gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High current high accuracy IGBT pulse generator (2002)

A solid state pulse generator capable of delivering high current triangular or trapezoidal pulses into an inductive load has been developed at SLAC. Energy stored in a capacitor bank of the pulse generator is switched to the load through a pair of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT). The circuit can then recover the remaining energy and transfer it back to the capacitor bank without reversing the capacitor voltage. A third IGBT device is employed to control the initial charge to the capacitor bank, a command charging technique, and to compensate for pulse to pulse power losses. The rack mounted pulse generator contains a 525 /spl mu/F capacitor bank. It can deliver 500 A at 900 V into inductive loads up to 3 mH. The current amplitude and discharge time are controlled to 0.02% accuracy by a precision controller through the SLAC central computer system. This pulse generator drives a series pair of extraction dipoles.
Risk of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection (1999)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been suggested to play an etiological role in the development of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in Italy. However, another study in Scotland questioned increased risk of development of NHL in patients with chronic HCV infection. A total of 2,162 patients admitted to 3 hospitals in Osaka, where the incidence of HCV-related hepatitis is highest in Japan, during the period from 1957 to 1997 were followed up from the date of diagnosis of chronic HCV-related hepatitis until 30 October 1997. Overall, 12,404.5 person-years of observation were accrued with a follow-up period ranging from 0.25 to 40.4 (average 5.74) years. NHL of the B-cell type developed in 4 patients. The interval between onset of chronic HCV and NHL ranged from 6 to 36 (median 13) years. Expected number of cases of NHL in the sex-, age- and calender year-matched general population was 1.90, which gave a relative risk (RR) of 2.10 (95% confidence interval 0.57–5.38; p = 0.247). Taking the much higher RR for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with HCV infection into account, chronic HCV infection was considered to be moderately associated with increased risk of NHL. Int. J. Cancer 80:237–239, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetic Therapeutic Delivery Using Navigable Agents (2014)

For treating cancer in particular, therapeutic agents have evolved in complexity in an effort to enhance targeting efficacy. So far, efforts towards the synthesis alone of new therapeutics have attracted most attention. However, present cancer treatments frequently fail because of severe side effects related to the fact that the drug accumulates in insufficient concentration at the tumor site, while being distributed over healthy tissues and organs. More recently, advanced engineering principles have been considered for the development of platforms and drug-loaded vehicles to deliver payloads to the area to be treated by navigating them using the most direct route in order to improve tumor killing effects while minimizing toxic side effects caused by drug activity in nontargeted regions. If the introduction of engineering and principles of robotics to provide complementary techniques in targeted cancer therapy prove to be beneficial, it could influence future delivery methods and the synthesis of therapeutic carriers.
Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers (2018)

Food's environmental impacts are created by millions of diverse producers. To identify solutions that are effective under this heterogeneity, we consolidated data covering five environmental indicators; 38,700 farms; and 1600 processors, packaging types, and retailers. Impact can vary 50-fold among producers of the same product, creating substantial mitigation opportunities. However, mitigation is complicated by trade-offs, multiple ways for producers to achieve low impacts, and interactions throughout the supply chain. Producers have limits on how far they can reduce impacts. Most strikingly, impacts of the lowest-impact animal products typically exceed those of vegetable substitutes, providing new evidence for the importance of dietary change. Cumulatively, our findings support an approach where producers monitor their own impacts, flexibly meet environmental targets by choosing from multiple practices, and communicate their impacts to consumers.
Stereospecific synthesis of difunctionalized 2,5-disubstituted cis-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine (azethoxyl) nitroxides by oxidative cleavage of protected 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane precursors (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereospecific synthesis of difunctionalized 2,5-disubstituted cis-2,5-dimethylpyrrolidine (azethoxyl) nitroxides by oxidative cleavage of protected 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane precursorsJohn F. W. Keana, Gwi Suk Heo, and Glen T. GaughanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 13, 2346–2351Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00213a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00213a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views886Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Recurrent Neural Networks for Word Alignment Model (2014)

This study proposes a word alignment model based on a recurrent neural network (RNN), in which an unlimited alignment history is represented by recurrently connected hidden layers. We perform unsupervised learning using noise-contrastive estimation Our alignment model is directional, similar to the generative IBM models To overcome this limitation, we encourage agreement between the two directional models by introducing a penalty function that ensures word embedding consistency across two directional models during training. The RNN-based model outperforms the feed-forward neural network-based model
Inter-Call Mobility model: A spatio-temporal refinement of Call Data Records using a Gaussian mixture model (2012)

