gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IDDQ testing on a custom automotive IC (1995)

This paper describes the implementation of IDDQ testing combined with high voltage testing on a CMOS custom automotive IC. Special design considerations to accommodate IDDQ testing are discussed in this paper. IDDQ pattern generation, data collection and limit setting are presented. IDDQ patterns developed for this IC, together with the fault-graded patterns, achieved a higher fault coverage compared to the conventional single stuck-at-fault approach alone. The combination of the IDDQ test and the voltage screen test resulted in a higher reliability of the device.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self-Organized Growth of Nanosized Vertical Magnetic Co Pillars on Au(111) (1999)

Starting from the conventional self-organized arrays of flat Co dots on Au(111), we extended the growth vertically to fabricate Co pillars. The principle is to deposit sequentially a fraction $x$ of an atomic layer (AL) of Co and $1\ensuremath{-}x$ AL of Au. At each step, the deposited Co atoms aggregate on top of the previous dots, increasing their height by 1 AL. Pillars with a 2:1 vertical aspect ratio were achieved. Because of the large number of atoms per pillar, the superparamagnetic blocking temperature is 300 K in the pillars, whereas it is only 20 K in conventional flat dots with the same lateral density.
Structural characterization of the cell surface lipooligosaccharides from a nontypable strain of Haemophilus influenzae (1992)

Oligosaccharides released from the lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of Haemophilus influenzae nontypable strain 2019 by mild acid hydrolysis were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography and analyzed by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry. The major component of the heterogeneous mixture was found to be a hexasaccharide of Mr 1366, which lost two phosphoethanolamine groups upon treatment with 48% aqueous HF. The dephosphorylated hexasaccharide was purified and shown by tandem mass spectrometry, composition analysis, methylation analysis, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance studies to be Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----(Hep alpha 1----2Hep alpha 1----3) 4Hep alpha 1----5anhydro-KDO, where Hep is L-glycero-D-manno-heptose and KDO is 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid. An analogous structure containing authentic KDO was generated from LOS that had been HF-treated prior to acetic acid hydrolysis, suggesting that the reducing terminal anhydro-KDO moiety is produced as an artifact of the hydrolysis procedure by beta-elimination of a phosphate substituent from C-4 of KDO. Mass spectral analyses of O-deacylated LOS and free lipid A confirmed that, in addition to the two phosphoethanolamines on the oligosaccharide and two phosphates on the lipid A, another phosphate group exists on the KDO. This KDO does not appear to be further substituted with additional KDO residues in intact H. influenzae 2019 LOS. The terminal disaccharide epitope, Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----, of the hexasaccharide is also present on lactosylceramide, a precursor to human blood group antigens. It is postulated that the presence of this structure on H. influenzae LOS may represent a form of host mimicry by the pathogen.
Iron Causes Interactions of TAK1, p21ras, and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Caveolae to Activate IκB Kinase in Hepatic Macrophages (2006)

We recently discovered a novel signaling phenomenon involving a rapid and transient rise in intracellular low molecular weight iron complex(es) in activation of IkappaB kinase (IKK) in hepatic macrophages. We also showed direct treatment with ferrous iron substitutes for this event to activate IKK. The present study used this model to identify upstream kinases responsible for IKK activation. IKK activation induced by iron is abrogated by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant (DN) for transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and by treatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase-1 (MEK1) inhibitor. Iron increases AKT phosphorylation that is prevented by DNTAK1 or DNp21ras. Iron causes ERK1/2 phosphorylation that is attenuated by DN-PI3K, prevented by DNp21ras, but unaffected by DNTAK1. Iron-induced TAK1 activity is not affected by the PI3K or MEK1 inhibitor, suggesting TAK1 is upstream of PI3K and MEK1. Iron increases interactions of TAK1 and PI3K with p21ras as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization of these proteins with caveolin-1 as shown by immunofluorescent microscopy. Finally, filipin III, a caveolae inhibitor, abrogates iron-induced TAK1 and IKK activation. In conclusion, MEK1, TAK1, NF-kappa-inducing kinase, and PI3K are required for iron-induced IKK activation in hepatic macrophages and TAK1, PI3K, and p21ras physically interact in caveolae to initiate signal transduction.
Is intensive care becoming too intensive? (1977)

Each month some new iatrogenic complication of intensive care is reported.1,2 One begins to wonder if our care may not be getting too intensive, to the point that we are paying no attention to the possible therapeutic value of rest and sleep. The sleeping, quiescent fetus develops in an intrauterine environment of low, but relatively stable, oxygen tension. The sick, prematurely born infant enters an environment vastly different from that to which he/she is accustomed. Picture yourself in a brightly lit room, nude, defenseless, and your eyes hurting from silver nitrate. You are blindfolded, chilly, and surrounded by a tepid fog.
Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier engine systems (1988)

