gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS: GENETIC VARIATION OF VIRAL GENOMES* (1980)

Genomic complexity of human CMV is one of the largest among various DNA viruses. With such genome complexity and widespread distribution, even a minimal frequency of mutation will be enough to create a complicated genetic heterogeneity in this virus. The virus genome is relatively stable during subcultivation in tissue culture. Variants with minor modification in restriction enzyme sites do gradually develop. These variants share substantial restriction fragment pattern homology with the parental virus. Virus DNA has a molecular weight of 150 X 10(6) daltons for a complete genome. The DNA contains 2 covalently linked L and S components which are separated by internal inverted repetitious sequences of both terminal-end sequences. L and S components are oriented invertably with 4 isomeric arrangements. No tandem repeated sequences have been found. Based on DNA restriction pattern analysis, we conclude that the majority of recurrent infections represent reactivation of existing latent viruses; however, reinfections by a new virus strain do occur occasionally. By studying virus strains isolated from the consecutive congenitally infected infants and strains from mothers and their congenitally infected offspring, we furthermore conclude that the latent virus in women is relatively stable genetically. Moreover, the virus strains after being transmitted to the offspring are still genetically similar to that of the mothers. As in vitro, spontaneous minor variations occur after the in vivo residence. In a long period of evolution the accumulation of minor variations might create great diversity with major similarity.
Antioxidant and Prooxidant Activity Behavior of Phospholipids in Stripped Soybean Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions (2011)

Abstract Phospholipids have been reported to inhibit lipid oxidation in bulk oils, but very little is known about their influence on oxidation in oil‐in‐water emulsions. In the present study, the impact of 1,2‐dioleoyl‐ sn ‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DOPC) on lipid oxidation was studied in 1% stripped soybean oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions as a function of DOPC concentration and pH (3 and 7). At pH 7.0, DOPC inhibited lipid oxidation in O/W emulsions, while DOPC was prooxidative at pH 3.0. DOPC did not affect emulsion droplet charge or size at either pH 3.0 or 7.0. The antioxidant activity at pH 7.0 was observed in a series of phospholipids (PL) that varied in fatty acid unsaturation level and chain length as well as type of phosphate head group. Overall, phosphatidylcholine with either oleic or palmitic acid were the most effective at inhibiting lipid hydroperoxide and hexanal formation of all of the PL tested. Antioxidant mechanism of PL could not be ascribed to their ability to decompose lipid hydroperoxides. It might be possible that, at pH 7.0, the PL antioxidant activity is related to their ability to form structures within the lipid phase of the emulsions droplets or to chelate metals.
Group management strategies for secure multicasting on active virtual private networks (2002)

Security is a crucial aspect in multicasting, the lack of which is currently preventing the large-scale deployment of group-oriented applications. Traditional IP multicast does not provide a secure framework for authentication, integrity and privacy for multicast sessions. This paper presents results of an ongoing subproject within the Secure Active VPN Environment (SAVE) project in active networks at Dalhousie University. Our subproject focuses on building a novel architecture for secure multicasting on virtual private networks (VPNs) using the concept of active networking. In any secure multicasting environment, group management becomes an important aspect for achieving privacy and integrity of the multicast session. In this paper, we propose group management strategies to address these objectives. Our approach combines cryptographic and active network techniques to provide a more powerful and flexible control for managing multicast groups.
In Vitro Activation of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase and Nitric Oxide Release:  A Comparison of NO Donors and NO Mimetics (2001)

Nitric oxide (NO) performs a central role in biological systems, binding to the heme site of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), leading to enzyme activation and elevation of intracellular levels of cGMP. Organic nitrates, in particular, nitroglycerin (GTN), are clinically important nitrovasodilators that function as NO-mimetics in biological systems. Comparison of sGC activation data with electrochemically measured rates of NO release for genuine NO donors, NONOates and nitrosothiols, yields an excellent correlation between the EC(50) for sGC activation and the rate constant for NO release, k(NO). However, activation of sGC by GTN and the nitrates has very different characteristics, including the requirement for specific added thiols, for example, cysteine. The reaction of GTN with cysteine in anaerobic solution yields NO slowly, and NO release, measured by chemiluminescence detection, is quenched by added metal ion chelator. The generation of NO under aerobic conditions is 100-fold slower than the anaerobic reaction. Furthermore, NO release from the reaction of GTN with cysteine in phosphate buffer is too slow to account for sGC activation by GTN/cysteine. The slow rate of the chemical reaction to release NO suggests that nitrates can activate sGC by an NO-independent mechanism. In contrast to the genuine NO donors, GTN behaves as a partial agonist with respect to sGC activation, but in the presence of the allosteric sGC activator, YC-1, GTN exhibits full agonist activity.
An approach to an expert robot welding system (1988)

