gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classification of Urban Point Clouds: A Robust Supervised Approach With Automatically Generating Training Data (2016)

To reduce the cost of manually annotating training data for parsing outdoor scenes, we propose a supervised approach with automatically generating training data for classifying 3-D point clouds of large-scale urban scenes. In this approach, the input point cloud is aggregated into point clusters, and the disjoint set union issue is combined with geometric attributes of each point cluster to obtain object segments. The prior knowledge among different classes is used to label the segments by using the decision-tree model. Then, the initialized training samples are generated automatically. The confidence estimation for the labeling is employed to filter the mislabeled training samples. With the generated training data, we train a random forest classifier to create the initial classification of the 3-D scene on the set of descriptors for each 3-D point. The classification results are further optimized by multilabel conditional Random Fields. Experimental results on five urban point clouds captured by different types of scanners (i.e., terrestrial laser scanning, vehicle laser scanning, and airborne laser scanning datasets) demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a competitive classification performance.
Presentation of Neutralizing Epitopes by Engineered Rotavirus VP7's Expressed by Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses (1994)

Previous studies showed that a calcium-dependent neutralization domain forms on the rotavirus glycoprotein VP7 during assembly into particles. Here, we demonstrate that expressed, recombinant VP7 is capable of forming this neutralization domain in the absence of other rotavirus proteins, but that the domain is unstable. High calcium environments, incorporation into particles, and binding of neutralizing antibodies stabilize the neutralization domain on expressed VP7. A chimeric, cell surface-anchored molecule, VP7sc, has an enhanced ability to react with neutralizing antibodies. This may explain why immunization of mice with expressed native VP7 has had limited success while immunization with VP7sc efficiently induced neutralizing antibodies and passively protected pups from diarrhea. A model of VP7 folding consistent with these results is presented.
Photochemical Tyrosine Oxidation in the Structurally Well-Defined α<sub>3</sub>Y Protein: Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and a Long-Lived Tyrosine Radical (2014)

Tyrosine oxidation-reduction involves proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and a reactive radical state. These properties are effectively controlled in enzymes that use tyrosine as a high-potential, one-electron redox cofactor. The α3Y model protein contains Y32, which can be reversibly oxidized and reduced in voltammetry measurements. Structural and kinetic properties of α3Y are presented. A solution NMR structural analysis reveals that Y32 is the most deeply buried residue in α3Y. Time-resolved spectroscopy using a soluble flash-quench generated [Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)3](3+) oxidant provides high-quality Y32-O• absorption spectra. The rate constant of Y32 oxidation (kPCET) is pH dependent: 1.4 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (pH 5.5), 1.8 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (pH 8.5), 5.4 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) (pD 5.5), and 4.0 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (pD 8.5). k(H)/k(D) of Y32 oxidation is 2.5 ± 0.5 and 4.5 ± 0.9 at pH(D) 5.5 and 8.5, respectively. These pH and isotope characteristics suggest a concerted or stepwise, proton-first Y32 oxidation mechanism. The photochemical yield of Y32-O• is 28-58% versus the concentration of [Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)3](3+). Y32-O• decays slowly, t1/2 in the range of 2-10 s, at both pH 5.5 and 8.5, via radical-radical dimerization as shown by second-order kinetics and fluorescence data. The high stability of Y32-O• is discussed relative to the structural properties of the Y32 site. Finally, the static α3Y NMR structure cannot explain (i) how the phenolic proton released upon oxidation is removed or (ii) how two Y32-O• come together to form dityrosine. These observations suggest that the dynamic properties of the protein ensemble may play an essential role in controlling the PCET and radical decay characteristics of α3Y.
Morphological Changes in Ultraviolet-Nanoimprinted Resin Patterns Caused by Ultraviolet-Curable Resins Absorbing Pentafluoropropane (2012)

