gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Tempering Temperature and Stress Amplitude on Low-cycle Fatigue Behavior of a Cold-Work Tool Steel (2003)

Low-cycle fatigue behavior of a newly developed cold-work tool steel containing 0.8C-8Cr-2Mo was investigated. The aim of this study is to examine the fatigue behavior in connection with its microstructure and hardness of the specimens tempered at several temperatures. The specimens were tempered at 473K, 793K and 823K, and then were tested under fully reversed stress amplitudes of 1568MPa and 1176MPa. The reasons of choosing three kinds of tempering temperatures were follows. Firstly, the secondary hardening was remarkable at 793K and the hardness at this was 62HRC while the hardness of specimens tempered at 473K and 823K was almost same of 60HRC. Secondly, amount of retained austenite (γR) were 14vol% and 2vol% for specimens tempered at 473K and at 823K, respectively. At the higher stress amplitude of 1568MPa, the fatigue lives of the specimens tempered at 793K and 823K were almost same, while the life of the specimen tempered at 473K was the shortest. In this case, the fatigue lives were attributed to the time till carbide cracking. Thus, the crack initiation process was influenced by the strength of steels. On the other hand, at the medium stress amplitude of 1176MPa at which the fatigue life was 104-105 cycles corresponding the actual tool lives, fatigue lives of the specimens tempered at 473K were the longest, then with increasing tempering temperature from 793K to 823K, the fatigue lives decreased. Fisheyes were observed on the fracture surface of the specimens tempered at 473K and 793K. The fatigue lives in this fracture morphology were attributed to the crack propagation process until it reached to KfC. Additionally, it was found that γR contributes the increase of the resistance for crack propagation.
Learning a Variational Network for Reconstruction of Accelerated MRI Data (2017)

Purpose: To allow fast and high-quality reconstruction of clinical accelerated multi-coil MR data by learning a variational network that combines the mathematical structure of variational models with deep learning. Theory and Methods: Generalized compressed sensing reconstruction formulated as a variational model is embedded in an unrolled gradient descent scheme. All parameters of this formulation, including the prior model defined by filter kernels and activation functions as well as the data term weights, are learned during an offline training procedure. The learned model can then be applied online to previously unseen data. Results: The variational network approach is evaluated on a clinical knee imaging protocol. The variational network reconstructions outperform standard reconstruction algorithms in terms of image quality and residual artifacts for all tested acceleration factors and sampling patterns. Conclusion: Variational network reconstructions preserve the natural appearance of MR images as well as pathologies that were not included in the training data set. Due to its high computational performance, i.e., reconstruction time of 193 ms on a single graphics card, and the omission of parameter tuning once the network is trained, this new approach to image reconstruction can easily be integrated into clinical workflow.
Knockdown of a laccase in <i>Populus deltoides</i> confers altered cell wall chemistry and increased sugar release (2016)

Plant laccases are thought to function in the oxidation of monolignols which leads to higher order lignin formation. Only a hand-full of laccases in plants have been functionally evaluated, and as such little is known about the breadth of their impact on cell wall chemistry or structure. Here, we describe a previously uncharacterized laccase from Populus, encoded by locus Potri.008G064000, whose reduced expression resulted in transgenic Populus trees with changes in syringyl/guaiacyl ratios as well as altered sugar release phenotypes. These phenotypes are consistent with plant biomass exhibiting reduced recalcitrance. Interestingly, the transgene effect on recalcitrance is dependent on a mild pretreatment prior to chemical extraction of sugars. Metabolite profiling suggests the transgene modulates phenolics that are associated with the cell wall structure. We propose that this particular laccase has a range of functions related to oxidation of phenolics and conjugation of flavonoids that interact with lignin in the cell wall.
Non-intrusive speech quality assessment with low computational complexity (2006)

