gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Catalytic Octane Enhancement in a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (1988)

Commercial catalysts can achieve octane improvements by using ultra stable faujasite of low cell size, by using an active amorphous matrix, by using small amounts of an additive containing ZSM-5, or by a combination of two or three of these techniques. An analysis of gasolines from these three types of catalysts shows markedly different compositions. Ultra stable faujasite produces an increase in olefins at the expense of paraffins over conventional rare earth stabilized catalysts of high cell size. An active amorphous silica alumina catalyst produces a large increase in olefins, but less aromatics. The effect of an additive containing ZSM-5 is discussed in other papers in this symposium. Among USY catalysts, USY hydrothermally dealuminated to a cell size of about 2.426 nm has the best selectivity for octane and coke. In practice, USY catalysts hydrothermally dealuminate during use to about the same activity and selectivity regardless of the procedure used in the initial preparation. Previous studies have shown that a low sodium content is required for high octane. New results show that it is not the presence of the sodium but the presence of sodium during the dealumination process that affects octane. Octane increases if sodium is removed from the zeolite before dealumination. Octane, however, is insensitive to the sodium content of the dealuminated zeolite. To the extent that motor octane is dependent on aromatic and isoparaffin content, motor octane increases in an FCC unit will be difficult to achieve. Thermodynamics does not allow the production of highly branched isoparaffins in an FCC unit, and blending studies show that motor octane is relatively insensitive to the aromatic content of an FCC gasoline in the range of 35-50% aromatics. However, a more aromatic gasoline may have better blending characteristics in that less aromatics from other sources will be required to achieve the same motor octane number increase.
Abstract P5-02-04: Plasma autoantibodies associated with basal-like breast cancers (2016)

Abstract Background: Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is a rare aggressive subtype that is less likely to be detected through mammographic screening. Identification of circulating markers associated with BLBC could have promise in detecting and managing this deadly disease. Methods: Using samples from the Polish Breast Cancer study, a high-quality population-based case-control study of breast cancer, we screened 10,000 antigens on protein arrays using 45 BLBC patients and 45 controls, and identified 748 promising plasma autoantibodies (AAbs) associated with BLBC. ELISA assays of promising markers were performed on a total of 145 BLBC cases and 145 age-matched controls. Sensitivities at 98% specificity were calculated and a BLBC classifier was constructed. Results: We identified a 13-AAbs (CTAG1B, CTAG2, TP53, RNF216, PPHLN1, PIP4K2C, ZBTB16, TAS2R8, WBP2NL, DOK2, PSRC1, MN1, TRIM21) that distinguished BLBC from controls with 33% sensitivity and 98% specificity. We also discovered a strong association of TP53 AAb with its protein expression (p=0.009) in BLBC patients. In addition, MN1 and TP53 AAbs were associated with worse survival (MN1 AAb marker HR=2.25 95%CI= 1.03-4.91 p=0.04; TP53, HR=2.02, 95%CI 1.06-3.85, p=0.03). We found limited evidence that AAb levels differed by demographic characteristics. Conclusions: These AAbs warrant further investigation in clinical studies to determine their value for further understanding the biology of BLBC and possible detection. Currently, they are also being tested in a large national blind validation trial using a well characterized independent sample set. Citation Format: Wang (Student) J, Figueroa JD, Wallstrom G, Barker K, Park JG, Demirkan G, Lissowska J, Anderson K, Qiu J, LaBaer J. Plasma autoantibodies associated with basal-like breast cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-02-04.
Selective catalytic reduction of sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur. Final report (1995)

