gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Optimization of Superhydrophobic Condensation (2013)

Superhydrophobic micro/nanostructured surfaces for dropwise condensation have recently received significant attention due to their potential to enhance heat transfer performance by shedding water droplets via coalescence-induced droplet jumping at length scales below the capillary length. However, achieving optimal surface designs for such behavior requires capturing the details of transport processes that is currently lacking. While comprehensive models have been developed for flat hydrophobic surfaces, they cannot be directly applied for condensation on micro/nanostructured surfaces due to the dynamic droplet-structure interactions. In this work, we developed a unified model for dropwise condensation on superhydrophobic structured surfaces by incorporating individual droplet heat transfer, size distribution, and wetting morphology. Two droplet size distributions were developed, which are valid for droplets undergoing coalescence-induced droplet jumping, and exhibiting either a constant or variable contact angle droplet growth. Distinct emergent droplet wetting morphologies, Cassie jumping, Cassie nonjumping, or Wenzel, were determined by coupling of the structure geometry with the nucleation density and considering local energy barriers to wetting. The model results suggest a specific range of geometries (0.5–2 μm) allowing for the formation of coalescence-induced jumping droplets with a 190% overall surface heat flux enhancement over conventional flat dropwise condensing surfaces. Subsequently, the effects of four typical self-assembled monolayer promoter coatings on overall heat flux were investigated. Surfaces exhibiting coalescence-induced droplet jumping were not sensitive (<5%) to the coating wetting characteristics (contact angle hysteresis), which was in contrast to surfaces relying on gravitational droplet removal. Furthermore, flat surfaces with low promoter coating contact angle hysteresis (<2 deg) outperformed structured superhydrophobic surfaces when the length scale of the structures was above a certain size (>2 μm). This work provides a unified model for dropwise condensation on micro/nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces and offers guidelines for the design of structured surfaces to maximize heat transfer. Keywords: superhydrophobic condensation, jumping droplets, droplet coalescence, condensation optimization, environmental scanning electron microscopy; micro/nanoscale water condensation, condensation heat transfer.
To Click or Not To Click: Automatic Selection of Beautiful Thumbnails from Videos (2016)

Thumbnails play such an important role in online videos. As the most representative snapshot, they capture the essence of a video and provide the first impression to the viewers; ultimately, a great thumbnail makes a video more attractive to click and watch. We present an automatic thumbnail selection system that exploits two important characteristics commonly associated with meaningful and attractive thumbnails: high relevance to video content and superior visual aesthetic quality. Our system selects attractive thumbnails by analyzing various visual quality and aesthetic metrics of video frames, and performs a clustering analysis to determine the relevance to video content, thus making the resulting thumbnails more representative of the video. On the task of predicting thumbnails chosen by professional video editors, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our system against six baseline methods, using a real-world dataset of 1,118 videos collected from Yahoo Screen. In addition, we study what makes a frame a good thumbnail by analyzing the statistical relationship between thumbnail frames and non-thumbnail frames in terms of various image quality features. Our study suggests that the selection of a good thumbnail is highly correlated with objective visual quality metrics, such as the frame texture and sharpness, implying the possibility of building an automatic thumbnail selection system based on visual aesthetics.
Absence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadsorption protein P1 in Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (1984)

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae protein P1 were nonreactive with whole-cell or soluble preparations of M. genitalium and M. gallisepticum. However, radioimmunoprecipitation performed with hyperimmune rabbit sera raised against each mycoplasma species indicated antigenic cross-reactivity between M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium.
Boron-doped graphene as a promising anode for Na-ion batteries (2014)

