gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnet/Hall-Effect Random-Access Memory (1991)

In proposed magnet/Hall-effect random-access memory (MHRAM), bits of data stored magnetically in Perm-alloy (or equivalent)-film memory elements and read out by using Hall-effect sensors to detect magnetization. Value of each bit represented by polarity of magnetization. Retains data for indefinite time or until data rewritten. Speed of Hall-effect sensors in MHRAM results in readout times of about 100 nanoseconds. Other characteristics include high immunity to ionizing radiation and storage densities of order 10(Sup6)bits/cm(Sup 2) or more.
SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF ORGANOSULFUR FROM COAL USING ACETONE-VATER MIXTURES (1992)

Abstract Binary mixtures of acetone and water at their supercritical conditions have been investigated for their ability to remove organic sulfur from high sulfur Midwestern coals. The reduction of organic sulfur from Ohio 5/6 and Indiana 5 coals has been as high as 61% (based on a BTU basis) The experiments have been carried out following a statistical experimental design and the optimal process conditions and discerning characteristics of the process have been identified. The solvent composition and the extraction conditions can be tailored in such a way as to selectively remove sulfur and further increase the calorific value of the treated coal.
A Broadband Achromatic Metalens (2018)

Metalens significantly suffers from chromatic aberration issue, which limits its applications on color images. Here we demonstrate the first broadband achromatic metalens in visible wavelength based on the concept of integrated-resonant unit elements (IRUEs).
Epitope Targeting of Tertiary Protein Structure Enables Target‐Guided Synthesis of a Potent In‐Cell Inhibitor of Botulinum Neurotoxin (2015)

Abstract Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype A is the most lethal known toxin and has an occluded structure, which prevents direct inhibition of its active site before it enters the cytosol. Target‐guided synthesis by in situ click chemistry is combined with synthetic epitope targeting to exploit the tertiary structure of the BoNT protein as a landscape for assembling a competitive inhibitor. A substrate‐mimicking peptide macrocycle is used as a direct inhibitor of BoNT. An epitope‐targeting in situ click screen is utilized to identify a second peptide macrocycle ligand that binds to an epitope that, in the folded BoNT structure, is active‐site‐adjacent. A second in situ click screen identifies a molecular bridge between the two macrocycles. The resulting divalent inhibitor exhibits an in vitro inhibition constant of 165 p M against the BoNT/A catalytic chain. The inhibitor is carried into cells by the intact holotoxin, and demonstrates protection and rescue of BoNT intoxication in a human neuron model.
Software validation via scalable path-sensitive value flow analysis (2004)

In this paper, we present a new algorithm for tracking the flow of values through a program. Our algorithm represents a substantial improvement over the state of the art. Previously described value flow analyses that are control-flow sensitive do not scale well, nor do they eliminate value flow information from infeasible execution paths (i.e., they are path-insensitive). Our algorithm scales to large programs, and it is path-sensitive.The efficiency of our algorithm arises from three insights: The value flow problem can be "bit-vectorized" by tracking the flow of one value at a time; dataflow facts from different execution paths with the same value flow information can be merged; and information about complex aliasing that affects value flow can be plugged in from a different analysis.We have incorporated our analysis in ESP, a software validation tool. We have used ESP to validate the Windows operating system kernel (a million lines of code) against an important security property. This experience suggests that our algorithm scales to large programs, and is accurate enough to trace the flow of values in real code.
Development of a Virosome Vaccine for Newcastle Disease Virus (2003)

In an effort to protect chickens against Newcastle disease (ND), a nonreplicating virosome vaccine was produced by solubilization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with Triton X-100 followed by detergent removal with SM2 Bio-Beads. Biochemical analysis indicated that the NDV virosomes had similar characteristics as the parent virus and contained both the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins. To target the respiratory tract, specific-pathogen-free chickens were immunized intranasally and intratracheally with the NDV virosome vaccine. This vaccine was compared with a standard NDV (LaSota) live-virus vaccine for commercial poultry. Seroconversion (> or = four fold increase in hemagglutination inhibition [HI] antibody titers) was achieved in all birds vaccinated with the virosome vaccine. Upon lethal challenge with a velogenic NDV strain (Texas GB), all birds receiving either vaccination method were protected against death. Antibody levels against NDV, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HI titer, were comparable with either vaccine and increased after virus challenge. These results demonstrate the potential of virosomes as an effective tool for ND vaccination.
Routing XML queries (2004)

