gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of copper and lead containing materials by diesel lubricants (1995)

Corrosion of bearings, bushings, and roller follower pins by lubricants is traditionally minor except when the lubricant is severely degraded or contaminated. However, it has been found recently that many diesel lubricants induce a slow corrosion process which eventually leads to engine failures at a mileage that is high but still within the warranty period. A corrosion bench test has been developed to correlate with an extensive fleet database. Mechanism studies have been performed using this corrosion test. It is found that the corrosion of copper is due to the formation of copper sulfide, which is a result of the interactions between the copper and the sulfur-containing materials in the lubricant. The corrosion of lead is caused by the residual chlorine compounds in some of the lubricants. Some corrosion of tin has also been observed from a specific additive. Reducing the chlorine content and inhibiting the sulfur reactivity in the lubricants are essential to achieve acceptable engine durability. 10 refs., 1 fig., 8 tabs.
Fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers (1981)

A Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer or etalon is an optical device that can detect, in a digital way, temperature, pressure, or mechanical vibration via the change in optical path length between two surfaces with high reflectivity. In this paper we report some studies of a fiber Fabry-Perot etalon (FFPE). Unlike a conventional FPE consisting of bulky structures, FFPE does not require exact parallelism between two reflection surfaces. It is small, flexible, and can be very long, yielding high measurement sensitivity. Single-mode, multimode, and Selfoc fibers have been studied.
DynamicTOC: Persona-based Table of Contents for Consumption of Long Documents (2022)

Himanshu Maheshwari, Nethraa Sivakumar, Shelly Jain, Tanvi Karandikar, Vinay Aggarwal, Navita Goyal, Sumit Shekhar. Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 2022.
Oxidation of biphenyl by a multicomponent enzyme system from Pseudomonas sp. strain LB400 (1993)

Pseudomonas sp. strain LB400 grows on biphenyl as the sole carbon and energy source. This organism also cooxidizes several chlorinated biphenyl congeners. Biphenyl dioxygenase activity in cell extract required addition of NAD(P)H as an electron donor for the conversion of biphenyl to cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobiphenyl. Incorporation of both atoms of molecular oxygen into the substrate was shown with 18O2. The nonlinear relationship between enzyme activity and protein concentration suggested that the enzyme is composed of multiple protein components. Ion-exchange chromatography of the cell extract gave three protein fractions that were required together to restore enzymatic activity. Similarities with other multicomponent aromatic hydrocarbon dioxygenases indicated that biphenyl dioxygenase may consist of a flavoprotein and iron-sulfur proteins that constitute a short electron transport chain involved in catalyzing the incorporation of both atoms of molecular oxygen into the aromatic ring.
Hierarchical Nonlinear Approximation for Experimental Design and Statistical Data Fitting (2007)

This paper proposes a hierarchical nonlinear approximation scheme for scalar‐valued multivariate functions, where the main objective is to obtain an accurate approximation with using only very few function evaluations. To this end, our iterative method combines at any refinement step the selection of suitable evaluation points with kriging, a standard method for statistical data analysis. Particular improvements over previous nonhierarchical methods are mainly concerning the construction of new evaluation points at run time. In this construction process, referred to as experimental design, a flexible two‐stage method is employed, where adaptive domain refinement is combined with sequential experimental design. The hierarchical method is applied to statistical data analysis, where the data is generated by a very complex and computationally expensive computer model, called a simulator. In this application, a fast and accurate statistical approximation, called an emulator, is required as a cheap surrogate of the expensive simulator. The construction of the emulator relies on computer experiments using a very small set of carefully selected input configurations for the simulator runs. The hierarchical method proposed in this paper is, for various analyzed models from reservoir forecasting, more efficient than existing standard methods. This is supported by numerical results, which show that our hierarchical method is, at comparable computational costs, up to ten times more accurate than traditional nonhierarchical methods, as utilized in commercial software relying on the response surface methodology (RSM).
Hookin' it up; Spoolable products prove cost-effective (1999)

