gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Excitant Amino Acid Projection from the Medial Prefrontal Cortex to the Anterior Part of Nucleus Accumbens in the Rat (1985)

High-affinity uptake of neurotransmitter substrates in synaptosome-containing homogenates and tissue concentrations of amino acids were examined in subcortical areas 5-6 days after bilateral N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions confined to rat medial prefrontal cortex. D-[3H]Aspartate (32% of control) and [3H] gamma-aminobutyric acid ( [3H]GABA) (60% of control) uptakes were significantly reduced in medial prefrontal cortex, whereas [3H]choline (110% of control) uptake was unchanged, suggesting the production of axon-sparing lesions. The uptake of D-[3H]aspartate (76% of control), but not of [3H]GABA or [3H]choline, was significantly reduced in nucleus accumbens, with no concomitant reduction in amino acid concentrations. When examined in serial coronal sections, reduced D-[3H]aspartate uptake was confined to the most anterior 500 micron of nucleus accumbens (67% of contralateral sample). No significant reductions of uptake or amino acid concentrations were observed in caudate putamen or ventral tegmental area. These results suggest a role for glutamate or aspartate as neurotransmitters in projections from medial prefrontal cortex to anterior nucleus accumbens. Medial prefrontal cortex may represent the major excitatory cortical input to the nucleus accumbens.
High resolution tri-linear colour TDI CCD image sensor with programmable responsivity gain (2002)

We developed a 6032 element, 32 stage Tri-linear Time Delay and Integration Focal Plane Array for high resolution colour imaging applications. The sensor offers an improvement of a factor of 10 over comparable line scan CCD sensors. The imager architecture utilizes three individual TDI arrays, with a new multi-layer dielectric interference film (DIF) color filter or a dyed polyamide patterned monolithic filter that helps achieve accurate spectral separation in the three primary colour bands centered at 450 nm, 550 nm and 650 nm respectively. We also incorporated in the sensor a new programmable responsivity mechanism. This is achieved by an on-chip imaging area size selection mechanism. The sensors operate in the time-delay-and-integration mode. Depending on the level of illumination the user is able to dynamically select the number of TDI stages per sensor. The total number of TDI gain stages can be selected in blocks of 32, 16, 8, or 4. This property provides improvement in the dynamic range of the sensor by extending the response of the CCD over a wide range of illumination levels. Depending on the light energy incident on the sensor, the user can dynamically vary the number of TDI stages used for integrating an incident scene. The result is a programmable responsivity depending on the level of incident illumination. Such technique optimizes the performance of the CCD colour sensor.
Hand Osteoarthritis Severity is Associated with Total Knee Joint Replacements Independently of BMI. The Ages-Reykjavik Study (2011)

Hand and hip osteoarthritis in conjunction with BMI are strongly associated with the prevalence of TKR due to osteoarthritis. Together, BMI and HOA severity seem to contribute to the majority of the total TKR prevalence. While BMI has long been recognized as the major risk factor for TKR, the influence of osteoarthritis at other sites may have been underestimated.
Liposome DNA delivery and uptake by cells (review) (1996)

Human gene therapy is a rapidly emerging field; therapeutic genes are engineered into adenovirus, retrovirus, or into plasmid-liposome complexes for their delivery into cells in culture or in vivo. Steps to improve for successful liposome-mediated gene delivery to somatic cells include persistence of the plasmid in blood circulation, port of entry and transport across the cell membrane, release from endosomal compartments into the cytoplasm, nuclear import by docking through the pore complexes of the nuclear envelope, expression driven by the appropriate promoter/enhancer control elements, and persistence of the plasmid in the nucleus for long periods. A number of strategies for enhancing the efficiency of uptake by the cells and release from endosomal compartments of liposome-plasmid or liposome-oligonucleotide complexes are reviewed here; emphasis is given to the direction of liposomes to caveolae vesicles.
Acid Doping of Polyaniline:  Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Studies (1999)

A detailed investigation of the acid doping behavior of polyaniline has led to a robust and reproducible procedure for controlled adjustment of the redox state of dry polyaniline films. The initial step in this procedure is the casting of PANI films from formic acid. The subsequent exchange of the trapped formic acid for other primary dopants obtained from mono- and polyprotic acids (e.g., CH3COO-, BF4-, HSO4-, SO42-, H2PO4-, and HPO42-) is demonstrated. The voltammetric and the spectroscopic behavior of the PANI doped with different anions indicate that both the protons and the anions of dopant acids influence the structure and redox properties of the polymer. The redox state of PANI doped with homologous series of chloroacetic and carboxylic acids correlates with the pKa of the dopant acid. These results show that it is possible to prepare the polymer with a desired oxidation state according to the pKa of the dopant acid of a given homologous series. The exchange of the formic acid for both stronger and weaker doping acid can be repeatedly accomplished by electrochemical cycling.
Isolation of uncultivable anaerobic thermophiles of the family Clostridiaceae requiring growth-supporting factors. (2008)

