gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Fiber Optic Probe to Measure NIR Raman Spectra of Cervical Tissue In Vivo (1998)

The goal of this study was to develop a compact fiber optic probe to measure near infrared Raman spectra of human cervical tissue in vivo for the clinical diagnosis of cervical precancers. A Raman spectrometer and fiber optic probe were designed, constructed and tested. The probe was first tested using standards with known Raman spectra, and then the probe was used to acquire Raman spectra from normal and precancerous cervical tissue in vivo. Raman spectra of cervical tissue could be acquired in vivo in 90 s using incident powers comparable to the threshold limit values for laser exposure of the skin. Although some silica signal obscured tissue Raman bands below 900 cm-1, Raman features from cervical tissue could clearly be discerned with an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio above 900 cm-1. The success of the Raman probe described here indicates that near infrared Raman spectra can be measured in vivo from cervical tissues. Increasing the power of the excitation source could reduce the integration time to below 20 s.
Permanent magnet objective lenses for multicolumn electron-beam systems (2001)

This article presents permanent magnetic objective lenses suitable for use in multicolumn electron-beam systems. Two types of lens arrays are presented, a single-pole lens tip array, and a multibore immersion lens array. Prototype lenses were tested as add-on lens attachments on an existing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), by mounting them on to the specimen stage of a conventional SEM, and successively moving each tip/bore on to the optical axis. SEM images were obtained from 2 by 2 tip/bore arrays. The images have demagnification strengths varying from 1000 to 7000 and are obtained from specimen regions up to 16 mm apart. These results demonstrate that permanent magnet multibeam objective lenses are in principle feasible. The axial field distribution created by each tip/bore in these multibeam lenses is similar to the axial field distribution of a single tip/bore high-resolution immersion lens.
Development of a new diagnostic device for extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (2004)

Iron nanoparticles can be incorporated on the structure of natural clays to obtain magnetic clays, an adsorbent that be easily removed from a wastewater by magnetic means. Magnetic clays have high adsorption capacities of different contaminants such as heavy metals, fungicides, aromatic compounds and colorants and show rapid adsorption kinetics, but crucial data for achieving its full or pilot scale application is still lacking. In this work, magnetic bentonites with different amounts of magnetite (iron fractions on the clay of 0.55, 0.6 and 0.6) were used to remove color from a real textile wastewater. On a first stage the optimal conditions for the adsorption of the dye, including pH, temperature and clay dosage were determined. Also design parameters for the separation process such as residence time, distance from magnet to magnetic clay and magnet strength were obtained. Finally a pilot scale magnetic drum separator was constructed and tested. A removal of 60% of the dye from a wastewater that contained more than 250 ppm of azo dye was achieved with only 10 min of residence time inside the separator.
Metamaterial coatings for broadband asymmetric mirrors (2007)

We report the design and fabrication of nanostructured metal-dielectric mirrors with high reflectance asymmetries in the visible spectral range. Applying dispersion engineering principles to model a broadband and large reflectance asymmetry, we obtain a dielectric function for this metamaterial, closely resembling the effective permittivity of disordered metal-dielectric nanocomposites. Coatings realized by using disordered nanocrystalline silver films on glass substrates confirm the theoretical predictions, exhibiting symmetric transmittance, accompanied by large broadband reflectance asymmetries.
Simultaneous Synthesis of Temperature-Tunable Peptide and Gold Nanoparticle Hybrid Spheres (2011)

Hybrid spheres containing peptides and gold nanoparticles have been simultaneously synthesized in water using AG4 (NPSSLFRYLPSD) peptides that acted as a reducing agent to guide the nucleation and growth of gold nanoparticles and a precursor to form sphere-like structure by self-assembly where the size of hybrid spheres is precisely controlled by adjusting the operating temperature. The self-assembled peptide spheres remain stable even after selective removal of the gold nanoparticles by iodide etching. The amino acids containing the aromatic functional group in the peptide sequence significantly affect the construction of sphere structures. The surface of gold nanoparticles containing hybrid spheres has been functionalized using the thiol group linked to biomolecules. The ability to synthesize nanoparticle and self-assembled peptide structures with controlled size and composition in an environmental benign way will allow us to fabricate a new class of multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid superstructures for various biomedical and electronic applications.
Po‐Poster ‐ 25: Robust 3D prostate model reconstruction from a sparse collection of non‐parallel 2D TRUS biopsy images (2005)

