gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Voltammetric Detection of DNA and pH Sensing on Epitaxial Graphene: An Insight into the Role of Oxygenated Defects (2010)

In this paper, we carried out detailed electrochemical studies of epitaxial graphene (EG) using inner-sphere and outer-sphere redox mediators. The EG sample was anodized systematically to investigate the effect of edge plane defects on the heterogeneous charge transfer kinetics and capacitive noise. We found that anodized EG, consisting of oxygen-related defects, is a superior biosensing platform for the detection of nucleic acids, uric acids (UA), dopamine (DA), and ascorbic acids (AA). Mixtures of nucleic acids (A, T, C, G) or biomolecules (AA, UA, DA) can be resolved as individual peaks using differential pulse voltammetry. In fact, an anodized EG voltammetric sensor can realize the simultaneous detection of all four DNA bases in double stranded DNA (dsDNA) without a prehydrolysis step, and it can also differentiate single stranded DNA from dsDNA. Our results show that graphene with high edge plane defects, as opposed to pristine graphene, is the choice platform in high resolution electrochemical sensing.
Mechanism of the interaction between Au nanoparticles and polymerase in nanoparticle PCR (2007)

Nanoparticle PCR 是一个新奇方法优化 DNA 扩大。它表现很好在改进特性，提高敏感和速度。几机制在以前的研究被建议：当其它被归因于 AuNPs 的热转移性质时，一个人基于在金 nanoparticles (AuNPs ) 和 DNA 之间的相互作用。在这篇论文，我们建议在 AuNPs 和 DNA 聚合酶罐头之间的相互作用显著地影响 PCR。首先， DNA 聚合酶的增加能消除过量 AuNPs 的禁止的效果。第二， AuNPs 的增加将增加需要的 PCR 产品的产量并且使最佳成为 DNA 聚合酶行动的集中更高珍视。第三当过量聚合酶可能禁止扩大效率时， AuNPs 能颠倒这个过程和 PCR 的收益扩大。把我们建议的结果基于这些可能的机制 AuNPs 可能调制聚合酶的活动并且改进 PCR 扩大。
Rapid screening and characterization of drug metabolites using a new quadrupole–linear ion trap mass spectrometer (2003)

The application of a new hybrid RF/DC quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer to support drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies is described. The instrument is based on a quadrupole ion path and is capable of conventional tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) as well as several high-sensitivity ion trap MS scans using the final quadrupole as a linear ion trap. Several pharmaceutical compounds, including trocade, remikiren and tolcapone, were used to evaluate the capabilities of the system with positive and negative turbo ionspray, using either information-dependent data acquisition (IDA) or targeted analysis for the screening, identification and quantification of metabolites. Owing to the MS/MS in-space configuration, quadrupole-like CID spectra with ion trap sensitivity can be obtained without the classical low mass cutoff of 3D ion traps. The system also has MS(3) capability which allows fragmentation cascades to be followed. The combination of constant neutral loss or precursor ion scan with the enhanced product ion scan was found to be very selective for identifying metabolites at the picogram level in very complex matrices. Owing to the very high cycle time and, depending on the mass range, up to eight different MS experiments could be performed simultaneously without compromising chromatographic performance. Targeted product ion analysis was found to be complementary to IDA, in particular for very low concentrations. Comparable sensitivity was found in enhanced product ion scan and selected reaction monitoring modes. The instrument is particularly suitable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Novel Ag@Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbon Composite with High Electrochemical Performance as Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries (2017)

A novel Ag@nitrogen-doped porous carbon (Ag-NPC) composite was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method and applied as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Using this method, Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were embedded in NPC through thermal decomposition of AgNO<sub>3</sub> in the pores of NPC. The reversible capacity of Ag-NPC remained at 852 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g<sup>-1</sup>, showing its remarkable cycling stability. The enhancement of the electrochemical properties such as cycling performance, reversible capacity and rate performance of Ag-NPC compared to the NPC contributed to the synergistic effects between Ag NPs and NPC.
An 11b 1GS/s ADC with parallel sampling architecture to enhance SNDR for multi-carrier signals (2013)

This paper presents an 11b 1GS/s ADC with a parallel sampling architecture to enhance SNDR for broadband multi-carrier signals. It contains two 1GS/s 11b sub-ADCs each achieving > 54dB SNDR for input frequencies up to Nyquist frequency and state-of-the-art linearity performance. The SNDR of the ADC with the parallel sampling architecture is improved by 5dB compared to its sub-ADCs when digitizing multi-carrier signals with large crest factors. This improvement is achieved at less than half the cost in power and area compared to the conventional approach. The chip is implemented in 65nm LP CMOS and consumes in total 350mW at 1GS/s.
Efficient thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cells (1982)

