gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei: Transcription Factors and Cell Migration from the Rhombic Lip (2006)

The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) are the main output centers of the cerebellum, but little is known about their development. Using transcription factors as cell type-specific markers, we found that DCN neurons in mice are produced in the rhombic lip and migrate rostrally in a subpial stream to the nuclear transitory zone (NTZ). The rhombic lip-derived cells express transcription factors Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1 sequentially as they enter the NTZ. A subset of rhombic lip-derived cells also express reelin, a key regulator of Purkinje cell migrations. In organotypic slice cultures, the rhombic lip was necessary and sufficient to produce cells that migrate in the subpial stream, enter the NTZ, and express Pax6, Tbr2, Tbr1, and reelin. In later stages of development, the subpial stream is replaced by the external granular layer, and the NTZ organizes into distinct DCN nuclei. Tbr1 expression persists to adulthood in a subset of medial DCN projection neurons. In reeler mutant mice, which have a severe cerebellar malformation, rhombic lip-derived cells migrated to the NTZ, despite reelin deficiency. Studies in Tbr1 mutant mice suggested that Tbr1 plays a role in DCN morphogenesis but is not required for reelin expression, glutamatergic differentiation, or the initial formation of efferent axon pathways. Our findings reveal underlying similarities in the transcriptional programs for glutamatergic neuron production in the DCN and the cerebral cortex, and they support a model of cerebellar neurogenesis in which glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are produced from separate progenitor compartments.
National Patterns of Care for Pancreatic Cancer (1996)

BACKGROUND: The Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons conducted a large, national survey to assess methods of diagnosis, American Joint Commission on Cancer staging, treatment, and outcome of patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. STUDY DESIGN: The survey questionnaire contained 160 questions and covered two study periods, 1983 to 1985 and 1990, for time-trend analysis. Nine hundred seventy-eight institutions throughout the United States voluntarily participated, contributing 8917 case reports for 1983 to 1985 and 8025 reports for 1990, resulting in a total of 16,942 patient reports. Most, but not all, of the participating hospitals maintain approval status with the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons. RESULTS: The ratio of male-to-female cases was 1:1. Patient characteristics including age, ethnicity, neighborhood income, type of insurance coverage, and hospital characteristics--including annual caseload and type of facility (e.g., teaching, community)--appeared to influence surgical multimodality treatment patterns. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain. The reported history of smoking for these patients with pancreatic cancer was higher than U.S. population averages. The frequency of using abdominal computed tomography scans, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, carcinoembryonic antigen, and CA 19-9 during patient evaluation all increased. Time trends toward lower operative mortality and more extirpative surgery were reported, as was a slightly higher survival for those patients who were resected surgically. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic cancer continues to be a disease of older patients. There were slight improvements in operative mortality. For a highly selective category of patients, cancer-directed surgery offers a chance for cure with excellent operative mortality and acceptable complication rates, especially when performed in institutions that have a 20 or greater case per year experience.
Universal Material Translator: Towards Spoof Fingerprint Generalization (2019)

Spoof detectors are classifiers that are trained to distinguish spoof fingerprints from bonafide ones. However, state of the art spoof detectors do not generalize well on unseen spoof materials. This study proposes a style transfer based augmentation wrapper that can be used on any existing spoof detector and can dynamically improve the robustness of the spoof detection system on spoof materials for which we have very low data. Our method is an approach for synthesizing new spoof images from a few spoof examples that transfers the style or material properties of the spoof examples to the content of bonafide fingerprints to generate a larger number of examples to train the classifier on. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on materials in the publicly available LivDet 2015 dataset and show that the proposed approach leads to robustness to fingerprint spoofs of the target material.
A new method for preventing CMOS latch-up (1984)

We propose a near method for preventing CMOS latch-up. This method uses a high-energy (MeV), blanket (mask less), boron implant, which reduces the substrate resistance by creating a p-buried layer under the CMOS devices. Since this implant is performed after the n-well drive-in diffusion, the thickness of the lightly doped layer above the implant can be controlled better and scaled more easily. Furthermore, the p to p+ transition region is sharper and, therefore , the suppression of latch-up is more effective than the use of a p-type epilayer on a p+ substrate. Simulations confirm that the increase in holding and critical currents are due to a reduced substrate resistance.
Synthesis of Large-Scale Single-Crystalline Monolayer WS2 Using a Semi-Sealed Method (2018)

