gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid phosphorescence and fluorescence native spectroscopy for breast cancer detection (2007)

Fluorescence and phosphorescence measurements are performed on normal and malignant ex vivo human breast tissues using UV LED and xenon lamp excitation. Tryptophan (trp) phosphorescence intensity is higher in both normal glandular and adipose tissue when compared to malignant tissue. An algorithm based on the ratio of trp fluorescence intensity at 345 nm to phosphorescence intensity at 500 nm is successfully used to separate normal from malignant tissue types. Normal specimens consistently exhibited a low I(345)I(500) ratio (<10), while for malignant specimens, the I(345)I(500) ratio is consistently high (>15). The ratio analysis correlates well with histopathology. Intensity ratio maps with a spatial resolution of 0.5 mm are generated in which local regions of malignancy could be identified.
Resistors Screen Printed on Ceramic-Coated Steel Substrates (1981)

Steel substrates covered with ceramic insulating coating were tested for their ability to be used in thick film technology. The first intermediate ground coating was prepared by means of a special glass powder applied to the steel sheet and was fired at temperatures up to 960°C. The final coating was produced by screen printing or by some other method from a dielectric composition and fired at 800°C960°C. Various conductor and resistor compositions were screen printed on the substrates mentioned above and fired up to the required temperatures (650°C-860°C). By the above method, resistors with a relatively low temperature coefficient of resistance and a suitable long-term stability were achieved. Ceramic-coated steel substrates, unlike enameled substrates, make possible the application of resistor compositions designed for use on ceramic substrates.
Extramedullary Waldenström macroglobulinemia (2014)

Disease assessment in Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) is dependent on the percent involvement of B-cell neoplasm in the bone marrow and IgM paraprotein in the serum. A subset of patients also demonstrates extramedullary involvement, which is infrequently examined. The role of extramedullary involvement in the diagnosis and prognosis of WM is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to report the characteristics of WM patients with extramedullary disease (EMD). Nine hundred and eight-five patients with WM were evaluated at one academic center and the presence of EMD was assessed in these patients. Forty-three (4.4%) patients were identified to have EMD. Nine (21%) patients presented with involvement at WM diagnosis, while 34 (79%) developed EMD post-therapy for WM. Most frequent EMD sites involved were pulmonary (30%), soft tissue (21%), cerebrospinal fluid (23%), renal (8%), and bone (9%). The median overall survival at 10 years was 79% (95% CI: 57-90%). This is the first study to describe the clinical characteristics, response and overall survival in patients with extramedullary WM. Further studies to define the molecular characteristics of this entity and mechanisms of its development are warranted.
Gasket Made of Nickel Material for ConFlat Type Flanges (2003)

Recently, application processes of a vacuum system in which corrosive chemicals attack the copper material are rapidly spread. For use in these processes, nickel can be recognized to be a promising candidate of gasket material for ConFlat type sealing system, instead of conventional copper gasket. We produced some versions of nickel gasket, and tested these gaskets to investigate their seal properties. In course of the experiments, we found that fine scratches and nicks on faces of the nickel gaskets were hardly disappeared during the sealing face is formed, and tend to remain on the sealing face as leak paths. The last version of the test gasket of which faces were formed to prevent from any injury showed a good seal properties, particularly in baking process.
The spectral expansion of a head model in electrical impedance tomography (1991)

This paper examines whether electrical impedance tomography (EIT) can provide information of use to magneto-encephalographic modelling (MEG). The EIT image domain is expanded in a complete set of orthogonal basis images, the number of which is given by the number of independent measurements (104 for 16 electrodes). They are ordered according to their sensitivity to data noise, with more centrally located features and higher spatial frequency components appearing towards the higher terms in the series, in the case of uniform resistivity distribution. This indicates that the resolution can be improved at the expense of degrading signal-to-noise in the reconstructed image. Applied to an approximate model of the head, the technique generates a set of basis images that emphasises central features of the head.
Distribution of Rotavirus Genotypes After Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccines, Rotarix® and RotaTeq®, into the National Immunization Program of Australia (2010)