Biopsy of the prostate using 2D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guidance is the current gold standard for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Physicians' procedural accuracy and precision is limited by working within the current 2D biopsy environment that is susceptible to uncertainties when targeting 3D biopsy locations. We propose a technique for the reconstruction of a patient‐specific 3D prostate volume from a sparse collection of 2D US biopsy images that may be utilized for accurate prostate volume calculation. 2D TRUS biopsy images, with known 3D coordinates, were simulated from 3D US prostate image volumes acquired from biopsy patients. The prostate boundaries were manually outlined from each simulated biopsy image and radial basis functions were used to estimate the 3D prostate capsule from collections of 2D prostate outlines varying from 6–16 contours. Each reconstructed prostate model was compared to a manually segmented, 3D planimetry model for volume and surface boundary accuracy as well as the clinical‐standard prolate ellipsoid volume estimation technique. Prostate models reconstructed from one patient's simulated biopsy images demonstrated a consistent volume error range of 1.1%–0.4%, which was less than the clinical standard calculation that produced a 1.44% error. The mean prostate surface boundary error for all generated models was consistently < 1 mm with a RMS ≅ 1.1 mm. We have demonstrated a reconstruction technique capable of generating a 3D prostate model from a small sample of 2D TRUS biopsy images. This reconstruction technique has the potential to be incorporated into biopsy protocol for accurate volume measurements and needle guidance.
Development of a double cap on the humidity sensor in radiosondes for improving ventilation (2016)

ABSTRACT Although a protective cap on the humidity sensor of radiosondes is an effective tool to prevent the sensor from wetting by rain and/or clouds, the cap is thought to be responsible for poor ventilation and thereby induces a time delay in the measurement of relative humidity in upper air. In the present study, a new type of the protective cap having a double cap configuration has been developed for improving the ventilation of air. The double cap consists of an outer cap and an inner cap with holes and windows on the top and sides of each cap, respectively, that are designed not to face each other, between two caps for blocking the penetration of water droplets. The wetting of the double cap was tested by artificial water droplets as well as during flying tests on rainy days and the humidity sensor in a double cap was not wet in both cases. In addition, the response of sensors to indoor humidity changes as well as during balloon‐borne measurements was found to be faster in the case of double caps than conventional closed caps, suggesting the enhancement of ventilation when using the double cap. The present study provides an efficient way to improve the performance of humidity sensors of radiosondes by simply modifying the design of protective caps.
Arylamine-Based Dyes for p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2011)

New arylamine-based sensitizers for p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been synthesized and used for p-type DSSCs. The best conversion efficiency reaches ∼0.1%. Sensitizers with two anchoring carboxylic acids lead to higher open-circuit voltages, short-circuit currents, and energy conversion efficiencies.
Instruction-Level Execution Migration (2010)

We introduce the Execution Migration Machine (EM²), a novel data-centric multicore memory system architecture based on computation migration. Unlike traditional distributed memory multicores, which rely on complex cache coherence protocols to move the data to the core where the computation is taking place, our scheme always moves the computation to the core where the data resides. By doing away with the cache coherence protocol, we are able to boost the effectiveness of per-core caches while drastically reducing hardware complexity. To evaluate the potential of EM² architectures, we developed a series of PIN/Graphite-based models of an EM² multicore with 64 x86 cores and, under some simplifying assumptions (a timing model restricted to data memory performance, no instruction cache modeling, high-bandwidth fixed-latency interconnect allowing concurrent migrations), compared them against corresponding directory-based cache-coherent architecture models. We justify our assumptions and show that our conclusions are valid even if our assumptions are removed. Experimental results on a range of SPLASH-2 and PARSEC benchmarks indicate that EM2 can significantly improve per-core cache performance, decreasing overall miss rates by as much as 84% and reducing average memory latency by up to 58%.
Toughening and strengthening of translucent alumina (2009)

Translucent alumina with anisotropic-grained microstructure was fabricated utilizing a small amount of glass-forming impurities and the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) method. Its total forward transmission at 600 nm is 72% (1 mm thickness), and bending strength and fracture toughness are estimated to be 649 MPa and 9.4 MPa·m0.5, respectively. Bimodal structure composed of elongated anisotropic-grain and fine equi-axis grain is responsible for the enhancement of mechanical properties.
Rice NRR, a negative regulator of disease resistance, interacts with Arabidopsis NPR1 and rice NH1 (2005)

