gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity analysis of multilayer microporous polymer structures for terahertz volatile gas sensing (2017)

The sensitivity of multilayer microporous polymer structures (MPSs) for in situ and label-free organic vapor sensing is investigated in terahertz frequency. The porous structure provides a large hydrophilic surface area and numerous micropores to adsorb or fill polar vapors, thereby leading to greatly enhanced wave-analyte interaction with an apparent terahertz signal change. Different configurations of MPS with distinct geometric parameters are fabricated to study the structure-dependent sensitivity. The signal responses from the acetone-vapor-filled MPS, represented as effective absorption coefficient and refractive index variation, are proportional to the amounts of vaporized molecules. The responsivity is independent of MPS stacking configuration but can be significantly improved by decreasing the micropore volume. The linear responsivity range for the acetone vapor concentration is as wide as 200 ppm, and the detection limit can be as low as 1 ppm corresponding to the molecular density of 31 pmol/mm<sup>3</sup>. Different concentrations of toxic methanol adulterated in alcoholic aqueous solutions are successfully identified in their vapor phase by using the MPS-based terahertz sensor with an optimal sensitivity.
Effective Quantization Methods for Recurrent Neural Networks (2016)

Reducing bit-widths of weights, activations, and gradients of a Neural Network can shrink its storage size and memory usage, and also allow for faster training and inference by exploiting bitwise operations. However, previous attempts for quantization of RNNs show considerable performance degradation when using low bit-width weights and activations. In this paper, we propose methods to quantize the structure of gates and interlinks in LSTM and GRU cells. In addition, we propose balanced quantization methods for weights to further reduce performance degradation. Experiments on PTB and IMDB datasets confirm effectiveness of our methods as performances of our models match or surpass the previous state-of-the-art of quantized RNN.
Using ultra-long nanotubes to make identical CNT FETs (2005)

We have fabricated a CNTFET with S-D spacing of 25 Pm on a nanotube that was originally over 360 Pm in length. By repeating this process, it should be possible to fabricate many CNTFETs on the same nanotube with identical characteristics. This takes an important step towards a fabrication technology suitable for the manufacture of integrated circuits based on CNTFETs.
Potentiation of Inhibition of Wild-Type and Mutant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptases by Combinations of Nonnucleoside Inhibitors and<scp>d</scp>- and<scp>l</scp>-(β)-Dideoxynucleoside Triphosphate Analogs (2001)

Combinations of reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors are currently used in anti-human immunodeficiency virus therapy in order to prevent or delay the emergence of resistant virus and to improve the efficacy against viral enzymes carrying resistance mutations. Drug-drug interactions can result in either positive (additive or synergistic inhibition) or adverse (antagonistic interaction, synergistic toxicity) effects. Elucidation of the nature of drug interaction would help to rationalize the choice of antiretroviral agents to be used in combination. In this study, different combinations of nucleoside and nonnucleoside inhibitors, including D- and L-(beta)-deoxy- and -dideoxynucleoside triphosphate analogues, have been tested in in vitro RT assays against either recombinant wild-type RT or RT bearing clinically relevant nonnucleoside inhibitor resistance mutations (L100I, K103N, Y181I), and the nature of the interaction (either synergistic or antagonistic) of these associations was evaluated. The results showed that (i) synergy of a combination was not always equally influenced by the individual agents utilized, (ii) a synergistic combination could improve the sensitivity profile of a drug-resistant mutant enzyme to the single agents utilized, (iii) L-(beta)-enantiomers of nucleoside RT inhibitors were synergistic when combined with nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, and (iv) inter- and intracombination comparisons of the relative potencies of each drug could be used to highlight the different contributions of each drug to the observed synergy.
Design analysis of an MPI human functional brain scanner (2016)

MPI's high sensitivity makes it a promising modality for imaging brain function. Functional contrast is proposed based on blood SPION concentration changes due to Cerebral Blood Volume (CBV) increases during activation, a mechanism utilized in fMRI studies. MPI offers the potential for a direct and more sensitive measure of SPION concentration, and thus CBV, than fMRI. As such, fMPI could surpass fMRI in sensitivity, enhancing the scientific and clinical value of functional imaging. As human-sized MPI systems have not been attempted, we assess the technical challenges of scaling MPI from rodent to human brain. We use a full-system MPI simulator to test arbitrary hardware designs and encoding practices, and we examine tradeoffs imposed by constraints that arise when scaling to human size as well as safety constraints (PNS and central nervous system stimulation) not considered in animal scanners, thereby estimating spatial resolutions and sensitivities achievable with current technology. Using a projection FFL MPI system, we examine coil hardware options and their implications for sensitivity and spatial resolution. We estimate that an fMPI brain scanner is feasible, although with reduced sensitivity (20×) and spatial resolution (5×) compared to existing rodent systems. Nonetheless, it retains sufficient sensitivity and spatial resolution to make it an attractive future instrument for studying the human brain; additional technical innovations can result in further improvements.
Patterning of N:Ge<inf>2</inf>Sb<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>5</inf> Films and the Characterization of Etch Induced Modification for Non-Volatile Phase Change Memory Applications (2008)

