gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of aging and social isolation on changes in brain monoamine turnover and biosynthesis of rats elicited by novelty stress (2002)

Aging is a risk factor of human depression. Middle-aged or older men are vulnerable to adverse life events and an absence of social contact and easily become depressed. In the present study, we investigated the influence of aging on responses to life events in socially isolated conditions. We applied isolation-rearing (4 W) to two age groups, older (18 M) and younger (11 W), of male F344 rats that had been reared in a group and then examined responses to novelty stress (20 min). Changes in brain monoamines and their metabolites such as dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanilic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in six regions: the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala, midbrain, and raphe nuclei. MANOVA was carried out for rearing condition, age, and novelty stress. Isolation significantly changed monoamines and their metabolites, except in amygdala and raphe nuclei. Aging significantly altered them in all regions, although novelty stress did not. In the amygdala and midbrain, isolation significantly changed monoamine biosynthesis, with monoamine turnover remaining unchanged. In the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, aging significantly altered turnover, while biosynthesis remained unchanged. Novelty stress significantly varied only the turnover in the prefrontal cortex. The interaction between isolation and aging indicated that aging influences changes in turnover and biosynthesis elicited by isolation primarily at the center of the mesolymbic DA system, the midbrain, and in raphe nuclei of the 5-HT system. In peripheral regions of the mesolymbic system, aging primarily affects changes in turnover induced by isolation.
Silicon device thinning using preferential polishing: progress in flatness and electrical properties (1992)

'Preferential polishing' is a special Si wafer thinning technology, and by applying preferential polishing to device-fabricated Si wafer thinning, thin film Si devices such as thin film MOSFETs are easily fabricated. The authors have studied the mechanical properties of preferential polishing, especially the mechanism of 'overpolishing', by which the Si back-surface of the thin film device becomes concave. It was found that thin film PMOSFETs with a low overpolishing value have exactly the same electrical properties as bulk ones before thinning, and a fresh polishing pad without long nap fibres is desirable to avoid overpolishing.
Semi-supervised Learning for Phenotyping Tasks. (2015)

Supervised learning is the dominant approach to automatic electronic health records-based phenotyping, but it is expensive due to the cost of manual chart review. Semi-supervised learning takes advantage of both scarce labeled and plentiful unlabeled data. In this work, we study a family of semi-supervised learning algorithms based on Expectation Maximization (EM) in the context of several phenotyping tasks. We first experiment with the basic EM algorithm. When the modeling assumptions are violated, basic EM leads to inaccurate parameter estimation. Augmented EM attenuates this shortcoming by introducing a weighting factor that downweights the unlabeled data. Cross-validation does not always lead to the best setting of the weighting factor and other heuristic methods may be preferred. We show that accurate phenotyping models can be trained with only a few hundred labeled (and a large number of unlabeled) examples, potentially providing substantial savings in the amount of the required manual chart review.
Superhydrophobic pure silver surface with flower-like structures by a facile galvanic exchange reaction with [Ag(NH3)2]OH (2008)

Superhydrophobic pure silver film composed of flower-like microstructures built by interconnected silver nanoplates on a copper plate without any modification was prepared by a facile galvanic exchange reaction between the aqueous [Ag(NH3)2]OH and the copper plate, giving rise to a contact angle as high as 157 degrees .
Wireless fluorescence capsule for endoscopy using single photon-based detection (2015)

Fluorescence Imaging (FI) is a powerful technique in biological science and clinical medicine. Current FI devices that are used either for in-vivo or in-vitro studies are expensive, bulky and consume substantial power, confining the technique to laboratories and hospital examination rooms. Here we present a miniaturised wireless fluorescence endoscope capsule with low power consumption that will pave the way for future FI systems and applications. With enhanced sensitivity compared to existing technology we have demonstrated that the capsule can be successfully used to image tissue autofluorescence and targeted fluorescence via fluorophore labelling of tissues. The capsule incorporates a state-of-the-art complementary metal oxide semiconductor single photon avalanche detector imaging array, miniaturised optical isolation, wireless technology and low power design. When in use the capsule consumes only 30.9 mW, and deploys very low-level 468 nm illumination. The device has the potential to replace highly power-hungry intrusive optical fibre based endoscopes and to extend the range of clinical examination below the duodenum. To demonstrate the performance of our capsule, we imaged fluorescence phantoms incorporating principal tissue fluorophores (flavins) and absorbers (haemoglobin). We also demonstrated the utility of marker identification by imaging a 20 μM fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelling solution on mammalian tissue.
Compressor leading edges (2011)

