gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asphaltenes: The Cholesterol of Petroleum (1995)

ABSTRACT Asphaltene precipitation and deposition has been recognized to be a significant problem in oil production, transmission, and processing facilities. The precipitation of asphaltenes is caused by a number of factors including changes in pressure, temperature, chemical composition of the crude oil, mixing the oil with diluents or other oils, and during acid stimulation. The precipitated asphaltenes reduces the permeability of the reservoir near the well-bore region causing formation damage and can plug-up the well-bores and well tubings. Deposition of asphaltenic organic scales leads to operational problems, safety hazards and an overall decrease in production efficiency, thereby increasing the cost of oil production. This paper presents a review of the important factors which affect asphaltene precipitation in petroleum reservoirs and in processing facilities. The nature and characteristics of asphaltenes in the crude oil and their molecular and colloidal properties are discussed. A description of the asphaltene deposition problem manifestations in the reservoir, well bores and well tubings, processing and transportation equipment is presented. Current research work in this area is also discussed.
Effects of the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction (2013)

Insulin resistance, a hallmark of metabolic disorders, is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Impairment of insulin responsiveness in vascular endothelium contributes to insulin resistance. The reciprocal relationship between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction augments the pathophysiology of metabolism and cardiovascular functions. The most abundant green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been shown to have vasodilator action in vessels by activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). However, it is not known whether EGCG has a beneficial effect in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced endothelial dysfunction. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal chow diet (NCD) or HFD with or without EGCG supplement (50 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for 10 wk. Mice fed a HFD with EGCG supplement gained less body weight and showed improved insulin sensitivity. In vehicle-treated HFD mice, endothelial function was impaired in response to insulin but not to acetylcholine, whereas the EGCG-treated HFD group showed improved insulin-stimulated vasodilation. Interestingly, EGCG intake reduced macrophage infiltration into aortic tissues in HFD mice. Treatment with EGCG restored the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of eNOS, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and protein kinase B (Akt), which was inhibited by palmitate (200 μM, 5 h) in primary bovine aortic endothelial cells. From these results, we conclude that supplementation of EGCG improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and endothelial function. The results suggest that EGCG may have beneficial health effects in glucose metabolism and endothelial function through modulating HFD-induced inflammatory response.
Prioritizing health technologies in a Primary Care Trust (2007)

The method appears to be a practical approach to prioritization for commissioners of health care, but the pilot also revealed interesting divergences in relative priority between nationally mandated service developments and local health-care priorities.
Cerebral Infarction (1974)

Occlusion of a middle cerebral artery is performed with a surgical clip which is placed through a transorbital approach. This results in a reproducible cerebral lesion (infarction) which was analyzed sequentially in a group of primates at intervals ranging from 2 1/2 hours to 16 days. The earliest cytological alterations, involving neurons, neuropil and astrocytes, can be demonstrated convincingly 2 1/2 hours after the arterial occlusion in paraffin-embedded sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A detailed description of the topographic-cytologic abnormalities and the sequence of inflammatory changes elicited by this form of cerebral ischemia, as well as a delineation of the beginning of the post-ischemic healing processes are provided. A three-zone separation of the histological features is suggested. In addition, we illustrate the cellular alterations in the hemisphere opposite to the arterial occlusion and discuss the axonal changes observed in the different zones of the evolving ischemic encephalomalacia. Abnormalities in the microcirculation are also discussed.
Cryogenic heat exchangers for process cooling and renewable energy storage: A review (2019)

The cryogenic industry has experienced remarkable expansion in recent years. Cryogenic technologies are commonly used for industrial processes, such as air separation and natural gas liquefaction. Another recently proposed and tested cryogenic application is Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES). This technology allows for large-scale long-duration storage of renewable energy in the power grid. One major advantage over alternative storage techniques is the possibility of efficient integration with important industrial processes, e.g., refrigerated warehousing of food and pharmaceuticals. Heat exchangers are among the most important components determining the energy efficiency of cryogenic systems. They also constitute the necessary interface between a LAES system and the industrial process utilizing the available cooling effect. The present review aims to familiarise energy professionals and stakeholders with the latest achievements, innovations, and trends in the field of cryogenic heat exchangers, with particular emphasis on their applications to LAES systems employing renewable energy resources. Important innovations in coil-wound and plate-fin heat exchanger design and simulation methods are reviewed among others, while special attention is given to regenerators as a prospective component of cryogenic energy storage systems. This review also reveals that the geographical spread of research and development activities has recently expanded from well-established centers of excellence to rather active emerging establishments around the globe.
Causal Induction from Visual Observations for Goal Directed Tasks (2019)