This handbook has been prepared by the Solar Energy Research Institute under the US Department of Energy /bold Solar Technical Information Program/. It is intended as a guide to the design, testing, operation, and manufacture of small-scale (less than 200 kW (270 hp)) gasifiers. A great deal of the information will be useful for all levels of biomass gasification. The handbook is meant to be a practical guide to gasifier systems, and a minimum amount of space is devoted to questions of more theoretical interest.
STUDIES ON COFFEE ROASTING PROCESS BY MEANS OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (2010)

ABSTRACT The chemical composition of coffee has been widely investigated, focusing the attention both on main components and trace compounds. Most of these studies have been performed by using liquid and gas chromatography, eventually combined with mass spectroscometry. These techniques, although straight and effective, are time demanding due to the sample pretreatments. Here, we propose high‐resolution‐magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR‐MAS NMR), a system capable of acquiring highly resolved NMR spectra of gel‐like and suspension samples. This approach allowed us to determine the chemical composition of coarsely ground coffee beans of two varieties: Arabica and Robusta. Variation of the concentration of relevant species was monitored as a function of roasting temperature, from green beans to completely roasted. The HR‐MAS NMR tool demonstrated to be very powerful for quick chemical composition determination, opening up possibilities for novel applications of this approach in food quality control. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Food quality control needs novel and press‐button applications. High‐resolution‐magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance contains such requirements, since it can analyze suspension and gel‐like samples, providing a chemical characterization with minor, or, in most cases, no chemical and physical pretreatment operations. The application proposed here concerns the examination of relevant molecules in coffee beans as a function of the roasting temperature. This can be used for a quality check of the final product, and such approach has a general suitability, being functional for almost all foodstuff, fresh and transformed.
Edible oleogels based on water soluble food polymers: preparation, characterization and potential application (2014)

Oil structuring using food-approved polymers is an emerging strategy and holds significant promise in the area of food and nutrition. In the current study, edible oleogels (containing >97 wt% of sunflower oil) were prepared using a combination of water soluble food polymers (methylcellulose and xanthan gum) and further evaluated for potential application as a shortening alternative. Microstructure studies (including cryo-SEM) and rheology measurements were conducted to gain more insights into the properties of these new types of oleogels. In addition, the functionality of oleogel as a shortening alternative was studied in terms of batter properties and the texture analysis of cakes and compared to the reference batches made using either oil, commercial shortening or cake margarine. Interestingly, while the batter properties (air incorporation, rheology and microstructure) of the oleogel batch were more close to the oil batch, the textural properties of cakes were significantly better than oil and resembled more to the cakes prepared using shortening and margarine.
Interference Suppression for Next Generation Wireless Systems (2009)

Future wireless communication systems being characterized by tight frequency reuse, adaptive modulation and coding schemes and diversified data services will be interference limited by the interfering signals of diverse rates and strengths. Frequency reuse factor of 1 being proposed for the next generation mobile systems will lead to 1 or 2 dominant interferers. We propose in this paper a low complexity maximum likelihood (ML) demodulator for interference suppression. The proposed demodulator is also applicable to general multi-stream (spatially multiplexed) MIMO systems where it reduces one complex dimension of the system i.e. the complexity of ML detection reduces from O (|chi| <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eta</sup> ) to O(|chi| <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eta-1</sup> ) where n is number of transmit antennas/spatial streams. This is a fundamental result as space and technology constraints shall be restricting future MIMO systems to low dimensionality. Therefore reduction of one complex dimension in detection shall enable implementation of ML detectors at the receivers. We look at the performance of linear MMSE demodulator and the proposed demodulator in the presence of interferers of diverse strengths and rates and simulation results demonstrate much improved performance of the proposed demodulator for interference suppression.
Chemistry and biology of resorcylic acid lactones (2006)

While resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) have been known for a long time, the more recent discoveries that radicicol is a potent and selective HSP90 inhibitor while other members such as hypothemycin, LL-Z1640-2 and LL-783,277 are potent kinase inhibitors have stimulated a renewed interest in this family of natural products. The recent developments regarding the chemistry and biology of RALs are reviewed.
Low threshold FS-BH laser on <i>p</i> -InP substrate grown by all-MOCVD (1992)

A novel FS-BH laser structure using the selective growth characteristics of MOCVD on crystal facets has been developed. A threshold current as low as 12 mA and output power of 40 mW under CW operation have been achieved in the laser.
An approach to automatic text summarization using WordNet (2014)

