gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals in Radiation-Induced Damage and Death of Nondividing Eucaryotic Cells (1980)

Isolated alveolar macrophages were exposed in vitro to varying doses of x-radiation. Using dye exclusion as a test for viability, this cell was found to be quite radioresistant relative to other eucaryotic cells. A dose of 11,500 rad was required to kill 50% of the cells when viability was assessed 24 hr after irradiation. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DETAPAC) gave significant protection, whereas ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and mannitol provided little or no protection. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy confirmed these results. In addition to the assessment of macrophage viability, a characteristic function of these cells was measured following exposure to radiation in the absence and presence of the putative protective agents. Phagocytic function as assessed by the rate of ingestion of killed yeast particles was measured before and after exposure of a population of pulmonary macrophages to 2850 rad. This dose of radiation caused a 75% loss of phagocytic function in the irradiated cells. DETAPAC when present during irradiation of the pulmonary macrophages provided nearly complete protection against loss of function. Pulmonary macrophages incubated under specific conditions with superoxide dismutase and catalase retained 50% of the activity of nonirradiated cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hydroxylmore » radicals generated from superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and iron are the agents of oxygen-induced cell damage caused by ionizing radiation.« less
Current progress in pulmonary delivery of measles vaccine (2014)

Due to the high infectivity of measles virus, achieving sufficient population immunity to interrupt transmission requires two doses of live attenuated measles virus vaccine. Subcutaneous delivery of vaccine by injection requires trained personnel, maintenance of a cold chain and safe disposal of used needles and syringes. Pulmonary vaccine delivery offers the opportunity for cost-savings and improved coverage, but requires re-licensure. Two aerosol vaccine formulations, nebulized liquid and dry powder, and multiple delivery devices have been evaluated in humans and macaques. Nebulized liquid vaccine is effective for a second dose of vaccine in older children, but less effective for primary vaccination of infants. Dry powder vaccine provides solid protection in macaques and boosts responses in immune adults, but has not yet been tested in infants.
Chemical and Fuel Production by Anaerobic Bacteria (1980)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Ballistic two-dimensional lateral heterojunction bipolar transistor (2021)

The authors explore the concept of a monolayer ballistic heterojunction bipolar transistor based on a lateral heterostructure of transition metal dichalcogenides through self-consistent simulations of electrostatics and quantum transport.
Flexible VLSI architecture of full search motion estimation for video applications (1994)

A VLSI architecture to achieve real time processing of a full-search block matching algorithm is described. The intensive computations required to extract the motion vector within the full search range in real time are motivated. It uses a parallel algorithm based on the idea of partial result accumulation. The partial sum results of the candidate block distortions are individually accumulated into a cyclic storage buffer for each distortion measure. Based on one dimensional semi-systolic array architecture design, a parameterizable motion estimation processor (MEP) can be designed for motion vector estimation of different reference block sizes and search ranges. Moreover, any number of MEPs can be cascaded for larger tracking areas and high pixel rates. This proposed architecture has the following advantages, 1) it has a serial data inputs to save pin counts but performs parallel processing, 2) it is parameterizable to set the search range, so that it is adaptable to different video applications, 3) it is also possible to operate for any vertical reference block size and horizontal ones of the multiples of basic size N, 3) it can operate in real time for videoconferencing applications, 4) it has a degree of modularity suitable for VLSI implementation, and 5) it can be easily and cost-effectively implemented into VLSI by its simple structure mainly composed of one-dimensional array of processing elements (PEs) and by its low control overhead.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Online Calibration of Traffic Prediction Models (2005)

A methodology for the online calibration of the speed–density relationship is formulated as a flexible state–space model. Applicable solution approaches are discussed and three of them–-the extended Kalman filter (EKF), the iterated EKF, and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF)–-are selected and presented in detail. An application of the methodology with freeway sensor data from two networks in Europe and the United States is presented. The improvement in the estimation and prediction of speeds due to online calibration (compared with the speeds obtained from the relationship calibrated offline) is demonstrated. EKF provided the most straightforward solution to this problem and, indeed, achieved considerable improvements in estimation and prediction accuracy. The benefits obtained from the use of the more computationally expensive iterated EKF algorithm are shown. An innovative solution technique (UKF) is also presented.
Growth of Dracaena marginata and Spathiphyllum ‘Petite’ in Sphagnum Peat- and Coconut Coir Dust-based Growing Media (1999)

