gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IrO2 Nano Structures by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (2005)

This paper will discuss the fabrication of three different shapes of IrO2 nano structures, nanorods, nanotubes and nanowires, using (methylcyclopentadienyl) (1, 5cyclooctadiene) iridium (I) as the precursor and using Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) method with no template. Vertically aligned dense array of IrO2 nanorods were fabricated with 100nm in diameter and 500nm-2�� m long and with sharp tips at the end. Square shape hollowed IrO2 nanotubes have also been fabricated by tuning the growth conditions. The wall of the nanotubes is only 10-20 nm thick. Also we have successfully grown high aspect ratio single crystal IrO2 nanowires at about 1050nm in diameter and 1-2 um long. The sharp tip at the end of the nanowire is about 5nm. Detailed experiment conditions for growing these different nano structures will be discussed. Furthermore, single IrO2 nanowire test structure has been fabricated and the electrical properties of IrO2 nanowires were studied.
Joint Reconstruction of PET Attenuation and Activity from Scattered and Unscattered Data (2017)

In previous work, we have proposed scatter-to-attenuation reconstruction for positron emission tomography (PET). Scatter-to-attenuation reconstruction aims at recovering object attenuation information in the form of spatial electron-density distributions from pairs of coincident photons, one of which has been single-scattered. One idea is to interleave scatter-to-attenuation reconstruction, which inputs an activity distribution and outputs an attenuation map, with trues-to-activity reconstruction, which inputs said attenuation map and outputs an improved activity distribution. However, major uncertainties regarding the applicability of this approach revolve around a) the unknown impact of the initial activity estimate; b) evaluation of reconstructed activity distributions, and c) convergence to the correct solution. Methods: Using low-dimensional simulated PET data (mouse-sized, 18×18-voxels phantom), we start with mostly uniform initial activity and attenuation estimates and iteratively apply maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (MLEM) and a maximum-likelihood gradient-ascent (MLGA) algorithm to update activity (from unscattered data) and attenuation (from scattered data), respectively. We evaluate results in terms of log-likelihoods of the expected scatter histograms, and normalized mean squared errors with respect to reference image-space distributions of activity and attenuation. Results: In our study, both attenuation and activity converged to the reference distributions, despite MLEM and MLGA starting with incorrect attenuation and activity estimates, respectively. Conclusion: The MLGA scatter-to-attenuation reconstruction algorithm, in combination with MLEM trues-to-activity reconstruction, jointly reconstructs attenuation maps and attenuation-corrected activity distributions from scattered and unscattered coincidences without reliance on a-priori information about the activity distribution.
Administration of E2 and NS1 siRNAs Inhibit Chikungunya Virus Replication In Vitro and Protects Mice Infected with the Virus (2013)

CHIKV replication was completely inhibited in the virus-infected mice when administered 72 hours post infection. The combination of Chik-1 and Chik-5 siRNAs exhibited additive effect leading to early and complete inhibition of virus replication. These findings suggest that RNAi capable of inhibiting CHIKV growth might constitute a new therapeutic strategy for controlling CHIKV infection and transmission.
An Immunomodulator from <i>Terminalia Arjuna</i> and Biological Evaluation of its Derivatives (2008)

Detailed chemical investigation of Terminalia arjuna bark resulted in the isolation and identification of an immunomodulatory constituent, arjunic acid (1), which was converted into seven semi-synthetic derivatives (2–8). All the test compounds in 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/mL concentrations exhibited immunomodulatory effects in a dose dependant manner. 2- O-Lauroyl arjunic acid (3) and 2- O-palmitoyl arjunic acid (4) exhibited immunostimulatory response at all the tested concentrations, while arjunic acid (1), 2,3-di- O-acetyl arjunic acid (2), 2,3-di -O-benzoyl arjunic acid (6), and 2- O-p-anisoyl arjunic acid (7) exhibited immunostimulatory responses at lower doses, whereas at higher concentrations they exhibited immunosuppressive activity. Only 2,3-di- O-palmitoyl arjunic acid (5) showed immunosuppressive activity at all the concentrations; this is being reported for the first time.
Planar, low-profile, wideband, wide-scan phased array antenna using stacked-disc radiator (2002)

