gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Results of 6 Weekly Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Instillations on the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Tumors (1988)

We evaluated 104 patients with superficial bladder tumors for response to intravesical bacillus Calmett-Guerin therapy. Patients received 6 weekly intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations and they were followed for response every 3 months with urinary cytology, cystoscopy and bladder biopsy. Patients were considered treatment failures if either the cytology studies or biopsies were positive for tumor. Of 65 patients who failed the initial treatment course 57 were given an additional 6-week course of therapy. One 6-week course of bacillus Calmette-Guerin was successful in 20 of 55 patients (36 per cent) treated for prophylaxis, 12 of 32 (37 per cent) treated for carcinoma in situ and 7 of 17 (41 per cent) treated for residual tumor. The response rate for the total patient population treated with 1, 6-week course was 37.5 per cent (39 of 104). A second 6-week course was successful in 19 of 29 patients (65 per cent) treated for prophylaxis, 11 of 18 (71 per cent) treated for carcinoma in situ and 4 of 10 (40 per cent) treated for residual tumor. The response rate for all patients receiving a second course of bacillus Calmette-Guerin was 59.6 per cent (34 of 57). Of 6 patients who refused another 6-week course of bacillus Calmette-Guerin 4 had additional recurrences and 3 of these 4 suffered invasive disease. The over-all therapeutic response rate for patients treated with either 6 or 12 weeks of therapy was 70 per cent. These results suggest that 6 weeks of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin do not provide optimal therapy for superficial bladder tumors. The data further suggest that more intensive regimens may increase therapeutic efficacy.
Homodyne detection readout for bit-oriented holographic memories (2006)

Homodyne detection is proposed to increase the readout signal of bit-oriented holographic memories. It can be easily implemented on present memory architectures by making the diffracted signal interfere with a reflection of the reading beam. The large resulting increase of the readout signal can be used to enhance the data transfer rate. A first experimental demonstration of such a readout procedure is presented.
Capacity-Achieving Rate-Compatible Polar Codes for General Channels (2016)

We present a rate-compatible polar coding scheme that achieves the capacity of any family of channels. Our solution generalizes the previous results [1], [2] that provide capacity-achieving rate-compatible polar codes for a degraded family of channels. The motivation for our extension comes from the fact that in many practical scenarios, e.g., MIMO systems and non-Gaussian interference, the channels cannot be ordered by degradation. The main technical contribution of this paper consists in removing the degradation condition. To do so, we exploit the ideas coming from the construction of universal polar codes. Our scheme possesses the usual attractive features of polar codes: low complexity code construction, encoding, and decoding; super-polynomial scaling of the error probability with the block length; and absence of error floors. On the negative side, the scaling of the gap to capacity with the block length is slower than in standard polar codes, and we prove an upper bound on the scaling exponent.
Recovery of V/sub 2/O/sub 5/ and nickel values from petroleum coke (1984)

Vanadium and nickel values are selectively recovered from a petroleum coke residue by slurrying the coke in an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate providing an excess of the stoichiometric amount of sodium for formation of sodium vanadate and sodium sulfate, and then digesting the slurry at moderately elevated temperature in a pressurized autoclave under an oxygen overpressure supplying at least the stoichiometric amount of oxygen based on the vanadium and sulfur content of the slurry and advantageously sufficient additional oxygen to provide the thermal requirements of the digestion step by oxidation of carbon. In a continuous embodiment, the feed slurry temperature and feed solids content are adjusted according to a substantially inversely correlated relationship. The digestion temperature for a given total pressure and gas flow rate in the autoclave is adjusted to generate a pregnant liquor containing about 20 gpl to about 100 gpl of vanadate (V/sub 2/O/sub 5/) from which at least about 50% of the input water has been converted to steam during the digestion. The vanadate liquor is separated from the digestion residue, which is then sequentially selectively leached for recovery therefrom of nickel and residual vanadium values.
sGC Stimulation Results in Potent Anti‐hypertensive Effects as a Stand‐alone or Combination Therapy in the Rat (2015)

