gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A T Cell‐ and Natural Killer Cell‐Specific, Trypsin‐like Serine Protease (1988)

A new trypsin-like serine protease was cloned from both a murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte and a human PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte cDNA library. In both the mouse and human system, this transcript had a T cell- and NK-specific distribution, being detected in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), some T-helper clones, and NK, but not in a variety of normal tissues. T-cell activation with Con A plus IL-2 induced mouse spleen cells to express this gene with kinetics correlating with the acquisition of cytolytic capacity. Both the mouse and human nucleotide sequences of this gene encoded an amino acid sequence with 25-40% identity to members of the serine protease family. The active-site "charge-relay" residues (His-57, Asp-102, and Ser-195 of the chymotrypsin numbering system) are conserved, as well as the trypsin-specific Asp (position 189 in trypsin). We reviewed the evidence of this serine protease's role in lymphocyte lysis and proposed a "lytic cascade." We discussed the biological and clinical implications of a cascade, proposing these enzymes as markers for cytolytic cells and as targets for rational drug therapy. Genetic and acquired deficits in the lethal hit-delivery system are considered as a basis for approaching some immunodeficiency states, including severe EBV infections, T-gamma leukemias, and T8+ lymphocytosis syndromes.
Post-development software architecture (2007)

Software architecture (SA) plays an important role in software development. Since the lifecycle stages post development become more and more important and face with many challenges similar to the development, it is a natural idea to introduce or extend SA into the stages post development. In this paper, we present our practices and experiences on applying software architecture into the deployment and maintenance of J2EE (Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition) applications, including the tool and principles of SA-based J2EE deployment and SA-based J2EE online maintenance. It demonstrates that 1) SA can help to achieve a holistic, fine-grained and automated deployment of large-scale distributed systems by visualizing the structure of the system to be deployed; 2) SA can provide an understandable, operational and global view for online maintenance by organizing the fragmented and trivial management mechanisms; 3) Extending SA into the stages post development makes it possible that the whole lifecycle of a software system can be governed by SA with many benefits, e.g. consistency, traceability, responsiveness, etc.
Immunogenicity of Multiple Doses of pDNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 (2021)

Since its identification in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has resulted in 46 million cases and more than one million deaths worldwide, as of 30 October 2020. Limited data exist on the magnitude and durability of antibodies generated by natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and whether they can provide long-lasting immunity from reinfection. Vaccination has proven the most effective measure for controlling and preventing pandemics and, thus, development of a vaccine against COVID-19 is a top priority. However, the doses required to induce effective, long-lasting antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 remain undetermined. Here, we present the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates encoding the viral spike (S) gene, generated using plasmid (p)DNA technology, and we demonstrate the eliciting of S-specific antibodies in mice after three and four doses. The magnitude of binding and neutralizing antibody responses with three doses of synthetic, codon-optimized, full-length S (S.opt.FL) vaccine is comparable to that generated after four doses, suggesting that three doses are sufficient to elicit robust immune responses. Conversely, four doses of S1.opt pDNA vaccine, containing the S globular head, are required to elicit high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the S.opt.FL pDNA vaccine induces the highest serum levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, a marker for activation of cellular immune responses. Overall, our data show that three doses of S.FL pDNA vaccine elicit potent neutralizing antibody responses, with preclinical data that support the immunogenicity of these COVID-19 vaccine candidates and provide justification for further translational studies.
Motion in Cardiovascular MR Imaging (2009)

Modern rapid magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques have led to widespread use of the modality in cardiac imaging. Despite this progress, many MR studies suffer from image degradation due to involuntary motion during the acquisition. This review describes the type and extent of the motion of the heart due to the cardiac and respiratory cycles, which create image artifacts. Methods of eliminating or reducing the problems caused by the cardiac cycle are discussed, including electrocardiogram gating, subject-specific acquisition windows, and section tracking. Similarly, for respiratory motion of the heart, techniques such as breath holding, respiratory gating, section tracking, phase-encoding ordering, subject-specific translational models, and a range of new techniques are considered.
<sup>2</sup>H NMR Studies of a Myristoylated Peptide in Neutral and Acidic Phospholipid Bicelles (1998)

Deuterium NMR spectra of Myr-d27-GNAAAAKKGSEQES (Cat14), the N-terminal 14-residue peptide from the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), illustrate how magnetically aligned neutral and acidic phospholipid bicelles can be used to characterize the ordering and mode of binding of peptides to membranes. Since Cat14 is electrically neutral, the major interaction responsible for binding is the insertion of the myristoyl group into the hydrophobic core of the bilayer. The inclusion of 25% phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylglycerol into phosphatidylcholine bicelles results in a moderate increase in the ordering of the peptide relative to the bicelle normal, presumably because of favorable electrostatic interactions between the phospholipid headgroups and the two lysines in positions 7 and 8. Successful preparation of acidic bicelles was achieved by careful adjustment of lipid composition, pH and ionic strength.
Suspensions of colloidal plates in a nematic liquid crystal: a small angle x-ray scattering study (2004)

