gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Removing Heavy Metals in Water: The Interaction of Cactus Mucilage and Arsenate (As (V)) (2012)

High concentrations of arsenic in groundwater continue to present health threats to millions of consumers worldwide. Particularly, affected communities in the developing world need accessible technologies for arsenic removal from drinking water. We explore the application of cactus mucilage, pectic polysaccharide extracts from Opuntia ficus-indica for arsenic removal. Synthetic arsenate (As (V)) solutions were treated with two extracts, a gelling extract (GE) and a nongelling extract (NE) in batch trials. The arsenic concentration at the air-water interface was measured after equilibration. The GE and NE treated solutions showed on average 14% and 9% increases in arsenic concentration at the air-water interface respectively indicating that the mucilage bonded and transported the arsenic to the air-water interface. FTIR studies showed that the -CO groups (carboxyl and carbonyl groups) and -OH (hydroxyl) functional groups of the mucilage were involved in the interaction with the arsenate. Mucilage activity was greater in weakly basic (pH 9) and weakly acidic (pH 5.5) pH. This interaction can be optimized and harnessed for the removal of arsenic from drinking water. This work breaks the ground for the application of natural pectic materials to the removal of anionic metallic species from water.
A micromachined Kelvin probe for surface potential measurements in microfluidic channels and solid-state applications (2004)

This paper reports on a micromachined Kelvin probe structure with integrated scanning tip and dither actuation mechanism. It is fabricated by a modified micro electro-discharge machining process which allows electrical isolation within the micromachined structure using epoxy plugs. The device is used to measure changes in the external surface potential of a parylene microfluidic channel as a function of varying pH of liquid inside the channel. A contact potential difference of /spl ap/6 V is measured for a change in pH from 4 to 8 within the channel. The device is also used to map embedded charge in a thin SiO/sub 2/ layer on a Si substrate, showing it to be suitable for monitoring microelectronics manufacturing processes.
A Method to Estimate Biomechanics and Mechanical Properties of Optic Nerve Head Tissues From Parameters Measurable Using Optical Coherence Tomography (2014)

Optic nerve head (ONH) tissue properties and biomechanics remain mostly unmeasurable in the experiment. We hypothesized that these can be estimated numerically from ocular parameters measurable in vivo with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Using parametric models representing human ONHs we simulated acute intraocular pressure (IOP) increases (10 mmHg). Statistical models were fit to predict, from OCT-measurable parameters, 15 outputs, including ONH tissue properties, stresses, and deformations. The calculations were repeated adding parameters that have recently been proposed as potentially measurable with OCT. We evaluated the sensitivity of the predictions to variations in the experimental parameters. Excellent fits were obtained to predict all outputs from the experimental parameters, with cross-validated R2s between 0.957 and 0.998. Incorporating the potentially measurable parameters improved fits significantly. Predictions of tissue stiffness were accurate to within 0.66 MPa for the sclera and 0.24 MPa for the lamina cribrosa. Predictions of strains and stresses were accurate to within 0.62% and 4.9 kPa, respectively. Estimates of ONH biomechanics and tissue properties can be obtained quickly from OCT measurements using an applet that we make freely available. These estimates may improve understanding of the eye sensitivity to IOP and assessment of patient risk for development or progression of glaucoma.
Near-Field THz Imaging (1997)

We present first results of near-field imaging with ultrashort far-infrared pulses. By focusing the radiation through a tapered metal tip with a small exit aperture and scanning a sample in the near field of this aperture, sub-wavelength spatial resolution is demonstrated.
Ultra-Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: A New MRI Regime (2014)

