gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nursing & Midwifery: The key to the rapid and cost effective expansion of high quality universal healthcare (2018)

Nurses and midwives play a central role in all health systems. They support people in every aspect of their health and wellbeing – from health promotion to chronic disease management and specialist services. Together they make up half of the professional health workforce globally and account for about 90 percent of the contacts between patients and health professionals. This report argues that countries that invest in and develop their nursing and midwifery workforce can achieve a rapid, cost-effective expansion of high-quality UHC. This will also help to realize the World Health Assembly (WHA) target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC within five years. The report makes three main sets of arguments: 1. The initial emphasis in UHC policy has been on financing and access to services. Much more attention now needs to be given to service quality, the promotion of health and the prevention of diseases – areas where nurses and midwives can play an increasing role – as well as investment in the health workforce. 2. Nurses and midwives are well-placed to meet changing health needs – particularly for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) – to deliver increased levels of health promotion and disease prevention, to develop primary care, and to provide support and supervision for community health workers. However, they are very often not enabled, resourced and supported to use their education and experience to their full potential. This is an extraordinary waste of talent and resources. 3. There are already many nurses who have taken on advanced and specialist roles, and globally many midwifery- and nurse-led services provide new and innovative models of care. These can be the foundation for a rapid, cost-effective expansion of high-quality UHC. Moreover, a survey of attitudes in seven countries showed that the public were open to an increase in nurse-led services. More than two-thirds of respondents said that it didn’t matter who treated them for a non-life-threatening illness or condition – a doctor or a nurse – as long as they had the right training and skills. More than 80 percent saw nurses and doctors as equally valuable members of the healthcare team. However, as other surveys show, there are currently many nurses and midwives working in poor conditions without adequate equipment and support, and consequently providing poor services. Investment is needed in nursing and midwifery, as well as effective legislation, regulation, education and employment practices. There also needs to be a fundamental shift in policy at a national and global level to recognize what nurses and midwives can achieve if enabled to do so. This report concludes by setting out a clear plan – with nursing and midwifery at its heart – for how countries can achieve a rapid, cost-effective expansion of high-quality UHC, and help to realize the WHA target.
Nutrition during Pregnancy (2015)

This review focuses on the nutritional needs and reality of women while pregnant. In addition the physiology of the pregnant woman is discussed including the weight gain associated with pregnancy the energy and nutritional requirements of pregnancy and the changes is basic metabolism and homeostasis. Pregnant women are considered a nutritionally vulnerable group; however if women were so vulnerable why is there a massive overpopulation problem? That is to say that obviously many women living in nutritionally poor environments sustain healthy pregnancies. To investigate this paradox clinical and epidemiological studies are reviewed and it was found that: 1) in communities where dietary standards are not grossly defective the improved feeding of pregnant women produce only a marginal but by no means unimportant increase of reproductive efficiency; and 2) maternal stature has a considerable influence on reproductive efficiency possibly as a result of the influence of nutritional status during growth i.e. preceding pregnancy. This review compares recorded dietary intakes of pregnant women with recommended dietary allowances but such a comparison fails to produce cogent evidence of serious deficiencies. Nor was evidence found to indicate that many clinical abnormalities can be unequivocally attributed to dietary defects. Maternal weight gain and its implication for nutritional requirements are discussed. And alterations of maternal metabolism and homeostasis are now thought to favor transfer of nutrients to the fetus over uptake of nutrients by the maternal tissues; before these alterations had been viewed as signs of nutritional depletion.
Regional and temporal changes in left ventricular strain and stiffness in a porcine model of myocardial infarction (2018)

