gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
V-Recover: Virtual Machine Recovery When Live Migration Fails (2023)

Live migration is a critical technology used in cloud infrastructures to transfer running virtual machines (VMs). When live migration fails, as it often does, it is critical that any VMs in transit are not lost. There are two primary live migration techniques – pre-copy and post-copy. Pre-copy transfers a VM's memory to the destination before its virtual CPUs are transferred, whereas post-copy does the reverse. Both pre-copy and post-copy will lose the VM if the source machine fails during migration. Additionally, post-copy can lose the VM if the destination machine or network fail since the VM's memory and execution state are split across the source and destination machines. We present V-Recover, an approach to recover a VM when the source, destination, or network fails during live migration. V-Recover consists of two techniques: (1) a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">forward incremental checkpointing</i> (FIC) mechanism to handle source machine failure during both pre-copy and post-copy, and (2) a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">reverse incremental checkpointing</i> (RIC) mechanism to handle destination or network failure during post-copy. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of V-Recover in the KVM/QEMU virtualization platform. Our evaluations show that V-Recover effectively recovers a VM upon migration failure with acceptable overheads on migration metrics and application performance.
Analysis of multiple candidate genes in association with phenotypes of multiple sclerosis (2010)

Multiple sclerosis is a heterogeneous neurological disease with varying degrees of severity. The common hypothesis is that susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and its phenotype are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The genetic part exerts its effect through several genes, each having modest effects. We evaluated whether disease severity could be predicted by a model based on clinical data and data from a DNA chip. The DNA chip was designed containing several single nucleotide polymorphisms in 44 genes, previously described to be associated with multiple sclerosis. A total of 605 patients with multiple sclerosis were included in this analysis, using gender, onset type and age at onset as clinical covariates. We correlated 80 single nucleotide polymorphisms to the degree of disease severity using the following three outcome measures: linear Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score, dichotomous Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (using a cut-off point of 2.5) and time to reach Expanded Disability Status Scale score 6. Sixty-nine single nucleotide polymorphisms were included in the analysis. No individual single nucleotide polymorphism showed a significant association; however, a combination of single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly improved the prediction of disease severity in addition to the clinical variables. In all three models the Interleukin 2 gene was included, confirming a previously reported modest effect on disease severity. The highest power was obtained using the dichotomized Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score as outcome. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms showed their added predictive value over the clinical data in the predictive models. These results support our hypothesis that disease severity is determined by clinical variables and genetic influences (through several genes with small effects) in concert.
A compact millimeter-wave slotted-waveguide spatial array power combiner (2003)

In this paper a new 28 GHz solid-state power amplifier based on a novel slotted-waveguide spatial power divider/combiner is presented. Innovative waveguide-slot-microstrip transitions have been successfully achieved through three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations. An output power of more than 36 dBm was measured at the output of the power amplifier using a four-device combiner. The power combining efficiency of about 80 % has been achieved. The overall size of the power amplifier was only 3.6"/spl times/2.4"/spl times/1.0".
Buffer space configuration and scheduling analysis of single-arm multi-cluster tools (2016)

This work studies the buffer space configuration problem to obtain an optimal one-wafer cyclic schedule for single-arm multi-cluster tools with a linear topology. To do so, a Petri net model is developed to describe the dynamic behavior of the system by extending the resource-oriented Petri nets such that a schedule can be parameterized with robots' waiting time. Based on this model, conditions for the existence of a one-wafer cyclic schedule with the lower bound of cycle time are presented, and algorithm is developed to find such an optimal schedule. The algorithm requires only simple calculation to set the robots' waiting time and configure the buffer spaces between two individual tools. An example is presented to show the application and power of the proposed method.
Using a Laser Underwater Camera Image Enhancer for Mine Warfare Applications: What is Gained? (2002)

Abstract : We present preliminary results from recent test of the LUCIE 2 (Laser Underwater Camera Image Enhancer) conducted in Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada. LUCIE 2 is a near compact laser range gated camera (25 cm in diameter, 70 cm in length, and neutrally buoyant in water) originally designed to decrease search and recovery operations under eye sage restrictions. The second generation LUCIE makes it a potential tool for MIW operations when divers are in the water identifying bottom objects. Coincident in-situ optical properties of absorption and scattering were taken to help resolve the environmental information contained in the LUCIE image. We present preliminary analysis on the performance of the system and a comparison with diver and camera identification.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines Containing an Extended 5‐Substituent as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of lck I. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cloning and Characterization of Three Fatty Alcohol Oxidase Genes from <i>Candida tropicalis</i> Strain ATCC 20336 (2004)

