gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicting short circuit power from timing models (2003)

Power dissipation is becoming a major show stopper for integrated circuit design especially in the server and pervasive computing technologies. Careful consideration of power requirements is expected to bring major changes in the way we design and analyze integrated circuit performance. This paper proposes a practical methodology to evaluate the short-circuit power of static CMOS gates via effective use of timing information from timing analysis. We introduce three methods to estimate short-circuit power of a static CMOS circuit without requiring explicit circuit simulation. Our proposed methodology offers practical advantages over previous approaches, which heavily rely on simple special device models. Proposed approach is experimented with an extensive set of benchmark examples and several device models and found very accurate.
Recognition of Double-Stranded RNA by Guanidine-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids (2011)

Double-helical RNA has become an attractive target for molecular recognition because many noncoding RNAs play important roles in the control of gene expression. Recently, we discovered that short peptide nucleic acids (PNA) bind strongly and sequence selectively to a homopurine tract of double-helical RNA via formation of a triple helix. Herein, we tested if the molecular recognition of RNA could be enhanced by α-guanidine modification of PNA. Our study was motivated by the discovery of Ly and co-workers that the guanidine modification greatly enhances the cellular delivery of PNA. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the guanidine-modified PNA (GPNA) had reduced affinity and sequence selectivity for triple-helical recognition of RNA. The data suggested that in contrast to unmodified PNA, which formed a 1:1 PNA-RNA triple helix, GPNA preferred a 2:1 GPNA-RNA triplex invasion complex. Nevertheless, promising results were obtained for recognition of biologically relevant double-helical RNA. Consistent with enhanced strand invasion ability, GPNA derived from d-arginine recognized the transactivation response element of HIV-1 with high affinity and sequence selectivity, presumably via Watson-Crick duplex formation. On the other hand, strong and sequence selective triple helices were formed by unmodified and nucelobase-modified PNA and the purine-rich strand of the bacterial A-site. These results suggest that appropriate chemical modifications of PNA may enhance molecular recognition of complex noncoding RNAs.
A 60GHz, linear, direct down-conversion mixer with mm-Wave tunability in 32nm CMOS SOI (2013)

The gain/linearity trade-off is exploited to achieve the best linearity performance of a mm-Wave down-conversion system. The achieved linearity (IIP3) for the whole down-conversion chain is better than 11.06dBm for 5.8dB gain at 60GHz. Gain can be adjusted from -15dB to 11dB in 1dB steps depending on the signal level. By adjusting phase matching at RF input and the common-mode impedance of the mixer with a variable transmission line, the input phase imbalance can be corrected and the second-order distortion (HD2) can be reduced. The LO/RF isolation is 43dB and the LO/IF isolation is better than 82dB. The down-converter occupies 1.38mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in 32nm CMOS SOI and consumes 19.2mW from 1V supply. The power consumption of the mixer itself is 4mW @ 1V supply.
Principles for information visualization spreadsheets (1998)

The visualization spreadsheet provides a framework for exploring large and complex data sets. Structuring user interactions using a spreadsheet paradigm creates a powerful tool for information visualization.
A novel hybrid approach for severity assessment of Diabetic Retinopathy in colour fundus images (2017)

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Detecting DR and grading its severity is essential for disease treatment. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in many different visual classification tasks. In this paper, we propose to combine CNNs with dictionary based approaches, which incorporates pathology specific image representation into the learning framework, for improved DR severity classification. Specifically, we construct discriminative and generative pathology histograms and combine them with feature representations extracted from fully connected CNN layers. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed method shows improvement in quadratic kappa score (κ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> = 0.86) compared to the state-of-the-art CNN based method (κ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> = 0.81).
New Synthesis and Characterization of (+)-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Derivatives and the Development of a Microparticle-Based Immunoassay for the Detection of LSD and Its Metabolites (1997)

In this paper are reported the synthesis and characterization of three LSD derivatives. On the basis of several analytical characterization studies, the most stable derivative has been selected and a procedure to covalently link the derivative to polystyrene microparticles through a carrier protein has been developed. In addition, two new LSD immunogens have been synthesized and characterized, and from these immunogens antibodies that recognize not only LSD but also several major LSD metabolites have been generated. Using the selected derivative and antibody, a homogeneous microparticle-based immunoassay has been developed for the detection of LSD in human urine with the required sensitivity and specificity for an effective screening assay. The performance of this LSD OnLine assay has been evaluated using the criteria of precision, cross-reactivity, correlation to the Abuscreen LSD RIA and GC/MS/MS, assay specificity, and limit of detection.
Label-free monitoring of individual DNA hybridization using SERS (2015)

