gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymerization of lactams, 28. Effect of reaction conditions on the anionic polymerization of 2‐pyrrolidone (part 5) (1979)

Abstract The effect of temperature, activator concentration, and polymerization time on the anionic polymerization of 2‐pyrrolidone was studied using the method of statistical planning of the experiments. Sodium tert‐butoxide or sodium dihydrido‐bis(2‐methoxyethoxy)aluminate was used as initiator; N‐acetylpyrrolidone served as activator in both cases. Results obtained with both initiation systems were presented in the form of explicit mathematical equations.
Active control of floor vibration: implementation case studies (2005)

Progress has been made toward controlling excessive floor vibration by means of active structural control. In this control scheme an electro-magnetic shaker is used to impart control forces on a floor system, thus, reducing the floor vibration levels. This paper presents an overview of the control system setup and describes two case studies where active control was implemented to improve floor vibration characteristics.
Development of an efficient, scalable, aldolase-catalyzed process for enantioselective synthesis of statin intermediates (2004)

A process is reported for efficient, enantioselective production of key intermediates for the common chiral side chain of statin-type cholesterol-lowering drugs such as Lipitor (atorvastatin) and Crestor (rosuvastatin). The process features a one-pot tandem aldol reaction catalyzed by a deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) to form a 6-carbon intermediate with installation of two stereogenic centers from 2-carbon starting materials. An improvement of almost 400-fold in volumetric productivity relative to the published enzymatic reaction conditions has been achieved, resulting in a commercially attractive process that has been run on up to a 100-g scale in a single batch at a rate of 30.6 g/liter per h. Catalyst load has been improved by 10-fold as well, from 20 to 2.0 wt % DERA. These improvements were achieved by a combination of discovery from environmental DNA of DERAs with improved activity and reaction optimization to overcome substrate inhibition. The two stereogenic centers are set by DERA with enantiomeric excess at >99.9% and diastereomeric excess at 96.6%. In addition, down-stream chemical steps have been developed to convert the enzymatic product efficiently to versatile intermediates applicable to preparation of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin.
DC-Bias Allocation in Cooperative VLC Networks via Joint Information and Energy Transfer (2018)

In order to meet the new escalating demand for high data rate services and applications, visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a promising solution for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks and beyond. Consider a VLC network, where multiple access points (APs) serve both energy-harvesting users (EHUs), i.e., users which harvest energy from light intensity, and information-users (IUs), i.e., users which gather data information. The performance of the system becomes a function of the direct current (DC) bias values allocated to each AP. After adopting a zero-forcing (ZF) precoding approach to cancel the inter-cell interference, the paper formulates the problem of maximizing the network harvested energy subject to individual harvested energy and data rate constraints at the EHUs and IUs, respectively, so as to determine the DC bias of every AP. The paper then proposes solving such a difficult non-convex optimization problem using an iterative approach. The proposed algorithm uses well-chosen approximations of the objective and constraints functions, and compensates for the approximations using proper outer-loop updates. The paper further proposes a sub optimal heuristic which provides a feasible, yet simple, solution to the problem. Numerical results illustrate the convergence of our proposed algorithms, and highlight the significant performance improvement of the proposed algorithm as compared to the proposed baseline approach.
Effect of Oxygen Content and Sr/Ca Ratio on Superconducting Properties in Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>2-x</sub>Ca<sub>1+x</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8+δ</sub> (1988)

Superconducting properties of the 80 K class superconductor in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system were examined from the viewpoints of the oxygen content and the Sr/Ca ratio. The T c of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ was reduced with decreasing δ. The solid solution region of Bi 2 Sr 2- x Ca 1+ x Cu 2 O 8+δ was confirmed for x values between -0.25 and 1.0. The T c changed slightly in the solid solution region. The transition to insulator, however, was not observed by changing the oxygen content or the Sr/Ca ratio.
Gabor domain optical coherence microscopy combined with laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy (2019)

We report on the development of fluorescence Gabor domain optical coherence microscopy (Fluo GD-OCM), a combination of GD-OCM with laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy (LSCFM) for synchronous micro-structural and fluorescence imaging. The dynamic focusing capability of GD-OCM provided the adaptive illumination environment for both modalities without any mechanical movement. Using Fluo GD-OCM, we imaged ex vivo DsRed-expressing cells in the brain of a transgenic mouse, as well as Cy3-labeled ganglion cells and Cy3-labeled astrocytes from a mouse retina. The self-registration of images taken by the two different imaging modalities showed the potential for a correlative study of subjects and double identification of the target.
Design, fabrication, and test planning for an SMA-actuated vortex wake control system (1998)

