gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MARS (2013)

Poor posture and incorrect muscle usage are a leading cause of many injuries in sports and fitness. For this reason, non- invasive, fine-grained sensing and monitoring of human motion and muscles is important for mitigating injury and improving fitness efficacy. Current sensing systems either de- pend on invasive techniques or unscalable approaches whose accuracy is highly dependent on body sensor placement. As a result these systems are not suitable for use in active sports or fitness training where sensing needs to be scalable, accurate and un-inhibitive to the activity being performed. We present MARS, a system that detects both body motion and individual muscle group activity during physical human activity by only using unobtrusive, non-invasive in- ertial sensors. MARS not only accurately senses and recreates human motion down to the muscles, but also allows for fast personalized system setup by determining the individual identities of the instrumented muscles, obtained with minimal system training. In a real world human study con- ducted to evaluate MARS, the system achieves greater than 95% accuracy in identifying muscle groups.
A light emitting diode based photoelectrochemical screener for distributed combinatorial materials discovery (2011)

Combinatorial approaches for targeted discovery of new materials require rapid screening systems to evaluate large numbers of new material compositions. High-throughput combinatorial materials discovery is a capital-intensive undertaking requiring sophisticated robotic sample preparation and rapid screening assays. A distributed approach to combinatorial materials discovery can achieve similar goals by increasing the breadth of participation and reducing the size of the capital investment. The discovery of new photoactive materials for solar fuels production demands a screening device to probe materials for electrochemical current production upon irradiation with visible light. We have developed a system that uses an array of pulsed light-emitting diodes (LEDs) synchronized with a two-electrode potentiostat that can measure the photoelectrochemical responses of combinatorial sample arrays deposited on conducting glass plates. Compared to raster scanning methods, this LED system trades spatial resolution for a substantial reduction in scan time.
Design and Synthesis of New Hybrid Molecules That Activate the Transcription Factor Nrf2 and Simultaneously Release Carbon Monoxide (2014)

The transcription factor Nrf2 and its downstream target heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) are essential protective systems against oxidative stress and inflammation. The products of HO-1 enzymatic activity, biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO), actively contribute to this protection, suggesting that exploitation of these cellular systems may offer new therapeutic avenues in a variety of diseases. Starting from a CO-releasing compound and a chemical scaffold exhibiting electrophilic characteristics (esters of fumaric acid), we report the synthesis of hybrid molecules that simultaneously activate Nrf2 and liberate CO. These hybrid compounds, which we termed "HYCOs", release CO to myoglobin and activate the CO-sensitive fluorescent probe COP-1, while also potently inducing nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression and activity in different cell types. Thus, we provide here the first example of a new class of pharmacologically active molecules that target the HO-1 pathway by combining an Nrf2 activator coordinated to a CO-releasing group.
Aerobic Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> PB2 and by Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase (1998)

Enterobacter cloacae PB2 was originally isolated on the basis of its ability to utilize nitrate esters, such as pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and glycerol trinitrate, as the sole nitrogen source for growth. The enzyme responsible is an NADPH-dependent reductase designated PETN reductase. E. cloacae PB2 was found to be capable of slow aerobic growth with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) as the sole nitrogen source. Dinitrotoluenes were not produced and could not be used as nitrogen sources. Purified PETN reductase was found to reduce TNT to its hydride-Meisenheimer complex, which was further reduced to the dihydride-Meisenheimer complex. Purified PETN reductase and recombinant Escherichia coli expressing PETN reductase were able to liberate nitrogen as nitrite from TNT. The ability to remove nitrogen from TNT suggests that PB2 or recombinant organisms expressing PETN reductase may be useful for bioremediation of TNT-contaminated soil and water.
Simulation of substrate currents (2003)

