gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic Potential of Lung CD8+ T Cells Increases with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Severity and with In Vitro Stimulation by IL-18 or IL-15 (2010)

Lung CD8(+) T cells might contribute to progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) indirectly via IFN-gamma production or directly via cytolysis, but evidence for either mechanism is largely circumstantial. To gain insights into these potential mechanisms, we analyzed clinically indicated lung resections from three human cohorts, correlating findings with spirometrically defined disease severity. Expression by lung CD8(+) T cells of IL-18R and CD69 correlated with severity, as did mRNA transcripts for perforin and granzyme B, but not Fas ligand. These correlations persisted after correction for age, smoking history, presence of lung cancer, recent respiratory infection, or inhaled corticosteroid use. Analysis of transcripts for killer cell lectin-like receptor G1, IL-7R, and CD57 implied that lung CD8(+) T cells in COPD do not belong to the terminally differentiated effector populations associated with chronic infections or extreme age. In vitro stimulation of lung CD8(+) T cells with IL-18 plus IL-12 markedly increased production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, whereas IL-15 stimulation induced increased intracellular perforin expression. Both IL-15 and IL-18 protein expression could be measured in whole lung tissue homogenates, but neither correlated in concentration with spirometric severity. Although lung CD8(+) T cell expression of mRNA for both T-box transcription factor expressed in T cells and GATA-binding protein 3 (but not retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma or alpha) increased with spirometric severity, stimulation of lung CD8(+) T cells via CD3epsilon-induced secretion of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF, but not IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17A. These findings suggest that the production of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules by lung-resident CD8(+) T cells contributes to COPD pathogenesis.
Elimination of Electroosmotic Flow in Analytical Particle Electrophoresis (1976)

Physical, chemical and practical criteria are discussed for glass surface treatments or coatings designed to minimize electroosmosis as a source of error in analytical particle electrophoresis. A rapid method for screening potential coating agents was developed in which the electrophoretic mobility was measured for cleaned borosilicate glass particles before and after coating treatments. DEAE-derivatives of agarose, dextran and methylcellulose adsorb directly to the particles and significantly reduce their negative surface charges to small net positive charges at neutral pH. A coating procedure involving epichlorohydrin treatment of DEAE-methylcellulose is described which produces a coating of reasonable stability for glass electrophoresis chambers and significantly decreases errors in electrophoretic mobility measurements due to electroosmotic flow.
A convergent total synthesis of methoxatin (1982)

We report a convergent total synthesis of the coenzyme methoxatin (1) by linking a pyrrole subunit with an uvitonic acid derivative and oxidative photocyclization to a deoxymethoxatin triester, followed by seven refunctionalization steps to 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Spacer‐Containing Trimeric Fragment of the Capsular Polysaccharide from Escherichia coli K100. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Oxidatively‐Stable Linear Poly(propylenimine)‐Containing Adsorbents for CO<sub>2</sub> Capture from Ultradilute Streams (2018)

Abstract Aminopolymer‐based solid sorbents have been widely investigated for the capture of CO 2 from dilute streams such as flue gas or ambient air. However, the oxidative stability of the widely studied aminopolymer, poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), is limited, causing it to lose its CO 2 capture capacity after exposure to oxygen at elevated temperatures. Here, we demonstrate the use of linear poly(propylenimine) (PPI), synthesized through a simple cationic ring‐opening polymerization, as a more oxidatively stable alternative to PEI with high CO 2 capacity and amine efficiency. The performance of linear PPI/SBA‐15 composites was investigated over a range of CO 2 capture conditions (CO 2 partial pressure, adsorption temperature) to examine the tradeoff between adsorption capacity and sorption‐site accessibility, which was expected to be more limited in linear polymers relative to the prototypical hyperbranched PEI. Linear PPI/SBA‐15 composites were more efficient at CO 2 capture and retained 65–83 % of their CO 2 capacity after exposure to a harsh oxidative treatment, compared to 20–40 % retention for linear PEI. Additionally, we demonstrated long‐term stability of linear PPI sorbents over 50 adsorption/desorption cycles with no loss in performance. Combined with other strategies for improving the oxidative stability and adsorption kinetics, linear PPI may play a role as a component of stable solid adsorbents in commercial applications for CO 2 capture.
Explicit Model Predictive Control of DC–DC Switched-Mode Power Supplies With Extended Kalman Filtering (2009)

This paper presents a sensorless explicit model predictive control scheme for the dc-dc boost converter. No direct inductor current measurement is needed as the coil current is derived either via a static approximation or, for improved accuracy, through an extended Kalman filter. The estimate is used in the chosen optimal control problem formulation which yields the optimal input by intrinsically accounting for duty cycle and current constraints. The optimization problem is explicitly presolved offline so that the online effort is reduced to a simple search in the resulting lookup table. <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">No</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">online</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">optimization</i> is required, greatly facilitating physical implementation and allowing for experimental validation on an integrated dc-dc converter through a fixed-point DSP.
Electrostatics and ballistic transport studies in junctionless nanowire transistors (2013)

