gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method for making MO sub 4 S sub 4 L sub 6 (1992)

This patent describes a method for preparing a compound having the formula Mo{sub 4}S{sub 4}L{sub 6}, wherein L is a dithioacid or mixtures thereof. It comprises heating a solution of a compound having the formula MoL{sub 4}, wherein L is a ligand selected from dithioacid and mixtures thereof, the heating being at a temperature and for a time sufficient to form the Mo{sub 4}S{sub 4}L{sub 6} compound.
Use of the Quorum‐Sensing Inhibitor RNAIII‐Inhibiting Peptide to Prevent Biofilm Formation In Vivo by Drug‐Resistant<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (2003)

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a frequent cause of infections associated with foreign bodies and indwelling medical devices. The bacteria are capable of surviving antibiotic treatment through encapsulation into biofilms. RNAIII-inhibiting peptide (RIP) is a heptapeptide that inhibits S. aureus pathogenesis by disrupting quorum-sensing mechanisms. In this study, RIP inhibited drug-resistant S. epidermidis biofilm formation through a mechanism similar to that evidenced for S. aureus. RIP is synergistic with antibiotics in eliminating 100% of graft-associated in vivo S. epidermidis infections, which suggests that RIP may be used to coat medical devices to prevent staphylococcal infections. Disruption of cell-cell communication can prevent infections associated with antibiotic-resistant strains.
Wideband measurements of thermal noise in condenser microphones (1990)

The thermal noise of condenser microphones was measured in an instrumentation system incorporating a novel vacuum-isolation vessel (see preceding abstract), at an isolation pressure of 10−5 Tort, and an FFT spectrum analyzer, covering a frequency band from 1 Hz to 25.6 kHz. The contributions to the thermal noise include the mechanical Johnson noise (due to the Brownian motion of air molecules impinging on the microphone membrane), preamplifier noise (1/f and 1/f2 components), and background noise from the analyzer itself. Measurements on a dummy microphone, having the same capacitance as the corresponding measurement microphone, permit the mechanical Johnson noise to be isolated. The experimental results are compared to a theoretical analysis by Tarnow [B&K Tech. Rev. 3-1972].
Evanescent-wave proton postaccelerator driven by intense THz pulse (2014)

Hadron therapy motivates research dealing with the production of particle beams with $\ensuremath{\sim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/\text{nucleon}$ energy and relative energy fluctuation on the order of 1%. Laser-driven accelerators produce ion beams with only tens of $\mathrm{MeV}/\text{nucleon}$ energy and an extremely broad spectra. Here, a novel method is proposed for postacceleration and monochromatization of particles, leaving the laser-driven accelerator, by using intense THz pulses. It is based on further developing the idea of using the evanescent field of electromagnetic waves between a pair of dielectric crystals. Simple model calculations show that the energy of a proton bunch can be increased from 40 to 56 MeV in five stages and its initially broad energy distribution can be significantly narrowed down.
Primary Structure and Characterization of an Exopolygalacturonase from <i>Aspergillus Tubingensis</i> (1996)

From the culture fluid of the hyphal fungus Aspergillus tubingensis, an exopolygalacturonase with a molecular mass of 78 kDa, an isoelectric point in the pH-range 3.7-4.4 and a pH optimum of 4.2 was purified. The enzyme has been characterized as an exopolygalacturonase [poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide)galacturonohydrolase] that cleaves monomer units from the non-reducing end of the substrate molecule. K(m) and Vmax for polygalacturonic acid hydrolysis were 3.2 mg ml-1 and 3.1 mg ml-1 and 255 U mg-1 and 262 U mg-1 for the wild-type and recombinant enzymes, respectively. The kinetic data of exopolygalacturonase on oligogalacturonates of different degree of polymerization (2-7) were interpreted in terms of a subsite model to obtain more insight into catalysis and substrate binding. On oligogalacturonates of different degrees of polymerization (2-7), the Michaelis constant (K(m)) decreased with increasing chain length (n). The Vmax value increased with chain length up to n = 4, then reached a plateau value. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by galacturonic acid (Ki = 0.3 mM) as well as by reduced digalacturonate (Ki = 0.4 mM). The exopolygalacturonase gene (pgaX) was cloned by reverse genetics and shows only 13% overall amino acid sequence identity with A. niger endopolygalacturonases. The exopolygalacturonase is most related to plant polygalacturonases. Only four small stretches of amino acids are conserved between all known endogalacturonases and exopolygalacturonases. Expression of the pgaX gene is inducible with galacturonic acid and is subject to catabolite repression. A fusion between the promoter of the A. niger glycolytic gene encoding pyruvate kinase and the pgaX-coding region was used to achieve high level production of exopolygalacturonase under conditions where no endopolygalacturonases were produced.
The Pattern of Cortical Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of a Schizophrenia-Related Microdeletion (2013)

