gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE): From Discovery to Diagnosis (2018)

Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) turns typically weak magnetic resonance responses into strong signals making previously impractical measurements possible. This technique has gained significant popularity because of its speed and simplicity. This Minireview tracks the development of SABRE from the initial hyperpolarization of pyridine in 2009 to the point in which 50 % <sup>1</sup> H polarization levels have been achieved in a di-deuterio-nicotinate, a key step in the pathway to potential clinical use. Simple routes to highly efficient <sup>15</sup> N hyperpolarization and the creation of hyperpolarized long-lived magnetic states are illustrated. To conclude, we describe how the recently reported SABRE-RELAY approach offers a route for parahydrogen to hyperpolarize a much wider array of molecular scaffolds, such as amides, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and phosphates, than was previously thought possible. We predict that collectively these developments ensure that SABRE will significantly impact on both chemical analysis and the diagnosis of disease in the future.
Ideal theory of quantum well solar cells (1995)

An ideal model for quantum well solar cells is developed and is used to theoretically explore the dependence of terminal characteristics on the host cell and quantum well properties. The model, which explicitly treats carrier generation and recombination in the quantum wells, is described and compared with an analogous ideal model for bulk homojunction cells. Open-circuit voltages, short-circuit current densities, and conversion efficiencies are then calculated as functions of the well and barrier band gaps for ideal cells in the radiative limit, assuming air-mass-zero (AM0) solar illumination at a cell temperature of 300 K. Qualitative trends in these characteristics and regimes of operation are identified, the effects of non-radiative recombination are explored, and idealized approximations used in the model are assessed. Finally, published experimental data for quantum well solar cells are surveyed and discussed, and are found to exhibit strong qualitative consistencies with predictions from the ideal analysis. Results from this work provide the most comprehensive qualitative picture of quantum well solar cell operation yet proposed, and should serve as a useful guide for designing and interpreting the performance characteristics of quantum well cells fabricated from a wide variety of materials.
Scalable High-Power Redox Capacitors with Aligned Nanoforests of Crystalline MnO<sub>2</sub>Nanorods by High Voltage Electrophoretic Deposition (2013)

It is commonly perceived that reduction-oxidation (redox) capacitors have to sacrifice power density to achieve higher energy density than carbon-based electric double layer capacitors. In this work, we report the synergetic advantages of combining the high crystallinity of hydrothermally synthesized α-MnO2 nanorods with alignment for high performance redox capacitors. Such an approach is enabled by high voltage electrophoretic deposition (HVEPD) technology which can obtain vertically aligned nanoforests with great process versatility. The scalable nanomanufacturing process is demonstrated by roll-printing an aligned forest of α-MnO2 nanorods on a large flexible substrate (1 inch by 1 foot). The electrodes show very high power density (340 kW/kg at an energy density of 4.7 Wh/kg) and excellent cyclability (over 92% capacitance retention over 2000 cycles). Pretreatment of the substrate and use of a conductive holding layer have also been shown to significantly reduce the contact resistance between the aligned nanoforests and the substrates. High areal specific capacitances of around 8500 μF/cm(2) have been obtained for each electrode with a two-electrode device configuration. Over 93% capacitance retention was observed when the cycling current densities were increased from 0.25 to 10 mA/cm(2), indicating high rate capabilities of the fabricated electrodes and resulting in the very high attainable power density. The high performance of the electrodes is attributed to the crystallographic structure, 1D morphology, aligned orientation, and low contact resistance.
High-Efficiency Charge Pumps for Low-Power On-Chip Applications (2017)

This paper proposes charge pumps with improved power efficiency suitable for low-power on-chip applications. Undesired charge transfer, which has a direction opposite to that of the intended current flow, presents a significant source of power loss in charge pumps. The proposed charge pump circuit utilizes charge transfer switches with a complementary branch scheme to significantly reduce undesired charge transfer, thereby improving power efficiency and increasing output voltage effectively. An optimized gate control strategy is applied to further decrease the power loss caused by undesired charge transfer. Simulations of 8-stage charge pumps in a $0.13~\mu \text{m}$ standard CMOS technology show that for an input supply voltage of 1.2 V, the proposed charge pump circuit reaches a power efficiency of 58.72% with an output voltage of 7.45 V, when delivering 5-mA load current, and is able to maintain a power efficiency of around 50% and an output voltage of over 5 V as the load current increases to 10 mA. Compared with the other charge pump circuits, the simulation results demonstrate better performance of proposed charge pump circuits in terms of both voltage pumping gain and power efficiency.
Sigma-Delta modulation and PWM performs high-resolution DAC for DC applications (2002)

