gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic sludge digestion with a biocatalytic additive (1982)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of a lactobacillus additive an anaerobic sludge digestion under normal, variable, and overload operating conditions. The additive was a whey fermentation product of an acid-tolerant strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus fortified with CaCO/sub 3/, (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/HPO/sub 4/, ferrous lactate, and lactic acid. The lactobacillus additive is multifunctional in nature and provides growth factors, metabolic intermediates, and enzymes needed for substrate degradation and cellular synthesis. The experimental work consisted of several pairs of parallel mesophilic (35/sup 0/C) digestion runs (control and test) conducted in five experimental phases. Baseline runs without the additive showed that the two experimental digesters had the same methane content, gas production rate (GPR), and ethane yield. The effect of the additive was to increase methane yield and GPR by about 5% (which was statistically significant) during digester operation at a loading rate (LR) of 3.2 kg VS/m/sup 3/-day and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 14 days. Data collected from the various experimental phases showed that the biochemical additive increased methane yield, gas production rate, and VS reduction, and decreased volatile acids accumulation. In addition, it enhanced digester buffer capacity and improved the fertilizer value and dewateringmore » characteristics of the digested residue.« less
Modification of alternan by novel Penicillium spp. (2002)

Four strains identified as Penicillium spp. were isolated from soil samples based on their capacity to modify the unique polysaccharide, alternan. Spores from these isolates germinated in medium containing alternan and reduced the apparent molecular weight of alternan as determined by high-performance size exclusion chromatography and viscometry. However, the fungi exhibited limited growth on alternan and did not consume the substrate. The rheological properties of the modified alternan resembled those of commercial gum arabic. Thus, treatment of native alternan with spores from these Penicillium spp. strains constitutes a simple bioconversion method to quantitatively produce novel and potentially useful modified alternan.
Numerical evaluation of an 8-element phased array torso coil for magnetic resonance imaging (2003)

Recently, parallel imaging using multiple RF coils has excited great interest in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To help the design of some novel flexible array coils for the human torso, we theoretically investigate the RF field of an 8-element array coil loaded with an anatomically accurate model of the human torso. The RF behaviour is predicted based on a hybrid FDTD/MoM approach. The primary results are reported and simulations demonstrate the feasibility of torso imaging using array coils.
A Self-Supervised Bootstrap Method for Single-Image 3D Face Reconstruction (2018)

State-of-the-art methods for 3D reconstruction of faces from a single image require 2D-3D pairs of ground-truth data for supervision. Such data is costly to acquire, and most datasets available in the literature are restricted to pairs for which the input 2D images depict faces in a near fronto-parallel pose. Therefore, many data-driven methods for single-image 3D facial reconstruction perform poorly on profile and near-profile faces. We propose a method to improve the performance of single-image 3D facial reconstruction networks by utilizing the network to synthesize its own training data for fine-tuning, comprising: (i) single-image 3D reconstruction of faces in near-frontal images without ground-truth 3D shape; (ii) application of a rigid-body transformation to the reconstructed face model; (iii) rendering of the face model from new viewpoints; and (iv) use of the rendered image and corresponding 3D reconstruction as additional data for supervised fine-tuning. The new 2D-3D pairs thus produced have the same high-quality observed for near fronto-parallel reconstructions, thereby nudging the network towards more uniform performance as a function of the viewing angle of input faces. Application of the proposed technique to the fine-tuning of a state-of-the-art single-image 3D-reconstruction network for faces demonstrates the usefulness of the method, with particularly significant gains for profile or near-profile views.
Fluorinated aminoalkoxide CuII complexes: new CVD precursors for deposition of copper metal (2002)

