gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Many ways to say ‘no’, different ways to say ‘yes’: Applying Q-Methodology to understand public acceptance of wind farm proposals (2007)

Abstract This paper explores the nature of public acceptance of wind farms by investigating the discourses of support and objection to a proposed offshore scheme. It reviews research into opposition to wind farms, noting previous criticisms that this has tended to provide descriptive rather than explanatory insights and as a result, has not effectively informed the policy debate. One explanation is that much of this research has been conceived within an unreflective positivist research frame, which is inadequate in dealing with the subjectivity and value-basis of public acceptance of wind farm development. The paper takes a case study of an offshore wind farm proposal in Northern Ireland and applies Q-Methodology to identify the dominant discourses of support and objection. It is argued that this provides new insights into the nature of wind farm conflicts, points to a number of recommendations for policy, and functions as an example of how this methodology can act as a potential bridge between positivist and post-positivist approaches to policy analysis.
The Varying Display of "Gender Display" (2011)

In the literature on household work, "gender display" refers to the hypothesis that in order to compensate for their deviation from gender norms women who outearn their husbands tend to do more household work than women whose earnings are similar to those of their husbands. Much of the prior literature on this topic has debated whether or not gender display exists in the United States and other developed countries. However, the extent to which the gender display hypothesis is confirmed may depend on social context. Capitalizing on comparisons of mainland China and Taiwan, this study reexamines the gender display hypothesis in terms of varying social contexts. Our results show that (1) there is some evidence for gender display in rural China and Taiwan, but not in urban China, and (2) the evidence for gender display is more pronounced in Taiwan than in rural China. These results reveal not only that gender display is context-specific, but that the contextual variation of gender display may depend more on gender ideology than on macro-level economic development.
Boron Carbide, Boron Nitride, and Metal Borides (2006)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Boron Carbide 1.1. Crystal Structure 1.2. The Boron ‐ Carbon System 1.3. Physical Properties 1.4. Chemical Properties 1.5. Production 1.6. Uses 1.7. Economic Aspects 2. Boron Nitride 2.1. Properties 2.2. Production 2.3. Uses 3. Metal Borides 3.1. Properties 3.2. Production 3.3. Uses
Excitation profile of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in graphene–metal nanoparticle based derivatives (2010)

Understanding energy transfer mechanisms in graphene derivatives is strongly motivated by the unusually interesting electronic properties of graphene, which can provide a template for the creation of novel nanostructured derivatives. From a synthetic point of view, it is highly attractive to envision being able to synthesize pristine graphene from precursors such as graphene oxide (GO). While this goal may be challenging over large length-scales, it is possible to generate regions of graphene at the nanoscale, confirmed by Raman spectroscopy or other methods. We describe an in situ method of nucleating gold or palladium nanoparticles in the presence of ethylene glycol as a reducing agent, while simultaneously reducing GO to graphene. The Au nanoparticles aid in spectroscopic characterization by both quenching fluorescence, allowing the graphene D and G bands to be quantified, and yielding a surface enhancement of about two orders of magnitude. We observe the excitation profile (488-785 nm) of the surface enhanced Raman spectrum (SERS) of graphene with Au nanoparticles adsorbed on the surface. Both the D and G bands display a resonance at approximately 593 nm (2.09 eV). This resonance may be interpreted as a combination of the plasmon resonance at 548 nm and a likely contribution from charge transfer as well. In addition, we observe a stiffening of the G band compared with that of graphene. The mechanism of the SERS, whether plasmonic or charge transfer-based, enables insight into the electronic pathways available to the graphene-nanoparticle system. We discuss our results in the context of several existing studies of graphene-based nanostructure derivatives.
Interactions of fluorine redistribution and nitrogen incorporation with boron diffusion in silicon dioxide (2002)

This work investigates the effect of composition of gate dielectric on boron diffusion. Gate oxides were grown with nitrogen contents varying from 0 to 1.4%. A series of SIMS measurement were carried out to measure the depth profile of incorporated nitrogen and fluorine. Capacitance voltage measurements were used to determine the amount of boron penetration. Also, to better understand the role of fluorine, experiments were carried out to investigate the redistribution of fluorine in the poly/SiO/sub 2//Si system. Finally a model is proposed that accounts for diffusion of boron as a function of local impurity concentration in gate dielectric.
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for <i>CYP2D6</i> and <i>CYP2C19</i> Genotypes and Dosing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (2015)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are primary treatment options for major depressive and anxiety disorders. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms can influence the metabolism of SSRIs, thereby affecting drug efficacy and safety. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting these associations and provide dosing recommendations for fluvoxamine, paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, and sertraline based on CYP2D6 and/or CYP2C19 genotype (updates at www.pharmgkb.org).
Expandable intramedullary nails in lower limb trauma: a systematic review of clinical and radiological outcomes (2013)

