gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation of MRI-Guided Transurethral Conformal 3-D Ultrasound Therapy of the Prostate (2007)

The capability of MRI to measure spatial heating patterns during therapy delivery with ultrasound makes adaptive thermal therapy possible. Active feedback provided by MR thermometry enables on‐line adjustment of the treatment to compensate for tissue/perfusion changes during heating. The feasibility of performing 3‐D conformal thermal therapy of the entire prostate gland with a multi‐element transurethral ultrasound heating applicator was considered in this study. The major challenge was using MR temperature feedback to adjust simultaneously the device’s rate of rotation and the power and frequency of multiple independent ultrasound transducers, to shape the region of thermal damage to the prostate gland in all spatial dimensions while sparing surrounding tissues from damage. The 3‐D Bioheat Transfer Equation was used to model the ultrasound therapy using manually segmented MRI prostate geometries from 20 prostate cancer patients. Average prostate dimensions (±SD) were: length: 37.8±7.2 mm, width: 47.1±5.5 mm, height: 28.9±5.7 mm. Typical treatments of the entire prostate volume take less than 30 min. Results from various treatment strategies were compared by calculating the percentage volume of under‐ and over‐treated tissue and the potential thermal damage incurred by important adjacent anatomical structures using “dose‐effect” curves. Visualization tools were developed to investigate patient‐specific prostate and periprostatic anatomy, as well as the simulated coagulated volumes in 3‐D, enabling evaluation of individual patient outcomes. These simulations also enabled the investigation of the number and size of transducer segments required for accurate treatment delivery. In general, the under‐treated fraction can be maintained below 1% of the prostate volume, but the over‐treated fraction can range up to 15%, emphasizing the importance of accurate location of sensitive adjacent structures.
A ring inductive power transfer system (2010)

Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) is an efficient and well established technique for contactless or wireless power transfer, and has numerous applications over a wide power range. Although the demand for high power IPT systems is growing, the implementation of such IPT systems is severely hampered by the limitations of voltage and current ratings of available semiconductor devices. This paper presents a new ring IPT system, which employs semiconductor devices in the current market and is still capable of generating high track currents, without which the design of high power IPT systems becomes practically impossible. The proposed ring IPT system facilitates easy integration of multiple IPT power supplies, which are made of general and freely available semiconductor components, to generate a high track current. An independent ring type track, comprising an inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) network, serves as an intermediate circuit through which the power transfer between primary supplies and pickup systems takes place. The ring circuit is magnetically coupled to multiple primary supplies and pickup systems, and combines primary supplies in series to generate a high track current. The power flow of the system is controlled by phase and/or magnitude modulation of voltages generated by both primary power supplies and pickup systems. Theoretical analysis is presented with simulations to show that the proposed ring IPT system is ideal for generating high track currents required for high power applications, and is flexible for both bi-directional and unidirectional contactless power transfer.
Photochemical synthesis of disilane from silane with infrared laser radiation (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemical synthesis of disilane from silane with infrared laser radiationJoshua Zavelovich and John L. LymanCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93, 15, 5740–5745Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100352a019https://doi.org/10.1021/j100352a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views156Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Rapid Fabrication of Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional Colloidal Crystal Films via Confined Convective Assembly (2005)

Abstract We have developed a self‐assembly method for fabricating well‐ordered two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) colloidal crystal films. With a minute amount of a polystyrene colloidal suspension and without any special equipment, the proposed method can be used to rapidly deposit high‐quality colloidal crystal films over a large surface area. By controlling the lift‐up rate of the substrate, we modulate the meniscus thinning rate, which determines whether the colloidal particles are assembled into two or three dimensions. The proposed method can be used to fabricate not only monolayered colloidal crystals with colloidal particles of various sizes, but also multilayered colloidal crystals. In addition, the method enables us to fabricate binary colloidal crystals by consecutively depositing large and small particles.
Demonstration of a Novel Combined Cooling and Power Gas Turbine with Water Harvesting (2005)