The aim of the present study was to serially track how myocardial infarction (MI) impacts regional myocardial strain and mechanical properties of the left ventricle (LV) in a large animal model. Post-MI remodeling has distinct regional effects throughout the LV myocardium. Regional quantification of LV biomechanical behavior could help explain changes in global function and thus advance clinical assessment of post-MI remodeling. The present study is based on a porcine MI model to characterize LV biomechanics over 28 days post-MI via speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE). Regional myocardial strain and strain rate were recorded in the circumferential, radial, and longitudinal directions at baseline and at 3, 14, and 28 days post-MI. Regional myocardial wall stress was calculated using standard echocardiographic metrics of geometry and Doppler-derived hemodynamic measurements. Regional diastolic myocardial stiffness was calculated from the resultant stress-strain relations. Peak strain and phasic strain rates were nonuniformly reduced throughout the myocardium post-MI, whereas time to peak strain was increased to a similar degree in the MI region and border zone by 28 days post-MI. Elevations in diastolic myocardial stiffness in the MI region plateaued at 14 days post-MI, after which a significant reduction in MI regional stiffness in the longitudinal direction occurred between 14 and 28 days post-MI. Post-MI biomechanical changes in the LV myocardium were initially limited to the MI region but nonuniformly extended into the neighboring border zone and remote myocardium over 28 days post-MI. STE enabled quantification of regional and temporal differences in myocardial strain and diastolic stiffness, underscoring the potential of this technique for clinical assessment of post-MI remodeling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, speckle-tracking echocardiography was used to serially track regional biomechanical behavior and mechanical properties postmyocardial infarction (post-MI). We found that changes initially confined to the MI region extended throughout the myocardium in a nonuniform fashion over 28 days post-MI. Speckle-tracking echocardiography-based evaluation of regional changes in left ventricular biomechanics could advance both clinical assessment of left ventricular remodeling and therapeutic strategies that target aberrant biomechanical behavior post-MI.
CTL019 (tisagenlecleucel): CAR-T therapy for relapsed and refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2018)

Over the past decades, survival of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has dramatically improved, but the subgroup of patients with relapsed/refractory ALL still continues to have dismal prognosis. As an emerging therapeutic approach, chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cells (CAR-T) represent one of the few practice-changing therapies for this subgroup of patients. Originally conceived and built in Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania), CTL019 or tisagenlecleucel, the first CAR-T approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, showed impressive results in refractory/relapsed ALL since the publication on two pediatric patients in 2013. It is in this context that we provide a review of this product in terms of manufacturing, pharmacology, toxicity, and efficacy studies. Evaluation and management of toxicities, particularly cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity, is recognized as an essential part of the patient treatment with broader use of IL-6 receptor inhibitor. An under-assessed aspect, the quality of life of patients entering CAR-T cells treatment, will also be reviewed. By their unique nature, CAR-T cells such as tisagenlecleucel operate in a different way than typical drugs, but also provide unique hope for B-cell malignancies.
Controls Advanced Research Turbine: Lessons Learned during Advanced Controls Testing (2005)

This paper describes some of the problems encountered while conducting tests on the Controls Advanced Research Turbine installed at the National Wind Technology Center. It also discusses some of the peculiarities of the C-code used to control the CART and discusses the fault protection routine, Turbine safety, and some of its failures.
Clinical Management of Breast Pain: A Review (2002)

Breast pain (mastalgia) is a common cause of anxiety among women and frequently leads to a primary care clinic for consultation. Fortunately, mild premenstrual breast discomfort lasting for 1 to 4 days can be considered "normal." However, moderate-to-severe breast pain lasting over 5 days can interfere with usual activities, lead to unnecessary medical tests, and potentially invite the use of ineffective, occasionally harmful medications. Despite the severity of some patients' symptoms, mastalgia is still considered a trivial complaint by many physicians; often it is felt to be psychological in nature. Careful evaluation to rule out breast cancer and reassure the patient is enough to make the pain resolve in most cases. In a few patients, however, mastalgia is severe enough to deserve further evaluation and treatment. Overall, 92% of patients with cyclical mastalgia (CM) and 64% with noncyclical mastalgia (NCM) can obtain relief of their pain with the judicious use of several available therapies.
A Model of Electrowetting, Reversed Electrowetting, and Contact Angle Saturation (2011)