Sequence-specific detection of DNA hybridization at the single-molecule level has been instrumental and gradually become a ubiquitous tool in a wide variety of biological and biomedical applications such as clinical diagnostics, biosensors, and drug development. Label-free and amplification-free schemes are of particular interest because they could potentially provide <i>in situ</i> monitoring of individual hybridization events, which may lead to techniques for discriminating subtle variations due to single-base modification without stringency control or repetitive thermal cycling. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been widely used for molecular detection and identification by exploiting the localized surface plasmon resonance effect when the target molecules are near gold or silver nanostructures. However, effective and robust SERS assays have yet become a reality for trace detection. Recently, we have developed a SERS substrate by shaping nanoporous gold thin films into monolithic submicron disks, called nanoporous gold disks (NPGD). Here we demonstrate <i>in situ</i> monitoring of the same immobilized ssDNA molecules and their individual hybridization events.
Micro-Holograms Recorded in a Thermoplastic Medium for Three-Dimensional Data Storage (2005)

A micro-holographic approach using a dye-doped thermoplastic material as a recording medium is in development at General Electric. Preliminary characterization results indicate that micro-holograms present larger dimensions than those expected from the recording beam properties.
SEISMIC PAVEMENT ANALYZER OPERATIONS MANUAL WITH TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (1993)

This report describes an instrument for monitoring conditions associated with pavement deterioration that was designed and constructed as part of the Strategic Highway Research Program. The conditions measured are voids or loss of support under a rigid pavement; moisture infiltrating asphalt concrete pavement; fine cracking in pavements; delamination of overlays; and aging of asphalt. These conditions of deterioration are determined by estimating Young's and shear moduli in the pavement, base, and subgrade from the wave propagation measurements. The details of the instrument are described. Data acquisition, instrument control, and interpretation are computer controlled, with measurements and interpretations reported in both screen and data base formats. The tests produced very promising results. The testing device was simple to use and produced diagnostic results that were repeatable. With minimal hardware modifications, the device can be commercialized. This report includes a user's manual along with the technical specifications for the device.
CHROMIZING-ALUMINIZING AND CHROMIZING-SILICONIZING COATING OF A FERRITIC STEEL (1989)

Simultaneous deposition of Cr-Al and Cr-Si as diffusion coatings for ferritic steel (Fe-12Cr) substrate have been carried out using the pack cementation method. A computer-assisted thermodynamic study of the equilibrium vapor pressures of volatile halide species formed by the pack components was performed. The simultaneous codeposition of Cr with Al is thermodynamically possible for chloride-activated packs when the activity of Al is about three orders of magnitude lower than the chromium activity ; for Si-Cr codeposition, the activity of Si must be approximately one order of magnitude lower than that for Cr. The experimental tests of the theory agree reasonably with the predictions, and the resulting coatings promise an improvement in resistance to oxidation and corrosion. The simultaneous addition of Ti as an active element to improve oxide-scale adhesion is demonstrated for a Ti-doped Cr-Al coating.
Optical Proximity Correction With Linear Regression (2008)

An important step in today's integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing is optical proximity correction (OPC). In model-based OPC, masks are systematically modified to compensate for the nonideal optical and process effects of an optical lithography system. The polygons in the layout are fragmented, and simulations are performed to determine the image intensity pattern on the wafer. If the simulated pattern on the wafer does not match the desired one, the mask is perturbed by moving the fragments. This iterative process continues until the pattern on the wafer matches the desired one. Although OPC increases the fidelity of pattern transfer to the wafer, it is quite CPU intensive due to the simulations performed at each iteration. In this paper, linear regression techniques from statistical learning are used to predict the fragment movements. The goal is to reduce the number of iterations required in model-based OPC by using a fast, computationally efficient linear regression solution as the initial guess to model-based OPC. Experimental results show that fragment movement predictions via linear regression model significantly decrease the number of iterations required in model-based OPC, thereby decreasing the product development time in IC design and manufacturing.
Loss of tumor suppressor NF1 activates HSF1 to promote carcinogenesis (2012)

Intrinsic stress response pathways are frequently mobilized within tumor cells. The mediators of these adaptive mechanisms and how they contribute to carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. A striking example is heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), master transcriptional regulator of the heat shock response. Surprisingly, we found that loss of the tumor suppressor gene neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) increased HSF1 levels and triggered its activation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. As a consequence, Nf1-/- cells acquired tolerance to proteotoxic stress. This activation of HSF1 depended on dysregulated MAPK signaling. HSF1, in turn, supported MAPK signaling. In mice, Hsf1 deficiency impeded NF1-associated carcinogenesis by attenuating oncogenic RAS/MAPK signaling. In cell lines from human malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) driven by NF1 loss, HSF1 was overexpressed and activated, which was required for tumor cell viability. In surgical resections of human MPNSTs, HSF1 was overexpressed, translocated to the nucleus, and phosphorylated. These findings reveal a surprising biological consequence of NF1 deficiency: activation of HSF1 and ensuing addiction to this master regulator of the heat shock response. The loss of NF1 function engages an evolutionarily conserved cellular survival mechanism that ultimately impairs survival of the whole organism by facilitating carcinogenesis.
Supramolecular Viscoelastic Surfactant Fluid for Hydraulic Fracturing (2015)

