gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of the zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) on hippocampal mossy fiber calcium signals and on synaptic transmission (2006)

An important pool of chelatable zinc is present in the synaptic vesicles of mossy fiber terminals from hippocampal CA3 area, being zinc released following single or repetitive electrical stimulation. Previous studies have suggested different synaptic roles for released mossy fiber zinc, including the inhibition of presynaptic calcium and of postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and gamma amino-butyric acid (GABAA) receptors. The effect of endogenously released zinc on mossy fiber long-term potentiation (LTP) induction also is not yet established. We have investigated the effect of the permeant zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) on mossy fiber calcium and on synaptic transmission, before and during the application of LTP-inducing stimulation. We have found, using the calcium indicator Fura-2, that single and tetanically-evoked mossy fiber calcium signals are both enhanced in the presence of 20 microM TPEN, while the single field potentials are unaffected. As expected, no effect was observed on the single calcium signals or field potentials obtained at the CA3-CA1 synapses, from the CA1 area, which has a lower concentration of vesicular zinc. These results support the idea that at the hippocampal mossy fiber synapses, released zinc inhibits presynaptic calcium mechanisms. A higher concentration of TPEN (100 microM) significantly reduced mossy fiber synaptic transmission but did not prevent the induction of mossy fiber LTP, suggesting that zinc is not required for the formation of this form of LTP.
A VLSI architecture for high-performance, low-cost, on-chip learning (1990)

The motivation for the X1 architecture described was to develop inexpensive commercial hardware suitable for solving large, real-world problems. Such an architecture must be systems oriented and flexible enough to execute any neural network algorithm and work cooperatively with existing hardware and software. The early application of neural networks must proceed in conjunction with existing technologies, both hardware and software. Using state-of-the-art technology and innovative architectural techniques, the author's architecture approaches the speed and cost of analog systems while retaining much of the flexibility of large, general-purpose parallel machines. The author has aimed at a particular set of applications and has made cost-performance tradeoffs accordingly. The goal is an architecture that could be considered a general-purpose microprocessor for neurocomputing
Optimal Thresholds and Discriminatory Power of 48-h Wireless Esophageal pH Monitoring in the Diagnosisof GERD (2007)

The total percentage of time that esophageal pH was less than 4 for the entire 48-h study period was the parameter that best discriminated patients with typical reflux symptoms from healthy controls, and to achieve a specificity of 90-95% a cutoff level of 4% is recommended. The low sensitivity of wireless pH recording in patients without erosive esophagitis substantially reduces the clinical value of the test.
Control of Architecture in Rhombic Dodecahedral Pt–Ni Nanoframe Electrocatalysts (2017)

Platinum-based alloys are known to demonstrate advanced properties in electrochemical reactions that are relevant for proton exchange membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers. Further development of Pt alloy electrocatalysts relies on the design of architectures with highly active surfaces and optimized utilization of the expensive element, Pt. Here, we show that the three-dimensional Pt anisotropy of Pt-Ni rhombic dodecahedra can be tuned by controlling the ratio between Pt and Ni precursors such that either a completely hollow nanoframe or a new architecture, the excavated nanoframe, can be obtained. The excavated nanoframe showed ∼10 times higher specific and ∼6 times higher mass activity for the oxygen reduction reaction than Pt/C, and twice the mass activity of the hollow nanoframe. The high activity is attributed to enhanced Ni content in the near-surface region and the extended two-dimensional sheet structure within the nanoframe that minimizes the number of buried Pt sites.
Ghrelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Physiological and Pharmacological Aspect (2009)