This project has investigated new metal oxide catalysts for the single stage selective reduction of SO{sub 2} to elemental sulfur by a reductant, such as CO. Significant progress in catalyst development has been made during the course of the project. We have found that fluorite oxides, CeO{sub 2} and ZrO{sub 2}, and rare earth zirconates such as Gd{sub 2}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 7} are active and stable catalysts for reduction Of SO{sub 2} by CO. More than 95% sulfur yield was achieved at reaction temperatures about 450{degrees}C or higher with the feed gas of stoichiometric composition. Reaction of SO{sub 2} and CO over these catalysts demonstrated a strong correlation of catalytic activity with the catalyst oxygen mobility. Furthermore, the catalytic activity and resistance to H{sub 2}O and CO{sub 2} poisoning of these catalysts were significantly enhanced by adding small amounts of transition metals, such as Co, Ni, Co, etc. The resulting transition metal-fluorite oxide composite catalyst has superior activity and stability, and shows promise in long use for the development of a greatly simplified single-step sulfur recovery process to treat variable and dilute SO{sub 2} concentration gas streams. Among various active composite catalyst systems the Cu-CeO{sub 2} system has been extensively studied. XRD, XPS, and STEM analyses of the used Cu-CeO{sub 2} catalyst found that the fluorite crystal structure of ceria was stable at the present reaction conditions, small amounts of copper was dispersed and stabilized on the ceria matrix, and excess copper oxide particles formed copper sulfide crystals of little contribution to catalytic activity. A working catalyst consisted of partially sulfated cerium oxide surface and partially sulfided copper clusters. The overall reaction kinetics were approximately represented by a first order equation.
A central positron source to perform the timing alignment of detectors in a PET scanner (2005)

Accurate timing alignment and stability are important to maximize the true counts and minimize the random counts in positron emission tomography. Its importance increases in time-of-flight (TOF) scanners. We propose using a central positron emitting source enclosed in a detector which detects the excess energy of the positron before it annihilates as a timing reference. All crystals can be time-aligned with respect to this central source. We evaluated 10 /spl mu/Ci /sup 22/Na and /sup 68/Ge sources embedded in cylinders of plastic scintillator coupled to a fast PMT. Light flashes produced after the parent isotope emits positrons are detected, and the anode signals from the PMT are the reference time for each positron decay. The time delay before the gamma ray is detected by the scanner's conventional gamma ray detectors is the time offset to be applied to that crystal. Since all detectors are almost the same distance from the central source, TOF errors are minimized. Preliminary results show a mean signal amplitude of >0.5 V from /sup 22/Na at 1000-V PMT bias, a timing FWHM of 850 ps with respect to a small LSO crystal. This suggests it could be useful to align both conventional and TOF PET scanners.
Advanced Control in Freeze-Drying (2018)

The concept of modern closed-loop control was introduced for freeze-dryers in the pharmaceutical field in the early Sixties. Among various drying processes, freeze-drying stands out as the liquid, usually water, is removed at low temperature; this allows for better preservation of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the product being processed than in high temperature drying. The freeze-drying process is composed of three stages: freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying. The operating conditions of the freeze-drying process influence not only product temperature but also the sublimation flow rate and, finally, the drying time. Several control systems were proposed in the past using the product temperature measurement as a monitoring tool. Thermocouples or resistance thermal detectors are generally used to measure the temperature of the product: the former in lab-scale apparatus as they allow a punctual measurement using thin wires, the latter in industrial-scale freeze-dryers as they are more robust, even if larger and more invasive.
1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([bmim]) octylsulfate—an even ‘greener’ ionic liquid (2002)

Ionic liquids are considered as green solvents mainly due to their lack of vapour pressure. In fact, environmental and safety problems arising through the volatility of organic solvents can be avoided by the use of these innovative liquids. However, typical ionic liquids consist of halogen containing anions (such as [AlCl4]−, [PF6]−, [BF4]−, [CF3SO3]− or [(CF3SO2)2N]−) which in some regard limit their ‘greenness’. The presence of halogen atoms may cause serious concerns if the hydrolysis stability of the anion is poor (e.g. for [AlCl4]− and [PF6]−) or if a thermal treatment of spent ionic liquids is desired. In both cases additional effort is needed to avoid the liberation of toxic and corrosive HF or HCl into the environment. In this context, we present here the synthesis and application of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([bmim]) [n-C8H17OSO3] which represents a halogen-free and relatively hydrolysis-stable ionic liquid. Moreover, the technical availability and the well documented toxicology of the octylsulfate anion make this ionic liquid a highly interesting candidate for industrial application.
Design of quasi-grain-boundary-free (QGBF) polycrystalline solar cells (1981)

