gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HyGIeaCare® Preparation for Colonoscopy-A Technical Update for Success (2016)

Colonoscopy remains the gold standard in colon cancer prevention. An adequate prep is pivotal in allowing the colonoscopist to detect pre-cancerous lesions. Unfortunately, patients oftentimes are not adequately prepared, ultimately limiting the exam. In addition, the prep can be cumbersome and interfere with daily activities deterring many patients from undergoing colorectal cancer screening with colonoscopy altogether. HyGIeaCare® Prep offers a novel alternative to oral purgative laxatives traditionally prescribed prior to colonoscopy, which allows for adequate visualization of the colon and may ultimately lower barriers to entry for colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening in patients who may otherwise opt not to pursue colonoscopy.
Scheduling support for concurrency and parallelism in the Mach operating system (1990)

The shared use of general-purpose uniprocessors is examined. Support for common uniform-memory-access architectures that have all memory equidistant from all processors in terms of access time is emphasized. This work is also applicable to non-uniform-memory-access machines, whose memory access times depend on the physical distance between the processor and the accessed memory, but it does not provide a complete solution to load-balancing problems for this class of machine. The discussion covers time-sharing scheduling, the Mach scheduler, programming models, scheduling concurrency support, processor allocation, and related work.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Influence of self-affine surface roughness on the friction coefficient for rubbers (2003)

For a viscous rubber sliding onto a self-affine rough surface, the friction coefficient increases monotonically with decreasing roughness exponent H and at a rapid rate for H&lt;0.5. This is because the surface becomes rougher (with decreasing H) at short roughness wavelengths (&lt;ξ) leading therefore to increased friction. Similar is also the behavior with decreasing the in-plane roughness correlation length ξ (for fixed roughness amplitude w). Nevertheless, the roughness exponent H appears to influence more the friction coefficient than the in-plane correlation length ξ. For relatively low sliding speeds, analytic calculations of the coefficient friction were also feasible for the limiting roughness exponents H=0 and H=1. Finally, under conditions of incomplete contact the friction coefficient was shown to decrease below its value of complete contact for contact lengths λcon&lt;ξ and relatively high sliding velocities.
High-speed scanning confocal microscope for the life sciences (2005)

Research in the Life Sciences increasingly involves the investigation of fast dynamic processes at the cellular and sub-cellular level. It requires tools to image complex systems with high temporal resolution in three-dimensional space. For this task we introduce a fast fluorescence line scanner with image acquisition speeds in excess of 100 frames per second at 512x512 pixels and with a more than 10- fold increased sensitivity compared to point scanning confocal systems. Since the system preserves the capability for optical sectioning of confocal systems it allows to observe processes in three dimensions. We describe the principle of operation, the optical characteristics of the microscope and cover several applications in particular from the field of developmental biology.
Structure and Function of P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (1998)

Directed emigration of leukocytes into inflammatory sites and lymphatic tissues is orchestrated by the regulated expression of adhesion and signaling molecules on cells within the vasculature. The selectin family of adhesion molecules that are expressed on activated endothelial cells (E-selectin and P-selectin), activated platelets (P-selectin), and peripheral blood leukocytes (L-selectin), mediate tethering and rolling of leukocytes to the vessel wall in the microcirculation. Selectins promote these interactions by binding to glycoconjugate ligands expressed on apposing cells. Selectin-mediated rolling is a prerequisite for firm adhesion and subsequent transendothelial migration of leukocytes into tissues. This review will focus on the structure and function of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1, CD162). PSGL-1 is a disulfide-bonded homodimeric mucin-like glycoprotein on leukocytes that interacts with P-, L-, and E-selectin. PSGL-1 mediates leukocyte-endothelial and leukocyte-platelet adhesion by binding to P-selectin expressed on activated endothelium and platelets and PSGL-1 mediates leukocyte-leukocyte adhesion by binding to L-selectin expressed on apposing leukocytes. PSGL-1 is unique in that it is the only selectin glycoprotein ligand that has been directly demonstrated to mediate cell-cell adhesion in vitro and in vivo.
Deoxyribose Phosphate Excision by the N-Terminal Domain of the Polymerase β:  The Mechanism Revisited (1998)

DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) is one of the key enzymes in the base excision repair pathway. The amino-terminal 8 kDa domain of Pol beta has an activity for excising a 5'-deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) group from preincised apurine/apyrimidine (AP) sites. Recent biochemical studies have identified the catalytic center of the 8 kDa domain and provided new insight into the mechanism of DNA repair by DNA polymerase beta. By incorporating both structural and biochemical data, we present here a reaction mechanism for the 5'-dRP excision activity of the 8 kDa domain. This mechanism focuses on a catalytic groove near the helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) motif of the 8 kDa domain. Our model shows that the dRP group of the AP site can be stabilized in the catalytic groove through extensive interactions with the residues of the groove and be positioned close to the active center, Lys72, which catalyzes a beta-elimination reaction by forming a Schiff base with the C1' of the dRP group.
Introduction: Do You Wanna Dance? (2000)

When the research team in Finland concluded its main fieldwork period in two schools in Helsinki, we thanked the students and teachers by singing what we called the ‘ethnographers’ song’, with courtesy (and apologies) to Sting and Police (from the album Synchronicity, 1983): () place rule we’ll
2,3- <i>trans</i> -3,4- <i>trans</i> -3,4-Dihydroxy-L-proline: An amino acid in toxic peptides of <i>Amanita virosa</i> mushrooms (1980)

Among the four possible stereoisomers of 3,4-dihydroxy-L-proline,2,3-trans-3,4-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-L-proline (IV) had not been found in nature previously. It has now been detected as a component of virotoxins, toxic peptides of Amanita virosa mushrooms. Because periodate failed to effect an oxidative glycol splitting reaction, the two hydroxyl groups in positions 3 and 4 were expected to be in a trans configuration. Furthermore, the formation of a 4-lactone on treatment with acids pointed to the carboxyl group and the hydroxyl group at position 4 being in a cis configuration. These results are in agreement with structure IV only. Final proof for structure IV was given by NMR spectroscopy and direct comparison with the 2,3-cis-3,4-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-L-proline isomer.
Metal, Metalloid, and Oxide Nanoparticles for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Oncology (2016)

Nanoparticles have comprehensively affected various sights of human life. Through the wide range of claims about nanosized particles and their functions, biomedical applications are of much interest among health care researchers due to the nanoparticles' potential for use in the process of disease diagnosis, control and treatment. In this regard, inorganic nanoparticles, which have high potential in diagnostic and therapeutic systems, have recently received much attention in oncology. Although inorganic nanoparticles initially seemed an appropriate tool for cancer imaging and diagnosis, their ability to attack cancerous cells as anticancer drugs or carriers in other drugs has also demonstrated promising results. The present review primarily provides a brief survey of various studies in which metal nanoparticles such as gold, silver, iron oxide, and metalloid nanoparticles viz. tellurium and bismuth were exploited for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes in oncology. Then the application of selenium nanoparticles as a therapeutic agent against cancer in in vitro and in vivo studies is reviewed in detail. Although inorganic nanoparticles seem to be useful tools for cancer imaging and diagnosis, their potential for attacking cancerous cells as anticancer substances or even carriers for anticancer medications should not be underestimated.
The Limits of Concurrency in Cache Coherence (2012)

Prior work has shown how to improve the performance of cache coherence protocols by using logical time to enable concurrency that would not be legal in physical time. We hypothesized that extending this prior work to enable even greater concurrency would further improve performance, and we developed two novel techniques that leverage logical time to increase concurrency. Both schemes appear to offer significant benefits in concurrency, yet the primary result of this paper is negative. The potential benefits are clear, but common software idioms tend not to be able to exploit this potential. This negative result contributes insight into the limits of concurrency in cache coherence and informs the research community about an avenue of research that appears promising but is unlikely to yield significant gains.
Query by rhythm: an approach for song retrieval in music databases (2002)

We propose techniques for retrieving songs by rhythm from music databases. The rhythm of songs is modeled by rhythm strings. The song retrieval problem is then transformed to the string matching problem. In order to allow approximate string matching, we define similarity measures on rhythm strings. An index structure, called L-tree, is proposed to support efficient sub-string matching. Retrieval algorithms based on L-tree are then designed to provide approximate and sub- song retrieval. Experimental results show that this approach is effective and efficient.
The SiOH-Containing α-Amino Acid HOMe<sub>2</sub>SiCH<sub>2</sub>CH(NH<sub>2</sub>)COOH and Its Immobilization on Silica via an Si−O−Si Linkage (2005)

The α-amino acid ester rac-PhMe2SiCH2CH(NH2)COOEt (rac-4) was transformed into the disiloxane RMe2SiOSiMe2R (5; R = CH2CH(NH2)COOH) via an Si−C(Ph) cleavage in boiling hydrochloric acid. Upon dissolution of 5 in water, spontaneous formation of the racemic SiOH-containing α-amino acid HOMe2SiCH2CH(NH2)COOH (rac-6) occurred, which could be immobilized on silica via an Si−O−Si linkage between the α-amino acid and the silica support (characterization by solid-state NMR spectroscopy). The resulting silica-immobilized α-amino acid contains both characteristic functionalities: the COOH and the NH2 group.
Structural Design Using Laplacian Shells (2019)