The market for spoolable, corrosion-resistant flowlines is just beginning to flourish for the exploration and production sector. These new composite materials offer lower life-cycle costs even though the initial purchase cost is higher than steel. These advanced materials recently provided unique solutions in Canada, West Texas and offshore Norway. Spoolable composite tubing consists of an extruded thermoplastic liner surrounded by a fiber-reinforced resin matrix for structural strength. The tubing is manufactured continuously with a process that can produce pipe up to 5 miles in length. Several applications are described for gas pipeline remediation.
Effects of pioglitazone on hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in Wistar fatty rats. (1990)

Effects of pioglitazone (5-[4-[2-(5-etyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy] benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione, AD-4833, also known as U-72, 107E) on peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance were examined using genetically obese-hyperglycemic rats, Wistar fatty. Pioglitazone was administered to fatty rats (3 mg/kg/d) and lean rats (10 mg/kg/d) for 6 days. Pioglitazone decreased hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia without affecting hyperinsulinemia in the fatty rats, and significantly reduced plasma levels of triglyceride and insulin without altering normoglycemia in the lean rats. The same rats were subjected to an isotopic method combined with a euglycemic clamp technique for assessing insulin sensitivity in hepatic glucose production (HGP) and peripheral glucose utilization (PGU). HGP decreased and PGU increased in response to infused insulin in the lean rats but did not in the fatty rats, indicating that insulin resistance was present in the liver and peripheral tissues of the fatty rats. Treatment with pioglitazone restored the responses of HGP and PGU to infused insulin in the fatty rats, but did not produce any changes in the lean rats. When the same levels of glycemia and insulinemia were established by 480 mU/h of insulin in both treated and control fatty groups, PGU was 1.5-fold higher and HGP was 3-fold lower in the pioglitazone treated group. Pioglitazone also corrected the abnormality in hepatic enzyme regulation by insulin of the fatty rats: glucose-6-phosphatase decreased and glucokinase increased, suggesting the increased response of the liver to insulin and the resultant suppression of HGP. Therefore, pioglitazone is expected to be useful for treating abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus through reducing insulin resistance of the peripheral tissues and liver.
Development and Evaluation of PCR Assays for the Detection of <i>Paenibacillus larvae</i> in Honey Samples: Comparison with Isolation and Biochemical Characterization (2003)

PCR assays were developed for the direct detection of Paenibacillus larvae in honey samples and compared with isolation and biochemical characterization procedures. Different primer pairs, designed from the 16S rRNA and the metalloproteinase precursor gene regions, and different DNA extraction methods were tested and compared. The sensitivity of the reactions was evaluated by serial dilutions of DNA extracts obtained from P. larvae cultures. The specificity of the primers was assessed by analyzing related Paenibacillus and Bacillus strains isolated from honey. The PCR assays also amplified these related bacteria, but at lower sensitivity. In the next step, the PCR assays were applied to contaminated honey and other bee products originating from 15 countries. Lysozyme treatment followed by proteinase K digestion was determined to be the best DNA extraction method for P. larvae spores. The most sensitive primer pair detected P. larvae in 18 of 23 contaminated honey samples, as well as in pollen, wax, and brood. Honey specimens containing saprophyte bacilli and paenibacilli, but not P. larvae, were PCR negative. Although the isolation and biochemical identification method (BioLog) showed higher sensitivity and specificity, PCR proved to be a valuable technique for large-scale screening of honey samples for American foulbrood, especially considering its rapidity and moderate costs.
Fire Simulation in 3D Computer Animation with Turbulence Dynamics including Fire Separation and Profile Modeling (2018)

In this paper, we propose a system for modeling fire dynamics with emphasis on realistic behavior as well as the extensive behavioral control system. We propose a wide range of parametric and procedural controls. Simulation of flame spread, and motion is governed using differential equations which takes into account wind forces, buoyancy forces, diffusion and velocity of the burning surface. We propose to enhance the realistic behavior by using stochastic simulation of flickering and buoyant diffusion. The proposed wind fields serve as added fire motion control by a user. Flame behavior covers moving sources, flickering, fire separation and fire merging.
Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Endothelial Cells Is Differentially Regulated by Shear Stress (2003)