Differences in rotavirus genotypes were observed across Australia, which suggest that different immune pressures are exerted by the different vaccines, but do not necessarily imply lack of protection by either vaccine. These differences may simply be related to the variation that can occur because of natural annual fluctuation in rotavirus strain prevalence.
Use of polymer fiber stationary phases for liquid chromatography separations: Part II – applications (2009)

The idea of using polymer fibers as stationary phases for LC is not a new one. There are in fact a number of good reasons for which they should be considered. Presented here are a number of applications of polymer fiber stationary phases for chemical separations. Fibers placed in columns are employed in three basic formats: staple, whole fabrics, and aligned fibers. Natural and synthetic fibers have found use in a variety of chromatographic modes including RP, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and IEC. Consistent among these examples are the ability to employ high mobile phase flow rates with minimal back pressures. The most promising applications are in the separation of macromolecules, where the mass transfer characteristics of the phases result in the ability to run at high linear velocities without penalty. This bodes well in particular for process applications.
Calcium Channel as a New Potential Target for Insecticides (1995)

Pharmacological, electrophysiological, and ligand-binding studies have indicated the presence of diverse voltage-sensitive calcium channels in insects which appear to be pharmacologically distinct from those of vertebrates. To define the molecular structure of these channels, we have used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning strategy to identify and sequence a cDNA encoding an α1 subunit of Drosophila calcium channels. Quantitative Northern blotting studies have shown that this subunit is most highly expressed in legs and heads. Genetic analysis has demonstrated that a premature stop codon in the α1 subunit causes an embryonic lethal phenotype demonstrating that function of this subunit (which is the target for organic calcium channel blockers) is required for survival of the organism. The structural differences between this insect calcium channel and those from vertebrates may prove useful for the design of new insect-specific calcium channel blockers.
High gain GaAs Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches for impulse sources (1994)

A high peak power impulse pulser that is controlled with high gain, optically triggered GaAs Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches (PCSS) has been constructed and tested. The system has a short 50 {Omega} line that is charged to 100 kV and discharged through the switch when the switch is triggered with as little as 90 nJ of laser energy. We have demonstrated that the GaAs switches can be used to produce either a monocycle or a monopulse with a period or total duration of about 3 ns. For the monopulse, the voltage switched was above 100 kV, producing a peak power of about 48 MW to the 30 {Omega} load at a burst repetition rate of 1 kHz. The laser that is used is a small laser diode array whose output is delivered through a fiber to the switch. The current in the system has rise times of 430 ps and a pulse width of 1.4 ns when two laser diode arrays are used to trigger the switch. The small trigger energy and switch jitter are due to a high gain switching mechanism in GaAs.
Joint Channel-Network Coding for the Semi-Orthogonal Multiple Access Relay Channel (2010)

In this paper, a joint channel-network coding is proposed for the multiple access half duplex relay channel. To improve performance, the classical constraints of orthogonality between links are partially relaxed, i.e., in the first transmission phase the two sources are allowed to transmit simultaneously, while in the second phase, the relay transmits alone and the sources are silent. In order to resolve the subsequent collisions occurring at the relay and destination, related iterative multiuser detection structures are suggested. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed semi-orthogonal transmission protocol compared to the orthogonal one.
Hippocampal Slices: On‐Chip Ultrasound Modulation of Pyramidal Neuronal Activity in Hippocampal Slices (Adv. Biosys. 8/2018) (2018)

In article number 1800041, Lili Niu, Long Meng, Hairong Zheng, and co-workers develop an ultrasound neuro-modulation chip to modulate neural activity. Ultrasound stimulation activates neurons and enhances neuronal excitability via elevation of sodium currents. This chip provides a simple and powerful tool for understanding the mechanism of ultrasound neuromodulation.
Assessment of the efficacy of a single dose of a recombinant vaccine against West Nile virus in response to natural challenge with West Nile virus-infected mosquitoes in horses (2004)

