gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Profile control in BF3 plasma doping (2000)

Plasma doping (PD) is an alternative technique to form shallow junctions in deep-submicrometer microelectronic devices. Previous studies have demonstrated that PD produces shallow junctions with better efficiency than those by conventional low energy beam-line doping (BD). In addition, even though cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy reveals that the surface layer is amorphized after high dose BF3 PD or BD implantation, PD samples show less residual defects after rapid thermal annealing. For ultrashallow junctions, doping profiles with a high dopant concentration near the surface are required for the formation of low resistant contacts. In this article, we demonstrate the use of nonideal voltage pulse shape in achieving advantageous doping profiles that are difficult to obtain via BD. By performing particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, we derive the ion energy distributions for different sample voltage pulse shapes for BF3 PD. Comparison of the PD boron depth profiles simulated by PIC and an assumed Gaussian implant profile to the BD boron depth profiles simulated by TRIM shows a low energy component that does not exist in BD samples. The rise and fall time of the sample voltage pulse contributes to the overall energy distribution since a long rise or fall time increases the low energy component. We postulate that these low energy ions may also change the nature of the amorphized layer and are one of the reasons for the reduction of residual defects after rapid thermal annealing. The preferred sample voltage pulse for plasma doping is suggested to be a short one with a relatively long rise and fall time. This is something that is very difficult to achieve by beam-line ion implantation.
Self‐Fueled Biomimetic Liquid Metal Mollusk (2015)

A liquid metal motor that can "eat" aluminum food and then move spontaneously and swiftly in various solution configurations and structured channels for more than 1 h is discovered. Such a biomimetic mollusk is highly shape self-adaptive by closely conforming to the geometrical space it voyages in. The first ever self-fueled pump is illustrated as one of its typical practical utilizations.
Amplitude modulated phase only filtering and high-dimensional warping for registration on MRI brain images (2006)

A fully automated application was developed and used for the registration of T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRIs) for Alzheimer patients. Two methods for image registration were implemented and compared: affine and nonlinear registration. Nonlinear registration uses continuum-mechanics-based elastic deformation. The affine registration algorithm is linear and is generated by an amplitude-modulated phase-only filter. The nonlinear registration method uses an elastic transformation generated by Navier-Stokes continuum-mechanics models. The validation method to quantitatively compare the performance of the affine and nonlinear registration algorithms uses root-mean-square error and three-dimensional volume rendering.
Molecular Single‐Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1–118 (2008)

A self-consistent system of additive covalent radii, R(AB)=r(A) + r(B), is set up for the entire periodic table, Groups 1-18, Z=1-118. The primary bond lengths, R, are taken from experimental or theoretical data corresponding to chosen group valencies. All r(E) values are obtained from the same fit. Both E-E, E-H, and E-CH(3) data are incorporated for most elements, E. Many E-E' data inside the same group are included. For the late main groups, the system is close to that of Pauling. For other elements it is close to the methyl-based one of Suresh and Koga [J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 5940] and its predecessors. For the diatomic alkalis MM' and halides XX', separate fits give a very high accuracy. These primary data are then absorbed with the rest. The most notable exclusion are the transition-metal halides and chalcogenides which are regarded as partial multiple bonds. Other anomalies include H(2) and F(2). The standard deviation for the 410 included data points is 2.8 pm.
Improving Network Infrastructure Security by Partitioning Networks Running Spanning Tree Protocol (2006)

Although Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) is widely used in switching networks today, it is not until recently that its security performance is studied by researchers. In this paper, the problem of attacks to STP is addressed. The paper proposes a novel solution that partitions a STP network into two tier of switching networks. The reason of the partitioning is to hide the STP operation of the network infrastructure (i.e. higher tier switching network) from the lower tier switching network (that connects to end computers). It is expected that after the partitioning, the lower tier switching network and its connected end computers cannot launch STP attacks to the network infrastructure. To realise the partitioning, a new kind of Ethernet boundary switches is designed and implemented. These boundary switches will on one hand participate in the normal STP operations of both tiers of networks. On the other hand, the modified STP operations inside the boundary switches actually partition the STP operations into a network infrastructure region and a lower tier network region. Experiments on the implemented boundary switches were also run. The results show that the boundary switches were fully functional and could successfully stop STP attacks launched from the lower tier network.
Effects of PentaLyte<sup>®</sup> and Voluven<sup>®</sup> hemodilution on plasma coagulation kinetics in the rabbit: role of thrombin‐fibrinogen and factor XIII‐fibrin polymer interactions (2005)

