gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Fuzzy Inference into Watermarking in the Transform Domain (2006)

In this paper, the decision method of optimal sub-band which is supposed to embedded watermark incorporating fuzzy inference into transform-based watermarking is proposed. After performing the DCT, maximum variation of human visual properties, such as text degree, contrast sensitivity function is calculated, and by using these, membership function is generated. After embedding the watermark to the selected bands obtained from fuzzy inference, performance of imperceptibility and robustness are evaluated. In order to testify the proposed scheme, such attacks as JPEG, filtering, cropping are utilized. and in addition, by using an AWGN channel of OFDM/QPSK system, PSNR as well as correlation are calculated, and finally evaluated the performance.
Infiltration and Extravasation (2007)

The Infusion Nurses Society's national standards of practice require that a nurse who administers IV medication or fluid know its adverse effects and appropriate interventions to take before starting the infusion. A serious complication is the inadvertent administration of a solution or medication into the tissue surrounding the IV catheter--when it is a nonvesicant solution or medication, it is called infiltration; when it is a vesicant medication, it is called extravasation. Both infiltration and extravasation can have serious consequences: the patient may need surgical intervention resulting in large scars, experience limitation of function, or even require amputation. Another long-term effect is complex regional pain syndrome, a neurologic syndrome that requires long-term pain management. These outcomes can be prevented by using appropriate nursing interventions during IV catheter insertion and early recognition and intervention upon the first signs and symptoms of infiltration and extravasation. Nursing interventions include early recognition, prevention, and treatment (including the controversial use of antidotes, and heat and cold therapy). Steps to manage infiltration and extravasation are presented.
The Preparation of Core–Shell Magnetic Silica Nanospheres for Enhancing Magnetism and Fluorescence Intensity (2013)

Recently, magnetic and luminescent composite silica with structure of micro- and nanospheres containing both magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (MPs) and quantum dots (QDs) has attracted great interests. In this study, we have prepared core-shell structure of silica spheres in which magnets are incorporated into silica core and QDs into a mesoporous silica shell by using C18-TMS (octade-cyltrimethoxysilane). MPs were synthesized by a co-precipitation method from ferrous and ferric solutions with a molecular ratio of 2:3. Monodisperse magnetic silica cores have been prepared via sol-gel reaction of TEOS (tetraethoxysilane) and water using base catalyst. The size of magnetic silica nanospheres was confirmed by dynamic laser light scattering system (DLS) and scanning electoron microscope (SEM). The pore volume and surface area were calculated by using BET after calcination. The core-shell structure plays an important role in providing more domains for MPs in silica Core and QDs in silica shell. QDs were incorporated into the mesoporous shell by hydrophobic interactions. Magnetic characterization was performed using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The optical properties of the particles were characterized with UV/Vis spectrometer, PL spectrometer, and fluorescence microscope.
RINSE: The Real-Time Immersive Network Simulation Environment for Network Security Exercises (Extended Version) (2006)

The Real-Time Immersive Network Simulation Environment (RINSE) simulator is being developed to support large-scale network security preparedness and training exercises, involving hundreds of players and a modeled network composed of hundreds of local-area networks (LANs). The simulator must be able to present a realistic rendering of network behavior as attacks are launched and players diagnose events and try counter measures to keep network services operating. The authors describe the architecture and function of RINSE and outline how techniques such as multiresolution traffic modeling, multiresolution attack models, and new routing simulation methods are used to address the scalability challenges of this application. They also describe in more detail new work on CPU/memory models necessary for the exercise scenarios and a latency absorption technique that will help when extending the range of client tools usable by the players.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of 5,6‐ and 4,5‐Ethylenedioxytryptamines. (1987)

Abstract 5,6‐ (VIIa) and 4,5‐Ethylenedioxytryptamine (VIIb) are prepared from the amino compound (I) as shown in the reaction scheme.
Direct blockade of inflammatory hypernociception by peripheral A1 adenosine receptors: Involvement of the NO/cGMP/PKG/KATP signaling pathway (2010)

