gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Defect Detection In Silicon By Optical Beam Induced Reflectance (OBIR) (1987)

Electrically active flaws near the surface of silicon wafers generally impair the successful manufacture of integrated circuits. Detrimental defects such as stacking faults, dislocations, and metallic precipitates are often 1-2 microns in size. Thus, a defect detection system would need to exhibit both high spatial resolution and contrast at defective sites. Several approaches for defect detection are in use, although no technique appears capable of non-destructively detecting 1 micron defects in silicon, without vacuum, in a timely manner. A pump-probe laser system has been developed to satisfy these requirements.
Characterization of Nitrogen-doped Titanium Oxide Photocatalyst Activated by Visible-light. (2003)

N-doped titanium oxide photocatalyst is found to be activated by visible light irradiation as well as ultraviolet irradiation. We evaluated its crystal structure, N states in the lattice, composition, and surface morphology using X-ray diffiraction (XRD), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). As a result, it is found that the materials have rutile or anatase crystal structure with nitrogen doped into substitutional sites of oxygen in TiO2, which contributes band gap narrowing. It is also confirmed that XPS measurement was influenced by surface treatment such as Ar ion bombardment.
Initiating Growth Of Crystals Away From Container Walls (1991)

Nucleation controlled to obtain better crystals. In technique proposed specifically for growing large protein crystals in microgravity (where no thermal convection), small region of high supersaturation created by injection of hot concentrated solution or by use of cold probe. Crystals nucleate preferably in this small region. Also conceivable technique applied on Earth to crystallizations in melts and solutions sufficiently viscous to suppress convection to extent necessary to prevent cooling-induced nucleation in undesired sites.
Preparation and characterisation of branched poly (styrene-<i>co</i>-acrylonitrile) via atom transfer radical polymerisation using β-bromoethyl benzene as initiator (2014)

Branched poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) of styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) with the feed composition of 0·5 using β-bromoethyl benzene (BEB) as the initiator and divinylbenzene (DVB) as the branching agent. The polymerisation kinetics and the development of branching were studied by gas chromatography (GC), triple detection size exclusion chromatography (TD-SEC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The primary chains with the pendent vinyl groups were formed dominantly at a monomer conversion of less than 50%. The pendent vinyl group participated in the polymerisation, which resulted in the formation of branching structure accompanied by a rapid increase in molecular weight and a broadening in its distribution. The branching chains developed gradually as the molecular weight increased. The copolymers of higher molecular weights had higher branching degree than those of lower molecular weights.
Measurement Of Crossflow Vortex Structure (1994)

Method developed for measuring wavelengths of crossflow vortices by using surface-mounted, microthin, multielement hot-film sensors. Provides direct and true value of wavelength of crossflow vortices at various spanwise locations without localized flow disturbances. Attainment of laminar airflow on aircraft wings has significant potential for reducing drag and increasing fuel efficiency.
A R2R3 Type MYB Transcription Factor Is Involved in the Cold Regulation of CBF Genes and in Acquired Freezing Tolerance (2006)

Cold temperatures trigger the expression of the CBF family of transcription factors, which in turn activate many downstream genes that confer freezing tolerance to plants. It has been shown previously that the cold regulation of CBF3 involves an upstream bHLH-type transcription factor, ICE1. ICE1 binds to the Myc recognition sequences in the CBF3 promoter. Apart from Myc recognition sequences, CBF promoters also have Myb recognition sequences. We report here that the Arabidopsis MYB15 is involved in cold-regulation of CBF genes and in the development of freezing tolerance. The MYB15 gene transcript is up-regulated by cold stress. The MYB15 protein interacts with ICE1 and binds to Myb recognition sequences in the promoters of CBF genes. Overexpression of MYB15 results in reduced expression of CBF genes whereas its loss-of-function leads to increased expression of CBF genes in the cold. The myb15 mutant plants show increased tolerance to freezing stress whereas its overexpression reduces freezing tolerance. Our results suggest that MYB15 is part of a complex network of transcription factors controlling the expression of CBFs and other genes in response to cold stress.
Polarization-independent filters for luminescent solar concentrators (2011)

