gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhi and the Pathogenesis of Typhoid Fever (2014)

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of typhoid, is host restricted to humans. S. Typhi has a monophyletic population structure, indicating that typhoid in humans is a relatively new disease. Antimicrobial usage is reshaping the current S. Typhi global population and may be driving the emergence of a specific haplotype, H58, that is well adapted to transmission in modern settings and is able to resist antimicrobial killing more efficiently than other S. Typhi. Evidence gathered through genomics and functional studies using the mouse and in vitro cell systems, together with clinical investigations, has provided insight into the mechanisms that underpin the pathogenesis of human typhoid and host restriction. Here we review the latest scientific advances in typhoid research and discuss how these novel approaches are changing our understanding of the disease.
VizClick visualizing clickstream data (2015)

Clickstream data is ubiquitous in today's web-connected world. Such data displays the salient features of big data, that is, volume, velocity and variety. As with any big data, visualizations can play a central role in making sense and generating hypotheses from such data. In this paper, we present a systematic approach of visualizing clickstream data. There are three basic questions we aim to address. First, we explore the inter-dependence between the large number of dimensions that are measured in clickstream data. Next, we analyze spatial aspects of data collected in web-analytics. Finally, the web designers might be interested in getting a deeper understanding of the website's topography and how browsers are interacting with it. Our approach is designed for business analysts, web designers and marketers; and helps them draw actionable insights in the management and refinement of large websites.
Developing Mobile Learning Applications for Android using Web Services (2010)

The evolution of today's mobile devices increases the number of mobile applications developed, and among them the mobile learning applications. Mobile hardware and software platforms allow running of faster and richer applications. This paper presents the main steps in development of a distributed mobile learning application for Android. The client application communicates with the server using Web services. The prototype developed includes the testing module.
Sequential Pattern Mining Algorithm Based on Text Data: Taking the Fault Text Records as an Example (2018)

Sequential pattern mining (SPM) is an effective and important method for analyzing time series. This paper proposed a SPM algorithm to mine fault sequential patterns in text data. Because the structure of text data is poor and there are many different forms of text expression for the same concept, the traditional SPM algorithm cannot be directly applied to text data. The proposed algorithm is designed to solve this problem. First, this study measured the similarity of fault text data and classified similar faults into one class. Next, this paper proposed a new text similarity measurement model based on the word embedding distance. Compared with the classic text similarity measurement method, this model can achieve good results in short text classification. Then, on the basis of fault classification, this paper proposed the SPM algorithm with an event window, which is a time soft constraint for obtaining a certain number of sequential patterns according to needs. Finally, this study used the fault text records of a certain aircraft as experimental data for mining fault sequential patterns. Experiment showed that this algorithm can effectively mine sequential patterns in text data. The proposed algorithm can be widely applied to text time series data in many fields such as industry, business, finance and so on.
A Purchase Protocol with Live Cardholder Authentication for Online Credit Card Payment (2008)

While online shopping are becoming more accepted by people in modern life, cardholders are more concerned about card fraud and the lack of cardholder authentication in the current online credit card payment. This paper proposes a purchase protocol with live cardholder authentication for online transaction which combines telephone banking and online banking together. The order information and payment information are sent though the Internet and encrypted by asymmetric key encryption. The cardholder is authenticated by the card issuing bank ringing back to the customer's phone number and the cardholder inputting the secure PIN and the amount to pay. The live cardholder authentication makes the cardholder feel securer and card fraud difficult. Furthermore, the protocol does not require the cardholder to obtain a public key certificate or install additional software for the online transaction.
Adhesion of MC3T3‐E1 cells to RGD peptides of different flanking residues: Detachment strength and correlation with long‐term cellular function (2006)

We synthesized a series of RGD peptides and immobilized them to an amine-functional self-assembled monolayer using a modified maleimide-based conjugate technique that minimizes nonspecific interactions. Using a spinning disc apparatus, a trend in the detachment strength (tau(50)) of RGD peptides of different flanking residues was found: RGDSPK > RGDSVVYGLR approximately RGDS > RGES. Using blocking monoclonal antibodies, cellular adhesion to the peptides was shown to be primarily alpha(v)-integrin-mediated. In contrast, the tau(50) value of the cells on fibronectin (Fn)-coated substrates of similar surface density was 6-7 times higher and involved both alpha(5)beta(1) and alpha(v)beta(3) integrins. Cellular spreading was enhanced on RGD peptides after 1 h when compared to RGE and unmodified substrates. However, no significant differences were observed between the different RGD peptides. Long-term function of MC3T3-E1 cells was also evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineral deposition. Among the four peptides, RGDSPK exhibited the highest level of ALP activity after 11 days and mineralization after 15 days and reached comparable levels as Fn substrates after 15 and 24 days, respectively. These findings collectively illustrate both the advantages and limitations of enhancing cellular adhesion and function by the design of RGD peptides.
Catalytic, Asymmetric Sulfur Ylide-Mediated Epoxidation of Carbonyl Compounds:  Scope, Selectivity, and Applications in Synthesis (2004)