Through activation of the A1 adenosine receptors (A1Rs) at both the central and peripheral level, adenosine produces antinociception in a wide range of tests. However, the mechanisms involved in the peripheral effect are still not fully understood. Therefore, the mechanisms by which peripheral activation of A1Rs reduces inflammatory hypernociception (a decrease in the nociceptive threshold) were addressed in the present study. Immunofluorescence of rat dorsal root ganglion revealed significant expression of A1Rs in primary sensory neurons associated with nociceptive pathways. Functionally, peripheral activation of A1Rs reduced inflammatory hypernociception because intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of an A1R antagonist (DPCPX) enhanced carrageenan-induced hypernociception. On the other hand, local (paw) administration of CPA (a selective A1R agonist) reversed mechanical hypernociception induced by carrageenan or by the directly acting hypernociceptive mediator prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Down-regulation of A1Rs expression in primary nociceptive neurons by intrathecal treatment with antisense oligodeoxinucleotides significantly reduced peripheral antinociceptive action of CPA. Direct blockade of PGE(2) inflammatory hypernociception by the activation of A1Rs depends on the nitric oxide/cGMP/Protein Kinase G/KATP signaling pathway because the peripheral antinociceptive effect of CPA was prevented by pretreatment with inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (N-propyl-l-arginine), guanylyl cyclase (ODQ), and Protein Kinase G (KT5823) as well as with a KATP blocker (glibenclamide). However, this effect of CPA was not reduced by naloxone, excluding the participation of endogenous opioids. These results suggest that the peripheral activation of A1R plays a role in the regulation of inflammatory hypernociception by a mechanism that involves the NO/cGMP/PKG/KATP intracellular signaling pathway.
Fluorescence probes for polymerization reactions: Bulk polymerization of styrene, <i>n</i>‐butyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, and ethyl acrylate (1982)

Abstract Julolidine malononitrile 3 was used as a fluorescent probe for high‐conversion (free‐radical) bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n ‐butyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, styrene, and the copolymerization of styrene/ n ‐butyl methacrylate. The fluorescence of the probe increased gradually as polymer conversion increased. This was followed by an abrupt rise in fluorescence intensities by a factor of 3 to 40 depending on the polymer formed. Finally the fluorescence intensities leveled off as the polymer limiting conversion was reached. The polymerization region in which fluorescence intensity increases sharply seems to correspond to the increase of the rigidity of the medium at the glass transition. A correlation between the limiting quantum yield of fluorescence of the dye and the polymer glass transition T g and expansion coefficient α was found. These results were interpreted in terms of rotation‐dependent nonradiative decay which links the excited‐state conformation to the rigidity of the medium.
An Elegant Presentation (2004)

Review of Grant Hardy, ed. The Book of Mormon: A Reader’s Edition.
New Estimation Methods of <scp>Y</scp>oung's Modulus and Rupture Strength of Snack Foods Based on Microstructure (2015)

Abstract This paper describes quantitative methods for measuring substantial values of rupture strength and Y oung's modulus considering the inner, crispy snack food structure at the microscale. The samples used are crispy snack food. A conventional mechanical food test was conducted on a large sample size (>100 mm 3 ), and only the apparent, macroscopic mechanical property of the food was measured without considering the microscopic structure. The proposed method integrates a small load compression test and finite element analysis for a test piece <10 mm 3 . Structural deformability of the test piece is calculated using finite element analysis. The estimated rupture strength of commercially available snack food ranged between 95 and 560 MPa. The calculated Y oung's moduli were in the range of 170–1,100 MPa. These values are 18–170 times larger than the apparent Y oung's moduli measured with the conventional method. This paper discusses the reasons for these findings. Practical Applications Food texture of brittle foods is affected by their substantial material property and geometrical structure. In particular, material rupture strength and material Y oung's modulus are responsible factors. We developed a new estimation method for the substantial material properties of brittle food. Based on these estimated factors, it is possible to evaluate the food texture. This means that it is possible to elucidate how the material factor and the structural factor affect each food texture with our method. It is expected that the method also allows the control of the food texture by changing the material and structural properties in accordance with the demands of people. For example, processed food with good texture will be preferred by elderly people or patients with temporomandibular joint disorders for easy mastication. Pleasurable and hard‐textured food will provide good training to children who should train their chewing muscles.
A Modulation Strategy to Reduce Common-Mode Voltage for Current-Controlled Matrix Converters (2006)

In this paper, a basic hysteresis control strategy for current-controlled matrix converter (MC) is introduced and discussed. Based on the rectifier-inverter equivalent circuit, a novel primary modulation strategy for improving the input current quality of MC is presented. That is, space vector modulation is used for control input current, and hysteresis current strategy with zero vectors is used for control output current. Furthermore, an optimal modulation strategy that reduces common-mode voltage at the output is proposed. This optimal strategy maintains subdivision of 6 input current sectors and proper selection of zero vectors and switching sequences. Therefore, by using this optimal strategy, peak value of common-mode voltage is reduced by 33.3% and RMS value is reduced by over 50% compared to the unoptimizable modulation strategy. Finally, simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the validity and feasibility of modulation strategy proposed in this paper
Evidence for Mitochondrial K <sup>+</sup> Channels and Their Role in Cardioprotection (2004)

