gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scaling floating-body DRAM: Rationale for a refined 2T Cell (2010)

SOI floating-body (IT) DRAM cells (FBCs) are of much interest today mainly because of integration problems associated with the storage capacitor of conventional 1T/1C DRAM in sub-50nm CMOS technology. Two fully depleted (FD) FBCs appear to have the best scaling potential: the planar thin-BOX FD/SOI MOSFET, and the quasi-planar doublegate (DG) FinFET. The authors first examine, via 2-D and 3-D numerical simulations, the scalability of these IT DRAM cells as implied by the memory margin and its dependence on the transistor body (UTB) thickness (t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Si</sub> ). Then, after showing and explaining significant margin losses in both devices as they are scaled to nanoscale gate lengths (L ), the authors argue that better scalability is achievable in a 2T FBC, or floating-body/gate cell (FBGC), that the authors have previously presented, and describe a novel refinement of the FBGC that yields very long charge/data retention times without undermining the good DRAM performance.
Measurement of Residual Thermal Stress and Its Distribution on Silicon Nitride Ceramics Joined to Metals with Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (1990)

Residual thermal stress on the ceramics joined to metals was determined with a reflection-type acoustic microscope. This report is concerned with an apparatus for measuring surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagation velocity and an analytical method for determining residual thermal stress from the change in SAW velocity as well as the results obtained for the silicon nitride ceramics joined to stainless steel with Ni/W/Ni interlayers.The maximum stress in the vicinity of the ceramic/metal interface, which was tension in nature, was estimated to be 400, 200, and 600 MPa for joints with 0.5 mm Ni (A), 1.25 mm Ni (B), and 2.0 mm Ni (C) interlayers. The stress decreased gradually with the distance from the ceramic/metal interface for the joint C, whereas for the joint A the stress profile was complex, showing a small compressive stress at a distance of 0.7 mm and a maximum tensile stress between 1 and 2 mm. For the joint B, the tensile stress was relatively low all over the ceramics. A four-point bending test at room temperature showed that joints A and C had a relatively low fracture strength, while the joint B had the highest strength of 230 MPa, because of low residual thermal stress.It is proposed that the scanning acoustic microscope shows considerable promise for the non-destructive evaluation of the stress and stress distribution at the ceramic surface of ceramic/metal joints.
Colorimetric Screening of DNA‐Binding Molecules with Gold Nanoparticle Probes (2006)

DNA-verknüpfte Nanopartikelaggregate eignen sich zum colorimetrischen Screening DNA bindender Moleküle. Die Schmelztemperatur der Nanopartikelaggregate steigt in Gegenwart von Molekülen, die DNA stark binden. Die Stärke der Bindung an DNA ergibt sich daher aus der Verschiebung dieses scharfen Schmelzübergangs, der sich in einem Farbwechsel von Blau nach Rot ausdrückt (siehe Bild). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z504277_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Enhancement of Electrocatalytic Activity for both Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions of a Perovskite Oxide (2022)

We have used both experimental and computational methods to show the significant impact of the incorporation of a 4d metal, Mo, into the perovskite oxide Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF), which is known as a benchmark electrocatalyst for the anodic reaction of water-splitting. We demonstrate the enhanced electrocatalytic properties of the resulting catalytic material, Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.5Mo0.5O3 (BaSrCoMoO6), where the presence of the 4d metal Mo leads to the formation of a double perovskite structure, as opposed to the simple perovskite structure of BSCF. The consequence of this transformation is the enhancement of the electrocatalytic properties of BaSrCoMoO6 over BSCF for both half reactions of water-splitting, i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Furthermore, BaSrCoMoO6 shows electrocatalytic activity for HER and OER in bulk form without additives, even carbon black, which is commonly added to HER and OER catalysts, including BSCF. Experiments for BaSrCoMoO6 with or without carbon black lead to similar overpotentials. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the effect of the structural transformation on the shift of the transition metal d bands toward the Fermi level, which correlates with the enhanced electrocatalytic activity.
A novel method of random equivalent sampling with full-digital reconstruction (2019)

Due to the capability of waveform recovery and reconstruction for periodic signals with multiple times of converter's sampling rate, random equivalent sampling (RES) technology is widely used in the data acquisition system design of modern radar, resource exploration, test measurement and other fields. Traditional RES has the disadvantages of complicated circuit design and low reconstruction efficiency. A novel full-digital method in this paper is proposed for the RES by utilizing a digital trigger positioning and local interpolation rather than time-to-digital circuit (TDC). By taking advantage of local interpolation with the sampled points around the trigger level, the time interval between the trigger point and the first sampled point after the trigger can be obtained from each random sampling. And then these intervals are employed to reconstruct all sampled data of several sample times into a new waveform of higher equivalent sampling rate. The simulation shows that the proposed method can improve the sampling rate remarkably for the signal which varies monotonically before and after the trigger time. It can be used as an important post-processing supplement to real-time sampling for complex signals featuring low base frequency and high order harmonics.
MM-wave near-field scanning resistivity microscope (2002)

