gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Training an Active Random Field for Real-Time Image Denoising (2009)

Many computer vision problems can be formulated in a Bayesian framework based on Markov random fields (MRF) or conditional random fields (CRF). Generally, the MRF/CRF model is learned independently of the inference algorithm that is used to obtain the final result. In this paper, we observe considerable gains in speed and accuracy by training the MRF/CRF model together with a fast and suboptimal inference algorithm. An active random field (ARF) is defined as a combination of a MRF/CRF based model and a fast inference algorithm for the MRF/CRF model. This combination is trained through an optimization of a loss function and a training set consisting of pairs of input images and desired outputs. We apply the ARF concept to image denoising, using the Fields of Experts MRF together with a 1-4 iteration gradient descent algorithm for inference. Experimental validation on unseen data shows that the ARF approach obtains an improved benchmark performance as well as a 1000-3000 times speedup compared to the Fields of Experts MRF. Using the ARF approach, image denoising can be performed in real-time, at 8fps on a single CPU for a 256 x 256 image sequence, with close to state-of-the-art accuracy.
47.3: Thin Photo‐Patterned Internal Polarizers for LCDs (2000)

Abstract We describe the novel technology of thin photo‐patterned polarizers for LCDs. The polarizer consists of small regions with different orientations of the absorption axis and/or colors. It can be placed on the interior of the LCD cell substrate. The polarizer material consists of thin (about 0.3–0.7 micrometers) lyotropic dye layers, transferred to the substrates by UV‐curing glue or by the “photo‐alignment” method. We use photo‐chemically stable dyes as the photo‐alignment layers for the lyotropic LC and as the thin photo‐patterned polarizers.
Image-Guided Robotic Flexible Needle Steering (2007)

This paper presents a robotic system for steering under real-time fluoroscopic guidance a flexible needle in soft tissue. Given a target and possible obstacle locations, the computer calculates the flexible needle-tip trajectory that avoids the obstacle and hits the target. Using an inverse kinematics algorithm, the needle base maneuvers required for a tip to follow this trajectory are calculated, enabling a robot to perform controlled needle insertion. Assuming small displacements, the flexible needle is modeled as a linear beam supported by virtual springs, where the stiffness coefficients of the springs can vary along the needle. Using this simplified model, the forward and inverse kinematics of the needle are solved analytically, enabling both path planning and path correction in real time. The needle shape is detected in real time from fluoroscopic images, and the controller commands the needle base motion that minimizes the needle tip error. This approach was verified experimentally using a robot to maneuver the base of a flexible needle inserted into a muscle tissue. Along the 40-mm trajectory that avoids the obstacle and hits the target, the error stayed below the 0.5-mm level. This study demonstrates the ability to perform closed-loop control and steering of a flexible needle by maneuvering the needle base so that its tip achieves a planned trajectory.
The role of composition in the atomic structure, oxygen loss, and capacity of layered Li–Mn–Ni oxide cathodes (2013)

Lithium-rich layered Li[Li1/3−2x/3Mn2/3−x/3Nix]O2 (0 < x ≤ 1/2) oxide cathodes show promise as a potential candidate for Li-ion batteries due to their high capacity. However, the intricacies of the role of composition with increasing excess Li on the degree of oxygen loss during the first charge and the discharge capacity in subsequent cycles are not fully understood. With an aim to develop a better fundamental understanding, we present here an in-depth investigation of the Li[Li1/3−2x/3Mn2/3−x/3Nix]O2 (0 < x ≤ 1/2) series with a range of different excess lithium contents prepared by two different synthesis methods. The oxygen loss from the lattice during the first charge and the discharge capacity in subsequent cycles increase with increasing lithium content. In-depth analysis with a combination of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), diffraction-STEM (D-STEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveals that the samples transition from an Rm structure to a C2/m structure with increasing lithium content and decreasing nickel to manganese ratio, for both the synthesis methods, indicating that the maximum oxygen loss and discharge capacity are achieved with a single C2/m phase. We further show that within a single particle, the cation layers of these materials can order on different {111} planes in the basic NaCl structure.
Labyrinthopeptins Exert Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity through Lipid-Binding-Mediated Virolysis (2019)