Suspensions of anisometric particles in the nematic phase of a liquid crystalline host solvent were prepared. We chose Claytone AF, a commercial quaternary ammonium surfactant treated montmorillonite, with an aspect ratio of up to 1:2000, and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide treated Laponite, with an aspect ratio of 1:8 as the dispersed particles. K15, a nematogenic compound (also known as 5CB), was the dispersing medium. The suspensions were characterized by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The liquid crystal delaminates the clays well, but the scattering curves from Claytone suspensions have prominent first and second order pseudo Bragg peaks, indicating that stacking of clay plates has occurred. We report a model for fitting SAXS data based on Hosemann's theory for suspensions of plane parallel sheets.
A method of preparing thin‐film micro‐PTC thermistors based on BaTiO<sub>3</sub> using YAG‐laser irradiation (2002)

Abstract A technique is proposed for obtaining thin‐film positive temperature coefficient (PTC) microthermistors made of BaTiO 3 ‐based material. In this technique, stacked layers of Ti and BaO thin films are irradiated in air by a YAG laser beam, which creates BaTiO 3 semiconductor microregions with PTC characteristics. The experiments indicate that by suitably choosing the optical power of the laser beam and its scanning rate over the stacked layers, it is possible, and in fact easy, to control the resistance of the resulting BaTiO 3 semiconductor microregions. We found that the resistance of the BaTiO 3 semiconductor material created in this way must be sufficiently low in order for the material to exhibit PTC characteristics. In this case, the material becomes a thermistor, that is, its resistance increases rapidly with increasing temperature. As the temperature increases, the resistance suddenly begins to increase starting at a certain threshold temperature. In an attempt to control this threshold temperature, we modified the technique described in this research by replacing some of the Ti sites with Zr. This modified technique led us to conclude that, just as in bulk BaTiO 3 , such control was indeed possible. When our technique is used, high‐temperature heating of the entire substrate is not necessary, either during the deposition of the thin film or after its deposition. In this way we confirm that it is possible to create compound device modules by fabricating multiple thin‐film microdevices on a single substrate, including PTC microthermistors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(11): 25–31, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1113
Past approaches and future directions for targeting tumor hypoxia in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (2016)

Recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) carries a poor prognosis. Tumor hypoxia (TH) has been implicated as one of many factors contributing to SCCHN recurrence. TH leads to radiation resistance by reversing radiation-induced DNA damage. Effective strategies to overcome TH may improve outcomes in patients with SCCHN. We searched the English literature on PubMed and reviewed the reference sections of key articles related to TH (publications spanning from the early 1900s to the present). We summarized the underlying theory of TH in SCCHN, methods for quantifying it, and the numerous therapies developed to modulate it. We included articles that set the foundation of TH as a theory and the most relevant articles published within the last 15 years related to TH quantification and therapeutic targeting. Despite extensive research, targeting TH in SCCHN has not become a part of routine clinical practice in North America, and we analyze the pitfalls in hypoxia research that have led to this failure. We propose that future studies should test a combined approach of targeting the immune system in addition to cellular pathways rendered aberrant in TH and should include development of novel surrogate markers of TH and/or TH imaging.
Proxy caching and video segmentation based on request frequencies and access costs (2003)

Partial caching of large media objects such as video files has been proposed in recent proxy caching schemes, as the caching of entire videos can exhaust proxy storage resources within few requests. In this work, the idea of segmenting videos into a number of chunks and replacement decisions can be taken at the chunk level rather than based on the entire objects adopted. In particular, a video segmentation scheme called variable chunk size is presented. This scheme uses the request frequencies to dynamically adjust the size of the chunk and it is shown to be capable of combining a high BHR (byte hit ratio) with small response time to demand changes. Video segmentation is also considered as a mechanism to provide for caching differentiation based on access costs. By employing access cost dependent chunk sizes, an overall access cost reduction is demonstrated.
Nutrient composition and ammo acid pattern of cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>(L.) Walp, Fabaceae) grown in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia (1998)

The proximate composition, grain protein, minerals, amino acid and sugar profiles of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp were analyzed. The crude protein was 23%, fat 3.40% and ash 3.60%. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of at least 17 amino acids including most of the essential ones. The essential amino acids valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine were slightly higher, but sulphur-containing amino acids were lower than recommended in the WHO/FAO requirement pattern. Qualitative phytochemical screening of seeds showed fructose, alpha-glucose, beta-glucose, glycerol, manitol, inositol and some oligosaccharides, e.g. raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. The grain contained almost similar amount of phosphorus as compared with that of Lebanese and Pakistani cultivars. Calcium was found to be lower as compared to some Indian, Pakistani and Lebanese cultivars. In general the results indicated that the legume is nutritive as staple food, feed and/or fodder.
Alkylation of 6-substituted purines by /alpha/-bromo-/omega/-halogenoalkanes under conditions of phase-transfer catalysis (1988)

