gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fixing Weight Decay Regularization in Adam (2018)

We note that common implementations of adaptive gradient algorithms, such as Adam, limit the potential benefit of weight decay regularization, because the weights do not decay multiplicatively (as would be expected for standard weight decay) but by an additive constant factor. We propose a simple way to resolve this issue by decoupling weight decay and the optimization steps taken w.r.t. the loss function. We provide empirical evidence that our proposed modification (i) decouples the optimal choice of weight decay factor from the setting of the learning rate for both standard SGD and Adam, and (ii) substantially improves Adam's generalization performance, allowing it to compete with SGD with momentum on image classification datasets (on which it was previously typically outperformed by the latter). We also demonstrate that longer optimization runs require smaller weight decay values for optimal results and introduce a normalized variant of weight decay to reduce this dependence. Finally, we propose a version of Adam with warm restarts (AdamWR) that has strong anytime performance while achieving state-of-the-art results on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet32x32. Our source code will become available after the review process.
Influence of alkyl chain length on the gelation mechanism of thermoreversible gels of regioregular poly(3‐alkyl thiophenes) in xylene (2006)

Abstract The gelation rates of poly(3‐alkyl thiophenes) (P3AT) are strongly dependent on the pendent alkyl chain length. Poly(3‐hexyl thiophene (P3HT) gels at higher isothermal temperatures than that of poly(3‐dodecyl thiophene), (P3DDT). Gelation rate has been expressed as a combination of a temperature dependent function f ( T ) and a concentration dependent function (φ n ); φ being the reduced overlapping concentration of P3AT. From the slope of double logarithmic plot of gelation rate and φ, n values are calculated to be 0.52 and 0.60 for P3HT and P3DDT, respectively. These values are close to the value of percolation exponent β (0.45) for three‐dimensional lattice; so both the gels may approximately obey three dimensional percolation model. The f ( T ) of gelation rate consists of two steps (i) coil‐to‐rod transformation followed by (ii) fibrillar crystallization. The coil‐to‐rod transition is accompanied by a red shift in the π–π* transition band in UV–vis spectra. Flory and Weaver theory is used to understand the coil‐to‐rod transformation process. The theory of fibrillar crystallization extended to dilute solution has been employed to understand the crystallization process. The results clearly indicate that the activation energy of conformational change (Δ F ) is higher for P3DDT than that of P3HT. But the free energy change for the formation of critical size nucleus (Δ G ) is lower for P3DDT than that of P3HT. A comparison of Δ F and Δ G values indicate conformational ordering is the rate‐determining step for P3AT with dodecyl substituent whereas crystallization is the rate‐determining step for P3AT with hexyl substituent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2528–2537, 2007
Nebulized and oral thiol derivatives for pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis (2009)

We found no evidence to recommend the use of either nebulized or oral thiol derivatives in people with cystic fibrosis. There are very few good quality trials investigating the effect of these medications in cystic fibrosis, and further research is required to investigate the potential role of these medications in improving the outcomes of people with cystic fibrosis.
Examining Culturally Responsive Understandings within an Undergraduate Teacher Education Program (2018)

This article examines how a group of elementary and secondary preservice teachers engaged in understanding “culture” and culturally responsive teaching while enrolled in an early program course. We analyze how culturally-related experiences, emotions, and perspectives contribute to the overall understanding of cultural competency training in teacher education. Preservice teachers varied in their use of individual- and structural-orientations, in isolation and in combination, as they developed and progressed as socially just teachers. These findings reveal that despite attempts to develop and shift toward asset-based perspectives, far more culturally embedded coursework and practicum experiences are necessary. This paper includes a reflection on the effectiveness of posing meaningful, reflective questions for preservice teachers as they experienced the concept of “culture” based on their own funds of knowledge.
Use of parameter estimation for stereolithography surface finish improvement (2008)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that significant surface finish improvements can be accomplished in stereolithography (SL) fabricated parts by applying a new process planning method based on parameter estimation (PE). Design/methodology/approach PE is a method that finds a set of parameter values that minimize a measure of deviation. In this work, the measure of deviation is the difference between the exposure received by points along down‐facing surfaces and the SL resin's critical exposure. Findings The surface finish of down‐facing surfaces can be improved by a factor of 2‐9, depending upon the surface angle, compared with parts prepared using commercially available software. Surface finishes less than 1 μ m Ra have been demonstrated on a SLA‐250/50 machine. Research limitations/implications Only down‐facing surfaces can have their surface finish improved using this method. Practical implications Common form errors known as “stair‐stepping” can be diminished on parts fabricated using SL. Originality/value The usage of PE methods for process planning is a new approach.
Forecasting Obsolescence Risk and Product Life Cycle With Machine Learning (2016)