A high-resolution DAC is designed with a combined Sigma-Delta and PWM interpolation technique. The result is a high performance, low analog complexity, no missing codes DAC suited for DC applications like low cost calibrators and complex instrument control.
4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-Glycosides of Partially<i>0</i>-Acetylated<i>N</i>-Acetylneuraminic Acids as Substrates of Bacterial and Viral Sialidases (1990)

4-O-Acetylated, 7-O-acetylated, and 9-O-acetylated 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminic acids (Neu4,5Ac2-MU, Neu5,7Ac2-MU, Neu5,9Ac2-MU) were tested as substrates of sialidases of Vibrio cholerae and of Clostridium perfringens. Both sialidases were unable to hydrolyse Neu4,5Ac2-MU. This compound at 1 mM concentration did not inhibit significantly the cleavage of Neu5Ac-MU, the best substrate tested. The 4-O-acetylated sialic acid glycoside is hydrolysed slowly by the sialidase from fowl plague virus. The relative substrate specificity, reflected in V/Km of the Vibrio cholerae sialidase is Neu5Ac-MU much greater than Neu5,7Ac2-MU approximately Neu5,9Ac2-MU and of the clostridial enzyme it is Neu5Ac-MU greater than Neu5,9Ac2-MU greater than Neu5,7Ac2-MU. The affinities of both enzymes for the side-chain O-acetylated sialic acid derivatives are higher than for Neu5Ac-MU. The artificial, well-defined substrates, described here, provide the opportunity to quantify the influence of sialic acid O-acetylation on the hydrolysis of sialoglycoconjugates without the side effects introduced by other parts of more complex glycans.
Chemical Sensors for CELSS Application (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Fiber optic chemical sensors are being developed for on-line monitoring of gases and liquids. The sensors utilize novel porous polymer or glass optical fibers in which selective chemical reagents have been immobilized. These reagents react with the analyte of interest resulting in a change in the optical properties of the sensor. These sensors (or optrodes) are particularly suited to insitu monitoring of atmospheric trace contaminants and nutrient solution parameters as required in life support systems or flight experiments. Sensors have been demonstrated for detection of ammonia, ethylene, carbon monoxide, pH and humidity.</div>
Inhibition of nuclear factor-erythroid 2–related factor (Nrf2) by caveolin-1 promotes stress-induced premature senescence (2013)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce premature cellular senescence, which is believed to contribute to aging and age-related diseases. The nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that mediates cytoprotective responses against stress. We demonstrate that caveolin-1 is a direct binding partner of Nrf2, as shown by the binding of the scaffolding domain of caveolin-1 (amino acids 82-101) to the caveolin-binding domain of Nrf2 (amino acids 281-289). Biochemical studies show that Nrf2 is concentrated into caveolar membranes in human and mouse fibroblasts, where it colocalizes with caveolin-1, under resting conditions. After oxidative stress, caveolin-1 limits the movement of Nrf2 from caveolar membranes to the nucleus. In contrast, Nrf2 is constitutively localized to the nucleus before and after oxidative stress in caveolin-1-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), which do not express caveolin-1. Functional studies demonstrate that caveolin-1 acts as an endogenous inhibitor of Nrf2, as shown by the enhanced up-regulation of NQO1, an Nrf2 target gene, in caveolin-1-null MEFs and the activation or inhibition of a luciferase construct carrying an antioxidant responsive element (ARE) after down-regulation of caveolin-1 by small interfering RNA or overexpression of caveolin-1, respectively. Expression of a mutant form of Nrf2 that cannot bind to caveolin-1 (Φ→A-Nrf2) hyperactivates ARE and inhibits oxidative stress-induced activation of the p53/p21(Waf1/Cip1) pathway and induction of premature senescence in fibroblasts. Finally, we show that overexpression of caveolin-1 in colon cancer cells inhibits oxidant-induced activation of Nrf2-dependent signaling, promotes premature senescence, and inhibits their transformed phenotype. Thus, by inhibiting Nrf2-mediated signaling, caveolin-1 links free radicals to the activation of the p53/senescence pathway.
The amino acid sequence of rusticyanin isolated from <i>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans</i> (1991)

