gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pilot-scale evaluation of anammox-based mainstream nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater (2014)

Autotrophic nitrogen removal in the mainstream wastewater treatment process is suggested to be a prerequisite of energy autarkic wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Whilst the application of anammox-related technologies in the side-stream is at present state of the art, the feasibility of this energy-efficient process at mainstream conditions is still under development. Lower operating temperature and ammonium concentration, together with required high nitrogen removal efficiency, represent the main challenges to face in order to reach this appealing new frontier of the wastewater treatment field. In this study, we report the evaluation of the process in a plug-flow granular sludge-based pilot-scale reactor (4 m3) continuously fed with the actual effluent of the A-stage of the WWTP of Dokhaven, Rotterdam. The one-stage partial nitritation-anammox system was operated for more than 10 months at 19±1°C. Observed average N-removal and ammonium conversion rates were comparable or higher than those of conventional N-removal systems, with 182±46 and 315±33 mg-N L(-1) d(-1), respectively. Biochemical oxygen demand was also oxidized in the system with an average removal efficiency of 90%. Heterotrophic biomass grew preferentially in flocs and was efficiently washed out of the system. Throughout the experimentation, the main bottleneck was the nitritation process that resulted in nitrite-limiting conditions for the anammox conversion. Anammox bacteria were able to grow under mainstream WWTP conditions and new granules were formed and efficiently retained in the system.
gp120-independent fusion mediated by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 envelope glycoprotein: a reassessment (1994)

In a natural context, membrane fusion mediated by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins involves both the exterior envelope glycoprotein (gp120) and the transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41). Perez et al. (J. Virol. 66:4134-4143, 1992) reported that a mutant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein containing only the signal peptide and carboxyl terminus of the gp120 exterior glycoprotein fused to the complete gp41 glycoprotein was properly cleaved and that the resultant gp41 glycoprotein was able to induce the fusion of even CD4-negative cells. In the studies reported herein, mutant proteins identical or similar to those studied by Perez et al. lacked detectable cell fusion activity. The proteolytic processing of these proteins was very inefficient, and one processed product identified by Perez et al. as the authentic gp41 glycoprotein was shown to contain carboxyl-terminal gp120 sequences. Furthermore, no fusion activity was observed for gp41 glycoproteins exposed after shedding of the gp120 glycoprotein by soluble CD4. Thus, evidence supporting a gp120-independent cell fusion activity for the HIV-1 gp41 glycoprotein is currently lacking.
A review of Planar Ultrawideband Modular Antenna (PUMA) Arrays (2013)

Planar Ultrawideband Modular Antenna (PUMA) arrays are low-cost, wide-scan, and low-cross polarization dual-polarized UWB arrays that combine excellent electrical performance with convenient and practical feeding/fabrication processes. Each member of the PUMA array family consists of tightly coupled horizontal dipoles over a ground plane with novel feeding schemes that enable simple PCB fabrication. This feeding eliminates the need for baluns, “cable organizers,” and other external support mechanisms to produce stand-alone, high-efficiency radiators. Additionally, all PUMA arrays consist of dual-offset dual-polarized lattice arrangements for modular, tile-based assembly. This paper will review the basic operation principles of the PUMA arrays followed by the technological evolution of the PUMA array family. Fabricated PUMA arrays and full-wave simulations of structures that can be manufactured with standard fabrication technologies will be shown along with results.
Monolithically integrated external cavity wavelength tunable lasers with a diffraction grating and beam steering controller (2005)

We present an external cavity tunable laser based on beam steering and grating-assisted diffraction in a Littrow configuration by monolithically integrating a semiconductor optical amplifier, an etched grating, and a beam steering controller with two current injecting stripes. We have demonstrated the wavelength tuning by steering the beam toward the grating, which is controlled by varying the injection current into the stripe. As a result, the tuning range of 11.9 nm with the side mode suppression ratio from 35 to 45 dB has been achieved.
Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (1988)

Scanning capacitance microscopy is a mechanically scanned microscopy which uses variations in the capacitance between the sample and a scanning tip as a probe of sample topography. In this paper we discuss the theory of the capacitance probe and its application to scanning capacitance microscopy and fringe field profilometry .
Investigation of Optimal Parameters for Oxide-Assisted Growth of Vertically Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2009)

