gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Need for Adaptive Routing in the Chaotic and Unbalanced Traffic Environment (1981)

By classifying traffic conditions into four categories, we investigate the preference for a deterministic or an adaptive routing strategy with respect to a traffic category. The four categories are: 1) balanced, emulating known and stationary traffic conditions; 2) balanced with surge, emulating a balanced traffic condition with possible unexpected sudden increases in traffic demands between some source-destination pairs; 3) unbalanced, emulating unknown or nonstationary traffic conditions with low to moderate traffic loading; and 4) chaotic, emulating unknown or nonstationary traffic conditions with heavy traffic loading. Our study concludes that a well-chosen deterministic strategy is better for balanced traffic; both deterministic and adaptive procedures are appropriate for balanced traffic with surge; and a well-chosen adaptive strategy is preferred for the unbalanced and chaotic conditions. We also attempt to define a routing strategy that behaves almost deterministically when appropriate and adaptively otherwise. We contend that an adaptive routing strategy with a second-order metric <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1 + a_{1}Q + a_{2}Q^{2}</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1 \gg a_{1} \gg a_{2}</tex> are constants and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</tex> is the queue size at a link, is a good compromise. (Values of a <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> and a <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> depend on network topology and congestion control strategies.) Our reasoning and results are supported and verified by experimenting with a detailed simulation program.
Multichannel shear horizontal surface acoustic wave microsensor for liquid characterization (2002)

Surface Acoustic wave (SAW) with a shear horizontal polarized displacement (SH-SAW) can detect mechanical and electrical properties of an adjacent liquid. The objective of this paper is to propose a new multichannel SH-SAW microsensor for liquid characterization. The SH-SAW microsensor, which is fabricated on 36/spl deg/ rotated Y-cut X-propagating LiTaO/sub 3/, consists of three SAW delay lines. Propagating surfaces of two delay lines are metallized and electrically shorted, and the other one has a free surface for working as an electrically active area. The viscosity, conductivity, and permittivity of liquid are simultaneously obtained by using the multichannel SH-SAW microsensor.
Enabling sub-blocks erase management to boost the performance of 3D NAND flash memory (2016)

3D NAND has been proposed to provide a large capacity storage with low-cost consideration due to its high density memory architecture. However, 3D NAND needs to consume enormous time for garbage collection because of live-page copying overhead and long block erase time. To alleviate the impact of live-page copying on the performance of 3D NAND, a sub-block erase design has been designed. With sub-block erase design, this paper proposes a performance booster strategy to extremely boost the performance of garbage collection. As experimental results shows, the proposed strategy has a significant improvement on the average response time.
A new algorithm for mining frequent patterns in Can Tree (2015)

Association Rule Mining is concerned with the search for relationships between item-sets based on co-occurrence of patterns. Since transactional databases are being updated all the time and there are always data being added or deleted, so Incremental Association Rule Mining is very importance. Many methods have been presented so far for incremental frequent patterns mining, one of these methods is the frequent patterns mining base on the CanTree (CANonical-order TREE). Related works on CanTree, didn't discuss about extraction of frequent patterns from the tree and it has only been suggested that the mining method would be similar to FP-growth. In this paper, a new method is presented for mining CanTree, and it is evaluated to show its improvement over the FP-growth method that mine FP tree. The evaluation results have demonstrated that performance of the presented algorithm is better than the FP-growth algorithm at high minimum support thresholds and for future work can try to improve it for lower minimum support threshold.
In vitro and in vivo study of additive manufactured porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds for repairing bone defects (2016)

Metallic implants with a low effective modulus can provide early load-bearing and reduce stress shielding, which is favorable for increasing in vivo life-span. In this research, porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds with three pore sizes (300~400, 400~500, and 500~700 μm) were manufactured by Electron Beam Melting, with an elastic modulus range of 3.7 to 1.7 GPa. Cytocompatibility in vitro and osseointegration ability in vivo of scaffolds were assessed. hBMSCs numbers increased on all porous scaffolds over time. The group with intended pore sizes of 300 to 400 μm was significantly higher than that of the other two porous scaffolds at days 5 and 7. This group also had higher ALP activity at day 7 in osteogenic differentiation experiment. The scaffold with pore size of 300 to 400 μm was implanted into a 30-mm segmental defect of goat metatarsus. In vivo evaluations indicated that the depth of bone ingrowth increased over time and no implant dislocation occurred during the experiment. Based on its better cytocompatibility and favorable bone ingrowth, the present data showed the capability of the additive manufactured porous Ti6Al4V scaffold with an intended pore size of 300 to 400 μm for large segmental bone defects.
CL Enhancement of ZnS:Mn2+ by a Noble Synthesis Method (2006)