We describe an algorithm for monitoring subjective speech quality without access to the original signal that has very low computational and memory requirements. The features used in the proposed algorithm can be computed from commonly used speech-coding parameters. Reconstruction and perceptual transformation of the signal are not performed. The algorithm generates quality assessment ratings without explicit distortion modeling. The simulation results indicate that the proposed non-intrusive objective quality measure performs better than the ITU-T P.563 standard despite its very low computational complexity.
Xylocandin: A new complex of antifungal peptides. I. Taxonomy, isolation and biological activity. (1987)

Xylocandin is a complex of novel peptides with potent antifungal activity that is produced by Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 39277. The complex was isolated from the fermentation broth by extraction with butanol-methanol, 9:1, followed by collection of the precipitate formed upon concentration of the solvent extract. Purification was effected by chromatography on reversed phase and size exclusion gels followed by TLC on silica gel. These techniques afforded eight components: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1 and D2. A mixture of the two closely related components, xylocandins A1 and A2, displayed potent anticandidal and antidermatophytic activities in vitro. The activity was diminished by the presence of serum or vaginal washings. No antibacterial activity was demonstrable.
Development of the one-sided nonlinear adaptive Doppler shift estimation techniques (2009)

The new development of a one-sided nonlinear adaptive shift estimation technique (NADSET) is introduced. The
background of the algorithm and a brief overview of NADSET are presented. The new technique is applied to the wind
parameter estimates from a 2-μm wavelength coherent Doppler lidar system called VALIDAR located in NASA Langley
Research Center in Virginia. The new technique enhances wind parameters such as Doppler shift and power estimates in
low Signal-To-Noise-Ratio (SNR) regimes using the estimates in high SNR regimes as the algorithm scans the range
bins from low to high altitude. The original NADSET utilizes the statistics in both the lower and the higher range bins to
refine the wind parameter estimates in between. The results of the two different approaches of NADSET are compared.
Histopathological and Cell Enzyme Studies of Calcium Phosphate Cements (2004)

New types of self-setting calcium phosphate cement (N-CPC), which do not contain tetracalcium phosphate, were recently developed. N-CPCs harden in 10 minutes with phosphate solution as the cement liquid, and form hydroxyapatite as the set product. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the biocompatibility (Study I) and cell enzyme activity of N-CPCs and a conventional CPC (Study II). Four experimental cements were tested: (1) dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) and calcium oxide; (2) DCPA and calcium hydroxide; (3) tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate; and (4) DCPA and tetracalcium phosphate. Phosphate solution was used as the cement liquid for cements (1)-(3), and water for cement (4). Sintered hydroxyapatite particles (5) were used as a control. The test materials were implanted subcutaneously in rats. Four weeks after operation, the animals were sacrificed and histopathological observations were performed. Cements (2) and (3) showed no inflammatory reaction, and were surrounded only by very thin fibrous connective tissues. The histopathological reactions of N-CPCs were nearly identical and were similar to (4) and (5). In addition, effects of alkaline phosphatase (ALP-ase) activity--invoked by the presence of cements (3) and (4)--on osteoblast-like cells derived from dog alveolar bone were also examined because ALP-ase activity is closely related to new bone formation. These results indicated that (3) and (4) were highly compatible with subcutaneous tissues and suggested that these cements may enhance new bone formation.
Threading dislocation reduction via laterally overgrown nonpolar (1120) <i>a</i>-plane GaN (2002)

Threading dislocation density reduction of nonpolar (112̄0) a-plane GaN films was achieved by lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO). We report on the dependence of morphology and defect reduction on crystallographic stripe orientation. Stripes aligned along [0001] and [1̄100], the most favorable a-plane GaN LEO stripe orientations, possessed well-behaved, symmetric morphologies. Threading dislocation reduction via mask blocking was observed by transmission electron microscopy for [1̄100] stripes which had optimal rectangular cross-sections. Cathodoluminescence studies showed increased light emission for the overgrown regions in comparison to the window regions. The extent of lateral overgrowth of these stripes was asymmetric due to the opposing polarities of the vertical c-plane sidewalls. Conversely, threading dislocations propagated into the symmetric overgrown regions of [0001] stripes which possessed coexisting inclined and vertical {101̄0} facets.
Therapeutic efficacy of a novel humanized antibody-drug conjugate recognizing plexin-semaphorin-integrin domain in the RON receptor for targeted cancer therapy (2019)