Volatile low-melting CuII metal complexes of formula Cu[OC(CF3)R1CH2NHR2]2 (R1 = CF3 or CH3; R2 = CH2CH2OMe, Bui, or But) and Cu[OC(CF3)R1CH2NMe2]2 (R1 = CF3 or CH3) have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study on Cu[OC(CF3)2CH2NHCH2CH2OMe]2 shows that one methoxyethyl group of the aminoalkoxide ligand forms an intramolecular dative bond to the Cu atom to produce a square-pyramidal geometry at the metal center, while the second is linked to the Cu atom of the adjacent molecule, giving an N2O4 octahedral coordination arrangement. For the second Bui-substituted complex, Cu[OC(CF3)2CH2NHBui]2, the X-ray structural analysis demonstrated an N2O2 square-planar geometry, with one alkoxide oxygen atom forming strong H-bonding to an adjacent water molecule. Metal CVD experiments were carried out, showing that the source reagents Cu[OC(CF3)2CH2NHBui]2, Cu[OC(CF3)2CH2NHBut]2, and Cu[OCMe(CF3)CH2NHBui]2, which possess a secondary amino group, are capable of depositing copper metal at temperatures of 250–300 °C under inert Ar carrier gas, while Cu[OCMe(CF3)CH2NMe2]2, with a tertiary amine group, requires the use of reductive H2 carrier gas to induce metal deposition at lower temperatures.
Evaluation and implementation of a system to eliminate arbitrary load effects in current-based monitoring of induction machines (1997)

This paper presents a method for removing the load effects from the monitored quantity of the machine. Fault conditions in induction machines cause the magnetic field in the airgap of the machine to be nonuniform. This results in harmonics in the stator current of the motor which can be measured in order to determine the health of the motor. However, variations in the load torque which are not related to the health of the machine typically have exactly the same effect on the load current. Previously presented schemes for current-based condition monitoring ignore the load effect or assume it is known. Therefore, a scheme for determining machine health in the presence of a varying load torque requires some method for separating the two effects. This is accomplished by comparing the actual stator current to a model reference value which includes the load effects. The difference between these two signals provides a filtered quantity, independent of variations of the load, that allows continuous on-line condition monitoring to be conducted without concern for the load condition. Simulation and test results illustrate the effects on the spectrum of the monitored quantity for both constant and eccentric airgaps when in the presence of an oscillating load.
Optically controlled two channel integrated-optical switch (1978)

An integrated optical bistable device based on a waveguide directional coupler switch is demonstrated. The device has four optical ports, and the power incident on the two input ports exists from two distinct output ports so that all-optical data processing or remote optical switching can be performed. On/off ratios as high as 12 dB have been observed. A switching time of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim300 \mu</tex> s and switching energy of ∼3 pJ have been achieved.
A Design Method for Nested MASH-SQ Hybrid Divider Controllers for Fractional-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> Frequency Synthesizers (2018)

Fractional-N frequency synthesizers contain a divider controller which implements the fractional division. The interaction between the quantization noise from the divider controller and nonlinearities within the synthesizer will cause undesirable degradation of the output phase noise performance. The most common divider controller architecture is the Multi-stAge noiSe sHaping Digital Delta-Sigma Modulator (MASH DDSM). Because the MASH DDSM suffers from performance degradation in the presence of nonlinearities, Galton et al. introduced a new divider controller architecture called the Successive reQuantizer (SQ). The SQ is designed to eliminate spurious tones caused by polynomial nonlinearities of a given order. A drawback of the SQ is that its hardware consumption is significantly higher than that of a MASH DDSM. A nested MASH-SQ hybrid has been introduced to achieve similar spectral performance to the SQ but with reduced hardware cost. In this paper, we present a design method for a nested MASH-SQ hybrid divider controller for fractional-N frequency synthesizers.
A 50-fJ 10-b 160-MS/s Pipelined-SAR ADC Decoupled Flip-Around MDAC and Self-Embedded Offset Cancellation (2012)

