gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Reconstruction of Activity and Attenuation for PET/MR (2010)

Medical investigations targeting a quantitative analysis of the position emission tomography (PET) images require the incorporation of additional knowledge about the photon attenuation distribution in the patient. Today, energy range adapted attenuation maps derived from computer tomography (CT) scans are used to effectively compensate for image quality degrading effects, such as attenuation and scatter. Replacing CT by magnetic resonance (MR) is considered as the next evolutionary step in the field of hybrid imaging systems. However, unlike CT, MR does not measure the photon attenuation and thus does not provide an easy access to this valuable information. Hence, many research groups currently investigate different technologies for MR-based attenuation correction (MR-AC). Typically, these approaches are based on techniques such as special acquisition sequences (alone or in combination with subsequent image processing), anatomical atlas registration, or pattern recognition techniques using a data base of MR and corresponding CT images. We propose a generic iterative reconstruction approach to simultaneously estimate the local tracer concentration and the attenuation distribution using the segmented MR image as anatomical reference. Instead of applying predefined attenuation values to specific anatomical regions or tissue types, the gamma attenuation at 511 keV is determined from the PET emission data. In particular, our approach uses a maximum-likelihood estimation for the activity and a gradient-ascent based algorithm for the attenuation distribution. The adverse effects of scattered and accidental gamma coincidences on the quantitative accuracy of PET, as well as artifacts caused by the inherent crosstalk between activity and attenuation estimation are efficiently reduced using enhanced decay event localization provided by time-of-flight PET, accurate correction for accidental coincidences, and a reduced number of unknown attenuation coefficients. First results achieved with measured whole body PET data and reference segmentation from CT showed an absolute mean difference of 0.005 cm⁻¹ (< 20%) in the lungs, 0.0009 cm⁻¹ (< 2%) in case of fat, and 0.0015 cm⁻¹ (< 2%) for muscles and blood. The proposed method indicates a robust and reliable alternative to other MR-AC approaches targeting patient specific quantitative analysis in time-of-flight PET/MR.
Synthesis and characterization of partially disulfonated hydroquinone‐based poly(arylene ether sulfone)s random copolymers for application as proton exchange membranes (2008)

Abstract Partially disulfonated hydroquinone (HQ)‐based poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymers were synthesized and characterized for application as proton exchange membranes. The copolymer composition was varied in the degree of disulfonation. The copolymers were characterized by 1 H NMR, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and other analytical techniques. The copolymer with a 25% degree of disulfonation showed the best balance between water uptake and proton conductivity. The copolymers showed substantially reduced methanol permeability compared with Nafion® and satisfactory direct methanol fuel cell performance. The methanol selectivity improved significantly in comparison to Nafion® 117. At a given ionic composition, the HQ‐based system showed higher water uptake and proton conductivity than the biphenol‐based (BPSH‐xx) poly(arylene ether sulfone)s copolymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 384–391, 2009
Compressive Antenna Pattern Measurement: A Case Study in Practical Compressive Sensing (2022)

Compressive sensing has emerged as powerful signal processing technique that has been applied to many dif-ferent types of measurement; enhancing systems in terms of power consumption, memory usage, resolution, and measurement speed. Although compressive sensing has experienced tremendous growth in theoretical research, successful commercial applications of compressive sensing have developed slowly. In many cases, alternative sensing strategies will outperform compressive sensing in real-world situations. In order to design a successful compressive sensing system, it is crucial to not only understand compressive sensing's strengths, but also its limitations. An intuitive introduction to compressive sensing is presented to describe how compressive sensing can be applied to practical measurement problems. The essential aspects of compressive sensing are explained, and common misunderstanding are addressed. Finally, compressive antenna pattern measurement is presented as case study, inspiring compressive sensing to be used in other applications in the automatic test community.
Synthesis of some new thorium phosphates (2002)

Some thorium phosphates have been synthesised: caesium–thorium phosphate, barium–thorium phosphate, thorium fluoride phosphate, thorium sulphate phosphate, and thorium silicate phosphate, starting from aqueous solutions. Their chemical composition was established by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) and/or by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). The X-rays diffraction patterns and/or the infrared spectra are given for these series of thorium phosphate.
Fine‐Tuning Covalent Inhibition of Bacterial Quorum Sensing (2016)

