gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiplex Digital PCR to Detect Amplifications of Specific Androgen Receptor Loci in Cell-Free DNA for Prognosis of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2020)

Amplification of androgen receptor (<i>AR</i>) is a common genomic event in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). To evaluate the prognostic value of the amplifications of specific loci in the <i>AR</i> gene in cell-free DNA, we developed a multiplex digital PCR (dPCR) assay that targeted <i>AR</i> enhancer (<i>AR</i>-En), <i>AR</i> exon 1 (<i>AR</i>-E1), <i>AR</i> exon 8 (<i>AR</i>-E8) and <i>OPHN1</i> (downstream of <i>AR</i>). We selected three relatively stable genes, <i>C2orf16</i>, <i>FAM111B</i>, and <i>GRIA3,</i> as reference controls for copy number normalization. One hundred and eight mCRPC patients were recruited to test the association of specific AR loci amplification with clinical outcome. Using a normalized ratio ≥ 1.92 as cutoff, amplification of <i>AR</i>-En, <i>AR-</i>E1, <i>AR</i>-E8 and <i>OPHN1</i> was observed in 28, 25, 24 and 19 of 108 mCRPC patients, respectively. Among the 41 patients with <i>AR</i> region amplification, 9 (21.9%) showed amplification at all four selected regions and 15 (36.6%) showed amplification at <i>AR</i>-En, <i>AR-E1,</i> and <i>AR-</i>E8. Six (14.6%) patients showed independent <i>AR</i>-En amplification, while the remaining 3 (7.3%) demonstrated <i>AR</i>-E8 amplification only. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed overall survival's association with the amplification of <i>AR</i>-En (<i>p</i> = 0.02, HR = 1.68 (1.07-2.65)), <i>AR</i>-E8 (<i>p</i> = 0.02, HR = 1.78 (1.08-2.92)) and <i>AR</i>-En-E8 (the combination of <i>AR</i>-En and <i>AR</i>-E8 (<i>p</i> = 0.009, HR = 1.77 (1.15-2.73)). Multivariate models that included <i>AR</i>-En-E8 amplification and clinical factors significantly improved prognostic performance (<i>p</i> = 0.0001). With further validation, the multiplex dPCR assay may assist in prognostication of mCRPC patients.
Photonic crystal microcavity lasers (2004)

By using photonic crystal cavity designs, we have defined ultra-small lasers for optical switching and spectroscopy. Here we describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of these nanocavity lasers.
Efficient Heterogeneous Dual Catalyst Systems for Alkane Metathesis (2009)

Abstract A fully heterogeneous and highly efficient dual catalyst system for alkane metathesis (AM) has been developed. The system is comprised of an alumina‐supported iridium pincer catalyst for alkane dehydrogenation/olefin hydrogenation and a second heterogeneous olefin metathesis catalyst. The iridium catalysts bear basic functional groups on the aromatic backbone of the pincer ligand and are strongly adsorbed on Lewis acid sites on alumina. The heterogeneous systems exhibit higher lifetimes and productivities relative to the corresponding homogeneous systems as catalyst/catalyst interactions and bimolecular decomposition reactions are inhibited. Additionally, using a “two‐pot” device, the supported Ir catalysts and metathesis catalysts can be physically separated and run at different temperatures. This system with isolated catalysts shows very high turnover numbers and is selective for the formation of high molecular weight alkanes.
Implementation of ASK-OFDM Exploiting the Property of Symmetry (2006)

A method to implement OFDM using amplitude shift keying (ASK) for subcarrier modulation is presented in this paper. Because ASK is used, the signal of each symbol in the time domain is conjugate-symmetric. This property is exploited such that only half of the numbers of each symbol sequence are transmitted. The generated baseband signal can be a complex or a real signal. ASK-OFDM has similar bandwidth efficiency and the same error rate performance in an AWGN channel as in a QAM-OFDM. Compared with QAM-OFDM, ASK-OFDM provides a method of distributing signal energy more evenly in the frequency band. In other words, ASK-OFDM signal possesses better frequency diversity than QAM-OFDM signal.
P‐44: A New Analogue Buffer Using Poly‐Si TFTs with Deviation Less Dependent on the Gray Level for Active Matrix Displays (2005)