We used a mouse model of the schizophrenia-predisposing 22q11.2 microdeletion to evaluate how this genetic lesion affects cortical neural circuits at the synaptic, cellular, and molecular levels. Guided by cognitive deficits, we demonstrated that mutant mice display robust deficits in high-frequency synaptic transmission and short-term plasticity (synaptic depression and potentiation), as well as alterations in long-term plasticity and dendritic spine stability. Apart from previously reported reduction in dendritic complexity of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, altered synaptic plasticity occurs in the context of relatively circumscribed and often subtle cytoarchitectural changes in neuronal density and inhibitory neuron numbers. We confirmed the pronounced DiGeorge critical region 8 (Dgcr8)-dependent deficits in primary micro-RNA processing and identified additional changes in gene expression and RNA splicing that may underlie the effects of this mutation. Reduction in Dgcr8 levels appears to be a major driver of altered short-term synaptic plasticity in prefrontal cortex and working memory but not of long-term plasticity and cytoarchitecture. Our findings inform the cortical synaptic and neuronal mechanisms of working memory impairment in the context of psychiatric disorders. They also provide insight into the link between micro-RNA dysregulation and genetic liability to schizophrenia and cognitive dysfunction.
High Voltage Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitors for Use at High Temperatures (2013)

Multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) rated to 200Vdc for use at 200 o C were developed using a high temperature C0G dielectric technology compatible with nickel electrodes. To meet the need for improved pulse detonator performance larger case size (2824 to 4540) capacitors rated to 2000Vdc at 200 o C were then developed using this technology. The growing demand for higher temperature electronics capable of exploiting new reserves of oil and natural gas led us to develop a range of smaller case (0805 to 2225), high voltage designs (> 500V to 2000V). The electrical characteristics of these surface mounted MLCC, such as insulation resistance, voltage breakdown, impedance and ESR, are described. The basic properties of some selected capacitors are compared to MLCC made with precious metal electrodes at high temperatures to explain the performance enhancements of this new product range. Reliability data at 200 o C is presented for some MLCC examples from the new product range and the mechanisms associated with reliable high temperature performance are reviewed. This new range of MLCC will allow designers of high temperature electronics to realize reliable, miniaturized circuit designs with stable capacitance at high voltage and high temperature.
Development of the selective hydrophobic coagulation process. Technical progess report for the eighth quarter, 1 July 1993--30 September 1993 (1993)

A novel technique for selectively coagulating and separating coal from dispersed mineral matter has been developed at Virginia Tech. The process, known as Selective Hydrophobic Coagulation (SHC), has been studied under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy since 1986. The SHC process differs from oil agglomeration, shear flocculation, polymer flocculation, and electrolytic coagulation processes in that it does not require reagents or additives to induce the formation of coagula. Often, simple pH control is all that is required to (i) induce the coagulation of coal particles, and (ii) effectively disperse particles of mineral matter. When the coal is superficially oxidized, a small dosage of reagents may be used to promote coagulation. During the past quarter, work was completed on the prediction of optimum conditions for the SHC process using the extended DLVO equation (Subtask 2.3). In addition, the evaluation of the lamella thickener for separating hydrophobic coagula from dispersed mineral matter was completed. Work is now underway to complete the evaluation of other separation devices including a vacuum filter, flotation column and centrifuge (Subtask 3.3).
High-performance, widely tunable, single-mode, mid-infrared distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers (1998)