The Na-ion battery has recently gained a lot of interest as a low-cost alternative to the current Li-ion battery technology. Its feasibility strongly depends on the development of suitable electrode materials. In the present work we propose a novel anode candidate, boron-doped graphene, for the Na-ion battery. Our first-principles calculations demonstrate that the sodiation of boron-doped graphene well preserves its structural integrity. The 2D-BC3 anode has the average sodiation voltage of 0.44 V in an appropriate range to avoid the safety concerns caused by the formation of dendritic deposits. The capacity of the 2D-BC3 anode reaches ∼2.04 times that of the graphite anode in a Li-ion battery and ∼2.52 times that of hard carbon in a Na-ion battery. The high electronic mobility and Na mobility on boron-doped graphene indicates that it has a high potential to reach good rate performance. These suggest the promising potential of boron-doped graphene to serve as an anode for a rechargeable Na-ion battery.
Bone cell communication factors and Semaphorins (2012)

Bone tissue is continuously renewed throughout adult life by a process called 'remodeling', which involves a dynamic interplay among bone cells including osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. For example, a tight coupling between bone resorption and formation is essential for the homeostasis of the skeletal system. Studies on the coupling mechanism in physiological and pathological settings have revealed that osteoclasts or osteoclastic bone resorption promote bone formation through the production of diverse coupling factors. The classical coupling factors are the molecules that promote bone formation after resorption, but there may be distinct mechanisms at work in various phases of bone remodeling. A recent study revealed that the Semaphorin 4D expressed by osteoclasts inhibits bone formation, which represents a mechanism by which coupling is dissociated. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that osteoblastic expression of Semaphorin 3A exerts an osteoprotective effect by both suppressing bone resorption and increasing bone formation. Thus, recent advances have made it increasingly clear that bone remodeling is regulated by not only classical coupling factors, but also molecules that mediate cell-cell communication among bone cells. We propose that such factors be called bone cell communication factors, which control the delicate balance of the interaction of bone cells so as to maintain bone homeostasis.
Histograms and Wavelets on Probabilistic Data (2009)

There is a growing realization that uncertain information is a first-class citizen in modern database management. As such, we need techniques to correctly and efficiently process uncertain data in database systems. In particular, data reduction techniques that can produce concise, accurate synopses of large probabilistic relations are crucial. Similar to their deterministic relation counterparts, such compact probabilistic data synopses can form the foundation for human understanding and interactive data exploration, probabilistic query planning and optimization, and fast approximate query processing in probabilistic database systems. In this paper, we introduce definitions and algorithms for building histogram- and Haar wavelet-based synopses on probabilistic data. The core problem is to choose a set of histogram bucket boundaries or wavelet coefficients to optimize the accuracy of the approximate representation of a collection of probabilistic tuples under a given error metric. For a variety of different error metrics, we devise efficient algorithms that construct optimal or near optimal size B histogram and wavelet synopses. This requires careful analysis of the structure of the probability distributions, and novel extensions of known dynamic programming-based techniques for the deterministic domain. Our experiments show that this approach clearly outperforms simple ideas, such as building summaries for samples drawn from the data distribution, while taking equal or less time.
Large Field, High Resolution Full Field Optical Coherence Tomography: A Pre-clinical study of human breast tissue and cancer assessment (2012)

We present a benchmark pilot study in which high-resolution Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography (FF-OCT) is used to image human breast tissue and is evaluated to assess its ability to aid the pathologist's management of intra-operative diagnoses. Our aim included evaluating the safety of FF-OCT on human tissue and determining the concordance between the images obtained with routinely prepared histopathological material. The compact device used for this study provides a 2 μm-lateral and a 1 μm-axial resolution, and is able to scan a 1.5cm^2 specimen in about 7 minutes. 75 breast specimens obtained from 22 patients have been imaged. Because the contrast in the images is generated by endogenous tissue components, no biological, contrast agents or specimen preparation is required. We characterized the major architectural features and tissue structures of benign breast tissue, including adipocytes, fibrous stroma, lobules and ducts. We subsequently characterized features resulting from their pathological modification and developed a decision tree for diagnosis. Two breast pathologists applied these criteria, resulting in a demonstrable ability to distinguish between normal or benign tissue, in situ and invasive carcinomas using FF-OCT images, with a sensitivity of 97% and 90%, respectively, and specificity of 74% and 77% respectfully. FF-OCT shows great potential for the evaluation of human tissue and its characterization as normal/benign vs. lesional, for numerous ex-vivo clinical use-cases. Its high imaging accuracy for in-situ and invasive carcinoma paves the way for applications where a fast architectural assessment could improve the core needle biopsy workflow, tumor margin assessments, and provides quality assurance for tissue acquired for clinical care and research.
Visual simulation of weathering by γ-ton tracing (2005)

