gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controller re-specification to minimize switching activity in controller/data path circuits (1996)

This paper proposes a controller-based technique for minimizing switching activity in controller/data path circuits. Though the control signals in a register transfer level (RTL) implementation are fully specified, they can be respecified under certain states/conditions when the data path components that they control need not be active. Unlike techniques that insert extra circuitry like transparent latches, controller re-specification is a low-overhead technique that merely reconfigures existing multiplexer networks and functional units to minimize activity in the data path. Hence, it is well suited to control-flow intensive designs, where power consumption in multiplexer networks forms a major component of the total power consumption. Our controller re-specification algorithm consists of constructing an activity graph for each data path component, identifying conditions under which the component need not be active, and re-labeling the activity graph resulting in re-specification of the corresponding control expressions. Application of the proposed technique to several RTL circuits demonstrated the ability to reduce the total (controller+data path) power consumption by up to 51.8% compared to the initial area-optimized implementations, with nominal area and delay overheads.
Wireless multihop network implements reactive routing protocol to enable nodes to continuously adapt resource in response to topology change, so as to optimize performance of connection between source node and destination node. (2003)

NOVELTY - A multihop network implements a reactive routing protocol, for enabling nodes to continuously adapt resources in response to a topology change, so as to optimize the performance of a connection between source node and destination node. USE - Wireless multihop network including nodes such as laptop computer, mobile phone and personal digital assistant (PDA). ADVANTAGE - Enables optimizing the performance of the connection between the source node and the destination node reliably. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for the following: (1) performance optimization method; and (2) node within wireless multihop network. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a flow chart explaining the performance optimization method.
Approximate Message Passing Algorithm With Universal Denoising and Gaussian Mixture Learning (2016)

We study compressed sensing (CS) signal reconstruction problems where an input signal is measured via matrix multiplication under additive white Gaussian noise. Our signals are assumed to be stationary and ergodic, but the input statistics are unknown; the goal is to provide reconstruction algorithms that are universal to the input statistics. We present a novel algorithmic framework that combines: 1) the approximate message passing CS reconstruction framework, which solves the matrix channel recovery problem by iterative scalar channel denoising; 2) a universal denoising scheme based on context quantization, which partitions the stationary ergodic signal denoising into independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) subsequence denoising; and 3) a density estimation approach that approximates the probability distribution of an i.i.d. sequence by fitting a Gaussian mixture (GM) model. In addition to the algorithmic framework, we provide three contributions: 1) numerical results showing that state evolution holds for nonseparable Bayesian sliding-window denoisers; 2) an i.i.d. denoiser based on a modified GM learning algorithm; and 3) a universal denoiser that does not need information about the range where the input takes values from or require the input signal to be bounded. We provide two implementations of our universal CS recovery algorithm with one being faster and the other being more accurate. The two implementations compare favorably with existing universal reconstruction algorithms in terms of both reconstruction quality and runtime.
Digital microfluidic assay for protein detection (2014)

Global studies of the human proteome have revealed a plethora of putative protein biomarkers. However, their application for early disease detection remains at a standstill without suitable methods to realize their utility in the clinical setting. There thus continues to be tremendous interest in developing new technology for sensitive protein detection that is both low in cost and carries a small footprint to be able to be used at the point of care. The current gold standard method for protein biomarker detection is the ELISA, which measures protein abundance using bulky fluorescent scanners that lack portability. Here, we present a digital microfluidic platform for protein biomarker detection that is low in cost compared with standard optical detection methods, without any compromise in sensitivity. This platform furthermore makes use of simple electronics, enabling its translation into a portable handheld device, and has been developed in a manner that can easily be adapted to assay different types of proteomic biomarkers. We demonstrate its utility in quantifying not only protein abundance, but also activity. Interleukin-6 abundance could be assayed from concentrations as low as 50 pM (an order of magnitude lower than that detectable by a comparable laboratory designed ELISA) using less than 5 μL of sample, and Abelson tyrosine kinase activity was detectable in samples containing 100 pM of kinase.
A fast method for training support vector machines with a very large set of linear features (2003)

Current systems for object detection often use support vector machines (SVM) as the basic classification algorithm. A rather common case is to compute a small set of linear features and then train the classifier on these features. We present a fast method to train and evaluate SVM with many linear features and show results for face detection using a set of 210400 features. The resulting classifier is both more accurate and faster than a classifier trained on raw pixel features, which total up only to 576 features in our case.
Use of a dielectric stack as a one-dimensional photonic crystal for wavelength demultiplexing by beam shifting (2000)