In file-sharing P2P networks, a fundamental problem is that of identifying databases that are relevant to user queries. This problem is referred to as the location problem in P2P literature. We propose a scalable solution to the location problem in a data-sharing P2P network, consisting of a network of XML database nodes and XML router nodes, and make the following contributions. We develop the internal organization and routing protocols for the XML router nodes, to enable scalable XPath query and update processing, under the open and the agreement cooperation models between nodes. Since router nodes tend to be memory constrained, we facilitate a space/performance tradeoff by permitting aggregated routing states, and developing algorithms for generating and using such aggregated information. We experimentally demonstrate the scalability of our approach, and the performance of our query and update protocols, using a detailed simulation model, varying key design parameters.
Conservative Mutations of Glutamine-125 in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase Result in a Ganciclovir Kinase with Minimal Deoxypyrimidine Kinase Activities (2000)

The herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) is the major anti-herpes virus pharmacological target, and it is being utilized in combination with the prodrug ganciclovir as a toxin gene therapeutic for cancer. One active-site amino acid, glutamine-125 (Gln-125), has been shown to form hydrogen bonds with bound thymidine, thymidylate, and ganciclovir in multiple X-ray crystal structures. To examine the role of Gln-125 in HSV-1 TK activity, three site-specific mutations of this residue to an aspartic acid, an asparagine, or a glutamic acid were introduced. These three mutants and wild-type HSV-1 TK were expressed in E. coli and partially purified and their enzymatic properties compared. In comparison to the Gln-125 HSV-1 TK, thymidylate kinase activity of all three mutants was decreased by over 90%. For thymidine kinase activity relative to Gln-125 enzyme, the K(m) of thymidine increased from 0.9 microM for the parent Gln-125 enzyme to 3 microM for the Glu-125 mutant, to 6000 microM for the Asp-125 mutant, and to 20 microM for the Asn-125 mutant. In contrast, the K(m) of ganciclovir decreased from 69 microM for the parent Gln-125 enzyme to 50 microM for the Asn-125 mutant and increased to 473 microM for the Glu-125 mutant. The Asp-125 enzyme was able to poorly phosphorylate ganciclovir, but with nonlinear kinetics. Molecular simulations of the wild-type and mutant HSV-1 TK active sites predict that the observed activities are due to loss of hydrogen bonding between thymidine and the mutant amino acids, while the potential for hydrogen bonding remains intact for ganciclovir binding. When expressed in two mammalian cell lines, the Glu-125 mutant led to GCV-mediated killing of one cell line, while the Asn-125 mutant was equally as effective as wild-type HSV-1 TK in metabolizing GCV and causing cell death in both cell lines.
A Portable Centrifuge for Point-of-Care Measurement of Hematocrit in Low-Resource Settings (2014)

A portable centrifuge was developed for point-of-care measurement of hematocrit in low-resource settings. The centrifuge consists of an electromechanical motor with performance optimized and controlled for centrifugal separation of blood in capillary tubes. The motor is powered by a set of rechargeable batteries and spins the samples at a controlled rate between 1000 and 15,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). Preliminary test results show that an accurate hematocrit reading can be made after operating the centrifuge for 110 seconds at 10,000 RPM. The centrifuge can be operated for almost three 8-hour work days at a 25% duty cycle when the batteries are fully charged, and it can measure hematocrits over the entire clinically relevant range with minimal experimental error. With a total system cost of less than $30, the portable centrifuge developed in this work has the potential to make a large impact on centrifugal separation applications such as the screening process for anemia in any clinical setting.
ChemInform Abstract: PURINE ACYCLIC NUCLEOSIDES. NITROGEN ISOSTERES OF 9‐((2‐HYDROXYETHOXY)METHYL) GUANINE AS CANDIDATE ANTIVIRALS (1982)