While electrowetting has many applications, it is limited at large voltages by contact angle saturation, a phenomenon that is still not well understood. We propose a generalized approach for electrowetting that, among other results, can shed new light on contact angle saturation. The model assumes the existence of a minimum (with respect to the contact angle) in the electric energy and accounts for a quadratic voltage dependence ∼U(2) in the low-voltage limit, compatible with the Young-Lippmann formula, and an ∼U(-2) saturation at the high-voltage limit. Another prediction is the surprising possibility of a reversed electrowetting regime, in which the contact angle increases with applied voltage. By explicitly taking into account the effect of the counter-electrode, our model is shown to be applicable to several AC and DC experimental electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) setups. Several features seen in experiments compare favorably with our results. Furthermore, the AC frequency dependence of EWOD agrees quantitatively with our predictions. Our numerical results are complemented with simple analytical expressions for the saturation angle in two practical limits.
Ca2+ Activation of Smooth Muscle Contraction (2002)

Smooth muscle contraction is activated by phosphorylation of the 20-kDa light chains of myosin catalyzed by Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). According to popular current theory, the CaM involved in MLCK regulation is Ca(2+)-free and dissociated from the kinase at resting cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). An increase in [Ca(2+)](i) saturates the four Ca(2+)-binding sites of CaM, which then binds to and activates actin-bound MLCK. The results of this study indicate that this theory requires revision. Sufficient CaM was retained after skinning (demembranation) of rat tail arterial smooth muscle in the presence of EGTA to support Ca(2+)-evoked contraction, as observed previously with other smooth muscle tissues. This tightly bound CaM was released by the CaM antagonist trifluoperazine (TFP) in the presence of Ca(2+). Following removal of the (Ca(2+))(4)-CaM-TFP(2) complex, Ca(2+) no longer induced contraction. The addition of exogenous CaM to TFP-treated tissue at a [Ca(2+)] subthreshold for contraction or even in the absence of Ca(2+) (presence of 5 mm EGTA), followed by washout of unbound CaM, restored Ca(2+)-induced contraction; this required MLCK activation, since it was blocked by the MLCK inhibitor ML-9. The data suggest, therefore, that a specific pool of cellular CaM, tightly bound to myofilaments at resting [Ca(2+)](i), or even in the absence of Ca(2+), is responsible for activation of contraction following a local increase in [Ca(2+)]. This mechanism would allow for localized changes in [Ca(2+)] in regions of the cell distant from the myofilaments to regulate distinct Ca(2+)-dependent processes without triggering a contractile response. Immobilized CaM, therefore, resembles troponin C, the Ca(2+)-binding regulatory protein of striated muscle, which is also bound to the thin filament in a Ca(2+)-independent manner.
Umbilical Cord Tissue-Derived Cells as Therapeutic Agents (2015)

Although the characteristics of SC, including UC-derived cells, are a dramatically discussed issue, this review will focus particularly on some controversial issues regarding clinical utility of cells isolated from UC tissue. UC-derived cells have several advantages compared to other types and sources of stem cells. The impact of UC topography on cell characteristics is briefly discussed. The necessity to adapt existing methods of cell isolation and culturing to GMP conditions is mentioned, as well as possible cryopreservation of this material. Light is shed on some future perspectives for UC-derived cells.
Oriented Gold Nanoparticle Aggregation for Colorimetric Sensors with Surprisingly High Analytical Figures of Merit (2013)

The common drawbacks of current colorimetric sensors using gold nanoparticle aggregation is its relatively low sensitivity and narrow dynamic range, which restrict their application in real sample analysis when competing with other analytical techniques such as fluorescence and chemiluminescence. In this article, we demonstrate a novel strategy to construct colorimetric sensors based on gold nanoparticle aggregation. Unlike the conventional colorimetric sensors which cause the formation of large nanoparticle aggregates, in our strategy, dimers are selectively formed upon target binding, which results in significantly improved long-term stability and a more than 2 orders of magnitude wider dynamic range of detection than that of the conventional colorimetric sensors. In addition, a strategy to minimize the interparticle gap through the formation of a Y-shaped DNA duplex enables to increase the limit of detection by 10,000 times. The analytical figures of merit of the proposed sensor are comparable to those of the fluorescence-based sensors.
POSITIVE, WARM T CELL CROSSMATCH IN CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION (1982)

