gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Progress Toward Nanowire Device Assembly Technology (2010)

The advancement of integrated circuits (ICs) has been following Moore’s Law well since 1960s. For the sustaining of Moore’s Law, technologists in the microelectronics industry are, on one hand, trying to push lithography technology to the limit for making devices with smaller length scales. Extreme ultraviolet, e-beam, nanoimprint or other lithography technologies have been developed as candidate replacement technologies for the conventional optical lithography (Gwyn et al., 1998; Vieu et al., 2000; Chou et al., 1996). On the other hand, technologists are also exploring the third dimension for the 3D integration of chips (Baliga, 2004). Although the advancement of lithography technologies and 3D integration technology can keep the IC industry abreast of Moore’s Law for the next decade, the problems we will face at the end of that period are becoming visible. The emerging of nanowires/nanotubes as building blocks of ICs will bring fundamental changes to the future IC industry and offer continuance of Moore’s Law. Besides the applications in logic circuits, nanowires have very promising applications as sensing elements in highly sensitive bio/chemical/photon sensors and detectors. Nanowires are commonly grown by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) process (Wagner & Ellis, 1964), vapor-solid (VS) process (Zhang et al., 1999), electrochemical deposition into nanoporous templates (Sander et al., 2002), and solution growth (Govender et al., 2002). In the past 20 years, nanowires of a diverse range of compositions have been produced at a relatively low cost with precisely controlled parameters including structure, size, defect, and doping. Nanowire devices such as field effect transistors (FETs) (Ju et al., 2007), single virus detector (Patolsky et al., 2004), pH sensor (Cui et al., 2001), gas sensors (Zhang et al., 2004), and photodetectors (Soci et al., 2007) have been demonstrated to show superior performance than their thin-film counterparts or even exhibit novel properties that have never been achieved by thin-film technology. However, most of the nanowire devices are limited to the demonstration of single device, not adequate for production on a large scale at low cost. Ultimately, cost and yield will decide whether nanowire devices find their way into market. Developing cost-effective means to integrate nanowires into working devices on large scales is essential for the prosperity of nanotechnology. In this chapter, we focus on progress toward nanowire device assembly technologies, which may benefit for the mass production of nanowire devices in the future. Generally, two strategies exist for the fabrication of devices from nanowires, namely, transfer pre-grown nanowires onto a surface with
Combination kyphoplasty and spinal radiosurgery: a new treatment paradigm for pathological fractures (2005)

A combined kyphoplasty and spinal radiosurgery treatment paradigm was found to be safe and clinically effective for patients with pathological fractures without significant spinal canal compromise. This technique combines two minimally invasive surgical procedures, thereby avoiding the morbidity associated with open surgery while providing immediate fracture fixation as well as a single-fraction tumoricidal radiation dose.
Nitric oxide signaling comes of age: 20 years and thriving (2007)

The lyrics of a famous tango state that “twenty years time is just nothing”. While this impression may broadly apply to different circumstances, such might not be the case for nitric oxide (NO). In the year 1987 two seminal contributions coming from independent laboratories [1,2] established the identity of the elusive endothelial derived relaxing factor reported by Bob Furchgott seven years earlier [3]. These laboratories showed that the chemical nature of “endothelium-derived relaxing factor” (EDRF) was identical to NO. The idea that NO could act as an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase had been proposed even earlier [4]. These four papers, together with the demonstration of l-arginine as substrate for the generation of NO [5], defined a pathway in endothelial cells which is now considered classical: the l-arginine-NO-cGMP pathway. Of importance, a considerable amount of information had already accumulated almost at the same time and had arrived at the same conclusions in non-vascular cells such as macrophages (see [6] for review). For the past twenty years, we have both witnessed and participated in an explosion of knowledge in the NO field, leading to the comprehension of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NO in several organs and tissues, among which the cardiovascular system is “primus inter pares”.

This Spotlight Issue is devoted to classical and non-classical targets of NO signaling in the cardiovascular system. One of the most cogent analyses of NO signaling in pathways independent from cGMP was published in 1992, in which Loscalzo and colleagues proposed that S -nitrosylation of albumin could represent an effective mechanism to deliver NO at distal sites [7]. Studies from the laboratories of Stamler, Loscalzo and others opened a new perspective related to the potential modification of protein function by S -nitros(yl)ation [8]. In this current … 

* Corresponding author. Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain. Tel.: +34 91 837 3112x4302, +34 64 941 8799 (mobile); fax: +34 91 536 0432. slamas{at}cib.csic.es
Experimental and numerical study of non-latch-up bipolar-mode MOSFET characteristics (1985)