Experiments are conducted on a novel cooling and power cycle that combines a semi-closed cycle gas turbine called the High Pressure Regenerative Turbine Engine (HPRTE) with a vapor compression refrigeration system. A fraction of the exhaust air from the combustor is recirculated back to the combustor. The recirculated air is first cooled in a heat exchanger before it is passed on to the evaporator of the vapor compression refrigeration system. The evaporator further cools the recirculated air and in this process water is condensed on the surface of the evaporator tubes. A one-ton refrigeration system was used in the experiment. A total of 1.3 liters of water was extracted for about 20 liters of fuel consumed. In the future, the vapor compression refrigeration system will be replaced with a vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS). The generator of the VARS will first cool the recirculated air before it passes to the heat exchanger and the evaporator. The evaporator of the VARS will then provide extra cooling in addition to that required for water extraction. The cycle is also modeled using traditional one-dimensional steady-state thermodynamics, with the actual values of the efficiency and pressure drops for the turbomachinery and heat exchangers. The mixture properties of air account for the water removal rate in the evaporator. The values of temperatures and pressure at different state points obtained from the computer model are compared with the experimental values. The difference between the values is found to be within the acceptable limits. The model is then used to design the evaporator capacity for a given amount of water extraction. The evaporator should cool the recirculated gases to about 5 o C to extract about one kg of water per kg of fuel consumed with the current experimental set up. In such a case, about 35 % of the total water vapor generated in the combustor will be extracted in the evaporator.
Major Groove Binding Track Residues of the Connection Subdomain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Enhance cDNA Synthesis at High Temperatures (2013)

At high temperatures, RNA denaturation can improve the efficiency and specificity of reverse transcription. Refined structures and molecular models of HIV-1 reverse transcriptases (RTs) from phylogenetically distant clades (i.e., group M subtype B and group O) revealed a major interaction between the template-primer and the Arg³⁵⁸-Gly³⁵⁹-Ala³⁶⁰ triad in the large subunit of HIV-1M/B RT. However, fewer contacts were predicted for the equivalent Lys³⁵⁸-Ala³⁵⁹-Ser³⁶⁰ triad of HIV-1O RT and the nucleic acid. An engineered HIV-1O K358R/A359G/S360A RT showed increased cDNA synthesis efficiency above 68 °C, as determined by qualitative and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. In comparison with wild-type HIV-1O RT, the mutant enzyme showed higher thermal stability but retained wild-type RNase H activity. Mutations that increased the accuracy of HIV-1M/B RTs were tested in combination with the K358R/A359G/S360A triple mutation. Some of them (e.g., F61A, K65R, K65R/V75I, and V148I) had a negative effect on reverse transcription efficiency above 65 °C. RTs with improved DNA binding affinities also showed higher cDNA synthesis efficiencies at elevated temperatures. Two of the most thermostable RTs (i.e., mutants T69SSG/K358R/A359G/S360A and K358R/A359G/S360A/E478Q) showed moderately increased fidelity in forward mutation assays. Our results demonstrate that the triad of Arg³⁵⁸, Gly³⁵⁹, and Ala³⁶⁰ in the major groove binding track of HIV-1 RT is a major target for RT stabilization, and most relevant for improving reverse transcription efficiency at high temperatures.
P2‐387: Phospho‐tau–specific vaccine for the treatment of tau pathology (2012)

The brain of patients with advancing Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two hallmarks, beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) composed of hyper-phosphorylated Tau. The excess of amyloid and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein are both present as a spectrum of misfolded protein-aggregates. Immunotherapy can alleviate the pathological impact of protein-aggregates, while also contributing to our molecular understanding of these neurotoxic species. Immunotherapy has shown success in animal models and the interest to target phosphorylated Tau is growing. Tauopathy (Tau.P301L transgenic) and wild-type mice were immunized with a liposome-based Tau vaccine. Immunoresponse was tested by specific immunostaining of tauopathy brains and by target-specific immunodetection methods. Vaccine efficacy was measured by probing pathological phospho-Tau epitopes in brain homogenate of treated mice by Western-blots. Additionally, we used a variety of immunobased techniques to further characterize the vaccine response. A liposome-based vaccine technology was used (Muhs et al., 2007) to generate a phospho Tau vaccine that induced a high antisera response in Tau.P301L tauopathy and wild-type mice (Theunis et al., AAIC 2011 presentation), without eliciting an adverse immune reaction. Specific ELISA demonstrated high and stable antibody titers against phospho-Tau-peptides as opposed to no reaction to non-phosphorylated Tau. The high specificity for pathological tau was visualized by TAUPIR on brain sections from Tau.P301LxGSK3 (biGT) mice with proven tauopathy (Terwel et al, 2008). Compared to control treatment, vaccination resulted in a significant reduction of insoluble phospho-Tau epitopes, with a high specificity for pathological phospho-Tau species. These data support previous findings on the potential of liposomal Tau vaccines to modify pathological Tau accumulation and suggest that this vaccine approach has the potential to become a promising therapy, not only for the treatment of AD but also for other Tau-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
Cloning and expression of a human neutral amino acid transporter with structural similarity to the glutamate transporter gene family (1993)