Emerging antibiotic resistance among human pathogens has galvanized efforts to find alternative routes to combat bacterial virulence. One new approach entails interfering with the ability of bacteria to coordinate population-wide gene expression, or quorum sensing (QS), thus inhibiting the production of virulence factors and biofilm formation. We have recently developed such a strategy by targeting LasR, the master regulator of QS in the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, through the rational design of covalent inhibitors closely based on the core structure of the native ligand. We now report several groups of new inhibitors, one of which, fluoro-substituted ITC-12, displayed complete covalent modification of LasR, as well as effective QS inhibition in vitro and promising in vivo results. In addition to their potential clinical relevance, this series of synthetic QS modulators can be used as a tool to further unravel the complicated QS regulation in P. aeruginosa.
Ultrafast spectro-temporal analyzer for the multi-scale laser dynamics studies (2018)

We propose a real-time optical spectro-temporal analyzer (ROSTA), which simultaneously provides single-shot temporal and spectral information for multiple time-scale radiance. By using ROSTA, new complex dynamic phenomena during the birth of passive mode-locking is observed.
Feasibility study on common polarisation control for coherent FDM transmission system (1989)

A common polarisation control with a single polarisation controller for a coherent optical FDM transmission system is proposed. This scheme is applicable to the system carrying 600Mbit/s-16 channel to 5 Gbit/s-2-channel coherent FDMsignals, with a great reduction in receiver complexity.
Principle and performance of the transverse oscillation vector velocity technique in medical ultrasound. (2010)

Medical ultrasound systems measure the blood velocity by tracking the blood cells motion along the ultrasound field. This is done by pulsing in the same direction a number of times and then finding e.g., the shift in phase between consecutive pulses. Properly normalized, this is directly proportional to the axial blood velocity. A major drawback is that only the axial velocity component is found. Often the lateral component is most important as blood vessels run parallel to the skin surface. The talk presents the transverse oscillation approach, which also can find the lateral velocity component by using a double oscillating field. A special estimator is then used for finding both the axial and lateral velocity components, so that both magnitude and phase can be calculated. The method for generating double oscillating ultrasound fields and the special estimator are described, and its performance revealed for a flow rig setup. Several examples from the clinical use of the approach are shown. From these it is seen that both velocity magnitude and angle varies temporally and spatially across the cardiac cycle, and it is, thus, important to estimate both continuously over the image region and time.
Light Emitting Diodes with ZnO Current Spreading Layers Deposited from a Low Temperature Aqueous Solution (2009)

We report on the electrical and optical properties of a GaN based light emitting diode (LED) utilizing a ZnO current spreading layer that was deposited by a low temperature aqueous technique. For comparison, a LED employing a conventional thin Ni/Au current spreading layer was also fabricated. In both cases, the same metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) grown c-plane GaN LED on patterned sapphire wafer was used. Using an integrated sphere measurement, we report a factor of 1.93 power output increase at 20 mA for the ZnO current spreading layer compared to Ni/Au.
A preliminary investigation of powered prostheses for improved walking biomechanics in bilateral transfemoral amputees (2012)

The authors conducted a preliminary investigation of the extent to which a pair of powered prostheses can provide improved gait biomechanics in bilateral transfemoral amputee walking. Specifically, a finite state-based impedance controller for level ground walking was implemented in a pair of powered knee and ankle prostheses. The efficacy of the powered prostheses and impedance-based controllers was tested on a healthy subject using able-body adapters. Motion capture data was collected while the subject performed treadmill walking with the powered prostheses. This kinematic data is compared to that of healthy subjects, and also to previously published data for bilateral transfemoral amputee gait with passive prostheses. The comparison indicates that the powered prostheses are able to provide a walking gait that is considerably more representative of healthy biomechanical gait relative to passive prostheses.
Chimeric Antigen Receptors Targeting Human Cytomegalovirus (2020)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes significant morbidity in some vulnerable populations. Individualized adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded CMV-specific CD8+ T cells has provided proof-of-concept that immunotherapy can be highly effective, but a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) approach would provide a feasible method for broad application. We created 8 novel CARs using anti-CMV neutralizing antibody sequences, which were transduced via lentiviral vector into primary CD8+ T cells. All CARs were expressed. Activity against CMV-infected target cells was assessed by release of cytokines (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α), upregulation of surface CD107a, proliferation, cytolysis of infected cells, and suppression of viral replication. While some CARs showed varying functional activity across these assays, 1 CAR based on antibody 21E9 was consistently superior in all measures. These results support development of a CMV-specific CAR for therapeutic use against CMV and potentially other applications harnessing CMV-driven immunotherapies.
Cerebral metabolism of L-[2-18F]fluorotyrosine, a new PET tracer of protein synthesis. (1989)