H5B14-based ADCs targeting the RON PSI domain are superior in inducing RON internalization, leading to robust drug delivery and overall inhibition and eradication of tumors in multiple xenograft models. These findings warrant H5B14-based ADCs for clinical trials in the future.
Synthesis of Water-Soluble 9,10-Anthraquinone Analogues with Potent Cyanobactericidal Activity toward the Musty-Odor Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata (2008)

A series of water-soluble 9,10-anthraquinone analogues were prepared and evaluated for their selective toxicity toward Oscillatoria perornata, which grows in catfish production ponds and causes "musty" off-flavor in channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus). Water-soluble mono- and dicationic salts were prepared by conjugating various small amines directly or through a methylene or ethylene bridge to the 9,10-anthraquinone nucleus. One of the dicationic salts, 2-[ N-(1'-methyl-4'- N, N-diethylaminobutyl)aminometyl]anthraquinone diphosphate, exhibited very high water solubility and potent selective toxicity toward O. perornata. However, the tendency of this compound to potentially bind to suspended sediments may be the reason for its limitations in controlling O. perornata in catfish production ponds. The monocationic salt, 2-[ N-(1'-methylethyl)]aminomethyl]anthraquinone monophosphate, showed good solubility and high selective toxicity toward O. perornata. Neutral water-soluble analogues prepared by conjugating terta- or pentaethylene glycol directly or by a methylene bridge to the 9,10-anthraquinone nucleus had less activity than the parent compound.
Nonhysteretic Vortex Magnetic Tunnel Junction Sensor with High Dynamic Reserve (2020)

Multiple geometrical conditions for different magnetic vortex states to appear in micrometer-sized magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) are investigated in experiment and simulation. Both results match up well, providing clear images of vortex behaviors. We pattern a compact array of single-vortex MTJ elements and perform magnetotransport and noise measurements. This sensor features nonhysteretic behavior, a small size of 0.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 0.5 ${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$, a low normalized noise of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, a detectability of $18\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}nT/\sqrt{Hz}$ at 1 Hz, and a large dynamic range of 100 Oe. Its 115 dB broad dynamic reserve and superior stability against temperature and environmental stray fields are ideally suited for magnetic sensing applications.
Substrate-Voltage Modulation of Currents in Symmetric SOI Lateral Bipolar Transistors (2016)

The modulation of the currents in a symmetric Semiconductor-on-Insulator (SOI) lateral bipolar transistor with a voltage applied to the SOI substrate is studied. For an n-p-n transistor, a positive substrate bias could greatly increase the collector current, especially at low V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BE</sub> values, while having relatively little effect on the base current. Similarly, a negative substrate bias could greatly increase the collector current of a p-n-p transistor. The physical mechanisms responsible for the modulation effects are discussed. The potential of using substrate bias to enhance the performance of symmetric SOI lateral bipolar circuits is briefly discussed.
Size dependence of spin-torque induced magnetic switching in CoFeB-based perpendicular magnetization tunnel junctions (invited) (2012)

CoFeB-based magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are used as a model system for studies of size dependence in spin-torque–induced magnetic switching. For integrated solid-state memory applications, it is important to understand the magnetic and electrical characteristics of these magnetic tunnel junctions as they scale with tunnel junction size. Size-dependent magnetic anisotropy energy, switching voltage, apparent damping, and anisotropy field are systematically compared for devices with different materials and fabrication treatments. Results reveal the presence of sub-volume thermal fluctuation and reversal, with a characteristic length-scale of the order of approximately 40 nm, depending on the strength of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and exchange stiffness. To have the best spin-torque switching efficiency and best stability against thermal activation, it is desirable to optimize the perpendicular anisotropy strength with the junction size for intended use. It also is important to ensure strong exchange-stiffness across the magnetic thin film. These combine to give an exchange length that is comparable or larger than the lateral device size for efficient spin-torque switching.
The Combination of Light and Stem Cell Therapies: A Novel Approach in Regenerative Medicine (2010)

