gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment (2022)

Over the past several years, the term PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) has grown to be emblematic of environmental contamination, garnering public, scientific, and regulatory concern. PFAS are synthesized by two processes, direct fluorination (e.g., electrochemical fluorination) and oligomerization (e.g., fluorotelomerization). More than a megatonne of PFAS is produced yearly, and thousands of PFAS wind up in end-use products. Atmospheric and aqueous fugitive releases during manufacturing, use, and disposal have resulted in the global distribution of these compounds. Volatile PFAS facilitate long-range transport, commonly followed by complex transformation schemes to recalcitrant terminal PFAS, which do not degrade under environmental conditions and thus migrate through the environment and accumulate in biota through multiple pathways. Efforts to remediate PFAS-contaminated matrices still are in their infancy, with much current research targeting drinking water.
Thermal Buckling of Dual-Coated Fiber (1985)

An analysis of buckling is presented for dual-coated fibers within their coating at low temperatures. Buckling causes microbending of the fiber axis, the prime source of added optical loss in the fiber. Buckling is caused by compressive stress exerted on the fiber by the coating, which arises because the thermal expansion coefficient of the coating is substantially larger than that of the fiber. Calculations show that buckling is more likely when the inner primary coating layer is soft and thick. Previous experimental results on fibers in cables indicate that softer, thicker primaries lead to more added loss at low temperatures, contrary to the simple model where lateral pressure imprints irregularities onto the path of the fiber. Such is the evidence that buckling occurs. The theory is applied to various coating designs. The calculated results rank the low-temperature performance reliably, but they also indicate that thermal strain falls short of the buckling strain. Other sources of strain are suggested, including a mechanism whereby irregularities induced by lateral pressure on the outside produce bending moments on the fiber.
Differential Data Quality Verification on Partitioned Data (2019)

Modern companies and institutions rely on data to guide every single decision. Missing or incorrect information seriously compromises any decision process. In previous work, we presented Deequ, a Spark-based library for automating the verification of data quality at scale. Deequ provides a declarative API, which combines common quality constraints with user-defined validation code, and thereby enables "unit tests for data". However, we found that the previous computational model of Deequ is not flexible enough for many scenarios in modern data pipelines, which handle large, partitioned datasets. Such scenarios require the evaluation of dataset-level quality constraints after individual partition updates, without having to re-read already processed partitions. Additionally, such scenarios often require the verification of data quality on select combinations of partitions. We therefore present a differential generalization of the computational model of Deequ, based on algebraic states with monoid properties. We detail how to efficiently implement the corresponding operators and aggregation functions in Apache Spark. Furthermore, we show how to optimize the resulting workloads to minimize the required number of passes over the data, and empirically validate that our approach decreases the runtimes for updating data metrics under data changes and for different combinations of partitions.
Improved time-interval counting techniques for laser ranging systems (1993)

Recent improvements in precision time-interval counting techniques are presented. Real-time autocalibration using an adaptive method for setting the optimum calibration rate, robust estimation of counter parameters, and input data filtering are discussed. The techniques described were evaluated during the development of time-interval counter T-1810B for satellite LRS in the Polish Academy of Sciences. Two adaptive calibration algorithms were tested, and results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of Shape-Controlled Monodisperse Wurtzite CuIn<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ga<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>S<sub>2</sub> Semiconductor Nanocrystals with Tunable Band Gap (2011)

Monodisperse wurtzite CuIn(x)Ga(1-x)S(2) nanocrystals have been synthesized over the entire composition range using a facile solution-based method. Depending on the chemical composition and synthesis conditions, the morphology of the nanocrystals can be controlled in the form of bullet-like, rod-like, and tadpole-like shapes. The band gap of the nanocrystals increases linearly with increasing Ga concentration, with band gap values for the end members being close to those observed in the bulk. Colloidal suspensions of the nanocrystals are attractive for use as inks for low-cost fabrication of thin film solar cells by spin or spray coating.
A 45-Mbit/s CMOS VLSI digital phase aligner (1988)

An eight-channel, 45-Mb/s digital phase aligner (DPA) has been fabricated in 2- mu m CMOS. The device receives asynchronous serial data at a known average clock frequency and unknown phase, and phase-aligns it with a local clock of the same frequency for subsequent synchronous processing. The all-digital architecture of this device minimizes the need for external components and avoids reliance on analog MOS circuitry. Tracking over a phase excursion range of +or-4-bit periods has been demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dielectrophoretic assembly of high-density arrays of individual graphene devices for rapid screening (2009)

