gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elimination of polarization sensitivity in silica-based wavelength division multiplexer using a polyimide half waveplate (1997)

This paper proposes a low-loss technique for eliminating polarization sensitivity in a silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) which uses a polarization mode converter formed at the center of the circuit. This converter consists of a waveguide gap housing a polyimide half waveplate. The excess loss of the converter was drastically reduced to 0.26 dB with a /spl Delta/=0.75% waveguide by employing an 18 /spl mu/m-wide waveguide gap and a 14.5 /spl mu/m-thick polyimide half waveplate. A polarization mode conversion crosstalk of -37 dB was achieved at 1.55 /spl mu/m. Using this converter, we successfully eliminated the polarization sensitivity in some silica-based PLC-type wavelength division multiplexers. The converter is also insensitive to temperature and offers long term stability.
Probiotics for the treatment of<i>Clostridium difficile</i>associated disease (2013)

The purpose of this review paper is to update the current and potential future role of probiotics for Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD). Included in this review, is an update on the testing of newer probiotics (e.g., Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086) in animal models of CDAD. There is a focus on the modulation of signal transduction pathways (i.e., transcription factors like cAMP response element-binding, activator protein 1, and nuclear factor kappa B), as well as the inhibition of certain kinases (e.g., p38 mitogen activated protein kinases) by probiotics. Inhibition of signal transduction by probiotics, such as Saccharomyces boulardii, result in multiple effects on intestinal fluid secretion, neutrophil influx into the colon, inflammation, and colonocyte apoptosis that may positively impact CDAD. Recent clinical approaches with probiotics, for the prevention of primary and recurrent CDAD, are also summarized in this review paper. Future directions for the treatment of CDAD by probiotics are also mentioned in this review. In particular, the use of multi-strain probiotic formulations such as Ecologic(®) AAD and VSL #3(®) may represent a rationale pharmacological approach, particularly as adjunctive therapies for CDAD. Understanding the mechanistic basis of CDAD, and how probiotics interfere at ceratin steps in the pathogenic process, may also present the opportunity to design other multi-strain probiotics that could have a future impact on CDAD.
The role of viral infections in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma (2015)

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are major causes of global morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical course of both asthma and COPD are punctuated by the occurrence of exacerbations, acute events characterized by increased symptoms and airflow obstruction. Exacerbations contribute most of the morbidity, mortality and excess healthcare costs associated with both asthma and COPD. COPD and asthma exacerbations are frequently associated with respiratory virus infections and this has led to an intense research focus into the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbations over the past decade. Current therapies are effective in reducing chronic symptoms but are less effective in preventing exacerbations, particularly in COPD. Understanding the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbation will lead to the development of new targeted therapies that can reduce the burden of virus-induced exacerbations. In this review we discuss current knowledge of virus-induced exacerbations of asthma and COPD with a particular focus on mechanisms, human studies, virus-bacteria interactions and therapeutic advances.
Viral infection and asthma: Respiratory syncytial virus and wheezing illness (1999)

A strong link between bronchiolitis and asthma has been indicated. Bronchiolitis that occurs in infants is manifested physiologically by a widespread narrowing of the air passages and, clinically, by asthma-like symptoms.The major cause of bronchiolitis is respiratory syncytial virus infection. While the precise pathophysiologic sequences of infection are incomplete, many observations have suggested that there is an infiltration of eosinophils in the airways. Current studies have shown that the respiratory syncytial virus penetrates the pulmonary defenses and initiates immunologic responses. The histamine and leukotriene mediators that are released produce an inflammatory reaction and the chemotactic factors bring eosinophils to the site of the reaction. Degranulation of eosinophils can release eosinophil cationic protein into the airways. Our finding that chemoattractants for eosinophils, interleukin-8 and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted) were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates of infants with bronchiolitis suggests that such chemokines from epithelial cells may induce an eosinophil infiltration in the airway. Similar allergic inflammatory changes have been observed in asthma and in epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses. Future investigation of the mechanism by which bronchiolitis can induce asthma will provide benefits in the treatment and prevention of asthma in sensitive individuals.
RFID receiver apparatus and method (2023)

An RFID backscatter interrogator for transmitting data to an RFID tag, generating a carrier for the tag, and receiving data from the tag modulated onto the carrier, the interrogator including a single grounded-coplanar wave-guide circuit board and at least one surface mount integrated circuit supported by the circuit board.
Simple Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles (2003)

Simple synthesis of substituted pyrroles using iodine-catalyzed and montmorillonite KSF-clay-induced modified Paal-Knorr methods has been accomplished with excellent yields. N-Substituted carbazole has also been prepared by following this method. If one of the reactants is a liquid, the reaction proceeds exceedingly well without a solvent. This method gives pyrroles with less nucleophilic multicyclic aromatic amines at room temperature.
Norepinephrine metabolite DOPEGAL activates AEP and pathological Tau aggregation in locus coeruleus (2019)