To counteract the serious health threat posed by known and novel viral pathogens, drugs that target a variety of viruses through a common mechanism have attracted recent attention due to their potential in treating (re)emerging infections, for which direct-acting antivirals are not available. We found that labyrinthopeptins A1 and A2, the prototype congeners of carbacyclic lanthipeptides, inhibit the proliferation of diverse enveloped viruses, including dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, hepatitis C virus, chikungunya virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus, in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Mechanistic studies on viral particles revealed that labyrinthopeptins induce a virolytic effect through binding to the viral membrane lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). These effects are enhanced by a combined equimolar application of both labyrinthopeptins, and a clear synergism was observed across a concentration range corresponding to 10% to 90% inhibitory concentrations of the compounds. Time-resolved experiments with large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) reveal that membrane lipid raft compositions (phosphatidylcholine [PC]/PE/cholesterol/sphingomyelin at 17:10:33:40) are particularly sensitive to labyrinthopeptins in comparison to PC/PE (90:10) LUVs, even though the overall PE amount remains constant. Labyrinthopeptins exhibited low cytotoxicity and had favorable pharmacokinetic properties in mice (half-life [<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>] = 10.0 h), which designates them promising antiviral compounds acting by an unusual viral lipid targeting mechanism.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> For many viral infections, current treatment options are insufficient. Because the development of each antiviral drug is time-consuming and expensive, the prospect of finding broad-spectrum antivirals that can fight multiple, diverse viruses-well-known viruses as well as (re)emerging species-has gained attention, especially for the treatment of viral coinfections. While most known broad-spectrum agents address processes in the host cell, we found that targeting lipids of the free virus outside the host cell with the natural products labyrinthopeptin A1 and A2 is a viable strategy to inhibit the proliferation of a broad range of viruses from different families, including chikungunya virus, dengue virus, Zika virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and cytomegalovirus. Labyrinthopeptins bind to viral phosphatidylethanolamine and induce virolysis without exerting cytotoxicity on host cells. This represents a novel and unusual mechanism to tackle medically relevant viral infections.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 6α- and 6β-<i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Substituted Naltrexamine Derivatives as μ Opioid Receptor Selective Antagonists (2009)

Opioid receptor selective antagonists are important pharmacological probes in opioid receptor structural characterization and opioid agonist functional study. Thus far, a nonpeptidyl, highly selective and reversible mu opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist is unavailable. On the basis of our modeling studies, a series of novel naltrexamine derivatives have been designed and synthesized. Among them, two compounds were identified as leads based on the results of in vitro and in vivo assays. Both of them displayed high binding affinity for the MOR (K(i) = 0.37 and 0.55 nM). Compound 6 (NAP) showed over 700-fold selectivity for the MOR over the delta receptor (DOR) and more than 150-fold selectivity over the kappa receptor (KOR). Compound 9 (NAQ) showed over 200-fold selectivity for the MOR over the DOR and approximately 50-fold selectivity over the KOR. Thus these two novel ligands will serve as leads to further develop more potent and selective antagonists for the MOR.
Dispersionless single-mode fibers with trapezoidal-index profiles in the wavelength region near 15 μm (1983)

The transmission performance of trapezoidal-index profile single-mode fibers that can operate with zero dispersion in the 1.5-microm region has been investigated. The exact numerical calculations of propagation characteristics for these lightguides established a variety of relationships in terms of the parameters of a trapezoidal-index profile. One of the profile parameters that defines the shape of a trapezoid is the aspect ratio S, which ranges between 0 and 1. It was found that as the aspect ratio decreases from 1.0 to 0.3 the optimum core radius of the fiber gradually increases. But when S is <0.3, it approaches a constant equal to the value of the triangular-index profile (S = 0).
<title>Development of an electric capillary discharge source</title> (2000)

We report on the development of an electric capillary discharge source that radiates with comparable efficiency at both 13.5 nm and 11.4 nm, two wavelengths of interest for EUV lithography. The discharge source is comprised of a low- pressure, xenon-filled, small diameter capillary tube with electrodes attached to both ends. A high-voltage electric pulse applied across the capillary tube generates an intense plasma that radiates in the EUV. This source is capable of producing 7 mJ/steradian per pulse in a 0.3 nm bandwidth centered at 13.4 nm. In this paper we will address three significant issues related to the successful development of this source: minimization of debris generation, thermal management, and imaging quality.
Effect of Rotation and Translation on the Expected Benefit of Ideal Contact Lenses (2000)

The improvement in vision expected from an ideal contact lens that corrects higher-order aberrations as well as defocus and astigmatism will be limited by lens decentration. In this paper, we computed the effect on image quality expected when an ideal contact lens translates or rotates on the eye. Typical movements will reduce the optical benefit expected from an ideal contact lens only slightly. Depending on the amount of decentration, certain aberrations are most beneficial to correct.
A Review of a Family of Self-Deploying Tensegrity Structures with Elastic Ties (2000)

A review of a family of tensegrity structures that self-deploy from a stowed or packed configuration is presented. In the packed configuration, the mechanism is of a cylindrical form with the struts lying side by side. Such structures may be applied in the deployment of antennas in space and in the rapid deployment of shelters or tents. This family of structures evolved from a study of in-parallel platforms with compliant legs or connectors. A number of relevant references are cited.
Microfabricated Fuel Cell with Composite Glass∕Nafion Proton Exchange Membrane (2006)

