gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Dynamics Phenomena in Downhole Tools - Requirements, Theory and Interpretation (2018)

Abstract Downhole tools in bottom-hole assemblies are subject to high dynamic loads during drilling operations. The negative impacts of these dynamic loads can be inefficient drilling with low rate of penetration (ROP), reduced downhole directional and formation measurement service quality, and downhole tool failures with associated non-productive time. The dynamic phenomena can be categorized by direction into axial, torsional and lateral vibrations, and by excitation mechanism into forced excitation, self-excitation, and parameter excitation. Forced vibrations are mainly caused by imbalances in the drilling system or by the working principles of downhole tools such as the mud motor. Self-excitation mechanisms are mostly driven by the interaction of the bit, reamer or drilling system with the formation, and can cause detrimental dynamic behavior such as torsional stick-slip, bit bounce, and backward whirl. These diverse vibration phenomena require tailored mitigation strategies. To a certain extent, these mitigation strategies are contradictory. Misinterpretation of downhole measurements can lead to even worse vibration levels with severe consequences for reliability, ROP, and measurement quality. As a consequence, downhole measurement devices should differentiate vibration phenomena. This distinct differentiation could then be used to choose appropriate mitigation strategies. This paper analyses and defines the requirements for dynamics measurement devices. The specification, number, and placement of sensors and their associated sampling rates are examined to distinguish vibration directions and phenomena. The usefulness of these requirements is demonstrated using examples of torsional stick-slip and high-frequency torsional oscillations, lateral vibrations, and backward whirl. The results of kinematic modeling are analyzed and compared to high-speed vibration data from field runs measured with the latest generation of vibration measurement tools. Possible misinterpretation of vibration conditions in the case of inappropriate measurements is shown. The results are discussed by comparing theoretical modeling with field data. The defined requirements and guidelines enable a flawless interpretation of downhole vibration measurements and unveil drilling optimization opportunities. Different vibration phenomena can be identified reliably and appropriate mitigation strategies applied in real time at the wellsite by the driller or automation systems. This finally reduces the vibration load on the drilling system, increasing its reliability and performance.
In situ localization of the secretion of lignin peroxidases in colonies of Phanerochaete chrysosporium using a sandwiched mode of culture (1993)

Protein secretion and growth were investigated in Phanerochaete chrysosporium by using cultures sandwiched between perforated polycarbonate membranes. Labelling of colonies with radioactive N-acetylglucosamine and L-methionine indicated a close correlation between growth and general protein secretion, even in a central area of the colony secreting the idiophase enzymes lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese-dependent lignin peroxidase (MnP). Comparison of the sites of release into the medium of newly synthesized proteins and immuno-detected lignin peroxidases suggested that diffusion of the enzymes from the walls was a limiting step in the release of peroxidases into the medium. Microautoradiography of colonies exposed to N-acetyl[3H]glucosamine revealed the apical growth of thin hyphae and branches (4 to 5 microns diameter on average) in the central secreting area. These secondary hyphae showed peroxidase activity and reacted with lignin peroxidase antibodies. Although it was not possible to directly visualize secretion at hyphal tips, the results suggest that peroxidases (LiP and MnP) are initially secreted at the apex of secondary growing hyphae and later slowly released into the surrounding medium.
Journey of Hydrogels to Nanogels: A Decade After (2017)

Since the early invention of hydrogels by the pioneers Wichterle and Lim in 1960, there has been a revolutionary progress in the development of hydrogel-based products on the market. Due to their ability to be tuned to desired properties, nanogels have become the choice of material for diverse biomedical applications and targeted drug delivery. It is evident that nanogels are the leading candidates, holding great potential owing to their unique nano structure, compositions and their three-dimensional framework, for applications like tissue engineering, targeted drug delivery, biosensors, imaging, gene delivery as well as stimulus-responsive bioactive carriers. This chapter describes the journey of hydrogels and related advancements towards nanogels along with advantages and progress.
Deoxygenation of amino-glycoside antibiotics via anhydro intermediates. II. Improved syntheses of 3',4'-dideoxykanamycin A and 4'-deoxykanamycin A. (1981)