Aberrant Tau inclusions in the locus coeruleus (LC) are the earliest detectable Alzheimer's disease-like (AD-like) neuropathology in the human brain. However, why LC neurons are selectively vulnerable to developing early Tau pathology and degenerating later in disease and whether the LC might seed the stereotypical spread of Tau pathology to the rest of the brain remain unclear. Here, we show that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, which is produced exclusively in noradrenergic neurons by monoamine oxidase A metabolism of norepinephrine, activated asparagine endopeptidase that cleaved Tau at residue N368 into aggregation- and propagation-prone forms, thus leading to LC degeneration and the spread of Tau pathology. Activation of asparagine endopeptidase-cleaved Tau aggregation in vitro and in intact cells was triggered by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, resulting in LC neurotoxicity and propagation of pathology to the forebrain. Thus, our findings reveal that norepinephrine metabolism and Tau cleavage represent the specific molecular mechanism underlying the selective vulnerability of LC neurons in AD.
Orientation of DNA Molecules in Agarose Gels By Pulsed Electric Fields (1985)

The electric birefringence of DNA restriction fragments of three different sizes, 622, 1426, and 2936 base pairs, imbedded in agarose gels of different concentrations, was measured. The birefringence relaxation times observed in the gels are equal to the values observed in free solution, if the median pore diameter of the gel is larger than the effective hydrodynamic length of the DNA molecule in solution. However, if the median pore diameter is smaller than the apparent hydrodynamic length, the birefringence relaxation times increase markedly, becoming equal to the values expected for the birefringence relaxation of fully stretched DNA molecules. This apparent elongation indicates that end-on migration, or reptation is a likely mechanism for the electrophoresis of large DNA molecules in agarose gels. The relaxation times of the stretched DNA molecules scale with molecular weight (or contour length) as N2.8, in reasonable agreement with reptation theories.
Copper‐Catalyzed Transsulfinamidation of Sulfinamides as a Key Step in the Preparation of Sulfonamides and Sulfonimidamides (2018)

Secondary or tertiary sulfinamides are prepared by copper-catalyzed transsulfinamidation of primary sulfinamides with O-benzoyl hydroxylamines. Subsequent oxidations of the resulting products lead to the corresponding sulfonamides. Treatment of N-aryl sulfinamides with O-benzoyl hydroxylamines under copper catalysis provides N-aryl sulfonimidamides.
Viewpoint independent representation and recognition of polygonal faces in 3-D (1993)

The recognition of polygons in 3-D space is an important task in robot vision. Two particular problems are addressed in the paper. First a new set of local shape descriptors for polygons are proposed that are invariant under affine transformation. Furthermore, they are complete in the sense that they allow the reconstruction of any polygon in 3-D space from three consecutive vertices. The second problem discussed in this paper is the recognition of 2-D polygonal objects under affine transformation and the presence of partial occlusion. A recognition procedure that is based on the matching of edge length ratios is introduced using a simplified version of the standard dynamic programming procedure commonly employed for string matching. The algorithm is conceptually very simple, easy to implement and has a low computational complexity. It is in a set of experiments that the method is reliable and robust.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rolling Airframe Missile: Development, test, evaluation, and integration (2001)

The Rolling Airfromc Massik (RAM) Guiced Missde Weapon System is a short-to moderate-range surface-to-air weapon system for ownship defense against Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles. Developed under a cooperative program between the United States and Germany, the original version used dual-mode guidance with initial passive radio-frequency (RF) guidance that transitioned to passive infrared (IR) guidance for accurate terminal homing. Subsequently, a mode using IR all-the-way guidance was added. APL has been heavily involved in the RAM program from its inception in the early 1970s. The Laboratory conceived of using passive RF guidance and its implementation in a rolling airframe, which allowed an innovative and simplified design that results in highly accurate intercepts. Combining passive RF and IR guidance modes was a collaborative effort between APL and General Dynamics, Pomona. APL continues to support the RAM program by developing both IR measuring devices and background simulations, conducting predictive analyses, and providing combat system support.
Nyampuju yimi warlalja yungulipa mardarni waja-waja-maninja wangurlu yijardurlu: It's important not to lose our language (1999)

As an Aboriginal teacher who has been teaching for 28 years in my community, I have been thinking very strongly about keeping my language, Warlpiri, strong. I teach both-way curriculum at Yuendumu school and then I teach my grandchildren in traditional ways in town and at homeland.
Prevalence and Impact of Vaginal Symptoms Among Postmenopausal Women (2009)

