gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radioimmunoassay for the vitamin K-dependent protein of bone and its discovery in plasma. (1980)

The vitamin K-dependent protein of bone has been detected in human plasma by radioimmunoassay at 4.5 ng per ml. The plasma protein has the same apparent molecular weight as the pure bone Gla protein (BGP) and other studies indicate the plasma protein is probably the intact bone protein. BGP also has been detected in bovine serum by radioimmunoassay. The bovine serum levels of BGP decrease with developmental age from 200 ng per ml in fetal calves to 26 ng per ml in adult cows. The implications of the discovery of BGP in plasma to the function of this unique protein are discussed. This assay employs rabbit antibody directed against calf BGP and has a sensitivity of 0.1 ng. The antibody crossreacts with purified human BGP but not with BGP from rat or rabbit bone. Studies with peptides of known structure derived from enzymatic digests of BGP indicate that the rabbit antibody recognizes the COOH-terminal region of the 49-residue calf bone protein.
MAP (2005)

One of the challenging tasks in the deployment of dense wireless networks (like sensor networks) is in devising a routing scheme for node to node communication. Important consideration includes scalability, routing complexity, the length of the communication paths and the load sharing of the routes. In this paper, we show that a compact and expressive abstraction of network connectivity by the medial axis enables efficient and localized routing. We propose MAP, a Medial Axis based naming and routing Protocol that does not require locations, makes routing decisions locally, and achieves good load balancing. In its preprocessing phase, MAP constructs the medial axis of the sensor field, defined as the set of nodes with at least two closest boundary nodes. The medial axis of the network captures both the complex geometry and non-trivial topology of the sensor field. It can be represented compactly by a graph whose size is comparable with the complexity of the geometric features (e.g., the number of holes). Each node is then given a name related to its position with respect to the medial axis. The routing scheme is derived through local decisions based on the names of the source and destination nodes and guarantees delivery with reasonable and natural routes. We show by both theoretical analysis and simulations that our medial axis based geometric routing scheme is scalable, produces short routes, achieves excellent load balancing, and is very robust to variations in the network model.
Overlay Accuracy Measurement Technique Using the Latent Image on a Chemically Amplified Resist (1996)

An overlay accuracy measurement technique has been devised using the latent image on a chemically amplified resist developed in-house. A latent image with step height of over 0.1 µ m was formed after KrF excimer laser irradiation. It has been confirmed that it is possible to measure overlay accuracy using this latent image with measurement accuracy within 10 nm. This technique is very useful for overlay accuracy measurement of an exposure system using a double exposure method with a chemically amplified resist. It has been verified that heterodyne holographic wafer alignment (HHWA) has the capability to detect a latent image with shallow step height. Overlay accuracy within 60 nm was obtained using overlay error correction with this developed overlay accuracy measurement technique.
An Organic Acid Based Counter Selection System for Cyanobacteria (2013)

Cyanobacteria are valuable organisms for studying the physiology of photosynthesis and carbon fixation, as well as metabolic engineering for the production of fuels and chemicals. This work describes a novel counter selection method for the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 based on organic acid toxicity. The organic acids acrylate, 3-hydroxypropionate, and propionate were shown to be inhibitory towards Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and other cyanobacteria at low concentrations. Inhibition was overcome by a loss of function mutation in the gene acsA, which is annotated as an acetyl-CoA ligase. Loss of AcsA function was used as a basis for an acrylate counter selection method. DNA fragments of interest were inserted into the acsA locus and strains harboring the insertion were isolated on selective medium containing acrylate. This methodology was also used to introduce DNA fragments into a pseudogene, glpK. Application of this method will allow for more advanced genetics and engineering studies in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 including the construction of markerless gene deletions and insertions. The acrylate counter-selection could be applied to other cyanobacterial species where AcsA activity confers acrylate sensitivity (e.g. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803).
Time-Division Multilevel Multiplexing Communication Method (2007)

