gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enabling Secondary Spectrum Markets Using Ad Hoc and Mesh Networking Protocols (2006)

Spectrum management is the process of deciding how radio frequency (RF) spectrum may be used in a geographical region and who may use it. Traditionally, spectrum management has been executed as an administrative and political process with the intent of making lasting decisions. Its lack of responsiveness and resolution causes much spectrum to lay fallow since most users rarely need spectrum continuously and ubiquitously. In this paper, we propose an alternative spectrum management approach that enables management at a greater temporal and spatial resolution using networks and wireless ad hoc and mesh networking technologies. Three different spectrum management ideas are described. The Synchronous Collision Resolution (SCR) MAC protocol enables a strict arbitration of spectrum access based on spectrum rights thus enabling a hierarchy of networks in the same spectrum that always guarantees the primary rights holder precedence. Second, it autonomously manages the use of an arbitrary number of channels in the same network. The third and most exciting idea is a new fast command and control model for spectrum management. An underlying ad hoc network built using the Nodes State Routing* (NSR) protocol is used to track and manage the use of spectrum of attached RF emitters. NSR tracks the state of the network by collecting and disseminating the states of the nodes. These states can include relevant information on the spectrum these nodes are using and are observing others use. Thus the network supports tracking and monitoring spectrum use spatially in near real time. Spectrum management utilities built on top of the network could allow users and spectrum managers to rapidly negotiate the use of spectrum and assist spectrum managers in identifying unused spectrum and emitters causing harmful interference. We conclude with proposed standardization and regulatory changes to make this feasible.
Trajectory Rectification and Path Modeling for Video Surveillance (2007)

Path modeling for video surveillance is an active area of research. We address the issue of Euclidean path modeling in a single camera for activity monitoring in a multi- camera video surveillance system. The paper proposes (i) a novel linear solution to auto-calibrate any camera observing pedestrians and (ii) to use these calibrated cameras to detect unusual object behavior. During the unsupervised training phase, after auto-calibrating a camera and metric rectifying the input trajectories, the input sequences are registered to the satellite imagery and prototype path models are constructed. This allows us to estimate metric information directly from the video sequences. During the testing phase, using our simple yet efficient similarity measures, we seek a relation between the input trajectories derived from a sequence and the prototype path models. We test the proposed method on synthetic as well as on real-world pedestrian sequences.
Lactoperoxidase and Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism in the Airway (2002)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is known to play an important role in airway homeostasis. For this reason its levels and thus its synthesis and consumption are important mechanisms for controlling airway functions. We have identified the major macromolecular consumer of H2O2 in sheep airway secretions to be lactoperoxidase (LPO), a heme peroxidase previously studied in milk and saliva. This enzyme uses H2O2 to oxidize the anion thiocyanate to an antibiotic compound that prevents growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. LPO was isolated from sheep airways and proved to be a major constituent comprising about 1% of the soluble protein in airway secretions. The isolated airway LPO was catalytically active and displayed the enzymatic characteristics previously described for the enzyme isolated from bovine milk. Airway LPO activity was shown to increase the rate of bacterial clearance from sheep airways. The role of this enzyme in the airway host defense strongly suggests that an active H2O2 production system exists to supply appropriate substrate for the enzyme. The identity of this H2O2 synthesis system is an important, yet unknown feature of airway oxygen radical metabolism.
ROAD SAFETY IN LESS MOTORISED COUNTRIES: POTENTIAL FOR, AND LIMITATIONS OF, TRANSFER OF EXPERIENCES FROM MOTORISED COUNTRIES (2000)

Less motorised countries have road crash rates which are considerably higher than those of motorised countries, and efforts have been made to address their road safety problems by applying experiences gained during the motorisation of Western countries. This paper reports on the mixed results which have sometimes been obtained, and explores the cultural, social and economic context of road use in less motorised countries. It is proposed that a more studied approach needs to be taken to the transfer of the experiences of highly motorised countries, combining a greater awareness of cultural, social and economic issues with different approaches to the identification and treatment of road safety issues.
State of the Practice of Intrusion Detection Technologies (2000)