Efficient thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cells have been developed. The CdS and CdTe films, with a thickness of 0.1..mu..m and 4..mu..m respectively, are prepared by a close-spaced-sublimation technique onto Nesatron substrates (soda-lime glass coated with doped In/sub 2/O/sub 3/). The In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ layer serves as the contact electrode to CdS and an evaporated Au layer as the contact to CdTe. A small amount of oxygen introduced during the deposition of the semiconductor layers enhances the p-type character of the CdTe film and ensures the shallow-junction behavior of the device. The good optical matching inherent to the cell structure leads to a low reflection loss (6-7%) without additional antireflection coatings. The blue response of the cells is enhanced by using a thin CdS layer. Under simulated AM2 illumination, at 75 mW/cm/sup 2/, the cells have a typical output of V/SUB oc/ about 750 mV, I/SUB sc/ about 17 mA/cm/sup 2/, F.F. about 0.62, and efficiency about 10.5% at room temperature. The diode factors are estimated to be N about 1.8 and I/SUB o/ about 5.4 x 10/sup -10/ A/cm/sup 2/. Based on these data, the theoretical efficiency of the device is about 16%.
Isolation and characterization of complementary DNAs encoding human manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase (1988)

cDNAs coding for human manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) have been isolated from a human liver and a dibutyryl cyclic AMP differentiated U937 cDNA library constructed in vector lambda gtll. The nucleotide sequences of the insert cDNAs had an opening reading frame coding for 222 amino acid residues. The first 24 amino acids of the primarily translated polypeptide might constitute the leader peptide for transport of the precursors to the mitochondria. Differentiation of the U937 cells with dibutyryl cyclic AMP resulted in a 70% decrease in Mn SOD mRNA. The amino acid sequences of the mature Mn SODs of human, rat and mouse are highly conserved, while the sequences of the leader peptides of these species are moderately conserved.
Pharmaceutical Application of Cyclodextrins as Multi-functional Drug Carriers (2004)

Owing to the increasingly globalized nature of the cyclodextrin (CyD)-related science and technology, development of the CyD-based pharmaceutical formulation is rapidly progressing. The pharmaceutically useful CyDs are classified into hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionic derivatives. Because of the multi-functional characteristics and bioadaptability, these CyDs are capable of alleviating the undesirable properties of drug molecules through the formation of inclusion complexes or the form of CyD/drug conjugates. This review outlines the current application of CyDs in drug delivery and pharmaceutical formulation, focusing on the following evidences. 1) The hydrophilic CyDs enhance the rate and extent of bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. 2) The amorphous CyDs such as 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-CyD are useful for inhibition of polymorphic transition and crystallization rates of drugs during storage. 3) The delayed release formulation can be obtained by the use of enteric type CyDs such as O-carboxymethyl-O-ethyl-beta-CyD. 4) The hydrophobic CyDs are useful for modification of the release site and/or time profile of water-soluble drugs with prolonged therapeutic effects. 5) The branched CyDs are particularly effective in inhibiting the adsorption to hydrophobic surface of containers and aggregation of polypeptide and protein drugs. 6) The combined use of different CyDs and/or pharmaceutical additives can serve as more functional drug carriers, improving efficacy and reducing side effects. 7) The CyD/drug conjugates may provide a versatile means for the constructions of not only colonic delivery system but also site-specific drug release system, including gene delivery. On the basis of the above-mentioned knowledge, the advantages and limitations of CyDs in the design of advanced dosage forms will be discussed.
Advances, challenges and future directions for stem cell therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2017)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative condition where loss of motor neurons within the brain and spinal cord leads to muscle atrophy, weakness, paralysis and ultimately death within 3-5 years from onset of symptoms. The specific molecular mechanisms underlying the disease pathology are not fully understood and neuroprotective treatment options are minimally effective. In recent years, stem cell transplantation as a new therapy for ALS patients has been extensively investigated, becoming an intense and debated field of study. In several preclinical studies using the SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> mouse model of ALS, stem cells were demonstrated to be neuroprotective, effectively delayed disease onset and extended survival. Despite substantial improvements in stem cell technology and promising results in preclinical studies, several questions still remain unanswered, such as the identification of the most suitable and beneficial cell source, cell dose, route of delivery and therapeutic mechanisms. This review will cover publications in this field and comprehensively discuss advances, challenges and future direction regarding the therapeutic potential of stem cells in ALS, with a focus on mesenchymal stem cells. In summary, given their high proliferation activity, immunomodulation, multi-differentiation potential, and the capacity to secrete neuroprotective factors, adult mesenchymal stem cells represent a promising candidate for clinical translation. However, technical hurdles such as optimal dose, differentiation state, route of administration, and the underlying potential therapeutic mechanisms still need to be assessed.
An evolving hierarchical & modular approach to resilient software (2008)

