gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protective Role of Melatonin in Neonatal Diseases (2013)

Oxidative stress contributes to the severity of several newborn conditions to the extent that Saugstad coined the phrase "oxygen radical diseases of neonatology." In order to counteract free radicals damage many strategies to augment antioxidant status in ill-term and preterm infants have been proposed and several medications have been experimented with mixed results. Several studies have tested the efficacy of melatonin to counteract oxidative damage in diseases of newborns such as chronic lung disease, perinatal brain injury, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity, giving promising results. The peculiar perinatal susceptibility to oxidative stress indicates that prophylactic use of antioxidants as melatonin could help to prevent or at least reduce oxidative stress related diseases in newborns. However, more studies are needed to confirm these beneficial effects.
Analyzing and recognizing walking figures in XYT (1994)

We describe a novel algorithm for gait analysis. A person walking frontoparallel to the image plane generates a characteristic "braided" pattern in a spatiotemporal (XYT) volume. Our algorithm detects this pattern, and fits it with a set of spatiotemporal snakes. The snakes can be used to find the bounding contours of the walker. The contours vary over time in a manner characteristic of each walker. Individual gaits can be recognized by applying standard pattern recognition techniques to the contour signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
NR4A1, 2, 3--an orphan nuclear hormone receptor family involved in cell apoptosis and carcinogenesis. (2006)

Three members of the NR4A1/Nur77/ NGFIB orphan nuclear hormone receptor subfamily (NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3) belong to the steroid nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They share similar structural features and have no known natural ligand. They constitute immediate early genes that are induced by serum, growth factors and receptor engagement and are thus implicated in cell mitogenic responses. These nuclear receptors are transcription factors that exert their functions through activation and subsequent induction of the downstream pathways. They have been shown to play a role in complex pathways of cell survival and apoptosis. Although the expression of these genes have been shown to be pro-survival, it has also been reported that NR4A1 expression can cause apoptosis. These two opposite effects apparently result from distinct mechanisms: either transcriptional activation of genes responsible for cell survival or cell apoptosis, or translocation into the cytoplasm where they target the mitochondria and cause cell apoptosis via Bcl-2 binding. The latter mechanism constitutes a new paradigm of cellular apoptosis. In vitro functional studies using over-expression (gain of function) or gene inactivation (loss of function) type assays, combined with transgenic or knockout animal data in vivo, have revealed these effects and their physiological roles, including thymocyte development for NR4A1/3 and pro-survival in CNS for NR4A2. Recent studies have also suggested an important role of these receptors in cell transformation and tumorigenicity via both their anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic functions. In particular, the recent identification of a functional ligand for NR4A1 suggests that these members could potentially serve as drug targets for disease indications such as cancer. While many aspects of these receptors have been previously reviewed, this article focuses on new experimentation and discovery of their apoptotic and carcinogenic roles, and discusses their potential roles as therapeutic targets.
Expanding the Number of Stable Isomeric Structures of the C<sub>80</sub> Cage: A New Fullerene Dy<sub>3</sub>N@C<sub>80</sub>. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fokus 3G beyond testbed and its use within the IST project OPIUM for OSA/Parlay interoperability tests (2003)

UMTS networks are going to be provided on a commercial basis within the next twelve month in different European countries. The fast and flexible provision of innovative services, such as location-based services and mobile portals, particularly by third parties, will become a crucial issues for the the success of UMTS. As the UMTS role out will happen stepwise, additionally the interworking with other network technologies, such as WLAN hotspots and GPRS/GSM, for seamless service provision will be an important prerequisite for user acceptance. Thus the virtual home environment, in which services will be provided to users in a personalized way via different end systems and network technologies will have to become reality. Open network APIs, such as OSA/Parlay represent today a globally accepted technological means for providing services transparently on top of different networks. This paper provides an overview of the IST project OPIUM (open platform for integration of UMTS middleware), which investigates within four interconnected European test beds and one test bed in China the practical usage of the OSA/Parlay APIs on top of UMTS and GPRS networks. We will briefly look at the different test beds. However, particular emphasis will be given to the German OPIUM test bed, i.e. the UMTS/3G beyond test and development center at Fraunhofer FOKUS. This test bed will also provide a key location for the upcoming ETSI plug tests for OSA/Parlay interoperability, as it provides in addition to its own platform also access to different remote OSA/Parlay platforms.
<i>The Image Processing Handbook</i>, 7th ed., John C. Russ and F. Brent Neal. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2015, 1053 pp. ISBN: 978-1498740265. (2016)

