gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Synthetic 2- and 6-Line Ferrihydrite (2000)

Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images, and electron nano-diffraction were used to examine structures of synthetic 2- and 6-line ferrihydrite specimens. HRTEM images of 2-line ferrihydrite (2LFh) show scattered small (~1-3 nm) areas with lattice fringes surrounded by areas free of fringes. All SAED patterns show two bright rings corresponding to d -values of ~0.15 and 0.25 nm; each ring has a conspicuous shoulder on each side. Faint rings corresponding to d -values of 0.08, 0.095, 0.100, 0.106-0.114 (very broad ring), and 0.122 nm are visible in strongly exposed SAED patterns. Nanodiffraction patterns show conspicuous streaks and a lack of superlattice formation. HRTEM images of 6-line ferrihydrite (6LFh) display larger crystallites (typically ~5-6 nm) with lattice fringes visible in many thin areas. SAED patterns show rings corresponding to d -values of 0.148, 0.156, 0.176, 0.202, 0.227, and 0.25-0.26 nm and a shoulder extending between d -values of ~0.25 and 0.32 nm. Faint rings corresponding to d -values of 0.086, 0.093, 0.107, 0.112, 0.119, 0.125, and 0.135 nm are visible in strongly exposed SAED patterns. Small quantities of hematite, magnetite or maghemite, and an acicular material tentatively identified as goethite were observed in the 6-line ferrihydrite, but these quantities do not contribute significantly to the overall diffracted intensity from the sample.
Getting Personal with Our Neighbors- A Survey of Southern States' Exercise of General Jurisdiction and a Proposal for Extending Georgia's Long-Arm Statute (2012)

This note analyzes the exercise of personal jurisdiction over nonresident defendants by Georgia and neighboring Southern jurisdictions, focusing on their use of their long-arm statutes and service of process requirements (whether embodied in statute or court rule).'The specific focus is whether the covered jurisdictions permit their courts to exercise so-called general jurisdiction-in other words, personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant in an action not arising from the defendant's contacts with the forum state.This Note starts by presenting an abbreviated history of the United States Supreme Court's major decisions relating to state courts' exercise of personal jurisdiction over nonresident defendants, with particular attention to the three cases in which the United States Supreme Court has discussed general jurisdiction. 3 This Note then examines the long-arm laws and, where relevant, service of process
Linear analysis of the 4-step Carré phase shifting algorithm: spectrum, signal-to-noise ratio, and harmonics response (2012)

We analyze the nonlinear Carré 4-steps algorithm including its frequency response, signal-to-noise ratio, and harmonics rejection using linear systems theory. At first sight the previous statement as well as the title of this paper seems paradoxical. How can we analyze the 4-step non-linear Carré Phase Shifting Algorithm (PSA) using linear system theory? The short answer is that the non-linear Carré algorithm may be decomposed into two building blocks. The first block is a tunable linear 4-step PSA, and the second one is a non-linear phase-step estimator. Although this fact is well known from the derivation of the Carré algorithm, nobody has properly exploited it. In other words, to this day, we do not have explicit mathematical formulae for a) the spectrum, b) the harmonics rejection, and c) the signal-to-noise ratio of the non-linear Carré algorithm. These are the properties of the Carré's PSA that we show here with novel and explicit mathematical formulae.
Applications of myeloid-specific promoters in transgenic mice support in vivo imaging and functional genomics but do not support the concept of distinct macrophage and dendritic cell lineages or roles in immunity (2010)

Myeloid lineage cells contribute to innate and acquired immunity, homeostasis, wound repair, and inflammation. There is considerable interest in manipulation of their function in transgenic mice using myeloid-specific promoters. This review considers the applications and specificity of some of the most widely studied transgenes, driven by promoter elements of the lysM, csf1r, CD11c, CD68, macrophage SRA, and CD11b genes, as well as several others. Transgenes have been used in mice to generate myeloid lineage-specific cell ablation, expression of genes of interest, including fluorescent reporters, or deletion via recombination. In general, the specificity of such transgenes has been overinterpreted, and none of them provide well-documented, reliable, differential expression in any specific myeloid cell subset, macrophages, granulocytes, or myeloid DCs. Nevertheless, they have proved valuable in cell isolation, functional genomics, and live imaging of myeloid cell behavior in many different pathologies.
Enantioselective Transamination in Continuous Flow Mode with Transaminase Immobilized in a Macrocellular Silica Monolith (2017)