Many of today's satellite communication and radar systems demand phased array antennas that are wideband and capable of dual linear or circular polarization. These types of antennas are necessary in order to achieve the desired multifunction operation and polarization diversity. A phased array antenna that satisfies these requirements have been developed. The antenna can provide an octave-bandwidth performance with excellent scan and polarization behavior. More importantly, it is very compact and low-profile in nature. The design of this planar array antenna is described. Its performance has been validated using a waveguide simulator and test array measurements. Some of these results are presented.
Progressive photon beams (2011)

We present progressive photon beams, a new algorithm for rendering complex lighting in participating media. Our technique is efficient, robust to complex light paths, and handles heterogeneous media and anisotropic scattering while provably converging to the correct solution using a bounded memory footprint. We achieve this by extending the recent photon beams variant of volumetric photon mapping. We show how to formulate a progressive radiance estimate using photon beams, providing the convergence guarantees and bounded memory usage of progressive photon mapping. Progressive photon beams can robustly handle situations that are difficult for most other algorithms, such as scenes containing participating media and specular interfaces, with realistic light sources completely enclosed by refractive and reflective materials. Our technique handles heterogeneous media and also trivially supports stochastic effects such as depth-of-field and glossy materials. Finally, we show how progressive photon beams can be implemented efficiently on the GPU as a splatting operation, making it applicable to interactive and real-time applications. These features make our technique scalable, providing the same physically-based algorithm for interactive feedback and reference-quality, unbiased solutions.
Excitation-and-collection geometry insensitive fluorescence imaging of tissue-simulating turbid media (2000)

We present an imaging technique for the correction of geometrical effects in fluorescence measurement of optically thick, turbid media such as human tissue. Specifically, we use the cross-polarization method to reject specular reflection and enhance the diffusive backscattering of polarized fluorescence excitation light from the turbid media. We correct the nonuniformity of the image field caused by the excitation-and-collection geometry of a fluorescence imaging system by normalizing the fluorescence image to the cross-polarized reflection image. The ratio image provides a map of relative fluorescence yield, defined as the ratio of emerging fluorescence power to incident excitation, over the surface of an imaged homogeneous turbid medium when fluorescence excitation-and-collection geometries vary in a wide range. We investigate the mechanism of ratio imaging by using Monte Carlo modeling. Our findings show that this technique could have a potential use in the detection of early cancer, which usually starts from a superficial layer of tissue, based on the contrast in the tissue fluorescence of an early lesion and of the surrounding normal tissue.
Effect of rounding corners on optical resonances in single-mode sharp-cornered microresonators (2016)

The use of microresonators with sharp corners (rectangular and square-shaped) can be limited by severe energy loss at the corners. A 2D numerical study is conducted to investigate and analyze the effect of incorporating fillet (rounding of corners) design at sharp corners of such single-mode optical microresonators. The effect on quality factor, free spectral range, and energy loss for the coupled microresonator-waveguide system in the add-drop configuration for varying values of fillet radii are quantified. It is shown that the selection of an optimum radius of the curvature of the fillet for sharp-cornered microresonators provides a higher quality factor than that of the conventional circular resonators.
Dynamic compensation of chromatic and polarization mode dispersion using liquid crystals (2008)

We present a waveguide with in-core Bragg grating and electro-optic liquid crystal cladding. The electric field induced reorientation of liquid crystal allows the reflection of guided light of desired wavelengths and polarizations at desired spatial positions.
Experimental pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts induced by salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) (1996)