An investigation into the optimal growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in vertical arrays, or carpets, is presented utilizing atomic hydrogen catalyst activation with hot filament chemical vapor deposition. Using acetylene decomposition over Fe catalyst, we study the effect of oxidant-assisted growth using O2, CO2, and H2O. Whereas trace amounts of O2 result in the lack of any catalytic activity, CO2 and H2O are found to dramatically enhance the catalyst lifetime. On the basis of the saturation effect of oxidant concentration for both CO2 and H2O, we present this as being due to catalyst stabilization from surface hydroxyl groups, with H2O having the most dominant effect upon carpet growth. Utilizing water-assisted growth, this process is further optimized to yield high-quality single-walled carbon nanotubes. High temperature growth (∼775 °C) yields the highest-quality SWNTs, whereas controllable growth of double- and few-walled nanotubes can also be achieved at lower temperatures (550−600 °C). Finally, ultralong carpets are demonstrated by utilizing the optimal SWNT growth conditions under an enhanced carbon flux environment.
A technique for drawing directed graphs (1993)

A four-pass algorithm for drawing directed graphs is presented. The fist pass finds an optimal rank assignment using a network simplex algorithm. The seconds pass sets the vertex order within ranks by an iterative heuristic, incorporating a novel weight function and local transpositions to reduce crossings. The third pass finds optimal coordinates for nodes by constructing and ranking an auxiliary graph. The fourth pass makes splines to draw edges. The algorithm creates good drawings and is fast.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Functionalized polystyrene as a versatile support for olefin polymerization catalysts (2000)

Heterogeneous polyolefin catalysts based on metallocenium salts of weakly coordinating anions can be prepared via a series of simple reactions from lightly crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene beads. Catalytic sites are distributed homogeneously throughout the polystyrene particles. The nonporous nature of these catalysts affords a high degree of control over the olefin uptake rate, avoiding problems of premature catalyst fragmentation that often plague high-surface-area heterogeneous catalysts based on highly reactive species. The choice of amine as the means of binding or templating allows catalysts based on a wide variety of metallocenes to be readily prepared by the same synthetic approach. The dative interactions between the metallocene cation and the amine functionality of the support material are sufficient to prevent extraction under polymerization conditions to yield excellent particle morphology of the polyolefin product, but they are not so strong as to affect the nature of the polyolefin produced. The polymer-supported catalysts have been used effectively for the polymerization of ethylene and polypropylene. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2979–2992, 2000
Collision-Free Access Control for Computer Communication Bus Networks (1981)

This paper considers access control for local area computer communication networks. We propose two distributed access control schemes for a bus network. The schemes are simple and asynchronous, and provide for collision-free communication among ports. In addition, one of the schemes provides a bounded, guaranteed time to transmisidon for each port. We also show that this scheme is efficient in the use of the bus bandwidth, in the sense that there is only a small fraction of time during which the bus is idle when there is at least one packet available for transmission.
Open design and flat cross sectional RF transmit coil for transverse magnet based MRI systems (2005)

MRI has become a widely used and indispensable component of diagnosis, and over 5000 units are operational world wide. As cost containment becomes a priority, the utilization of MRI becomes limited by its high acquisition, siting and operating costs. Because cost reduction is a major determinant of system design, attention was paid to reducing the cost of each component. One such component is the RF power transmitter used to excite the hydrogen nuclei in the body. The decision was made to provide a separate transmitter coil, as opposed to the alternative of transmitter/receive coils. A separate transmitter coil reduces the cost and complexity of the many RF coils (10 to 12) used for reception. To minimize RF power transmitter cost the coil needs to be as small as possible, consistent with the need to accommodate the largest receiver coils in use. This led to design described here, where the transmitter coil has an arch shape with maximum width of 71 cm and height above the bed pallet of 43 cm. This coil permits imaging of patients that could not fit any available superconducting magnet MR imager. Nevertheless, even though the patient population that can be imaged in the ACCESS (Toshiba America MRI, Inc., South San Francisco) system has expanded, experience demonstrated that there was a significant population component that exceeded even the aperture provided by the arch-shaped transmitter. Also, there was a benefit in placing extra axial anatomy in the center of magnet. In large subjects the transmitter coil impedes the necessary lateral displacement. This led to the exploration of an alternative transmitter configuration that would have a minimal impact on patient access. Because the volume of such a coil would be large and its conductor would be close to the magnet structures, such a coil would require increased RF transmitter power inputs to achieve equivalent power delivery to the patient. The design of the open transmitter sought to minimize this unavoidable increase.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Charge-recycling voltage domains for energy-efficient low-voltage operation of digital CMOS circuits (2004)