Postmenopausal women have a high rate of VVA symptoms. Those who use MHT do so for multiple reasons-hot flashes, VVA, bone protection, dyspareunia-and most have concerns about long-term safety, despite the fact that the majority of MHT use was for >5 years. Safety concerns and lack of physician recommendation were major reasons for not using or discontinuing MHT.
Vaginal estrogen preparations for relief of atrophic vaginitis. (2004)

Vaginal estrogen preparations are safe and effective as short-term treatment in patients with vaginal atrophy who are not candidates for systemic hormone therapy. Compared with estradiol products, conjugated equine estrogen creams may be associated with a higher incidence of adverse effects. Women may prefer the estradiol-releasing vaginal ring over other delivery systems.
Lessons Learned From Tubing Leaks in ESP Completion at Offshore Field (2020)

Offshore field was producing sweet crude oil by natural flow and gas lift since 1988. However, due to the limitation of gas supply in gas lift wells for offshore field and based on the field development study, a decision was made to install Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) in offshore field as an artificial lift method to achieve Maximum Sustainable Capacity (MSC). Therefore, a first ESP installation in offshore field was taken place in October 2005 as recommended by reservoir management team. During ESP project, KJO faced challenges related to the monitoring program and to the operation efficiency in order to maximize the ESP run life and to reduce the production interruption. Based on monitoring programs and maintenance inspection on installed ESP wells, it was indicated that the majority of ESP failures occurred due to tubing leaks. Therefore, 20% of workover jobs for ESP wells were candidates because of tubing leaks. The paper will focus more on several field cases of ESP wells which were suffered from tubing leaks. The evaluation results based on empirical method, in which five (5) ESP wells had similar completion configuration and underperformance symptom. Challenges, methodology, work schedule, risk assessment, lesson learned and findings will be discussed. The monitoring programs and maintenance inspection on installed ESP wells resulted on great deal of benefits, which are related to maximize the ESP run life and avoid ESP premature failures to improve the operation efficiency in order to sustained maximum production target.
Measurement of the electrical properties of ungelled ECG electrodes (2008)

This paper reports the measurement of the properties of dry or pasteless conductive electrodes to be used for long-term recording of the human electrocardiogram (ECG). Knowledge of these properties is essential for the correct design of the input stage of associated recording amplifiers. Measurements were made on seven commercially available conductive carbon based electrodes at pressures of 5 mmHg (0.67 kPa) and 20 mmHg (2.7 kPa), located on the lower abdomen and chest of the body on seven subjects having different skin types. Parameter values were fitted to a two-time- constant based model of the electrode using data measured over a period of 10 s. Values of resistance, ranging from 23 kΩ to 1850 kΩ and of capacitance ranging from 0.01 μF to 65 μF were obtained for the components, while the values of the time-constants varied from 0.02 s to 7.2 s.
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing and human disease (2013)

A-to-I RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification that converts adenosines to inosines in both coding and noncoding RNA transcripts. It is catalyzed by ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) enzymes, which exist throughout the body but are most prevalent in the central nervous system. Inosines exhibit properties that are most similar to those of guanosines. As a result, ADAR-mediated editing can post-transcriptionally alter codons, introduce or remove splice sites, or affect the base pairing of the RNA molecule with itself or with other RNAs. A-to-I editing is a mechanism that regulates and diversifies the transcriptome, but the full biological significance of ADARs is not understood. ADARs are highly conserved across vertebrates and are essential for normal development in mammals. Aberrant ADAR activity has been associated with a wide range of human diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, viral infections and autoimmune disorders. ADARs have been shown to contribute to disease pathologies by editing of glutamate receptors, editing of serotonin receptors, mutations in ADAR genes, and by other mechanisms, including recently identified regulatory roles in microRNA processing. Advances in research into many of these diseases may depend on an improved understanding of the biological functions of ADARs. Here, we review recent studies investigating connections between ADAR-mediated RNA editing and human diseases.
Multiple steps in the localization of <i>bicoid</i> RNA to the anterior pole of the <i>Drosophila</i> oocyte (1989)

The anterior region of the Drosophila embryonic pattern is determined by a gradient of the bicoid (bcd) protein. The correct formation of this gradient requires the localization of bcd RNA to the anterior pole of the egg. Here we use a wholemount in situ technique to examine the process of bcd RNA localization during oogenesis and embryogenesis. While bcd protein becomes distributed in a gradient that extends throughout the anterior two thirds of the early embryo, bcd RNA remains restricted to a much smaller region at the anterior pole. The difference between these distributions indicates that the shape of the protein gradient must depend to some extent on the posterior movement of the protein after it has been synthesized. Four distinct phases of bcd RNA localization can be distinguished during oogenesis. Between stages 6 and 9 of oogenesis, the RNA accumulates in a ring at the anterior end of the oocyte. During the second phase, in stage 9-10a follicles, the RNA also localizes to the apical regions of the nurse cells, demonstrating that the nurse cells possess an intrinsic polarity. As the nurse cells contract during stages 10b-11, all of the bcd RNA becomes localized to the cortex at the anterior end of the oocyte. During a final phase that must occur between stage 12 of oogenesis and egg deposition, the RNA becomes localized to a spherical region that occupies a slightly dorsal position at the anterior pole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evolving Knowledge Graphs (2019)

