gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antitumor activity of 1 M tegafur-0.4 M 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine-1 M potassium oxonate (S-1) against human colon carcinoma orthotopically implanted into nude rats. (1996)

The purpose of this study was to establish a nude rat orthotopic (organ-specific) human colorectal cancer model as an in vivo secondary screen for general evaluation of new anticancer agents against colorectal cancer and to evaluate practically the antitumor activity of 1 M tegafur-0.4 M 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine-1 M potassium oxonate (S-1), a new p.o. fluoropyrimidine, in comparison to 1 M tegafur-4 M uracil [(UFT) effective on colorectal tumor in clinical]. After implantation of KM12C, a human colorectal cancer cell line, into the subserosal layer of the colon as a single-cell suspension, extensive local tumor growth and invasion to both the mucosal and the serosal sides were observed in all rats. Metastatic foci were also formed in both lymph nodes and lungs following local tumor growth in all of them. Using this method, an equitoxic dose of S-1 (15 mg/kg/day) and UFT (30 mg/kg/day) was administered p.o. for 14 consecutive days from 7 days after tumor cell implantation. S-1 showed a higher tumor growth inhibition than UFT did [S-1, 57% (significantly different from the tumor weight of the untreated group at P < 0.05) and UFT, 18% (P > 0.05)]. When both drugs were administered to nude rats bearing KM12C injected into the cecal wall for 28 consecutive days at equitoxic doses, the mean survival in the S-1 group was 16 days longer than that in the untreated group (P < 0.01) but that in the UFT group was only 8 days longer (P > 0.05). After the administration of an equitoxic dose of both drugs, S-1 gave the higher levels than UFT in various pharmacokinetic parameters as follows: area under the curve 0-24 h of 5-fluorouracil in plasma (3.5-fold), area under the curve 0-24 h of 5-fluorouracil incorporated into RNA in the tumor (1.3-fold), and thymidylate synthase inhibition rate (percentage) in the tumor (about 20%). Collectively, these findings suggested that this orthotopic human colorectal tumor model in nude rats is useful to evaluate the clinical therapeutic efficacy of drugs or therapies for colorectal cancer, and that S-1 had a higher therapeutic effect on human colorectal tumor than UFT did.
Discovery of <i>N</i>-Alkyl Piperazine Side Chain Based CXCR4 Antagonists with Improved Drug-like Properties (2018)

A novel series of CXCR4 antagonists with piperidinyl and piperazinyl alkylamine side chains designed as butyl amine replacements are described. Several of these compounds showed similar activity to the parent compound TIQ-15 (<b>5</b>) in a SDF-1 induced calcium flux assay. Preliminary structure-activity relationship investigations led us to identify a series containing <i>N</i>-propyl piperazine side chain analogs exemplified by <b>16</b> with improved off-target effects as measured in a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) calcium flux assay and in a limited drug safety panel screen. Further efforts to explore SAR and optimize drug properties led to the identification of the <i>N</i>'-ethyl-<i>N</i>-propyl-piperazine tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative <b>44</b> and the <i>N</i>-propyl-piperazine benzimidazole compound <b>37</b>, which gave the best overall profiles with no mAChR or CYP450 inhibition, good permeability in PAMPA assays, and metabolic stability in human liver microsomes.
Crystal data on calcium borate chloride, Ca<sub>2</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>Cl (1974)

Single crystals of Ca2BO3Cl grown from CaCl2 flux near 800 °C have space group P21/c and unit-cell constants a = 3.9484 (4), b = 8.692 (2), c = 12.402 (2) A, β = 100.27 (1)°.
Mechanoregulation of Angiogenesis in Wound Healing (2014)

