gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data-adaptive digital video format conversion algorithms (1997)

With the emergence of advanced display media as well as digital video coding and compression schemes came a variety of new video formats including program content dependent formats, as proposed by the Grand Alliance for their high definition television (HDTV) standard. Digital video down-conversion is a low complexity quality reduction task, whereas the more complex video up-conversion incorporates a tradeoff between computational cost and perceptual quality. Motion-compensated conversion algorithms have the potential for good results, but go in hand with a computational complexity disadvantage, whereas motion-adaptive interpolation methods constitute a compromise between the extremes. This paper presents a general motion-adaptive format conversion approach based on a multiresolution decomposition and nonlinear subband interpolation filtering. The class of Ll permutation filters feature a flexible, input-signal dependent behavior by exploiting the order statistics of an input signal. In this paper, such an approach is utilized for interpolation purposes, applicable to any arbitrary format conversion problem. A successful application of Ll filter based interpolators in combination with a hierarchical multiresolution decomposition as a motion-adaptive format conversion method is presented. As an evaluation of performance, two format conversion case studies are presented, namely deinterlacing for progressive display media and frame-rate up-conversion for the reduction of temporal artifacts.
The Role Of Regional Planning In Achieving Economic Development And Social Justice In Sudan (2018)

The aim of the paper is to define the importance of regional planning and regional development projects and their role in achieving economic development and social justice in the Sudan, by knowing the impact of regional planning on achieving the principle of balanced development between the center and regions. As well as the impact of regional development projects and their role in achieving political, economic and social stability of urban and rural communities.
Materials, Design, and Characteristics of Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator: A Review (2020)

With the rapid commercialization of fifth generation (5G) technology in the world, the market demand for radio frequency (RF) filters continues to grow. Acoustic wave technology has been attracting great attention as one of the effective solutions for achieving high-performance RF filter operations while offering low cost and small device size. Compared with surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators, bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators have more potential in fabricating high- quality RF filters because of their lower insertion loss and better selectivity in the middle and high frequency bands above 2.5 GHz. Here, we provide a comprehensive review about BAW resonator researches, including materials, structure designs, and characteristics. The basic principles and details of recently proposed BAW resonators are carefully investigated. The materials of poly-crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN), single crystal AlN, doped AlN, and electrode are also analyzed and compared. Common approaches to enhance the performance of BAW resonators, suppression of spurious mode, low temperature sensitivity, and tuning ability are introduced with discussions and suggestions for further improvement. Finally, by looking into the challenges of high frequency, wide bandwidth, miniaturization, and high power level, we provide clues to specific materials, structure designs, and RF integration technologies for BAW resonators.
In vitro Remineralization of in vivo and in vitro Formed Enamel Lesions (1999)

Thin sections of natural white spot enamel lesions (WS) and of artificial in vitro lesions (VL) were remineralized simultaneously in vitro. The sections, clamped in a PMMA holder, were microradiographed at baseline and after remineralization in a calcium- and phosphate-containing solution (pH = 7.0; 1 ppm F) after 2 and 4 weeks. All data were analyzed with respect to baseline. The results show that the lesion depth values did not change significantly during 2 and 4 weeks of remineralization. The mineral accumulation (change in DeltaZ), however, was substantial and significant in WS and VL. In WS the change in mineral accumulation was roughly proportional to the amount of mineral at baseline. The WS accumulated more than two times the amount of mineral than VL in the same periods of remineralization. After 4 weeks of remineralization the maximum mineral value Vmax in the surface layer of the WS was nearly up to the sound enamel level thick approximate87 vol%. This study shows that the technique and calculation procedure described make this single section method attractive for longitudinal demineralization-remineralization studies in vitro or in situ. Both WS and VL samples obviously remineralized in vitro similarly with respect to the baseline. Furthermore, this in vitro work indicates that remineralization inhibitors present in saliva, and previously penetrated into the enamel tissue, do not influence remineralization later on.
Epitaxial growth of ferromagnetic ultrathin MnGa films with perpendicular magnetization on GaAs (1993)

We have successfully grown ferromagnetic MnGa ultrathin films on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Reflection high energy electron diffraction and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy show that monocrystalline MnGa films are grown with the c axis of the tetragonal unit cell normal to the (001) GaAs substrates. Both magnetization measurements by vibrating sample magnetometer and extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) measurements indicate perpendicular magnetization, with the remnant magnetization of 225 emu/cm3 and EHE resistivity in the range of 0.5–4 μΩ cm at room temperature. The material possesses properties ideal for certain nonvolatile magnetic memory coupled with underlying III-V circuitry.
Evidence That the Homeodomain Protein Gtx Is Involved in the Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Myelination (1997)