Abstract : Attacks on the nation's computer infrastructures are a serious problem. Over the past 12 years, the growing number of computer security incidents on the Internet has reflected the growth of the Internet itself. Because most deployed computer systems are vulnerable to attack, intrusion detection (ID) is a rapidly developing field. Intrusion detection is an important technology business sector as well as an active area of research. Vendors make many claims for their products in the commercial marketplace so separating hype from reality can be a major challenge. A goal of this report is to provide an unbiased assessment of publicly available ID technology. We hope this will help those who purchase and use ID technology to gain a realistic understanding of its capabilities and limitations. The report raises issues that we believe are important for ID system (IDS) developers to address as they formulate product strategies. The report also points out relevant issues for the research community as they formulate research directions and allocate funds.
Tetracopper Assembly Complexes Comprised of One Dimetallic Core and Two Monometallic Auxiliaries:  Intramolecular Electron-Transfer Relevant to Multicopper Oxidases (1999)

Two tetracopper assembly complexes, comprised of one dimetallic di(3-iminomethylsalicylato)dicopper(II) core and two monometallic copper(II) auxiliaries attached to the imino nitrogens of the dinuclear core through an alkane chain, have been prepared. [Cu(4)(L(1))](PF(6))(4).2CH(3)CN.3H(2)O (1) has di(2-pyridylmethyl)aminecopper(II) as the monometallic auxiliary, and [Cu(4)(L(2))](ClO(4))(4).CH(3)OH (2) has 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanecopper(II) as the auxiliary. Assembly 1 in acetonitrile shows a two-electron reduction at -0.08 V (vs SCE) followed by a one-electron reduction at -0.42 V. Together with EPR studies for electrolyzed solutions, it is shown that the two monometallic auxiliaries are reduced at -0.08 V, followed by an intramolecular electron transfer from one of the reduced auxiliaries to the dimetallic core and by the second reduction at the resulting monometallic Cu(II) center at -0.42 V: {Cu(II)-Cu(2)(II,II)-Cu(II)}/{Cu(I)-Cu(2)(II,II)-Cu(I)} --> {Cu(I)-Cu(2)(I,II)-Cu(II)}/{Cu(I)-Cu(2)(I,II)-Cu(I)}. The CV of 2 in DMSO shows two couples at -0.68 and -0.99 V attributable to the stepwise reductions: {Cu(II)-Cu(2)(II,II)-Cu(II)}/{Cu(II)-Cu(2)(I,II)-Cu(II)}/{Cu(I)-Cu(2)(I,II)-Cu(II)}. Assembly 1 is reduced with ascorbic acid to the {Cu(I)-Cu(2)(I,II)-Cu(I)} species, whereas 2 is not reduced with ascorbic acid. The relevance of the intramolecular electron transfer observed for 1 to multicopper oxidases is discussed.
CDC5, a DNA binding protein, positively regulates posttranscriptional processing and/or transcription of primary microRNA transcripts (2013)

CDC5 is a MYB-related protein that exists in plants, animals, and fungi. In Arabidopsis, CDC5 regulates both growth and immunity through unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that CDC5 from Arabidopsis positively regulates the accumulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), which control many biological processes including development and adaptations to environments in plants. CDC5 interacts with both the promoters of genes encoding miRNAs (MIR) and the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II. As a consequence, lack of CDC5 reduces the occupancy of polymerase II at MIR promoters, as well as MIR promoter activities. In addition, CDC5 is associated with the DICER-LIKE1 complex, which generates miRNAs from their primary transcripts and is required for efficient miRNA production. These results suggest that CDC5 may have dual roles in miRNA biogenesis: functioning as a positive transcription factor of MIR and/or acting as a component of the DICER-LIKE1 complex to enhance primary miRNA processing.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 3,4,6‐Trisubstituted 2,5‐Diketopiperazines by Using Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of α‐Bromo Tertiary Acetamides (2014)

