gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SIGMA: A Sparse and Irregular GEMM Accelerator with Flexible Interconnects for DNN Training (2020)

The advent of Deep Learning (DL) has radically transformed the computing industry across the entire spectrum from algorithms to circuits. As myriad application domains embrace DL, it has become synonymous with a genre of workloads across vision, speech, language, recommendations, robotics, and games. The key compute kernel within most DL workloads is general matrix-matrix multiplications (GEMMs), which appears frequently during both the forward pass (inference and training) and backward pass (training). GEMMs are a natural choice for hardware acceleration to speed up training, and have led to 2D systolic architectures like NVIDIA tensor cores and Google Tensor Processing Unit (TPU). Unfortunately, emerging GEMMs in DL are highly irregular and sparse, which lead to poor data mappings on systolic architectures. This paper proposes SIGMA, a flexible and scalable architecture that offers high utilization of all its processing elements (PEs) regardless of kernel shape and sparsity. Within SIGMA includes a novel reduction tree microarchitecture named Forwarding Adder Network (FAN). SIGMA performs 5.7x better than systolic array architectures for irregular sparse matrices, and roughly 3x better than state-of-the-art sparse accelerators. We demonstrate an instance of SIGMA operating at 10.8 TFLOPS efficiency across arbitrary levels of sparsity, with a 65.10 mm^2 and 22.33 W footprint on a 28 nm process.
Design of modified phase reversal electrode in broad-band electrooptic modulators at 100 GHz (1997)

An analysis is given on the modified phase reversal structure of electro-optic modulators. It is shown that the bandwidth to half-wave voltage ratio (BVR) increases with the number of phase reversal sections. Under the assumption that the number of electrode sections is M, a set of M-elements second-order nonlinear equations has been derived and solved by Newton's iteration method. The calculated results provide the optimum overlap integral for each section of a phase reversal modulator in order to "flatten" the frequency response of the device.
Generating kidney tissue from pluripotent stem cells (2016)

With the isolation of human pluripotent stem cells came the possibility of generating specific cell types for regenerative medicine. This has required the development of protocols for directed differentiation into many distinct cell types. One of the more complicated tissue types to recreate is the kidney. Here we review recent progress towards the recreation of not only specific kidney cell types but complex kidney organoids, models of the developing human organ, in vitro. We will also discuss potential short and long term applications of these approaches.
Transportation Conditions for Prompt Use of <i>Ex Vivo</i> Expanded and Freshly Harvested Clinical-Grade Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration (2013)

Successful preliminary studies have encouraged a more translational phase for stem cell research. Nevertheless, advances in the culture of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hBM-MSC) and osteoconductive qualities of combined biomaterials can be undermined if necessary cell transportation procedures prove unviable. We aimed at evaluating the effect of transportation conditions on cell function, including the ability to form bone in vivo, using procedures suited to clinical application. hBM-MSC expanded in current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) facilities (cGMP-hBM-MSC) to numbers suitable for therapy were transported overnight within syringes and subsequently tested for viability. Scaled-down experiments mimicking shipment for 18 h at 4°C tested the influence of three different clinical-grade transportation buffers (0.9% saline alone or with 4% human serum albumin [HSA] from two independent sources) compared with cell maintenance medium. Cell viability after shipment was >80% in all cases, enabling evaluation of (1) adhesion to plastic flasks and hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate osteoconductive biomaterial (HA/β-TCP 3D scaffold); (2) proliferation rate; (3) ex vivo osteogenic differentiation in contexts of 2D monolayers on plastic and 3D HA/β-TCP scaffolds; and (4) in vivo ectopic bone formation after subcutaneous implantation of cells with HA/β-TCP scaffold into NOD/SCID mice. Von Kossa staining was used to assess ex vivo osteogenic differentiation in 3D cultures, providing a quantifiable test of 3D biomineralization ex vivo as a rapid, cost-effective potency assay. Near-equivalent capacities for cell survival, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were found for all transportation buffers. Moreover, cGMP-hBM-MSC transported from a production facility under clinical-grade conditions of 4% HSA in 0.9% saline to a destination 18 h away showed prompt adhesion to HA/β-TCP 3D scaffold and subsequent in vivo bone formation. A successfully validated transportation protocol extends the applicability of fresh stem cells involving multicentric trials for regenerative medicine.
Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the attenuation of hyperphagia in streptozotocin diabetic rats treated with dopamine <i>D</i>1/<i>D</i>2 agonists (2006)