Abstract N‐Analoga (IV) von Zovirax (I) werden,wie im Formelschema skizziert, synthetisiert.
Nanolaminate Deformable Mirrors (2006)

The paper describes two similar deformable mirrors that will demonstrate the feasibility of nanolaminate-based deformable mirrors over a wide range of size scales. Two complementary technologies: high-spatial-density electrostatic actuators and thin, flexible, lightweight nanolaminate foils are combined. Electrostatic actuation of MEMS-like structures provides densely-spaced, repeatable deflections on the order of 10 mum. Nanolaminate foils provide a mirror surface that is simultaneously flexible enough to deform under electrostatic forces and tough enough to survive handling and bonding
Directional Plasmonic Image Sensors for Lens-Free Compound-Eye Vision (2018)

We describe a novel lens-free camera technology inspired by the compound-eye vision modality that combines ultrathin plasmonic metasurfaces to enable angle-resolved photodetection with computational imaging for wide field-of-view image reconstruction.
Coding for skew-tolerant parallel asynchronous communications (1993)

A communication channel consisting of several subchannels transmitting simultaneously and asynchronously is considered, an example being a board with several chips, where the subchannels are wires connecting the chips and differences in the lengths of the wires can result in asynchronous reception. A scheme that allows transmission without an acknowledgment of the message, therefore permitting pipelined communication and providing a higher bandwidth, is described. The scheme allows a certain number of transitions from a second message to arrive before reception of the current message has been completed, a condition called skew. Necessary and sufficient conditions for codes that can detect skew as well as for codes that are skew-tolerant, i.e. can correct the skew and allow continuous operation, are derived. Codes that satisfy the necessary and sufficient conditions are constructed, their optimality is studied, and efficient decoding algorithms are devised. Potential applications of the scheme are in on-chip, on-board, and board to board communications, enabling much higher communication bandwidth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Realization of high-efficiency/high-luminance small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes: synergistic effects of siloxane anode functionalization/hole-injection layers, and hole/exciton-blocking/electron-transport layers (2003)

High-efficiency/high-luminance small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are fabricated by combining thin, covalently-bound triarylamine hole injection/adhesion interlayers with hole- and exciton-blocking/electron transport interlayers in tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (III) (Alq)-based OLEDs. Power and forward external quantum efficiencies as high as 15.2 lm/W and 4.4±0.5%, respectively, and turn-on voltages ∼4.5 V are achieved in devices of the structure ITO/TPDSi2/NPB/Alq:DIQA/BCP/Li/MgAg [NPB=(N,N′-di(1-napthl)-N,N′-diphenyl benzidine)] TPDSi2 interlayers are straightforwardly fabricated by spin-casting N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′- bis(p-trichlorosilylpropylphenyl)(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine TPDSi2 onto the ITO surface, while 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) interlayers are introduced by thermal evaporation. High quantum efficiencies are attributed to the synergistic enhanced hole/electron injection and exciton confinement effects of the TPDSi2 and BCP interlayers, respectively.
III-V Nitride based triangular microcantilever heater for selective detection of organic vapors at low temperatures (2014)

Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are widely used in industrial processes and household products, is very important due to significant health hazards associated with them. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> The common techniques used for detecting VOCs often suffer from one or more of the following issues — high power consumption, limited selectivity, complicated functionalization technique and expensive characterization tools. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2–7</sup> In this work, we present an unfunctionalized AlGaN/GaN heterostructure based triangular microcantilever heater (TMH) sensor, which has been utilized to perform selective detection of a wide range of diluted VOCs below their auto-ignition temperature based on responses that are strongly correlated with their latent heat and dipole moment.
Blue Laser Diode System With an Enhanced Wavelength Tuning Range (2020)