This study systematically reviews the evidence-base for the use of expandable nails in the treatment of acute diaphyseal fractures of the lower limb. Both electronic and hand searches were undertaken of the published and grey literature to 1 December 2011. A total of 154 citations were identified, of which 15 were deemed suitable and assessed with the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme tool. A total of 625 nailing procedures were performed in 620 patients: 279 femoral and 346 tibial nails. The expandable nail was found to be significantly quicker to insert than interlocked nails (p < 0.05), and the total incidence of non-union or other complication was 13 and 14 % for expandable femoral and tibial nails, respectively. Notable complications with the expandable nail included fracture propagation on nail inflation in 2.5 % and post-operative shortening in 3.3 %. Device failure secondary to problems with the expansion mechanism was seen in 2.9 %. The rate of non-union and infection following expandable nailing was 3.1 and 1.4 %, respectively. Despite promising initial results, there remains a paucity of good quality studies to support the use of expandable nails over interlocked nails for the treatment of acute diaphyseal fractures of the lower limb.
Interface of a fuel cell distributed generator with distribution system network (2009)

Renewable energy sources has become more commonplace source to produce electricity, fuel, and heat, reflecting the major threats of air pollution, exhaustion of fossil fuels, and the environmental, social and political risks of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Fuel cells will start out as a high-cost technology, supplying electricity and gradually become more attractive to mainstream electricity users as they improve in capability and decrease in cost. New technologies including inverter with real and reactive power control are becoming available to provide a uniform standard interconnection of distributed resources with electric power system. Some of operating conflicts and the effect of distributed generation on power quality are addressed and possible solutions are suggested. Simulation results of a fuel cell power plant model have proved load tracking capability following the real and reactive power change of the load.
Preparation and Properties of Multiple Ammonium Salts Quaternized by Epichlorohydrin (1996)

A series of quaternary ammonium salts having a methyl- or a dodecylimino group or a dimethyl- or a dodecylmethylimmonio group (trisquaternary ammonium salt) between two dodecyldimethylammonio groups was prepared from dodecylamine and epichlorohydrin. Their surface-active properties such as surface tension and the foaming properties of the aqueous solutions were measured. All of the prepared quaternary ammonium salts showed good water solubility, and the characteristic surface-active properties in comparison with those of the conventional monoquaternary ammonium salt as stated below. The cmc's of the quaternary ammonium compounds with two dodecyl chains are 2 orders of magnitude lower, and those of the compounds with three dodecyl chains are 4 orders of magnitude lower compared with the conventional dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, regardless of the number of hydrophilic ammonio groups in the molecule. There is a linear relationship between the total carbon number in the hydrophobic groups and the cmc on a semilogarithmic scale for prepared quaternary ammonium salts in the present study along with bisquaternary ammonium salts from a previous study. In the case of the quaternary ammonium salts having two alkyl chains (2a, 4a), there was a small effect of the additional charge in the center of the molecule on the foaming properties. But the trisquaternery ammonium salt having three alkyl chains and three ammonio groups (4b) shows the strong foaming ability and the good foam stability compared with that having three alkyl chains and two ammonio groups (2b).
Silicon-on-insulator based nano-photonics: Why, How, What for? (2005)

Silicon-on-insulator is rapidly emerging as a versatile platform for a variety of integrated nano-photonic components. This paper discusses the variety of merits offered by this system. The key technological challenges are discussed as well as the potential in multiple application fields.
Mouse 24p3 Protein Has an Effect on L929 Cell Viability (2007)

It is well known that mouse uterine 24p3 protein, is an acute phase protein, secreted from the L929 cell line, and that it will be induced by the dexamethasone stimulation of the cell. We investigated the possible effects of 24p3 protein on the L929 cell line, by observing its morphological change, ROS increase and viability decrease, by the process of culturing in a 24p3 protein-supplemented medium. Following the L929 cells' exposure to the 24p3 protein supplement for a period of 72 hours, S-phase cells accumulated to a significant degree, suggesting that the entry into the G2/M phase from the S phase, in the cell cycle progression, was blocked. There was a significant decrease in cell numbers and increased DNA damage within the cells in the presence of 24p3 protein within the medium for 96 hours, implying that they have undergone pathway of cell death. After 96h incubation in low concentration of 24p3 protein, the result of PI/annexin V double staining showed cell death obviously. These results suggest that 24p3 protein-induced S phase arrest in the cell cycle, would cause DNA damage, followed by cell death in the L929 cells.
An 8‐ to 12‐GHz wideband negative resistance reflection amplifier (2012)