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators have the potential to treat a variety of cardiovascular diseases via the nitric oxide (NO)‐sGC‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. Ironwood Pharmaceuticals has synthesized a number of novel sGC stimulators with the objective of creating a once‐a‐day oral anti‐hypertensive. A screening paradigm that evaluated sGC enzyme stimulation, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) identified three novel sGC stimulators that induce sustained cardiovascular effects after oral dosing. Potency against sGC was evaluated using an in vitro cell based assay that measured cGMP production. Compounds were subsequently evaluated in PK and blood pressure PD in vivo rat models. All compounds were potent stimulators of sGC in vitro (EC 50 = 40‐220nM), had sustained compound exposure in vivo (T half 7‐12 hours) after oral dosing, and significantly decreased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in vivo (蠅 10mmHg) after oral dosing. The potential for sGC stimulators to work in combination with reference anti‐hypertensive therapies was assessed in our in vivo PD assay. Doses of Losartan, Atenolol, Amlodipine or each of our sGC stimulators that induced a decrease in MABP (蠅 10mmHg) when dosed alone were chosen. Combining sGC stimulators with anti‐hypertensives resulted in an additional 5‐50% decrease in MABP over either therapy given alone. These data indicate that IWP sGC stimulators possess potent anti‐hypertensive effects in the rat and that their efficacy increases when dosed in combination with standard anti‐hypertensive agents. This research was funded by Ironwood Pharmaceuticals.
An infrared method to assess organoclay delamination and orientation in organoclay polymer nanocomposites (2006)

Abstract Assessing the degree of organoclay delamination and layer alignment is crucial to deliver consistent properties of nanocomposite materials. A simple infrared technique is discussed that permits quantitative determination of these organoclay dispersion parameters in a nanocomposite. This technique complements other existing methods to optimize process conditions to fully achieve the advantages that high purity hectorite nanoclays can bring to plastic nanocomposites. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:1031–1039, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Theoretical development of laboratory techniques for magnetic measurement of large objects (2001)

Equations that relate magnetic gradiometric measurements over a closed surface to the prolate spheroidal multipole moments of an object can be used to remove the uniform inducing field of a magnetic calibration facility's coil system, along with the Earth's background field, from the signature of a large test object without requiring it to be moved. This paper presents an example that shows how the equations can be used to determine the optimum number, orientation, and position of gradiometers for accurate extrapolation of the object's field signatures. In addition, it gives generalized boundary conditions that guarantee unique extrapolations of magnetic field, up to an additive constant, from a closed measurement surface instrumented only with gradiometers.
Cost-effective controlled illumination using daylighting and electric lighting in a dual-function prism light guide (2008)

We have developed a system that enables both daylight and electric light to be efficiently delivered to core areas of a building. Daylight is directed into the building by means of a new and cost-effective canopy system which collects sunlight and directs it into the dual-function luminaire. It efficiently transports and distributes the light along its length, and when the amount of daylight is insufficient, auxiliary electric light is automatically provided by fluorescent lamps. This paper focusses on the prototype illumination control system and its performance.
Raman spectroscopy of individual monocytes reveals that single-beam optical trapping of mononuclear cells occurs by their nucleus (2011)

We show that laser-tweezers Raman spectroscopy of eukaryotic cells with a significantly larger diameter than the tight focus of a single beam laser trap leads to optical trapping of the cell by its optically densest part, i.e. typically the cell's nucleus. Raman spectra of individual optically trapped monocytes are compared with location-specific Raman spectra of monocytes adhered to a substrate. When the cell's nucleus is stained with a fluorescent live cell stain, the Raman spectrum of the DNA-specific stain is observed only in the nucleus of individual monocytes. Optically trapped monocytes display the same behavior. We also show that the Raman spectra of individual monocytes exhibit the characteristic Raman signature of cells that have not yet fully differentiated and that individual primary monocytes can be distinguished from transformed monocytes based on their Raman spectra. This work provides further evidence that laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy of individual cells provides meaningful biochemical information in an entirely nondestructive fashion that permits discerning differences between cell types and cellular activity.
Hybrid eye center localization using cascaded regression and\n hand-crafted model fitting (2017)

