gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial resolution of diffuse photon density waves (1999)

On comparison with the usual propagating scalar waves, the attenuation of diffuse photon density waves gives rise to important differences in structural information, such as higher spatial resolution in detection at short distances from objects and deviation from the Rayleigh limit at larger distances. This damping also establishes a minimum spatial resolution threshold for diffusive waves, which occurs by illumination in continuous mode, and demonstrates that in most cases spatial resolution is not improved by increasing the modulation frequency. Assessments of this formulation with numerical simulations of scattering and wave-front reconstruction in the presence of noise are given.
The News Is Changing (2009)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEditorialNEXTThe News Is ChangingRUDY M. BAUMCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2009, 87, 32, 3Publication Date (Print):August 10, 2009Publication History Published online14 November 2010Published inissue 10 August 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v087n032.p003https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n032.p003editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2009 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views77Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (330 KB) Get e-Alerts
Exploring the Possible Role of Small-Scale Terrain Drag on Stable Boundary Layers over Land (2008)

Abstract This paper addresses the possible role of unresolved terrain drag, relative to the turbulent drag on the development of the stable atmospheric boundary layer over land. Adding a first-order estimate for terrain drag to the turbulent drag appears to provide drag that is similar to the enhanced turbulent drag obtained with the so-called long-tail mixing functions. These functions are currently used in many operational models for weather and climate, although they lack a clear physical basis. Consequently, a simple and practical quasi-empirical parameterization of terrain drag divergence for use in large-scale models is proposed and is tested in a column mode. As an outcome, the cross-isobaric mass flow (a measure for cyclone filling) with the new scheme, using realistic turbulent drag, appears to be equal to what is found with the unphysical long-tail scheme. At the same time, the new scheme produces a much more realistic less-deep boundary layer than is obtained by using the long-tail mixing function.
Anhydride-based chemistry on graphene for advanced polymeric materials (2016)

Functionalization of graphene based on the coupling of acylium ions under conditions similar to Friedel–Crafts acylation is reported.
Surface transfer hole doping of epitaxial graphene using MoO3 thin film (2010)

Synchrotron-based in situ photoelectron spectroscopy investigations demonstrate effective surface transfer p-type doping of epitaxial graphene (EG) thermally grown on 4H–SiC(0001) via the deposition of MoO3 thin film on top. The large work function difference between EG and MoO3 facilitates electron transfer from EG to the MoO3 thin film. This leads to hole accumulation in the EG layer with an areal hole density of about 1.0×1013 cm−2, and places the Fermi level 0.38 eV below the graphene Dirac point.
Performance of non-planar silicon diaphragms under large deflections (2002)

Thin non-planar silicon diaphragms are promising candidates for many high-performance microactuators, including microvalves and micropumps, since they can be batch fabricated using techniques that are compatible with the other portions of these devices. The fabrication and detailed simulation of such diaphragms, which are corrugated-bossed structures that unfold, accordionlike, to produce high boss deflections, are reported. Diaphragms 1 mm on a side, 3- mu m thick, and containing five 10- mu m-deep corrugations produce boss deflections of more than 30 mu m at 760 mmHg, in close agreement with simulations. Effects related to corrugation profile diaphragm size and thickness, and internal stress are explored.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Protecting against Ransomware: A New Line of Research or Restating Classic Ideas? (2018)

Ransomware is a type of extortion-based attack that locks the victim's digital resources and requests money to release them. The recent resurgence of high-profile ransomware attacks, particularly in critical sectors such as the healthcare industry, has highlighted the pressing need for effective defenses. While users are always advised to have a reliable backup strategy, the growing number of paying victims in recent years suggests that new defense mechanisms that minimize the destructive effects of ransomware attacks are needed. However, there are undeniable similarities between ransomware and other types of malware attacks. Hence, the two main questions that are often asked are: What are the challenges in defending against ransomware that can be solved using existing malware detection techniques? And, what are the new intellectual challenges that require developing new tools and techniques? In this article, we summarize some of the challenges in developing anti-ransomware solutions by considering the similarities and differences between ransomware and other types of malware attacks.
Effects of Ti-containing underlayers on planarization and microstructure of magnetron sputtered Al-Cu thin films (2003)