Disease-free Atlantic salmon Salrno salarpost-smolts (mean weight 87 g) were maintained in a flow-through ozone-sterilized sea water system at 12 to 15'C and ambient salinity. One hundred fish were intraperitoneally inoculated with 0.1 m1 of salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) of a titre 107 TCIDSO ml-' Fifty fin-clipped uninoculated smolts were placed in-contact in the same tank. One hundred fish were kept in another tank as controls and were inoc.ulated with a lysate from un-infected Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cell cultures. Blood and tissues for virus isolation, serum neutralisation tests and histological examination were taken at intervals up to 42 days post inoculation (dpi). Virus was re-isolated from SPDV inoculated smolts at 7, 10. 15 and 21 dpi and in-contact fish at 14 and 21 dpi. Neutralising antibody was first detected in the inoculated fish at 10 dpi and in the in-contact fish 11 d later. Clinical signs and microscopic lesions indistinguishable from naturally occurring pancreas disease (PD) were observed in SPDV inoculated and in-contact smolts. No lesions were detected in the negative controls. These results provide strong evidence that SPDV is the etiologic agent of PD in farmed Atlantic salmon in Ireland.
A novel ultra-broadband DC-36-to-66-GHz hybrid diplexer using waveguide and SSL technology (2014)

This paper describes a novel wideband low-loss contiguous diplexer with steep band selectivity achieved by combining a planar suspended stripline (SSL) and waveguide filter. The diplexer is comprised of an input circuit configured to receive a broadband signal, a low-pass filter (LPF), and a highpass filter (HPF) and covers DC 36 to 66 GHz. The LPF is implemented using a planar transmission line. The HPF is implemented using a waveguide and is connected to the LPF using a SSL-to-waveguide transition.
Abstract 1267: Identification of HPV-derived CD4+ T-helper epitopes for improving therapeutic anti-HPV vaccine potency. (2013)

Abstract Persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) can lead to malignant transformation and the development of various human malignancies, such as cervical cancer, anal cancer or a subset of oropharyngeal carcinomas. Fortunately, most HPV infections are successfully eradicated by the immune system. Accumulating evidence suggests that both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses play a pivotal role in the clearance and control of HPV infection. Up to now, therapeutic anti-HPV vaccines have mostly been developed to elicit CD8+T cell responses. The exclusive targeting of HLA class I-restricted HPV epitopes might be insufficient, as HLA class I surface expression may be reduced as a result of HPV immune evasion strategies. In contrast, HLA class II molecules are expressed in high-grade cervical lesions and cervical cancer. Therefore in this study, we aim to identify novel E2-, E5-, E6- and E7-derived CD4+ T cell epitopes that bind to multiple HLA class II alleles, are naturally processed and presented, and immunogenic. We started with in silico epitope predictions using several web-based prediction algorithms. 15-mer candidate epitopes from the HPV16 E2, E5, E6 and E7 proteins were determined for seven HLA class II alleles - DRB1*0101 (DR1), DRB1*0301 (DR3), DRB1*0401 (DR4), DRB1*0701 (DR7), DRB1*1101 (DR11), DRB1*1501 (DR2b), and DRB1*0901 (DR9); together providing &gt;90% population coverage. To identify promiscuous epitopes, the average binding score to multiple HLA-DR alleles was calculated and peptides ranked accordingly. To assess immunogenicity of HPV-derived candidate peptides, IFN-γ-ELISPOT assays were conducted with lymphocytes isolated from healthy donors. T cells isolated from the majority of healthy donors responded to at least one HPV-derived peptide. The most reactive HPV-derived peptides were further investigated in long-term T cell cultures. Significant production of IFN-γ as well as T cell proliferation was observed in nearly 100% of tested individuals against this panel of epitopes. As the above immunoreactivities most likely represent memory responses that led to viral clearance in healthy donors, we conclude that the identified CD4+ T-helper epitopes are candidates for the development of comprehensive epitope-specific HPV immunotherapy approaches. Citation Format: Agnieszka K. Grabowska, Stephanie Hoppe, Renata Blatnik, Angelika B. Riemer. Identification of HPV-derived CD4+ T-helper epitopes for improving therapeutic anti-HPV vaccine potency. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1267. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1267
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Phosphite Ruthenium Complexes: Towards a New Generation of Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. (2011)

