gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric Field Encephalography as a Tool for Functional Brain Research: A Modeling Study (2013)

We introduce the notion of Electric Field Encephalography (EFEG) based on measuring electric fields of the brain and demonstrate, using computer modeling, that given the appropriate electric field sensors this technique may have significant advantages over the current EEG technique. Unlike EEG, EFEG can be used to measure brain activity in a contactless and reference-free manner at significant distances from the head surface. Principal component analysis using simulated cortical sources demonstrated that electric field sensors positioned 3 cm away from the scalp and characterized by the same signal-to-noise ratio as EEG sensors provided the same number of uncorrelated signals as scalp EEG. When positioned on the scalp, EFEG sensors provided 2-3 times more uncorrelated signals. This significant increase in the number of uncorrelated signals can be used for more accurate assessment of brain states for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces and neurofeedback applications. It also may lead to major improvements in source localization precision. Source localization simulations for the spherical and Boundary Element Method (BEM) head models demonstrated that the localization errors are reduced two-fold when using electric fields instead of electric potentials. We have identified several techniques that could be adapted for the measurement of the electric field vector required for EFEG and anticipate that this study will stimulate new experimental approaches to utilize this new tool for functional brain research.
Partial Garbage Collection Technique for Improving Write Performance of Log-Structured File Systems (2014)

Recently, flash storages devices have become popular. Log-structured file systems (LFS) are suitable for flash storages since these can provide high write performance by only generating sequential writes to the flash device. However, LFS should perform garbage collections (GC) in order to reclaim obsolete space. Recently, a slack space recycling (SSR) technique was proposed to reduce the GC overhead. However, since SSR generates random writes, write performance can be negatively impacted if the random write performance is significantly lower than sequential write performance of the target device. This paper proposes a partial garbage collection technique that copies only a part of valid blocks in a victim segment in order to increase the size of the contiguous invalid space to be used by SSR. The experiments performed in this study show that the write performance in an SD card improves significantly as a result of the partial GC technique.
Studies on antifungal agents. In vitro activity of novel cis-5-alkoxy (or acyloxy)alkyl-3-phenyl-3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2-methylisoxazolidine derivatives. (1990)

The synthesis and in vitro antifungal activity of a novel series of cis-5-alkoxy(or acyloxy)alkyl-3-phenyl-3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)- 2-methylisoxazolidine derivatives (6a-n) are described. The 5-[(4-chlorobenzyloxy)methyl] analogue 6h and the two 5-acyloxymethyl derivatives 6k,l demonstrated the best overall potency. Against Candida stellatoidea, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) for 6h,k,l ranged between 0.7 and 2.0 micrograms/ml. The corresponding value for the standard drug ketoconazole was 7-20 micrograms/ml.
Dependency Analyzer (1990)

To resolve structural ambiguities in syntactic analysis of natural language, which are caused by prepositional phrase attachment, relative clause attachment, and so on, we developed an experimental system called tile Dependency Anal!lzcr. The system uses instances of dependency structures extracted froth a terminology dictionary as a knowledge ba.~e. Structural (attachment) ambiguity is represented by showing that a word has several words as c;tndidate modiliees. Tim system resolves such ambiguity as follows. First, it searches the knowledge base for modification relationships (dependencies) between the word and each of its possible modifiees, then assigns an order of preference to these relationships, and finally seieets the most preferable deper.dency. The knowledge base can be constructed semi-automatically, since the source of knowledge exists in the form of texts, and these sentences can be analyzed by the parser and transformed into dependency structures by the system. We are realizing knowledge bootstrapping by adding the outputs of the system to its knowledge base.
A Study on the Effects of Date Pit-Based Additive on the Performance of Water-Based Drilling Fluid (2017)

