gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic pre-BCR homodimers fine-tune autonomous survival signals in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2016)

The pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) is an immature form of the BCR critical for early B lymphocyte development. It is composed of the membrane-bound immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain, surrogate light chain components, and the signaling subunits Igα and Igβ. We developed monovalent quantum dot (QD)-labeled probes specific for Igβ to study the behavior of pre-BCRs engaged in autonomous, ligand-independent signaling in live B cells. Single-particle tracking revealed that QD-labeled pre-BCRs engaged in transient, but frequent, homotypic interactions. Receptor motion was correlated at short separation distances, consistent with the formation of dimers and higher-order oligomers. Repeated encounters between diffusing pre-BCRs appeared to reflect transient co-confinement in plasma membrane domains. In human B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells, we showed that frequent, short-lived, homotypic pre-BCR interactions stimulated survival signals, including expression of BCL6, which encodes a transcriptional repressor. These survival signals were blocked by inhibitory monovalent antigen-binding antibody fragments (Fabs) specific for the surrogate light chain components of the pre-BCR or by inhibitors of the tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk. For comparison, we evaluated pre-BCR aggregation mediated by dimeric galectin-1, which has binding sites for carbohydrate and for the surrogate light chain λ5 component. Galectin-1 binding resulted in the formation of large, highly immobile pre-BCR aggregates, which was partially relieved by the addition of lactose to prevent the cross-linking of galectin-BCR complexes to other glycosylated membrane components. Analysis of the pre-BCR and its signaling partners suggested that they could be potential targets for combination therapy in BCP-ALL.
Heat Shock Protein 70 Prevents both Tau Aggregation and the Inhibitory Effects of Preexisting Tau Aggregates on Fast Axonal Transport (2011)

Aggregation and accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein tau are associated with cognitive decline and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Thus, preventing the transition of tau from a soluble state to insoluble aggregates and/or reversing the toxicity of existing aggregates would represent a reasonable therapeutic strategy for treating these neurodegenerative diseases. Here we demonstrate that molecular chaperones of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family are potent inhibitors of tau aggregation in vitro, preventing the formation of both mature fibrils and oligomeric intermediates. Remarkably, addition of Hsp70 to a mixture of oligomeric and fibrillar tau aggregates prevents the toxic effect of these tau species on fast axonal transport, a critical process for neuronal function. When incubated with preformed tau aggregates, Hsp70 preferentially associated with oligomeric over fibrillar tau, suggesting that prefibrillar oligomeric tau aggregates play a prominent role in tau toxicity. Taken together, our data provide a novel molecular basis for the protective effect of Hsp70 in tauopathies.
Assessment of the Influence of Losses on the Performance of the Electromagnetic Time Reversal Fault Location Method (2016)

Electromagnetic time reversal (EMTR) has been shown to be an efficient method for locating faults in ac and dc power grids. In the available literature, the back-propagation medium has been considered to have identical losses as the directtime medium. However, the telegrapher's equations describing the traveling wave propagation are time-reversal invariant if and only if inverted losses are considered in the back-propagation phase. This paper presents an analysis of the impact of losses on the performance of the EMTR-based fault location method for power networks. In this respect, three back-propagation models are proposed, analyzed, and compared. It is shown that a lossy back-propagation model, for which the wave equations are not rigorously time-reversal invariant, results in accurate fault locations. Finally, an EMTR fault location system based on the lossy back-propagation model and a fast electromagnetic transient simulation platform is developed and its performances validated.
Microhardness characterisation in developing high strength, high toughness and superior ballistic resistance low carbon Ni steel (2012)

To develop new steels that exceed the ballistic resistance, strength and toughness of current naval ship steel plates, we designed optimally quenching–lamellarising–tempering treated low carbon 10Ni steel plates. These plates displayed exceptional properties in all aspects; when compared to the widely used HSLA-100 steel plates, they showed superior toughness and an improvement of over 15 in strength and 20 mm fragment simulation projectile ballistic limit V 50 . A preliminary vibrating sample magnetometer study on the effect of quenching–lamellarising–tempering process and dynamic deformation on the microstructure evolution of the 10Ni steel during ballistic impact was valuable to our understanding of the steel. The data led us to conclude that dynamic deformation during ballistic perforation induced an austenite to martensite phase transformation, which improves the global dynamic plasticity and ballistic resistance of the steel target. This mechanism, similar to the transformation induced plasticity effect, can be appropriately named ballistic induced plasticity. Characteristics of the microhardness maps of the sectioned craters created by ballistics are consistent with ballistic induced plasticity.
A power management methodology for high-level synthesis (2002)

