gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Graphene Plasmonic Device Performance via its Dielectric Environment (2020)

Graphene plasmons provide a compelling avenue toward chip-scale dynamic tuning of infrared light. Dynamic tunability emerges through controlled alterations in the optical properties of the system defining graphene's plasmonic dispersion. Typically, electrostatic induced alterations of the carrier concentration in graphene working in conjunction with mobility have been considered the primary factors dictating plasmonic tunability. We find here that the surrounding dielectric environment also plays a primary role, dictating not just the energy of the graphene plasmon but so too the magnitude of its tuning and spectral width. To arrive at this conclusion, poles in the imaginary component of the reflection coefficient are used to efficiently survey the effect of the surrounding dielectric on the tuning of the graphene plasmon. By investigating several common polar materials, optical phonons (i.e., the Reststrahlen band) of the dielectric substrate are shown to appreciably affect not only the plasmon's spectral location but its tunability, and its resonance shape as well. In particular, tunability is maximized when the resonances are spectrally distant from the Reststrahlen band, whereas sharp resonances (i.e., high-$Q$) are achievable at the band's edge. These observations both underscore the necessity of viewing the dielectric environment in aggregate when considering the plasmonic response derived from two-dimensional materials and provide heuristics to design dynamically tunable graphene-based infrared devices.
Depth-resolved low-coherence enhanced backscattering (2005)

The phenomenon of enhanced backscattering (also known as coherent backscattering), an object of substantial scientific interest, has awaited application to tissue optics for the past two decades. Here we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, depth-resolved spectroscopic elastic light scattering measurements in tissue by use of low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS). We achieve the depth resolution by exploiting the nature of the LEBS peak that contains information about a wide range of tissue depths. We further demonstrate that depth-resolved LEBS spectroscopy has the potential to identify the origin of precancerous transformations in the colon at an early, previously undetectable stage.
Hierarchical Neural Network Modeling Approach to Predict Sludge Volume Index of Wastewater Treatment Process (2013)

From a practical-theoretic viewpoint, there is a need to develop rigorous design and analysis tools for the control, fault diagnosis, and security of wastewater quality. However, sludge bulking remains a widespread problem in the operation of activated sludge processes, which leads to severe economic and environmental consequences. Sludge volume index (SVI) monitoring is a key challenge that will become even more crucial in the years ahead to quantify sludge bulking. This brief presents a system that consists of online sensors and an SVI predicting plant. The SVI predicting plant uses a hierarchical radial basis function (HRBF) neural network to predict SVI in a wastewater treatment process (WWTP). Then, an approach named extended extreme learning machine (EELM) is proposed for training the weights of HRBF. Unlike conventional single-hidden-layer feedforward networks, this EELM-HRBF is based on the hierarchical structure which is capable of hierarchical learning of sequential information online, and one may only need to adjust the output weights linking the hidden and the output layers. In such EELM-HRBF implementations, the EELM provides better generalization performance during the learning process. Moreover, the convergence of the proposed algorithm is analyzed. To illustrate the methodology, the proposed predicting plant with the EELM-HRBF has been tested and compared with other methods by applying it to the problem of predicting SVI in a simplified and real WWTP. Experimental results show that the EELM-HRBF can be used to predict the wastewater quality online. The results demonstrate its effectiveness.
High-Energy-Density Electrolytic Capacitors (1993)

Reductions in weight and volume make new application possible. Supercapacitors and improved ultracapacitors advanced electrolytic capacitors developed for use as electric-load-leveling devices in such applications as electric vehicle propulsion systems, portable power tools, and low-voltage pulsed power supplies. One primary advantage: offer power densities much higher than storage batteries. Capacitors used in pulse mode, with short charge and discharge times. Derived from commercially available ultracapacitors. Made of lightweight materials; incorporate electrode/electrolyte material systems capable of operation at voltages higher than previous electrode/electrolyte systems. By use of innovative designs and manufacturing processes, made in wide range of rated capacitances and in rated operating potentials ranging from few to several hundred volts.
Learning-Based Outdoor Localization Exploiting Crowd-Labeled WiFi Hotspots (2018)

