gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding patterns of TCP connection usage with statistical clustering (2005)

We describe a new methodology for understanding how applications use TCP to exchange data. The method is useful for characterizing TCP workloads and synthetic traffic generation. Given a packet header trace, the method automatically constructs a source-level model of the applications using TCP in a network without any a priori knowledge of which applications are actually present in a network. From this source-level model, statistical feature vectors can be defined for each TCP connection in the trace. Hierarchical cluster analysis can then be performed to identify connections that are statistically homogeneous and that are likely exerting similar demands on a network. We apply the methods to packet header traces taken from the UNC and Abilene networks and show how classes of similar connections can be automatically detected and modeled.
Low NO sub x emission in gas turbine system (1992)

This patent describes a dry low nitric oxides (NO{sub x}) emission combustor. It comprises: a premixing chamber for mixing fuel gas and air; a combustion chamber positioned downstream of the premixing chamber for the combustion of the premixed fuel gas and air and including a separated zone and a combustion zone downstream from the separated zone; a venturi having a generally annular wall including diverging wall portions and positioned between the premixing chamber and the combustion chamber through which the premixed fuel gas an air pass to the combustion chamber, the separated zone being disposed between the walls of the venturi including the diverging wall portions and bulk flow detached from the walls of the venturi; a passageway for cooling gas flow extending axially along and adjacent a portion of the downstream surface of the venturi in the region of the combustion chamber and having an exit for flowing cooling gas to the combustion zone; the passageway positioned on the side of the venturi opposite that which the premised fuel gas an air passes to the combustion chamber.
On the Determinization of Weighted Finite Automata (2000)

We study the problem of constructing the deterministic equivalent of a nondeterministic weighted finite-state automaton (WFA). Determinization of WFAs has important applications in automatic speech recognition (ASR). We provide the first polynomial-time algorithm to test for the twins property, which determines if a WFA admits a deterministic equivalent. We also give upper bounds on the size of the deterministic equivalent; the bound is tight in the case of acyclic WFAs. Previously, Mohri presented a superpolynomial-time algorithm to test for the twins property, and he also gave an algorithm to determinize WFAs. He showed that the latter runs in time linear in the size of the output when a deterministic equivalent exists; otherwise, it does not terminate. Our bounds imply an upper bound on the running time of this algorithm. Given that WFAs can expand exponentially in size when determinized, we explore why those that occur in ASR tend to shrink when determinized. According to ASR folklore, this phenomenon is attributable solely to the fact that ASR WFAs have simple topology, in particular, that they are acyclic and layered. We introduce a very simple class of WFAs with this structure, but we show that the expansion under determinization depends on the transition weights: some weightings cause them to shrink, while others, including random weightings, cause them to expand exponentially. We provide experimental evidence that ASR WFAs exhibit this weight dependence. That they shrink when determinized, therefore, is a result of favorable weightings in addition to special topology. These analyses and observations have been used to design a new, approximate WFA determinization algorithm, reported in a separate paper along with experimental results showing that it achieves significant WFA size reduction with negligible impact on ASR performance.
Lysine 2,3‐aminomutase: is adenosylmethionine a poor man's adenosylcobalamin? (1993)

The interconversion of lysine and beta-lysine, which is catalyzed by lysine 2,3-aminomutase, is formally similar to the isomerization reactions catalyzed by adenosylcobalamin-dependent aminomutases. However, lysine 2,3-aminomutase is activated by S-adensoylmethionine and not by adenosylcobalamin. Lysine 2,3-aminomutase also contains [FeS] clusters, Co(II), and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, all of which are required for maximum activity. Lysine 2,3-aminomutase acts through a mechanism akin to that of the adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzymes in which substrate radicals are intermediates. However, the 5'-deoxyadenosyl moiety of S-adenosylmethionine mediates hydrogen transfer in place of the 5'-deoxyadenosyl moiety of adenosylcobalamin. 5'-Deoxyadenosine is an intermediate in adenosylcobalamin-dependent reactions and in the reaction of lysine 2,3-aminomutase. The 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical, derived either from adenosylcobalamin or S-adenosylmethionine, appears to participate in these reactions. Similarly, the ribonucleotide reductase from Lactobacillus leichmanii is activated by adenosylcobalamin, whereas the ribonucleotide reductase from anaerobically grown Escherichia coli is activated by S-adenosylmethionine and an activating enzyme. The 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical seems to participate in the activation of both reductases. Therefore, both adenosylcobalamin and S-adenosylmethionine appear to serve as sources of 5'-deoxyadenosyl radicals in nature. S-Adenosylmethionine is not as chemically elegant a molecule as adenosylcobalamin, so it may be regarded as "a poor man's adenosylcobalamin."
The Synthesis of Densely Grafted Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTThe Synthesis of Densely Grafted Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical PolymerizationKathryn L. Beers, Scott G. Gaynor, Krzysztof Matyjaszewski, Sergei S. Sheiko, and Martin MöllerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Mellon Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 University of Ulm, Organishe Chemie III/ Makromolekulare Chemie, 89069 Ulm, Germany Cite this: Macromolecules 1998, 31, 26, 9413–9415Publication Date (Web):December 10, 1998Publication History Received3 September 1998Revised2 November 1998Published online10 December 1998Published inissue 1 December 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma981402ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma981402irapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5764Altmetric-Citations513LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Copolymers,Hydrocarbons,Materials,Polymers,Radical polymerization Get e-Alerts
Deep Learning for Efficient Discriminative Parsing (2011)

