gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction (2011)

The initial stimulus for this book came from the author's desire to try to find out for himself, as far as it seemed feasible, what was what in the Admiralty, and who did quite what. An incentive here was stumbling over statements in some secondary sources such as ‘the Admiralty decided’, or even ‘the Admiralty thought’, which appeared dubious not through any refusal to accept that decisions were being made on naval matters, and certainly not a contemptuous belief that ‘naval thinking’ was an oxymoron, but rather that it was ludicrous to imply – except as a useful shorthand, to which one must resort on occasion – that the Admiralty constituted some kind of single mind, or – in some ways even worse – that there has been always some identifiable individual within the department who was responsible for everything.
Reliability challenges for 45nm and beyond (2006)

Scaling, for enhanced performance and cost reduction, has pushed existing CMOS materials much closer to their intrinsic reliability limits.This will require that designers will have to be very careful with: high current densities,voltage overshoots, localized hot spots on the chip, high duty-cycle applications, and high thermal-resistance packaging.In addition to the reliability issues, interconnect RC time-delay will worsen with scaling because Cu resistivity is expected to increase due to surface and grain boundary scattering in very narrow interconnects.Also, the low-k interconnect-dielectric introduction rate has been much slower than ITRS roadmap forecasts.
Fusing method handle graphs for efficient dynamic JVM language implementations (2017)

A Method Handle (MH) in JSR 292 (Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages on the JVM) is a typed, directly executable reference to an underlying method, constructor, or field, with optional method type transformations. Multiple connected MHs make up a Method Handle Graph (MHG), which transfers an invocation at a dynamic call site to real method implementations at runtime. Despite benefits that MHGs have for dynamic JVM language implementations, MHGs challenge existing JVM optimization because a) larger MHGs at call sites incur higher graph traversal costs at runtime; and b) JIT expenses, including profiling and compilation of individual MHs, increase along with the number of MHs. This paper proposes dynamic graph fusion to compile an MHG into another equivalent but simpler MHG (e.g., fewer MHs and edges), as well as related optimization opportunities (e.g., selection policy and inline caching). Graph fusion dynamically fuses bytecodes of internal MHs on hot paths, and then substitutes these internal MHs with the instance of the newly generated bytecodes at program runtime. The implementation consists of a template system and GraphJIT. The former emits source bytecodes for individual MHs, while the latter is a JIT compiler that fuses source bytecodes from templates on the bytecode level (i.e., both source code and target code are bytecodes). With the JRuby Micro-Indy benchmark from Computer Language Benchmark Game and JavaScript Octane benchmark on Nashorn, our results show that (a) the technique can reduce execution time of Micro-Indy and Octane benchmarks by 6.28% and 7.73% on average; b) it can speed up a typical MHG’s execution by 31.53% using Ahead-Of-Time (AOT) compilation; and (c) the technique reduces the number of MH JIT compilations by 52.1%.
Thin film composite polyamide membranes: parametric study on the influence of synthesis conditions (2015)

Analysis of strong interaction between monomers concentrations in interfacial polymerization reaction provides valuable guidelines for making a wide range of salt rejecting membranes.
Twelve Degree of Freedom Baby Humanoid Head Using Shape Memory Alloy Actuators (2011)

A biped mountable robotic baby head was developed using a combination of Biometal fiber and Flexinol shape memory alloy actuators (SMAs). SMAs were embedded in the skull and connected to the elastomeric skin at control points. An engineered architecture of the skull was fabricated, which incorporates all the SMA wires with 35 routine pulleys, two firewire complementary metal-oxide semiconductor cameras that serve as eyes, and a battery powered microcontroller base driving circuit with a total dimension of 140×90×110 mm3. The driving circuit was designed such that it can be easily integrated with a biped and allows programming in real-time. This 12DOF head was mounted on the body of a 21DOF miniature bipedal robot, resulting in a humanoid robot with a total of 33DOFs. Characterization results on the face and associated design issues are described, which provides a pathway for developing a humanlike facial anatomy using wire-based muscles. Numerical simulation based on SIMULINK was conducted to assess the performance of the prototypic robotic face, mainly focusing on the jaw movement. The nonlinear dynamics model along with governing equations for SMA actuators containing transcendental and switching functions was solved numerically and a generalized SIMULINK model was developed. Issues related to the integration of the robotic head with a biped are discussed using the kinematic model.
Probing the Complementarity of FAIMS and Strong Cation Exchange Chromatography in Shotgun Proteomics (2013)