In this paper, we present a power management technique targeted towards high-level synthesis of data-dominated behavioral descriptions. Our method is founded on the observation that variable assignment can significantly affect power management opportunities in the synthesized architecture. Based on this observation, we present a procedure for constraining variable assignment, so that the functional units in the synthesized architecture do not execute any spurious operations. Unlike many previously proposed power management techniques, our method does not have an attendant performance penalty. Experimental results indicate savings of up to 52.5% in power consumption over already power-optimized architectures, at area overheads not exceeding 6.4%.
Design of a Variable-Conductance Vacuum Insulation (1994)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes one approach to the design of a variable-conductance vacuum insulation. In this design, the vacuum insulation consists of a permanently sealed, thin sheet steel, evacuated envelope of whatever geometry is required for the application. The steel envelope is supported internally against the atmospheric pressure loads by an array of discrete, low-conductance, ceramic supports, and radiative heat transfer is blocked by layers of thin metal radiation shields. Thermal conductance through this insulation is controlled electronically by changing the temperature of a small metal hydride connected to the vacuum envelope. The hydride reversibly absorbs/desorbs hydrogen to produce a hydrogen pressure typically within the range from less than 10<sup>-6</sup> to as much as 1 torr. Design calculations are compared with results from laboratory tests of bench scale samples, and some possible automotive applications for this variable-conductance vacuum insulation are suggested.</div>
<sup>13</sup>C-NMR Reactivity Probes for the Environment (1996)

Establishing the general reactivity of any segment of the terrestrial environment can be an important means of characterizing it. The sites capacity for transformation may reflect its environmental health, and knowing this capacity can provide a basis for estimating the rates and nature of the transformations that may occur there. However, no direct means for measuring this reactivity has been available. This work expands upon preliminary efforts to develop reactivity probes for the environment. The 13C-labeled compounds chloroacetic acid (CA), chloroacetamide (CAM), and chloroacetonitrile (CCN) have been synthesized and tested as site reactivity probes (SRPs). The reactivity of activated sludge, a dump site soil, coastal marine water and sediments, and lake water and sediments was assessed by the probes. A simple protocol for employing the SRPs entails incubation with a 2-mL slurry, centrifugation/filtration at a desired time, followed by direct NMR analysis of products. The results indicate a broad capacity for the transformation of xenobiotics in the terrestrial environment, and they underscore the probes' capacity to delineate the nature and approximate rates for these processes. The CA probe is the most sensitive, but CAM and CCN allow an assessment of amide and nitrile hydrolysis by a given site. These probes should help in assessing the effectiveness of bioremediation efforts and also in gauging the effects of other alterations to a site.
Guided-mode resonance sensor with extended spatial sensitivity (2007)

We propose a novel design for a guided-mode resonance (GMR) grating sensor that extends the sensitivity to a large region of space, possibly several tens of microns away from the grating surface. This type of sensors has high sensitivity in the half-space above the grating, close to the theoretical limit, together with a controllable - potentially very high - quality factor. It relies on a resonance caused by a "confined" mode of a sub-wavelength thick grating slab, a mode that is largely expelled from the grating itself into the grating environment. The small thickness assumption allows us to derive a simple yet accurate analytical model for the sensor behavior, which is tested numerically using a rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method as well as in preliminary grating transmission measurements.
Cost Competitive Concentrator Photovoltaics for Solar Thermal Applications (2017)

Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems have been unable to keep up with the plummeting cost of flat plate PV for large scale power generation. New markets must be explored in order to maintain a robust CPV industry. Solar thermal offers a large potential market but has issues competing with conventional, cheap fuels such as natural gas. Hybrid CPV/T systems are capable of producing heat at prices competitive with natural gas when the electricity produced by high efficiency CPV units is used to subsidize the cost of the thermal energy delivered.
Peptide de Novo Sequencing Using 157 nm Photodissociation in a Tandem Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (2010)

It has previously been shown that photodissociation of tryptic peptide ions with 157 nm light in a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer generates an abundance of x-type ions. A peptide de novo sequencing algorithm has now been developed to interpret these data. By combination of photodissociation and postsource decay (PSD) spectra, the algorithm identifies x-type ions and derives peptide sequences. The confidence of amino acid assignments is evaluated by observing complementary y-, v-, and w-type ions that provide additional constraints to sequence identification. In the analysis of 31 tryptic peptides from 4 model proteins, the algorithm identified 322 (or 90.7%) of the 355 amino acids and made only 3 incorrect assignments. The other 30 amino acids were not identified because specific needed x-type ions were not detected. Based on the observation of v- and w-type ions, 45 of 50 detected leucine and isoleucine residues were successfully distinguished and there was only one mistake. The remaining four residues were not distinguished because the corresponding v- and w-type ions were not detected. These de novo sequencing results translated into successful identification of proteins through homology searches. To evaluate the robustness of the present sequencing approach, a collection of 266 tryptic peptides from 23 model proteins were analyzed and then sequenced. A total of 167 peptides yielded sequence tags of 5 or more residues. In 5 peptides, 1 or 2 residues were incorrectly assigned.
Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber Composites Containing Various Fiber Sizings and a Puncture Self-Healing Thermoplastic Matrix (2015)