With global mobile phone penetration nearing 100%, cellular Call Data Records (CDRs) provide a large-scale and ubiquitous, but also sparse and skewed snapshot of human mobility. It may be difficult or inappropriate to reach strong conclusions about user movement based on such data without proper understanding of user movement between call records. Based on an analysis of a real-world trace, we propose a novel, probabilistic Inter-Call Mobility (ICM) model of users' position in between calls. The ICM model combines Gaussian mixtures to build a general, comprehensive spatio-temporal refinement of CDRs.We demonstrate that ICM model's application yields strikingly different conclusions to the existing models when applied to basic CDR analyses, such as user proximity probability.
A Sun Tracking Error Monitor for Photovoltaic Concentrators (2006)

With today's PV markets bogged down by the shortage of solar grade silicon a handful of start-ups but also well established manufacturers, try to take advantage of the situation and steadily stride towards the commercialisation of photovoltaic concentration technologies. To aid the completion of their ongoing development cycles, and implement production automation and quality control processes, specific instrumentation and machinery is to be developed. Assessment of sun tracking accuracy should not be overlooked, and even more by those players raising very high concentration concepts over the 100X frontier. Some analyses point out that the acceptance angle of present designs in concentration optics may be overestimated even from a theoretical point of view, which added to the still uncertain acceptance angle losses inflicted on the overall system by mass assembly processes, may finally shrink the allowable tolerance and divert the entire burden to the tracking accuracy. Instrumentation for the monitoring of sun tracking operative performance, providing enough sensitivity to gauge the sub-degree accuracy ranges required by high concentration systems is therefore needed, and technical feasibility of this proposal is proven here based in state-of-the-art solid state image sensors
Determination of Sotalol Hydrochloride by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (2000)

An RP\|HPLC method for determination and detection of sotalol hydrochloride is described. The baseline separation was achieved on ODS column within 15 minutes by using 0.1% HAc\|acetonitrile (80∶20,V/V) as mobile phase at a flow rate 1.5 mL/min, and the wavelength was set at 227 nm. The linear range was 5\|45 mg/L (r=0.999 1) and the limit of detection was 1 mg/L(S/N3). The intra\|day and inter\|day RSDs were 0.20% and 0.93% respectively.
Adaptive line enhancers with discriminated structures (1996)

Abstract The adaptive line enhancer eliminates noise from a sinusoidal signal with the unknown frequency buried in the noise and extracts the sinusoidal signal. the performance of the adaptive line enhancer is represented by the signal‐to‐noise improvement figure. the signal‐to‐noise improvement figure increases as the bandwidth of the adaptive line enhancer is made narrower. the conventional adaptive line enhancer, however, contains an incompatible problem in that the convergence of the adaptive coefficient is deteriorated when the signal‐to‐noise improvement figure is raised by narrowing the bandwidth. This paper proposes the adaptive line enhancer with the discriminated structure to solve this problem. the adaptive line enhancer with the discriminated structure is composed of two parts. One is the (frequency) estimator that estimates the frequency of the unknown sinusoidal signal, and the other is the (sinusoidal signal) discriminator that discriminates the unknown sinusoidal signal from the noise. the estimator is the conventional adaptive line enhancer, and the bandwidth is determined so that the convergence of the adaptive coefficient is the fastest. the discriminator is the narrowband bandpass filter where the center frequency is controlled by the adaptation coefficient. This paper presents the optimal design method for each of those parts, and the effectiveness of the method is verified by a computer simulation.
Overexpression of the Maize psbA Gene Enhances Drought Tolerance Through Regulating Antioxidant System, Photosynthetic Capability, and Stress Defense Gene Expression in Tobacco (2016)