Abstract A comparison was made of Canadian sphagnum peat (SP) and Philippine coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.) coir dust (CD) as growing media components for greenhouse production of Dracaena marginata Bak. and Spathiphyllum Schott ‘Petite’. Three soilless foliage plant growing mixes (Cornell, Hybrid, University of Florida #2 [UF-2]) were prepared using either SP or CD and pine bark (PB), vermiculite (V), and/or perlite (P) in the following ratios (% by vol): Cornell = 50 CD or SP:25 V:25 P, Hybrid = 40 CD or SP:30 V:30 PB, UF-2 = 50 CD or SP: 50 PB. Dracaena root growth was not affected by treatments but there were significant mix × media component interactions that affected plant top growth parameters. In general, the growth and quality of D. marginata were reduced by using CD in Cornell, had no effect in Hybrid, and increased in UF-2. S . ‘Petite’ grew equally well in all growing mixes regardless of whether CD or SP was used; however, plants grew more in Cornell and Hybrid than in UF-2. S . ‘Petite’ roots, which were infested with Cylindrocladium spathiphylli , had higher grades when grown in CD than when the media contained SP.
Rational Design of New Tumoractivated<sup>TM</sup> Cytotoxic Agents (1999)

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) plays an important role in the treatment of several tumor types, particularly colorectal cancer and breast cancer. Xeloda (capecitabine; 5'-deoxy-5-fluoro-N-[(pentyloxy)carbonyl-cytidine]) is a new rationally designed fluoropyrimidine carbamate. It is administrated orally and after absorption it is first metabolized to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'-DFCR) by carboxylesterase from the liver and then converted to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) by cytidine deaminase from the liver and tumor tissues. Finally, thymidine phosphorylase (TP) converts 5'-DFUR to 5-FU. TP is more active in tumor tissues than in normal tissue. This tissue localization pattern results in preferential metabolism and generates higher levels of 5-FU in malignant tissue, thus enhancing efficacy but minimizing side effects. The tumor tissue selectivity was confirmed in a study of 19 patients with colorectal cancer. After Xeloda administration, concentrations of 5-FU were 2.5 times higher in the primary tumor compared with adjacent healthy tissue. Xeloda was highly active in human tumor xenografts. It was more active than 5-FU, 5'-DFUR and tegafur plus uracil (UFT) and had a better therapeutic index. Xeloda also demonstrated synergistic or additive activity when used in combination with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, doxorubicin, paclitaxel and docetaxel. This may be in part a result of up-regulation of TP by the cytotoxic agents. Phase I and II clinical trials have shown that Xeloda is active across a range of tumor types, and phase III studies are ongoing.
Analog/mixed signal fault diagnosis algorithm and tool review (2002)

The development of fault diagnosis algorithms for digital systems has been intensively studied, reported and ultimately implemented in commercial-grade toolkits for testing applications. But the analog/mixed signal fault diagnosis problem, which encompasses the digital problem domain, is only now receiving much more attention. Computer-aided tools using algorithms that efficiently diagnose the cause of any unacceptable circuit behavior are now indispensable testing resources for electronics manufacturing and maintenance processes. This report is a description of several analog/mixed signal fault diagnosis algorithms and their implementation in computer-based tools.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In vitroprediction of stop-codon suppression by intravenous gentamicin in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study (2007)

Suppression of stop mutations in the CFTR gene with parenteral gentamicin can be predicted in vitro and is associated with clinical benefit and significant modification of the CFTR-mediated Cl- transport in nasal and sweat gland epithelium.
Human Motion Transfer With 3D Constraints and Detail Enhancement (2022)

We propose a new method for realistic human motion transfer using a generative adversarial network (GAN), which generates a motion video of a target character imitating actions of a source character, while maintaining high authenticity of the generated results. We tackle the problem by decoupling and recombining the posture information and appearance information of both the source and target characters. The innovation of our approach lies in the use of the projection of a reconstructed 3D human model as the condition of GAN to better maintain the structural integrity of transfer results in different poses. We further introduce a detail enhancement net to enhance the details of transfer results by exploiting the details in real source frames. Extensive experiments show that our approach yields better results both qualitatively and quantitatively than the state-of-the-art methods.
Inverse lithography technique for advanced CMOS nodes (2013)

Resolution Enhancement Techniques have continuously improved over the last decade, driven by the ever growing constraints of lithography process. Despite the large number of RET applied, some hotspot configurations remain challenging for advanced nodes due to aggressive design rules. Inverse Lithography Technique (ILT) is evaluated here as a substitute to the dense OPC baseline. Indeed ILT has been known for several years for its near-to-ideal mask quality, while also being potentially more time consuming in terms of OPC run and mask processing. We chose to evaluate Mentor Graphics’ ILT engine “pxOPC<sup>TM</sup>” on both lines and via hotspot configurations. These hotspots were extracted from real 28nm test cases where the dense OPC solution is not satisfactory. For both layer types, the reference OPC consists of a dense OPC engine coupled to rule-based and/or model-based assist generation method. The same CM1 model is used for the reference and the ILT OPC. ILT quality improvement is presented through Optical Rule Check (ORC) results with various adequate detectors. Several mask manufacturing rule constraints (MRC) are considered for the ILT solution and their impact on process ability is checked after mask processing. A hybrid OPC approach allowing localized ILT usage is presented in order to optimize both quality and runtime. A real mask is prepared and fabricated with this method. Finally, results analyzed on silicon are presented to compare localized ILT to reference dense OPC.
Detection of Traffic Congestion in Optical Remote Sensing Imagery (2008)

