gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>MODTRAN4 version 2: radiative transfer modeling</title> (2001)

MODTRAN4, version 2, will soon be released by the U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory; it is an extension of the MODTRAN4, v1, atmospheric transmission, radiance and flux model developed jointly by the Air Force Research Laboratory / Space Vehicles Directorate (AFRL / VS) and Spectral Sciences, Inc. The primary accuracy improvements in MODTRAN4 remain those previously published: (1) the multiple scattering correlated-k approach to describe the statistically expected transmittance properties for each spectral bin and atmospheric layer, and (2) the Beer-Lambert formulation that improves the treatment of path inhomogeneities. Version 2 code enhancements are expected to include: *pressure-dependent atmospheric profile input, as an auxiliary where the hydrostatic equation is integrated explicitly to compute the altitudes, *CFC cross-sections with band model parameters derived from pseudo lines, *additional pressure-induced absorption features from O<SUB>2</SUB>, and *a new 5 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> band model option. Prior code enhancements include the incorporation of solar azimuth dependence in the DISORT-based multiple scattering model, the introduction of surface BRDF (Bi-directional Radiance Distribution Functions) models and a 15 cm<SUP>-1</SUP> band model for improved computational speed. Last year's changes to the HITRAN database, relevant to the 0.94 and 1.13 micrometers bands of water vapor, have been maintained in the MODTRAN4,v2 databases.
Visual Binding Through Reentrant Connectivity and Dynamic Synchronization in a Brain-based Device (2004)

Effective visual object recognition requires mechanisms to bind object features (e.g. color, shape and motion) while distinguishing distinct objects. Synchronously active neuronal circuits among reentrantly connected cortical areas may provide a basis for visual binding. To assess the potential of this mechanism, we have constructed a mobile brain-based device, Darwin VIII, which is guided by simulated analogues of cortical and sub-cortical areas required for visual processing, decision-making, reward and motor responses. These simulated areas are reentrantly connected and each area contains neuronal units representing both the mean activity level and the relative timing of the activity of groups of neurons. Darwin VIII learns to discriminate among multiple objects with shared visual features and associates 'target' objects with innately preferred auditory cues. We observed the co-activation of globally distributed neuronal circuits that corresponded to distinct objects in Darwin VIII's visual field. These circuits, which are constrained by a reentrant neuroanatomy and modulated by behavior and synaptic plasticity, are necessary for successful discrimination. By situating Darwin VIII in a rich real-world environment involving continual changes in the size and location of visual stimuli due to self-generated movement, and by recording its behavioral and neuronal responses in detail, we were able to show that reentrant connectivity and dynamic synchronization provide an effective mechanism for binding the features of visual objects.
Synthetic antagonists of in vivo antidiuretic and vasopressor responses to arginine-vasopressin (1981)

Four analogues of [1-(beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid),4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin [d-(CH2)5 VDAVP] and four analogues of its L-arginine isomer d(CH2)5 VAVP with O-methyl-, O-ethyl, O-isopropyl, and O-n-propyltyrosine substituents at position 2 were prepared by the solid-phase method using a slightly modified reoxidation procedure following deblocking with sodium in liquid ammonia to overcome losses due to insolubility. These analogues are the following: 1, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)VDAVP;2, d(CH2)5Tyr(Et)VDAVP; 3, d(CH2)5Tyr(i-Pr)VDAVP; 4, d(CH2)5Tyr(n-Pr)VDAVP; 5, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)VAVP; 6, d(CH2)5Tyr(Et)VAVP; 7, d(CH2)5Tyr(i-Pr)VAVP; 8, d(CH2)5Tyr(n-Pr)VAVP. These analogues were tested for agonistic and antagonistic activities in rat antidiuretic and rat vasopressor assay systems. All eight analogues cause a transient antidiuresis when injected intravenously and effectively antagonize antidiuretic responses to subsequent injections of arginine-vasopressin (AVP). They exhibit the following antiantidiuretic pA2 values: 1, 6.68 +/- 0.11; 2, 7.10 +/- 0.08; 3, 6.88 +/- 0.07; 4, 6.67 +/0 0.05; 5, 7.35 +/- 0.06; 6, 7.57 +/- 0.06; 7, 7.32 +/- 0.10; 8, 7.29 +/- 0.07. They are also highly effective antagonists of the vasopressor responses to AVP, with antivasopressor pA2 values in the range of 7.86 to 8.44. These findings indicate tht in this series O-ethyl substitution on the tyrosine at position 2 is optimal for antiantidiuretic potency and that L-arginine is far superior to D-arginine in this regard also. Thus, d(CH2)5Tyr(Et)VAVP with an antiantidiuretic pA2 of 7.57 +/- 0.06 is the most potent of these eight antidiuretic antagonists. These are the first known effective antagonists of in vivo antidiuretic responses to AVP. They are, thus, potentially useful pharmacological tools for studies on the roles of AVP in regulating water balance in normal and pathophysiological states in animals and in humans. They also serve as excellent lead compounds for the design of even more potent antagonists for potential therapeutic use for the treatment of hyponatremia secondary to inappropriate secretion of the antidiuretic hormone (SIADH or the Schwartz-Barter syndrome).
Large Spin Hall Angle in Sputtered BiSb Topological Insulator on Top of Various Ferromagnets With In-Plane Magnetization for SOT Reader Application (2022)