This paper describes ongoing design and fabrication work on a vortex wake control system for submarines that employs SMA-actuated devices. Previous work has described the theoretical basis and feasibility studies for this system, which is based on a novel wake control scheme known as vortex leveraging. The critical item in the realization of this system is a Smart Vortex Leveraging Tab (SVLT), whose design and fabrication is the principal focus of this work. This paper outlines the background of the effort and the design principles involved, but will chiefly deal with three closely interrelated topics; the hydrodynamic design requirements and control surface layout for the vortex leveraging system; the detail design and fabrication techniques being used in the construction of a prototype SVLT; and the test planning and experiment design process currently underway for test of both the overall vortex leveraging concept and SVLT device itself.
An edge-restricted spatial interpolation algorithm (1992)

This study addresses how to generate high spatial resolution image data from a low spatial resolution imaging source. An edge-restricted spatial interpolation algorithm is developed to increase the image resolution and at the same time to enhance the sharp edges and details from the original imaging source. The algorithm is based on a cubic spline-under-tension interpolation kernel. The weights of the interpolation kernel can be adjusted adaptively according to the edge information in the neighborhood of the interpolated pixels. The algorithm can be applied to a relatively low spatial resolution image source, such as video, to generate highresolution image data for high-quality printing devices.
Interest in the serum color as an indirect criterion of selection of digestive efficiency in chickens (2019)

Improving the digestive efficiency of birds is becoming increasingly important with the diversification of feedstuffs used in poultry diets. Compared with time-consuming chemical analyses that were previously used to measure digestive efficiency, near-infrared spectroscopy has been a great advance as it was fast and thus allowed measurements to be taken from a large number of animals, as required for genetic studies. However, it still implies to rear the birds in cages to collect feces, which is questionable in terms of welfare. The purpose of this study was thus to establish whether the serum color could be used as a biomarker of digestive efficiency that would be easy and fast to measure on floor-reared animals. We first compared the serum color of 2 lines of chickens divergently selected for high or low digestive efficiency when fed with a wheat-based diet. Digestive efficiency was assessed by nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Color was assessed by the absorbance of the serum between 300 and 572 nm. Color differed between the 2 lines between 430 and 572 nm, which corresponds to the absorption zone of carotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin. In a second step, we estimated the heritability of serum color measurements and their genetic correlations with digestive efficiency. Taking these parameters into account, in our experimental conditions the best trait among those tested that can be used as a biomarker of digestive efficiency is serum absorbance at 492 nm, with a heritability estimate of 0.31 ± 0.09 and a genetic correlation with digestive efficiency of 0.84 ± 0.28.
FIN13, a Novel Growth Factor-Inducible Serine-Threonine Phosphatase Which Can Inhibit Cell Cycle Progression (1997)

We have identified a novel type 2C serine-threonine phosphatase, FIN13, whose expression is induced by fibroblast growth factor 4 and serum in late G1 phase. The protein encoded by FIN13 cDNA includes N- and C-terminal domains with significant homologies to type 2C phosphatases, a domain homologous to collagen, and an acidic domain. FIN13 expression predominates in proliferating tissues. Bacterially expressed FIN13 and FIN13 expressed in mammalian cells exhibit serine-threonine phosphatase activity, which requires Mn2+ and is insensitive to inhibition by okadaic acid. FIN13 is localized in the nuclei of transiently transfected cells. Cotransfection of FIN13-expressing plasmids with a plasmid that expresses the neomycin resistance gene inhibits the growth of drug-resistant colonies in NIH 3T3, HeLa and Rat-1 cells. In transiently transfected cells, FIN13 inhibits DNA synthesis and results in the accumulation of cells in G1 and early S phases. Similarly, the induction of expression of FIN13 under the control of a tetracycline-regulated promoter in NIH 3T3 cells leads to growth inhibition, with accumulation of cells in G1 and early S phases. Thus, overexpression and/or unregulated expression of FIN13 inhibits cell cycle progression, indicating that the physiological role of this phosphatase may be that of regulating the orderly progression of cells through the mitotic cycle by dephosphorylating specific substrates which are important for cell proliferation.
A Modified R-Type Bacteriocin Specifically Targeting Clostridium difficile Prevents Colonization of Mice without Affecting Gut Microbiota Diversity (2015)

Treatment and prevention strategies for bacterial diseases rely heavily on traditional antibiotics, which impose strong selection for resistance and disrupt protective microbiota. One consequence has been an upsurge of opportunistic pathogens, such as Clostridium difficile, that exploit antibiotic-induced disruptions in gut microbiota to proliferate and cause life-threatening diseases. We have developed alternative agents that utilize contractile bactericidal protein complexes (R-type bacteriocins) to kill specific C. difficile pathogens. Efficacy in a preclinical animal study indicates these molecules warrant further development as potential prophylactic agents to prevent C. difficile infections in humans. Since these agents do not detectably alter the indigenous gut microbiota or colonization resistance in mice, we believe they will be safe to administer as a prophylactic to block transmission in high-risk environments without rendering patients susceptible to enteric infection after cessation of treatment.
Preparation of water-soluble polymers for flocculants with improved dewatering characteristics (2002)