This text has consistently been rated as an excellent overall introduction to computer-based image processing, with very accessible and readable descriptions supported by clear examples and comparisons. In this seventh edition of the widely read The Image Processing Handbook, there is more than the expected updating of references and inclusion of new examples. Extensive revisions have been made to enhance every aspect of this edition. The references provide key and primary citations to theory, methods, and applications in a very broad range of disciplines. In addition, this edition includes new coverage of an impressive variety of advanced image processing and measurement techniques that can be implemented as complex algorithms even on today’s personal laptops. By including comparisons of results using a range of procedures, applied to a broad variety of image types, the book provides an invaluable guide for user selection and understanding of methods. Early editions of this handbook tended to focus on applications involving microscopes—optical, electron, and scanned probe—and on two-dimensional images. In this edition, there is a definite intent to broaden the range of applications, to include tomographic imaging (at all scales from atomic up), macro photography such as forensic imagery, medical imaging, and even astronomical images. Indeed, this broadened focus is evident even from the book’s cover, which includes images from all these disciplines. Many of the same techniques for processing and measurement are appropriate in all of these cases, and even for someone whose principal interest lies, for example, in electron microscopy, it is very revealing and thought-provoking to see how everyday images, or ones from other disciplines, share some of the same problems and possibilities.
[An improved motion estimation of medical image series via wavelet transform]. (2006)

The compression of medical image series is very important in telemedicine. The motion estimation plays a key role in the video sequence compression. In this paper, an improved square-diamond search (SDS) algorithm is proposed for the motion estimation of medical image series. The improved SDS algorithm reduces the number of the searched points. This improved SDS algorithm is used in wavelet transformation field to estimate the motion of medical image series. A simulation experiment for digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is made. The experiment results show that the algorithm accuracy is higher than that of other algorithms in the motion estimation of medical image series.
Document image content inventories (2007)

We report an investigation into strategies, algorithms, and software tools for document image content extraction and inventory, that is, the location and measurement of regions containing handwriting, machine-printed text, photographs, blank space, etc. We have developed automatically trainable methods, adaptable to many kinds of documents represented as bilevel, greylevel, or color images, that offer a wide range of useful tradeoffs of speed versus accuracy using methods for exact and approximate k-Nearest Neighbor classification. We have adopted a policy of classifying each pixel (rather than regions) by content type: we discuss the motivation and engineering implications of this choice. We describe experiments on a wide variety of document-image and content types, and discuss performance in detail in terms of classification speed, per-pixel classification accuracy, per-page inventory accuracy, and subjective quality of page segmentation. These show that even modest per-pixel classification accuracies (of, e.g., 60-70%) support usefully high recall and precision rates (of, e.g., 80-90%) for retrieval queries of document collections seeking pages that contain a given minimum fraction of a certain type of content.
A 6.3-9-GHz CMOS fast settling PLL for MB-OFDM UWB applications (2005)

A CMOS phase-locked loop (PLL) which synthesizes frequencies between 6.336 and 8.976 GHz in steps of 528 MHz and settles in approximately 150 ns is presented. The proposed PLL can be employed as a building block for a frequency synthesizer which generates a seven-band hopping carrier for multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultrawideband (UWB) radio. To achieve fast loop settling, integer-N architecture that operates with 528-MHz reference frequency is implemented and a wideband active-loop filter is integrated. An improved phase-frequency detector (PFD) is proposed for faster loop settling. To reduce reference sidebands, a feedback circuit using replica bias is implemented in the charge pump. I/Q carriers are generated by two cross-coupled LC VCOs. The output current of the charge pump is controlled to compensate for the VCO gain nonlinearity and a programmable frequency divider (12/spl les/N/spl les/17) that reliably operates at 9 GHz is designed. Fabricated in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, the PLL consumes 32 mA from a 1.8-V supply and achieves phase noise of -109.6dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset and spurs of -52 dBc.
Characteristics of Spoilage-Associated Secondary Cucumber Fermentation (2011)

Secondary fermentations during the bulk storage of fermented cucumbers can result in spoilage that causes a total loss of the fermented product, at an estimated cost of $6,000 to $15,000 per affected tank. Previous research has suggested that such fermentations are the result of microbiological utilization of lactic acid and the formation of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids. The objectives of this study were to characterize the chemical and environmental conditions associated with secondary cucumber fermentations and to isolate and characterize potential causative microorganisms. Both commercial spoilage samples and laboratory-reproduced secondary fermentations were evaluated. Potential causative agents were isolated based on morphological characteristics. Two yeasts, Pichia manshurica and Issatchenkia occidentalis, were identified and detected most commonly concomitantly with lactic acid utilization. In the presence of oxygen, yeast metabolic activities lead to lactic acid degradation, a small decline in the redox potential (E(h), Ag/AgCl, 3 M KCl) of the fermentation brines, and an increase in pH to levels at which bacteria other than the lactic acid bacteria responsible for the primary fermentation can grow and produce acetic, butyric, and propionic acids. Inhibition of these yeasts by allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) resulted in stabilization of the fermented medium, while the absence of the preservative resulted in the disappearance of lactic and acetic acids in a model system. Additionally, three Gram-positive bacteria, Lactobacillus buchneri, a Clostridium sp., and Pediococcus ethanolidurans, were identified as potentially relevant to different stages of the secondary fermentation. The unique opportunity to study commercial spoilage samples generated a better understanding of the microbiota and environmental conditions associated with secondary cucumber fermentations.
Accelerated slice encoding for metal artifact correction (2010)