The ever-expanding scale of WiFi deployments in metropolitan areas has made accurate GPS-free outdoor localization possible by relying solely on the WiFi infrastructure. Nevertheless, neither academic researches nor existing industrial practices seem to provide a satisfactory solution or implementation. In this paper, we propose WOLoc (WiFi-only Outdoor Localization) as a learning-based outdoor localization solution using only WiFi hotspots labeled by crowdsensing. On one hand, we do not take these labels as fingerprints as it is almost impossible to extend indoor localization mechanisms by fingerprinting metropolitan areas. On the other hand, we avoid the over-simplified local synthesis methods (e.g., centroid) that significantly lose the information contained in the labels. Instead, WOLoc adopts a semi-supervised manifold learning approach that accommodates all the labeled and unlabeled data for a given area, and the output concerning the unlabeled part will become the estimated locations for both unknown users and unknown WiFi hotspots. Moreover, WOLoc applies text mining techniques to analyze the SSIDs of hotspots, so as to derive more accurate input to its manifold learning. We conduct extensive experiments in several outdoor areas, and the results have strongly indicated the efficacy of our solution in achieving a meter-level localization accuracy.
Independent component analysis for processing of retinal responses to patterned stimuli (2004)

To permit the non-invasive study of the response of the retina to spatially patterned stimuli, an optical imaging apparatus that can deliver a video-based visual stimulus to the retina while imaging the functionally correlated intrinsic signal response in the rear infrared (IR) was developed. Measured changes in reflectance in response to the visual stimulus are on the order of 0.1% to 0.5% of the total reflected intensity level, which makes the functional signal difficult to detect by standard methods because it is masked by the other physiological signals. In this paper, we apply principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) methods such as JADE and fast-ICA to extract the signals present on the resulting videos. From our dataset of 140 different experiments performed on cats, in 65 % of the cases the algorithms can detect and extract the patterned stimuli. Careful analysis of the results may give an insight of the processes present during the stimulation of the retina.
Modulating Lattice Oxygen in Dual-Functional Mo–V–O Mixed Oxides for Chemical Looping Oxidative Dehydrogenation (2019)

Oxygen chemistry plays a pivotal role in numerous chemical reactions. In particular, selective cleavage of C–H bonds by metal oxo species is highly desirable in dehydrogenation of light alkanes. However, high selectivity of alkene is usually hampered through consecutive oxygenation reactions in a conventional oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) scheme. Herein, we show that dual-functional Mo–V–O mixed oxides selectively convert propane to propylene via an alternative chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation (CL-ODH) approach. At 500 °C, we obtain 89% propylene selectivity at 36% propane conversion over 100 dehydrogenation–regeneration cycles. We attribute such high propylene yield—which exceeds that of previously reported ODH catalysts—to the involvement and precise modulation of bulk lattice oxygen via atomic-scale doping of Mo and show that increasing the binding energy of V–O bonds is critical to enhance the selectivity of propylene. This work provides the fundamental understanding of metal–oxygen chemistry and a promising strategy for alkane dehydrogenation.
Maximizing the potency of an anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody by exploiting proximity to Fcγ receptors (2014)