A cDNA was isolated from human brain that encodes an amino acid sequence 34-39% identical to previously published glutamate transporter sequences. Injection of RNA transcribed from this cDNA into Xenopus oocytes resulted in expression of a transport activity with the properties of the neutral amino acid uptake system ASC. Superfusion of alanine, serine, and cysteine evoked sodium-dependent inward currents in voltage-clamped oocytes expressing the transporter. These currents were dose-dependent, stereospecific, and saturable, with Km values ranging from 29 to 88 microM. Northern blot analyses revealed ubiquitous expression of this gene, termed ASCT1, consistent with the general metabolic role ascribed to system ASC.
2′‐O‐[2‐[2‐(N,N‐Dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethyl] Modified Oligonucleotides: Symbiosis of Charge Interaction Factors and Stereoelectronic Effects. (2003)

Oligonucleotides with a novel, 2‘-<i>O</i>-[2-[2-(<i>N,N-</i>dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethyl] (2‘-<i>O</i>-DMAEOE) modification have been synthesized. This modification,\na cationic analogue of the 2‘-<i>O</i>-(2-methoxyethyl) (2‘-<i>O</i>-MOE) modification, exhibits high binding affinity to target RNA (but not to DNA) and\nexceptional resistance to nuclease degradation. Analysis of the crystal structure of a self-complementary oligonucleotide containing a single\n2‘-<i>O</i>-DMAEOE modification explains the importance of charge factors and gauche effects on the observed antisense properties. 2‘-<i>O</i>-DMAEOE\nmodified oligonucleotides are ideal candidates for antisense drugs.
Effect of Cereal Product Residual Moisture Content on Total Dietary Fiber Determined by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (1997)

Published studies on the applications of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to the analysis of fiber in forages, feeds, grains, and cereal products indicate the presence of O-H absorbance, due to sample moisture content, in the calibration models. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which residual moisture in samples interferes with the ability of NIRS to predict total dietary fiber (TDF) in cereal products and grains. Milled cereal products and grains were stored in 20%, 60%, and 80% experimental relative humidity (rh) environments and a vacuum oven. Samples (N = 143) were analyzed for moisture and predicted for TDF. Results showed significant differences between laboratory reference TDF and predicted TDF for samples that were either very low or very high in moisture. Cereal products and grain samples stored under ambient conditions (N = 90) were combined with selected samples stored under different rh environments (N = 53) to develop a new calibration using partial least squares regression. The standard error of cross validation and multiple coefficient of determination (R2) were 1.85% and 0.98, respectively. The model was validated with an independent set of cereal products (N = 29) stored under ambient and rh environments. Samples stored under ambient and rh environments were predicted with standard errors of performance of 1.70% and 1.86%, respectively. The study shows that NIRS can be used to predict TDF in cereal products and grains with a wide range of residual moistures when calibrations include the range of residual moisture expected. Keywords: Dietary fiber; near-infrared spectroscopy; moisture
Fault-tolerant control of a wind turbine with a squirrel-cage induction generator and stator inter-turn faults (2012)

Faults of wind turbine generator electromechanical parts are common and very expensive. This paper introduces a fault-tolerant control scheme for variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbines that can be applied to any type of generator. We focus on generator stator isolation inter-turn fault that can be characterized before triggering the safety device. A simple extension of the conventional control structure is proposed that prevents the fault propagation while power delivery under fault is deteriorated as less as possible compared to healthy machine conditions. Presented fault-tolerant control strategy is developed taking into account its modular implementation and installation in available control systems of existing wind turbines to extend their life cycle and energy production. Simulation results for the case of a 700 kW wind turbine are presented.
Model-Based Analysis and Quantification of Bearing Faults in Induction Machines (2020)

The detection of rolling-element bearing fault can be accomplished by monitoring and interpreting a variety of signals, including the vibration, the acoustic noise, and the stator current. The existence of a bearing fault as well as its specific fault type can be readily determined by performing frequency spectral analysis on the monitored signals with various signal processing techniques. However, this traditional approach, despite being simple and intuitive, is not able to identify the severity of a bearing fault in a quantitative manner. Moreover, it is often times tedious and time-consuming to apply this approach to electric machines with different power ratings, as the bearing fault threshold values need to be manually calibrated for each motor running at every possible speed and carrying any possible load. This article, thus, proposes a quantitative approach to estimate the bearing fault severity based on the airgap displacement profile, which is reconstructed from the mutual inductance variation profile estimated from a quantitative electrical model that takes the stator current as input. In addition, the accuracy of the developed electrical model and the estimated bearing fault severity are validated by the simulation and experimental results, and the explicit airgap variation profile is reconstructed with the superposition of multiple Fourier series terms estimated from the stator current via the proposed scheme. The proposed method offers a quantitative and universal bearing fault indicator for induction machines with any power ratings and operating under any speed and load conditions.
Design and robustness issues for highly augmented helicopter controls (1991)