The authors describe the effects of several Ti-containing underlayer materials on the microstructure and degree of planarization of Al-4% Cu thin films. Al-Cu films were deposited on SiO/sub 2/ either uncoated or precoated with an underlayer of Ti, Ti-W or Ti-N. Both batch and single-wafer sputtering systems were used. Planarization and microstructure were investigated by scanning-electron microscopy and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. In the batch system, Al/sub 2/Cu precipitates coexist in both the theta and theta ' phases in Al-Cu films deposited on SiO/sub 2/ substrates biased at -175 Vrf and -225 Vrf, and preheated to approximately 300 degrees C. In the single-wafer system, substrates were held at temperatures ranging from 490 degrees C to 520 degrees C with a fixed substrate bias (-200 Vrf). In this temperature range, excellent planarization can be achieved, and theta ' precipitates are uniformly distributed throughout the thickness of the Al-Cu films.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New approach for T-wave peak detection and T-wave end location in 12-lead paced ECG signals based on a mathematical model (2012)

This paper presents an innovative approach for T-wave peak detection and subsequent T-wave end location in 12-lead paced ECG signals based on a mathematical model of a skewed Gaussian function. Following the stage of QRS segmentation, we establish search windows using a number of the earliest intervals between each QRS offset and subsequent QRS onset. Then, we compute a template based on a Gaussian-function, modified by a mathematical procedure to insert asymmetry, which models the T-wave. Cross-correlation and an approach based on the computation of Trapezium's area are used to locate, respectively, the peak and end point of each T-wave throughout the whole raw ECG signal. For evaluating purposes, we used a database of high resolution 12-lead paced ECG signals, recorded from patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) in the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK, and the well-known QT database. The average T-wave detection rates, sensitivity and positive predictivity, were both equal to 99.12%, for the first database, and, respectively, equal to 99.32% and 99.47%, for QT database. The average time errors computed for T-wave peak and T-wave end locations were, respectively, -0.38±7.12 ms and -3.70±15.46 ms, for the first database, and 1.40±8.99 ms and 2.83±15.27 ms, for QT database. The results demonstrate the accuracy, consistency and robustness of the proposed method for a wide variety of T-wave morphologies studied.
Design of dense transmission diffraction gratings for high efficiency (2014)

We propose a design method for dense surface-relief diffraction gratings with high efficiency in transmission mode. Closed-form analytical relations between diffraction efficiency, polarization, and grating parameters are derived and verified in the resonance domain of diffraction under general three-dimensional angles of incidence traditionally termed conical mounting. A powerful tool for rigorous design of computer-generated holograms and diffractive optical elements with spectroscopic scale periods is now enabled.
Quantification of phenolic compounds, evaluation of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of four date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties of Oman (2015)

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and to quantify the phenolic compounds by colorimetric and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analytical methods of four dates palm varieties cultivated in Oman. The sun-dried mature fruits (Tamer stage) of Bunarinja, Khasab, Fard and Khalas date cultivars were collected from Al-Dakhiliya and Al-Sharqiya regions, Oman at the beginning of the 2013 harvest season. The antioxidant activities of date fruits were investigated by 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric and HPLC methods were used to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and to quantify the phenolic acids, respectively in the hydroalcoholic date fruit extracts. A preliminary HPLC analysis of the date fruits showed the presence of phenolic acids like Gallic acid, Vanillic acid, Caffeic acid, p-Coumaric and Syringic acid in different proportions. The TPC of all four varieties ranged from 32.24 mg to 35.84 mg Caffeic acid equivalents/100 g of fresh weight. All varieties exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity (28.78–70.62%) in a concentration dependent manner. The present study confirms that Omani dates are a rich source of phenolic compounds and posses good antioxidant properties. HPLC also revealed the Gallic acid as the predominant phenolic acid in all date cultivars.
A site-directed Staphylococcus aureus hemB mutant is a small-colony variant which persists intracellularly (1997)