In this work a drift-diffusion simulator is utilized to study the electrostatics of a cylindrical gate-all-around junctionless nanowire transistor. For carrier transport properties such as carrier scattering and velocity in channel, a full band Monte Carlo is adopted to simulate non-equilibrium and ballistic behaviors. Two major cases: different S/D extension schemes and channel doping effects are examined in this study. It is observed that S/D extension underlap can benefit short-channel control and carrier velocity. In addition, channel doping is found to play an import role to increase carrier injection velocity in the junctionless nanowire transistors.
Towards solution processed all-carbon solar cells: a perspective (2012)

In this perspective, we describe a new type of photovoltaic all-carbon composites, in which single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and fullerenes are directly co-assembled and processed in water using graphene oxide (GO) as a surfactant. Solar cells made with C60/SWCNTs/reduced GO as the active layer and an additional evaporated C60 blocking layer yield a power conversion efficiency of 0.21%, which can be significantly increased to 0.85% by replacing C60 with the better absorber C70. These results suggest the possibility of making a new generation of solution processed all-carbon solar cells, in which all the functional layers are made of graphitic nanomaterials.
First beneficial use of dapagliflozin for treatment of post-bariatric hypoglycemia: Case report and hypothesis (2016)

Background: Hypoglycemia is a significant complication of post-bariatric surgery. Case history: A 46 year old woman was referred for further management. She had had a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in 2012. She lost over 20 kilograms of weight. Pre-opertaively, a single HbA1c was borderline at 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) which improved to 41-44 mmol/mol. In November 2013, she started to experience symptoms suggestive of hypoglycemia. Dietary adjustments were advised and a trial of metformin and saxagliptin was given on basis of wide fluctuation of blood glucose with a remarkable early postprandial hyperglycemia followed by hypoglycemia. She stopped both medications due to gastrointestinal side effects. Renal and liver disease and hypoadrenalism were all excluded. We started her on increasing doses of Acarbose (an alpha glucosidase inhibitor) up to 100 mgs with each meal but she experienced minimal improvement in hypoglycemia. A a trial of Dapagliflozin, a sodiumglucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitor, in a standard daily dose of 10 mgs in addition to Acarbose was offered to the patient (from 6th October 2015). The theoretical basis were explained to her and she consented verbally to this. Within 2 weeks, she experienced remarkable symptomatic improvement associated with reduction of both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia documented on self-monitoring of blood glucose. The patient reduced Acarbose progressively to a complete cessation on her own accord. She remained well controlled solely on Dapagliflozin 10 mgs daily. The improvement is sustained for 12 months. The effect was further confirmed by 1 week off and one week on Dapagliflozin using flash glucose monitoring. Conclusions: This is the first report of a beneficial use of SGLT2 inhibition primarily for post-bariatric hypoglycemia. SGLT2 inhibitors may have a role in managing gastric bypass hypoglycemia.
Pressure ulcers: Back to the basics (2012)

Pressure ulcer in an otherwise sick patient is a matter of concern for the care givers as well as the medical personnel. A lot has been done to understand the disease process. So much so that USA and European countries have established advisory panels in their respective continents. Since the establishment of these organizations, the understanding of the pressure ulcer has improved significantly. The authors feel that the well documented and well publicized definition of pressure ulcer is somewhat lacking in the correct description of the disease process. Hence, a modified definition has been presented. This disease is here to stay. In the process of managing these ulcers the basic pathology needs to be understood well. Pressure ischemia is the main reason behind the occurrence of ulceration. Different extrinsic and intrinsic factors have been described in detail with review of literature. There are a large number of risk factors causing ulceration. The risk assessment scales have eluded the surgical literature and mostly remained in nursing books and websites. These scales have been reproduced for completion of the basics on decubitus ulcer. The classification of the pressure sores has been given in a comparative form to elucidate that most of the classifications are the same except for minor variations. The management of these ulcers is ever evolving but the age old saying of "prevention is better than cure" suits this condition the most.
A 50 GHz feedback amplifier with AlInAs/GaInAs transferred-substrate HBT (2002)

Transferred-substrate heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have very high f/sub max/ and are potential candidates for very high-speed integrated circuit applications. We report a wideband amplifier with AlInAs/GaInAs transferred-substrate HBTs. A simple Darlington configuration with resistive feedback is used and has 13 dB gain, 50 GHz 3-dB bandwidth. This is the first demonstration of a integrated circuit in the transferred-substrate HBT process.
Parallel Viterbi algorithm implementation: breaking the ACS-bottleneck (1989)

