gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional radiation dosimetry using polymer gel and solid radiochromic polymer: From basics to clinical applications (2017)

Accurate dose measurement tools are needed to evaluate the radiation dose delivered to patients by using modern and sophisticated radiation therapy techniques. However, the adequate tools which enable us to directly measure the dose distributions in three-dimensional (3D) space are not commonly available. One such 3D dose measurement device is the polymer-based dosimeter, which changes the material property in response to radiation. These are available in the gel form as polymer gel dosimeter (PGD) and ferrous gel dosimeter (FGD) and in the solid form as solid plastic dosimeter (SPD). Those are made of a continuous uniform medium which polymerizes upon irradiation. Hence, the intrinsic spatial resolution of those dosimeters is very high, and it is only limited by the method by which one converts the dose information recorded by the medium to the absorbed dose. The current standard methods of the dose quantification are magnetic resonance imaging, optical computed tomography, and X-ray computed tomography. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging is well established as a method for obtaining clinically relevant dosimetric data by PGD and FGD. Despite the likely possibility of doing 3D dosimetry by PGD, FGD or SPD, the tools are still lacking wider usages for clinical applications. In this review article, we summarize the current status of PGD, FGD, and SPD and discuss the issue faced by these for wider acceptance in radiation oncology clinic and propose some directions for future development.
Structure-Based Exploration of Cyclic Dipeptide Chitinase Inhibitors (2004)

Family 18 chitinases play an essential role in a range of pathogens and pests. Several inhibitors are known, including the potent inhibitors argadin and allosamidin, and the structures of these in complex with chitinases have been elucidated. Recent structural analysis has revealed that CI-4 [cyclo-(L-Arg-D-Pro)] inhibits family 18 chitinases by mimicking the structure of the proposed reaction intermediate. Here we report the high-resolution structures of four new CI-4 derivatives, cyclo-(L-Arg-L-Pro), cyclo-(Gly-L-Pro), cyclo-(L-His-L-Pro), and cyclo-(L-Tyr-L-Pro), in complex with a family 18 chitinase. In addition, details of enzyme inhibition and in vivo activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae are presented. The structures reveal that the common cyclo-(Gly-Pro) substructure is sufficient for binding, allowing modification of the side chain of the nonproline residue. This suggests that design of cyclic dipeptides with a view to increasing inhibition of family 18 chitinases should be possible through relatively accessible chemistry. The derivatives presented here in complex with chitinase B from Serratia marcescens provide further insight into the mechanism of inhibition of chitinases by cyclic dipeptides as well as providing a new scaffold for chitinase inhibitor design.
Instrumented measurements of laxity in patients who have a Gore-Tex anterior cruciate-ligament substitute. (1989)

Twenty patients who had substitution of the anterior cruciate ligament with a Gore-Tex synthetic ligament were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with the University of California at Los Angeles instrumented clinical-testing apparatus, which records anterior-posterior force versus displacement-response curves of the tibia with respect to the femur at 20 degrees of flexion of the knee. The mean age of the patients was thirty-three years (range, nineteen to fifty-four years). The duration of follow-up ranged from twenty-four to forty-four months (mean, thirty-one months). The mean preoperative difference in anterior laxity between the injured knee and the normal knee (4.5 millimeters with neutral rotation of the foot) was unchanged two years after the operation; at that time, all patients had an anterior laxity of the injured knee of more than eight millimeters, and 90 per cent had a difference in anterior laxity of more than two millimeters between sides. The mean values for anterior stiffness at fifty and 100 newtons of anterior force were unchanged after the operation, remaining at 40 to 50 per cent of normal levels. At 200 newtons, or 20.4 kilograms (forty-five pounds) of anterior force, the mean stiffness of the involved knee was 11 to 17 per cent greater than that of the normal knee. Clinically, there were improvements in both subjective and objective knee-rating scores. All but four patients had a reduction of at least one grade in the pivot-shift score; in thirteen, the pivot-shift sign was eliminated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ecological Aspects of the Evolutionary Processes (2003)