Weathering modeling introduces blemishes such as dirt, rust, cracks and scratches to virtual scenery. In this paper we present a visual stimulation technique that works well for a wide variety of weathering phenomena. Our technique, called γ-ton tracing, is based on a type of aging-inducing particles called γ-tons. Modeling a weathering effect with γ-ton tracing involves tracing a large number of γ-tons through the scene in a way similar to photon tracing and then generating the weathering effect using the recorded γ-ton transport information. With this technique, we can produce weathering effects that are customized to the scene geometry and tailored to the weathering sources. Several effects that are challenging for existing techniques can be readily captured by γ-ton tracing. These include global transport effects. or "stainbleeding". γ-ton tracing also enables visual simulations of complex multi-weathering effects. Lastly γ-ton tracing can generate weathering effects that not only involve texture changes but also large-scale geometry changes. We demonstrate our technique with a variety of examples.
Graphene-based ion-sensitive field effect transistor (2017)

Graphene has drawn a huge research interest in chemical and biological sensor applications, since its first discovery in 2004, primarily due to its high surface to volume ratio, high carrier mobility and unsaturated sp <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> bonds at the surface. Although many different graphene-based chemical sensors have been reported, its application in biological sensors is quite limited so far. Nonetheless, graphene-based field effect transistors (FETs) offer an excellent platform to develop biological sensors capable of performing detection of bio-analytes in liquid media, including sensing various types of ions with applications in drug discovery and cell efflux research. Particularly potassium ion sensing is important for prediction of the onset of heart attack and epilepsy. In this work, we propose a graphene-based top-gated field effect transistor on two different substrates, with an ion-selective membrane coating on the graphene, to realize a highly sensitive and selective K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ion sensor.
Raman fibre lasers based on heavily GeO<sub>2</sub>-doped fibres (2005)

Amplification of radiation due to stimulated Raman scattering in an optical fibre with a heavily GeO2-doped core and a fused silica cladding is studied. The applications of such fibres in Raman lasers are demonstrated. A Raman fibre laser emitting 10 W at a fibre length of only 3 m and Raman lasers emitting at 1.73, 1.85, 2.06, and 2.2 μm are fabricated for the first time.
Exploiting the properties of TiO2 thin films as a sensing layer on (MEMS)-based sensors for radiation dosimetry applications (2021)