In order to treat Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated diseases, we generated a potent antagonistic antibody directed against human TLR4, Hu 15C1. This antibody's potency can be modulated by engaging not only TLR4 but also Fcγ receptors (FcγR), a mechanism that is driven by avidity and not cell signaling. Here, using various formats of the antibody, we further dissect the relative contributions of the Fv and Fc portions of Hu 15C1, discovering that the relationship to potency of the different antibody arms is not linear. First, as could be anticipated, we observed that Hu 15C1 co-engages up to 3 receptors on the same plasma membrane, i.e., 2 TLR4 molecules (via its variable regions) and either FcγRI or FcγRIIA (via the Fc). The Kd of these interactions are in the nM range (3 nM of the Fv for TLR4 and 47 nM of the Fc for FcγRI). However, unexpectedly, neutralization experiments revealed that, due to the low level of cell surface TLR4 expression, the avidity afforded by engagement through 2 Fv arms was significantly limited. In contrast, the antibody's neutralization capacity increases by 3 logs when able to exploit Fc-FcγR interactions. Taken together, these results demonstrate an unforeseen level of contribution by FcγRs to an antibody's effectiveness when targeting a cell surface protein of relatively low abundance. These findings highlight an exploitable mechanism by which FcγR-bearing cells may be more powerfully targeted, envisioned to be broadly applicable to other reagents aimed at neutralizing cell surface targets on cells co-expressing FcγRs.
Harsh environments minimally invasive optical sensing technique for extreme temperatures: 1000 degrees C and approaching 2500 degrees C (2005)

To the best of our knowledge, for the first time is designed and demonstrated a single crystal Silicon Carbide (SiC)based minimally invasive smart optical sensor suited for harsh environments and temperatures reaching 2500 C. The novel sensor design is based on an agile wavelength source, instantaneous single wavelength interferometry, full optical power cycle data acquisition, free-space targeted laser beam, multiple single crystal thick SiC optical frontend chips, and multi-wavelength signal processing for unambiguous temperature measurements to form a fast and distributed smart optical sensor system. Experiments conducted using a 1550 nm eye safe band tunable laser and a 300 micron coating-free thick SiC chip demonstrate temperature sensing from room temperature to 1000 C with a measured 1.3 C resolution. Applications for the proposed sensor include use in fossil fuel-based power systems, aerospace/aircraft systems, satellite systems, deep space exploration systems, and drilling and oil mining industries.
The Discovery of a New Class of Highly Specific Nonpeptide Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (1991)

Since angiotensin II (AII) is the effector molecule of the renin angiotensin system, the most direct approach to interfere with this system would be to antagonize AII at the level of its receptor. AII receptor antagonists would represent an ideal species, for regardless of how and where AII is produced, its function could be specifically turned off. However, the AII receptor antagonists currently available have been limited to AII-like peptides and their usefulness as therapeutics and pharmacologic tools has been hampered by their lack of oral bioavailability, metabolic instability, and partial agonistic activity. A detailed pharmacologic characterization of some simple N-benzylimidazoles, originally described by Takeda Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan), identified this class of compound as very weak but selective AII receptor antagonists with a competitive mode of action. Encouraged by the quality of these lead compounds, we embarked on a synthetic program aimed at designing more potent and orally effective antagonists, while preserving their selectivity for the AII receptor. Our efforts have culminated in the discovery of DuP 753, 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1-[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biph eny l-4-yl) methyl]imidazole, potassium salt, a potent, nonpeptide AII receptor antagonist.
Real-time digital holography of the retina by principal component analysis (2020)

We demonstrate the feasibility of high-quality digital holography of the human retina in real-time with a fast camera and commodity computer hardware. High throughput rendering of digital Fresnel holograms from optically-acquired inline interferograms is performed in conjunction with temporal demodulation by projection of hologram sequences onto a data-derived basis in order to discriminate local narrowband coherent detection contrasts, mostly due to blood flow and optical absorption, from spurious interferometric contributions. Digital holograms are calculated from a sustained input stream of 16-bit, 1024-by-1024-pixel interferograms recorded at up to 500 frames per second, processed by principal component analysis. This temporal signal demodulation scheme consists in the projection of stacks of 32 consecutive holograms onto a basis calculated by eigendecomposition of the matrix of their time-lagged covariance; it is performed up to 20 times per second with commodity computer hardware.
Energy transfer processes in dye-doped nanostructures yield cooperative and versatile fluorescent probes (2014)

