gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Instrument Performance Models for Combined Wellbore Surveys: A Move Toward Optimal Use of Survey Information (2016)

Summary To confidently determine the path of a wellbore, established practice involves the collection of multiple-survey data by use of the various methods that are available to the industry, such as measurement-while-drilling (MWD) methods using either magnetic or gyroscopic measurements, or surveys taken after a section of the wellbore has been completed, normally using gyroscopic tools. The survey deemed to be of the highest precision, based on published survey-system error models, is commonly selected to be the “definitive survey” for that section of the well and all other data are discarded. However, by combining multiple data sets through the use of survey-averaging techniques, it is possible to obtain a more accurate estimate of wellbore position. After generating a “combined survey” by such an averaging method (i.e., a survey generated by combining two or more surveys that may be of the same or different type), it is then required to quantify the accuracy of that survey. This may be expressed in the usual manner as a sequence of error ellipsoids at intervals along the path of the well. At present, however, this can only be achieved through rigorous calculations analogous to the survey averaging itself. This is a complex analysis, which is one important reason why survey averaging has not been generally implemented and adopted as a standard analysis practice. Error models for individual survey tools are usually specified in terms of instrument-performance model (IPM) files in accordance with methods and procedures derived through the work of the SPE Wellbore Positioning Technical Section (SPE-WPTS). The IPM files, along with wellbore-trajectory data, form the inputs to standard error-model software packages, through which survey uncertainty is calculated to a specified level of confidence. This paper demonstrates how new IPM files can be generated for combined surveys. The error analysis resulting from the new IPM file is shown to be consistent with the results obtained through the rigorous mathematical analysis of the individual surveys. The introduction of new IPM files offers an easy and efficient method for operators to use all available survey information in a consistent manner. This may contribute toward optimization of the surveying program, with implications for both positional uncertainty assessment and safety aspects. Furthermore, the improvement in the positional data as well as the reduced uncertainty that can be achieved by combining surveys may be of significant importance when considering small targets, very long extended-reach wells, and highly congested fields in general, because it might turn unfeasible projects into achievable ones.
Development and Optimization of Regularized Tomographic Reconstruction Algorithms Utilizing Equally-Sloped Tomography (2010)

We develop two new algorithms for tomographic reconstruction which incorporate the technique of equally-sloped tomography (EST) and allow for the optimized and flexible implementation of regularization schemes, such as total variation constraints, and the incorporation of arbitrary physical constraints. The founding structure of the developed algorithms is EST, a technique of tomographic acquisition and reconstruction first proposed by Miao in 2005 for performing tomographic image reconstructions from a limited number of noisy projections in an accurate manner by avoiding direct interpolations. EST has recently been successfully applied to coherent diffraction microscopy, electron microscopy, and computed tomography for image enhancement and radiation dose reduction. However, the bottleneck of EST lies in its slow speed due to its higher computation requirements. In this paper, we formulate the EST approach as a constrained problem and subsequently transform it into a series of linear problems, which can be accurately solved by the operator splitting method. Based on these mathematical formulations, we develop two iterative algorithms for tomographic image reconstructions through EST, which incorporate Bregman and continuative regularization. Our numerical experiment results indicate that the new tomographic image reconstruction algorithms not only significantly reduce the computational time, but also improve the image quality. We anticipate that EST coupled with the novel iterative algorithms will find broad applications in X-ray tomography, electron microscopy, coherent diffraction microscopy, and other tomography fields.
Magnetostrictive properties of rare earth-iron Laves phase materials prepared by powder metallurgy techniques (1980)

A powder metallurgical approach has been utilized for preparation of highly magnetostrictive rare earth-iron Laves phase compounds. The results of dilatometric studies indicate that the liquid-phase sintering kinetics are in reasonable agreement with the concept of a phase boundary reaction as the rate-limiting factor. Magnetic powder orientation prior to sintering is found to improve magnetostriction of these compounds substantially.
Off-line event filter for the wide area frequency measurements (2006)