In this work, we investigate the potential of exploiting TiO2 thin films as sensing layers on silicon micro-electromechanical systems for the detection of gamma radiations. All samples are exposed to gamma rays produced by 60Co, with different doses ranging from 0 kGy to 40 kGy. Properties of silicon coated with a 200-nm-thick layer of TiO2 grown at 200 °C by atomic layer deposition are studied before and after its gamma irradiation using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is carried out on functionalized microcantilevers to measure the resonance frequency shift (Δf 0) resulting from irradiation of the TiO2 thin film. XRD results show a change in the films from a mixture of rutile and anatase phases to an anatase phase upon irradiation. Spectroscopic ellipsometry results show a change with a fixed pattern in the film thickness, roughness, void, and optical constants with different irradiation doses. This pattern appears as Δf 0 in AFM, where the response of sensors to doses between 0 kGy and 20 kGy was linear. The values of Δf 0 are convenient to control parameters for the proposed dosimeter, which is characterized by the reproducibility and sensitivity of measurements. The maximum detectable linear effect of the proposed dosimeter was found at a dose of 20 kGy. This makes a 200-nm thin layer of TiO2 coated on a microcantilever surface, a possible candidate for dosimetry for the range lower than 20 kGy applications, such as in personal dosimeters.
Effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs. (1996)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 120 weanling pigs (initially 5.6 kg and 19 +/- 2 d of age) were allotted in a 3 x 2 factorial with four pigs per pen and five replications (pens) per treatment. Main effects from d 0 to 14 after weaning included dietary L-carnitine (0, 500, or 1,000 ppm) and soybean oil (0 to 10%). From d 14 to 35 after weaning, levels were reduced to 0, 250, or 500 ppm L-carnitine and 0 or 5% soybean oil. No L-carnitine x soybean oil interactions were observed (P > .10). From d 0 to 14, L-carnitine and soybean oil had no effect (P > .10) on pig performance. From d 14 to 35 and d 0 to 35, gain:feed ratio (G/F) improved (linear, P < .05) with increasing dietary L-carnitine; however, ADG and ADFI were not affected. Soybean oil improved ADG and G/F (P < .05) from d 14 to 35 and ADG from d 0 to 35. In Exp. 2, 180 weanling pigs (initially 6.0 kg and 22 +/- 2 d of age) were allotted in a 2 x 3 factorial. Pigs were fed either 0 or 1,000 ppm L-carnitine from d 0 to 14 after weaning and then pigs fed each of these diets were fed diets containing 0, 250, or 500 ppm L-carnitine from d 14 to 35. No interactions occurred between feeding L-carnitine from d 0 to 14 and performance observed from d 14 to 35. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, L-carnitine increased ADG (P < .08) and ADFI (P < .02). From d 14 to 35, ADFI decreased (linear, P < .05) and G/F increased (quadratic, P < .05) as dietary L-carnitine increased. Cumulative (d 0 to 35) ADFI decreased (linear, P < .05) and G/F increased (linear, P < .05) with increasing L-carnitine. On d 35, 14 pigs from each of four selected treatments (0 or 1,000 ppm L-carnitine from d 0 to 14 followed by either 0 or 500 ppm from d 14 to 35) were slaughtered, and carcass composition was recorded. Carcass moisture and CP percentages were not influenced (P > .10) by dietary L-carnitine. However, pigs fed 1,000 ppm L-carnitine from d 0 to 14 had less (P < .05) carcass lipid and daily lipid accretion on d 35 whether they were fed L-carnitine from d 14 to 35 or not. These results suggest that dietary L-carnitine improves G/F and reduces carcass lipid accretion in early-weaned pigs.
Dynamic Bowtie Filter for Cone-Beam/Multi-Slice CT (2014)

A pre-patient attenuator ("bowtie filter" or "bowtie") is used to modulate an incoming x-ray beam as a function of the angle of the x-ray with respect to a patient to balance the photon flux on a detector array. While the current dynamic bowtie design is focused on fan-beam geometry, in this study we propose a methodology for dynamic bowtie design in multi-slice/cone-beam geometry. The proposed 3D dynamic bowtie is an extension of the 2D prior art. The 3D bowtie consists of a highly attenuating bowtie (HB) filled in with heavy liquid and a weakly attenuating bowtie (WB) immersed in the liquid of the HB. The HB targets a balanced flux distribution on a detector array when no object is in the field of view (FOV). The WB compensates for an object in the FOV, and hence is a scaled-down version of the object. The WB is rotated and translated in synchrony with the source rotation and patient translation so that the overall flux balance is maintained on the detector array. First, the mathematical models of different scanning modes are established for an elliptical water phantom. Then, a numerical simulation study is performed to compare the performance of the scanning modes in the cases of the water phantom and a patient cross-section without any bowtie and with a dynamic bowtie. The dynamic bowtie can equalize the numbers of detected photons in the case of the water phantom. In practical cases, the dynamic bowtie can effectively reduce the dynamic range of detected signals inside the FOV. Furthermore, the WB can be individualized using a 3D printing technique as the gold standard. We have extended the dynamic bowtie concept from 2D to 3D by using highly attenuating liquid and moving a scale-reduced negative copy of an object being scanned. Our methodology can be applied to reduce radiation dose and facilitate photon-counting detection.
Continuous and fine-grained breathing volume monitoring from afar using wireless signals (2016)