A new approach for the traffic congestion detection in time series of optical digital camera images is proposed. It is well suited to derive various traffic parameters such as vehicle density, average vehicle velocity, beginning and end of congestion, length of congestion or for other traffic monitoring applications. The method is based on the vehicle detection on the road segment by change detection between two images with a short time lag, the usage of a priori information such as road data base, vehicle sizes and road parameters and a simple linear traffic model based on the spacing between vehicles. The estimated velocity profiles for experimental data acquired by airborne optical remote sensing sensor - 3 K camera system - coincide quite well with the reference measurements.
Restriction enzyme mapping of bacterial urease genes: using degenerate primers to expand experimental outcomes (2001)

Abstract Two degenerate primers are described that can be used to amplify a 340 bp fragment of the ureC gene from a variety of urease producing bacteria. A series of experiments are outlined that enable students to develop restriction maps of the urease gene clusters from different bacteria. Students learn a variety of molecular biology techniques including polymerase chain reaction, agarose gel electrophoresis, and Southern blotting. This project allows for multiple experimental outcomes using the same two PCR primers. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Noise-induced cochlear neuropathy is selective for fibers with low spontaneous rates (2013)

Acoustic overexposure can cause a permanent loss of auditory nerve fibers without destroying cochlear sensory cells, despite complete recovery of cochlear thresholds (Kujawa and Liberman 2009), as measured by gross neural potentials such as the auditory brainstem response (ABR). To address this nominal paradox, we recorded responses from single auditory nerve fibers in guinea pigs exposed to this type of neuropathic noise (4- to 8-kHz octave band at 106 dB SPL for 2 h). Two weeks postexposure, ABR thresholds had recovered to normal, while suprathreshold ABR amplitudes were reduced. Both thresholds and amplitudes of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions fully recovered, suggesting recovery of hair cell function. Loss of up to 30% of auditory-nerve synapses on inner hair cells was confirmed by confocal analysis of the cochlear sensory epithelium immunostained for pre- and postsynaptic markers. In single fiber recordings, at 2 wk postexposure, frequency tuning, dynamic range, postonset adaptation, first-spike latency and its variance, and other basic properties of auditory nerve response were all completely normal in the remaining fibers. The only physiological abnormality was a change in population statistics suggesting a selective loss of fibers with low- and medium-spontaneous rates. Selective loss of these high-threshold fibers would explain how ABR thresholds can recover despite such significant noise-induced neuropathy. A selective loss of high-threshold fibers may contribute to the problems of hearing in noisy environments that characterize the aging auditory system.
Learning Sensor Multiplexing Design through Back-propagation (2016)

Recent progress on many imaging and vision tasks has been driven by the use of deep feed-forward neural networks, which are trained by propagating gradients of a loss defined on the final output, back through the network up to the first layer that operates directly on the image. We propose back-propagating one step further---to learn camera sensor designs jointly with networks that carry out inference on the images they capture. In this paper, we specifically consider the design and inference problems in a typical color camera---where the sensor is able to measure only one color channel at each pixel location, and computational inference is required to reconstruct a full color image. We learn the camera sensor's color multiplexing pattern by encoding it as layer whose learnable weights determine which color channel, from among a fixed set, will be measured at each location. These weights are jointly trained with those of a reconstruction network that operates on the corresponding sensor measurements to produce a full color image. Our network achieves significant improvements in accuracy over the traditional Bayer pattern used in most color cameras. It automatically learns to employ a sparse color measurement approach similar to that of a recent design, and moreover, improves upon that design by learning an optimal layout for these measurements.
Polycarboxylic acid nanoparticles for ophthalmic drug delivery: an<i>ex vivo</i>evaluation with human cornea (2004)