<b>Significance:</b> Mechanical forces are important regulators of cell and tissue function. Endothelial cells proliferate in response to tissue stretch and the mechanical properties of the environment direct capillary sprouting and growth. As the vascular network is a key factor in physiology and disease, control of the vascularity by means of mechanical forces could lead to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. <b>Recent Advances:</b> Increased understanding of mechanobiology has stimulated translational research and allowed the development and optimization of clinical devices that exploit mechanical forces for the treatment of diseases, in particular in the field of wound healing. Stretching in distraction osteogenesis and tissue expansion induces neogenesis of well-vascularized tissues. In micro-deformational wound therapy, micro-mechanical distortions of the wound bed stimulate cell proliferation and angiogenesis by stretching resident cells to improve healing of difficult wounds. Relief from tension antagonizes proliferation and angiogenesis in primarily closed wounds allowing for better scar quality. <b>Critical Issues:</b> The integration of mechanobiology into traditional cell biology and pathophysiology in general is not yet complete and further research is needed to fill existing gaps, in particular in the complexity of <i>in vivo</i> conditions. <b>Future Directions:</b> Still largely unexplored approaches based on mechanical perturbation of the micro-/macro-environment can be devised to overcome the limits of current strategies in a broad spectrum of clinical conditions.
Deriving reflectance and shading components from a single image (2013)

Interpreting real-world images require the ability distinguish the different characteristics of the scene. Reflectance images are invariant under different illumination conditions, they are more appropriate for some applications, such as object detection, object recognition. Shading images can be used for some research fields such as the analysis of scene illumination and color constancy. Reflectance and shading components of image are represented by intrinsic images. In this paper, for processing the images including the specular reflection and a variety of shadows, an algorithm is presented that uses multiple cues to recover reflectance and shading image from a single image. On the gradient domain of logarithmic image, firstly, a method based on c <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> c <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and o <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> o <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> color space, called weighted edges map method, is used to design gradient classifier, executing intrinsic image preliminary decomposition. Then intensity characteristics and chromatic characteristics are used to compensate gradient classifier. Experimental results show that the recovering reflectance image by the proposed method can eliminate highlights and shadows effectively and keep more complete color and edge information.
Performance analysis of a mobility gateway for GPRS-WLAN integration (2005)

To integrate GPRS and WLANs, we propose a GPRS-WLAN mobility gateway (GWMG) which resides on the border of the GPRS and WLAN systems. The design goal is to minimize the modifications in GPRS and WLANs, as both systems are already widely available in the market. By deploying GWMG, users can seamlessly roam between the two systems. The paper presents analytical models to quantify the performance of the design. Handoff latency and buffer size on the GWMG are analyzed. The results show that the GWMG can achieve the design goal to integrate GPRS and WLANs effectively.
Structure and Biosynthesis of FD-594; a New Antitumor Antibiotic. (1998)

The structure of a novel antitumor antibiotics FD-594 (1), produced by Streptomyces sp. TA-0256, was determined to have a glycosylated pyrano[4',3':6,7]naphtho[1,2-b]-xanthene skeleton by means of spectral data. The biosynthetic studies of the chromophore of 1 was also carried out by feeding experiments with [1-13C]-, [2-13C]-, and [1,2-13C2]sodium acetate. The labeling pattern was determined by 13C NMR including 2D INADEQUATE experiments, which allowed us to elucidate that the chromophore of 1 is derived from 14 acetate, followed by the loss of one carbon atom.
Single-laser polarization-controlled optical sampling system for THz-TDS (2018)

We demonstrate a polarization-multiplexed, single-laser system for terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy without an external delay line. The fiber laser emits two pulse trains with independently adjustable repetition rates, utilizing only one laser-active section and one pump diode. With a standard fiber-coupled THz setup and a polarization-multiplexed optical amplifier, we are able to measure transients with a spectral bandwidth of 1.5 THz and a dynamic range of 50 dB in a measurement time of 1 s. Based on the novel laser architecture, we call this new approach single-laser polarization-controlled optical sampling, or SLAPCOPS.
SENSE‐DTI at 3 T (2004)