Twenty years after the discovery of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K+ channels and 12 years after the discovery of mitochondrial K(ATP) (mitoK(ATP)) channels, progress has been remarkable, but many questions remain. In the case of the former, detailed structural information is available, and it is well accepted that the channel couples bioenergetics to cellular electrical excitability; however, in the heart, a clear physiological or pathophysiological role has yet to be defined. For mitoK(ATP), structural information is lacking, but there is abundant evidence linking the opening of the channel to protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury or apoptosis. This review updates recent progress in understanding the physiological role of mitoK(ATP) and highlights outstanding questions and controversies, with the intent of stimulating additional investigation on this topic.
Facile Macrocyclizations to β-Turn Mimics with Diverse Structural, Physical, and Conformational Properties (2001)

On-resin S(N)Ar reactions were performed to prepare the macrocyclic beta-turn mimics 1a-n (Scheme 1 and Table 1). These reactions occurred more efficiently than completely analogous macrocyclization reactions that do not involve an iodinated aromatic electrophile. The synthesis was also modified to allow introduction of an alkyne via a solid-phase Sonogashira reaction (giving compound 2, Scheme 2) and an aryne via a solid-phase Suzuki reaction (giving compound 3, Scheme 2). Conformational analyses of three illustrative compounds, i.e., 1i, 2, and 3, were performed using a combination of NMR, circular dichroism, and computer-aided molecular simulation methods. Overall, the preferred conformations of all three molecules tended to be type-I-like beta-turns, but for compound 3 interaction of the electron cloud of the aryl substituent with the oxygen lone pairs seems to cause differences in the preferred orientation of the turn frameworks. This study illustrates how iodinated electrophiles can be used in solid-phase S(N)Ar reactions to increase the molecular and conformational diversity in a library.
A User-Oriented Software Reliability Model (1980)

A user-oriented reliability model has been developed to measure the reliability of service that a system provides to a user community. It has been observed that in many systems, especially software systems, reliable service can be provided to a user when it is known that errors exist, provided that the service requested does not utilize the defective parts. The reliability of service, therefore, depends both on the reliability of the components and the probabilistic distribution of the utilization of the components to provide the service. In this paper, a user-oriented software reliability figure of merit is defined to measure the reliability of a software system with respect to a user environment. The effects of the user profile, which summarizes the characteristics of the users of a system, on system reliability are discussed. A simple Markov model is formulated to determine the reliability of a software system based on the reliability of each individual module and the measured intermodular transition probabilities as the user profile. Sensitivity analysis techniques are developed to determine modules most critical to system reliability. The applications of this model to develop cost-effective testing strategies and to determine the expected penalty cost of failures are also discussed. Some future refinements and extensions of the model are presented.
Myocardial Infarction Causes Increased Expression But Decreased Activity of the Myocardial Na<sup>+</sup>—Ca<sup>2+</sup> Exchanger in the Rabbit (2003)

Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) protein levels and activity were measured in myocardium from the basal region of the left ventricle of rabbit hearts with significant left ventricular dysfunction (LVD), 8-9 weeks after an apical infarction. NCX protein abundance was higher in the tissue homogenates (121 +/- 11%) and purified membrane fractions (143 +/- 12%) in the LVD compared to the sham-operated (sham) group. NCX mRNA was also higher in the LVD group (126%). Lower NCX protein expression was observed in the membrane fractions from the epicardium compared to the endocardium in both the sham and LVD groups. Transmembrane currents were recorded in isolated cardiomyocytes by single-electrode voltage clamp; [Ca2+]i was measured using Fura-2. Rapid application of 10 mmol l-1 caffeine was used to induce Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The subsequent NCX-mediated Ca2+ efflux rate constant was lower (70% of sham) in the LVD group. NCX currents were measured in cardiomyocytes dialysed with 250 nM Ca2+ (50 mmol l-1 EGTA). A lower NCX current (75% of sham) was observed in the LVD group. Lower NCX activity was also observed in cardiomyocytes isolated from the epicardium compared to the endocardium; a transmural difference that was also seen in the LVD group. Reduced activity despite increased protein expression may result from reduced Ca2+ sensitivity of the allosteric regulation of NCX. However, measurements indicated increased Ca2+ sensitivity in the LVD group. Cardiomyocytes from LVD hearts displayed a marked reduction in the transverse tubule area (59% of sham) and the surface area/volume ratio (80% of sham). Disrupted transverse tubule structure may contribute to the decrease in NCX activity despite increased protein expression in LVD.
Drugs inhibiting the renin - angiotensin system. (1981)

