gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In silico</i>optimization of phase-change materials for digital memories: a survey of first-row transition-metal dopants for Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub> (2013)

Phase-change materials are the alloys at the heart of an emerging class of next-generation, non-volatile digital memory technologies. However, the widely studied Ge-Sb-Te system possesses several undesirable properties, and enhancing its properties, e.g. by doping, is an area of active research. Various first-row transition-metal dopants have been shown to impart useful property enhancements, but a systematic study of the entire period has yet to be undertaken, and little has been done to investigate their interaction with the host material at the atomic level. We have carried out first-principles computer simulations of the complete phase-change cycle in Ge2Sb2Te5 doped with each of the ten first-row transition metals. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey of the electronic, magnetic and optical properties of these doped materials. We discuss in detail their atomic-level structure, and relate the microscopic behaviours of the dopant atoms to their influence on the Ge2Sb2Te5 host. By considering an entire family of similar materials, we identify trends and patterns which might be used to predict suitable dopants for optimizing materials for specific phase-change applications. The computational method employed here is general, and this materials-discovery approach could be applied in the future to study other families of potential dopants for such materials.
Scrapmelting Using a Shaft Type Furnace with Coke Packed Bed Injected with Highly Oxygen Enriched Air and a Large Quantity of Pulverized Coal (1993)

Scrapmelting test was performed using an experimental melting furnace with coke packed bed injected with highly oxygen enriched air and a large quantity of pulverized coal and the following results were obtained.1) Scrap (100% of material) was able to be melted by using coke for blast furnace.2) The pig iron whose quality is equal to that of the blast furnace can be produced with high carburization and high desulfurization.3) The fuel rate of 240 to 290 kg/t and productivity of 14.7t/d/m3 were obtained.4) The fuel rate can be decreased and productivity can be increased by post combustion with air injection from the shaft wall.Based on the above mentioned results, the comparison of energy consumption of scrap melting process such as this process, electric furnace and basic oxygen furnace was made and a possibility was confirmed that the energy consumption of this process was the least among them.Therefore it is concluded that this process can be one of the attractive scrap melting methods when the scrap utilization is required in large quantities.
Humility, Religion, and Spirituality: Introduction to the Special Issue (2014)

This issue of the Journal of Psychology and Theology focuses on the intersection between humility, religion, and spirituality. In this introduction to the special issue, we first define humility, religion, and spirituality. Then, we present some initial theory and research that motivated our desire to organize this special issue. Namely, humility is a virtue that is often taught and valued by world religions. However, it may be difficult to hold religious/spiritual convictions with humility, and history is replete with examples in which religion has fueled the fires of conflict and division between individuals and groups. After setting up this tension between humility and religion/spirituality, we summarize the subsequent articles in this issue, which explore this important and timely topic.
Disturbed hypoxic responses as a pathogenic mechanism of diabetic foot ulcers (2015)

Diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is a chronic complication of diabetes that is characterized by impaired wound healing in the lower extremities. DFU remains a major clinical challenge because of poor understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms. Impaired wound healing in diabetes is characterized by decreased angiogenesis, reduced bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) recruitment, and decreased fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that increased hypoxic conditions and impaired cellular responses to hypoxia are essential pathogenic factors of delayed wound healing in DFU. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1, a heterodimer of HIF-1α and HIF-1β) is a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis that mediates the adaptive cellular responses to hypoxia by regulating the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, metabolic changes, proliferation, migration, and cell survival. However, HIF-1 signalling is inhibited in diabetes as a result of hyperglycaemia-induced HIF-1α destabilization and functional repression. Increasing HIF-1α expression and activity using various approaches promotes angiogenesis, EPC recruitment, and granulation, thereby improving wound healing in experimental diabetes. The mechanisms underlying HIF-1α regulation in diabetes and the therapeutic strategies targeting HIF-1 signalling for the treatment of diabetic wounds are discussed in this review. Further investigations of the pathways involved in HIF-1α regulation in diabetes are required to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying impaired wound healing in diabetes and to provide a foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches to treat DFU.
High-power high-voltage isolated DC-DC converters using an NPC balanced capacitive divider (2015)