While holding vast potential, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with single-excitation protocols still faces serious challenges. Limited spatial resolution, susceptibility to magnetic field inhomogeneity, and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) may be considered the most prominent limitations. It is demonstrated that all of these shortcomings can be effectively mitigated by the transition to parallel imaging technology and high magnetic field strength. Using the sensitivity encoding (SENSE) technique at 3 T, brain DTI was performed in nine healthy volunteers. Despite enhanced field inhomogeneity, parallel acquisition permitted both controlling geometric distortions and enhancing spatial resolution up to 0.8 mm in-plane. Heightened SNR requirements were met in part by high base sensitivity at 3 T. A further significant increase in SNR efficiency was accomplished by SENSE acquisition, exploiting enhanced encoding speed for echo time reduction. Based on the resulting image data, high-resolution tensor mapping is demonstrated.
Tamoxifen-resistant fibroblast growth factor-transfected MCF-7 cells are cross-resistant in vivo to the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 and two aromatase inhibitors. (1998)

Although the antiestrogen tamoxifen has been the mainstay of therapy for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, successful treatment of responsive tumors is often followed by the acquisition of tamoxifen resistance. Subsequently, only 30-40% of patients have a positive response to second hormonal therapies. This lack of response might be explained by mechanisms for tamoxifen resistance that sensitize ER pathways to small amounts of estrogenic activity present in tamoxifen or that bypass ER pathways completely. To elucidate one possible mechanism of tamoxifen resistance, we treated ovariectomized tumor-bearing mice injected with fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-transfected MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells with the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182,780 or one of two aromatase inhibitors, 4-OHA or letrozole. These treatments did not slow estrogen-independent growth or prevent metastasis of tumors produced by FGF-transfected MCF-7 cells in ovariectomized nude mice. FGF-transfected cells had diminished responses to ICI 182,780 in vitro, suggesting that autocrine activity of the transfected FGF may be replacing estrogen as a mitogenic stimulus for tumor growth. ER levels in FGF transfectants were not down-regulated, and basal levels of transcripts for estrogen-induced genes or of ER-mediated transcription of estrogen response element (ERE) luciferase reporter constructs in the FGF expressing cells were not higher than parental cells, implying that altered hormonal responses are not due to down-regulation of ER or to FGF-mediated activation of ER. These studies indicate that estrogen independence may be achieved through FGF signaling pathways independent of ER pathways. If so, therapies directed at the operative mechanism might produce a therapeutic response or allow a response to a second course of antiestrogen treatment.
How Societies are Born: Governance in West Central Africa before 1600 (2005)

(2005). How Societies are Born: Governance in West Central Africa before 1600. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 118-118.
A PET Design Based on SiPM and Monolithic LYSO Crystals: Performance Evaluation (2016)

A new small animal PET based on SiPM and monolithic LYSO crystals has been developed. Eight detector modules form the PET ring, each mounting an array of 12 × 12 SiPMs coupled to a readout providing the summed signals of the pixels on each of the 12 rows and 12 columns of the SiPM array. This design makes it possible to accurately determine the centroid of the scintillation light distribution with about 1.6 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) resolution without correction for the 1 mm source size, and the photon depth of interaction (DOI) with nearly 2 mm FWHM. This single ring PET system has a homogeneous spatial resolution across the entire 80 mm transaxial field of view (FOV) of about 1 mm FWHM. The noise equivalent count rate (NECR) peak is estimated to occur at around 39.2 MBq with a rate of approximately 82.7 kcps for the mouse-like phantom and 22 kcps at 48.1 MBq for the rat-like phantom. Following the NEMA protocol, the peak absolute sensitivity in the center of the FOV is 2.8% for a 30% peak energy window. A pilot test injecting NaF to a mouse of 20 grams is also presented. Finally, the PET ring has been tested in front of a high field 15.2 T Magnetic Resonance (MR). No significant variation on energy and spatial resolution across the FOV has been observed due to the presence of the magnetic field.
[Studies on esterase isoenzyme of three species of flea]. (1991)