This paper presents a time-interleaved pipelined-SAR ADC with on-chip offset cancellation technique. The design reuses the SAR ADC to perform offset cancellation, thus saving calibration costs. The inter-stage gain of 8 is implemented in a 6-bit capacitive DAC with a flip-around operation. A capacitive attenuation used in both the first and second DACs significantly reduces the power dissipation and optimizes conversion speed. The detailed circuit implementation of the subthreshold op-amp is discussed, and the possible limits caused by nonidealities are analyzed for a proper correction in the design. These include the inter-stage-gain error and various channel mismatches of offset, gain, and timing. Measurements of a 65-nm CMOS prototype operating at 160 MS/s and 1.1-V supply show an SNDR of 55.4 dB and 2.72 mW total power consumption.
Tuning the Energy Level of Organic Sensitizers for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2009)

Cost-effective organic sensitizers will play a pivotal role in the future large-scale production and application of dye-sensitized solar cells. Here we report two new organic D-Ï-A dyes featuring electron-rich 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene- and 2,2â²-bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-conjugated linkers, showing a remarkable red-shifting of photocurrent action spectra compared with their thiophene and bithiophene counterparts. On the basis of the 3-{5â²-[N,N-bis(9,9-dimethylfluorene-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2â²-bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-5-yl}-2-cyanoacrylic acid dye, we have set a new efficiency record of 7.6% for solvent-free dye-sensitized solar cells based on metal-free organic sensitizers. Importantly, the cell exhibits an excellent stability, keeping over 92% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h accelerated tests under full sunlight soaking at 60 Â°C. This achievement will considerably encourage further design and exploration of metal-free organic dyes for higher performance dye-sensitized solar cells. We have also scrutinized the physical origins of the relatively low photocurrent and photovoltage obtained with an ionic liquid electrolyte compared to a volatile acetonitrile-based electrolyte through transient and modulated photoelectrical measurements.
Relationship of genotype of recombinants of influenza A/Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E]virus used as live virus vaccines to virulence in humans (1979)

Influenza A/Hong Kong/68-ts-1[E] virus is a temperature-sensitive mutant developed for use as a live virus vaccine (B. R. Murphy, E. G. Chalhub, S. R. Nusinoff, J. Kasel, and R. M. Chanock, J. Infect. Dis. 128:479--487, 1973). This virus and temperature-sensitive recombinants derived by mating it with A/Udorn/72, A/Georgia/74, or A/Victoria/75 wild-type virus have been administered to volunteers in clinical trials on the assumption that the ts-1[E] temperature-sensitive genetic lesions on a polymerase gene (P3) and on the nucleoprotein gene (NP) would determine a satisfactory and reproducible level of attentuation regardless of the genetic constitution of ts-1[E] recombinants at other loci (B. R. Murphy, D. D. Richman, S. B. Spring, and R. M. Chanock, Postgrad. Med. 52:381--388, 1976). In this paper, the parental origin of genes in the ts-1[E] recombinants was determined by using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of virion ribonucleic acid segments in the presence of a denaturing agent (urea). When tested in individuals who lacked immunity to hemagglutinin antigen, attenuation of the ts-1[E] recombinants appeared to correlate with inheritance of the ts-1[E] temperature-sensitive genes at the P3 and NP loci and with the level of preinfection neuraminidase immunity. There was no evidence that other genes from the ts-1[E] donor virus played a role in attenuation.
Utilizing Extracted Fungal Pigments for Wood Spalting: A Comparison of Induced Fungal Pigmentation to Fungal Dyeing (2014)