As a two-dimensional semiconductor, WS₂ has attracted great attention due to its rich physical properties and potential applications. However, it is still difficult to synthesize monolayer single-crystalline WS₂ at larger scale. Here, we report the growth of large-scale triangular single-crystalline WS₂ with a semi-sealed installation by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Through this method, triangular single-crystalline WS₂ with an average length of more than 300 µm was obtained. The largest one was about 405 μm in length. WS₂ triangles with different sizes and thicknesses were analyzed by optical microscope and atomic force microscope (AFM). Their optical properties were evaluated by Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. This report paves the way to fabricating large-scale single-crystalline monolayer WS₂, which is useful for the growth of high-quality WS₂ and its potential applications in the future.
National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2002 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. (2005)

An estimated 33.7 million inpatients were discharged from non-Federal short-stay hospitals in 2002. They used 164.2 million days of care and had an average length of stay of 4.9 days. Common first-listed discharge diagnoses included delivery, ischemic heart disease, psychoses, pneumonia, and malignant neoplasms. Inpatients had 6.8 million cardiovascular procedures and 6.6 million obstetric procedures. Males had higher rates for cardiac procedures such as cardiac catheterization and coronary artery bypass graft, but males and females had similar rates of pacemaker procedures. The number and rate of all cesarean deliveries, primary and repeat, rose from 1995 to 2002; the rate of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery dropped from 35.5 in 1995 to 15.8 in 2002.
Wave conditions in Start Bay (1975)

Wave refraction computations provide at least a qualitative description of the effects of near-shore sea-bed topography on wave conditions in the breaker zone. For Start Bay the presence of the Skerries Bank is important in that for waves travelling from the NE a considerable degree of focussing occurs. For other incident directions the wave energy is more equitably distributed along the coastline. Inclusion of shoaling effects and, where justified, other shallow effects and, where justified, other shallow water wave phenomena provides a quantitative measure of wave conditions suitable for the prediction of sediment motion but considerable care needs to be taken in the interpretation solutions.
Requirement of a combination of a saturated and an unsaturated free fatty acid and a fatty acid carrier protein for <i>in vitro</i> growth of lymphocytes. (1981)

Two FFA, 1 saturated and 1 unsaturated, and a FFA carrier protein are essential for in vitro growth of Con A-stimulated lymphocytes. Optimal growth was obtained with a combination of palmitic and oleic acid. As carrier proteins, serum albumin and beta-lactoglobulin served equally well. Palmitic and oleic acid could be replaced by other saturated and unsaturated FFA, respectively. The effectiveness of unsaturated FFA was influenced by the chain length, the number of double bonds, and the configuration at the double bond. The position of the double bond appeared to have no effect. 125I-HSA binds to lymphocytes in a specific and nonspecific way. beta-Iac competes with 125I-HSA for the SA-binding sites. The specific binding and the growth supporting ability of SA have a similar dose response.
An ultra-low energy internally analog, externally digital vector-matrix multiplier based on NOR flash memory technology (2018)

Vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) is a core operation in many signal and data processing algorithms. Previous work showed that analog multipliers based on nonvolatile memories have superior energy efficiency as compared to digital counterparts at low-to-medium computing precision. In this paper, we propose extremely energy efficient analog mode VMM circuit with digital input/output interface and configurable precision. Similar to some previous work, the computation is performed by gate-coupled circuit utilizing embedded floating gate (FG) memories. The main novelty of our approach is an ultra-low power sensing circuitry, which is designed based on translinear Gilbert cell in topological combination with a floating resistor and a low-gain amplifier. Additionally, the digital-to-analog input conversion is merged with VMM, while current-mode algorithmic analog-to-digital circuit is employed at the circuit backend. Such implementations of conversion and sensing allow for circuit operation entirely in a current domain, resulting in high performance and energy efficiency. For example, post-layout simulation results for 400×400 5-bit VMM circuit designed in 55 nm process with embedded NOR flash memory, show up to 400 MHz operation, 1.68 POps/J energy efficiency, and 39.45 TOps/mm2 computing throughput. Moreover, the circuit is robust against process-voltage-temperature variations, in part due to inclusion of additional FG cells that are utilized for offset compensation.
Some Applications of Laser-Generated Ultrasound in Metals (1981)

A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser has been used by the authors to generate elastic waves at metal surfaces. As a result of this work, various applications have been highlighted, and are described. These include use as a remote method of acoustic generation for nondestructive evaluation, as a standard acoustic source with excellent repeatibility, and as a method for liquid depth estimation.
What Is Value in Health Care? (2010)

In any field, improving performance and accountability depends on having a shared goal that unites the interests and activities of all stakeholders. In health care, however, stakeholders have myriad, often conflicting goals, including access to services, profitability, high quality, cost containment, safety, convenience, patient-centeredness, and satisfaction. Lack of clarity about goals has led to divergent approaches, gaming of the system, and slow progress in performance improvement.Achieving high value for patients must become the overarching goal of health care delivery, with value defined as the health outcomes achieved per dollar spent.1 This goal is what matters for patients and unites . . .
The ontogeny and distribution of surfactant protein B in human fetuses and newborns. (1992)