Abstract A new source‐follower‐type analogue buffer employing LTPS TFTs is proposed for AMLCD and AMOLED. The simulation results indicate that the proposed circuit is capable of minimizing the variation from both the charging time and the device characteristics and maximizing the range of the input voltage by adding an active load and a new compensation operation.
Large Grain Niobium Cavity R&D In Asia and the Future (2007)

The status of the large grain niobium cavity R&D in Asia and the future scope are presented. Recently KEK has received CBMM and NingXia large grain niobium sheets through collaborations. KEK has fabricated 1.3 GHz single cell cavities using these materials and measured the cavity performance. Those results are presented in this paper.
Predicting Interesting Things in Text (2014)

While reading a document, a user may encounter concepts, entities, and topics that she is interested in exploring more. We propose models of “interestingness”, which aim to predict the level of interest a user has in the various text spans in a document. We obtain naturally occurring interest signals by observing user browsing behavior in clicks from one page to another. We cast the problem of predicting interesting-ness as a discriminative learning problem over this data. We leverage features from two principal sources: textual context features and topic features that assess the semantics of the document transition. We learn our topic features without supervision via probabilistic inference over a graphical model that captures the latent joint topic space of the documents in the transition. We train and test our models on millions of real-world transitions between Wikipedia documents as observed from web browser session logs. On the task of predicting which spans are of most interest to users, we show significant improvement over various baselines and highlight the value of our latent semantic model. 1
Fluorinated segmented polyurethane anionomers for water–oil repellent surface treatments of cellulosic substrates (2005)

Abstract Three model structures of linear segmented anionomeric polyurethanes based on perfluoropolyether dimethylol‐terminated oligomers, isophorone diisocyanate, and dimethylol propionic acid were synthesized and obtained in the form of aqueous dispersions. The structures differed from each other in the chemical nature of the chain extender (diol or diamine) and in the content of carboxylic acid. Dispersions and polymer films were characterized by dynamic light scattering, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and contact angle measurements. Diluted aqueous dispersions were also evaluated as protective sizing agents in paper treatment, both as bulk modifiers and as surface treatments. Paper sheets characterized by high water and oil repellence were obtained. The results showed that performance is mainly related to the ionic group content of the polymer and to its molecular architecture. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1364–1372, 2005
Technician-free system for image-guided bronchoscopy (2013)

Previous studies have shown that guidance systems improve accuracy and reduce skill variation among physicians during bronchoscopy. However, most of these systems suffer from one or more of the following limitations: 1) an attending technician must carefully keep the system position synchronized with the bronchoscope position during the procedure; 2) extra bronchoscope tracking hardware may be required; 3) guidance cannot take place in real time; 4) the guidance system is unable to detect and correct faulty bronchoscope maneuvers; and 5) a resynchronization procedure must be followed after adverse events such as patient cough or dynamic airway collapse. Here, we propose an image-based system for technician-free bronchoscopy guidance that relies on two features. First, our system precomputes a guidance plan that suggests natural bronchoscope maneuvers at every bifurcation leading toward a region of interest (ROI). Second, our system enables bronchoscope position verification that relies on a global-registration algorithm to establish the global bronchoscope position and, thus, provide the physician with updated navigational information during bronchoscopy. The system can handle general navigation to an ROI, as well as adverse events, and is directly controlled by the physician by a foot pedal. Guided bronchoscopy results using airway-tree phantoms and human cases demonstrate the efficacy of the system.
Results with the neutron scatter camera (2008)