L-[2-18F]fluorotyrosine (2-18FTyr) was evaluated as a tracer of cerebral protein synthesis for positron emission tomography (PET). Its metabolism in murine cerebrum was studied. The uptake in brain reaches a value of approximately 2% of the injected dose per gram tissue after 60 min. The incorporation of the tracer into tissue proteins was proven by discontinuous SDS gel electrophoresis. The protein bound fraction of tissue activity increased to 84% and 89% after 60 and 120 min p.i., respectively. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed a concomitant decrease of free 2-18FTyr in tissue with time. The sum of free 2-18FTyr, tRNA-and protein-bound 2-18FTyr in cerebral tissue gave an almost quantitative activity balance of 96 +/- 4% at all times examined. A significant formation of fluorodopa or fluorodopamine must therefore be excluded. This shows that L-[2-18F]fluorotyrosine is a promising tracer for quantitation of protein synthesis rates with PET based on a three-compartment model.
Immobilization of Arsenic from Novel Synthesized Scorodite&mdash;Analysis on Solubility and Stability (2009)

The solubility of scorodite synthesized in a novel atmospheric process was investigated. Stable scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O) particles were produced by introducing oxidizing gas into a reaction mixture containing ferrous sulfate and high-concentration arsenic (V) to convert ferrous ion to ferric ion. The obtained scorodite crystals released a very low, almost negligible concentration of arsenic in the pH range of 3 to 6, suggesting its long-term stability. The thermodynamic parameters for the dissolution reaction of scorodite, Ksp and ΔGf, were similar to those reported previously. The results show scorodite released a considerably high concentration of arsenic under specific leaching conditions. In particular, the combination of CaO and NaCl present in the alkaline leaching solution had a significant effect on the mobilization of arsenic. Although this study did not cover all possible natural environments in which scorodite would be stored, it seems practically impossible to develop conditions that would completely prevent the dissolution of arsenic from scorodite. It is crucial to develop scorodite storage methods that will minimize the risk of environmental arsenic contamination based on accurate evaluation of the conditions for the leaching of arsenic.
A Novel Electromagnetic Actuator Based on Displacement Amplification Mechanism (2014)

This paper introduces a new type of linear actuator using the electromagnetic attractive force, which enables a submillimeter stroke. In general, actuation by the electromagnetic attractive force causes a tradeoff problem between the thrust force and the stroke because the thrust force depends on the gap between the electromagnet and the armature; an increase in the gap (stroke) drastically degrades the thrust force. To realize a submillimeter stroke while retaining a high thrust force, a structure that adopts a displacement amplification mechanism is proposed, which is often used to expand the stroke of a piezoelectric actuator. First, the electromagnetic attractive force is theoretically examined with and without displacement amplification. We verify that displacement amplification could create a higher thrust force and energy efficiency over a certain displacement. On the basis of this examination, a prototype actuator is designed, and the driving principle is illustrated. Further, an analytical model of the proposed actuator is developed for control and performance estimation. Several fundamental experiments with a developed actuator are performed in order to reveal the potential of the proposed actuator. The performance evaluations show that the maximum stroke is approximately 450 μm and a bandwidth greater than 300 Hz can be realized, and more a time constant is approximately 2 ms for a stroke of 450 μm. In addition, the experimental results were compared with the simulation results calculated from the analytical model to verify whether the prototype drives predictably according to the proposed concept under a dynamic situation. These results demonstrate that the proposed actuator enables good actuation performance, and it implies that there are tremendous advantages from the viewpoints of manufacturing, assembly, control, etc.
Feasibility study of intelligent autonomous determination of the bladder voiding need to treat bedwetting using ultrasound and smartphone ML techniques (2018)

Unsatisfactory cure rates for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis (NE), i.e. bed-wetting, have led to the need to explore alternative modalities. New treatment methods that focus on preventing enuretic episodes by means of a pre-void alerting system could improve outcomes for children with NE in many aspects. No such technology exists currently to monitor the bladder to alarm before bed-wetting. The aim of this study is to carry out the feasibility of building, refining and evaluating a new, safe, comfortable and non-invasive wearable autonomous intelligent electronic device to monitor the bladder using a single-element low-powered low-frequency ultrasound with the help of Machine Learning techniques and to treat NE by warning the patient at the pre-void stage, enhancing quality of life for these children starting from the first use. The sensitivity and specificity values are 0.89 and 0.93 respectively for determining imminent voiding need. The results indicate that customised imminent voiding need based on the expansion of the bladder can be determined by applying a single-element transducer on a bladder in intermittent manner. The acquired results can be improved further with a comfortable non-invasive device by adding several more features to the current features employed in this pilot study. Graphical Abstract Ultrasound device design: echoed US pulses reflected from the bladder and related tissues around the bladder is detected. These pulses are analysed, and an alarm is triggered when needed to treat nocturnal enuresis.
Cell aggregation optimizes the differentiation of human ESCs and iPSCs into pancreatic bud-like progenitor cells (2015)