A spin-orbit torque (SOT) reader using the inverse spin Hall effect was recently proposed as a candidate for magnetic recording beyond 4 Tbit/in2. However, SOT readers using conventional heavy metals have small output voltage and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the small spin Hall angles of heavy metals. Demonstrated in this work is a large spin Hall angle of 2.6–5.1 in sputtered BiSb, a topological insulator, on top of various ferromagnets with in-plane magnetization. The spin Hall angle of BiSb is much larger than that of heavy metals, which is promising for SOT readers with large output and high SNR.
L337H Mutant of Rat Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Resembles Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase toward Inhibitors (2009)

A common dichotomy exists in inhibitor design: should the compounds be designed to block the enzymes of animals in the preclinical studies or to inhibit the human enzyme? We report that a single mutation of Leu-337 in rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) to His makes the enzyme resemble human nNOS more than rat nNOS. We expect that the approach used in this study can unite the dichotomy and speed up the process of inhibitor design and development.
Advanced Crash Avoidance Technologies Program – Final Report of the Honda-DRI Team Volume V: Appendices L through Q (2011)

The Advanced Crash Avoidance Technologies (ACAT) program initiated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration had two major objectives. These are to develop a standardized Safety Impact Methodology (SIM) tool to evaluate the effectiveness of advanced technologies in mitigating specific types of vehicle crash avoidance crashes; and to develop and demonstrate objective tests that are used in the SIM to verify the safety impact of a real system. Honda and Dynamic Research Inc. (DRI) had been developing and applying such a SIM for several years and DRI with Honda's support entered into a Cooperative Agreement with NHTSA to extend the existing SIM, which provides an estimate of full systems safety benefits at the US level. Objective tests that produce quantifiable, repeatable and reproducible results were developed to ensure that a crash avoidance countermeasure meets system performance specifications, and that the results are directly linked to the safety needs and sample of technology-relevant crashes being addressed. The objective tests, which are based on dynamic reconstructions of a sub-sample of technology-relevant real crashes, include Track tests with an expert driver using automatically guided soft targets (GSTs) of an automobile and of a pedestrian; and Driving Simulator tests with a jury of 12 typical drivers, in order to evaluate driver-vehicle system response and to measure the driver's and vehicle's response characteristics to system warnings and interventions. Results from the objective tests were used to parameterize, calibrate and validate the SIM tool, which was then used to estimate US-level benefits. The delivered SIM tool includes modules for automated reconstruction of conflict and crash scenarios from available databases; definition and sampling of Technology Relevant Crash Types; dynamic simulations involving a human-vehicle-device-environmental model; and an overall safety effects estimator. An example application of the extended SIM tool and developed objective tests involved evaluation of Honda’s prototype Advanced Collision Mitigation Brake System (A-CMBS).
Improved chemical vapor-deposition reactor (1975)

Formation of large particles on substrate is eliminated by actively exhausting reacted gases. Effluent gas backflow is prevented by pumping in curtain of nitrogen above fresh reactive gases from several directions.
Elicitors of Plant Defense Responses from Biocontrol Strains of <i>Trichoderma viren</i> (2004)

Effective biocontrol strains of Trichoderma virens can induce the production of defense-related compounds in the roots of cotton. Ineffective strains do not induce these compounds to significant levels. This elicittation was found to be heat stable, insoluble in chloroform, passed through a 5K molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) filter, but not a 3K MWCO filter, and was sensitive to treatment by proteinase K. When the active material was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, several bands were present in the material from biocontrol-active strains that were lacking in inactive strains. When eluted and tested for elicitation activity, with or without renaturation, four bands stimulated cotton terpenoid production. One band showed cross-reaction with an antibody to the ethylene-inducing xylanase from T. viride. Another band of approximately 18 kDa, gave significant stimulation of cotton terpenoid production and increased peroxidase activity in cotton radicles in all tests, with or without renaturation. The 18-kDa protein was subjected to amino-terminal sequence analysis, and the first 19 amino acids at the amino terminus were determined to be DTVSYDTGYDNGSRSLNDV. A database homology search using the BLASTp algorithm showed the highest similarity to a serine proteinase from Fusarium sporotrichioides.
TDR Technologies for Soil Identification and Properties (2007)