The paper discusses design procedures for achieving a multiple-input , multiple-outpu t, fly-by-wire flight control system for helicopters. It defines an interpretation of ''highly augmented as requiring tight stabilization of all commanded states, including automatic trimming. Design procedures are given that provide physical insights into how control decoupling and desired bandwidths are achieved, using a contemporary attack helicopter as the model. A high-gain, explicit model-following system is shown to meet practical robustness criteria that are designed to validate performance and stability when extremes of the helicopter nonlinear dynamics become part of the control problem. Comparison of this system's performance with published optimal designs based on the same high-order, linear helicopter model is made, showing that these other designs will not meet the proposed practical robustness tests.
Stroke volume obtained from the brachial artery using transbrachial electrical bioimpedance velocimetry (2012)

Stroke volume (SV) is the quantity of blood ejected by the cardiac ventricles per each contraction. When SV is multiplied by heart rate, cardiac output is the result. Cardiac output (CO), in conjunction with hemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen saturation are the cornerstones of oxygen transport. Measurement of CO is important, especially in sick humans suffering from decompensated heart disease and systemic diseases affecting the contractility or loading conditions of the heart. Although reasonably accurate invasive cardiac output methods are available, their use is restricted to those individuals hospitalized in the intensive care units. Thus, a robust noninvasive alternative is considered desirable. Impedance cardiography (ICG) is one such method, but in patients with severe heart disease and/or excess extravascular lung water, the method is inaccurate. This paper concerns the introduction of a new method, transbrachial electrical bioimpedance velocimetry (TBEV). The technique involves passage of a constant magnitude, high frequency, and low amperage ac from the upper arm to the antecubital fossa. In all other respects, the operational aspects of TBEV are consistent with ICG. There is good evidence suggesting that the TBEV waveform and its derivatives are generated by blood resistivity changes only.
Metabolism of Prostaglandin Glycerol Esters and Prostaglandin Ethanolamides in Vitro and in Vivo (2001)

Prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs) and prostaglandin ethanolamides (PG-EAs) are generated by the action of cyclooxygenase-2 on the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonylethanolamide, respectively. These novel eicosanoids may have unique pharmacological properties and/or serve as latent sources of prostaglandins at sites remote from their tissue of origin. Therefore, we investigated the metabolism of PG-Gs and PG-EAs in vitro and in vivo. PGE(2)-G was rapidly hydrolyzed in rat plasma to generate PGE(2) (t(1/2) = 14 s) but was only slowly metabolized in human plasma (t(1/2) > 10 min). An intermediate extent of metabolism of PGE(2)-G was observed in human whole blood (t(1/2) approximately 7 min). The parent arachidonylglycerol, 2-AG, and the more stable regioisomer, 1-AG, also were much more rapidly metabolized in rat plasma compared with human plasma. PGE(2)-EA was not significantly hydrolyzed in plasma, undergoing slow dehydration/isomerization to PGB(2)-EA. Both PGE(2)-G and PGE(2)-EA were stable in canine, bovine, and human cerebrospinal fluid. Human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for the initial step in PG inactivation in vivo, oxidized both PGE(2)-G and PGE(2)-EA less efficiently than the free acid. The sterically hindered glyceryl prostaglandin was the poorest substrate examined in the E series. Minimal 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase oxidation of PGF(2 alpha)-G was observed. PGE(2)-G and PGE(2)-EA pharmacokinetics were assessed in rats. PGE(2)-G was not detected in plasma 5 min following an intravenous dose of 2 mg/kg. However, PGE(2)-EA was detectable up to 2 h following an identical dose, displaying a large apparent volume of distribution and a half-life of over 6 min. The results suggest that endocannabinoid-derived PG-like compounds may be sufficiently stable in humans to exert actions systemically. Furthermore, these results suggest that the rat is not an adequate model for investigating the biological activities of 2-arachidonylglycerol or glyceryl prostaglandins in humans.
PCR-based diagnosis of human fungal infections (2009)

PCR is a very appealing technology for the detection of human pathogens, but the detection of fungal pathogens is particularly challenging. Fungi have cell walls that impede the efficient lysis of organisms and liberation of DNA, which can lead to false-negative PCR results. Conversely, some human pathogens are also ubiquitous environmental saprophytes that can contaminate PCR reagents and cause false-positive results. We examine the quality of PCR-based studies for fungal diagnostics using 42 variables within the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments guidelines. This review focuses on taxon-directed PCR assays for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, candidiasis and Pneumocystis pneumonia. Finally, we evaluate broad-range fungal PCR assays capable of detecting a wide spectrum of human pathogens.
Efficient, metal-free production of succinic acid by oxidation of biomass-derived levulinic acid with hydrogen peroxide (2015)

A simple, non-fermentative, high-yielding, metal-free, chemical-catalytic pathway to succinic acid from biomass-derived levulinic acid is reported.