A prism-based self-injection locked seamlessly tunable blue InGaN/GaN laser diode composite cavity system is presented. A rigorous analysis of this external cavity diode laser (ECDL) system is performed at two different optical feedback powers. At 130 mA low injection, the high reflection system (HRS) exhibits a record wideband tuning span of ~12.11 nm with a side-mode-suppression-ratio (SMSR) ≥ 15 dB, measuring as high as 40 dB, linewidth ≤110 pm, and a working power of about 3 mW. Whereas, a tuning range of 8 nm with linewidth ≤88 pm, SMSR ≥ 13 dB, reaching a maximum of 35 dB with 14.5 mW usable power is achieved from the low reflection system (LRS) at the same injection current. Moreover, an inverse relationship between the optical power and the tunability is observed in both the systems with a value as high as 180 mW exhibited by LRS configuration and attaining a tunability of 4.5 nm. Both systems highlight high stability even at higher injection currents and temperature. Such a robust, simple, and compact system may serve as a crucial light source in a plethora of diverse applications besides visible optical communications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a continuously tunable self-injection locked tunable laser system.
Thermoacoustic sound projectors using carbon nanotubes and other nanostructures (2013)

The application of solid-state fabricated carbon nanotube sheets as thermoacoustic (TA) projectors is extended from air to underwater applications. Due to non-resonant sound generation, the emission spectrum of nanotube sheets in air or underwater varies smoothly over a wide frequency range, 1-105 Hz. Encapsulating the nanotube sheet projectors using inert gases with low heat capacity provided attractive performance at needed low frequencies, as well as a realized energy conversion efficiency in air of 0.2% and 1.5% underwater, which can be enhanced by further increasing the modulation temperature. We suggest enhancement of sound generation efficiency of encapsulated device by using high quality resonant acoustical windows and modulation of high frequency carrier current with a low frequency resonant envelope. Applications of TA projectors for high power sonar arrays and transparent flexible loudspeakers will be discussed. Finally, the alternative nanostructures for excitation of thermoacoustic sound waves will be surveyed. [We gratefully acknowledge support by Office of Naval Research grant N00014-13-1-0180.]
Efficient Microstructural Design for Additive Manufacturing (2014)

A salient feature of additive manufacturing is that the cost of fabrication, to a large extent, is independent of geometric complexity. This opens new opportunities for custom-designing parts both at a macro and micro-level. An elegant and powerful method of designing custom-parts is through topology optimization. While the theory of topology optimization is well understood, current methods can be extraordinarily expensive. The focus of this paper is on efficient microstructural topology optimization for 3d-printing. In particular, the computational bottle-necks in microstructural topology optimization are identified. Then, a framework that not only eliminates these bottle-necks, but incorporates other significant improvements, is developed. The framework is demonstrated through numerical experiments involving microstructures with millions of degrees of freedom, using multi-core CPUs and NVidia GPU.
INSENSITIVE HIGH ENERGY BOOSTER PROPELLANT SUITABLE FOR HIGH PRESSURE OPERATION (2007)

Investigators at the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), China Lake, California, have developed a new family of high-energy Class 1.3 booster propellants by utilizing RDX, AP, and AN as the mixed oxidizers and aluminum as the metal fuel. The solid materials were incorporated into HTPE/BuNENA or HTCE/BuNENA binder and the resulting propellant exhibited good processing properties. In addition to desirable combustion properties, these propellants have good safety characteristics, as well as excellent mechanical attributes, that make them suitable to withstand demanding tactical environments. More importantly, these propellants burned at a rate of 0.5 in/s at 1,000 psia (12.7 mm/s at 6.895 MPa) and showed no pressure slope break up to 8,000 psi (55.15 MPa). Due to this desirable combustion characteristic, the potential performance of these propellants could be as much as 10 to 15% higher than that of conventional Class 1.3 HTPB/AP/aluminum propellants if they could be utilized for high-pressure operation.
Studies on Production of Lipids in Fungi. XVIII. (1987)