The efficiency of luminescent solar concentrators could be enhanced by use of wavelength-selective filters, reducing the amount of luminescent light lost. To accomplish this, polarization-independent filters with reflectivity &gt;97% were made by combining layers of cholesteric liquid crystals, either a right- with a left-handed layer, or two right-handed layers with a half-lambda waveplate. Normal cholesteric filters have a reflection bandwidth which is narrower than the spectral and angular range of the luminescent emission. The reflection band is broadened from 80 to 200 nm by employing a pitch gradient in the cholesteric layer. The measured transmission bands compare well with calculations.
AN EXPLORATION OF USER INTERFACE DESIGNS FOR REAL-TIME PANORAMIC PHOTOGRAPHY (2007)

pal @ cs.umass.edu Image stitching allows users to combine multiple regular-sized photographs into a single wide-angle picture, often referred to as a panoramic picture. To create such a panoramic picture, users traditionally first take all the photographs, then upload them to a PC and stitch. During stitching, however, users often discover that the produced panorama contains artifacts or is incomplete. Fixing these flaws requires retaking individual images, which is often difficult by this time. In this paper, we present Panoramic Viewfinder, an interactive system for panorama construction that offers a real-time preview of the panorama while shooting. As the user swipes the camera across the scene, each photo is immediately added to the preview. By making ghosting and stitching failures apparent, the system allows users to immediately retake necessary images. The system also provides a preview of the cropped panorama. When this preview includes all desired scene elements, users know that the panorama will be complete. Unlike earlier work in the field of real-time stitching, this paper focuses on the user interface aspects of real-time stitching. We describe our prototype, individual shooting modes, and provide an overview of our implementation. Building on our experiences with Panoramic Viewfinder, we discuss a separate design that relaxes the level of synchrony between user and camera required by the current system and provide usage flexibility that we believe might further improve the user experience.
Input filter design for power factor correction circuits (1996)

The issues involved in the design of power factor correction circuit input filters are significantly different from those involved in the design of input filters for DC-DC power converters. In many cases, the EMI and power factor requirements are impossible to meet using the existing filtering technology. This paper proposes the use of high-order elliptic filters to achieve the required EMI attenuation and power factor. The new input filter technology provides a significant filter size reduction over the standard filter designs, minimizes the filter-power converter interaction, and maintains a good converter power factor. New active and passive filter damping methods that guarantee optimal filter pole damping, while virtually eliminating damping resistor power dissipation, are proposed. The filter design procedure that makes possible a simple and fast design of filters with an arbitrary number of stages is also presented.
Digital calibration technique for highly linear wide dynamic range CMOS imaging sensor (2009)

A novel digital calibration scheme is developed to improve the linearity of a wide dynamic range (DR) CMOS imaging sensor, with a low calibration overhead. Experimental results show that the distortion of the fabricated imaging sensor reaches -75.6 dB over the 95.3 dB DR after calibration.
High-Scalability CMOS Quantum Magnetometer With Spin-State Excitation and Detection of Diamond Color Centers (2020)

Magnetometers based on quantum mechanical processes enable high sensitivity and long-term stability without the need for re-calibration, but their integration into fieldable devices remains challenging. This article presents a CMOS quantum vector-field magnetometer that miniaturizes the conventional quantum sensing platforms using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. By integrating key components for spin control and readout, the chip performs magnetometry through optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) through a diamond slab attached to a custom CMOS chip. The ODMR control is highly uniform across the NV centers in the diamond, which is enabled by a CMOS-generated ~2.87 GHz magnetic field with <; 5% inhomogeneity across a large-area current-driven wire array. The magnetometer chip is 1.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in size, prototyped in 65-nm bulk CMOS technology, and attached to a 300 × 80 μ m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> diamond slab. NV fluorescence is measured by CMOS-integrated photodetectors. This ON-chip measurement is enabled by efficient rejection of the green pump light from the red fluorescence through a CMOS-integrated spectral filter based on a combination of spectrally dependent plasmonic losses and diffractive filtering in the CMOS back-end-of-line (BEOL). This filter achieves a measured ~25 dB of green light rejection. We measure a sensitivity of 245 nT/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> , marking a 130 × improvement over a previous CMOS-NV sensor prototype, largely thanks to the better spectral filtering and homogeneous microwave generation over larger area.
Reconsidering fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia with a focus on screening and prevention (2010)

Uncertainty regarding the pathophysiology of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) has hampered the decision regarding how to identify, follow-up and treat the women and children with this potentially serious condition. Since knowledge of the condition is derived mainly from retrospective studies, understanding of the natural history of this condition remains incomplete. General screening programs for FNAIT have still not been introduced, mainly because of a lack of reliable risk factors and effective treatment. Now, several prospective screening studies involving up to 100,000 pregnant women have been published and the results have changed the understanding of the pathophysiology of FNAIT and, thereby, the approach toward diagnostics, prevention and treatment in a more appropriate way.
Plant-Based Cell-Free Transcription and Translation of Recombinant Proteins (2022)

