans in which shoot growth continues during the seed-filling period is unknown. In this study, three soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], Tamahomare (determinate), Tozan69 (indeterminate) and Peking (semi-indeterminate), were grown under shading and thinning conditions during the seed-filling period. The Rs/w approximated a positive linear regression in the three cultivars. Rs/w was approximately 0.5 in each cultivar. Positive correlations were observed between W and S, pod number or total node number in all cultivars. However, the seed number per pod and individual seed weight were not significantly influenced either by shading or thinning in any cultivar. Hence the rate of partition of assimilate to seeds seems to be determined by pod number. Harvest index was stable except when W was extremely low as when plants were heavily shaded. Our results suggested that the Rs/w, harvest index and the yield-determining processes of the determinate and the indeterminate soybeans are fundamentally the same.
Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body (2016)

Reported values in the literature on the number of cells in the body differ by orders of magnitude and are very seldom supported by any measurements or calculations. Here, we integrate the most up-to-date information on the number of human and bacterial cells in the body. We estimate the total number of bacteria in the 70 kg "reference man" to be 3.8·1013. For human cells, we identify the dominant role of the hematopoietic lineage to the total count (≈90%) and revise past estimates to 3.0·1013 human cells. Our analysis also updates the widely-cited 10:1 ratio, showing that the number of bacteria in the body is actually of the same order as the number of human cells, and their total mass is about 0.2 kg.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XX. Damage as a predictor of further damage (2003)

Once damage occurs in SLE, further damage is expected to occur. This is more likely to be the case if disease activity persists. These data have clinical implications for the management of SLE patients.
Treatment of Hereditary and Acquired Thrombophilic Disorders (1999)

The treatment of hereditary and acquired thrombophilic disorders is based on an understanding of the disease pathophysiology, prevalence, associated morbidity and mortality, and available therapeutic options. Genetic mutations are identified that result in activated protein C (APC) resistance and hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. The underlying etiologies are less well-defined; however, the disorders of factor XII deficiency, dysfibrinogenemia, Wien-Penzing platelet defect, and sticky platelet syndrome (SPS) are treatable inherited thrombophilias. Antithrombin deficiency, protein C and protein S deficiencies, and plasminogen deficiency are disorders both inherited and acquired. Antiphospholipid antibodies, myeloproliferative syndromes, and Trousseau's syndrome are acquired. Treatment for acute arterial thrombosis or venous thromboembolism is the same or similar for all thrombophilic disorders. Long-term management is based on the risk of a primary or recurrent acute thrombotic event, compared with the risk of the proposed therapy. Few blinded, controlled studies are available to validate treatment recommendations. When long-term anticoagulation is advised, careful consideration should be given to the risk associated with therapy. Bleeding risk, variable efficacy, and the risk of cutaneous necrosis limit the use of warfarin. Fixed low-dose unfractionated porcine heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) offer significant advantages for long-term management. These recommendations are derived from an analysis of the pertinent medical literature and are expected to change with the progress of clinical and laboratory investigation.
Removal of mercury from natural gas by a new activated adsorbent from olive stones (2017)

Abstract This study was devoted to the valorization of a plant waste (olive stones): that is widely available in Mediterranean countries in order to remove mercury from natural gas. The raw material from olive stones was prepared by pyrolysis, chemical activation with phosphoric acid, and physical activation under steam. Two olive stone‐based granular activated carbons were prepared: one with the virgin stones, while the other was impregnated with sulphur. After treatment, the adsorbents obtained were characterized by determining the iodine number, the methylene blue index, and by estimating the porous properties by N 2 adsorption at 77 K. Thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy analysis were carried out to determine the functional groups before and after mercury adsorption. An experimental study of vapour‐phase mercury adsorption by the activated carbons (virgin and sulphur‐impregnated) and a comparison with a commercial material (HGR) were performed. The comparison, made by analyzing the adsorption in a continuous mode, showed that the proportion of sulphur and the porosity were important for the removal of mercury. In the conditions used, the mercury adsorption on the ACs studied follows a physisorption mechanism. The results showed that granular activated carbon‐based olive stones (sulphur‐impregnated) are very efficient to remove mercury (with 2864 μg/g) and also less expensive than commercial activated carbon due to their local availability.
Femtosecond laser microstructuring of zirconia dental implants (2010)