We propose a method that combines time division with multilevel signals in order to increase the channel capacity efficiently. This combined method enables increasing the bandwidth by a factor of , being the number of levels of the multilevel signal or alternatively enabling the transmission of independent channels, or any combination between both. This method increases bandwidth cost effectiveness and reduces the impact of fiber chromatic dispersion.
Investigation into the Origin of Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Metallic Alloys. (1981)

Many amorphous alloy compositions were studied to determine the effect of composition on magnetic properties, crystallization, ordering, stress relaxation, embrittlement, and formation. The effects of annealing were also studied. In addition, the application of amorphous metals to large transformers was reported. (Author)
Impact of tissue transport on PET hypoxia quantification in pancreatic tumours (2017)

Hypoxia-sensitive PET tracers are slow to reach diffusive equilibrium in a substantial fraction of pancreatic tumours, confounding quantification of hypoxia using both static (TBR) and dynamic (k <sub>3</sub>) PET imaging. TBR is reduced by distribution volume effects and k <sub>3</sub> is enhanced by slow equilibration. We proposed a novel model to quantify tissue transport properties and hypoxia-sensitive tracer binding in order to improve the sensitivity of hypoxia-PET imaging.
Optimal Operation of Power Systems Constrained by Transient Stability (2000)

Optimal power flow (OPF) with transient stability constraints is a nonlinear optimization problem in functional space which is not easy to deal with precisely even for small scale power systems. Instead of directly tackling this tricky problem, in this paper, OPF with transient stability constraints (OTS) is equivalently converted into an optimization problem in the Euclidean space via a constraint transcription, which can be solved by any standard nonlinear programming techniques adopted by OPF. The transformed OTS problem has the same variables as those of OPF in form, and is tractable even for the large scale power systems with a large number of transient stability constraints.
Michelson interferometer based spatial phase shift shearography (2013)

This paper presents a simple spatial phase shift shearography based on the Michelson interferometer. The Michelson interferometer based shearographic system has been widely utilized in industry as a practical nondestructive test tool. In the system, the Michelson interferometer is used as a shearing device to generate a shearing distance by tilting a small angle in one of the two mirrors. In fact, tilting the mirror in the Michelson interferometer also generates spatial frequency shift. Based on this feature, we introduce a simple Michelson interferometer based spatial phase shift shearography. The Fourier transform (FT) method is applied to separate the spectrum on the spatial frequency domain. The phase change due to the loading can be evaluated using a properly selected windowed inverse-FT. This system can generate a phase map of shearography by using only a single image. The effects of shearing angle, spatial resolution of couple charge device camera, and filter methods are discussed in detail. The theory and the experimental results are presented.
High-speed QPSK modulator and demodulator with subharmonic pumping (1988)

The authors describe a subharmonically pumped QPSK modulator and demodulator using pairs of beam-leaded Schottky diodes and appropriate high-pass and low-pass filters on dielectric substrates. A modulator and a demodulator were operated in cascade at a carrier frequency of 13 GHz with a common pump at 6.5 GHz. This circuit showed clean eye diagrams of the recovered data trains up to 1.5 Gb/s with corresponding error rates of less than 10/sup -11/. The circuits can be readily scaled to higher frequencies with a proportional increase of the information rate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CLEVER-1 mediates lymphocyte transmigration through vascular and lymphatic endothelium (2004)

Common lymphatic endothelial and vascular endothelial receptor-1 (CLEVER-1; also known as stabilin-1 or FEEL-1) is a large multifunctional glycoprotein implicated in scavenging, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion. Here we studied the function of human CLEVER-1 in leukocyte trafficking. Lymphatic vessels expressed CLEVER-1 constitutively in skin in vivo, whereas on vascular endothelium it appeared only upon inflammation. On isolated vascular endothelial cells, CLEVER-1 supported rolling and transmigration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) under physiologically relevant laminar shear stress. Intriguingly, CLEVER-1 also mediated transmigration of leukocytes through cultured lymphatic endothelium under static conditions. Thus, synthesis of CLEVER-1 is differentially regulated on the 2 anatomically distinct vascular beds, and CLEVER-1 mediates the transmigration step of the leukocyte traffic in both of them. Notably, CLEVER-1 is the first adhesion molecule shown to be involved in the PBMC transmigration through the lymphatic arm of the immune system.
An ultra-low-noise differential relaxation oscillator based on a swing-boosting scheme (2018)

