gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Surface States in the Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Sensitizing Dye Molecules to Semiconductor Colloids (2000)

Investigations on the ultrafast electron injection mechanism from the dye alizarin to wide band gap semiconductor colloids in aqueous medium are presented, combined with detailed studies on population, depopulation, and relaxation phenomena in trap states and their influence on the injection process. Because of the very strong electronic coupling between dye and semiconductor in an alizarin/TiO2 system, a very fast electron injection from the excited dye to the conduction band of TiO2 is expected. Our measurements show an injection time τinj < 100 fs, suggesting that the electron transfer follows an adiabatic mechanism. Furthermore, we present experiments over a wide spectral range on the recombination reaction of the electron in the conduction band of the semiconductor colloid and the dye cation to the ground state. We find highly multiphasic recombination dynamics with time constants from 400 fs to the nanosecond time scale. The nonexponential character of the recombination reaction is attributed to fast relaxation processes. The crucial contribution of surface trap states and their influence on the observed dynamics was investigated with alizarin adsorbed on the insulating substrate ZrO2. Since the conduction band edge lies far above (≈1 eV) the S1 state of alizarin, the electron injection into this band is completely suppressed. Despite this fact our spectroscopic investigations show that on ultrafast time scales the formation of an alizarin cation occurs. This observation, is explained by fast electron injection into surface trap states near the docking site on the colloid. For the alizarin/ZrO2 system the time scale for the injection into these traps is determined to be faster than 100 fs. The relaxation processes in the traps and the repopulation of the S1 state occur within 450 fs, the subsequent ground-state relaxation takes 160 ps. The ultrafast injection dynamics into the traps, recorded for alizarin/ZrO2, underlines the importance of surface states for the initial charge separation also for systems with a lower band edge such as TiO2. We show that in the dye/ZrO2 system the process of electron injection is not suppressed but “stopped” after the ultrafast transition into trap states. It is therefore a valuable system for probing the electron dynamics in surface states.
Laminin and s‐laminin are produced and released by astrocytes, schwann cells, and schwannomas in culture (1991)

Components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been implicated in the regulation of neuronal migration, axonal growth, and synaptogenesis. We have examined cultures of glial cells, Schwann cells, and schwannomas for the expression of two components of the ECM, laminin and s-laminin, using immunohistochemical and Western blot techniques. Laminin is a potent promotor of neurite outgrowth in cultures of both central and peripheral neurons, and is present in all ECMs. In contrast, s-laminin (for synaptic laminin), a recently described homolog of laminin, is highly localized at the neuromuscular synaptic cleft (Sanes and Chiu, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1983;48:667-678; Chiu and Sanes, Dev. Biol. 1984;103:456-467) and shows selective adhesivity for motor neurons (Hunter et al. Cell 1989;59:905-913). While the distribution of these ECM components have been well documented in situ, the sources of these extracellular molecules are unclear. We report that astrocytes cultured in serum-free medium maintain an organized ECM that only bears laminin immunoreactivity; s-laminin appears to be sequestered intracellularly. However, both molecules are found in the astrocyte conditioned medium. Thus, under these growth conditions, astrocytes produce and release laminin and s-laminin, but only incorporate the former into an ECM. In contrast, neither molecule is present in comparable cultures of oligodendrocytes. Although no established ECM is seen in cultures of Schwann cells or schwannomas, laminin and s-laminin immunoreactivity are present within cells and in the conditioned media. These results indicate that certain populations of non-neuronal support cells and cell lines can produce and release both synaptic and extrasynaptic components of the ECM. The assembly of these different molecules into an organized basal lamina may require the presence of additional factors or interaction with neurons.
<title>New demodulation process to reduce cochannel interference for a laser vibrometer sensing system</title> (1998)

This paper presents a new demodulation method for the removal of cochannel interference found in a laser Doppler vibrometer sensing system. Since the sensitivity of such an optical system is impaired by interference arising from spurious scattering along the propagation path, an amplitude locked loop (ALL) was combined with a phase locked loop (PLL) in the system demodulator to improve the signal to noise ratio. The ALL is the mathematical dual of the PLL and is a unique circuit which operates on amplitude rather than phase. Experimental and mathematical research demonstrate that the incorporation of the ALL technology in the circuit demodulator of the optical system gave an improvement of over 10dB compared to current technology.
When Second Best Is Good Enough: Another Probabilistic Look at Saturation Mutagenesis (2011)