Light therapy commonly referred to as low level laser therapy can alter cellular functions and clinical conditions. Some of the commonly reported in vitro and in vivo effects of light therapy include cellular proliferation, alterations in the inflammatory response to injury, and increases in mitochondrial respiration and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Based on the known effects of light on cells and tissues in general and on reports in the last 5 years on the interaction of light with stem cells, evidence is mounting indicating that light therapy could greatly benefit stem cell regenerative medicine. Experiments on a variety of harvested adult stem cells demonstrate that light therapy enhances differentiation and proliferation of the cells and alters the expression of growth factors in a number of different types of adult stem cells and progenitors in vitro. It also has the potential to attenuate cytotoxic effects of drugs used to purge harvested autologous stem cells and to increase survival of transplanted cells.
Genetic and physicochemical characterization of the recombinant DNA-derived 47-kilodalton surface immunogen of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (1988)

Previous work has established the importance of the 47-kilodalton (kDa) surface immunogen of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (T. pallidum) in the immunopathogenesis of syphilis; the 47-kDa immunogen gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (M. V. Norgard, N. R. Chamberlain, M. A. Swancutt, and M. S. Goldberg, Infect. Immun. 54:500-506, 1986). To facilitate additional structural-functional analysis of this protein for immunopathogenesis studies, the recombinant DNA-derived molecule was examined with respect to its genetic expression and physicochemical properties. Subcloning of partial PstI digests of the original 47-kDa antigen-encoding DNA segment localized the 47-kDa antigen gene to a 1.3-kilobase (kb) T. pallidum DNA fragment. A 20- to 100-fold enhanced expression of the 47-kDa antigen was obtained when a 2.85-kb DNA insert containing the entire 1.3-kb structural gene was subcloned into a T7 RNA polymerase-dependent expression vector system. Under these conditions, several derivatives of the recombinant 47-kDa protein possessing different molecular masses were observed that were identical to those previously detected on Western blots of native T. pallidum antigens with monoclonal antibodies. Sarkosyl extraction of E. coli recombinant cell envelopes localized the 47-kDa protein to both the inner and outer membranes of E. coli. The absolute requirement of detergents (N-lauroylsarcosine, 3-[(3-chloramidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate, N-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, or Nonidet P-40) for solubilization of the antigen from E. coli cell envelopes and the observation that the recombinant protein partitioned into the detergent phase on Triton X-114 solubilization were consistent with the fact that it is a hydrophobic, integral membrane protein. Western blots of the 47-kDa antigen purified by immunoaffinity chromatography supported results of previous reports that the 47-kDa protein is specific to pathogenic treponemes.
BSB training scheme implementation on memristor-based circuit (2013)

In this work, we propose a hardware realization of the Brain-State-in-a-Box (BSB) neural network model training algorithm. This method can be implemented as an analog/digital mixed-signal circuit to train memristor crossbar arrays within BSB circuits. The training effect is demonstrated through experimentation and the quality as an auto-associative memory is also analyzed and compared with software based training methods. The impacts of non-ideal device characteristics and fabrication defects in crossbar arrays are discussed. Our hardware architecture shows great potential for low power, high speed, small hardware size computations, and provides inherent security features.
Image Compounding Based on Independent Noise Constraint (2006)

Image restoration has been extensively studied in the past. But multi-image based restoration/compounding is still surprisingly primitive. It usually starts with weighted averaging of the multiple images followed by single-image based restoration methods, which discards the abundant information hinted in the multiple images that can help the restoration process. In this paper, we utilize the fact that the images are corrupted by independent noise and design a new independence measurement based on the properties of independent random variables. The new independence measurement can be efficiently evaluated and imposed as an energy term into the traditional maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework, compensating to the generative models of signal and noise. It can effectively prevent the signal from being smoothed out as noise and hence dramatically improve the restoration quality and robustness, especially when accurate noise/signal models are difficult to obtain. Experiments on real medical images show very promising results.
Strong adhesion of vacuum-evaporated gold to oxide or glass substrates (1977)