High field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), also known as differential ion mobility spectrometry, coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) offers benefits for the analysis of complex proteomics samples. Advantages include increased dynamic range, increased signal-to-noise, and reduced interference from ions of similar m/z. FAIMS also separates isomers and positional variants. An alternative, and more established, method of reducing sample complexity is prefractionation by use of strong cation exchange chromatography. Here, we have compared SCX-LC-MS/MS with LC-FAIMS-MS/MS for the identification of peptides and proteins from whole cell lysates from the breast carcinoma SUM52 cell line. Two FAIMS approaches are considered: (1) multiple compensation voltages within a single LC-MS/MS analysis (internal stepping) and (2) repeat LC-MS/MS analyses at different and fixed compensation voltages (external stepping). We also consider the consequence of the fragmentation method (electron transfer dissociation or collision-induced dissociation) on the workflow performance. The external stepping approach resulted in a greater number of protein and peptide identifications than the internal stepping approach for both ETD and CID MS/MS, suggesting that this should be the method of choice for FAIMS proteomics experiments. The overlap in protein identifications from the SCX method and the external FAIMS method was ~25% for both ETD and CID, and for peptides was less than 20%. The lack of overlap between FAIMS and SCX highlights the complementarity of the two techniques. Charge state analysis of the peptide assignments showed that the FAIMS approach identified a much greater proportion of triply-charged ions.
Engineering of lipid-coated PLGA nanoparticles with a tunable payload of diagnostically active nanocrystals for medical imaging (2012)

Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) based nanoparticles are biocompatible and biodegradable and therefore have been extensively investigated as therapeutic carriers. Here, we engineered diagnostically active PLGA nanoparticles that incorporate high payloads of nanocrystals into their core for tunable bioimaging features. We accomplished this through esterification reactions of PLGA to generate polymers modified with nanocrystals. The PLGA nanoparticles formed from modified PLGA polymers that were functionalized with either gold nanocrystals or quantum dots exhibited favorable features for computed tomography and optical imaging, respectively.
Enhanced magnetoresistance in nanocrystalline magnetite (2003)

The magnetic and magnetotransport properties of nanoparticulate magnetite with different grain sizes are investigated using x-ray diffraction, microscopy, magnetometry, and magnetoresistance measurements. The magnetization varies significantly with grain size and is sensitive to preparation conditions. The reduction in saturation magnetization in coprecipitated particles is probably due to the surface spin disorder. Magnetoresistance of pressed powder compacts is significantly enhanced in material composed of small grain size magnetite particles prepared by coprecipitation. Useful magnetoresistance persists well above room temperature in sintered ceramic material.
A multibit ΣΔ modulator in floating-body SOS/SOI CMOS for extreme radiation environments (1999)

This paper presents the design of an experimental first-order /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator with 4-bit internal quantization, fabricated in a 1.5-/spl mu/m space-qualified radiation-hard partially depleted silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) digital CMOS process. This converter architecture has been chosen partly to allow investigation into the design of a range of common analog functions with two key issues in mind: one of technology and one environmental. First, both the architecture and the circuit design are optimized using a variety of unconventional techniques to account for the influence of extreme bias-dependent, radiation-induced threshold-voltage shifts of up to 1 V, as well as poor 1/f device noise. Second, the circuitry is specially adapted to accommodate the floating-body behavior of this type of process, wherein drain conductance varies considerably with drain bias and frequency. The design techniques are directly applicable to very large-scale-integration silicon-on-insulator (SOI) design, where similar device physics are encountered. Notwithstanding the severe constraints on the design, the fabricated circuit provides 9.7 bits of dynamic range in a 63-kHz signal bandwidth, only degrading to 9.1 bits after 23 Mrad(Si) of total dose /spl gamma/ radiation.
Constitutive expression of IL-6 receptors and their role in the excessive B cell function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. (1993)