We propose a new cascaded regressor for eye center detection. Previous\nmethods start from a face or an eye detector and use either advanced features\nor powerful regressors for eye center localization, but not both. Instead, we\ndetect the eyes more accurately using an existing facial feature alignment\nmethod. We improve the robustness of localization by using both advanced\nfeatures and powerful regression machinery. Unlike most other methods that do\nnot refine the regression results, we make the localization more accurate by\nadding a robust circle fitting post-processing step. Finally, using a simple\nhand-crafted method for eye center localization, we show how to train the\ncascaded regressor without the need for manually annotated training data. We\nevaluate our new approach and show that it achieves state-of-the-art\nperformance on the BioID, GI4E, and the TalkingFace datasets. At an average\nnormalized error of e < 0.05, the regressor trained on manually annotated data\nyields an accuracy of 95.07% (BioID), 99.27% (GI4E), and 95.68% (TalkingFace).\nThe automatically trained regressor is nearly as good, yielding an accuracy of\n93.9% (BioID), 99.27% (GI4E), and 95.46% (TalkingFace).\n
Modeling and Feedforward Flow Rate Control of Automatic Pouring System with Real Ladle (2007)

This paper concerns control of the pouring process of tilting-ladle-type automatic pouring systems used in the casting industry. Here, the flow rate is modeled mathematically using mass equilibrium and Bernoulli’s theorem, then a feedforward flow rate control system is constructed by using the flow rate model’s inverse dynamics. The proposed control system can improve the accuracy of the flow rate, and enables flow rate control to be designed systematically for the various types of ladles used in casting plants. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control system, the system was applied to an automatic pouring system which was tested experimentally using both water and molten metal.
Comparative Validation of Polyp Detection Methods in Video Colonoscopy: Results From the MICCAI 2015 Endoscopic Vision Challenge (2017)

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for colon cancer screening though some polyps are still missed, thus preventing early disease detection and treatment. Several computational systems have been proposed to assist polyp detection during colonoscopy but so far without consistent evaluation. The lack of publicly available annotated databases has made it difficult to compare methods and to assess if they achieve performance levels acceptable for clinical use. The Automatic Polyp Detection sub-challenge, conducted as part of the Endoscopic Vision Challenge (http://endovis.grand-challenge.org) at the international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) in 2015, was an effort to address this need. In this paper, we report the results of this comparative evaluation of polyp detection methods, as well as describe additional experiments to further explore differences between methods. We define performance metrics and provide evaluation databases that allow comparison of multiple methodologies. Results show that convolutional neural networks are the state of the art. Nevertheless, it is also demonstrated that combining different methodologies can lead to an improved overall performance.
Compact resonant antenna based on composite right/left‐handed transmission line with a magneto‐dielectric material (2009)

Abstract We present a method of reducing the size of antennas that is based on composite right/left‐handed (CRLH) transmission lines (TL) which use a magneto‐dielectric material (MDM). The CRLH‐TL antenna consists of two mushroom structures, each composed of a metal patch connected to the ground plane by a via. To achieve high permeability in the antenna, an MDM is constructed by integrating split ring resonators into ordinary dielectric material. Antennas with and without MDM were fabricated and measured. Inserting the MDM decreased the antenna's resonant frequencies by 10.8% at the −1st order mode and by 11.3% at the zeroth‐order mode. At the zeroth‐order mode, the antenna resonated at 1.88 GHz with a bandwidth of 0.48% and had a monopolar radiation pattern, with gain of 0.534 dBi and efficiency of 51.7%. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1994–1997, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24490
Raman amplifier with improved system performance (1996)