Abstract We introduce a method to design lightweight shell objects that are structurally robust under the external forces they may experience during use. Given an input 3D model and a general description of the external forces, our algorithm generates a structurally‐sound minimum weight shell object. Our approach works by altering the local shell thickness repeatedly based on the stresses that develop inside the object. A key issue in shell design is that large thickness values might result in self‐intersections on the inner boundary creating a significant computational challenge during optimization. To address this, we propose a shape parametrization based on the solution to the Laplace's equation that guarantees smooth and intersection‐free shell boundaries. Combined with our gradient‐free optimization algorithm, our method provides a practical solution to the structural design of hollow objects with a single inner cavity. We demonstrate our method on a variety of problems with arbitrary 3D models under complex force configurations and validate its performance with physical experiments.
crank: An Open-Source Software for Nonparallel Voice Conversion Based on Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoder (2021)

In this paper, we present an open-source software for developing a nonparallel voice conversion (VC) system named crank. Although we have released an open-source VC software based on the Gaussian mixture model named sprocket in the last VC Challenge, it is not straightforward to apply any speech corpus because it is necessary to prepare parallel utterances of source and target speakers to model a statistical conversion function. To address this issue, in this study, we developed a new open-source VC software that enables users to model the conversion function by using only a nonparallel speech corpus. For implementing the VC software, we used a vector-quantized variational autoencoder (VQVAE). To rapidly examine the effectiveness of recent technologies developed in this research field, crank also supports several representative works for autoencoder-based VC methods such as the use of hierarchical architectures, cyclic architectures, generative adversarial networks, speaker adversarial training, and neural vocoders. Moreover, it is possible to automatically estimate objective measures such as mel-cepstrum distortion and pseudo mean opinion score based on MOSNet. In this paper, we describe representative functions developed in crank and make brief comparisons by objective evaluations.
A Novel Approach to Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis Using Highly Solubilizing N<sup>α</sup>-Protecting Groups of Amino Acids (1994)

A novel strategy in kinetically controlled enzymatic peptide synthesis is described. Various amino acid derivatives with charged, highly solubilizing Nα-protecting groups were prepared and used in synthesis reactions. These protecting groups strongly increase both solubility of the amino acid substrates in purely aqueous medium as well as, in the case of α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions, enzyme activity. It is possible to operate at extremely high electrophile concentrations up to 1.5 mol/1 and with equimolar nucleophile concentrations. As a consequence of this solubilizing effect, very high yields up to 93% were obtained in the enzymatic synthesis of several model peptides with different proteases in purely aqueous medium. The use of an organic cosolvent is no longer necessary. In continuous α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed production of kyotorphin (Tyr-Arg), a space-time yield of up to 13.4 kg/(l•d) was achieved. Scalability of this strategy to a 72 mole (400 1) batch experiment has been demonstrated successfully.
Techniques to Enable FPGA Based Reconfigurable Fault Tolerant Space Computing (2006)

Reconfigurable computing using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) offer significant performance improvements over traditional space based processing solutions. The application of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) FPGA processing components requires radiation-effect detection and mitigation strategy to compensate for the FPGAs' susceptibility to single event upsets (SEUs) and single event functional interrupts (SEFIs). A reconfigurable computing architecture that uses external triple modular redundancy (TMR) via a radiation-hardened ASIC provides the most robust approach to SEU and SEFI detection and mitigation. Honeywell has designed a TMR Voter ASIC with an integrated FPGA configuration manager that can automatically reconfigure an upset FPGA upon TMR error detection. The automatic configuration manager also has features to support resynchronizing the upset FPGA with the remaining two FPGAs operating in a self checking pair (SCP) mode. Automating and minimizing reconfiguration times and re synchronization times enables high performance FPGA-based processors to provide high system availability with minimal software/system controller intervention.
The effect of different sensitivity, specificity and cause-specific mortality fractions on the estimation of differences in cause-specific mortality rates in children from studies using verbal autopsies (1997)

Highly specific VA tools are needed before observed differences in cause-specific mortality can be interpreted. Loss of power due to misclassification may obscure real differences in cause-specific mortality.
Primary structure and genetic organization of phage T4 DNA ligase (1983)