Plant cell-free lysates contain all the cellular components of the protein biosynthesis machinery, providing an alternative to intact plant cells, tissues, and whole plants for the production of recombinant proteins. Cell-free lysates achieve rapid protein production (within hours or days) and allow the synthesis of proteins that are cytotoxic or unstable in living cells. The open nature of cell-free lysates and their homogeneous and reproducible performance is ideal for protein production, especially for screening applications, allowing the direct addition of nucleic acid templates encoding proteins of interest, as well as other components such as enzyme substrates, chaperones, artificial amino acids, or labeling molecules. Here we describe procedures for the production of recombinant proteins in the ALiCE (Almost Living Cell-free Expression) system, a lysate derived from tobacco cell suspension cultures that can be used to manufacture protein products for molecular and biochemical analysis as well as applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
Assessment of Ribosomal Large-Subunit D1-D2, Internal Transcribed Spacer 1, and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 Regions as Targets for Molecular Identification of Medically Important <i>Aspergillus</i> Species (2005)

Molecular approaches are now being developed to provide a more rapid and objective identification of fungi compared to traditional phenotypic methods. Ribosomal targets, especially the large-subunit RNA gene (D1-D2 region) and internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2 regions), have shown particular promise for the molecular identification of some fungi. We therefore conducted an assessment of these regions for the identification of 13 medically important Aspergillus species: Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus (Eurotium) chevalieri, Aspergillus (Fennellia) flavipes, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus granulosus, Aspergillus (Emericella) nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus restrictus, Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus ustus, and Aspergillus versicolor. The length of ribosomal regions could not be reliably used to differentiate among all Aspergillus species examined. DNA alignment and pairwise nucleotide comparisons demonstrated 91.9 to 99.6% interspecies sequence identities in the D1-D2 region, 57.4 to 98.1% in the ITS1 region, and 75.6 to 98.3% in the ITS2 region. Comparative analysis using GenBank reference data showed that 10 of the 13 species examined exhibited a < or = 1-nucleotide divergence in the D1-D2 region from closely related but different species. In contrast, only 5 of the species examined exhibited a < or = 1-nucleotide divergence from sibling species in their ITS1 or ITS2 sequences. Although the GenBank database currently lacks ITS sequence entries for some species, and major improvement in the quality and accuracy of GenBank entries is needed, current identification of medically important Aspergillus species using GenBank reference data seems more reliable using ITS query sequences than D1-D2 sequences, especially for the identification of closely related species.
Ceramic Preforms with 2D Regular Channels for Fabrication of Metal/Ceramic-Reinforced Composites (2011)

Aligned regular 2D channels were fabricated in alumina via two routes: soft metal and carbon fibers. The soft metal route was accomplished employing centrifugal forces to eject the molten metal from the green matrix. The carbon fiber route was accomplished by burning out the carbon fibers between 450°C and 630°C. In both methods, pressureless sintering followed, yielding the desired 2D channel profiles. Some porous preforms exhibited higher fracture strength than the solid specimens, and this has been attributed to the ability of the channels to reduce the population and distribution of cracks in the porous material.
Multiple<i>N</i>-Methylation of MT-II Backbone Amide Bonds Leads to Melanocortin Receptor Subtype hMC1R Selectivity: Pharmacological and Conformational Studies (2010)

Multiple N-methylation is a novel technology to improve bioavailability of peptides and increase receptor subtype selectivity. This technique has been applied here to the superpotent but nonselective cyclic peptide MT-II. A library of all possible 31 backbone N-methylated derivatives has been synthesized and tested for binding and activation at melanocortin receptor subtypes 1, 3, 4, and 5. It turned out that selectivity is improved with every introduced N-methyl group, resulting in several N-methylated selective and potent agonists for the hMC1R. The most potent of these derivatives is N-methylated on four out of five amide bonds in the cyclic structure. Its solution structure indicates a strongly preferred backbone conformation that resembles other alpha-MSH analogs but possesses much less flexibility and in addition distinct differences in the spatial arrangement of individual amino acid side chains.
<title>Multichannel acousto-optical spectrometer</title> (1992)

Photonic Systems Incorporated is currently fabricating a Multichannel Acousto-Optical Spectrometer (MCAOS) for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. This instrument will be used as a frequency channelized radiometer for radio astronomy spectroscopy. It will analyze the spectrum of four independent radio frequency (RF) channels simultaneously and has potential for eight to as many as sixteen channels. Each channel will resolve the RF spectrum to one megahertz within its 1000 megahertz band. Dynamic range exceeding 30 dB will be achieved by quantizing detector photo-charge to 12 bits and accumulating data for large periods of time. Long time integration requires an optical bench optimized for stability and the use of temperature stabilization. System drift due to speckle interference is minimized by using a novel polarization switching Bragg cell.
Symbol Naming Rules For Plant Model Generation In The PLC Simulation (2009)

