gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of genistein on melanin synthesis and in vivo whitening (2008)

The effect of genistein on melanin synthesis was studied using in vitro and in vivo model. Genistein inhibited melanin synthesis in cultured melan-a cells dose dependently. Tyrosinase activity was decreased by genistein treatment in melan-a cells, but genistein did not inhibit tyrosinase directly. Genistein did not affect the expression of tyrosinase in melan-a cells. Genistein inhibited the activity of -glucosidase in virtro and the glycosylation of tyrosinase in melan-a cells. The resulting unsaturated glycosylation of tyrosinase makes it unstable and disturb correct transportation. To further clarify the effect of genistein on the melanogenesis, we established UVB-induced hyperpigmentation on the shaved backs of brown guinea pigs. The animals were exposed to UVB radiation once a week for three consecutive weeks. Genistein (1 and 2%) or vehicle alone as a control were then topically applied to the hyperpigmented areas daily. Genistein showed significant lightening effect on the UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in five weeks. Depigmenting effect was prominent in 2% genistein treatment with Fontana-Masson staining. In conclusion, genistein may be a useful agent for skin whitening.
MicroRNA-152 and -181a participate in human dermal fibroblasts senescence acting on cell adhesion and remodeling of the extra-cellular matrix (2012)

Ageing of human skin is associated with phenotypic changes in the cutaneous cells; the major functional markers of ageing occur as consequences of dermal and epidermal cell senescence and of structural and compositional remodeling of normally long-lived dermal extracellular matrix proteins. Understanding the contribution of the dermal cells in skin ageing is a key question, since this tissue is particularly important for skin integrity and its properties can affect the epidermis. Several microRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of pathways involved in cellular senescence and exerted important effects on tissues ageing. In this study, we demonstrate that the expression of miR-152 and miR-181a increased during the human dermal fibroblasts senescence and that their overexpression, is sufficient to induce cellular senescence in early-passage cells. The increase of these miRNAs during cells senescence was accompanied by a decrease in integrin α5 and collagen XVI expression at mRNA and/or protein levels resulting in reduced cellular adhesion and suggesting extracellular matrix remodeling. These findings indicate that changes in miRNAs expression, by modulating the levels of adhesion proteins and extra-cellular matrix components, such as integrin α5 and collagen XVI, could contribute to the compositional remodelling of the dermis and epidermis occurring during skin aging.
Thioaluminate Polymer Complexes as Single-Ionic Solid Electrolytes (1998)

To improve the conductivity of recently reported single-ionic lithium orthoaluminate complex polymer electrolytes, the structure of the complex unit was changed from [Al(OR)4]- to [Al(SR)4]-, carrying a larger anion radius. The ionic conductivity of such thioaluminate polymer complexes was about 10-5 S cm-1at room temperature, which was about 102 times higher than that of previously reported aluminate complexes. The single-ionic nature of thioaluminate polymer complexes was confirmed by transport number.
Customized Advertising via a Common Media Distributor (2005)

We show that when a single media content distributor (such as a television cable company or an Internet provider) delivers advertising messages on behalf of multiple competing brands, it can sometimes utilize customized advertising to implement monopoly pricing. Even though such monopolistic pricing can be implemented with varying degrees of customization of commercials, product revenues and consumer surplus are highest when the distributor chooses the highest level of customization feasible. Consumers would, obviously, prefer aggressive price competition in product markets. However, given that collusion on prices is facilitated anyway, when the distributor acts as a common agent, the welfare of consumers is enhanced when commercials are better aligned with their preferences.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective One‐Pot N‐Monomethylation of 2‐Nitroanilines under PTC Conditions. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Chemical synthesis of dolichyl phosphates, their analogues and derivatives and application of these compounds in biochemical assays. (2007)

Several methods for simple and efficient chemical synthesis of dolichyl phosphates and their analogues and derivatives are briefly summarized with a special emphasis on chemical modification of phosphoryl group and preparation of dolichyl phosphates labelled at the omega-end and at the gamma-isoprene unit of the isoprene chain by fluorescent groups, 2-aminopyridine and 1-aminonaphtalene residues. Additionally, data on biochemical assays with application of the compounds mentioned above are presented.
Neurotoxic Species of Misfolded SOD1<sup>G93A</sup>Recognized by Antibodies Against the P2X<sub>4</sub>Subunit of the ATP Receptor Accumulate in Damaged Neurons of Transgenic Animal Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2010)

