gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound Matrix Imaging. I. The focused reflection matrix, the F-factor and the role of multiple scattering (2022)

This is the first article in a series of two dealing with a matrix approach for aberration quantification and correction in ultrasound imaging. Advanced synthetic beamforming relies on a double focusing operation at transmission and reception on each point of the medium. Ultrasound matrix imaging (UMI) consists in decoupling the location of these transmitted and received focal spots. The response between those virtual transducers form the so-called focused reflection matrix that actually contains much more information than a confocal ultrasound image. In this paper, a time-frequency analysis of this matrix is performed, which highlights the single and multiple scattering contributions as well as the impact of aberrations in the monochromatic and broadband regimes. Interestingly, this analysis enables the measurement of the incoherent input-output point spread function at any pixel of this image. A fitting process enables the quantification of the single scattering, multiple scattering and noise components in the image. From the single scattering contribution, a focusing criterion is defined, and its evolution used to quantify the amount of aberration throughout the ultrasound image. In contrast to the state-of-the-art coherence factor, this new indicator is robust to multiple scattering and electronic noise, thereby providing a contrasted map of the focusing quality at a much better transverse resolution. After a validation of the proof-of-concept based on time-domain simulations, UMI is applied to the in-vivo study of a human calf. Beyond this specific example, UMI opens a new route for speed-of-sound and scattering quantification in ultrasound imaging.
A Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitute: Transplanting a Novel Allosteric Effect of Crocodile Hb (1996)

Recombinant DNA technology has enabled the large scale production of human hemoglobin in bacteria and yeast. This has opened up a way to produce a hemoglobin-based blood substitute which could replace conventional blood transfusion in some situations. Using our understanding of the structure-function relationships and evolutionary history of hemoglobin it has been possible to improve the oxygen transport properties of the molecule and solve a number of problems associated with the use of natural hemoglobin as a cell-free blood substitute.
Further investigations of diffuser augmented wind turbines. Part 2. Technical report. Final report (1979)

A multiphased investigation is described which involves three test facilities of several compact diffuser approaches. Screens, to simulate a wind turbine, and a three-bladed, fixed-pitch turbine have been with the diffuser models. A candidate baseline design is described and some of the key issues are discussed that can lead to future full scale implementation.
<title>Modeling and measurement of root canal using stereo digital radiography</title> (2000)

Determining root canal length is a crucial step in success of root canal treatment. Root canal length is commonly estimated based on pre-operation intraoral radiography. 2D depiction of a 3D object is the primary source of error in this approach. Techniques based on impedance measurement are more accurate than radiographic approaches, but do not offer a method for depicting the shape of canal. In this study, we investigated a stererotactic approach for modeling and measurement of root canal of human dentition. A weakly perspective model approximated the projectional geometry. A series of computer-simulated objects was used to test accuracy of this model as the first step. The, to assess the clinical viability of such an approach, endodontic files inserted in the root canal phantoms were fixed on an adjustable platform between a radiographic cone and an image receptor. Parameters of projection matrix were computed based on the relative positions of image receptors, focal spot, and test objects. Rotating the specimen platform from 0 to 980 degrees at 5-degree intervals set relative angulations for stereo images. Root canal is defined as the intersection of two surfaces defined by each projection. Computation of error for length measurement indicates that for angulations greater than 40 degrees the error is within clinically acceptable ranges.
Abstract 572: A novel anti-PDL1 x anti-VEGFR2 bispecific antibody for enhanced antitumor immunity (2016)