The performance of microfabricated fuel cells with Nafion-coated glass composite membranes was investigated. The performance and durability of the fuel cells with silica glass membranes were improved by casting a thin film of Nafion on the anode side of the thin, phosphosilicate glass membrane. Nafion increased the strength of the glass membrane and provided a better chemical environment for the air-cathode. The use of a two-layer anode catalyst improved the anode performance by increasing the catalyst loading while maintaining catalyst porosity for proton transport. The performance, durability, and fuel utilization of the fuel cells using hydrogen and methanol as fuel were studied.
Experiments on through-the-wall motion detection and ranging (2007)

In this paper, we consider moving target detection and ranging for indoor sensing applications in urban environments. A simple method is used to determine the unambiguous range of an indoor moving target using dual frequency continuous wave (CW) radars. The dual-frequency radar employs two different carrier frequencies and simultaneously measures the phase change with respect to time, for each of the two frequencies. It uses phase comparison of the radar returns at the two frequencies to provide an estimate of the target range. The dual-frequency approach offers the benefit of reduced complexity, fast computation time, real time target tracking, and localization in highly cluttered indoor scenes. We present experimental results showing the effectiveness of the proposed method for indoor range estimation. Targets undergoing different motions, such as constant Doppler, micro-Doppler and accelerating/decelerating translation profiles are considered. The Doppler and the micro-Doppler signatures of the moving targets are also provided for each experiment, which demonstrate the utility of such signatures for indoor target classification.
Conductive cladding layers for electrode-poled nonlinear optic polymer electro-optics (2000)

We have demonstrated an enhancement in the effective electro-optic (EO) coefficient of electrode poled nonlinear optical polymers using a conductive polymer cladding. We have also demonstrated the lowest poling voltage to date, 300 V, for a 2 micrometers thick NLO polymer core and 2 micrometers thick conductive polymer cladding structure asymmetric waveguide structure. With the cladding material more conductive than the core material, the majority of the applied poling voltage is dropped across the core, maximizing poling efficiency and, hence, realizing a higher EO coefficient. These results show promise for lower operating voltage devices.
Coordinated Optimization of underlay network communication for efficient use of spectrum (2012)

Underlay communications has the potential to become a valuable tool for increasing the capacity of spectrum provided that the quality of communications is upheld. In this paper, we propose a method for underlay nodes to detect, and coordinate with, other underlay nodes to form a network on preoccupied spectrum. Specifically, we introduce a novel optimization algorithm, called the Coordinated Optimization of EXposure Introduced by a Secondary Transmitter (COEXIST), which selects the best communications channel for all nodes within a network while minimizing interference with the primary user. This algorithm does not require knowledge of spatial location of the primary users or underlay nodes. With the proposed solution, underlay nodes can detect other nodes at power levels far below the power level of the primary user and, once a network is formed, nodes can continue to communicate at very low power levels without causing interference to primary users transmitting at the same time.
Development of on-CMOS chip micro-photonic and MOEMS systems (2011)

Advanced 3D CAD and optical simulation software were used to design first iteration on-CMOS chip MOEMS micro-systems. A Si Avalanche-based LED and an array of detectors interface laterally with a single arm canti-lever system, all to be fabricated with CMOS technology. Silicon nitride wave-guides are used as optical propagation channels offering losses of lower than 1dB.cm<sup>-1</sup>. Micro-bending and multi-planing of the wave guiding is possible. Far-field manipulation of the emitted channel radiation is possible. Mechanically designed and sensor systems can be added by means of CMOS post processing techniques. The emission level of the Si CMOS Av LEDs is 10<sup>+3</sup> higher than the detectivity of silicon p-i-n detectors, offering good dynamic range in detection and data analyses. The mature processing characteristics of CMOS technology offers high integration possibilities and low cost manufacturing of the designed systems.
Novel high dielectric constant nano-structure polymer-ceramic composite for embedded capacitor application (2002)

Embedded capacitor technology can improve electrical performance and reduce assembly cost compared with traditional discrete capacitor technology. Developing a suitable material that satisfies electrical, reliability and processing requirements is one of the major challenges of incorporating capacitors into a print wire board (PWB). Polymer-ceramic composites have been of great interest as embedded capacitor material because they combine the processability of polymers with the desired electrical properties of ceramics. A novel nano-structure polymer-ceramic composite with very high dielectric constant (/spl epsi//sub r/-100, a new record for the highest reported /spl epsi//sub r/ value of nano-composite) has been developed in this work. High dielectric constant is obtained by increasing the dielectric constant of the epoxy matrix (/spl epsi//sub r/>6) and using the combination of PMN-PT/BaTiO/sub 3/ as ceramic filler. This nano-composite has low curing temperature (<200/spl deg/C), thus it is MCM-L (multi-chip-module laminate) process compatible. An embedded capacitor prototype with capacitance density of 25 nF/cm/sup 2/ has been manufactured using this nano-composite and spinning coating technology. The effect of composite microstructure on the effective dielectric constant has been studied. This novel nanocomposite can be used for the integral capacitors as an important component of SOP (system on packaging) technology that is proposed by packaging research center of Georgia Tech.
Odd waveguide mode quasi-phase-matching using angled gratings (2003)

