gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Possibilities for Nuclear Photo-Science with Intense Lasers (2006)

The interaction of intense laser light with relativistic electrons can produce unique sources of high-energy x rays and gamma rays via Thomson scattering. ''Thomson-Radiated Extreme X-ray'' (T-REX) sources with peak photon brightness (photons per unit time per unit bandwidth per unit solid angle per unit area) that exceed that available from world's largest synchrotrons by more than 15 orders of magnitude are possible from optimally designed systems. Such sources offer the potential for development of ''nuclear photo-science'' applications in which the primary photon-atom interaction is with the nucleons and not the valence electrons. Applications include isotope-specific detection and imaging of materials, inverse density radiography, transmutation of nuclear waste and fundamental studies of nuclear structure. Because Thomson scattering cross sections are small, < 1 barn, the output from a T-REX source is optimized when the laser spot size and the electron spot size are minimized and when the electron and laser pulse durations are similar and short compared to the transit time through the focal region. The principle limitation to increased x-ray or gamma-ray brightness is ability to focus the electron beam. The effects of space charge on electron beam focus decrease approximately linearly with electron beam energy. For this reason, T-REX brightness increases rapidly as a function of the electron beam energy. As illustrated in Figure 1, above 100 keV these sources are unique in their ability to produce bright, narrow-beam, tunable, narrow-band gamma rays. New, intense, short-pulse, laser technologies for advanced T-REX sources are currently being developed at LLNL. The construction of a {approx}1 MeV-class machine with this technology is underway and will be used to excite nuclear resonance fluorescence in variety of materials. Nuclear resonance fluorescent spectra are unique signatures of each isotope and provide an ideal mechanism for identification of nuclear materials. With TREX it is possible to use NRF to provide high spatial resolution (micron scale) images of the isotopic distribution of all materials in a given object. Because of the high energy of the photons, imaging through dense and/or thick objects is possible. This technology will have applicability in many arenas including the survey of cargo for the presence of clandestine nuclear materials. It is also possible to address the more general radiographic challenge of imaging low-density objects that are shielded or placed behind high density objects. In this case, it is the NRF cross section and not the electron density of the material that provides contrast. Extensions of T-REX technology will be dependent upon the evolution of short pulse laser technology to high average powers. Concepts for sources that would produce 10's of kWs of gamma-rays by utilizing MW-class average-power, diode-pumped, short pulse lasers and energy recovery LINAC technology have been developed.
Expansion of the Clavulanic Acid Gene Cluster: Identification and In Vivo Functional Analysis of Three New Genes Required for Biosynthesis of Clavulanic Acid by <i>Streptomyces clavuligerus</i> (2000)

Clavulanic acid is a potent inhibitor of beta-lactamase enzymes and is of demonstrated value in the treatment of infections by beta-lactam-resistant bacteria. Previously, it was thought that eight contiguous genes within the genome of the producing strain Streptomyces clavuligerus were sufficient for clavulanic acid biosynthesis, because they allowed production of the antibiotic in a heterologous host (K. A. Aidoo, A. S. Paradkar, D. C. Alexander, and S. E. Jensen, p. 219-236, In V. P. Gullo et al., ed., Development in industrial microbiology series, 1993). In contrast, we report the identification of three new genes, orf10 (cyp), orf11 (fd), and orf12, that are required for clavulanic acid biosynthesis as indicated by gene replacement and trans-complementation analysis in S. clavuligerus. These genes are contained within a 3.4-kb DNA fragment located directly downstream of orf9 (cad) in the clavulanic acid cluster. While the orf10 (cyp) and orf11 (fd) proteins show homologies to other known CYP-150 cytochrome P-450 and [3Fe-4S] ferredoxin enzymes and may be responsible for an oxidative reaction late in the pathway, the protein encoded by orf12 shows no significant similarity to any known protein. The results of this study extend the biosynthetic gene cluster for clavulanic acid and attest to the importance of analyzing biosynthetic genes in the context of their natural host. Potential functional roles for these proteins are proposed.
Distributed Network Imaging and Electrical Impedance Tomography of Minimally Invasive Surgery (2004)