Abstract The importance of VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling in cancer growth and metastasis has been clearly highlighted by the therapeutic benefits of bevacizumab (Avastin), a humanized antibody to VEGF, and Cyramza, a fully human antibody to VEGFR2, in multiple cancer treatment modalities. Recently, immune checkpoint antagonistic antibodies to PD1 and PDL1 have shown some success in a variety of clinical settings across multiple cancer types. The overall clinical efficacy of these individual antibody therapies has been, however, rather limited and, only evident in a fraction of patients. To this end, combinations of antibodies against both VEGF/VEGFR2 and PD1/PDL1 may represent promising approaches to further enhance the antitumor efficacy of individual antibody therapies. In this study, we engineered a bispecific anti-PDL1 x anti-VEGFR2 antibody using two fully human antibodies derived from antibody phage display libraries. In this bispecific format, a high affinity single chain antibody to PDL1 was genetically fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain of a conventional IgG antibody against VEGFR2. The bispecific antibody was efficiently expressed in mammalian cells and could be purified to homogeneity via single step affinity chromatography. The bispecific antibody retained the binding activity of its parental antibodies to PDL1 and VEGFR2, and strongly blocked both VEGF/VEGFR2 and PDL1/PD1 interaction. Further, the bispecific antibody inhibited VEGF-stimulated VEGFR2 phosphorylation and proliferation of endothelial cells, and promoted proliferation of human T cells and secretion of cytokine such as IL2 and INFγ. The bispecific antibody is currently being evaluated in vivo in relevant animal models. Citation Format: Dan Lu, Zhanna Polonskaya, Haifan Zhang, Xenia Luna, Stella Martomo, Zhikai Zhang, Zhaojing Zhong, Yan Wu, Jeegar Patel, James Tonra, Larry Witte, Sam Waksal, Zhenping Zhu. A novel anti-PDL1 x anti-VEGFR2 bispecific antibody for enhanced antitumor immunity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 572.
Polarisation response of mono-order concave diffraction gratings based on an elliptical Bragg reflector (2013)

The polarisation dependence of integrated concave diffraction gratings with extended metallic or dielectric elliptical Bragg reflectors was investigated. Equal grating efficiency of 99% for both polarisations was achieved for the dielectric configuration using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modelling, with a polarisation-dependent loss (PDL) of 0.07 dB.
Charge control for direct injection spark ignition engines with EGR (2000)

Modern automotive engines rely increasingly on high performance estimation and control algorithms to deliver the expected performance benefits. This paper discusses a number of control problems and issues that arise in the design of a charge controller for a lean-burn direct injection spark ignition engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). To deal with uncertainties and parameter variations that can significantly affect the engine performance, the use of feedback and adaptive controllers is shown to be essential.
HEARTAND BONE IN CKD - A (2013)

Introduction and Aims: Animal studies showed that non-oxidized PTH (n-oxPTH) is bioactive, whereas oxidation of PTH at methionine residues results in loss of biological activity. In the present study we analyzed the effect of n-oxPTH on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Methods: For determining associations among PTH levels and mortality in hemodialysis patients we performed a prospective cohort study in 340 prevalent hemodialysis patients which were followed up for 5 years. PTH was measured by means of the third generation intact-PTH immunoassay system, either directly (total intact parathyroid hormone, iPTH) and after prior removal of oxidized PTH molecules from the samples using specific monoclonal antibodies raised against the oxidized human PTH. Results: Hemodialysis patients (224 men/116 women) had a median age of 66 years, median time on dialysis was 266 days (IQR, 31 to 1209 days), and median dialysis dose (kt/V) was 1.2. 170 patients (50%) died during a follow up time of 5 years. Median n-ox-PTH levels were higher in survivors (7.2 ng/L) compared to patient that died (5.0 ng/L; p=0.002). Survival analysis showed an increased survival in the highest n-ox-PTH tertile compared to the lowest n-oxPTH tertile (Chi square 14.3; p=0.0008). Median survival was 1702 days in the highest n-ox-PTH tertile, whereas it was only 453 days in the lowest n-oxPTH tertile. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression showed that higher age increased odds for death, whereas n-oxPTH and hemoglobin concentrations reduced the odds for death. In this model, the iPTH category did not affect the odds for death, indicating that the amount of n-oxPTH but not iPTH predicted patients' survival in the entire study population. A further model analyzing only patients with iPTH above the normal range (>70 ng/ml) revealed that mortality in this subgroup depended protein oxidation on PTH but not on n-oxPTH. N-oxPTH had no impact on mortality in patients with high iPTH, whereas iPTH was associated with all-cause mortality when only analyzing patients with iPTH >70 pg/ml. Additionally, we a prioristratified iPTH levels according to international guidelines into five categories representing very low ( 300ng/L). Survival analysis showed that patients with target iPTH levels had longer median survival compared to the other categories. Conclusions: In conclusion, the predictive power of n-oxPTH and iPTH on all-cause mortality differs substantially. Since the classical iPTH assay detects mainly oxidized, biologically inactive PTH, clinical decisions based on iPTH measurements might be misleading.
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Stalk-Specific Antibodies in Human Serum are a Surrogate Marker for <i>In Vivo</i> Protection in a Serum Transfer Mouse Challenge Model (2017)