The reaction of sulfur ylides with carbonyl compounds to give epoxides is an important synthetic method. This Account charts the recent advances in rendering this process both asymmetric and catalytic. Two catalytic methods have been developed: the first involving the reaction of a sulfide with an alkyl halide in the presence of a base and aldehyde and the second involving the reaction of a sulfide with a diazo compound or diazo precursor in the presence of a metal catalyst and aldehyde. These catalytic methods coupled with suitable chiral sulfides provide a new catalytic asymmetric epoxidation process for the preparation of epoxides. The scope of the two catalytic processes is discussed together with the factors that influence both relative and absolute stereochemistry. The application of these methods in target-orientated synthesis is also reviewed.
Professional Degree Programs for the Development of Accomplished Teachers: A case for the National Board Certification process (2013)

This study examines how teachers’ knowledge of teaching and instructional practices was affected by their participation in a graduate-level program designed to prepare teachers for National Board certification while earning a master’s degree in education. Four cohorts of participants were studied over a 5-year period. Quantitative and qualitative findings indicate that program participation affected four aspects of the teachers’ development as professionals: (1) understanding the importance of linking theory and practice, (2) engaging in cycles of inquiry for transforming practice, (3) actively participating in collaborative learning with their peers, and (4) adopting a new professional identity as teacher leaders.
39.3: Fast VAN LCoS Microdisplay (2005)

Abstract The Vertically Aligned Nematic (VAN) mode is undoubtedly the future for Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) devices. The long switching times of current designs, however, can cause brightness reduction and moving image smearing. We show simulated and experimental results of a high speed VAN design, which has sub millisecond response. We also show images from a Field‐Sequential‐Color LCoS imager manufactured with this design.
Remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for replication of intravacuolar Salmonella (2001)

Maturation and maintenance of the intracellular vacuole in which Salmonella replicates is controlled by virulence proteins including the type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2). Here, we show that, several hours after bacterial uptake into different host cell types, Salmonella induces the formation of an F-actin meshwork around bacterial vacuoles. This structure is assembled de novo from the cellular G-actin pool in close proximity to the Salmonella vacuolar membrane. We demonstrate that the phenomenon does not require the Inv/Spa type III secretion system or cognate effector proteins, which induce actin polymerization during bacterial invasion, but does require a functional SPI-2 type III secretion system, which plays an important role in intracellular replication and systemic infection in mice. Treatment with actin-depolymerizing agents significantly inhibited intramacrophage replication of wild-type Salmonella typhimurium. Furthermore, after this treatment, wild-type bacteria were released into the host cell cytoplasm, whereas SPI-2 mutant bacteria remained within vacuoles. We conclude that actin assembly plays an important role in the establishment of an intracellular niche that sustains bacterial growth.
Practical solutions for effective vibrator high-frequency generation (2015)

Summary Extending the range of frequencies available in the seismic dataset is widely recognized for its contribution to imaging quality so extra octaves of signals have to be generated. However, vibrators that are much appreciated for their low VP cost and high productivity used to have limited capability for these newly expected ranges of frequencies. Numerous solutions were successfully developed in recent years to address low frequencies. The challenge is more difficult for high frequencies, where vibrator behavior is strongly dependent on ground properties. This, added to the stronger absorption and attenuation of short wavelengths, make operators rather reluctant to extend their sweep in the high frequencies. This abstract presents and discusses a few practical and effective solutions to push the frequencies emitted by vibrators higher. A hydraulic peak force exceeding the hold-down weight, stable hydraulic pressures, and a stiffer baseplate prove to be reliable vibrator design solutions. The proper baseplate displacement measurement is also paramount to providing reliable QC that avoids measurement artifacts and faithfully reflects the down-going signal. Lastly, the use of high-dwell sweeps, customized in high frequency with a lesser amplitude, is a simple way to properly emit frequencies that would have otherwise made vibrators reach their physical limitations.
Mandibular Movements As Accurate Reporters of Respiratory Effort during Sleep: Validation against Diaphragmatic Electromyography (2017)

MM amplitudes change proportionally to diaphragmatic EMG activity and accurately identify variations of RE during normal sleep and SDB.
Effective Photocontrol of Micelle Formation by Malachite Green Derivative Carrying a Long Alkyl Chain (2004)