Rapid changes in technology have led to an increasingly fast pace of product introductions. For long-life systems (e.g., planes, ships, and nuclear power plants), rapid changes help sustain useful life, but at the same time, present significant challenges associated with obsolescence management. Over the years, many approaches for forecasting obsolescence risk and product life cycle have been developed. However, gathering inputs required for forecasting is often subjective and laborious, causing inconsistencies in predictions. To address these issues, the objective of this research is to develop a machine learning-based methodology capable of forecasting obsolescence risk and product life cycle accurately while minimizing maintenance and upkeep of the forecasting system. Specifically, this new methodology enables prediction of both the obsolescence risk level and the date when a part becomes obsolete. A case study of the cell phone market is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the new approach. Results have shown that machine learning algorithms (i.e., random forest, artificial neural networks, and support vector machines) can classify parts as active or obsolete with over 98% accuracy and predict obsolescence dates within a few months.
EST Mining and Functional Expression Assays Identify Extracellular Effector Proteins From the Plant Pathogen<i>Phytophthora</i> (2003)

Plant pathogenic microbes have the remarkable ability to manipulate biochemical, physiological, and morphological processes in their host plants. These manipulations are achieved through a diverse array of effector molecules that can either promote infection or trigger defense responses. We describe a general functional genomics approach aimed at identifying extracellular effector proteins from plant pathogenic microorganisms by combining data mining of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with virus-based high-throughput functional expression assays in plants. PexFinder, an algorithm for automated identification of extracellular proteins from EST data sets, was developed and applied to 2147 ESTs from the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans. The program identified 261 ESTs (12.2%) corresponding to a set of 142 nonredundant Pex (Phytophthora extracellular protein) cDNAs. Of these, 78 (55%) Pex cDNAs were novel with no significant matches in public databases. Validation of PexFinder was performed using proteomic analysis of secreted protein of P. infestans. To identify which of the Pex cDNAs encode effector proteins that manipulate plant processes, high-throughput functional expression assays in plants were performed on 63 of the identified cDNAs using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector carrying the potato virus X (PVX) genome. This led to the discovery of two novel necrosis-inducing cDNAs, crn1 and crn2, encoding extracellular proteins that belong to a large and complex protein family in Phytophthora. Further characterization of the crn genes indicated that they are both expressed in P. infestans during colonization of the host plant tomato and that crn2 induced defense-response genes in tomato. Our results indicate that combining data mining using PexFinder with PVX-based functional assays can facilitate the discovery of novel pathogen effector proteins. In principle, this strategy can be applied to a variety of eukaryotic plant pathogens, including oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes.
A Conditional Access System for mobile broadcasting systems (2008)

This paper presents an advanced CAS which provides access control and rights protection for mobile TV content. This advanced CAS can reduce the amount of contract information transmitted through broadcasting. We also demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed CAS by using a prototype system implemented on a SIM card.
Islet Encapsulation: Strategies to Enhance Islet Cell Functions (2007)

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent, costly, and debilitating diseases in the world. Although traditional insulin therapy has alleviated the short-term effects, long-term complications are ubiquitous and harmful. For these reasons, alternative treatment options are being developed. This review investigates one appealing area: cell replacement using encapsulated islets. Encapsulation materials, encapsulation methods, and cell sources are presented and discussed. In addition, the major factors that currently limit cell viability and functionality are reviewed, and strategies to overcome these limitations are examined. This review is designed to introduce the reader to cell replacement therapy and cell and tissue encapsulation, especially as it applies to diabetes.
Dust effects on PV array performance: in‐field observations with non‐uniform patterns (2013)

ABSTRACT This paper presents the impact of non‐homogeneous deposits of dust on the performance of a PV array. The observations have been made in a 2‐MW PV park in the southeast region of Spain. The results are that inhomogeneous dust leads to more significant consequences than the mere short‐circuit current reduction resulting from transmittance losses. In particular, when the affected PV modules are part of a string together with other cleaned (or less dusty) ones, operation voltage losses arise. These voltage losses can be several times larger than the short‐circuit ones, leading to power losses that can be much larger than what measurements suggest when the PV modules are considered separately. Significant hot‐spot phenomena can also arise leading to cells exhibiting temperature differences of more than 20 degrees and thus representing a threat to the PV modules' lifetime. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunochemical and immunohistochemical studies on three aldolase isozymes in human lung cancer (1991)