Ongoing efforts at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) have resulted in the identification of several commercially available thermoplastic resin systems which self-heal after ballistic impact and through penetration. One of these resins, polybutylene graft copolymer (PBg), was selected as a matrix for processing with unsized carbon fibers to fabricate reinforced composites for further evaluation. During process development, data from thermo-physical analyses was utilized to determine a processing cycle to fabricate laminate panels, which were analyzed by photo microscopy and acid digestion. The process cycle was further optimized based on these results to fabricate panels for mechanical property characterization. The results of the processing development effort of this composite material, as well as the results of the mechanical property characterization, indicated that bonding between the fiber and PBg was not adequate. Therefore, three sizings were investigated in this work to assess their potential to improve fiber/matrix bonding compared to previously tested unsized IM7 fiber. Unidirectional prepreg was made at NASA LaRC from three sized carbon fibers and utilized to fabricate test coupons that were tested in double cantilever beam configurations to determine GIc fracture toughness.
Multimode laser Fizeau interferometer for measuring the surface of a thin transparent plate (1997)

A Fizeau interferometer utilizes a multimode laser as a light source for testing thin transparent plate samples. As a result of multimode linear laser operation, interference fringes are obtained only when the optical path difference between two surfaces is equal to twice a multiple of the laser's effective cavity length. For three parallel surfaces, we can either adjust their separations or select a laser such that only two of the three surfaces meet the requirement of twice a multiple of the laser's effective cavity length.
Growth of fluorocarbon polymer thin films with high CF2 fractions and low dangling bond concentrations by thermal chemical vapor deposition (1996)

Thermal chemical vapor deposition was used to deposit fluorocarbon films with chemical resemblance to bulk polytetrafluoroethylene. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the films deposited from thermal decomposition of hexafluoropropylene oxide had fluorine to carbon ratios of 2.0 and CF2 fractions of 90% along with 10% of CF3 and CF moieties. Electron spin resonance results found the dangling bond density to be 1.2×1018 spins/cm3, low compared to conventional plasma polymerized films. Low dangling bond densities were achieved by using a clean source of CF2 in the absence of plasma source.
Dynamic contour tonometry: presentation of a new tonometer. (2005)

Dynamic Contour Tonometry eliminates most of the systematic errors arising from individual changes of corneal properties that adversely influence all types of applanation tonometers. The advantage of measuring the true pressure in combination with the capability of registering dynamic pressure fluctuations discloses new tonometric opportunities to diagnose and classify different types of glaucoma.
An Essential Role of the Avidity of T-Cell Receptor in Differentiation of Self-Antigen-reactive CD8+ T Cells (2016)

Many studies demonstrated crucial roles of avidity of T-cell receptor (TCR) in T-cell fate. However, majority of these findings resulted from analysis of non-self-antigen-specific CD8 T cells, and little is known about roles of TCR avidity in the fate of self-antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) protein is a self-antigen most suitable for addressing this issue because WT1 protein is a highly immunogenic, typical self-antigen. Here, we isolated 2 distinct and functional TCRs, TCR1 and TCR2, from murine WT1 peptide (RMFPNAPYL)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (WT1-CTLs) and generated TCR1-retrogenic (Rg) and TCR2-Rg mice under T and B-cell-deficient and -reconstituted conditions. TCR1-transduced CD8 T (TCR1-T) cells had approximately 2-fold higher avidity to WT1 peptide than TCR2-transduced CD8 T (TCR2-T) cells. Cytokine production profiles and cell surface phenotypes showed that TCR1-T cells were more differentiated than TCR2-T cells under both conditions. Therefore, TCR1-T cells with TCR avidity higher than that of TCR2-T cells are more differentiated compared with TCR2-T cells. Furthermore, TCR1-T cells that developed under T and B-cell-reconstituted conditions displayed cytotoxicity against endogenously WT1-expressing tumor cells, whereas TCR2 T cells that developed under the same conditions did not. Thus, it was demonstrated, for the first time, that TCR avidity played an essential role in differentiation of self-antigen-reactive T cells, through the success of establishment of two distinct WT1-CTLs with a difference in only TCR avidity under the identical genetic background. Present results should provide us with an insight for elucidation of the differentiation mechanisms of self-antigen-reactive T cells, including tumor antigen-reactive T cells.
An ultra-wideband transmitter based on a new pulse generator (2008)