Arabidopsis NPR1/NIM1 is a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which confers lasting broad-spectrum resistance. Over-expression of Arabidopsis NPR1 or the NPR1 homolog 1 (NH1) in rice results in enhanced resistance to the pathogen Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), suggesting the presence of a related defense pathway in rice. We investigated this pathway in rice by identifying proteins that interact with NH1. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a rice cDNA encoding a novel protein, named NRR (for negative regulator of resistance). NRR interacts with NPR1 in the NPR1-interacting domain (NI25) consisting of 25 amino acids. NRR also interacts with NH1; however, NI25 was not sufficient for a strong interaction, indicating a difference between the rice and the Arabidopsis proteins. Silencing of NRR in rice had little effect on resistance to Xoo. When constitutively over-expressed in rice, NRR affected basal resistance, age-related resistance and Xa21-mediated resistance, causing enhanced susceptibility to Xoo. This phenotype was correlated with elevated NRR mRNA and protein levels and increased Xoo growth. Over-expression of NRR suppressed the induction of defense-related genes. NRR:GFP (green fluorescent protein) protein was localized to the nucleus, indicating that NRR may act directly to suppress the activation of defense genes. The fact that NRR compromises Xa21-mediated resistance indicates cross-talk or overlap between NH1- and Xa21-mediated pathways.
Abstract 3805: Anticancer agent HJC0416 inhibits the growth of breast cancer xenografts via downregulating STAT3 signaling (2014)

Abstract Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) play important roles in regulating the expression of genes activated during tumorigenesis. Particularly, STAT3 has been shown to contribute significantly in breast carcinogenesis and is often overexpressed in primary breast tumors. Increased STAT3 transcriptional activity is correlated with ER-negative phenotype in breast cancer cell lines and in primary invasive ductal breast carcinomas. Therefore, STAT3 emerges as a promising target for breast cancer treatment and prevention. We have designed, synthesized and screened a series of novel STAT3 inhibitors utilizing fragment-based drug design strategy. A number of small molecules with novel scaffolds have been discovered with low-micromolar to nanomolar potency in inhibiting the proliferation of various human breast cancer and pancreatic cancer cells. The identified compound HJC0416 significantly suppresses STAT3 promoter activity and STAT3 phosphorylation, reduces total STAT3 protein expression, induces cell growth arrest and early apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. HJC0416 also demonstrated a better efficacy in suppressing the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast xenograft tumors via intraperitoneal and oral administrative routes, with remarkably improved aqueous solubility and less toxicity than the lead compounds. We further demonstrated that p70S6K and MAPK pathways mediate the inhibitory effects from HJC0416 via downregulating RPS6, PDCD4 and EEF2K proteins. In conclusion, the new anticancer agent HJC0416 inhibits the growth of breast cancer xenografts via suppressing STAT3 expression and its phosphorylation. Citation Format: Ailian Xiong, Haijun Chen, Zhengduo Yang, Guoshuai Cai, Lili Wang, Chunyong Ding, Grace G. Xu, Christopher Wild, Na Ye, Ivan P. Uray, Jia Zhou, Qiang Shen. Anticancer agent HJC0416 inhibits the growth of breast cancer xenografts via downregulating STAT3 signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3805. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3805
Effect of alloying elements on recrystallization kinetics after hot deformation in austenitic stainless steels. (1987)

The effect of various alloying elements on static recovery and recrystallization kinetics in Ni-Cr austenitic stainless steels was investigated by an intermittent two stage hot compression test. Types 304 and 316 stainless steels showed a marked retardation of recrystallization kinetics compared with that of austenite in 0.25%Si-1.25%Mn steel. This retardation was found to arise from solid solution effect of Cr, but not of Ni. The finish-rolling temperature to attain the completely recrystallized structure in as-rolled plate was examined by hot rolling experiment, and this recrystallization temperatures in 304 and 316 steels were 975 and 1650°C, respectively. The retarding rate of solute atoms was quantitatively evaluated, and it increased in the following ascending order: Ni<Cr< V<Ti<Mo<Nb. This retarding effect of solute atoms resulted in a consistent correlation to the lattice constant change measured by high temperature X-ray dif fractometry. This effect appeared to be caused by the interaction between dislocations and lattice distortion.
<title>Holographic light-control film for liquid crystal displays</title> (1998)

We have been developing various holographic optical elements (HOEs) and holograms. In this paper holographic light control films (HLCF's) for use with reflective monochromatic type liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are discussed. The HLCFs are volume type holograms which diffract selected wavelengths of the ambient light to specific angles. Using HLCF's as reflectors in conjunction with LCDs allows the concentration of reflected light to specific viewing areas. Three beneficial characteristics of HLCFs, weak dependence upon incident light angles, good control of diffracted color and excellent environmental stability are described. (1) Weak dependency on incident light angles: Specially designing master holograms and replication conditions allows the production of HLCF's only depend weakly on the angle of the incident light. (2) Control of diffracted color: Varying process conditions allows the creation of HLCF's which diffract specific colors. (3) Stability during and after environmental tests: Using DuPont photopolymers resulted in good stability for both low and high temperatures and high humidity test conditions. In addition, the TEM pictures of the cross sections were shown.
Imaging caries lesions and lesion progression with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (2002)