Darwin in his On the Origin of species made it clear that evolutionary change depends on the combined action of two different causes, the first being the origin of genetically based phenotypic variation in the individual organisms comprising the population and the second being the action of selective agents of the external environment placing demands on the individual organisms. For over a century following Darwin, most evolutionists focused on the origin of inherited variation and its transmission; many workers continue to regard genetics to be the core of evolutionary theory. Far less attention has been given to the exact nature of the selective agents with most evolutionists still treating this cause imprecisely to the detriment of our understanding of both nomological and historical evolutionary theory. Darwin was vague in the meaning of his new concept of "Natural Selection," using it interchangeably as one of the causes for evolutionary change and as the final outcome (= evolutionary change). In 1930, natural selection was defined clearly as "non-random, differential reproduction of genes" by R. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane which is a statement of the outcome of evolutionary process and which omits mention of the causes bringing about this change. Evolutionists quickly accepted this outcome definition of natural selection, and have used interchangeably selection both as a cause and as the result of evolutionary change, causing great confusion. Herein, the details will be discussed of how the external environment (i.e., the environment-phenotype interaction) serves as selective agents and exerts demands on the phenotypic organisms. Included are the concepts of fitness and of the components of fitness (= adaptations) which are respectively (a) survival, (b) direct reproductive and (c) indirect reproductive features. Finally, it will be argued that historical-narrative analyses of organisms, including classification and phylogenetic history, are possible only with a full understanding of nomological evolutionary theory and with functional/adaptive studies of the employed taxonomic features in addition to the standard comparative investigations.
Characterisation of Navstar GPS and GLONASS on-board clocks (2002)

The stability of the satellite clocks of both NAVSTAR and GLONASS (the Soviet global navigation satellite system) was analyzed. The known nature of the GPS (Global Positioning System) clocks has shown that the different types of clock aboard the satellites (crystal, rubidium, and cesium) can be distinguished given a sufficient sample time. The same approach has been applied to the GLONASS satellites, and a comparison of the results obtained from GPS has enabled a conjecture on the type of clocks used by the GLONASS satellites. The analysis has involved a comparison of satellites launched during the period 1986-9, although data for the early period are sketchy. It would seem, however, that GLONASS has used clocks of the quality of rubidium atomic oscillators since 1986 at least and that there has been a steady increase in quality and performance of onboard standards with time. Some current satellites perform well enough in terms of frequency drift, flicker FM noise floor, and long-term stability to compare favorably with the cesium beam standards carried on Navstar GPS satellites launched in 1983-4.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Identifying the Nature of the Active Species in the Polymerization of Methacrylates:  Inhibition of Methyl Methacrylate Homopolymerizations and Reactivity Ratios for Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate/<i>n</i>-Butyl Methacrylate in Classical Anionic, Alkyllithium/Trialkylaluminum-Initiated, Group Transfer Polymerization, Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization, Catalytic Chain Transfer, and Classical Free Radical Polymerization (1997)

Reactivity ratios have been determined for the monomer pair methyl methacrylate and n-butyl methacrylate under a range of polymerization conditions. The value of using reactivity ratios as a mechanistic probe is discussed. Reactivity ratios determined where M1 = MMA and M2 = n-BMA are 1.04, 0.81, classical anionic; 1.10, 0.72 , alkyllithium/trialkylaluminum initiated; 1.76, 0.67, group transfer polymerization; 0.98, 1.26, atom transfer radical polymerization; 0.75, 0.98, catalytic chain transfer; and 0.93, 1.22, classical free radical polymerization. The data suggest ATRP and CCTP proceed via radical type propagation. Li/Al-initiated polymerization undergoes an anionic mechanism, while strong evidence is found for an associative, catalyst dependent mechanism for GTP. Galvinoxyl is demonstrated to inhibit GTP as well as free radical polymerization, and it is suggested that neither the use of inhibition nor polymer stereochemistry can be used to distinguish between anionic and radical processes.
Magnetic field sensing utilizing GMR materials (1998)

