gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AP-1 and Ets Transcription Factors Regulate the Expression of the Human SPRR1A Keratinocyte Terminal Differentiation Marker (1998)

The 173-base pair proximal promoter of SPRR1A is necessary and sufficient for regulated expression in primary keratinocytes induced to differentiate either by increasing extracellular calcium or by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment. Whereas calcium-induced expression depends both on an AP-1 and an Ets binding site in this region, responsiveness to TPA resides mainly (but not exclusively) on the Ets element, indicating that Ets factors are important targets for protein kinase C signaling during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. This conclusion is further substantiated by the finding that expression of ESE-1, an Ets transcription factor involved in SPRR regulation, is also induced by TPA, with kinetics similar to SPRR1A. The strict AP-1 requirement in SPRR1A for calcium-induced differentiation is not found for SPRR2A, despite the presence of an identical AP-1 consensus binding site in this gene. Binding site swapping indicates that both the nucleotides flanking the TGAGTCA core sequence and the global promoter context are essential in determining the contribution of AP-1 factors in gene expression during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. In the distal SPRR1A promoter region, a complex arrangement of positive and negative regulatory elements, which are only conditionally needed for promoter activity, are likely involved in gene-specific fine-tuning of the expression of this member of the SPRR gene family.
Summarizing technical support documents for search: Expert and user studies (2004)

One factor that may affect whether users of technical support Web sites can rapidly find information relevant to their needs is the quality of the summary of documents returned as the result of search queries. This paper reports on two studies that were part of an effort to create high-quality machine-generated summaries for the presentation of search results for technical support documents. The initial study asked experts to compose document summaries. The results of the first study were used to guide the development of heuristics for generating programmatic summaries that were tested in the second study, which was a user evaluation that compared the effectiveness of four types of document summaries for search purposes: programmatic summaries based on selective sentence extraction using knowledge of the semantic structure of documents, a term-hits-in-context (THIC) summary, the current summaries on the company's live site, and document titles alone. This comparison sought to determine the techniques most likely to help users find information, hence increasing customer goal attainment and satisfaction. The implications of our results for summarizing technical support documents for search are discussed.
On the combination of redundant and zero-redundant channel error detection in CELP speech-coding (1998)

In this paper a new algorithm is described for selective detection and handling of speech codec parameters which were corrupted by bit-errors on the transmission channel. A combination of classical forward error detection schemes using additional (redundant) bits and parameter-correlation based techniques without redundant bits (zero-redundant error detections) is used for this purpose. The algorithm is optimized by informal listening tests rather than by maximization of mathematically tractable measures (e.g. SNR) which usually do not reflect subjective speech quality well. No additional delay and almost no additional memory and complexity is required for the new algorithm. The speech quality resulting at the decoder output is strongly improved compared to standard bad-frame handling techniques if coded speech is transmitted over disturbed channels, e.g. the GSM-full-rate channel which is used for performance evaluation.
Oxide interfacial layers in Au ohmic contacts to <i>p</i>-type Hg1−<i>x</i>Cd<i>x</i>Te (1990)

Annealed Au contacts to p-type Hg1−xCdxTe with thin interfacial oxide layers exhibit ohmic behavior. These interfacial layers have been produced by plasma oxidizing the Hg1−xCdxTe surface prior to Au evaporation or as a result of electroless Au deposition from AuCl3 which also produces an interfacial layer. We believe this ohmic behavior is primarily a result of the low interface state density at the interfacial layer/Hg1−xCdxTe interface and in addition, a 100 °C anneal promotes a further reduction in the interface state density and thus lowered the contact resistance. In comparison, as-deposited and annealed Au contacts without a thin interfacial layer were rectifying with a large barrier height.
Conformational states of the full-length glucagon receptor (2015)

Class B G protein-coupled receptors are composed of an extracellular domain (ECD) and a seven-transmembrane (7TM) domain, and their signalling is regulated by peptide hormones. Using a hybrid structural biology approach together with the ECD and 7TM domain crystal structures of the glucagon receptor (GCGR), we examine the relationship between full-length receptor conformation and peptide ligand binding. Molecular dynamics (MD) and disulfide crosslinking studies suggest that apo-GCGR can adopt both an open and closed conformation associated with extensive contacts between the ECD and 7TM domain. The electron microscopy (EM) map of the full-length GCGR shows how a monoclonal antibody stabilizes the ECD and 7TM domain in an elongated conformation. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) studies and MD simulations indicate that an open conformation is also stabilized by peptide ligand binding. The combined studies reveal the open/closed states of GCGR and suggest that glucagon binds to GCGR by a conformational selection mechanism.
An implicit segmentation-based method for recognition of handwritten strings of characters (2006)