Abstract not Available.
The Lead‐Lag Relation Between Spot and Futures Markets Under Different Short‐Selling Regimes (2001)

Abstract We examine the lead‐lag relation between index futures and the underlying index under three types of short‐selling restrictions on stocks in Hong Kong. Our results indicate that lifting short‐selling restrictions can enhance the informational efficiency of the stock market relative to the index futures. We also investigate the impact of two market characteristics, market conditions and the magnitude of mispricing on the lead‐lag relations under different short‐selling regimes. Our findings suggest that if we remove restrictions, the contemporaneous price relation between the futures and cash markets becomes stronger particularly in the falling market and when the cash market is relatively overpriced.
Resolving the evolution of extant and extinct ruminants with high-throughput phylogenomics (2009)

The Pecorans (higher ruminants) are believed to have rapidly speciated in the Mid-Eocene, resulting in five distinct extant families: Antilocapridae, Giraffidae, Moschidae, Cervidae, and Bovidae. Due to the rapid radiation, the Pecoran phylogeny has proven difficult to resolve, and 11 of the 15 possible rooted phylogenies describing ancestral relationships among the Antilocapridae, Giraffidae, Cervidae, and Bovidae have each been argued as representations of the true phylogeny. Here we demonstrate that a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping platform designed for one species can be used to genotype ancient DNA from an extinct species and DNA from species diverged up to 29 million years ago and that the produced genotypes can be used to resolve the phylogeny for this rapidly radiated infraorder. We used a high-throughput assay with 54,693 SNP loci developed for Bos taurus taurus to rapidly genotype 678 individuals representing 61 Pecoran species. We produced a highly resolved phylogeny for this diverse group based upon 40,843 genome-wide SNP, which is five times as many informative characters as have previously been analyzed. We also establish a method to amplify and screen genomic information from extinct species, and place Bison priscus within the Bovidae. The quality of genotype calls and the placement of samples within a well-supported phylogeny may provide an important test for validating the fidelity and integrity of ancient samples. Finally, we constructed a phylogenomic network to accurately describe the relationships between 48 cattle breeds and facilitate inferences concerning the history of domestication and breed formation.
A simple calf muscle ergometer for use in a standard whole‐body mr scanner (1990)

A calf muscle ergometer, designed for use in a standard whole-body MR scanner, is described. The instrument allows isotonic or isometric calf muscle exercise over a continuous range of work loads from 0 to individual maximum work output. Work output may be recorded on a strip chart recorder. A sound encoding provides an effective guidance for the subject tested to accurately reproduce his performance in each contraction cycle at a given work load. The FID recording may be triggered from the ergometer at any point during the contraction cycle. Nonmetal materials are used for the instrument construction in order to eliminate potentially disturbing eddy currents. The force resistance of the ergometer is obtained by a combined hydraulic-pneumatic system, which is loaded by coupling to an outside source of compressed air equipped with a suitable pressure regulator. When varying the time of data sampling within a repeated 6-s contraction cycle it was found that the recorded Pi/PCr ratio remained essentially constant at low and moderate work loads. However, at work loads at or above 70% of individual Vmax a pronounced dependence of the time of sampling with the contraction cycle was observed.
Implementing sparse matrix-vector multiplication on throughput-oriented processors (2009)

Sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV) is of singular importance in sparse linear algebra. In contrast to the uniform regularity of dense linear algebra, sparse operations encounter a broad spectrum of matrices ranging from the regular to the highly irregular. Harnessing the tremendous potential of throughput-oriented processors for sparse operations requires that we expose substantial fine-grained parallelism and impose sufficient regularity on execution paths and memory access patterns. We explore SpMV methods that are well-suited to throughput-oriented architectures like the GPU and which exploit several common sparsity classes. The techniques we propose are efficient, successfully utilizing large percentages of peak bandwidth. Furthermore, they deliver excellent total throughput, averaging 16 GFLOP/s and 10 GFLOP/s in double precision for structured grid and unstructured mesh matrices, respectively, on a GeForce GTX 285. This is roughly 2.8 times the throughput previously achieved on Cell BE and more than 10 times that of a quad-core Intel Clovertown system.
AGING, WARM-UP TIME AND RETRACE; IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARD FREQUENCY GENERATORS (1992)

This report is an effort to produce an IEEE standard providing guidelines for standardized methods of defining, measuring and reporting environmental sensitivities of precision frequency generators. The present report covers the subject of aging, warm-up time and retrace. Definitions Aging
Distributed Acoustic Sensing Turns Fiber‐Optic Cables into Sensitive Seismic Antennas (2019)