While there were no significant differences between the groups, R significantly decreased 1 h after hemodilution compared with values observed before and 1 min after hemodilution, whereas alpha and G significantly decreased 1 min after hemodilution and then significantly, but only partially, increased 1 h after hemodilution compared with pre-dilution values. Addition of FI, FIIa and FXIIIa significantly decreased R in both groups. alpha and G 1 min after hemodilution were significantly enhanced by FI, FIIa, FXIIIa in both groups; however, 1 h after hemodilution, rabbits administered PentaLyte had alpha and G enhanced only by FI and FXIIIa addition, whereas animals administered Voluven had alpha and G significantly enhanced by FI addition. PentaLyte and Voluven hemodilution initially diminishes FIIa-FI and FXIIIa-fibrin, but within an hour primarily inhibit FXIIIa-fibrin interactions in the rabbit.
Synthesis of superconducting films of the Y-Ba-Cu-O system by a screen printing method (1987)

A screen printing method has been used to deposit superconducting films of Y-Ba-Cu-O materials on Al2O3 substrates. The electrical resistivity, microstructure, and adhesion of these films are highly sensitive to the post-printing heat treatment. Films heat treated at 950 °C and below are poorly adherent, whereas those annealed above 1000 °C undergo phase separation to Y2Cu2O5 and BaCuO2 and also react with the substrate. Nearly single phase, highly adherent, and smooth films showing a zero resistance state at 79 K have been synthesized by optimizing the annealing conditions.
Alzheimer's Disease Related Markers, Cellular Toxicity and Behavioral Deficits Induced Six Weeks after Oligomeric Amyloid-β Peptide Injection in Rats (2013)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology associated with aging characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that finally result in synaptic and neuronal loss. The major component of senile plaques is an amyloid-β protein (Aβ). Recently, we characterized the effects of a single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of Aβ fragment (25-35) oligomers (oAβ(25-35)) for up to 3 weeks in rats and established a clear parallel with numerous relevant signs of AD. To clarify the long-term effects of oAβ(25-35) and its potential role in the pathogenesis of AD, we determined its physiological, behavioral, biochemical and morphological impacts 6 weeks after injection in rats. oAβ(25-35) was still present in the brain after 6 weeks. oAβ(25-35) injection did not affect general activity and temperature rhythms after 6 weeks, but decreased body weight, induced short- and long-term memory impairments, increased corticosterone plasma levels, brain oxidative (lipid peroxidation), mitochondrial (caspase-9 levels) and reticulum stress (caspase-12 levels), astroglial and microglial activation. It provoked cholinergic neuron loss and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. It induced cell loss in the hippocampic CA subdivisions and decreased hippocampic neurogenesis. Moreover, oAβ(25-35) injection resulted in increased APP expression, Aβ(1-42) generation, and increased Tau phosphorylation. In conclusion, this in vivo study evidenced that the soluble oligomeric forms of short fragments of Aβ, endogenously identified in AD patient brains, not only provoked long-lasting pathological alterations comparable to the human disease, but may also directly contribute to the progressive increase in amyloid load and Tau pathology, involved in the AD physiopathology.
Improving image-guided target localization through deformable registration (2008)

Rigid registration of the liver volume between planning CT and verification kV CBCT localizes the tumor to within 0.3 cm for the majority (66%) of patients; however, larger offsets in tumor position can be observed due to liver deformation.
An efficient building block layout methodology for compact placement (2002)

In this paper, a new efficient methodology for building block layout is presented by using synthesis placement and compaction. The synthesis placement part of the methodology is based on a formal language called GEOMETRIA. The compaction part is based on geometric reshapings (gs) of blocks and the merging of the communication channels. Both reshaping and merging follow the VLSI regulations for legal layout placement and improve the overall functional performance of the integrated system, by reducing the average length of the connection lines and the size of the occupied chip area by retaining the functionality and the neighboring relations of the blocks. The main goal of the blocks' geometric reshaping is minimization of the wasted area (or dead space among the blocks) called "open holes". The channels merging process of compaction is based on the legal overlapping of the blocks' communication channels by reducing the layout placement at the local and global routing.
A Computational Role for Dopamine Delivery in Human Decision-Making (1998)

Recent work suggests that fluctuations in dopamine delivery at target structures represent an evaluation of future events that can be used to direct learning and decision-making. To examine the behavioral consequences of this interpretation, we gave simple decision-making tasks to 66 human subjects and to a network based on a predictive model of mesencephalic dopamine systems. The human subjects displayed behavior similar to the network behavior in terms of choice allocation and the character of deliberation times. The agreement between human and model performances suggests a direct relationship between biases in human decision strategies and fluctuating dopamine delivery. We also show that the model offers a new interpretation of deficits that result when dopamine levels are increased or decreased through disease or pharmacological interventions. The bottom-up approach presented here also suggests that a variety of behavioral strategies may result from the expression of relatively simple neural mechanisms in different behavioral contexts.
Central nervous system toxicity and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of intraventricularly administered bleomycin in beagles. (1985)