We establish the use of dielectrophoresis for the directed parallel assembly of individual flakes and nanoribbons of few-layer graphene into electronic devices. This is a bottom-up approach where source and drain electrodes are prefabricated and the flakes are deposited from a solution using an alternating electric field applied between the electrodes. These devices are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron transport measurements. They are electrically active and their current carrying capacity and subsequent failure mechanism is revealed. Akin to carbon nanotubes, we show that the dielectrophoretic deposition is self-limiting to one flake per device and is scalable to ultralarge-scale integration densities, thereby enabling the rapid screening of a large number of devices.
Identification of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> glycolipids that share immunogenic carbohydrate epitopes with glycoproteins. (1986)

The immunoreactivity of sera of infected hosts against glycolipids derived from Schistosoma mansoni eggs, adult male worms, and cercariae was analyzed by immunostaining of glycolipids resolved by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Eggs contained the greatest number of immunogenic glycolipids and bound the largest proportion of serum antibodies. Virtually all of the immunogenic egg glycolipids were neutrally charged and contained oligosaccharide chains larger in size than five sugar residues. The glycolipids of each developmental stage were shown by use of five monoclonal antibodies to share schistosome-specific carbohydrate epitopes that were also present on glycoproteins. Several of the carbohydrate epitopes were expressed throughout the life cycle, yet the overall structures of the glycolipids were not conserved. Quantitative analyses by solid-phase binding assays indicated that the carbohydrate epitopes were differentially expressed between the glycolipids and glycoproteins of developmental stages. Sera from infected humans and mice both contained very high levels of anti-carbohydrate antibodies that were reactive with the glycolipids, irrespective of the stage or intensity of disease. Mice harboring unisexual infections of either male or female worms also recognized the egg glycolipids in a pattern indistinguishable from that of patently infected mice. A greater proportion of the humoral response against egg antigens in infected humans was directed against protein determinants, as compared with infected mice.
A web page transmission mechanism with transmission order control of inline objects (2002)

Abstract Due to the increasing popularity of the Internet, the WWW (World Wide Web) has become the most popular way to distribute multimedia contents. In the WWW, impressive information can be provided by embedding a large number of inline objects such as images in a WWW page. Since these inline objects are generally presented in WWW browsers in transmission order, the transmission order of inline objects becomes very important, especially for users accessing the Internet with a low‐speed connection such as a dial‐up line. In this paper, we propose a page transmission mechanism, which allows content authors to specify the transmission order of inline objects in WWW pages. First, we define a language to specify the transmission order of inline objects based on XML (Extensible Markup Language). We then discuss how we can implement the transmission order control, and propose a new protocol, HTSP (Hypertext Streaming Protocol), which realizes efficient transmission of ordered inline objects. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(4): 14–24, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.1116
Cellulose nanofiber–graphene all solid-state flexible supercapacitors (2012)

Cellulose nanofibers are selected as nano-spacers, electrolyte nano-reservoirs and hierarchical nanostructure makers of CNF–RGO hybrid aerogel. The CNF–RGO hybrid aerogel based flexible supercapacitor exhibits high capacitance (207 F g−1). Taking its higher capacitance, low cost and environmentally friendly nature, they have great potential for use in flexible supercapacitors.
Tuning and matching the TM1 cavity (1983)

The cylindrical resonant cavity operating in the TM010 mode is increasingly being used to generate a microwave-induced plasma (MIP) for elemental analysis by atomic emission spectrometry. In this study, the concepts of tuning and impedance matching for the Beenakker type TM010 resonant cavity are discussed. Proper placement and penetration depth of an antenna coupling probe appear to be a preferable approach to matching the TM010 microwave resonant cavity to a microwave generator. This approach precludes the use of external matching devices that add complexity to the system. In our system, a long probe penetrating 92% into the cavity well and positioned 14 mm from the center of the cavity allowed operation of a critically coupled argon plasma at 13–15 W as recorded from the generator’s calibrated power meter. Additionally, a detector is described that permits measurement of the electric field inside the cavity. The electric field inside the cavity decreases substantially upon ignition of a burning plasma. Aided with a tesla coil, a minimum electric field of 150 V cm−1 allows ignition of an argon plasma. After ignition, the electric field typically reduces to 30 V cm−1 and is not strongly affected by increases in input power. The effect of impedance matching and the electric field caused by increasing the input power to the cavity is also examined.
Atherogenic diet-induced hepatitis is partially dependent on murine TLR4 (2008)