This paper describes an implicit segmentation-based method for recognition of strings of characters (words or numerals). In a two-stage HMM-based method, an implicit segmentation is applied to segment either words or numeral strings, and in the verification stage, foreground and background features are combined to compensate the loss in terms of recognition rate when segmentation and recognition are performed in the same process. A rigorous experimental protocol shows the performance of the proposed method for isolated characters, numeral strings, and words.
Bullhead acidizing succeeds offshore California (1994)

High acid-injection rates, within the friction dominant region, proved successful in stimulating oil wells completed in a naturally fractured reservoir. The bullhead technique was effective without any chemical or mechanical diversion. Chevron U.S.A. Production Co.'s Santa Clara field produces through wells on Platform Grace, in 318 ft of water. After repeated unsuccessful attempts to stimulate these wells, three basic types of formation damage were discovered: Drilling mud invasion; Solids precipitation; and Emulsion blocks. Accurate identification of the damage, in 1989, led to the first successful stimulation response 9 years after the first completion. One of the keys to successfully acidizing the Monterey is to treat the damaged zones with the stimulation fluids. The paper describes the three formation damages mechanisms, and treatment design including surfactants, acid volumes, retarding and sequestering, and wettability restoration. Acid placement, fluid dynamics, and results are also discussed.
Conformations of the phosphorus-containing rings of nucleoside cyclic 3',5'-phosphoramidates. The question of the chair to twist free energy change for cAMP (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformations of the phosphorus-containing rings of nucleoside cyclic 3',5'-phosphoramidates. The question of the chair to twist free energy change for cAMPAlan E. Sopchik, Jozsef Beres, Jeno Tomasz, and Wesley G. BentrudeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 20, 5911–5918Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00020a038https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00020a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views78Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Introduction: Arthur Schopenhauer (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Further Reading
Initial Performance of the Stanford Medical Pion Generator (1977)

A novel, cylindrical geometry, superconducting pion channel has been constructed at Stanford. It can simultaneously deliver up to 60 radially converging pion beams of the same mean momentum but with individually variable momentum spread (0.0-4.3%). Virtually no tuning of the pion beam is required Preliminary tests have demonstrated many of the performance characteristics which facilitate the treatment of selected human tumors.
An Enhanced Short Text Compression Scheme for Smart Devices (2009)

Short Text Compression is a great concern for data engineering and management. The rapid use of small devices especially, mobile phones and wireless sensors have turned short text compression into a demand-of-thetime. In this paper, we propose an approach of compressing short English text for smart devices. The prime objective of this proposed technique is to establish a low-complexity lossless compression scheme suitable for smart devices like cellular phones and PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) having small memory and relatively low processing speed. The main target is to compress short messages up to an optimal level, which requires optimal space, consumes less time and low overhead. Here a new static-statistical context model has been proposed to obtain the compression. We use character masking with space integration, syllable based dictionary matching and static coding in hierarchical steps to achieve low complexity lossless compression of short English text for low-powered electronic devices. We also propose an efficient probabilistic distribution based content-ranking scheme for training the statistical model. We analyze the performance of the proposed scheme as well as the other similar existing schemes with respect to compression ratio, computational complexity and compression-decompression time. The analysis shows that, the required number of operations for the proposed scheme is less than that of other existing systems. The experimental results of the implemented model give better compression for small text files using optimum resources. The obtained compression ratio indicates a satisfactory performance in terms of compression parameters including better compression ratio, lower compression and decompression time with reduced memory requirements and lower complexity. The compression time is also lower because of computational simplicity. In overall analysis, the simplicity of computational requirement encompasses the compression effective and efficient.
Evaluation of performance of dedicated, compact scintillation cameras (2002)

As part of the development of dedicated scintillation cameras, the authors compared the performances of 2 dedicated cameras with a standard clinical camera (Siemens Orbiter). One dedicated camera was based on a single Position Sensitive Photomultiplier (PSPMT) coupled to a 6 cm by 6 cm by 6 mm NaI(Tl) crystal and the other was based on multiple-PSPMTs coupled to a 2 mm by 2 mm by 6 mm matrix of NaI(Tl) crystals. Spatial resolution was measured with all cameras as a function of depth. The ability of the cameras to measure small superficial tumors was tested with a phantom consisting of 6 hot cylindrical tumors of height 3 mm and varying diameters against a warm background. The tumors were imaged at various depths within the background using tumor to background activity concentration ratios of 10:1 and 5:1. The dedicated cameras show improved performance in imaging the breast tumor phantom, suggesting that these devices will have a role in scintimammography and assisting in O.R, procedures such as sentinel node dissection and other shallow depth of field applications.
Revealed by Fire : From the Personal to the Universal (2011)