A new solar cell structure is proposed which will increase the efficiency of polycrystalline solar cells by suppressing or completely eliminating the recombination losses due to the presence of grain boundaries. This is achieved by avoiding the formation of the p-n junction (or other types of junctions) in the grain boundaries and by eliminating the grain boundaries from the active area of the cell. This basic concept can be applied to any polycrystalline material; however, it will be most beneficial for cost-effective materials of the future, i.e., materials having small grains, including thin film materials. The concept is demonstrated to be technologically achievable.
Noninvasive diagnosis of early caries with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) (1999)

There is no diagnostic technology presently available utilizing non-ionizing radiation that can image the state of demineralization of dental enamel in vivo for the detection, characterization and monitoring of early, incipient caries lesions. In this study, a Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PS-OCT) system was evaluated for its potential for the non-invasive diagnosis of early carious lesions. We demonstrated clear discrimination in PS-OCT imags between regions of normal and demineralized enamel in bovine enamel blocks containing well-characterized artificial lesions. Moreover, high-resolution, cross- sectional images were acquired that clearly discriminate between the normal and carious regions of extracted human teeth. Regions that appeared to be demineralized in the PS- OCT imags were verified using histological thin sections examined under polarized light. The PS-OCT system discriminates between normal and carious regions by measuring the state of polarization of the back-scattered 1310 nm light, which is affected by the state of demineralization of the enamel. The demineralized regions of enamel have a large scattering coefficient, thus depolarizing the incident light. This initial study shows that PS-OCT has great potential for the detection, characterization, and monitoring of incipient caries lesions.
Towards a physical XML independent XQuery/SQL/XML engine (2008)

There has been a lot of research and industrial effort on building XQuery engines with different kinds of XML storage and index models. However, most of these efforts focus on building either an efficient XQuery engine with one kind of XML storage, index, view model in mind or a general XQuery engine without any consideration of the underlying XML storage, index and view model. We need an underlying framework to build an XQuery engine that can work with and provide optimization for different XML storage, index and view models. Besides XQuery, RDBMSs also support SQL/XML, a standard language that integrates XML and relational processing. There are industrial efforts for building hybrid XQuery and SQL/XML engines that support both languages so that users can manage and query both relational and XML data on one platform. However, we need a theoretical framework to optimize both SQL/XML and XQuery languages in one RDBMS. In this paper, we show our industrial work of building a combined XQuery and SQL/XML engine that is able to work and provide optimization for different kinds of XML storage and index models in Oracle XMLDB. This work is based on XML extended relational algebra as the underlying tuple-based logical algebra and incorporates tree and automata based physical algebra into the logical tuple-based algebra so as to provide optimization for different physical XML formulations. This results in logical and physical rewrite techniques to optimize XQuery and SQL/XML over a variety of physical XML storage, index and view models, including schema aware object relational XML storage with relational indexes, binary XML storage with schema agnostic path-value-order key XMLIndex, SQL/XML view over relational data and relational view over XML. Furthermore, we show the approach of leveraging cost based XML physical rewrite strategy to evaluate different physical rewrite plans.
Vertebral fracture classification (2007)

A novel method for classification and quantification of vertebral fractures from X-ray images is presented. Using pairwise conditional shape models trained on a set of healthy spines, the most likely unfractured shape is estimated for each of the vertebrae in the image. The difference between the true shape and the reconstructed normal shape is an indicator for the shape abnormality. A statistical classification scheme with the two shapes as features is applied to detect, classify, and grade various types of deformities. In contrast with the current (semi-)quantitative grading strategies this method takes the full shape into account, it uses a patient-specific reference by combining population-based information on biological variation in vertebra shape and vertebra interrelations, and it provides a continuous measure of deformity. Good agreement with manual classification and grading is demonstrated on 204 lateral spine radiographs with in total 89 fractures.
A dynamically phase adjusting PLL with a variable delay (2001)