Diets high in cholesterol and cholate such as the Paigen diet have been used to study atherogenesis, lithogenesis, and proinflammatory microvascular changes induced by nutritional hypercholesterolemia. Although these diets lead to chronic hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, the early inflammatory changes have been poorly characterized. TLR4, a known receptor for LPS, is also a receptor for a variety of endogenous ligands and has been implicated in atheroma formation. Here, we specifically examined the early inflammatory response of the liver to the atherogenic (ATH) diet and the possible contribution of TLR4. Animals fed the high-cholesterol/cholate diet for 3 weeks developed a significant, predominantly mononuclear leukocyte infiltration in the liver, hepatic steatosis, elevated hepatic expression of MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-2, and increased serum levels of liver enzymes. In TLR4-deleted animals, there was a 30% attenuation in the serum alanine transaminase levels and a 50% reduction in the leukocyte infiltration with a fourfold reduction in chemokine expression. In contrast, hepatic steatosis did not differ from wild-type controls. TLR2 deletion had no effect on diet-induced hepatitis but increased the amount of steatosis. We conclude that the early inflammatory liver injury but not hepatic lipid loading induced by the ATH diet in mice is mediated in part by TLR4.
Support of multimedia SIP applications in mobile ad hoc networks: service discovery and networking architecture (2005)

Multimedia real-time session services, such as voice and videoconferences are highly desirable in many mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). This paper investigates network architecture options and evaluates their performance metrics for supporting session-based multimedia services in MANET, using the standard Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). A novel service discovery mechanism is presented to discover SIP service locations and capabilities, enabling service self-configuration in the MANET. The service discovery mechanism applies cross-layer design between the application and the routing layers to achieve improved system and protocol efficiency. Two SIP MANET networking architectures, both with and without the proxy server, are evaluated. The presented performance results demonstrate the efficacy of the solution, and illustrate network design guidance for supporting SIP applications over MANET.
Planar active Yagi-like antenna (2000)

The authors introduce the Yagi concept into a simple active antenna. Antennas with director elements demonstrate an increased directivity and 30° beam-tilting compared with an active antenna.
Field effect transistor circulators (1989)

Field-effect-transistor circulators that are compatible with monolithic microwave integrated circuit technology are described. These passive nonreciprocal components are formed with inductors, capacitors, transmission line sections, and microwave transistors, and all can be integrated on a single IC chip the size of a pinhead. The operating principle, power-handling capability, and noise performance of these components are discussed for both narrowband and wideband applications, and examples of their practical implementation are given. The transistor-based 2-, 3-, and 4-port passive nonreciprocal components described offer an alternative to ferrite miniature circulators with potential advantages of small size and lower cost in production volume.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Ok<sup>a</sup> blood group antigen is a marker for the M6 leukocyte activation antigen, the human homolog of OX‐47 antigen, basigin and neurothelin, an immunoglobulin superfamily molecule that is widely expressed in human cells and tissues (1997)

The high-frequency blood group antigen Ok(a) is carried on a red cell membrane glycoprotein (gp) of 35-69 kDa that is widely distributed on malignant cells of different origins. Immunostaining of hemopoietic cells and a range of normal human tissues demonstrated a wide distribution of the Ok(a) gp that appears to be nonlineage-restricted, although certain tissues show differentiation-related expression. Ok(a) gp was purified from red cell membranes by immunoaffinity chromatography using mAb A103 and amino acid sequence analysis was performed. The N-terminal 30 amino acids are identical to the predicted sequence of M6 leukocyte activation antigen (M6), a member of the Ig superfamily (IgSF) with two IgSF domains. There are homologs in rat (MRC OX-47 or CE9), in mouse (basigin or gp42), and in chicken (HT7 or neurothelin). The molecular basis of the Ok(a) mutation was established by sequencing M6 cDNA derived from normal and Ok(a-) EBV-transformed B cell lines. A point mutation in the translated portion of M6 cDNA, G331AG-->AAG gives rise to a predicted E92-->K amino acid change in the first Ig-like domain of the Ok(a-) form of the protein. Transfection of mouse NS-0 cells with normal or Ok(a-) cDNA confirmed the identity of the protein and only the Ok(a-) transfectants failed to react with monoclonal anti-Ok(a) Ab.
Desirable Features of a Chatbot-building Platform (2020)

There is a visible eagerness in the business community to integrate chatbots with their websites and mobile apps. They provide a humanised interface to information and can serve as digital assistants that can perform tasks on behalf of an individual. There are many commercial platforms which provide interfaces to build these chatbots. They are used by both professional software developers as well as people from non-IT backgrounds. Based on our experiences with three popular chatbot-building platforms - Google Dialogflow, IBM Watson Assistant and Amazon Lex, we present a list of desirable features that these platforms should exhibit in order to cater to their mixed user base. We also rate the availability and ease of use of these features on the current versions of these platforms.
Sustained antigen availability during germinal center initiation enhances antibody responses to vaccination (2016)