Abstract We designed Malachite Green leuconitrile carrying a long alkyl chain that is intended for a photoresponsive surfactant. The critical micelle concentration of cetyltrimethylammoium chloride solution containing the photoresponsive compound was decreased significantly by UV irradiation. The lipophilic photochromic compound realizes photochemical control of micelle formation.
Delay/disruption tolerant mobile<i>ad hoc</i>networks: latest developments (2007)

Abstract There is much research activity in the emerging area of delay/disruption tolerant networks (DTN) in the past few years. DTNs pose many new challenges, and protocols designed for wired Internet or wireless mobile ad hoc networks do not work properly in DTNs. Routing is one of the key components in DTNs and the message ferry (MF) approach has been drawn a lot of attention to support routing in DTNs. Besides the underlying routing protocols, issues in transport layer are also very important and need to be addressed for DTNs. Recently, many new routing protocols, including unicast using the MF approach, inter‐region routing and multicast, have appeared in the literature. There are also a few works addressing issues in the transport layer. This paper provides an overview on recent developments including message ferrying, multicast support, inter‐region routing, and transport layer issues. It also points out some open research issues and intends to motivate new research and development in this area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrimination effects in zeolite modified metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors (2009)

The use of zeolites to enhance the response and discriminating power of solid state metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors is demonstrated. Thick film sensors were prepared by screen printing layers of chromium titanium oxide (CTO) with various zeolites as over-layers. The sensors gas response was tested against two similar gases; ethanol and isopropyl alcohol. The modified sensors effectively discriminated between the two gases. An understanding of this discriminating behaviour is elucidated through computer modelling of diffusion and reaction processes occurring in the zeolite transformation layer and sensor element. Our analysis suggests that the discriminating behaviour is the result of a size and shape selective catalysis.
[Botulinum toxin in the treatment of frontoglabellar and periorbital wrinkles. An initial study]. (1995)

Glabellar frown lines and crow's feet are wrinkles of facial expression related to an underlying muscular activity, which is particularly strong during facial expression. Classic treatments of these wrinkles only give partially satisfactory are associated with results, and secondary effects, whether they involve skin and muscle lifting, surgical section of muscles, dermal stimulation by thread or injectable fillers, chemical or mechanical abrasion, transient or permanent soft tissue augmentation with various materials. The authors studied the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections botulinum A Exotoxin in glabellar and crow's feet areas in 19 well-informed and consenting patients. Botulinum toxin injections have been used since 1980 in the treatment of focal dystonia (blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic torticollis, spasmodic dysphonia and writer's cramp) and safety hemifacial spasm. Their wide use in these indications has highlighted their excellent and efficacy, and the need to repeat injections every 3 to 4 months. The dose required was progressively adjusted around glabellar and orbital areas, while injections of the peri-buccal and forehead areas are still being evaluated. The 19 patients were examined clinically, filmed and photographed every month over a period of 12 to 24 months, and skin prints were performed. Evaluation criteria included the percentage improvement as assessed by the patients themselves, and also evaluation by the investigators of the data of clinical examination, and blind comparison of photographic, videoscopic, and prints. The authors obtained a significant decrease of wrinkles of the areas studied, with a "smoothing" effect during the period of activity of the toxin, which lased an average of 3 to 4 months at the beginning, and 6 to 9 months after several injections. No secondary effects, either general or local, were observed. The product's specificity means that the operator must have a complete mastery of the injection technique and a thorough knowledge of its pharmacology.
Enhanced Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Processing of UDIMET Alloy 720 Turbine Disks: Modeling Studies (2000)

Enhanced P/M processing encompasses powder preparation, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) consolidation of powder, extrusion, isothermal forging, ultrasonic inspection, and machining technologies. This combination of technologies is being evaluated for producing P/M UDIMET alloy 720 turbine disks with improved quality at reduced cost.
Antibody specific for Escherichia coli J5 cross-reacts to various degrees with an Escherichia coli clinical isolate grown for different lengths of time (1987)