SEMAC imaging can be combined with standard echo-train imaging, parallel imaging, partial-Fourier imaging, and inversion recovery techniques to offer flexible image contrast with a dramatic reduction of metal-induced artifacts in scan times under 11 minutes.
Efficient heterogeneous oxidation of organosilanes to silanols catalysed by a hydroxyapatite-bound Ru complex in the presence of water and molecular oxygen (2002)

RuHAP is a highly selective and reusable catalyst for the oxidation of a wide variety of organosilanes to the corresponding silanols in the presence of water and molecular oxygen.
Fibroblast stimulation in schistosomiasis. XI. Purification to apparent homogeneity of fibroblast-stimulating factor-1, an acidic heparin-binding growth factor produced by schistosomal egg granulomas (1991)

Liver fibrosis is the most serious complication of infection with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum and is responsible for severe morbidity and mortality in hundreds of thousands of patients in many Third World nations. The pathogenesis of this condition remains to be elucidated. We proposed that certain cytokines produced by cells that comprise the chronic granulomas that surround the helminth eggs within the liver initiate hepatic fibrogenesis. We now report our successful purification to apparent homogeneity of the egg granuloma-derived fibroblast mitogen. The high affinity of this factor for heparin (elutes from heparin-Sepharose with 1.5 M NaCl) facilitates its purification by a two-step procedure, and identifies the cytokine as a heparin-binding growth factor (HBGF). Furthermore, because it has an isoelectric point approximately equal to 6.2, it has one of the characteristics of a class 1 (acidic) HBGF. We immunized rabbits with the purified factor and observed that the resulting antibodies (IgG) detected the factor but not acidic fibroblast growth factor (the prototypic class 1 HBGF) either by dot-blot ELISA or neutralization of biologic activity. The granuloma product and fibroblast growth factor also differ in target-cell specificity and amino acid composition. On the basis of these distinctions, we have designated the granuloma-derived mitogen fibroblast-stimulating factor-1. With the availability of purified fibroblast-stimulating factor-1 and the future analysis of its amino acid sequence, its structural relationship to other mesenchymal growth factors can be determined.
Molecular Rearrangements Involved in the Capsid Shell Maturation of Bacteriophage T7 (2010)

Maturation of dsDNA bacteriophages involves assembling the virus prohead from a limited set of structural components followed by rearrangements required for the stability that is necessary for infecting a host under challenging environmental conditions. Here, we determine the mature capsid structure of T7 at 1 nm resolution by cryo-electron microscopy and compare it with the prohead to reveal the molecular basis of T7 shell maturation. The mature capsid presents an expanded and thinner shell, with a drastic rearrangement of the major protein monomers that increases in their interacting surfaces, in turn resulting in a new bonding lattice. The rearrangements include tilting, in-plane rotation, and radial expansion of the subunits, as well as a relative bending of the A- and P-domains of each subunit. The unique features of this shell transformation, which does not employ the accessory proteins, inserted domains, or molecular interactions observed in other phages, suggest a simple capsid assembling strategy that may have appeared early in the evolution of these viruses.
Gene regulation by tyrosine kinases: src protein activates various promoters, including c-fos. (1989)

A promoter of the nuclear proto-oncogene fos was activated by cotransfection with the viral src gene. Ability to transactivate the c-fos promoter was dependent on tyrosine kinase activity, because (i) src mutants which have reduced tyrosine kinase activity due to mutation of Tyr-416 to Phe showed lower promoter activation, (ii) pp60c-src mutants which have increased tyrosine kinase activity due to mutation of Tyr-527 to Phe also augmented c-fos promoter induction, and (iii) mutation in the ATP-binding site of pp60v-src strongly suppressed c-fos promoter activation. Tyrosine kinase activity alone, however, was not sufficient for promoter activation, because of pp60v-src mutant which lacked its myristylation site and consequently membrane association showed no increased c-fos promoter activation. Both the tyrosine kinase- and membrane-association-defective mutants were also unable to induce transformation. Therefore, phosphorylation of membrane-associated substrates appears to be required for both gene expression and cellular transformation by the src protein. Two regions of the c-fos promoter located between positions -362 and -324 and positions -323 and -294 were responsive to src stimulation. We believe that protein tyrosine phosphorylation represents an important step of signal transduction from the membrane to the nucleus.
Reflex control of inflammation by the splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway is sustained and independent of anesthesia (2014)