Abstract Novel ruthenium complexes are prepared and tested as catalysts in ring closing and cross‐metathesis.
A Novel Planar Microstrip Antenna Design for UHF RFID (2007)

Passive UHF RFID tags generally do not work well near metal or water. Microstrip antennas offer a potential solution, but suffer from manufacturing complexity because a need for via or some other reference to ground. We present a new antenna and matching circuit design using a balanced feed that eliminates any reference to ground and thus simplifies the antenna's construction.
Cationic Surface Charge Combined with Either Vitronectin or Laminin Dictates the Evolution of Human Embryonic Stem Cells/Microcarrier Aggregates and Cell Growth in Agitated Cultures (2014)

The expansion of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) for biomedical applications generally compels a defined, reliable, and scalable platform. Bioreactors offer a three-dimensional culture environment that relies on the implementation of microcarriers (MC), as supports for cell anchorage and their subsequent growth. Polystyrene microspheres/MC coated with adhesion-promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, vitronectin (VN), or laminin (LN) have been shown to support hPSC expansion in a static environment. However, they are insufficient to promote human embryonic stem cells (hESC) seeding and their expansion in an agitated environment. The present study describes an innovative technology, consisting of a cationic charge that underlies the ECM coatings. By combining poly-L-lysine (PLL) with a coating of ECM protein, cell attachment efficiency and cell spreading are improved, thus enabling seeding under agitation in a serum-free medium. This coating combination also critically enables the subsequent formation and evolution of hPSC/MC aggregates, which ensure cell viability and generate high yields. Aggregate dimensions of at least 300 μm during early cell growth give rise to ≈15-fold expansion at 7 days' culture. Increasing aggregate numbers at a quasi-constant size of ≈300 μm indicates hESC growth within a self-regulating microenvironment. PLL+LN enables cell seeding and aggregate evolution under constant agitation, whereas PLL+VN requires an intermediate 2-day static pause to attain comparable aggregate sizes and correspondingly high expansion yields. The cells' highly reproducible bioresponse to these defined and characterized MC surface properties is universal across multiple cell lines, thus confirming the robustness of this scalable expansion process in a defined environment.
Highly Electrically Conductive Ag‐Doped Graphene Fibers as Stretchable Conductors (2013)

Ag-doped graphene fibers show remarkable electrical conductivity, high current capacity, good mechanical strength and fine flexibility. The integration of these merits promises Ag-doped graphene fibers expanding applications as stretchable conductors, wearable electronics, and actual microcables.
Chemically Functionalized Natural Cellulose Materials for Effective Triboelectric Nanogenerator Development (2017)

Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer, is renewable, biodegradable, and cost competitive. This paper reports the development of a high‐performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with both contacting materials made from cellulosic materials. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are used as the raw material, and chemical reaction approaches are employed to attach nitro groups and methyl groups to cellulose molecules to change the tribopolarities of CNF, which in turn significantly enhances the triboelectric output. Specifically, the nitro‐CNF possesses a negative surface charge density of 85.8 µC m −2 , while the methyl‐CNF possesses a positive surface charge density of 62.5 µC m −2 , reaching 71% and 52% of that for fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), respectively. The figure of merit of the nitro‐CNF and methyl‐CNF is quantified to be 0.504 and 0.267, respectively, comparable to or exceeding a number of common synthetic polymers, such as Kapton, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyethylene. The TENG fabricated from nitro‐CNF paired with methyl‐CNF demonstrates an average voltage output of 8 V and current output of 9 µA, which approaches the same level obtained from TENG made from FEP. This work demonstrates a successful strategy of using environmentally friendly, abundant cellulosic materials for replacing the synthetic polymers in TENG development.
A distributed range-based algorithm for localization in mobile networks (2016)