Summary form only given. We describe the predominant sources of noise for various amplifier configurations. In addition, we present the results of a successful 2.5 Gbit/s systems test of a two-stage Raman amplifier with net small signal gains of 29 dB and output powers exceeding + 15 dBm. Although Raman amplifiers do not suffer from increased noise figure due to incomplete population inversion, the passive loss of the amplifier does contribute to the noise figure through increased signal-spontaneous beating. Nonetheless, we have constructed a Raman amplifier with a noise figure contribution from signal-spontaneous beating that is less than 5 dB. A second source of noise in Raman amplifiers is the coupling of intensity fluctuations in the pump light to the signal. The fundamental cause of this noise is the lack of a long upper-state lifetime to buffer the Raman gain from fluctuations in the pump intensity. We present results demonstrating that the transit time through the amplifier can be used to average gain fluctuations if a strictly counterpropagating-pump geometry is employed. Lastly, double Rayleigh backscattering also contributes to the noise figure of the amplifier but can be reduced by decreasing fiber lengths and by constructing multistage amplifiers. Based on the above considerations, the two stage Raman amplifier with a counterpropagating pump was constructed. The requisite pump light was generated by a cascaded Raman laser operating at 1240 nm that was pumped by a cladding-pumped neodymium laser operating at 1060 nm. A 2.5 Gbit/s bit-error-rate test of this amplifier was performed.
Effects of level of modified tall oil on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics (1998)

A growth trial was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing levels of modified tall oil (MTO) on growth performance and carcass composition of finishing barrows. No effect of treatment was observed for ADG, ADFI, or feed efficiency (F/G) during any of the growth periods. However, pigs fed increasing MTO had less backfat, larger longissimus muscle area, and increased percentage muscle than control pigs not fed MTO. Additionally, carcasses from pigs fed MTO had decreased drip loss. The results of this trial indicate that although MTO has no impact on growth performance in barrows, it can improve carcass leanness. The optimal dose level for the MTO appears to be about .50% of the diet.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 19, 1998
Heterocycle Fused Cyclohexyl-glycine Derivatives as Novel Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors (2004)

A new class of potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV) for the treatment of type II diabetes are described.Presented herein is the synthesis of indole-fused and thiazole-fused cyclohexylglycines.Pyrrolidine-derived amides of these novel heterocycles led to the discovery of thiazole derivatives (3f) and (11a), both low nanomolar inhibitors of DP-IV (IC 50 = 6 nM).Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV) is emerging as a new approach for the treatment of type-II
A new powered ankle-foot prosthesis with compact parallel spring mechanism (2016)

This paper presents an innovative powered ankle-foot prosthesis with a compact parallel spring mechanism. The parallel spring mechanism consisting a cam and two linear springs are used to reduce the power and torque requirement of actuators, while improving the system energy efficiency. Herein, the cam profile is designed to generate desired spring torque rather than the stroke versus angle curve. In that case, the spring can reproduce human ankle controlled dorsiflexion stiffness. Finally, for evaluating the proposed prosthesis, clinical trials on a below knee amputee are conducted. The experimental results show that the performances of prosthesis are similar to the normal gait.
Curative ex vivo liver-directed gene therapy in a pig model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (2016)