This paper presents an ultra-low-noise differential relaxation oscillator implemented in a 0.18-pm standard CMOS process. The proposed oscillator having output frequency of 10.5 MHz achieves 162.1 dBc/Hz FOM at 100 kHz offset and 157.7 dBc/Hz FOM at 1kHz offset by employing a swing-boosting scheme. It also achieves 9.86 psrms period jitter corresponding to 0.01% relative jitter which is five times lower than that of the previous state-of-the-art work.
Characterization of a Novel α-Conotoxin from Conus textile That Selectively Targets α6/α3β2β3 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (2012)

α6β2 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed by dopaminergic neurons in the CNS are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including nicotine addiction and Parkinson disease. However, recent studies indicate that the α6 subunit can also associate with the β4 subunit to form α6β4 nAChRs that are difficult to pharmacologically distinguish from α6β2, α3β4, and α3β2 subtypes. The current study characterized a novel 16-amino acid α-conotoxin (α-CTx) TxIB from Conus textile whose sequence is GCCSDPPCRNKHPDLC-amide as deduced from gene cloning. The peptide and an analog with an additional C-terminal glycine were chemically synthesized and tested on rat nAChRs heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. α-CTx TxIB blocked α6/α3β2β3 nAChR with an IC(50) of 28 nm. In contrast, the peptide showed little or no block of other tested subtypes at concentrations up to 10 μm. The three-dimensional solution structure of α-CTx TxIB was determined using NMR spectroscopy. α-CTx TxIB represents a uniquely selective ligand for probing the structure and function of α6β2 nAChRs.
Analysis of Soft Reverse Recovery of Diode and the 2 Step Gradient Structure (1995)

As for the free-wheeling diode (FWD) used for an inverter in power electronics, reduction of forward voltage (VF) and reduction of reverse recovery charge (Qrr) have been demanded for reduction of power loss. The soft reverse recovery characteristic which suppresses surge voltage even on the operating condition of high di/dt has also been demanded.In this paper, an analysis will be given about soft reverse recovery of the PIN diode structure paying attention to carrier distribution, distribution of impuritiy concentration and depletion layer, which has not been analyzed up to now. This result shows that the method of reducing the surface impurity concentration and the diffusion depth of the P-layer is effectual in soft reverse recovery. Moreover, it shows that the structure where impurity concentration of the transition part which is the boundary region of the I-layer (the N--layer) and the N+-layer goes up gradually from the I-layer to the N+-layer, is important to achieving soft reverse recovery.The 2 step gradient structure of impurity concentration of N-layer is proposed from this analysis result. This structure is the optimum one of PIN diode as FWD which can control Qrr maintaining soft reverse recovery.
Human gamma-glutamyl hydrolase: cloning and characterization of the enzyme expressed in vitro. (1996)