Summary form only given. Quantum cascade (QC) lasers are a new type of semiconductor laser for the mid-infrared based on electronic intersubband transitions. Because of their high power output and above room temperature (RT) operation, QC lasers are prime candidates for laser-based portable and stand-alone environmental monitoring systems. For gas spectroscopy the lasers have to operate with stable single-mode emission and controlled tunability. We here present the first cw QC-distributed feedback (DFB) lasers operating in both atmospheric windows at 5.3 /spl mu/m and 8.5 /spl mu/m, as well as dramatic performance improvements in pulsed QC-DFB lasers using an index-coupled grating.
Angiogenin Mutants as Novel Effector Molecules For the Generation of Fusion Proteins With Increased Cytotoxic Potential (2015)

Human cytolytic fusion proteins (hCFPs) are therapeutically efficacious recombinant polypeptides comprising a target cell-specific binding component and a human effector domain that induces apoptosis. Compared with former generations of immunotoxins, which contain immunogenic cytotoxic domains derived from bacteria or plants, hCFPs contain solely human proteins that do not induce an immune response, thus avoiding the development of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we investigated the suitability of human angiogenin (Ang) mutants as effector domains. We engineered 3 different Ang variants that outperformed the wild-type enzyme by replacing amino acid residues with key roles in the protein's catalytic activity and its interaction with the ribonuclease inhibitor RNH1. The cytotoxic potential of these mutants was compared with wild-type Ang by fusing each to the CD64-specific single-chain variable fragment H22. All hCFPs were successfully expressed in HEK293T cells and purified from the cell culture supernatant by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The Ang mutant-based hCFPs showed normal binding activity towards human interferon-γ-stimulated CD64 HL-60 cells and activated human macrophages isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but increased cytotoxicity based on reduced affinity towards RNH1 and higher ribonucleolytic activity.
Biosynthesis of Nonimmunosuppressive FK506 Analogues with Antifungal Activity (2019)

A reduction in the strong immunosuppressive activity of FK506 (<b>1</b>) is essential for developing this compound as an antifungal agent. Seven new FK506 analogues modified at both the FK506-binding protein 12- and the calcineurin-binding regions were biosynthesized. 9-DeoxoFK520 (<b>7</b>) exhibited a >900-fold reduction in the <i>in vitro</i> immunosuppressive activity but maintained significant antifungal activity, indicating that the C-9 and C-21 positions are critical for separation of immunosuppressive and antifungal activities. <b>7</b> exhibited robust synergistic antifungal activity with fluconazole. FK506 (<b>1</b>) is a 23-membered macrolide produced by several <i>Streptomyces</i> species and is used as an immunosuppressive drug to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. FK506 has also exhibited antifungal, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative activities. In humans, FK506 binds to FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 12, and the resulting FKBP12-FK506 complex interacts with a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin (CaN). Inactivation of CaN by forming the FKBP12-FK506-CaN ternary complex prevents the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT), inhibiting the production of interleukin-2 and subsequent T-cell proliferation. This CaN signaling pathway also plays a critical role in the growth and pathogenesis of major fungal pathogens such as <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>, <i>Candida albicans</i>, and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>. Therefore, the synthesis of FK506 analogues that can discriminate human FKBP12/CaN from its fungal counterparts may separate antifungal activity from the immunosuppressive activity, thereby allowing the development of a novel antifungal agent.
Three-Dimensional Printing of Highly Conductive Carbon Nanotube Microarchitectures with Fluid Ink (2016)