System-wide frequency is one of most important vital signs of power system. To better understand the dynamics of large power systems, wide-area, synchronized monitoring of system frequency is needed. The concept of an Internet based, real-time, GPS synchronized, wide-area frequency monitoring network (FNET) was proposed in 2000. Today, FNET consists of more than 30 frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs) throughout the US with an information management system (IMS) based at Virginia Tech. In the near future, more FDRs will be deployed. With the help of FNET, a wide-area power system disturbance event filter has been developed. The filter helps pick out the disturbances from massive amounts of daily monitoring data and collect valuable information for the disturbance analysis.
NEW PHTHALOCYANINE PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (1993)

Six new aluminum and silicon phthalocyanines have been synthesized and their photocytotoxicity toward V79 cells has been studied. The compounds that have been prepared are: A1PcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2, I; A1Pc-OSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)3+I-, II; CH3SiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2, III; HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2, IV; HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)3+I-, V; and SiPc[OSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)3+I-]2, VI. Relative growth delay values for compounds I-VI and relative cytotoxicity values for compounds I, II, IV, V and VI have been determined. Compounds I and II have been shown to be comparable in photocytotoxicity to what is presumed to be A1PcOH.xH2O, and compound IV has been shown to have greater activity. The classes of compounds to which these six compounds belong appear to have potential for photodynamic therapy.
Debrisoquine 4-Hydroxylase: Characterization of a New P450 Gene Subfamily, Regulation, Chromosomal Mapping, and Molecular Analysis of the DA Rat Polymorphism (1987)

Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (P450db1) was purified from rat liver microsomes. Polyclonal antibody was produced and, in conjunction with immunoblots, was used to identify and purify a second immunorelated P450 (P450db2) that does not have debrisoquine hydroxylating activity. The cDNA clones to db1 and db2 were isolated from a lambda gt11 expression library, sequenced, and found to share 78% nucleotide and 73% deduced amino acid similarities. These similarities are evenly dispersed along the sequence except for a region of 190 nucleotides with 99% similarity near the carboxyl terminus of the protein-coding region; this similarity is probably the remnant of a gene conversion event. Both proteins share between 38% and 43% amino acid similarity with P450a, P450b, P450e, P450f, P450PB1, and P450j; these data indicate that P450db1 and P450db2 are members of a separate subfamily within the P450II gene family. Southern blot analysis and preliminary genomic cloning suggest that at least four genes exist in the subfamily, although the present evidence suggests that only db1 and db2 are expressed in rat liver. With the use of 19 mouse X hamster somatic cell hybrids, the db1 and db2 genes were localized to mouse chromosome 15 (P450-2D locus). A polymorphism has been described for debrisoquine metabolism in the DA rat strain, adult females having markedly decreased debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase activity. Our immunoblot analysis and mRNA analysis suggest that debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase deficiency in the female DA rat is not due to a decrease in db1 protein or mRNA. The db1 and db2 proteins are differentially regulated: during development db2 is present at birth while db1 is absent, and db1 increases by 1 week of age; in addition, db1 is slightly induced by phenobarbital, 3-methyl-cholanthrene, and dexamethasone whereas db2 is marginally increased by these latter two agents. These results demonstrate that debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase is a member of a new constitutively expressed P450II sub-family containing two or more genes in the rat and establish that the debrisoquine polymorphism in the DA rat is probably due to a structurally altered db1 protein.
Direct Predictive Current-Error Vector Control for a Direct Matrix Converter (2018)

This paper proposes a novel control strategy for matrix converters that is coined “direct predictive current-error vector control.” The proposed control method retains the advantageous features of both a modulation scheme and of a predictive-based controller. The result is a controller that is capable of good dynamic performance and steady-state response with fixed switching frequency operation. Control of load and input currents of a direct matrix converter using the proposed method is demonstrated in this paper by simulation and experimental results.
Luminescent CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals in Dendron Boxes:  Superior Chemical, Photochemical and Thermal Stability (2003)