Novel groups of uncultivable anaerobic thermophiles were isolated from compost by enrichment cultivation in medium with a cell-free extract of Geobacillus toebii. The cell-free extract of G. toebii provided the medium with growth-supporting factors (GSF) needed to cultivate the previously uncultured microorganisms. Twenty-nine GSF-requiring candidates were successfully cultivated, and 16 isolated novel bacterial strains were classified into three different groups of uncultivable bacteria. The similarity among these 16 isolates and a phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that these GSF-requiring strains represented novel groups within the family Clostridiaceae.
Non-boolean computing based on linear waves and oscillators (2015)

We investigate, how linear or weakly nonlinear oscillatory systems (coupled nanoscale oscillators and propagating spin-waves) can be used as non-Boolean computing systems. We study two model systems: nearest-neighbor connected harmonic oscillators and propagating spin-waves. We argue that these systems may realize efficient co-processors for some demanding applications (image processing, associative memories, scientific computations), where digital CMOS solutions are notably inefficient. Wave-based processing architectures may use emerging nano-scale oscillators as device components, potentially surpassing end-of-roadmap CMOS performance.
Image Processing Based Intelligent Traffic Controller (2012)

The frequent traffic jams at major junctions call for an efficient traffic management system in place. The resulting wastage of time and increase in pollution levels can be eliminated on a city-wide scale by these systems. The paper proposes to implement an intelligent traffic controller using real time image processing. The image sequences from a camera are analyzed using various edge detection and object counting methods to obtain the most efficient technique. Subsequently, the number of vehicles at the intersection is evaluated and traffic is efficiently managed. The paper also proposes to implement a real-time emergency vehicle detection system. In case an emergency vehicle is detected, the lane is given priority over all the others.
Roles of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Epidermal and Hair Follicle Development, Homeostasis, and Cancer (2017)

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and provides a protective barrier against environmental insults. It is a rapidly-renewing tissue undergoing constant regeneration, maintained by several types of stem cells. The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is one of the fundamental signaling pathways that contributes to epidermal development, homeostasis, and repair, as well as to hair follicle development and follicle bulge stem cell maintenance. The HH pathway interacts with other signal transduction pathways, including those activated by Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein, platelet-derived growth factor, Notch, and ectodysplasin. Furthermore, aberrant activation of HH signaling is associated with various tumors, including basal cell carcinoma. Therefore, an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the HH signaling pathway is important for elucidating fundamental mechanisms underlying both organogenesis and carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the role of the HH signaling pathway in the development and homeostasis epidermis and hair follicles, and in basal cell carcinoma formation, providing an update of current knowledge in this field.
Use of multiple fluorophores for evaluating microvascular permeability in control rats and rats with sepsis (2007)

Capillary leak accompanying systemic inflammatory response conditions is a significant clinical problem. In the present study, we describe and verify a method for studying capillary leak that is based on the injection of proteins that differ significantly in size and have spectrally distinguishable fluorophores. Control (n=11) and post-CLP (caecal ligation and puncture; n=14) Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with tracer amounts of albumin and PEG-Alb [albumin covalently linked to methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)] labelled with fluorescein and Texas Red. Blood samples were withdrawn between 5 min and 144 h, and the fluorescence of the labelled proteins was determined. The relative retention of the PEG-Alb and albumin was assessed via measurement of the TER (transcapillary escape rate; in %/h) and the t(50%) estimate, defined as the time when the actual concentration reached 50% of its baseline. The concentration-time trends for both albumin and PEG-Alb tracers exhibited two-compartmental behaviour and were analysed using bi-exponential modelling. Retention times were significantly greater for PEG-Alb in both control and CLP rats. TER(PEG-Alb) was significantly lower than TER(albumin) for both control (8.1+/-5.6 compared with 14.8+/-7.1 %/h respectively; P<0.01) and CLP (14.8+/-6.6 compared with 22.5+/-7.3 %/h respectively; P<0.001) rats. The t(50%[PEG-Alb]) was substantially greater than the corresponding t(50%[albumin]) for both control (29.8+/-9.8 compared with 7.2+/-2.0 h respectively; P<0.001) and CLP (12.9+/-5.6 compared with 5.1+/-1.6 h respectively; P<0.001) rats. The result was similar irrespective of the fluorophore-protein combination, validating the multifluorophore technique. In conclusion, the double-fluorophore approach described in the present study may provide the future basis for a method to quantify capillary leak in disease.
Gene Organization in Rice Revealed by Full-Length cDNA Mapping and Gene Expression Analysis through Microarray (2007)