We developed new criteria for determining the library size in a saturation mutagenesis experiment. When the number of all possible distinct variants is large, any of the top-performing variants (e.g., any of the top three) is likely to meet the design requirements, so the probability that the library contains at least one of them is a sensible criterion for determining the library size. By using a criterion of this type, one may significantly reduce the library size and thus save costs and labor while minimally compromising the quality of the best variant discovered. We present the probabilistic tools underlying these criteria and use them to compare the efficiencies of four randomization schemes: NNN, which uses all 64 codons; NNB, which uses 48 codons; NNK, which uses 32 codons; and MAX, which assigns equal probabilities to each of the 20 amino acids. MAX was found to be the most efficient randomization scheme and NNN the least efficient. TopLib, a computer program for carrying out the related calculations, is available through a user-friendly Web server.
JAK2-STAT5 signaling (2013)

A recent article published by Britschgi et al. in Cancer Cell, "JAK2/STAT5 Inhibition Circumvents Resistance to PI3K/mTOR Blockade: A Rationale for Cotargeting These Pathways in Metastatic Breast Cancer," describes a positive feedback loop of JAK2/STAT5 activation that drives resistance to PI3K/mTOR inhibition in breast cancer. The authors found that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of JAK2 circumvents resistance to PI3K/mTOR inhibition and go on to show the efficacy of combined PI3K/mTOR and JAK2 inhibition on reducing cancer cell number, tumor growth, and metastasis as well as increasing in vivo survival. These results provide strong support for combination therapy with JAK2/STAT5 and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in breast cancer. Here we discuss how the article by Britschgi et al. proposes a novel mechanism to explain how breast cancer cells overcome inhibition of a key signaling pathway driving cell proliferation. We also discuss the interplay between activation of the transcription factors STAT5 and STAT3 in breast cancer.
<title>PRIMUS: an autonomous driving robot</title> (1999)

In the experimental program PRIMUS (PRogram of Intelligent Mobile Unmanned Systems) there shall be shown the autonomous driving of an unmanned robot in open terrain. The goal is to achieve the most possible degree of autonomy. A small tracked vehicle (Wiesel 2) is used as a robot vehicle. This tank is configured as a ,,drive by wire-system and is therefore well suited for the adaption of control computers. For navigation and orientation in open terrain a sensor package is integrated. To detect obstacles the scene in the driving corridor of the robot is scanned 4 times per second by a 3D-Range image camera (LADAR). The measured 3D-range image is converted into a 2D-obstacle map and used as input for calculation of an obstacle free path. The combination of local navigation (obstacle avoidance) and global navigation leads to a collission free driving in open terrain to a predefined goal point with a velocity of up to 25km/h. In addition a contour tracker with a TV-camera as sensor is implemented which allows to follow contours (edge of a meadow) or to drive on paved and unpaved roads with a velocity up to 50km/h.. Because of the driving in open terrain there are given high demands on the real time implementation of all the sub-functions in the system. For the most part the described functions will be coded in the programming language Ada. The software will be embedded in a distributed VMEbus-based multicomputer-/multiprocessor system. Up to 20 PowerPC 603 and some 68030/40-CPUs are used to build up a high performance computer system. The Hardware (HW) is adapted to the environmental conditions of the tracked vehicle.
Nonlinear elasticity and stress‐induced anisotropy in rock (1996)

The elastic nonlinear behavior of rocks as evidenced by deviations from Hooke's law in stress‐strain measurements, and attributable to the presence of mechanical defects (compliant features such as cracks, microfractures, grain joints), is a well‐established observation. The purpose of this paper is to make the connection between the elastic nonlinearity and stress‐induced effects on waves, in this case uniaxial‐stress‐induced transverse isotropy. The linear and nonlinear elastic coefficients constitute the most condensed manner in which to characterize the elastic behavior of the rock. We present both the second‐ and the third‐order nonlinear elastic constants obtained from experimental data on rock samples assumed homogeneous and isotropic when unstressed. As is normally the case, the third‐order (nonlinear) constants are found to be much larger than the second‐order (linear) elastic constants. Contrary to results from intact homogeneous solids (materials without mechanical defects), rocks exhibit weak to strong nonlinearity and always in the same manner (i.e., an increase of the moduli with pressure). As a consequence the stress‐induced P wave anisotropy and S wave birefringence can be large. The stress‐induced P wave anisotropy appears to be much larger than the S wave birefringence. The fast direction is parallel to the stress direction, and the anisotropy goes as sin 2 θ, θ being the angle between the propagation direction and the stress direction. Experiments on rocks indicate that at low applied stresses, the proportionality of the stress and the induced S birefringence and P anisotropy predicted by theory is well corroborated.
Association of progression-free or event-free survival with overall survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after immunochemotherapy: a systematic review (2020)