In horses, a single dose of the recombinant canarypox virus-WNV vaccine appears to provide early protection against development of viremia after challenge with WNV-infected mosquitoes, even in the absence of measurable antibody titers in some horses. This vaccine may provide veterinarians with an important tool in controlling WNV infection during a natural outbreak or under conditions in which a rapid onset of protection is required.
Dual color optogenetic control of neural populations using low-noise, multishank optoelectrodes (2018)

Optogenetics allows for optical manipulation of neuronal activity and has been increasingly combined with intra- and extra-cellular electrophysiological recordings. Genetically-identified classes of neurons are optically manipulated, though the versatility of optogenetics would be increased if independent control of distinct neural populations could be achieved on a sufficient spatial and temporal resolution. We report a scalable multi-site optoelectrode design that allows simultaneous optogenetic control of two spatially intermingled neuronal populations <i>in vivo</i>. We describe the design, fabrication, and assembly of low-noise, multi-site/multi-color optoelectrodes. Each shank of the four-shank assembly is monolithically integrated with 8 recording sites and a dual-color waveguide mixer with a 7 × 30 μm cross-section, coupled to 405 nm and 635 nm injection laser diodes (ILDs) via gradient-index (GRIN) lenses to meet optical and thermal design requirements. To better understand noise on the recording channels generated during diode-based activation, we developed a lumped-circuit modeling approach for EMI coupling mechanisms and used it to limit artifacts to amplitudes under 100 μV upto an optical output power of 450 μW. We implanted the packaged devices into the CA1 pyramidal layer of awake mice, expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 in pyramidal cells and ChrimsonR in paravalbumin-expressing interneurons, and achieved optical excitation of each cell type using sub-mW illumination. We highlight the potential use of this technology for functional dissection of neural circuits.
Spectral Subtraction Using Model-based Spectra (1999)

When using a mobile phone with a handsfree equipment in a vehicle it is difficult to have a relaxed conversation due to the high noise level. The noisy environment gives raise to a poor signal to noise ratio since the handsfree microphone picks up the background noise as well as the speech. By using speech enhancement processing, the quality of the conversation will be enhanced. This paper introduces a speech enhancement algorithm based on the spectral subtraction method. The method uses estimates of the noise spectrum and the noisy speech spectrum to form an SNR-based gain function, which is used for filtering the microphone signal. There are two different classes of spectrum estimation techniques non-parametric and parametric. Parametric estimation methods are based on a model of the underlying signal in order to estimate the spectrum.Furthermore a tool for assessing the accuracy of the estimations in situations when few data is available is applied, known as the bootstrapmethod. The spectral subtraction method, combined with different spectrum estimation techniques, are evaluated using real-world signals recorded in a car.
Microstructure and High Temperature Strength of Direct-Cast &gamma; TiAl-Based Alloy Sheet (1997)

For the strengthening of TiAl-based alloys, direct sheet casting method with a CaO-coated Al2O3 crucible was employed to produce TiAl sheets. Fine alumina particles with 100–500 nm diameter are successfully distributed in the direct-cast TiAl sheet. This success is attributable to three factors: the first is the preserving of a certain oxygen content in the molten TiAl by a CaO-coated Al2O3 crucible, which is less reactive with TiAl than an Al2O3 crucible; the second is the distribution of alumina particles which did not coagulate because of the disturbance caused by induction; and the third is the rapid freezing of the matrix with dispersed alumina particles by direct casting. The direct-cast TiAl sheet, in which fine alumina particles are homogeneously distributed, shows much greater high-temperature ultimate tensile strength than that of conventional TiAl alloys: the 1273 K strength increases from 150 MPa to 360 MPa, and the 1373 K strength increases from 40 to 226 MPa. This strengthening is attributable to the solid solution hardening due to the insolution oxygen and the dispersion hardening of finely distributed alumina particles whose diameters are in the range of 100–500 nm. Since the alumina particles have such a fine diameter, the high temperature ductility of the direct-cast TiAl sheet does not show any significant reduction caused by the presence of inclusions, in contrast to SiC fiber-reinforced TiAl intermetallic compound composites.
NMR Chromatography Using Microemulsion Systems (2011)