Abstract A new and efficient method for the asymmetric synthesis of 3,4,6‐trisubstituted 2,5‐diketopiperazines has been developed. The dynamic kinetic resolution of L ‐amino‐acid‐derived α‐bromo tertiary amides in the nucleophilic substitution reaction with p ‐anisidine and a subsequent deprotection‐cyclization process provides rapid access to diverse cis ‐2,5‐diketopiperazines 5a – 5o and proline‐containing trans ‐2,5‐diketopiperazines 5p – 5t in enantiomerically pure form in 45–67 % overall yields.
A Novel Method for the Contrast Enhancement of Fog Degraded Video Sequences (2012)

Videos taken under fog suffer from degradation such as severe contrast loss. Unfortunately, that effect of fog cannot be overcome by simple image processing techniques. In this paper, a novel method for the contrast enhancement of foggy video sequences is proposed based on the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), which limits the intensity of each pixel to user determined maximum. Thus, it mitigates the degradation due to fog and improves the visibility of the video signal. Initially, the background and foreground images are extracted from the video sequence. Then, the background and foreground images are separately defogged by applying CLAHE. The defogged background and foreground images are fused into the new frame. Finally, the defogged video sequence is obtained. The experimental results show that the proposed method is more effective than the traditional method. Performance of the proposed method is also analyzed with contrast improvement index (CI) and Tenengrad criterion (TEN).
Vitrification of Hanford wastes in a joule-heated ceramic melter and evaluation of resultant canisterized product (1979)

Experience gained in the week-long vitrification test and characterization of the glass produced in the run support the following conclusions: The Hanford waste simulated in this test can be readily vitrified in a joule-heated ceramic melter. Physical properties of the molten glass were entirely compatible with melter operation. The average feed rate of 106 kg/h is high enough to make the ceramic melter a feasible piece of equipment for vitrifying Hanford wastes. The glass produced in this trial had good chemical durability, 6(10)/sup -5/ g/cm/sup 2/-d. When one of the canisters was purposely dropped onto a steel pad, the damage was limited to deformation of the steel can in the impact area, cracking of a weld, and fracturing of glass in the immediate vicinity of the impact area. No glass was released from the canister as a result of the drop test. The results of this vitrification test support the technical feasibility of vitrifying Hanford wastes by means of a joule-heated ceramic melter. Surface area for large glass castings is equivalent to the mass median particle diameters between 4.27 cm (1.75 in.) and 8.91 cm (3.51 in.) even when allowed to cool rapidly by standing in ambient air. Large canisters (up to 0.91 m in dia) can be cast without large voids while standing in air if the fill rate is over 100 kg/h. 34 figures, 10 tables.
Drillstring Stability Based on Variable Material Specific Force and Using a Sharp Three-Insert Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Coring Bit (2000)

Previous research in stability of drillstrings was based on the assumption of constant material specific force, i.e., a bit force that is proportional to the area of cut. Moreover, earlier work used a simplified bit model that consisted of planar radial blades. In this paper, correlation between the material specific force and area of cut is obtained for Sierra White granite and Berea sandstone from test data developed at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, NM. These correlations, together with an improved bit model in which cylindrical cutters are arrayed in an overlapping pattern over a flat surface, are used to obtain the stability equations. Laboratory testing shows good correlation between measured bit vibrations and relative instability as predicted by the stability equations. These results are useful in predicting the appropriate operating conditions for stable drilling and serve as a basis for future development of more accurate models of PDC bits.
A Framework for Customer Relationship Management (2001)

The essence of the information technology revolution and, in particular, the World Wide Web is the opportunity afforded companies to choose how they interact with their customers. The Web allows companies to build better relationships with customers than has been previously possible in the offline world. This revolution in customer relationship management (CRM) has been referred to as the new mantra of marketing. However, a problem is that CRM means different things to different people. This article develops a comprehensive CRM model incorporating seven phases: database creation, analysis of the database, customer selection, customer targeting, relationship marketing, privacy issues, and new metrics necessary for evaluating the CRM effort. The article also discusses the implications of CRM for future marketing organizations.
Comparative analysis of two realizations for hybrid-ARQ error control (2002)