Abstract This article describes the design and characterization of a wideband, 40% bandwidth microwave one port reflection amplifier.Experimental and simulation results are presented. The one port reflection amplifier uses a silicon bipolar transistor and demonstrates a return gain of better than 10 dB from 8 to 11.5 GHz. The gain of the refection amplifier can be easily DC modulated. In addition, a pair of reflection amplifiers is used to create a wideband bidirectional amplifier. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:553–555, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26597
Epitaxial growth of an Al/CaF2/Al/Si(111) structure (1992)

Despite their large lattice mismatch (∼25%), epitaxial CaF2 films have been grown on single crystal Al(111) on Si(111) by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray diffraction shows that the orientations of the CaF2 are the same as those of the Al films, whether the orientations of the Al are the same rotated 180° or with respect to the underlying Si substrate. Furthermore, our successful fabrication of an epitaxial Al/CaF2/Al/Si(111) structure suggests that Al can be a useful conductor material in three-dimensional device integration.
Upper (lower) bounds on the mean of the maximum (minimum) of a number of random variables (1985)

In this paper, we give some upper (lower) bounds on where the X i 's are real-valued random variables. Some applications are given.
Comparison of HR MAS MR spectroscopic profiles of breast cancer tissue with clinical parameters (2005)

Breast cancer is the most frequent form of cancer in women and improved diagnostic methods are desirable. Malignant cells have altered metabolism and metabolic mapping might become a tool in cancer diagnostics. High-resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) MR spectroscopy of tissue biopsies provides detailed information on metabolic composition. The 600 MHz 1H HR MAS spectra were acquired of breast cancer tissue from 85 patients and adjacent non-involved tissue from 18 of these patients. Tissue specimens were investigated by microscopy after MR analysis. The resulting spectra were examined by three different approaches. Relative intensities of glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphocholine (PC) and choline were compared for cancerous and non-involved specimens. Eight metabolites, choline, creatine, beta-glucose, GPC, glycine, myo-inositol, PC and taurine, were quantified from the recorded spectra and compared with tumor histological type and size, patient's lymph node status and tissue composition of sample. The spectra were also compared with tumor histological type and size, lymph node status and tissue composition of samples using principal component analysis (PCA). Tumor samples could be distinguished from non-involved samples (82% sensitivity, 100% specificity) based on relative intensities of signals from GPC, PC and choline in 1H HR MAS spectra. Tissue concentrations of metabolites showed few differences between groups of samples, which can be caused by limitations in the quantification procedure. Choline and glycine concentrations were found to be significantly higher in tumors larger than 2 cm compared with smaller tumors. PCA of MAS spectra from patients with invasive ductal carcinomas indicated a possible prediction of spread to axillary lymph nodes. Metabolite estimates and PCA of MAS spectra were influenced by the percentage of tumor cells in the investigated specimens.
An Analysis of Speech as a Modality for Activity Recognition during Complex Medical Teamwork (2018)

We analyzed the nature of verbal communication among team members in a dynamic medical setting of trauma resuscitation to inform the design of a speech-based automatic activity recognition system. Using speech transcripts from 20 resuscitations, we identified common keywords and speech patterns for different resuscitation activities. Based on these patterns, we developed narrative schemas (speech "workflow" models) for five most frequently performed activities and applied linguistic models to represent relationships between sentences. We evaluated the narrative schemas with 17 new cases, finding that all five schemas adequately represented speech during activities and could serve as a basis for speech-based activity recognition. We also identified similarities between narrative schemas of different activities. We conclude with design implications and challenges associated with speech-based activity recognition in complex medical processes.
Discrimination of atrial arrhythmias using autoregressive modelling (2003)

Classification of atrial arrhythmias from bipolar endocardial leads is inhibited by distortions in organized rhythms and lack of discrete deflections in atrial fibrillation. Autoregressive modeling of organized rhythms produces impulse-dominated residuals, while atrial fibrillation shows a residual consisting of decorrelated noise. These distinct differences in the residual amplitude distributions permit separation of atrial fibrillation from other atrial arrhythmias. A real-time median adaptive filter produced comparable residuals for the organized rhythms with faster, smoother adaptation than standard least mean square algorithms due to impulse-enhancement of the residuals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Carbon-nanotube sensitized nematic elastomer composites for IR-visible photo-actuation (2011)