Hierarchical and modular software is a sound paradigm to achieve resilient software. Modularity provides the basic construct to identify faulty software units. Since modular software units have well defined input and output interfaces they simplify some operations, like software replacement. Once identified, a faulty modular software unit can be easily exchanged by a new version, enabling fault correction. In this paper we exploit hierarchical mobility, a particular form of topology adaptation, that involves the transfer of a software unit between two hierarchical units, as a sound construct to enable the development of both evolutive and resilient software. For illustration purposes in achieving resilient software, we use Connectons, a hierarchical, modular and self-modifying software specification formalism and its implementation, in the Desmos software system.
Comparison of 2D and 3D gamma analyses (2014)

The authors found that 3D gamma analysis resulted in up to 2.9% more pixels passing than 2D analysis. It must be noted that clinical 2D versus 3D datasets may have additional differences--for example, if 2D measurements are made with a different dosimeter than 3D measurements. Factors such as inherent dosimeter differences may be an important additional consideration to the extra dimension of available data that was evaluated in this study.
An HMM-based approach to humming transcription (2003)

Providing natural and efficient access to the fast growing multimedia information, accommodating a variety of user skills and preferences, is a critical aspect of content-based information mining. Query by humming provides a natural means for content-based retrieval from music databases. A statistical pattern recognition approach for recognizing hummed or sung melodies is reported in this paper. Being data-driven, the proposed system aims at providing a robust front-end especially for dealing with variability in user's productions. The segment of a note in the humming waveform is modeled by a hidden Markov model (HMM) while data features such as pitch measures are modeled by Gaussian mixture models (GMM). Preliminary real-time recognition experiments are carried out based on humming data obtained from eight users and an overall correct recognition rate of around 80% is demonstrated.
Feature Extraction of Hyperspectral Image Cubes Using Three-Dimensional Gray-Level Cooccurrence (2013)

This paper presents a novel approach for the feature extraction of hyperspectral image cubes. In this paper, hyperspectral image cubes are treated as volumetric data sets. Features that are most helpful in separating different targets are effectively extracted from the hyperspectral image cubes using a newly developed high-order texture analysis method. The traditional texture measure of the gray-level cooccurrence matrix is extended to a 3-D tensor field to explore the complicated volumetric data more effectively and to extract discriminant features for better classification. As the kernel size is one of the most important parameters in statistics-based texture analysis, a semivariance analysis and a spectral separability measure are used to determine the most appropriate kernel size in the spatial and spectral domains, respectively, for computing 3-D gray-level cooccurrence. In addition, a few statistical indexes are also extended to third-order forms in order to calculate quantitative texture properties of the generated cooccurrence tensor field. An airborne hyperspectral data set and an EO-1 Hyperion image are used to test the performance of the developed algorithms. Experimental results indicate that the developed 3-D texture analysis outperforms conventional second-order texture descriptors and the support vector machine-based classifier in supervised classifications of both hyperspectral data sets.
Silicon damage caused by CCl4 reactive ion etching: Its characterization and removal by rapid thermal annealing (1985)

It is demonstrated that CCl4 reactive ion etching produces lattice damage, chlorine contamination, and modified electrical properties at etched silicon surfaces. The structural and electrical property changes caused by the chemical-physical etching of CCl4 reactive ion etching are found to be similar to the structural and electrical property changes caused by the physical etching of inert gas ion beam etching. Rapid thermal anneals of 1100 °C for 10 sec are shown to give both structural recovery and electrical property recovery to CCl4-etched silicon surfaces. The chlorine contamination is also shown to be driven off by this rapid thermal anneal. Although it has been reported that rapid thermal annealing does not restore reactive ion-etched silicon surfaces in the case of certain other etching gases, it is effective here in a case where no substantial residue layer is present after etching and impurities present after etching evolve out during the rapid heat pulse.
Coherent perfect absorption and transparency in a nanostructured graphene film (2014)