Following an immune challenge, there is two-way communication between the nervous and immune systems. It is proposed that a neural reflex--the inflammatory reflex--regulates the plasma levels of the key proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and that its efferent pathway is in the splanchnic sympathetic nerves. The evidence for this reflex is based on experiments on anesthetized animals, but anesthesia itself suppresses inflammation, confounding interpretation. Here, we show that previous section of the splanchnic nerves strongly enhances the levels of plasma TNF-α in conscious rats 90 min after they received intravenous LPS (60 μg/kg). The same reflex mechanism, therefore, applies in conscious as in anesthetized animals. In anesthetized rats, we then determined the longer-term effects of splanchnic nerve section on responses to LPS (60 μg/kg iv). We confirmed that prior splanchnic nerve section enhanced the early (90 min) peak in plasma TNF-α and found that it reduced the 90-min peak of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10; both subsequently fell to low levels in all animals. Splanchnic nerve section also enhanced the delayed rise in two key proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and interferon γ. That enhancement was undiminished after 6 h, when other measured cytokines had subsided. Finally, LPS treatment caused hypotensive shock in rats with cut splanchnic nerves but not in sham-operated animals. These findings demonstrate that reflex activation of the splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway has a powerful and sustained restraining influence on inflammatory processes.
pH-Reversible Cationic RNase A Conjugates for Enhanced Cellular Delivery and Tumor Cell Killing (2015)

Intracellularly-acting therapeutic proteins are considered promising alternatives for the treatment of various diseases. Major limitations of their application are low efficiency of intracellular delivery and possible reduction of protein activity during derivatization. Herein, we report pH-sensitive covalent modification of proteins with a histidine-rich cationic oligomer (689) for efficient intracellular transduction and traceless release of functional proteins. Enhanced Green fluorescent protein (EGFP), as model for the visualization of protein transduction, and RNase A, as therapeutic protein with antitumoral effect, were modified with the pH-sensitive bifunctional AzMMMan linker and varying amounts of cationic oligomer. The modification degree showed impact on the internalization and cellular distribution of EGFP as well as the biological effect of RNase A conjugates, which mediated considerable toxicity against cancer cells at optimal ratio. The presented conjugates demonstrate their qualification to achieve efficient intracellular delivery and controlled release without protein inactivation and potential prospective applications in protein-based therapies.
Mode shaping of a Nd:YAG laser with diffractive mirrors (2002)

Summary form only given. Conventional spherical mirror laser cavities produce spatial modes that are described by Hermite Gaussian functions. For some applications, however, the lowest-order Gaussian mode shape is not desired. In addition, the lasing threshold separation between this mode and higher-order modes is often small, leading to potential multi-mode operation. Laser cavities with non-spherical mirrors have been demonstrated that allow the designer to customize the fundamental laser mode and maximize the modal discrimination. In this paper, we show that a diffractive optical element can be used as a mode-synthesizing mirror (MSM) inside a Nd:YAG laser cavity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Centrioles resist forces applied on centrosomes during G2/M transition (2005)

Our results demonstrate that the compact structure of the mitotic centrosome is capable of absorbing most of the pulling and pushing forces during G2/M transition and suggest that centrosomes could act as mechanosensors integrating tensions during cell division.
Thermal unfolding of proteins probed by laser spray mass spectrometry (2008)

The stability and conformational changes of cytochrome c (cyt c) at different temperatures and pH have been well examined so far by using various analytical methods. We have found that laser spray mass spectrometry enables much faster and more convenient monitoring of those changes of cyt c compared with other methods. The results correlated well with circular dichroism (CD) experiments under relatively acidic conditions, which destabilize the protein. Laser spray mass spectra of cyt c at various pH were obtained at different levels of laser power. Bimodal charge-state distributions of the protein were observed in laser spray mass spectra, indicating the two-state model of structural change; the lower charges correspond to the folded state, the higher charges to the unfolded state. Based on this result, the presumed denaturation curve of the protein was plotted as a function of laser power, and laser power by which 50% of the protein was assumed to be denatured, E50%, as obtained at each pH. We also examined the melting temperatures, Tm, of cyt c at various values of pH by using CD spectroscopy. The correlation coefficient between E50% and Tm for cyt c was 0.999, demonstrating an excellent correlation. Furthermore, laser spray analysis of ubiquitin, which is found to be more thermally stable than cyt c, gave a higher E50% than cyt c. These results indicate that laser spray mass spectrometry can be an extremely convenient method for probing thermal stabilities and dynamic conformational changes of proteins with subtle structural differences caused by slight changes in pH.