&omega;-Transaminases have been immobilized on macrocellular silica monoliths and used as heterogeneous biocatalysts in a continuous flow mode enantioselective transamination reaction. The support was prepared by a sol-gel method based on emulsion templating. The enzyme was immobilized on the structured silica monoliths both by adsorption, and by covalent grafting using amino-functionalized silica monoliths and glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent. A simple reactor set-up based on the use of a heat-shrinkable Teflon tube is presented and successfully used for the continuous flow kinetic resolution of a chiral amine, 4-bromo-&alpha;-methylbenzylamine. The porous structure of the supports ensures effective mass transfer and the reactor works in the plug flow regime without preferential flow paths. When immobilized in the monolith and used in the flow reactor, transaminases retain their activity and their enantioselectivity. The solid biocatalyst is also shown to be stable both on stream and during storage. These essential features pave the way to the successful development of an environmentally friendly process for chiral amines production.
Track-based and object-based occlusion for people tracking refinement in indoor surveillance (2004)

People tracking deals with problems of shape changes, self-occlusions and track occlusions due to other interfering tracks and fixed objects that hide parts of the people shape. These problems are more critical in indoor surveillance and in particular in home automation settings, in which the need to merge information obtained form different cameras distributed around the house calls for the integration of reliable data obtained during time. Therefore, tracking algorithms should be carefully tuned to cope with occlusions and shape changes, working not only at pixel level but also at region level. In this work we provide a novel technique for object tracking, based on probabilistic masks and appearance models. Occlusions due to other tracks or due to background objects and false occlusions are discriminated. The classification of occluded regions of the track is exploited in a selective model update. The tracking system is general enough to be applied with any motion segmentation module, it can track people interacting each other and it maintains the pixel to track assignment even with large occlusions. At the same time, the model update is very reactive, so as to cope with sudden body motion and silhouette's shape changes. Due to its robustness, it has been used in different experiments of people behavior control in indoor situations.
Human factors considerations for the design and evaluation of electronic flight bags (2002)

There is currently great interest in developing stand-alone electronic devices to support flight deck tasks. These devices, called "Electronic Flight Bags," (EFBs) were originally seen as a repository for electronic documents. Today, some airlines envision EFBs as multi-function devices supporting an array of applications, while others envision a simple low-end device used only for viewing documents, or perhaps for performing flight performance calculations. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is charged with approval of EFBs for installation and use in aircraft. The approval process will be a multidimensional effort requiring an understanding of how the device functions and is used by crews, how the device interacts with other cockpit equipment, and training and operating procedures. Volpe Center has been tasked with writing a document on the human factors issues related to EFBs. Our goal is for the document to be of value to both system evaluators in the FAA and system designers in industry. Our challenge was to create a document that addresses the wide range of proposed EFB implementations, suits the needs of the various readers, and provides useful information for designers and evaluators. In this paper we review the design of the document and how it addresses each of these requirements. We also give an overview of the content of the document and provide illustrative extracts from the text.
Radiation Hardened Silicon Devices Using a Novel Thick Oxide (1985)

A radiation hardened thick oxide technology is proposed. It utilizes a double layer consisting of a thick chemically deposited SiO2 over a thin thermal SiO2. In npn transistors, a 1.5 order of magnitude improvement in radiation tolerance is observed when this technology is combined with a highly doped Si surface layer.
Sensitivity of photoacoustic microscopy (2014)