We present results from recent deployments with the neutron scatter camera. We successfully detected and pinpointed a hidden <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">252</sup> Cf neutron source in a large ocean tanker at Alameda, CA. In a lab study we detected a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">252</sup> Cf neutron source at a stand off distance of about 100 ft. We measured the integral flux, differential flux and angular distribution of cosmic neutron background in the fission energy range 0.5–10MeV at Alameda, CA (sea level), Livermore, CA (570 ft), Albuquerque, NM (5300 ft) and Fenton Hill, NM (8630 ft). The neutron backgrounds are relatively low, uniform and well understood. We recently increased the camera effective area 3x. The camera has been successfully ruggedized, deployed to various locations and has performed various measurements. Our results are encouraging and suggest fast neutron imaging could be a useful tool for the detection of special nuclear material (SNM).
A hysteresis model for an orthogonal thin-film magnetometer (1990)

The operation of a ferromagnetic thin-film magnetometer using the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect in a permalloy film is discussed. Measurements showed the presence of a hysteresis effect not predicted by available models. It is shown that the sensitivity of the magnetometer is predicted by applying F.S. Greene and R.B. Yarbrough's (1970) orthogonal susceptibility model, and that the hysteresis can be explained by assuming dispersion in the magnitude of anisotropy. The orthogonal susceptibility model must be evaluated numerically, accounting for a finite driving field. The effect of an inhomogeneous demagnetizing field in the film is discussed in relation to magnitude dispersion of the anisotropy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electric power production using new GaSb photovoltaic cells with extended infrared response (1995)

New GaSb photovoltaic cells with infrared response extended out to 1.8 microns are well matched to hydrocarbon combustion heated silicon carbide infrared emitters operating at 1600 C. Power densities of up to 10 Watts/cm2 promise to make thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity economical. These continuous combustion thermophotovoltaic units run quietly and cleanly. Applications include small scale distributed cogeneration of heat and electricity and power units for clean electric vehicles.
A Novel Real-Time Error Compensation Methodology for &#x003BC;IMU-based Digital Writing Instrument (2006)

A micro inertial measurement unit (μlMU) which is based on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometers and gyroscope sensors is developed for real-time recognition of human hand motion. By using appropriate filtering, transformation and sensor fusion algorithms, a ubiquitous digital writing instrument is produced for recording handwriting on any surface. In this paper, we propose a method for deriving an error feedback to a Kalman filter based on the assumption that writing occurs only in two dimensions i.e. the writing surface is flat. By imposing this constraint, error feedback to the Kalman filter can be derived. Details of the feedback algorithm will be discussed and experimental results of its implementation are compared with the simple Kalman filter without feedback information.
Evaluation of differential phase contrast cone beam CT imaging system (2016)

Grating-based differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging enables the use of a hospital-grade X-ray tube, but compromises the image quality due to insufficiently coherent illumination. In this research, a bench-top DPC cone beam CT (DPC-CBCT) was systematically evaluated and compared with the traditional attenuation-based CBCT in terms of contrast to noise ratio, noise property, and contrast resolution through phantom studies. In order to evaluate DPC-CBCT for soft tissue imaging, breast specimen and small animal studies were carried out. Phantom studies indicate that phase image has lower-frequency noise, higher CNR, and improved contrast resolution. However, phase image quality was degraded in soft tissue imaging due to coherence loss caused by small-angle scattering. Hence dark-field imaging was introduced to quantitatively investigate small-angle scattering caused by an object. Experimental results indicate that inhomogeneous objects affect phase contrast imaging, phase image is more sensitive to noise, and its performance is material dependent. Dark-field imaging could also be used to locate and reduce phase image noise and artifact caused by small-angle scattering.
Aminophosphine ligands R2P(CH2)nNH2 and ruthenium hydrogenation catalysts RuCl2(R2P(CH2)nNH2)2 (2009)

