gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep learning tomographic reconstruction through hierarchical decomposition of domain transforms (2022)

Deep learning (DL) has shown unprecedented performance for many image analysis and image enhancement tasks. Yet, solving large-scale inverse problems like tomographic reconstruction remains challenging for DL. These problems involve non-local and space-variant integral transforms between the input and output domains, for which no efficient neural network models are readily available. A prior attempt to solve tomographic reconstruction problems with supervised learning relied on a brute-force fully connected network and only allowed reconstruction with a 128<sup>4</sup> system matrix size. This cannot practically scale to realistic data sizes such as 512<sup>4</sup> and 512<sup>6</sup> for three-dimensional datasets. Here we present a novel framework to solve such problems with DL by casting the original problem as a continuum of intermediate representations between the input and output domains. The original problem is broken down into a sequence of simpler transformations that can be well mapped onto an efficient hierarchical network architecture, with exponentially fewer parameters than a fully connected network would need. We applied the approach to computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction for a 512<sup>4</sup> system matrix size. This work introduces a new kind of data-driven DL solver for full-size CT reconstruction without relying on the structure of direct (analytical) or iterative (numerical) inversion techniques. This work presents a feasibility demonstration of full-scale learnt reconstruction, whereas more developments will be needed to demonstrate superiority relative to traditional reconstruction approaches. The proposed approach is also extendable to other imaging problems such as emission and magnetic resonance reconstruction. More broadly, hierarchical DL opens the door to a new class of solvers for general inverse problems, which could potentially lead to improved signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution and computational efficiency in various areas.
Detection and location of very small print defects in real time for high-speed digital printing (2006)

This paper addresses the variations and adaptations of processes needed for verifying print quality in real time for high-speed digital printers. The term high-speed is here defined to be more than 750 printed pages per minute. The processes used for print verification are based on very high speed image processing technology applied to scanned images of the printed pages. Print verification is done by scanning the printed copies on the obverse and reverse web sides thereby forming two streams of digitized images. Digitized images from each scanned image stream are then spatially aligned page by page, line by line and pixel by pixel with digitized images from a corresponding source streams. The accuracy of alignment needed to compensate for the poor dimensional stability of paper creates a need for considerable sophistication in image alignment. The source and aligned scanned images are compared to find pixel sequences that are different. The intent is to identify all differences, either missing-black or unexpected-black, that are larger than a 0.01 inch (0.25 mm) square. These differences may represent unacceptable defects in the printed copies.
<title>Femtosecond pulse-shaping using Fourier synthetic quasi-phase-matching gratings</title> (1999)

We describe a pulse shaping technique which uses second harmonic generation with Fourier synthetic quasi-phase- matching gratings. We demonstrate both amplitude and phase tailoring by generating a picosecond square-like pulse as well as trains of femtosecond pulses with a terahertz-range repetition rate from either a transform-limited or chirped pump pulse.
Electron Beam Crosslinked Polyurethane Shape Memory Polymers with Tunable Mechanical Properties (2012)

Novel electron beam crosslinked polyurethane shape memory polymers with advanced processing capabilities and tunable thermomechanical properties have been synthesized and characterized. We demonstrate the ability to manipulate crosslink density in order to finely tune rubbery modulus, strain capacity, ultimate tensile strength, recovery stress, and glass transition temperature. This objective is accomplished for the first time in a low-molecular-weight polymer system through the precise engineering of thermoplastic resin precursors suitable for mass thermoplastic processing. Neurovascular stent prototypes were fabricated by dip-coating and laser machining to demonstrate processability.
Direct functional assay for tobacco mosaic viruscell-to-cell movement protein and identification of a domain involved inincreasing plasmodesmal permeability. (1994)

Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells thought to generally allow only the passage of small molecules and metabolites. However, large structures such as plant viruses also move from cell to cell via plasmodesmata. In tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection a viral movement protein (TMV-MP) mediates viral spread. Here, a microinjection assay is used to monitor the dynamics of TMV-MP function directly in wild-type plants. The results indicate that TMV-MP interacts with an endogenous plant pathway increasing plasmodesmal size exclusion limit to permit passage of 20-kDa dextrans. Furthermore, TMV-MP influences plasmodesmal size exclusion limit several cells distant from the injection site, indicating either that TMV-MP itself crosses plasmodesmata or that TMV-MP induces a diffusable signal capable of dilating microchannels of plasmodesmata. The region of TMV-MP responsible for increasing plasmodesmal size exclusion limit was mapped to the carboxyl-terminal part of the 268-amino acid residue protein between amino acid residues 126 and 224.
Cloning a selected fragment from a human DNA ‘fingerprint’: isolation of an extremely polymorphic minisatellite (1986)