Recently a new approach was presented to determine the high-frequency response of on-chip passive components and interconnects. The method solves the electric scalar and magnetic vector potentials in a prescribed gauge. The latter one is included by introducing an additional independent scalar field, whose field equation needs to be solved. This additional field is a mathematical aid that allows for the construction of a gauge-conditioned, regular matrix representation of the curl-curl operator acting on edge elements. This paper reports on the convergence properties of the new method and shows the first results of this new calculation scheme for VLSI-based structures at high frequencies. The high-frequent behavior of the substrate current, the skin effect and current crowding is evaluated.
Magneto-Optical Devices for Optical Integrated Circuits (2010)

Magneto-optical materials have two unique properties, which make them important for a variety of optical applications. The first property is non-reciprocity. The time inverse symmetry is broken in magneto-optical materials. Therefore, properties of magneto-optical materials are different for two opposite directions of light propagation and optical nonreciprocal devices like the optical isolator and the optical circulator can be fabricated only by utilizing magneto-optical materials. The second important property of the magneto-optical materials is a memory function. If the material is ferromagnetic, the data can be memorized by means of two opposite directions of the residual magnetization. Both the reading and writing of such memory can be done by magneto-optical effect. The optical isolator is an important component of optical networks. It is transparent in one direction and blocks light in opposite direction. Due to the imperfect matching between optical components in the network, the unwanted back reflection always exists and it severely disturbs the network performance. To avoid this, the optical components have to be protected by an optical isolator. Also, the isolator is important to cut the back-travelling amplified spontaneous emission in the case of serially-connected amplifiers. Today there is a big demand to integrate all optical components into an opto-electronics chip. In fact, the isolator is one of few components, which have not yet been integrated into commercial chips. It is because of difficulties to integrate magneto-optical materials into a semiconductor-made chip. To solve this, we proposed to use (Cd,Mn)Te as a magnetooptical material for such isolator. The (Cd,Mn)Te exhibits a huge Faraday effect and can be grown on a semiconductor substrate. For (Cd,Mn)Te waveguide grown on GaAs substrate we achieved a high Faraday rotation of 2000 deg/cm, a high isolation ratio of 27 dB, a low optical loss of 0.5 dB/cm, and a high magneto-optical figure-of-merit of 2000 deg/dB/kG in a wide 25-nm wavelength range These values meet or exceed similar values of commercial discrete isolators. We predicted theoretically This effect can be utilized for new designs of waveguide optical isolator. Because the structure of this isolator is similar to that of laser diode, such a design is beneficial for the integration. The bistable laser diode with non-reciprocal amplifier was proposed to be used for high-speed optical logic (Zayets & Ando, 2001).
Tracking speech-presence uncertainty to improve speech enhancement in non-stationary noise environments (1999)

Speech enhancement algorithms which are based on estimating the short-time spectral amplitude of the clean speech have better performance when a soft-decision gain modification, depending on the a priori probability of speech absence, is used. In reported works a fixed probability, q, is assumed. Since speech is non-stationary and may not be present in every frequency bin when voiced, we propose a method for estimating distinct values of q for different bins which are tracked in time. The estimation is based on a decision-theoretic approach for setting a threshold in each bin followed by short-time averaging. The estimated q's are used to control both the gain and the update of the estimated noise spectrum during speech presence in a modified MMSE log-spectral amplitude estimator. Subjective tests resulted in higher scores than for the IS-127 standard enhancement algorithm, when pre-processing noisy speech for a coding application.
Increasing efficiency of high numerical aperture metasurfaces using the\n grating averaging technique (2020)