We have used a near field mm-wave scanning probe to image resistivity of different materials. We compare the near-field to the far-field imaging and find an optimal distance range for the near-field imaging.
PmpG <sub>303-311</sub> , a Protective Vaccine Epitope That Elicits Persistent Cellular Immune Responses in Chlamydia muridarum-Immune Mice (2012)

Urogenital Chlamydia serovars replicating in reproductive epithelium pose a unique challenge to host immunity and vaccine development. Previous studies have shown that CD4 T cells are necessary and sufficient to clear primary Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infections in the mouse model, making a protective CD4 T cell response a logical endpoint for vaccine development. Our previous proteomics studies identified 13 candidate Chlamydia proteins for subunit vaccines. Of those, PmpG-1 is the most promising vaccine candidate. To further that work, we derived a PmpG(303-311)-specific multifunctional Th1 T cell clone, designated PmpG1.1, from an immune C57BL/6 mouse and used it to investigate the presentation of the PmpG(303-311) epitope by infected epithelial cells. Epithelial presentation of the PmpG(303-311) epitope required bacterial replication, occurred 15 to 18 h postinfection, and was unaffected by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) pretreatment. Unlike epitopes recognized by other Chlamydia-specific CD4 T cell clones, the PmpG(303-311) epitope persisted on splenic antigen-presenting cells (APC) of mice that cleared primary genital tract infections. PmpG1.1 was activated by unmanipulated irradiated splenocytes from immune mice without addition of exogenous Chlamydia antigen, and remarkably, activation of PmpG1.1 by unmanipulated immune splenocytes was stronger 6 months postinfection than it was 3 weeks postinfection. Enhanced presentation of PmpG(303-311) epitope on splenic APC 6 months postinfection reflects some type of "consolidation" of a protective immune response. Understanding the antigen-presenting cell populations responsible for presenting PmpG(303-311) early (3 weeks) and late (6 months) postinfection will likely provide important insights into stable protective immunity against Chlamydia infections of the genital tract.
Polygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein accumulates in <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. in response to wounding, elicitors and fungal infection (1994)

Polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) is a cell wall-associated protein that specifically binds to and inhibits the activity of fungal endopolygalacturonases. The Phaseolus vulgaris gene encoding PGIP has been cloned and characterized. Using a fragment of the cloned pgip gene as a probe in Northern blot experiments, it is demonstrated that the pgip mRNA accumulates in suspension-cultured bean cells following addition of elicitor-active oligogalacturonides or fungal glucan to the medium. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific for PGIP were generated against a synthetic peptide designed from the N-terminal region of PGIP; the antigenicity of the peptide was enhanced by coupling to KLH. Using the antibodies and the cloned pgip gene fragment as probes in Western and Northern blot experiments, respectively, it is shown that the levels of PGIP and its mRNA are increased in P. vulgaris hypocotyls in response to wounding or treatment with salicylic acid. Using gold-labeled goat-anti-rabbit secondary antibodies in EM studies, it has also been demonstrated that, in bean hypocotyls infected with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the level of PGIP preferentially increases in those cells immediately surrounding the infection site. The data support the hypothesis that synthesis of PGIP constitutes an active defense mechanism of plants that is elicited by signal molecules known to induce plant defense genes.
Principles and satellite applications of the information-efficient spectral imaging sensor (1997)

Remote sensing by satellite is increasingly important to the national government for treaty verification, battlefield monitoring, and other activities. In addition, civilian oriented applications are increasing in areas such as geology, meteorology, ecology, forestry, and agriculture. Spectral imaging sensors, an important subclass of satellite-borne sensors, have been shown to provide information far superior to that of conventional panchromatic images in many of these applications. However, spectral imaging adds at least two challenges to the already difficult task of viewing the earth from a distance of hundreds of kilometers. First, with numerous spectral channels, the signal-to-noise ratio is decreased in any one channel. Second the data rates of spectral imaging sensors (10 Mbytes/sec, or more) stress the limits of the electronic systems, including the onboard data storage, the downlink bandwidth, and the earthbound image analysis system. This report describes a new concept which the authors have dubbed the information-efficient spectral imaging sensor (ISIS) which addresses these two problems. In addition, it offers the promise of nearly real-time identification of targets.
Millimeter-wave Synthesizer Based on Microresonator Soliton Dual-comb Photomixing (2019)