The first "growth hormone secretagogues" (GHSs) were discovered by Bowers et al. in 1977. In 1996 the GHSs receptor (GHS-R 1a) was cloned. The endogenous ligand for this receptor, ghrelin, was not identified until 1999. Synthetic molecules termed GHSs are substances that stimulate growth hormone (GH) release, via a separate pathway distinct from GH releasing hormone (GHRH)/somatostatin. Ghrelin displays strong GH-releasing activity through the activation of the GHS-R 1a. Apart from stimulating GH secretion, ghrelin and many synthetic GHSs: 1) stimulate prolactin and ACTH secretion; 2) negatively influence the pituitary-gonadal axis; 3) stimulate appetite and positive energy balance; 4) modulate pancreatic endocrine function and affect glucose levels; 5) have cardiovascular actions. The control of ghrelin secretion is not well established at present, although nutrition is an important regulator. Investigators have exploited the ability of GHSs and ghrelin to release GH by mechanisms different from GHRH as a diagnostic tool, which is the present main clinical use of some GHSs. As an alternative to GH, GH deficient conditions could be treated with any substance which would release endogenous GH, such as synthetic GHSs. It is likely that GHSs, acting as either agonists or antagonists on different pathophysiological processes, might have some other clinical impact and therapeutic potential. At least theoretically ghrelin receptor antagonists could be anti-obesity drugs, as blockers of the orexigenic signal from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor, by blocking the constitutive receptor activity, might lower the set-point for hunger between meals.
Three approaches to terrain rendering (2002)

Three alternative approaches to terrain rendering are presented in historical order. Polyhedral computer graphics, image warping, and image ray tracing are compared in terms of their relative strengths and weaknesses. Image ray tracing is found to be superior for fully accurate rendering of continuously changing terrain. Image warping is superior for approximate rendering of gradually changing terrain. Polyhedral graphics is superior for fully accurate rendering of man-made objects superimposed on terrain.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
QoS aware fuzzy rule based vertical handoff decision algorithm for wireless heterogeneous networks (2011)

Increasing demands of ubiquitous services in wireless networks and evolution towards heterogeneous solutions has driven the necessity of developing efficient QoS aware vertical handoff (handoff between different networks) mechanisms. This paper proposes a QoS aware fuzzy rule based vertical handoff mechanism that makes a multi-criteria based decision, found to be effective for meeting the requirements of different applications. The QoS parameters considered are available bandwidth, end-to-end delay, jitter, and bit error rate (BER). A new evaluation model is proposed using a non birth-death Markov chain, in which the states correspond to the available networks. Simulation results show that compared to other vertical handoff algorithms, the proposed algorithm gives better performance for different traffic classes.
Generation of single-longitudinal-mode subnanosecond light pulses by high-speed current modulation of monolithic two-section semiconductor lasers (1982)

The spectral behaviour of monolithic two-section GaInAsP/InP lasers is studied. Single-longitudinal-mode light pulses of less than 750 ps length are produced by driving the long section of the laser only or by prebiasing the long cavity and modulating the short section with a current pulse of 1 ns halfwidth. The wavelength of the output light can be changed by varying the operation temperature or the prebias level.
Mutation of a single lysine residue severely impairs the DNA recognition and regulatory functions of the VZV gene 62 transactivator protein (1994)

The product of varicella-zoster virus gene 62 (VZV 140k) is a potent transactivator protein. We have identified a region within the DNA binding domain of VZV 140k that shows a striking similarity to the DNA recognition helix of the homeodomain, with an especially highly conserved quartet of residues, WLQN. The 140k protein has functional counterparts within the other alphaherpesviruses, which include the major transcriptional regulatory protein of HSV-1, (ICP4), and the WLQN region is highly conserved among the members of this family of viral transactivators. Substitution of VZV 140k residue lysine 548, just adjacent to the WLQN region, drastically reduces the DNA binding activity of the 140k DNA binding domain and the intact 140k mutant protein fails to activate gene expression. Substitutions of two other VZV 140k residues in this conserved WLQN region result in alterations to the DNA binding interaction and reduced transactivation activities. All three mutations act at the level of DNA recognition, as they have no apparent effect on the dimerization state, solubility or efficiency of expression of the mutant peptides.
Overview of AVS video standard (2005)