Fast and efficient energy transfer among dyes confined in nanocontainers provides the basis of outstanding functionalities in new-generation luminescent probes. This feature article provides an overview of recent research achievements on luminescent Pluronic-Silica NanoParticles (PluS NPs), a class of extremely monodisperse core-shell nanoparticles whose design can be easily tuned to match specific needs for diverse applications based on luminescence, and that have already been successfully tested in in vivo imaging. An outline of their outstanding properties, such as tuneability, bright and photoswitchable fluorescence and electrochemiluminescence, will be supported by a critical discussion of our recent works in this field. Furthermore, novel data and simulations will be presented to (i) thoroughly examine common issues arising from the inclusion of multiple dyes in a small silica core, and (ii) show the emergence of a cooperative behaviour among embedded dyes. Such cooperative behaviour provides a handle for fine control of brightness, emission colour and self-quenching phenomena in PluS NPs, leading to significantly enhanced signal to noise ratios.
Small animal models for the study of<i>Clostridium difficile</i>disease pathogenesis (2013)

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of bacterial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in hospitals in the developed world. Despite this notoriety, the complex mechanisms employed by this pathogen to overcome innate host defences and induce fulminant disease are poorly understood. Various animal models have been used extensively for C. difficile research to study disease pathogenesis. Until recently, the most commonly used C. difficile disease model has utilised hamsters; however, mouse and pig models have now been developed that unravel different aspects of C. difficile pathology. This review summarises key aspects of the small animal models currently used in C. difficile studies with a specific focus on major differences between them. Furthermore, this review highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each model and illustrates that careful consideration is required when selecting models for use in C. difficile research.
Abstract LB-277: Characterization of the anti-cancer and immunologic activity of RGX-019, a novel pre-clinical stage humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the MERTK receptor (2019)

Abstract MERTK, a receptor tyrosine kinase of the TYRO3/AXL/MERTK (TAM) family, is expressed in innate immune cells including macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells and is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers, including leukemia and many solid cancers. Activation of MERTK on cancer cells via ligand binding results in activation of several tumor-promoting signaling pathways, which stimulate proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, and decrease apoptosis and chemosensitivity. Furthermore, activation of MERTK on macrophages drives immune evasion through the promotion of an immune-suppressive M2 phenotype. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown promising emerging evidence of anti-tumor efficacy upon modulation of TAM receptor signaling. Herein, we report the pre-clinical characterization of RGX-019, a humanized IgG1 antibody with high affinity and specificity for human MERTK. Surface Plasmon Resonance, cell-based binding assays and competition ELISA demonstrate high affinity/avidity binding for RGX-019 to human MERTK. In contrast, binding to human AXL, human TYRO3, or murine MERTK was not detected. Binding of RGX-019 to the MERTK receptor triggered its rapid internalization and degradation from the surface of human cancer cells within 4 hours and prevented Gas6 induced phosphorylation of AKT, a downstream signal transduction pathway that promotes cell growth and survival. RGX-019 treatment of SKMel5 melanoma cells effectively inhibited colony formation. RGX-019-induced degradation of MERTK in in vitro differentiated human M2 macrophages reduced AKT activation and promoted a pro-inflammatory cytokine signature. Furthermore, a related surrogate murine MERTK antibody significantly inhibited growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer tumors, demonstrating single agent anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. These findings demonstrate that RGX-019 is a potent and selective inhibitor of MERTK signaling with a unique mechanism-of-action that potently disrupts MERTK signaling in both cancer cells and immune-suppressive macrophages via MERTK receptor degradation. This activity results in robust repression of cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these data support further development of RGX-019 as a cancer therapeutic. Citation Format: Shugaku Takeda, Celia Andreu-Agullo, Subhasree Sridhar, Nils Halberg, Ivo C. Lorenz, Sohail Tavazoie, Isabel Kurth, Masoud Tavazoie. Characterization of the anti-cancer and immunologic activity of RGX-019, a novel pre-clinical stage humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the MERTK receptor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-277.
Design of a Thyristor Controlled <italic>LC</italic> Compensator for Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation in Smart Grid (2016)