Although small-colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus have been recognized for many years, this phenotype has only recently been related to persistent and recurrent infections. Clinical S. aureus SCVs are frequently auxotrophic for menadione or hemin, two compounds involved in the biosynthesis of the electron transport chain elements menaquinone and cytochromes, respectively. While this observation as well as other biochemical characteristics of SCVs suggests a link between electron-transport-defective strains and persistent infections, the strains examined thus far have been genetically undefined SCVs. Therefore, we generated a stable mutant in electron transport by interrupting one of the hemin biosynthetic genes, hemB, in S. aureus by inserting an ermB cassette into hemB. We isolated a hemB mutant, due to homologous recombination, by growth at a nonpermissive temperature and selection for erythromycin resistance. This mutant showed typical characteristics of clinical SCVs, such as slow growth, decreased pigment formation, low coagulase activity, reduced hemolytic activity, and resistance to aminoglycosides. Additionally, the mutant was able to persist within cultured endothelial cells due to decreased alpha-toxin production. Northern and Western blot analyses showed that expression of alpha-toxin and that of protein A were markedly reduced, at both the mRNA and the protein level. The SCV phenotype of the hemB mutant was reversed by growth with hemin or by complementation with intact hemB. Hence, a defect in the electron transport system allows S. aureus SCVs to resist aminoglycosides and persist intracellularly.
A Prominent Low-pH Methotrexate Transport Activity in Human Solid Tumors (2004)

Whereas the major folate transporter, the reduced folate carrier (RFC), has a physiological pH optimum, transport activities for folates and antifolates have been detected with low pH optima. Because the interstitial pH in solid tumors is generally acidic, the mechanisms by which antifolates are transported at low pH could be an important determinant of drug activity under these conditions. The current study quantitated the low pH methotrexate (MTX) transport activity in human solid tumor cell lines from the National Cancer Institute tumor panel and other sources. MTX influx at pH 5.5 was equal to, or greater than, influx at pH 7.4 in 29 of 32 cell lines. To assess the role of RFC in transport at low pH in one of these cell lines, a HeLa clonal line (R5) was selected for MTX resistance due to a genomic deletion of the carrier gene. MTX influx was depressed by 70% in R5 versus wild-type HeLa cells at pH 7.4. At pH 6.5, influx in these two lines was similar; as the pH was decreased to 5.5 influx increased in both cell lines. Similarly, whereas net MTX uptake over 1 h was markedly decreased in R5 cells at pH 7.4, net uptake in HeLa and R5 cells was comparable at pH 6.5. Also, as compared with MCF7 breast cancer cells, MTX uptake was markedly decreased at pH 7.4, but only minimally at pH 6.5, in the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line that lacks RFC expression. When grown with folic acid (2 micro M) at pH 7.4, the IC(50) for MTX was 14-fold higher in R5 as compared with wild-type HeLa cells; the difference was only 4-fold when cells when grown at pH 6.9; the IC(50)s were identical at this pH when the medium folate was 25 nM 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. These data demonstrate that transport activity at low pH is prevalent in human solid tumors, is RFC-independent in R5 cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and can preserve MTX activity in the absence of RFC at an acidic pH relevant to solid tumors in vivo.
Improvements in the efficient composition of applications built using a component-based programming environment (2004)

Summary form only given. The efficient development of composite applications is discussed with the focus being on the use of software components to package the user code that is used to build the composite applications. Because of the complex nature of scientific applications, using software components in a plug-and-play style is not so simple. The design of the software components (or user tasks) and the frameworks used to integrate them into a composite application need to support a great deal of flexibility. This is needed to allow efficient experimentation in the development of the application. Additionally, frameworks need to assist the application developer beyond just ensuring interface compatibility. Matching the internal behavior of two user tasks that are coupled in a composite application is equally important. While a completely automatic behavioral analysis may never be a reality, frameworks can include sub-systems that provide the user with insight as to the compatibility of the integration of a task into a composite application. The goal of the research program is to address the above issues by applying several relatively new techniques to explore the design of components, frameworks, and the associated programming styles. Metadata is being used extensively to describe various elements of an application and a framework and software tools are being developed that use this metadata to augment the execution of the user tasks. Aspect-oriented programming concepts are being used to support better modularity and portability in the design of components and composite applications. Behavioral analysis techniques are being used to further enhance portability by including knowledge about the use of an task in its metadata.
Exhaustive Fluorine Scanning toward Potent p53–Mdm2 Antagonists (2011)