The surface ligands, generation-3 (G3) dendrons, on each semiconductor nanocrystal were globally cross-linked through ring-closing metathesis (RCM). The global cross-linking of the dendron ligands sealed each nanocrystal in a dendron box, which yielded box-nanocrystals. Although the dendron ligands coated CdSe nanocrystals (CdSe dendron-nanocrystals) were already quite stable, the stability of CdSe box-nanocrystals against chemical, photochemical, and thermal treatments were dramatically improved in comparison to that of the original dendron-nanocrystals. Furthermore, the box structure of the ligands monolayer coupled with the stable inorganic CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals resulted in a class of extremely stable nanocrystal/ligands complexes. The band edge photoluminescence of the core/shell dendron-nanocrystals and box-nanocrystals were partially remained, and could be further brightened through controlled chemical oxidation or photooxidation. Practically, the stability of the box-nanocrystals is sufficient for most fundamental studies and technical applications. The box-nanocrystals may represent a general solution for the commonly encountered instability for many types of colloidal nanocrystals. The size distribution of the empty dendron boxes formed by the dissolution of the inorganic nanocrystals in concentrated HCl was very narrow. The empty boxes as new types of polymer capsules are soluble in solution, mesoporous, and with a very thin but stable peripheral. Those nanometer-sized cavities should be of interest for many purposes in the field of solution host−guest chemistry.
Regulation and function of immunosuppressive molecule human leukocyte antigen G5 in human bone tissue (2013)

Bone‐marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the origin of bone‐forming cells with immunomodulation potential. HLA‐G5 is among the generated immunosuppressive molecules. HLA‐G proteins play a crucial role in promoting the acceptance of allografts. However, the mechanisms regulating the expression of HLA‐G5 in human MSCs are unknown. We induced differentiation of MSCs and found that HLA‐G5 was greatly up‐regulated only in osteoblastic cells (+63% for mRNA). Growth plates and bone callus postfracture in adults showed that only bone‐lining cells and mesenchymal progenitors were positive for HLA‐G5. Use of gene silencing and dominant‐negative factors revealed that HLA‐G5 depends on the expression and function of the skeletogenesis master genes RUNX2 and DLX5. In addition, HLA‐G5 could directly inhibit osteoclastogenesis by acting on monocytes through SHP1. However, in mature osteoblasts, the expression of HLA‐G5 protein was greatly suppressed whereas the proosteoclastogenic factor, RANKL, was concomitantly increased. Down‐regulation of HLA‐G5 expression during the maturation of osteoblasts was due to binding of the repressor GLI3, a signal transducer of the Hedgehog pathway, to the GLI binding element within the HLA‐G promoter. Our findings show that mesenchymal progenitors and osteoblastic cells specifically express HLA‐G5 during osteogenesis, with a key role in bone homeostasis.—Deschaseaux, F., Gaillard, J., Langonné, A., Chauveau, C., Naji, A., Bouacida, A., Rosset, P., Heymann, D., De Pinieux, G., Rouas‐Freiss, N., Sensébé, L., Regulation and function of immunosuppressive molecule human leukocyte antigen G5 in human bone tissue. FASEB J. 27, 2977–2987 (2013). www.fasebj.org
Natural Leathers from Natural Materials:  Progressing toward a New Arena in Leather Processing (2003)