One of the important advantages of optical metasurfaces over conventional\ndiffractive optical elements is their capability to efficiently deflect light\nby large angles. However, metasurfaces are conventionally designed using\napproaches that are optimal for small deflection angles and their performance\nfor designing high numerical aperture devices is not well quantified. Here we\nintroduce and apply a technique for the estimation of the efficiency of high\nnumerical aperture metasurfaces. The technique is based on a particular\ncoherent averaging of diffraction coefficients of periodic blazed gratings and\ncan be used to compare the performance of different metasurface designs in\nimplementing high numerical aperture devices. Unlike optimization-based methods\nthat rely on full-wave simulations and are only practicable in designing small\nmetasurfaces, the gradient averaging technique allows for the design of\narbitrarily large metasurfaces. Using this technique, we identify an\nunconventional metasurface design and experimentally demonstrate a metalens\nwith a numerical aperture of 0.78 and a measured focusing efficiency of 77%.\nThe grating averaging is a versatile technique applicable to many types of\ngradient metasurfaces, thus enabling highly efficient metasurface components\nand systems.\n
General Minifrac Analysis for Heterogeneous Formation Including Spurt Loss (1990)

Abstract Conventional minifrac analysis assumes the presence of a homogeneous formation and an ideal formation/fluid system. These conditions usually lead to a leakoff rate that is inversely proportional to (time)1/2. This paper shows that in heterogeneous formations, such as naturally fractured formations, leakoff rate can be better modeled as being inversely proportional to (time) where n is named l·eakof f exponent. It is also theorized that many formation/fluid systems will exhibit a leakoff exponent different from 0.5. This paper presents methods for determining this l·eakoff exponent. It also considers the effect of spurt loss on minifrac analysis and suggests a method for determining same. In addition, the paper discusses determination of closure pressure and time.
Oligodeoxyribonucleotide-Based Antagonists for Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 9 (2008)

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as TLR9 agonists. In this study, we evaluated oligonucleotides containing an unmethylated CpG motif in which two nucleotides adjacent to the CpG dinucleotide were substituted with 2'-O-methylribonucleotides, resulting in TLR7 and TLR9 antagonists. In mouse and human cell cultures, antagonists did not stimulate immune activation but inhibited TLR7 and TLR9 agonist-induced activity. In mice, antagonists inhibited immune responses induced by TLR9 agonists for up to several days, and the inhibition was dose-dependent. Antagonists also inhibited immune responses induced by an RNA-based TLR7/8 agonist but not TLRs 2, 3, 4, or 5 agonists in mice. Additionally, antagonist inhibited TLR9 agonist-induced IL-6 in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mouse spleen cell cultures. These results indicate that antagonists described herein can suppress immune responses induced by TLR7 and TLR9 agonists. Antagonists may be suitable candidates for treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases where inappropriate or uncontrolled TLR activation has been implicated.
Novel 45-Kilodalton Leptospiral Protein That Is Processed to a 31-Kilodalton Growth-Phase-Regulated Peripheral Membrane Protein (2002)

Leptospiral protein antigens are of interest as potential virulence factors and as candidate serodiagnostic and immunoprotective reagents. We identified leptospiral protein antigens by screening a genomic expression library with serum from a rabbit hyperimmunized with formalin-killed, virulent Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. Genes expressing known outer membrane lipoproteins LipL32 and LipL41, the heat shock protein GroEL, and the alpha, beta, and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase were isolated from the library. In addition, a new leptospiral gene that in Escherichia coli expressed a 45-kDa antigen with an amino-terminal signal peptide followed by the spirochetal lipobox Val(-4)-Phe(-3)-Asn(-2)-Ala(-1) (downward arrow)Cys(+1) was isolated. We designated this putative lipoprotein LipL45. Immunoblot analysis of a panel of Leptospira strains probed with LipL45 antiserum demonstrated that many low-passage strains expressed LipL45. In contrast, LipL45 was not detected in high-passage, culture-attenuated strains, suggesting that LipL45 is a virulence-associated protein. In addition, all leptospiral strains tested, irrespective of culture passage, expressed a 31-kDa antigen that was recognized by LipL45 antiserum. Southern blot and peptide mapping studies indicated that this 31-kDa antigen was derived from the carboxy terminus of LipL45; therefore, it was designated P31(LipL45). Membrane fractionation studies demonstrated that P31(LipL45) is a peripheral membrane protein. Finally, we found that P31(LipL45) levels increased as Leptospira entered the stationary phase, indicating that P31(LipL45) levels were regulated. Hamsters infected with L. kirschneri formed an antibody response to LipL45, indicating that LipL45 was expressed during infection. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry of kidneys from infected hamsters indicated that LipL45 was expressed by L. kirschneri that colonized the renal tubule. These observations suggest that expression of LipL45 responds to environmental cues, including those encountered during infection of a mammalian host.
Abstract 13789: Developing Xeno-Free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Construct for Regeneration Therapy Using a Rat Myocardial Infarction Model (2015)