Compressor blades often have a small 'spike' in the surface pressure distribution at the leading edge. This may result from blade erosion, manufacture defects or compromises made in the original design process. In this thesis it is shown that these spikes will increase the loss generated by a blade only when they become large enough to initiate boundary layer transition at the leading edge through a separation bubble; this process increases profile loss by about 30%. A criterion is presented, based on the spike diffusion, which can be used to determine whether leading edge transition will occur or not; this criterion is simple and quick to determine and has to potential to be used on a production line to reject those leading edges that would otherwise be detrimental. The spikes are also shown to have a significant effect on the flow close to the endwalls. If they cause leading edge transition in this region then they will cause a growth in the size of the three-dimensional separations that exist in the corner between the blades' suction surfaces and the endwalls. On the low speed stator tested this process increased hub loss by around 100%. Thus to prevent spikes becoming large a new method for producing a 'spikeless' leading edge has been developed; this leading edge can be attached easily to the thickness distribution of any blade and was found to be sharp, that is with very high curvature at the leading edge point. This spikeless leading edge was also found to be the best when the effects of real manufacture deviations, measured off of a production line, were considered. Asymmetry was found to be detrimental and bluntness was only beneficial when unrealistically large deviations were considered. The best leading edge geometry is therefore sharp and symmetric.
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) is regulated post-transcriptionally and its ligand is present in the sera of some septic patients (2006)

Inflammation is necessary for survival, but it is also an important cause of human morbidity and mortality, as exemplified by sepsis. During inflammation, cells of the innate immune system are recruited and activated in response to infection, trauma or injury. These cells are activated through receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize microbial ligands such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 amplifies the inflammatory response initiated by TLRs, and its expression on the surface of monocytes increases in the presence of TLR ligands. Here we have shown that in monocytes TREM-1 mRNA levels, measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), remained unchanged and TREM-1 protein levels, measured by flow cytometry, increased, indicating that LPS increases TREM-1 expression by a post-transcriptional mechanism. We also showed that TREM-1/Fc fusion protein decreased the ability of the sera of some patients with sepsis to activate monocytes, indicating that the TREM-1 ligand, whose identity is unknown, may be present in the sera of some of these patients. We describe a mechanism for the regulation of TREM-1 expression on monocytes and the possible presence of its ligand in serum; these findings help to explain the contribution of TREM-1 during systemic inflammation.
Not so easy to deregister external companies : company law (2012)

Though the Companies Act, 2008, makes provision for deregistration of a company, the definition of company expressly excludes an company. This definition, therefore, denies external companies, which were registered in terms of the 1973 Companies Act, a mechanism for deregistration with effect from May 1 2011.
Starting a community development bank: a New Haven story (2006)

With their ability to attract socially conscious investors to a community bank and provide tax deductions, nonprofits could become increasingly pivotal in making financial services available to low- and moderate-income communities.
Series Arc fault studies and modeling for a DC distribution system (2013)

Electrical arcs are of great concern for power electronic systems. Modeling of arc faults to represent and predict arc characteristics and transient responses within the power system is now receiving considerable research attention. In this paper, a series DC arc fault demonstration rig is designed to generate series arcs by moving one electrode away from a stationary one with a stepper motor. Experimental results presented and analyzed to obtain the arc fault characteristics. The arc voltage, arc current and arc power can be predicted using the Zeller model within a wide range of supply voltage, load conditions and different test conditions, such as electrode material. The verification of this model is important as it can now be included in simulations of complex power systems to aid the development and testing of robust arc fault detection and location strategies.
Iodination of Activated Aromatic Compounds Using Nanostructure Solid Acid Catalyst (2012)

Abstract Nanoporous silica anchored with sulfonic acid groups effectively catalyzes the iodination of aromatic compounds. The reaction was performed in water using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The recyclability of catalyst in green media significantly contributes to the environmental friendliness of the procedure.
Sensitivity to Restimulation-Induced Cell Death Is Linked to Glycolytic Metabolism in Human T Cells (2016)