This study investigates the effect of using date seed-based additive on the performance of water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs). Specifically, the effects of date pit (DP) fat content, particle size, and DP loading on the drilling fluids density, rheological properties, filtration properties, and thermal stability were investigated. The results showed that dispersion of particles less than 75 μm DP into the WBDFs enhanced the rheological as well as fluid loss control properties. Optimum fluid loss and filter cake thickness can be achieved by addition of 15–20 wt % DP loading to drilling fluid formulation.
A New Method for Modulation, Control and Power Boosting in Microbial Fuel Cells (2018)

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are energy transducers, which through the metabolic reactions of facultative anaerobic microorganisms, transform the energy in organic matter directly into electricity. Extrinsic parameters such as hydraulic retention time, fuel quality (type and concentration) and physicochemical environment of electrodes and biofilms (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity, and redox), can all influence system efficiency. This work proposes that MFCs can be "fine-tuned" by adjustment of any of the physicochemical conditions including redox potential; in this context, an entirely novel method was investigated as a practical means of tuning, modulating and monitoring the redox potential within the electrode chambers. The method uses additional electrodes - known as 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup>-pins for anode and cathode chambers, respectively - which can be used in individual units, modules, cascades or stacks, for optimising the production of a large variety of chemicals, as well as biomass, water and power. The results have shown that the power output modulation resulted in an up to 79% and 33% increase, when connected <i>via</i> 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> pins, respectively. Apart from power improvement, this study also demonstrated a method of open circuit potential (OCP) sensing, by using the same additional electrodes to both monitor and control the MFC signal in real time.
Learning light transport the reinforced way (2017)

We introduce a rendering algorithm that is as simple as a path tracer but dramatically improves light transport simulation and even outperforms the Metropolis light transport algorithm. The underlying method of importance sampling learns where radiance is coming from and in fact coincides with reinforcement learning. The cost for the improvement is a data structure similar to irradiance volumes as used in realtime games.
Achieving Glitch-Free Clock Domain Crossing Signals Using Formal Verification, Static Timing Analysis, and Sequential Equivalence Checking (2011)

Current System-on-a-chip (SoC) designs contain increased levels of functional and structural complexities within a single system. With the integration of multiple designs, various clock domains are introduced. In this paper, we present a solution for finding clock domain crossing glitch using a combination of formal verification and static timing analysis techniques. This paper also talks about leveraging a formal verification tool to do sequential equivalence checking between a buggy design and bug fixed design if CDC glitch is found in late design stages.
Making Cotton Magnetic (1972)

Research has been conducted to develop techniques for imparting ferromagnetic properties to cotton fibers. This work was done so that greater magnetic force to fiber weight ratios ( F m /W) could be obtained than were possible with fibers treated paramagnetically. The more promising of the techniques developed included spraying cotton fibers with suspensions of either finely divided iron or nickel particles in polyethylene oxide-benzene polymer solutions or with micron size carbonyl iron powder dispersed in an oleic surfactant solution. Evaluations of treatment effectiveness and uniformity were made using Faraday magnetic susceptibility measurements and scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown that add-ons of ferromagnetic material of about two percent give F m /W values of approximately seven.
83 ANALYSIS OF RAPID COOLING V. SLOW COOLING COMBINED WITH ICE CRYSTAL SEEDING FOR CRYOPRESERVATION OF PRIMATE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (2004)

Primate embryonic stem (ES) cells have the ability to self-renew indefinitely while maintaining the ability to differentiate. This unique property allows scientists to study the factors necessary for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in vitro that reflect in vivo processes. Work with primate ES cells is handicapped by the poor survival (1–5%) of rhesus and human ES cells following standard tissue culture methods of rapid cryopreservation. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast two cryopreservation techniques, slow cooling combined with ice crystal seeding commonly used for mammalian embryos v. rapid cooling commonly used for tissue culture, to find a method for efficient primate ES cell cryopreservation. A combination of trials was run to compare dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) v. ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant, a cooling rate of 0.3°C per minute following ice crystal seeding at -7°C v. placement at -80°C with no seeding, and rapid thaw with step-wise cryoprotectant removal v. one-step sucrose cryoprotectant removal. Cell survival was assessed through a combination of cell surface markers, alkaline phosphatase staining and morphology to look for undifferentiated cells and quantitate survival. All cryopreservations were performed with the same cell density. The survival of the cells with slow embryo-style cooling in DMSO with a step-wise cryoprotectant removal was 64.0% v. 12.8% with rapid cooling.
VoiceFilter: Targeted Voice Separation by Speaker-Conditioned Spectrogram Masking (2018)

