gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantifying progression and regression of thrombotic risk in experimental atherosclerosis (2015)

Currently, there are no generally applicable noninvasive methods for defining the relationship between atherosclerotic vascular damage and risk of focal thrombosis. Herein, we demonstrate methods to delineate the progression and regression of vascular damage in response to an atherogenic diet by quantifying the in vivo accumulation of semipermeable 200-300 nm perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC-NP) in ApoE null mouse plaques with [(19)F] magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Permeability to PFC-NP remained minimal until 12 weeks on diet, then increased rapidly following 12 weeks, but regressed to baseline within 8 weeks after diet normalization. Markedly accelerated clotting (53.3% decrease in clotting time) was observed in carotid artery preparations of fat-fed mice subjected to photochemical injury as defined by the time to flow cessation. For all mice on and off diet, an inverse linear relationship was observed between the permeability to PFC-NP and accelerated thrombosis (P = 0.02). Translational feasibility for quantifying plaque permeability and vascular damage in vivo was demonstrated with clinical 3 T MRI of PFC-NP accumulating in plaques of atherosclerotic rabbits. These observations suggest that excessive permeability to PFC-NP may indicate prothrombotic risk in damaged atherosclerotic vasculature, which resolves within weeks after dietary therapy.
Phase shifting in an oblique incidence interferometer (1991)

The evaluation of the interference pattern of a prism interferometer by a phase-stepping technique is described. The required phase shift is achieved by moving the surface under test perpendicular to the hypotenuse of the prism. Limits of this phase-shifting technique are discussed. A calibration method of the phase shift between the interferograms for the adjustable sensitivity of the interferometer is shown. Finally measurements of technical surfaces are presented.
Selbstorganisation von Multikomponenten‐systemen: spontane Bildung eines zylinderförmigen Komplexes aus fünf Liganden und sechs Metall‐Ionen (1993)

Auf einen Schlag insgesamt elf Bausteine fünf Liganden und sechs Kupfer(I)‐Ionen ‐ lassen sich zum diskreten Überkomplex 1 vereinen, der rechts schematisch dargestellt ist (Phenylsubstituenten der beiden zentralen Liganden und Methylsubstituenten der drei äußeren Liganden sind weggelassen). Die Bildung von 1 belegt, wie durch Design und Auswahl der einzelnen Komponenten molekulare Selbstorganisation gesteuert werden kann und ungewöhnliche Strukturen entstehen ‐ im Falle von 1 spannen die Liganden einen zylinderförmigen Hohlraum auf. • = Kupfer(I). magnified image
Development of control strategy for optimal control of a continuously variable transmission operating in combination with a throttle controlled engine (2005)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
3-(2-Chlorophenyl)-<i>N</i>-methylisoxazole-5-carboxamide (2007)

In the title mol­ecule, C11H9ClN2O2, the isoxazole and benzene rings make a dihedral angle of 36.80 (2)°. Inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into zigzag chains running in the [101] direction. The crystal packing exhibits weak π–π stacking inter­actions [short distances of 3.675 (2) and 3.801 (3) Å between the centroids of the benzene and isoxazole rings (at ½ − x, −y, −½ + z) and (at ½ − x, −y, ½ + z), respectively], which form stacks of mol­ecules extending along the c axis.
Closed Loop Canister Purge Control System (1998)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes a system for controlling the introduction of purge fuel vapors from the canister purge vapor recovery system into an internal combustion engine, and for correcting the engine fueling due to the additional purge fuel vapors. The system utilizes a gasoline vapor concentration sensor to measure the concentration of fuel vapors purged into the engine, and a compensation algorithm to calculate a desired flow of purge fuel vapors into the engine. Vehicle testing on a vehicle equipped with a four-cylinder engine and the closed loop purge control system described in this paper has shown that significant reductions in tailpipe emissions may be achieved. Compared to the baseline vehicle, the control algorithm using the gasoline vapor sensor as a feedback signal reduced the emissions by 25% for HC, 38 % for CO, and 18 % for NOx. Vehicle testing has also demonstrated that purge aggressiveness may be substantially increased, i.e., the ability to purge larger quantities of fuel vapor was improved.</div>
Yield prediction by sampling IC layout (2000)

This paper reports a survey sampling-based methodology for critical area and other property estimates of IC layout. A software implementation of the method, Edinburgh yield estimator sampling (EYES) is presented. The EYES tool implements the survey sampling-based methodology for critical area estimation enabling the yield prediction of ULSI chips. The method requires an analysis of only a small fraction of the chip layout. As a result the practical application of the technique is not limited by the size of the chip, or the design hierarchy. The EYES system is able to process non-Manhattan layout. This enables yield predictions in a reasonable time for even the largest state-of-the-art chips, using modest computing resources.
Targeted synthetic gene delivery vectors. (2000)