Moving printed electronics to three dimensions essentially requires advanced additive manufacturing techniques yielding multifunctionality materials and high spatial resolution. Here, we report the meniscus-guided 3D printing of highly conductive multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) microarchitectures that exploit rapid solidification of a fluid ink meniscus formed by pulling a micronozzle. To achieve high-quality printing with continuous ink flow through a confined nozzle geometry, that is, without agglomeration and nozzle clogging, we design a polyvinylpyrrolidone-wrapped MWNT ink with uniform dispersion and appropriate rheological properties. The developed technique can produce various desired 3D microstructures, with a high MWNT concentration of up to 75 wt % being obtained via post-thermal treatment. Successful demonstrations of electronic components such as sensing transducers, emitters, and radio frequency inductors are also described herein. We expect that the technique presented in this study will facilitate selection of diverse materials in 3D printing and enhance the freedom of integration for advanced conceptual devices.
Simple Control of Photovoltaic Generator Systems with High-Speed Maximum Power Point Tracking Operation (2007)

A simple control method for photovoltaic power generation systems is proposed. This achieves very-high-speed maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT): the controller finds out the optimal operating point within 2 milliseconds. Although this control method is based on the so-called “perturb-and-observe method”, the perturbing signal generator for MPPT operation is not necessary; switching ripples by the DC/DC converter are used as the perturbing signal. This controller measures the photovoltaic array power and tracks the optimal point with consideration of dynamic characteristics of the arrays. The proposed controller is cost effective because it can be implemented by a simple analog circuit; the controller is simplified in comparison with the conventional methods. The high performance of the proposed method is verified by experiment.
Adaptive space-time equalization for rapidly fading communication channels (2002)

A linear space-time equalizer structure is described for reverse link adaptive antenna arrays. A new algorithm is proposed for updating the equalizer weights based on the SINR cost function. Experiments complying with the up-banded IS-136 standard demonstrate that the new method is able to improve signal quality and increase network capacity in a rapidly fading, interference-dominated propagation environment. Theoretical and practical results suggest that SINR-based algorithms perform better than MSE-based algorithms such as RLS.
Probing lung physiology with xenon polarization transfer contrast (XTC) (2000)

One of the major goals of hyperpolarized-gas MRI has been to obtain (129)Xe dissolved-phase images in humans. So far, this goal has remained elusive, mainly due to the low concentration of xenon that dissolves in tissue. A method is proposed and demonstrated in dogs that allows information about the dissolved phase to be obtained by imaging the gas phase following the application of a series of RF pulses that selectively destroy the longitudinal magnetization of xenon dissolved in the lung parenchyma. During the delay time between consecutive RF pulses, the depolarized xenon rapidly exchanges with the gas phase, thus lowering the gas polarization. It is demonstrated that the resulting contrast in the (129)Xe gas image provides information about the local tissue density. It is further argued that minor pulse-sequence modifications may provide information about the alveolar surface area or lung perfusion.
Metabolism <i>in vivo</i> of all-trans-[11-3H]retinoic acid after an oral dose in rats. Characterization of retinoyl <i>β</i>-glucuronide in the blood and other tissues (1991)

Soon after [11-3H]retinoic acid (RA) (1.1 x 10(8) d.p.m.) was administered orally to rats either as a large dose (115 micrograms = 0.38 mumol/rat) or mixed with unlabelled RA as a huge dose (22 mg = 73.33 mumol/rat), retinoyl beta-glucuronide (RAG) was identified and characterized as a significant metabolite in the serum and small intestine. Of the administered dose, 70% remained unchanged as retinoic acid in the stomach up to 1 h. Significant amounts of 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid, 4-hydroxyretinoic acid, esters of retinoic acid and several polar retinoids, including 4-oxoretinoic acid, were also detected in the stomach. No significant difference was observed in the nature of the retinoids found after a large or a huge dose; however, the ratio of RAG/RA was higher after a huge dose than after a large dose. Thus RAG, which is biologically active in vivo and in vitro, is formed quickly in significant amounts in tissues after a dose of RA.
A carbon nanotube field emission multipixel x-ray array source for microradiotherapy application (2011)

The authors report a carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission multipixel x-ray array source for microradiotherapy for cancer research. The developed multipixel x-ray array source has 50 individually controllable pixels and it has several distinct advantages over other irradiation source including high-temporal resolution (millisecond level), the ability to electronically shape the form, and intensity distribution of the radiation fields. The x-ray array was generated by a CNT cathode array (5×10) chip with electron field emission. A dose rate on the order of >1.2 Gy∕min per x-ray pixel beam is achieved at the center of the irradiated volume. The measured dose rate is in good agreement with the Monte Carlo simulation result.
Laser/Air Hybrid Ultrasonic Technique for Railroad Wheel Testing (2003)