SINGH, GURMUKH; RABIN, BRUCE S.; THOMPSON, MARK E.; HARDESTY, ROBERT; GRIFFITH, BARTLEY; BAHNSON, HENRY T.; STARZL, THOMAS Author Information
Processing and Properties of IM7/LARC™ -Si Polyimide Composites (1997)

LARC™-SI (NASA Langley Research Center-Soluble Imide) is an aromatic thermoplastic polyimide. LARC™-SI is synthesized from equimolar amounts of oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA), 3, 3′, 4, 4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and the equivalent amount of 3, 4′-oxydianiline (3, 4′-ODA). Phthalic anhydride (PA) was used as an endcapper to control molecular weight. A 30% solid LARC™-SI solution (in NMP/Xylene: 9/1 v/v) with 3% stoichiometric imbalance was made into unidirectional long-fibre-reinforced prepregs. Thermal properties, volatile depletion behaviour and resin rheology were thoroughly characterized. Using this information, two composite moulding cycles were developed that consistently yielded well consolidated, void-free laminates. Composite mechanical properties such as short-beam shear strength, longitudinal and transverse flexural strength and flexural modulus, longitudinal tensile strength and notched and un-notched compression strengths, fracture toughness, open-hole compression strength and compression after impact (CAI) strength were measured at room temperature (RT) and elevated temperatures. LARC™-SI composite exhibited very good toughness and damage tolerance. The interlaminar fracture toughness and the CAI strength were measured at 1.72 kJ m − 2 at 35.2 GPa respectively.
A specific transporter for iron(III)–phytosiderophore in barley roots (2006)

Iron acquisition of graminaceous plants is characterized by the synthesis and secretion of the iron-chelating phytosiderophore, mugineic acid (MA), and by a specific uptake system for iron(III)-phytosiderophore complexes. We identified a gene specifically encoding an iron-phytosiderophore transporter (HvYS1) in barley, which is the most tolerant species to iron deficiency among graminaceous plants. HvYS1 was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 678 amino acids and to have 72.7% identity with ZmYS1, a first protein identified as an iron(III)-phytosiderophore transporter in maize. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the HvYS1 gene was mainly expressed in the roots, and its expression was enhanced under iron deficiency. In situ hybridization analysis of iron-deficient barley roots revealed that the mRNA of HvYS1 was localized in epidermal root cells. Furthermore, immunohistological staining with anti-HvYS1 polyclonal antibody showed the same localization as the mRNA. HvYS1 functionally complemented yeast strains defective in iron uptake on media containing iron(III)-MA, but not iron-nicotianamine (NA). Expression of HvYS1 in Xenopus oocytes showed strict specificity for both metals and ligands: HvYS1 transports only iron(III) chelated with phytosiderophore. The localization and substrate specificity of HvYS1 is different from those of ZmYS1, indicating that HvYS1 is a specific transporter for iron(III)-phytosiderophore involved in primary iron acquisition from soil in barley roots.
The True Story and Advantages of RNA Phage Capsids as Nanotools (2016)