Minimally invasive surgery has become highly dependent on imaging. For instance, the effectiveness of cryosurgery in treating cancer is dependent on knowledge of freezing extent, and relies on real-time imaging techniques for monitoring. However, medical imaging is often very expensive and therefore not available to most of the world population. Here we propose the concept of distributed network imaging (DNI) which could make medical imaging and minimally invasive surgery available to all who need these advanced medical modalities. We demonstrate the concept through electrical impedance tomography (EIT) of cryosurgery. The central idea is to develop an inexpensive measurend (data collection hardware) at a remote site and then to connect the measurend apparatus to an advanced image reconstruction server, which can serve a large number of distributed measurends at remote sites, using existing communication conduits (Ethernet, telephone, satellite, etc.). These conduits transfer the raw data from the measurend to the server and the reconstructed image from the server to the measurend. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging modality which utilizes tissue impedance variation to construct an image. The EIT measurend which consists of electrodes, a power supply, and means to measure voltage is inexpensive, and therefore suitable for DNI. EIT is also very well-suited to imaging cryosurgery since frozen tissue impedance is much higher than that of unfrozen tissue. In this study, we first develop numerical models to illustrate the theoretical ability of EIT to image cryosurgery. We begin with a simplified two dimensional model, and then extend the study to the more appropriate three dimensional model. Our simulated finite element phantoms and pixel-based Newton-Raphson reconstruction algorithms were able to produce easily identifiable images of frozen regions within tissue. Then, we demonstrate the feasibility of the DNI concept though a case study using EIT to image an in vitro liver cryosurgery procedure through a modem. We find that the acquired raw data packets are less than 5KB per image and the images, using compression, do not exceed 50KB per image.
A finite‐difference formulation of borehole wave propagation in prestressed formations (1999)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1999A finite‐difference formulation of borehole wave propagation in prestressed formationsAuthors: Bikash K. SinhaQing‐Huo LiuThomas J. PlonaKenneth W. WinklerBikash K. SinhaSchlumberger‐Doll Research, Qing‐Huo LiuNew Mexico State University, Thomas J. PlonaSchlumberger‐Doll Research, and Kenneth W. WinklerSchlumberger‐Doll Researchhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1821063 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1821063FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited bySimultaneous anisotropy inversion and type identification in the frequency domain for flexural waves in horizontal transverse isotropic mediaFuqiang Zeng, Wenzheng Yue, and Chao Li1 October 2018 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 83, No. 6Applications of sonics and ultrasonics in geophysical prospecting SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1999ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1999 Pages: 2061 publication data© 1999 Copyright © 1999 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 04 Jan 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Bikash K. Sinha, Qing‐Huo Liu, Thomas J. Plona, and Kenneth W. Winkler, (1999), "A finite‐difference formulation of borehole wave propagation in prestressed formations," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 49-52. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1821063 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Development of CuAlMn‐Based Shape Memory Alloys (2006)

Alloy design and microstructural control in ductile CuAlMn shape memory alloys are presented. The cold-workability is improved by control of the degree of order in the bcc β phase, and CuAlMn alloys with 17 at%Al show good cold-workability and shape memory (SM) properties, which strongly depend on the microstructure. In particular, an excellent superelastic strain of over 7%, which is much greater than that of other Cu-base SM alloys and comparable to TiNi SM alloys, is obtained in the CuAlMnNi alloys by microstructural control of the recrystallization texture and large relative grain size. On the other hand, a decrease in the relative grain size results in good fatigue property, enabling cyclic uses of superelasticity in practical applications. Another application of Invar effect using two-way shape memory effect is also presented.
Super-quasi-orthogonal space-time trellis codes for four transmit antennas (2005)

We introduce a new family of space-time trellis codes that extends the powerful characteristics of super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes to four transmit antennas. We consider a family of quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes as building blocks in our new trellis codes. These codes combine set partitioning and a super set of quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes in a systematic way to provide full diversity and improved coding gain. The result is a powerful code that provides full rate, full diversity, and high coding gain. It is also possible to maintain a tradeoff between coding gain and rate. Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of our new super-quasi-orthogonal space-time trellis codes.
Rate Control Based on Zero-Residue Pre-Selection for Video Transcoding (2005)

A common issue in video transcoding for heterogeneous network environment is to efficiently and accurately reduce the bit-rate such that the distortion is minimized under a given rate constraint. To convert the bit-rate of an encoded video to match the channel capacity, in general, re-quantization is done on the DCT coefficients with larger quantization step size. Most existing rate control algorithms for video transcoding in the literature calculate quantization parameters (QPs) of macroblocks (MBs) based on a relationship between certain properties of coded video and bit-rate. They reduce the computational complexity by simplifying the R-D model and reusing the statistics information of input video. In this paper, we propose a zero-residue pre-selection (ZRPS) mechanism to select only a portion of MBs to apply the rate control in video transcoding. TMN-8 is used to evaluate the impact of ZRPS. Experimental results show that, as compared to the original TMN-8 rate control scheme, TMN-8 with ZRPS achieves up to 1.60 dB gain, in term of PSNR, and requires less than 50% of the computational complexity compared to TMN-8, depending on the characteristics of the video content
Remarkable effects of primary amide substitution in the sensitizer: an efficient route to enhance the photocurrent density of the solar cell (2013)

