gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Legalon® SIL: The Antidote of Choice in Patients with Acute Hepatotoxicity from Amatoxin Poisoning (2012)

More than 90% of all fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide are due to amatoxin containing species that grow abundantly in Europe, South Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Many cases have also been reported in North America. Initial symptoms of abdominal cramps, vomiting, and a severe cholera-like diarrhea generally do not manifest until at least six to eight hours following ingestion and can be followed by renal and hepatic failure. Outcomes range from complete recovery to fulminant organ failure and death which can sometimes be averted by liver transplant. There are no controlled clinical studies available due to ethical reasons, but uncontrolled trials and case reports describe successful treatment with intravenous silibinin (Legalon® SIL). In nearly 1,500 documented cases, the overall mortality in patients treated with Legalon® SIL is less than 10% in comparison to more than 20% when using penicillin or a combination of silibinin and penicillin. Silibinin, a proven antioxidative and anti-inflammatory acting flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle extracts, has been shown to interact with specific hepatic transport proteins blocking cellular amatoxin re-uptake and thus interrupting enterohepatic circulation of the toxin. The addition of intravenous silibinin to aggressive intravenous fluid management serves to arrest and allow reversal of the manifestation of fulminant hepatic failure, even in severely poisoned patients. These findings together with the available clinical experience justify the use of silibinin as Legalon® SIL in Amanita poisoning cases.
Have null, will fly (2001)

This article is concerned exclusively with data tags which are machine readable and which do not require contact between the tag and the reader. Such devices are of considerable commercial interest, either because they speed up a data collection process, or because they provide a new function, or both. The goal of very low cost, vibration-free tagging was finally realised with SGL's 1995 invention of flying null (FN) technology. An FN data tag is the magnetic equivalent of an optical bar code. In the case of FN, however, the bars in the code are made from a very soft (low coercivity), high permeability, magnetic alloy, and the tag is read using a special magnetic reader. Very little material is required and there are no special packaging requirements, so FN tags can be made for a fraction of the cost of other tags. The reader is the key to the technology. It creates a narrow region of zero field (a null) in space, surrounded by regions where the field strength is sufficient to saturate the magnetic material used in the tag. In a typical implementation, it also applies a low-amplitude alternating magnetic field to the interrogation region, so that a soft magnetic element in the null region is driven into and out of saturation, thereby radiating harmonics of the interrogation frequency. These harmonics can be detected, and their time of occurrence related to the position of the element with respect to the null. In typical systems, a spatial resolution of better than 50 μm can be achieved for a reader-to-tag separation of many millimetres.
A comparison of dimaprit, nordimaprit, methylamine and chloroquine as inhibitors of mitogen‐induced lymphocyte activation (1984)

Methylamine and chloroquine both 'lysosomotropic' agents (i.e. agents which sequester in lysosomes) caused a dose-related inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte activation in the concentrations which have previously been shown to increase the pH of lysosomes. The dose-response curves of inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte activation for chloroquine and methylamine are very steep and are similar to the dose-response curves obtained with dimaprit and nordimaprit, but very different from the flat dose-response curves previously described for histamine. Approximate IC50 values were methylamine 6.4 mM, dimaprit 0.13 mM, nordimaprit 0.03 mM and chloroquine 18 microM. It is suggested that the mechanism of action of methylamine and chloroquine may be related to their lysosomotropic action and consequent interference with ligand-receptor processing, and that dimaprit and nordimaprit but not histamine may act by a similar mechanism.
Fast start-up crystal oscillator circuits (2002)

This paper presents a reduction method of the start-up time after the switch-on of the D.C. power supply of a crystal oscillator circuit. It is shown that a fast start-up crystal oscillator can easily be obtained by changing only the circuit connection of the crystal resonator. The new scheme can be applied to the usual Colpitts crystal oscillator circuits, to the cascode crystal oscillator circuits, and also to the overtone crystal oscillator circuits.
SIR-based call admission control for DS-CDMA cellular systems (1994)

Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)-based call admission control (CAC) algorithms are proposed and studied in a DS-CDMA cellular system. Residual capacity is introduced as the additional number of initial calls a base station can accept such that system-wide outage probability will be guaranteed to remain below a certain level. The residual capacity at each cell is updated dynamically according to the reverse-link SIR measurements at the base station. A 2/sup k/ factorial experimental design and analysis via computer simulations is used to study the impact of the parameters used in the algorithms. The influence of these parameters on system performance, namely blocking probability and outage probability, is then examined via simulation. The performance of the algorithms is compared together with that of a fixed call admission control scheme (fixed CAC) under both homogeneous and hot spot traffic loading. The results show that SIR-based CAC always outperforms fixed CAC even under overload situations, which is not the case in FDMA/TDMA cellular systems. The primary benefit of SIR-based CAC in DS-CDMA cellular systems, however, lies in improving the system performance under hot spot traffic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TLR expression in human melanoma cells (2011)

At the mRNA level, melanoma cells in vitro, and possibly ex vivo, expressed TLR2, -3, -4, -7 and -9. TLR2 and -4 protein expressions ex vivo were over 50%, contrasting with an absence of these 2 TLRs in vitro. On the contrary, TLR-3 and -8 proteins had a low expression ex vivo with a high expression in vitro. TLR-7 and -9 proteins were expressed ex vivo and in vitro. Our study demonstrates for the first time that melanoma cells express TLR7 and -8.
I/O Scheduling in Huge Object-based Storage System (2006)

Huge object-based storage system (HOSS), using objects which possess their own attributes and methods as storage interface, absorbs the advantages of both blocks and files interface. HOSS adopts the interaction among clients, metadata servers and object-based storage device, which has decreased the overload of servers in large measure. After the interactions' flows concerned with I/O operations among the three components described in detail the design and implementation of parallel I/O scheduling is described and discussed. With the buffer, the results show that it enhances the whole system performance efficiently. The performance is better when it's compared with the Lustre system
Overhead-conscious voltage selection for dynamic and leakage energy reduction of time-constrained systems (2004)

Dynamic voltage scaling and adaptive body biasing have been shown to reduce dynamic and leakage power consumption effectively. In this paper, we optimally solve the combined supply voltage and body bias selection problem for multi-processor systems with imposed time constraints, explicitly taking into account the transition overheads implied by changing voltage levels. Both energy and time overheads are considered. We investigate the continuous voltage scaling as well as its discrete counterpart, and we prove NP-hardness in the discrete case. Furthermore, the continuous voltage scaling problem is formulated and solved using nonlinear programming with polynomial time complexity, while for the discrete problem we use mixed integer linear programming. Extensive experiments, conducted on several benchmarks and a real-life example, are used to validate the approaches.
Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Endoglucanase from Caldicellulosiruptor Bescii in Heterologous Host Escherichia Coli (2011)

Caldicellulosiruptor bescii DSM 6725 is a gram positive and asporogenic bacterium that utilizes various polysaccharides and grows efficiently on untreated plant biomass at an optimum temperature of ≈ 80 °C. In this study, cellulase genes coding endo-l, 4-β-D-glucanase and exo-1, 4-β-D-glucanase (cellobiohydrolase) were cloned from the genomic DNA of saccharolytic thermophilic anaerobic bacteria C.bescii and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The endoglucanase gene contains an ORF of 2,268 bp encoding a protein of 755 amino acid residues, with a calculated molecular weight of 82.154 kDA. It carries a typical prokaryotic signal peptide of 30 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence alignment of this typical endoglucanase showed 71% homology to cel5A (endoglucanase) from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4 and 65% homology to endoglucanase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Residues Glu187 and Glu289 were identified as key catalytic amino acids by sequence alignment. The apparent molecular mass of the endoglucanase protein when expressed in E.coli is found approximately 75 kDa, and the highest CMCase activity was observed in intracellular space with comparison to extracellular space. \nThe optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity of the endoglucanase were 5 and 70 °C, respectively. However, enzyme activity was observed over a broad range of pH values and temperatures. The expressed and purified endoglucanase retained over 90% of its original activity after incubation at 70 °C for 24 hours. This suggests that the endoglucanase from C.bescii is thermostable and active at different pH. /Kir11
That's So Annoying!!!: A Lexical and Frame-Semantic Embedding Based Data Augmentation Approach to Automatic Categorization of Annoying Behaviors using #petpeeve Tweets (2015)