We recently reported that degenerating motor neurons of superoxide dismutase mutant 1 (SOD1) rodents exhibit immunoreactivity to P2X(4) antibodies. Neurons with strong P2X(4)-like immunoreactivity (P2X(4)-LIR) do not show an apoptotic phenotype and are often associated with microglial cells that display neuronophagic activity. Western blot analysis showed that P2X(4) antibodies recognize not only the P2X(4) adenosine triphosphate receptor protein but also a hitherto unidentified low-molecular weight band. Here, we identify the molecular counterpart of the strong P2X(4)-LIR observed in association with neuronal degeneration in SOD1 animals. After matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight, we found that the low-molecular weight P2X(4)-immunoreactive protein was SOD1. Further analysis demonstrated that the P2X(4) antibody recognizes a form of misfolded mutant SOD1 that is expressed in neuronal cells undergoing degeneration but not in glial cells. Cross-reactivity could have been caused by the abnormal exposure of an epitope in the inner hydrophobic region of SOD1 that shared structural homology with the P2X(4)-immunizing peptide used for raising the antibody. No positive P2X(4) immunostaining was detected in mice overexpressing human wild-type SOD1. Intracerebral injections of affinity chromatography-isolated P2X(4)-immunoreactive SOD1 species promote microglial and astroglial activation. We conclude that neuronal SOD1 conformers with P2X(4)-LIR may have pathogenetic relevance in the promotion of neuroinflammation.
Security Vulnerabilities in LoRaWAN (2018)

LoRaWAN is a MAC-layer protocol for long-range low-power communication. Since its release in 2015, it has experienced a rapid adoption in the field of Internet-of-Things (IoT). However, given that LoRaWAN is fairly novel, its level of security has not been thoroughly analyzed, which is the main objective of this paper. We highlight the security features present in LoRaWAN, namely activation methods, key management, cryptography, counter management, and message acknowledgement. Subsequently, we discover and analyze several vulnerabilities of LoRaWAN. In particular, we design and describe 5 attacks: (1) a replay attack that leads to a selective denial-of-service on individual IoT devices, (2) plaintext recovery, (3) malicious message modification, (4) falsification of delivery reports, and (5) a battery exhaustion attack. As a proof-of-concept, the attacks are implemented and executed in a controlled LoRaWAN environment. Finally, we discuss how these attacks can be mitigated or protected against.
HDAC1 activates FoxO and is both sufficient and required for skeletal muscle atrophy (2014)

The Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors are activated, and necessary for the muscle atrophy, in several pathophysiological conditions, including muscle disuse and cancer cachexia. However, the mechanisms that lead to FoxO activation are not well defined. Recent data from our laboratory and others indicate that the activity of FoxO is repressed under basal conditions via reversible lysine acetylation, which becomes compromised during catabolic conditions. Therefore, we aimed to determine how histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins contribute to activation of FoxO and induction of the muscle atrophy program. Through the use of various pharmacological inhibitors to block HDAC activity, we demonstrate that class I HDACs are key regulators of FoxO and the muscle-atrophy program during both nutrient deprivation and skeletal muscle disuse. Furthermore, we demonstrate, through the use of wild-type and dominant-negative HDAC1 expression plasmids, that HDAC1 is sufficient to activate FoxO and induce muscle fiber atrophy in vivo and is necessary for the atrophy of muscle fibers that is associated with muscle disuse. The ability of HDAC1 to cause muscle atrophy required its deacetylase activity and was linked to the induction of several atrophy genes by HDAC1, including atrogin-1, which required deacetylation of FoxO3a. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of class I HDACs during muscle disuse, using MS-275, significantly attenuated both disuse muscle fiber atrophy and contractile dysfunction. Together, these data solidify the importance of class I HDACs in the muscle atrophy program and indicate that class I HDAC inhibitors are feasible countermeasures to impede muscle atrophy and weakness.
Material Crystallinity as a Determinant of Triplet Dynamics and Oxygen Quenching in Donor Polymers for Organic Photovoltaic Devices (2013)