We tested the hypothesis that ex vivo hepatocyte gene therapy can correct the metabolic disorder in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase-deficient (Fah(-/-)) pigs, a large animal model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1). Recipient Fah(-/-) pigs underwent partial liver resection and hepatocyte isolation by collagenase digestion. Hepatocytes were transduced with one or both of the lentiviral vectors expressing the therapeutic Fah and the reporter sodium-iodide symporter (Nis) genes under control of the thyroxine-binding globulin promoter. Pigs received autologous transplants of hepatocytes by portal vein infusion. After transplantation, the protective drug 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzyol)-1,3 cyclohexanedione (NTBC) was withheld from recipient pigs to provide a selective advantage for expansion of corrected FAH(+) cells. Proliferation of transplanted cells, assessed by both immunohistochemistry and noninvasive positron emission tomography imaging of NIS-labeled cells, demonstrated near-complete liver repopulation by gene-corrected cells. Tyrosine and succinylacetone levels improved to within normal range, demonstrating complete correction of tyrosine metabolism. In addition, repopulation of the Fah(-/-) liver with transplanted cells inhibited the onset of severe fibrosis, a characteristic of nontransplanted Fah(-/-) pigs. This study demonstrates correction of disease in a pig model of metabolic liver disease by ex vivo gene therapy. To date, ex vivo gene therapy has only been successful in small animal models. We conclude that further exploration of ex vivo hepatocyte genetic correction is warranted for clinical use.
Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis defines novel molecular subgroups in rhabdomyosarcoma (2015)

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in childhood. Here we studied 60 RMSs using whole-exome/-transcriptome sequencing, copy number (CN) and DNA methylome analyses to unravel the genetic/epigenetic basis of RMS. On the basis of methylation patterns, RMS is clustered into four distinct subtypes, which exhibits remarkable correlation with mutation/CN profiles, histological phenotypes and clinical behaviours. A1 and A2 subtypes, especially A1, largely correspond to alveolar histology with frequent PAX3/7 fusions and alterations in cell cycle regulators. In contrast, mostly showing embryonal histology, both E1 and E2 subtypes are characterized by high frequency of CN alterations and/or allelic imbalances, FGFR4/RAS/AKT pathway mutations and PTEN mutations/methylation and in E2, also by p53 inactivation. Despite the better prognosis of embryonal RMS, patients in the E2 are likely to have a poor prognosis. Our results highlight the close relationships of the methylation status and gene mutations with the biological behaviour in RMS.
Pili with strong attachments: Gram‐positive bacteria do it differently (2006)

Bacteria attach to their appropriate environmental niche by using adhesins. To maximize their contact with the environment, adhesins are often present on the ends of long hairlike structures called pili. Recently, attention has focused on pili of Gram-positive bacteria because they may be vaccine candidates in important human pathogens. These pili differ from the well-studied pili of Gram-negative bacteria because their subunits are covalently linked, they do not require specific chaperones for assembly, and the tip protein (likely to be the adhesin) is not required to initiate formation of the pilus structure. In Gram-positive bacteria, the genes for pili occur in clusters, which may constitute mobile genetic elements. These clusters include the transpeptidase(s) of the sortase family that is/are required for polymerization of the subunit proteins. However, efficient covalent attachment of the completed pilus structure to the cell wall is accomplished, in cases where this has been studied, by the 'housekeeping' sortase, which is responsible for attachment to the peptidoglycan of most surface proteins containing cell wall sorting signals. This enzyme is encoded elsewhere on the genome. Because pili of Gram-positive bacteria have not been extensively investigated yet, we hope that this MicroReview will help to pinpoint the areas most in need of further study.
Passive shortwave-infrared polarimetric sensing of cloud thermodynamic phase (2021)

Cloud thermodynamic phase (CTP) classification is a vital piece of information for determining how clouds affect climate and electromagnetic wave propagation. We describe a passive shortwave infrared (SWIR) three-channel polarimeter for CTP remote sensing. This instrument adds polarimetric sensitivity to the traditional radiance ratio method that capitalizes on the difference in spectral absorption between liquid water and ice. The ground-based polarimeter was used to measure the first three Stokes parameters in three SWIR spectral bands alongside a dual-polarization lidar system for validation. Additionally, we operated the polarimeter in division-of-time and division-of-aperture modes to explore the severity of polarization artifacts that arose from fast-moving clouds. Although temporal smearing of polarization signatures was identified, the impacts were found to be minimal. Using a surface fitting technique, the radiance ratio method was directly compared with a method that combined radiance ratios with the S1 Stokes parameter. We found that the addition of polarimetry improved cloud phase classification ability from ∼73 % to 95%.