We propose a new fast purely discriminative algorithm for natural language parsing, based on a “deep ” recurrent convolutional graph transformer network (GTN). Assuming a decomposition of a parse tree into a stack of “levels”, the network predicts a level of the tree taking into account predictions of previous levels. Using only few basic text features, we show similar performance (in F1 score) to existing pure discriminative parsers and existing “benchmark ” parsers (like Collins parser, probabilistic context-free grammars based), with a huge speed advantage. 1
Profiles of Serum Cytokines in Acute Drug-Induced Liver Injury and Their Prognostic Significance (2013)

Acute DILI is associated with robust and varying immune responses. High levels of expression of cytokines associated with innate immunity are associated with a poor prognosis, whereas high levels of expression of adaptive cytokines are associated with good long-term prognosis and eventual recovery. Serum immune analyte profiles at DILI onset appear to be of prognostic, and perhaps, diagnostic significance.
Strength Development in Phosphate‐Bonded Calcium Aluminate Cements (1991)

The chemical reaction at room temperature between calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ‐based fertilizer solution causes the formation of ammonium calcium pyrophosphate (AmCPP) as an amorphous cementitious phase. This phase was responsible for the development of strength in rapid‐setting phosphate‐bonded cement (PBC) specimens. Hydrothermal treatment of PBC at 200°C led to phase transformations of AmCPP and CAC into crystalline hydroxyapatite as the major phase and anorthite as the minor one. The moderate growth of these interlocked crystals in the interspaces of amorphous phases played an important role in creating a dense microstructure, thereby conferring a very high strength to the PBC. In contrast, an excessive crystal growth, which caused the formation of porous microstructure, resulted in a reduction in strength.
Non-Invasive Estimation of Skin Thickness by near Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy—Separate Determination of Epidermis and Dermis Thickness (2012)

This paper reports a non-invasive method for estimating skin thickness by using near infrared diffuse reflectance (NIR-DR) spectroscopy. Skin thickness is an important skin property in cosmetology, dermatology and pharmaceutical science. It varies significantly between the face and other body parts and changes with age and environment factors. Differences in skin thickness reflect the structural conditions of the epidermis and dermis. However, current methods for measuring skin thickness are complex and require cumbersome equipment. Therefore, we herein propose a NIR-DR and partial least squares (PLS) regression method for non-destructive skin thickness estimation. NIR-DR spectra were measured for UV-irradiated and non-irradiated skin on the backs of hairless mice and denuded back skin. Skin thickness increased gradually with the amount of UV irradiation, while changing little with physiological age. To obtain reference data, optical microscope measurements were carried out for denuded skin and total thickness and thickness of epidermis and dermis were determined. PLS regression was performed for the whole spectrum and selected regions specific for particular functional groups in order to estimate total thickness and thickness of epidermis and dermis. In the 6939–5990 cm −1 and 5242–4609 cm −1 regions, the bands due to amide groups of proteins appeared to contribute to models with the best coefficients of determination ( R 2 CV ) and standard error of cross-validation results; for total thickness, thickness of epidermis, and dermis, these were 0.79 and 25.80 urn, 0.72 and 21.87 μm and 0.77 and 8.16 μm, respectively. The results revealed that the wavenumbers contributing to the prediction of skin thickness differ between the epidermis and dermis.
Clean Absorption‐Mode NMR Data Acquisition (2009)

A new acquisition: Based on "phase-shifted mirrored sampling" (PMS) of indirect evolution periods of multi-dimensional experiments, new acquisition schemes eliminate, without application of a phase correction, dispersive signal components that exacerbate peak identification and shift peak maxima. The resulting enhanced resolution is of particular value for systems with high chemical shift degeneracy.
Analysis for an electron source based on microchannel plate principles (1992)