The paper overviews the AVS video standard (developed by the Audio Video Coding Standard Working Group of China) in terms of basic features, adopted major techniques and its performance. The current version of the AVS video standard mainly aims at the increasing demand for high definition and high quality video services. It provides a good trade-off solution between complexity and coding efficiency for digital broadcast and digital storage media. Furthermore, having a syntax structure similar to that of the MPEG-2 video standard, it can be easily applied into existing MPEG-2 systems, while significantly improving coding efficiency.
A Multiple Sclerosis Cluster Associated with a Small, North-Central Illinois Community (2001)

The authors investigated a reported incidence cluster of multiple sclerosis (MS) cases in a small, north-central Illinois community to determine validity and statistical significance. DePue, Illinois--a small, north-central Illinois community--has previously been the site of significant environmental heavy-metal exposure from a zinc smelter. Significant contamination of soil and water with zinc and other metals has been documented in this community during the time period of interest. In the mid-1990s, several cases of MS were reported to the Illinois Department of Public Health within the geographic limits of this community. Available medical records from purported MS cases reported to the Illinois Department of Public Health were reviewed, and living individuals were seen and examined. Statistical analyses were conducted with clinically definite MS cases; onset dates were determined by first symptom, and expected incidence rates were determined from published epidemiologic studies. Nine new cases of clinically definite MS occurred among residents of DePue, Illinois, during the period between 1971 and 1990. Seven of the 8 living subjects included in the final analyses were examined by one author (RS). The computed incidence rate deriving from these cases within DePue Township, Illinois, represented a statistically significant excess of new MS cases over expected. During the period from 1971 through 1990, a significant excess of MS cases occurred within the population of DePue, Illinois. Significant exposure of this population to mitogenic trace metals, including zinc, was also documented during this time period.
Mutation or Drug-Dependent Microtubule Disruption Causes Radial Swelling without Altering Parallel Cellulose Microfibril Deposition in Arabidopsis Root Cells[W] (2003)

As critical determinants of growth anisotropy in plants, cortical microtubules are thought to constrain the movement of cellulose synthase complexes and thus align newly deposited cellulose microfibrils. We tested this cellulose synthase constraint model using the temperature-sensitive mor1-1 mutant of Arabidopsis. Contrary to predictions, the disruption of cortical microtubules in mor1-1 root epidermal cells led to left-handed root twisting and radial swelling but did not alter the transverse orientation of cellulose microfibrils. We also found that drug-dependent disassembly or hyperstabilization of cortical microtubules did not alter the parallel order of cellulose microfibrils. By measuring cellulose content in mor1-1 seedlings, we verified that cellulose synthesis is not reduced at the restrictive temperature. The independence of cortical microtubule organization and cellulose microfibril alignment was supported by the observation that double mutants of mor1-1 and rsw1-1, the cellulose-deficient mutant with misaligned microfibrils, had additive phenotypes. Our results suggest that cortical microtubules regulate growth anisotropy by some mechanism other than cellulose microfibril alignment or synthesis.
Using q-grams in a DBMS for Approximate String Processing. (2001)

String data is ubiquitous, and its management has taken on particular importance in the past few years. Approximate queries are very important on string data. This is due, for example, to the prevalence of typographical errors in data, and multiple conventions for recording attributes such as name and address. Commercial databases do not support approximate string queries directly, and it is a challenge to implement this functionality efficiently with user-defined functions (UDFs). In this paper, we develop a technique for building approximate string processing capabilities on top of commercial databases by exploiting facilities already available in them. At the core, our technique relies on generating short substrings of length #, called #-grams, and processing them using standard methods available in the DBMS. The proposed technique enables various approximate string processing methods in a DBMS, for example approximate (sub)string selections and joins, and can even be used with a variety of possible edit distance functions. The approximate string match predicate, with a suitable edit distance threshold, can be mapped into a vanilla relational expression and optimized by conventional relational optimizers. 1
Ring Construction of Several Heterocycles with Phosphorus Pentoxide-Methanesulfonic Acid (PPMA) (1996)