In this paper, we present a novel system that separates the voice of a target speaker from multi-speaker signals, by making use of a reference signal from the target speaker. We achieve this by training two separate neural networks: (1) A speaker recognition network that produces speaker-discriminative embeddings; (2) A spectrogram masking network that takes both noisy spectrogram and speaker embedding as input, and produces a mask. Our system significantly reduces the speech recognition WER on multi-speaker signals, with minimal WER degradation on single-speaker signals.
Computer-extracted features relating to spatial arrangement of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes to predict response to nivolumab in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (2018)

12115 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors are now approved for use as therapy in advanced stage NSCLC. These drugs can decrease risk of progression by up to 60% when compared to standard chemotherapeutic regimens, but only about 20% of treated patients show significant benefit. The current gold standard for predicting response is increased tissue expression of PD-L1, but recent studies have shown this measure to be inadequate. TILs are correlated with PD-L1 levels and with antigen-induced anti-tumor immune pressure, with increased TILs associated with treatment response and longer survival. Recent work suggests that the spatial arrangement of TILs may be prognostic of outcome in several different cancer types. Here we evaluate whether computer-extracted features relating to spatial arrangement of TILs on digitized H&E images could predict response to Nivolumab in NSCLC. Methods: The study included fifty-six NSCLC patients with diagnostic tumor biopsies who were treated with Nivolumab. Responders and non-responders were classified according to clinical improvement and radiologic assessment by RECIST criteria on the first post-treatment CT scan. Two expert pathologists manually delineated tumor regions on digitized H&E images of the biopsies. Computerized algorithms automatically identified TILs within these regions, defined TIL clusters based on TIL proximity, and utilized network graph concepts to capture measurements relating to arrangement of these TIL clusters. Results: The top five features determined by a statistical feature selection method reflected the area and density of TIL clusters and the spatial proximity of the TILs to each other and to tumor cells. A machine learning classifier trained on these top 5 features had an AUC of 0.76 on the training set (n = 32) and an AUC of 0.64 on an independent validation set from another institution (n = 24). Conclusions: Computer extracted features relating to spatial arrangement of TIL clusters on digitized H&E images distinguished between patients who did and did not respond to Nivolumab. These findings need to be validated on in larger, multi-site validation sets.
Low-complexity finite alphabet iterative decoders for LDPC codes (2013)

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are adopted in many applications due to their Shannon-limit approaching error-correcting performance. Nevertheless, belief-propagation (BP) based decoding of these codes suffers from the error-floor problem. Recently, a new type of decoders termed finite alphabet iterative decoders (FAIDs) were introduced. The FAIDs use simple Boolean maps for variable node processing. With very short word length, they can surpass the BP-based decoders in the error floor region. This paper develops a low-complexity implementation architecture for FAIDs by making use of their properties. Particularly, an innovative bit-serial check node unit is designed for FAIDs, and the symmetric Boolean maps for variable node processing lead to small silicon area. An optimized data scheduling scheme is also proposed to increase the hardware utilization efficiency. From synthesis results, the proposed FAID implementation needs only 52% area to reach the same throughput as one of the most efficient Min-sum decoders for an example (7807, 7177) LDPC code, while achieving better error-correcting performance in the error-floor region.
Chemical genomic guided engineering of gamma-valerolactone tolerant yeast (2018)