A new isolated DC-DC converter is presented suited for high voltage applications. It is based on the series connection of NPC inverter cells, using semiconductor devices with lower voltage blocking capability than the total input voltage. The galvanic isolation is realized using multiple MF transformers, each designed for a fraction of the global power. The output comprises multiple diode rectifiers connected in series. The circuit uses a capacitive voltage divider at its input, allowing an active balancing of the intermediate levels according the principle of the current diverter. The balancing half bridges allow an N-1 mode of operation in case of a fault or disconnection of one of the series connected cells. The used 3-Level NPC topology for the half bridges allows in addition the continuous variability of the total voltage transformation ratio. The operation principle is verified by simulation, completed by a small scale experimental set-up. Three- and four-stage topologies are used in the study, but the principle can be extended to a high number of modules, making the topology suitable for very high voltage levels, where structures with redundancy (N-1) can be designed.
The protective effect of <i>N</i>‐acetylcysteine against cyclosporine A‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats (2007)

The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine A (CsA) has been reported to exert measurable hepatotoxic effects. One of the causes leading to hepatotoxicity is thought to be reactive oxygen radical formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment on CsA-induced hepatic damage by both analysing superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities with malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and using an histological approach. CsA administration produced a decrease in hepatic SOD activity, and co-administration of NAC with CsA resulted in an increase in SOD activity. MDA and NO levels increased in the CsA group and NAC treatment prevented those increases. A significant elevation in serum AST and ALT activities was observed in the CsA group, and when NAC and CsA were co-administered, the activities of AST and ALT were close to the control levels. CsA treatment caused evident morphological alterations. Control rats showed no abnormality in the cytoarchitecture of the hepatic parenchyma. The co-administration of NAC with CsA showed no signs of alteration and the morphological pattern was almost similar to the control group. In conclusion, CsA induced liver injury and NAC treatment prevented the toxic side effects induced by CsA administration through the antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of NAC.
Collagenase Treatment in Dupuytren Contractures: A Review of the Current State Versus Future Needs (2016)

Dupuytren disease is highly prevalent and the finger contractures can be very extensile, compromising the patients' hand function. To restore full function, contractures have been addressed by cutting the causative strands for nearly 200 years, ever since Baron Guillaume Dupuytren demonstrated his technique at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Surgery can be minimal (fasciotomy) or quite invasive (fasciectomy and even skin replacement). However, in the last decade translational research has introduced the non-surgical technique of enzymatic fasciotomy with collagenase injections. Now, finger contractures can be released with single injections on monthly intervals, to address one joint contracture at a time. However, in hands affected with Dupuytren contractures to the extent that the patient calls for treatment, most often more than one joint is involved. In surgical treatment options all contracted joints are addressed in a single procedure. Nevertheless, extensile surgery withholds inherent risks of complications and intense rehabilitation. Today, the minimally-invasive method with enzymatic fasciotomy by collagenase injection has demonstrated reliable outcomes with few morbidities and early recovery. However, single-site injection is todays' standard procedure and multiple joints are addressed in several sessions with monthly intervals. This triggers a longer recovery and treatment burden in severely affected hands even though surgery is avoided. Therefore, further treatment modalities of collagenase use are explored. Adjustments in the treatment regimes' flexibility and collagenase injections addressing more than one joint contracture simultaneously will improve the burden of multiple sessions and, therefore, enzymatic fasciotomy may become the preferred method in more extensile Dupuytren contractures. In this independent review, the challenge of Dupuytren disease affecting a single versus multiple joints is presented. The pros and cons of collagenase use are weighed, founded by the available scientific background. The demands and options for collagenase in future treatment regimens for extensile Dupuytren contractures are discussed.
Control and analysis of video packet loss in ATM networks (1991)

We have studied the video packet loss due to excessive queueing delay in a single statistical multiplexer. The underlying video codec is assumed to separate its outputs into high-priority data and low-priority data so that the loss of low priority will cause a modest picture degradation. In conjunction with such hierarchical coding, the video multiplexer employs a control scheme that selectively discards low-priority data to alleviate the possibility of overload. The quality of the received pictures is measured by the expected underload period and the expected number of high-priority arrivals during an overload period. The former quantity measures the mean period that the received picture stays free of serious disturbance by packet loss due to excessive queueing delay, while the latter is an indicator of the picture area affected. We have analyzed the performances of such a system under the given control scheme. Our analysis shows that the simple congestion control based on selective packet discarding can significantly prolong the underload period and reduce the number of high-priority losses in the overload period. To further reduce the number of high-priority arrivals in overload periods, we propose a control scheme that blocks all arrivals once they exceed the maximum delay. Moreover, the underload period can be dramatically prolonged by reducing the packetization buffer at the network input end. These results show that transporting video by the ATM technique is very promising.
Potential Animal Models for Senile Dementia of Alzheimer's Type, with Emphasis on AF64A-Induced Cholinotoxicity (1986)