A process for prepg. a water sol. polymer comprises: providing a polymn. reaction mixt. comprising one or more polymerizable ethylenically unsatd. monomers; polymg. the ethylenically unsatd. monomers; and adding to the reaction mixt. during polymn. one or more chain branching agents (e.g., methylenebisacrylamide) either continuously or semi-continuously, the semi-continuous addn. further comprising at least two discrete addns. The polymers, typically acrylamide-based, have improved flocculating and dewatering properties. The polymer is useful in solid/liq. sepns. such as flocculants and coagulants in wastewater treatment applications, and as thickening agents. [on SciFinder (R)]
EMG pattern analysis for patient-responsive control of FES in paraplegics for walker-supported walking (1989)

This paper describes and discusses the employment of EMG pattern analysis to provide upper-motor-neuron paraplegics with patient-responsive control of FES (functional electrical stimulation) for the purpose of walker-supported walking. The system described employs above-lesion surface EMG signals to activate standing and walking functions in a patient-responsive manner. This system has been experimentally applied to paraplegics at Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago since early 1982. Below-lesion response-EMG control from the stimulated sites has been added in 1987 to regulate stimuli levels in the face of fatigue. Although transcutaneous FES alone is being employed, the system is applicable in principle also to implantable FES systems.
Development of Plate-Type Heat Exchanger for Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery System (2003)

In this paper, an exhaust gas heat recuperation unit for use with a boiler is developed to improve the overall thermal efficiency of integral system. The heat recuperation unit includes a plate-type heat exchanger for exhaust gas heat recovery for exchanging heat between an exhaust gas and combustion air. A proto-type heat exchanger is designed and manufactured with a series of exhaust gas plates stacked alternatively with, and parallel to, a series of air plates. Each of the exhaust gas plates and air plates contain ridges to form a substantially sinusoidal path for directing the respective gas therealong. The combustion air flown in a countercurrent to the exhaust gas to facilitate maximum heat transfer. The heat exchanger is connected to exhaust gas inlet and outlet conduits and combustion air inlet and outlet conduits. Proper number of plates for the heat exchanger is selected to obtain laminar flow through plate flow channels, producing a low gas pressure drop in each channel. Using the proto-type heat exchanger, experimental work was primarily performed to measure temperature and pressure changes of exhaust gas and combustion air at various boiler firing conditions. These test results are compared with those obtained from numerical (CFD) and analytical works. The approximate analytical model developed in this work is used to investigate the effects of exchanger design parameters on the system performance, and eventually to develop the exchanger design curves for the optimal selection of exchanger design values.
Land mine detection measurements using acoustic-to-seismic coupling (2000)

During the early 1980s, the phenomenon of acoustic-to- seismic coupling was used to detect buried objects or mines. In these early measurements, large 2 Hz geophones measured the low frequency normal component of the soil particle velocity over buried targets. Several different, naturally- occurring ground types were studied in these measurement, including grass-covered ground; bare, sandy soil surfaces; and 'dirt' roads. Since the large geophone averages the particle velocity over the area of the sensor case, acoustic-to-seismic transfer function measurements were made with new, smaller-sized geophones. Higher frequency measurements were made using accelerometers. 3D maps of the surface particle velocity were made using measured seismic/acoustic transfer function data. Recognizing the need for a non-contact sensor and the need to investigate the geophone/soil coupling effect in the acoustic-to-seismic transfer function, additional measurements were made using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). This paper explains the acoustic-to-seismic coupling mine detection measurement technique using both geophones and an LDV. The early measurements of the acoustic-to-seismic coupling transfer function for mine-like targets are discussed as well as some recent measurements using a LDV.
MEMS acoustic sensors for totally implantable hearing systems (2007)

There is a need for high quality implant microphone for existing semi-implantable hearing aid systems, including cochlear systems and middle ear semi-implant systems. A totally implant hearing aids system, integrates implant microphone, interface electronics, speech processor, stimulator, and cochlear electrodes, can overcome the discomfort, inconvenient, and stigma problems associate with the conventional and semi-implantable hearing aids. This paper presents the results of four years invitro study to use micro-chip acoustic sensors, serving as implant microphones, to directly sense the umbo acoustic vibration, convert it into high quality electrical sound signal at the output. Umbo vibration characteristics were extracted from literatures and laboratory data. A PZT vibration source is built to simulate the Umbo receiving 40 to 100 dB SPL sound input. A laboratory model using commercial electrets-microphone as the sensor was studied in the laboratory and on several temporal bones. Near flat frequency response from 250 to 8,000 Hz was measured with minimum detectable signal about 65 db SPL at 1 kHz, limited by the sensitivity of the microphone and the noise of the amplifier. From these results, an MEMS acoustic displacement sensor chip was designed and fabricated, to increase the sensitivity and to provide a easy mounting method on Umbo. Test results in laboratory and on temporal bones are being cumulated and will be presented.
High voltage characterization of high dielectric constant composites (2010)