An analysis is carried out for the channel output current density of a microchannel plate constructed from a crystalline semiconducting bulk. It is shown that the current density can be increased to the order of 1 A/cm/sup 2/, which is several orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional microchannel plates, allowing its use for cold cathode applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Establishment of Stable Cell Lines Producing Anti‐<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Protective Effects for the Infection in Mice (1992)

Human-human hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for five major serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were developed by fusing P. aeruginosa primed and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cells with human myeloma P109 cells using polyethyleneglycol. The MoAbs which were produced by the hybridomas were protective against lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge of P. aeruginosa (10 LD50) in mice. The 50% effective dose (ED50) values of MoAbs ranged from 0.5 to 10.2 micrograms/mouse and were 26 to 240 times more protective than a commercial human IgG preparation. MoAb administration to mice promoted bacterial clearance in peritoneal cavity, and prevented bacterial invasion into blood in the way of increasing both the number of bacteria trapped by a macrophage and the ratio of macrophages that trapped bacteria. MoAbs also showed protective effects against lethal infection of P. aeruginosa in the mice which were decreased in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) by cyclophosphamide (CY). All MoAbs showed serotype-specific binding to the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa as well as to the immunized strains. The hybridoma cell lines maintained their capacity to produce MoAb continuously for more than 12 months and produced 10 to 60 micrograms MoAbs per 10(6) cells in 24 hr. It is practicable to use these cell lines for large-scale production of anti-P. aeruginosa MoAbs and such MoAbs must be useful for the therapeutics of patients with P. aeruginosa infection.
Binding of 14-3-3 Proteins to the Protein Kinase Raf and Effects on Its Activation (1994)

To identify proteins that may participate in the activation of the protein kinase Raf, proteins that interact with Raf were selected in a two-hybrid screen. Two members of the 14-3-3 protein family were isolated that interacted with both the amino terminal regulatory regions of Raf and the kinase domain of Raf, but did not compete with the guanine nucleotide-binding protein Ras for binding to Raf. 14-3-3 proteins associated with Raf in mammalian cells and accompanied Raf to the membrane in the presence of activated Ras. In yeast cells expressing Raf and MEK, mammalian 14-3-3 beta or 14-3-3 zeta activated Raf to a similar extent as did expression of Ras. Therefore, 14-3-3 proteins may participate in or be required for the regulation of Raf function. These findings suggest a role for 14-3-3 proteins in Raf-mediated signal transduction.
Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Measurements Across Broad Absorbance and Reflectivity Ranges (2014)

Cavity-enhanced spectrometry constitutes an important and highly sensitive technique for absorbance measurements. The current practice generally involves very high reflectivity mirrors and hence intense light sources (typically lasers) to have enough light transmitted. Available theory describes the situation only for high-finesse cavities (high-reflectance mirrors) and generally for systems with very low absorbances. We develop the general expression for absorbance regardless of mirror reflectivity or the absorbance and show that in the limit of high reflectivities and low absorbances it predicts the same numerical values as that derived by O'Keefe (Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 293, 331-336; Chem. Phys. Lett. 1999, 307, 343-349). Signal to noise in any photometric system is also dependent on the amount of light reaching the detector because of shot noise limitations. We show that a small aperture in the entrance mirror greatly improves light throughput without significant departure from the theoretically predicted amplification of absorbance; such simple modifications result in real improvement of detection limits, even with mirrors of modest reflectivity and inexpensive detectors. This allows the merits of cavity enhancement measurements to be demonstrated for pedagogic purposes.
Optimization of queries with user-defined predicates (1999)

Relational databases provide the ability to store user-defined functions and predicates which can be invoked in SQL queries. When evaluation of a user-defined predicate is relatively expensive, the traditional method of evaluating predicates as early as possible is no longer a sound heuristic. There are two previous approaches for optimizing such queries. However, neither is able to guarantee the optimal plan over the desired execution space. We present efficient techniques that are able to guarantee the choice of an optimal plan over the desired execution space. The optimization algorithm with complete rank-ordering improves upon the naive optimization algorithm by exploiting the nature of the cost formulas for join methods and is polynomial in the number of user-defined predicates (for a given number of relations.) We also propose pruning rules that significantly reduce the cost of searching the execution space for both the naive algorithm as well as for the optimization algorithm with complete rank-ordering, without compromising optimality. We also propose a conservative local heuristic that is simpler and has low optimization overhead. Although it is not always guaranteed to find the optimal plans, it produces close to optimal plans in most cases. We discuss how, depending on application requirements, to determine the algorithm of choice. It should be emphasized that our optimization algorithms handle user-defined selections as well as user-defined join predicates uniformly. We present complexity analysis and experimental comparison of the algorithms.
Efficient, Non-Data-Aided Chromatic Dispersion Estimation via Generalized, FFT-Based Sweep (2013)