The lengthy time periods required by current spalting methods prohibit the economically viable commercialization of spalted wood on a large scale. This work aimed to compare the effects of induced spalting in 16 Pacific Northwest woods using three common spalting fungi, Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum , and Scytalidium ganodermophthorum , with the significantly less time-consuming treatment of these woods using dichloromethane-extracted green, red, and yellow pigments from the same fungi. For pigment extracts, the dosage required for a pigment to internally color various wood species to 30% internal coverage was investigated. With few exceptions, treatment with pigment extracts outperformed induced spalting in terms of percent internal color coverage. Cottonwood consistently performed best with all three pigment solutions, although chinkapin performed as well as cottonwood with the red pigment, and Port Orford cedar performed as well with the yellow pigment. While no wood species showed 30% internal color coverage with the green pigment solution, a number of additional species, including pacific silver fir, madrone, dogwood, and mountain hemlock showed internal color coverage on the order of 20–30% for red and/or yellow. Cottonwood was determined to be the best suited wood species for this type of spalting application.
Contrast MR-Based Radiomics and Machine Learning Analysis to Assess Clinical Outcomes following Liver Resection in Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Preliminary Study (2022)

Our results confirmed the capacity of radiomics to identify as biomarkers and several prognostic features that could affect the treatment choice in patients with liver metastases in order to obtain a more personalized approach.
DAG-aware circuit compression for formal verification (2005)

The choice of representation for circuits and Boolean formulae in a formal verification tool is important for two reasons. First of all, representation compactness is necessary in order to keep the memory consumption low. This is witnessed by the importance of maximum processable design size for equivalence checkers. Second, many formal verification algorithms are sensitive to redundancies in the design that is processed. To address these concerns, three different auto-compressing representations for Boolean circuit networks and formulas have been suggested in the literature. We attempt to find a blend of features from these alternatives that allows us to remove as much redundancy as possible while not sacrificing runtime. By studying how the network representation size varies when we change parameters, we show that the use of only one operator node is suboptimal, and demonstrate that the most powerful of the proposed reduction rules, two-level minimization, actually can be harmful. We correct the bad behavior of two-level optimization by devising a simple linear simplification algorithm that can remove tens of thousands of nodes on examples where all obvious redundancies already have been removed. The combination of our compactor with the simplest representation outperforms all of the alternatives we have studied, with a theoretical runtime bound that is at least as good as the three studied representations.
A Research on Temperature Dependent Characteristics of Quality Factor of Silicon MEMS Gyroscope (2010)

The performance of silicon micro gyroscope affected by the quality factor of silicon micro gyroscope is introduced. The temperature characteristics of quality factor of silicon micro gyroscope are also presented. The theoretical analysis suggests that the air damping is the key factor determining the quality factor of silicon micro gyroscope and the quality factor determined by the air damping is in inverse proportion to the square root of temperature. According to the theory, the reciprocal of the quality factor of gyroscope can be approximately expressed as a linear equation with respect to temperature over a temperature range from 238K to 328K. Using the high speed data acquisition card to sample the decayed drive amplitude signal of gyroscope, the quality factor of gyroscope can be calculated from those sample data. The quality factors of gyroscopes at different temperature are experimented in a high accurate thermostat. The experimental results validate the approximate relationship between the quality factor of silicon micro gyroscope and the temperature.
<title>Calibration procedures for a two-modular generalized ellipsometer</title> (1999)

A Two-Modulator Generalized Ellipsometer (2-MGE) has been extremely useful in characterizing optical properties of uniaxial bulk materials, thin films and diffraction gratings. The instrument consists of two polarizer- photoelastic modulator pairs, one operating as the polarization state generator and the other as the polarization state detector. Each photoelastic modulator operates at a different resonant frequency, making it possible to measure eight elements of the reduced sample; Mueller matrix simultaneously. In certain configurations, light reflection from non-depolarizing anisotropic samples can be completely characterized by a single measurement, and the entire reduced Jones matrix can be determined, including the cross polarization coefficients. The calibration of the instrument involves the measurement of the azimuthal angle of the polarizer with respect to the modulator, the modulation amplitude, and the modulator strain for each polarizer photoelastic modulator pair, where the lat two are functions of wavelengths. In addition, it is essential to calibrate the azimuthal modulator pair, where the lat two are functions of wavelengths. In addition, it is essential to calibrate the azimuthal angles of the polarization state generator and the polarization state detector with respect to the plane of incidence in the ellipsometry configuration that is used in the measurements. Because two modulators operating at different frequencies are used, these calibrations are actually easier and more accurate than for one modulator ellipsometers. In this paper, we will discuss these calibrations and the resultant accuracy limitations of the 2-MGE.
Quantitative Demonstration of a High-Fidelity Oil-Based Mud Resistivity Imager Using a Controlled Experiment (2021)