A new deoxygenation of kanamycin A leading to 3', 4'-dideoxykanamycin A and 4'-deoxykanamycin A is described. The key stage in the syntheses involves the formation of the 3', 4'-anhydro-4'-epi derivative (5) followed by its conversion to the 3'Δ and 4'-deoxy derivative through the iodohydrin. Compound 5 was prepared by the treatment of 2', 3', 2"-tri-O-benzoyl-4", 6"-O-cyclohexylidene-4'-O-methylsulfonyl-tetra-N-tert-butyloxycar-bonylkanamycin A (4) with sodium methoxide.
Sarcoplasmic redistribution of nuclear TDP‐43 in inclusion body myositis (2009)

The nucleic acid binding protein TDP-43 was recently identified in normal myonuclei and in the sarcoplasm of inclusion body myositis (IBM) muscle. Here we found TDP-43 sarcoplasmic immunoreactivity in 23% of IBM myofibers, while other reported IBM biomarkers were less frequent, with rimmed vacuoles in 2.8%, fluorescent Congo red material in 0.57%, SMI-31 immunoreactivity in 0.83%, and focal R1282 beta-amyloid immunoreactivity in 0.00% of myofibers. The presence of as little as >1% of myofibers with nonnuclear sarcoplasmic TDP-43 was highly sensitive (91%) and specific (100%) to IBM among 50 inflammatory myopathy patient samples, although some patients with hereditary inclusion body myopathies and myofibrillar myopathy also had sarcoplasmic TDP-43. TDP-43 mutations were sought, and none were identified. TDP-43 could be one of many nucleic acid binding proteins that are abnormally present in IBM sarcoplasm. They could potentially interfere with the normal function of extranuclear RNAs that maintain myofiber protein production.
The Enhanced Kramers Kronig Receiver (2018)

We present a new receiver scheme that recovers complex-valued QAM modulated data while using two separate branches of direct detection. It seamlessly integrates dispersion compensation in the data recovery algorithm, and its power efficiency is far better than in other receiver schemes of comparable characteristics.
The CPSF30 Binding Site on the NS1A Protein of Influenza A Virus Is a Potential Antiviral Target (2006)

The emergence of influenza A viruses resistant to the two existing classes of antiviral drugs highlights the need for additional antiviral drugs, particularly considering the potential threat of a pandemic of H5N1 influenza A viruses. Here, we determine whether influenza A virus replication can be selectively inhibited by blocking the ability of its NS1A protein to inhibit the 3'-end processing of cellular pre-mRNAs, including beta interferon (IFN-beta) pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA processing is inhibited via the binding of the NS1A protein to the cellular CPSF30 protein, and mutational inactivation of this NS1A binding site causes severe attenuation of the virus. We demonstrate that binding of CPSF30 is mediated by two of its zinc fingers, F2F3, and that the CPSF30/F2F3 binding site on the NS1A protein extends from amino acid 144 to amino acid 186. We generated MDCK cells that constitutively express epitope-tagged F2F3 in the nucleus, although at only approximately one-eighth the level of the NS1A protein produced during virus infection. Influenza A virus replication was inhibited in this cell line, whereas no inhibition was observed with influenza B virus, whose NS1B protein lacks a binding site for CPSF30. Influenza A virus, but not influenza B virus, induced increased production of IFN-beta mRNA in the F2F3-expressing cells. These results, which indicate that F2F3 inhibits influenza A virus replication by blocking the binding of endogenous CPSF30 to the NS1A protein, point to this NS1A binding site as a potential target for the development of antivirals directed against influenza A virus.
Metal-oxide devices for rapid high current switching (1976)