We propose a tunable millimeter-wave synthesizer design based on microresonator soliton dual-comb photomixing. The generated 50-500 GHz signal is expected to reproduce the stability of a microwave reference clock.
The specificity of anti-carbamylated protein antibodies for rheumatoid arthritis in a setting of early arthritis (2015)

Anti-CarP antibodies are predominantly present in RA but can also be detected in other forms of arthritis.
Minimum-free-energy method of spectral estimation: autocorrelation-sequence approach (1990)

A new method of parametric spectral estimation, which is called minimum-free-energy (MFE) estimation, is introduced. The MFE method produces a generic theoretic estimation model that is particularly relevant to signal-analysis problems that suffer from incomplete and/or noisy data. In the general MFE formulation, the objective function is defined as a linear combination of a mean-square-error-energy expression and a signal entropy expression. This objective function form is analogous to a free-energy function in statistical thermodynamics. The negative coefficient of the entropy term is represented by an effective signal-processing temperature that drives noise-induced fluctuations in the statistical model. The model parameters that characterize the spectrum are determined commensurate with a minimum of the objective function. The mathematical details and solution methods are developed for a specific embodiment of the MFE method, called the MFE-ACS method, in which the error energy is defined as the window-weighted sum of the absolute square of the difference between the initial and final estimated values of the autocorrelation sequence. The order of the autocorrelation sequence used corresponds to the parametric model order for the spectral estimation procedure. Simulations for a variety of narrow-band and broadband test signals and combinations thereof are presented. These simulations are performed for a variety of signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) scenarios. The MFE algorithms have a broad application domain because they are not restricted to narrow-band sources as are the signal–noise-subspace algorithms. The MFE-ACS algorithm is shown to compare quite favorably with the signal-subspace Tufts–Kumaresan noise-reduced modified-covariance algorithm for closely separated narrow-band sources in the low-SNR regime (∼10 dB).
Desaturase Genes And Their Use (Patent US 6897050 B1) (2005)

cDNA encoding C. elegans Delta<SUP>6 </SUP>desaturase has been cloned and sequenced, and the Delta<SUP>6 </SUP>desaturase amino acid sequence has been determined: The C. elegans Delta<SUP>6 </SUP>desaturase has a surprisingly low level of sequence identity with the known borage Delta<SUP>6 </SUP>desaturase. The C. elegans Delta<SUP>6 </SUP>desaturase has been expressed in yeast. It and other desaturases can be cloned in host organisms (e.g. plants) and can be used to provide useful metabolites.
Architecture for control (1984)

The authors describe a computer architecture for implementing real-time controllers. The concurrent processor architecture for control (CPAC) is optimized for computing the state transitions of a controller. While general purpose computers are optimized for data manipulation, CPAC is optimized for state manipulation since the states of a controller and the rules governing state transitions constitute a complete high-level description of a controller implementation. The CPAC architecture characterizes a controller in terms of the sets of continuous and discrete states of the system and logically as well as physically separates the two sets. This dichotomy results in a simpler specification of the rules for state transitions. For continuous states, the state equation representation of a continuous control is a convenient way to specify the behaviour of the controller; whereas for discrete states, boolean functions are a convenient way of specifying the behaviour of a discrete controller or a finite-state machine. Since a real controller generally requires interaction between its continuous and discrete states, a means must be provided for the continuous states to affect the discrete and vice versa. The CPAC architecture goes beyond the data manipulation capabilities of the conventional microprocessor to directly manipulate system states. The benefits of providingmore » architectural support for state manipulation are realized both in speed and design facility. The CPAC architecture is further a modular, extensible architecture-the basic controller element can be replicated over and over to tackle larger systems, thus lending itself to VLSI implementation. 13 references.« less
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5-Substituted Derivatives of the Potent Antiherpes Agent (north)-Methanocarbathymine (2003)