Candida tropicalis (ATCC 20336) converts fatty acids to long-chain dicarboxylic acids via a pathway that includes among other reactions the oxidation of omega-hydroxy fatty acids to omega-aldehydes by a fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO). Three FAO genes (one gene designated FAO1 and two putative allelic genes designated FAO2a and FAO2b), have been cloned and sequenced from this strain. A comparison of the DNA sequence homology and derived amino acid sequence homology between these three genes and previously published Candida FAO genes indicates that FAO1 and FAO2 are distinct genes. Both genes were individually cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The substrate specificity and K(m) values for the recombinant FAO1 and FAO2 were significantly different. Particularly striking is the fact that FAO1 oxidizes omega-hydroxy fatty acids but not 2-alkanols, whereas FAO2 oxidizes 2-alkanols but not omega-hydroxy fatty acids. Analysis of extracts of strain H5343 during growth on fatty acids indicated that only FAO1 was highly induced under these conditions. FAO2 contains one CTG codon, which codes for serine (amino acid 177) in C. tropicalis but codes for leucine in E. coli. An FAO2a construct, with a TCG codon (codes for serine in E. coli) substituted for the CTG codon, was prepared and expressed in E. coli. Neither the substrate specificity nor the K(m) values for the FAO2a variant with a serine at position 177 were radically different from those of the variant with a leucine at that position.
A Rapid Inhibition Micro ELISA for Detecting Antibodies to<i>Plasmodium Falciparum</i>Sporozoites in Human Blood (1990)

A sensitive and specific micro ELISA, named MONOPLATE ELISA, for the detection of antibodies against P. falciparum sporozoites was developed. It can be applied to many kinds of samples including serum, plasma, whole blood, eluted bloodspot and mosquito bloodmeal as well. The method makes use of a single microtiter plate and the chemically synthesized (Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro)20 (NANP20) antigen both as coating material and as competitive (binding) inhibitor in the samples. The specific value of each sample is obtained as the absorbance difference between the uninhibited and the fully inhibited sample. Using appropriate conditions, the results can be evaluated by simple visual inspection of the plate, without any instrument. A rapid procedure, where the incubation times for sample and conjugate are just 15 minutes, is also described. When unknown samples from a P. falciparum endemic area were tested, a close correlation was found between our results and those obtained with the only commercial ELISA kit now available (Sclavo S.p.A). For screening purposes, as many as 48 samples per plate can be tested by this method.
Correction of solar irradiation effects on air temperature measurement using a dual‐thermistor radiosonde at low temperature and low pressure (2017)

ABSTRACT The correction of heat‐biased temperatures measured by radiosondes during the daytime is affected by other environmental parameters such as ventilation, air temperature and pressure. Among them, the effect of low temperature on temperature sensors under irradiation is not well known. This paper studies the combined effect of low temperature and low pressure on the air‐temperature measurement under irradiation to obtain a correction formula using dual thermistors with different emissivities. The temperature variation of both thermistors under irradiation (about 1500 W m –2 ) is increased as temperature and pressure are decreased from 25 to −80 °C and from 1000 to 10 hPa, respectively. The observed behaviour is explained using heat‐transfer equations. In order to calculate the irradiance with no pyranometer, the temperature difference between dual thermistors is formulated as a function of irradiance, temperature and pressure through chamber‐based experiments. After the relationship between parameters is established, the temperature difference between thermistors is solely used to calculate the irradiance. The uncertainty of the calculated irradiance using dual thermistors is 6.2% (94 W m −2 ) at the coverage factor k = 1. The calculated irradiance is used for the correction of the heat‐biased temperatures measured by the thermistors. The combined uncertainty of corrected temperature is 0.79 K ( k = 1), which includes uncertainties owing to the irradiance, pressure and temperature sensors as well as modelling. The dual thermistor‐based technique using ground‐calibration facilities can provide the traceability to the I nternational S ystem of U nits ( SI ) in the measurement of irradiance and temperature in the upper air.
Metal Multilayer Mirrors For EUV Wide Field Telescopes (1989)

Metal multilayer mirrors have been designed for the ALEXIS satellite, which is to carry six wide field telescopes to perform an all-sky survey in three or four narrow wavelength bands in the EUV. Comprised of alternating layers of molybdenum and silicon, the mirrors are optimized to provide maximum reflectivity at angles from 11.5 to 17° off normal incidence and at wavelengths of 133, 171, or 186Å. Simultaneously, the mirrors use a "wavetrap" described below to suppress reflectivity at 304Å, where the extremely strong geocoronal line of He II causes severe background problems. Low reflectivity at 304Å is achieved by superposing two layer pairs that provide destructive interference with an effective 2d spacing of 152Å. The Mo layers in this wavetrap must be very thin, about 10Å each, in order to allow the shorter wavelengths desired for peak reflectivity to penetrate without significant attenuation. Because refraction changes the effective angle of passage through the wavetrap, a joint optimization between layer thicknesses in the deep layers and the wavetrap layers must be performed for each target peak wavelength. For the 186Å mirror, the optimum design from substrate upward is 40 layer pairs, each 74Å Si and 31Å Mo, followed by 2 layer pairs, each 55Å Si and 10Å Mo. Calculations predict this design will have a peak reflectivity at 186Å of 35 percent and a 304Å reflectivity less than le, if available optical constants are correct and the multilayer can be fabricated without difficulty. We will present details of the calculations and laboratory measurements of the reflectivity performance attained with prototype mirrors.
Heat transfer enhancement for finned-tube heat exchangers with vortex generators: experimental and numerical results (2002)