1. Dopamine is an appetite suppressant, while neuropeptide Y (NPY), an appetite stimulant in the brain, is reported to be involved in anorectic action induced by a combined administration of D1/D2 agonists in normal rats. In diabetic rats, however, these factors have not been studied. 2. Rats (including normal, diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats) were given daily injections of saline or D1/D2 agonists for 6 days. Changes in food intake and hypothalamic NPY content of these rats were assessed and compared. 3. The D1/D2 agonist-induced anorectic responses were altered in diabetic rats compared to normal rats treated similarly. Both the anorectic response on the first day of dosing and the tolerant response on the subsequent days were attenuated. 4. This alteration was independent of the neuroendocrine disturbance on feeding behavior since the basic pattern of food intake during the time course of a 24-h day/night cycle was similar in normal and diabetic rats; the decrease of food intake following drug treatment was only shown at the initial interval of 0-6 h in both groups of rats. 5. However, this alteration coincided with changes in NPY content following D1/D2 coadministration. The replacement of insulin in diabetic rats could normalize both NPY content and D1/D2 agonist-induced anorexia. 6. It is demonstrated that the response of D1/D2 agonist-induced appetite suppression is attenuated in diabetic rats compared to normal rats and that elevated hypothalamic NPY content may contribute to this alteration.
Stable Li Metal Anode with “Ion–Solvent-Coordinated” Nonflammable Electrolyte for Safe Li Metal Batteries (2019)

Li metal batteries have recently attracted extensive attention due to the pursuit of high-energy-density batteries for electric vehicles. However, safety and low cycling Coulombic efficiency (CCE) hinder the development of high-energy Li metal secondary batteries due to the high reactivity of Li metal with present electrolytes. Here, we investigate the reductive stability of nonflammable electrolytes with a wide salt to solvent ratio range and demonstrate that an ion–solvent-coordinated (ISC) nonflammable electrolyte–lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI)-triethylphosphate (TEP) enables dendrite-free Li metal plating/stripping on the Cu electrode with a high CCE of 99.3% up to 350 cycles. Understanding of the fundamental electrochemistry tells us that the decrease of solvent activity in ISC electrolyte can improve the reductive stability of the solvent on Li metal anodes. The fundamental concept of ISC electrolyte developed in this work provides new perspectives for the development of highly stable and safe Li metal batteries.
A robust adaptive generalized sidelobe canceller with decision feedback (2005)

Conventional generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) is sensitive to a mismatch between the estimated and actual direction of arrival (DOA) of the desired signal. Such a mismatch induces signal cancellation in the GSC, and it severely degrades the beamforming performance. In this paper, we propose a new decision feedback (DF) technique to increase the robustness against the DOA mismatch. Our new scheme introduces a blind equalizer and a feedback filter in the GSC structure. We first derive Wiener solutions for the DF-GSC with perfectly matched and mismatched DOA and show that the problem of signal cancellation can be avoided. Then, we consider the adaptive GSC implementation in which the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm is used for weight adaptation. In addition to the improved robustness, the proposed scheme also remedies the slow convergence problem inherent in the conventional adaptive GSC structure. The convergence behavior of the LMS-based DF-GSC is fully analyzed and the analytic signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is also derived. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that while the proposed structure can considerably enhance the overall performance, it has greatly improved robustness as compared to other existing robust adaptive beamformers.
Face Reconstruction on Mobile Devices Using a Height Map Shape Model and Fast Regularization (2016)

We present a system which is able to reconstruct human faces on mobile devices with only on-device processing using the sensors which are typically built into a current commodity smart phone. Such technology can for example be used for facial authentication purposes or as a fast preview for further post-processing. Our method uses recently proposed techniques which compute depth maps by passive multi-view stereo directly on the device. We propose an efficient method which recovers the geometry of the face from the typically noisy point cloud. First, we show that we can safely restrict the reconstruction to a 2.5D height map representation. Therefore we then propose a novel low dimensional height map shape model for faces which can be fitted to the input data efficiently even on a mobile phone. In order to be able to represent instance specific shape details, such as moles, we augment the reconstruction from the shape model with a distance map which can be regularized efficiently. We thoroughly evaluate our approach on synthetic and real data, thereby we use both high resolution depth data acquired using high quality multi-view stereo and depth data directly computed on mobile phones.
Evolution of object behavior using context relations (1996)

