gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-Photon Sensing and Imaging of Endogenous Biological Cyanide in Plant Tissues Using Graphene Quantum Dot/Gold Nanoparticle Conjugate (2015)

One main source of cyanide (CN(-)) exposure for mammals is through the plant consumption, and thus, sensitive and selective CN(-) detection in plants tissue is a significant and urgent work. Although various fluorescence probes have been reported for CN(-) in water and mammalian cells, the detection of endogenous biological CN(-) in plant tissue remains to be explored due to the high background signal and large thickness of plant tissue that hamper the effective application of traditional one-photo excitation. To address these issues, we developed a new two-photo excitation (TPE) nanosensor using graphene quantum dots (GQDs)/gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) conjugate for sensing and imaging endogenous biological CN(-). With the benefit of the high quenching efficiency of AuNPs and excellent two-photon properties of GQDs, our sensing system can achieve a low detection limit of 0.52 μM and deeper penetration depth (about 400 μm) without interference from background signals of a complex biological environment, thus realizing sensing and imaging of CN(-) in different types of plant tissues and even monitoring CN(-) removal in food processing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time for fluorescent sensing and imaging of CN(-) in plant tissues. Moreover, our design also provides a new model scheme for the development of two-photon fluorescent nanomaterial, which is expected to hold great potential for food processing and safety testing.
Telomere Shortening of MCF-7 Cells Caused by Antisense Telomerase cDNA. (1999)

pAdE(1)CMVITREXneo is a novel adenovirus vector which can integrate foreign genes into genome of host cells. The cDNA of human telomerase RNA was integrated inversely into the vector via antisense oligonucleotide technique. Antisense recombinant virus (vAdT-AAV) was obtained by cotransfecting pAdT and pBHG(11) into 293 cells. The telomere length of breast cancer MCF-7 cells was found shortened after the transfection by vAdT-AAV.
Electrolytic Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors for Application in Biosensors—A Review (2016)

Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors have emerged in the field of biosensors over the last five years, due to their attractive simplicity and high sensitivity to interfacial changes, both on the gate/electrolyte and semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces, where a target-specific bioreceptor can be immobilized. This article reviews the recent literature concerning biosensing with such transistors, gives clues to understanding the basic principles under which electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors work, and details the transduction mechanisms that were investigated to convert a receptor/target association into a change in drain current.
Parameter-free, predictive modeling of single event upsets due to protons, neutrons, and pions in terrestrial cosmic rays (1994)

In this paper we present a new approach and a computer software for modeling single event upsets. This model, named Soft Error Monte Carlo Model (SEMM), does not need any experimental inputs or any parameter fitting. It is intended to be a design tool for chip designers when they want to optimize their designs for soft error hardness and performance. The paper focuses on terrestrial cosmic rays that cause single event upsets. Details of the nuclear modeling and of the coupled device-circuit modeling are presented. Also presented are the comparison of SEMM predictions against measurements of single event upset rate in proton beam experiments and in computer main frame field tests performed at high ground elevations. We also present some proton-pion comparisons that are relevant to single event upsets.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stereopsis and binocular rivalry. (1986)

Stereopsis and binocular rivalry appear to be incompatible. Rivalry involves suppression of input from one eye at each location in space and time, whereas Stereopsis requires the combination of information from both eyes to yield a sensation of depth. This article presents a theory of the relationship of these phenomena. Evidence from previous work and from experiments reported here shows that (a) the pathways mediating Stereopsis are separable from those mediating rivalry; (b) Stereopsis and rivalry can coexist at the same point in space and time; (c) rivalry occurs inevitably, whenever visual stimuli are present, even if identical stimuli are presented to both eyes; and (d) Stereopsis can be disrupted without disrupting rivalry and vice versa (termed double dissociation). On the basis of the evidence, it is proposed that rivalry and Stereopsis involve independent and parallel pathways through the early stages of visual processing and that binocular perception is a simple combination (probably a weighted average) of the output of the pathways mediating Stereopsis and rivalry. Stereopsis and binocular rivalry, two of the central phenomena of binocular vision, are seemingly incompatible. In Stereopsis, matched or nearly matched retinal images are combined to form a image (Helmholtz, 1909/1924; Julesz, 1971). The cyclopean percept is identical to neither monocular image but requires contributions from both. Binocular rivalry is most easily demonstrated when each eye is presented with a different image. At each location in the visual field, one monocular image will be dominant and visible while the other is suppressed and unseen (Breese, 1899). Over time, the pattern of dominance and suppression will change. At any given point in space and time, the stimulus presented to one eye is seen while that presented to the other eye is lost to sight. The suppression of one monocular input would eliminate the basis for Stereopsis. The fusion of the two inputs into a cyclopean image would eliminate the basis for rivalry. How, then, do the two phenomena coexist in human vision? One class of theoretical solution is to deny the existence of one of these two. Verhoeff(1935, 1959), for example, held that binocular vision could be explained without allowing for the fusion of the two monocular images into a unique binocular image. At the present time, it is more common to argue that rivalry and Stereopsis cannot coexist at the same point in space and time and that Stereopsis takes precedence; that is, rivalry occurs when Stereopsis cannot occur (e.g., Julesz, 1971, p. 23; Julesz & Tyler, 1976).
Flexible supercapacitor electrodes based on real metal-like cellulose papers (2017)