We propose a method that eliminates the 2 samples/symbol requirement on FFT-based CD estimation, and generalizes this highly-efficient, non-data-aided, frequency-domain CD estimation approach to systems with η samples/symbol where 1<η ≤ 2.
An Automated Impedance Estimation Method in Low-Voltage Distribution Network for Coordinated Voltage Regulation (2015)

Internode line impedance values are essential information for achieving coordinated voltage regulation with distributed energy devices. However, in a low-voltage distribution system, these values are difficult to acquire, especially when the devices are installed in an ad hoc manner by individual users. This paper proposes a novel method for automated impedance estimation based on practically available parameters at the terminal nodes. The distributed energy devices measure and transmit the terminal parameters to a host device. Then, the host device estimates the line impedances based on its impedance model and the collected parameters. For practical implementation, the proposed method is built under several assumptions. For example, it is assumed that the phases of terminal voltages are not synchronized owing to communication latency. Instead, only the magnitude value is incorporated during the impedance estimation. The proposed method is verified via a simulation that assumes a realistic environment.
Preparation and properties of carbon-coated magnetic nanocrystallites (1993)

Carbon-coated gadolinium carbide nanocrystallites are generated by a process based on the Kratschmer-Huffman carbon-arc method of preparing fullerenes, and a novel magnetic-field-gradient separation technique is used to separate them. This separation of nanocrystalline byproducts of the carbon arc process is a prerequisite for many of the proposed applications of these materials. While the data presented pertain to ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$, this method is generally applicable to any paramagnetic or ferromagnetic compound. Structural characterization by x-ray and electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal the presence of a single gadolinium-containing (${\mathrm{Gd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$) phase and excess carbon. The carbide phase exists as 10--50 nm spherical particles. SQUID magnetometry shows paramagnetic response attributed to ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ ions.
Abstract C39: First-in-class inhibitors of the putatively undruggable DNA repair target Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) (2015)

Abstract Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is the only enzyme known to catalyse hydrolysis of the O-glycosidic linkages of ADP-ribose polymers, thereby reversing the effects of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). PARG depletion, using RNAi, results in several effects such as PAR chain persistence, progression of single- to double-strand DNA lesions and NAD+ depletion. Given these findings, inhibition of PARG with a small molecule agent offers a potential opportunity to interfere with DNA repair mechanisms and induce cell death in those cells with increased susceptibility to DNA damage, such as tumour cells. Previous efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors of PARG activity have generally been hampered by poor physicochemical properties, off-target pharmacology and a lack of cell permeability, leading some to suggest that PARG may be undruggable. In contrast, we have now developed a series of first-in-class PARG inhibitors which display drug-like properties and attractive pharmacokinetic parameters. These compounds have proved to be useful biological tool compounds. Moreover, displaying selective activity in both biochemical and, more importantly, cellular assays of PARG function, these derivatives have allowed an exploration of the phenotypes resulting from reversible, pharmacological PARG inhibition in both in vitro cell panels and in vivo models. Furthermore, our initial bioinformatic analysis suggests that deficiency of a known tumour suppressor confers sensitivity to PARG inhibition, suggesting patient populations that will potentially benefit from PARGi therapies. Citation Format: Bohdan Waszkowycz, Dominic James, Ben Acton, Emma Fairweather, Sam Fritzl, Niall Hamilton, Nicola Hamilton, Sarah Holt, James Hitchen, Colin Hutton, Stuart Jones, Allan Jordan, Alison McGonagle, Daniel Mould, Helen Small, Kate Smith, Alexandra Stowell, Ian D. Waddell, Donald Ogilvie. First-in-class inhibitors of the putatively undruggable DNA repair target Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C39.
Novel Octahydropyrrolo[3,4-<i>c</i>]pyrroles Are Selective Orexin-2 Antagonists: SAR Leading to a Clinical Candidate (2015)

The preclinical characterization of novel octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles that are potent and selective orexin-2 antagonists is described. Optimization of physicochemical and DMPK properties led to the discovery of compounds with tissue distribution and duration of action suitable for evaluation in the treatment of primary insomnia. These selective orexin-2 antagonists are proven to promote sleep in rats, and this work ultimately led to the identification of a compound that progressed into human clinical trials for the treatment of primary insomnia. The synthesis, SAR, and optimization of the pharmacokinetic properties of this series of compounds as well as the identification of the clinical candidate, JNJ-42847922 (34), are described herein.