The central unit of a Viterbi decoder is a data-dependent feedback loop which performs an add-compare-select (ACS) operation. This nonlinear recursion is the only bottleneck for a high-speed parallel implementation. A linear scale solution (architecture) is presented which allows the implementation of the Viterbi algorithm (VA) despite the fact that it contains a data-dependent decision feedback loop. For a fixed processing speed it allows a linear speedup in the throughput rate by a linear increase in hardware complexity. A systolic array implementation is discussed for the add-compare-select unit of the VA. The implementation of the survivor memory is considered. The method for implementing the algorithm is based on its underlying finite state feature. Thus, it is possible to transfer this method to other types of algorithms which contain a data-dependent feedback loop and have a finite state property.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Wireless Device for Mobile Commerce (2011)

Well-designed and usable interfaces for mobile commerce applications are critical. But given the uniqueness of the wireless environment, usability becomes even harder to ensure. This chapter describes the benefits and limitations of various wireless device interface technologies. It provides guidance on determining the usability of wireless devices, emphasizing the fact that context will factor heavily into the use of mobile applications. Some of the additional challenges that developers face when designing applications for wireless devices, such as infrastructure and software issues, are also discussed.
A phase <scp>II</scp>, single‐arm, multicentre study of coltuximab ravtansine (<scp>SAR</scp>3419) and rituximab in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (2016)

In this phase II, multicentre, single-arm study, 52 patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) received the anti-CD19 antibody-drug conjugate coltuximab ravtansine (55 mg/m(2) ) and rituximab (375 mg/m(2) ) weekly for 4 weeks, then every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) by International Working Group Criteria. The primary objective was to reject the null hypothesis of an ORR of ≤40%. Among 45 evaluable patients, the ORR was 31·1% (80% confidence interval [CI]: 22·0-41·6%) and the primary objective was not met. The ORR appeared higher in patients with relapsed disease (58·3% [80% CI: 36·2-78·1%]) versus those refractory to their last (42·9% [80% CI: 17·0-72·1%]) or first-line therapy (15·4% [80% CI: 6·9-28·4%]). Median progression-free survival, overall survival and duration of response were 3·9 [80% CI: 3·22-3·98], 9·0 [80% CI: 6·47-13·67] and 8·6 (range: 0-18) months, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of both drugs were unaffected by co-administration. Common adverse events included gastrointestinal disorders (52%) and asthenia (25%). No patients discontinued due to adverse events. In conclusion, coltuximab ravtansine with rituximab was well tolerated and yielded clinical responses in a subset of patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL.
Iron‐Complex‐Catalyzed CC Bond Cleavage of Organonitriles: Catalytic Metathesis Reaction between HSi and RCN Bonds to Afford RH and SiCN Bonds (2007)

The first example of the catalytic C-CN bond cleavage of acetonitrile as well as Si-CN bond formation have been achieved in the photoreaction of MeCN with Et3SiH promoted by [Cp(CO)2FeMe]. This catalytic system is applicable to other organonitriles. Several iron complexes [(eta(5)-C5R5)(CO)2FeR'] (R5 = H5, H4Me, Me5, H4SiMe3, H4I, H4P(O)(OMe)2; R' = SiMe3, CH2Ph, Me, Cl, I) were examined as catalyst, and [Cp(CO)2FeMe] was found to be the best precursor. A catalytic reaction cycle was proposed, which involves oxidative addition of Et3SiH to [Cp(CO)FeMe], reductive elimination of CH4 from [Cp(CO)FeMe(H)(SiEt3)], coordination of RCN to [Cp(CO)Fe(SiEt3)], silyl migration from Fe to N in the coordinated RCN, and dissociation of Et3SiNC from Fe. The reaction with MeCN of [Cp(CO)Fe(py)(SiEt3)], which was newly prepared and determined by X-ray analysis, and the reaction of Et3SiH with MeCN in the presence of a catalytic amount of [Cp(CO)Fe(py)(SiEt3)] showed that the 16-electron species [Cp(CO)Fe(SiEt3)] is the active species in the catalytic cycle (TON up to 251).
The mechanism of tryptophan induction of tryptophanase operon expression: Tryptophan inhibits release factor-mediated cleavage of TnaC-peptidyl-tRNA <sup>Pro</sup> (2001)