The distribution of immunoreactive surfactant-associated protein B (IR-SP-B) was studied immunohistochemically in 120 subjects from 10 weeks of gestation to 7 postnatal months with a polyclonal antibody against human SP-B. Electron microscopy (EM) was done in 72 subjects to document the presence of Type II cells containing lamellar bodies. Fetuses of less than 18 weeks' gestation showed no immunostaining. Beginning at 18 weeks, non-mucous cells of tracheal glands immunostained in a few instances. Fetuses of 19 through 23 weeks showed progressive immunostaining of cells lining terminal airways. Infants 26-40 weeks who died with or without pulmonary pathology showed immunostaining of Type II cells and bronchioloalveolar (BA) portal cells of the respiratory bronchioles. In infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) who died less than 12 days after birth, occasional tracheal gland cells, BA portal cells, and mature and relining Type II cells immunostained. In bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), BA portal cells, relining Type II cells, macrophages, and luminal material immunostained. Occasional tracheal and bronchial gland cells and Clara cells immunostained. The appearance of IR-SP-B at mid-gestation correlated with differentiation of Type II cells. There was good correlation of immunostaining with the presence of lamellar bodies on EM. Accelerated maturation of the lung was often associated with premature rupture of membranes (PROM).
Blind docking of pharmaceutically relevant compounds using RosettaLigand (2009)

It is difficult to properly validate algorithms that dock a small molecule ligand into its protein receptor using data from the public domain: the predictions are not blind because the correct binding mode is already known, and public test cases may not be representative of compounds of interest such as drug leads. Here, we use private data from a real drug discovery program to carry out a blind evaluation of the RosettaLigand docking methodology and find that its performance is on average comparable with that of the best commercially available current small molecule docking programs. The strength of RosettaLigand is the use of the Rosetta sampling methodology to simultaneously optimize protein sidechain, protein backbone and ligand degrees of freedom; the extensive benchmark test described here identifies shortcomings in other aspects of the protocol and suggests clear routes to improving the method.
Dynamic Partial CRC with Flexible Chunk Policy for SCTP over Lossy Channel (2008)

Generally only individual regions suffer bit errors as a packet travels a lossy channel. At the receiver side, however, the entire packet has to be discarded even if only one bit is erased. This may result in degradation of the throughput performance of stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) over wireless networks with high bit error rate. This paper proposes a dynamic partial cyclic redundancy check (CRC) scheme with flexible chunk policy to enhance SCTP performance. In the scheme, a packet can be partitioned into different regions based on the measured end-to-end packet corruption rate and each region can have its own individual checksum item. With the help of the checksum items, the receiver can discard the corrupted portion only and those available chunks can be recovered. Simulation results show that the performance gain of the proposed scheme could be significant in worse-case scenarios, compared to the standard SCTP.
Dilution of Cigarette Smoke through Ventilation of Filters (1978)

Abstract A graphical method is presented showing the inter-relationship of the air flow resistance of the cigarette, itself, and that of the ventilation in the filter tips in determining the dilution produced by that ventilation. The method was checked by direct, steady-state measurements of dilution of unlit cigarettes to which a resistance was added simulating the resistance of the burning coal.
Inductive Context-aware Process Discovery (2019)

Discovery plays a key role in data-driven analysis of business processes. The vast majority of contemporary discovery algorithms aims at the identification of control-flow constructs. The increase in data richness, however, enables discovery that incorporates the context of process execution beyond the control-flow perspective. A "control-flow first" approach, where context data serves for refinement and annotation, is limited and fails to detect fundamental changes in the control-flow that depend on context data. In this work, we thus propose a novel approach for combining the control-flow and data perspectives under a single roof by extending inductive process discovery. Our approach provides criteria under which context data, handled through unsupervised learning, take priority over control-flow in guiding process discovery. The resulting model is a process tree, in which some operators carry data semantics instead of control-flow semantics. We evaluate the approach using synthetic and real-world datasets and show that the resulting models are superior to state-of-the-art discovery methods in terms of measures that are based on multi perspective alignments.
Sterol Requirement for the Growth of Treponema hyodysenteriae (1980)

The addition of cholesterol to a liquid medium containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) fraction V or acetone-delipidized BSA fraction V instead of serum stimulated the growth of Treponema hyodysenteriae, a serum-requiring spirochaete associated with swine dysentery. As little as 1.25 micrograms cholesterol ml-1 increased viable counts about 1000-fold. Sitosterol and cholestanol, but not pregnenalone, cholestenone or stigmasteriol, produced a growth response comparable to that of cholesterol. The results suggest that T. hyodysenteriae requires a sterol for growth.
Effects of Purified Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1→3)-β-Glucan on Venous Ulcer Healing (2012)