Excessive B cell function including autoantibody production is a common feature of SLE and considered to be intimately associated with spontaneous lymphokine secretion by themselves. To clarify roles of IL-6/IL-6 receptor autocrine activation pathway in autoantibody production observed in patients with SLE, we studied expression and function of IL-6 receptors in comparison with those of IL-2 receptors, Tac on SLE B cells. IL-6 receptors and IL-2 receptors have been detected on B cells in the blood without any in vitro stimuli in most patients with SLE. The introduction of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, which inhibits binding to the receptors of IL-6, and anti-IL-2 receptor antibody, anti-Tac to the cultures of SLE B cells resulted in potent inhibition of spontaneous production of polyclonal Ig and anti-DNA autoantibodies. In addition, fresh SLE B cells secreted high levels of IL-6 without any in vitro stimuli. These results indicate that constitutive expression of IL-6 receptors on B cells in conjunction with spontaneous IL-6 production by B cells induces autocrine B cell activation, which may lead to B cell hyperactivity and autoantibody secretion in SLE patients. Dysregulation of B cell activity observed in patients with SLE could thus be, at least in part, independent of T cell help.
Hierarchical random simulation approach for the verification of S/390 CMOS multiprocessors (1997)

In this paper an approach is presented for thehierarchical verification of the memory control units, I/O adaptersand processor interconnect units as found in multiprocessorcomputer systems. It is shown how such units could be verifiedbetter and faster by the introduction of random executable timingdiagrams and associated CAD tool support. Furthermore, itis shown how the timing diagrams for the unit network verificationare easily derived from the timing diagrams specified for theunits. The multiprocessor hardware test showed the effectivenessof the proposed verification approach.
70GHz-spaced 40 x 42.7 Gbit/s transmission over 8700 km using CS-RZ DPSK signal, all-Raman repeaters and symmetrically dispersion-managed fiber span (2003)

70GHz-spaced 40 x 42.7 Gbit/s pre-filtered CS-RZ DPSK signals have been successfully transmitted over 8700 km for the first time, using all-Raman repeaters, "ABA" dispersion map and an ETDM receiver. Long-term stability was also confirmed with low-speed polarization scrambling and without using PMD compensation.
Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand (2018)

Studies have compared the chemical properties of tobacco smoke to those of cannabis smoke, with the objective of identifying the chemical attributes responsible for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of cannabis smoke. Comparative studies have included small sample sizes and produced conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the major chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke across a range of cannabis samples of different potencies and origins, sourced from the illegal market in New Zealand. Twelve cannabis samples were studied ranging from 1.0% to 13.4% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>9</sup>THC) content. A smoking machine was used to smoke "joints" (cannabis cigarettes) and the chemical/physical properties of the smoke assessed. The chemical constituents of the smoke extracts were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A range of different chemical constituents (in addition to Δ<sup>9</sup>THC) were identified and their concentrations estimated. Terpenoids were identified as the major variable in cannabis smoke, showing a 40-fold range in total terpenoid content. Analysis of the total particulate matter showed that significantly different levels of particulate matter were produced between the different cannabis samples, ranging from 14.6 to 66.3 mg/g of cannabis smoked. The Δ<sup>9</sup>THC delivery efficiency during smoking was also investigated and produced consistent results showing a mean and median of 12.6% and 10.8%, respectively, of the theoretically available Δ<sup>9</sup>THC (ranging from 7.2% to 28.0%).
Probability-based collaborative filtering model for predicting gene–disease associations (2017)

PCFM model can be leveraged for predictions of disease genes, especially for new human genes or diseases with no known relationships.
Mechanisms of CD8beta-mediated T cell response enhancement: interaction with MHC class I/beta2-microglobulin and functional coupling to TCR/CD3. (1998)