In this review we have described and critiqued several commonly used proposed animal models for SDAT. In particular, we have focussed on the AF64A-treated animal. Major pertinent neurochemical and behavioral data obtained so far with AF64A have been presented, and these effects have been compared with neurochemical and behavioral changes in the SDAT patient. We have commented on the possible mechanism(s) of action of AF64A in vivo, and have also presented some observations and speculations concerning the selectivity of action of AF64A as a specific presynaptic cholinotoxin. Much work has yet to be done with all the available animal models, including the AF64A-treated animal, before one could definitively state which one is the ideal model for SDAT. Data obtained to date with the AF64A-treated animal are nevertheless most encouraging. Despite some caveats, AF64A is a valuable neurochemical tool with which one can induce a persistent cholinergic deficiency of presynaptic origin. As with all new tools, however, one must always exercise due care to use it properly, and interpret the results obtained following its administration with caution.
Design of an in vitro biocatalytic cascade for the manufacture of islatravir (2019)

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions have begun to transform pharmaceutical manufacturing, offering levels of selectivity and tunability that can dramatically improve chemical synthesis. Combining enzymatic reactions into multistep biocatalytic cascades brings additional benefits. Cascades avoid the waste generated by purification of intermediates. They also allow reactions to be linked together to overcome an unfavorable equilibrium or avoid the accumulation of unstable or inhibitory intermediates. We report an in vitro biocatalytic cascade synthesis of the investigational HIV treatment islatravir. Five enzymes were engineered through directed evolution to act on non-natural substrates. These were combined with four auxiliary enzymes to construct islatravir from simple building blocks in a three-step biocatalytic cascade. The overall synthesis requires fewer than half the number of steps of the previously reported routes.
Modeling the influence of TR and excitation flip angle on the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) in human brain obtained from 3D spoiled gradient echo MRI (2010)

Attempts to optimize the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) obtained from spoiled gradient echo MRI have focused on the properties of the magnetization transfer pulse. In particular, continuous-wave models do not explicitly account for the effects of excitation and relaxation on the MTR. In this work, these were modeled by an approximation of free relaxation between the radiofrequency pulses and of an instantaneous saturation event describing the magnetization transfer pulse. An algebraic approximation of the signal equation can be obtained for short pulse repetition time and small flip angles. This greatly facilitated the mathematical treatment and understanding of the MTR. The influence of inhomogeneous radiofrequency fields could be readily incorporated. The model was verified on the human brain in vivo at 3 T by variation of flip angle and pulse repetition time. The corresponding range in MTR was similar to that observed by a 4-fold increase of magnetization transfer pulse power. Choice of short pulse repetition time and larger flip angles improved the MTR contrast and reduced the influence of radiofrequency inhomogeneity. Optimal contrast is obtained around an MTR of 50%, and noise progression is reduced when a high reference signal is obtained.
Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethyl furfural to the building block 2,5-bishydroxymethyl furan (2015)

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of biomass-derived HMF to the building block BHMF <italic>via</italic> MPV reduction over ZrO(OH)<sub>2</sub> using ethanol as the hydrogen donor.
Repackage-Proofing Android Apps (2016)

App repackaging has become a severe threat to theAndroid ecosystem. While various protection techniques, such as watermarking and repackaging detection, have been proposed, a defense that stops repackaged apps from working on user devices, i.e., repackage-proofing, is missing. We propose a technique that builds a reliable and stealthy repackage-proofing capability into Android apps. A large number of detection nodes are inserted into the original app without incurring much overhead, each is woven into the surrounding code to blur itself. Once repackaging is detected, a response node injects a failure in the form of delayed malfunctions, making it difficult to trace back. The response nodes and detection nodes form high-degree connections and communicate through stealthy communication channels, such that upon detection several of the many response nodes are selected stochastically to take actions, which further obfuscates and enhances the protection. We have built a prototype. The evaluation shows that the technique is effective and efficient.
Anti‐Inflammatory and Anti‐Tumor‐Promoting Effects of 5‐Deprenyllupulonol C and Other Compounds from Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) (2012)