The aminophosphine ligands R(2)P(CH(2))(2)NH(2) and R(2)P(CH(2))(3)NH(2) (R = Ph, (i)Pr, (t)Bu) were isolated in good to excellent yields from the reaction of LiPR(2) with Cl(CH(2))(2)N(TMS)(2) and Cl(CH(2))(3)N(TMS)(2), respectively, followed by hydrolysis. This approach allows fine tuning of the ligands' stereoelectronic properties through the variation of the substituents on the phosphine. The aminophosphine ligands were used to prepare the ruthenium complexes RuCl(2)(R(2)P(CH(2))(2)NH(2))(2) and RuCl(2)(R(2)P(CH(2))(3)NH(2))(2) by reacting a 2:1 mixture of the respective ligand and [RuCl(2)(cod)](n) in an appropriate solvent. The resulting complexes were found to be excellent catalysts for the hydrogenation of ketones and imines.
Real-Time Numerical Dispersion Compensation for Standard/Full-Range Complex Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (2011)

We implemented numerical dispersion compensation for both standard and full-range complex Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography on a graphics processing unit architecture, and demonstrated real-time ultrahigh-resolution imaging at 70k line/s.
Rectennas at optical frequencies: How to analyze the response (2015)

Optical rectennas, antenna-coupled diode rectifiers that receive optical-frequency electromagnetic radiation and convert it to DC output, have been proposed for use in harvesting electromagnetic radiation from a blackbody source. The operation of these devices is qualitatively different from that of lower-frequency rectennas, and their design requires a new approach. To that end, we present a method to determine the rectenna response to high frequency illumination. It combines classical circuit analysis with classical and quantum-based photon-assisted tunneling response of a high-speed diode. We demonstrate the method by calculating the rectenna response for low and high frequency monochromatic illumination, and for radiation from a blackbody source. Such a blackbody source can be a hot body generating waste heat, or radiation from the sun.
Optimal Space Vector Sequence Investigation Based on Natural Sampling SVM for Medium-Voltage Current-Source Converter (2016)

The device switching frequency of current-source converters (CSCs) in high-power medium-voltage (MV) drive applications is normally around 500 Hz. Conventional space vector modulation (SVM) features fast dynamic response but its output contains low-order harmonics with high magnitudes. Recently, a natural-sampling-based SVM (NS-SVM) with superior low-order harmonics performance has been proposed for MV CSCs. This study further investigates the low-order harmonics performance of different space vector sequences for MV CSCs based on NS-SVM. Dwell times equations based on NS-SVM for each space vector sequence with minimized switching frequency are analyzed and derived; comparisons of different vector sequences in terms of low-order harmonics and load/grid-side total demand distortion performance are thoroughly conducted. Among all the investigated sequences, sequence 2 (SQ2) is the best one; its linear two-step dwell times equations are provided for online implementation. Simulations and experiments are provided to verify its performance.
Novel anti-CD30 recombinant immunotoxins containing disulfide-stabilized Fv fragments. (2002)

Four anti-CD30 disulfide stabilized Fv immunotoxins were successfully produced. Two of these showed good cytotoxic activity to various CD30-positive cell lines. These newly produced immunotoxins should be additionally evaluated for the treatment of CD30-positive lymphomas.
Spatial Scalable Region of Interest Transcoding of JPEG2000 for Video Surveillance (2008)

A new method for spatial scalable region of interest transcoding of JPEG2000 images for video surveillance applications is proposed in this paper. The method transcodes HD images into quarter HD images with a ROI in HD resolution. The transcoding method is based on the precinct feature as well as on the empty packet feature of the JPEG2000 standard. Based on a user defined ROI the transcoder extracts all packets which belong to the ROI or to the lower resolution of the background. All non-ROI packets of higher resolution levels are deleted and replaced by empty-packets. Thus, the extracted codestream contains no high frequency information for image regions outside the ROI. Because the transcoder operates on packets and not on codeblocks an expensive re-encoding of the codestream is not required. This leads to a short processing time and a low complexity of the transcoding algorithm. Therefore, our method is appropriate for real-time applications like video surveillance.
Advances in Piezoelectrically Actuated RF MEMS Switches and Phase Shifters (2007)