Prototypes of Metal-Oxide Threshold Switches (MOTS) have been built using bulk switching effects in chips of transition metal oxides, in most cases niobium-"dioxide", NbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> (x≈2). A 3 mm diameter disc of niobium oxide can pass 100A, millisecond pulses without damage for hundreds of pulses. Chips mounted in microwave diode packages have capacitances of only a few pF, and leakage resistances ranging from the kiloohm to the megohm range in the "off" state. The "on" state occurs within 500 ps after the threshold voltage has been approached, and within a few (≈2) ns, the voltage across the device begins to drop to a "holding" voltage on the order of 20V. Threshold voltages can be varied during manufacture from 60V to the kV range for prototype MOTS. Due to their speed and low capacitance in the "off" state, MOTS devices are well suited as high current transient protectors in RF lines. Another application being studied with present prototype is the "sharpening" of pulses with undesirably long rise times for use in lasers and radars.
Modeling of MR Fluids and Devices (2008)

Magnetorheological (MR) fluids and MR fluid devices have been under development at General Motors R&D since the early 1990's. As part of this work, a number of modeling efforts have been undertaken to better understand the fundamentals of MR fluids and MR device behavior.In this paper, we include a discussion of four modeling examples: MR fluids with bimodal particle size distributions; an analysis of the transient shear behavior of MR fluids; a model of the behavior of MR particles in a gravitational field; and a lumped parameter model of a MR clutch. For each example, we will discuss the motivation that led to the study, the methods used to try to answer the question that led to the work and conclude with a brief discussion of other potential work that could be done.
PROPERTIES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE FLY ASH CONCRETE (1994)

In this study, two types of fly ash, dry and wet bottom ashes of different particle size distributions, were used. Physical and chemical properties of these fly ashes were tested and compared with the original feed fly ashes received directly from the utility. The effects of these fly ashes on the strength of concrete were studied when used as 15, 25, 35, and 50 percent cement replacement by weight of cement. The results show that fly ash, when proportioned properly, can enhance the properties of concrete. The chemical composition of fly ash of different particle size distributions varies slightly. For fly ash with large particle size distribution, the fly ash concrete reaches only 85 percent of the control concrete strength at the age of 180 days.
Gap tolerant bubble propagation circuit (1976)

A new bubble propagation pattern for field access devices has been developed which has a period to gap ratio of 8:1. In this pattern of semicircular elements (half-disk) the gaps are situated between essentially parallel poles in contrast to the TI pattern where gaps are located between orthogonal poles. The bubble, therefore, comes under the influence of two strong parallel poles causing it to stretch across the gap. The energy barrier that would normally be encountered thus virtually disppears. Devices of 32, 18, and 10 μm periods have been designed and fabricated. The results show a typical margin of at least 20% of the bias field under normal operating conditions. The operating drive field is relatively low for small bubbles. The minimum drive field for a 10 μm period pattern is only 13 Oe.
Electrically Conductive Organic Polymers for Advanced Applications (1988)

The properties of electrically conducting, semiconducting, and semi-insulating polymers are surveyed and their conduction mechanisms, mechanical properties, and suitability for space-based use and other advanced applications are evaluated.
GOSNR Characterization by Optical Spectrum Analysis (2020)

We introduce a GOSNR measurement based on optical spectrum analysis and experimentally validate the method using multiple coherent signal types (34 and 69 Gbd, QPSK and 16QAM) over 8 and 12 spans LEAF transmission.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Based Ligase Detection Reaction (2009)

Genomics provides a comprehensive view of the complete genetic makeup of an organism. Individual sequence variations, as manifested by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), can provide insight into the basis for a large number of phenotypes and diseases including cancer. The ability rapidly screen for SNPs will have a profound impact on a number of applications, most notably personalized medicine. Here we demonstrate a new approach to SNP detection through the application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to the ligase detection reaction (LDR). The reaction uses two LDR primers, one of which contains a Raman enhancer and the other a reporter dye. In LDR, one of the primers is designed to interrogate the SNP. When the SNP being interrogated matches the discriminating primer sequence, the primers are ligated and the enhancer and dye are brought into close proximity enabling the dye's Raman signature to be detected. By detecting the Raman signature of the dye rather than its fluorescence emission, our technique avoids the problem of spectral overlap which limits number of reactions which can be carried out in parallel by existing systems. We demonstrate the LDR-SERS reaction for the detection of point mutations in the human K-ras oncogene. The reaction is implemented in an electrokinetically active microfluidic device that enables physical concentration of the reaction products for enhanced detection sensitivity and quantization. We report a limit of detection of 20 pM of target DNA with the anticipated specificity engendered by the LDR platform.
Charge equalization converter with parallel primary winding for series connected Lithium-Ion battery strings in HEV (2007)