Bipolar-Mode MOSFET characteristics were experimentally and numerically analyzed. It was found that parasitic pnp transistor common base current gain of greater than 0.27 is necessary to realize low forward voltage drop, because carrier distributions are different from those for diodes. It was also found that three decay phases can be distinguished in the turn-off current waveform. A critical current-voltage border beyond which avalanche injection occurs was obtained from the model analysis. Safe operating areas for Non-Latchup Bipolar-Mode MOSFETs are also presented. Current concentration hardly occurs in Bipolar-Mode MOSFETs if avalanche injection is avoided.
Application of a Diagnostic Clinical Model for the Management of Hospitalized Patients with Suspected Deep-vein Thrombosis (1999)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the determination of pretest probability using a simple clinical model and the SimpliRED D-dimer could be used to improve the management of hospitalized patients with suspected deep-vein thrombosis. Consecutive hospitalized patients with suspected deep-vein thrombosis, had their pretest probability determined using a clinical model and had a SimpliRED D-dimer assay. Patients at low pretest probability underwent a single ultrasound test. A negative ultrasound excluded the diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis whereas a positive ultrasound was confirmed by venography. Patients at moderate pretest probability with a positive ultrasound were treated for deep-vein thrombosis whereas patients with an initial negative ultrasound underwent a single follow-up ultrasound one week later. Patients at high pretest probability with a positive ultrasound were treated whereas those with negative ultrasound underwent venography. All patients were followed for three months for the development of venous thromboembolic complications. Overall, 28% (42/150), and 10% (5/50), 21% (14/71) and 76% (22/29) of the low, moderate and high pretest probability patients. respectively, had deep vein thrombosis. Two of 111 (1.8%; 95% CI = 0.02% to 6.4%) patients considered to have deep vein thrombosis excluded had events during three-month follow-up. Overall 13 of 150 (8.7%) required venography and serial testing was limited to 58 of 150 (38.7%) patients. The negative predictive value of the SimpliRED D-dimer in patients with low pretest probability was 96.2%, which is not statistically different from the negative predictive value of a negative ultrasound result in low pretest probability patients (97.8%). Management of hospitalized patients with suspected deep-vein thrombosis based on clinical probability and ultrasound of the proximal deep veins is safe and feasible.
Mechanism of sodium channel NaV1.9 potentiation by G-protein signaling (2013)

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant voltage-gated Na (Na(V)) channels have been implicated in nociception. In particular, Na(V)1.9 contributes to expression of persistent Na current in small diameter, nociceptive sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and is required for inflammatory pain sensation. Using ND7/23 cells stably expressing human Na(V)1.9, we elucidated the biophysical mechanisms responsible for potentiation of channel activity by G-protein signaling to better understand the response to inflammatory mediators. Heterologous Na(V)1.9 expression evoked TTX-resistant Na current with peak activation at -40 mV with extensive overlap in voltage dependence of activation and inactivation. Inactivation kinetics were slow and incomplete, giving rise to large persistent Na currents. Single-channel recording demonstrated long openings and correspondingly high open probability (P(o)) accounting for the large persistent current amplitude. Channels exposed to intracellular GTPγS, a proxy for G-protein signaling, exhibited twofold greater current density, slowing of inactivation, and a depolarizing shift in voltage dependence of inactivation but no change in activation voltage dependence. At the single-channel level, intracellular GTPγS had no effect on single-channel amplitude but caused an increased mean open time and greater P(o) compared with recordings made in the absence of GTPγS. We conclude that G-protein activation potentiates human Na(V)1.9 activity by increasing channel open probability and mean open time, causing the larger peak and persistent current, respectively. Our results advance our understanding about the mechanism of Na(V)1.9 potentiation by G-protein signaling during inflammation and provide a cellular platform useful for the discovery of Na(V)1.9 modulators with potential utility in treating inflammatory pain.
Multi-port converters in smart grids: Protection selectivity (2016)

Requests for high quality and continuity of supply have led to the study of DC micro-grids. The realization of these networks would allow exploitation of DC advantages, but it would also create fault clearance and selectivity problems because semi-conductors suffer over-currents and over-voltages. The use of traditional DC circuit breakers is often not acceptable. As an alternative, static switches can be installed to solve these problems, in spite of increases in power loss. In this work, a multi-port converter is proposed to solve the aforementioned problems. In addition, it is able to manage power flows and AC and DC I/O, improve stability, and decouple port voltages.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Hypersensitivity of <i>clpP</i> and <i>clpB</i> Mutants of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2002)

We studied the hypersensitivity of clpP and clpB mutants of Escherichia coli to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Both wild-type E. coli MC4100 and lon mutants grew in the presence of 10% SDS, whereas isogenic clpP and clpB single mutants could not grow above 0.5% SDS and clpA and clpX single mutants could not grow above 5.0% SDS. For wild-type E. coli, cellular ClpP levels as determined by Western immunoblot analysis increased ca. sixfold as the levels of added SDS increased from 0 to 2%. Capsular colanic acid, measured as uronic acid, increased ca. sixfold as the levels of added SDS increased from 2 to 10%. Based on these findings, 3 of the 19 previously identified SDS shock proteins (M. Adamowicz, P. M. Kelley, and K. W. Nickerson, J. Bacteriol. 173:229-233, 1991) are tentatively identified as ClpP, ClpX, and ClpB.
Testing the Implementation of Business Rules Using Intensional Database Tests (2006)