The psbA (encoding D1 protein) plays an important role in protecting photosystem II (PSII) from oxidative damage in higher plants. In our previous study, the role of the psbA from maize (Zea mays. L) in response to SO2 stress was characterized. To date, information about the involvement of the psbA gene in drought response is scarce. Here we found that overexpression (OE) of ZmpsbA showed increased D1 protein abundance and enhanced drought stress tolerance in tobacco. The drought-tolerant phenotypes of the OE lines were accompanied by increases of key antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and POD activities, but decreases of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and ion leakage. Further investigation showed that the OE plants had much less reductions than the wild-type in the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) during drought stress; indicating that OE of ZmpsbA may alleviate photosynthesis inhibition during drought. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that there was significantly increased expression of NtLEA5, NtERD10C, NtAREB, and NtCDPK2 in ZmpsbA-OE lines. Together, our results indicate that ZmpsbA improves drought tolerance in tobacco possibly by alleviating photosynthesis reduction, reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation and membrane damage, and modulating stress defense gene expression. ZmpsbA could be exploited for engineering drought-tolerant plants in molecular breeding of crops.
Regulation of Cytoplasmic pH in Osteoclasts (1995)

Osteoclasts resorb bone by secreting protons into an extracellular resorption zone through vacuolar-type proton pumps located in the ruffled border. The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether proton pumps also contribute to intracellular pH (pHi) regulation. Fluorescence imaging and photometry, and electrophysiological methods were used to characterize the mechanisms of pH regulation in isolated rabbit osteoclasts. The fluorescence of single osteoclasts cultured on glass coverslips and loaded with a pH-sensitive indicator was measured in nominally HCO(3-)-free solutions. When suspended in Na(+)-rich medium, the cells recovered from an acute acid load primarily by means of an amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ antiporter. However, rapid recovery was also observed in Na(+)-free medium when K+ was used as the substitute. Bafilomycin-sensitive, vacuolar-type pumps were found to contribute marginally to pH regulation and no evidence was found for K+/H+ exchange. In contrast, pHi recovery in high K+ medium was largely attributed to a Zn(2+)-sensitive proton conductive pathway. The properties of this conductance were analyzed by patch-clamping osteoclasts in the whole-cell configuration. Depolarizing pulses induced a slowly developing outward current and a concomitant cytosolic alkalinization. Determination of the reversal potential during ion substitution experiments indicated that the current was due to H+ (equivalent) translocation across the membrane. The H+ current was greatly stimulated by reducing pHi, consistent with a homeostatic role of the conductive pathway during intracellular acidosis. These results suggest that vacuolar-type proton pumps contribute minimally to the recovery of cytoplasmic pH from intracellular acid loads. Instead, the data indicate the presence of a pH- and membrane potential-sensitive H+ conductance in the plasma membrane of osteoclasts. This conductance may contribute to translocation of charges and acid equivalents during bone resorption and/or generation of reactive oxygen intermediates by osteoclasts.
Repair of double-strand breaks by nonhomologous end joining in the absence of Mre11 (2005)

Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex involvement in nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is controversial. The MRN complex is required for NHEJ in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In vertebrates, Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 are essential genes, and studies have been limited to cells carrying hypomorphic mutations in Mre11 or Nbs1, which still perform several MRN complex-associated activities. In this study, we analyze the effects of Mre11 loss on the mechanism of vertebrate NHEJ by using a chromatinized plasmid double-strand break (DSB) repair assay in cell-free extracts from Xenopus laevis. Mre11-depleted extracts are able to support efficient NHEJ repair of DSBs regardless of the end structure. Mre11 depletion does not alter the kinetics of end joining or the type and frequency of junctions found in repaired products. Finally, Ku70-independent end-joining events are not affected by Mre11 loss. Our data demonstrate that the MRN complex is not required for efficient and accurate NHEJ-mediated repair of DSBs in this vertebrate system.
Design and Analysis of MMSE Pilot-Aided Cyclic-Prefixed Block Transmissions for Doubly Selective Channels (2008)

This paper considers affine cyclic-prefixed block-based pilot-aided transmission (PAT) over the single-antenna doubly selective channel, where the channel is assumed to obey a complex-exponential basis expansion model. First, a tight lower bound on the mean-squared error (MSE) of pilot-aided channel estimates is derived, along with necessary and sufficient conditions on the pilot/data pattern that achieves this bound. From these conditions, novel minimum-MSE (MMSE) PAT schemes are proposed and upper/lower bounds on their ergodic achievable rates are derived. A pilot/data power allocation technique is also developed. A high-SNR asymptotic analysis of the ergodic achievable rate of affine MMSE-PAT is then performed which suggests that the channel's spreading parameters should be taken into account when choosing among affine MMSE-PAT schemes. Specifically, we establish that multicarrier MMSE-PAT achieves higher rates than single-carrier MMSE-PAT when the channel's delay-spread dominates its Doppler-spread, and vice versa.
Controlling Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Spins with a Mechanical Resonator (2017)