Recent advances in the development of high energy storage composites at the University of Missouri-Columbia have resulted in the production of thick materials with a dielectric constant greater than 125 at frequencies on the order of 100s of kHz to at least 4.5 GHz. Since the composites were developed for high voltage devices, they were fabricated with a thickness on the order of millimeters. The highest priority in optimizing the composite properties was to maximize the dielectric constant. However, to ensure compatibility in repetitive pulsed applications, the dielectric losses were minimized, and the dielectric strength was maintained on the same order as conventional insulators. The high dielectric constant composites are characterized by five methods under low and high voltage conditions. The complex permittivity is measured from 100 kHz 30 MHz and 200 MHz 4.5 GHz using industry-standard methods and equipment at low voltage. Additionally, four custom high voltage diagnostics were designed and constructed for high voltage characterization. First, a high voltage pulser is implemented to determine the dielectric strength of the composites under pulsed conditions. Second, the electric field dependence of the composite polarization is measured with a modified Sawyer-Tower polarization test stand. Third, small high voltage capacitors constructed from the high dielectric constant material are characterized by examining the resonance of a high voltage underdamped discharged at a frequency of 10s to 100s of MHz. Lastly, the material is evaluated as a high voltage transmission line using time domain reflectometry techniques. The diagnostic methods used to characterize the dielectric materials are described with an emphasis on the high voltage techniques and data from selected diagnostic methods are presented.
Transferability of Models for Predicting Rice Grain Yield from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Multispectral Imagery across Years, Cultivars and Sensors (2022)

Timely and accurate prediction of crop yield prior to harvest is vital for precise agricultural management. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide a fast and convenient approach to crop yield prediction, but most existing crop yield models have rarely been tested across different years, cultivars and sensors. This has limited the ability of these yield models to be transferred to other years or regions or to be potentially used with data from other sensors. In this study, UAV-based multispectral imagery was used to predict rice grain yield at the booting and filling stages from four field experiments, involving three years, two rice cultivars, and two UAV sensors. Reflectance and texture features were extracted from the UAV imagery, and vegetation indices (VIs) and normalized difference texture indices (NDTIs) were computed. The models were independently validated to test the stability and transferability across years, rice cultivars, and sensors. The results showed that the red edge normalized difference texture index (RENDTI) was superior to other texture indices and vegetation indices for model regression with grain yield in most cases. However, the green normalized difference texture index (GNDTI) achieved the highest prediction accuracy in model validation across rice cultivars and sensors. The yield prediction model of Japonica rice achieved stronger transferability to Indica rice with root mean square error (RMSE), bias, and relative RMSE (RRMSE) of 1.16 t/ha, 0.08, and 11.04%, respectively. Model transferability was improved significantly between different sensors after band correction with a decrease of 15.05–59.99% in RRMSE. Random forest (RF) was found to be a good solution to improve the model transferability across different years and cultivars and obtained the highest prediction accuracy with RMSE, bias, and RRMSE of 0.94 t/ha, −0.21, and 9.37%, respectively. This study provides a valuable reference for crop yield prediction when existing models are transferred across different years, cultivars and sensors.
Dynamic array of dark optical traps (2004)

A dynamic array of dark optical traps is generated for simultaneous trapping and arbitrary manipulation of multiple low-index microstructures. The dynamic intensity patterns forming the dark optical trap arrays are generated using a nearly loss-less phase-to-intensity conversion of a phase-encoded coherent light source. Two-dimensional input phase distributions corresponding to the trapping patterns are encoded using a computer-programmable spatial light modulator, enabling each trap to be shaped and moved arbitrarily within the plane of observation. We demonstrate the generation of multiple dark optical traps for simultaneous manipulation of hollow “air-filled” glass microspheres suspended in an aqueous medium.
<title>Multimedia content customization for universal access</title> (1998)

Content delivery over the Internet, in order to allow universal access, needs to address both the multimedia nature of the content and the capabilities of the diverse client platforms the content is being delivered to. We present a system that tailors multimedia content to optimally match the capabilities of the client device requesting it. This system has three key components: (1) a representation scheme called the InfoPyramid, (2) a set of transcoders for converting modality or resolution, and (3) a customizer that selects the best content representation to meet the client capabilities while delivering the most value.