The immunogenicity of current influenza virus vaccines is assessed by measuring an increase of influenza virus-specific antibodies in a hemagglutination inhibition assay. This method exclusively measures antibodies against the hemagglutinin head domain. While this domain is immunodominant, it has been shown that hemagglutination inhibition titers do not always accurately predict protection from disease. In addition, several novel influenza virus vaccines that are currently under development do not target the hemagglutinin head domain, but rather more conserved sites, including the hemagglutinin stalk. Importantly, antibodies against the hemagglutinin stalk do not show activity in hemagglutination inhibition assays and will require different methods for quantification. In this study, we tested human serum samples from a seasonal influenza virus vaccination trial and an avian H5N1 virus vaccination trial for antibody activities in multiple types of assays, including binding assays and also functional assays. We then performed serum transfer experiments in mice which then received an H1N1 virus challenge to assess the <i>in vivo</i> protective effects of the antibodies. We found that hemagglutinin-specific antibody levels measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) correlated well with protection from weight loss in mice. In addition, we found that weight loss was also inversely correlated with the level of serum antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as measured in a reporter assay. These findings indicate that protection is in part conferred by Fc-dependent mechanisms. In conclusion, ELISAs can be used to measure hemagglutinin-specific antibody levels that could serve as a surrogate marker of protection for universal influenza virus vaccines.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Influenza viruses are a serious concern for public health and cause a large number of deaths worldwide every year. Current influenza virus vaccines can confer protection from disease, but they often show low efficacy due to the ever-changing nature of the viruses. Novel vaccination approaches target conserved epitopes of the virus, including the hemagglutinin stalk domain, to elicit universally protective antibodies that also bind to mutated viruses or new subtypes of viruses. Importantly, the hemagglutination inhibition assay-the only assay that has been accepted as a correlate of protection by regulatory authorities-cannot measure antibodies against the hemagglutinin stalk domain. Therefore, novel correlates of protection and assays to measure vaccine immunogenicity need to be developed. In this study, we correlated the results from multiple assays with protection in mice after transfer of human serum and a lethal virus challenge to investigate potential novel serological surrogate markers for protection.
Fixed time constant AGC circuits (2002)

The generalized design of Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuits that have constant settling time is described. Each of the major components of the AGC circuit is modeled and the criteria to obtain a gain settling time independent of the absolute gain is determined. The method developed works with arbitrary monotonic nonlinear functions in the gain control characteristic of the variable gain amplifier. Three AGC circuits are simulated at the behavioral level to show the benefits of the technique developed.
Highly Tunable Superparamagnetic Colloidal Photonic Crystals (2007)

Tuning crystal: Superparamagnetic nanocrystal clusters can self-assemble into colloidal photonic crystals in solution, whose stop bands can be magnetically tuned across the entire visible spectrum. Owing to the high magnetization and the highly charged polyacrylate-capped surface of each cluster, the colloidal photonic crystals show a rapid, reversible, and widely tunable optical response to external magnetic fields.
Redox-Active Supramolecular Polymer Binders for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries That Adapt Their Transport Properties in Operando (2016)