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a new method for analysis, separation and purification. It has the merits of both gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. In the present study, this method was used to separate esterified fatty acids containing lipids in fungi. The characteristics of SFC were compared with those of HPLC in the analysis of the fatty acid. The elution order of each ester was not found to obey the partition number of HPLC, but to depend on the modified partition number defined as (carbon number-2/3 x number of double bond). Further, this relation was affected by temperature, pressure and the addition of methanol.γ-Linolenic acid was present at about 58% in the lipids in the fungi. Operation conditions of SFC were studied for separating γ-linolenic acid from other fatty acids. The former was concentrated from 6% to 9799% by SFC at 35°C and pressures of 100 and 120 kg/cm2.
Quantification and automation of pulsed thermographic NDE (2001)

Until recently, thermographic methods for NDE have generally been quantitative, relying heavily on operator interpretation of image data. Although quantitative methods have been developed, they have generally required a priori knowledge of the sample physical properties, or identification of a defect free region within the field of view. Recent advances in pulsed thermography allow reference-free measurement of defect size, sample thickness and material properties without operator intervention or a priori knowledge of sample properties. An essential component of these advances are new signal processing methods based on both the spatial and temporal thermal response of the sample surface temperature to an instantaneous heat pulse. These methods provide a significant reduction in noise and blurring due to lateral diffusion of heat, and effectively increase the maximum penetration depth and spatial resolution beyond that of conventional thermography.
Exploring the Stereostructural Requirements of Peptide Ligands for the Melanocortin Receptors (2003)

The melanotropin peptides alpha-MSH, gamma-MSH, and beta-MSH are believed to be the natural ligands for the four melanocortin receptors, MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R. However, these peptides generally have low selectivity for these receptors. We report on some approaches to the development of selective agonists and antagonists peptide ligands for these receptors.
Low threshold, high <i>T</i>0 InGaAsP/InP 1.3 μm lasers grown on <i>p</i>-type InP substrates (1986)

InGaAsP lasers have typically exhibited an undesirably sensitive temperature dependence of threshold current. In this letter we propose and demonstrate a new epitaxial layer structure, utilizing two identical active regions grown on a p-type substrate, which overcomes this problem through improved carrier confinement. By growing both active regions with the same liquid phase epitaxial melt, low threshold (2–2.5 kA/cm2) and high T0 (106–180 K) have been achieved for the first time in gain-guided 1.3 μm lasers.
Organic Electronics: The Influence of Isomer Purity on Trap States and Performance of Organic Thin‐Film Transistors (Adv. Electron. Mater. 1/2017) (2017)

Organic field-effect transistors exhibit best their performance when the semiconductor film consists of a single-isomer. In devices containing a mixture of the syn and anti-isomers of 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl)-anthradithiophene, a peak appears in the density of states, suggesting that a discrete trapping state is present, as reported by P. J. Diemer et al. in article number 1600294. This is eliminated through vibration-assisted crystallization due to a vertical phase separation of the isomers.
Comparison of insulin autoantibody: polyethylene glycol and micro‐IAA 1‐day and 7‐day assays (2009)

The 7-day mIAA assay identifies a small but significant additional subset of individuals positive on the CIAA assay, while preserving specificity.
Colloidal Solution Combustion Synthesis: Toward Mass Production of a Crystalline Uniform Mesoporous CeO<sub>2</sub> Catalyst with Tunable Porosity (2016)

Mesoporous metal oxides with uniform porosity are of considerable interest. Their economical production on a large scale in an efficient manner, however, remains a challenging task for commercialization. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time a scalable, economic, energy and time efficient method for the synthesis of a crystalline mesoporous CeO2 catalyst with tailored porosity, by utilizing colloidal SiO2 as a template. The size and amount of colloidal particles can tune the porosity of the CeO2 nanostructure as well as alter the heat transfer and heat balance of combustion. As-prepared CeO2 possesses uniform 22 nm pores and a 0.6 mL/g pore volume, which is the largest pore volume for CeO2 reported. The obtained mesoporous CeO2 catalyst exhibited excellent activity for soot and carbon monoxide oxidation. In principle, this method can be applied to synthesize different high-porosity crystalline oxides, and mesoporous CuO was also successfully prepared, thus demonstrating the generality of the method.