Globally, the leather industry is currently undergoing radical transformation due to pollution and discharge legislations. Thus, the leather industry is pressurized to look for cleaner options for processing the raw hides and skins. Conventional methods of pre-tanning, tanning and post-tanning processes are known to contribute more than 98% of the total pollution load from the leather processing. The conventional method of the tanning process involves the "do-undo" principle. Furthermore, the conventional methods employed in leather processing subject the skin/ hide to a wide variation in pH (2.8-13.0). This results in the emission of huge amounts of pollution loads such as BOD, COD, TDS, TS, sulfates, chlorides and chromium. In the approach illustrated here, the hair and flesh removal as well as fiber opening have been achieved using biocatalysts at pH 8.0, pickle-free natural tanning employing vegetable tannins, and post-tanning using environmentally friendly chemicals. Hence, this process involves dehairing, fiber opening, and pickle-free natural tanning followed by ecofriendly post-tanning. It has been found that the extent of hair removal and opening up of fiber bundles is comparable to that of conventionally processed leathers. This has been substantiated through scanning electron microscopic analysis and softness measurements. Performance of the leathers is shown to be on par with conventionally chrome-tanned leathers through physical and hand evaluation. The process also exhibits zero metal (chromium) discharge and significant reduction in BOD, COD, TDS, and TS loads by 83, 69, 96, and 96%, respectively. Furthermore, the developed process seems to be economically viable.
Detection and quantification of building air infiltration using remote acoustic methods (2014)

Air infiltration in residential and commercial buildings of the United States are estimated to cost approximately 23% of the total amount of heating energy used (for cooling, this estimate is approximately 14%). The aim of the current work is to apply non-intrusive acoustic techniques to detect and quantify specific envelope leaks in buildings. Noise sources associated with the leakage air flow can be localized using a compact microphone array with advanced beamforming algorithms. Also, an idea of using a synthetic acoustic source inside the building instead of pressurization of the building is discussed. Finally, attempts are made in a laboratory level to quantify leakages using the nearfield acoustic holography technique.
Comparison of computer versus manual determination of pulmonary nodule volumes in CT scans (2008)

Accurate nodule volume estimation is necessary in order to estimate the clinically relevant growth rate or change in size over time. An automated nodule volume-measuring algorithm was applied to a set of pulmonary nodules that were documented by the Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC). The LIDC process model specifies that each scan is assessed by four experienced thoracic radiologists and that boundaries are to be marked around the visible extent of the nodules for nodules 3 mm and larger. Nodules were selected from the LIDC database with the following inclusion criteria: (a) they must have a solid component on a minimum of three CT image slices and (b) they must be marked by all four LIDC radiologists. A total of 113 nodules met the selection criterion with diameters ranging from 3.59 mm to 32.68 mm (mean 9.37 mm, median 7.67 mm). The centroid of each marked nodule was used as the seed point for the automated algorithm. 95 nodules (84.1%) were correctly segmented, but one was considered not meeting the first selection criterion by the automated method; for the remaining ones, eight (7.1%) were structurally too complex or extensively attached and 10 (8.8%) were considered not properly segmented after a simple visual inspection by a radiologist. Since the LIDC specifications, as aforementioned, instruct radiologists to include both solid and sub-solid parts, the automated method core capability of segmenting solid tissues was augmented to take into account also the nodule sub-solid parts. We ranked the distances of the automated method estimates and the radiologist-based estimates from the median of the radiologist-based values. The automated method was in 76.6% of the cases closer to the median than at least one of the values derived from the manual markings, which is a sign of a very good agreement with the radiologists' markings.
A Multilook Processing Approach to 3-D ISAR Imaging Using Phased Arrays (2018)

This letter introduces novel processing structures enabling the formation of 3-D inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images from phased arrays. Unlike previous approaches to 3-D ISAR imaging, this approach uses a spatio-sensor multilook processing procedure that takes better advantage of both 1) the range-Doppler structure of the target and 2) the multiple phase center structure of the processing array. Simulation at both X-band and W-band demonstrates the new 3-D imaging algorithm provides robust interferometric calculations for height estimation under noisy sensing conditions.
Model-driven Deception for Control System Environments (2019)