In this paper, we provide a distributed algorithm to locate an arbitrary number of agents moving in a bounded region. Assuming that each agent can estimate a noisy version of its motion and the distances to the nodes in its communication radius, we provide a simple linear update to find the locations of an arbitrary number of mobile agents when they follow some convexity in their deployment and motion, given at least one anchor, agent with known location, is present in R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sup> . At each iteration, agents update their location estimates as a convex combination of the states of the neighbors, if they lie inside their convex hull, and do not update otherwise. We abstract the corresponding localization algorithm as a Linear Time-Varying (LTV) system, and using slice notation we show that it asymptotically converges to the true locations of the agents. We study the effects of noise on our localization algorithm, and provide simulations to verify our analytical results.
Design and analysis of ultrasonic horn for USDC (ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer) (2004)

In-situ sampling and analysis is one of the major objectives of future NASA exploration missions. Existing drilling techniques are limited by the need for large axial forces, holding torques, and high power consumption. Lightweight robots and rovers have difficulties accommodating these requirements. These requirements are becoming increasingly tougher to meet as the need for drilling techniques is expanding to reach deeper into the subsurface. To address these key challenges to the NASA objective of planetary in-situ rock sampling and analysis, a drilling technology called ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer (USDC) was developed. The USDC uses a novel driving mechanism, transferring ultrasonic vibration to sonic frequency impacts with the aid of a free-flying mass block (free-mass). The free mass then drives the drill bit. The actuator consists of a stack of piezoelectric disks with a horn that amplifies the induced vibration amplitudes. To meet the need for deep driller the USDC was modified to form the Ultrasonic/Sonic Gopher. Drilling to the depth of several meters in ice or hard rocks requires the optimization of the amplification of the vibration displacement and velocity that are generated by the piezoelectric materials. For this purpose, various horn designs were examined analytically. Conventional and new designs of the horn were analyzed using finite element modeling and the results allow for the determination of the control parameters that can enhance the tip displacement and velocity. The results of the modeling are described and discussed in this paper.
Liquid Crystal Tunable Plasmonic Color (2015)

We demonstrate a liquid crystal-tunable reflective surface where the color of the metasurface is changed as a function of applied voltage. Reflection spectra are compared with finite-difference time-domain numeric simulations.
A segmentation algorithm using dyadic wavelet transform and discrete dynamic contour (2004)

Due to the quality of the ultrasound image, it is very difficult to develop a computerized method for defining the boundary of an object in this type of image. This paper focuses on developing a semiautomatic method for detecting the boundary of a prostate. The algorithm is based on Mallat's (1992) multiscale edge detection method and the discrete dynamic contour (DDC) model. The DDC model is made up of a set of connected vertices. When provided with an energy field that describes the features of the ultrasound image, the model automatically adjusts the vertices of the contour to attain a maximum energy. The proposed algorithm requires the user to enter four initialization points. The DDC model then updates the contour according to an energy field assigned based on the gradient modulus of the smoothed image obtained using the dyadic wavelet transform.
"Mirror image" antagonists of thrombin-induced platelet activation based on thrombin receptor structure. (1992)

Platelet activation by thrombin plays a critical role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Based on structure-activity studies of a cloned platelet thrombin receptor, we designed two "mirror image" antagonists of thrombin and thrombin receptor function. First, "uncleavable" peptides mimicking the receptor domain postulated to interact with thrombin were found to be potent thrombin inhibitors. Second, proteolytically inactive mutant thrombins designed to bind but not cleave the thrombin receptor were found to be specific antagonists of receptor activation by thrombin. The effectiveness of these designed antagonists in blocking thrombin-induced platelet activation suggests a model for thrombin-receptor interaction and possible strategies for the development of novel antithrombotic agents.
Realizing of extremely wide dynamic range measurement using high-brightness terahertz-wave (2013)

We report on a terahertz-wave generation and detection system based on parametric frequency conversion in MgO:LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> . The terahertz-waves are generated by a high peak power, narrowband and tunable injection-seeded terahertz-wave parametric generator, then, detected as up-converted near IR beams by PIN PD.