The dance tradition of bharatanatyam provides dancer Lata Pada with a means of undergoing a traumatic experience of loss and reconstituting a sense of identity.
Ring Finger Nuclear Factor RNF168 Is Important for Defects in Homologous Recombination Caused by Loss of the Breast Cancer Susceptibility Factor BRCA1 (2012)

Although RNF168 promotes BRCA1 and 53BP1 localization to chromosomal breaks, RNF168 affects HR similarly to 53BP1. The RING finger nuclear factor RNF168 is required for recruitment of several DNA damage response factors to double strand breaks (DSBs), including 53BP1 and BRCA1. Because 53BP1 and BRCA1 function antagonistically during the DSB repair pathway homologous recombination (HR), the influence of RNF168 on HR has been unclear. We report that RNF168 depletion causes an elevated frequency of two distinct HR pathways (homology-directed repair and single strand annealing), suppresses defects in HR caused by BRCA1 silencing, but does not suppress HR defects caused by disruption of CtIP, RAD50, BRCA2, or RAD51. Furthermore, RNF168-depleted cells can form ionizing radiation-induced foci of the recombinase RAD51 without forming BRCA1 ionizing radiation-induced foci, indicating that this loss of BRCA1 recruitment to DSBs does not reflect a loss of function during HR. Additionally, we find that RNF168 and 53BP1 have a similar influence on HR. We suggest that RNF168 is important for HR defects caused by BRCA1 loss.
Transformation of bacillus protoplasts by plasmid pTP4 DNA. (1982)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced protoplast transformation by plasmid pTP4 DNA encoded chloramphenicol resistance determinant was developed for Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium and B. pumilus. Protoplasts were formed by treatment of cells with lysozyme and the transformation frequencies (transformants per regenerants) were in the range of 1.3×10-2 to 7.1×10-1. Reisolated plasmid DNA prepared from transformants exhibited covalently closed and open circular forms similar to those of the donor DNA. These results indicate that PEG-induced protoplast transformation is an adequate method for plasmid transformation and pTP4 is a useful plasmid as a cloning vector in a wide range of varieties of the genus Bacillus.
Obesity in Elderly Subjects (2009)

Although the negative impact of high BMI on the risk of death from all-cause mortality is now well established, there is an apparent decline in the relative added risk of obesity with increasing age (1,2). This has led some experts to conclude that obesity should not necessarily be viewed as a disease in individuals older than 55 years. If such shift in the approach to adiposity during the latter phases of life is prematurely accepted, it may not only discourage attempted weight loss in older subjects, but also promote nutritional and lifestyle indulgence, which is presently difficult enough to overcome. It is the purpose of the present commentary to briefly outline the full spectrum of obesity-related hardships in the elderly. In our opinion, obesity-induced complications amount to real disease, which gravely affects quality of life and limits effective lifespan.

The incidence of hypertension, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome intensifies with age, and aging per se is closely linked to increased prevalence of most of the abnormalities contributing to the metabolic syndrome (3). The incidence of the metabolic syndrome rises with increasing BMI, and a broader waist circumference is more common in men older than 65 years than in younger age-groups (3). The occurrence of the metabolic syndrome reaches peak levels in the 6th decade for men and the 7th decade for women, and a decline is noted only in the 8th decade for men and for some women in different ethnic groups (3). As recently outlined by the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, older age and obesity are two of the most powerful risk factors for uncontrolled hypertension (4), and high blood pressure, in turn, is a major determinant of mortality and stroke incidence, particularly in senior years. BMI …
A secure algorithm for executing queries over encrypted data (2015)

Outsourcing databases into cloud increases the need of data security. Executing queries over encrypted data preserves a certain degree of confidentiality. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm to run computations on data encrypted for different principals. The proposed algorithm allows users to run queries over encrypted columns directly without decrypting all records.
The Curse of Zipf and Limits to Parallelization: An Look at the Stragglers Problem in MapReduce. (2009)