Atherosclerotic plaques preferentially localize to areas of the vasculature with complex laminar or oscillatory blood flow. Prior data implicate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. In cultured endothelial cells, oscillatory but not unidirectional shear significantly increases MMP-9 mRNA as well as secretion of the MMP-9 protein (p < 0.05). In contrast, cell-associated protein levels of Tissue Inhibitor of MMP 1 (TIMP-1), an inhibitor of MMP-9, are insensitive to the shear regimen. To investigate transcriptional regulation of MMP-9 gene expression, we utilized retroviral-based reporter constructs containing different lengths of the human MMP-9 promoter. The activity of the full MMP-9 promoter is 3-fold higher (p < 0.05) in unidirectional shear compared with static conditions, and the activity is further increased approximately 10-fold by oscillatory shear (p < 0.01) over unidirectional flow. Our data identify a shear-sensitive binding site at -152 in the MMP-9 promoter. We show that the c-Myc transcription factor binds specifically to this site and that reporter constructs in which the c-Myc binding site was abolished lacked the shear responsiveness of native MMP-9 reporter constructs. Our results suggest that endothelial MMP-9 expression is flow-sensitive and is up-regulated by oscillatory flow via activation of c-Myc. This effect may contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in areas of vasculature that are subject to disturbed flow.
John F. Kennedy (2006)

Abstract Like Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy attended church regularly while president and used religious rhetoric extensively in his speeches, especially in discussing his campaign for world peace. Eisenhower, however, provided strong governmental support for the Judeo-Christian tradition, whereas Kennedy maintained a much stricter separation between church and state. The Democrat’s vitality, idealism, powerful rhetoric, and charisma inspired many younger Americans to social activism. Kennedy’s faith is difficult to analyze. As the nation’s only Catholic president, whose religious affiliation was a major issue in the 1960 election, he is central to an examination of religion and the presidency. Moreover, his assassination and funeral evoked a torrent of religious language, analysis, and emotion and reinforced the importance of civil religion in American society. On the other hand, his faith had much less influence on his thinking and policies than that of the other presidents analyzed in this book. In addition, beneath his exuberant, commanding public persona were private vices that contradicted his Catholic faith. Given Kennedy’s pragmatic style of governing, perspective toward Catholicism, and lack of a coherent philosophy, there does not seem to be much relationship between his policies and his faith. Nevertheless, he did present moral rationales for his stances on numerous issues, including education, juvenile delinquency, women’s rights, world hunger, poverty, and the Alliance for Progress. To assess Kennedy’s approach, three issues are examined: the Peace Corps, civil rights, and the limited test ban treaty. The most intense religious controversy during Kennedy’s tenure was provoked by the 1962 Supreme Court case that ruled that school-sponsored prayers as part of a regularly scheduled devotional exercise violated the Constitution.
Delay Pattern Estimation for Signalized Intersections Using Sampled Travel Times (2009)

Intersection delays are the major contributing factor to arterial delays. Methods to estimate intersection delay patterns by using measured travel times are studied. The delay patterns provide a way to estimate the delay for any vehicle arriving at the intersection at any time, which is useful for providing time-dependent intersection delay information to the driving public. The model requires sampled travel times between two consecutive locations on arterial streets, one upstream and the other downstream of a signalized intersection, without the need to know signal timing or traffic flow information. Signal phases can actually be estimated from the delay patterns, which is a unique feature of the proposed method in this paper. The proposed model is based on two observations regarding delays for signalized intersections: ( a) delay can be approximately represented by piecewise linear curves due to the characteristics of queue forming and discharging and ( b) there is a nontrivial increase in delay after the start of the red time that enables detection of the start of a cycle. A least-squares–based algorithm is developed to match measured delays in each cycle by using piecewise linear curves. The proposed model and algorithm are tested by using field experiment data with reasonable results.
Mask-Based Second-Generation Connectivity and Attribute Filters (2007)