Causal reasoning has been an indispensable capability for humans and other intelligent animals to interact with the physical world. In this work, we propose to endow an artificial agent with the capability of causal reasoning for completing goal-directed tasks. We develop learning-based approaches to inducing causal knowledge in the form of directed acyclic graphs, which can be used to contextualize a learned goal-conditional policy to perform tasks in novel environments with latent causal structures. We leverage attention mechanisms in our causal induction model and goal-conditional policy, enabling us to incrementally generate the causal graph from the agent's visual observations and to selectively use the induced graph for determining actions. Our experiments show that our method effectively generalizes towards completing new tasks in novel environments with previously unseen causal structures.
Nanoporous Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> Thin Film on 3D Ultrathin-Graphite Foam for Asymmetric Supercapacitor (2013)

Nanoporous nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) thin film was grown on the surface of ultrathin-graphite foam (UGF) via a hydrothermal reaction. The resulting free-standing Ni(OH)2/UGF composite was used as the electrode in a supercapacitor without the need for addition of either binder or metal-based current collector. The highly conductive 3D UGF network facilitates electron transport and the porous Ni(OH)2 thin film structure shortens ion diffusion paths and facilitates the rapid migration of electrolyte ions. An asymmetric supercapacitor was also made and studied with Ni(OH)2/UGF as the positive electrode and activated microwave exfoliated graphite oxide ('a-MEGO') as the negative electrode. The highest power density of the fully packaged asymmetric cell (44.0 kW/kg) was much higher (2-27 times higher), while the energy density was comparable to or higher, than high-end commercially available supercapacitors. This asymmetric supercapacitor had a capacitance retention of 63.2% after 10,000 cycles.
<i>Short Communication:</i> A Rapid and Sensitive Real-Time PCR Assay for the K65R Drug Resistance Mutation in SIV Reverse Transcriptase (2006)

Macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) provide a suitable model for assessing the efficacy of antiretroviral (ARV) drug interventions and drug resistance selection associated with treatment. Resistance to the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir continues to be examined in different treatment strategies in the macaque model. Evaluations of treatment interventions and drug resistance are hampered by the limited sensitivity of conventional population sequencing and the substantial effort involved in testing various tissue compartments in which viruses may reside. Therefore, a sensitive assay that permits simple and rapid testing for drug-resistant viruses would benefit appraisals of ARV treatments using in vivo models. To have this capability, we developed a real-time PCR-based assay for the detection of the SIV K65R reverse transcriptase mutation, a key marker for reduced susceptibility to tenofovir. Evaluations of SIV sequences yielded an assay detection limit mean of 0.4% mutant virus (range = 0.1–2%) in a wild-type background. In testing longitudinal plasma specimens from four SIV-infected macaques that received an active daily regimen of 30 mg/kg of tenofovir subcutaneously, the assay was able to detect K65R-positive viruses in all animals within 1–7 weeks after treatment began. The emerging mutants were initially present at frequencies estimated between 0.4% and 3%, below the detection capability of population sequencing. We propose the SIV K65R real-time PCR assay provides improved sensitivity and simplicity in studying tenofovir resistance in macaque models.
Response of Type I Atrial Fibrillation to Atrial Pacing in Humans (1996)

Local right atrial capture is often possible by pacing during type I AF and consistently influences the left atrial electrograms recorded in the coronary sinus. These results confirm the presence of excitable tissue in the right and left atria in type I AF.
Visual tools for generating iconic programming environments (2003)

The authors present VAMPIRE a visual system for rapid generation of iconic programming systems. VAMPIRE uses a graphical class editor to construct a hierarchy describing an iconic language's structure. Each node in the hierarchy represents an abstraction of a group of language elements; each leaf represents an icon which can be placed into a program. Attributes are added to each 'class' in the tree to represent aspects of the language elements, including 'icons' which describe the graphical visualization of the elements and 'rules' which describe the semantics of the element. The semantics of the language are defined using attributed graphical rule. VAMPIRE has been designed so that it can create iconic systems similar to all of the major classes which have appeared to date in the literature.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantitative messenger RNA expression of Toll‐like receptors and interferon‐α1 in gingivitis and periodontitis (2007)

This is the first study to show that a variety of TLRs are up-regulated in periodontitis lesions compared with gingivitis lesions, suggesting that diverse microbial and possibly viral antigens are involved in the pathogenic mechanisms for periodontal diseases. However, the ligands recognized by the various TLRs in periodontal lesions remain to be determined.
The Gaussian beam mode analysis of classical phase aberrations in diffraction-limited optical systems (2003)