The effective implantation of conductive and charge storage materials into flexible frames has been strongly demanded for the development of flexible supercapacitors. Here, we introduce metallic cellulose paper-based supercapacitor electrodes with excellent energy storage performance by minimizing the contact resistance between neighboring metal and/or metal oxide nanoparticles using an assembly approach, called ligand-mediated layer-by-layer assembly. This approach can convert the insulating paper to the highly porous metallic paper with large surface areas that can function as current collectors and nanoparticle reservoirs for supercapacitor electrodes. Moreover, we demonstrate that the alternating structure design of the metal and pseudocapacitive nanoparticles on the metallic papers can remarkably increase the areal capacitance and rate capability with a notable decrease in the internal resistance. The maximum power and energy density of the metallic paper-based supercapacitors are estimated to be 15.1 mW cm<sup>-2</sup> and 267.3 μWh cm<sup>-2</sup>, respectively, substantially outperforming the performance of conventional paper or textile-type supercapacitors.With ligand-mediated layer-by-layer assembly between metal nanoparticles and small organic molecules, the authors prepare metallic paper electrodes for supercapacitors with high power and energy densities. This approach could be extended to various electrodes for portable/wearable electronics.
Far-infrared transmission in GaN, AlN, and AlGaN thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (2008)

We present a far-infrared transmission study on group-III nitride thin films. Cubic GaN and AlN layers and c-oriented wurtzite GaN, AlN, and AlxGa1−xN (x&lt;0.3) layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs and Si(111) substrates, respectively. The Berreman effect allows us to observe simultaneously the transverse optic and the longitudinal optic phonons of both the cubic and the hexagonal films as transmission minima in the infrared spectra acquired with obliquely incident radiation. We discuss our results in terms of the relevant electromagnetic theory of infrared transmission in cubic and wurtzite thin films. We compare the infrared results with visible Raman-scattering measurements. In the case of films with low scattering volumes and/or low Raman efficiencies and also when the Raman signal of the substrate material obscures the weaker peaks from the nitride films, we find that the Berreman technique is particularly useful to complement Raman spectroscopy.
BIOMECHANICAL AND MOLECULAR REGULATION OF BONE REMODELING (2006)

Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly renewed. The cell populations that participate in this process--the osteoblasts and osteoclasts--are derived from different progenitor pools that are under distinct molecular control mechanisms. Together, these cells form temporary anatomical structures, called basic multicellular units, that execute bone remodeling. A number of stimuli affect bone turnover, including hormones, cytokines, and mechanical stimuli. All of these factors affect the amount and quality of the tissue produced. Mechanical loading is a particularly potent stimulus for bone cells, which improves bone strength and inhibits bone loss with age. Like other materials, bone accumulates damage from loading, but, unlike engineering materials, bone is capable of self-repair. The molecular mechanisms by which bone adapts to loading and repairs damage are starting to become clear. Many of these processes have implications for bone health, disease, and the feasibility of living in weightless environments (e.g., spaceflight).
Magnesium Oxide‐catalyzed Oxidative Depolymerization of <scp>EFB</scp> Lignin (2016)

Empty fruit bunch ( EFB ) lignin, which had been isolated by the previous sulfuric acid treatment of EFB , was oxidized in the presence of a base and air to depolymerize the solvent‐insoluble lignin into smaller solvent‐soluble molecules. Depending on the types of base and solvent, the yield of solvent‐soluble lignin ( SSL ) varied, and the highest yield of 54% was obtained when MgO and ethanol were used at 150 °C with an air pressure of 500 psig for 3 h. Gel permeation chromatography analysis of the oxidized lignin showed that SSL had decreased molecular weight compared to native EFB lignin. 31 P NMR experiments revealed that concentrations of hydroxy group and acid group were increased by the oxidation. 2D 1 H‐ 13 C HSQC NMR was performed, and it was found that the area intensities related to methoxy group and β‐O‐4′ unit as well as guaiacyl, oxidized syringyl, and p ‐hydroxybenzoate group were decreased by the oxidation.
Tip-enhanced Raman mapping [TERM] of single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene (2013)

No abstract-
Role of TCR specificity in CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> regulatory T‐cell selection (2006)

CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells play a crucial role in preventing autoimmune disease and can also modulate immune responses in settings such as transplantation and infection. We have developed a transgenic mouse system in which the role that T-cell receptor (TCR) specificity for self-peptides plays in the formation of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells can be examined. We have shown that interactions with a single self-peptide can induce thymocytes bearing an autoreactive TCR to undergo selection to become CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells and that thymocytes bearing TCRs with low affinity for the selecting peptide do not appear to undergo selection into this pathway. In addition, thymocytes with identical specificity for the selecting self-peptide can undergo overt deletion versus abundant selection to become CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in response to variations in expression of the selecting peptide in different lineages of transgenic mice. Finally, we have shown that CD4+ CD25+ T cells proliferate in response to their selecting self-peptide in the periphery, but these cells do not proliferate in response to lymphopenia in the absence of the selecting self-peptide. These studies are determining how the specificity of the TCR for self-peptides directs the thymic selection and peripheral expansion of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells.
E-Newspapers: Digital Deliverance? (2007)

Despite the discouraging performance of e-books in the last decade, electronic reader technology has been growing in the newspaper industry, with several newspapers in Europe and Asia already producing dedicated e-reader editions, and others following suit. While many newspapers continue to turn handsome profits, others are beginning to realize that there's not much future for the once-a-day distribution of highly perishable information printed with ink on thin sheets of expensive, chemically treated wood pulp. Aside from mobile wireless connectivity, other technologies that need to be further enhanced to ensure the e-newspaper's success include color displays and PC tablets
A Survey on Testbeds and Experimentation Environments for Wireless Sensor Networks (2014)

Research results in wireless sensor networks are primarily gained from simulations and theoretical considerations. Currently, the community begins to realize that the results need to be validated in testbeds. Testbeds can be also used to directly gather knowledge with sensor network experiments on real hardware and a real environmental context. This survey gives an overview of different approaches to build testbeds and experimentation environments regarding different research foci. We discuss emerging testbed requirements and present existing solutions of the community. The overview is complemented with a discussion of common design decisions concerning architectures and experimentation support in current testbeds. A look on future trends and developments in wireless sensor network testbeds concludes this paper. This survey is intended to help researchers to attain own results in real-world experiments with wireless sensor networks. The reader gains a comprehensive overview on existing testbeds and practical knowledge documented in the referenced literature. The survey is laying the foundation for design decisions while developing an own testbed using the examples of described approaches.
Joint Feature Selection in Distributed Stochastic Learning for Large-Scale Discriminative Training in SMT (2012)

With a few exceptions, discriminative training in statistical machine translation (SMT) has been content with tuning weights for large feature sets on small development data. Evidence from machine learning indicates that increasing the training sample size results in better prediction. The goal of this paper is to show that this common wisdom can also be brought to bear upon SMT. We deploy local features for SCFG-based SMT that can be read off from rules at runtime, and present a learning algorithm that applies ℓ1/ℓ2 regularization for joint feature selection over distributed stochastic learning processes. We present experiments on learning on 1.5 million training sentences, and show significant improvements over tuning discriminative models on small development sets. 1
Sequences 5′ of the homeobox of the <i>Hox-1</i>.<i>4</i> gene direct tissue-specific expression of <i>lacZ</i> during mouse development (1993)

The murine homeobox-containing gene Hox-1.4 is expressed in restricted patterns during embryogenesis and in male germ cells. To begin identification of the cis-acting elements regulating this expression, transgenic mice were generated carrying a chimeric construct that contained approx. 4 kb of 5' flanking sequence and approx. 1 kb of structural gene, fused in frame to the E. coli lacZ gene. This construct directed expression of the resulting Hox-1.4,beta-galactosidase fusion protein in a pattern that reproduced virtually the complete embryonic and adult sites of expression of the endogenous gene. Embryonic expression of the fusion protein was first detected in mesoderm at day 8.0 of gestation (E 8.0). Between gestational ages E 8.5 to E 12.5, beta-gal expression was observed in the somites, the lateral walls of the posterior myelencephalon, the dorsal region and ventral wall of the spinal cord, spinal ganglia and prevertebrae and their surrounding mesenchyme, between presumptive ribs, as well as in mesenchymal layers in the lung, kidney and portions of the gut. Expression was also noted in the pancreas and in the supporting cells and sheath around subsets of peripheral nerves, sites that had not been detected previously. Adult expression was observed in testes, specifically in meiotic and post-meiotic male germ cells. In contrast, transgenic mice carrying 5' deletions of the construct which leave approx. 1.2 kb or approx. 2.0 kb of Hox-1.4 sequence 5' to the embryonic promoter, did not exhibit beta-gal staining. These deletion experiments defined at least one cis-acting control element necessary for the expression of the Hox-1.4 gene to a 2 kb region located 2 to 4 kb 5' of the embryonic transcription start site.
Novel Mutation in Spectrin-like Repeat 1 of Dystrophin Central Domain Causes Protein Misfolding and Mild Becker Muscular Dystrophy (2012)