CD8beta expression results in enhanced IL-2 production and/or altered specificity in allogeneic MHC class I-restricted T cell hybridomas. Expression of chimeric CD8beta-alpha molecules (extracellular CD8beta, transmembrane and cytoplasmic CD8alpha) also results in enhancement of T hybridoma responses to alloantigen, suggesting that at least part of CD8beta's ability to influence responses similar to those of mature CD8+ T cells is mediated by its extracellular domain. Current data suggest that CD8beta-mediated response enhancement proceeds through mechanisms similar to those mediated by CD8alpha, i.e., interacting with MHC class I and stabilizing CD8-associated Lck activity. In this study we present evidence that the extracellular portion of CD8beta is capable of independent interaction with MHC class I/beta2m dimers in the absence of CD8alpha. In addition, CD8beta may enhance interaction with MHC class I/beta2m when associated with CD8alpha. We also present evidence from T hybridoma responses suggesting that the extracellular portion of CD8beta is uniquely capable of efficient interaction with the TCR/CD3 complex and may couple the TCR/CD3 complex to other surface components capable of enhancing TCR-mediated signals. This represents the first evidence that a critical coreceptor function can be preferentially associated with the CD8beta subunit.
Antimicrobial resistance to ceftazidime involving loss of penicillin-binding protein 3 in <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> (2011)

Known mechanisms of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics include β-lactamase expression, altered drug target, decreased bacterial permeability, and increased drug efflux. Here, we describe a unique mechanism of β-lactam resistance in the biothreat organism Burkholderia pseudomallei (the cause of melioidosis), associated with treatment failure during prolonged ceftazidime therapy of natural infection. Detailed comparisons of the initial ceftazidime-susceptible infecting isolate and subsequent ceftazidime-resistant variants from six patients led us to identify a common, large-scale genomic loss involving a minimum of 49 genes in all six resistant strains. Mutational analysis of wild-type B. pseudomallei demonstrated that ceftazidime resistance was due to deletion of a gene encoding a penicillin-binding protein 3 (BPSS1219) present within the region of genomic loss. The clinical ceftazidime-resistant variants failed to grow using commonly used laboratory culture media, including commercial blood cultures, rendering the variants almost undetectable in the diagnostic laboratory. Melioidosis is notoriously difficult to cure and clinical treatment failure is common in patients treated with ceftazidime, the drug of first choice across most of Southeast Asia where the majority of cases are reported. The mechanism described here represents an explanation for ceftazidime treatment failure, and may be a frequent but undetected resistance event.
Electrical response of relaxing dielectrics compressed by shock waves: The axial-mode problem (1978)

Axial-mode conditions occur in studies of the dielectric properties of materials compressed by shock waves whenever the electrical vectors are perpendicular to a planar shock front. These conditions are readily obtained in shock experiments, and the analysis of the experiments is one dimensional. This work considers the electrical response of shock-wave-compressed dielectrics and piezoelectrics where changes in the polarization due to imposed electric fields do not occur instantaneously with field changes. Experiments are proposed in which the effective impedance shunting the specimen is either negligible or a series inductive-resistive network. These latter experiments are useful in discriminating between dielectric relaxation and other relaxation phenomena. Several example problems are solved, and they suggest profitable areas of future work.
Re-targetability in software tools (1999)

Software tool construction is a risky business, with uncertain rewards. Many tools never get used. This is a truism: software tools, however brilliantly conceived, well-designed, and meticulously constructed, have little impact unless they are actually adopted by real programmers. While there are no sure-fire ways of ensuring that a tool will be used, experience indicates that retargetability is an important enabler for wide adoption. In this paper, we elaborate on the need for retargetability in software tools, describe some mechanisms that have proven useful in our experience, and outline our future research in the broader area of inter-operability and retargetability.
Concept and feasibility of aerial imaging measurements on EUV masks (2011)