This paper addresses the implementation and performance of hybrid-ARQ error control on a coherent slowly fading Ricean channel. Using a convolutional code with soft-decision Viterbi decoding for error correction, there are two methods for realizing the simultaneous error detection capability which characterizes hybrid-ARQ error control: (1) a two code approach which pre-encodes the information based on a high rate CRC code and performs error detection on the output of the Viterbi decoder, (2) a single code approach which modifies the Viterbi decoder to reject packets with low reliability during the Viterbi decoding process. The resulting analysis shows that the two code method is more robust than single code method with the most significant performance advantages realized for Rayleigh fading. The two code approach provides acceptable error rate performance and offers a throughput characteristic which is not as sensitive to changes in the average SNR as the single code approach. Since the implementational complexity of the two methods is comparable, the two code method is the preferred implementation for hybrid-ARQ on flat fading channels.
A design of the noble vector modulator (2002)

In this paper, vector modulator which controls magnitude and phase of input signals is proposed. The previous magnitude/phase controlling circuit which is composed of attenuator and phase shifter makes phase/gain cross-coupling. The proposed modulator which composed of low phase shifting attenuator and 0/spl deg//180/spl deg/ phase shifter can minimize phase/gain cross-coupling. So the Cartesian coordinate plane of the output signal space can be represented with vector modulator.
On-body radiation of 3D-printed fold cylindrical helix (FCH) wearable antenna (2017)

Low-profile, power-efficient antennas are required for body-worn devices applicable for long-term healthcare monitoring. The paper is focused on the fabrication of fold cylindrical helix (FCH) antennas, and measurement of their performance on the human body. The study considers one-element and two-element FCH arrays. It is found that the fabricated FCH antenna can excite the same on-body propagation within a compact size. The simulated two-element FCH array can achieve a higher gain and its on-body radiation performance is improved over the single FCH.
Recognizing Textual Entailment with Temporal Expressions in Natural Language Texts (2008)

The TACTE system proposed in this paper focuses on one problem in natural language processing, namely recognizing textual entailment involving temporal expressions. The system consists of two components: one for temporal expression extraction and anchoring, and the other one for recognizing textual entailment based on events. The entailment rules are constructed using a small set of temporal expression relations and lexical resources. Several experiments are conducted, and various aspects of the system performance are illustrated. The evaluation on different data sets shows the great improvement of our TACTE system in comparison with the baseline. As a system potentially to be integrated into a larger framework, TACTE is shown to be very promising as a specialized module on entailment cases where temporal expression information is available.
Biocatalysts for the epoxidation and hydroxylation of fatty acids and fatty alcohols (2005)

Whereas most products of the chemical industry are based on petrochemical feedstocks, considerable efforts have been made during the past few decades to use renewable resources as industrial raw materials. Besides polysaccharides and sugars, plant oils and animal fats play an important role in such programmes because of their ready availability (present production is >100 million t/a, which could be increased on demand) of which the lion’s share is used for nutrition (~85 million t/a), whereas ~ 15 – 20 million t/a are used for the synthesis of polymers, surfactants, emollients, lubricants, bio-diesel, emulsifiers, etc.). From a chemical point of view, most natural triglycerides offer just two reactive sites, the ester group and the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids. In fact, the chemistry of fats and oils is largely focused on the ester group which can be hydrolyzed or catalytically reduced, leading to glycerol and fatty acids or fatty alcohols, respectively. Reactions involving the alkyl chain or double bonds of triglycerides, fatty acids, fatty alcohols or their derivatives represent far less than 10% of today’s oleochemistry, with the production of sulfonated fatty alcohols and their derivatives being a major process of this kind. Oxidation reactions at the alkyl or alkenyl chains would be highly desirable as they would lead to oleochemicals with new properties, but the methods available today lack selectivity and require harsh conditions. Notable exceptions are the epoxidation of unsaturated plant oils and the synthesis and use of a few hydroxy fatty acids.
Development and the Educational Effect of a System of the Corrosion of Iron and the Anti-corrosion Ability of Conductive Polymer Polyaniline (2007)