Presented in the paper is the PLC symbol naming rules in order to simulate the virtual factory which is operated by the PLC control logic. In the PLC simulation, the corresponding model, normally called as the plant model, to the PLC receives the PLC output signal, operates virtual devices, and sends the changed PLC input signal which is updated by the virtual device movements. Therefore the plant model is necessary to verify PLC code and to simulate the virtual factory. Normally, the plant model construction takes much time and effort, requires in-depth knowledge about the simulation and PLC code, and even it might has modelling errors. To prevent the modelling error and to save the time and effort for the I/O model construction, this paper proposes the naming rules of PLC symbol to extract the necessary information. The simple example cell is applied to test the proposed approach.
Dual Desorption Electrospray Ionization−Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry on a Common Nanoporous Alumina Platform for Enhanced Shotgun Proteomic Analysis (2008)

A gold coated nanoporous alumina surface was used for dual ionization mode mass spectrometric analysis using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and laser desorption ionization (LDI). DESI and LDI mass spectrometry (MS) from the nanoporous alumina surface were compared with conventional electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) for analysis of tryptic digests of proteins. Combined use of DESI and LDI offer greater peptide coverage than either method alone and comparable peptide coverage as with dual MALDI and ESI. This dual ionization technique using a common platform with same sample spot demonstrates a potential time and cost-effective tool for improved shotgun proteomic analysis.
External ring-cavity quantum cascade lasers (2013)

An external ring-cavity quantum cascade laser (QCL) is demonstrated. Gain competition between the clockwise and anticlockwise ring-cavity modes results in a transition from bidirectional to directional emission as current is increased. In the directional regime, spatial hole burning (SHB) is suppressed, and the spectrum evolves to a single longitudinal mode, in contrast with the multimode spectrum of a comparable Fabry-Pérot QCL. The absence of SHB and the long path-length of the external cavity make this laser an excellent candidate for active mode-locking and high-sensitivity spectroscopic applications in the mid-infrared. A proof-of-principle intracavity absorption spectroscopic detection of water vapor is demonstrated.
The synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and anticancer activity of new mono and binuclear phosphanegold(<scp>i</scp>) dithiocarbamate complexes (2014)

Four new gold(<sc>i</sc>) complexes were synthesized and characterized. The structure of [<italic>t</italic>-Bu<sub>3</sub>PAuS<sub>2</sub>CN(C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>7</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] was determined by X-ray diffraction.
Effects of Quenching and Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Hardness of P/M Tool Steel for Hot Working. (1995)

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Molecular characterization of a common 48-kilodalton outer membrane protein of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (1996)

Previous studies have shown that a vaccine prepared from outer membranes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 can elicit protective immunity in swine against challenge with either serotype 5 or serotype 1. These results suggest the presence of common subcapsular surface antigens, such as outer membrane proteins, that contribute to cross-protective immunity. We have identified a 48-kDa outer membrane protein that is common to all 12 capsular serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae but is not present in the outer membranes of related species of gram-negative swine pathogens. This protein is immunogenic in swine infected with either A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 or 1A, as well as in swine vaccinated with A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 outer membranes. This 48-kDa protein is readily detected in outer membranes produced by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, but it is sarcosyl soluble and therefore not found in outer membranes prepared by detergent treatment. The gene encoding the 48-kDa outer membrane protein has been cloned from A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 and and has been designated aopA, for Actinobacillus outer membrane protein A. The gene is 1,347 bp in length and encodes a protein, designated AopA, of 449 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 48,603. Southern blot analysis under high-stringency conditions showed that strains of all 12 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae contain DNA homologous to this gene, as do strains of two closely related species, Actinobacillus suis and Pasteurella multocida. Whether antibodies against the AopA antigen contribute to cross-protective immunity against A. pleuropneumoniae infection remains to be determined.
Phase noise and timing jitter in oscillators (2002)

Phase noise is a topic of theoretical and practical interest in electronic circuits, as well as in other fields such as optics. Although progress has been made in understanding the phenomenon, there still remain significant gaps, both in its fundamental theory and in numerical techniques for its characterisation. We present a rigorous nonlinear analysis for phase noise in oscillators and reach the following conclusions: the power spectrum of an oscillator does not blow up at the carrier frequency as predicted by many previous analyses. Instead, the shape of the spectrum is a Lorentzian (the shape of the squared magnitude of a one-pole lowpass filter transfer function) about each harmonic. The average spread (variance) of the timing jitter grows exactly linearly with time. A single scalar constant suffices to characterise both the timing jitter and spectral broadening due to phase noise. Previous linear analyses of phase noise make unphysical predictions such as infinite noise power. We develop efficient computational methods in the time and frequency domains for predicting phase noise. Our techniques are practical for large circuits. We obtain good matches between spectra predicted using our technique and measured results, even at frequencies close to the carrier and its harmonics, where most previous techniques break down.