A large hypervariable DNA fragment from a human DNA fingerprint was purified by preparative gel electrophoresis and molecular cloning. The cloned fragment contained a 6.3 kb long minisatellite consisting of multiple copies of a 37 bp repeat unit. Each repeat contained an 11 bp copy of the "core" sequences, a putative recombination signal in human DNA. The cloned minisatellite hybridized to a single locus in the human genome. This locus is extremely polymorphic, with at least 77 different alleles containing 14 to 525 repeat units per allele being resolved in a sample of 79 individuals. All alleles except the shortest are rare and the resulting heterozygosity is very high (approximately 97%). Cloned minisatellites should therefore provide a panel of extremely informative locus-specific probes ideal for linkage analysis in man.
Optical profiling of anticoagulation status (Conference Presentation) (2016)

Defective blood coagulation resulting from excessive procoagulant activity often leads to thrombotic disorders such as stroke and myocardial infarction. A variety of oral and injectable anticoagulant drugs are prescribed to prevent or treat life-threatening thrombosis. However, due to bleeding complications often associated with anticoagulant treatment, routine monitoring and accurate dosing of anticoagulant therapy is imperative. We have developed Optical thromboelastography (OTEG), a non-contact approach that utilizes a drop of whole blood to measure blood coagulation status in patients. Here, we demonstrate the capability of OTEG for rapidly monitoring anticoagulation in whole blood samples. OTEG monitors coagulation status by assessing changes in blood viscosity from temporal intensity fluctuations of laser speckle patterns during clotting. In OTEG a blood drop is illuminated with coherent light and the blood viscosity is measured from the speckle intensity autocorrelation curve, g2 (t). The metrics, clotting time (R+k), clot progression (angle) and maximum clot stiffness (MA) are then extracted. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the accuracy of OTEG in assessing anticoagulation status of common anticoagulants including heparin, argatroban and rivaroxaban status. A dose-dependent prolongation of R+k was observed in anticoagulated blood, which closely corresponded with standard-reference Thromboelastography (TEG) (r 0.87-0.99, P>0.01 for all cases). OTEG angle was unaltered by anticoagulation whereas TEG angle presented a dose-dependent diminution probably linked to clot rupture. In both OTEG and TEG, MA was unaffected by heparin, argatroban or rivaroxaban. We conclude that OTEG can accurately monitor anticoagulation status following treatment, potentially providing a powerful tool for routine monitoring of patients in the doctor’s office or in the home setting.
Imaging of electrostatic field vector distribution (2021)

This paper reports on the visualization of a two-dimensional distribution of electrostatic field vectors around an electrified object using the electric field imager (EFIM) device. The EFIM device is made of a virtually connected pair of plate electrodes in parallel and in proximity, between which an electronic circuit for detection and optical indication is embedded. The EFIM device is not only accurately sensitive to the electrostatic field but also possessed of agility and mobility together with directivity and noninvasiveness. It was successfully demonstrated that electrostatic field vectors were visualized quantitatively, and their spatial distributions were mapped in combination with rather simple, mobile, and low-cost equipment. The advantages and disadvantages of the EFIM visualization scheme are discussed together with the future prospect of the EFIM device.
Liquid-Core Capsules via Interfacial Polymerization:  A Free-Radical Analogy of the Nylon Rope Trick (2005)

Liquid-core capsules have wide-ranging applications in the high-efficiency encapsulation and controlled release of drugs, dyes, enzymes, and other substrates. Their great utility has driven the rapid development of various preparation techniques. However, there remains no convenient technique for the preparation of submicrometer liquid-core capsules with shell thicknesses less than 100 nm. Here, we demonstrate a new interfacial free-radical polymerization approach for the straightforward preparation of liquid-core polymer capsules. Conceptually, this interfacial free-radical polymerization is analogous to the classical "nylon rope trick" wherein hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers alternately copolymerize to constrain the polymerization at interfaces, but its free-radical mechanism allows precise control of initiation, which makes it possible to finely disperse the immiscible phases prior to polymerization.
Application of pulse based power line carrier permissive (PLCP) in distribution system islanding detection (2014)

Power line carrier permissive (PLCP) is a promising communications-based islanding detection scheme that could provide reliable detection of unintentional islands for any combination or penetration level of distributed generation on a feeder. National Grid is conducting demonstration activities of this new technology to assess how well the reality aligns with the promise. One candidate demonstration site has been selected, but before the demonstration could proceed, the site had to be studied to assess: a) the existing risk of formation of an unintentional island; b) the fault current contribution expected from the new proposed distributed generator; c) the possibility that the PLCP signal may create power quality issues, especially flicker; and d) whether the proposed PLCP signal will be visible at all DG sites on the candidate feeder. A simulation study was conducted to make these assessments, and this paper reports on the results of that study, and the applicability of PLCP to this feeder.
A decision-directed constant modulus algorithm for higher-order source constellations (2002)