One of the key roles of any information system is to enforce the business rules and policies set by the owning organisation. As for any important functionality, it is necessary to verify the implementation of any business rule carefully, through thorough testing. However, business rules have some specific features which make testing a particular challenge. They represent a more fine-grained unit of functionality than is usually considered by testing tools (programs, module, UML models, etc.) and their implementations are typically spread across a system (or perhaps some specific layer of a system). There is no convenient one-to-one relationship between programs and business rules that can facilitate their testing. To the best of our knowledge, no tools, methods or guidelines exist for helping software developers to test the implementation of business rules. Standard testing tools can help to a certain extent, but they leave the rule-specific work entirely in the programmer's hands. In this paper, we discuss the problems of testing business rules, and elicit the key features of a good test suite for a collection of business rules. We focus in particular on constraint business rules - an important class of rule that is commonly applied to the persistent data managed by the information system. We show how intensional database tests provide a suitable platform on which to implement business rule tests rapidly, and show how existing intensional test suites can be automatically adapted to test business rules. We have applied these ideas in a case study, which has allowed us to compare the relative costs of creating and executing these augmented test suites, as well as providing some evidence of their ability to detect faults in business rule implementations
Increases in giant magnetoresistance by ion irradiation (1994)

We have studied the effect of 500-keV ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ irradiation on the structure, magnetotransport, and magnetic properties of sputtered Fe/Cr multilayers. Initially, with increasing dosage the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) increases with a concomitant increase in the interfacial roughness as indicated by changes in the low-angle x-ray-diffraction spectra. At doses higher than 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ ions/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, the value of the GMR progressively decreases, corresponding to progressively increasing regions of the film which are ferromagnetically coupled. The resulting structural disorder increases the overall electronic scattering rate and hence the electrical resistance at these higher doses. These results demonstrate that increased interfacial scattering enhances the GMR and thus plays an important role in the mechanism determining the GMR in Fe/Cr superlattices.
Digital video processing (2012)

Over the years, thousands of engineering students and professionals relied on Digital Video Processing as the definitive, in-depth guide to digital image and video processing technology. Now, Dr. A. Murat Tekalp has completely revamped the first edition to reflect todays technologies, techniques, algorithms, and trends. Digital Video Processing, Second Edition, reflects important advances in image processing, computer vision, and video compression, including new applications such as digital cinema, ultra-high-resolution video, and 3D video. This edition offers rigorous, comprehensive, balanced, and quantitative coverage of image filtering, motion estimation, tracking, segmentation, video filtering, and compression. Now organized and presented as a true tutorial, it contains updated problem sets and new MATLAB projects in every chapter. Coverage includes Multi-dimensional signals/systems: transforms, sampling, and lattice conversion Digital images and video: human vision, analog/digital video, and video quality Image filtering: gradient estimation, edge detection, scaling, multi-resolution representations, enhancement, de-noising, and restoration Motion estimation: image formation; motion models; differential, matching, optimization, and transform-domain methods; and 3D motion and shape estimation Video segmentation: color and motion segmentation, change detection, shot boundary detection, video matting, video tracking, and performance evaluation Multi-frame filtering: motion-compensated filtering, multi-frame standards conversion, multi-frame noise filtering, restoration, and super-resolution Image compression: lossless compression, JPEG, wavelets, and JPEG2000 Video compression: early standards, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, HEVC, Scalable Video Compression, and stereo/multi-view approaches
Crossing Total Occlusions: Navigating Towards Recanalization (2016)

Chronic total occlusions (CTOs) represent the "last frontier" of percutaneous interventions. The main technical challenges lies in crossing the guidewire into the distal true lumen, which is primarily due to three problems: device buckling during initial puncture, inadequate visualization, and the inability to actively navigate through the CTO. To improve the success rate and to identify future research pathways, this study systematically reviews the state-of-the-art of all existing and invented devices for crossing occlusions. The literature search was executed in the databases of Scopus and Espacenet using medical and instrument-related keyword combinations. The search yielded over 840 patents and 69 articles. After scanning for relevancy, 45 patents and 16 articles were included. The identified crossing devices were subdivided based on the determinant for the crossing path through the occlusion, which is either the device (straight and angled crossing), the environment (least resistance, tissue selective, centerline, and subintimal crossing) or the user (directly steered and sensor enhanced crossing). It was found that each crossing path is characterized by specific advantages and disadvantages. For a future crossing device, a combination of crossing paths is suggested were the interventionist is able to exert high forces on the CTO (as seen in the device approach) and actively steer through the CTO (user: directly steered crossing) aided by intravascular imaging (user: sensor enhanced crossing) or an intrinsically safe device following the centerline or path of least resistance (environment: centerline crossing or least resistance crossing) to reach the distal true lumen.
Long-term Mobile Phone Use and Acoustic Neuroma Risk (2014)