Many practical applications have observed knowledge evolution, i.e., continuous born of new knowledge, with its formation influenced by the structure of historical knowledge. This observation gives rise to evolving knowledge graphs whose structure temporally grows over time. However, both the modal characterization and the algorithmic implementation of evolving knowledge graphs remain unexplored. To this end, we propose EvolveKG, a framework that reveals cross-time knowledge interaction with desirable performance of storage and computation. The novelty of EvolveKG lies in Derivative Graph - a static weighted snapshot of evolution at a certain time. Particularly, each weight quantifies knowledge effectiveness with a temporarily decaying function of consistency and attenuation, two proposed factors depicting whether or not the effectiveness of a fact fades away with time. Thanks to the cross-time interaction, EvolveKG allows future knowledge prediction by virtue of the influence from the historical ones. Empirically tested under two real datasets, the superiority of EvolveKG is confirmed via its prediction accuracy.
Expression of the catalytic and regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase type 2A may be differentially modulated during retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. (1994)

To elucidate the regulation of protein phosphatases types 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) during all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells, the phosphatase activity, proteins, and gene expressions of PP1 and PP2A were examined. Treatment with 1 microM ATRA caused an 85% decrease in the PP2A activity in extracts from HL-60 cells, while the PP1 activity was constant. This reduction in PP2A activity appeared to parallel phenotypic and functional changes of HL-60 cells induced by ATRA. Western blot analysis showed that the level of PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2A-C) decreased during the course of ATRA-induced differentiation, whereas expressions of A and B (M(r) 55,000) regulatory subunits of PP2A were relatively unaltered. Expressions of PP1 catalytic subunit isozymes (PP1 alpha, PP1 gamma, and PP1 delta) were not significantly affected by ATRA treatment. Northern blot analysis revealed that mRNA levels of PP2A-C beta and A alpha regulatory subunits were decreased following treatment with ATRA, while levels of PP2A-C alpha and B (M(r) 55,000) alpha regulatory subunit transcripts were relatively constant. Selective down regulation of PP2A-C beta preceded the granulocytic maturation induced by ATRA. Expressions of PP2A-C isoforms and A and B regulatory subunits may be differentially modulated during ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells.
CAPFF: A Context-Aware Assistant for Paper Form Filling (2016)

This paper introduces a context-aware system, named CAPFF, for helping people in filling paper forms, mainly in two contexts: 1) people have no idea of what should be filled in certain form fields; 2) people are not aware of the mistakes they are likely to commit in entering information, which may violate data entry constraints. In the offline phase, CAPFF provides a tool to build the knowledge about a given form, and such knowledge includes instructions, field-level examples, and constraints among form fields. In the online phase, when people set out to hill a paper form, the video camera of the system determines the position of the pen and then provides assistance, based on the user's form filling context. We evaluated CAPFF's performance through 450 paper form filling activities, and the results show that the proposed CAPFF is effective in terms of both accuracy and response time.
Addressing cheating in distributed MMOGs (2005)

Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) are a risky business: while they offer potential profits beyond those of conventional computer games, they also require costly investment in the necessary hardware infrastructure. In nearly every MMOG today, these costs come from the use of a Client/Server architecture where the load of possibly hundred thousands of players must be handled at the provider's backend. By using distributed Peer-to-Peer techniques, the load could be shifted completely or partially to the players' machines. But with the load, the control over the game may also fall into the hands of clients. While using a P2P architecture, this paper presents a spectrum of options which reduce running costs and simultaneously attempt to retain the provider's control over the game, in particular to control cheating.
Conservative parallel simulation of priority class queuing networks (1992)

A conservative synchronization protocol for the parallel simulation of queuing networks having C job priority classes, where a job's class is fixed, is described. This problem has long vexed designers of conservative synchronization protocols because of its seemingly poor ability to compute lookahead: the time of the next departure. For, a job in service having low priority can be preempted at any time by an arrival having higher priority and an arbitrarily small service time. The solution is to slow the event generation activity so that events for higher priority jobs are generated farther ahead in simulated time than lower priority jobs. Thus. when a lower priority job enters service for the first time, all the higher priority jobs that may preempt it are already known and the job's departure time can be exactly predicted. The author analyzes the protocol and demonstrates that good performance can be expected on the simulation of large queuing networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>