gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ga-doped ZnO single-crystal nanotips grown on fused silica by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (2003)

In situ Ga-doped ZnO nanotips were grown on amorphous fused silica substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Structural, optical, and electrical properties of as-grown ZnO nanotips are investigated. Despite the amorphous nature of fused silica substrates, Ga-doped ZnO nanotips are found to be single crystalline and oriented along the c-axis. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Ga-doped ZnO nanotips are dominated by near-band-edge emission with negligible deep-level emission. The increase in PL intensity from Ga doping has been attributed to the increase of Ga donor-related impurity emission. Current–voltage characteristics of the ZnO nanotips are measured by conductive-tip atomic force microscopy, which shows the conductivity enhancement due to Ga doping.
In vitro fabrication of functional three-dimensional tissues with perfusable blood vessels (2013)

In vitro fabrication of functional vascularized three-dimensional tissues has been a long-standing objective in the field of tissue engineering. Here we report a technique to engineer cardiac tissues with perfusable blood vessels in vitro. Using resected tissue with a connectable artery and vein as a vascular bed, we overlay triple-layer cardiac cell sheets produced from coculture with endothelial cells, and support the tissue construct with media perfused in a bioreactor. We show that endothelial cells connect to capillaries in the vascular bed and form tubular lumens, creating in vitro perfusable blood vessels in the cardiac cell sheets. Thicker engineered tissues can be produced in vitro by overlaying additional triple-layer cell sheets. The vascularized cardiac tissues beat and can be transplanted with blood vessel anastomoses. This technique may create new opportunities for in vitro tissue engineering and has potential therapeutic applications.
Terahertz sensing and imaging using a quantum cascade laser (2011)

We demonstrate terahertz (THz) frequency imaging and sensing using a single quantum cascade laser (QCL) device for both generation and sensing of THz radiation. Detection is achieved by utilising the effect of self-mixing in the THz QCL, and specifically by monitoring perturbations to the voltage across the QCL induced by light reflected from an external object back into the laser cavity. Self-mixing offers high sensitivity, a potentially fast response, and a simple, compact optical design. We show that it can be used to obtain high-resolution reflection images of exemplar structures, as well as for the measurement of the displacement of a remote target, both with and without opaque (in the visible spectrum) materials in the beam path. We also demonstrate displacement sensing over a stand-off distance of 7m through air.
Blind Time and Frequency Synchronization in OFDM Based Communication (2006)

We present joint frame/symbol timing and carrier frequency offset estimation using the first data symbol in a frame, the first half of the first data symbol is identical to the second half in the time domain. Approximately maximum likelihood (ML) estimation is proposed for timing offset and a fractional part of the frequency offset based on both the first data symbol and its cyclic prefix (CP) in time domain. We also find a integer part of the frequency offset with virtual carriers in frequency domain. By the proposed method, the accuracy of the frame/symbol timing synchronization is definitely improved and the timing metric has a peak only at the correct start point of a frame. The performance of the proposed method is shown analytically and by simulation.
Changes in Milk Composition as Affected by Subclinical Mastitis in Sheep (2004)

The mechanism of the effects of glandular-level subclinical mastitis in dairy sheep on milk yield and on its composition as expressed in curd yield was studied. Thirty-six Israeli-Assaf dairy sheep with one udder half infected with identified coagulase-negative staphylococci and the contralateral gland free of bacteria were chosen. The milk yield of the infected halves was significantly lower than that of the uninfected ones (0.36 vs. 0.76 kg/milking). The somatic cell count and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity were significantly higher in the infected halves than in the uninfected ones. The plasminogen activator and plasmin (PL) activities were significantly higher in the infected glands than in the uninfected ones, whereas plasminogen (PLG) activity and the ratio PLG:PL were significantly lower in the infected glands. Concentrations of Ca2+ did not differ, whereas Ca2+ activity was significantly lower and proteose peptone concentration was 2.4 times as high in the infected glands than in the uninfected ones. Curd yield was significantly lower in the infected glands than in the uninfected ones.
CWSI and Stomatal Resistance of Cotton and Soybeans (1987)

A new instrument, Scheduler(TRADEMARK), has been developed to measure the onset and duration of plant water stress. This device consists of a sensor package (containing an infrared thermometer, a solar radiation sensor, a capacitance type relative humidity sensor and a thermistor) connected to a dedicated microprocessor. Proprietary algorithms for each crop in the microprocessor use measurements from the sensors to calculate an 'Idso type' crop water stress index. A field experiment was designed to test the Scheduler against an independent method of measuring plant water stress, stomatal resistance. Two crops were used, cotton and soybeans, as well as two irrigation treatments. A farmer's field was used near Steele, Missouri. The crop water stress indices and the lower surface stomatal resistance showed similar patterns for both cotton and soybeans, but the soybeans had slightly higher resistances at the same crop water stress index than did cotton. This indicates that the algorithms in the Scheduler are accurately characterizing the stress in both crops, but that the calibration of the cotton or soybean index may have small errors.
Approaching Near Optimal Detection Performance via Stochastic Resonance (2006)