Phase locked loop (PLL) is widely used for many purposes. The lock-up performance is one of the most important target items in designing PLLs. In a digital PLL, it is difficult to control the frequency and phase independently, which makes it difficult to improve lock-up performance. A variable delay circuit which adjusts only the phase of the PLL is introduced here. A full loop model simulation with measured controllable delay shows the effectiveness of applying the phase adjust method with the variable delay to the PLL. Index Terms - PLL, phase adjust, variable delay, lock-up.
Patterned arrays of lateral heterojunctions within monolayer two-dimensional semiconductors (2015)

The formation of semiconductor heterojunctions and their high-density integration are foundations of modern electronics and optoelectronics. To enable two-dimensional crystalline semiconductors as building blocks in next-generation electronics, developing methods to deterministically form lateral heterojunctions is crucial. Here we demonstrate an approach for the formation of lithographically patterned arrays of lateral semiconducting heterojunctions within a single two-dimensional crystal. Electron beam lithography is used to pattern MoSe2 monolayer crystals with SiO2, and the exposed locations are selectively and totally converted to MoS2 using pulsed laser vaporization of sulfur to form MoSe2/MoS2 heterojunctions in predefined patterns. The junctions and conversion process are studied by Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy, atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy and device characterization. This demonstration of lateral heterojunction arrays within a monolayer crystal is an essential step for the integration of two-dimensional semiconductor building blocks with different electronic and optoelectronic properties for high-density, ultrathin devices.
Photosensitivity enhancement by H- and He-ion implantation in lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics (1980)

H- and He-ion implantation has been used to increase the photoferroelectric image storage sensitivity of lead lanthanum zirconium titanate ceramics by factors of ∼10 and ∼30, respectively. The increased photosensitivity can be attributed primarily to implantation-produced disorder, which increases the efficiency of carrier photoexcitation and trapping and reduces the exposure energy required to establish nonvolatile space-charge fields. Implantation-induced disorder may also contribute to a substantial increase in photoconductivity in the ion-damaged near-surface region.
Loudspeaker having a laminate diaphragm of three layers (1979)

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Sensitivity evaluation of [C-11]TMP for PET reporter gene imaging (2016)

1157 Objectives Trimethoprim (TMP) is a highly specific small molecule inhibitor of E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (Ec DHFR). Radiotracer derivatives of TMP such as [C-11]TMP have great potential as PET probes when paired with an Ec DHFR reporter gene and we have recently characterized the biodistribution of [C-11]TMP in mice with Ec DHFR xenografted tumors.1 However, it is critical to quantify the number of cells detectable with a probe-reporter gene pair to show the sensitivity of the system.2 In these experiments, we determined imaging sensitivity (lower limit of the number of DHFR cells detectable) using [C-11]TMP as well as evaluated excretion and metabolism pattern of the radiotracer. Methods  [C-11]TMP was radiolabeled from phenol precursor using [C-11]methyl iodide in the presence of NaOH and the precursor was prepared via a known method.3 Sensitivity experiments with [C-11]TMP to report the location and number of cells were performed using HEK 293 reporter cells at concentrations of 3x106, 3x105, and 3x104 cells suspended in 0.1 mL of matrigel and injected into the sub-cutaneous tissues of Nu/Nu mice. Small animal PET was performed the next day, and images were acquired from 60-90 min post-injection of [C-11]TMP. The xenografts were harvested and assayed ex vivo on a gamma counter. To confirm the identity of the activity in the bladder and renal excretion, urine was collected and analyzed by radio-TLC and phosphor-imaging and autoradiography of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with [C-11]TMP was performed. Results  [C-11]TMP can detect as few as 300,000 cells as assayed by excised matrigel/tissue, and shows over 2-fold increased uptake of [C-11]TMP in 300,000 cells compare to muscle (p<0.05). Autoradiography of GI tract shows accumulation of radioactivity in the small bowel, likely related to hepatobiliary excretion of tracer, with relatively low levels of uptake in the cecum and the large bowel. No metabolites were seen in the urine, the primary route of metabolism.
CONCLUSIONS: [C-11]TMP is a highly sensitive radiotracer for Ec DHFR cells (limit was 300,000 cells), which is comparable to hsvTK/[F-18]FEAU at 4h.2 Additionally, we have characterized the favorable routes of metabolism of [C-11]TMP, showing no metabolites in the urine and little off target uptake in the large bacterial compartment located in the cecum and large bowel.
REFERENCES: [1] J Nucl Med, 2015; 56: no. supplement 3, 615; [2] J Nucl Med, 2015; 56:1055-1060; [3] ChemBioChem. 2007; 8: 767-774
Design and Preliminary Results of Sensing and Detection for an Extravascular Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (2021)