The alkylation of 6-benzylamino-, 6-methylthio-, and 6-furfurylaminopurine with /alpha/-bromo-/omega/-halogenoalkanes under the conditions of phase-transfer catalysis in a system consisting of an organic solvent and 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide takes place regiospecifically with the formation of the corresponding 9-(/omega/-halogenoalkyl)purines. 9-Vinylpurines were obtained by the dehydrohalogenation of 9-(/beta/-halogenoethyl)purines in the two-phase system.
Child Abuse: The Undetected ‘Special Need’ (1989)

When public understanding of the nature and extent of child abuse is larger than five years ago, it would be good to be able to assume that teachers were more enlightened. Unfortunately this is generally not true, writes Peter Maher, head of Harold Hill Community School, London Borough of Havering, and editor of the recent book Child Abuse: The Educational Perspective . Training for teachers has been negligible. Where training exists the quality and orientation have not always been appropriate.
Mass spectrometry-based strategies for protein disulfide bond identification (2013)

Abstract The formation of disulfide bonds is critical for stabilizing protein structures and maintaining protein functions. It is important to understand the linkages between multiple cysteine residues within a protein. In this review, the analytical approaches using mass spectrometry (MS) for disulfide linkage assignment are classified and discussed. Enzymatic digestion under appropriate conditions followed by various MS detection strategies remains the primary method for cysteine linkage analysis. In-source decay (ISD) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) have been used to generate significant peptide signals that indicate the identities of peptides involved in disulfide bonds. In addition, chemical labeling and software algorithms were also developed to facilitate the automation of disulfide bond analysis. For proteins with complex disulfide structure, methods involving partial reduction coupled with differential alkylation were demonstrated to be useful. In the past two decades, MS has become one of the most valuable tools for protein disulfide bond analysis. It provides irreplaceable information including the peptide backbone sequences as well as the cysteine connection pattern when coupling with appropriate sample preparations. The related approaches with their unique features can be applied for different aims such as structural characterization or functional studies of proteins.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Brecanavir, a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor, following Repeat Administration with and without Ritonavir in Healthy Adult Subjects (2007)

Brecanavir (BCV) is a novel, potent protease inhibitor in development for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection with low nM in vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) against many multiprotease inhibitor resistant viruses. This study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled repeat-dose escalation to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of BCV, with or without ritonavir (RTV), in 68 healthy subjects. Seven sequential cohorts (n=10) received BCV (50 to 600 mg) in combination with 100 mg RTV (every 12 h [q12h] or q24h) or alone at 800 mg q12h for 15 days. BCV alone or in combination with RTV was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported. The most common drug-related adverse event was headache. BCV was readily absorbed with median time to maximum concentration of drug in serum values ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 h postdose following single- and repeat-dose administration of BCV alone and BCV with RTV 100 mg. Geometric mean BCV accumulation ratios ranged from 1.4 to 1.56 following BCV-RTV q24h regimens and from 1.84 to 4.93 following BCV q12h regimens. BCV steady state was generally achieved by day 13 in all groups. All day 15 BCV-RTV trough concentration values in q12h regimens reached or surpassed the estimated protein-binding corrected in vitro IC50 target BCV concentration of 28 ng/ml for highly resistant isolates. The pharmacokinetic and safety profile of BCV-RTV supports continued investigation in HIV-1-infected subjects.
Design, Fabrication and Control of a Micro X-Y Stage with Large Ultra-Thin Film Recoding Media Platform (2005)

We report a design of the micro X-Y stage with 6 mm × × × × 6 mm recording media platform, which is actuated by comb-drives. The fabrication process including the integration of the 40 nm thickness PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) recording media is presented. The prototype of the micro X-Y stage is fabricated by micromachining techniques. The FEA (finite element analysis) results show that the first two modes of the X-Y stage are in plane modes at 440 Hz. The displacement of the media platform can achieve 20 µm with the driving voltage of 55 V. A control scheme is designed and simulated. It shows that the closed-loop system has strong error and vibration rejection capabilities.
<i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Induces TLR2-Mediated Formation of Lipid Bodies: Intracellular Domains for Eicosanoid Synthesis In Vivo (2006)