We have investigated the patterns of postnatal brain expression and DNA binding of Gtx, a homeodomain transcription factor. Gtx mRNA accumulates in parallel with the RNAs encoding the major structural proteins of myelin, myelin basic protein (MBP), and proteolipid protein (PLP) during postnatal brain development; Gtx mRNA decreases in parallel with MBP and PLP mRNAs in the brains of myelin-deficient rats, which have a point mutation in the PLP gene. Gtx mRNA is expressed in differentiated, postmitotic oligodendrocytes but is not found in oligodendrocyte precursors or astrocytes. These data thus demonstrate that Gtx is expressed uniquely in differentiated oligodendrocytes in postnatal rodent brain and that its expression is regulated in parallel with the major myelin protein mRNAs, encoding MBP and PLP, under a variety of physiologically relevant circumstances. Using a Gtx fusion protein produced in bacteria, we have confirmed that Gtx is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, which binds DNA sequences containing a core AT-rich homeodomain binding site. Immunoprecipitation of labeled DNA fragments encoding either the MBP or PLP promoter regions with this fusion protein has identified several Gtx-binding fragments, and we have confirmed these data using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In this way we have identified four Gtx binding sites within the first 750 bp of the MBP promoter and four Gtx binding sites within the first 1. 3 kb of the PLP promoter. In addition, inspection of the PLP promoter sequence demonstrates the presence of six additional Gtx binding sites. These data, taken together, strongly suggest that Gtx is important for the function of differentiated oligodendrocytes and may be involved in the regulation of myelin-specific gene expression.
Brief for The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), and The ARC of the United States as Amicus Curiae (2016)

As with any field of scientific inquiry, our understanding of the condition of intellectual disability is improved and enhanced over time by continuing, rigorous study and analysis. The scientific study and the diagnosis of intellectual disability involve issues important to scholars and clinicians. But amici believe that there is no need for this Court to become enmeshed in the details and intricacies of those scholarly efforts in order to resolve the instant case and to provide guidance to lower courts in their task of fairly adjudicating cases under Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002). This Court need only affirm that States must conform to the basic framework of the clinical definition of intellectual disability. The clinical definition of intellectual disability consists of three prongs.2 The first prong requires impairment in intellectual functioning. This Court made clear in Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014), that States cannot artificially ration the number of Atkins-eligible capital defendants by arbitrarily rejecting universally accepted scientific principles in evaluating test scores. The second prong requires deficits in adaptive behavior. As the Court observed in Hall, “Intellectual disability is a condition, not a number.” 134 S. Ct. at 2001. Although the precise clinical terminology has evolved over time, the core principles about the interpretation of adaptive deficits have been well settled among clinicians for decades. Central to this clinical consensus is agreement that the inquiry must focus on deficits in adaptive skills, and not some form of “balancing” those deficits with supposed strengths that an individual might appear to possess. Equally well accepted is the fact that many individuals with intellectual disability may also have other conditions or disabilities (known as “co-morbidity” or “dual diagnosis”) and those other conditions do not affect the diagnosis of intellectual disability. Texas has distorted the clinical definition’s carefully crafted and scientifically tested requirements for the second prong. It has devised a formula of exclusionary “factors,” a formula that rests heavily on stereotypes about people with intellectual disability. This approach is wholly inconsistent with accepted scientific standards. Deviating from the basic clinical framework of the definition inevitably leads to inaccurate and unreliable results, and protects only a sub-set of defendants with intellectual disability. This deliberate decision to reject clinical standards in the adjudication of death penalty cases is inconsistent with this Court’s holdings, and incompatible with the Eighth Amendment.
Asymmetric Michael addition of boronic acids to a γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated aldehyde catalyzed by resin-supported peptide (2012)

A resin-supported peptide catalyst effective for the asymmetric Michael addition of boronic acids to (E)-4-hydroxybut-2-enal was developed. From a spectral study, it was revealed that the optimum peptide consisted of both a β-turn and helix. Such a combination of secondary structures was essential for achieving a high catalytic ability.
Low-power digital image sensor for still-picture image acquisition (2001)

This article presents the design and realization of a CMOS digital image sensor optimized for button-battery powered applications. First, a pixel with local analog memory was designed, allowing efficient sensor global shutter operation. The exposure time becomes independent on the readout speed and a lower readout frequency can be used without causing image distortion. Second, a multi-path readout architecture was developed, allowing an efficient use of the power consumption in sub-sampling modes. These techniques were integrated in a 0.5 um CMOS digital image senor with a resolution of 648 by 648 pixels. The peak supply current is 7 mA for a readout frequency of 4 Mpixel/s at Vdd equals 3V. Die size is 55 mm2 and overall SNR is 55 dB. The global shutter performance was demonstrated by acquiring pictures of fast moving objects without observing any distortion, even at a low readout frequency of 4 MHz.
(Invited) The Journey of the DMD Pixel Design Evolution (2014)

The Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) has enabled the world’s top display products ranging from large cinema projectors to small pico projectors that can fit in smartphones. This paper will walk through the journey of the DMD pixel design evolution from the original digital micromirror concept to the most popular FTP pixel design. The motivations, challenges and impacts of major design changes of four generations of DMD pixels will be discussed including pixel size shrink from 17μm pixel to 10.8μm pixel and tilt angle increase from 10 to 12 degrees.
Context-Aware Patch-Based Image Inpainting Using Markov Random Field Modeling (2014)

In this paper, we first introduce a general approach for context-aware patch-based image inpainting, where textural descriptors are used to guide and accelerate the search for well-matching (candidate) patches. A novel top-down splitting procedure divides the image into variable size blocks according to their context, constraining thereby the search for candidate patches to nonlocal image regions with matching context. This approach can be employed to improve the speed and performance of virtually any (patch-based) inpainting method. We apply this approach to the so-called global image inpainting with the Markov random field (MRF) prior, where MRF encodes a priori knowledge about consistency of neighboring image patches. We solve the resulting optimization problem with an efficient low-complexity inference method. Experimental results demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach in inpainting applications like scratch, text, and object removal. Improvement and significant acceleration of a related global MRF-based inpainting method is also evident.
Smart Software as Customer Assistant in Large-Scale Distributed Load Management (1997)

Advanced information systems present a key enabling technology for innovative customer-oriented services by the utility industry. Real-time and two-way electronic information exchange with the customer over the power grid and other media is now possible. This provides the baseline for a host of new customer services, provided proper advantage is taken of a variety of recent advances in information technology. In this context, we discuss (a) how to engineer knowledge into systems and services, giving rise to smart software and intelligent systems, and (b) how to exploit this practically for novel ways to achieve distributed load management, dealing with thousands of devices simultaneously. A special characteristic of our concept is that the two-way information exchange for load-balancing purposes is based on market mechanisms similar to an auction. This auction is carried out by small smart software programs in devices (such as radiators) that represent and assist the customer. Field experiments with this intelligent and distributed new approach to power load management are currently performed.
Control of Prosthetic Hands via the Peripheral Nervous System (2016)

This paper intends to provide a critical review of the literature on the technological issues on control and sensorization of hand prostheses interfacing with the Peripheral Nervous System (i.e., PNS), and their experimental validation on amputees. The study opens with an in-depth analysis of control solutions and sensorization features of research and commercially available prosthetic hands. Pros and cons of adopted technologies, signal processing techniques and motion control solutions are investigated. Special emphasis is then dedicated to the recent studies on the restoration of tactile perception in amputees through neural interfaces. The paper finally proposes a number of suggestions for designing the prosthetic system able to re-establish a bidirectional communication with the PNS and foster the prosthesis natural control.
Protective effect of Glechoma hederacea extract against gallstone formation in rodent models (2021)

Abstract Background Our current study aimed to evaluate the effect of an Glechoma hederacea extract (Hitrechol®) in normal rats and gallstone diseased mice to explore its underlying mechanisms. Normal rats and C57BL/6 mice with/without cholesterol gallstone were used in this study. Methods To monitor the effect of Hitrechol® on bile secretion, bile flow rates at 15 min interval until 2 h post-dosing in normal rats treated with vehicle and Hitrechol® were compared using multiple t-test with a p < 0.05 considered as statistically significant different. To further evaluate the effect of Hitrechol® against the development of gallstone in lithogenic diet treated mice, mice were treated with vehicle or Hitrechol® (QD-once daily or TID-three times daily) for 3 weeks followed by comparing the levels of bile composition among the treatment groups. In addition, the anti-oxidative biomarkers in liver and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in serum were detected and compared among all the treatment groups to evaluate the hepato-protective effect of Hitrechol®. The obtained levels of biomarkers and bile composition were compared among different treatment groups using one-way ANOVA tests followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons with p < 0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results Despite no significant impact on the bile flow rate, Hitrechol® TID treatment dramatically decreased size and amount of gallstone crystals and total cholesterol level ( p < 0.05 ), as well as total bile acid ( p < 0.05 ) and several types of bile acid ( p < 0.05 ) levels in gallstone disease model mice. Hitrechol® TID treatment could significantly decrease the frequencies of hepatocyte necrosis and lipid aggregation notably as well as increase the antioxidant enzyme level ( p < 0.05 ) in the liver. Conclusions Our findings for the first time demonstrated the beneficial effect of Hitrechol® against gallstone via its litholytic, liver-protective and antioxidant activities.
Peripheral clearance of brain-derived Aβ in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives (2020)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, and no disease-modifying treatments are available to halt or slow its progression. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD, and clearance of Aβ from the brain becomes a main therapeutic strategy for AD. Recent studies found that Aβ clearance in the periphery contributes substantially to reducing Aβ accumulation in the brain. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of how Aβ is cleared in the periphery is important for the development of effective therapies for AD. In this review, we summarized recent findings on the mechanisms of Aβ efflux from the brain to the periphery and discuss where and how the brain-derived Aβ is cleared in the periphery. Based on these findings, we propose future strategies to enhance peripheral Aβ clearance for the prevention and treatment of AD. This review provides a novel perspective to understand the pathogenesis of AD and develop interventions for this disease from a systemic approach.
Amino acid sequence of phospholipase A2-alpha from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus. A new classification of phospholipases A2 based upon structural determinants. (1977)