Building on its high spatial resolution, deep penetration depth and excellent image contrast, 3D photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has grown tremendously since its first publication in 2005. Integrating optical excitation and acoustic detection, PAM has broken through both the optical diffusion and optical diffraction limits. PAM has 100% relative sensitivity to optical absorption (i.e., a given percentage change in the optical absorption coefficient yields the same percentage change in the photoacoustic amplitude), and its ultimate detection sensitivity is limited only by thermal noise. Focusing on the engineering aspects of PAM, this Review discusses the detection sensitivity of PAM, compares the detection efficiency of different PAM designs, and summarizes the imaging performance of various endogenous and exogenous contrast agents. It then describes representative PAM applications with high detection sensitivity, and outlines paths to further improvement.
RAFT-synthesized diblock and triblock copolymers: thermally-induced supramolecular assembly in aqueous media (2008)

This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis of functional, temperature-responsive, water-soluble block copolymers, including particular focus on the results obtained by employing reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The applicability of the RAFT process for the polymerization of functional monomers under a diverse range of experimental conditions has facilitated the synthesis of water-soluble (co)polymers that were previously inaccessible. Unprecedented control afforded by RAFT in homogeneous aqueous media allows well-defined polymeric systems to be prepared without stringent purification techniques and under increasingly “green” conditions while maintaining the ability to tailor many of the macromolecular characteristics (molecular weight, chain topology, copolymer composition, functionality, etc.) that affect self-assembly in solution. Block copolymer formation and postpolymerization modification utilizing crosslinking and copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne “click” chemistry are described, with attention being paid to their ability to control copolymer structure for subsequent self-assembly in response to changes in temperature.
Effect of Silicon Content on Secondary Recrystallization in Grain-oriented Electrical Steel Produced by Single-stage Cold Rolling Process. (1991)

A study was made on the effect of the silicon content on secondary recrystallization in grain-oriented electrical steel produced by the single-stage cold rolling process where both MnS and AlN are utilized as inhibitors. The following conclusions were derived from the study:(1) The onset and progress of secondary recrystallization are retarted when the silicon content is increased from 3.0 to 3.3 mass% No secondary recrystallization occurs when the silicon content is increased further to 3.7 mass%.(2) This secondary recrystallization behavior may be ascribed to the decrease in the {110} density of primary-recrystallized texture, the increase in the mean diameter of primary-recrystallized grains, and the decrease in the inhibiting effect with the increase in the silicon content.
Quantifying and Mitigating the Impact of Asymmetric Induced Hydraulic Fracturing from Horizontal Development Wellbores (2016)

Abstract Sufficient production and fracture mapping evidence across North America is now available to clearly demonstrate that pairs of delineation and development wells often underperform when there is substantial production time (months or years) between the completions of the two wells. The relative degree of impact on hydrocarbon extraction per acre varies from one play or formation to another, but the phenomena is generally attributed to asymmetric induced fracturing from the development (child) well into the previously partially drained and lower static pressure delineation (parent) well reservoir volume. This paper briefly discusses two solutions that have been employed to minimize the negative fiscal ramifications and improve recovery. Rigorous 3D unstructured grid reservoir modeling can assist in the quantification of the phenomena; however, options for mitigating the problem for cases where the impact is extreme are typically limited. Synthetic history matching and forward modeling were performed with a grid-based numerical simulator that mimicked a series of asymmetric oblique fractures interacting with a drained reservoir volume, comparing acceleration of reserve recovery and total recovered reserves with a similar case involving symmetric fracturing. Two scenarios for preventing extreme asymmetric fracturing are discussed. These included dramatic shortening of the time between completions, and performing pressure sink mitigation (PSM) via refracturing of the delineation wellbore. It is shown that the asymmetric fracturing into drained volumes can materially impact reserves and rate of recovery if the acreage position of a given project is substantial. It is demonstrated that the overall stimulated reservoir system permeability, the degree of permeability contrast between reservoir layers, and the degree of asymmetry are all factors that have an impact on the degree to which the long-term time between completions affects recovery of hydrocarbons over and above simple volumetric depletion. Integration of rigorous 3D reservoir modeling and far-field fracture mapping have established that the negative ramifications of extreme induced fracture asymmetry can be overcome with careful application of drilling and completion (D&C) timing and offset drainage pressure management process.
New reagents for the intermolecular and intramolecular pinacolic coupling of ketones and aldehydes (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew reagents for the intermolecular and intramolecular pinacolic coupling of ketones and aldehydesE. J. Corey, Rick L. Danheiser, and Srinivasan ChandrasekaranCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 2, 260–265Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00864a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00864a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1838Altmetric-Citations190LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Measurement and Prediction of Access Control Policy Evaluation Performance (2015)