Connected filters are edge-preserving morphological operators, which rely on a notion of connectivity. This is usually the standard 4 and 8-connectivity, which is often too rigid since it cannot model generalized groupings such as object clusters or partitions. In the set-theoretical framework of connectivity, these groupings are modeled by the more general second-generation connectivity. In this paper, we present both an extension of this theory, and provide an efficient algorithm based on the Max-Tree to compute attribute filters based on these connectivities. We first look into the drawbacks of the existing framework that separates clustering and partitioning and is directly dependent on the properties of a preselected operator. We then propose a new type of second-generation connectivity termed mask-based connectivity which eliminates all previous dependencies and extends the ways the image domain can be connected. A previously developed Dual-Input Max-Tree algorithm for area openings is adapted for the wider class of attribute filters on images characterized by second-generation connectivity. CPU-times for the new algorithm are comparable to the original algorithm, typically deviating less than 10 percent either way.
Cyclic AMP and phorbol ester-stimulated transcription mediated by similar DNA elements that bind distinct proteins. (1988)

cAMP and phorbol esters mediate cellular metabolism by the activation of distinct signal transduction pathways consisting of a cascade of sequential protein phosphorylations. An important consequence of the activation of these pathways is the stimulation of gene transcription by way of interactions of specific proteins with DNA control elements. The 8-base-pair (bp) DNA consensus sequence TGACGTCA [cAMP response element (cAMP-RE)] has been shown to confer cAMP responsivity on transcription from various promoters, and the closely related 7-bp consensus sequence TGA-(C or G)TCA [phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate response element (PMA-RE)] lends transcriptional responsiveness to phorbol esters. In the JEG-3 placental cell line we find that several variants of the cAMP-REs fused to a gonadotropin alpha promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene mediate responsiveness to cAMP but not to phorbol esters. The PMA-RE is responsive to phorbol esters but also imparts submaximal sensitivity to cAMP in the JEG-3 cells and in the Hep G2 hepatoma cell line. The transcriptional activities of cAMP-RE and PMA-RE are markedly influenced by the composition of the neighboring bases, but different sequences are permissive for the activity of the cAMP-RE versus the PMA-RE. The two signaling agents together display a supraadditive effect on reporter genes containing active PMA-REs but not cAMP-REs. Gel-mobility-shift and UV cross-linking analyses show that distinct proteins bind to the two control elements. One protein of 38 kDa binds to the cAMP-RE and several proteins of 48-84 kDa bind to the PMA-RE.
Electronic structure of LiZnN: Interstitial insertion rule (1985)

LiZnN, like other Nowotny-Juza filled tetrahedral ${A}^{\mathrm{I}{B}^{\mathrm{II}{C}^{\mathrm{V}}}}$ compounds, consists of a ${B}^{\mathrm{II}{C}^{\mathrm{V}}}$ zinc-blende lattice with the ${A}^{\mathrm{I}}$ atoms filling half of the available tetrahedral interstitial sites. Using band calculations we deduce an ``interstitial insertion rule'' which shows, following an earlier argument of Wood, Zunger, and de Groot, how the electronic structures of such ternary compounds constitute recognizable distortions of those of the underlying zinc-blende ${B}^{\mathrm{II}{C}^{\mathrm{V}}}$ material. The s,p, and d components of the electronic charge density at the tetrahedral interstitial sites of the zinc-blende structure are shown to play a decisive role in understanding quantitatively these distortions.
Imidazolium and deep eutectic ionic liquids as epoxy resin crosslinkers and graphite nanoplatelets dispersants (2014)