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a model organism for the functional genomics of monocotyledonous plants since the genome size is considerably smaller than those of other monocotyledonous plants. Although highly accurate genome sequences of indica and japonica rice are available, additional resources such as full-length complementary DNA (FL-cDNA) sequences are also indispensable for comprehensive analyses of gene structure and function. We cross-referenced 28.5K individual loci in the rice genome defined by mapping of 578K FL-cDNA clones with the 56K loci predicted in the TIGR genome assembly. Based on the annotation status and the presence of corresponding cDNA clones, genes were classified into 23K annotated expressed (AE) genes, 33K annotated non-expressed (ANE) genes, and 5.5K non-annotated expressed (NAE) genes. We developed a 60mer oligo-array for analysis of gene expression from each locus. Analysis of gene structures and expression levels revealed that the general features of gene structure and expression of NAE and ANE genes were considerably different from those of AE genes. The results also suggested that the cloning efficiency of rice FL-cDNA is associated with the transcription activity of the corresponding genetic locus, although other factors may also have an effect. Comparison of the coverage of FL-cDNA among gene families suggested that FL-cDNA from genes encoding rice- or eukaryote-specific domains, and those involved in regulatory functions were difficult to produce in bacterial cells. Collectively, these results indicate that rice genes can be divided into distinct groups based on transcription activity and gene structure, and that the coverage bias of FL-cDNA clones exists due to the incompatibility of certain eukaryotic genes in bacteria.
Galactosylation at Side Chains of Branched Cyclodextrins by Various β-Galactosidases (1992)

The galactosyl transfer reaction to branched cyclodextrins (CDs) was investigated using lactose as a donor substrate and branched CDs as acceptors by various beta-galactosidases. Bacillus circulans beta-galactosidase synthesized galactosyl transfer products to branched CDs, of which the galactose residues were linked at side chains of branched CDs, not directly at CD rings. Aspergillus oryzae and Penicillium multicolor beta-galactosidases also produced derivatives galactosylated at side chains of branched CDs. The structures of main transgalactosylation products of branched CDs by these beta-galactosidases seem to be different from those by B. circulans beta-galactosidase, judging from the retention times on high performance liquid chromatography.
PAGE SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION UTILIZING BOTTOM-UP APPROACH (2001)

Document image processing has become an increasingly important technology in the automation of office documentation tasks. Automatic document scanners such as text readers and OCR (Optical Character Recognition) systems are an essential component of systems capable of those tasks. One of the problems in this field is that the document to be read is not always placed correctly on a flat-bed scanner. This means that the document may be skewed on the scanner bed, resulting in a skewed image. This skew has a detrimental effect on document analysis, document understanding, and character segmentation and recognition. Consequently, detecting the skew of a document image and correcting it are important issues in realizing a practical document reader. This paper presents the use of analyzing the connected components extracted from the binary image of a document page. Such an analysis provides a lot of useful information, and will be used to perform skew correction, segmentation and classification of the document. Moreover, we describe two new algorithms — one for skew detection and one for skew correction. The new skew correction algorithm we propose has been shown to be fast and accurate, with run times averaging under 1.5 CPU seconds and 30 seconds real time to calculate the angle on a 5000/20 DEC workstation. Experiments on over 100 pages show that the method works well on a wide variety of layouts, including sparse textual regions, mixed fonts, multiple columns, and even for documents with a high graphical content.
Regulated Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Human Glial Cells: Induction of Dormant Virus (1992)

Human neural cells are susceptible to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro; however, virus replication in these cells is strongly restricted. To understand the mechanism of this restriction, we examined the regulation of HIV-1 expression in glial cell cultures expressing high levels of HIV-1 after transfection of infectious viral DNA and selection. In all cases, high HIV-1 expression declined to low basal levels within 4-8 weeks of cultivation. The decrease in HIV-1 protein production wa paralleled by the decline in the relative levels of the 9.2-, 4.3- and 1.8-kilobase HIV-1 transcripts, but not by significant loss of HIV-1 DNA. Analysis of one long-term cell culture revealed 5 full-length unrearranged HIV-1 DNA copies per cell, but no viral transcripts on Northern blots, and minimal production of infectious virus. HIV-1 replication in these cells was markedly augmented by treatment with sodium butyrate (Na But) and to a lesser extent by 5-azacytidine, dibutyryl AMP and human herpes virus type 6. The virus induced by Na But was infectious. Transient expression assays revealed that Na But was more effective than phorbol myristate acetate in increasing the HIV-1 promoter activity in glial cells. Thus, one phase where glial cells can limit HIV infection is the expression of viral RNA from stable HIV provirus. However, such provirus remains responsive to inductive signals and may be activated to produce infectious HIV.
Multi-sensor context aware clothing (2003)