Abstract To investigate progression-free survival (PFS) and event-free survival (EFS) as early efficacy endpoints in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), this systematic review included phase III randomized controlled trials (RCTs), phase II trials, and retrospective studies in newly diagnosed DLBCL receiving rituximab-containing chemotherapy through databases search up to 2019. Quality control was performed, where studies with high risk of bias were excluded. Prediction models were first established using the RCTs, and then externally validated in the phase II and retrospective populations. Trial-level surrogacy analysis was conducted by correlating the logarithmic (log) hazard ratio (HR) for PFS or EFS and log HR for OS. Correlation analysis at treatment arm-level was performed between 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year PFS or EFS rates and 5-year OS. The correlation was evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient r in weighted linear regression, with weight equal to patient size. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the consistency of predictive model by leaving one subgroup of trials out at a time. Twenty-six phase III RCTs, 4 phase II trials and 47 retrospective studies were included. In trial-level surrogacy, PFS ( r , 0.772; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.471–0.913) or EFS ( r , 0.838; 95% CI, 0.625–0.938) were associated with OS. For rituximab immunochemotherapy treatment arms in RCTs, there was a linear correlation between 1 and 5-year PFS ( r , 0.813–0.873) or EFS ( r , 0.853–0.931) and 5-year OS. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated reasonable overall consistency. The correlation between PFS and OS was externally validated using independent phase II, and retrospective data ( r , 0.795–0.897). We recommend PFS and EFS as earlier efficacy endpoints in patients with DLBCL primarily treated with rituximab-containing immunochemotherapy.
A theory of multineuronal dimensionality, dynamics and measurement (2017)

Abstract In many experiments, neuroscientists tightly control behavior, record many trials, and obtain trial-averaged firing rates from hundreds of neurons in circuits containing billions of behaviorally relevant neurons. Di-mensionality reduction methods reveal a striking simplicity underlying such multi-neuronal data: they can be reduced to a low-dimensional space, and the resulting neural trajectories in this space yield a remarkably insightful dynamical portrait of circuit computation. This simplicity raises profound and timely conceptual questions. What are its origins and its implications for the complexity of neural dynamics? How would the situation change if we recorded more neurons? When, if at all, can we trust dynamical portraits obtained from measuring an infinitesimal fraction of task relevant neurons? We present a theory that answers these questions, and test it using physiological recordings from reaching monkeys. This theory reveals conceptual insights into how task complexity governs both neural dimensionality and accurate recovery of dynamic portraits, thereby providing quantitative guidelines for future large-scale experimental design.
Multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings (2023)

The design and fabrication of dielectric grating structures with high diffraction efficiency used in reflection or transmission is described. By forming a multilayer structure of alternating index dielectric materials and placing a grating structure on top of the multilayer, a diffraction grating of adjustable efficiency, and variable optical bandwidth can be obtained. Diffraction efficiency into the first order in reflection varying between 1 and 98 percent has been achieved by controlling the design of the multilayer and the depth, shape, and material comprising the grooves of the grating structure. Methods for fabricating these gratings without the use of ion etching techniques are described.
Axonal changes in spinal cord injured patients distal to the site of injury (2006)

It is generally assumed that the peripheral nervous system remains intact following a spinal injury. Accordingly, the electrical thresholds of motor axons in a peripheral nerve below the lesion should be similar to those in intact subjects. Yet in attempts to enter the common peroneal nerve with microelectrodes in 24 quadriplegic or paraplegic individuals it was often found that electrical stimulation over or within the nerve failed to elicit contractions in the pre-tibial flexors. To investigate whether consistent changes in axonal physiology occurred distal to the site of injury in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), motor nerve excitability was formally tested in 15 of these patients. Threshold tracking techniques were used to measure axonal excitability parameters (stimulus-response curves, strength-duration properties, threshold electrotonus, a current-threshold relationship and the recovery cycle) of motor axons in the median and common peroneal nerves. In these patients motor axons were uniformly of high threshold and consequently, stimulus-response curves were shifted to the right. In some SCI patients, axons were completely inexcitable. Amplitudes of compound motor action potentials were reduced, consistent with axonal loss and strength-duration time constant was significantly reduced in SCI patients (SCI 0.13 +/- 0.02 ms, controls 0.43 +/- 0.02 ms, mean +/- SE, P < 0.0001). Excitability changes were more prominent the more clinically severe the injury, with progressive deterioration over time since the original injury. While compression and traction sustained during the original injury or subsequent hospital rehabilitation may contribute in part to some of these changes, it is difficult to attribute these findings solely to such processes. Changes in axonal structure and ion channel function, but perhaps more critically decentralization and consequent inactivity, are likely to underlie the complex changes observed in axonal excitability in SCI patients.
Analysis of Double-Stranded RNA from Microbial Communities Identifies Double-Stranded RNA Virus-like Elements (2014)