RNA phages are often used as prototypes for modern recombinant virus-like particle (VLP) technologies. Icosahedral RNA phage VLPs can be formed from coat proteins (CPs) and are efficiently produced in bacteria and yeast. Both genetic fusion and chemical coupling have been successfully used for the production of numerous chimeras based on RNA phage VLPs. In this review, we describe advances in RNA phage VLP technology along with the history of the Leviviridae family, including its taxonomical organization, genomic structure, and important role in the development of molecular biology. Comparative 3D structures of different RNA phage VLPs are used to explain the level of VLP tolerance to foreign elements displayed on VLP surfaces. We also summarize data that demonstrate the ability of CPs to tolerate different organic (peptides, oligonucleotides, and carbohydrates) and inorganic (metal ions) compounds either chemically coupled or noncovalently added to the outer and/or inner surfaces of VLPs. Finally, we present lists of nanotechnological RNA phage VLP applications, such as experimental vaccines constructed by genetic fusion and chemical coupling methodologies, nanocontainers for targeted drug delivery, and bioimaging tools.
Functional Tissue Analysis Reveals Successful Cryopreservation of Human Osteoarthritic Synovium (2016)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease affecting cartilage and is the most common form of arthritis worldwide. One third of OA patients have severe synovitis and less than 10% have no evidence of synovitis. Moreover, synovitis is predictive for more severe disease progression. This offers a target for therapy but more research on the pathophysiological processes in the synovial tissue of these patients is needed. Functional studies performed with synovial tissue will be more approachable when this material, that becomes available by joint replacement surgery, can be stored for later use. We set out to determine the consequences of slow-freezing of human OA synovial tissue. Therefore, we validated a method that can be applied in every routine laboratory and performed a comparative study of five cryoprotective agent (CPA) solutions. To determine possible deleterious cryopreservation-thaw effects on viability, the synovial tissue architecture, metabolic activity, RNA quality, expression of cryopreservation associated stress genes, and expression of OA characteristic disease genes was studied. Furthermore, the biological activity of the cryopreserved tissue was determined by measuring cytokine secretion induced by the TLR ligands lipopolysaccharides and Pam3Cys. Compared to non frozen synovium, no difference in cell and tissue morphology could be identified in the conditions using the CS10, standard and CryoSFM CPA solution for cryopreservation. However, we observed significantly lower preservation of tissue morphology with the Biofreeze and CS2 media. The other viability assays showed trends in the same direction but were not sensitive enough to detect significant differences between conditions. In all assays tested a clearly lower viability was detected in the condition in which synovium was frozen without CPA solution. This detailed analysis showed that OA synovial tissue explants can be cryopreserved while maintaining the morphology, viability and phenotypical response after thawing, offering enhanced opportunities for human in vitro studies.
A Strategy for Designing a Concave Pt–Ni Alloy through Controllable Chemical Etching (2012)

Oktaedrische Pt-Ni-Nanopartikel (NPs) werden durch einen koordinationsunterstützten chemischen Ätzprozess in konkave Pt3Ni-NPs überführt (siehe Schema). Die korrodierten konkaven Pt-Ni-NPs haben eine größere Dichte von niederkoordinierten Atomen an Kristallstufen – ein wichtiger Faktor in der heterogenen Katalyse.
A new class of mixed aza–thioether crown containing a 1,10-phenanthroline sub-unit (1996)

The new aza–thioether crowns [15]ane(phen N2)S3 and [19]ane(phen N2)S4 have been synthesised. Their complexation with nickel(II) salts afforded a range of octahedral complexes. The single crystal structures of [Ni{[15]ane(phen N2)S3}(NCMe)][BF4]2, [NiCl{[15]ane(phen N2)S3}]BF4·dmf (dmf = dimethylformamide) and [NiI{[15]ane(phen N2)S3}][I3] have been determined and confirm N2S3 donation of the aza–thioether crown in a folded conformation to NiII with the sixth co-ordination site taken up by MeCN, Cl– and I– respectively. The complex [Ni2Cl2{[19]ane(phen N2)S4}2][BF4]2·3MeNO2 shows a dichlorobridged binuclear structure with the aza–thioether crown bound via only two S- and two N-donors, with two thioether S-donors unbound. A dichloro-bridged binuclear structure was found also for [Ni2Cl2{[12]ane(py N)S3}2][BF4]2·1.5MeNO2. The redox properties of [Ni{[15]ane(phen N2)S3}(NCMe)][BF4]2 in MeCN have been examined.