In this article, we revealed the maximum values of pentafluoropropane (PFP) absorbed by acrylate-type monomers and UV-curable resins causing radical photopolymerization and measured the viscosities in a state saturated with PFP. We described the influences of PFP condensable gas effectively used in UV nanoimprinting on the morphologies of resin patterns fabricated by UV nanoimprinting. The weights of the resins and monomers were increased by exposure to a PFP atmosphere, while the viscosities were reduced markedly. The absorption of PFP depended on the chemical structures of the monomers. The solubility parameter calculated by the Hoy method clearly suggested that the monomer with a solubility parameter of 20 (J cm -3 ) 1/2 absorbed the most PFP. The UV-curable resin composed of the monomer absorbing a large amount of PFP resulted in morphological changes in nanoimprinted resin patterns where the height was lowered and the outermost surface became rough. The UV-curable resins having hydroxyl groups play an important role in preserving the size fidelity of UV-nanoimprinted resin patterns.
Centered Hyperspherical and Hyperellipsoidal One-Class Support Vector Machines for Anomaly Detection in Sensor Networks (2010)

Anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks is an important challenge for tasks such as intrusion detection and monitoring applications. This paper proposes two approaches to detecting anomalies from measurements from sensor networks. The first approach is a linear programming-based hyperellipsoidal formulation, which is called a centered hyperellipsoidal support vector machine (CESVM). While this CESVM approach has advantages in terms of its flexibility in the selection of parameters and the computational complexity, it has limited scope for distributed implementation in sensor networks. In our second approach, we propose a distributed anomaly detection algorithm for sensor networks using a one-class quarter-sphere support vector machine (QSSVM). Here a hypersphere is found that captures normal data vectors in a higher dimensional space for each sensor node. Then summary information about the hyperspheres is communicated among the nodes to arrive at a global hypersphere, which is used by the sensors to identify any anomalies in their measurements. We show that the CESVM and QSSVM formulations can both achieve high detection accuracies on a variety of real and synthetic data sets. Our evaluation of the distributed algorithm using QSSVM reveals that it detects anomalies with comparable accuracy and less communication overhead than a centralized approach.
The <i>Diageotropica</i> Mutant of Tomato Lacks High Specific Activity Auxin Binding Sites (1989)

Tomato plants homozygous for the diageotropica (dgt) mutation exhibit morphological and physiological abnormalities which suggest that they are unable to respond to the plant growth hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid). The photoaffinity auxin analog [3H]5N3-IAA specifically labels a polypeptide doublet of 40 and 42 kilodaltons in membrane preparations from stems of the parental variety, VFN8, but not from stems of plants containing the dgt mutation. In roots of the mutant plants, however, labeling is indistinguishable from that in VFN8. These data suggest that the two polypeptides are part of a physiologically important auxin receptor system, which is altered in a tissue-specific manner in the mutant.
A Generative Audio-Visual Prosodic Model for Virtual Actors (2017)

An important problem in computer animation of virtual characters is the expression of complex mental states during conversation using the coordinated prosody of voice, rhythm, facial expressions, and head and gaze motion. In this work, the authors propose an expressive conversion method for generating natural speech and facial animation in a variety of recognizable attitudes, using neutral speech and animation as input. Their method works by automatically learning prototypical prosodic contours at the sentence level from an original dataset of dramatic attitudes.
Amphibole zoning, a record of progressive oxidation during crystallization of mafic microgranular enclaves in the Kurobegawa Granitic Pluton (2003)