Restimulation-induced cell death (RICD) regulates immune responses by restraining effector T cell expansion and limiting nonspecific damage to the host. RICD is triggered by re-engagement of the TCR on a cycling effector T cell, resulting in apoptosis. It remains unclear how RICD sensitivity is calibrated in T cells derived from different individuals or subsets. In this study we show that aerobic glycolysis strongly correlates with RICD sensitivity in human CD8<sup>+</sup> effector T cells. Reducing glycolytic activity or glucose availability rendered effector T cells significantly less sensitive to RICD. We found that active glycolysis specifically facilitates the induction of proapoptotic Fas ligand upon TCR restimulation, accounting for enhanced RICD sensitivity in highly glycolytic T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that RICD susceptibility is linked to metabolic reprogramming, and that switching back to metabolic quiescence may help shield T cells from RICD as they transition into the memory pool.
Isobongkrekic acid, a new inhibitor of mitochondrial ADP-ATP transport: radioactive labeling and chemical and biological properties (1976)

An isomer of bongkrekic acid, designated as isobongkrekic acid, has been isolated from ethereal extracts of Pseudomonas cocovenenans grown on defatted coconut. Isobongkrekic acid was also obtained by alkaline treatment of bongkrekic acid. Isobongkrekic acid possesses the same ultraviolet spectrum and the same molecular weight as bongkrekic acid; it has a similar infrared spectrum but not the same nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum. The differences in NMR data were interpreted to mean that isobongkrekic acid differs from bongkrekic acid by the configuration of the dicarboxylic end; whereas the two carboxylic groups of the dicarboxylic end have the trans configuration in bongkrekic acid, they have the cis configuration in isobongkrekic acid. Differences between bongkrekic and isobongkrekic acids are lost after catalytic hydrogenation of the molecules. Isobongkrekic acid, like bongkrekic acid, is an uncompetitive inhibitor of ADP transport in mitochondria, provided the mitochondria are preincubated in the presence of the inhibitor and a minute concentration of ADP. The inhibitory and binding efficiency of isobongkrekic acid is considerably increased below pH 7. The number of high affinity sites for [3H] isobongkrekic acid is 0.13 to 0.20 nmol/mg protein in rat liver mitochondria and about 1 nmol/mg protein in rat heart mitochondria, i.e., similar to the number of high affinity sites for [3H] bongkrekic acid. Isobongkrekic and bongkrekic acids compete for the same site, but the affinity of isobongkrekic acid for mitochondria is one-half to one-fourth that of bongkrekic acid.
Congenital infection with atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is associated with disease and viral persistence (2017)

In 2013, several Austrian piglet-producing farms recorded outbreaks of action-related repetitive myoclonia in newborn piglets ("shaking piglets"). Malnutrition was seen in numerous piglets as a complication of this tremor syndrome. Overall piglet mortality was increased and the number of weaned piglets per sow decreased by more than 10% due to this outbreak. Histological examination of the CNS of affected piglets revealed moderate hypomyelination of the white substance in cerebellum and spinal cord. We detected a recently discovered pestivirus, termed atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) in all these cases by RT-PCR. A genomic sequence and seven partial sequences were determined and revealed a 90% identity to the US APPV sequences and 92% identity to German sequences. In confirmation with previous reports, APPV genomes were identified in different body fluids and tissues including the CNS of diseased piglets. APPV could be isolated from a "shaking piglet", which was incapable of consuming colostrum, and passaged on different porcine cells at very low titers. To assess the antibody response a blocking ELISA was developed targeting NS3. APPV specific antibodies were identified in sows and in PCR positive piglets affected by congenital tremor (CT). APPV genomes were detected continuously in piglets that gradually recovered from CT, while the antibody titers decreased over a 12-week interval, pointing towards maternally transmitted antibodies. High viral loads were detectable by qRT-PCR in saliva and semen of infected young adults indicating a persistent infection.
λ/4-shifted AlGaAs/GaAs DFB lasers with double window structures (1987)

Single-mode oscillation was obtained by introducing a λ/4-shifted, double window structure into DFB lasers fabricated by two-step MOCVD. The resulting λ/4-shifted laser produced Bragg oscillation and was very stable up to 10 mW under CW conditions.
Embedded contract languages (2010)

Specifying application interfaces (APIs) with information that goes beyond method argument and return types is a long-standing quest of programming language researchers and practitioners. The number of type system extensions or specification languages is a testament to that. Unfortunately, the number of such systems is also roughly equal to the number of tools that consume them. In other words, every tool comes with its own specification language.
Synthesis of thermally stable mesoporous cerium oxide with nanocrystalline frameworks using mesoporous silica templates (2003)

Highly ordered mesoporous cerium oxides, composed of nanocrystalline pore walls and exhibiting high thermal stability even at 973 K, were synthesized using mesoporous silica templates with hexagonal p6mm and cubic Ia3d symmetries.
A New Oscillatory Electrochemical Phenomenon Observed in the Electropolymerization of Pyrrole in MeCN +  N  ( Bu ) 4 PF 6 on an Iron Electrode Studied by the Ring‐Disk‐Electrode Technique (1995)