In this paper, a charge equalization converter with parallel-connected primary windings of transformers is proposed. The proposed work effectively balances the voltage among Lithium-Ion battery cells despite each battery cell has low voltage gap compared with its SOC. The principle of the proposed work is that the equalizing energy from all battery strings moves to the lowest voltage battery through the isolated dc/dc converter controlled by the corresponding solid state relay switch. In this paper, a prototype of four Lithium-Ion battery cells is optimally designed and implemented, and experimental results show that the proposed method has excellent cell balancing performance.
Mimicking photosynthesis to make functional nanostructures and nanodevices. (2004)

Photocatalytic porphyrins are used to reduce metal complexes from aqueous solution and, further, to control the deposition of metals onto porphyrin nanotubes and surfactant assembly templates to produce metal composite nanostructures and nanodevices. For example, surfactant templates lead to spherical platinum dendrites and foam-like nanomaterials composed of dendritic platinum nanosheets. Porphyrin nanotubes are reported for the first time, and photocatalytic porphyrin nanotubes are shown to reduce metal complexes and deposit the metal selectively onto the inner or outer surface of the tubes, leading to nanotube-metal composite structures that are capable of hydrogen evolution and other nanodevices.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF DIAZOALKANES FROM N‐((N‐NITROSOALKYLAMINO)METHYL)BENZAMIDES (1976)

Abstract Bei der Nitrosierung der Amino‐amide (I) entstehen die Nitrosoverbindungen (II), die zunächst in der anti‐Form vorliegen und erst in Lösung ein synanti‐Gleichgewicht bilden.
Caged NADP and NAD. Synthesis and Characterization of Functionally Distinct Caged Compounds (1997)

Two caged NADP compounds have been synthesized and characterized for use in the crystallographic study of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), as well as for general use in cell biology, metabolism, and enzymology. One caged NADP compound has been designed to be "catalytically caged" so that it can bind to IDH prior to photolysis but is not catalytically active. A second NADP compound is "affinity caged" so that addition of the caging group inhibits binding of the compound to IDH prior to photolysis. The catalytically caged compound was synthesized in a two-step process, starting with the NADase-catalyzed exchange of a synthetic nicotinamide derivative onto NADP. X-ray structures of the NADP compounds with IDH show the catalytically caged NADP bound to the enzyme with its nicotinamide group improperly positioned to allow turnover, while the affinity caged NADP does not bind to the enzyme at concentrations up to 50 mM. Two analogous caged NAD compounds have also been synthesized. The NADP and NAD compounds were characterized in terms of kinetics, quantum yield, and product formation. The affinity caged NADP compound P2'-[1-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl] NADP (VIII) is photolyzed at a rate of 1.8 x 10(4) s-1 with a quantum yield of 0.19 at pH 7; the NAD analog P-[1-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl] NAD (IX) is photolyzed at at a rate of 1.7 x 10(4) s-1 with a quantum yield of 0.17.
Deep learning techniques in video coding and quality analysis (2018)

Video coding is a powerful enabling technology for networked multimedia transmission and communication, that has been in constant improvement for decades. The upcoming VVC video codec, due in 2020, from the ITU|ISO/IEC standards committees, aims to achieve on the order of 1000:1 compression on high resolution and high dynamic range video, a stunning landmark. But the basic structure of codecs has remained largely unchanged over time, the gains obtained mainly through complexity increases. Moreover, video encoders have for decades used the same mean squared error, or sum of absolute differences, measure to optimize coding decisions. At the same time, the rapid rise of deep learning (DL) techniques poses the question: can DL fundamentally reshape how video is coded. While that question is highly complex, we first see a path for DL methods to make inroads into how video quality is measured. This in turn can also change how it is coded. In particular, we study a recently introduced video quality metric called VMAF and find ways to improve it further, which can lead to more powerful encoder designs that employ these measures in the coding decisions.
The phage-type PclpP-53 plastid promoter comprises sequences downstream of the transcription initiation site (1998)