This paper discusses methods for calculating and implementing the update error term for the popular blind equalization algorithm known as Godard's (1980) algorithm, or the constant modulus algorithm (CMA), without the use of multipliers so that the chip area and signal latency are both substantially reduced. A decision-directed CMA update term is derived for higher-order (non-constant modulus) source alphabets. The modified update error term can be calculated using a look-up table in place of costly multipliers and adders. Baseband and passband implementations for one-dimensional and two-dimensional signaling are discussed.
Design of multidirectional neutron beams for boron neutron capture synovectomy (1997)

Boron neutron capture synovectomy (BNCS) is a potential application of the {sup 10}B(n, a) {sup 7}Li reaction for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The target of therapy is the synovial membrane. Rheumatoid synovium is greatly inflamed and is the source of the discomfort and disability associated with the disease. The BNCS proposes to destroy the synovium by first injecting a boron-labeled compound into the joint space and then irradiating the joint with a neutron beam. This study discusses the design of a multidirectional neutron beam for BNCS.
Measuring Transmission Efficiencies Of Mass Spectrometers (1989)

Coincidence counts yield absolute efficiencies. System measures mass-dependent transmission efficiencies of mass spectrometers, using coincidence-counting techniques reminiscent of those used for many years in calibration of detectors for subatomic particles. Coincidences between detected ions and electrons producing them counted during operation of mass spectrometer. Under certain assumptions regarding inelastic scattering of electrons, electron/ion-coincidence count is direct measure of transmission efficiency of spectrometer. When fully developed, system compact, portable, and used routinely to calibrate mass spectrometers.
Human antibodies to pneumococcal surface protein A in health and disease (2000)

We demonstrate for the first time the existence of antibodies to PspA in human sera in health and disease. The findings in ill children suggest that antibodies to PspA might play a role in protection against pneumococcal disease.
Restoring the ON Switch in Blind Retinas: Opto-mGluR6, a Next-Generation, Cell-Tailored Optogenetic Tool (2015)

Photoreceptor degeneration is one of the most prevalent causes of blindness. Despite photoreceptor loss, the inner retina and central visual pathways remain intact over an extended time period, which has led to creative optogenetic approaches to restore light sensitivity in the surviving inner retina. The major drawbacks of all optogenetic tools recently developed and tested in mouse models are their low light sensitivity and lack of physiological compatibility. Here we introduce a next-generation optogenetic tool, Opto-mGluR6, designed for retinal ON-bipolar cells, which overcomes these limitations. We show that Opto-mGluR6, a chimeric protein consisting of the intracellular domains of the ON-bipolar cell-specific metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 and the light-sensing domains of melanopsin, reliably recovers vision at the retinal, cortical, and behavioral levels under moderate daylight illumination.
Intestinal Differentiation of Human ESCs (2013)

ES cells (ESCs) are pluripotent and offer a good tool to study early embryonic development. Intestinal cells are derived from the definitive endoderm. In contrast to adult tissue stem cells, embryonic development and differentiation from ES cells have not been as well investigated in the intestine. There are four differentiated cell types of non-proliferative epithelial cells: enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progenitor cells reside in crypts, proliferate vigorously, and function as the source of differentiated epithelial cells. Here, we describe a protocol, in which differentiated cell types of the intestine are derived from human ESCs. In this protocol, we describe a protocol to differentiate mouse ES cells into Cdx2-expressing intestinal endoderm efficiently by co-culturing with M15, a mouse mesonephric cell line, and treatment with two chemical compounds. The chemical compounds used are BIO and DAPT. BIO is a Gsk3 inhibitor, that activate Wnt signaling pathway, and DAPT is a-secretase inhibitor that inhibit Notch signaling pathway. BIO and DAPT treatment yielded all representative cell lineages, enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and paneth cells, to be derived from human ESCs. The protocol for human ESCs is principally very similar with that for the mouse ESCs, with some modifications.
AZALEA: A KE-Free ICALL (intelligent computer assisted language learning) System for Japanese-English Translation. (2001)

An online intelligent tutoring system Azalea demonstrated here is the first attempt of its kind in simulating a human teacher firstly by diagnosing free-format-based students' English translations, and then returning error contingent feedback with suggested corrections. We have designed this KE (knowledge engineer)-free-ICALL by exploiting a FSA (finite state automaton)-based template-system as a knowledge base, the HCS (heaviest common sequence)-based global matching algorithm as a diagnostic engine, a POST(part-of-speech-tag) parser-based student model and the VTAT (visual template authoring tool) as an easy-to-use authoring tool, because the language teacher can build the knowledge system entirely by himself/herself without any help from KE’s. The system has not only solved a so-called KE bottleneck problem in conventional expert-systems, but has opened a way of application to ICALL for other languages due to the language independence of automaton principle adopted. 1 System Configuration C LIE N T SE R V E R
Low-Overhead Fault-Tolerant Quantum Error Correction with the Surface-GKP Code (2022)