In this work, we propose for the first time an autonomous system, called WiSpiro, that continuously monitors a person's breathing volume with high resolution during sleep from afar. WiSpiro relies on a phase-motion demodulation algorithm that reconstructs minute chest and abdominal movements by analyzing the subtle phase changes that the movements cause to the continuous wave signal sent by a 2.4 GHz directional radio. These movements are mapped to breathing volume, where the mapping relationship is obtained via a short training process. To cope with body movement, the system tracks the large-scale movements and posture changes of the person, and moves its transmitting antenna accordingly to a proper location in order to maintain its beam to specific areas on the frontal part of the person's body. It also incorporates interpolation mechanisms to account for possible inaccuracy of our posture detection technique and the minor movement of the person's body. We have built WiSpiro prototype, and demonstrated through a user study that it can accurately and continuously monitor user's breathing volume with a median accuracy from 90% to 95.4% (or 0.0581 to 0.111 of error) to even in the presence of body movement. The monitoring granularity and accuracy are sufficiently high to be useful for diagnosis by clinical doctor.
Continuous Hot Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition of High-Density Carbon Multiwall Nanotubes (2003)

Hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) has been adapted to be a continuous growth process for high-density carbon multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs). MWNT growth is optimized in 1:5 CH4:Ar at 150 Torr with reactor temperatures of 400 and 550 °C for static and flowing gases, respectively. Ferrocene is employed to provide a gas-phase catalyst. Highly graphitic nanotubes can be continuously deposited with iron content as low as 15 wt % and carbon impurities below thermal gravimetric analysis detection limits. The MWNTs are simply purified to ∼99.5 wt % with minimal structural damage and with a 75 wt % yield.
HYPR: constrained reconstruction for enhanced SNR in dynamic medical imaging (2008)

During the last eight years our group has developed radial acquisitions with angular undersampling factors of several hundred that accelerate MRI in selected applications. As with all previous acceleration techniques, SNR typically falls as least as fast as the inverse square root of the undersampling factor. This limits the SNR available to support the small voxels that these methods can image over short time intervals in applications like time-resolved contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA). Instead of processing each time interval independently, we have developed constrained reconstruction methods that exploit the significant correlation between temporal sampling points. A broad class of methods, termed HighlY Constrained Back PRojection (HYPR), generalizes this concept to other modalities and sampling dimensions.
Improvement in light harvesting in a dye sensitized solar cell based on cascade charge transfer (2013)

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer the potential of being low-cost, high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. However, the power conversion efficiency is limited as they cannot utilize all photons of the visible solar spectrum. A novel design of a core-shell photoanode is presented herein where a thin shell of infrared dye is deposited over the core of a sensitized TiO2 nanofiber. Specifically, a ruthenium based dye (N719) sensitized TiO2 nanofiber is wrapped by a thin shell of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). In addition to broadening the absorption spectrum, this core-shell configuration further suppresses the electron-hole recombination process. Instead of adopting the typical Förster resonance energy transfer, upon photons being absorbed by the infrared dye, electrons are transferred efficiently through a cascade process from the CuPc to the N719 dye, the conduction band of TiO2, the FTO electrode and finally the external circuit. Concurrently, photons are also absorbed by the N719 dye with electrons being transferred in the cell. These additive effects result in a high power conversion efficiency of 9.48% for the device. The proposed strategy provides an alternative method for enhancing the performance of DSSCs for low-cost renewable energy in the future.
Program analysis and transformation for holistic optimization of database applications (2012)

We describe DBridge, a novel program analysis and transformation tool to optimize database and web service access. Traditionally, rewrite of queries and programs are done independently, by the database query optimizer and the language compiler respectively, leaving out many optimization opportunities. Our tool aims to bridge this gap by performing holistic transformations, which include both program and query rewrite.