A combined experimental and numerical investigation is under way to investigate heat transfer enhancement techniques that may be applicable to large-scale air-cooled condensers such as those used in geothermal power applications. The research is focused on whether air-side heat transfer can be improved through the use of finsurface vortex generators (winglets,) while maintaining low heat exchanger pressure drop. A transient heat transfer visualization and measurement technique has been employed in order to obtain detailed distributions of local heat transfer coefficients on model fin surfaces. Pressure drop measurements have also been acquired in a separate multiple-tube row apparatus. In addition, numerical modeling techniques have been developed to allow prediction of local and average heat transfer for these low-Reynolds-number flows with and without winglets. Representative experimental and numerical results presented in this paper reveal quantitative details of local fin-surface heat transfer in the vicinity of a circular tube with a single delta winglet pair downstream of the cylinder. The winglets were triangular (delta) with a 1:2 height/length aspect ratio and a height equal to 90% of the channel height. Overall mean fin-surface Nusselt-number results indicate a significant level of heat transfer enhancement (average enhancement ratio 35%) associated with the deployment of the winglets with oval tubes. Pressure drop measurements have also been obtained for a variety of tube and winglet configurations using a single-channel flow apparatus that includes four tube rows in a staggered array. Comparisons of heat transfer and pressure drop results for the elliptical tube versus a circular tube with and without winglets are provided. Heat transfer and pressure-drop results have been obtained for flow Reynolds numbers based on channel height and mean flow velocity ranging from 700 to 6500.
Solid‐Phase Carbohydrate Synthesis: The Early Work (2001)

Described is the initial work towards the solid phase synthesis of oligosaccharides in the 1970's and 1980's. Synthetic strategies, different glycosylating agents, linkers and protecting groups are explored. Soluble supports are also discussed. The work described in this chapter provides a foundation for many of the approaches discussed in detail in the following chapters.
Alloreactive cytotoxic T cells can develop and function in mice lacking both CD4 and CD8 (1993)

Using the technique of homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, a mouse strain without functional CD4 and CD8 genes has been generated. Surprisingly, these mice contain significant numbers of alpha beta T cells. Although mice deficient for CD8 only do not show any cytotoxic response when their T cells are stimulated with either alloantigen or viral antigen, the CD4-8- mice do generate alloreactive cytotoxic T cells. These cytotoxic T cells bear the alpha beta T cell receptor and recognize major histocompatibility complex class I antigens. In addition fully allogeneic skin transplants were rejected but skin transplants expressing only minor transplantation antigens were not. Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were also not detected. It seems that alloreactive cytotoxic T cells can be induced and exert their effector function in vitro and in vivo in the absence of CD8, and that they can develop and mature in vivo without the CD8 molecule or the signals it might provide.
Large-scale Enzymatic Synthesis of 12-Ketoursodeoxycholic Acid from Dehydrocholic Acid by Simultaneous Combination of 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas testosteroni and 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase from Collinsella aerofaciens (2012)

12-Keto-UDCA is an important optically active component for the drug ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Starting from the three-keto compound dehydrocholic acid, the carbonyl groups at position 3 and 7 have to be reduced stereo- and regioselectively. In this case we applied two hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for this purpose, the NAD-dependent 3α-HSDH from Pseudomonas testosteroni and the NADP-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Collinsella aerofaciens. Both enzymes can be produced in high yields by an Escherichia coli strain as recombinant proteins. In order to avoid impurities by the 7a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli, a mutant strain with an inactivated 7a-enzyme was applied for producing the three enzymes. For bioconversion, the dehydrogenases can be used as crude enzyme samples and are applied simultaneously. A 1.8 L batch of 100mM DHCA incubated at pH = 8.0 and 25°C resulted in 80 g crude product with a quite high purity of ≥ 99:5% as judged by HPLC analysis.
Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: A Versatile Technique for Nanoscale Electrochemistry and Functional Imaging (2013)

Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a new pipette-based imaging technique purposely designed to allow simultaneous electrochemical, conductance, and topographical visualization of surfaces and interfaces. SECCM uses a tiny meniscus or droplet, at the end of a double-barreled (theta) pipette, for high-resolution functional imaging and nanoscale electrochemical measurements. Here we introduce this technique and provide an overview of its principles, instrumentation, and theory. We discuss the power of SECCM in resolving complex structure-activity problems and provide considerable new information on electrode processes by referring to key example systems, including graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and conducting diamond. The many longstanding questions that SECCM has been able to answer during its short existence demonstrate its potential to become a major technique in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
The perception and measurement of headphone sound quality (2019)

We recently completed a 7-year research project aimed at understanding the perception and measurement of headphone sound quality. A virtual headphone listening test method was developed to provide controlled, double-blind comparisons of different models of headphones and target response curves using a large number of trained and untrained listeners in USA, Canada, Germany, and China. From these data, we identified a new headphone target curve that is preferred by the majority of listeners. Statistical models were developed that predict listeners’ headphone sound quality ratings based on objective headphone measurements. More recently, cluster analysis of headphone listening test data has shown there are three segments or classes of listeners based on similarities in their headphone sound preferences. Both demographic (i.e., age, gender, listening experience) and acoustic factors are associated with membership in each headphone segment. This information can help guide future headphone design that is aimed at a specific class or segment of listener.
A 10-GHz Resonant-Type LiNbO Optical (2007)

A resonant-type optical modulator array connected with antennas can effectively convert a micro/millimeter-wave to a light wave for the uplink of a radio-on-fiber system. We demon- strated the operation of an array that contained four modulators using power simultaneously received by microstrip antennas connected to each modulator. We confirmed that the optical phase change induced by the received power was proportional to the number of connected antennas. Index Terms—Antenna arrays, optical modulation.
Spider flagelliform silk: lessons in protein design, gene structure, and molecular evolution (2001)

Spiders spin multiple types of silks that are renowned for their superb mechanical properties. Flagelliform silk, used in the capture spiral of an orb-web, is one of the few silks characterized by both cDNA and genomic DNA data. This fibroin is composed of repeating ensembles of three types of amino acid sequence motifs. The predominant subrepeat, GPGGX, likely forms a beta-turn, and tandem arrays of these turns are thought to create beta-spirals. These spring-like helices may be critical for the exceptional ability of capture silk to stretch and recoil. Each ensemble of motifs was found to correspond to a different exon within the flagelliform gene. The pattern of sequence similarity among exons indicates intragenic concerted evolution. Surprisingly, the introns between the iterated exons are also homogenized with each other. This unusual molecular architecture in the flagelliform silk gene has implications for the evolution and maintenance of spider silk proteins.
Field analysis with a mode-tunable local oscillator (2000)

A novel approach to the measurement of electromagnetic fields is described and demonstrated. The approach is based on the use of a local oscillator which is tuneable in a spatial mode sense. The technique provides a field analysis capability equivalent to that achievable with a phased array receiver but only requires a single aperture and a single detector. The principle behind the concept is described and successfully demonstrated with a hollow multimode waveguide version of the Michelson interferometer, a CO<SUB>2</SUB> laser source and a thermopile detector. Measurements of the waveguide mode spectra excited by the field returned from a tilted plane mirror target positioned at the exit of the interferometer are shown to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The technique has the interesting property that the spatial resolution with which fields can be analyzed is independent of detector dimensions. In suitable technologies the underlying concepts should be applicable across the electromagnetic spectrum.
Clot Retraction: A Miniaturized Hemoretractometer for Blood Clot Retraction Testing (Small 29/2016) (2016)

Whole blood coagulation testing provides valuable diagnostic information on diseases such as bleeding disorders, heart attack, deep venous thrombosis, etc. On page 3926, J. Fu and co-workers develop a miniaturized hemoretractometer to measure clot contraction upon blood coagulation with good reproducibility and robustness. This device design shows great application potential in point-of-care testing. Photo credit: David Peyer from University of Michigan.
A 2.4-GHz, 2.2-W, 2-V fully-integrated CMOS circular-geometry active-transformer power amplifier (2002)

A 2.4-GHz, 2.2-W, 2-V fully integrated circular geometry power amplifier with 50 /spl Omega/ input and output matching is fabricated using 2.5 V, 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS transistors. It can also produce 450 mW using a 1 V supply. Harmonic suppression is 64 dB or better. An on-chip circular-geometry active-transformer is used to combine several push-pull low-voltage amplifiers efficiently to produce a larger output power while maintaining a 50 /spl Omega/ match. This new on-chip power combining and impedance matching method uses virtual AC grounds and magnetic couplings extensively to eliminate the need for any offchip component such as wirebonds. It also desensitizes the operation of the amplifier to the inductance of bonding wires and makes the design more reproducible. This new topology makes possible a fully-integrated 2.2 W, 2.4 GHz, low voltage CMOS power amplifier for the first time.