Abstract This paper studied a new fracturing fluid based on a supramolecular complex of associative polymer and vsicoelastic surfactant. The crosslink complex gel was based on weak physical attractive forces such as van der waals, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction between associative polymer and wormlike micelle of viscoelastic surfactant. The fluid contained surfactant ten times less than that of conventional viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluid. The combination of viscoelastic surfactant and associative polymer synergistically enhances the viscosity ten times more than that of the individually components alone. The fluid system was optimized by experimental design. The microstructure of wormlike micelle was verified by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. The fluid is shearing-stable at high temperature for 1 hour. The dynamic rheological properties of the new VES fluid showed high viscoelasticity, in which elastic moduli is higher than loss moduli at angular frequency 0.1 rad/s. The proppant transport test in a large-scale fracture simulator showed good proppant suspension ability. The fluid has 50% lower formation damage than that of conventional guar. The fluid was prepared with less additives and formed gel instantly which can be mixed on the fly in the field. The gel can be completely broken with almost no residue. Field application of the new fracturing fluid in a gas field showed the enhancement of gas production over 100%. The fluid has 20% lower friction pressure than that of guar fluid. Hence, the new supramolecular viscoelastic surfactant gel is an effective fracturing fluid with less formation damage.
Respiratory motion guided four dimensional cone beam computed tomography: encompassing irregular breathing (2014)

Four dimensional cone beam computed tomography (4DCBCT) images suffer from angular under sampling and bunching of projections due to a lack of feedback between the respiratory signal and the acquisition system. To address this problem, respiratory motion guided 4DCBCT (RMG-4DCBCT) regulates the gantry velocity and projection time interval, in response to the patient's respiratory signal, with the aim of acquiring evenly spaced projections in a number of phase or displacement bins during the respiratory cycle. Our previous study of RMG-4DCBCT was limited to sinusoidal breathing traces. Here we expand on that work to provide a practical algorithm for the case of real patient breathing data. We give a complete description of RMG-4DCBCT including full details on how to implement the algorithms to determine when to move the gantry and when to acquire projections in response to the patient's respiratory signal. We simulate a realistic working RMG-4DCBCT system using 112 breathing traces from 24 lung cancer patients. Acquisition used phase-based binning and parameter settings typically used on commercial 4DCBCT systems (4 min acquisition time, 1200 projections across 10 respiratory bins), with the acceleration and velocity constraints of current generation linear accelerators. We quantified streaking artefacts and image noise for conventional and RMG-4DCBCT methods by reconstructing projection data selected from an oversampled set of Catphan phantom projections. RMG-4DCBCT allows us to optimally trade-off image quality, acquisition time and image dose. For example, for the same image quality and acquisition time as conventional 4DCBCT approximately half the imaging dose is needed. Alternatively, for the same imaging dose, the image quality as measured by the signal to noise ratio, is improved by 63% on average. C-arm cone beam computed tomography systems, with an acceleration up to 200°/s(2), a velocity up to 100°/s and the acquisition of 80 projections per second, allow the image acquisition time to be reduced to below 60 s. We have made considerable progress towards realizing a system to reduce projection clustering in conventional 4DCBCT imaging and hence reduce the imaging dose to the patient.
Appearance-Driven Automatic 3D Model Simplification (2021)

We present a suite of techniques for jointly optimizing triangle meshes and shading models to match the appearance of reference scenes. This capability has a number of uses, including appearance-preserving simplification of extremely complex assets, conversion between rendering systems, and even conversion between geometric scene representations. We follow and extend the classic analysis-by-synthesis family of techniques: enabled by a highly efficient differentiable renderer and modern nonlinear optimization algorithms, our results are driven to minimize the image-space difference to the target scene when rendered in similar viewing and lighting conditions. As the only signals driving the optimization are differences in rendered images, the approach is highly general and versatile: it easily supports many different forward rendering models such as normal mapping, spatially-varying BRDFs, displacement mapping, etc. Supervision through images only is also key to the ability to easily convert between rendering systems and scene representations. We output triangle meshes with textured materials to ensure that the models render efficiently on modern graphics hardware and benefit from, e.g., hardware-accelerated rasterization, ray tracing, and filtered texture lookups. Our system is integrated in a small Python code base, and can be applied at high resolutions and on large models. We describe several use cases, including mesh decimation, level of detail generation, seamless mesh filtering and approximations of aggregate geometry.
A short‐scan reconstruction for cone‐beam CT using shift‐invariant FBP and equal weighting (2007)