Summary from only given. An approach for quasi-phase-matching (QPM) is to use odd and even waveguide modes for the interacting waves; these modes can be filtered or separated with integrated optical components. Although QPM usually involves the fundamental modes of the interacting wavelengths in waveguide nonlinear optics, the technique can also be applied to mixing involving higher-order modes, as demonstrated here.
Pyrite-Scale Removal Using Glutamic Diacetic Acid: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation (2020)

Summary Iron sulfide scale causes major losses in both upstream and downstream sectors of the hydrocarbon industry. Pyrite is one of the most-difficult forms of iron sulfide scale from a removal point of view. Inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) are not recommended for removing pyrite scales because they have many drawbacks, including low pyrite solubility, high corrosivity to the tubular system, and generation of toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In this work, pyrite-scale dissolution is studied using an ecofriendly formulation of glutamic diacetic acid [L-glutamic acid, N, N-diacetic acid (GLDA)] as an alternative to HCl. Although GLDA has shown potential for removing iron sulfide in general and pyrite scale in particular, still GLDA/pyrite kinetics have not been well-understood. Both experimental and theoretical techniques have been used. The reaction kinetics has been investigated in a rotating-disk apparatus (RDA) at typical reservoir conditions of 150°C and 1,000 psi (Conway et al. 1999). Characterization techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), have been used to study the surface chemistry before and after treatment with GLDA, and the results support pyrite removal. Furthermore, density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to understand the ability of GLDA to dissolve iron sulfide scale at the atomistic level. From the laboratory results, the reaction rate using 20-wt% GLDA (pH of 3.8) was 5.378×10−8 mol/cm2·s. The measured rate outperformed other proposed formulations according to the tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS) formulation by 15 times. In addition, GLDA surpassed the most recent results on diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) by nearly an order of magnitude. Moreover, pyrite dissolution in GLDA increases as the disk rotational speed increased, which indicates mass-transfer control with a diffusion coefficient of 1.338×10−7 cm2/s. Furthermore, from molecular modeling using DFT, the binding energy between GLDA and Fe2+ is calculated as –105.97 kcal/mol. The negative value observed correlates with the stability constant and indicates the strong binding affinity to Fe2+. Finally, GLDA could be recommended for pyrite-scale removal because it is biodegradable, less corrosive, free of H2S, and achieved solubility that outperformed THPS- and DTPA-basedformulations.
Overlay Architectures Enabling Cloud Computing for Multi-level Security Environments (2012)

Herein, we consider how overlay architectures can be deployed in order to support usage management in cloud computing. We contrast filter-centric perimeter and policy-centric overlay approaches toward usage management of sensitive content from the perspective of cross-domain solutions and then demonstrate a path from current systems to distributed policy-centric overlay methods. We first cover the need for overlay networks supporting usage management by highlighting the pending migration to utility computing models and the current shortcomings of those kinds of systems from a variety of perspectives. We also briefly cover the state of usage management within these kinds of systems, also examining the known state of the art in proposed cross domain solutions. We then compare and contrast the advantages of policy-based overlay systems to solving usage management issues over sensitive materials within multi-level security environments. We then demonstrate a migration path from current to future solutions. We close with our current and future directions of research.
Electrical temperature sensor e.g. digital strip thermometer for temperature sensing operation has liquid crystalline material with transition temperature at which it undergoes phase change between polar and non-polar states (2009)

Abstract: NOVELTY - Electrical temperature sensor (10) has electrical contact plates (14,16) that contact liquid crystalline material (12); and electric property measuring device electrically connected to contact plates and measures electric property e.g. impedance of liquid crystalline material. Liquid crystalline material has transition temperature at which it undergoes a phase change between polar and non-polar states causing step change in electric property of liquid crystalline material. Polar state is ferroelectric or ferrielectric phase. Non-polar state is non-ferroelectric or non-ferrieelectric phase.USE - Electrical temperature sensor e.g. digital strip thermometer for temperature sensing operation.ADVANTAGE - Provides temperature sensor that is easier and cheaper to construct, prevents having to heat the temperature sensor to high temperature and cooling slowly to promote uniform alignment, and enables utilization of liquid crystalline material that is not capable of being aligned uniformly by not aligning the liquid crystalline material uniformly in relation to the substrates. Provides low cost temperature sensor with output that is easily integrated to the electrical system.