Recent research indicates that Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is becoming capable of identifying soil types in addition to providing water content and density. The process makes use of measured apparent dielectric constant and reflected pulse area, a new concept that captures characteristics of the reflected wave from the embedded probe. The method is relatively calibration free. This paper briefly describes the method and presents a new technique for representing the TDR signature to determine both the apparent dielectric constant and pulse area. The paper also incorporates recent findings with regards to probe geometry on measured electrical conductivity. The fitting is accomplished using the sum of two coupled functions: one is a non-linear hyperbolic function to model the reduction in voltage associated with the reflection from the soil surface and the other is an inverse trigonometric function to model the voltage from the reflection from the end of the probe. The model provides an excellent fit for TDR signals passing through homogeneous materials within the probe.
Curved waveguide combiner for HUD/AR (2021)

Most of waveguide implementation for HUD or augmented reality combiner are flat pieces of glass because the image propagation does not suffer from any aberration when traveling along their length. However, this type of combiner does integrate seamlessly in front of the viewer eyes and a curved optics would be much more appealing. Using holographic optical elements, we demonstrated that it is possible to correct the aberrations induced by the curved surfaces of the waveguide, and display a aberration-free image to the viewer. This correction applies for different waveguide geometries (1D or 2D curvature) as well as different pupil expansions (1D or 2D expansion). A Zemax model is presented along a curved waveguide demonstrator. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Deep diode atomic battery. [Patent: electron-hole pair production by gamma or x radiation] (1977)

A deep diode atomic battery is made from a bulk semiconductor crystal containing three-dimensional arrays of columnar and lamellar P-N junctions. The battery is powered by gamma rays and x-ray emission from a radioactive source embedded in the interior of the semiconductor crystal.
Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins – Advances in Synthesis and Supramolecular Chemistry (2008)

Abstract Amphiphilic cyclodextrins represent a new generation of these oligosaccharides, which are well known previously as host molecules in water. Cyclodextrins are now being modified with polar groups, lipophilic groups and conjugates which elaborate further their amphiphilicity and molecular recognition. The resulting amphiphiles are host molecules capable of forming all the assemblies expected of amphiphiles, but showing additional supramolecular properties. Examples of these macrocyclic amphiphiles are by now known that form thermotropic liquid crystals, while lyotropic assemblies include micelles, unimolecular micelles, nanoparticles, monolayers and bilayer vesicles. The assembly properties are modulated by both the lipidic and hydrophilic additions to the original cyclodextrin, however due to the mesomolecular size range substantial changes such as multiple glycosylation can be carried out without disrupting self‐assembly. The assemblies in certain cases show molecular recognition both by the cyclodextrin cavities and by the conjugated groups such as glycosyls. Multiple noncovalent interactions, delivery to biological cells and DNA delivery are among the capabilities of those amphiphilic cyclodextrins that form bilayer vesicles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Self-Powered Sensing System for the Monitoring of Quasi-Static Structural Response (2013)

Many signals of interest in the assessment of structural systems lie in the quasi-static range (frequency ≪ 1Hz). This poses a significant challenge for the development of self-powered sensors that are required not only to monitor these events but also to harvest the energy for sensing, computation and storage from the signal being monitored. This paper combines the use of mechanically-equivalent frequency modulators and piezo-powered threshold detection modules capable of computation and data storage with a total current less than 10nA. The system is able to achieve events counting for input deformations at frequencies lower than 0.1Hz. The used mechanically-equivalent frequency modulators allow the transformation of the low-amplitude and low-rate quasi-static deformations into an amplified input to a piezoelectric transducer. The sudden transitions in unstable mode branch switching, during the elastic postbuckling response of slender columns and plates, are used to generate high-rate deformations. Experimental results show that an oscillating semi-crystalline plastic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), attached to the up-converting modules, is able to generate a harvestable energy at levels between 0.8μJ to 2μJ. In this work, we show that a linear injection response of our combined frequency up-converter / piezo-floating-gate sensing system can be used for self-powered measurement and recording of quasi-static deformations levels. The experimental results demonstrate that a sensor fabricated in a 0.5-μm CMOS technology can count and record the number of quasi-static input events, while operating at a power level significantly lower than 1μW.
Electromechanical Energy Scavenger for Automotive Tires (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents a multi-physic modeling of an electromechanical energy scavenging device able to supply energy inside car tires for wireless sensors. A permanent magnet, connected to the inner liner of a tire, is accelerated along a guide by the tire deformation during car motion; by interacting with coils it generates a power which is conditioned by a proper electronic interfaced to an external load. The original approach implemented in this kind of device is the nonlinear dynamic properties designed and controlled: adaptive resonance in function of car velocity is optimized for increasing its global efficiency. The energy conversion process takes into account the simulation of different phenomena such as: non linear dynamic and adaptive resonant behavior of the seismic mass, electromagnetic and magneto-static coupling between moving mass and coils, transfer of the generated power to an external load by means of a nonlinear circuit interface. An integrated model of the cascaded energy steps is developed inside the Simulink/Stateflow environment. A good agreement is found in the comparison between theoretical model and experiments conducted on prototypes produced by means of drawings directly obtained from 3D CAD models. To compare these results to other energy harvesting devices found in Literature, the same device adapted with symmetric configuration is derived. Empirical formulas to measure efficiency are evaluated for this device and compared with Literature results. The accurate modeling of the energy conversion device is a breakthrough in the modeling of these kinds of devices and allows to reach interesting power/volume ratios: small dimensions (about one cubic centimeter) and relatively high power output (more than one milliwatt).</div></div>
INTERLEUKIN 6 AND INTERFERON-?? GENE EXPRESSION IN LUNG TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS WITH REFRACTORY ACUTE CELLULAR REJECTION (1997)