A new phloroglucinol derivative, 5-deprenyllupulonol C (1), along with four other phloroglucinol derivatives, 2-5, five chalcones, 6-10, four flavanones, 11-14, two flavonol glycosides, 15 and 16, and five triterpenoids, 17-21, were isolated from the female inflorescence pellet extracts of hop (Humulus lupulus L.). Upon evaluation of these compounds against the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, twelve compounds, i.e., 1-4, 11-14, 17-19, and 21, showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV-EA induction, with IC₅₀ values in the range of 215-393 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA. In addition, eleven compounds, i.e., 1-4, 6, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, and 20, were found to inhibit TPA-induced inflammation (1 μg/ear) in mice, with ID₅₀ values in the range of 0.13-1.06 μmol per ear. Further, lupulone C (2) and 6-prenylnaringenin (14) exhibited inhibitory effects on skin-tumor promotion in an in vivo two-stage mouse-skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and with TPA as promoter.
Modelling and Assertion-Based Verification of Run-Time Reconfigurable Designs Using Functional Programming Abstractions (2018)

With the increasing design and production costs and long time-to-market for Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), implementing digital circuits on reconfigurable hardware is becoming a more common practice. A reconfigurable hardware combines the flexibility of the software domain with the high performance of the hardware domain and provides a flexible life cycle management for the product with a lower cost. A complete design and assertion-based verification flow for Run-Time Reconfigurable (RTR) designs using functional programming abstractions of Haskell are proposed in this article, in which partially reconfigurable hardware is used as the implementation platform. The proposed flow includes modelling of RTR designs in high levels of abstraction by using higher-order functions and polymorphism in Haskell, as well as their implementation on partially reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Assertion-based verification (ABV) is used as the verification approach which is integrated in the early stages of the design flow. Assertions can be used to verify specifications of designs in different verification methods such as simulation-based and formal verification. A partitioning algorithm is proposed for clustering the assertion-checker circuits to implement the verification circuits in a limited reconfigurable area in the target FPGA. The proposed flow is evaluated by using example designs on a Zynq FPGA as the hardware/software implementation platform.
The volume stability of modern steelmaking slags (2003)

Most processes of steel manufacture necessarily generate a substantial proportion of slag. Often much of this is landfilled, and at many plants it will be the main item (by tonnage) that is dumped. This rock-like material can be used as an aggregate, but the main obstacle to widespread use is concern over the volume stability. The main cause of volume instability is hydration of free lime, although hydration of free magnesia may also contribute in some cases. There are three key steps to effective use of this abundant secondary aggregate. First, some pretreatment of the slag is usually necessary (such as weathering). Second, a test is necessary that reliably predicts the behaviour in use, within a reasonable time. This is commonly an expansion test. Third, calibration of the test is necessary so that test results can provide a useful distinction between material which is suitable and that which is not; this is normally achieved by linking laboratory tests to road trials. Subject to these three steps, steelmaking slag can make a valuable contribution to the need for secondary aggregates.
Theoretical Calculations of Dissociative Adsorption of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>CH</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>on an Ir(111) Surface (2001)

The activation energy for chemisorption of CH(4) at an Ir(111) surface is determined using density functional theory combined with an estimate of the long range dispersion interaction. The results are found to be in good agreement with published results of bulb and beam experiments analyzed with a precursor model. A surprisingly large surface relaxation is found where an Ir surface atom is displaced outwards by as much as 0.6 A. A strongly bound molecular state at kinks and adatoms involving eta(2)-H,H bonding was also found.
A prospective 1-year study of estrogen and progestin in postmenopausal women: effects on the endometrium. (1989)

The endometrial response to oral, cyclic conjugated equine estrogens with and without the randomized addition of medroxyprogesterone acetate was evaluated in 95 postmenopausal women with respect to morphology and bleeding patterns. At 1 year, therapy with 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogens or 1.25 mg conjugated equine estrogens for 25 days of a 30-day cycle and 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate added to the last 11 days of the conjugated equine estrogens cycle was associated with hyperplasia in 0 and 10% of the patients, respectively (P = not significant). Hyperplasia developed in 30 and 57% of the patients who received the above conjugated equine estrogens and placebo regimens, respectively. Irregular, breakthrough bleeding occurred in 14% of the conjugated equine estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate users and in 54% of the conjugated equine estrogens/placebo users. The results of this study indicate that 1 year of therapy with 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogens and 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate provided the most satisfactory endometrial protection against hyperplasia and was associated with relatively low rates of breakthrough bleeding.