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are of considerable interest for their potential as actuators, due to the ability of aligned monodomain LCEs to reversibly change their bulk dimensions in response to a phase change. Many LCEs reported in the literature will contract in one dimension in response to a temperature change or irradiation with ultraviolet light. For practical applications, photo-actuation is a more useful technology than thermal actuation due to the achievable speed and localization of the response. The use of UV light sources to ‘switch’ the materials is impractical, however, due to considerations of both safety and cost. Sensitization of LCEs to light of higher wavelengths may be achieved by mixing a small concentration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the polymer matrix; CNTs will absorb light over a large range of wavelengths, and convert it into local heat, thus triggering the required phase changes in the LCE. In this article we demonstrate that a low concentration of multi-walled CNTs does not affect the thermal response of the polymers but does significantly enhance their response to infra-red (IR) and visible light.
Pathophysiology of radiocontrast nephropathy and use of fenoldopam for its prevention. (2001)

There are no proven therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of acute renal failure. Radiocontrast agents induce intense vasoconstriction in the renal medulla, which is hypoxic even in normal physiologic states, thereby aggravating the imbalance of medullary oxygen supply and demand. Fenoldopam specifically increases blood flow to the renal medulla through selective agonism of dopamine-1 receptors and has been found to prevent radiocontrast nephropathy in several investigations, including one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Antiglycation and antioxidant activities of oxyresveratrol extracted from the heartwood of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. (2010)

From the heartwood of Artocarpus lakoocha, oxyresveratrol was isolated with a yield of 10%. The isolated oxyresveratrol showed strong antiglycation and antioxidant activities. The IC50 value for antiglycation was 2.0±0.03 μg/ml (five times higher than that of aminoguanidine), and the IC50 values for antioxidation were 0.1±0.01 mg/ml (DPPH method) and 0.43±0.03 mg/ml (TBARS method), which were nearly twice as strong as those of resveratrol.
A genetic algorithm solution to the unit commitment problem (1996)

This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) solution to the unit commitment problem. GAs are general purpose optimization techniques based on principles inspired from the biological evolution using metaphors of mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic recombination and survival of the fittest. A simple GA algorithm implementation using the standard crossover and mutation operators could locate near optimal solutions but in most cases failed to converge to the optimal solution. However, using the varying quality function technique and adding problem specific operators, satisfactory solutions to the unit commitment problem were obtained. Test results for power systems of up to 100 units and comparisons with results obtained using Lagrangian relaxation and dynamic programming are also reported.
A versatile new synthesis of quinolines and related fused pyridines. Part 12. A general synthesis of 2-chloropyridines and 2-pyridones (1984)

The Vilsmeier formylation of tertiary and secondary enamides leads to 2-pyridones and 2-chloropyridines, respectively. The reaction appears to be quite general allowing substitution in the 1-, 3-, 5-, or 6-position or combinations of these. The major limitation arises with enamides which are unsymmetrically substituted on the double bond with alkyl groups, when mixtures can result. Attempts to introduce a 4-substitutent by a variation of the Vilsmeier reagent had limited success.
Context-Aware Proactive Content Caching With Service Differentiation in Wireless Networks (2016)

Content caching in small base stations or wireless infostations is considered to be a suitable approach to improve the efficiency in wireless content delivery. Placing the optimal content into local caches is crucial due to storage limitations, but it requires knowledge about the content popularity distribution, which is often not available in advance. Moreover, local content popularity is subject to fluctuations, since mobile users with different interests connect to the caching entity over time. Which content a user prefers may depend on the user's context. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for context-aware proactive caching. The algorithm learns context-specific content popularity online by regularly observing context information of connected users, updating the cache content and observing cache hits subsequently. We derive a sublinear regret bound, which characterizes the learning speed and proves that our algorithm converges to the optimal cache content placement strategy in terms of maximizing the number of cache hits. Furthermore, our algorithm supports service differentiation by allowing operators of caching entities to prioritize customer groups. Our numerical results confirm that our algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in a real world data set, with an increase in the number of cache hits of at least 14%.
Using Formal Models to Design User Interfaces A Case Study (2007)

The use of formal models for user interface design can provide a number of benefits. It can help to ensure consistency across designs for multiple platforms, prove properties such as reachability and completeness and, perhaps most importantly, can help incorporate the user interface design process into a larger, formally-based, software development process. Often, descriptions of such models and examples are presented in isolation from real-world practice in order to focus on particular benefits, small focused examples or the general methodology. This paper presents a case study of developing the user interface to a new software application using a particular pair of formal models, presentation models and presentation interaction models. The aim of this study was to practically apply the use of formal models to the design process of a UI for a new software application. We wanted to determine how easy it would be to integrate such models into our usual development process and to find out what the benefits, and difficulties, of using such models were. We will show how we used the formal models within a user-centred design process, discuss what effect they had on this process and explain what benefits we perceived from their use.