We found that GVL exerts toxicity to yeast by compromising cellular membranes, and that this toxicity is synergistic with ethanol. Deletion of PAD1 and FDC1 conferred GVL resistance to a xylose-fermenting yeast strain by increasing ergosterol accumulation in aerobically grown cells. The GVL-tolerant strain fermented sugars in the presence of GVL levels that were inhibitory to the unmodified strain. This strain represents a xylose fermenting yeast specifically tailored to GVL produced hydrolysates.
Application of Chemical Shift Imaging for Simultaneous and Fast Acquisition of NMR Spectra on Multiple Samples (2001)

A reduction of a factor of 10 in the time needed to measure highly resolved NMR spectra of multiple samples can be achieved with any NMR spectrometer by using a combination of chemical shift imaging and a compartmented detection volume consisting of a bundle of capillaries. The picture shows the cross-sectional image of a bundle of nine 1-mm capillaries after Fourier transformation along the spatial dimensions only.
Nuclear-interaction correction of integrated depth dose in carbon-ion radiotherapy treatment planning (2014)

In treatment planning of charged-particle therapy, tissue heterogeneity is conventionally modeled as water with various densities, i.e. stopping effective densities ρ(S), and the integrated depth dose measured in water (IDD) is applied accordingly for the patient dose calculation. Since the chemical composition of body tissues is different from that of water, this approximation causes dose calculation errors, especially due to difference in nuclear interactions. Here, we propose and validate an IDD correction method for these errors in patient dose calculations. For accurate handling of nuclear interactions, ρ(S) of the patient is converted to nuclear effective density ρ(N), defined as the ratio of the probability of nuclear interactions in the tissue to that in water using a recently formulated semi-empirical relationship between the two. The attenuation correction factor Φ(w)(p), defined as the ratio of the attenuation of primary carbon ions in a patient to that in water, is calculated from a linear integration of ρ(N) along the beam path. In our treatment planning system, a carbon-ion beam is modeled to be composed of three components according to their transverse beam sizes: primary carbon ions, heavier fragments, and lighter fragments. We corrected the dose contribution from primary carbon ions to IDD as proportional to Φ(w)(p), and corrected that from lighter fragments as inversely proportional to Φ(w)(p). We tested the correction method for some non-water materials, e.g. milk, lard, ethanol and water solution of potassium phosphate (K2HPO4), with un-scanned and scanned carbon-ion beams. In un-scanned beams, the difference in IDD between a beam penetrating a 150 mm-thick layer of lard and a beam penetrating water of the corresponding thickness amounted to -4%, while it was +6% for a 150 mm-thick layer of 40% K2HPO4. The observed differences were accurately predicted by the correction method. The corrected IDDs agreed with the measurements within ±1% for all materials and combinations of them. In scanned beams, the dose estimation error in target dose amounted to 4% for a 150 mm-thick layer of 40% K2HPO4. The error is significantly reduced with the correction method. The planned dose distributions with the method agreed with the measurements within ±1.5% of target dose for all materials not only in the target region but also in the plateau and fragment-tail regions. We tested the correction method of IDD in some non-water materials to verify that this method would offer the accuracy and simplicity required in carbon-ion radiotherapy treatment planning.
Fourier Analysis of Time-Stamped Signals Using a Small Number of Samples (2006)

This paper concerns the Fourier analysis of measurements taken at times that are not at all uniformly spaced yet accurately known. Such can be the case when measurements are obtained by networked sensors with accurate or synchronized clocks using common Internet Protocol (IP) networks or other networks that do not make guarantees as to timely delivery of data. A method of computing a complex spectrum from a minimal number of samples taken at non-uniform time intervals is described. The novelty of this work lies in the method's ability to minimize the number of samples that must be acquired while still ensuring a desired level of signal-to-noise. A practical application of the method lies in doing spectral analysis of signals obtained from networked sensors where acquiring each sample is expensive in time, power, or money and so the number of samples taken is to be minimized. The method has been tested on actual measurements taken via smart sensors connected to the Internet.
DPAL: a new class of CW near-infrared high-power diode-pumped alkali (vapor) lasers (2004)