NMR spectroscopy is an excellent tool for structural analysis of pure compounds. However, for mixtures, it performs poorly because of overlapping signals. Diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) can be used to separate the spectra of compounds with widely differing molecular weights, but the separation is usually insufficient. NMR "chromatographic" methods have been developed to increase the diffusion separation but these usually introduced solids into the NMR sample that reduce resolution. Using nanostructured dispersed media, such as microemulsions, eliminates the need for suspensions of solids and brings NMR chromatography into the mainstream of NMR analytical techniques. DOSY was used in this study to resolve spectra of mixtures with no increase in line-width as compared to regular solutions. Components of a mixture are differentially dissolved into the separate phases of the microemulsions. Several examples of previously reported microemulsions and those specifically developed for this purpose were used here. These include a fully dilutable microemulsion, a fluorinated microemulsion, and a fully deuterated microemulsion. Log(diffusion) difference enhancements of up to 1.7 orders of magnitude were observed for compounds that have similar diffusion rates in conventional solvents. Examples of commercial pharmaceutical drugs were also analyzed via this new technique, and the spectra of up to six components were resolved from one sample.
Optimal excitation wavelengths for discrimination of cervical neoplasia (2002)

Fluorescence spectroscopy has shown promise for the in vivo, real-time detection of cervical neoplasia. However, selection of excitation wavelength has in the past been based on in vitro studies and the availability of light sources. The goal of this study was to determine optimal excitation wavelengths for in vivo detection of cervical neoplasia. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) were measured in vivo from 351 sites in 146 patients. Data were analyzed in pairs of diagnostic classes to determine which combination of excitation wavelengths yields classification algorithms with the greatest sensitivity and specificity. We find that 330-340-, 350-380-, and 400-450-nm excitation yield the best performance. The sensitivity and specificity for discrimination of squamous normal tissue and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) were 71% and 77% on cross validation using three excitation wavelengths. These results are comparable with those found in earlier in vivo studies; however, in this study we find that the proportion of samples which are HGSIL influences performance. Furthermore stratification of samples within low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and HGSIL also appears to influence diagnostic performance. Future diagnostic studies should be carried out at these excitation wavelengths in larger groups so that data can be stratified by diagnostic subcategory, age and menopausal status. Similarly, large studies should be done in screening populations.
Development of a dragline in-bucket bulk density monitor (2011)

Lycium barbarum, commonly known as goji, is important in Chinese herbal medicine and its fruit is a very important agricultural and biological product. However, the molecular mechanism of formation of its fruit and associated medicinal and nutritional components is unexplored. Moreover, this species lacks SSR markers due to lack of genomic and transcriptomic information. In this study, a total of 139,333 unigenes with average length of 1049 bp and N50 of 1579 bp are obtained by trinity assembly from Illumina sequencing reads. A total of 92,498 (66.38%) unigenes showed similarities in at least one database including Nr (46.15%), Nt (56.56%), KO (15.56%), Swiss-prot (33.34%), Pfam (33.43%), GO (33.62%) and KOG/COG (17.55%). Genes in flavonoid and taurine biosynthesis pathways were found and validated by RT-qPCR. A total of 50,093 EST-SSRs were identified from 38,922 unigenes, and 22,537 EST-SSR primer pairs were designed. Four hundred pairs of SSR markers were randomly selected to validate assembly quality, of which 352 (88%) were successful in PCR amplification of genomic DNA from 11 Lycium accessions and 210 produced polymorphisms. The polymorphic loci showed that the genetic similarity of the 11 Lycium accessions ranged from 0.50 to 0.99 and the accessions could be divided into 4 groups. These results will facilitate investigations of the molecular mechanism of formation of L. barbarum fruit and associated medicinal and nutritional components, and will be of value to novel gene discovery and functional genomic studies. The EST-SSR markers will be useful for genetic diversity evaluation, genetic mapping and marker-assisted breeding.
Molecular analysis of genes encoding outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: relationship to ospA genotype and evidence of lateral gene exchange of ospC (1995)