As the need for more pervasive and more complex access controls grows, the challenge of ensuring the performance of access control systems is becoming apparent. Researchers have proposed several solutions to mitigate performance problems, including: adjusting the policy set; re-engineering the policy decision point (PDP); and decomposing the policies and distributing their evaluation. However, since the benefits and tradeoffs depend heavily upon the actual scenario, security administrators typically do not have objective justification for adopting particular mitigation actions. In response, we present the ATLAS framework, comprising: 1) DomainManager, which facilitates modelling the domain as closely as possible and automatically generates large numbers of representative policies and associated requests; 2) STACS, which enables controlled experiments to be performed using the generated policies/requests, to collect comprehensive measurements of PDP performance; and 3) PARPACS, which aids the understanding and worth of the measurement data and, by using rigorous validation techniques, reduces the risk of spurious insights or incorrect recommendations. We present a discussion of ATLAS as applied to an enterprise communication scenario, where access control is realised via XACML PDPs. Notable insights include that the SunXacml 2.0 PDP performs relatively poorly in terms of policy evaluation performance and that adding additional memory and/or processor cores to a XACML PDP server is not guaranteed to improve performance significantly.
Chromatography in Biotechnology (1993)

This review describes the role of chromatography in the development of recombinant protein pharmaceuticals. The versatility and efficacy of chromatographic techniques have made them the sine qua non in both large scale and analytical separations in biotechnology. The principal qualities of chromatographic approaches that underlie this prominent role and the main techniques employed at both production and analytical scales are discussed.
Full Day Kindergarten in Nevada: A Health Impact Assessment (2015)

While most people agree that medical care and healthy behaviors impact health, the environmental and social determinants of health are equally, if not more, important. For example, the environment around us and how our communities are built can impact injury, safety, and physical activity. Ultimately, decisions made in sectors usually considered outside of health, such as transportation and planning, can have important intended and unintended impacts on health. Education, too, is connected to health (Marmot & Wilkinson, 2006). This HIA assesses how modifying access to full-day kindergarten (FDK) in Nevada could potentially impact health.
Evidence for ketene intermediates in the decarbonylation of 2,4-dioxo acids and esters and 2-oxobutanedioic acid esters (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEvidence for ketene intermediates in the decarbonylation of 2,4-dioxo acids and esters and 2-oxobutanedioic acid estersDavid W. Emerson, Richard L. Titus, and Rowena M. GonzalezCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 18, 5301–5307Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00018a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00018a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1629Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Bringing the Unbanked Onboard (1999)

Millions of Americans have no traditional banking relationship. Recent changes in government policy have required a new look at how financial institutions can serve the nation's unbanked population. To win these potential customers over, banks must continue to tailor products and services to their needs and concerns.
Immune cells and cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update (2005)

The increased apoptosis and aberrant T cell activation coupled with nonspecific activation of B cells lead to the production of auto-antigen: auto-antibody complexes that are the hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus. Future treatments aiming at correcting the intracellular and intercellular signaling abnormalities may prove effective in restoring immune tolerance in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Mass Spectrometry, Review of the Basics: Ionization (2014)

: Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an integral tool in life sciences. The first step in MS analysis is ion formation (ionization). Many ionization methods currently exist; electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) are the most commonly used. ESI relies on the formation of charged droplets releasing ions from the surface (ion evaporation model) or via complete solvent evaporation (charge residual model). MALDI ionization, however, is facilitated via laser energy and the use of a matrix. Despite wide use, ESI cannot efficiently ionize nonpolar compounds. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) are better suited for such tasks. APPI requires photon energy and a dopant, whereas APCI is similar to chemical ionization. In 2004, ambient MS was introduced in which ionization occurs at the sample in its native form. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and direct analysis in real time (DART) are the most widely used methods. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the main ionization methods and the mechanisms of ion formation. This article is educational and intended for students/researchers who are not very familiar with MS and would like to learn the basics; it is not for MS experts.