The cyclization reactions with CH3S03H/P20s (PPW) or CF3S03H/ Pz05 (PPTW) at 80-100 " C for 3-10 min afforded several heterocycles (6.7-dihydropyrrolo[2.3-~azepin-4.8(1~,5H)-dione.4-0x0-4.5.6.7-tetrahydrothianaphthene,carbostyril derivatives).On the research of developments for more effective cyclization procedures for pyrroloazepine.thianaphthene, and carbostyril derivatives, we found that the cyclization with phosphorus pentoxide and methanesulfonic acid (PPMA: 1 :9 weight ratio) provided those heterocyclic 5.
A novel mechanism for persistence of human cytomegalovirus in macrophages (1996)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) results in delayed and nonlytic productive viral growth. During late stages of replication, infectious virus remains cell associated in cytoplasmic vacuoles. In order to understand HCMV survival and persistence in MDM, we examined mechanisms involved in the formation and trafficking of HCMV-containing vacuoles in these cells. Utilizing double-label immunofluorescence with antibodies to viral and cellular proteins, HCMV-containing vacuoles were associated with the Golgi apparatus marker mannosidase II but not with markers to early endosomes (transferrin receptor and rab5) or late endosomes and early lysosomes (LAMP-1 and -2). In addition, as late-stage viral infection progressed in MDM, the cells displayed increasing abnormalities in the Golgi apparatus. Analysis of structural features of infected cells revealed the disruption of the microtubule network. These observations suggest a novel mechanism by which HCMV is vacuolized in MDM, avoiding degradation and release from the cell.
Cyto-toxicity and biocompatibility of a family of choline phosphate ionic liquids designed for pharmaceutical applications (2010)

Recently, the ionic liquid (IL) choline dihydrogen phosphate was demonstrated to improve the thermostability and shelf life of several model proteins, thus exhibiting potential as a stabilizing excipient or solvent for protein therapeutics. Before novel ILs can be used for biomedical applications, comprehensive data is required to establish biocompatibility, including cytotoxicity effects and solution behavior. In this study five phosphate-based anion moieties were analyzed: H2PO4− (DHP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEH), bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate (TMP), and O,O′-diethyl dithiophosphate (DEP), all paired with the cation choline (C). Toxicity levels for these ILs, and a common sugar and salts, were established using a J774 murine macrophage cell line. The sugar trehalose, and the simple salts sodium chloride and choline chloride yielded EC50 values of >100, 63 and 34 mM, respectively. The EC50 values (mM) of CDHP (20), CDBP (9.1), and CDEP (8.2) were lower than, but within the range of simple salts NaCl (62.8) and choline Cl (33.7). The EC50 values of CTMP and CBEH were considerably lower, 0.25 and 0.30 mM, respectively. CDHP and CBEH displayed a hormetic response. Osmolality measurements indicated that CDHP, CDBP, and CDEP exhibit nearly complete dissociation in aqueous solution, with osmotic coefficients of 1.0, 0.9, and 0.8, whereas CTMP and CBEH have coefficients of 0.5 and 0.3, and are more molecular in character. A high correlation between the EC50 value and the anion mass fraction indicated that anion size and the presence of moderately long and/or branched alkyl chains may affect viability.
Appearance mass spectrometry of neutral radicals in radio frequency plasmas (1992)

High-sensitivity space-resolved measurements of the number density of neutral free radicals in reactive plasmas have been accomplished by appearance mass spectrometry. This technique is based on several electron volts difference among the appearance potentials for electron-impact ionization. First, some difficulties accompanied with the appearance mass spectrometry are considered, especially on the influence of excited parent molecules and radical sticking. Second, spatial distributions of neutral radical CH3 and CH2 in a parallel plate rf discharge of methane at a pressure of 0.01–0.3 Torr have been measured. The results are well described by a one-dimensional numerical modeling whose input parameters are provided by comprehensive measurements of electron energy distribution, ionic composition, and radical sticking coefficients. Third, the density distributions of CF3 and CF2 radicals in a fluorocarbon etching plasma at a CF4 pressure of 0.01–0.2 Torr have been measured. Finally, several applications of the appearance mass spectrometry to investigations of radical collision processes in gas phase and on solid surfaces are reported, e.g., cross section measurements for electron-impact dissociation of methane into CH3 and CH2 radicals.
Applying Cox Regression to Competing Risks (1995)