In this paper, a detailed study on the etching characteristics of nitrogen doped Ge <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> Sb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> Te <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</inf> (N:GST) thin films is performed to elucidate the relationship between pattern fidelity and material modification. Multiple methodologies ranging from physical sputtering to chemically driven reactive etching are shown to successfully pattern highly anisotropic features in N:GST films while the advantages and limitations of each are discussed. Subsequently, the presence of material modification during patterning has been identified using a combination of depth profiled X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (TEM-EELS). Results indicate the selective removal of antimony and nitrogen along with an increased amount of oxidized tellurium. Lastly, a novel method to selectively remove damaged N:GST material is presented.
Enantioselective Synthesis and Conformational Study of Cyclohexene Carbocyclic Nucleosides (1999)

Enantioselective synthesis of a new family of unsaturated six-membered carbocyclic nucleosides using (R)-(−)-carvone as starting material is described. Introduction of the base moiety via Mitsunobu reaction proceeded regio- and stereoselectively and with good chemical yield, while the Pd-coupling approach failed. 1H NMR study and molecular modeling show the adenine compound exists in an equilibrium of 3H2 and 2H3 conformers (ratio 7:3) in favor of the 3‘-endo half-chair conformation, with the base oriented in a pseudoaxial position. This conformational preference can be explained by the π → σ*C1‘-N1 interaction involving the antibonding orbital of the C1‘−N bond.
Fluorescent dyes as probes to study lipid‐binding proteins (2003)

We studied the equilibrium binding of two hydrophobic fluorescent dyes, ANS and bisANS, to four members of a family of intracellular lipid-binding proteins: IFABP, CRABP I, CRABP II, and ILBP. The spectral and binding parameters for the probes bound to the proteins were determined. Typically, there was a single binding site on each protein for the ligands. However, IFABP cooperatively bound a second bisANS molecule in the binding pocket. Comparative analysis of affinities and spectral characteristics for the two probes allowed us to examine the contributions of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions to the binding process, and to address some aspects of the internal structure of the studied proteins.
Systems biology approach to studying proliferation-dependent prognostic subnetworks in breast cancer (2015)

Tumor proliferative capacity is a major biological correlate of breast tumor metastatic potential. In this paper, we developed a systems approach to investigate associations among gene expression patterns, representative protein-protein interactions, and the potential for clinical metastases, to uncover novel survival-related subnetwork signatures as a function of tumor proliferative potential. Based on the statistical associations between gene expression patterns and patient outcomes, we identified three groups of survival prognostic subnetwork signatures (SPNs) corresponding to three proliferation levels. We discovered 8 SPNs in the high proliferation group, 8 SPNs in the intermediate proliferation group, and 6 SPNs in the low proliferation group. We observed little overlap of SPNs between the three proliferation groups. The enrichment analysis revealed that most SPNs were enriched in distinct signaling pathways and biological processes. The SPNs were validated on other cohorts of patients, and delivered high accuracy in the classification of metastatic vs non-metastatic breast tumors. Our findings indicate that certain biological networks underlying breast cancer metastasis differ in a proliferation-dependent manner. These networks, in combination, may form the basis of highly accurate prognostic classification models and may have clinical utility in guiding therapeutic options for patients.
Ultra-compact silicon modulator with 110 GHz bandwidth (2022)

We demonstrate an ultra-compact silicon slow light modulator with a record-high EO bandwidth of 110 GHz, a modulation length of 124 μm, an optical bandwidth of 8 nm around 1550 nm, and OOK transmission beyond 110 Gbps without DSP is achieved.
Thermal Performance Enhancement With DRX in 5G Millimeter Wave Communication System (2021)

The evolution of the communication and computation systems enables the user equipment (UE) to handle tremendous transmission data. However, the high-speed data processing also makes UEs release heat and might burn the chips inside the devices. The thermal issue would be more critical in millimeter-wave communications. The massive antenna arrays and the radio frequency modules not only drain the UE battery but also heat the devices. 3GPP also identified the thermal issue and suppressed heat generation by temporarily reducing UE capability in Release 15. In this work, instead of reducing the UE capability, we propose to apply the beam-aware Discontinuous Reception (DRX) mechanism to manage the power consumption and temperature of UEs simultaneously. We are the first to analyze the temperature for UEs with DRX configured. A semi-Markov model is provided, and we employ it to estimate the sleep ratio, packet delay, and steady temperature. We use a simulation program to verify the proposed analytical model. When comparing the beam-aware DRX with the baseline 5G NR DRX operation, we find that the beam-aware scheme reduces the steady temperature from 38.2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C to 26.7 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C. The results show that Beam-Aware DRX could solve the thermal issue without sacrificing much performance of packet delivery latency.
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry-Based Snp Genotyping (2002)