The paper describes an ultra-wideband transmitter, which incorporates an innovative carrier-based pseudo-Gaussian pulse generator satisfying FCC rules with no-filter and high spectral efficiency. The design includes a BPSK modulator, a ramp generator and an output buffer. The transmitter is designed for run up to 500 Mpps in the UWB 3-5-GHz band and it is implemented in 0.28-mum CMOS technology with a core chip size of 0.06-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . It allows the use in various UWB applications. Pulse generator dissipation is 1.9-mW.
Optical Algorithm for Cloud Shadow Detection Over Water (2012)

The application of ocean color product retrieval algorithms for pixels containing cloud shadows leads to erroneous results. Thus, shadows are an important scene type that should be identified and excluded from the set of clear-sky pixels. In this paper, we present an optical cloud shadow-detection technique called the Cloud Shadow Detection Index (CSDI). This approach is for homogeneous water bodies such as deep waters where shadow detection is very challenging due to the relatively small differences in the brightness values of the shadows and neighboring sunlit or some other regions. The CSDI technique is developed based on the small differences between the total radiances reaching the sensor from the shadowed and neighboring sunlit regions of similar optical properties by amplifying the differences through integrating the spectra of the two regions. The Integrated Value (IV) is then normalized by the mean of the IVs within a spatial adaptive sliding box where atmospheric and marine optical properties are assumed homogeneous. Assuming that the true color and the IV images represent accurate shadow locations, the results were visually compared. The CSDI images agree reasonably well with the corresponding true color and the IV images over open ocean. Also, the shape of the cloud shadow particularly for the isolated cloud closely follows that of the cloud, as expected, reconfirming the potential of the CSDI technique.
Unsupervised detection of whispered speech in the presence of normal phonation (2006)

The results of an investigation into unsupervised detection of whispered speech segments in the presence of normally phonated speech are presented. The Whispered Speech Detection system presented here extracts features which exploit both waveform energy and periodicity. Unsupervised classification of these features was performed to identify and label long segments (approx. 2 2.5 seconds) of whispered speech which is typically an indication of criminal activity over telephone networks, for instance, in a correctional facility environment. Experiments indicate that it is possible to automatically detect long segments of whispering in the presence of normally phonated speech; testing of the algorithm presented in this paper yields promising results in correct identification of whispered speech segments.
The novel programmable RF predistortion linearizer (2002)

A novel programmable RF predistortion linearizer is developed in this paper. The key concept of this novel circuit is the distortion compensation performance can be easily optimized at different input power and different operation frequency by controlling the BJT bias V/sub b/ and varactor voltage V/sub vac/. There is a 9 dBc improvement in IM/sub 3/ and a 6 dBc improvement in ACPR in the prototype for the novel programmable RF predistortion linearizer for IS-95 application.
A Novel Approach to Oligonucleotide Synthesis Using an Imidazolium Ion Tag as a Soluble Support (2006)

The synthesis of oligonucleotides in solution using a soluble, ionic liquid based support is described. Short oligomers of varying base composition were synthesized using this method in high yields and high purity, requiring no chromatography for purification prior to cleavage from the support. The solution-phase-synthesized oligomers were compared to the same sequences prepared using standard gene machine techniques by LCMS. This methodology may provide a cheaper route for the large-scale synthesis of oligonucleotides.
Ka-band microwave generation using the Smith-Purcell effect (1983)

The CERETRON microwave generator concept relies on the conversion of intense relativistic electron beam (REB) energy into highpower microwave emission through the Smith-Purcell effect. We report initial results from experiments with the production of Ka-band Smith-Purcell radiation generated by a 50-kA, 2.8-MeV beam propagated through a cylindrical transmission grating with lambda/sub 0/ = 1 cm. These experiments were performed without a quasi-optical resonator, and the output was limited by breakdown of the grating and by limited access through the 90-kG magnet coil. Nevertheless, the measured power output from these initial experiments was about 7 kW in the Ka band.
High Field Terahertz Generation and Nonlinear Terahertz Spectroscopy (2012)

Nonlinear THz spectroscopy is a growing subfield accessible with common tabletop laser systems. Methods for generation of intense THz pulses and recent nonlinear THz spectroscopy results from solid, liquid, and gas phase samples will be discussed.