π-Stacked perylene bisimide (PBI) molecules are implemented here as highly networked, redox-active supramolecular polymer binders in sulfur cathodes for lightweight and energy-dense Li–S batteries. We show that the in operando reduction and lithiation of these PBI binders sustainably reduces Li–S cell impedance relative to nonredox active conventional polymer binders. This lower impedance enables high-rate cycling in Li–S cells with excellent durability, a critical step toward unlocking the full potential of Li–S batteries for electric vehicles and aviation.
Final Technical Report: Improvement of Zymomonas mobilis for Commercial Use in Corn-based Biorefineries (2010)

Between 2007 and 2010 DuPont conducted a program under DOE award DE-FC36-07GO17056 to develop and improve Zymomonas mobilis as an ethanologen for commercial use in biorefineries to produce cellulosic ethanol. This program followed upon an earlier DOE funded program in which DuPont, in collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) had developed a Zymomonas strain in conjunction with the development of an integrated cellulosic ethanol process. In the current project, we sought to maximize the utility of Zymomonas by adding the pathway to allow fermentation of the minor sugar arabinose, improve the utilization of xylose, improve tolerance to process hydrolysate and reduce the cost of producing the ethanologen. We undertook four major work streams to address these tasks, employing a range of approaches including genetic engineering, adaptation, metabolite and pathway analysis and fermentation process development. Through this project, we have developed a series of strains with improved characteristics versus the starting strain, and demonstrated robust scalability to at least the 200L scale. By a combination of improved ethanol fermentation yield and titer as well as reduced seed train costs, we have been able to reduce the capital investment and minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) by approximately 8.5% and 11% respectively vs. our starting point. Furthermore, the new strains we have developed, coupled with the learnings of this program, provide a platform for further strain improvements and advancement of cellulosic ethanol technology.
Phase-based measures of cross-frequency coupling in brain electrical dynamics under general anesthesia (2011)

The state of general anesthesia (GA) is associated with an increase in spectral power in scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) at frequencies below 40 Hz, including spectral peaks in the slow oscillation (SO, 0.1-1 Hz) and α (8-14 Hz) bands. Because conventional power spectral analyses are insensitive to possible cross-frequency coupling, the relationships among the oscillations at different frequencies remain largely unexplored. Quantifying such coupling is essential for improving clinical monitoring of anesthesia and understanding the neuroscience of this brain state. We tested the usefulness of two measures of cross-frequency coupling: the bispectrum-derived SynchFastSlow, which is sensitive to phase-phase coupling in different frequency bands, and modulogram analysis of coupling between SO phase and α rhythm amplitude. SynchFastSlow, a metric that is used in clinical depth-of-anesthesia monitors, showed a robust correlation with the loss of consciousness at the induction of propofol GA, but this could be largely explained by power spectral changes without considering cross-frequency coupling. Modulogram analysis revealed two distinct modes of cross-frequency coupling under GA. The waking and two distinct states under GA could be discriminated by projecting in a two-dimensional phase space defined by the SynchFastSlow and the preferred SO phase of α activity. Our results show that a stereotyped pattern of phase-amplitude coupling accompanies multiple stages of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. These findings suggest that modulogram analysis can improve EEG based monitoring of brain state under GA.
Tunable frequency Gunn diodes fabricated by focused ion beam implantation (1988)

Gun diodes have been fabricated in GaAs, where the implanted doping concentration is varied linearly from one contact to the other. The starting material was semi-insulating GaAs, and Si/sup ++/ ions were implanted at 140 keV. The dose was varied from 1*10/sup 13/ cm/sup -2/ to 3*10/sup 13/ cm/sup -2/ over a distance of 80 mu m. The width of the implant was 10 mu m. The frequency of oscillation could be smoothly tuned from 6 to 23 GHz by varying the bias voltage in the range of 25 to 35 V. Identical-geometry but uniformly doped devices exhibited bias-independent frequency of oscillation. Other doping profiles can yield other functions. A numerical model to solve the conservation equations, coupled with Poisson's equation, has been developed to simulate device performance. The solution is performed in the time domain and allows the domain nucleation, motion, and discharge to be observed. Doping profiles that optimize the diode performance can be predicted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ribose-modified adenosine analogs as adenosine receptor agonists (1986)