In recent years a growing demand for simple and robust SNP genotyping platforms has arisen from the widespread use of SNPs in industrial and public research. The resulting knowledge about genotype/phenotype correlations is of special interest for the identification of potential new drug targets and in the field of pharmacogenomics. However, full exploitation of the available genomic information requires vast numbers of SNP analyses, as large cohorts of patients have to be screened for a large number of markers. Only very few of the current SNP genotyping techniques can cope with the resulting demands concerning sample throughput, automation, accuracy and cost-effectiveness. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has the potential to develop into a 'Gold Standard' for high-throughput SNP genotyping - if it has not already done so. This review will focus on the latest developments of this technology.
Circulating oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and LDL size in clinically healthy 58‐year‐old men (AIR study) (2002)

The metabolic syndrome was accompanied by high plasma ox-LDL concentrations compared with those without the syndrome. Ox-LDL levels were associated with most of the risk factors constituting the metabolic syndrome and was, in addition related to small LDL-particle size. To our knowledge the present study is the first one to demonstrate that circulating ox-LDL levels are associated with small LDL-particle size in a population representative sample of clinically healthy middle-aged men. The high degree of intercorrelation amongst several factors makes it difficult to clarify the independent role of any specific factor.
The Gene Editing Juggernaut is Picking Up Speed (2023)

CRISPR-Cas9, the tool for editing genes by precisely cutting DNA and letting the body's natural DNA repair processes take over, deservedly led to Nobel prizes in 2020 for its pioneers, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna. Since their breakthroughs in 2012, the technology has moved forward in leaps and bounds, and techniques to manipulate genes that were once the realm of science fiction are becoming very much science "fact."
Ethnic economies in the age of retail chains: comparing the presence of chain-affiliated and independently owned ethnic restaurants in ethnic neighbourhoods (2018)

Many entrepreneurs in ethnic economies start out by serving fellow community members in their local ethnic neighbourhood. Large corporations, however, are creating retail chains that target the ethnic market and expand into ethnic neighbourhoods. Little research has determined the extent to which chain retailers are co-existing or overtaking independently owned businesses in such places. This paper uses negative binomial regressions on over 50,000 ethnic restaurants in the New York metropolitan area taken from Yelp.com in 2015 to demonstrate the pervasiveness of the ethnic chain restaurant industry in ethnic neighbourhoods. For ethnic populations whose cuisines are very popular with mainstream consumers, such as Italians, Chinese, and Mexicans, results follow the traditional theory in which chains are more likely to locate away from ethnic neighbourhoods. For groups whose cuisines are less popular, such as Caribbeans, Indians, and Koreans, however, a new pattern emerges in which chains exist alongside independent businesses in ethnic neighbourhoods. In some cases, chains are more likely than independently owned restaurants to locate in ethnic areas, which may complicate the ability of local communities to form ethnic economies and confound the ways in which ethnic economies can help immigrants achieve socioeconomic mobility.
Extreme stiffness systems due to negative stiffness elements (2003)

When an elastic object is pressed, we expect it to resist by exerting a restoring force. A reversal of this force corresponds to negative stiffness. If we combine elements with positive and negative stiffness in a composite, it is possible to achieve stiffness greater than (or less than) that of any of the constituents. This behavior violates established bounds that tacitly assume that each phase has positive stiffness. Extreme composite behavior has been experimentally demonstrated in a lumped system using a buckled tube to achieve negative stiffness and in a composite material in the vicinity of a phase transformation of one of the constituents. In the context of a composite system, extreme refers to a physical property greater than either constituent. We consider a simple spring model with pre-load to achieve negative stiffness. When suitably tuned to balance positive and negative stiffness, the system shows a critical equilibrium point giving rise to extreme overall stiffness. A stability analysis of a viscous damped system containing negative stiffness springs reveals that the system is stable when tuned for high compliance, but metastable when tuned for high stiffness. The metastability of the extreme system is analogous to that of diamond. The frequency response of the viscous damped system shows that the overall stiffness increases with frequency and goes to infinity when one constituent has a suitable negative stiffness.
Imaging spectroscopy of the human ocular fundus in vivo (1997)