We demonstrate the use of a 30-period dielectric stack structure as a highly dispersive device to spatially separate two beams with a 4-nm wavelength difference by more than their beam width. Unlike previous devices, our structure is simple to fabricate and relatively compact. We discuss possible applications of our device within wavelength-division multiplexing systems.
A New Common Polysaccharide Antigen of Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Detected with a Monoclonal Antibody (1985)

A monoclonal antibody, E87, that binds to various serotype strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was produced by a hybridoma cell line prepared by fusion of mouse plasmacytoma P3-X63-Ag8-U1 with spleen cells of mice immunized with P. aeruginosa strain IFO3080 (serotype M). E87 bound to approximately 80% of the tested strains of various serotypes of P. aeruginosa. The antigen recognized with E87 was found in the lipopolysaccharide and was eluted in void volume fractions of Sephadex G50 column chromatography after acetic acid treatment. This antigen was eluted in the fraction containing substances of lower molecular weight than the O side chain by Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography, and this fraction was found to be the peak fraction of hexose. This antigen was not separated from the O side chain by Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography of untreated lipopolysaccharide. Colorimetric analyses and thin-layer chromatography showed that this antigen consisted mainly of rhamnose and ribose (molar ratio, 10:1).
Development of safflower protein (1979)

Abstract Development of safflower protein and safflower protein isolate (SPI) containing as high as 95% protein (N×5.3) is described. SPI exhibits favorable nitrogen solubility, foaming, and bread‐baking properties. Composition of SPI and select functional properties may be altered by the choice of pH used to precipitate the extracted protein (5 or 6). PER of SPI (1.26) was increased to as high as 2.13 by the addition of L‐lysine at levels of 0.75% of the diet. Theoretical estimates of production costs for SPI are similar to estimates for soy protein isolate. SPI has been evaluated experimentally in pastas, baked products, and beverage systems. Nutritional and functional properties indicate that SPI has promising potential as either a protein fortificant and/or a functional ingredient in various foods.
Separation of SSR Signals by Array Processing in Multilateration Systems (2009)

Location and identification of cooperating aircraft in the airport area (and beyond) may be implemented by multilateration (MLAT) systems using the secondary surveillance radar (SSR) mode S signals. Most of these signals, spontaneously emitted from on-board mode S transponders at a fixed carrier frequency, arrive randomly at the receiving station, as well as many mode A/C replies from legacy transponders still in use. Several SSR signals are, then, overlapped in multiple aircraft situations. Therefore, the aim of this work is the separation of overlapped SSR signals, i.e., signals superimposed in time at receiving stations. We improve the MLAT receiving station by replacing the single antenna by an array of m elements and using array signal processing techniques. In the literature, several algorithms address the general source separation problem, but a very few of them are specifically designed for a mixture of overlapping SSR replies. Unfortunately, all of them have either some shortcomings, or an expensive computational cost, or no simple practical implementation. In this paper, we use the time sparsity property of the sources to propose more reliable, simpler, and more effective algorithms based on projection techniques to separate multiple SSR signals. Real recorded signals in a live environment are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Boosting radiotherapy dose calculation accuracy with deep learning (2020)

In radiotherapy, a trade-off exists between computational workload/speed and dose calculation accuracy. Calculation methods like pencil-beam convolution can be much faster than Monte-Carlo methods, but less accurate. The dose difference, mostly caused by inhomogeneities and electronic disequilibrium, is highly correlated with the dose distribution and the underlying anatomical tissue density. We hypothesize that a conversion scheme can be established to boost low-accuracy doses to high-accuracy, using intensity information obtained from computed tomography (CT) images. A deep learning-driven framework was developed to test the hypothesis by converting between two commercially-available dose calculation methods: AAA (anisotropic-analytic-algorithm) and AXB (Acuros XB).A hierarchically-dense U-Net model was developed to boost the accuracy of AAA dose towards the AXB level. The network contained multiple layers of varying feature sizes to learn their dose differences, in relationship to CT, both locally and globally. AAA and AXB doses were calculated in pairs for 120 lung radiotherapy plans covering various treatment techniques, beam energies, tumor locations, and dose levels.
Purification and Characterization of Acylation Stimulating Protein (1989)

We have purified to homogeneity and analyzed the amino acid composition of a small (Mr 14,000), basic (pI 9.0) protein from human plasma. This has been named acylation stimulating protein (ASP) because it markedly stimulates triacylglycerol synthesis in human adipocytes. As well, it stimulates triacylglycerol synthesis in human skin fibroblasts cultured from normal individuals. Characteristic saturation curves for the cell metabolic responses to ASP were observed in both cell types with higher stimulation of oleate incorporation into triacylglycerol being observed in adipocytes. The stimulation of triacylglycerol synthesis was much greater with ASP than with insulin. Neither fatty acid binding protein nor albumin was able to mimic the ASP effect.
Feature Suppression for Physical-layer Security in OFDM Systems (2007)