Text Summarization is the procedure by which the significant portions of a text are retrieved. Most of the approaches perform the summarization based on some hand tagged rules, such as format of the writing of a sentence, position of a sentence in the text, frequency of few particular words in a sentence etc. But according to different input sources, these pre-defined constraints greatly affect the result. The proposed approach performs the summarization task by unsupervised learning methodology. The importance of a sentence in an input text is evaluated by the help of Simplified Lesk algorithm. As an online semantic dictionary WordNet is used. First, this approach evaluates the weights of all the sentences of a text separately using the Simplified Lesk algorithm and arranges them in decreasing order according to their weights. Next, according to the given percentage of summarization, a particular number of sentences are selected from that ordered list. The proposed approach gives best results upto 50% summarization of the original text and gives satisfactory result even upto 25% summarization of the original text.
The Combination of Vemurafenib and Procaspase-3 Activation Is Synergistic in Mutant BRAF Melanomas (2016)

The development of vemurafenib resistance limits the long-term efficacy of this drug for treatment of metastatic melanomas with the (V600E)BRAF mutation. Inhibition of downstream MAPK signaling with vemurafenib induces apoptotic cell death mediated by caspase-3, suggesting that addition of a procaspase-3 activator could enhance anticancer effects. Here, we show that the combination of PAC-1, a procaspase-activating compound, and vemurafenib is highly synergistic in enhancing caspase-3 activity and apoptotic cell death in melanoma cell lines harboring the (V600E)BRAF mutation. In vivo, the combination displays a favorable safety profile in mice and exerts significant antitumor effects. We further demonstrate that addition of PAC-1 to the clinically useful combination of vemurafenib and a MEK inhibitor, trametinib, starkly enhances the caspase-3 activity and proapoptotic effect of the combination. Moreover, addition of low concentration PAC-1 also delays the regrowth of cells following treatment with vemurafenib. Finally, PAC-1 remains potent against vemurafenib-resistant A375VR cells in cell culture and synergizes with vemurafenib to exert antitumor effects on A375VR cell growth in vivo Collectively, our data suggest that inhibition of MAPK signaling combined with concurrent procaspase-3 activation is an effective strategy to enhance the antitumor activity of vemurafenib and mitigate the development of resistance. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(8); 1859-69. ©2016 AACR.
Study on a Combined Demand Forecasting Model of the Supply Chain (2006)

This paper presents a combined forecasting model for uncertain demands based on rough set (RS) and radial basic function (RBF) network. First, RBF network is introduced to work on the historical data and extrapolate future demands. Then attributes reduction of the RS is applied to analyze the datasheet and draw the kernel index set from it. The forecasting results are obtained with a combination of the above two methods. The combined model is tested with real historical data collected from a large firm in the automobile industry, and it produces more precise results than the RBF model
Increased Expression of Drug-metabolizing Enzymes in Human Hepatocarcinoma FLC-4 Cells Cultured on Micro-space Cell Culture Plates (2012)

Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines cultured in a monolayer show negligible activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Here, we show that culture of human hepatocellular carcinoma FLC-4 cells on 24-well plates arrayed with uniform micro-sized compartments on the bottom of the plates (micro-space cell culture plates) resulted in increased expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, etc.) and nuclear receptors (pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, etc.). When cells were treated with a typical CYP3A substrate (triazolam), CYP2C9 substrate (diclofenac) or UGT1A1 substrate (SN-38), large amounts of their metabolites were detected in the medium of cells cultured on micro-space cell culture plates. The formation of metabolites from triazolam, diclofenac and SN-38 was strongly inhibited by co-treatment with a CYP3A inhibitor (ketoconazole), CYP2C9 inhibitor (sulfaphenazole) and UGT1A1 inhibitor (ketoconazole), respectively. On the other hand, formation of metabolites was not observed in the medium of cells cultured in a monolayer. Finally, the cytotoxic effect of aflatoxin B1 was more potent in cells cultured on micro-space cell culture plates than in cells cultured in a monolayer. The results suggest that FLC-4 cells cultured on micro-space cell culture plates are useful for studying drug metabolism and drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
Research and Development of Integration of Graph, Model and Database Tool in Power Plant Relay Protection Intelligent Setting Calculation System (2010)

In order to make the power plant relay protection setting calculation system more intelligent, Integration of Graph, Model and Database Tool (IGMD) are developed to implement primitive modeling, typical power plant design template modeling, text discription modeling and external pattern recognition modeling, among which typical power plant design template modeling and text discription modeling is semiauto and external pattern recognition modeling, based on the recognition of DXF files is supermatic. Reducing manual operation and improving efficiency, the IGMD has great value in both theory and practice.
Perspective on the Host Requirements RFCs (1989)

This RFC is for information only; it does not constitute a standard, draft standard, or proposed standard, and it does not define a protocol.
Unexpected polymerization mechanism of dilignol in the lignin growing (2019)