Table of Contents Foreword by John Clarke Preface Acknowledgments Common Acronyms and Abbreviations Common Constants and Conversions 1. Fundamental Principles of NMR and MRI at ULF 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Characteristics of NMR Signal 1.3. Introducing Signal-to-Noise and Contrast-to-Noise 1.4. NMR and MRI at Ultra-Low Fields 1.5. MRI Effects 1.6. New Regimes of Physics Accesible at Ultra-Low Field 1.7. Summary of MRI and ULF 1.8. Summary of HF and ULF MRI Comparisons 2. Nuts and Bolts of ULF MRI 2.1. Introduction 2.2. General Concepts of Pre-Polarization Field Generation 2.3. Generation of Measurement Field, Gradients, and Spin-flip 2.4. Sensing the ULF-MR Signals 2.5. Magnetic Shielding 3. Magnetic Resonance Phenomena at ULF 3.1. Interaction between the Electromagnetic Radiation and the Nuclear Spins at ULF 3.2. Quantum Mechanical Description of Interaction between the Electromagnetic Radiation and the Nuclear Spins 3.3. Theory of Relaxometry (Focused on Magnetic Field Dependence) 4. Imaging Techniques at ULF 4.1. Introduction 4.2. General Imaging Concepts (How to do MRI) 4.3. ULF MRI 4.4. Imaging Techniques: Making the Most of What You Got 4.5. On the Plus Side 4.6. Conclusions 5. Applications in ULF MRI 5.1. Multi-modal imaging of human brain anatomy and function: MEG and ULF MRI 5.2. New approaches to image human brain function uniquely enabled by ULF MRI 5.3. MagViz and ULF NMR relaxometers 5.4. A Final Word Disclosures Index
Designing sorghum as a dedicated bioenergy feedstock (2007)

Abstract The increasing cost of energy and finite oil and gas reserves has created a need to develop alternative fuels from renewable sources. Currently, the development of a renewable transportation fuel is ethanol based. Ethanol production is now sugar/starch based, but use of these carbohydrates is limited; they are also required as a food and feed source. The need to generate a large and sustainable supply of biomass to make biofuels generation from lignocellulose profitable will require the development of crops grown specifically for bioenergy production. There will be several different species used as dedicated bioenergy crops, and for several reasons; it is expected that sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) will be one of these species. Sorghum is a highly productive, drought‐tolerant species with a history of improvement and production of lignocellulose, sugar and starch. Given this history and the existing genetic improvement infrastructure available for the species, it is logical to expect that sorghum hybrids for dedicated bioenergy production can be developed in the near‐term future and will be grown and used for bioenergy production. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
New strategies for the control of plant-parasitic nematodes (2000)

New nematode control measures are required due to the likely removal of effective nematicides from the market because of increasing concerns of possible effects on human health and the environment. Biological control, organic and inorganic soil amendments, naturally occurring nematicides, induced resistance, interruption of host recognition and transgenic plants will be a part of integrated management of plant-parasitic nematodes in the near future. The paper reports work carried out in Israel on these topics. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Autonomous Parking Strategy (2008)

Parallel parking can be a difficult task for novice drivers or drivers who seldom drive in congested city where parking space is limited. Parking Assist is an innovative system designed to aid the driver in performing sometimes difficult parallel parking maneuvers. Many companies are developing such systems with major automakers, such as Valeo, Aisin Seiki, Hella, Robert Bosch, and TRW. For example, Toyota IPA (Intelligent Parking Assist) system uses a rear view camera and automatically steer the vehicle into the parking spot with driver controlling braking. This paper describes the development of parking path planning strategies based on available parking space. A virtual turn center will first be defined and derived based on vehicle configuration. Required parking space for one or two cycle parking maneuver will then be determined. Path planning strategies for both one and two turn parking maneuvers will be developed next. Finally CarSim simulation will be performed to verify the design.
VRACK &#x2014; virtual reality augmented cycling kit: Design and validation (2010)