OFDM symbols carry redundancy due to the cyclic extension employed for providing immunity to multipath distortion. This redundancy can be used for blindly detecting the transmission parameters as well as achieving synchronization to transmitted signal. This paper proposes transmission-level techniques for suppressing physical-layer features of OFDM waveform. Hence, a covert, secure and reliable transmission based on OFDM technique can be achieved. We analyze the effectiveness of the proposed methods by investigating the cyclic autocorrelation function (CAF) of the OFDM waveforms.
A coded-domain video combiner for multipoint continuous presence video conferencing (1997)

This paper presents a coded-domain combining technique which can accommodate up to six users for continuous presence multipoint video conferencing. This technique is based on a group-of-block (GOB) video unit in the H.261 video standard. Three important technical issues including frame rate synchronization, combiner delay accumulation, and potential quality degradation at the GOB boundary, are addressed. A frame rate synchronization scheme is proposed for the coded-domain combiner. It is observed that delay accumulation will not occur at the combiner with the proposed multiplexing strategy. Further, simulation results indicate that the output perceptual quality is very comparable even without special motion search handling at the GOB boundary. This implies that the proposed scheme can be applied to standard terminals. Finally, we demonstrate the viability of this software-based coded-domain combiner for continuous-presence multipoint video conferencing with a fully functional experimental prototype built around a low-cost personal computer.
Sensing Iron: Reciprocal Regulation of Hepcidin mRNA by Soluble and Cell-Associated Hemojuvelin. (2005)

Abstract Human genetic studies identified HJV (also called HFE2) as the major cause for juvenile hemochromatosis (JH). Patients with HJV hemochromatosis have low urinary levels of hepcidin, the principal iron-regulatory hormone secreted by the liver. We attempted to establish the specific roles of HJV in iron metabolism, especially its relationship with hepcidin. Translation of the genomic sequence indicated a C-terminal GPI anchor for the protein product of HJV, hemojuvelin. This suggested that hemojuvelin may have either a soluble or a cell-associated form. In human hepatoma cell line Hep3B, knockdown of cellular HJV by siRNA decreased hepcidin expression, independently of the IL-6 pathway. Intriguingly, the addition of recombinant soluble hemojuvelin (rs-hemojuvelin) also suppressed hepcidin expression in primary human hepatocytes, in a log-linear dose-dependent manner, suggesting competition between soluble and cell-associated forms of hemojuvelin. Soluble hemojuvelin was found in human sera at concentrations similar to those required to suppress hepcidin mRNA in vitro. In cells engineered to express hemojuvelin, soluble hemojuvelin release was progressively inhibited by increasing iron or holotransferrin concentrations. Our study suggests that soluble and cell-associated hemojuvelin reciprocally regulate hepcidin mRNA levels, and that hemojuvelin may serve as a molecular messenger for iron homeostasis. Even in hepatocytes stimulated with IL-6, we observed strong suppression of hepcidin mRNA by rs-hemojuvelin. If rs-hemojuvelin or its active fragments also suppress hepcidin production in vivo, they could be used to alleviate anemia of inflammation.
Electrically tunable selective reflection of light by heliconical cholesteric structures (Presentation Recording) (2015)

Cholesteric liquid crystals with helicoidal molecular architecture are known for their ability to selectively reflect light with the wavelength that is determined by the periodicity of molecular orientations. Resulting interference colors are highly saturated, they add like colored lights and produce a color gamut greater than that obtained with inks, dyes, and pigments. The periodicity of the helical structure and thus the wavelength of the reflected light can be controlled by chemical composition and sometimes by temperature, but tuning with the electric field has been so far elusive. Here we demonstrate that by using a cholesteric with oblique helicoidal (heliconical) structure, as opposed to the classic “right-angle” helicoid, one can vary the wavelength of selectively reflected light in a broad spectral range, by simply adjusting the electric field applied parallel to the helicoidal axis. The effect can enable many applications that require dynamically controlled transmission and reflection of light, from energy-saving smart windows to tunable organic lasers, and transparent “see-through” displays. Since the material is non-absorbing and transparent everywhere except the electrically preselected reflection band, the effect can be used in creating multilayered structures with a dynamic additive mixture of colors.
Accelerating Monte Carlo simulations of radiation therapy dose distributions using wavelet threshold de‐noising (2002)