The primary structure of phage T4 DNA ligase has been determined by DNA sequencing of a cloned restriction fragment containing its gene, and partial amino acid sequence analysis of the protein. The molecule has a Mr of 55,230, and contains 487 amino acids. The DNA sequence may also encode all of one and parts of two other, hitherto unidentified, T4 proteins. The four genes are closely packed, with overlaps between terminator and initiator codons of adjacent genes. Potential terminator and promoter sites for transcription are located within the coding sequence of one of the genes.
Ensifer adhaerens gen. nov., sp. nov.: A Bacterial Predator of Bacteria in Soil (1982)

A bacterial predator of bacteria in soil is described. This gram-negative predator was previously designated strain A. It is not an obligate predator, for it grows in the absence of host cells on a variety of media, including a medium composed of Noble agar in distilled water. It does not hydrolyze agar. The presence of host cells causes an overall increase in the growth of strain A on Noble agar but, except for tracking, does not do so on nutritionally richer media. During growth on most media in the presence of host cells, such as cells of Micrococcus luteus, strain A attaches in a picket fence arrangement to the host cells. Lysis of the host cells ensues if the pH of the environment remains approximately in the range from 6.0 to 6.5. At higher pH values, tracking and attachment occur, but without lysis of the host cells. A factor that diffuses through agar and causes lysis was detected emanating from strain A during growth on a nutritionally dilute medium. Strain A was shown to multiply by budding at one pole of the cell, followed by asymmetric polar growth and binary fission. Additional morphological and biochemical characteristics of strain A are presented. A new genus, Ensifer, is proposed for this bacterium. The type species is Ensifer adhaerens sp. nov., and strain A (= ATCC 33212) is the type strain of this species.
Effect of camel chymosin on the texture, functionality, and sensory properties of low-moisture, part-skim Mozzarella cheese (2013)

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of coagulant (bovine calf chymosin, BCC, or camel chymosin, CC), on the functional and sensory properties and performance shelf-life of low-moisture, part-skim (LMPS) Mozzarella. Both chymosins were used at 2 levels [0.05 and 0.037 international milk clotting units (IMCU)/mL], and clotting temperature was varied to achieve similar gelation times for each treatment (as this also affects cheese properties). Functionality was assessed at various cheese ages using dynamic low-amplitude oscillatory rheology and performance of baked cheese on pizza. Cheese composition was not significantly different between treatments. The level of total calcium or insoluble (INSOL) calcium did not differ significantly among the cheeses initially or during ripening. Proteolysis in cheese made with BCC was higher than in cheeses made with CC. At 84 d of ripening, maximum loss tangent values were not significantly different in the cheeses, suggesting that these cheeses had similar melt characteristics. After 14 d of cheese ripening, the crossover temperature (loss tangent = 1 or melting temperature) was higher when CC was used as coagulant. This was due to lower proteolysis in the CC cheeses compared with those made with BCC because the pH and INSOL calcium levels were similar in all cheeses. Cheeses made with CC maintained higher hardness values over 84 d of ripening compared with BCC and maintained higher sensory firmness values and adhesiveness of mass scores during ripening. When melted on pizzas, cheese made with CC had lower blister quantity and the cheeses were firmer and chewier. Because the 2 types of cheeses had similar moisture contents, pH values, and INSOL Ca levels, differences in proteolysis were responsible for the firmer and chewier texture of CC cheeses. When cheese performance on baked pizza was analyzed, properties such as blister quantity, strand thickness, hardness, and chewiness were maintained for a longer ripening time than cheeses made with BCC, indicating that use of CC could help to extend the performance shelf-life of LMPS Mozzarella.
RMX: reliable multicast for heterogeneous networks (2002)

Although IP multicast is an effective network primitive for best-effort, large-scale, multi-point communication, many multicast applications such as shared whiteboards, multi-player games and software distribution require reliable data delivery. Building services like reliable sequenced delivery on top of IP multicast has proven to be a hard problem. The enormous extent of network and end-system heterogeneity in multipoint communication exacerbates the design of scalable end-to-end reliable multicast protocols. In this paper, we propose a radical departure from the traditional end-to-end model for reliable multicast and instead propose a hybrid approach that leverages the successes of unicast reliability protocols such as TCP while retaining the efficiency of IP multicast for multi-point data delivery. Our approach splits a large heterogeneous reliable multicast session into a number of multicast data groups of co-located homogeneous participants. A collection of application-aware agents-reliable multicast proxies (RMX)-organizes these data groups into a spanning tree using an overlay network of TCP connections. Sources transmit data to their local group, and the RMX in that group forwards the data towards the rest of the data groups. RMX use detailed knowledge of application semantics to adapt to the effects of heterogeneity in the environment. To demonstrate the efficacy of our architecture, we have built a prototype implementation that can be customized for different kinds of applications.