Fluorine dance: We discovered potent p53–Mdm2 antagonists by systematically varying the fluorine substitution pattern around a benzyl group that undergoes stacking interactions with His 96 of Mdm2. The potency of the optimized enantiomer (S)-7 e is >50-fold better than the worst compound of the series. All compounds were efficiently synthesized by Ugi multicomponent reaction chemistry. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A photon detector with very high gain at low bias and at room temperature (2007)

We report on a photon detector aimed at low light detection, which is based on the combination of small sensing volumes and large absorbing regions. Fabricated devices show stable gain values in the range of 1000–10 000 at bias voltages of ∼1V at 1.55μm at room temperature. Submicron devices show dark current less than 90nA and unity gain dark current density values less than 900nA∕cm2. The noise equivalent power (NEP) is measured to be 4fW∕Hz0.5 at room temperature without any gating, which is similar to NEP of current InGaAs∕InP avalanche photodetectors in gated operation.
A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works (2020)

Transformer-based models have pushed state of the art in many areas of NLP, but our understanding of what is behind their success is still limited. This paper is the first survey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT model. We review the current state of knowledge about how BERT works, what kind of information it learns and how it is represented, common modifications to its training objectives and architecture, the overparameterization issue, and approaches to compression. We then outline directions for future research.
Comparative Studies on Human Activators of Plasminogen (1981)

Agents activating human plasminogen have been prepared from a variety of human sources, namely plasma, blood vessel endothelium and tissue. Their physical and functional properties have been found to differ from that of the urinary activator, urokinase. Antiserum to urokinase, while it quenched the activity of urokinase itself, had no effect on the activity of the plasma, endothelial or tissue activators.
Lipocalin 2: A multifaceted modulator of human cancer (2009)

Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), a member of the lipocalin family that transports small lipophilic ligands, has gained recent attention as both a potential biomarker and a modulator of human cancers. Here we describe recent findings of the functions of Lcn2 in breast cancer and the potential mechanisms that underlie its actions. Lcn2 has been shown to induce the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells and to promote breast tumor invasion. Estrogen receptor alpha may participate in the pathway that leads to Lcn2-induced EMT. Preliminary evidence also suggests that Lcn2 may be useful as a potential non-invasive urinary biomarker of breast cancer. Elevated levels of Lcn2 have also been reported in other human cancers. The potential roles of Lcn2 in epithelial tumors as well as leukemia are also reviewed and discussed here.
Efficient light emitting diodes by photon recycling and their application in pixelless infrared imaging devices (2000)

The success of the pixelless imaging concept using a quantum well infrared photodetector integrated with a light emitting diode (QWIP–LED) depends critically on the extent of spatial lateral spreading of both photocurrent generated in the QWIP and near infrared (NIR) photons emitted by the LED as they escape from the device layers. According to the photon recycling model proposed by Schnitzer et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 131 (1993)] there appears to be a trade-off between a high LED external quantum efficiency and a small photon lateral spread, the former being a necessary condition for achieving high detector sensitivity. This lateral spreading due to multireflections and reincarnations of the NIR photons could potentially degrade the image quality or resolution of the device. By adapting Schnitzer’s model to the QWIP–LED structure, we have identified device parameters that could potentially influence the NIR photon lateral spread and the LED external efficiency. In addition, we have developed a simple sequential model to estimate the crosstalk between the incoming far infrared image and the up-converted NIR image. We have found that the thickness of the LED is an important parameter that needs to be optimized in order to maximize the external efficiency and to minimize the crosstalk. A 6000-Å-thick LED active layer should give a resolution of ∼30 μm and an external efficiency of ∼10%.