Adaptive control and sensory processing techniques in robotic arc welding are discussed. The gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding processes are considered, along with a literature review of aspects of welding automation. Topics covered include process modeling, detection and measurement of process features, real-time control, and implementation considerations. An approach for an adaptive welding system is presented. The proposed architecture fits within the scope of an ambitious project to develop an expert welding robot. Different levels of automation are discussed, from the decision level to the closed-loop control of process variables and torch trajectory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single-stage fuel-cell inverter with new control strategy (2010)

Renewable energy sources has been attracting great interest due to well known environment issues and, hence, the development of power electronics converters to deal with the transformation of these sources into conventional energy forms has been the main challenge faced by many researches working in this area of expertise. Within this subject, this paper focuses the establishment of a simple power structure that based on a new control strategy can provide an amplified sinusoidal output voltage from a fuel cell. The single-stage inverter works based on imposed waveforms of a CSI inductor current and output voltage. The proposed control strategy provides high voltage gain without using high frequency transformer, which contributes to weigh and size reduction of the proposed DC-AC converter structure. Theoretical analysis are presented and corroborated by experimental results of a 180W laboratory prototype.
Optimized envelope tracking power supply for Tetra2 base station RF power amplifier (2008)

An ultra-fast tracking power supply (UFTPS) for envelope tracking in a 50 kHz 64-QAM Tetra2 base station power amplification system is demonstrated. A simple method for optimizing the step response of the PID+PD sliding-mode control system is presented and demonstrated, along with a PLL-based scheme for locking the switching frequency to an external clock. High UFTPS efficiency (up to 95%), very low ripple (5 mV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</sub> ) and a fast step response (10 mus) are obtained from a single-phase buck converter with a 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> -order output filter. This ripple performance is demonstrated to be critical in the considered application. Also demonstrated is the effect of non-zero UFTPS output impedance on envelope tracking performance. At 13 W average (156 W peak) RF output, a reduction of DC input power consumption from 93 W (14% efficiency) to 54 W (24% efficiency) is obtained by moving from a fixed RF power amplifier supply to envelope tracking.
Improved Prediction of Response to Antiretroviral Combination Therapy using the Genetic Barrier to Drug Resistance (2007)

THEO (THErapy Optimizer), a prototypical implementation of the best performing approach, is freely available for research purposes at http://www.geno2pheno.org.
Limiting internal supply voltage spikes in DC-DC converters (2009)

Implementing monolithic DC-DC converters for low power portable applications with a standard low voltage CMOS technology leads to lower production costs and higher reliability. Moreover, it allows miniaturization by the integration of two units in the same die: the power management unit that regulates the supply voltage for the second unit, a dedicated signal processor, that performs the functions required. This paper presents original techniques that limit spikes in the internal supply voltage on a monolithic DC-DC converter, extending the use of the same technology for both units. These spikes are mainly caused by fast current variations in the path connecting the external power supply to the internal pads of the converter power block. This path includes two parasitic inductances inbuilt in bond wires and in package pins. Although these parasitic inductances present relative low values when compared with the typical external inductances of DC-DC converters, their effects can not be neglected when switching high currents at high switching frequency. The associated overvoltage frequently causes destruction, reliability problems and/or control malfunction. Different spike reduction techniques are presented and compared. The proposed techniques were used in the design of the gate driver of a DC-DC converter included in a power management unit implemented in a standard 0.35 mum CMOS technology.
Combining classifiers for improved classification of proteins from sequence or structure (2008)

In cross-validated experiments on the SCOP hierarchy, the hybrid methods consistently outperform the individual component methods at all levels of coverage. Code and data sets are available at http://noble.gs.washington.edu/proj/sabretooth.
Use of intracavernosal alprostadil in erectile dysfunction. (1998)

Alprostadil (prostaglandin E1) is the most widely used, licensed vasoactive agent for intracorporeal injection in the investigation and treatment of erectile dysfunction. It has a good side-effect profile and is effective in between 70 and 80% of patients.
Nicotinamide prevents the development of hyperphosphataemia by suppressing intestinal sodium-dependent phosphate transporter in rats with adenine-induced renal failure (2005)