The amino acid sequence of rusticyanin, a copper protein, purified from the iron-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was determined. Rusticyanin contained 154 amino acid residues in a single polypeptide chain and its molecular weight was calculated to be about 16,400 based on the amino acid sequence. The N-terminal sequence up to the 20th residue of the protein apparently resembled those of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 amicyanin and poplar leaf plastocyanin rather than those of azurin family proteins. In the C-terminal region of the sequence, rusticyanin had one cysteine, one histidine and one methionine which are conserved through many copper proteins. In the middle region of the sequence, rusticyanin was not similar to any other copper protein. The sequence nearby His84 of rusticyanin was similar to those of other copper proteins to some extent. However, Asn which follows His84 and is highly conserved in other copper proteins did not exist in rusticyanin. Therefore, it seemed difficult to conclude on the basis of the results obtained in the present study that His84 in rusticyanin was the fourth ligand to the copper atom.
Characterizing energy dissipation in single-walled carbon nanotube polycarbonate composites (2005)

In this study, single-walled carbon nanotube and bisphenol-A-polycarbonate composite beams were fabricated by a solution mixing process and dynamic (cyclic) load tests were performed to characterize energy dissipation. We report up to an order of magnitude (&gt;1000%) increase in loss modulus of the polycarbonate system with the addition of 2% weight fraction of oxidized single-walled nanotube fillers. We show that the increase in damping is derived from frictional sliding at the nanotube-polymer interfaces. The nanoscale dimensions of the tubes not only result in large interfacial contact area, thereby generating high damping efficiency, but also enable seamless integration of the filler materials into the composite structure.
Selectively Advantageous Mutations and Hitchhikers in Neoplasms (2004)

Neoplastic progression is an evolutionary process characterized by genomic instability and waves of clonal expansions carrying genetic and epigenetic lesions to fixation (100% of the cell population). However, an evolutionarily neutral lesion may also reach fixation if it spreads as a hitchhiker on a selective sweep. We sought to distinguish advantageous lesions from hitchhikers in the premalignant condition Barrett's esophagus. Patients (211) had biopsies taken at 2-cm intervals in their Barrett's segments. Purified epithelial cells were assayed for loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite shifts on chromosomes 9 and 17, sequence mutations in CDKN2A/MTS1/INK4a (p16) and TP53 (p53), and methylation of the p16 promoter. We measured the expanse of a lesion in a Barrett's segment as the proportion of proliferating cells that carried a lesion in that locus. We then selected the lesion having expanses >90% in the greatest number of patients as our first putative advantageous lesion. We filtered out hitchhikers by removing all expanses of other lesions that did not occur independent of the advantageous lesion. The entire process was repeated on the remaining expanses to identify additional advantageous lesions. p16 loss of heterozygosity, promoter methylation, and sequence mutations have strong, independent, advantageous effects on Barrett's cells early in progression. Second lesions in p16 and p53 are associated with later selective sweeps. Virtually all of the other lesion expansions, including microsatellite shifts, could be explained as hitchhikers on p16 lesion clonal expansions. These techniques can be applied to any neoplasm.
Standard based solutions for voice and SMS services over LTE (2010)

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the last step towards the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies, therefore seen as a high priority for the operators in the deployment of future telephony networks. Most of today's operator revenues come from Voice and SMS services, making Voice and SMS over LTE the first services to be offered to customers in the 4G networks. This paper discusses different technologies for Voice over LTE, comparing the requirements and benefits for the operator as well as for the end-user. Both the solutions based on open standards (3GPP, TISPAN) and non-standardized solutions are discussed, although the priority is given to the standards-based solutions.
Las consecuencias legales de la ordenación femenina en las Iglesias de la Comunión Anglicana (2014)