Abstract Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is a new, relatively inexpensive technology that is rapidly demonstrating its promise for recording earthquake waves and other seismic signals in a wide range of research and public safety arenas. It should significantly augment present seismic networks. For several important applications, it should be superior. It employs ordinary fiber‐optic cables, but not as channels for data among separate sophisticated instruments. With DAS, the hair‐thin glass fibers themselves are the sensors. Internal natural flaws serve as seismic strainmeters, kinds of seismic detector. Unused or dark fibers are common in fiber cables widespread around the globe, or in dedicated cables designed for special application, are appropriate for DAS. They can sample passing seismic waves at locations every few meters or closer along paths stretching for tens of kilometers. DAS arrays should enrich the three major areas of local and regional seismology: earthquake monitoring, imaging of faults and many other geologic formations, and hazard assessment. Recent laboratory and field results from DAS tests underscore its broad bandwidth and high‐waveform fidelity. Thus, while still in its infancy, DAS already has shown itself as the working heart—or perhaps ear drums—of a valuable new seismic listening tool. My colleagues and I expect rapid growth of applications. We further expect it to spread into such frontiers as ocean‐bottom seismology, glacial and related cryoseismology, and seismology on other solar system bodies.
An Affinity-Based Probe for the Human Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub>Receptor (2018)

Using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), functional proteins can be interrogated in their native environment. Despite their pharmaceutical relevance, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been difficult to address through ABPP. In the current study, we took the prototypical human adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor (hA<sub>2A</sub>R) as the starting point for the construction of a chemical toolbox allowing two-step affinity-based labeling of GPCRs. First, we equipped an irreversibly binding hA<sub>2A</sub>R ligand with a terminal alkyne to serve as probe. We showed that our probe irreversibly and concentration-dependently labeled purified hA<sub>2A</sub>R. Click-ligation with a sulfonated cyanine-3 fluorophore allowed us to visualize the receptor on SDS-PAGE. We further demonstrated that labeling of the purified hA<sub>2A</sub>R by our probe could be inhibited by selective antagonists. Lastly, we showed successful labeling of the receptor in cell membranes overexpressing hA<sub>2A</sub>R, making our probe a promising affinity-based tool compound that sets the stage for the further development of probes for GPCRs.
Synthesis of Difluoromethylated and Phosphorated Spiro[5.5]trienones via Dearomative Spirocyclization of Biaryl Ynones (2018)

Copper- or silver-catalyzed cascade radical addition/dearomative spirocyclization of biaryl ynones with fluoroalkyl bromides or diethylphosphite has been realized for the first time. This method provides a novel and step-economical protocol for the divergent synthesis of a wide range of difluoromethylated or monofluoromethylated and phosphorated spiro[5.5]trienones in moderate to high yields.
The enhanced Q spiral inductors with MEMS technology for RF applications (2002)

The quality (Q) factor and self-resonant frequency (SRF) of the spiral inductor in CMOS IC technologies are limited by both high substrate capacitance and substrate loss. In this letter, a post-fabrication maskless etching procedure is used to selectively remove the silicon substrate and suspend inductors in air. Using this technique, a lot of inductors suitable for 2.4 GHz ISM band are investigated. The Q factor increased from 3.9 to 6.5 at 2.4 GHz for a small inductor 2.14-nH and 2.55 to 5.88 for a large inductor 9-nH at 1.5 GHz. Also the SRF of the 9-nH inductor is raised from 3.5 GHz to 6.1 GHz.
Safe and cost-effective rapid-prototyping of multilayer PMMA microfluidic devices (2016)

The rapid translation of research from bench to bedside, as well as the generation of commercial impact, has never been more important for both academic and industrial researchers. It is therefore unsurprising that more and more microfluidic groups are investigating research using a wide range of thermoplastics which can be readily translated to large-scale manufacturing, if the technology is taken to commercialisation. While structuring, via additive or subtractive manufacturing, is becoming relatively easy through the use of commercial-grade devices, reliable and fast assembly remains a challenge. In this article, we propose an innocuous and cost-effective, under 2-min technique which enables the bonding of multiple poly(methyl methacrylate) layers. This bonding technique relies on the application of small amounts (10 µl/cm2) of ethanol, low temperatures (70 °C) and relatively low pressures (~1.6 MPa). Our characterisation analysis shows that using a bonding time of 2 min is enough to produce a strong bond able to withstand pressures always above 6.2 MPa (with mean of 8 MPa, highest reported in the literature), with minimal channel deformation (<5%). This technique, which we demonstrate on assembly comprising up to 19 layers, presents an exciting improvement in the field of rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices, enabling extremely fast design cycles in microfluidic research with a material compatible with mass manufacturing, thus allowing a smoother transition from the laboratory to the market. Beyond the research community, this robust prototyping technique has the potential to impact on the deliverability of other scientific endeavours including educational projects and will directly fuel the fluidic maker movement.
Effect of the matrix composition on the activity of metal oxide catalysts in CVD synthesis of carbon nanotubes (2012)