We propose a novel data augmentation approach to enhance computational behavioral analysis using social media text. In particular, we collect a Twitter corpus of the descriptions of annoying behaviors using the #petpeeve hashtags. In the qualitative analysis, we study the language use in these tweets, with a special focus on the fine-grained categories and the geographic variation of the language. In quantitative analysis, we show that lexical and syntactic features are useful for automatic categorization of annoying behaviors, and frame-semantic features further boost the performance; that leveraging large lexical embeddings to create additional training instances significantly improves the lexical model; and incorporating frame-semantic embedding achieves the best overall performance. * We understand that many people find long titles annoying, so we intentionally use a very long one to help people understand what "pet peeve" means.
Telomere‐independent cellular senescence in human fetal cardiomyocytes (2004)

Fetal cardiomyocytes have been proposed as a potential source of cell-based therapy for heart failure. This study examined cellular senescence in cultured human fetal ventricular cardiomyocytes (HFCs). HFCs were isolated and identified by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Cells were found to senesce after 20-25 population doublings, as determined by growth arrest, morphological changes and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity. Using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay, telomerase activity was undetectable in primary HFCs. Cells were transduced to express the human reverse transcriptase subunit (hTERT) of telomerase. This resulted in greatly increased telomerase activity, but no significant lifespan extension. Analysis of telomere length in primary HFCs revealed that the senescent phenotype was not accompanied by telomere shortening. Telomeres in hTERT-positive cells were elongated in comparison with primary cells, and elongation was retained in senescent cells. Levels of the tumor suppressor protein p16INK4A increased in all senescent cells whether telomerase-positive or -negative. Senescence was accompanied by a decline in transcript levels of the polycomb gene Bmi-1, Ets1 and Ets2 transcription factors, and Id1, Id2 and Id3 helix-loop-helix proteins, suggesting roles for these genes in maintenance of cardiomyocyte proliferative capacity. In addition to offering novel insights into the behavior of human fetal cardiomyocytes in culture, these findings have implications for the development of a cell-based therapy for cardiac injury using primary fetal heart tissue.
CAR CLINIC: AIRING AIR BAGS; PROMISES TO KEEP; POPPING PAINT; MISSING A DIAGNOSIS (1988)

This article provides answers to consumer questions concerning air bags, installing seat covers on Chrysler cars, causes of paint blistering, and excessive engine vibration. Regarding air bags, the following questions are answered: Who repacks a bag after it deploys? Do you consider repacking to be a job for the Saturday mechanic? If the job has to be done by a professional technician, how long will the customer have to be without the car? Is an air bag effective in side-impact accidents? And, can I get an air bag installed in my present car?
An Iterative Framework for EEG-based Image Search: Robust Retrieval with Weak Classifiers (2013)

We revisit the framework for brain-coupled image search, where the Electroencephalography (EEG) channel under rapid serial visual presentation protocol is used to detect user preferences. Extending previous works on the synergy between content-based image labeling and EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI), we propose a different perspective on iterative coupling. Previously, the iterations were used to improve the set of EEG-based image labels before propagating them to the unseen images for the final retrieval. In our approach we accumulate the evidence of the true labels for each image in the database through iterations. This is done by propagating the EEG-based labels of the presented images at each iteration to the rest of images in the database. Our results demonstrate a continuous improvement of the labeling performance across iterations despite the moderate EEG-based labeling (AUC <75%). The overall analysis is done in terms of the single-trial EEG decoding performance and the image database reorganization quality. Furthermore, we discuss the EEG-based labeling performance with respect to a search task given the same image database.
Potent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Directed Against Spike N-Terminal Domain Target a Single Supersite (2021)