A collection of design patterns was described by Gamma, Helm, Johnson, and Vlissides in 1994. Recognizing that designs change, each pattern ensures that a certain system aspect can vary over time such as the operations that can be applied to an object or the algorithm of a method. The patterns are described by constructs such as the inheritance and reference relations, attempting to emulate more dynamic relationships. As a result, the design patterns demonstrate how awkward it is to program natural concepts of behavioral evolution when using a traditional object-oriented language.In this paper we present a new relation between classes: the context relation. It directly supports behavioral evolution, and it is meaningful at the analysis, design, and implementation level. At the design level we picture a context relation as a new form of arrow between classes. At the implementation level we use a small extension of C++. The basic idea is that if class C is context-related to a base class B, then B-objects can get their functionality dynamically altered by C-objects. Our language construct for doing this is a generalization of the method update in Abadi and Cardelli's imperative object calculus. A C-object may be explicitly attached to a B-object, or it may be implicitly attached to a group of B-objects for the duration of a method invocation. We demonstrate how the context relation can be used to easily model and program the Adapter, Bridge, Chain of Responsibility, Decorator, Iterator, Observer, State, Strategy, and Visitor patterns.
Analog hardware implementation of spike-based delayed feedback reservoir computing system (2017)

The rate of enhancement is starting to saturate and slow down which indicates the end of Moore's prediction due to the fundamental performance limits of the chips. The need of breaking through the barrier has directed researchers into several directions, for instance, novel computing architecture. Reservoir computing, a novel concept in the field of machine learning, has emerged over the past few years. Combined the memory and spatio-temporal processing of recurrent neural networks, reservoir computing possesses the capability of processing temporal information. In this paper, we present an analog hardware implementation of delayed feedback reservoir computing system. We build a new class of computationally efficient spike timing-dependent encoders and delay-based reservoirs within reservoir networks. This approach allows us to avoid using power-consuming analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and operational amplifiers (Op-AMPs), resulting in significant savings in power requirements and design area.
Target tracking with time-delayed data in multiple radar system (2002)

The problem of target tracking in a distributed radar system is considered. Measurements about target trajectory obtained by each radar are transmitted to a fusion center. One of the difficult problems encountered when we apply the well-known Kalman filter technique to these systems is a possibility of data out of sequence caused by time delay. We propose a filtering algorithm which can perform a negative-time update to resolve this problem. Our algorithm is an extension of the Kalman filter and is derived using a minimum mean-square error criterion. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated through Monte Carlo simulations.
Development of DARC decoding LSI for high-speed FM subcarrier system (1994)

Expectations have been running high for a new generation of FM broadcasting systems targeted at mobile FM reception, notably in cars. The DARC (data radio channel) is an FM multiplex broadcasting system designed to address these expectations. When compared with the RDS (radio data system) and the RBDS (radio broadcast data system) which have already gone into service in Europe and the United States, the DARC system features an over-tenfold transmission capacity. Other features include the L-MSK (level-controlled minimum shift keying) modulation system, the incorporation of powerful error-correction code, a wide service area, and so forth. In developing LSIs, we have set the following three major goals: ease of incorporation into FM receivers, elimination of adjustments, and minimization of add-on components.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Limb Prosthetics, 6th Edition (1990)

Published quarterly by the AAOP, JPO: Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics provides information on new devices, fitting and fabrication techniques, and patient management experiences. The focus is on prosthetics and orthotics, with timely reports from related fields such as orthopaedic research, occupational therapy, physical therapy, orthopaedic surgery, amputation surgery, physical medicine, biomedical engineering, psychology, ethics, and gait analysis. Each issue contains research-based articles reviewed and approved by a highly qualified editorial board, and two Academy self-study quizzes offering a total of two CEUs.
Opioid peptides modulate immune functions. A review (1988)

In the past few years it has become evident that neuropeptides may be direct mediators in the modulation of the immune response and the unspecific defense by the brain. Lymphocytes have been thought to have opioid receptors and to respond to opioids with an increase in blastogenesis, cytotoxicity and factor release. Lymphocytes are said to release various neuropeptides. Furthermore, there are some unexplained effects of morphine on the immune system and of the immune system on morphine withdrawal. The purpose of this paper is to review what has been previously published in this field. The well established modulation of phagocyte functions by opioids will only be scanned.
Computation of Neutral Gas Flow Generation From a CT Neutralization Fuel-Injector (2012)