The objective of this paper is to describe and validate a new approach for acquiring images that provides both qualitative and quantitative information on the formation electrical properties using a high-resolution, oil-based mud imager (HROBMI) tool. This new multifrequency imaging tool is able to function at high frequencies (in the MHz range) in oil-based muds. To allow for the quantitative estimation of formation and mud properties from the HROBMI data, a hybrid machine-learning/inversion approach was implemented. In this hybrid approach, machine-learning models corresponding to different candidate mud properties are trained, and the resulting regression functions are stored. For a given measurement data set, predictions of these different models are used to quickly identify an optimum mud candidate. This information is then fed into an inversion algorithm that provides accurate quantitative information on the logging environment of the HROBMI. The accuracy of this algorithm has been verified using a test fixture that enables the change of formation properties in different mud environments. The measurements from the HROBMI are a function of the formation properties: resistivity and permittivity, frequency, and mud properties. The hybrid algorithm can untangle HROBMI data from multiple frequencies to obtain true formation resistivity images independent of the other parameters that affect the tool measurements. In addition, the algorithm provides formation permittivity images as well as a standoff image. The results have been provided from both the controlled experiments in the test fixture and from field logs.
Measuring and managing the remote client perceived response time for web transactions using server-side techniques (2006)

As businesses continue to grow their dependence on the World Wide Web, it is increasingly vital for them to accurately measure and manage response time of their Web services. This dissertation shows that it is possible to determine the remote client perceived response time for Web transactions using only server-side techniques and that doing so is useful and essential for the management of latency based service level agreements. 
First, we present Certes, a novel modeling algorithm, that accurately estimates connection establishment latencies as perceived by the remote clients, even in the presence of admission control drops. We present a non-linear optimization that models this effect and then we present an O(c) time and space online approximation algorithm. Second, we present ksniffer, an intelligent traffic monitor which accurately determines the pageview response times experienced by a remote client without any changes to existing systems or Web content. Novel algorithms for inferring the remote client perceived response time on a per pageview basis are presented which take into account network loss, RTT, and incomplete information. Third, we present Remote Latency-based Management (RLM), a system that controls the latencies experienced by the remote client by manipulating the packet traffic into and out of the Web server complex. RLM tracks the progress of each pageview download in real-time, as each embedded object is requested, making fine grained decisions on the processing of each request as it pertains to the overall pageview latency. RLM introduces fast SYN and SYN/ACID retransmission and embedded object rewrite and removal techniques to control the latency perceived by the remote client. 
We have implemented these mechanisms in Linux and demonstrated their effectiveness across a wide-range of realistic workloads. Our experimental results demonstrate for the first time that server-side response time measurements can be done in real-time at giga-bit traffic rates to within 5This is an order of magnitude better than common application-level techniques run at the Web server. Our results also demonstrate for the first time how both the mean and the shape of the per pageview client perceived response time distribution can be dynamically controlled at the server complex.
Low-threshold visible laser diodes for high-power applications (1993)

High performance, AlGaInP, strained-layer single quantum well, semiconductor laser diodes emitting in the 630 to 680 nm spectral range have been designed, fabricated, and characterized. Thermal calculations and modelling have been carried out both to estimate the thermal resistivity of various AlGaInP alloys and to optimize the device geometry and performance. Threshold current densities below 300 A/cm<SUP>2</SUP> at room temperature, cw outputs over 1 Watt, and operating lifetimes in excess of 10,000 hours have been achieved.