This paper explores the problem of “stragglers ” in Map-Reduce: a common phenomenon where a small number of mappers or reducers takes significantly longer than the others to complete. The effects of these stragglers include unnecessarily long wall-clock running times and sub-optimal cluster utilization. In many cases, this problem cannot simply be attributed to hardware idiosyncrasies, but is rather caused by the Zipfian distribution of input or intermediate data. I present a simple theoretical model that shows how such distributions impose a fundamental limit on the amount of parallelism that can be extracted from a large class of algorithms where all occurrences of the same element must be processed together. A case study in parallel ad hoc query evaluation highlights the severity of the stragglers problem. Fortunately, a simple modification of the input data cuts end-to-end running time in half. This example illustrates some of the issues associated with designing efficient MapReduce algorithms for real-world datasets.
Blockade of PKCδ Proteolytic Activation by Loss of Function Mutants Rescues Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons from Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT)‐Induced Apoptotic Cell Death (2004)

The use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) as a gasoline additive has raised health concerns and increased interest in understanding the neurotoxic effects of manganese. Chronic exposure to inorganic manganese causes Manganism, a neurological disorder somewhat similar to Parkinson's disease. However, the cellular mechanism by which MMT, an organic manganese compound, induces neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neuronal cells remains unclear. Therefore, we systematically investigated apoptotic cell-signaling events following exposure to 3-200 microM MMT in mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal (N27) cells. MMT treatment resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species generation and cell death in N27 cells. The cell death was preceded by sequential activation of mitochondrial-dependent proapoptotic events including cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation, indicating that the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic cascade primarily triggers MMT-induced apoptotic cell death. Importantly, MMT induced proteolytic cleavage of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), resulting in persistently increased kinase activity. The proteolytic activation of PKCdelta was suppressed by treatment with 100 microM Z-VAD-FMK and 100 microM Z-DEVD-FMK, suggesting that caspase-3 mediates the proteolytic activation of PKCdelta. Pretreatment with 100 microM Z-DEVD-FMK and 5 microM rottlerin (a PKCdelta inhibitor) also significantly attenuated MMT-induced DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, overexpression of either the kinase inactive dominant negative PKCdelta(K376R) mutant or the caspase cleavage resistant PKCdelta(D327A) mutant rescued N27 cells from MMT-induced DNA fragmentation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic cascade mediates apoptosis via proteolytic activation of PKCdelta in MMT-induced dopaminergic degeneration and suggest that PKCdelta may serve as an attractive therapeutic target in Parkinson-related neurological diseases.
Expression of the wild‐type and mutated vacuolar storage protein phaseolin in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes reveals relationships between assembly and intracellular transport (1991)

The role played by subunit assembly in the intracellular transport of the bean storage protein phaseolin, a soluble trimeric glycoprotein, was investigated using Xenopus oocytes injected with RNA. We show that phaseolin assembly is dependent upon the level of synthesis of the protein and is required for intracellular transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum. We also show that a fraction of the assembled phaseolin is permanently retained in a post-endoplasmic reticulum compartment. Deletion of the C-terminal alpha-helical domain fully prevents in vivo assembly but not endoplasmic reticulum retention. This indicates that this domain is necessary for trimerization but not for interactions of unassembled subunits with endoplasmic reticulum components. The truncated phaseolin has high in vivo stability. The potential implications of these findings on the possibility to improve the nutritional value of phaseolin through genetic engineering are discussed.
BMP inhibition initiates neural induction via FGF signaling and Zic genes (2009)

Neural induction is the process that initiates nervous system development in vertebrates. Two distinct models have been put forward to describe this phenomenon in molecular terms. The default model states that ectoderm cells are fated to become neural in absence of instruction, and do so when bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals are abolished. A more recent view implicates a conserved role for FGF signaling that collaborates with BMP inhibition to allow neural fate specification. Using the Xenopus embryo, we obtained evidence that may unite the 2 views. We show that a dominant-negative R-Smad, Smad5-somitabun-unlike the other BMP inhibitors used previously-can trigger conversion of Xenopus epidermis into neural tissue in vivo. However, it does so only if FGF activity is uncompromised. We report that this activity may be encoded by FGF4, as its expression is activated upon BMP inhibition, and its knockdown suppresses endogenous, as well as ectopic, neural induction by Smad5-somitabun. Supporting the importance of FGF instructive activity, we report the isolation of 2 immediate early neural targets, zic3 and foxD5a. Conversely, we found that zic1 can be activated by BMP inhibition in the absence of translation. Finally, Zic1 and Zic3 are required together for definitive neural fate acquisition, both in ectopic and endogenous situations. We propose to merge the previous models into a unique one whereby neural induction is controlled by BMP inhibition, which activates directly, and, via FGF instructive activity, early neural regulators such as Zic genes.