Analogues of the potent adenosine receptor agonist (R)-N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine (R-PIA), modified at N9, were prepared and evaluated for adenosine A1 and A2 receptor binding and in vivo central nervous system and cardiovascular effects. The modifications at N9 include deoxy sugars, 5'-substituted-5'-deoxyriboses, non-ribose sugars, sugar ring homologues, and acyclic sugar analogues. Most of the derivatives have poor affinity for adenosine receptors. Only minor modifications at C5' and C3' maintain potent binding. In general, those derivatives exhibiting in vivo behavioral or cardiovascular effects also have the highest affinity for adenosine receptors.
Quantum cascade lasers: unipolar intersubband infrared lasers (2002)

The quantum cascade laser relies on only one type of carrier (unipolar laser) and on quantum jumps of electrons between discrete conduction band energy levels of quantum wells. We designed a structure where electrons make a vertical radiative transition essentially in the same well. This reduces considerably the width of the gain spectrum (FWHM=10 meV) and therefore the laser threshold current density. To prevent electron escape in the continuum, which is greatly reduced in the case of the diagonal transition, the superlattice of the digitally graded injector is designed to act as a Bragg reflector for electrons in the higher excited state and to simultaneously ensure swift electron escape from the lower states via a miniband facing the latter.
Frequency instability measurement system of cryogenic maser oscillator (2007)

The frequency stability measurement of a new kind of secondary frequency standard, the whispering gallery mode maser oscillator, is reported. Based on a very simple design the beatnote comparison with a state-of-the-art cryogenic sapphire resonator oscillator gave a preliminary result of 10−14 frequency instability at 1 s integration time. The measurement is limited by the microwave synthesis chain used to evaluate the maser stability.
Experimental Study of Control Systems Using Fuzzy Inference for Absorption Chillers/Heaters (1993)

Generally speaking, it is difficult to make a model which satisfies completely all the characteristics for absorption chillers/heaters, therefore PID control is often used. In this paper, to improve energy saving with stable and fast response, we apply fuzzy control using well-known characteristics as knowledge for fuzzy inference to absorption chillers/heaters.Consequently it is verified with experiments on a 100 USRton double stage absorption chillers/heaters that proposed multi-input fuzzy controlled system is better then PID controlled system with gains adjusted by fuzzy interence, when refrigeration load is quickly changed like step change, start-up and temperature of cooling water increases.
ENHANCED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION INTEGRATED WITH CO2 SEPARATION IN A SINGLE-STAGE REACTOR (2005)

Hydrogen production cannot be maximized from fossil fuels (gas/coal) via the WGS reaction at high temperatures as the WGS-equilibrium constant K{sub WGS} (= [CO{sub 2}][H{sub 2}]/[CO][H{sub 2}O]), falls with increasing temperatures. However, CO{sub 2} removal down to ppm levels by the carbonation of CaO to CaCO{sub 3} in the temperature range 650-850 C, leads to the possibility of stoichiometric H{sub 2} production at high temperature/pressure conditions and at low steam to fuel ratios. Further, CO{sub 2} is also captured in the H{sub 2} generation process, making this coal to hydrogen process compatible with CO{sub 2} sequestration goals. While microporous CaO sorbents attain <50% conversion over cyclical carbonation-calcination, the OSU-patented, mesoporous CaO sorbents are able to achieve >95% conversion. Novel calcination techniques could lead to an ever-smaller footprint, single-stage reactors that achieve maximum theoretical H{sub 2} production at high temperatures and pressures for on/off site usage. Experimental results indicate that the PCC-CaO sorbent is able to achieve complete conversion of CO for 240 seconds as compared to only a few seconds with CaO derived from natural sources.