This study evaluated the suitability of femtosecond laser for microtexturizing cylindrical zirconia dental implants surface. Sixty-six cylindrical zirconia implants were used and divided into three groups: Control group (with no laser modification), Group A (microgropored texture), and Group B (microgrooved texture). Scanning electron microscopy observation of microgeometries revealed minimal collateral damage of the original surface surrounding the treated areas. Optical interferometric profilometry showed that ultrafast laser ablation increased surface roughness (R(a), R(q), R(z), and R(t)) significantly for both textured patterns from 1.2 x to 6 x-fold when compared with the control group (p < 0.005). With regard to chemical composition, microanalysis revealed a significant decrease of the relative content of contaminants like carbon (Control 19.7% ± 0.8% > Group B 8.4% ± 0.42% > Group A 1.6% ± 0.35%) and aluminum (Control 4.3% ± 0.9% > Group B 2.3% ± 0.3% > Group A 1.16% ± 0.2%) in the laser-treated surfaces (p < 0.005). X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra analysis were carried out to investigate any change in the crystalline structure induced by laser processing. The original predominant tetragonal phase of zirconia was preserved, whereas the traces of monoclinic phase present in the treated surfaces were reduced (Control 4.32% > Group A 1.94% > Group B 1.72%) as the surfaces were processed with ultrashort laser pulses. We concluded that femtosecond laser microstructuring offers an interesting alternative to conventional surface treatments of zirconia implants as a result of its precision and minimal damage of the surrounding areas.
Localisation pattern of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells is associated with clinical behaviour in gastric cancer (2007)

It has been reported that the population of regulatory T cells (T regs) is increased in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in cancer-bearing hosts. Recently, forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3, Foxp3, is thought to be the most reliable marker of T regs. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and localisation pattern of Foxp3+ cells in gastric cancer (n=80) by immunohistochemistry, in relation to the clinical outcome of gastric cancer patients. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with anti-Foxp3 mAb, and Foxp3+ cells were semiquantified. We divided all cases into two groups: Foxp3+ -high (n=40) and Foxp3+ -low (n=40) groups, by the median size of the population of Foxp3+ cells. Furthermore, in terms of the localisation pattern of accumulating Foxp3+ cells in tumours, we classified all cases into three groups: a peri-tumour group (n=30), a diffuse group (n=40), and a follicular group (n=10). As a result, although the populations of Foxp3+ cells in stage IV were significantly larger than those in stage I (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in survival between the patients with high and low population levels of Foxp3+ cells. However, survival in patients with a diffuse pattern of Foxp3+ cells was significantly poorer than in those with a peri-tumoral pattern. In conclusion, the localisation pattern, but not the population size, of Foxp3+ cells was significantly related to patient survival.
Eddy Current and Magnetic Testing of Magnetic Material by Uniform Eddy Current Probe (2005)

Uniform eddy current probe comprised of an exciting tangential coil and a detecting pancake coil simultaneously conducts eddy current testing and magnetic testing of magnetic material. The eddy current testing detects parallel flaws to the magnetic flux and the magnetic testing detects perpendicular flaws. The signal phase indicates whether ET or MT generates the signal. An appropriate test frequency provides almost same sensitivities for ET and MT.
Design of multilayer PIFA based on an EBG structure for SAR reduction in mobile applications (2009)

This paper propose a optimized multilayer PIFA in PCS bands based on the electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) for SAR reduction. The EBG structure which has bandgap capability and acts as PMC surfaces can reduce the surface waves and prevent the undesired radiation from the antenna. Thus, the EBG structure can reduce the electromagnetic fields toward the human head direction. First, to optimize of multilayer PIFA structure for SAR reduction, the EBG structure with the PCB and antenna layer is designed. And second, a parameter study of location and height of a PIFA with the EBG structure is performed. Finally, the optimized multilayer PIFA with EBG is investigated, both on the S-parameters, radiation patterns and on the SAR value. The results demonstrated the reduction of SAR value with maintaining the antenna performance and the human body can be protected from hazard electromagnetic fields.