The aldolase isozymes A, B, and C in tumor tissues (63) and sera (104) of patients with lung cancer were determined with an enzyme immunoassay system, compared with normal lung tissues (13), and the sera of normal healthy subjects (100). Tissue aldolase A and C concentrations were enhanced in 83% (52/63) and 51% (32/63) of patients with lung cancer, respectively, regardless of histologic type or stage (P less than 0.01). But aldolase B was not elevated in tissue levels. In the sera of patients with lung cancer, there were no significant elevations of the isozymes. Immunohistochemically aldolase A and C stained more intensely in the cytoplasm of lung cancer cells than those in normal tissues. These results indicate lung cancer cells contain enhanced tissue levels of aldolase A and C.
[Bioconversion of D-fructose to D-allose by novel isomerases]. (2012)

Rare sugar is a kind of important low-energy monosaccharide that is rarely found in nature and difficult to synthesize chemically. D-allose, a six-carbon aldose, is an important rare sugar with unique physiological functions. It is radical scavenging active and can inhibit cancer cell proliferation. To obtain D-allose, the microorganisms deriving D-psicose 3-epimerase (DPE) and L-rhamnose isomerase (L-RhI) have drawn intense attention. In this paper, DPE from Clostridium cellulolyticum H10 was cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis, and L-RhI from Bacillus subtilis 168 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The obtained crude DPE and L-RhI were then purified through a HisTrap HP affinity chromatography column and an anion-exchange chromatography column. The purified DPE and L-RhI were employed for the production of rare sugars at last, in which DPE catalyzed D-fructose into D-psicose while L-RhI converted D-psicose into D-allose. The conversion of D-fructose into D-psicose by DPE was 27.34%, and the conversion of D-psicose into D-allose was 34.64%.
TOWARDS PERFORMANCE PREDICTION FOR CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS BASED ON GOAL-ORIENTED MEASUREMENTS (2011)

Scalability and performance are critical quality attributes of applications developed for the cloud. Many of these applications have to support hundreds or thousands of concurrent users with strongly fluctuating workloads. Existing approaches for software performance evaluation do not address the new challenges that arise for applications executed in cloud computing environments. The effects of virtualization on response times, throughput, and resource utilisation as well as the massive number of resources available require new platform and resource models for software performance evaluation. Modelling cloud environments using established approaches for software performance prediction is a cumbersome task that requires a detailed understanding of virtualization techniques and their effect on software performance. Additional complexity comes from the fact that cloud environments may combine multiple virtualization platforms which differ in implementation and performance properties. In this position paper, we propose an approach to infer performance models of cloud computing environments automatically through goal-oriented measurements. The resulting performance models can be directly combined with established model-driven performance prediction approaches. We outline the research challenges that have to be addressed in order to employ the approach for design-time performance predictions of software systems running in cloud computing environments.
Study of energy management for decreasing reverse power flow from photovoltaic power systems (2009)

When the volume of distributed generation (DG), including photovoltaic (PV) power systems, is increased, reverse power flow from DG may cause problems. To reduce the reverse power flow from PV power systems, energy management by use of storage batteries is expected to be a solution. In addition, the combination with load control is expected to reduce the storage capacity. In this study, energy management methods by use of the Supply and Demand Interface (SDI), which is a device to control DG, batteries and loads, are proposed and the effectiveness of the methods are evaluated by simulation analyses. The simulation results show that the amount of reverse power flow from PV power systems is reduced by the proposed energy management methods, and the load control is effective in reducing the reverse power flow. The required storage capacity to prevent the reverse power flow from the distribution line to the transmission line is also shown.
Platelet storage at 22 degrees C for transfusion: interrelationship of platelet density and size, medium pH, and viability after in vivo infusion. (1983)

Previous studies have suggested that there are two characteristic storage lesions that develop during storage of PC at 22 degrees C with constant agitation in containers constructed from PVC plastic. One occurs only in PC with high platelet count in which there is a fall in pH due to hypoxic conditions within the container. This storage lesion is characterized by an increase in apparent mean volume as determined by Coulter Counter and a change in platelet shape from disc to sphere. The other is observed in PC with low platelet counts; in these, a major pH fall does not occur. Under these conditions, there is a decrease in the apparent mean volume and an increase in the dispersion of the size distribution determined by Coulter Counter. The cause of this storage lesion is uncertain. However, it appears to be more pronounced with some forms of agitation than with others. In the current studies, we have attempted to clarify further the nature of these two storage lesions. We now show that during fall in pH of PC to levels below 6.8, the increase in apparent platelet volume corresponds well with a decrease in platelet density and refractive index, both consistent with cellular swelling due to influx of extracellular fluid. We were previously unable to determine whether this lesion was due to pH fall per se or to the associated hypoxic conditions. In the current study, platelets stored under a nitrogen atmosphere for as long as 7 days show no swelling or shape change when the pH is kept above 6.8, suggesting that the damage is due to pH fall per se. In previous studies of the second storage lesion, which occurs without pH fall, we have found that the increase of the dispersion of the Coulter volume distribution correlates with loss of in vivo viability measured as percent recovery after labelling with chromium-51. In this study, we show that the increase in dispersion results from the presence of a population of abnormally light platelets. Since this light population labels normally with chromium-51, we hypothesize that it contains the cells which fail to circulate after in vivo infusion. In three infusions of thrombocytopenic patients, we support this hypothesis by showing that the abnormal light population does not circulate in vivo and that the dispersion of the apparent volume distribution of the circulating cells is normal.
Redox-Dependent Anti-Inflammatory Signaling Actions of Unsaturated Fatty Acids (2013)