Sulfide, oxide, and amphibole in MME (mafic microgranular enclaves) in the young Kurobegawa Granitic Pluton (2 Ma) indicate that their textural and mineralogical features are characteristic of progressively oxidized magnetite-series granitoids. Hydrous mafic magma intruded into the chamber from the bottom and fragmented to form MME, subsequently vesiculated and floated through the chamber. The MME generally have sharp fine chilled margins and show no in situ mixing between the MME and the host granite. Amphibole, an early phase together with sulfides and plagioclase, began to crystallize just after the mafic magma intruded into the chamber bottom (10 km in depth) and then continued to crystallize as the MME floated. Amphibole shows strongly patchy zoning from brownish green pargasitic core to pale green magnesio-hornblende rim, with a systematic decreasing in Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg) with AlIV decreasing toward the rim. Early sulfide precipitation followed by late -stage magnetite formation and the simultaneous decreasing in Fe2+ during amphibole crystallization were resulted from progressive oxidation of iron in minerals. Transformation of sulfur species from SO2 to H2S probably oxidized iron in the minerals in this hydrous magma on cooling, as suggested in previous models for large sulfur supplies and magma oxidation in subduction related volcanisms.
Nitric oxide as an inflammatory mediator of radiation pneumonitis in rats (1997)

Radiation pneumonitis is a major complication of radiation therapy. To elucidate the mechanisms of radiation-induced pneumonitis, we studied nitric oxide (NO) produced from lung tissues using a model of unilaterally irradiated rats. Our results demonstrated that alveolar macrophages (AM) produced NO after irradiation, and the expression of inducible NO synthase (NOS) in both AM and alveolar epithelial cells was increased. Furthermore, the progression of radiation pneumonitis was reduced with the in vivo treatment of the NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The effect of L-NAME was further confirmed by the inhibition of mRNA expression for procollagen-alpha1 type III of the lung. With these results, NO produced from AM and alveolar epithelial cells after irradiation may be an important mediator in the progression of radiation pneumonitis.
Effect of carbon source on localized adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (1997)

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains attach to epithelial cells as discrete clusters of bacteria which are localized at a few sites on the cell surface. Previously, it was shown that this localized-adherence (LA) phenotype is induced by specific growth conditions. We found that wild-type EPEC attached to HEp-2 cells in an LA pattern when the bacteria were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing glucose as the carbon source. In contrast, bacteria incubated in DMEM containing galactose did not adhere to epithelial cells. The latter results were similar to those observed when JPN15, an LA-negative strain, was grown under conditions which promoted bacterial binding. The differences in attachment of wild-type EPEC were independent of the stage of log-phase growth of the cultures and of the number of CFU incubated with the HEp-2 monolayers. Expression of the adherence phenotype by organisms grown in glucose was associated with increased expression of intimin and bundle-forming pilin. In contrast, bacteria grown in medium containing galactose expressed these proteins at levels similar to those observed when JPN15 was grown in medium containing glucose.
Detailed Distribution of Lipids in Greenshell™ Mussel (Perna canaliculus) (2014)

Greenshell™ mussels (GSM-Perna canaliculus) are a source of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Farmed GSM are considered to be a sustainable source of LC-PUFA as they require no dietary inputs, gaining all of their oil by filter-feeding microorganisms from sea water. GSM oil is a high-value product, with a value as much as 1000 times that of fish oils. GSM oil has important health benefits, for example, anti-inflammatory activity. It also contains several minor lipid components that are not present in most fish oil products, and that have their own beneficial effects on human health. We have shown the lipid content of the female GSM (1.9 g/100 g ww) was significantly greater than that of the male (1.4 g/100 g ww). Compared with male GSM, female GSM contained more n-3 LC-PUFA, and stored a greater proportion of total lipid in the gonad and mantle. The higher lipid content in the female than the male GSM is most likely related to gamete production. This information will be useful to optimize extraction of oils from GSM, a local and sustainable source of n-3 LC-PUFA.
Calcium, Zinc, and Iron Bioavailabilities from a Commercial Human Milk Fortifier: A Comparison Study (2004)