In ophthalmic drug delivery, a major problem is retaining an adequate concentration of a therapeutic agent in the pre-corneal area. Polycarboxylic acid carriers such as polyacrylic acid and polyitaconic acid in sub-colloidal, nanoparticulate hydrogel form have a strong potential for sustained release of a drug in ocular delivery. Formulations have been prepared of brimonidine loaded in polycarboxylic (polyacrylic and polyitaconic) acid nanoparticles for potential ophthalmic delivery. These particles were prepared by a reverse micro-emulsion polymerization technique with sizes in the range of 50 nm. The loading efficiencies of the drug brimonidine in the particles were shown to be between 80-85% for polyacrylic acid nanoparticles and between 65-70% for polyitaconic nanoparticles. The loading efficiency was also found to be pH dependent. In a preliminary biocompatibility test, human corneal epithelial cells incubated with polyacrylic acid nanoparticles were found to retain their viability, whereas polyitaconic acid nanoparticles were found to be toxic. Two-photon laser scanning microscopic studies of the fluorescently labelled polyacrylic acid nanoparticles and human cornea shows that they are adhesive on the corneal surface. The polyacrylic acid nanoparticles demonstrated a controlled release of the opthalmological drug (Brimonidine) through the human cornea as compared to that of the commercial formulation, Alphagan.
IPO-38 Is Identified as a Novel Serum Biomarker of Gastric Cancer Based on Clinical Proteomics Technology (2008)

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies in China. So far, there are few reliable serum biomarkers for diagnosis. The available biomarkers of CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4 are not sufficiently sensitive and specific for gastric cancer. In this study, a high density antibody microarray was used for identifying new biomarkers from serum samples of gastric cancer. Serum samples from colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular cancer, and breast cancer were also screened for comparative study. As result, some candidate biomarkers were identified. IPO-38, an up-regulated serum protein in gastric cancer was selected for subsequent validation including serum IPO-38 expression by ELISA and IPO-38 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. The immunoprecipitation by IPO-38 for gastric cancer cell line and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer suggested that pull-down of IPO-38 belongs to H2B histone, which was supported by co-localization study of laser scanning confocal microscope. A follow-up study showed that the survival rate of IPO-38 negative group was better than that in IPO-38 positive group. The study first clarified the property of IPO-38 proliferating marker, and proposed that IPO-38 protein is a promising biomarker both for diagnosis and for predicting prognosis of gastric cancer.
Measurement of the branching fractions and the invariant mass distributions for<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:msup><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:msup><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi>ν</mml:mi><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>decays (2010)

We present a study of tau(-)->pi(-)pi(+)pi(-)nu(tau), tau(-) -> K-pi(+)pi(-)nu(tau), tau(-) -> K-K+ pi(-)nu(tau), and tau(-) -> K-K+K-nu(tau) decays using a 666 fb(-1) data sample collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric- energy e(+)e(-) collider at and near a center- of- mass energy of 10.58 GeV. The branching fractions are measured to be B(tau(-)->pi(-)pi(+)pi(-)nu(tau)) = (8.42 +/- 0.00(-0.25)(+0.26)) x 10(-2), B(tau(-)-> K-pi(+)pi(-)nu(tau)) = 3.30 +/- 0.01(-0.17)(+0.16)) x 10(-3), B(tau(-)-> K-K+pi(-)nu(tau)) = (1.55 +/- 0.01(-0.05)(+0.06)) x 10(-3), and B(tau(-)-> K-K+K-nu(tau)), = (3.29 +/- 0.17(-0.20)(+0.19)) x 10(-5), where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. These branching fractions do not include contributions from modes in which a pi(+)pi(-) pair originates from a K-S(0) decay. We also present the unfolded invariant mass distributions for these decays.
The DIMOND: A Component for the Modular Construction of Switching Networks (1980)

The DIMOND is a building block for communication networks in which throughput is more important than transmission delay. Its main attraction stems from the fact that it allows the routing of messages through a network to be completely distributed over the individual building blocks.
After the bombs (2015)

As the flow of Syrians seeking refuge from their war-torn country turned into a flood, Science Careers spoke to a Syrian computer scientist who was able to reach Europe before it became overwhelmed with refugees in despair. She described her professional life before the war and her efforts to
In vivo trafficking and survival of cytokine-induced killer cells resulting in minimal GVHD with retention of antitumor activity (2008)

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo-expanded T lymphocytes expressing both natural killer (NK)- and T-cell markers. CIK cells are cytotoxic against autologous and allogeneic tumors. We previously showed that adoptive transfer of allogeneic CIK cells in a murine model caused minimal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, the precise mechanism of reduced GVHD is not fully understood. Therefore, we evaluated the trafficking and survival of luciferase-expressing CIK cells in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant model. The initial trafficking patterns of CIK cells were similar to conventional T cells that induced GVHD; however, CIK cells infiltrated GVHD target tissues much less and transiently. CIK cells accumulated and persisted in tumor sites, resulting in tumor eradication. We evaluated different properties of CIK cells compared with conventional T cells, demonstrating a slower division rate of CIK cells, higher susceptibility to apoptosis, persistent increased expression of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and reduced acquisition of homing molecules required for entry of cells into inflamed GVHD target organs that lack expression of NKG2D ligands recognized by CIK cells. Due to these properties, allogeneic CIK cells had reduced expansion and caused less tissue damage. We conclude that CIK cells have the potential to separate graft-versus-tumor effects from GVHD.