This report presents results on recent advances in piezoelectric actuated radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices including a temperature insensitive RF MEMS series switch and the demonstration of a 2-bit MEMS phase shifter incorporating PZT switches. Using lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films, modifications to our earlier designs resulted in a RF MEMS series switch operating at 10 V from -25degC to 100degC with better than 30 dB isolation and insertion loss less than 0.5 dB from DC to 50 GHz. In addition, a 17 GHz, 2-bit reflection phase shifter has been demonstrated with an average insertion loss of 2.96 dB using PZT shunt switches operating at 15 V.
Milliwatt power 245 nm deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (2009)

The paper presents a 245 nm LEDs with milliwatt continuous wave power achieved for devices with large junction area. DUV LED structure used in this work consisted of very high quality n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -AlGaN emitter/cladding layers, AlGaN multiple quantum well active region, Mg -doped p -AlGaN cladding, and p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -AlInGaN contact layers which were grown over (0001) sapphire substrates using combination of conventional MOCVD and proprietary MEMOCVD R process. After growth, LED wafers were processed into devices using standard RIE etching and e -beam metallization steps. These results obtain from this device represents the highest continuous wave output powers reported for sub-250 nm wavelength semiconductor light source.
Spin-profile characterization in randomly birefringent spun fibers by means of frequency-domain reflectometry (2009)

A novel technique, based on polarization-sensitive, frequency-domain reflectometry, for a full noninvasive characterization of spin profile in randomly birefringent spun fibers is presented. Effective measurements of spin profile in a fiber sample a few tens of meters long are reported, but the technique can be straightforwardly scaled to kilometers-long samples.
<title>Characterization of a scannerless ladar system</title> (1993)

Performance projections based on the analytical model of a scannerless laser radar system (presented in a companion paper) are compared to laboratory simulations and to field data measurements. Data and characteristics of the system, including camera response, image spatial resolution, and contributions to the signal-to-noise ratio are presented. A discussion of range resolution for this system also is presented, and finally, the performance characteristics of the prototype benchtop system are summarized.
The HIV Coreceptor Repertoire (1999)

Within 1–3 years after the discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (1,2), the CD4 molecule was identified as the primary HIV receptor (3). HIV was shown to enter target cells by an initial binding event between the envelope glycoprotein (Env) molecules on the viral membrane and CD4 molecules on the target cell surface, followed by direct, pH-independent membrane fusion. Yet as early as 1986, it became clear that the Env-CD4 interaction was not sufficient to promote the fusion reaction (4–6); several lines of evidence indicated that the target cell must contain an additional human-specific cofactor (7–11), presumably a “coreceptor.”
Guaranteeing instruction fetch behavior with a lookahead instruction fetch engine (LIFE) (2009)

Instruction fetch behavior has been shown to be very regular and predictable, even for diverse application areas. In this work, we propose the Lookahead Instruction Fetch Engine (LIFE), which is designed to exploit the regularity present in instruction fetch. The nucleus of LIFE is the Tagless Hit Instruction Cache (TH-IC), a small cache that assists the instruction fetch pipeline stage as it efficiently captures information about both sequential and non-sequential transitions between instructions. TH-IC provides a considerable savings in fetch energy without incurring the performance penalty normally associated with small filter instruction caches. LIFE extends TH-IC by making use of advanced control flow metadata to further improve utilization of fetch-associated structures such as the branch predictor, branch target buffer, and return address stack. These structures are selectively disabled by LIFE when it can be determined that they are unnecessary for the following instruction to be fetched. Our results show that LIFE enables further reductions in total processor energy consumption with no impact on application execution times even for the most aggressive power-saving configuration. We also explore the use of LIFE metadata on guiding decisions further down the pipeline. Next sequential line prefetch for the data cache can be enhanced by only prefetching when the triggering instruction has been previously accessed in the TH-IC. This strategy reduces the number of useless prefetches and thus contributes to improving overall processor efficiency. LIFE enables designers to boost instruction fetch efficiency by reducing energy cost without negatively affecting performance.