This paper is concerned with the photophysics of triplet excitons in conjugated donor polymers, and their quenching by molecular oxygen. These photophysics are assayed by transient absorption spectroscopy, and correlated with X‐ray diffraction measurements of relative material crystallinity. Eleven different donor polymers are considered, including representatives from several classes of donor polymers recently developed for organic solar cell applications. Triplet lifetimes in an inert (nitrogen) environment range from <100 ns to 5 μs. A remarkably quantitative correlation is observed between these triplet lifetimes and polymer XRD strength, with more crystalline polymers exhibiting shorter triplet lifetimes. Given the broad range of polymers considered, this correlation indicates that material crystallinity is the dominant factor determining triplet lifetime for the polymers studied herein. The rate constant for oxygen quenching of these triplet states, determined from a comparison of transient absorption data under inert and oxygen environments, also show a correlation with material crystallinity. Overall these dependencies result in the yield of oxygen quenching of polymer triplet states increasing strongly as the crystallinity of the polymer is reduced. These photophysical data are compared with photochemical stability of these donor polymers, assayed by photobleaching studies of polymer films under continuous light exposure in an oxygen environment. A partial correlation is observed, with the most stable polymers being the most crystalline, exhibiting negligible oxygen quenching yields. These results are discussed in terms of the likely origins of the correlations between material crystallinity and photophysics, and in terms of their implications for the environmental stability of such donor polymers in optoelectronic devices.
Ion recognition properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) (2006)

In the search for new sensors, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have gained intensive interest due to their nanometre size, highly-ordered structures, and molecular recognition properties. This article presents an overview of ion recognition at SAM-modified surface/solution interfaces, and brings up to date the most notable examples for the sensing of cations and anions. Sensing is achieved with SAMs containing redox active and inactive receptors using techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Current control of 12-pulse regenerative converter for 20 kA magnetic power supply (2003)

High current magnetic power supply for superconductivity coil of a tokamak requires fast dynamic performance of di/dt and smooth change over of current direction. To meet the specification high performance DSP-based controller is designed for 12-pulse thyristor dual converter with interphase transformer (IPT). Not only the total current of Y and /spl Delta/ converter units but also the difference for those should be regulated fast and accurately. Proportional and integral controller is designed for difference current control and the controller output is compensated to /spl Delta/ converter. A new algorithm for the calculation of the initial firing angle is proposed for the minimization of nonideal effect during the change over of dual converter currents.
Wireless whispering-gallery-mode sensor for thermal sensing and aerial mapping (2018)

The Internet of Things (IoT)<sup>1,2</sup> employs a large number of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical environments, e.g., temperature, humidity, and air pressure, and has many applications, including environmental monitoring<sup>3</sup>, health care monitoring<sup>4</sup>, smart cities<sup>5</sup>, and precision agriculture. A wireless sensor can collect, analyze, and transmit measurements of its environment<sup>1,2</sup>. Currently, wireless sensors used in the IoT are predominately based on electronic devices that may suffer from electromagnetic interference in many circumstances. Being immune to the electromagnetic interference, optical sensors provide a significant advantage in harsh environments<sup>6</sup>. Furthermore, by introducing optical resonance to enhance light-matter interactions, optical sensors based on resonators exhibit small footprints, extreme sensitivity, and versatile functionalities<sup>7,8</sup>, which can significantly enhance the capability and flexibility of wireless sensors. Here we provide the first demonstration of a wireless photonic sensor node based on a whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical resonator, in which light propagates along the circular rim of such a structure like a sphere, a disk, or a toroid by continuous total internal reflection. The sensor node is controlled via a customized iOS app. Its performance was studied in two practical scenarios: (1) real-time measurement of the air temperature over 12 h and (2) aerial mapping of the temperature distribution using a sensor node mounted on an unmanned drone. Our work demonstrates the capability of WGM optical sensors in practical applications and may pave the way for the large-scale deployment of WGM sensors in the IoT.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis of Hydrosilylation. Part 23. Effect of Substituents at Silicon on Unusual Hydrosilylation of Vinylsilanes Catalysed by Nickel Acetylacetonate. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A High-Performance Architecture of the Double-Mode Binary Coder for H.264.AVC (2008)

H.264/AVC offers critical advantages over other video compression schemes at the price of increased computational complexity. The efficiency of hardware video encoders depends on all modules embedded in the processing path. This paper presents the architecture of the H.264/AVC binary coder, which is the last stage of the video coder. The module conforms to H.264/AVC High Profile and supports two binary coding modes: context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) and context adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC). The architecture saves a considerable amount of hardware resources since two coding modes share the same logic and storage elements. Five versions of the arithmetic coding path are developed to study the area/performance tradeoff related to parallel symbol encoding. The implementation results show that the parallel symbol encoding allows higher efficiency. The whole architecture of the binary coder is described in VHDL and synthesized for different configurations to show the implementation cost of some coding options. For both CAVLC and CABAC modes, the architecture achieves the similar throughput able to support HDTV in real time.
Prediction of Mutational Tolerance in HIV-1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Using Flexible Backbone Protein Design (2012)