The neurotoxic effects and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pharmacokinetics of bleomycin were evaluated in beagles after chronic intraventricular administration twice a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Bleomycin was reasonably well tolerated at doses of 0.067 to 0.3 mg/week. Doses higher than 0.3 mg/week produced marked elevation of CSF protein levels and a necrotizing vasculitis within the central nervous system. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed approximately 1 month after the completion of the toxicity studies. [3H]inulin was used as a reference compound. Both [3H]inulin and bleomycin were cleared from the CSF more slowly than in previous studies and more slowly than in normal dogs, which suggests that bulk CSF absorption was reduced by the drug, probably secondary to protein-induced blockage of the arachnoid granulations through which CSF is normally absorbed. Because a "minimally toxic" dose of bleomycin (approximately 0.1 mg/week) produces a CSF C X t of only 1.9 mg/min/ml, we believe that a Phase I clinical trial would be too dangerous given the limited therapeutic potential that a dose of 0.1 mg/week could achieve.
Impact Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles on the U.S. Power Grid (2010)

The US electricity grid is a national infrastructure that has the potential to deliver significant amounts of the daily driving energy for the US light duty vehicle (cars, pickups, SUVs, and vans) fleet. This paper discusses a 2030 scenario with 37 million plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on the road in the US demanding electricity for an average daily driving distance of about 33 miles (53 km). The paper addresses the potential electrical grid impacts of the PHEVs fleet relative to their effects on the production cost of electricity, and the emissions from the electricity sector. The results of this analysis indicate significant regional difference for the cost impacts and the CO2 emissions. Battery charging during the day may have twice the cost impacts than charging during the night. The CO2 emissions impacts are very region-dependent. In predominantly coal regions (Midwest), the new PHEV load may reduce the CO2 emission intensity (ton CO2/MWh), while in others regions with significant clean generation (hydro and renewable energy), the CO2 emission intensity may increase. These results may change with the valuation of carbon emissions because the carbon value may shift the generator dispatch toward cleaner fuels. Copyright Form of EVS25.
Target Delivery and Cell Imaging Using Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots (2013)

This work demonstrates the way to achieve efficient and target specific delivery of a graphene quantum dot (GQD) using hyaluronic acid (HA) (GQD-HA) as a targeting agent. HA has been anchored to a GQD that accepts the fascinating adhesive properties of the catechol moiety, dopamine hydrochloride, conjugated to HA, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a particle size of ∼20 nm, and the fluorescence spectra revealed significant fluorescence intensity even after the anchoring of HA. The prepared GQD-HA was applied to CD44 receptor overexpressed tumor-bearing balb/c female mice, and the in vivo biodistribution investigation demonstrated more bright fluorescence from the tumor tissue. In vitro cellular imaging, via a confocal laser scanning microscope, exhibited strong fluorescence from CD44 overexpressed A549 cells. Both in vivo and in vitro results showed the effectiveness of using HA as targeting molecule. The loading and release kinetics of the hydrophobic drug doxorubicin from a GQD under mildly acidic conditions showed that a GQD can be considered as a novel drug carrier, while the nontoxic behavior from the MTT assay strongly supports the identification of GQD-HA as a biocompatible material.
A Nonuniform Sparse 2-D Large-FOV Optical Phased Array With a Low-Power PWM Drive (2019)

Integrated optical phased arrays (OPAs) capable of adaptive beamforming and beam steering enable a wide range of applications. For many of these applications, a large scale 2-D OPA with full phase control for each radiating element is essential to achieve a functional low-cost solution. However, the scalability of such OPAs has been hampered by the optical feed distribution difficulties in a planar photonics process, as well as the high power consumption associated with having a large number of phase control units. In this paper, we present a two-chip solution low-power scalable OPA with a nonuniform sparse aperture, providing radiation pattern adjustment and feed distribution feasibility in a CMOS compatible silicon photonics process. The demonstrated OPA with a 128-element aperture achieves the highest reported grating-lobe-free field-of-view (FOV)-to-beamwidth ratio of 16°/0.8°, which is equivalent to a 484-element uniform array. This translates to at least 400 resolvable spots, 30 times more than the state-of-the-art 2-D OPAs. Moreover, by utilizing compact phase shifters in a row-column power delivery grid, we reduce the number of required drivers from 144 to 37. A high-swing pulsewidth modulation (PWM) driving circuit featuring breakdown voltage multipliers and soft turn-on activation significantly reduces the power consumption of the system. The electronic driver chip and the integrated photonic chip are fabricated on a 65-nm CMOS process and a thick silicon-on-insulator (SOI) silicon photonics process, occupying 1.7 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 2.08 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of active area, respectively.
Erratum to: Safety and feasibility of oral immunotherapy to multiple allergens for food allergy (2016)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-10-1.].
Topical Nano and Microemulsions for Skin Delivery (2017)