Synthetic gene delivery vehicles have made significant progress in the past decade in demonstrating strong potential for targeted delivery to specific cells, low toxicity and immunogenicity and large carrying capacity. However, significant advances must still be made to increase the efficiency of both polymer and lipid vehicles. Furthermore, techniques to generate more effective targeting moieties for a variety of cell types, as well as means to consistently assemble vectors containing these targeting ligands, are areas for further improvement. This review focuses on significant recent advances in generating a number of novel targeted vectors, and discusses progress in the development of new genetic and chemical systems to enhance the targeting, assembly and biocompatibility of synthetic vectors.
Constructing 3D Virtual Reality Objects from 2D Images of Real Objects Using NURBS (2007)

A new method for capturing and reconstructing 3D representations of real objects in a virtual reality system is introduced. Virtual reality applications allow users to navigate and interact with the 3D objects through the environment. This interaction requires that the 3D representation of real objects be highly accurate in modeling the reality. The novelty of the new methodology proposed, consists on the fact that it uses only a high resolution (7 megapixels or higher) digital camera and a projector in conjunction with 3D surface reconstruction techniques based on non-uniform rational Bzier spline (NURBS) functions. The 3D object reconstruction is based on finding unique control points on the 2D images of the object and constructing corresponding 2-D NURBS curves which contain the control points through a process of NURNS fitting. The control points are situated on grid lines which are extracted from the object surface on which a color coded grid is projected. The 2-D NURBS curves are projected into a 3-D space to eventually re-create the 3-D surface of interest. The method does not require any a priori knowledge of the absolute positioning or orientation of the camera and the projector as other 3D reconstruction techniques do. The precision of the method depends on the camera resolution and can attain easily sub-millimeters ranges. Examples illustrate the process.
Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of Propylene Glycol with Triglyceride in Organic Solvents (1998)

A mixture of emulsifiers consisting of propylene glycol monoesters and mono- and diglycerides was obtained when triglycerides were reacted with propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) using lipase as a catalyst. These emulsifiers were synthesized enzymatically to overcome the problems associated with chemical processes. Typically, lipase was added to a reaction mixture containing propylene glycol and acyl donors (tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein) in various organic solvents containing tert-butyl alcohol and molecular sieves. The mixture was incubated in an orbital shaker at a speed of 250 rpm at 40 °C. This study showed that among the eight lipases tested the lipase PS from Pseudomonas cepacia was the most effective in synthesizing these emulsifiers by a transesterification process. The anhydrous enzyme and hydrophobic organic solvents were favored for the production of propylene glycol monoesters and mono- and diglycerides. The yields of monoesters and mono- and diglycerides were also affected by temperature, pH memory, propylene glycol/triglyceride ratio, reaction time, and immobilized lipase. The yields of propylene glycol monopalmitate could be increased to 74.6% by the addition of molecular sieves and cosolvents. Lipase immobilization increased the catalytic efficiency up to 5-fold. Keywords: Emulsifier mixture; lipase; organic solvent; propylene glycol monoester; monoglyceride; diglyceride
The BBZDR/Wor Rat Model for Investigating the Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2004)

Congenic and inbred strains of rats offer researchers invaluable insight into the etiopathogenesis of diabetes and associated complications. The inbred Bio-Breeding Zucker diabetic rat (BBZDR)/Wor rat strain is a relatively new and emerging model of type 2 diabetes. This strain was created by classical breeding methods used to introgress the defective leptin receptor gene (Lepr(fa)) from insulin-resistant Zucker fatty rats into the inbred BBDR/Wor strain background. The diabetic male BBZDR/Wor rat is homozygous for the fatty mutation and shares the genetic background of the original BB strain. Although lean littermates are phenotypically normal, obese juvenile BBZDR/Wor rats are hyperlipidemic and hyperleptinemic, become insulin resistant, and ultimately develop hyperglycemia. Furthermore, the BBZDR/Wor rat is immune competent and does not develop autoimmunity. Similar to patients with clinical diabetes, the BBZDR/Wor rat develops complications associated with hyperglycemia. The BBZDR/Wor rat is a model system that fully encompasses the ability to study the complications that affect human type 2 diabetic patients. In this review, recent work that has evaluated type 2 diabetic complications in BBZDR/Wor rats is discussed, including the authors' preliminary unpublished studies on cardiovascular disease.
Microneedle patches for vaccine delivery (2014)