Spectroscopic measurement of light that is reflected from biological tissue in vivo is being investigated for various clinical applications. One special object of investigation using optical methods is the human ocular fundus. A fundus reflectometer that enables the simultaneous acquisition of up to 192 spectra arranged in a horizontal line across the fundus is described. The underlying optical principle of the device is the confocal imaging of an illuminated narrow, slitlike field at the fundus to the entrance slit of a spectrograph. This is imaged by the grating of the spectrograph onto a two-dimensional CCD chip that records the local distribution of ocular fundus reflectance spectra within a wavelength range of 400 up to 710 nm with a resolution better than 2 nm and a local resolution of 23 mm in a field dimension of 1.5 mm. The performance of the device was investigated, the effects of confocal and nonconfocal imaging are discussed, and some representative measurements are presented.
The mechanical response of the periodontal structure in the maxillary lateral incisor of the macaca fuscata yakui, loading by a vibrating force (1979)

In order to examine the possibility of using a vibrati ng force for the movementof teeth, the right maxillary lateral incisor of the macaca fuscata yak ui was loaded by a vibrating force (maximum 40gf, average 25gf with frequencies from 100 Hz to 150 Hz), 3 hours a day for 6 days. The left lateral incisor was loaded by a statical force (40 gf) acco rding to the same load schedule. This was used as a control.Lissajous, the locus of the load-displacement, was measured and the spring constant (kt) and the damping coefficient (ct) of the periodontal structu re in loading by a vibratihg force were obt-ained. The mechanical energy consumed in the structure was about 0.13gf·mm during one cycle, so its cumulative energy for 6 days was estimated to be about 1×106gf·mm.The change of kt and ct during the load schedule were determined by measuring theresonance curve. In both forces, kt and ct increased and the tooth mobility decreased in accordance with the increase in the loading time, and then these two gradually reached the certain levels about 2 hours after the beginning of loading. The amouts of change of kt and ct as a result ofthe vibrating force were about 4 times and 2 times respectively of those resulting from the statical force.In loading by a vibrating force for 6 days, the time required for kt and ct to reach the stable levels became shorter with the increase in the number of the loading day. This may mean that the effect of the previous loading accumulates in the periodo ntal structure. To the contrary, the effectof the previous loading was not observed in the case of statical loading.This may indicate a vibrating force is mechanically mo re effective than a statical one.
Fully encapsulated sub-millimeter accelerometers (2005)

In this paper we present design, fabrication, and characterization results for the smallest published fully-packaged accelerometers. The miniaturization is realized by utilizing an advanced packaging scheme using a thick film epitaxial grown polysilicon encapsulation technique. Using this approach, released, encapsulated MEMS devices can be fabricated with exterior dimensions only 10s of microns larger than the micromechanical element. This advantage enables us to make accelerometers almost 2 orders of magnitude smaller than others. We have fabricated accelerometers as small as 0.034mm/sup 3/ (387/spl times/387/spl times/230/spl mu/m) with noise floor of 0.25mg/sqrt(Hz).
Solid-Phase Extraction Method for Volatile N-Nitrosamines in Hams Processed with Elastic Rubber Netting (1992)

Abstract A method was developed for the determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in hams processed In elastic rubber nettings. The method was based on a modification of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure used in the past to determine selected nitrosamines in different types of cured meat products. The nitrosamines detected in ham most likely originate from the amine precursors in rubber and from the nitrite commonly used in the meat curing process. The method was compared with 2 established procedures for N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) analysis in cured meat products: the mineral oil distillation procedure (MOD) and the low temperature vacuum distillation procedure (LTVD). All 3 methods used the same gas chromatographic/chemlluminescent detection conditions and system. No significant difference was found between the MOD and LTVD methods. These methods were found to yield significantly higher NDBA levels than the SPE procedure. When 2,6-dimethylmorpholine was added to the sample before analysis in the MOD and LTVD procedures, artifactual nitrosamines were formed. No artifactual formation was noted in the SPE method. We propose that the new SPE method replace the current methods being used for analysis of netted, cured meat products.
A novel peroxisomal nonspecific lipid‐transfer protein from <i>Candida tropicalis</i> (1990)

We have sequenced the nucleotides of the gene POX18 that encodes PXP-18, a major peroxisomal polypeptide inducible by oleic acid in the yeast Candida tropicalis. POX18 had a single open reading frame of 127 amino acids. Some 33% of the amino acid sequence of the predicted basic polypeptide (13,805 Da), was identical to that of the nonspecific lipid-transfer protein (sterol carrier protein 2) from rat liver. PXP-18, purified to near homogeneity from isolated peroxisomes, had an amino-terminal sequence identical to that of the predicted polypeptide except for the initiator methionine, and had nonspecific lipid-transfer activity comparable to that of its mammalian equivalents. Unexpectedly, PXP-18 lacked the cysteine residue thought to be essential for the activity of this protein in mammals. RNA blot analysis showed that the POX18 gene was expressed exclusively in cells grown on oleic acid, suggesting that PXP-18 has a role in the beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. PXP-18 modulated acyl-coenzyme A oxidase activity at low pH.