The Giant MagnetoResistance (GMR) effect, discovered in France in 1988, has already been applied in magnetic sensors and has promise in other applications. The rapid acceptance of this technology is due to GMR’s unique characteristics such as high sensitivity, good temperature stability, and excellent linearity over a wide sensing range. In this article GMR materials are described as are their application in magnetic field sensors. New GMR structures utilizing spin valves and spin dependent tunneling (SDT) will offer even more potential for expanding the horizon of solid state magnetic sensing. Comparisons are made to sensors using conventional technology. Integrated GMR sensors that have signal conditioning and output electronics monolithically integrated with the sensor offer further uses of this new technology. Beyond the sensor itself, other control system functions have the potential for using the same GMR materials to make magnetic isolators and nonvolatile memories.
Profiling Lipid–protein Interactions Using Nonquenched Fluorescent Liposomal Nanovesicles and Proteome Microarrays (2012)

Fluorescent liposomal nanovesicles (liposomes) are commonly used for lipid research and/or signal enhancement. However, the problem of self-quenching with conventional fluorescent liposomes limits their applications because these liposomes must be lysed to detect the fluorescent signals. Here, we developed a nonquenched fluorescent (NQF)1 liposome by optimizing the proportion of sulforhodamine B (SRB) encapsulant and lissamine rhodamine B-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanol (LRB-DPPE) on a liposomal surface for signal amplification. Our study showed that 0.3% of LRB-DPPE with 200 μm of SRB provided the maximal fluorescent signal without the need to lyse the liposomes. We also observed that the NQF liposomes largely eliminated self-quenching effects and produced greatly enhanced signals than SRB-only liposomes by 5.3-fold. To show their application in proteomics research, we constructed NQF liposomes that contained phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) and profiled its protein interactome using a yeast proteome microarray. Our profiling led to the identification of 162 PI(3,5)P2-specific binding proteins (PI(3,5)P2-BPs). We not only recovered many proteins that possessed known PI(3,5)P2-binding domains, but we also found two unknown Pfam domains (Pfam-B_8509 and Pfam-B_10446) that were enriched in our dataset. The validation of many newly discovered PI(3,5)P2-BPs was performed using a bead-based affinity assay. Further bioinformatics analyses revealed that the functional roles of 22 PI(3,5)P2-BPs were similar to those associated with PI(3,5)P2, including vesicle-mediated transport, GTPase, cytoskeleton, and kinase. Among the 162 PI(3,5)P2-BPs, we found a novel motif, HRDIKP[ES]NJLL that showed statistical significance. A docking simulation showed that PI(3,5)P2 interacted primarily with lysine or arginine side chains of the newly identified PI(3,5)P2-binding kinases. Our study showed that this new tool would greatly benefit profiling lipid-protein interactions in high-throughput studies.
A modified multiplex PCR assay for detection of large deletions inMSH2 andMLH1 (2002)

A method for detection of large genomic deletions in the MSH2 and MLH1 genes based on multiplex PCR and quantitative evaluation of PCR products is presented. All 35 exons of MSH2 and MLH1 were screened simultaneously in seven PCR reactions, each of them including primers for both genes. The method is reliable for uncovering large genomic deletions in patients suspected of HNPCC. With this method, six novel deletions were identified, two in MSH2: EX1_10del and EX1_16del (representing deletion of the entire MSH2 gene); and four in MLH1: EX1_10del in two unrelated patients, EX3_5del, and EX4del. The deletions were detected in 18 unrelated patients in whom no germline mutation had been identified by SSCP and DHPLC. These results indicate that our modified multiplex PCR assay is suited for the detection of large deletions both in the MSH2 and MLH1 gene and therefore represents an additional valuable tool for mutation screening in HNPCC families.
Q-band high-efficiency monolithic HEMT power prematchstructures (1995)