DPAL, a new class of diode pumped alkali vapor lasers, offers the prospect for high efficiency cw laser radiation at near-infrared wavelengths: cesium 895 nm, rubidium 795 nm, and potassium 770 nm. The physics of DPAL lasers are outlined, and the results of laboratory demonstrations using a titanium sapphire surrogate pump are summarized, along with benchmarked device models. DPAL electrical efficiencies of 25-30% are projected and near-diffraction-limited DPAL device power scaling into the multi-kilowatt regime from a single aperture is also projected.
<i>Rps</i>8, A New Locus in Soybean for Resistance to <i>Phytophthora sojae</i> (2003)

Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae M.J. Kaufmann & J.W. Gerdemann (= Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. f. sp. glycinea T. Kuan & D.C. Erwin) is the second leading cause of yield loss in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the USA. Currently, seven loci for resistance with 13 alleles have been identified in soybean. Populations of P. sojae exist in many soybean production regions that cause disease on plants with many, if not all, of these genes. Consequently, the need for new resistance loci is great. A number of plant introductions (PIs) from South Korea were identified in an earlier study that may contain novel resistance loci. The objectives of this project were to identify the allele(s) for resistance to P. sojae present in PI399073 and to map these allele(s) to a linkage group. PI399073 was crossed with ‘Williams’ and ‘S 19‐90’ to develop populations. These populations were assayed for disease resistance, single sequence repeats (SSR), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), and isozyme markers. A new Phytophthora resistance locus, Rps8 , was mapped to MLG (major linkage group) A2 in two different crosses with PI399073. This is the first locus for Phytophthora resistance that has been identified on MLG A2.
Electromigration analysis of full-chip integrated circuits with hydrostatic stress (2014)

Interconnect reliability requirements of advanced process nodes have eroded design margins, increasing susceptibility to electromigration. Elaborate design requirements are needed to compensate for the lack of suitable materials to protect against such effects. Traditional electronic design automation verification tools exhibit significant difficulty when trying to validate these rules. We introduce a design context-aware interconnect reliability solution for full-chip electromigration analysis that considers current density, Blech Effect, and nodal hydrostatic stress analysis for failure prediction.
The softest handoff design using iterative decoding (Turbo coding) (2000)

Communication systems, including cell-based mobile communication systems, multiple satellite communication systems or multi-beam satellite systems, require reliable handoff methods between cell-to-cell, satellite-to-satellite or beam-to-beam, respectively. Recent measurement of a CDMA cellular system indicates that the system is in handoff at about 35% to 70% of an average call period. Therefore, system reliability during handoff is one of the major system performance parameters and eventually becomes a factor in the overall system capacity. This paper presents novel and improved techniques for handoff in cellular communications, multi-beam and multi-satellite systems that require handoff during a session. This new handoff system combines the soft handoff mechanism currently implemented in the IS-95 CDMA with code and packet diversity combining techniques and an iterative decoding algorithm (Turbo Coding). The Turbo code introduced by Berrou et al. has been demonstrated its remarkable performance achieving the near Shannon channel capacity [1]. Recently, Turbo codes have been adapted as the coding scheme for the data transmission of the third generation international cellular communication standards: UTRA and CDMA 2000. Our proposed encoder and decoder schemes modified from the original Turbo code is suitable for the code and packet diversity combining techniques. This proposed system provides not only an unprecedented coding gain from the Turbo code and its iterative decoding, but also gain induced by the code and packet diversity combining technique which is similar to the hybrid Type IIARQ. We demonstrate performance improvements in AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel with perfect channel state information (CSI) through simulations for at low signal to noise ratio and analyses using exact upper bounding techniques for medium to high signal to noise ratio.