Background: Use of induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is promising to establish cardiac regenerative medicine in clinical arena; however, safety is concerned by regulatory scientific view, including use of xeno-biological materials for production of the graft. We have explored synthetic small molecules, KY, instead of standard xeno-materials to induce cardiomyogenic differentiation, such as BMP4, Activin A or insulin. We herein studied therapeutic efficacy of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) generated by xeno-free condition on chronic myocardial infarction (MI) in rat. Methods: Lentivirus vector carrying Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4 was transfected in human dermal fibroblasts to establish hiPSC cell-line. KY was added to the hiPSCs, which displayed 80±10%-positivity in cardiac-troponin T. Scaffold-free cardiac graft was produced by hiPSC-CMs that were cultured in thermoresponsive dishes, and transplanted over the cardiac surface of athymic nude rats that were subjected to left coronary artery ligation 2 weeks prior to the treatment, or sham operation was performed. Results: Echocardiographically, ejection fraction recovered after the treatment in the hiPSC-CM group (48±4% at baseline, 55±4% at 1 week, 55±4% at 2 weeks, and 56±3% at 4 weeks), whereas the sham group showed gradual reduction in ejection fraction (46±5% at baseline, 42±5% at 1 week, 38±4% at 2 weeks, and 34±6% at 4 weeks). Immunohistochemistry showed that cardiac-troponin T and human nuclear antigen double positive-hiPSC-CMs were present in the lateral cardiac surface in the hiPSC-CM hearts. In the hiPSC-CM group, collagen fibers significantly decreased in the infarct-border and remote areas (p<0.01 and p<0.01, respectively). CD31-positve capillary number in the infarct-border area was significantly greater in the hiPSC-CM group (p<0.01) than the sham group. Conclusion: Transplantation of scaffold-free human iPSC-CMs grafts produced by xeno-free synthetic small molecules was effective on rat chronic MI heart, warranting further studies to optimize production of iPSC-based artificial cardiac graft for cardiac regeneration therapy.
Strategies for Problem Determination using Probing (2002)

Abstract—As distributed systems continue to grow in size and complexity, scalable and cost-efficient techniques are needed for performing tasks such as problem determination and fault diagnosis. In this paper, we address these tasks using probes, or test transactions, which replace traditional “passive ” event-correlation techniques with a more active, real-time information-gathering approach. We provide a the-oretical foundation and a set of practical techniques for im-plementing efficient probing strategies- the main issue is minimizing the cost of probing while maximizing the diag-nostic accuracy of the probe set. We show that finding an optimal probe set is NP-hard and devise polynomial-time ap-proximation algorithms that demonstrate excellent empirical performance, even on large networks. We also implement an active, on-line probing strategy that yields a significant re-duction in the probe set size. I.
Photonic RF Repeaters for Broadband Telecom Satellites: System Demonstration and Test Results (2018)

This paper presents the main achievements in the development of photonic RF payload solutions for telecommunication satellites based on Optical Multi-LO frequency Conversion (OMC), and the related experimental results. Down-scaled models of these solutions were developed and experimentally assessed in a representative temperature environment. The end-to-end RF performance as achieved in test campaigns are reported.
Improving loading and unloading transient response of a voltage regulator module using a load-side auxiliary gyrator circuit (2015)