This paper presents a thyristor controlled LC (TCLC) compensator for dynamic reactive power compensation in a smart grid system. Compared with the traditional static var compensators like a fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) which generates low order harmonic currents, the proposed TCLC can significantly mitigate the injection of harmonic currents. In this paper, the design of the TCLC parameters is investigated with the considerations of its reactive power compensation range and harmonic currents rejection. And a control method based on the generalized instantaneous reactive power theory is proposed. Moreover, representative simulation and experimental results of the proposed three-phase three-wire TCLC are presented to show its effectiveness in dynamic reactive power compensation in comparison with the traditional FC-TCR and parallel combination of FC-TCR and passive power filter.
Efficient Stabilized Two-Qubit Gates on a Trapped-Ion Quantum Computer (2021)

In order to scale up quantum processors and achieve a quantum advantage, it is crucial to economize on the power requirement of two-qubit gates, make them robust to drift in experimental parameters, and shorten the gate times. Applicable to all quantum computer architectures whose two-qubit gates rely on phase-space closure, we present here a new gate-optimizing principle according to which negligible amounts of gate fidelity are traded for substantial savings in power, which, in turn, can be traded for substantial increases in gate speed and/or qubit connectivity. As a concrete example, we illustrate the method by constructing optimal pulses for entangling gates on a pair of ions within a trapped-ion chain, one of the leading quantum computing architectures. Our method is direct, noniterative, and linear, and, in some parameter regimes, constructs gate-steering pulses requiring up to an order of magnitude less power than the standard method. Additionally, our method provides increased robustness to mode drift. We verify the new trade-off principle experimentally on our trapped-ion quantum computer.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Ion Source Development and Applications in Physical and Biological Sciences (2008)

The utility of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been steadily growing, and it cuts across diverse areas in physical and biological sciences. The development of ion sources, particularly in the context of IMS, is described. IMS ion sources operate efficiently in ambient environment and yield ions for a wide range of complex molecules including biological materials. While significant progress has been made in this area through the development of a variety of ion sources, further research to address several key issues, namely, ionization processes, reaction chemistry, and overall system miniaturization for field deployment of IMS, is the primary focus of current activities. Aside from reviewing the present state of the art of ion sources for IMS, this paper has discussed the wide range of applications and current trends of research in the field.
Development and integration of applique decoupling capacitors (2002)

For high-speed integrated circuit applications, it is important to interconnect decoupling capacitors and integrated circuits (ICs) as intimately as possible, to minimize parastic impedances. This can be achieved by mounting freestanding, thin film capacitors directly onto ICs as part of a chip-scale packaging approach. These "applique" capacitors utilize a chemically-prepared PLZT dielectric, which is nominally 1 /spl mu/m thick. The small size and weight of applique capacitors can be used to improve packaging efficiency. Applique capacitors, which are initially fabricated on silicon wafers, have high permittivity (/spl epsi//spl cong/1000), low loss (tan/spl delta//spl cong/0.01) and high breakdown strength (E/sub B//spl cong/1 MV/cm) and leakage resistance (/spl rho/>10/sup 14/ /spl Omega/-cm @ 125/spl deg/C). Various processes being developed to remove the capacitors from the silicon substrate and reattach them to ICs are described. In addition, a concept for interconnecting the capacitors using a repatterning process is discussed.
<title>Quantitative phase contrast microscopy of living cells by numerical reconstruction of digital holograms</title> (1999)

We describe a new method of optical microscopy which allows simultaneously intensity and quantitative phase contrast imaging. The method is based on a new holographic imaging technique which involves a CCD camera as recording device and a numerical method for the reconstruction. An application to phase contrast imaging of living astrocytes is presented.