Lignin is an essential component of higher plants, which is built by the enzymatic dehydrogenative polymerization of monolignols. First, monolignol is enzymatically oxidized to produce the phenoxy radical, which can form resonance hybrids. Two radical resonant hybrids are coupled with each other to yield dilignol with various linkage types, of which the main structures are β-<i>O</i>-4' (<b>I</b>), β-5' (<b>II</b>) and β-β' (<b>III</b>). However, the reaction mechanism behind the addition lignol radicals to dilignol is not yet fully understood. Here, we show an unexpected reaction with structure <b>II</b> during enzymatic dehydrogenative polymerization, which involves cleavage of a covalent linkage and creation of a new radical coupling site. This implied that the β-5 dilignol diversifies the growing pattern of lignin. This discovery elucidates a novel mechanism in lignin polymerization.
A 0.6 V 12 b 10 MS/s Low-Noise Asynchronous SAR-Assisted Time-Interleaved SAR (SATI-SAR) ADC (2016)

This paper presents an asynchronous SAR-assisted time-interleaved SAR (SATI-SAR) ADC as a suitable architecture in a low-supply-voltage condition. Settling-While-Conversion enabled by the Assist-ADC relaxes the DAC settling time requirement and makes it possible to insert a minimized capacitor shuffling logic with no speed penalty. A proposed gain-boosting dynamic pre-amplifier enhances the noise performance of the comparator and a self time-reference generation function is embedded in the pre-amplifier for a speed-enhanced asynchronous decision. A proposed dual-mode clock generator generates a low-jitter fixed-width sampling pulse for high-frequency operation while it generates a low-power-but-low-quality clock for low-frequency operation. With the dual-mode clock generator enabled, a prototype 65 nm CMOS 0.6 V 12 b 10 MS/s ADC achieves an ENOB of 10.4 at a Nyquist-rate input, and the peaks of DNL and INL are measured to be 0.24 LSB and 0.45 LSB, respectively. The FoM is 6.2 fJ/conversion-step with a power consumption of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$83~\mu \text {W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The ADC operates under the lowest supply voltage of 0.6 V among comparable designs with ENOBs over 10 and conversion rates over 1 MS/s.
Corner-stitched tiles with curved boundaries (circuit layout) (1993)

Two generalizations of the classic corner-stitched data structure for planar polygonal layouts to geometrics including circles or arbitrary curved shapes are introduced and analyzed. Such an extended data structure can be built with just the additional space required to store the more complicated curved boundaries. Alternatively, the definition of the curved shapes may also be based on geometrical area mapping similar to those used in finite-element methods. The tradeoffs between different encoding schemes that minimize either overall data storage needs or the complexity of individual tiles are discussed. The topology of the linkage of tiles by the corner-stitching pointers is equivalent to that of simpler patterns with trapezoidal tiles, but the various tests and operations running on this data structure may become considerably more complicated, and the achievable runtimes will be highly implementation dependent.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonlinear Aircraft Flight Control (1996)

This paper describes an approach for incorporating a neural network with real-time learning capability in a flight control architecture. The architecture is also applicable, in general, for the control of processes described by nonlinear differential equations of motion in which there exists a control for each degree of freedom. The main features are that the defining equations of motion for the process to be controlled are poorly known with respect to their functional forms, and that the functional forms, themselves, may undergo sudden and unexpected variation. It is well known that such systems are difficult to control, particularly when the effect of the control action enters nonlinearly. Numerical results based on 6DOF simulations of a high performance aircraft are presented to illustrate the potential benefits of incorporating neural networks as a part of a flight control system architecture.
Intersubband relaxation in GaAs-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>As quantum well structures observed directly by an infrared bleaching technique (1987)

Direct intersubband excitations in narrow, modulation doped GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As quantum well structures are studied by picosecond infrared spectroscopy. The bleaching of the intersubband absorption induced by a high-intensity picosecond pump pulse, is studied by a delayed probe pulse. Typical intersubband relaxation times are of the order of 10 ps at 300 K for a subband splitting of about 150 meV. Polar LO-phonon scattering is discussed as the most relevant relaxation mechanism.
Analysis of volatiles in fluid inclusions by direct online crushing mass spectrometry (2011)

A new tool has been increasingly used in organic geochemistry; it is the application of fluid inclusions hosted in minerals, mainly quartz, from rock samples recovered in basin wells. In this paper we develop a new practical screening method to identify the presence of petroleum in fluid inclusions from siliciclastic and carbonatic minerals. The method is called detection of petroleum inclusions and allows analyzing the presence of volatiles in oil fluid inclusions extracted by online crushing from cuttings samples. This method offers the advantage of working with solid samples, as a micro-scaled sealed vessel (MSSV) system. Moreover it is simple, relatively fast and presents a satisfactory reproducibility. For the successful analysis it is essential to carefully control the analytical procedures, including the cleaning of samples and blank runs. Results were compared with previously reported methods