Differentiation of macrophages into foamy (lipid-laden) macrophages is a common pathological observation in tuberculous granulomas both in experimental settings as well as in clinical conditions; however, the mechanisms that regulate intracellular lipid accumulation in the course of mycobacterial infection and their significance to pathophysiology of tuberculosis are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of formation and function of lipid-laden macrophages in a murine model of tuberculosis. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), but not Mycobacterium smegmatis, induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in lipid body-inducible nonmembrane-bound cytoplasmic lipid domain size and numbers. Lipid body formation was drastically inhibited in TLR2-, but not in TLR4-deficient mice, indicating a role for TLR2 in BCG recognition and signaling to form lipid bodies. Increase in lipid bodies during infection correlated with increased generation of PGE2 and localization of cyclooxygenase-2 within lipid bodies. Moreover, we demonstrated by intracellular immunofluorescent localization of newly formed eicosanoid that lipid bodies were the predominant sites of PGE2 synthesis in activated macrophages. Our findings demonstrated that BCG-induced lipid body formation is TLR2 mediated and these structures function as signaling platforms in inflammatory mediator production, because compartmentalization of substrate and key enzymes within lipid bodies has impact on the capacity of activated leukocytes to generate increased amounts of eicosanoids during experimental infection by BCG.
Kinetic properties of T-type Ca2+ currents in isolated rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons (1991)

1. T-type Ca2+ channels producing a transient inward current were studied in pyramidal neurons acutely isolated from the ventral portion of rat hippocampal CA1 region. Membrane currents were recorded by the suction-pipette technique, which allows for internal perfusion under a single-electrode voltage clamp. 2. In all cells superfused with external solution containing 10 mM Ca2+, the T-type Ca2+ current was evoked by step depolarization to potentials more positive than -60 mV from a holding potential of -100 mV and reached a peak in the current-voltage relationship around -30 mV at 20-22 degrees C. 3. Activation and inactivation processes of T-type Ca2+ current were highly potential dependent, and the latter was fitted by a single exponential function. 4. Steady-state inactivation of T-type Ca2+ current could be fitted by a Boltzmann's equation with a slope factor of 6.0 and a half-inactivated voltage of -79 mV. 5. Recovery from inactivation of T-type Ca2+ current was not a single exponent. The major component of recovery (60-90% of total) was voltage sensitive with a time constant of 215 ms at -100 mV. 6. Amplitude of the T-type Ca2+ current depended on the external Ca2+ concentration. The ratio of peak amplitude in the individual current-voltage relationships of Ca2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ currents passing through T-type Ca2+ channel was 1.0:0.85:1.32. The current kinetics were much the same. 7. All kinetic properties, including activation and inactivation, as well as the amplitude of T-type Ca2+ current, were temperature sensitive with Q10 (temperature coefficient) values of 1.7-2.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Titelbild: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactivity of Radial Oligocyclopentadienyl Metal Complexes: Penta(ferrocenyl)cyclopentadienyl and Congeners (Angew. Chem. 11/2006) (2006)

Wahre Kunstfertigkeit ist nicht auf die schönen Künste beschränkt: Penta(ferrocenyl)cyclopentadienylkomplexe wie der gezeigte verblüffen durch ihre Struktur und Reaktivität. In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 1826 ff. beschreiben K. P. C. Vollhardt et al. Penta(ferrocenyl)cyclopentadienyl‐Verbindungen, die für Materialwissenschaften, Katalyse und chemische Grundlagenforschung gleichermaßen interessant sind. (Das Titelbild wurde von P. W. Leonard gestaltet. Als Hintergrund dient das Gemälde “Untitled” der französischen Künstlerin Marie Sat.)
Patellofemoral joint: evaluation during active flexion with ultrafast spoiled GRASS MR imaging. (1991)

An ultrafast spoiled gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state pulse sequence was developed that permits multiple images to be obtained at a temporal resolution suitable for examining the patellofemoral joint during active flexion. This pulse sequence was used to perform kinematic magnetic resonance imaging of patellar alignment and tracking in five healthy subjects and seven patients with a provisional clinical diagnosis of abnormal patellofemoral joints.
An Online Power Generation Dispatching Method to Improve the Small Signal Stability of Power System with Fluctuated Wind Power (2022)

This paper proposes an online power generation dispatching strategy which can enhance the small signal stability of the power system with fluctuated wind power. Specifically, the ambient signal is known as one kind of measurement signal with the characteristics of randomness and low-amplitude fluctuation which can be sustainably excited by the ubiquitous small random perturbations. Therefore, the dominant oscillatory modes of power system could be identified based on the ambient signals by using the subspace method. Then, the identified results are used in the proposed linear regression method for the calculation of dominant oscillatory modes' damping sensitivity with respect to the active power outputs of synchronous generators. Based on the damping sensitivity, the damping level of power system can be enhanced effectively by dispatching the active power outputs of synchronous generators. Simulation studies have been carried out in a modified IEEE 10-machine 39-bus system. The results have validated the effectiveness of proposed online power generation dispatching strategy successfully.