Laser generation and air coupled detection of ultrasound were combined to produce a hybrid noncontact and remote ultrasonic technique. The technique is suitable for general testing of a number of structural materials. Using this hybrid technique, guided surface waves were generated to propagate along the flange, tread and rim edge of a railroad wheel. The waves complete one revolution around the circumference of the railroad wheel in 1 ms and interact with surface breaking discontinuities that are present on the various parts of the wheel. The flexibility and remote nature of this technique suggest that wayside testing of wheels on a moving train can be made possible.
Prospects for light-emitting diodes made of porous silicon from the blue to beyond 1.5 μm (1994)

Since the 1990 discovery that porous silicon emits bright photoluminescence in the red part of the spectrum, light-emitting devices (LEDs) made of light-emitting porous silicon (LEPSi) have been demonstrated, which could be used for optical displays, sensors or optical interconnects. In this paper, we discuss our work on the optical properties of LEPSi and progress towards commercial devices. LEPSi photoluminesces not only in the red- orange, but also throughout the entire visible spectrum, from the blue to the deep red, and in the infrared, well past 1.5 micrometers . The intense blue and infrared emissions are possible only after treatments such as high temperature oxidation or low temperature vacuum annealing. These new bands have quite different properties form the usual red-orange band and their possible origins are discussed. Different LED structures are then presented and compared and the prospects for commercial devices are examined.
Design, fabrication, and evaluation of on-chip micro-supercapacitors (2011)

Development of miniaturized electronic systems has stimulated the demand for miniaturized power sources that can be
integrated into such systems. Among the different micro power sources micro electrochemical energy storage and
conversion devices are particularly attractive because of their high efficiency and relatively high energy density.
Electrochemical micro-capacitors or micro-supercapacitors offer higher power density compared to micro-batteries and
micro-fuel cells. In this paper, development of on-chip micro-supercapacitors based on interdigitated C-MEMS electrode
microarrays is introduced. C-MEMS electrodes are employed both as electrode material for electric double layer
capacitor (EDLC) or as three dimensional (3D) current collectors of EDLC or pseudo-capacitive materials. Recent
advancements in fabrication methods of C-MEMS based micro-supercapacitors are discussed and electrochemical
properties of C-MEMS electrodes and it composites are reviewed.
Downscaling Multiple Seismic Inversion Constraints to Fine-Scale Flow Models (2009)

Summary Well data reveal reservoir layering with high vertical resolution but are areally sparse, whereas seismic data have low vertical resolution but are areally dense. Improved reservoir models can be constructed by integrating these data. The proposed method combines stochastic seismic inversion results, finer-scale well data, and geologic continuity models to build ensembles of flow models. Stochastic seismic inversions operating at the mesoscale generate rock property estimates, such as porosity, that are consistent with regional rock physics and true-amplitude imaged seismic data. These can be used in a cascading workflow to generate ensembles of fine-scale reservoir models wherein each realization from the Bayesian seismic inversion is treated as an exact constraint for a subensemble of fine-scale models. Exact constraints ensure that relevant interproperty and interzone correlations implied by rock physics and seismic data are preserved in the downscaled models. Uncertainty in the rock physics and seismic response is included by using multiple stochastic inversions in a cascading workflow. In contrast, inexact constraints generally do not preserve these correlations. We use two-point covariance at the fine scale to provide prior model thickness and porosity distributions of multiple facies. A Bayesian formulation uses the kriged data as the prior with the coarse constraints as the likelihood, and this posterior is sampled using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method in a sequential simulation framework. These methods generate rich pinchout behavior and flexible spatial connectivities in the fine-scale model. These flow models are easily represented on a cornerpoint grid. 2D examples illustrate the interactions of prior and constraint data, and 3D examples demonstrate algorithm performance and the effects of stratigraphic variability on flow behavior.