In this paper the virtual reality augmented cycling kit (VRACK) a mechatronic rehabilitation system with an interactive virtual environment is presented. It was designed as a modular system that can convert most bicycles in virtual reality (VR) cycles. Novel hardware components embedded with sensors were implemented on a stationary exercise bicycle to monitor physiological and biomechanical parameters of participants while immersing them in a virtual reality simulation providing the user with visual, auditory and haptic feedback. This modular and adaptable system attaches to commercially-available stationary bicycle systems and interfaces with a personal computer for simulation and data acquisition processes. The bicycle system includes novel handle bars based on hydraulic pressure sensors and innovative pedals that monitor lower extremity kinetics and kinematics. Parameters monitored by these systems are communicated to a practitioner's interface screen and can be amplified before entering its virtual environment. The first prototype of the system was successful in demonstrating that a modular mechatronic kit can monitor and record kinetic, kinematic and physiologic parameters of riders.
Real-Time Ray Tracing of Implicit Surfaces on the GPU (2009)

Compact representation of geometry using a suitable procedural or mathematical model and a ray-tracing mode of rendering fit the programmable graphics processor units (GPUs) well. Several such representations including parametric and subdivision surfaces have been explored in recent research. The important and widely applicable category of the general implicit surface has received less attention. In this paper, we present a ray-tracing procedure to render general implicit surfaces efficiently on the GPU. Though only the fourth or lower order surfaces can be rendered using analytical roots, our adaptive marching points algorithm can ray trace arbitrary implicit surfaces without multiple roots, by sampling the ray at selected points till a root is found. Adapting the sampling step size based on a proximity measure and a horizon measure delivers high speed. The sign test can handle any surface without multiple roots. The Taylor test that uses ideas from interval analysis can ray trace many surfaces with complex roots. Overall, a simple algorithm that fits the SIMD architecture of the GPU results in high performance. We demonstrate the ray tracing of algebraic surfaces up to order 50 and nonalgebraic surfaces including a Blinn's blobby with 75 spheres at better than interactive frame rates.
Multi-user Parallel Channel Access for high efficiency carrier grade wireless LANs (2014)

The IEEE 802.11 specification for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) supports 20 MHz channels utilizing bandwidths up to 160 MHz. However, the support of devices simultaneously transmitting over different, non-overlapping channels, is not specifically addressed. Recently, there has been interest in developing a 802.11 specification for Carrier Grade Wi-Fi which has led to the requirement for solutions with efficient frequency resource utilization that are not currently supported. In this paper we propose a Medium Access Control (MAC) method, called Multi-User Parallel Channel Access (MU/PCA) that enables simultaneous transmission to multiple devices of various bandwidths, while maintaining backward compatibility with 802.11. We present analytical and simulation results demonstrating the throughput gains that can be achieved using the proposed MU/PCA scheme as compared to the current Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme that is used in 802.11.
Increase of NADPH regeneration by EMP pathway gene disruption in Candida tropicalis for enhancing production rate of xylitol (2009)

Recently, approximately 98% of the theoretical maximum xylitol yield has been reached using XYL2-disrupted Candida tropicalis(BSXDH-3) in batch fermentation. As a follow-up study, this study aims at enhancing xylitol production rate using glucose as a co-substrate. First, we introduced Neurospora crassa xylose reductase gene under the control by C. tropicalisGAPDH promoter for high level expression in the presence of glucose. After this, xylitol production increased in glucose-limited fed-batch fermentation remarkably. Second, glycolytic enzymes which consist of EMP pathway were blocked. As well known, NADPH is mainly generated through the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. By this knockout strategy,resulting extensive flux through the PP pathway can produce NADPH. Phosphoglucose isomerase(pgi) and phosphofructokinase (pfk1,2) are key enzymes in glucose metabolism. Two strands of pgi and each pfk1,2 gene in the diploid yeast C. tropicalis were sequentially disrupted using the Urablasting method. Interestingly, inactivation of pgi and pfk1,2 didn't led to great reduction of maximum specific growth rate. As a consequence, only deleting pfk from strain BSXDH-3 improved the xylitol production rate during batch culture and deleting either or both pgi and pfk1,2 showed increased xylitol production rate in glucose-limited fed-batch fermentations,which was about 1.2-fold higher than that obtained from the control strain.
Neural Network Signal Processor (NSP) (1988)