In today's medical industry, the range of vaccines that exist for administration in humans represents an eclectic variety of forms and immunologic mechanisms. Namely, these are the live attenuated viruses, inactivated viruses, subunit proteins, and virus-like particles for treating virus-caused diseases, as well as the bacterial-based polysaccharide, protein, and conjugated vaccines. Currently, a new approach to vaccination is being investigated with the concept of DNA vaccines. As an alternative delivery route to enhance the vaccination efficacy, microneedles have been devised to target the rich network of immunologic antigen-presenting cells in the dermis and epidermis layers under the skin. Numerous studies have outlined the parameters of microneedle delivery of a wide range of vaccines, revealing comparable or higher immunogenicity to conventional intramuscular routes, overall level of stability, and dose-sparing advantages. Furthermore, recent mechanism studies have begun to successfully elucidate the biological mechanisms behind microneedle vaccination. This paper describes the current status of microneedle vaccine research.
Practical Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Tetraarylethylenes and Their Application for the Preparation of [Triphenylethylene−Spacer−Triphenylethylene] Triads (2007)

We have demonstrated that reactions of diphenylmethyllithium with a variety of substituted benzophenones produces corresponding tertiary alcohols that are easily dehydrated, without any need for purification, to produce various unsymmetrical and symmetrical tetraarylethylenes in excellent yields. The simplicity of the method allows for the preparation of a variety of ethylenic derivatives in multigram (10-50 g) quantities with great ease. The methodology was successfully employed for the preparation of various triphenylethylene (TPE)-based triads (i.e., TPE-spacer-TPE) containing polyphenylene and fluoranyl-based spacers. The ready availability of various substituted tetraarylethylenes allowed us to shed light on the effect of substituents on the oxidation potentials (Eox) of various tetraarylethylenes. Moreover, the electronic coupling among the triphenylethylene moieties in various TPE-spacer-TPE triads was briefly probed by electrochemical and optical methods.
Analysis and testing of Bingham plastic behavior in semi-active electrorheological fluid dampers (1996)

Electrorheological- (ER-) fluid-based dashpot dampers have smart capabilities because ER fluids undergo large changes in yield stress as electric field is applied. Our objective is the development and experimental validation of quasi-steady dashpot damper models, based on an idealized nonlinear Bingham plastic shear flow mechanism, for purposes of preliminary design and performance predictions. The data required for the Bingham plastic model is normally supplied by ER fluid suppliers, that is, plastic viscosity and dynamic yield stress as a function of applied field, as determined from a shear stress versus shear strain rate diagram. As force is applied to the dashpot damper, the ER fluid flows through an annulus between the concentric inner and outer electrodes. The idealized Bingham plastic shear flow mechanism predicts that three annular flow regions develop as a function of the local shear stress. In the central pre-yield or plug region, the local shear stress is less than the dynamic yield stress, so that the plug behaves like a rigid solid. The remaining two annular regions, adjacent to the electrodes, are in the post-yield condition and correspond to the shear stress exceeding the dynamic yield stress, so that the material flows. Equivalent viscous damping performance of an ER fluid dashpot damper is strongly coupled with the plug behavior. For a constant force, as the applied field increases, so does the plug thickness and equivalent viscous damping. For a constant applied field, as the force increases, the plug thickness and equivalent viscous damping both decrease. The passive and active or field-dependent damping behavior of an ER-fluid-based dashpot damper can be designed for a specific application using these quasi-steady Bingham plastic models.
The Testing of Commercially Available Engineering and Plant Scale Annular Centrifugal Contactors for the Processing of Spent Nuclear Fuel (2006)

Annular centrifugal contactors are being evaluated for process scale solvent extraction operations in support of United State Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative goals. These contactors have the potential for high stage efficiency if properly employed and optimized for the application. Commercially available centrifugal contactors are being tested at the Idaho National Laboratory to support this program. Hydraulic performance and mass transfer efficiency have been measured for portions of an advanced nuclear fuel cycle using 5-cm diameter annular centrifugal contactors. Advanced features, including low mix sleeves and clean-in-place rotors, have also been evaluated in 5-cm and 12.5-cm contactors.
Estimation of the Magnitude Squared Coherence Spectrum Based on Reduced-Rank Canonical Coordinates (2007)

In this paper, a new technique for the estimation of the magnitude squared coherence (MSC) spectrum is proposed. The method is based on the relationship between the MSC and the canonical correlation analysis (CCA) of stationary time series. Particularly, the canonical correlations coincide asymptotically with the squared roots of the MSC, which is exploited in the paper to obtain an estimate of the MSC based on a reduced-rank version of the estimated coherence matrix. The proposed technique provides a higher spectral resolution than the well-known Welch's method, and it also avoids the signal mismatch problem associated to the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) based approach. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated by means of some numerical examples.
Plasma Viral Load in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Singly and Dually Infected Individuals in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa (2000)

The differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection are likely to be caused by differences in plasma viral set point and load, but the mechanisms through which HIV-2 infection is contained to a higher degree than HIV-1 remain to be identified. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3286-3293.
The Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3&#946; in Normal Haematopoiesis, Angiogenesis and Leukaemia (2008)

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3beta) was one of the first kinases identified and studied, initially for its role in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. Over the past decade, interest in GSK-3beta has grown far beyond glycogen metabolism, and this is due in large measure to the critical role that GSK-3beta plays in the regulation of many other cellular processes, particularly cell proliferation and apoptosis. GSK-3beta has been shown to regulate the proteolysis and sub-cellular compartmentalization of a number of proteins directly involved in the regulation of cell cycling, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. GSK-3beta also regulates the degradation of proteins that regulate gene expression and thus affects a variety of important cell functions. Specifically, GSK-3beta controls the degradation of beta-catenin, the main effector of Wnt that regulates haematopoiesis and stem cell function. In this case GSK-3beta is a negative regulator of Wnt. In contrast, GSK-3beta positively regulates NF-kappaB, another important biochemical pathway also involved in the regulation of multiple aspects of normal and aberrant haematopoiesis. GSK-3beta regulates degradation of IkappaB, a central inhibitor of NF-kappaB. In this way, GSK-3beta acts to control the resistance of leukaemic cells to chemotherapy through the modulation of NF-kappaB, a critical factor in maintaining leukaemic cell growth. In addition, GSK-3beta regulates the pro-inflammatory activity of NF-kappaB. As GSK-3beta is a pleiotropic regulator, inhibitors may increase the range of novel anti-leukaemic and anti-inflammatory drugs that control immune response.
Prostacyclin Analogs Inhibit Fibroblast Contraction of Collagen Gels through the cAMP-PKA Pathway (2007)

Prostacyclin is an arachidonic acid metabolite that modulates vascular tone within the lung. The current study evaluated the hypothesis that prostacyclin can also modulate tissue remodeling by affecting fibroblast-mediated contraction of extracellular matrix. To accomplish this, fibroblasts were cultured in three-dimensional native type I collagen gels in the presence of prostacyclin analogs: carbaprostacyclin, iloprost, and beraprost. All three analogs significantly inhibited contraction of the three-dimensional collagen gels mediated by three different fibroblasts. All three analogs significantly inhibited fibronectin release and reduced fibroblast fibronectin mRNA expression. Addition of exogenous fibronectin restored the contractile activity to fibroblasts incubated in the presence of all three analogs. Iloprost and beraprost significantly activated cAMP-dependent protein kinase-A (PKA), and an action through this pathway was confirmed by blockade of the inhibitory effect on contraction and fibronectin release with the PKA inhibitor KT-5720. In contrast, carbaprostacyclin, which is not as selective for the prostacyclin (IP) receptor, did not activate PKA, and its effects on contraction and fibronectin release were not fully blocked by KT-5720. Finally, the cAMP analogs N(6)-Benzoyl- (6-Bnz-) cAMP and dibutyryl-cAMP inhibited contraction, and this contrasted with the activity of an Epac selective agonist 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP, which had no effect. Taken together, these results indicate that prostacyclin, acting through the IP receptor and by activating PKA, can lead to inhibition of fibronectin release and can subsequently inhibit fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction. The ability of prostacyclin to modulate fibroblast function suggests that prostacyclin can contribute to tissue remodeling.
Soft Smart Garments for Lower Limb Joint Position Analysis (2017)

Revealing human movement requires lightweight, flexible systems capable of detecting mechanical parameters (like strain and pressure) while being worn comfortably by the user, and not interfering with his/her activity. In this work we address such multifaceted challenge with the development of smart garments for lower limb motion detection, like a textile kneepad and anklet in which soft sensors and readout electronics are embedded for retrieving movement of the specific joint. Stretchable capacitive sensors with a three-electrode configuration are built combining conductive textiles and elastomeric layers, and distributed around knee and ankle. Results show an excellent behavior in the ~30% strain range, hence the correlation between sensors' responses and the optically tracked Euler angles is allowed for basic lower limb movements. Bending during knee flexion/extension is detected, and it is discriminated from any external contact by implementing in real time a low computational algorithm. The smart anklet is designed to address joint motion detection in and off the sagittal plane. Ankle dorsi/plantar flexion, adduction/abduction, and rotation are retrieved. Both knee and ankle smart garments show a high accuracy in movement detection, with a RMSE less than 4° in the worst case.
Comment : environmental engineering (2011)

We approached Dr Chris Herold, past chairman of the SAICE Water Engineering Division, for his comments on the EE Publishers article in particular, and on the fracking issue in general. These are a few of his thoughts.