Unsaturated fatty acids are metabolized to reactive products that can act as pro- or anti-inflammatory signaling mediators. Electrophilic fatty acid species, including nitro- and oxo-containing fatty acids, display salutary anti-inflammatory and metabolic actions. Electrophilicity can be conferred by both enzymatic and oxidative reactions, via the homolytic addition of nitrogen dioxide to a double bond or via the formation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl and epoxide substituents. The endogenous formation of electrophilic fatty acids is significant and influenced by diet, metabolic, and inflammatory reactions. Transcriptional regulatory proteins and enzymes can sense the redox status of the surrounding environment upon electrophilic fatty acid adduction of functionally significant, nucleophilic cysteines. Through this covalent and often reversible posttranslational modification, gene expression and metabolic responses are induced. At low concentrations, the pleiotropic signaling actions that are regulated by these protein targets suggest that some classes of electrophilic lipids may be useful for treating metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
Identification of Highly Methylated Genes across Various Types of B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (2013)

Epigenetic alterations of gene expression are important in the development of cancer. In this study, we identified genes which are epigenetically altered in major lymphoma types. We used DNA microarray technology to assess changes in gene expression after treatment of 11 lymphoma cell lines with epigenetic drugs. We identified 233 genes with upregulated expression in treated cell lines and with downregulated expression in B-cell lymphoma patient samples (n = 480) when compared to normal B cells (n = 5). The top 30 genes were further analyzed by methylation specific PCR (MSP) in 18 lymphoma cell lines. Seven of the genes were methylated in more than 70% of the cell lines and were further subjected to quantitative MSP in 37 B-cell lymphoma patient samples (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (activated B-cell like and germinal center B-cell like subtypes), follicular lymphoma and Burkitt`s lymphoma) and normal B lymphocytes from 10 healthy donors. The promoters of DSP, FZD8, KCNH2, and PPP1R14A were methylated in 28%, 67%, 22%, and 78% of the 36 tumor samples, respectively, but not in control samples. Validation using a second series of healthy donor controls (n = 42; normal B cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, bone marrow, tonsils and follicular hyperplasia) and fresh-frozen lymphoma biopsies (n = 25), confirmed the results. The DNA methylation biomarker panel consisting of DSP, FZD8, KCNH2, and PPP1R14A was positive in 89% (54/61) of all lymphomas. Receiver operating characteristic analysis to determine the discriminative power between lymphoma and healthy control samples showed a c-statistic of 0.96, indicating a possible role for the biomarker panel in monitoring of lymphoma patients.
&alpha;7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory effect in a chronic migraine rat model via the attenuation of glial cell activation (2018)

The activation of α7nAChR increased the mechanical threshold and alleviated pain in the CM rat model. α7nAChR activation also decreased the upregulation of astrocytes and microglia through the p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
Development of new methods for the production of highly reactive polyisobutenes (2010)

The present dissertation deals with the application of nitrile ligated transition metal complexes with weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) as mediators for the polymerization of isobutene, yielding highly reactive polyisobutenes. The focus is set on three different domains: a) the development of improved synthetic pathways for known and novel nitrile stablilized transition metal complexes bearing polyfluorinated tetraarylborates, b) the synthesis of low molecular weight WCA based model precursors which, after subsequent reaction with appropriate metal salts, could be used as easy analyzable test systems for the heterogenization of the mentioned complexes c) conducting mechanistic studies regarding the polymerization of isobutene.
Determination of the argon concentration in ambient dry air for the calculation of air density (2007)

The mole fraction of argon in ambient dry air has been measured using gas phase chromatography calibrated with gravimetric gas standards prepared at the Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais. Different air samples, operators and gas standards were used to obtain a value of 0.9330 × 10−2 mol mol−1 ± 0.0032 × 10−2 mol mol−1. This value is significantly different from the conventional value (0.917 × 10−2 mol mol−1) used in the 81/91 formula of the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) (Davies 1992 Metrologia 29 67–70) for the determination of air density during comparisons of mass standards.