The incorporation of electron-withdrawing groups in carbene based ruthenium complexes significantly affected their light-harvesting capabilities. The remarkable increase in the conversion efficiency was exhibited by the primary amide substituted sensitizer, CI103 (9.32%), compared to that of CI101 (5.44%) and the N719 dye (8.43%). The finding gives an efficient approach to enhance the photocurrent density and the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
Enantiospecific Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of the Longtailed Mealybug Pheromone and Their Evaluation in a New Zealand Vineyard (2015)

The irregular monoterpenoid sex pheromone of Pseudococcus longispinus and its enantiomer were prepared from the corresponding bornyl acetates. The use of readily accessible chiral starting materials and lactone-lactone rearrangement are the highlights of the present synthesis. The biological activities of the two enantiomers and racemic mixture were tested in a New Zealand vineyard. The (S)-(+)-enantiomer was significantly more attractive to P. longispinus males than the racemic mixture or the (R)-(-)-enantiomer.
Shared Molecular Pathways in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Suggested by Genomic Biomarkers (2008)

Purpose: Current understanding of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) holds them as completely distinct entities, with IBD as an organic disease and IBS as a functional syndrome. Some studies hypothesize a relationship between the two disorders. A better understanding of the molecular pathways involved in the causation or response mechanisms of these two disorders would advance diagnostic testing and treatment of patients. We describe here the overlap of two sets of gene expression biomarkers that have significant diagnostic ability in IBD and IBS. Methods: We applied Exagen's proprietary in silico data analysis engine1 Coperna™ to publicly available full-genome expression microarray data from 85 IBD patients and 42 normal controls2. Results of those discovery phase IBD analyses were used to select a small set of 10 genes for diagnostic performance optimization in this independently ascertained pilot study of prospective cohorts of 91 patients with Ulcerative Colitis, 98 patients with Crohn's Disease, 98 patients with IBS, and 98 healthy individuals free from GI symptoms. Each IBD and IBS patient was diagnosed by a board-certified gastroenterologist. The IBD diagnoses were confirmed by endoscopy; the IBS diagnoses used Rome I criteria. The study was IRB approved and all subjects gave informed consent. Peripheral blood samples and clinical data were collected from all patients. Expression data were obtained from peripheral whole blood samples (with no mononuclear enrichment) by isolating total mRNAs, synthesizing cDNAs, and performing real-time quantitative PCR. Expression levels of the 10 candidate biomarker genes were assayed on each patient specimen and normalized to a within-patient reference gene. Results: Optimal scoring algorithms for classification of patients as IBD versus normal and IBS versus normal were derived separately using the expression levels of the 10 genes assayed in these pilot study patients. The optimal gene set for each test and each set's performance is indicated in Table 1. The classification results had odds ratios of 23.0 and 28.3, respectively, with both P-values < 2 × 10−16. Two genes were common to both diagnostic marker sets.Table 1: Highly significant expression biomarker sets in IBD and IBS*.Conclusion: The genes identified as diagnostic for the comparisons in this pilot study reveal an overlap between IBD and IBS patients. This overlap of highly statistically significant biomarkers suggests a shared biology. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether these genes have a causative role or are part of a common response mechanism.
Recovery of Type A Botulinal Toxin Following Lyophilization (1994)

Type A botulinum toxin is diluted to very low concentrations (ng/ml) for medical use and preserved by lyophilization in a mixture of human serum albumin and sodium chloride at a slightly alkaline pH. This commercial process results in considerable loss of activity. In this study, conditions were found that gave >90% recovery of the toxicity following lyophilization of solutions containing 20-1,000 mouse 50% lethal doses (1-50 ng of toxin complex). Full recovery of starting toxicity was obtained upon drying 0.1 ml when the pH was maintained below 7.0 and serum albumins or other protein excipients were used as stabilizers without sodium chloride. Possible mechanisms of toxin inactivation were examined and may include aggregation, deamidation, and peptide bond hydrolysis.
Leveraging Unpaired Text Data for Training End-To-End Speech-to-Intent Systems (2020)

Training an end-to-end (E2E) neural network speech-to-intent (S2I) system that directly extracts intents from speech requires large amounts of intent-labeled speech data, which is time consuming and expensive to collect. Initializing the S2I model with an ASR model trained on copious speech data can alleviate data sparsity. In this paper, we attempt to leverage NLU text resources. We implemented a CTC-based S2I system that matches the performance of a state-of-the-art, traditional cascaded SLU system. We performed controlled experiments with varying amounts of speech and text training data. When only a tenth of the original data is available, intent classification accuracy degrades by 7.6% absolute. Assuming we have additional text-to-intent data (without speech) available, we investigated two techniques to improve the S2I system: (1) transfer learning, in which acoustic embeddings for intent classification are tied to fine-tuned BERT text embeddings; and (2) data augmentation, in which the text-to-intent data is converted into speech-to-intent data using a multi-speaker text-to-speech system. The proposed approaches recover 80% of performance lost due to using limited intent-labeled speech.
Improved remobilization of Zn, Fe and N from the straw to the wheat grain (2009)