A cDNA encoding human gamma-glutamyl hydrolase has been identified by searching an expressed sequence tag data base and using rat gamma-glutamyl hydrolase cDNA as the query sequence. The cDNA encodes a 318-amino acid protein of Mr 35,960. The deduced amino acid sequence of human gamma-glutamyl hydrolase shows 67% identity to that of rat gamma-glutamyl hydrolase. In both rat and human the 24 amino acids preceding the N terminus constitute a structural motif that is analogous to a leader or signal sequence. There are four consensus asparagine glycosylation sites in the human sequence, with three of them conserved in the rat enzyme. Expression of both the human and rat cDNA in Escherichia coli produced antigenically related proteins with enzyme activities characteristic of the native human and rat enzymes, respectively, when methotrexate di- or pentaglutamate were used as substrates. With the latter substrate the rat enzyme cleaved the innermost gamma-glutamyl linkage resulting in the sole production of methotrexate as the pteroyl containing product. The human enzyme differed in that it produced methotrexate tetraglutamate initially, followed by the triglutamate, and then the diglutamate and methotrexate. Hence the rat enzyme is an endopeptidase with methotrexate pentaglutamate as substrate, whereas the human enzyme exhibits exopeptidase activity. Another difference is that the expressed rat enzyme is equally active on methotrexate di- and pentaglutamate whereas the human enzyme has severalfold greater activity on methotrexate pentaglutamate compared with the diglutamate. These properties are consistent with the enzymes derived from human and rat sources.
Generic Rapid Analysis of Current and Prospective Nerve Agents and Their Degradation Products (2005)

We have developed a rapid and highly reliable analytical methodology for current and prospective nerve agents and their degradation products. The approach is to augment existing analytical methods with a specific enzymatic transformation step. It utilizes a novel bacterial phosphonate ester hydrolase enzyme (PEH), which degrades the agents alkali hydrolysis phospho-products (h-agents) to alkylphosphonic acids. Combined with current analytical protocol, which involves testing both the neat and alkali treated sample, the process would generate three distinct phospho-analytes for each agent. Thus, the unique fingerprint produced would enable rapid screening and identification of current and prospective nerve agents and their phospho-products using existing instrumental methods (e.g., GC-FPD, GC-PFPD, LC/MS, GC/MS, and GC/MS/MS). For example, we used GC-FPD to ferret out the presence of potential h-agents in samples that were contaminated with other phospho-compounds. This was possible because of the telltale retention time shifts on the chromatograms as the result of the PEH hydrolytic activity. Two critical issues concerning the methodology were addressed in this study: the effectiveness of the alkali to hydrolyze current and prospective nerve agents and the ability of PEH to further degrade the resulting phosphonate esters. All five nerve agents and nine commercially obtained dialkyl alkylphosphonates tested were converted to their respective alkyl alkylphosphonate esters by alkali treatment. This demonstrates the effectiveness of alkali, since the dialkyl alkylphosphonates are assumed to possess much stronger ester bonds than are expected in the leaving groups of any prospective nerve agent.
Affinity Purification and Partial Characterization of the Zonulin/Zonula Occludens Toxin (Zot) Receptor from Human Brain (2000)

The intercellular tight junctions (TJs) of endothelial cells represent the limiting structure for the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Although the BBB has been recognized as being the interface between the bloodstream and the brain, little is known about its regulation. Zonulin and its prokaryotic analogue, zonula occludens toxin (Zot) elaborated by Vibrio cholerae, both modulate intercellular TJs by binding to a specific surface receptor with subsequent activation of an intracellular signaling pathway involving phospholipase C and protein kinase C activation and actin polymerization. Affinity column purification revealed that human brain plasma membrane preparations contain two Zot binding proteins of approximately 55 and approximately 45 kDa. Structural and kinetic studies, including saturation and competitive assays, identified the 55-kDa protein as tubulin, whereas the 45-kDa protein represents the zonulin/Zot receptor. Biochemical characterization provided evidence that this receptor is a glycoprotein containing multiple sialic acid residues. Comparison of the N-terminal sequence of the zonulin/Zot receptor with other protein sequences by BLAST analysis revealed a striking similarity with MRP-8, a 14-kDa member of the S-100 family of calcium binding proteins. The discovery and characterization of this receptor from human brain may significantly contribute to our knowledge on the pathophysiological regulation of the BBB.
Liquid-crystal-based magnetically tunable terahertz achromatic quarter-wave plate (2019)