Two methods are given for the joint estimation of parameters in models for competing risks in survival analysis. In both cases Cox's proportional hazards regression model is fitted using a data duplication method. In principle either method can be used for any number of different failure types, assuming independent risks. Advantages of the augmented data approach are that it limits over-parametrisation and it runs immediately on existing software. The methods are used to reanalyse data from two well-known published studies, providing new insights.
La responsabilidad por daños producidos por animales de caza (1999)

SUMARIO: I.INTRODUCCION: LA JURISPRUDENCIA «ARAGONESA» SOBRE DANOS PRODUCIDOS POR LA FAUNA. II.DANOS CAUSADOS POR ANIMALES DE CAZA. 1.Responsabilidad por animales de caza y ordenacion de la caza. 2.?Cual era la regla de responsabilidad aplicable a los danos producidos por piezas de caza en el momento en que se promulgo la ley aragonesa de caza? III.LA NORMATIVA AUTONOMICA ARAGONESA SOBRE RESPONSABILIDAD POR DANOS CAUSADOS POR ANIMALES DE CAZA. IV.REGIMEN JURIDICO. 1.Criterios de imputacion de la responsabilidad: «piezas de caza» y especies no susceptibles de aprovechamiento cinegetico. 2.Danos ocasionados por especies de la fauna silvestre no susceptibles de aprovechamiento cinegetico. 3.Danos ocasionados por especies de la fauna silvestre susceptibles de aprovechamiento cinegetico. A) Danos causados por animales procedentes de terrenos cinegeticos. a) Clasificacion de los terrenos y responsabilidad por danos. b) Danos causados por especies cinegeticas procedentes de cotos. e) La «procedencia» de la caza. a’) La responsabilidad cuando no es posible precisar la procedencia de la caza. b’) Danos causados por especies no cazables en el terreno de donde proceden. c’) A modo de conclusiones: la procedencia de la caza y criterios de imputacion de la responsabilidad. B) Danos causados por animales procedentes de terrenos no cinegeticos.
Low bit-rate video transmission over fading channels for wireless microcellular systems (1996)

We consider the transmission of QCIF resolution (176/spl times/144 pixels) video signals over wireless channels at transmission rates of 64 kb/s and below. The bursty nature of the errors on the wireless channel requires careful control of transmission performance without unduly increasing the overhead for error protection. A dual-rate source coder is presented that adaptively selects a coding rate according to the current channel conditions. An automatic repeat request (ARQ) error control technique is employed to retransmit erroneous data-frames. The source coding rate is selected based on the occupancy level of the ARQ transmission buffer. Error detection followed by retransmission results in less overhead than forward error correction for the same quality. Simulation results are provided for the statistics of the frame-error bursts of the proposed system over code division multiple access (CDMA) channels with average bit error rates of 10/sup -3/ to 10/sup -4/.
Three-component elastic wave band-gap material (2002)

Using multiple-scattering theory, we consider the elastic wave band-gap properties of three-component composites consisting of a periodic arrangement of coated spheres inside an embedding medium. We found that the elastic wave band-gap properties can be tuned continuously from a resonance gap to a Bragg gap just by varying the elastic properties of one component. If the coating material is soft compared to the core and the matrix, the elastic wave band gap is essentially a resonance gap. If the coating material is stiff, the elastic wave gap is derived from Bragg scattering. These systems are ideal for realizing elastic wave gap and wave localization as well as understanding the underlying mechanism.
Bi-Directional Differentiable Input Reconstruction for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation (2018)

We aim to better exploit the limited amounts of parallel text available in low-resource settings by introducing a differentiable reconstruction loss for neural machine translation (NMT). This loss compares original inputs to reconstructed inputs, obtained by back-translating translation hypotheses into the input language. We leverage differentiable sampling and bi-directional NMT to train models end-to-end, without introducing additional parameters. This approach achieves small but consistent BLEU improvements on four language pairs in both translation directions, and outperforms an alternative differentiable reconstruction strategy based on hidden states.