Few general chemistry textbooks of high schools, colleges and universities introduce the corrosion of iron into the oxidation-reduction (redox) section, although the corrosion is very popular phenomena for students. Besides, no description appears about conductive polymers as anti-corrosion materials. The corrosion is a redox reaction proceeding through the local cell mechanism : the iron oxidation half-cell reaction at the local anode and the reduction of oxygen at the local cathode. To prepare a teaching tool for understanding of the mechanism, the visualization of the corrosion was attempted using phenolphthalein and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) as color couplers for the anodic and cathodic products : Fe2+ and OH-. The local anode and cathode were obviously shown as gradual blue and red coloration when commercial nails were soaked in 4% NaCl aqueous solution containing phenolphthalein and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) . On the other hand, no coloration occurred for the nail covered with a conductive polymer polyaniline. To know the anti-corrosion mechanism, the open-circuit potential of the nail was measured. The fact that the potential was kept at the potential range where iron was passivated implied that polyaniline acted as an in-situ oxidant. The visualization was experimentally performed at an actual chemistry class and the utility value was estimated. As a result, the visualization is expected to be a useful teaching tool for the corrosion and the understanding of the role of polyaniline as the anti-corrosion material.
Technical and economic opportunities for CdTe PV at the turn of the millennium (2000)

A variety of issues face the photovoltaic (PV) industry in order to meet a market penetration goal of more than a gigawatt per year in worldwide sales before the year 2020. Although the PV market is dominated by silicon-based technology, it is not reasonable to project installed system prices of below $1·50/W in the next 5 or even 20 years without including the impact of polycrystalline thin films. Polycrystalline thin-film technologies, including cadmium telluride (CdTe)-based technologies, are a viable option for enabling lower costs, more rapid market expansion, and gigawatt/yr annual sales. A number of issues must be resolved in order to demonstrate a competitive price of energy to the customer in the range of the $0·11–0·16/kWh. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryptographic Function Detection in Obfuscated Binaries via Bit-Precise Symbolic Loop Mapping (2017)

Cryptographic functions have been commonly abused by malware developers to hide malicious behaviors, disguise destructive payloads, and bypass network-based firewalls. Now-infamous crypto-ransomware even encrypts victim's computer documents until a ransom is paid. Therefore, detecting cryptographic functions in binary code is an appealing approach to complement existing malware defense and forensics. However, pervasive control and data obfuscation schemes make cryptographic function identification a challenging work. Existing detection methods are either brittle to work on obfuscated binaries or ad hoc in that they can only identify specific cryptographic functions. In this paper, we propose a novel technique called bit-precise symbolic loop mapping to identify cryptographic functions in obfuscated binary code. Our trace-based approach captures the semantics of possible cryptographic algorithms with bit-precise symbolic execution in a loop. Then we perform guided fuzzing to efficiently match boolean formulas with known reference implementations. We have developed a prototype called CryptoHunt and evaluated it with a set of obfuscated synthetic examples, well-known cryptographic libraries, and malware. Compared with the existing tools, CryptoHunt is a general approach to detecting commonly used cryptographic functions such as TEA, AES, RC4, MD5, and RSA under different control and data obfuscation scheme combinations.
Composition of Phosphosilicate Glass by Infrared Absorption (1973)

The ratio of the intensity of the absorbance band at ∼1325 cm−1 to that of the band at ∼1050 cm−1 has been correlated with the composition of vapor‐deposited phosphosilicate glasses over the range 0–20 mol per cent . While the ratio of the linear absorbances of these bands depends somewhat on deposition temperature as well as on film composition, the ratio of the areas of these bands is uniquely related to film composition over the range of deposition temperature studied. The deposition rates and compositions of these films (for a constant flow of reactant gases) were found to be relatively weakly dependent on deposition temperature. These results for phosphosilicate glass combined with previously published calibration curves for borosilicate and arsenosilicate glasses allow the rapid, nondestructive determination of the compositions of all three doped glasses commonly used as sources for impurity diffusion into silicon.