Nicotinamide inhibited intestinal Pi absorption in a rat model of CRF, at least in part by inhibiting the expression of NaPi-2b, and appeared to protect against the deterioration of renal function.
FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines are effective per real-world evidence synthesized across a multi-state health system (2021)

Abstract Large Phase 3 clinical trials of the two FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), have demonstrated efficacies of 94.1% (n = 30,420, 95% CI: 89.3-96.8) and 95% (n = 43,448, 95% CI: 90.3-97.6) in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, respectively. Given the ongoing vaccine rollout to healthcare personnel and residents of long-term care facilities, here we provide a preliminary assessment of real-world vaccination efficacy in 62,138 individuals from the Mayo Clinic and associated health system (Arizona, Florida, Minnesota, Wisconsin) between December 1 st 2020 and February 8 th 2021. Our retrospective analysis contrasts 31,069 individuals receiving at least one dose of either vaccine with 31,069 unvaccinated individuals who are propensity-matched based on demographics, location (zip code), and number of prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. 8,041 individuals received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine and were at risk for infection at least 36 days after their first dose. Administration of two COVID-19 vaccine doses was 88.7% effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection (95% CI: 68.4-97.1%) with onset at least 36 days after the first dose. Furthermore, vaccinated patients who were subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19 had significantly lower 14-day hospital admission rates than propensity-matched unvaccinated COVID-19 patients (3.7% vs. 9.2%; Relative Risk: 0.4; p-value: 0.007). Building upon the previous randomized trials of these vaccines, this study demonstrates their real-world effectiveness in reducing the rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity among individuals at highest risk for infection.
Ionizing Radiation and Cancer Risk: Evidence from Epidemiology (1998)

Epidemiological studies provide the primary data on the carcinogenic effects of radiation in humans. Much of what is known has come from studies of the atomic bomb survivors, and to a lesser extent from patients receiving radiotherapy. These studies demonstrate that exposure to moderate to high doses of radiation increases the risk of cancer in most organs. For all solid cancers combined, cancers of the thyroid, breast and lung, and leukemia, risk estimates are fairly precise, and associations have been found at relatively low doses (<0.2 Gy). Associations between radiation and cancers of the salivary glands, stomach, colon, bladder, ovary, central nervous system and skin have also been reported, but the relationships are not as well quantified. Associations between radiation and cancers of the liver and esophagus, and to a lesser extent multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, have been reported in a few studies, but results are inconsistent. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and cancers of the pancreas, prostate, testis and cervix have rarely been linked to radiation exposure. A linear no-threshold model adequately describes the dose-response relationship for solid cancers, although at extremely high doses the risk appears to flatten out. Because few populations have been followed until the end of life, the temporal patterns of risk are not completely known. An increased risk, however, does continue for several decades. In contrast, radiation-related leukemias begin to occur shortly (2-3 years) after exposure and, at least in the A-bomb survivors, a linear-quadratic dose response seems to fit the data better than a pure linear model. Radiation does not act entirely in isolation. It can interact with other carcinogens, e.g. tobacco or chemotherapeutic agents, and with host factors such as age at exposure, gender or reproductive history. Interactions with medical interventions or with certain heritable mutations have also been suggested. While the studies of high-dose exposures are essential for understanding the overall biological consequences of radiation exposure, the public is more concerned about the long-term health effects from protracted exposures at low doses. Unfortunately, the inherent limitations of epidemiology make it extremely difficult to directly quantify health risks from these exposures. While most epidemiological data are compatible with linear extrapolations from exposures at high doses or high dose rates, they cannot entirely exclude other possibilities. As the field of epidemiology advances, understanding more about the health effects of prolonged and low-dose exposures will be the next challenge.
Rapid and Sensitive Carvedilol Assay in Human Plasma Using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Mass/Mass Spectrometer Detection Employed for a Bioequivalence Study (2010)