Expression of the tryptophanase (tna) operon of Escherichia coli is regulated by catabolite repression and tryptophan-induced transcription antitermination. In a previous study, we reproduced the regulatory features of this operon observed in vivo by using an in vitro S-30 system. We also found that, under inducing conditions, the leader peptidyl-tRNA (TnaC-peptidyl-tRNA(Pro)) is not cleaved; it accumulates in the S-30 reaction mixture. In this paper, we examine the requirements for TnaC-peptidyl-tRNA(Pro) accumulation and cleavage, in vitro. We show that this peptidyl-tRNA remains bound to the translating ribosome. Removal of free tryptophan and addition of release factor 1 or 2 leads to hydrolysis of TnaC-peptidyl-tRNA(Pro) and release of TnaC from the ribosome-mRNA complex. Release factor-mediated cleavage is prevented by the addition of tryptophan. TnaC of the ribosome-bound TnaC-peptidyl-tRNA(Pro) was transferable to puromycin. This transfer was also blocked by tryptophan. Tests with various tryptophan analogs as substitutes for tryptophan revealed the existence of strict structural requirements for tryptophan action. Our findings demonstrate that the addition of tryptophan to ribosomes bearing nascent TnaC-peptidyl-tRNA(Pro) inhibits both TnaC peptidyl-tRNA(Pro) hydrolysis and TnaC peptidyl transfer. The associated translating ribosome therefore remains attached to the leader transcript where it blocks Rho factor binding and subsequent transcription termination.
Superhydrophilic Functionalization of Microfiltration Ceramic Membranes Enables Separation of Hydrocarbons from Frac and Produced Water (2017)

The environmental impact of shale oil and gas production by hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is of increasing concern. The biggest potential source of environmental contamination is flowback and produced water, which is highly contaminated with hydrocarbons, bacteria and particulates, meaning that traditional membranes are readily fouled. We show the chemical functionalisation of alumina ceramic microfiltration membranes (0.22 μm pore size) with cysteic acid creates a superhydrophilic surface, allowing for separation of hydrocarbons from frac and produced waters without fouling. The single pass rejection coefficients was >90% for all samples. The separation of hydrocarbons from water when the former have hydrodynamic diameters smaller than the pore size of the membrane is due to the zwitter ionically charged superhydrophilic pore surface. Membrane fouling is essentially eliminated, while a specific flux is obtained at a lower pressure (<2 bar) than that required achieving the same flux for the untreated membrane (4-8 bar).
Multistatic radar: first trials of a new breast imaging modality (2009)

Methods Following local research ethics approval, all women attending the assessment clinic for evaluation of a mammographic abnormality found on routine screening (film-screen) were invited to take part in the study subject to informed consent. Participants underwent bilateral two-view two-dimensional (2D) digital mammography and bilateral twoview DBT. Mammography scores using the RCR Breast Group classification were sequentially obtained for the screening mammogram, 2D digital and DBT, and these were each compared with the final assessment outcome. Results Ninety-one percent of eligible women participated. Results from the first 300 participants are presented in Table Kappa coefficients for agreement of each imaging method with final assessment outcome were calculated. Screening mammograms had the lowest agreement with the final outcome (Kappa = 0.02; P = 0.22), 2D digital mammography was better (Kappa = 0.26; P = 0.0000) and DBT had the highest score (Kappa = 0.37; P = 0.0000).
Histogram-shape preserving algorithm for image enhancement (2002)

A new direct contrast enhancement algorithm is proposed. It can be used to enhance the contrast of an image without increasing the dynamic range of the pixel values. A distinctive property of the proposed method is that it yields results matching the characteristic of the human visual system. The histogram of the enhanced image has almost the same shape as that of the original image.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
RAPD (arbitrary primer) PCR is more sensitive than multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for distinguishing related bacterial strains (1993)

The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) fingerprinting method, which utilizes low stringency PCR amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments, was calibrated relative to the widely used, protein-based multilocus enzyme electrophoretic (MLEE) typing method. RAPD fingerprinting was carried out on five isolates from each of 15 major groups of Escherichia coli strains that cause diarrheal disease worldwide (75 isolates in all). Each group consisted of isolates that were not distinguishable from one another by MLEE typing using 20 diagnostic enzyme markers. In our RAPD tests, three or more distinct subgroups in each MLEE group were distinguished with each of five primers, and 74 of the 75 isolates were distinguished when data obtained with five primers were combined. Thus, RAPD typing is far more sensitive than MLEE typing for discriminating among related strains of a species. Despite their different sensitivities, the same general relationships among strains were inferred from MLEE and RAPD data. Thus, our results recommend use of the RAPD method for studies of bacterial population genetic structure and evolution, as well as for epidemiology.
Single-wing ladder resonant multilevel converter (2016)

This paper presents an innovative resonant multilevel modular bidirectional dc-dc switched-capacitor converter based on GaN switching devices. Proposed converter achieves the following advantages; soft switching, low voltage device rating, boost or buck mode, common ground, high conversion ratio, variety of environment temperature operation, simple control algorithm and modular structure. The proposed single-wing ladder resonant multilevel converter is composed of COG temperature compensating ceramic capacitors along with GaN switching devices that can handle high switching frequency hence, high power density. Converter proposed in this paper has superior advantages over the traditional multilevel modular switched capacitor dc-dc converters due to its modular structure, high efficiency, common ground, low voltage device stress, and simplicity of the control algorithm.