Rabbit antiserum raised against the rough mutant of Escherichia coli O111:B4, designated J5, was examined for cross-reactivity to an E. coli clinical isolate (A2385). In whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, J5 antiserum reacted to a greater extent with A2385 grown for 5 h than with the same bacteria grown for 19 h, while the homologous antiserum reacted similarly with bacteria grown for different lengths of time. J5 antiserum reacted to the greatest extent with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from A2385 grown for up to 10 h, and reactivity greatly diminished thereafter; homologous antiserum showed no difference in reaction over time. LPS from smooth bacteria grown for 19 h showed no reaction with J5 antiserum in immunoblots, while LPS from A2385 grown for 5 or 10 h showed a positive reaction. Little or no difference among the three LPS samples could be seen when homologous antiserum was used. Mice vaccinated with J5 LPS before lethal challenge with live A2385 were protected from this challenge, whereas most nonimmunized mice died. Toxicity tests in mice showed LPS from A2385 grown for 19 h to be twice as lethal as LPS from A2385 grown for 3 h. Mice vaccinated with J5 LPS were protected to a greater extent when challenged with a lethal dose of LPS from A2385 grown for 3 h than when challenged with LPS from A2385 grown for 19 h. The results reported here may explain the means by which J5 vaccination (active or passive) sometimes protects against heterologous challenge.
Performance Analysis of a Cluster-Based MAC Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (2010)

An analytical model to evaluate the non-saturated performance of the Distributed Queuing Medium Access Control Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks (DQMANs) in single-hop networks is presented in this paper. DQMAN is comprised of a spontaneous, temporary, and dynamic clustering mechanism integrated with a near-optimum distributed queuing Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. Clustering is executed in a distributed manner using a mechanism inspired by the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) of the IEEE 802.11. Once a station seizes the channel, it becomes the temporary clusterhead of a spontaneous cluster and it coordinates the peer-to-peer communications between the clustermembers. Within each cluster, a near-optimum distributed queuing MAC protocol is executed. The theoretical performance analysis of DQMAN in single-hop networks under non-saturation conditions is presented in this paper. The approach integrates the analysis of the clustering mechanism into the MAC layer model. Up to the knowledge of the authors, this approach is novel in the literature. In addition, the performance of an ad hoc network using DQMAN is compared to that obtained when using the DCF of the IEEE 802.11, as a benchmark reference.
Gas Condensate Compositional Reservoir Simulation by Reducing the Number of Components into Pseudo Components (1995)

Abstract Hydrocarbon gas has gained an increasingly larger market demand these past few years. As significant numbers of gas reservoirs behave as condensate reservoirs, accurate reservoir simulation such as compositional simulation is needed to assist a decision maker to determine the best future field performance predictions. Its accuracy for gas condensate or volatile oil simulation has been proven; however, it is not widely used in the oil and gas industries because it needs a large computer storage capacity and long calculation time. The calculation time and computer storage capacity are influenced by the quantity of grid blocks used to represent a reservoir and also how many hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components are used in the reservoir fluids model. One of the alternatives to reduce the calculation time is by lumping some pure components into a reduced number of pseudo components by using an accurate lumping procedure and mixing rules. Three gas condensate samples and a hypothetical reservoir model were used to simulate a gas condensate reservoir production and evaluate the effect of Hong's lumping procedure and mixing rules on simulation calculation accuracy. A reasonable match of simulation results is observed between lumped and non-lumped reservoir fluids and the average calculation time has been reduced by 25.34%. The required computer storage capacity was also reduced. It was observed that the reduction of calculation time with lumping procedure will be higher as the complexity of grid blocks used to represent reservoir in the simulation increases.
Neuromagnetic Stimulation Using Ultrasound Focusing: Principles, Limitations, and Potential Applications (1993)

Article Neuromagnetic Stimulation Using Ultrasound Focusing: Principles, Limitations, and Potential Applications was published on January 1, 1993 in the journal Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik (volume 38, issue s1).
One-step fabrication of microfluidic chips with in-plane, adhesive-free interconnections (2010)

A simple method for creating interconnections to a common microfluidic device material, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), is presented. A press-fit interconnection is created between oversized, deformable tubing and complementary, undersized semi-circular ports fabricated into PMMA bonding surfaces by direct micromilling. Upon UV-assisted bonding the tubing is trapped in the ports of the PMMA chip and forms an integrated, in-plane and adhesive-free interconnection. The interconnections support the average pressure of 6.1 bar and can be made with small dead volumes. A comparison is made to a similar interconnection approach which uses tubing to act as a gasket between a needle and port on the microfluidic chip.
On the utility of S-mesitylsulfinimines for the stereoselective synthesis of chiral amines and aziridines (2011)

The synthetic utility of S-mesitylsulfinimines for the synthesis of chiral amines and aziridines was examined through their reactions with Grignard reagents, with the ylides derived from trimethylsulfonium iodide and S-allyl-tetrahydrothiophenium bromide and through an aza-Darzens manifold, affording convenient access to a diverse range of highly substituted chiral amines and aziridines in high yields and excellent stereoselectivities.
Large On-Chip Amplification in Silicon via Forward Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. Supplementary Information (2018)

Supplementary information prepared for the paper/article.