The spin state of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond offers a promising platform for the development of quantum technologies and investigations into spin dynamics at the nanoscale. With a lengthy coherence time even at room temperature, NV centers enable precision metrology with atomic scale spatial resolution and present one path towards quantum information in the solid state. These applications require coherent control of the NV center spin state, and this can be achieved with resonant magnetic fields, electric fields, or, at cryogenic temperatures, optical fields. In this thesis, we demonstrate direct mechanical control of NV center spins by coherently driving magnetically-forbidden spin transitions with the resonant lattice strain generated by a mechanical resonator. We then employ mechanical driving to perform continuous dynamical decoupling and extend the inhomogeneous dephasing time of a single NV center spin. Finally, we demonstrate and quantify a spin-strain coupling within the NV center room temperature orbital excited state and propose a dissipative protocol to cool a mechanical resonator mode using this interaction. The methods of mechanical spin control developed here unlock a new degree of freedom within the NV center Hamiltonian that may enable new sensing modes and could provide a route to NV center-mechanical resonator hybrid quantum systems.
Modelling the reinjection of deep-water after methane extraction in Lake Kivu (2009)

The deep-water of the East African Lake Kivu contains large amounts of dissolved methane (~60 km<sup>3</sup> STP) and carbon dioxide (~300 km<sup>3</sup> STP). To utilize the methane as an energy resource valued at many billion dollars and to reduce the risk of an uncontrolled gas eruption, the governments of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda have decided to begin extracting the methane. The Government of Rwanda has issued first concessions for pilot plants to start extraction in the fall 2008.<br />\nThere are two major risks involved with extracting methane from Lake Kivu: (i) disrupting the lake stratification, which could increase the probability of a gas eruption, and (ii) enhancing the transport of nutrients from the deep-water to the surface water, which could negatively affect the lake ecosystem. These two risks should be kept in mind while trying to (iii) minimize the methane loss and maximize the extraction of the naturally produced methane in the lake. In this study, a one-dimensional model was developed and applied to predict the stratification, in addition to the gas and nutrient concentration profiles, for a 100 year period of various methane extraction Scenarios in Lake Kivu. The goal of the modelling is to find an optimal strategy that acceptably fulfils all three concerns (safety, lake ecology and socioeconomic benefit).<br />\nThe resulting simulations let us conclude that (a) the deep-water <em>MUST NOT be diluted </em>with surface water to adjust its density before reinjection into the lake, and that (b) the degassed deep-water can <em>not be reinjected above 200 m depth</em>, where this would lead to both strongly increased nutrient fluxes into the surface layer and unacceptable algae growth. Despite these two restrictions it is possible to harvest ~90% of the maximal possible methane without risking a gas eruption and without sacrificing the ecological integrity of the lake. The key findings are listed in the executive summary.
Human respiration detection with commodity wifi devices (2016)

Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of detecting human respiration rate non-intrusively leveraging commodity WiFi devices. However, is it always possible to sense human respiration no matter where the subject stays and faces? What affects human respiration sensing and what's the theory behind? In this paper, we first introduce the Fresnel model in free space, then verify the Fresnel model for WiFi radio propagation in indoor environment. Leveraging the Fresnel model and WiFi radio propagation properties derived, we investigate the impact of human respiration on the receiving RF signals and develop the theory to relate one's breathing depth, location and orientation to the detectability of respiration. With the developed theory, not only when and why human respiration is detectable using WiFi devices become clear, it also sheds lights on understanding the physical limit and foundation of WiFi-based sensing systems. Intensive evaluations validate the developed theory and case studies demonstrate how to apply the theory to the respiration monitoring system design.
Prevalence of Conventional Risk Factors in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease (2003)

In direct contrast with conventional thinking, 80% to 90% of patients with CHD have conventional risk factors. Although research on nontraditional risk factors and genetic causes of heart disease is important, clinical medicine, public health policies, and research efforts should place significant emphasis on the 4 conventional risk factors and the lifestyle behaviors causing them to reduce the epidemic of CHD.