This paper considers the stochastic resonance (SR) effect in the two hypotheses signal detection problem. Performance of a SR enhanced detector is derived in terms of the probability of detection P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D </sub> and the probability of false alarm P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FA</sub> . Furthermore, the conditions required for potential performance improvement using SR are developed. Expression for the optimal stochastic resonance noise pdf which renders the maximum po without increasing P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FA</sub> is derived. By further strengthening the conditions, this approach yields the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) receiver. Finally, detector performance comparisons are made between the optimal SR noise, Gaussian, uniform and optimal symmetric pdf noises
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers for robotic sensing applications (2004)

Ultrasonic ranging is the most common method used in robotic systems for distance or proximity sensing. The heart of the method is an ultrasonic transducer that emits and detects ultrasound. There are mainly two types of transducers existing in the market today; piezoelectric and electrostatic. In this paper, we propose the use of a new type of transducer, which is capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT). CMUTs were introduced about a decade ago, and were shown to be a good alternative for conventional transducers in various aspects, such as sensitivity, efficiency and bandwidth. CMUTs are basically the micromachined versions of the electrostatic transducers. Many enhanced features of the transducer are enabled with the micromachining technology. Micromachining allows miniaturization of the device dimensions and produces capacitive transducers that outperform their piezoelectric and electrostatic counterparts. This paper describes the fabrication process briefly, and the performance of the CMUT transducers is evaluated by demonstrating characterization results. It is also shown that CMUTs can be used for pulse-echo measurements in air up to MHz frequencies.
Gain-switching and mode-locking of quantum cascade lasers (2002)

We demonstrated gain-switching of several 5 and 8-/spl mu/m quantum cascade lasers. In particular, these devices were driven with fast (- 90 psec) electrical pulses produced by a commercial step-recovery diode (comb generator). The corresponding optical pulses were directly measured with a high-speed quantum-well infrared photodetector (QWIP), a photoconductive detector also based on intersubband transitions in semiconductor quantum wells.
Analysis Of Nonlinear Optical Correlation (1989)

A nonlinear joint transform image correlator is investigated. The Fourier transform interference intensity is thresholded to provide higher correlation peak intensity and better defined correlation spot. Analytical expressions for the thresholded joint power spectrum is provided. The effects of the nonlinearity at the Fourier plane on the correlation signals at the output plane is investigated. The correlation signals are determined in terms of the nonlinear characteristics of the spatial light modulator (SLM) at the Fourier plane. We show that thresholding the interference intensity results in a sum of infinite harmonic terms. Each harmonic term is envelope modulated due to the nonlinear characteristics of the device, and phase modulated by m times the phase modulation of the nonthresholded joint power spectrum. The correct phase information about the correlation signal is recovered for the first order harmonic of the thresholded interference intensity. We show that various types of correlation signals can be produced simply by varying the severity of the nonlinearity and without the need to synthesize the specific matched filter. For example, a phase-only correlation signal is produced by selecting the appropriate nonlinearity.
A quench-age method for the fabrication of Nb(Al) superconductors (1977)

The possibility of taking advantage of the extended, high temperature solid solubility of Al in Nb in order to produce composite Nb-Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Al superconductors was investigated. Rapid quenching after an elevated (1950°C) solution treatment makes it possible to retain at room temperature a metastable solid solution containing up to 21 at.% Al. The solid solution transforms into the A-15 phase in the course of a short and relatively low temperature(1000°C) aging treatment. The inductively measured onset of superconductivity was 17.6 K in a 100 μm thick core of Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Al embedded in a Nb matrix and prepared by the quench-age method.
Dynamic maintenance of web indexes using landmarks (2003)

Recent work on incremental crawling has enabled the indexed document collection of a search engine to be more synchronized with the changing World Wide Web. However, this synchronized collection is not immediately searchable, because the keyword index is rebuilt from scratch less frequently than the collection can be refreshed. An inverted index is usually used to index documents crawled from the web. Complete index rebuild at high frequency is expensive. Previous work on incremental inverted index updates have been restricted to adding and removing documents. Updating the inverted index for previously indexed documents that have changed has not been addressed.In this paper, we propose an efficient method to update the inverted index for previously indexed documents whose contents have changed. Our method uses the idea of landmarks together with the diff algorithm to significantly reduce the number of postings in the inverted index that need to be updated. Our experiments verify that our landmark-diff method results in significant savings in the number of update operations on the inverted index.
Controlling Electron Overflow in Phosphor-Free InGaN/GaN Nanowire White Light-Emitting Diodes (2012)