Embryonic pancreatic bud cells, the earliest pancreas-committed cells, generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been shown to differentiate into mature pancreatic β-cells in vivo, indicating the feasibility of hESC/iPSC-based cell therapy for diabetes. However, the key factors required for the differentiation of these cells into pancreatic bud cells are incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to establish culture conditions that efficiently induce PDX1(+)NKX6.1(+) pancreatic bud cells from hESCs/iPSCs. We differentiated a hESC line, KhES-3, into pancreatic lineages with a stepwise protocol recapitulating developmental process. The induction rate of PDX1(+)NKX6.1(+) cells was correlated with cell density in adherent cultures, and markedly improved with cell aggregation cultures. The positive effects of cell aggregation cultures on the differentiation of pancreatic bud cells were reproduced in multiple hESC/iPSC lines. The human PDX1(+)NKX6.1(+) cells developed into pancreatic epithelia after implantation into immunocompromised mice. Moreover, human C-peptide secretion into mouse bloodstream was stimulated by glucose challenges after in vivo maturation. Taken together, these results suggest that cultures with high cell density are crucial for the differentiation of pancreas-committed progenitor cells from hESCs/iPSCs. Our findings may be applicable for the development of hESC/iPSC-based cell therapy for diabetes.
DEEPDCA: INTRUSION DETECTION OVER IOT BASED ON ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DEEP LEARNING (2020)

As the Internet of Things (IoT) recently attains tremendous popularity, this promising technology leads to a variety of security challenges. The traditional solutions do not fit the new challenges brought by the IoT ecosystem. Conversely, Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) is intelligent and adaptive systems mimic the human immune system which holds desirable properties for such a dynamic environment and provide an opportunity to improve IoT security. In this thesis, we develop a novel hybrid Deep Learning and Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DeepDCA) in the context of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). The framework adopts DCA and Self Normalizing Neural Network. The aim of this research is to classify IoT intrusion and minimize the false alarm generation. Also, automate and smooth the signal extraction phase which improves the classification performance. The proposed IDS select the convenient set of features from the IoT-Bot dataset and to perform their signal categorization using the SNN then use the DCA for classification. The experimentation results show that DeepDCA performed well in detecting the IoT attacks with a high detection rate demonstrating over 98.73% accuracy and low false-positive rate. Also, it capable of performing better classification tasks than SVM, NB and similar performance with ANN classifier. We plan to carry out further experiments to verify the framework using a more challenging dataset and make further comparisons with other signal extraction approaches. Also, involve in real-time (online) attack detection.
The effects of supplemental dietary carnitine, betaine, and chromium nicotinate on growth and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing swine (1994)

Sixty-four pigs (initially 75 lb) were used to determine the effects of dietary betaine, carnitine, and chromium nicotinate on growth performance and carcass composition. Pigs were blocked by sex, ancestry, and weight and allotted in a randomized complete block design to each of four dietary treatments. These treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control diet and control diet plus 50 ppm carnitine, 1,000 ppm betaine, or 200 ppb chromium from chromium nicotinate. Grower diets (75 to 125 lb) were formulated to contain 1.0% lysine and finisher diets (125 to 225 lb) were formulated to contain .8% lysine. All diets were com-soybean meal-based, were fed in meal form, and contained .15% L-Iysine HCl and 2.5% soy oil. When mean weight of pigs in a pen reached 225 lb, one pig per pen was selected at random and slaughtered to obtain carcass measurements. During the grower phase, pigs fed carnitine had greater ADG and feed efficiency (F/G) than pigs fed the control diet. However, during the finishing phase and overall, no differences were observed for ADG, F/G, or ADFI. Pigs fed carnitine had larger longissimus muscle area and greater percentage muscle than pigs fed the control or betaine diets. Also, pigs fed carnitine had lower tenth rib backfat thickness compared to those fed the control diet. Average backfat thickness was lower in the pigs fed camitine or chromium nicotinate than in pigs fed the control diet. These results indicate that additions of dietary carnitine and chromium nicotinate are viable means of increasing carcass leanness in growing-finishing pigs. Further study of the metabolism of carnitine, chromium nicotinate, and betaine is needed to examine possible modes of action in the growing-finishing pig.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994
RAM-Based parallel-output controller (1980)

Selected bit strings in serial-data link are extracted for processing. Controller is programmable interface between serial-data link and peripherals that accept parallel data. It can be used to drive displays, printers, plotters, digital-to-analog converters, and parallel-output ports.