Human nutrition and health can be improved by enhancing the nutritional value of food crops. Efforts to increase wheat grain protein content (GPC) and micronutrient levels have been hindered by their large environmental dependency and their complex inheritance. We recently cloned the high-grain protein content gene Gpc-B1 from wild wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) and showed that it encodes a NAC transcription factor (NAM-B1) associated with differences in senescence. The ancestral wild wheat allele is functional, whereas the allele present in modern wheat varieties is either deleted or has a frame shift mutation and is non-functional. The introgression of the functional allele results in average 5-10% increases in grain protein, Fe and Zn concentration and also in a ~5% increase in total grain N yield (N concentration x grain yield), balanced by a similar decrease in the straw. The functional allele was also associated with a significant decrease in grain Cd in some genotypes. In addition, the functional Gpc-B1 allele accelerates senescence which results in reduced grain filling periods and in some genotypes, smaller grain size (~5%). In some lines, the smaller grains were compensated by other yield components resulting in no significant differences in yield. This suggests that breeding can be used to ameliorate the negative effect of this gene on grain size. Reduction in RNA levels of the multiple NAM homologs by RNA interference delayed senescence by more than 3 weeks and reduced wheat grain protein, zinc, and iron content by more than 30% compared to the non-transgenic control lines. We have also developed TILLING mutants for all the NAM genes and confirmed delayed senescence in some of them. Our results suggest that lines with higher amounts of NAM transcripts (non-transgenic controls) are able to remobilize more minerals, in a shorter time frame. This more efficient remobilization of N and minerals to the grain is the source of the observed increases in total N yield. The absence of the functional NAM-B1 allele in the modern wheat germplasm suggests a broad potential impact of the functional allele in cultivated durum and bread wheat varieties.
In Situ Soil Remediation: Bacteria or Fungi? (1995)

Contamination of the environment is not a new problem. For most of recorded history, the unwanted by-products of industrial and residential processes have been dumped into unlined pits or nearby streams. Althrough disposal techniques have greatly improved, significant quantities of hazardous materials are still being released to the environment via accidental spills and leaking underground storage tanks. One particular group of contaminants of critical environmental concern is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAH-contaminated sites typically cover large areas; therefore, the development of in situ remediation techniques such as bioremediation is strongly emphasized. In situations when inherent microorganisms are not capable of degrading the contaminants, foreign strains must be used. Bioremediation experiments were conducted to compare the remediation efficiencies of a bacteria and a fungus for an industrially PAH contaminated soil. Specifically, the use of three supplemental nutrient solutions were investigated in conjunction with the bacteria Achromobacter sp. and fungus Cunninghamella echinulata var. elegans.
ICE1: a regulator of cold-induced transcriptome and freezing tolerance in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2003)

Cold temperatures trigger the expression of the CBF family of transcription factors, which in turn activate many downstream genes that confer chilling and freezing tolerance to plants. We report here the identification of ICE1 (inducer of CBF expression 1), an upstream transcription factor that regulates the transcription of CBF genes in the cold. An Arabidopsis ice1 mutant was isolated in a screen for mutations that impair cold-induced transcription of a CBF3 promoter-luciferase reporter gene. The ice1 mutation blocks the expression of CBF3 and decreases the expression of many genes downstream of CBFs, which leads to a significant reduction in plant chilling and freezing tolerance. ICE1 encodes a MYC-like bHLH transcriptional activator. ICE1 binds specifically to the MYC recognition sequences in the CBF3 promoter. ICE1 is expressed constitutively, and its overexpression in wild-type plants enhances the expression of the CBF regulon in the cold and improves freezing tolerance of the transgenic plants.
<title>Coupling efficiency of an optical star coupler with a holographic branching device</title> (1995)

An optical star coupler which employs holographic optical elements as branching devices is proposed to be applied to bi-directional fiber-optic communication systems with multimode optical fibers and light emitting diodes. Variation of coupling efficiency of the coupler due to the misalignment of optical components and the shift of wavelength is analyzed. The simulated results on the coupler described here show that the efficiency is reduced by 1 dB due to lateral shift of 18 micrometers of optical fibers used for input and output ports. Experimental results of the efficiency variation are explained by the simulation.
Parenteral Fish Oil Monotherapy in the Management of Patients With Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Disease (2010)

Fish oil-derived emulsions have been demonstrated to reverse preexisting PNALD and to prevent and treat essential fatty acid deficiency. Its ability to prevent PNALD is currently under investigation. Although the mechanism has yet to be fully understood, the advantages of fish oil-based lipid emulsions over soybean oil-based lipid emulsions seen to date suggest that fish oil-based emulsions would be better suited for use in long-term parenteral nutrition.