The feasibility of compact torus (CT) neutralization fuel injection method is studied by a simulation model using particleand MHD hybrid techniques. The neutralization processis simulated by using rate-coefficients. The magnetic and electric fields are found to respond sluggishly to the neutralization process. Slow ions generated by charge-exchange have been added to the model, although the CT neutralization process was not significantly affected by this. Finally, the minimum length for the CT neutralizer is proposed as 2 m from the simulation run time 10 µs at a CT injection speed of 200 km/s.
The role of poultry and meats in the etiology of Campylobacter jejuni/coli enteritis. (1986)

To determine the role of meats as possible sources of infection leading to Campylobacter jejuni/coli (CJC) enteritis, 218 cases and 526 controls were selected from the King County Group Health Cooperative (GHC) population from April 1982 through September 1983. All subjects were interviewed regarding food consumption one week prior to case onset. Consumption of chicken and cornish game hen were both associated with more than a doubling of the risk of CJC enteritis: for chicken (relative risk = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.6-3.6), and for game hen, (RR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1-9.8). The consumption of raw or rare chicken was even more strongly associated (RR = 7.6, 95% CI = 2.1-27.6). Strains of CJC bearing R factors for tetracycline were equally as likely as tetracycline-susceptible strains to have been acquired from chicken and game hens. Processed turkey sandwich meats (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0-2.9) raw or rare fish (RR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.1-14.5) and shellfish (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.1) were the only other meats reported to have been eaten significantly (p less than .05) more often by cases than by controls. These data along with the results of bacteriologic sampling of meats from King County retail food markets during the same period suggest that ingestion of contaminated chicken is a primary source of CJC enteritis, contributing to approximately half of the cases.
Predicting the Optimal Date and Time to Send Personalized Marketing Messages to Repeat Buyers (2020)

Most of today’s digital marketing campaigns which are sent through email and mobile messaging are bulk campaigns which deliver the same message at the same time to all customers, regardless of their needs and preferences. The outcomes are bad customer experience, low engagement and low conversion rates. Modern marketing automation tools aim to facilitate personalized communications, such as scheduling of individual marketing messages based on each individual subscriber’s profile. This research focuses on the problem of automatically deciding on the optimal date and time for sending consent-based personalized marketing messages. We specifically focus on the case of repeat consumers of consumer packaged goods (CPG) which require regular replacement or replenishment. The objective is to timely anticipate the needs of consumers in order to increase their level of engagement as well as the rate at which they repurchase products. The proposed solution is based on a regression model trained with transactional data and instant messaging metadata. We describe the way such a model can be created and deployed to a scalable high-performance environment and provide pilot evaluation results that suggest a significant improvement in marketing effectiveness.
An Improved Tabu-Based Vector Optimal Algorithm for Design Optimizations of Electromagnetic Devices (2004)

This paper introduces an improved tabu-based vector optimal algorithm for multiobjective optimal designs of electromagnetic devices. The improvements include a division of the entire search process, a new method for fitness assignment, a novel scheme for the generation and selection of neighborhood solutions, and so forth. Numerical results on a mathematical function and an engineering multiobjective design problem demonstrate that the proposed method can produce virtually the exact Pareto front, in both parameter and objective spaces, even though the iteration number used by it is only about 70% of that required by its ancestor.
Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis by Invoking an Anti-Angiogenic Program in Tumor-Educated Macrophages (2009)

Tumor-educated macrophages facilitate tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. We discovered that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) blocked macrophages vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity by producing soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) and determined the effect on tumor-associated macrophage behavior and tumor growth. We show GM-CSF treatment of murine mammary tumors slowed tumor growth and slowed metastasis. These tumors had more macrophages, fewer blood vessels, and lower oxygen concentrations. This effect was sVEGFR-1 dependent. In situ hybridization and flow cytometry identified macrophages as the primary source of sVEGFR-1. These data suggest that GM-CSF can re-educate macrophages to reduce angiogenesis and metastases in murine breast cancer.
Employing physical distance in ranking image-search results (2014)

In this paper, we enhance web image searching by exploiting the physical distance between an image on the web page and the surrounding text. The rationale is that the closer a term word to an image is, the more strong the relation between that word and image is. The physical distance is measured between the exact positions of a term and an image inside a webpage as it appears when it is completely rendered by a web browser. We show that incorporating physical distance in the ranking process indeed reduces the number of irrelevant images in the returned search results.