We show numerically that both coherent perfect absorption and transparency can be realized in a monolayer graphene. The graphene film, doped and patterned with a periodical array of holes, can support plasmonic resonances in the Mid-infrared range. Under the illumination of two counter-propagating coherent optical beams, resonant optical absorption may be tuned continuously from 99.93% to less than 0.01% by controlling their relative phase which gives a modulation contrast of 40 dB (about 30 dB for transmission). The phenomenon provides a versatile platform for manipulating the interaction between light and graphene and may serve applications in optical modulators, transducers, sensors and coherent detectors.
Review of Aqueous Microwave Assisted Chemistry: Synthesis and Catalysis (2011)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook ReviewNEXTReview of Aqueous Microwave Assisted Chemistry: Synthesis and CatalysisNicholas E. LeadbeaterView Author Information University of ConnecticutCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 6, 2011Publication Date (Web):January 19, 2011Publication History Published online19 January 2011Published inissue 16 February 2011https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja111493phttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja111493pbook-reviewACS PublicationsCopyright © 2011 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2292Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catalysis,Chemical synthesis,Electromagnetic radiation,Solvents Get e-Alerts
Semantic Distribution-aware Contrastive Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation (2021)

Domain adaptive semantic segmentation refers to making predictions on a certain target domain with only annotations of a specific source domain. Current state-of-the-art works suggest that performing category alignment can alleviate domain shift reasonably. However, they are mainly based on image-to-image adversarial training and little consideration is given to semantic variations of an object among images, failing to capture a comprehensive picture of different categories. This motivates us to explore a holistic representative, the semantic distribution from each category in source domain, to mitigate the problem above. In this paper, we present semantic distribution-aware contrastive adaptation algorithm that enables pixel-wise representation alignment under the guidance of semantic distributions. Specifically, we first design a pixel-wise contrastive loss by considering the correspondences between semantic distributions and pixel-wise representations from both domains. Essentially, clusters of pixel representations from the same category should cluster together and those from different categories should spread out. Next, an upper bound on this formulation is derived by involving the learning of an infinite number of (dis)similar pairs, making it efficient. Finally, we verify that SDCA can further improve segmentation accuracy when integrated with the self-supervised learning. We evaluate SDCA on multiple benchmarks, achieving considerable improvements over existing algorithms.The code is publicly available at https://github.com/BIT-DA/SDCA
B Cells Amplify IFN-γ Production By T Cells via a TNF-α-Mediated Mechanism (2007)

Aside from being the precursors of the Ab-secreting cells, B cells are engaged in other immune functions such as Ag presentation to T cells or cytokine production. These functions may contribute to the pathogenic role of B cells in a wide range of autoimmune diseases. We demonstrate that B cells acquire the capacity to amplify IFN-gamma production by CD4 and CD8 T cells during the course of the Th1 inflammatory response to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Using the two following different strategies, we observed that B cells from T. gondii-infected mice, but not from naive mice, induce higher IFN-gamma expression by splenic host T cells: 1) reconstitution of B cell-deficient mice with B cells expressing an alloantigen different from the recipients, and 2) adoptive transfer of B and T cells into RAG-/- mice. In vitro assays allowing the physical separation of T and B cells demonstrate that Ag-primed B cells enhance IFN-gamma production by T cells in a contact-dependent fashion. Using an OVA-transgenic strain of T. gondii and OVA-specific CD4 T cells, we observed that the proinflammatory effect of B cells is neither Ag specific nor requires MHCII expression. However, TNF-alpha expressed on the surface of B cells appears to mediate in part the up-regulation of IFN-gamma by the effector T cells.
Isotropic Atomic Layer Etching of ZnO Using Acetylacetone and O<sub>2</sub> Plasma (2018)

Atomic layer etching (ALE) provides Ångström-level control over material removal and holds potential for addressing the challenges in nanomanufacturing faced by conventional etching techniques. Recent research has led to the development of two main classes of ALE: ion-driven plasma processes yielding anisotropic (or directional) etch profiles and thermally driven processes for isotropic material removal. In this work, we extend the possibilities to obtain isotropic etching by introducing a plasma-based ALE process for ZnO which is radical-driven and utilizes acetylacetone (Hacac) and O<sub>2</sub> plasma as reactants. In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements indicate self-limiting half-reactions with etch rates ranging from 0.5 to 1.3 Å/cycle at temperatures between 100 and 250 °C. The ALE process was demonstrated on planar and three-dimensional substrates consisting of a regular array of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) conformally covered using atomic layer deposition of ZnO. Transmission electron microscopy studies conducted on the ZnO-covered NWs before and after ALE proved the isotropic nature and the damage-free characteristics of the process. In situ infrared spectroscopy measurements were used to elucidate the self-limiting nature of the ALE half-reactions and the reaction mechanism. During the Hacac etching reaction that is assumed to produce Zn(acac)<sub>2</sub>, carbonaceous species adsorbed on the ZnO surface are suggested as the cause of the self-limiting behavior. The subsequent O<sub>2</sub> plasma step resets the surface for the next ALE cycle. High etch selectivities (∼80:1) over SiO<sub>2</sub> and HfO<sub>2</sub> were demonstrated. Preliminary results indicate that the etching process can be extended to other oxides such as Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.