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can function as genetic information and may have served as genomic material before the existence of DNA-based life. By developing a method to purify dsRNA, we have investigated the diversity of dsRNA in microbial populations. We detect large dsRNAs in multiple microbial populations. Analysis of an aquatic microbial population reveals that some dsRNA sequences match metagenomic DNA, suggesting that microbes contain pools of sense-antisense transcripts. In addition, ∼30% of the dsRNA sequences are not present in the corresponding DNA pool and are strongly biased toward encoding novel proteins. Of these "dsRNA unique" sequences, only a small percentage share similarity to known viruses, a large fraction assemble into RNA virus-like contigs, and the remaining fraction has an unexplained origin. These results have uncovered dsRNA virus-like elements and underscore that dsRNA potentially represents an additional reservoir of genetic information in microbial populations.
CD38 Expression in Neutrophils From Patients With Localized Aggressive Periodontitis (2005)

These data suggest that the lower expression of CD38 in neutrophils may be related to altered neutrophil function in LAgP.
Unmanned aerial vehicle relative navigation in GPS denied environments (2016)

This paper considers the problem of target handoff between Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in a GPS denied environment, and focuses on the design and evaluation of an estimation strategy for determining the relative pose of the aircraft. The estimation approach presented in this paper has three distinct components that act in concert to achieve the overall objective. First, a novel cooperative control and estimation strategy is used to determine relative pose from IMU and peer-to-peer ranging radio data without any a priori knowledge of either aircraft's pose. Next, a relative pose measurement is calculated using extracted features from downward looking cameras on the two UAVs. The computer vision technique first uses an indexing scheme based on a hierarchical statistical model to determine which frames from the two cameras have overlapping coverage, aligns the overlapping frames, and then calculates the relative pose estimate. Finally, a nonlinear Kalman Filter, which has been initialized with the a priori solution from the initialization filter is used to estimate relative pose by predicting it through the integration of IMU data of both UAVs with measurement updates from peer-to-peer radio ranging radios, magnetometers and the computer vision estimates.
A Double-talk Robust and Fast Converging Echo Canceller (2005)

In the application of network communication, echo cancellers with faster convergence and more robustness to double-talk are highly expected. The robustness can be realized by an echo canceller with two echo path models to avoid false adaptation problem under double-talk and algorithms based on PNLMS (proportionate normalized least mean square), which were reported recently, are ones to achieve more rapid convergence. In this paper a new echo canceller with two echo path models is presented, which will choose appropriate algorithm between PNLMS and NLMS to update the background filter coefficients according to the difference of two echo path models. This echo canceller can take advantage of both PNLMS and NLMS so that it converges as fast as PNLMS and shows better performance after fast initial convergence. In our experiments and applications, better performance during double-talk is obtained with proposed echo canceller with two echo path models compared with conventional one. The real-time realization of the new echo canceller is implemented on a fixed-point DSP from ADI
Estimating occupancy and abundance of stream amphibians using environmental DNA from filtered water samples (2013)

Environmental DNA (eDNA) methods for detecting aquatic species are advancing rapidly, but with little evaluation of field protocols or precision of resulting estimates. We compared sampling results from traditional field methods with eDNA methods for two amphibians in 13 streams in central Idaho, USA. We also evaluated three water collection protocols and the influence of sampling location, time of day, and distance from animals on eDNA concentration in the water. We found no difference in detection or amount of eDNA among water collection protocols. eDNA methods had slightly higher detection rates than traditional field methods, particularly when species occurred at low densities. eDNA concentration was positively related to field-measured density, biomass, and proportion of transects occupied. Precision of eDNA-based abundance estimates increased with the amount of eDNA in the water and the number of replicate subsamples collected. eDNA concentration did not vary significantly with sample location in the stream, time of day, or distance downstream from animals. Our results further advance the implementation of eDNA methods for monitoring aquatic vertebrates in stream habitats.
Calibration of multi-probe antenna measurement system using test zone field compensation (2009)

A new method for calibrating a multi-probe antenna measurement system is presented. The method is based on a modification of the test zone field compensation technique [1]. First experiments with the technique on a multi-probe range are presented, and they show accuracy comparable to that of a traditional measurement using the cable calibration.
ChemInform Abstract: DEOXYNUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORAMIDITES. A NEW CLASS OF KEY INTERMEDIATES FOR DEOXYPOLYNUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS (1981)

Abstract Aus dem Methoxy‐dichlorphosphin (Ia) entsteht das Amid (Ib), das mit entsprechenden Nucleosiden zu den Substitutionsprodukten (II) und weiter zu den Nucleotiden (III) umgesetzt wird.