We describe an energy-efficient means to achieve on-chip dc-dc conversion for dynamic energy-performance trade-offs in digital circuits. The approach uses balanced voltage islands running at fractions of the supply voltage. Charge "discarded" by one domain is "recycled" to supply energy for another. When the domains are ideally balanced, all the energy dissipated by electrons in "dropping" to lower potentials is used for active computation. We describe the design of an active on-chip voltage regulation scheme to provide controlled dc-dc conversion with this technique.
A Novel Structure to Protect Against Explosive Loads (2008)

This paper describes a novel protective structure that minimizes the possibility that small pieces of concrete debris traveling at high velocity will escape the protective structure in the event of an explosion or blast load proximate to the structure. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the protective structure employs a membrane-like mesh structure made up of, for example, of steel wires. The mesh structure is compressible in all three dimensions, and surrounds a concrete fill material such as reinforced concrete. The size of the mesh opening is designed to retain the course aggregate constituent of concrete. In the event of an explosion, the mesh structure advantageously prevents concrete fragments produced due to disintegration of the concrete fill material from injuring people or causing property damage in the vicinity of the explosion. The protective structure is capable of undergoing large deflections in response to an explosive loading, thereby absorbing the energy associated with the blast. The structure is sacrificial in nature: its sole purpose is to mitigate the blast effect of the explosion by preventing the escape of the disintegrated concrete debris and by absorbing the energy of the blast, thereby minimizing the loss of life and damage to property. After the explosion, the damaged structure will be dismantled and replaced with a new protective structure. A number of the protective structure units can be joined together by columns or posts to create a wall of sufficient length to provide perimeter protection for a given area as well as additional ease of construction and use. The interconnecting columns or posts also employ the mesh reinforcement structure in addition to conventional steel reinforcement bars. It has been previously suggested that wire mesh may be employed on or just beneath the front and rear surfaces of the structural elements to mitigate "scabbing" (i.e. creation of craters on the target face due to a blast load) and "spalling" (i.e. separation of particles of structural element from the rear face at appropriate particle velocities) for light to moderate blats loads. However, in the protective structure of this paper, the wire mesh structure employed does not merely mitigate scabbing and spalling for light to moderate blats loads. Instead, the wire mesh structure can be designed to both prevent scabbing at large blast loads and to deflect elastically and plastically in response to the blast load to absorb the energy of the blast.
Operation of a Burner Rig for Thermal Gradient Cycling of Thermal Barrier Coatings (2014)

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC), in combination with sophisticated cooling systems are crucial for the operation of highly efficient gas turbines. New generations of coatings will need to show increased cycling capability as a future energy mix will contain a high proportion of renewable energy which will be subject to rapid changes in supply. This will require gas turbines to be on stand-by to fill shortages in power supply with short notice. Furthermore, higher operating temperatures are sought to improve the efficiency of the engine. It is, therefore, an aim of the industry to find a coating composition or structure which will enable the operation at temperatures greater than 1250°C and with high cycling capability. Test methods are required to meet these new operating conditions to validate new coatings. The maximum temperature limit of commonly used isothermal or cyclic oxidation tests is usually the temperature at which the substrate will start to significantly oxidise. However, there is the technical need to test the ceramic top layer at elevated surface temperatures up to 1500°C while keeping the substrate ‘cool’. Such capability would allow the effects of ceramic sintering, and deposit induced damage to be assessed at the TBC surface. This only can be performed on a complete coating system, when a thermal gradient is established throughout the coating. This paper reviews a burner test facility, designed and built by Sensor Coating Systems Ltd. (SCS), which combines severe and frequent cycling with the exposure of the coating to high surface temperatures and active cooling of the substrate. Further, this test can include thermal shock by active cooling of the surface at the end of each cycle. The paper will consider different operating conditions and will review experiences in building and operating the rig, including results from thermal barrier coating tests on electron beam physical vapour deposition (EBPVD) and atmospheric plasma spray (APS) samples. Further, the rig is capable of testing optical techniques such as pyrometry and thermographic phosphor thermometry for measuring surface temperature in controlled laboratory conditions and example of this will be presented. The paper also will reflect on the ISO 13123:201 standard for this type of test.
Influence of particle size and concentration on the diffuse backscattering of polarized light from tissue phantoms and biological cell suspensions (1997)

We present experimental results that show the spatial variations of the diffuse-backscattered intensity when linearly polarized light is incident upon highly scattering media. Experiments on polystyrene-sphere and Intralipid suspensions demonstrate that the radial and azimuthal variations of the observed pattern depend on the concentration, size, and anisotropy factor g of the particles that constitute the scattering medium. Measurements performed on biological-cell suspensions show the potential of this method for cell characterization.
Development of nonreducible technetium-99m(III) cations as myocardial perfusion imaging agents: initial experience in humans. (1987)