Inspired by perception in biological systems, distribution of a massive amount of simple sensing devices is gaining more support in detection applications. A focus on fusion of sensor signals instead of strong analysis algorithms, and a scheme to distribute sensors, results in new issues. Especially in wearable computing, where sensor data continuously changes, and clothing provides an ideal supporting structure for simple sensors, this approach may prove to be favourable. Experiments with a body-distributed sensor system investigate the influence of two factors that affect classification of what has been sensed: an increase in sensors enhances recognition, while adding new classes or contexts depreciates the results. Finally, a wearable computing related scenario is discussed that exploits the presence of many sensors.
IPEL-a novel ion-implanted electrically programmable element (1989)

The programmable element consists of a metal/amorphous-silicon/crystalline-silicon structure in which the amorphous-silicon layer is created by high-dose ion implantation. Amorphization by the damage caused by the collisions of the energetic ions with the substrate increases resistivity of a normal contact to single-crystal silicon by many orders of magnitude. The specific resistance of a typical aluminum contact to heavily doped n-type silicon increases from 10/sup -6/-10/sup -5/ to 1-10 Omega -cm/sup 2/ at room temperature. Applying a sufficiently high voltage induces an irreversible transformation of the device into a low-resistance state. The postprogramming resistance can be as low as 100 Omega for a 3*3- mu m/sup 2/ contact at room temperature.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bond-length relaxation in crystalline<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Si</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>alloys: An extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure study (1992)

Extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure spectra for crystalline ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{x}}$ alloys, measured at the K edge of Ge at room temperature, are analyzed with a curve-fitting method based on the spherical-wave approximation. The Ge-Ge and Ge-Si bond lengths, coordination numbers of Ge and Si atoms around a Ge atom, and Debye-Waller factors of Ge and Si atoms are obtained. It is shown that Ge-Ge and Ge-Si bonds relax completely, for all Ge concentrations of their study, while the lattice constant varies monotonically, following Vegard's law. As noted by Bragg and later by Pauling and Huggins, the Ge-Ge and Ge-Si bond lengths are close to the sum of their constituent-element atomic radii: nearly 2.45 \AA{} for Ge-Ge bonds and 2.40 \AA{} for Ge-Si bonds. A study on the coordination around a Ge atom in the alloys revealed that Ge and Si atoms mix randomly throughout the compositional range studied.
Analysis of hybrid magnetic bearing with a permanent magnet in the rotor by FEM (2006)

The structure and operating principle of a new kind of hybrid magnetic bearing (HMB) with permanent magnets in the rotor are introduced in this paper. Three-dimensional FEM analysis models of HMB are built first, then air-gap flux density distribution under different conditions, X-Y magnetic coupling, and the force-current characteristics are studied in sequence, some of which are compared with other kinds of magnetic bearings to throw light on the advantages of the presented HMB. A prototyped HMB is manufactured in the application of the satellite attitude control/energy storage flywheel system with angular moments of 15Nms at a speed of 30 000rpm. It is verified by theoretical analysis and prototyped experiments that the proposed HMB features simple structure, low power loss, little X-Y magnetic coupling, good force-current characteristics, and, finally, high operating reliability
Continously variable series reactor: Impacts on distance protection using CCVTs (2015)

A continuously variable series reactor (CVSR) is a novel application of a well-known concept that provides continuous modulation of line reactance by controlling the magnetization in a ferromagnetic core. The target application is power flow control in meshed electric power systems. Modulation of the line impedance occurs by altering the bias of a dc winding to control the magnetization of the ferromagnetic core, thereby varying the reactance of the ac winding. Fault conditions can drive the CVSR outside of the control point in sub-cycle time and could affect distance protection along the controlled line. This study seeks to quantify such impacts using PSCAD™ simulations of a CVSR under fault conditions with CCVTs providing the line potential measurements. Impacts are observed through playback of the resulting waveforms into a distance relay. The results show that the interaction of the CVSR with CCVTs has minimal effect on distance protection reach.
La implantación en España de la formación profesional dual: perspectivas (2017)

El objetivo de este artículo es exponer, por un lado, que internacionalmente cada vez se acepta más la visión de la existencia de una gran variedad de modelos en los que se alterna la formación escolar y el aprendizaje en el puesto de trabajo, de origen muy diverso, que no puede reducirse a la hipótesis de una progresiva implantación de un modelo germánico que se extiende mundialmente; y por otro, que la formación dual aún se halla en un estadio muy incipiente en España.
A Computerized Visual Feedback Display for Easier and More Accurate Spirometry (1981)

The accuracy of spirometric testing of lung function can be impaired by several quality control problems of a psychological nature, including effort dependency, comprehension of instructions, motivation, technician effects, and practice effects. This study evaluates a computerized visual feedback display designed to reduce these quality control problems and thus lead to easier and more accurate spirometry. The results show that the display can produce as high or higher values than standard procedures and at the same time, reduce variability significantly. The display also permits less technician intervention, which makes testing easier and reduces technician effects.