New diagnostic tools are needed for the characterization of dental caries in the early stages of development. If carious lesions are detected early enough, they can be arrested without the need for surgical intervention. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) can be used for the imaging of early caries lesions and for the monitoring of lesion progression over time. High-resolution polarization resolved images were acquired of natural caries lesions and simulated caries lesions of varying severity created over time periods of 1 to 14 days. Linearly polarized light was incident on the tooth samples and the reflected intensity in both orthogonal polarizations was measured. PS-OCT was invaluable for removing the confounding influence of surface reflections and native birefringence and for resolving the surface structure of caries lesions. This study demonstrated that PS-OCT is well suited for the resolution of interproximal and occlusal caries, early root caries, and secondary caries around composite fillings. Longitudinal measurements of lesion progression established a strong correlation (p<0.001) between the reflected light from the lesion area and the square root of time indicating that PS-OCT is well suited for monitoring changes in enamel mineralization over time.
Apparatus for producing laser targets of 50 μ deuterium pellets (1974)

Apparatus is described which produces 50 μ deuterium pellets that are being used in a laser produced plasma facility. The pellets are sliced from a continuously spun solid deuterium thread at a rate of up to 10 pellets/sec. The methods of thread production and slicing, and pellet collimation are discussed. A unique feature of the apparatus is that it uses no liquid helium.
Drift compensation architectures and techniques for reduced-resolution transcoding (2002)

This paper discusses the problem of reduced-resolution transcoding of compressed video bitstreams. An analysis of drift errors is provided to identify the sources of quality degradation when transcoding to a lower spatial resolution. Two types of drift error are considered: a reference picture error, which has been identified in previous works, and error due to the non-commutative property of motion compensation and down-sampling, which is unique to this work. To overcome these sources of error, four novel architectures are presented. One architecture attempts to compensate for the reference picture error in the reduced resolution, while another architecture attempts to do the same in the original resolution. We present a third architecture that attempts to eliminate the second type of drift error and a final architecture that relies on an intra block refresh method to compensate all types of errors. In all these architectures, a variety of macroblock level conversions are required, such as motion vector mapping and texture down-sampling. These conversions are discussed in detail. Another important issue for the transcoder is rate control. This is especially important for the intra refresh architecture since it must find a balance between number of intra blocks used to compensate errors and the associated rate-distortion characteristics of the low-resolution signal. The complexity and quality of the architectures are compared. Based on the results, we find that the intra refresh architecture offers the best trade-off between quality and complexity, and is also the most flexible.
Wide-bandwidth continuously tunable optical delay line using silicon microring resonators (2010)

We demonstrate a distortion free tunable optical delay as long as 135 ps with a 10 GHz bandwidth using thermally tuned silicon microring resonators in the novel balanced configuration. The device is simple, easy to control and compact measuring only 30 µm wide by 250 µm long.
Detection of specific human papillomavirus types in paraffin‐embedded sections of cervical carcinomas (2005)

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of most cervical carcinomas. A complete understanding of the HPV types that cause cervical carcinoma is needed as vaccines are designed. Fresh tissues are not always available for such studies. We therefore sought to determine the feasibility of HPV studies using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 56 cervical carcinomas, correlating typing information with the pathology and physical state of the HPV sequences within cells. Sections from each specimen were used to extract and purify DNA. Specific HPV types were identified using a PCR/reverse blot strip assay. Tyramide signal-amplified, fluorescent DNA in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to localize HPV within cells. Human beta-globin sequences were amplified in DNA from all specimens. HPV sequences from oncogenic types were identified in 52 of 56 (92.9%) by PCR/reverse blot strip assay, and in one additional case using an HPV 16 multiplex PCR assay. HPV 16 was the most commonly detected type, present in most cases as a solitary isolate. Thirty- five of 42 HPV 16 or HPV 18 PCR-positive specimens were also positive in the FISH assay, in most cases in a pattern consistent with viral integration. We conclude that HPV typing from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of cervical carcinomas is possible, with a sensitivity that is similar to that found in studies using fresh tissue.
Lifetime-Based Sensing Using Phase-Modulation Fluorometry (1993)

Fluorescence sensing is of widespread interest in the biophysical, biochemical and biomedical sciences (1-10) because of the potential for real-time sensing without the need for many steps associated with other analytical methods. Many fluorescent probes have been identified that change intensity in response to analytes of interest, and more have been synthesized for high specificity and/or sensitivity (11). Fluorescence is particularly well suited for optical sensing because emitted light returning from the sensor can easily be distinguished from the excited light. Owing to the sensitivity of fluorescence, even low fluorophore levels can be detected. One can imagine fluorescence sensing based on intensity, intensity-ratio or lifetime measurements. These various methods for fluorescence sensing are illustrated in Figure 1. Intensity measurements have been used almost exclusively because of their simple instrumentation. Unfortunately, fluorescence intensity is sensitive to many other factors which can distort the observed values. The fluorescence intensity can vary due