It has been shown by analysis with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is highly heterogeneous. To determine if the heterogeneity has a genetic basis, the genes of 18 different B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains have been amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. The ospC genes could be amplified from all strains tested, even from two strains which did not express OspC in detectable amounts. Among the 18 strains, 16 significantly different types of ospC sequences have been found. The sequence identities of the deduced amino acid sequences of different ospC genotypes range between 62 and 80% (determined without the leader peptide). The sequences range between 62 and 80% (determined without the leader peptide). The sequences correspond to one of the 13 OspC types distinguishable by analysis with monoclonal antibodies (B. Wilske, S. Jauris-Heipke, R. Lobentanzer, I. Pradel, V. Preac-Mursic, D. Roessler, E. Soutschek, and R. C. Johnson, J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:103-109, 1995) or represent additional types. Two completely new types were found, and OspC type 8 (which was found in Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii) could be divided into two groups with different sequences but the same antibody pattern. Thus, strains belonging to different species or OspA serotypes were always significantly different in their ospC sequences. This was also confirmed by ospA sequence analysis. Interestingly, some strains of the same OspA serotype or genotype were very heterogeneous with respect to OspC, while others had nearly identical OspC proteins. Such groups of strains were found among B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, and B. garinii strains. Cluster analysis of 5'-terminal and 3'-terminal stretches of ospC suggested recent intragenic recombination events in the ospC gene at least one B. afzelii strain. In addition, other recombination events between ancestors of strains belonging to the same or different species were evidenced by this type of analysis.
Bovine Male-Enhanced Antigen(Mea) Gene Is Expressed in Early Embryos as Revealed by the Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction(RT-PCR). (1994)

The male-enhanced antigen (Mea) gene, the product of which was reactive with the H-Y antibody, was isolated from a bovine testicular cDNA library, and its expression in bovine early embryos was analyzed by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Analyses using diluted mRNA from blastocyst embryos suggested that it could detect the Mea transcripts from just a few blastocyst cells. Expression of the Mea gene was not detected at the 2-cell stage, but it was detected in 8-cell embryos to hatched blastocysts. When the sex of one half of a bisected blastocyst was determined by the usual PCR using bovine Y-chromosome specific primers and the other half by RT-PCR, all blastocysts having Y-chromosome sequences were found to express the Mea gene. Most embryos without Y specific sequences did not express the Mea gene, but a small fraction of them unexpectedly did. These findings indicate that the Mea gene could be useful for sexing early embryos by RT-PCR and especially to identify female embryos.
Inkjet-printed graphene for flexible micro-supercapacitors (2011)

Here we report our multi-institutional effort in exploring inkjet printing, as a scalable manufacturing pathway of fabricating graphene electrodes for flexible micro-supercapacitors. This effort is founded on our recent discovery that graphene oxide nanosheets can be easily inkjet-printed and thermally reduced to produce and pattern graphene electrodes on flexible substrates with a lateral spatial resolution of ~50 μm. The highest specific energy and specific power were measured to be 6.74 Wh/kg and 2.19 kW/kg, respectively. The electrochemical performance of the graphene electrodes compared favorably to that of other graphene-based electrodes fabricated by traditional powder consolidation methods. This paper also outlines our current activities aimed at increasing the capacitance of the printed graphene electrodes and integrating and packaging with other supercapacitor materials.