A 3D reconstruction formula has been derived for a circular cone-beam (CB) short scan using ID shift-invariant filtering, CB backprojection, and equal weighting. By first converting the divergent projections to parallel projections, we analyze the circular CB data using the classic central slice theorem. The sampling density in Fourier space is investigated and 1D shift-invariant filtering before backprojection can be used to compensate for the nonuniformity. The final formula consists of a conventional FDK reconstruction and a correction term using differential backprojection and the 1D Hilbert transform in the image domain. On a full scan, the approach reduces to the FDK algorithm, while for a short scan, the CB artifacts are suppressed by the second term. This algorithm outperforms the modified FDK algorithm with Parker's weighting, as illustrated by computer simulations and experimental results. Due to its shift-invariant filtered-backprojection structure, the proposed algorithm is implemented efficiently, and requires a simple adaptation of the FDK algorithm.
Gellan gum-based hydrogels for intervertebral disc tissue-engineering applications (2010)

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a challenging clinical problem that urgently demands viable nucleus pulposus (NP) implant materials. The best suited biomaterial for NP regeneration has yet to be identified, but it is believed that biodegradable hydrogel-based materials are promising candidates. In this work, we have developed ionic- and photo-crosslinked methacrylated gellan gum (GG-MA) hydrogels to be used in acellular and cellular tissue-engineering strategies for the regeneration of IVDs. The physicochemical properties of the developed hydrogels were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry. The swelling ability and degradation rate of hydrogels were also analysed in phosphate-buffered saline solution at physiological pH for a period of 30 days. Additionally, the morphology and mechanical properties of the hydrogels were assessed under a scanning electron microscope and dynamic compression, respectively. An in vitro study was carried out to screen possible cytotoxicity of the gellan gum-based hydrogels by culturing rat lung fibroblasts (L929 cells) with hydrogel leachables up to 7 days. The results demonstrated that gellan gum was successfully methacrylated. We observed that the produced GG-MA hydrogels possess improved mechanical properties and lower water uptake ability and degradation rate as compared to gellan gum. This work also revealed that GG-MA hydrogels are non-cytotoxic in vitro, thus being promising biomaterials to be used in IVD tissue-engineering strategies.
Polymer Micelle with Cross-Linked Ionic Core (2005)

This work reports the design of polymer micelles with cross-linked ionic cores that display high stability. Block ionomer complexes were utilized as a micellar template for the synthesis of the cross-linked micelles. Such micelles represent hydrophilic nanospheres of core-shell morphology. The core comprises a network of the cross-linked polyanions, which is surrounded by the shell of hydrophilic PEO chains.
Identification of a second family of high‐molecular‐weight adhesion proteins expressed by non‐typable <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (1996)

We previously reported that two surface-exposed high-molecular-weight proteins, HMW1 and HMW2, expressed by a prototypic strain of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI), mediate attachment to human epithelial cells. These proteins are members of a family of highly immunogenic proteins common to 70-75% of NTHI strains. NTHI strains that lack HMW1/HMW2-like proteins remain capable of efficient attachment to cultured human epithelial cells, suggesting the existence of additional adhesion molecules. We reasoned that characterization of high-molecular-weight immunogenic proteins from an HMW1/HMW2-deficient strain might identify additional adhesion proteins. A genomic library was prepared in lambda EMBL3 with chromosomal DNA from non-typable Haemophilus strain 11, a strain that lacks HMW1/HMW2-like proteins. The library was screened immunologically with convalescent serum from a child naturally infected with strain 11, and phage clones expressing high-molecular-weight recombinant proteins were identified by Western blot analysis. One clone was identified that expressed a protein with an apparent molecular mass greater than 200 kDa. Transformation of non-adherent Escherichia coli strain DH5 alpha with plasmids containing the genetic locus encoding this protein gave rise to E. coli transformants that adhered avidly to Chang conjunctival cells. Subcloning and mutagenesis studies localized the DNA conferring the adherence phenotype to a 4.8 kbp fragment, and nucleotide sequence analysis further localized the gene encoding the adhesion protein to a 3.3 kbp open reading frame predicted to encode a protein of 114 kDa. The gene was designated hia for Haemophilus influenzae adhesin. Southern analysis revealed an hia homologue in 13 of 15 HMW1/HMW2-deficient non-typable H. influenzae strains. In contrast, the hia gene was not present in any of 23 non-typable H. influenzae strains which expressed HMW1/HMW2-like proteins. Identification of this second family of high-molecular-weight adhesion proteins suggests the possibility of developing vaccines based upon a combination of HMW1/HMW2-like proteins and Hia-like proteins which would be protective against disease caused by most or all non-typable H. influenzae.