Predicting which mutations proteins tolerate while maintaining their structure and function has important applications for modeling fundamental properties of proteins and their evolution; it also drives progress in protein design. Here we develop a computational model to predict the tolerated sequence space of HIV-1 protease reachable by single mutations. We assess the model by comparison to the observed variability in more than 50,000 HIV-1 protease sequences, one of the most comprehensive datasets on tolerated sequence space. We then extend the model to a second protein, reverse transcriptase. The model integrates multiple structural and functional constraints acting on a protein and uses ensembles of protein conformations. We find the model correctly captures a considerable fraction of protease and reverse-transcriptase mutational tolerance and shows comparable accuracy using either experimentally determined or computationally generated structural ensembles. Predictions of tolerated sequence space afforded by the model provide insights into stability-function tradeoffs in the emergence of resistance mutations and into strengths and limitations of the computational model.
The intelligent microelectronics factory of the future (2002)

It is projected that semiconductor device manufacturing near the year 2000 will be carried out on silicon wafers as large as 300 mm in diameter. Minimum geometries will approach 0.18 mu m for the 1024 Mbit DRAM. Chip (device) sizes will be as large as 450 sq. mm. This will require a new manufacturing paradigm. It is projected that the factory of the future will come very close to actual intelligent microelectronic manufacturing. The factory computer will have dynamic planning and scheduling along with process/equipment diagnosis and prognosis. Cost-effective, highly reliable processing equipment will evolve based on a cluster concept. These computer-intensive, intelligent clusters of process equipment will be linked to the factory computer. The computer will download and change recipes for each wafer. Process control technology of the 1990s will used smart sensors in the equipment to drive the process to the target value. Model predictive process control with feedback and feedforward will replace traditional statistical process control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Computer-aided thermal management of electronic networks and devices using TLM (1991)

This article reviews the characteristics and current state of development of the transmission-line modelling (TLM) numerical technique in its application to thermal diffusion and related phenomena, within the context of the design of CAD tools for thermal management of devices and board layout.
POTATO INTRODUCTIONS AND BREEDING UP TO THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY (1983)

SUMMARY Following an outline of the great variation in the primitive cultivars and wild species of potatoes in Latin America, the history of introductions and breeding procedures is discussed. Although two introductions occurred in the 16th century there were only few early introductions, and only very few varieties were grown in the early 18th century. The appearance of virus diseases, which debilitated established varieties but did not pass through true seed, led to widespread selection among seedlings and a vast increase in the number of varieties grown in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The seedlings were from naturally‐set berries and most would be selfed derivatives; selection among them may have reduced the gene‐pool. Improvements made by this selection were such that most 19th century introductions appeared primitive and, with only two known exceptions, they were discarded. Blight appeared in the mid 19th century and eliminated almost all varieties, including a number which were probably virus resistant, thus further reducing the gene‐pool. T. A. Knight commenced deliberate crossing before 1810 but this practice did not become widespread until the second half of the 19th century. Breeding among the few survivors of the blight epidemics and the few new introductions led, by the early 20th century, to a great many varieties being grown, e.g. over 500 in Britain and over 50 in North America, but they represented only a very limited gene‐pool. The pedigrees of modern potato varieties show that, although several 20th century introductions may occur in their ancestries, generally 80% or more of their genes are derived from varieties grown early this century. An appendix illustrates this for the recent varieties Pentland Dell and Croft. It follows that the gene‐pool is still rather limited, and that modern varieties are somewhat inbred due to relationships between their parents and ancestors.
Prolonged monitoring of the blood-aqueous barrier with fluorescein-labeled albumin. (1986)

Aqueous fluorophotometry has proved to be a useful indicator of changes in the blood-aqueous barrier after surgical, immunologic, or laser manipulations. Previously used fluorescent tracers have been unable to follow rapid changes continuously in the blood-aqueous barrier. Fluorescein-labeled homologous serum albumin, however, provides extremely stable and high plasma levels of fluorescence due to active renal reabsorption with very low levels in the normal aqueous because of its high molecular weight. This feature allows prolonged, continuous, and highly sensitive monitoring of the blood-aqueous barrier before, during, and after a manipulation. The usefulness of this technique is demonstrated in a model that has been well studied with other methods: the response to argon laser iris photocoagulation.
The effect of laser osteotomy on bone healing (1981)

Abstract Osteotomy of the rat femur performed by the laser was compared to osteotomty made by a hand‐saw cut. It was noted that, radiographically and histologically, there was a delay in healing in the laser group, but biomechanical testing failed to reveal any significant difference in bone strength.