The existence of a phage-type plastid transcription machinery (NEP), related to the mitochondrial RNA polymerase, has been recognized only recently. Here we report the cis sequences required for transcription initiation by the phage-type enzyme. The promoter chosen for the study, PclpP-53, is well expressed in tobacco leaves, unlike most NEP promoters. Promoter definition was carried out in vivo , in transplastomic tobacco plants expressing a uidA reporter gene from PclpP-53 promoter derivatives. We report here that sequences from -5 to +25 (relative to the transcription initiation site) are sufficient to support specific transcription initiation. Requirement of sequences downstream of the transcription initiation site contrasts with mitochondrial promoters, which have conserved sequences predominantly upstream. The promoter defined here is conserved in liverworts and conifers, indicating that the phage-type transcription machinery appeared in plastids early on during the evolution of land plants. The PclpP-53 promoter sequences are present in rice but do not function, suggesting that PclpP-53 recognition specificity is absent in some monocots.
LASER A!%ISTED WOUND CLOSURE (1991)

Conventional wound closure with sutures or other mechanical devices has inherent problems, e.g., tissue foreign body reaction, tissue strangulation, additional puncture wounds, etc., that laser tissue melding may ameliorate. Previous tissue welding studies defined endpoints as shrinking, boiling or charring and used commonly available lasers at inappropriate power and/or wavelengths and which were cumbersome in operating theaters. Laser tissue melding uses wavelengths of 1.20 to 1.40 pm at powers less than 5 watts to denature tissue protein which melds (bonds and seals) the wound. Laser tissue melding has preclinical and clinical applications for skin wound closure, vasovasostomy and salpingosalpingostomy.
On the design and implementation of linear differential microphone arrays (2014)

Differential microphone array (DMA), a particular kind of sensor array that is responsive to the differential sound pressure field, has a broad range of applications in sound recording, noise reduction, signal separation, dereverberation, etc. Traditionally, an Nth-order DMA is formed by combining, in a linear manner, the outputs of a number of DMAs up to (including) the order of N - 1. This method, though simple and easy to implement, suffers from a number of drawbacks and practical limitations. This paper presents an approach to the design of linear DMAs. The proposed technique first transforms the microphone array signals into the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) domain and then converts the DMA beamforming design to simple linear systems to solve. It is shown that this approach is much more flexible as compared to the traditional methods in the design of different directivity patterns. Methods are also presented to deal with the white noise amplification problem that is considered to be the biggest hurdle for DMAs, particularly higher-order implementations.
<i>Trans</i> -Acting Transcriptional Activation of the Long Terminal Repeat of Human T Lymphotropic Viruses in Infected Cells (1984)

The transcription initiation signals for retroviruses lie within the long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences that flank the integrated provirus. Two subtypes of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) are associated with different disease phenotypes. In this article it is shown that marked differences exist in the ability of LTR sequences of these subtypes to function as transcriptional elements in differentiated cell types. It is also shown that trans-acting regulatory factors present in HTLV-infected cells stimulate gene expression directed by these LTR sequences in a type-specific manner. These results have implications for understanding the diverse biological effects of HTLV infection.
Impact of Intelligent Biofeedback during Rehabilitation of Professional Athletes: A Model for Next Generation Smart Healthcare System (2016)

This paper presents a general framework of intelligent biofeedback for smart healthcare system and its impact on healthcare of professional athletes, especially during rehabilitation monitoring. The application of machine learning techniques along with various wireless wearable sensors facilitated in building a knowledge base system for healthcare monitoring of the subjects and providing a visual/numeric biofeedback to the clinicians, patients and healthcare professionals. The validated system can potentially be used as a decision supporting tool by the clinicians, physiotherapists, physiatrists and sports trainers for quantitative rehabilitation analysis of the subjects in conjunction with the existing recovery monitoring systems. Based on the results achieved, a conceptual design and model for next generation smart healthcare system/devices for professional athletes has been proposed.