In the EV ICD pilot study, oversensing did not cause inappropriate therapy during ambulatory follow-up of stable leads.
Anti-fibrogenic roles of cathelicidin in chronic colitis associated colonic fibrosis (2011)

Cathelicidin (LL-37 in human and mCRAMP in mice) is a family of endogenous anti-microbial peptides that protect the host from infection as part of the innate immune response. Recent evidences suggest that cathelicidins may modulate inflammation. Here we determine whether cathelicidin can modulate colonic fibrosis in animal model of colitis as well as human colonic fibroblasts. Wild-type and mCRAMP deficient mice were administered with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) to induce chronic (7 weeks) colitis. Some mice were treated intracolonically with cathelicidin and colonic histological changes and fibrogenic mediator levels during colonic inflammation were evaluated. TNBS induced chronic colitis associated colonic fibrosis in mice that was reduced by exogenous intracolonic cathelicidin (mCRAMP) administration (5 mg/kg every 3 days). This inhibitory mCRAMP effect was associated with lower colonic histological damage and reduced levels of the fibrotic mediator collagen 1alpha2, fibroblast infiltration and NF-kappaB phosphorylation in colon compared to controls. Moreover, mCRAMP treatment prevented body weight loss due to chronic colitis. Compared to wild-type mice, mCRAMP deficient mice developed more severe TNBS-induced colonic fibrosis. Exposure of human colonic CCD-18Co fibroblasts to LL-37 (5 microM) significantly reduced transforming growth factorbeta1 (50 ng/ml) induced collagen COL1A2 expression as well as NF-kappaB transcriptional activity and p65 phosphorylation. LL-37 treatment did not change basal TGF-beta1 and insulin like growth factor-1 expression in colonic fibroblasts. Suppression of NF-kappaB activity by p65 siRNA further augmented the antifibrogenic effects of LL-37, suggesting that reduced NF-κB activity is involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of LL-37. Cathelicidins are important modulators of colonic fibrosis by mechanisms involving inhibition of NF-κB activity in fibroblasts. Our results also indicate that exogenous cathelicidin administration may represent a novel approach for treatment of colonic fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Supported by a Pilot and Feasibility Study grant from UCLA-CURE Center, Career Development Award from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America and K01DK084256 from National Institute of Health to HWK.
Robust Steerable Differential Beamformers with Null Constraints for Concentric Circular Microphone Arrays (2021)

Differential beamformers with concentric circular microphone arrays (CCMAs) are desirable for use in various applications since they can form frequency-invariant spatial responses, have better beam steering flexibility than linear arrays, and suffer less with beampattern irregularity and white noise amplification than circular microphone arrays (CMAs). The methods developed previously for differential beamforming with CCMAs are based on the series expansion. Such methods need to know the analytic form of the target beam-pattern, which may not be accessible in practice. Furthermore, expansion error may lead to erroneous solution, which can cause noise amplification instead of reduction. In this paper, we extend our recently developed beamforming method for CMAs to the design of differential beamformers with CCMAs, which takes advantage of the symmetric null constraints from the beampattern. Simulations are performed to justify the properties of the proposed approach.