Recent applied and theoretical results have demonstrated that certain classes of neural networks possess adaptive characteristics. These adaptive networks modify their response to inputs as a result of "experience," e.g., they are trained. One of the most obvious applications of this type of trainable network is to real-time signal processing problems. In particular, for many applications, the detection and classification of specific "target" signatures buried in noisy, clutter-rich signals often proves to be an extremely difficult problem. In addition, this problem is nearly always worsened by the high bandwidth associated with many modern sensor systems. Nearly all conventional signal processing and neural network techniques employ special-purpose feature extraction hardware as an interface between the sensor and the detection/classification mechanism (whether neural net or conventional). However, given typical system requirements for minimum size, weight and power, a considerable advantage would be gained if this interface were simplified or eliminated. Trainable neural networks appear to offer exceptional promise as simultaneous feature extraction and pattern recognition mechanisms. This paper presents the results of preliminary experimental investigations of the performance of various trainable (back-propagation) neural networks applied to the processing of various types of sensor signals.
An Adaptive Image Stabilization Technique (2006)

Previous digital image stabilization (DIS) techniques perform hand-shake estimation independently on the horizontal and vertical directions. In this paper, we propose a new DIS algorithm that adaptively compensates hand jitter in a two-dimensional framework. The proposed method also includes improved validation criteria for motion vectors. Performance evaluation of the system is conduced based on the motion diagram and the PSNR improvement when it is used in conjunction with an H.264 codec. Experimental results substantiate the superiority of the proposed system.
Temporal structure constrained transformation for speaker adaptation (2003)

We suggest that rather than modeling speaker mismatch as an affine transform of the entire feature vector, it can be modeled by an affine transform of the static coefficients with additional constraints imposed by the temporal relationships of the streams of coefficients. This results in the different streams sharing the same rotation matrix, and thus reduces the complexity and memory requirements for speaker adaptation, as well as minimizes the adaptation data requirements. We present the solution for the case where temporal structure constrained transforms (TSCT) are optimized using the maximum likelihood criterion. The experiments presented in the paper show that with the proposed approach, the same accuracy after adaptation for the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) task can be achieved by using only 60% of the total number of transformation parameters that it would require if conventional block-diagonal transformation is used. In addition, TSCT provides better recognition accuracy when there is only a very limited amount of adaptation data.
High Sensitivity Plastic-Substrate Photonic Crystal Biosensor (2008)

A photonic crystal biosensor incorporating a nanomolded porous dielectric is fabricated for the first time on a flexible polysulfone substrate. The plastic substrate necessitates several changes to the fabrication procedure, including reduced processing temperatures. The resulting structure shows excellent response uniformity across a large area in the steady state as well as for perturbations of the bulk and near-surface dielectric permittivity. Kinetic binding data for a representative biomolecular assay demonstrate robust sensor operation.
Noninvasive iPhone Measurement of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Using Intrinsic Frequency Methodology* (2017)

Analysis of carotid waveforms using intrinsic frequency methods can be used to document left ventricular ejection fraction with accuracy comparable with that of MRI. The measurements require no training to perform or interpret, no calibration, and can be repeated at the bedside to generate almost continuous analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction without arterial cannulation.
Study of New Active Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries (2014)

Na 4 Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 P 2 O 7 is the unique crystal structure with multiple sodium-ion pathways in the structure. The electrochemical properties of Na 4 Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 P 2 O 7 as a positive electrode for sodium-ion batteries were investigated. Na 4 Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 P 2 O 7 had the multi redox couples in the highest potential region between 4.1 V and 4.7 V among ever reported sodium active materials and could deliver the reversible capacity of ca. 95 mAhg - 1 , corresponding to ca. 2.2 Na + . Na 4 Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 P 2 O 7 also exhibited the high rate capabilities and had a small polarization in the charge - discharge profile even at the high current densities, resulting in high energy efficiency of the battery. These performances indicate Na 4 Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 P 2 O 7 can be one of the good candidates for a positive electrode material of sodium-ion batteries.
Series Resistance in n-GaN/AlN/n-Si Heterojunction Structure (2006)