This paper introduces a new voltage regulator module (VRM) that hybrids a highly efficient switched-inductor converter as the main unit with a loadside switched-capacitor based converter to assist during load transient events. The resulting hybrid-VRM exhibits improved dynamic performance for both loading and unloading transient events, while maintaining a compact design with reduced stress of the components. The hybrid controller that has been developed allows operation based on output voltage measurement alone, further reducing the circuit complexity. The operation of the VRM is verified on a 30W, 12V-to-1.5V prototype, demonstrating a near-ideal transient recovery.
Biological effects of simple changes in functionality on rhodium metalloinsertors (2013)

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is crucial to ensuring the fidelity of the genome. The inability to correct single base mismatches leads to elevated mutation rates and carcinogenesis. Using metalloinsertors-bulky metal complexes that bind with high specificity to mismatched sites in the DNA duplex-our laboratory has adopted a new chemotherapeutic strategy through the selective targeting of MMR-deficient cells, that is, those that have a propensity for cancerous transformation. Rhodium metalloinsertors display inhibitory effects selectively in cells that are deficient in the MMR machinery, consistent with this strategy. However, a highly sensitive structure-function relationship is emerging with the development of new complexes that highlights the importance of subcellular localization. We have found that small structural modifications, for example a hydroxyl versus a methyl functional group, can yield profound differences in biological function. Despite similar binding affinities and selectivities for DNA mismatches, only one metalloinsertor shows selective inhibition of cellular proliferation in MMR-deficient versus -proficient cells. Studies of whole-cell, nuclear and mitochondrial uptake reveal that this selectivity depends upon targeting DNA mismatches in the cell nucleus.
Synopsis of Partial-Body Radiation Diagnostic Biomarkers and Medical Management of Radiation Injury Workshop (2010)

Radiation exposures from accidents, nuclear detonations or terrorist incidents are unlikely to be homogeneous; however, current biodosimetric approaches are developed and validated primarily in whole-body irradiation models. A workshop was held at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute in May 2008 to draw attention to the need for partial-body biodosimetry, to discuss current knowledge, and to identify the gaps to be filled. A panel of international experts and the workshop attendees discussed the requirements and concepts for a path forward. This report addresses eight key areas identified by the Workshop Program Committee for future focus: (1) improved cytogenetics, (2) clinical signs and symptoms, (3) cutaneous bioindicators, (4) organ-specific biomarkers, (5) biophysical markers of dose, (6) integrated diagnostic approaches, (7) confounding factors, and (8) requirements for post-event medical follow-up. For each area, the status, advantages and limitations of existing approaches and suggestions for new directions are presented.
The Wnt Antagonist Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein-1 Is a Negative Regulator of Trabecular Bone Formation in Adult Mice (2004)

Previous studies have associated activation of canonical Wnt signaling in osteoblasts with elevated bone formation. Here we report that deletion of the murine Wnt antagonist, secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP)-1, prolongs and enhances trabecular bone accrual in adult animals. sFRP-1 mRNA was expressed in bones and other tissues of +/+ mice but was not observed in -/- animals. Despite its broad tissue distribution, ablation of sFRP-1 did not affect blood and urine chemistries, most nonskeletal organs, or cortical bone. However, sFRP-1-/- mice exhibited increased trabecular bone mineral density, volume, and mineral apposition rate when compared with +/+ controls. The heightened trabecular bone mass of sFRP-1-/- mice was observed in adult animals between the ages of 13-52 wk, occurred in multiple skeletal sites, and was seen in both sexes. Mechanistically, loss of sFRP-1 reduced osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis in vivo. In addition, deletion of sFRP-1 inhibited osteoblast lineage cell apoptosis while enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of these cells in vitro. Ablation of sFRP-1 also increased osteoclastogenesis in vitro, although changes in bone resorption were not observed in intact animals in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that deletion of sFRP-1 preferentially activates Wnt signaling in osteoblasts, leading to enhanced trabecular bone formation in adults.