The patterns of esterase (Est) isoenzyme of 3 flea species were studied by vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The samples prepared from the third larval instar, female and male (the unsucking and sucked one) were run in the same gel slab. The result was as follows: Xenopsylla cheopis showed 14 bands, with 5-6 major bands, Ctenocephalides felis felis showed 9 bands with 4-5 major bands and Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi showed 9 bands with 4-5 major bands. These three species have their common bands as well as respective specific bands. The difference in Est isoenzymogram among families was greater than among genera, displaying a species-specific feature.
Portable Laser Spectrofluorimeter System for <i>in Vivo</i> Human Tissue Fluorescence Studies (1993)

A compact, portable spectrofluorimeter which measures broad-band fluorophores with high sensitivity is described. This instrument is specifically designed for acquisition of human tissue autofluorescence spectra in vivo. Pulsed excitation laser light at 337 nm and in the 370–700 nm wavelength range is provided, and the resulting fluorescence can be measured with 10-nm resolution. The system produces single-pulse spectra in human artery wall tissues with a signal-to-noise ratio of 100:1. An optically shielded fiber-optic probe for light delivery and collection permits calibrated intensity information to be obtained.
1-(Dialkylaminomethyl)-azetidin-2-ones. Intermediates in a highly stereoselective preparation of <i>trans</i>-3,4-disubstituted azetidin-2-ones (1983)

The use of dialkylaminomethyl derivatives as a new β-lactam N—H protecting group is described. The group is stable to basic reagents but is readily removed with dilute aqueous acids. 1-Dialkylaminomethyl derivatives bearing a 4-substituent are converted in good yield and with high stereoselectivity into trans-3,4-disubstituted derivatives via reaction with LDA and subsequent addition of electrophiles. The products of several of these sequences are of interest as intermediates to thienamycin related substances.
Antitumor, Immunomodulatory and Anti-HIV Effect of Mangiferin, a Naturally Occurring Glucosylxanthone (1996)

Mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-beta-D-glucoside) purified from plant sources was shown to have in vivo growth-inhibitory activity against ascitic fibrosarcoma in Swiss mice. Following in vivo or in vitro treatment, it also enhanced tumor cell cytotoxicity of the splenic cells and peritoneal macrophages of normal and tumor-bearing mice. In vitro treatment of the splenic cells of tumor-bearing mice with mangiferin resulted in augmented killing of tumor cells, both resistant and sensitive to natural killer cells. Mangiferin was also found to antagonize in vitro the cytopathic effect of HIV. The drug appears to act as a potent biological response modifier with antitumor and antiviral effect.
Serological Cross‐Reaction between Intact and Chemically Modified Lipopolysaccharides of O1 <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> Inaba and Non‐O1 <i>V. cholerae</i> Bio‐Serogroup Hakata (1992)

Serological cross-reaction of intact as well as chemically modified LPS from O1 Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba) with non-O1 V. cholerae Hakata LPS, which contain alpha(1-->2)-linked N-acetyl perosamine-homopolymer constituting their O polysaccharide chain, was studied by passive hemolysis test by using their LPS as antigen for sensitizing sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The N-deacylation of the alpha(1-->2)-linked linear 3-deoxy-tetronyl perosamine-homopolymer constituting the O polysaccharide chain in 569B LPS resulted in virtual elimination of their serological reactivity with both homologous Inaba and heterologous Hakata antisera. Furthermore, when the resultant NH2 groups of the N-deacylated perosamine-homopolymers in 569B LPS were N-acylated with acetyl, propionyl or butanoyl groups, they markedly recovered the serological reactivity to a marked extent, in particular, their pronounced cross-serological reactivity with heterologous Hakata antiserum. These results are believed to be compatible with the interpretation that the Inaba antigen factor C possessed by the two bacteria studied is related to the common occurrence of the N-acyl groups, regardless of what the acyl groups are, residing in the perosamine residues of the perosamine-homopolymers constituting the O polysaccharide chain of their LPS.
Linear circuit model combination for coupled noise simulation by using directional junction (2006)

A circuit level linear model combination technique using directional junction model is proposed. The method allows direct usage of two or more existing packaging component circuit models which have some shared coverages to form a new model with a larger coverage than any individual one. The accuracy of the method is compared to the reference models. This method is useful for the applications of multiaggressor single-victim coupled noise simulation.
Driving assistance system based on the detection of head-on collisions (2008)