The Monte Carlo dose calculation method works by simulating individual energetic photons or electrons as they traverse a digital representation of the patient anatomy. However, Monte Carlo results fluctuate until a large number of particles are simulated. We propose wavelet threshold de-noising as a postprocessing step to accelerate convergence of Monte Carlo dose calculations. A sampled rough function (such as Monte Carlo noise) gives wavelet transform coefficients which are more nearly equal in amplitude than those of a sampled smooth function. Wavelet hard-threshold de-noising sets to zero those wavelet coefficients which fall below a threshold; the image is then reconstructed. We implemented the computationally efficient 9,7-biorthogonal filters in the C language. Transform results were averaged over transform origin selections to reduce artifacts. A method for selecting best threshold values is described. The algorithm requires about 336 floating point arithmetic operations per dose grid point. We applied wavelet threshold de-noising to two two-dimensional dose distributions: a dose distribution generated by 10 MeV electrons incident on a water phantom with a step-heterogeneity, and a slice from a lung heterogeneity phantom. Dose distributions were simulated using the Integrated Tiger Series Monte Carlo code. We studied threshold selection, resulting dose image smoothness, and resulting dose image accuracy as a function of the number of source particles. For both phantoms, with a suitable value of the threshold parameter, voxel-to-voxel noise was suppressed with little introduction of bias. The roughness of wavelet de-noised dose distributions (according to a Laplacian metric) was nearly independent of the number of source electrons, though the accuracy of the de-noised dose image improved with increasing numbers of source electrons. We conclude that wavelet shrinkage de-noising is a promising method for effectively accelerating Monte Carlo dose calculations by factors of 2 or more.
A Systematic Approach for Machining Process Improvement (2001)

Abstract Vibrations and other signals have been used in machine condition monitoring to improve equipment maintenance practices in high volume production environments. Typically, the signals are obtained with the equipment running at steady speeds under idle conditions. However, evaluation of the performance characteristics of the machining process under actual machining conditions can provide critical information for identifying shortcomings of the process, and/or opportunities for design modification in the process. A systematic approach incorporating vibration and dynamic stiffness measurements at critical locations in machining processes, along with the use of upfront design tools, has been presented to improve the performance reliability of machining processes. Application of this approach has resulted in the development of investment efficient machining processes that provide consistent quality performance on the plant floor.
Natural Product Disaccharide Engineering through Tandem Glycosyltransferase Catalysis Reversibility and Neoglycosylation (2012)

A two-step strategy for disaccharide modulation using vancomycin as a model is reported. The strategy relies upon a glycosyltransferase-catalyzed 'reverse' reaction to enable the facile attachment of an alkoxyamine-bearing sugar to the vancomycin core. Neoglycosylation of the corresponding aglycon led to a novel set of vancomycin 1,6-disaccharide variants. While the in vitro antibacterial properties of corresponding vancomycin 1,6-disaccharide analogs were equipotent to the parent antibiotic, the chemoenzymatic method presented is expected to be broadly applicable.
A semi-automatic system with an iterative learning method for discovering the leading indicators in business processes (2007)

Within Business Intelligence (BI) systems, a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a measurement of how well the organization, or a specific individual or process within that organization, performs an operational, tactical, or strategic activity that is critical for the current and future success of that organization [1]. The leading indicators are one type of KPIs that present key drivers of business value, are predictors of future outcomes, and offer the organization the unique opportunity to positively effect, or properly plan for, the future. Therefore, effective leading indicators are critical to the success of any business organization. However, identifying leading indicators is often non-trivial. It may require months to collect requirements, standardizing definitions and rules, prioritizing metrics, and soliciting feedback, etc. Moreover, because the time shifts between the leading indicators and the corresponding affected lagging indicators are vague and often inconstant for variability of business concerns, the traditional approach depending on domain experts' experiences is labor-intensive and error-prone. In this paper, we propose a semi-automatic system with an iterative learning process for analyzing operational metrics, factoring out the key performance indicators (KPIs) and then further discovering leading indicators. Two case studies are also conducted by applying the proposed methods in the production printing domain. The proposed system has two key differentiations and novelties: (1) the semi-automatic framework simplifies many traditional labor-intensive and error-prone steps by using temporal data mining techniques combined with specific domain knowledge, thus enabling timely access to operational metrics, KPI analysis, and powerful leading indicator discovery; (2) an iterative learning methodology not only continuingly uncovers the "root" leading indicators, but also enables the flexibility and adaptability for metric updates and additional data collection points.
High-efficiency prism light guides with confocal parabolic cross sections (1998)

Prism light guides are often used for transporting and distributing light. Typically such guides are tubular structures lined with a flexible prismatic sheet material that confines light by means of total internal reflection. Inasmuch as the prismatic material is produced as a flat sheet, such guides require at least one seam in formation of the tubular structure, and the optical imperfection associated with seams is often a dominant loss mechanism. We present a new configuration for the cross-sectional shape of a prism light guide that substantially reduces the loss caused by such seams.
Focusing the immune response on the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 induces cross-clade neutralizing (2006)

DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.