ABSTRACT Two types of ionic liquids (IL), i.e., molecular ionic 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([BMIM]SCN) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on choline chloride and tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, as well as their mixture have been used as epoxy resin curing agents. [BMIM]SCN showed the highest catalytic activity toward epoxy resin polymerization as compared to up today used ILs. Curing process of epoxy resin was investigated at ambient temperature (storage time up to more than 60 days) and elevated temperatures (80–200°C) using rheometry and DSC techniques. Thermomechanical analysis allowed to determine an influence of IL type and content on composites crosslinking density, glass transition temperature, and tan δ values. Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) was dispersed in DES and then in DES/IL/epoxy resin composition prepared, cast, and cured to obtain nanocomposite material. Electrical volume resistivity of the nanocomposites with 0.25–1 wt % GNP increased with nanofiller content up to the highest value of 2.8 × 10 6 Ω · cm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40401.
Ion-Exchange Induced Coercive Field Gratings for QPM Devices in Rb-doped KTP (2016)

We demonstrate 3.16µm periodic poling in RKTP using a coercive field grating induced by ion-exchange. The process results in a linear refractive index change over the sample thickness, adding extra tunability to the QPM device.
Grotthuss mechanisms: from proton transport in proton wires to bioprotonic devices (2015)

In 1804, Theodore von Grotthuss proposed a mechanism for proton (H(+)) transport between water molecules that involves the exchange of a covalent bond between H and O with a hydrogen bond. This mechanism also supports the transport of OH(-) as a proton hole and is essential in explaining proton transport in intramembrane proton channels. Inspired by the Grotthuss mechanism and its similarity to electron and hole transport in semiconductors, we have developed semiconductor type devices that are able to control and monitor a current of H(+) as well as OH(-) in hydrated biopolymers. In this topical review, we revisit these devices that include protonic diodes, complementary, transistors, memories and transducers as well as a phenomenological description of their behavior that is analogous to electronic semiconductor devices.
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases Mediate the Inhibitory Effects of All-trans Retinoic Acid on the Hypertrophic Growth of Cardiomyocytes (2004)

All-trans retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated in mediation of cardiac growth inhibition in neonatal cardiomyocytes. However, the associated signaling mechanisms remain unclear. Utilizing neonatal cardiomyocytes, we demonstrated that RA suppressed the hypertrophic features induced by cyclic stretch or angiotensin II (Ang II). Cyclic stretch- or Ang II-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) was dose- and time-dependently inhibited by RA. Significant inhibition was observed by 5 microm RA, from 8 to 24 h of pretreatment. This inhibitory effect was not mediated at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs), because RA had no effect on stretch- or Ang II-induced phosphorylation of MEK1/2, MKK4, and MKK3/6. However, the phosphatase inhibitor vanadate reversed the inhibitory effect of RA on MAP kinases and protein synthesis. RA up-regulated the expression level of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and MKP-2, and the time course was correlated with the inhibitory effect of RA on activation of MAP kinases. Overexpression of wild-type MKP-1 inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 in cardiomyocytes. These data indicated that MKPs were involved in the inhibitory effect of RA on MAP kinases. Using specific RAR and RXR antagonists, we demonstrated that both RARs and RXRs were involved in regulating stretch- or Ang II-induced activation of MAP kinases. Our findings provide the first evidence that the anti-hypertrophic effect of RA is mediated by up-regulation of MKPs and inhibition of MAP kinase signaling pathways.
An adaptive redundancy control method for erasure-code-based real-time data transmission over the Internet (2001)

We propose an adaptive redundancy control method for erasure-code-based real-time data transmission over the Internet. The loss rate is an important quality of service (QoS) parameter for real-time data transmission. However, real-time data transmission over best-effort networks, such as the Internet, suffers from a frequent packet loss due to traffic congestion. Erasure-code-based loss recovery scheme is widely used for loss recovery on the Internet. We propose a redundancy estimation algorithm which considers consecutive losses since the loss recovery rate depends on the amount of redundancy data. A continuous time Markov chain is used for modeling the loss process and adjusting the number of redundant packets. Measurements and simulation results show that the proposed scheme can be used as an efficient loss recovery algorithm for real-time data transmission over the Internet.