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Differences between normal subjects and patients with coronary artery disease for three different MR coronary angiography respiratory suppression techniques (1999)

A comparison between three magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA) respiratory motion suppression techniques was performed for both normal subjects and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). MRCA images were acquired in 17 normal subjects and 15 patients with CAD, using conventional breath-hold MRCA, navigator echo (NE)-guided breath-hold MRCA (LED feedback), and NE-gated MRCA during free respiration. Image quality, diaphragm registration, and total acquisition time were assessed. Overall, there was poor diaphragm registration for conventional breath-holding compared with free respiration (P < 0.001). CAD patients found it significantly more difficult to perform a steady breath-hold (P = 0.04) or attain the same diaphragm position over multiple breath-holds than normal subjects (P = 0.02). All normal subjects, but only 3 of the 15 CAD patients, were able to perform the LED feedback technique (P < 0.001). For normal subjects, image quality was similar between the three respiratory suppression techniques (P = 0.3), while for CAD patients there was an improvement in image quality, for images acquired during free respiration (breath-hold vs. free respiration, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the total acquisition times between the breath-hold and free respiration techniques (P = 0.2). There were substantial differences in the effectiveness of MRCA respiratory suppression techniques between normal subjects and CAD patients. In patients, only NE-gated MRCA performed well, requiring minimal cooperation with no increase in total acquisition time. Validation of NE-MRCA techniques should always be performed in patients, as well as normal subjects, to ensure correct evaluation of the technique for the target population.
Lifetime Reliability for Load-Sharing Redundant Systems With Arbitrary Failure Distributions (2010)

In this work, a general closed-form expression is presented for the lifetime reliability of load-sharing <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> -out-of- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> :G hybrid redundant systems. In such systems, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> components are initially configured as active units. Depending on whether it is performing tasks, an active component can be in either a processing, or a wait state. Each state corresponds to an arbitrary failure distribution. The remaining ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> ) are spares to provide fault tolerance. Each time an active component fails, a spare one converts into active mode, until there are no more spares in the system. Then, the system works in a gracefully degrading manner such that less than <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> components share the workload, until the number of good components is less than <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> . The task allocation, and service are modeled as queueing systems, wherein the utilization ratio essentially affects the aging effect of components. We integrate the various failure distributions for components in different operational states into an analytical model according to the statistical properties of the task allocation mechanisms, and the components' processing capacity, and analyse the lifetime reliability of the entire system. Finally, three special cases, and a series of numerical experiments are discussed in detail to show the practical applicability of the proposed approach.
A single phase high frequency AC microgrid with an unified power quality conditioner (2004)

This paper presents a high frequency AC-based microgrid as an interesting step towards integration of renewable energy sources in a distributed generation system. The successful implementation of an HFAC microgrid depends on the best utilization of the sources and the common bus, which can be accomplished using a unified power quality conditioner (UQPC). The UPQC can compensate for current and voltage harmonics and also for reactive power. Its controller is based on the instantaneous p-q theory and the results obtained so far show that this conditioner can be effectively used to improve the system operation.
Improved Photon-to-Current Conversion Efficiency with a Nanoporous p-Type NiO Electrode by the Use of a Sensitizer-Acceptor Dyad (2008)

A peryleneimide sensitizer and a covalently linked peryleneimide−naphthalenediimide dyad were prepared and characterized by absorption and emission spectroscopies, electrochemistry, and spectroelectrochemistry. These compounds were chemisorbed on nanoporous nickel oxide electrodes and then studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in the presence of a redox active electrolyte (I3-/I-). In both compounds, upon excitation of the peryleneimide unit, an electron is efficiently ejected from the valence band of NiO to the dye with an average time constant of approximately 0.5 ps. In the case of the dyad, the excess electron is shifted further onto the naphtalenediimide unit, creating a new charge separated state. The latter exhibits a substantial retardation of the charge recombination between the hole and the reduced molecule compared with the peryleneimide sensitizer. The photoaction spectra of a sandwich dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) composed of NiO films and these new dyes were recorded, and the absorbed-photon to current conversion efficiency (APCE) was three times higher with the dyad than with the peryleneimide dye: 45%. The maximum APCE of approximately 45% is the highest value reported for a DSSC based on a nanostructured metal oxide p-type semiconductor.