We have investigated for the first time the impact of electron overflow on the performance of nanowire light-emitting diodes (LEDs) operating in the entire visible spectral range, wherein intrinsic white light emission is achieved from self-organized InGaN quantum dots embedded in defect-free GaN nanowires on a single chip. Through detailed temperature-dependent electroluminescence and simulation studies, it is revealed that electron leakage out of the device active region is primarily responsible for efficiency degradation in such nanowire devices, which in conjunction with the presence of nonradiative surface recombination largely determines the unique emission characteristics of nanowire light-emitting diodes. We have further demonstrated that electron overflow in nanowire LEDs can be effectively prevented with the incorporation of a p-doped AlGaN electron blocking layer, leading to the achievement of phosphor-free white light-emitting diodes that can exhibit for the first time virtually zero efficiency droop for injection currents up to ~2200 A/cm(2). This study also provides unambiguous evidence that Auger recombination is not the primary mechanism responsible for efficiency droop in GaN-based nanowire light-emitting diodes.
Blind Separation of Radio Signals in Fading Channels (1997)

We apply information maximization / maximum likelihood blind source separation [2, 6] to complex valued signals mixed with complex valued nonstationary matrices. This case arises in radio communications with baseband signals. We incorporate known source signal distributions in the adaptation, thus making the algorithms less &quot;blind&quot;. This results in drastic reduction of the amount of data needed for successful convergence. Adaptation to rapidly changing signal mixing conditions, such as to fading in mobile communications, becomes now feasible as demonstrated by simulations. 1 Introduction In SDMA (spatial division multiple access) the purpose is to separate radio signals of interfering users (either intentional or accidental) from each others on the basis of the spatial characteristics of the signals using smart antennas, array processing, and beamforming [5, 8]. Supervised methods typically use a variant of LMS (least mean squares), either gradient based, or algebraic, to adapt the c...
FC18 Clinical outcome following therapeutic vaccination with autologous mRNA electroporated dendritic cell vaccines in patients with advanced melanoma (2010)

Introduction mRNA electroporated autologous dendritic cells (DC) are being developed as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Potential advantages include the presentation of all potential tumor antigen confined epitopes by the patient's own HLA-molecules and the possibility for co-electroporation of RNA that improves the immunostimulatory capacity of the DC-vaccine. Methods Immature DCs (derived from PBMC obtained by leucapheresis and cultured for 6 days in IL-4/GM-CSF supplemented medium) were electroporated with synthetic mRNA encoding a fusion protein between MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-C2, Tyrosinase, MelanA/MART-1 or gp100, and DC-LAMP. DC were co-electroporated for the purpose of maturation with either poly I:poly C12U or mRNA encoding a constitutive activated TLR-4 receptor, CD70 and CD40-ligand). DC (12.5 106/antigen) were administered by 4 to 6 ID-injections q2w, and q8w thereafter. Interferon alfa-2b (IFN-a2b, 5 MIU TIW) was initiated at progression (cohort 1), concomitant (cohorts 2 and 3) or following the 4th vaccine (cohort 4). Results A total of 70 melanoma pts were recruited. Baseline characteristics: 44M/26F; med age: 46 y (range 27–75); AJCC stage III: 30, IV-M1a: 8, -M1b: 6, -M1c: 26; WHO-PS 0: 46, 1: 19, 2: 5; serum LDH nl.: 59, -elevated: 13; primary of the H/N: 11, trunk/limbs: 48, acral: 5, unknown: 6; ulcerated primary: 12, -not ulcerated: 13, -unknown: 45. A total of 466 DC-vaccines were administered (median/pt: 6, range 2–18). Vaccine related AE's: gr2 local injection site reactions: all pts; gr2 fever/lethargy: 3 pt; gr3 constitutional IFN-a2b side effects: 5 pt; skin depigmentation: 11 pt. Fifteen out of 30 pts without evaluable disease (ED) at baseline have relapsed, 3 have died (median RFS & OS not reached). The tumor response among 40 pts with ED at baseline: 14 SD (36%) according to RECIST; 2 CR, 2 PR and 14 SD (DCR 48%) according to immune related response criteria (irRC). The mOS for ED pts is 13 mths (95% CI 11–15). Baseline LDH was the only independent prognostic baseline covariable (P<0.001), and disease control by irRC was the strongest surrogate marker for OS (P<0.001). DCR by irRC retained its significance as an independent prognostic surrogate marker for TTP and OS when analyzed by Cox multivariate logistic regression (P<0.01). Conclusion Therapeutic vaccination with autologous mRNA electroporated DC combined with IFN-a2b is feasible, safe, and has anti-tumor activity in a subset of patients with advanced melanoma. A significant correlation between activity by irRC and survival was identified. Stratification by baseline LDH and the use of irRC is indicated in future studies with mRNA electroporated DC-vaccines.
Development of delivery, targeting, and imaging strategies to improve oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2015)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a disease with rising incidence, limited treatment options and poor prognosis, representing a major worldwide health concern. Due to the vast deficit of viable treatment options, oncolytic viruses have emerged as promising alternative therapies to specifically target and lyse tumor cells. We have previously demonstrated the safety and efficacy of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) applied via hepatic arterial infusion to treat orthotopic HCC in immune-competent rats, and based on encouraging data such as these, a recombinant VSV vector has recently entered the clinic in phase I trials for HCC in patients. Although systemic administration of oncolytic viral therapies is ideal for targeting metastatic disease, the efficacy of such an approach is extremely compromised due to rapid clearance from circulation as a result of neutralizing blood components and non-specific uptake by liver and spleen. Furthermore, the complex microenvironment in the liver poses a unique set of challenges to the fate of oncolytic viral therapies directed at hepatic tumors. Although attempts to shield viruses from adverse interactions have led to increased circulation times in vivo, they are also associated with decreased infectivity of the target cells. We have therefore developed several strategies, including novel cell carrier and synthetic shielding approaches, to simultaneously protect VSV from nonspecific interactions and deliver it specifically to the tumor target, where it can exert its oncolytic effect. Because a variety of immune cells possess the inherent ability to take up oncolytic virus and subsequently home to tumor beds, they offer the unique dual benefit of delivering viruses in stealth, while contributing to antitumor immune responses. Alternatively, synthetic polymers can provide highly effective shielding through surface modification of oncolytic viruses and have the advantage of being adaptable to optimize the shielding effect. Through the incorporation of targeting ligands or selectively cleavable linkers, the ability of the virus to infect is then rescued locally and specifically at the tumor site. Furthermore, advancement of imaging technologies allows us the possibility to monitor the biodistribution of these shielded viruses to observe the circulation time and replication kinetics noninvasively and in real-time, which will further facilitate the clinical translation of oncolytic virus therapies. A summary of these novel approaches to enhance oncolytic VSV accumulation within orthotopic HCC tumors and improve the therapy outcome, as well as virus imaging strategies, will be presented.
On optimality of data clustering for packet-level memory-assisted compression of network traffic (2014)