Natural infections expose the immune system to escalating antigen and inflammation over days to weeks, whereas nonlive vaccines are single bolus events. We explored whether the immune system responds optimally to antigen kinetics most similar to replicating infections, rather than a bolus dose. Using HIV antigens, we found that administering a given total dose of antigen and adjuvant over 1-2 wk through repeated injections or osmotic pumps enhanced humoral responses, with exponentially increasing (exp-inc) dosing profiles eliciting >10-fold increases in antibody production relative to bolus vaccination post prime. Computational modeling of the germinal center response suggested that antigen availability as higher-affinity antibodies evolve enhances antigen capture in lymph nodes. Consistent with these predictions, we found that exp-inc dosing led to prolonged antigen retention in lymph nodes and increased Tfh cell and germinal center B-cell numbers. Thus, regulating the antigen and adjuvant kinetics may enable increased vaccine potency.
A Novel Approach for High Level Expression of Soluble Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone (rhPTH 1-34) in Escherichia coli. (2013)

Thioredoxin was applied as a fusion partner for production of highly soluble rhPTH. This specific fusion partner increased protein solubility and decreased protease reactivity. Purification process was optimized for high recovery and for purity more than 99%. As its biological activity is comparable with marketed drug, this protein is qualified for biopharmaceutical usage.
Obstacles detection from disparity properties in a particular stereo vision system configuration (2004)

Many approaches were proposed to detect obstacles in front of a car. Most of them start with modelling the road geometry and extract some coherent structures such as road edges or lane-markings in the stereo image pair. Our approach copes with this problem differently: At first, we give a definition of an obstacle and in a second step, we exploit its relationship with the stereo vision system configuration. This allows us to separate image features into those belonging to the obstacles and those due to non-obstacles (e.g. lane markings). Experimental results seem to demonstrate the effectiveness of such a method. Future work will incorporate this approach into a stop & go application.
Telematique Home-Bus System equipped with multi-service switcher function (1989)

The development and evaluation of a prototype Telematique Home-Bus System are described. The system contains various communication terminals realized by network terminations (NT) provided with multi-serve switcher (MSS) functions and terminal adaptors (TA) for data communication. The system features and configuration, hardware design, and software implementation are described. The NT and TA were evaluated for three types of terminals, i.e. personal computer with V.27ter modem, G3 facsimile, and telephones. The effectiveness of the Telematique HBS and the NT and TA was found to be satisfactory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Codelivery of Chemotherapeutics via Crosslinked Multilamellar Liposomal Vesicles to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Tumor (2014)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a significant challenge to effective cancer chemotherapy treatment. However, the development of a drug delivery system that allows for the sustained release of combined drugs with improved vesicle stability could overcome MDR in cancer cells. To achieve this, we have demonstrated codelivery of doxorubicin (Dox) and paclitaxel (PTX) via a crosslinked multilamellar vesicle (cMLV). This combinatorial delivery system achieves enhanced drug accumulation and retention, in turn resulting in improved cytotoxicity against tumor cells, including drug-resistant cells. Moreover, this delivery approach significantly overcomes MDR by reducing the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in cancer cells, thus improving antitumor activity in vivo. Thus, by enhancing drug delivery to tumors and lowering the apoptotic threshold of individual drugs, this combinatorial delivery system represents a potentially promising multimodal therapeutic strategy to overcome MDR in cancer therapy.
Visual-Attribute-Based Emotion Regulation of Angry Driving Behaviors (2021)

Driver anger has become a severe transportation problem resulting in significant injuries and fatalities. The rapid development of intelligent transportation systems has provided new opportunities for dynamic angry driving regulations. However, the regulation qualities of different visual attributes under different parameters are not yet clear. In this article, we investigate the anger regulation quality of different parameters for different visual attributes during driving (color: cold/warm; symbol: flat/simulated; expression: positive/negative). Twenty-one drivers drove nine times ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> = 189) on a simulated highway scene with the data recording. The regulation quality of the drivers’ anger was analyzed from their subjective experience, behavior, and physiology. Results indicate that regulation driving with different visual attributes presented better driver anger regulation quality compared with baseline driving. Additionally, for the color attribute, the regulation quality of the cold hue was better than the warm hue, and for the expression attribute, the positive expression was better than the negative expression. Our results provide preliminary insights for three specific visual attributes of a driver’s anger regulation and compare their corresponding regulation qualities under different parameter changes. Our research provides empirical evidence for choosing different parameters among the three specific visual attributes in the early stages of designing a visual human–machine interface for driver anger.