Citrate-nitrate method was used to synthesize (Fe,Co)/MgO-Al2O3, (Fe,Mo)/MgO-Al2O3, and (CoMo)/MgO-Al2O3 catalysts for production of carbon nanotubes. Multi-walled nanotubes were formed on these catalysts by catalytic pyrolysis of a propane-butane mixture.
Empirical evaluation of multi-level buffer cache collaboration for storage systems (2005)

To bridge the increasing processor-disk performance gap, buffer caches are used in both storage clients (e.g. database systems) and storage servers to reduce the number of slow disk accesses. These buffer caches need to be managed effectively to deliver the performance commensurate to the aggregate buffer cache size. To address this problem, two paradigms have been proposed recently to collaboratively manage these buffer caches together: the hierarchy-aware caching maintains the same I/O interface and is fully transparent to the storage client software, and the aggressively-collaborative caching trades off transparency for performance and requires changes to both the interface and the storage client software. Before storage industry starts to implement collaborative caching in real systems, it is crucial to find out whether sacrificing transparency is really worthwhile, i.e., how much can we gain by using the aggressively-collaborative caching instead of the hierarchy-aware caching? To accurately answer this question, it is required to consider all possible combinations of recently proposed local replacement algorithms and optimization techniques in both collaboration paradigms.Our study provides an empirical evaluation to address the above questions. Particularly, we have compared three aggressively-collaborative approaches with two hierarchy-aware approaches for four different types of database/file I/O workloads using traces collected from real commercial systems such as IBM DB2. More importantly, we separate the effects of collaborative caching from local replacement algorithms and optimizations, and uniformly apply several recently proposed local replacement algorithms and optimizations to all five collaboration approaches.When appropriate local optimizations and replacement algorithms are uniformly applied to both hierarchy-aware and aggressively-collaborative caching, the results indicate that hierarchy-aware caching can deliver similar performance as aggressively-collaborative caching. The results show that the aggressively-collaborative caching only provides less than 2.5% performance improvement on average in simulation and 1.0% in real system experiments over the hierarchy-aware caching for most workloads and cache configurations. Our sensitivity study indicates that the performance gain of aggressively-collaborative caching is also very small for various storage networks and different cache configurations. Therefore, considering its simplicity and generality, hierarchy-aware caching is more feasible than aggressively-collaborative caching.
Design of orthogonal coded excitation for synthetic aperture imaging in ultrasound systems (2012)

This paper presents a new digital front-end architecture for synthetic aperture ultrasound (SAU) imaging using orthogonal chirps and orthogonal Golay codes. Compared to existing systems that perform decoding before beamforming, the proposed systems have comparable performance and significantly lower computation and space complexity. Unfortunately the proposed systems suffer loss in performance in the presence of body motion. To address this problem, we propose a simple motion compensation scheme that improves both the SNR and the RSLL performance. A comparison of the complexity of both the systems shows that while Golay code-based system has lower computation complexity than chirp-based system, if motion compensation is included, then the complexity of the two systems are comparable.
Bounds on locally recoverable codes with multiple recovering sets (2014)

A locally recoverable code (LRC code) is a code over a finite alphabet such that every symbol in the encoding is a function of a small number of other symbols that form a recovering set. Bounds on the rate and distance of such codes have been extensively studied in the literature. In this paper we derive upper bounds on the rate and distance of codes in which every symbol has t ≥ 1 disjoint recovering sets.
Modulation of Bcl-2 expression (1998)

Neuroprotective effects of estrogen have been demonstrated against a variety of cytotoxic insults. We present data here addressing a possible mechanism of estrogen neuroprotection in the human teratocarcinoma cell line NT2 terminally differentiated to a neuronal phenotype. Cell death induced by H2O2 or glutamate results in a dose-dependent cell death of NT2 neurons, while 24 h of estrogen pretreatment significantly enhances neuronal viability. Bcl-2 expression has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and prevent cell death. In NT2 neurons, Bcl-2 levels are dramatically elevated upon differentiation and are further enhanced with estrogen treatment. These results suggest that neuroprotective effects of estrogen may be related to increases in Bcl-2 expression.
Spatially extended nature of resistive switching in perovskite oxide thin films (2006)

The authors report the direct observation of the electric pulse induced resistance-change effect at the nanoscale on La1−xSrxMnO3 thin films by the current measurement of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. After a switching voltage of one polarity is applied across the sample by the AFM tip, the conductivity in a local nanometer region around the AFM tip is increased, and after a switching voltage of the opposite polarity is applied, the local conductivity is reduced. This reversible resistance switching effect is observed under both continuous and short-pulse-voltage switching conditions. It is important for future nanoscale nonvolatile memory device applications.