El acceso de las mujeres a las ordenes sagradas en el seno de las Iglesias de la Comunion Anglicana ha tenido repercusiones importantisimas, tanto en Derecho Canonico como en Derecho secular. Este articulo examina las cuestiones suscitadas tanto para el Derecho interno de la Iglesia como para el Derecho secular, y se centra en la Iglesia de Inglaterra como el principal supuesto de estudio. Analiza si los mecanismos legales existentes en la actualidad funcionan satisfactoriamente y explora como se podrian desarrollar en un futuro.
Facile Synthesis of 4-Carbethoxycyclohexanone (1985)

Abstract A facile decarboalkoxylative route to 4-carbethoxycyclohexanone (1) from the tricarbethoxy derivative 3 is described.
Estimating mutual information on data streams (2015)

Mutual information is a well-established and broadly used concept in information theory. It allows to quantify the mutual dependence between two variables -- an essential task in data analysis. For static data, a broad range of techniques addresses the problem of estimating mutual information. However, the assumption of static data is not applicable for today's dynamic data sources such as data streams: In contrast to static approaches, an online estimator must be able to deal with the evolving, changing, and infinite nature of the stream. Furthermore, some tasks require the estimation to be available online while processing the raw data stream. Our proposed solution Mise (Mutual Information Stream Estimation) allows a user to issue mutual information queries in arbitrary time windows. As a key feature, we introduce a novel sampling scheme, which ensures an equal treatment of queries over multiple time scales, e.g., ranging from milliseconds up to decades. We thoroughly analyze the requirements of such a multiscale sampling scheme, and evaluate the resulting quality of Mise in a broad range of experiments.
Boundary Segments for Multisegment Well Models (2019)

Abstract Petroleum recovery from oilfield assets increasingly involves wells that are very long in extent and have multiple laterals, multiple tubing strings and multiple control points to prevent breakthrough of unwanted fluids and/or to optimize recovery. Instead of simply controlling rates at the wellhead, downhole devices are now available where apertures and other controlling parameters can be set statically, autonomously, or through surface intervention,. Having various control points in a wellbore that may include numerous flow paths requires a flexible setup and robust algorithms to effectively set all local constraints at various measured depths. This paper describes special constructs called "boundary segments" with a similar set of flow rate and pressure control modes to those available for tubinghead or bottomhole well control. In a multisegment well model whose topology consists of a set of nodes with intrinsic properties such as pressure, global mole fractions, total enthalpy, saturations, etc. and a set of pipes with attributes of length, volume, and a flow rate, these special segments share an existing node but have their own unique pipe together with boundary conditions and an accompanying set of control modes. Boundary segments are highly flexible, elegant, easy to implement, and useful in a variety of cases. This paper will provide reservoir simulation engineers and developers with an understanding of a simple method to calculate primary well control at the surface choke together with multiple downhole constraints from devices and tubing strings.
Modeling of chemical vapor infiltration for composite fabrication (1993)

We describe our ongoing efforts to develop a general, validated, 3-D, finite-volume model for the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process. The model simulates preform densification for both isothermal (ICVI) and forced flow-thermal gradient (FCVI) variations of the process, but is most useful for FCVI where specification and control of flow rates and temperature profiles are critical to rapid, uniform densification. The model has been validated experimentally for both ICVI and FCVI fabrication of SiC/SiC composites.
Platooning at traffic lights (2016)

Congested roads not only lead to inattentive and inpatient drivers, but also have a significant negative economic impact. Especially during rush hour traffic at traffic light regulated intersections, inefficient cycle plans and the increased demand raise the need for mechanisms that increase the traffic efficiency. This paper presents a rule based algorithm for realizing platooning at traffic lights, in order to increase the throughput and to reduce the shock wave effect commonly observed at intersections. The algorithm makes use of Vehicle-2-X (V2X) communication technologies, by actively exchanging messages between the vehicles in order to set up the platoon. As a distinction to related work, the algorithm focuses on mixed traffic, in which not all vehicles are necessarily equipped with V2X technologies. The algorithm is implemented into an holistic simulation framework in order to study the effects of the parameters of the algorithm on the traffic efficiency.
AraC protein, regulation of the l-arabinose operon in<i>Escherichia coli</i>, and the light switch mechanism of AraC action (2010)