Mutations in the dystrophin gene without disruption of the reading frame often lead to Becker muscular dystrophy, but a genotype/phenotype correlation is difficult to establish. Amino acid substitutions may disrupt binding capacities of dystrophin and have a major impact on the functionality of this protein. We have identified two brothers (ages 8 and 10 years) with very mild proximal weakness, recurrent abdominal pain, and moderately elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Gene sequencing revealed a novel mutation in exon 11 of the dystrophin gene (c.1280T>C) leading to a L427P amino acid substitution in repeat 1 of the central rod domain. Immunostaining of skeletal muscle showed weak staining of the dystrophin region encoded by exons 7 and 8 corresponding to the end of the actin-binding domain 1 and the N-terminal part of hinge 1. Spectrofluorescence and circular dichroism analysis of the domain repeat 1-2 (R1-2) revealed partial misfolding of the L427P mutated protein as well as a reduced refolding rate after denaturation. Based on computational homology models of the wild-type and mutated R1-2, a molecular dynamics study showed an alteration in the flexibility of the structure, which also strongly affects the conformational space available in the N-terminal region of the fragment. Our results suggest that this missense mutation hinders the dynamic properties of the entire N-terminal region of dystrophin.
Effect of the chemopreventive agents piroxicam and D,L-<i>α</i>-difluoromethylornithine on intermediate biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis (1992)

Our previous studies have shown that dietary piroxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and D,L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor, act as potential chemopreventive agents in inhibiting azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. The present study was designed to determine the effect of these chemopreventive agents on intermediate biomarkers, namely colonic epithelial cell proliferation and levels of prostaglandins, which can be used as effective predictors of colon cancer. Starting at 6 weeks of age, groups of animals were fed the control diet and experimental diets containing piroxicam or DFMO. At 7 weeks of age, all animals, except the vehicle controls, were injected s.c. with AOM at a dose level of 15 mg/kg body wt/week for 4 weeks. Vehicle controls received an equal volume of normal saline. Groups of animals were then killed at the end of last AOM or saline injection (baseline) and at week 4, 16, 24 and 32 following the last AOM or saline treatment. Animals intended for cell proliferation study were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at a dose level of 20 mg/kg body wt 1 h prior to being killed. The rate of colonic cell proliferation at all time points was assessed immunohistochemically using anti-BrdU. The levels of colonic mucosal prostaglandins were estimated by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate that carcinogen treatment increased the colonic cell proliferation measured as the crypt labeling index in proximal and distal colons and the concentrations of colonic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-keto PGF1 alpha. The data demonstrate that DFMO significantly inhibited the AOM-induced labeling index in the distal and proximal colon at all time points, whereas piroxicam slightly decreased the labeling index. On the other hand, piroxicam exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect on the levels of both PGE2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha. DFMO suppressed the colonic PGE2 levels to a lesser degree than piroxicam. The results demonstrate that DFMO, an inhibitor of ODC, suppresses cell proliferation, whereas piroxicam, a NSAID, inhibits prostaglandins, and emphasize the need to develop agent-dependent intermediate biomarker(s) to validate the efficacy of chemopreventive agent(s) in colon carcinogenesis.
Linear time adaptive arithmetic coding (1990)

The issue of how arithmetic coding should be implemented is addressed. A data structure is described and shown to support adaptive arithmetic coding on an arbitrary-sized alphabet in time linear in the size of the inputs and outputs. Experimental results that show the method to be useful even on relatively small alphabets are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Involvement of Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase-1 on Angiotensin II-Induced Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression (2003)

Angiotensin II induced MCP-1 gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts. The angiotensin II-induced activation of ASK-1 followed by p38MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling in cardiac fibroblasts is partially involved in myocardial MCP-1 expression.
Adaptive localization for mobile robots in urban environments using low-cost sensors and enhanced topological map (2011)

This paper presents a technique for accurate localization of mobile robots using an enhanced topological map and using the low-cost sensors such as wheel odometer, global positioning system (GPS), and mono-camera. The localization framework is based on EKF to fuse the sensor data and the topological map. The sensor data include the positions of traffic marks measured by camera and topological map having the actual positions of traffic marks extracted from aerial or satellite images in advance. Our approach obtains the adaptive parameter for EKF localization by matching two positions, measured by camera and extracted from topological map, on each traffic mark. The adaptive parameter reflects the geographical characteristics, e.g. hill, corner, and road surfaces. The proposed method has shown high accuracy result and apparently better performance of the EKF localization with adaptive parameter. The proposed method is economically feasible and practically applicable to commercial robots using the low-cost sensors and providing the reliable localization services.