Summary Numerous antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 have been identified, and these generally target either the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the viral spike. While RBD-directed antibodies have been extensively studied, far less is known about NTD-directed antibodies. Here we report cryo-EM and crystal structures for seven potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies in complex with spike or isolated NTD. These structures defined several antibody classes, with at least one observed in multiple convalescent donors. The structures revealed all seven antibodies to target a common surface, bordered by glycans N 17, N 74, N 122, and N 149. This site – formed primarily by a mobile β-hairpin and several flexible loops – was highly electropositive, located at the periphery of the spike, and the largest glycan-free surface of NTD facing away from the viral membrane. Thus, in contrast to neutralizing RBD-directed antibodies that recognize multiple non-overlapping epitopes, potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies target a single supersite.
Single-Cell Characterization of in vitro Migration and Interaction Dynamics of T Cells Expanded with IL-2 and IL-7 (2015)

T cells are pivotal in the immune defense against cancers and infectious agents. To mount an effector response against cancer cells, T cells need to migrate to the cancer-site, engage in contacts with cancer cells, and perform their effector functions. Adoptive T cell therapy is an effective strategy as treatment of complications such as relapse or opportunistic infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. This requires a sufficient amount of cells that are able to expand and respond to tumor or viral antigens. The cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7 drive T cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival and are commonly used to expand T cells ex vivo. Here, we have used microchip-based live-cell imaging to follow the migration of individual T cells, their interactions with allogeneic monocytes, cell division, and apoptosis for extended periods of time; something that cannot be achieved by commonly used methods. Our data indicate that cells grown in IL-7 + IL-2 had similar migration and contact dynamics as cells grown in IL-2 alone. However, the addition of IL-7 decreased cell death creating a more viable cell population, which should be beneficial when preparing cells for immunotherapy.
A Material for Tubing and Casing Applications in Deep, Sour Gas Wells (1976)

Introduction Multiphase MP35N is a nickel-cobalt-base alloy containing 35-percent nickel, 35-percent cobalt, 20-percent chromium, and 10-percent molybdenum that is produced by double vacuum melting. MP35N exhibits a produced by double vacuum melting. MP35N exhibits a unique combination of ultrahigh strengths, good ductility, and excellent corrosion resistance. Multiphase MP35N develops yield strengths of 150 to 250 ksi with 10- to 25-percent elongation by cold working and aging. Mechanical property data for large bars and tubing are presented. Corrosion test results show excellent resistance to cracking in H2S environments. Testing by a number of oil companies has resulted in very high interest in this alloy for such applications as down-hole tubing and casing in deep, sour well environments and for valve cores exposed to H2S. Presently, this alloy is being used successfully for Presently, this alloy is being used successfully for cables to suspend instrument packages in sour wells. Metallurgy At high temperatures MP35N has an austenitic face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. Although a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure is stable below about 800 deg. F, this transformation is so sluggish that the FCC structure remains after cooling to room temperature. Subsequent cold working results in the formation of thin, coherent HCP platelets in the metastable FCC matrix. The coherency of the platelets strains the lattice and results in strengthening. The amount of strengthening (transformation) depends on the amount and, to a lesser degree, the temperature of deformation. Further strengthening can be achieved by aging, which results in precipitation of a Co3Mo compound at the interfaces between the FCC matrix and the HCP platelets. In the annealed condition (Table 1) MP35N exhibits moderate strengths and very high ductilities. The effect of cold reduction (by drawing) and aging on the room-temperature tensile properties of MP35N is shown in Fig. 1. For fastener applications (bar sizes of 0.2 to 1.3 in.), cold reduction is designed to provide an ultimate minimum tensile strength of 260 ksi, a 0.2-percent minimum yield strength of 240 ksi, and ductility minimums of 8-percent elongation and 35-percent reduction of area after aging at 1,100 deg. F. Note also that the properties of MP35N can be controlled over a wide range by adjusting the amount of cold reduction. Properties obtained from large-diameter bars are shown in Table 2. The two larger bars were produced by cold Pilgering rather than by cold drawing. Note that, after equivalent amounts of cold work, the material reduced by drawing exhibits higher strengths than the Pilgered material. TABLE 1 -- TYPICAL ANNEALED PROPERTIES OF MP35N Tensile strength, ksi 135 0.2-percent yield strength, ksi 60 Elongation in four dimensions, percent 70 Reduction of area, percent 70 Hardness 90 to 100 Rb Charpy V-notch impact, ft lb 2,001 JPT P. 705
An Engineered Synthetic Biologic Protects Against Clostridium difficile Infection (2018)