A series of 15 nonreducible technetium-99m(III) complexes of formula tr-[99mTcL(Y)2]+ has been prepared by a general synthetic route based on reductive addition of Y to the technetium-99m (99mTc) intermediate [99mTcL(O)]+. In these complexes, selected for potential use as myocardial imaging agents, L represents one of the two tetradentate Schiff base ligands N,N'-ethylenebis(acetylacetone iminato), (en), or N,N'-propylene-1,2-bis(acetylacetone iminato), (pn), while Y represents a monodentate phosphine, phosphite or isonitrile ligand as exemplified by P(CH3)3, P(OCH3)3 and CN-C(CH3)3. Of these 15 complexes, several with octanol/saline partition coefficients in the range 0.04-20 exhibit significant myocardial uptake in rats and dogs. Of these, none exhibit detectable myocardial washout, providing strong support for the hypothesis that myocardial washout occurs only for those 99mTc(III) cations that undergo in vivo reduction to the neutral 99mTc(II) form. Evaluation of the prototypical complex tr-[99mTc(en)(P(CH3)3)2]+ in seven normal volunteers and patients establishes that it is only a mediocre myocardial imaging agent in man.
Evaluating the performance of detection algorithms in digital mammography (1999)

The initial and relative evaluation of computer methodologies developed for assisting diagnosis in mammography is usually done by comparing the computer output to ground truth data provided by experts and/or biopsy. Reported studies, however, give little information on how the performance indices of computer assisted diagnosis (CAD) algorithms are determined in this initial stage of evaluation. Several strategies exist in the estimation of the true positive (TP) and false positive (FP) rates with respect to ground truth. Adopting one strategy over another yields different performance rates that can be over- or underestimates of the true performance. Furthermore, the estimation of pairs of TP and FP rates gives a partial picture of the performance of an algorithm. It is shown in this work that new performance indices are needed to fully describe the degree of detection (part or whole) and the type of detection (single calcification, cluster of calcifications, mass, or artifact). Several evaluation strategies were tested. The one that yielded the most realistic performances included the following criteria: The detected area should be at least 50% of the true area and no more than four times the true area in order to be considered TP. At least three true calcifications should be detected to within 1 cm2 with nearest neighbor distances of less than square root(2) cm for a cluster to be considered TP. Separate detection measures should be established and used for artifacts and naturally occurring structures to maximize the benefits of the evaluation. Finally, it is critical that CAD investigators provide information on the tested image set as well as the criteria used for the evaluation of the algorithms to allow comparisons and better understanding of their methodologies.
Document finder (2008)

This demo introduces a tool for accessing an e-document by capturing one or more images of a real object or document hardcopy. This tool is useful when a file name or location of the file is unknown or unclear. It can save field workers and office workers from remembering/exploring numerous directories and file names. Frequently, it can convert tedious keyboard typing in a search box to a simple camera click. Additionally, when a remote collaborator cannot clearly see an object or a document hardcopy through remote collaboration cameras, this tool can be used to automatically retrieve and send the original e-document to a remote screen or printer.
Ferrocene‐Based Planar Chiral Imidazopyridinium Salts for Catalysis (2015)

Abstract Planar chirality remains an underutilized control element in asymmetric catalysis. Factors that have limited its broader application in catalysis include poor catalyst performance and difficulties associated with the economical production of enantiopure planar chiral compounds. The construction of planar chiral azolium salts that incorporate a sterically demanding iron sandwich complex is now reported. Applications of this new N‐heterocyclic carbene as both an organocatalyst and a ligand for transition‐metal catalysis demonstrate its unprecedented versatility and potential broad utility in asymmetric catalysis.
Feature extraction and normalization algorithms for high-density oligonucleotide gene expression array data (2001)

Algorithms for performing feature extraction and normalization on high-density oligonucleotide gene expression arrays, have not been fully explored, and the impact these algorithms have on the downstream analysis is not well understood. Advances in such low-level analysis methods are essential to increase the sensitivity and specificity of detecting whether genes are present and/or differentially expressed. We have developed and implemented a number of algorithms for the analysis of expression array data in a software application, the DNA-Chip Analyzer (dChip). In this report, we describe the algorithms for feature extraction and normalization, and present validation data and comparison results with some of the algorithms currently in use.