Deception techniques are a useful defensive mechanism that could be very valuable in control systems where updates and patches can be difficult. However, to deceive a motivated and targeted attacker it is necessary to enhance deception platforms with capabilities to model and simulate physical processes to achieve necessary fidelity. In this paper, attributes of cyber-physical decoys are discussed and a design of a system with these attributes is presented. A boiler model use case is provided to demonstrate how this novel deception capability can be integrated into and used to defend a system.
Spatio-temporal alignment of sequences (2002)

This paper studies the problem of sequence-to-sequence alignment, namely, establishing correspondences in time and in space between two different video sequences of the same dynamic scene. The sequences are recorded by uncalibrated video cameras which are either stationary or jointly moving, with fixed (but unknown) internal parameters and relative intercamera external parameters. Temporal variations between image frames (such as moving objects or changes in scene illumination) are powerful cues for alignment, which cannot be exploited by standard image-to-image alignment techniques. We show that, by folding spatial and temporal cues into a single alignment framework, situations which are inherently ambiguous for traditional image-to-image alignment methods, are often uniquely resolved by sequence-to-sequence alignment. Furthermore, the ability to align and integrate information across multiple video sequences both in time and in space gives rise to new video applications that are not possible when only image-to-image alignment is used.
High-energy-density nonaqueous MnO2@nanoporous gold based supercapacitors (2013)

The lack of sufficient energy density has been the key obstacle that hinders the wide range of applications of electrochemical supercapacitors. Improving both specific capacitance and stable potential window appears to be the only route to achieve high-energy-density supercapacitors. Although nonaqueous electrolytes can provide large working potential windows, the pseudocapacitance of active materials is usually much lower in nonaqueous electrolytes than in aqueous solutions, resulting in low energy density. In this study we report novel nonaqueous MnO2@nanoporous gold based supercapacitors. The capacitive performances of MnO2 in nonaqueous electrolytes are dramatically improved by nanoporous gold. The excellent electronic conductivity, rich porous structure and large surface area of the nanoporous electrodes give rise to low internal resistance, good ionic contact and thus enhanced redox reactions for high specific capacitance of MnO2 in non-aqueous electrolytes with a large working potential window.
Environmentally Safer, Less Toxic Fire-Extinguishing Agents (2003)

Fire-extinguishing agents comprising microscopic drops of water microencapsulated in flame-retardant polymers have been proposed as effective, less toxic, non-ozone-depleting, non-globalwarming alternatives to prior fire-extinguishing agents. Among the prior fire-extinguishing agents are halons (various halocarbon fluids), which are toxic and contribute both to depletion of upperatmospheric ozone and to global warming. Other prior fire-extinguishing agents are less toxic and less environmentally harmful but, in comparison with halons, are significantly less effective in extinguishing fires. The proposal to formulate new waterbased agents is based on recent success in the use of water mist as a fire-suppression agent. Water suppresses a flame by reducing the flame temperature and the concentration of oxygen available for the combustion process. The temperature is reduced because the water droplets in the mist absorb latent heat of vaporization as they evaporate. The concentration of oxygen is reduced because the newly generated water vapor displaces air. Unfortunately, water mists are difficult to produce in confined spaces and can evaporate before they reach the bases of flames. The proposal addresses both of these issues: The proposed fire-extinguishing agents would be manufactured in microencapsulated form in advance, eliminating the problem of generating mists in confined spaces. Because of the microencapsulation, the droplets would not evaporate until exposed directly to the heat of flames. In addition, the proposal calls for the introduction of free radicals that would inhibit the propagation of the chemical reactions of the combustion reactions. Manufacturing of a fire-extinguishing agent according to the proposal would begin with the formulation of a suitable polymer (e.g., a polybromostyrene) that would contribute free radicals to the combustion process. The polymer would be dissolved in a suitable hydrocarbon liquid (e.g., toluene). Water would be dispersed in the polymer/toluene solution, then another hydrocarbon liquid (e.g., hexane) that is not a solvent for the polymer would be added to the mixture to make the dissolved polymer precipitate onto the water droplets. The resulting polymer-coated droplets would be removed from the coating mixture by filtration, dried, and stored for use.