Development of the wideband and tunable quasi-optic terahertz (THz) components is in high demand. In this work, we demonstrate a tunable achromatic quarter-wave plate (AQWP) for the THz frequency range. The phase retardation of this device can be set at 90° ± 9° from 0.20 to 0.50 THz. The operation range from 0.20 to 0.50 THz can be tuned to from 0.30 to 0.70 THz by introducing three nematic liquid crystals phase retarders, of which the birefringence can be magnetically tuned. The frequency-dependent phase retardation is in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Morfit (2014)

With significant data missing in a point scan, reconstructing a complete surface with sufficient geometric and topological fidelity is highly challenging. We present an interactive technique for surface reconstruction from incomplete and sparse scans of 3D objects possessing sharp features. A fundamental premise of our interaction paradigm is that directly editing data in 3D is not only counterintuitive but also ineffective, while working with 1D entities (i.e., curves) is a lot more manageable. To this end, we factor 3D editing into two "orthogonal" interactions acting on skeletal and profile curves of the underlying shape, controlling its topology and geometric features, respectively. For surface completion, we introduce a novel skeleton-driven morph-to-fit , or morfit , scheme which reconstructs the shape as an ensemble of generalized cylinders. Morfit is a hybrid operator which optimally interpolates between adjacent curve profiles (the "morph") and snaps the surface to input points (the "fit"). The interactive reconstruction iterates between user edits and morfit to converge to a desired final surface. We demonstrate various interactive reconstructions from point scans with sharp features and significant missing data.
A smartphone-based tool for rapid, portable, and automated wide-field retinal imaging (2018)

Abstract Purpose High-quality, wide-field retinal imaging is a valuable method to screen preventable, vision-threatening diseases of the retina. Smartphone-based retinal cameras hold promise for increasing access to retinal imaging, but variable image quality and restricted field of view can limit their utility. We developed and clinically tested a smartphone-based system that addresses these challenges with automation-assisted imaging. Methods The system was designed to improve smartphone retinal imaging by combining automated fixation guidance, photomontage, and multi-colored illumination with optimized optics, user-tested ergonomics, and touch-screen interface. System performance was evaluated from images of ophthalmic patients taken by non-ophthalmic personnel. Two masked ophthalmologists evaluated images for abnormalities and disease severity. Results The system automatically generated 100-degree retinal photomontages from five overlapping images in under 1 minute at full resolution (52.3 pixels per retinal degree) fully on-phone, revealing numerous retinal abnormalities. Feasibility of the system for DR screening using the retinal photomontages was performed in 71 diabetics by masked graders. DR grade matched perfectly with dilated clinical examination in 55.1% of eyes and within 1 severity level for 85.2% of eyes. For referral-warranted DR, average sensitivity was 93.3% and specificity 56.8%. Conclusions Automation-assisted imaging produced high-quality, wide-field retinal images that demonstrate the potential of smartphone-based retinal cameras to be used for retinal disease screening. Translational Relevance Enhancement of smartphone-based retinal imaging through automation and software intelligence holds great promise for increasing the accessibility of retinal screening.
USE OF FINE GROUND DUNE SAND AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIAL (2014)

The process of Portland cement production is associated with high consumption of energy and resources. Therefore, there is a need to replace the Portland cement with environmental friendly materials. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using ground dune sand as cement replacement materials under different curing conditions. Portland cement was replaced by ground dune sand at five levels of replacement (0–40% by weight). The compressive strength of mortar under standard and autoclave curing conditions and the influence of different autoclave temperatures and durations were investigated. The microstructure of selected mixtures was analyzed by XRD and SEM. Results showed that the compressive strength under the standard curing decreased as the level of replacement increased. However, under autoclave curing compressive strength increased as the content of ground dune sand increased. XRD and SEM revealed the absence of calcium hydroxide and the formation of secondary calcium silicate hydrate. The improvement of compressive strength and the absence of calcium hydroxide under autoclave curing indicated that the pozzolanic reaction between silica of dune sand and calcium hydroxide occurred.