Fault-tolerant quantum error correction is essential for implementing quantum algorithms of significant practical importance. In this work, we propose a highly effective use of the surface Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code, i.e., the surface code consisting of bosonic GKP qubits instead of bare two-level qubits. In our proposal, we use error-corrected two-qubit gates between GKP qubits and introduce a maximum-likelihood decoding strategy for correcting shift errors in the two-GKP-qubit gates. Our proposed decoding reduces the total CNOT failure rate of the GKP qubits, e.g., from 0.87% to 0.36% at a GKP squeezing of 12 dB, compared to the case where the simple closest-integer decoding is used. Then, by concatenating the GKP code with the surface code, we find that the threshold GKP squeezing is given by 9.9 dB under the the assumption that finite squeezing of the GKP states is the dominant noise source. More importantly, we show that a low logical failure rate p L < 10 -7 can be achieved with moderate hardware requirements, e.g., 291 modes and 97 qubits at a GKP squeezing of 12 dB as opposed to 1457 bare qubits for the standard rotated surface code at an equivalent noise level (i.e., p = 0.36%). Such a low failure rate of our surface-GKP code is possible through the use of space-time correlated edges in the matching graphs of the surface-code decoder. Further, all edge weights in the matching graphs are computed dynamically based on analog information from the GKP error correction using the full history of all syndrome measurement rounds. We also show that a highly squeezed GKP state of GKP squeezing 12 dB can be experimentally realized by using a dissipative stabilization method, namely, the big-small-big method, with fairly conservative experimental parameters. Lastly, we introduce a three-level ancilla scheme to mitigate ancilla decay errors during a GKP state preparation.
Model-based diagnosis: A frequency domain view (2018)

We demonstrate how model-based diagnosis techniques can be applied directly in the frequency domain. Frequency domain models are used in reformulations of three diagnosis approaches: optimization-based parameter estimation; parameter estimation based on a particle filter formulated in frequency-domain; and analytic redundancy relations. Working in the frequency domain enables the parallelization of the diagnosis algorithms since the model's algebraic equations can be evaluated independently. Hence we can reduce the time for reaching a diagnosis. This approach is particularly useful for rotating machinery, where the fault modes exhibit rich dynamics better seen in the frequency domain. As an illustrative example we demonstrate our approach by diagnosing parametric faults in a DC motor.
The deployment of IPv6 stateless auto-configuration in access network (2005)

IPv6, the successor of IPv4, has gotten a lot of investigation from the academic and research community as well as the manufacturers. Since it is coming near to commercialization, the deployment of IPv6 is becoming more and more urgent. One of the most appealing features in IPv6, stateless auto-configuration mechanism, can make the IPv6 terminal true plug & play and also provide convenience for node's mobility. However, this mechanism is originally designed for open friendly computer network environments, it cannot be directly applied in telecommunication access networks. This paper investigates how to deploy of IPv6 stateless auto-configuration in access network. Firstly, the architecture of the future IPv6 access network is described, and the potential problems are identified. Then, stateless auto-configurations in different network models are carefully investigated, including proposing some effective solutions to deploying IPv6 stateless auto-configuration mechanism in them. In addition, the issues related to the stateless auto-configuration mechanism (e.g., network service selection & authentication and multiple prefixes selection in ISP/multi-homing environments) are also discussed. I. INTRODUCTION With the rapid development of Internet, the network architecture is required to evolve to support the fast growing numbers of users, applications, and services. IPv6, which is designed to meet these requirements, provides such a vast number of available addresses that nearly every electrical device/terminal in the world could be connected
<title>Application of neural-network-based multistage system for detection of microcalcification clusters in mammogram images</title> (1996)

A multi-stage system with image processing and artificial neural techniques is developed for detection of microcalcification in digital mammogram images. The system consists of (1) preprocessing stage employing box-rim filtering and global thresholding to enhance object-to- background contrast; (2) preliminary selection stage involving body-part identification, morphological erosion, connected component analysis, and suspect region segmentation to select potential microcalcification candidates; and (3) neural network-based pattern classification stage including feature map extraction, pattern recognition neural network processing, and decision-making neural network architecture for accurate determination of true and false positive microcalcification clusters. Microcalcification suspects are captured and stored in 32 by 32 image blocks, after the first two processing stages. A set of radially sampled pixel values is utilized as the feature map to train the neural nets in order to avoid lengthy training time as well as insufficient representation. The first pattern recognition network is trained to recognize true microcalcification and four categories of false positive regions whereas the second decision network is developed to reduce the detection of false positives, hence to increase the detection accuracy. Experimental results show that this system is able to identify true cluster at an accuracy of 93% with 2.9 false positive microcalcifications per image.