Nanosystems such as microemulsions (ME) and nanoemulsions (NE) offer considerable opportunities for targeted drug delivery to and via the skin. ME and NE are stable colloidal systems composed of oil and water, stabilised by a mixture of surfactants and cosurfactants, that have received particular interest as topical skin delivery systems. There is considerable scope to manipulate the formulation components and characteristics to achieve optimal bioavailability and minimal skin irritancy. This includes the incorporation of established chemical penetration enhancers to fluidize the stratum corneum lipid bilayers, thus reducing the primary skin barrier and increasing permeation. This review discusses nanosystems with utility in skin delivery and focuses on the composition and characterization of ME and NE for topical and transdermal delivery. The mechanism of skin delivery across the stratum corneum and via hair follicles is reviewed with particular focus on the influence of formulation.
Graphene-decorated microfiber knot as a broadband resonator for ultrahigh-repetition-rate pulse fiber lasers (2018)

Searching for an ultrahigh-repetition-rate pulse on the order of hundreds of gigahertz (GHz) is still a challenging task in the ultrafast laser community. Recently, high-quality silicon/silica-based resonators were exploited to generate a high-repetition-rate pulse based on the filter-driven four-wave mixing effect in fiber lasers. However, despite their great performance, the silicon/silica-based resonators still have some drawbacks, such as single waveband operation and low coupling efficiency between the fiber and resonators. To overcome these drawbacks, herein we proposed an all-fiber broadband resonator fabricated by depositing the graphene onto a microfiber knot. As a proof-of-concept experiment, the graphene-deposited broadband microfiber knot resonator (MKR) was applied to Er- and Yb-doped fiber lasers operating at two different wavebands, respectively, to efficiently generate hundreds-of-GHz-repetition-rate pulses. Such a graphene-deposited broadband MKR could open some new applications in ultrafast laser technology, broadband optical frequency comb generation, and other related fields of photonics.
Predominant infiltration of macrophages and CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells in cancer nests is a significant predictor of survival in stage IV nonsmall cell lung cancer (2008)

Evaluation of the numbers of macrophages and CD8(+) T cells in cancer nests and stroma are useful biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of stage IV NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy, but could fail to predict chemotherapy response.
Health Promotion Practice (2001)

(GHS), a free government-funded telephone-delivered information and coaching service was launched in February 2009 by the Australian New South Wales state government. It represents the translation of research evidence applied in the real world (T4 or Phase 4 translation), aimed at addressing the modifia-ble risk factors associated with the overweight and obesity. In controlled settings, it has been established that telephone-based lifestyle counseling programs are efficacious in reducing anthropometric and behavioral risk factors. This article presents the GHS case study as a population-wide intervention and describes the quasi-experimental evaluation framework used to eval-uate both the process (statewide implementation) and impact (effectiveness) of the GHS in a real-world envi-ronment. It details the data collection, measures, and statistical analysis required in assessing the process of implementation—reach and recruitment, marketing and promotion, service satisfaction, intervention fidel-ity, and GHS setting up and operations costs—and in assessing the impact of GHS—increasing physical activity, improving dietary practices, and reducing body weight and waist circumference. The comprehen-sive evaluation framework designed for the GHS pro-vides a method for building effectiveness evidence of a rare translation of efficacy trial evidence into population-wide practice.
Improving driver's visual field using estimation of curvature (2010)

When driving at night, it is difficult to detect obstacles such as pedestrian and wild animals on the opposite lane which is out of sight. Adaptive front lighting system (AFS) can be used to avoid accidents with obstacles that are difficult to detect with a conventional lighting system. The basic concept of AFS is to collect the information such as vehicle speed, yaw rate, steering angle, suspension height and driving mode from vehicle sensors. This information is applied to calculate an optimal angle of irradiation and used to change beam pattern and position according to the current radius of curvature. However, the driver may have to turn quickly on a sharp curve, in which the optimal angle of irradiation cannot be achieved before entering the opposite lane because swivel mode on AFS reacts based on the current radius of curvature. This paper presents a method to improve driver's visual field by using the pre-calculated curvature information on the road ahead. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated with a set of experiments in the real environment.