Interposed films of CdF2, SnF2, PbF2, InF3, or BiF3 can be used to bond vacuum-evaporated gold onto oxide or glass substrates. The fluoride adheres well even when deposited at relatively low temperatures; however, except for SnF2, mp 220 °C, thin (e.g., 300 Å) gold films adhere best when the fluoride-coated substrate temperature is between 120 and 180 °C, at least initially, during gold deposition. For these cases, discontinuous growth for thin gold films is avoided by remaining well below the upper temperature. Thicker gold films (e.g., 2000 Å) adhere well and are continuous at higher temperatures.
Shiga Toxin 1 Targets Bovine Leukemia Virus-Expressing Cells (2004)

ABSTRACT Direct evidence that Escherichia coli Shiga toxin (Stx) acts against bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-expressing cells was obtained. The active A subunit of Stx type 1 (StxA1) targeted a selected population of permeable cells expressing BLV and inhibited BLV replication in a culture of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cells were cultured with and without StxA1, and at various times cells expressing BLV were identified by being stained with MW1 monoclonal antibody specific for the BLV protein gp51. Before culture, permeable cells were tagged by uptake of one of the following: acetoxymethyl of 2′,7′- bis -(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and 6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), BCECF conjugated to 70-kDa dextran, or 70-kDa dextran conjugated to fluorescein. The tagged cells costaining with anti-gp51 were selectively eliminated in StxA1-treated cultures. Electron microscopy analysis of purified B lymphocytes showed sharply reduced numbers of BLV particles in StxA1-treated cultures.
The Use of Temperature Measurements in the Analysis and Control of Flotation Columns (1991)

The temperature of the wash water added to the top of the froth in a flotation column is often significantly different from the temperature of the feed slurry. In such cases very valuable information can be obtained by measuring temperatures in and below the froth phase and of streams entering and leaving the column. Data collected on an industrial lead cleaner column at Polaris Mine, N.W.T., Canada, are used to obtain: measurements of froth-slurry interface level; estimates of froth washing efficiency; quantifications of the mixing process occurring in the froth phase; and measurements of the effectiveness of the wash water distributor. The use of measurements of froth-slurry interface level and estimates of froth washing efficiency in the on-line control of the column is discussed. Résumé La température de l'eau de lavage ajoutée à l'écume dans la colonne de fiottation est souvent significativement différente de la température de la pulpe à l'entrée. Dans ce cas, des informations très pertinentes peuvent être obtenues en mesurant les températures de l'écume, en dessous de l'écume ainsi que celles des courants entrants et sortants de la colonne. Des données échantillonnées sur une colonne industrielle de nettoyage du plomb à la mine Polaris, T.N.O., Canada ont été utilisées pour obtenir: des mesures de niveau de l'interface écume-pulpe; des estimés de l'e fficacité de lavage de l'écume; des quantifications du processus de mélange s'eifectuant dans la phase écume; et des mesures de l'efficacité du distributeur d'eau de lavage. L'utilisation des mesures du niveau de l'interface écume-pulpe et des estimés de l'efficacité de lavage de l'écume sur le contrôle en continu de la colonne est discutée.
Apertureless near-field fluorescence microscope for biological imaging (2003)

We measured the optical response of fluorescent beads to sharp metallic and semiconducting probes, revealing several underlying near-field interactions. Our results suggest that /spl sim/10 nanometer optical resolution with spectroscopic chemical sensitivity is possible, and bear strongly on molecular-scale biological imaging.
Common mode noise reduction for boost converters using general balance technique (2006)

In this paper, boost converter model for EMI noise analysis is first investigated. Based on this model, a general balance concept is proposed to cancel the common mode noise. Theoretical analysis, simulation and experiment all prove that the proposed balance technique is efficient to reduce common mode noise.