Gaussian beam mode analysis (GBMA) offers a more intuitive physical insight into how light beams evolve as they propagate than the conventional Fresnel diffraction integral approach. In this paper we illustrate that GBMA is a computationally efficient, alternative technique for tracing the evolution of a diffracting coherent beam. In previous papers we demonstrated the straightforward application of GBMA to the computation of the classical diffraction patterns associated with a range of standard apertures. In this paper we show how the GBMA technique can be expanded to investigate the effects of aberrations in the presence of diffraction by introducing the appropriate phase error term into the propagating quasi-optical beam. We compare our technique to the standard diffraction integral calculation for coma, astigmatism and spherical aberration, taking—for comparison—examples from the classic text 'Principles of Optics' by Born and Wolf. We show the advantages of GBMA for allowing the defocusing of an aberrated image to be evaluated quickly, which is particularly important and useful for probing the consequences of astigmatism and spherical aberration.
In vitro metabolism and activation of carcinogenic aromatic amines by subcellular fractions of human liver. (1979)

Abstract In vitro metabolism and metabolic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), 2-aminofluorene, and 2,4-diaminoanisole to mutagenic ( Salmonella test system) and covalently proteinbound intermediates were evaluated in subcellular fractions from seven human livers. The cytochrome P-450 content, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, and sodium dodecyl sulfate: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the human liver microsomes were concomitantly studied. AAF was extensively metabolized (both C - and N -hydroxylated) by all of the human liver microsomal samples, but severalfold variations between the individual metabolites were observed among the different microsomal fractions. Similar variation was also observed for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Electrophoresis of the microsomal fractions revealed several polypeptides with a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000. Two of these polypeptides, with molecular weights of approximately 54,000 and 55,000, correspond to those seen in rat liver microsomes following pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene. The in vitro mutagenicity of AAF with the individual samples corresponded well with those of 2-aminofluorene and 2,4-diaminoanisole, as did the degree of AAF N -hydroxylation. N -Hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene was converted to mutagen(s) by both human liver microsomal and cytosol fractions, presumably via deacetylation. A poor association between the extent of covalent binding of AAF to liver microsomal proteins and the degree of mutagenicity in the Salmonella system was observed among the samples, possibly indicating that the reactive metabolite(s) arylating the protein differs from that causing the frame-shift mutation in the Salmonella . The results from the present study on AAF and benzo( a )pyrene hydroxylation; the metabolic activation of AAF, 2-aminofluorene, and 2,4-diaminoanisole; as well as the electrophoretic characterization of hepatic cytochrome P-450 indicate great qualitative similarities between the subcellular fractions from human liver and those from the rat, the mouse, and the rhesus monkey.
Measurement and Modelling for the Dispersion Relations of Acoustic Waves Propagating in a Free Piezoelectric Plate (2003)

ABSTRACT This research is focused in the measurement and modelling of the dispersion relations of Lamb waves propagating in a piezoelectric plate. A theoretical model based on a partial wave analysis is used to provide numerical calculations for the dispersion relations of Lamb waves propagating in an LiNbO 3 plate with different propagating directions. The dispersion relations are presented in an innovative image format. A non-contact laser ultrasound technique operated in B-scan mode with the aid of double Fast Fourier transform signal-processing scheme is used to measured multi-mode dispersion realtions. Among all the propagation angles, the measured dispersion curves show good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The Rayleigh wave speeds are extracted from the measured and calculated dispersion curves, showing favorable comparison with classical theory by Campbell.
Automating Evaluation and Selection of Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Oil and Gas Production and Transmission (2005)

Abstract Selection of appropriate corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) for oil and gas service is a complex and challenging task. The complexity stems from the large number of potential CRA material candidates to be considered, and the need to characterize material response to a diverse range of corrosive operating conditions and, consequently, assess resistance to general corrosion, localized corrosion, SSC, SCC, hydrogen embrittlement and other performance criteria. Such characterization requires integrating metallurgical insights and corrosion modeling with significant data from lab and field to generate rules for CRA material evaluation and selection. This paper details the underlying framework of data and rules for a software systemΨ that the authors have developed over the last fifteen years, a rigorous, comprehensive tool that automates evaluation of different types of stainless steels, Nickel-based alloys and other CRAs through incorporation of deep material selection expertise integrated with large databases related to material characterization for corrosion and cracking. Further, development of an equipment procurement system based on the material selection is also described in this paper. This equipment procurement system automates the generation of procurement specifications for comprehensive wellhead trims and Christmas tree components. Wellhead ordering requirements are generated as a function of multiple corrosion and material characterization parameters, and the system also generates specifications for sub-surface safety valves and production tubing.
Fabrication of two types of micro ion sources for a micro time-of-flight mass spectrometer (2007)