Monolithic Q-band high-efficiency prematch structures using 0.15 µm double-heterostructure pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs HEMTs have been designed, fabricated and evaluated. The structures include a 400 µm and an 800 µm gate-width unit, demonstrating power-added efficiency of 41.6% and 37%, respectively, which represents state-of-the-art efficiency performance at this frequency. These building blocks can be used easily to construct high-power, high-efficiency amplifiers. The circuit design, output power and efficiency performance of the prematch structures are also presented.
Virtual object overlay onto uncalibrated camera images for augmented reality (2003)

Abstract We propose a new registration algorithm for overlaying a virtual object generated in a graphics system onto a real‐world image sequence captured by an uncalibrated camera for augmented reality. In our method, a Projective Grid Space (PGS) is defined by using two base images captured from different positions with uncalibrated cameras. In the PGS, correct perspective views of a virtual object can be registered onto an image sequence captured by an uncalibrated camera in real time. Since our method is based on the projective geometry that is defined by two base images, the registration does not require any markers with known 3D positions, but several (at least eight) image feature points are needed for estimating fundamental matrices of the augmented camera with the base images. Based on this method, we constructed an augmented reality system for an uncalibrated camera without any 3D position information in the real world, which runs nearly at video rate (11 frames per second). Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of this method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(5): 47–55, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.10261
The US Opioid Crisis: Current Federal and State Legal Issues (2017)

The United States is in the midst of a devastating opioid misuse epidemic leading to over 33,000 deaths per year from both prescription and illegal opioids. Roughly half of these deaths are attributable to prescription opioids. Federal and state governments have only recently begun to grasp the magnitude of this public health crisis. In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released their Guidelines for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. While not comprehensive in scope, these guidelines attempt to control and regulate opioid prescribing. Other federal agencies involved with the federal regulatory effort include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and the Department of Justice. Each federal agency has a unique role in helping to stem the burgeoning opioid misuse epidemic. The DEA, working with the Department of Justice, has enforcement power to prosecute pill mills and physicians for illegal prescribing. The DEA could also implement use of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), currently administered at the state level, and use of electronic prescribing for schedule II and III medications. The FDA has authority to approve new and safer formulations of immediate- and long-acting opioid medications. More importantly, the FDA can also ask pharmaceutical companies to cease manufacturing a drug. Additionally, state agencies play a critical role in reducing overdose deaths, protecting the public safety, and promoting the medically appropriate treatment of pain. One of the states' primary roles is the regulation of practice of medicine and the insurance industry within their borders. Utilizing this authority, states can both educate physicians about the dangers of opioids and make physician licensure dependent on registering and using PDMPs when prescribing controlled substances. Almost every state has implemented a PDMP to some degree; however, in addition to mandating their use, increased interstate sharing of prescription information would greatly improve PDMPs' effectiveness. Further, states have the flexibility to promote innovative interventions to reduce harm such as legislation allowing naloxone access without a prescription. While relatively new, these types of laws have allowed first responders, patients, and families access to a lifesaving drug. Finally, states are at the forefront of litigation against pharmaceutical manufacturers. This approach is described as analogous to the initial steps in fighting tobacco companies. In addition to fighting for dollars to support drug treatment programs and education efforts, states are pursuing these lawsuits as a means of holding pharmaceutical companies accountable for misleading marketing of a dangerous product.
Circulating angiopoietin-2 and soluble Tie-2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study (2011)

Ang-2 is independently associated with levels of GGT while sTie-2 is independently associated with levels of HbA(1c), plasma insulin and HOMA-IR in type 2 diabetic subjects. Therefore we suggest that the associations of Ang-2 and sTie-2 with type 2 diabetes are based on different patho-physiological mechanisms.
A frequency-domain, Volterra series-based behavioral simulation tool for RF systems (2003)

In this paper a new behavioral modeling approach for RF systems based is presented, based on a Volterra series input-output map representation. The modeling is done purely in the frequency domain, capturing the typical system level specifications for RF building blocks, independent of the implementation details. A harmonic balance simulation tool has been developed based on those models. The implementation focuses on deterministic effects such as distortion and frequency conversion. The behavioral simulator has been tested for various systems and results are presented.
Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulation for IF A/D Conversion in Radio Receivers (2001)