On the road to and beyond the 22nm half-pitch on chip patterning technology, 13.5nm EUVL is widely considered the best next technology generation following deep ultraviolet lithography. The availability of an actinic measurement system for the printability analysis of mask defects to ensure defect-free mask manufacturing and cost-effective high-volume EUV production is an infrastructural prerequisite for the EUVL roadmap and represents a significant step toward readiness for commercialization of EUV for high-volume-manufacturing . Carl Zeiss and SEMATECH's EUVL Mask Infrastructure (EMI) program started a concept study and feasibility plan for a tool that emulates the aerial image formed by a EUV lithography scanner supporting the 22 nm half-pitch node requirements with extendibility to the 16nm half-pitch node. The study is targeting a feasible concept for the AIMS<sup>TM</sup> EUV platform, bridging a significant gap for EUV mask metrology.
Redundancy-Aware Routing with Limited Resources (2010)

Network load is reduced upon elimination of redundant data transfer. Redundancy elimination (RE) techniques can be applied on a per-packet basis, and provide benefit regardless of application. While it is straightforward to apply RE on a perlink basis, network cost can be further reduced by applying RE network-wide: by routing potentially redundant packets (identified using a redundancy profile) onto common links. Constructing redundancy-aware routes is challenging: it might not be economically viable to deploy RE over every link. Also, to preserve end-to-end performance and control signaling cost, routes cannot be determined on a per packet basis. We propose a redundancy-aware routing algorithm. Our approach can cope with limited resources (in terms of number of routers that can support RE ) and is feasible (not requiring for per-packet routing decisions). We evaluate our algorithm using detailed simulations, based on both synthetic traffic and trace captured from large enterprise networks. Unlike previous studies, our studies consider data from multiple sources. Our results show that a small number of RE equipped routers, coupled with our routing algorithm, are sufficient to achieve reduction in network load close to the unreachable upper bound.
Amplifier systems with quasifeed-forward control (1975)

The applicability of signal-error feedforward is usually restricted, owing to the output signal adder that is required. A quasifeedforward configuration is presented here which extends the improvement obtained by feedforward to this output adder. A practical example is given with the numerical results that were obtained.
Two-colour dissipative solitons and breathers in microresonator second-harmonic generation (2023)

Frequency conversion of dissipative solitons associated with the generation of broadband optical frequency combs having a tooth spacing of hundreds of giga-hertz is a topical challenge holding the key to practical applications in precision spectroscopy and data processing. The work in this direction is underpinned by fundamental problems in nonlinear and quantum optics. Here, we present the dissipative two-colour bright-bright and dark-dark solitons in a quasi-phase-matched microresonator pumped for the second-harmonic generation in the near-infrared spectral range. We also found the breather states associated with the pulse front motion and collisions. The soliton regime is found to be typical in slightly phase-mismatched resonators, while the phase-matched ones reveal broader but incoherent spectra and higher-order harmonic generation. Soliton and breather effects reported here exist for the negative tilt of the resonance line, which is possible only via the dominant contribution of second-order nonlinearity.
Study on the Changes of Tocopherols and Lignans and the Oxidative Properties of Roasted Sesame Oil during Manufacturing and Storage (2008)

This study investigated the antioxidant content and oxidative properties of roasted sesame oil during manufacturing and storage at 25 o C in the dark for 18 months. The manufacturing steps included pressing of the roasted sesame seeds, and then three filtering steps. Filtering decreased the oil viscosity, but increased free fatty acid content. The peroxide value (POV) was not affected by filtering. Sesamin, sesamolin, and tocopherol levels were significantly higher in the 3 rd filtered oil as compared to the other oils; however, sesamol content was reduced. The roasted sesame oil oxidized slowly during storage at 25 o C in the dark, and there was no POV change up to 9 months of storage. The levels of sesamol, sesamin, sesamolin, and tocopherols in the oil decreased with storage time, and the tocopherol decomposition rate (-3.04%/month) was higher than that of total lignan compounds (-1.06%/month). Therefore, these results suggest that tocopherols have priority over lignan compounds in performing as antioxidants in roasted sesame oil during storage.