A nominally nondoped GaN was grown on an (111)Si substrate using an AlN intermediate layer and the electrical resistance of a GaN/AlN/Si heterojunction was studied in relation to the growth conditions of the AlN intermediate layer. Cross-sectional reflection electron microscopy (REM) images showed that the AlN intermediate layer is of pyramid-like microcrystals with a thin area in between. A clear correlation was found between the film thickness in the thin area and the apparent resistance of a sample. The growth conditions of the AlN intermediate layer were studied to achieve a low electrical resistance, maintaining the mirror flat surface morphology of a top GaN layer.
Role of the <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> VirD2 Protein in T-DNA Transfer and Integration (1998)

VirD2 is one of the key Agrobacterium tumefaciens proteins involved in T-DNA processing and transfer. In addition to its endonuclease domain, VirD2 contains a bipartite C-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and a conserved region called omega that is important for virulence. Previous results from our laboratory indicated that the C-terminal, bipartite NLS and the omega region are not essential for nuclear uptake of T-DNA, and further suggested that the omega domain may be required for efficient integration of T-DNA into the plant genome. In this study, we took two approaches to investigate the importance of the omega domain in T-DNA integration. Using the first approach, we constructed a T-DNA binary vector containing a promoterless gusA-intron gene just inside the right T-DNA border. The expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in plant cells transformed by this T-DNA would indicate that the T-DNA integrated downstream of a plant promoter. Approximately 0.4% of the tobacco cell clusters infected by a wild-type A. tumefaciens strain harboring this vector stained blue with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-glucuronic acid (X-gluc). However, using an omega-mutant A. tumefaciens strain harboring the same binary vector, we did not detect any blue staining. Using the second approach, we directly demonstrated that more T-DNA is integrated into high-molecular-weight plant DNA after infection of Arabidopsis thaliana cells with a wild-type A. tumefaciens strain than with a strain containing a VirD2 omega deletion/substitution. Taken together, these data indicate that the VirD2 omega domain is important for efficient T-DNA integration. To determine whether the use of the T-DNA right border is altered in those few tumors generated by A. tumefaciens strains harboring the omega mutation, we analyzed DNA extracted from these tumors. Our data indicate that the right border was used to integrate the T-DNA in a similar manner regardless of whether the VirD2 protein encoded by the inciting A. tumefaciens was wild-type or contained an omega mutation. In addition, a mutant VirD2 protein lacking the omega domain was as least as active in cleaving a T-DNA border in vitro as was the wild-type protein. Finally, we investigated the role of various amino acids of the omega and bipartite NLS domains in the targeting of a GUS-VirD2 fusion protein to the nucleus of electroporated tobacco protoplasts. Deletion of the omega domain, or mutation of the 10-amino-acid region between the two components of the bipartite NLS, had little effect upon the nuclear targeting of the GUS-VirD2 fusion protein. Mutation of both components of the NLS reduced, but did not eliminate, targeting of the fusion protein to the nucleus.
Digital sampling Moiré as a substitute for microscope scanning Moiré for high-sensitivity and full-field deformation measurement at micron/nano scales (2016)

This study proposed to generate digital sampling Moiré fringes by two-pixel down-sampling as a substitute for microscope scanning Moiré fringes, and further reconstruct multiplication Moiré fringes for micron/nano-scale deformation measurement. The displacement and strain sensitivities of the proposed reconstructed multiplication Moiré method are 2 times higher in a wide field of view. Besides, two-dimensional deformation is easily measurable without rotating the sample stage or the scanning lines, no matter whether the scanning resolution is adjustable or not. As an example, the deformations of a carbon fiber reinforced plastic specimen were measured and analyzed. The proposed method effectively expands the application range of the Moiré technique to deformation measurement.