This paper reports the fabrication of two types of micro ion sources for a micro time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS). The TOFMS is an analyzer that serves for the establishment of molecular weight by using the difference in the flight time of ions according to their mass-to-charge values. The micro TOFMS consists of a glass substrate with several nickel electrodes and a silicon substrate with an ion source. We have fabricated two types of ion sources using a hot filament and field emitters with a carbon nanoparticle structure. The overall size of the assembled device is 10 × 10 × 1 mm3. The hot filament is fabricated through the nickel electroplating process and some lithography processes. The carbon nanoparticle layer is grown by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). The carbon nanoparticle field emitter has the triode structure with which we can control the emission current at low voltage. The maximum emission current of the hot-filament ion source is 0.28 μA. The emission current of the field emission ion source can be controlled from 0 to 18.5 μA when the gate voltage varies from 0 to 175 V.
Small Molecules Facilitate Single Factor-Mediated Hepatic Reprogramming (2016)

Recent studies have shown that defined factors could lead to the direct conversion of fibroblasts into induced hepatocyte-like cells (iHeps). However, reported conversion efficiencies are very low, and the underlying mechanism of the direct hepatic reprogramming is largely unknown. Here, we report that direct conversion into iHeps is a stepwise transition involving the erasure of somatic memory, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, and induction of hepatic cell fate in a sequential manner. Through screening for additional factors that could potentially enhance the conversion kinetics, we have found that c-Myc and Klf4 (CK) dramatically accelerate conversion kinetics, resulting in remarkably improved iHep generation. Furthermore, we identified small molecules that could lead to the robust generation of iHeps without CK. Finally, we show that Hnf1α supported by small molecules is sufficient to efficiently induce direct hepatic reprogramming. This approach might help to fully elucidate the direct conversion process and also facilitate the translation of iHep into the clinic.
Nuclear Opioid Receptors Activate Opioid Peptide Gene Transcription in Isolated Myocardial Nuclei (1998)

Opioid-binding sites were identified in highly purified nuclei isolated from hamster ventricular myocardial cells. A significant increase in the maximal binding capacity for a kappa opioid receptor ligand was observed in myocardial nuclei from BIO 14.6 cardiomyopathic hamsters, as compared with nuclei obtained from normal myocytes of the F1B strain. The exposure of isolated nuclei to dynorphin B, a natural agonist of kappa opioid receptors, markedly increased opioid peptide gene transcription. The transcriptional effect was mediated by nuclear protein kinase C activation and occurred at a higher rate in nuclei from cardiomyopathic myocytes than in nuclei isolated from normal cells. Thus, a nuclear endorphinergic system may play an intracrine role in the regulation of gene transcription under both normal and pathological conditions.
Boosting with Omicron-matched or historical mRNA vaccines increases neutralizing antibody responses and protection against B.1.1.529 infection in mice (2022)

The B.1.1.529 Omicron variant jeopardizes vaccines designed with early pandemic spike antigens. Here, we evaluated in mice the protective activity of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine against B.1.1.529 before or after boosting with preclinical mRNA-1273 or mRNA-1273.529, an Omicron-matched vaccine. Whereas two doses of mRNA-1273 vaccine induced high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies against historical WA1/2020 strains, levels were lower against B.1.1.529 and associated with infection and inflammation in the lung. A primary vaccination series with mRNA-1273.529 potently neutralized B.1.1.529 but showed limited inhibition of historical or other SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, boosting with mRNA-1273 or mRNA-1273.529 vaccines increased serum neutralizing titers and protection against B.1.1.529 infection. Nonetheless, the levels of inhibitory antibodies were higher, and viral burden and cytokines in the lung were slightly lower in mice given the Omicron-matched mRNA booster. Thus, in mice, boosting with mRNA-1273 or mRNA-1273.529 enhances protection against B.1.1.529 infection with limited differences in efficacy measured.
A cylinder-shaped balloon catheter for the management of dissecting aneurysms in acute stage. (1992)

We developed a new procedure to close the entry of dissecting aneurysm in acute stage with a specially designed cylinder-shaped balloon catheter. The balloon catheter consists of 7F double lumen catheter and a silicone rubber balloon at the tip. The balloon has a central tube 14 mm caliber made of rigid silicone and it inflates into the shape of a cylinder with an injected solution. The central tube serves as a route for maintaining the aortic blood flow to the distal site. The catheter with a deflated balloon is inserted into the thoracic aorta ascendingly through a 14 or 16 mm caliber Dacron vascular graft sutured at the side of the distal aorta in a similar manner to intra-aortic balloon pumping. The tip of the catheter is carried to the entry tear of the pseudo-lumen. Then the cylinder-shaped balloon is inflated with solution. The entry is, therefore, closed with the side wall of the balloon and the blood stream into the dissected lumen is occluded while maintaining an aortic blood flow to the distal site. To prevent any possible occlusion due to thrombosis, some type of anticoagulant is administered via the catheter connected to a continuous injector. The healing process of the dissected lumen can be enhanced by injecting some type of coagulant directly into the lumen. The treatment is completed when the blood in the false lumen coagulates and stabilizes. The cylinder-shaped balloon is then deflated and the catheter withdrawn. The graft is removed and the stump is sutured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)