IL-6 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression from BAL cells was highest in those recipients with refractory histologic acute rejection. ACsA was associated with decreased IFN-gamma and IL-6 gene expression in BAL cells and PBL.
The CD225 Domain of IFITM3 Is Required for both IFITM Protein Association and Inhibition of Influenza A Virus and Dengue Virus Replication (2013)

The interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) gene is an interferon-stimulated gene that inhibits the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses in vitro and in vivo. IFITM3 is a member of a large protein superfamily, whose members share a functionally undefined area of high amino acid conservation, the CD225 domain. We performed mutational analyses of IFITM3 and identified multiple residues within the CD225 domain, consisting of the first intramembrane domain (intramembrane domain 1 [IM1]) and a conserved intracellular loop (CIL), that are required for restriction of both influenza A virus (IAV) and dengue virus (DENV) infection in vitro. Two phenylalanines within IM1 (F75 and F78) also mediate a physical association between IFITM proteins, and the loss of this interaction decreases IFITM3-mediated restriction. By extension, similar IM1-mediated associations may contribute to the functions of additional members of the CD225 domain family. IFITM3's distal N-terminal domain is also needed for full antiviral activity, including a tyrosine (Y20), whose alteration results in mislocalization of a portion of IFITM3 to the cell periphery and surface. Comparative analyses demonstrate that similar molecular determinants are needed for IFITM3's restriction of both IAV and DENV. However, a portion of the CIL including Y99 and R87 is preferentially needed for inhibition of the orthomyxovirus. Several IFITM3 proteins engineered with rare single-nucleotide polymorphisms demonstrated reduced expression or mislocalization, and these events were associated with enhanced viral replication in vitro, suggesting that possessing such alleles may impact an individual's risk for viral infection. On the basis of this and other data, we propose a model for IFITM3-mediated restriction.
Gas Tag Identification of Failed Reactor Assemblies—III. Tag Ratios for the Fast Flux Test Facility Cores I through IV (1976)

Gas tagging consists of adding small amounts of gas with a unique isotopic composition for each assembly to nuclear reactor fuel and control assemblies. During subsequent irradiation, when any pin of an assembly fails, the tag gas released along with other gas from the pin plenum enables location of the defective assembly by a mass spectrometric analysis of a sample of the reactor cover gas. The general procedure presented for the design of a gas tag system has been used to produce three designs for the gas ratios for Cores I through IV of the Fast Flux Test Facility. The designs are compared with and without “age tagging,” the use of information from tag gas burnup to help discriminate between failures of different assemblies. A few comments included on the operation of a gas tag system help ensure that the system will operate within the assumptions made in the design of the gas tag ratios.
Metamaterials and their THz applications (2007)

We present experimental results of metamaterials operating at terahertz and mm-wave frequencies. Metamaterials consist of a single layer of 200nm thick gold on a doped or undoped semiconducting substrate. By optical and electronic doping of supporting semiconducting substrates we show external control of planar arrays of metamaterials, characterized with terahertz time domain spectroscopy. Both methods yield meta-material / semiconductor devices which can be utilized as switches or modulators, enabling modulation of THz Transmission by 50 percent. Experiments are supported by simulations and results agree well. Because of the universality of metamaterial response over many decades of frequency, these results have implications for other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and will undoubtedly play a key role in future demonstrations of novel high-performance devices.