The conformationally locked nucleoside, (north)-methanocarbathymine (1a), is a potent and selective anti-herpes agent effective against herpes simplex type 1 (HSV1) and type 2 (HSV2) viruses. Hereby, we report on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a small set of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides belonging to the same class of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane nucleosides. Both the 5-bromovinyl (4) and the 5-bromo analogue (3) appeared to be exclusive substrates of HSV1 thymidine kinase (TK), contrasting with the 5-iodo analogue (2), which was significantly phosphorylated by the human cytosolic TK. The binding affinity constant and catalytic turnover for HSV1 TK were measured to assess the influence of the substitution on these parameters. In the plaque reduction and cytotoxicity assays, the 5-bromo analogue (3) showed good activity against HSV1 and HSV2 with less general toxicity than 1a. Against varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the north-locked 5-bromovinyl analogue (4) proved to be as potent as its conformationally unlocked 2'-deoxyriboside equivalent BVDU. The three compounds were also tested in vitro as prodrugs used in a gene therapy context on three osteosarcoma cell lines, either deficient in TK (TK(-)), nontransduced, or stably transduced with HSV1 TK. The 5-iodo compound (2, CC(50) 25 +/- 7 microM) was more efficient than ganciclovir (GCV, CC(50) 75 +/- 35 microM) in inhibiting growth of HSV1-TK transfected cells and less inhibitory than GCV toward TK(-) cells, whereas compound 3 inhibited transfected and nontransfected cell lines in a relatively similar dose-dependent manner.
Innovative approach to identify location of AMC source in cleanroom by inverse Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling (2012)

Airborne Molecular Contamination (AMC) can cause serious impact on semiconductor manufacturing process. AMC source must be found and removed immediately once AMC level is detected high. Due to the complicated airflow circulation and contamination dispersion, the current methodology to detect the leak source for AMC removal is not effective. In the new approach, the inverse modeling methodology developed by adjoint equation is utilized through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. It makes the quick identification of leak source possible, and thus quick responses can be made to remove the contamination. We verify the methodology successfully on a 2D cleanroom model.
A low-power 3-axis digital-output MEMS gyroscope with single drive and multiplexed angular rate readout (2011)

Motivated by the increasing demand of integrated inertial-sensing solutions for motion processing and dead-reckoning navigation in handheld devices and low cost GPS navigators, this paper reports the details of a 3-axis silicon MEMS vibratory gyroscope that fulfills the pressing market requirements for low power consumption, small size and low cost. Thanks to a compact mechanical design that combines a triple tuning-fork structure within a single vibrating element, our solution achieves satisfactory performance in terms of thermal stability, cross axis error, and acoustic noise immunity by using a small die size. Furthermore, the presence of a single primary vibration mode for the excitation of the 3 tuning-forks, together with the possibility of sensing the pickoff modes in a multiplexing fashion, allows to design a small-area, low-power ASIC.
<i>Ex Utero</i> Harvest of Hematopoietic Stem Cells From Placenta/Umbilical Cord With an Automated Collection System (2009)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the human placenta and umbilical cord blood (UCB) provide a rich source of highly proliferative cells for many clinical uses with advantages over traditional sources like the bone marrow and periphery blood. However, the key current constraint with this source of HSCs is the inadequate number of HSCs cells that can be harvested in a single collection using current approaches, which render a large number of collections unusable on their own, even for pediatric patients. This paper will present the development of a device to enable more efficient harvesting of HSCs from placentas, which can be used ex utero, upon the discharge of placentas after deliveries. The device can be used to facilitate a two-fraction collection process. Results, in terms of mononucleated cells (MNCs) count, CD34+ cells count, as well as flow cytometry, will be furnished to verify the effectiveness of the developed system.
θ-Defensins: Cyclic Peptides with Endless Potential (2012)

θ-Defensins, the only cyclic peptides of animal origin, have been isolated from the leukocytes of rhesus macaques and baboons. Their biogenesis is unusual because each peptide is an 18-residue chimera formed by the head-to-tail splicing of nonapeptides derived from two separate precursors. θ-Defensins have multiple arginines and a ladder-like tridisulfide array spanning their two antiparallel β-strands. Human θ-defensin genes contain a premature stop codon that prevents effective translation of the needed precursors; consequently, these peptides are not present in human leukocytes. Synthetic θ-defensins with sequences that correspond to those encoded within the human pseudogenes are called retrocyclins. Retrocyclin-1 inhibits the cellular entry of HIV-1, HSV, and influenza A virus. The rhesus θ-defensin RTD-1 protects mice from an experimental severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, and retrocyclin-1 protects mice from infection by Bacillus anthracis spores. The small size, unique structure, and multiple host defense activities of θ-defensins make them intriguing potential therapeutic agents.
The large scale synthesis of pure imidazolium and pyrrolidinium ionic liquids (2007)

Ionic liquids are being employed in almost all areas of chemistry and materials, yet there are inherent issues which arise if the utmost care is not taken in the preparation and purification of these materials. They are not easily synthesized and purified using the existing methods. We describe a reliable method for producing large quantities of high quality ionic liquids. Additionally, we show that imidazoliums are not ‘special’ due to their ‘inherently fluorescent’ nature, that spectroscopically clean imidazoliums are attainable, and most classes of ionic liquids do exhibit fluorescent backgrounds when extreme care is not taken during their synthesis and purification.