Adding human milk fortifiers (HMF) to human milk (HM) is one way of overcoming the nutrient deficits found in the latter. In this study, the bioavailabilities of calcium, zinc, and iron in S-26/SMA HMF added to HM were compared with those in HM fortified with various bovine milk proteins: alpha-lactalbumin, colostrum, caseinate, casein phosphopeptides, and whey protein concentrate. The bioavailability of each mineral was assessed using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Calcium and zinc uptake by the cells was traced with radioisotopes; iron uptake was assessed via cell ferritin levels. Samples were prepared on an equal protein content basis and with added calcium, but no zinc or iron was added. Results revealed that calcium uptake from HM + S-26/SMA was not different from any of the HM fortified with the bovine milk proteins, except for unfortified HM and HM + colostrum in which calcium uptake was significantly lower (-89 and -38%, respectively). Uptake of zinc and iron were significantly higher for HM + S-26/SMA than for the other HM + fortifiers.
A polymer chemist's view on fuel cell electrodes (2002)

A new method for preparing fuel cell electrodes is described which gives results equal if not superior to the classical method. Instead of pressing the catalyst containing carbon black with solid polymer particles and then sintering, here the carbon is mixed with a polymer solution, a film is cast and immersed in a nonsolvent, which then precipitates the polymer. It is shown that electrodes prepared this way give results comparable to commercial electrodes. while their Pt content per unit area is even somewhat lower than that of the commercial ones. Scanning electron microscope pictures show that these electrodes have wide pores, and some arguments are given which may explain why these electrodes give such good results in spite of the fact that they are prepared from an ordinary commercial hydrogenation catalyst and do not contain the classical high surface area activated carbons.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interactive exploration of volume line integral convolution based on 3D-texture mapping (1999)

Line integral convolution (LIC) is an effective technique for visualizing vector fields. The application of LIC to 3D flow fields has yet been limited by difficulties to efficiently display and animate the resulting 3D-images. Texture-based volume rendering allows interactive visualization and manipulation of 3D-LIC textures. In order to ensure the comprehensive and convenient exploration of flow fields, we suggest interactive functionality including transfer functions and different clipping mechanisms. Thereby, we efficiently substitute the calculation of LIC based on sparse noise textures and show the convenient visual access of interior structures. Further on, we introduce two approaches for animating static 3D-flow fields without the computational expense and the immense memory requirements for pre-computed 3D-textures and without loss of interactivity. This is achieved by using a single 3D-LIC texture and a set of time surfaces as clipping geometries. In our first approach we use the clipping geometry to pre-compute a special 3D-LIC texture that can be animated by time-dependent color tables. Our second approach uses time volumes to actually clip the 3D-LIC volume interactively during rasterization. Additionally, several examples demonstrate the value of our strategy in practice.
pH-Responsive Properties of Multilayered Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lysine)/Hyaluronic Acid Surfaces (2003)

Multilayer films have been prepared by the sequential electrostatic adsorption of poly(L-lysine) and hyaluronic acid onto charged silicon surfaces from dilute aqueous solutions under various pH conditions. Microelectrophoresis was used to examine the local acid-base equilibria of the polyelectrolytes within the films as a function of the total number of layers in the film and the assembly solution pH. The acid-base dissociation constants were observed to deviate significantly from dilute solution values upon adsorption, to be layer dependent only within the first 3-4 layers, and to show sensitivity to the assembly solution pH. As a result, some of the physicochemical properties of the films have also been found to exhibit pH-responsive behavior. For example, the thickest films result when at least one of the polyelectrolytes is only partially dissociated in solution. As well, the pH-dependent degree of dissociation of the surface functional groups can be used to vary the contact angle of a water droplet by as much as 25 degrees and the coefficient of friction by up to an order of magnitude. In addition, the extent to which PLL/HA films can be made to swell in solution can be varied by a factor of 7 depending on the assembly solution and swelling solution pH. The anomalies found in the dissociation constants account for the trends in these pH-dependent properties. Here, we demonstrate that knowledge of the acid-base dissociation behavior in multilayer films is key to understanding and controlling the physical properties of the films, particularly surface friction and wettability, which are fundamentally important factors for many biomaterials applications. For example, we outline a mechanism whereby biopolymer thin films can be electrostatically adsorbed under highly charged "sticky" conditions and then quickly transformed into stable low-friction films simply by altering the pH environment.
Josephson-Vortex-Flow Terahertz Emission in Layered High-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>Superconducting Single Crystals (2007)