The findings do not support the hypothesis that long-term mobile phone use increases the risk of acoustic neuroma. The study suggests that phone use might increase the likelihood that an acoustic neuroma case is detected and that there could be bias in the laterality analyses performed in previous studies.
ADAM33 Gene Polymorphisms and Mortality. A Prospective Cohort Study (2013)

The ADAM33 gene is associated with the pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and atherosclerosis. In this study we investigated all-cause, COPD and cardiovascular mortality, in relation to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADAM33 (Q_1, S_1, S_2, T_1 and T_2) that were genotyped in 1,390 subjects from the Vlagtwedde/Vlaardingen cohort. Participants were examined at entry in 1989/1990 and followed up till evaluation of the vital status on December 31(st), 2008. Using Cox proportional hazards regression we estimated the risk of the SNPs in relation to mortality, adjusting for gender, age, FEV1, height, place of residence and packyears of smoking. Additionally, we performed stratified analyses according to gender and smoking habits. After 18 years, 284 (20.4%) subjects had died (107 due to cardiovascular disease and 20 due to COPD). Individuals homozygous for the minor allele of SNP T_2 had an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality compared to wild types: hazard ratio 3.6 (95% confidence interval 2.0 to 6.7) and 3.4 (1.2 to 9.5) respectively. Individuals homozygous for the minor allele of S_1, S_2, T_2 or Q_1 had a significantly increased risk of COPD mortality. In stratified analyses the risk of all-cause mortality associated with SNP T_2 did not change: females 3.5 (1.5 to 8.3), males 3.1 (1.2 to 7.6), never smokers 3.8 (0.9 to 16.3), ever smokers 3.6 (1.8 to 7.2). This study shows for the first time that ADAM33 is a pleiotropic gene that is associated with all-cause, COPD and cardiovascular mortality, independent of potential confounders.
Controlling the characteristics of the MPS rectifier by variation of area of Schottky region (1993)

A method of controlling the characteristics of the merged p-i-n Schottky (MPS) rectifier is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. It is based on varying the relative area of the p/sup +/-n junction and Schottky regions in the device. A curve for the tradeoff between the forward voltage drop and the switching characteristics can be obtained using this method, while maintaining a constant minority-carrier lifetime. It is shown that this curve is superior to that obtained for the p-i-n rectifier using lifetime control techniques. This method of performing the tradeoff has the advantage that it can be done at the design stage, avoiding the problems and additional processing associated with lifetime control. It is also demonstrated that the superior characteristics of the MPS rectifier is retained even when a thick high-resistivity epilayer is used for high blocking voltages up to 900 V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lazy eye shooter: A novel game therapy for visual recovery in adult amblyopia (2012)

Training studies using action video games have shown enhanced post-training vision in both normally-sighted as well as amblyopic individuals. The purpose of this work has been the development of a game modification or “mod” using Unreal Tournament 2004 in order to combine conventional antisuppression therapy principles for amblyopia with the benefits rendered by action video games for visual recovery and binocularity in amblyopia. The game system involves a stereo display with a degraded image shown to the "good" eye and game event items shown only to the amblyopic eye. Reward and punishment in the game is partially based on attendance with the amblyopic eye. Current results from a trial with 4 subjects show that all subjects recovered visual acuity and reported a dramatic reduction in switching between eyes with training, and were able to use their eyes simultaneously. A large sample clinical study is currently underway to further assess game efficacy.
Modeling and control of a single axis tilting quadcopter (2014)

In this paper, the dynamic model of a tilting rotor quadcopter, i.e., a quad-rotor aerial vehicle with rotors that can tilt along one of its axes, is presented. The tilting rotor quadcopter provides the added advantage in terms of additional stable configurations, made possible by additional actuated controls, as compared to a traditional quadcopter without titling rotors. The tilting rotor quadcopter design is accomplished by using an additional motor for each rotor that enables the rotor to rotate along the axis of the quadcopter arm. This turns the traditional quadcopter into an over-actuated flying vehicle allowing us to have complete control over its position and the orientation. In this paper, a dynamic model of the tilting rotor quadcopter vehicle is derived for flying and hovering modes. The model includes the relationship between vehicle orientation angle and rotor tilt-angle. Furthermore, a PD controller is designed to achieve the hovering and navigation capability at any desired pitch or roll angle. The dynamic model and the control design is verified with the help of numerical studies.