Recently, we proposed a framework called memory-assisted compression that learns the statistical properties of the sequence-generating server at intermediate network nodes and then leverages the learnt models to overcome the inevitable redundancy (overhead) in the universal compression of the payloads of the short-length network packets. In this paper, we prove that when the content-generating server is comprised of a mixture of parametric sources, label-based clustering of the data to their original sequence-generating models from the mixture is optimal almost surely as it achieves the mixture entropy (which is the lower bound on the average codeword length). Motivated by this result, we present a K-means clustering technique as the proof of concept to demonstrate the benefits of memory-assisted compression performance. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach by matching the expected improvements predicted by theory on man-made mixture sources. Finally, the benefits of the cluster-based memory-assisted compression are validated on real data traffic traces demonstrating more than 50% traffic reduction on average in data gathered from wireless users.
Treatment of Strontium Hexaferrite Powder Synthesized Conventionally to Produce High Coercivity (1997)

Strontium hexaferrite powder, produced conventionally from strontium carbonate and iron oxide has been treated in nitrogen and hydrogen atmospheres and then calcined in air. Magnetic measurements after the gas treatment stage indicated a marked decrease of intrinsic coercivity and an increase in saturation magnetisation. During the calcination stage there was a recovery of the magnetic properties. The material now exhibited a remanence and saturation magnetisation close to that of the starting hexaferrite, but a very much higher intrinsic coercivity. The highest coercivity obtained was around 400 kA/m, which is very high for a hexaferrite powder, particularly one synthesized conventionally, without extensive milling. The high coercivity was attributed to a much finer grain size.
Effects of Culture Conditions on the Growth of Usneaceae Lichen Tissue Cultures (1987)

Conditions influencing the in vitro growth of tissues from Usneaceae (sens, lat.) species were investigated. Thallus segments of all species except the alpine lichen grew at 20°C on malt-yeast extract agar medium in the dark. Tissues of the subtropical lichen grew at 29°C, but those of other species did not. Cultured U. longissima tissues grew rapidly to about 13 times the initial weight in 12 weeks of culture on Lilly-Barnett medium containing 2% mannitol. D-Asparagine promoted the growth of cultured lichen tissues, as did the corresponding L-amino acid. Cultured tissues derived from different lichen species used different sugars and amino acids. Addition of vitamins, phytohormones, and nucleic acid derivatives did not accelerate growth