The complete amino acid sequence of Crotalus adamanteus venom phospholipase A2-alpha has been determined by analysis of the five tryptic peptides from the citraconylated, reduced, and S-[14C]carboxamidomethylated enzyme. Earlier studies (Tsao, F. H. C., Keim, P. S., and Heinrikson, R. L. (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 167, 706) provided the information necessary to align the tryptic fragments so that secondary cleavage procedures to establish overlaps were unnecessary. The subunit in the phospholipase A2-alpha dimer is a single polypeptide chain containing 122 amino acids and seven disulfide bonds. The histidine residue implicated in the active site of mammalian phospholipases is at position 47 in the C. adamanteus enzyme and is located in a domain of the molecule which is highly homologous in sequence with corresponding regions of phospholipases from a variety of venom and pancreatic sources. Comparative sequence analysis has revealed insights with regard to the function and evolution of phospholipases A2. Primary structural relationships observed among the snake venom enzymes parallel the phylogenetic classification of the venomous reptiles from which they were derived. It is proposed that phospholipases A2 of this general type be divided into two groups depending upon the presence or absence of distinctive structural features elucidated in this study.
Structural Characterization of the Zinc Site in Protein Farnesyltransferase (2003)

X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to determine the structure of the Zn site in protein farnesyltransferase. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data are consistent with a Zn site that is ligated to three low-Z (oxygen or nitrogen) ligands and one cysteine sulfur, as predicted from the crystal structures that are available for farnesyltransferase. However, in contrast with the crystallographic results the EXAFS data do not show evidence for significant distortions in the Zn-ligand distances. The average Zn-(N/O) and Zn-S distances are 2.04 and 2.31 A, respectively. Addition of a farnesyl diphosphate analogue causes no detectable change in the structure of the Zn site. However, addition of peptide substrate causes a change in ligation from ZnS(N/O)(3) to ZnS(2)(N/O)(2), consistent with ligation of the C-terminal cysteine to the Zn. There is no significant change in Zn-ligand distances when a substrate binds, demonstrating that the Zn remains four-coordinate. Addition of both peptide and farnesyl diphosphate to give the product complex causes the Zn to return to ZnS(N/O)(3) ligation, indicating that the product thioether is not tightly coordinated to the Zn. These spectroscopic experiments provide insight into the catalytic mechanism of FTase.
A CMOS multi-channel 10Gb/s transceiver (2003)

A quad 10Gb/s transceiver in 0.11/spl mu/m CMOS communicates electric signals over balanced copper media. The transceiver uses a single 1.2V power supply and dissipates 415mW per channel. One PLL supplies a reference clock to two transmitter channels and two receiver channels. The transceiver contains analog front ends, clock recovery units, and 312MHz parallel interfaces.
Analysis of stacked microstrip patches with a mixed potential integral equation (1990)

A method based on the mixed potential integral equation for the analysis of flat microstrip antennas in a double-layer substrate is presented. The method is used to compute the input impedance of a stacked patch configuration. This structure permits a larger bandwidth and may also provide dual-frequency operation. The Green's functions are discussed in detail, and numerical results are obtained for the propagation constant of the dominant surface wave. Theoretical and experimental results are compared for a dual-frequency and a broadband stacked patch antenna. Theoretical results for the input impedance are in good agreement with measurements. The difference between theoretical and experimental results for the resonant frequency is less than 4.5% in all cases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Coherent optical CDMA networks (1993)

Recent work in optical code-division multiple access (CDMA) is reviewed, progressing from incoherent to coherent techniques. It is shown that under appropriate conditions, coherent CDMA can in principle rival wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) in terms of aggregate network throughput. Furthermore, it is shown that at high data rates, some of the components for WDM are coherent CDMA networks are nearly identical, indicating a similarity between the two approaches. CDMA retains a coding aspect which may prove attractive in security applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>