There are several approaches for interfering with the renin-angiotensin system. Antibodies against renin angiotensins I and II (AI and AII) have not been consistently successful in the past, probably because of nonspecific effects; however, recent purification of renin now makes this approach more promising. Renin inhibitors include pepstatin and analogs, lipids and phospholipids, and renin-substrate analogs. Pepstatin and analogs are the most potent and specific but they are not orally active. The phospholipids are the most effective in vivo but their specificity is yet to be established. No renin-substrate analogs have been developed that have biologically significant effects. Some of the most potent and specific agents available for interfering with the renin-angiotensin system are the AII-receptor antagonists. While these compounds effectively prevent the actions of AII, they suffer from several severe deficiencies: partial agonist activity, short duration of action, and lack of oral activity. The recent development of angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE) inhibitors that are orally active has provided the greatest degree of clinical success for inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and, consequently, the impetus to develop still better compounds. Captopril (SQ 14,225) is the prototype ACE inhibitor, being highly potent and specific with no other demonstrated pharmacological activity. Captopril is effective in all forms of human and animal models of hypertension except mineralocorticoid hypertension, which requires concomitant diuretic therapy. Because ACE is the same enzyme as kininase II, the enzyme that degrades kinins, the possibility exists that kinins are involved in the cardiovascular action of captopril, although this prospect is unlikely.
Design of A Transformer-Based Reconfigurable Digital Polar Doherty Power Amplifier Fully Integrated in Bulk CMOS (2015)

This paper presents a digital polar Doherty power amplifier (PA) fully integrated in a 65 nm bulk CMOS process. It achieves +27.3 dBm peak output power and 32.5% peak PA drain efficiency at 3.82 GHz and 3.60 GHz, respectively. The proposed digital Doherty PA architecture optimizes the cooperation of the main and auxiliary amplifiers and achieves superior back-off efficiency enhancement (a maximum 47.9% improvement versus the corresponding Class-B operation). This digital intensive architecture also allows in-field PA reconfigurability which both provides robust PA operation against antenna mismatches and allows flexible trade-off optimization on PA efficiency and linearity. Transformer-based passives are employed as the Doherty input and output networks. The input 90 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> signal splitter is realized by a 6-port folded differential transformer structure. The active Doherty load modulation and power combining at the PA output are achieved by two transformers in a parallel configuration. These transformer-based passives ensure an ultra-compact PA design (2.1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and broad bandwidth (24.9% for -1 dB P out bandwidth). Measurement with 1 MSym/s QPSK signal shows 3.5% rms EVM with +23.5 dBm average output power and 26.8% PA drain efficiency. Measurement with 16-QAM signal exhibits the PA's flexibility on optimizing efficiency and linearity.
Characterization of a Novel Streptokinase Produced by Streptococcus equisimilis of Non-Human Origin (1994)

Streptokinases are proteins with plasminogen activator activity produced by certain hemolytic streptococci. We previously identified equine streptococcal isolates which produced streptokinases (ESKs) that bound both human and equine plasminogen but only readily activated equine plasminogen (14). This property was exploited to purify a representative ESK produced by Streptococcus equisimilis strain 87-542-W. Affinity chromatography with human plasminogen resulted in the isolation of a M(r) approximately 49,000 molecule with two isoforms. This ESK was subsequently compared to well characterized streptokinases (HSKs) that efficiently activate human plasminogen. Differences in streptokinases were identified in the highly conserved amino-terminal amino acid sequence, peptide maps, and antigenic properties, and these differences were supported by DNA hybridization studies. These results indicate that the family of proteins identified as streptokinases has much greater diversity than previously appreciated.
Novel Peptidomimetics of the Antifungal Cyclic Peptide Rhodopeptin:  Design of Mimetics Utilizing Scaffolding Methodology (2001)

Novel nonpeptide peptidomimetics of the antifungal cyclic peptide Rhodopeptin were designed utilizing hydantoin, benzimidazole, d-glucosamine, quinolone, and benzodiazepine units as scaffolds. The scaffolds were chosen on the basis of their potential to improve the physiochemical properties of the peptidomimetics as well as their ability to bear the requisite Rhodopeptin side-chain moieties with the proper three-dimensional orientation.
Correlations between peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of BDNF, TNF‐alpha, IL‐6, IL‐10 and cognitive performances in multiple sclerosis patients (2009)

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and inflammatory factors in the development of cognitive dysfunctions in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We correlated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) production of BDNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), Interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐10 with performances on specific neuropsychological tasks in a selected series of MS patients. We studied a sample of 30 patients with relapsing‐remitting (RR)MS, segregated by gender and matched for age, education, disease duration, type of immunomodulating therapy, degree of disability and overall cognitive status. We found that low BDNF levels were correlated with increased time of execution on a divided attention and visual scanning task whereas high levels of IL‐6 were correlated with low Mini Mental State Examination scores. We did not observe any significant correlations between IL‐10, TNF‐α levels and cognitive performances in our patients. In conclusion our study shows a correlation between low BDNF and high IL‐6 production by PBMCs and poorer performances in cognitive tasks in RRMS patients suggesting a possible role of these factors in cognitive impairment in MS. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.