An artificial vision system for vehicles is proposed in this article to alert drivers of potential head on collisions. It is capable of detecting any type of frontal collision from any type of obstacle that may present itself in a vehicle’s path. The system operates based on a sequence of algorithms whose images are recorded on a camera located in the moving vehicle, resulting in the calculation of Time-to-Contact taken from an analysis of the optical flow, which allows the vehicle’s movement to be studied from a sequence of images.
Coordination and Efficiency in Decentralized Collaboration (2015)

Environments for decentralized on-line collaboration are now widespread on the Web, underpinning open-source efforts, knowledge creation sites including Wikipedia, and other experiments in joint production. When a distributed group works together in such a setting, the mechanisms they use for coordination can play an important role in the effectiveness of the group's performance. Here we consider the trade-offs inherent in coordination in these on-line settings, balancing the benefits to collaboration with the cost in effort that could be spent in other ways. We consider two diverse domains that each contain a wide range of collaborations taking place simultaneously -- Wikipedia and GitHub -- allowing us to study how coordination varies across different projects. We analyze trade-offs in coordination along two main dimensions, finding similar effects in both our domains of study: first we show that, in aggregate, high-status projects on these sites manage the coordination trade-off at a different level than typical projects; and second, we show that projects use a different balance of coordination when they are "crowded," with relatively small size but many participants. We also develop a stylized theoretical model for the cost-benefit trade-off inherent in coordination and show that it qualitatively matches the trade-offs we observe between crowdedness and coordination.
Local Activation Time Estimation in Fractionated Electrograms of Cardiac Mappings (2019)

In this study, we propose a novel approach for estimation of local activation times (LATs) in fractionated electrograms. Using an electrophysiological tissue model, we first formulate the electrogram array as a convolution of transmembrane currents with a distance kernel. These currents are more local activities and less affected by the heterogeneity in the tissue compared to electrograms. We then deconvolve the distance kernel with the electrograms to reconstruct the transmembrane current. To stabilize the solution of this ill-posed deconvolution, we use spatio-temporal total variation as a regularization. This helps to preserve sharp spatial and temporal deflections in the currents that are of higher importance in LAT estimation. Finally, the maximum negative slope of the reconstructed transmembrane currents are used to estimate the LATs. Instrumental comparison to two reference approaches shows that the proposed approach performs better in estimating the LATs in fractionated electrograms.
Differentially Fed, Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Filtering Antenna With High Selectivity for 5G Sub-6 GHz Base Station Applications (2019)

In this communication, a novel dual-band dual-polarized filtering antenna with high selectivity is proposed. By etching four slots at each side of a square radiating patch, dual operation bands as well as a natural radiation null between the two bands are observed. Another two radiation nulls are generated by introducing a novel feeding structure, which is composed of a microstrip line with open-circuit stepped-impedance resonators (OCSIRs). Thus, a dual-band bandpass filtering response of the realized gain is obtained. Each polarization of the antenna is differentially fed, and the differential port isolation is better than 37 dB. A prototype of the antenna element and a $1\times 4$ array is fabricated and tested to validate our design. Measured results show that the antenna element has dual operation bands of 3.28-3.71 and 4.8-5.18 GHz for VSWR <; 1.5. Besides, a high out-of-band gain-suppression level which reaches 17.7 dB is also obtained. Good performance of the proposed antenna makes it a promising candidate for 5G sub-6 GHz base station systems.
Compression of Electrical Pulses Using Traveling-Wave Field Effect Transistors (1999)

A novel pulse compression scheme, which uses traveling-wave field effect transistors (TW-FETs) as the core elements, is proposed for the generation of ultrashort electrical pulse signals. The compression is achieved by modulating the amplitude of nonlinear solitary waves propagating along the gate line by the positive feedback established by the “carbon-copy” waves induced on the drain line. This article provides a theoretical description of the scheme, and some results of experimental investigations that characterize wave propagation on the gate line of a TW-FET.