Water-insoluble glucan was isolated from the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast cells were treated with alkali and the residue then with acid. Chemical and NMR (1D and 2D) analyses showed that a linear (1→3)-β-glucan was purified that was not contaminated with other carbohydrates, proteins or phenolic compounds. The effects of the glucan on wound healing were assessed in human venous ulcers by histopathological analysis after 30 days of topical treatment. (1→3)-β-glucan enhanced ulcer healing and increased epithelial hyperplasia, as well as increased inflammatory cells, angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation. In one patient who had an ulcer that would not heal for over 15 years, glucan treatment caused a 67.8% decrease in the area of the ulcer. This is the first study to investigate the effects of (1→3)-β-glucan on venous ulcer healing in humans; our findings suggest that this glucan is a potential natural biological response modifier in wound healing.
DNA hydrogel-based supercapacitors operating in physiological fluids (2013)

DNA nanostructures have been attractive due to their structural properties resulting in many important breakthroughs especially in controlled assemblies and many biological applications. Here, we report a unique energy storage device which is a supercapacitor that uses nanostructured DNA hydrogel (Dgel) as a template and layer-by-layer (LBL)-deposited polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) as conductors. Our device, named as PEM-Dgel supercapacitor, showed excellent performance in direct contact with physiological fluids such as artificial urine and phosphate buffered saline without any need of additional electrolytes, and exhibited almost no cytotoxicity during cycling tests in cell culture medium. Moreover, we demonstrated that the PEM-Dgel supercapacitor has greater charge-discharge cycling stability in physiological fluids than highly concentrated acid electrolyte solution which is normally used for supercapacitor operation. These conceptually new supercapacitors have the potential to be a platform technology for the creation of implantable energy storage devices for packageless applications directly utilizing biofluids.
Edge Preserving and Multi-Scale Contextual Neural Network for Salient Object Detection (2017)

In this paper, we propose a novel edge preserving and multi-scale contextual neural network for salient object detection. The proposed framework is aiming to address two limits of the existing CNN based methods. First, region-based CNN methods lack sufficient context to accurately locate salient object since they deal with each region independently. Second, pixel-based CNN methods suffer from blurry boundaries due to the presence of convolutional and pooling layers. Motivated by these, we first propose an end-to-end edge-preserved neural network based on Fast R-CNN framework (named <i>RegionNet</i>) to efficiently generate saliency map with sharp object boundaries. Later, to further improve it, multi-scale spatial context is attached to <i>RegionNet</i> to consider the relationship between regions and the global scenes. Furthermore, our method can be generally applied to RGB-D saliency detection by depth refinement. The proposed framework achieves both clear detection boundary and multi-scale contextual robustness simultaneously for the first time, and thus achieves an optimized performance. Experiments on six RGB and two RGB-D benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance.In this paper, we propose a novel edge preserving and multi-scale contextual neural network for salient object detection. The proposed framework is aiming to address two limits of the existing CNN based methods. First, region-based CNN methods lack sufficient context to accurately locate salient object since they deal with each region independently. Second, pixel-based CNN methods suffer from blurry boundaries due to the presence of convolutional and pooling layers. Motivated by these, we first propose an end-to-end edge-preserved neural network based on Fast R-CNN framework (named <i>RegionNet</i>) to efficiently generate saliency map with sharp object boundaries. Later, to further improve it, multi-scale spatial context is attached to <i>RegionNet</i> to consider the relationship between regions and the global scenes. Furthermore, our method can be generally applied to RGB-D saliency detection by depth refinement. The proposed framework achieves both clear detection boundary and multi-scale contextual robustness simultaneously for the first time, and thus achieves an optimized performance. Experiments on six RGB and two RGB-D benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance.
Estimation of generator inertia available during a disturbance (2012)

The inertia of a power system is a key factor in determining the initial frequency decline after a disturbance. Low system inertia can allow large frequency declines to occur that could lead to violation of frequency security limits, particularly in smaller power systems, or play a key role in allowing cascading outages to occur. Future developments in power systems will mean that the system inertia will become highly variable and take values that would traditionally have been considered very low. Presented is a method for the robust estimation of the generator inertia available in the system during a disturbance. This method has been validated using simulations of the IEEE 39-bus system in DIgSILENT <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TM</sup> PowerFactory <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> . Inertia estimates for a variety of disturbance types and noise conditions have been made, and found to have a median error of 1.53% with inter-quartile range of 6.6%.