This review covers the physiological aspects of regulation of the arabinose operon in Escherichia coli and the physical and regulatory properties of the operon's controlling gene, araC. It also describes the light switch mechanism as an explanation for many of the protein's properties. Although many thousands of homologs of AraC exist and regulate many diverse operons in response to many different inducers or physiological states, homologs that regulate arabinose-catabolizing genes in response to arabinose were identified. The sequence similarities among them are discussed in light of the known structure of the dimerization and DNA-binding domains of AraC.
Export of hepatitis B virus RNA on a Rev-like pathway: inhibition by the regenerating liver inhibitory factor IkappaB alpha (1997)

Nuclear export of hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA is mediated by a specific RNA element but, in contrast to lentivirus genomic RNA, does not depend on viral proteins. We show that nonetheless, the export of HBV RNA can be blocked by competitive inhibitors of Rev-mediated lentivirus RNA export, suggesting that the export pathways of both viral species share components and might be driven by the same nuclear export machinery. HBV RNA export is also inhibited by overexpression of IkappaB alpha, as reported previously for the export of human immunodeficiency virus RNA. Since IkappaB alpha is strongly overexpressed during liver regeneration, its inhibition of HBV RNA export might contribute to elimination or silent persistence of HBV.
Radial Flow Assay Using Gold Nanoparticles and Rolling Circle Amplification to Detect Mercuric Ions (2018)

A novel colorimetric assay employing oligonucleotide-conjugated gold nanoparticle (AuNP probes) and rolling circle amplification (RCA) was developed for simple detection of mercuric ions (Hg<sup>2+</sup>). The thymine-Hg<sup>2+</sup>-thymine (T-Hg<sup>2+</sup>-T) coordination chemistry makes our detection system selective for Hg<sup>2+</sup>. In the presence of Hg<sup>2+</sup>, the thymine 12-mer oligonucleotide is unable to act as a primer for RCA due to the formation of T-Hg<sup>2+</sup>-T before the RCA reaction. However, in the absence of Hg<sup>2+</sup>, DNA coils as RCA products are generated during the RCA reaction, and is further labeled with AuNP probes. Colorimetric signals that depend on the amount of DNA coil-AuNP probe complexes were generated by drop-drying the reaction solution on nitrocellulose-based paper. As the reaction solution spread radially because of capillary action, the complexes formed a concentric red spot on the paper. The colorimetric signals of the red spots were rapidly measured with a portable spectrophotometer and determined as the Δ<i>E</i> value, which indicates the calculated color intensity. Our assay displays great linearity (detection limit: 22.4 nM), precision, and reproducibility, thus demonstrating its utility for Hg<sup>2+</sup> quantification in real samples. We suggest that our simple, portable, and cost-effective method could be used for on-site Hg<sup>2+</sup> detections.
Establishment of Two Dog Mastocytoma Cell Lines in Continuous Culture (1990)

Abstract We have previously characterized dog mastocytoma cells propagated in nude mice. We have established two of these lines (C1 and C2) in continuous culture. Freshly disaggregated mastocytoma cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME)-H16 mixed with 50% Ham's F12 and supplemented with histidine and 5% allergic dog serum (ADS). Cells were fed every 3 d and passaged weekly. Growth was assessed by cell count. Cell growth was best supported by culture in 5% ADS. C1 cells grow in suspension in ADS and have been passaged 55 times with a doubling time of 37.4 ± 18.7 h (mean ± 1 SD; n = 15). C2 cells adhere to tissue culture plastic in ADS and have been passaged 26 times with a doubling time of 49.3 ± 12.5 h (n = 13). Morphologic and functional characteristics are unchanged from those described in cells propagated in nude mice. Histamine content for C1 is 0.46 ± 0.18 pg/cell (n = 12) and 0.07 ± 0.04 pg/cell (n = 6) for C2. Both lines contain the neutral protease tryptase and C2 contains chymase. Calcium ionophore A23187 or ragweed antigen caused concentration-dependent histamine release from both cell lines. C1 and C2 generate prostaglandin D2 in response to A23187. We conclude that dog mastocytoma cells can be established in continuous culture, thus providing a system for studying mast cell biology, including growth and development.