We report on the successful terahertz emission (0.6-1 THz) that is continuous and tunable in its frequency and power, by driving Josephson vortices in resonance with the collective standing Josephson plasma modes excited in stacked Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x intrinsic Josephson junctions. Shapiro-step detection was employed to confirm the terahertz-wave emission. Our results provide a strong feasibility of developing long-sought solid-state terahertz-wave emission devices.
Plasma lipid transport in the hedgehog: partial characterization of structure and function of apolipoprotein A-I. (1995)

Apart from exhibiting the presence of lipoprotein [a] in its plasma, another interest of the European hedgehog in lipoprotein research lies in the quantitative prominence of a complex spectrum of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and very high density lipoproteins (VHDL) as cholesterol transporters in plasma (Laplaud, P. M. et al. 1989. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1005: 143-156). We, therefore, initiated studies in the field of reverse cholesterol transport in the hedgehog. As a first step, we characterized apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the main protein component of hedgehog HDL and VHDL. Proteolytic cleavage of apoA-I (M(r) approx. 27 kDa) using two different enzymes resulted in two sets of peptides that were subsequently purified by high performance liquid chromatography, and that allowed us determination of the complete protein sequence. Hedgehog apoA-I thus consists of 241 amino acid residues and exhibits an overall 58% homology to its human counterpart, i.e., the lowest value observed to date among mammalian species. However, it retained the general organization common to all known apoA-Is, i.e., a series of amphipathic helical segments punctuated by proline residues. Circular dichroism experiments indicated a helical content of approx. 45%, increasing to approx. 58% in the presence of lecithin unilamellar liposomes. Apart from other differences, amino acid composition analysis shows that hedgehog apoA-I contains four isoleucine residues, while this amino acid is totally absent from the corresponding protein in higher mammals. Polyclonal antibodies raised against hedgehog apoA-I failed to detect any cross-reactivity between the animal and human proteins, although comparative prediction of the respective antigenic structures using the Hopp-Woods algorithm indicated that several potentially antigenic sites may occur in similar regions of the protein. Finally, hedgehog apoA-I was shown to be able to activate lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase, although it was 4 to 5 times less efficient in this respect than the human protein.
CatCharge: Deploying wireless charging lane in metropolitan scale through categorization and clustering of vehicle mobility (2016)

The future generation transportation system will be featured by electrified public transportation. To fulfill metropolitan transit demands, electric vehicles (EVs) must be continuously operable without recharging downtime. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) techniques for in-motion EV charging is a solution [1], [2]. It however brings up a challenge: how to deploy charging lanes in a metropolitan road network to minimize the deployment cost while enabling EVs' continuous operability.
A G-quadruplex-binding compound shows potent activity in human gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells (2020)

Gemcitabine is a drug of choice in the treatment of human pancreatic cancer. Chemo-resistance to this drug is common and has been attributed to a variety of distinct mechanisms, involving > 100 genes. A recently developed small-molecule G-quadruplex ligand, the trisubstituted naphthalene diimide compound CM03, has previously been shown to have equivalent potency to gemcitabine in the pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2. We report here on cell lines of increased resistance to gemcitabine that have been generated from this line, with the most resistant having 1,000-fold reduced sensitivity to gemcitabine. These resistant lines retain nM sensitivity to CM03. The molecular basis for the retention of potency by this G-quadruplex ligand has been examined using whole transcriptome data analysis with RNA-seq. This has revealed that the pattern of pathways down regulated by CM03 in the parental MIA PaCa-2 cell line is largely unaffected in the gemcitabine-resistant line. The analysis has also shown that the expression patterns of numerous genes involved in gemcitabine sensitivity are down regulated in the resistant line upon CM03 treatment. These results are supportive of the concept that G-quadruplex small molecules such as CM03 have potential for clinical use in the treatment of gemcitabine-resistant human pancreatic cancer.