List of abbreviations. List of symbols. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. A/D conversion in radio receivers. 3. Continuous-time sigma-delta modulation. 4. Realization of an IF-to-baseband sigma-delta modulator. 5. Realization of a quadrature sigma-delta modulator. 6. Benchmark. Index.
La Sofía gnóstica y la concepción de la mística entre los neoplatónicos (2012)

El articulo consta de dos partes. La primera (A) se refiere al significado de la figura de Sofia en la tradicion gnostica, sus raices en las exegesis biblicas de la Sabiduria, su simbolismo esoterico y su recepcion dentro de las diferentes corrientes y documentos gnosticos indirectos y directos. La proyeccion del simbolo concluye con su vinculacion al nucleo de la divinidad en si misma de naturaleza oculta a la que se accede por la via del amor comunitario. La segunda parte (B) en estrecha relacion con la primera, aborda el tema en relacion con la experiencia mistica comun a neoplatonicos y gnosticos.  La fenomenologia de la religion considera la mistica como «la experiencia fruitiva de un absoluto». Dentro del movimiento neoplatonico se confirma lo acertado de la caracterizacion desde una triple perspectiva: a) neoplatonismo contemplativo (Plotino), b) los gnosticos arribados a la escuela de Plotino en Roma ( Apocalipsis del Allogenes –NHC XI, 3), c) el neoplatonismo hieratico de influencia hermetico-gnostica (Jamblico de Calcis, Sobre los misterios egipcios ).
Milk accumulation and distribution in the bovine udder during the interval between milkings (1994)

The proportions of milk stored within the gland cistern (cisternal milk) and within secretory alveolar tissue (alveolar milk) were determined at various intervals after milking in peak lactation cows and late lactation cows. The rate of milk secretion remained constant up to 12 h in both groups. Cisternal milk remained low (600 g or less) until after 4 h in both groups, then increased gradually to values at 12 h of 5.08 (peak lactation) and 2.60 kg (late lactation). Alveolar milk exceeded cisternal milk in both groups and at all time points up to 12 h, and was greatest in the peak lactation cows. A further measurement was made at 20 h in the late lactation group. Milk secretion rate remained constant between 12 and 20 h and most of this additional milk accumulated in the cistern. Alveolar fraction, defined as alveolar milk as a proportion of total milk, ranged from 0.43 to 0.94 at 8 h. There was a highly significant correlation between 8 h and 20 h alveolar milk fraction results, but not between 1 h and 8 h values, nor between alveolar milk at 0 h (effectively residual milk) and alveolar fraction at any time point. The milk volume results were used to construct a mathematical model describing milk flow between cisternal and alveolar compartments, and hence the pattern of milk accumulation. The results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses regarding local autocrine control of milk secretion by a feedback inhibitor in milk.
Intramolecular Donor–Acceptor Regioregular Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s Presenting Octylphenanthrenyl‐Imidazole Moieties Exhibit Enhanced Charge Transfer for Heterojunction Solar Cell Applications (2008)

Abstract Intramolecular donor–acceptor structures prepared by covalently binding conjugated octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties onto the side chains of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s exhibit lowered bandgaps and enhanced electron transfer compared to the parent polymer, e.g., conjugation of 90 mol% octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties onto poly(3‐hexylthiophene) chains reduces the optical bandgap from 1.91 to 1.80 eV, and the electron transfer probability is at least twice as high as that of pure poly(3‐hexylthiophene) when blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C 61 ‐butyric acid methyl ester. The lowered bandgap and the fast charge transfer both contribute to much higher external quantum efficiencies, thus much higher short‐circuit current densities for copolymers presenting octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties, relative to those of pure poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s. The short‐circuit current density of a device prepared from a copolymer presenting 90 mol% octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties is 13.7 mA · cm −2 which is an increase of 65% compared to the 8.3 mA · cm −2 observable for a device containing pure poly(3‐hexylthiophene). The maximum power conversion efficiency of this particular copolymer is 3.45% which suggest that such copolymers are promising polymeric photovoltaic materials.