Morbidity and mortality attributed to <i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection (CDI) have increased over the past 20 years. Currently, antibiotics are the only US FDA-approved treatment for primary <i>C. difficile</i> infection, and these are, ironically, associated with disease relapse and the threat of burgeoning drug resistance. We previously showed that non-toxin virulence factors play key roles in CDI, and that colonization factors are critical for disease. Specifically, a <i>C. difficile</i> adhesin, Surface Layer Protein A (SlpA) is a major contributor to host cell attachment. In this work, we engineered Syn-LAB 2.0 and Syn-LAB 2.1, two synthetic biologic agents derived from lactic acid bacteria, to stably and constitutively express a host-cell binding fragment of the <i>C. difficile</i> adhesin SlpA on their cell-surface. Both agents harbor conditional suicide plasmids expressing a codon-optimized chimera of the lactic acid bacterium's cell-wall anchoring surface-protein domain, fused to the conserved, highly adherent, host-cell-binding domain of <i>C. difficile</i> SlpA. Both agents also incorporate engineered biocontrol, obviating the need for any antibiotic selection. Syn-LAB 2.0 and Syn-LAB 2.1 possess positive biophysical and <i>in vivo</i> properties compared with their parental antecedents in that they robustly and constitutively display the SlpA chimera on their cell surface, potentiate human intestinal epithelial barrier function <i>in vitro</i>, are safe, tolerable and palatable to Golden Syrian hamsters and neonatal piglets at high daily doses, and are detectable in animal feces within 24 h of dosing, confirming robust colonization. In combination, the engineered strains also delay (in fixed doses) or prevent (when continuously administered) death of infected hamsters upon challenge with high doses of virulent <i>C. difficile</i>. Finally, fixed-dose Syn-LAB ameliorates diarrhea in a non-lethal model of neonatal piglet enteritis. Taken together, our findings suggest that the two synthetic biologics may be effectively employed as non-antibiotic interventions for CDI.
Synthesis and stereochemistry of hydrogenated 1,1,4,4,7a-pentamethylindenes (1980)

Ease of methylation of hydrogenated 2H-inden-2-ones depends on the presence of a double bond in the cyclohexane ring, and occurs readily with compound 20 but not with 10. Differences of reactivity are also noted in Wittig reactions. Most reactions of the system are highly stereoselective, and the stereochemistry of hydrogenated indenes is discussed.
Flexible Graphene–Graphene Composites of Superior Thermal and Electrical Transport Properties (2014)

Graphene is known for high thermal and electrical conductivities. In the preparation of neat carbon materials based on graphene, a common approach has been the use of well-exfoliated graphene oxides (GOs) as the precursor, followed by conversion to reduced GOs (rGOs). However, rGOs are more suitable for the targeted high electrical conductivity achievable through percolation but considerably less effective in terms of efficient thermal transport dictated by phonon progression. In this work, neat carbon films were fabricated directly from few-layer graphene sheets, avoiding rGOs completely. These essentially graphene-graphene composites were of a metal-like appearance and mechanically flexible, exhibiting superior thermal and electrical transport properties. The observed thermal and electrical conductivities are higher than 220 W/m · K and 85000 S/m, respectively. Some issues in the further development of these mechanically flexible graphene-graphene nanocomposite materials are discussed and so are the associated opportunities.