A method for the determination of carvedilol in human plasma was developed using a high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). Plasma samples were deproteinized using acetonitrile and the supernatant was directly injected onto the HPLC column without any preparative steps. Chromatography was performed on a reversed-phase (C18) column with isocratic mobile phase for 2 min. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 2 to100 ng/ml (R2 > 0.9998) and the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 2 ng/ml. This method showed acceptable precision and accuracy, good recovery from the plasma matrix, and stability during the analytical procedures. When its application to the bioequivalence test of two carvedilol 25 mg tablet formulations in male healthy 28 volunteers, this validated analysis method was appropriate resulting in the bioequivalence of two formulations: no statistically significant difference was observed between the logarithmic transformed area under curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) values of the two formulations. The 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the above mentioned two parameters were within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. These results suggested that the HPLC-MS/MS analysis method developed was suitable for the carvedilol analysis in human plasma.
Time-dependent optimization of initiation phase of the outer PF coil-only inductive start-up of NSTX plasmas (2004)

Dynamic modelling of the inductive plasma start-up utilizing only the outer poloidal field (PF) coils without using an in-board Ohmic solenoid was performed for the National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) based on the static calculation result. A time-dependent calculation using the two-dimensional axisymmetric dynamic code and the plasma evolution code enabled us to find the appropriate waveform of the NSTX PF coils that satisfied various start-up conditions, such as the formation and sustainment of field null, a significant amount of magnetic flux for further plasma current ramp-up, sufficient size of the Et · Bt/B⊥ = 0.1 kV m−1 contour for successful breakdown, force balance condition, etc. Among many sets of solutions possibly satisfying the aforementioned conditions, the result introduced in this report also meets the requirement imposed by the power supply system. With the obtained current waveform of the PF coils, it is shown that the hexapole quality field null can be sustained for at least 6 ms with a reasonably large size. The available induction flux at the expected starting time of the breakdown period is as large as 0.15 Wb, with which the plasma current can ramp up to a few hundred kiloamperes, based on experience from the conventional in-board Ohmic solenoid start-up on NSTX. The size of the Et · Bt/B⊥ = 0.1 kV m−1 contour, in which successful breakdown occurred in the presence of strong pre-ionization on DIII-D, is as large as more than 30 cm, and sustains for several milliseconds. An analysis for the force balance and the field index shows that the plasma produced can be stable for radial as well as vertical perturbations during the initial start-up phase.
Family Planning Management Terms--A Pocket Glossary in Three Languages. (1997)

Within this single volume, family planning management terms are provided in English, Spanish, and French.
Ischemic Core and Penumbra in Human Stroke (1999)

Our study in acute human stroke involving MCA occlusion indicates that a severely ischemic core (CBF </=6 cm3. 100 g-1. min-1), observed between 1 to 6 hours after stroke onset, corresponds to the cerebral tissue destined to infarction. The ischemic penumbra with flow values between 7 and 20 cm3. 100 g-1. min-1 surrounding the ischemic core is very narrow. Therefore, strategies to improve the outcome of many patients with acute MCA occlusion must either include interventions to reverse the ischemic process within a few minutes of onset or increase the cerebral tolerance of ischemia and thereby prolong the potential therapeutic window.
Active Object Detection With Multistep Action Prediction Using Deep Q-Network (2019)

In recent years, great success has been achieved in visual object detection, which is one of the fundamental tasks in the field of industrial intelligence. Most of existing methods have been proposed to deal with single well-captured still images, while in practical robotic applications, due to nuisances, such as tiny scale, partial view, or occlusion, one still image may not contain enough information for object detection. However, an intelligent robot has the capability to adjust its viewpoint to get better images for detection. Therefore, active object detection becomes a very important perception strategy for intelligent robots. In this paper, by formulating active object detection as a sequential action decision process, a deep reinforcement learning framework is established to resolve it. Furthermore, a novel deep Q-learning network (DQN) with a dueling architecture is proposed, the network has two separate output channels, one predicts action type and the other predicts action range. By combining the two output channels, the action space is explored more efficiently. Several methods are extensively validated and the results show that the proposed one obtains the best results and predicts action in real time.
Mechanistic Insights into Xenon Inhibition of NMDA Receptors from MD Simulations (2010)

Inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been viewed as a primary cause of xenon anesthesia, yet the mechanism is unclear. Here, we investigated interactions between xenon and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of a NMDA receptor and examined xenon-induced structural and dynamical changes that are relevant to functional changes of the NMDA receptor. Several comparative molecular dynamics simulations were performed on two X-ray structures representing the open- and closed-cleft LBD of the NMDA receptor. We identified plausible xenon action sites in the LBD, including those nearby agonist sites, in the hinge region, and at the interface between two subunits. The xenon-binding energy varies from -5.3 to -0.7 kcal/mol. Xenon's effect on the NMDA receptor is conformation-dependent and is produced through both competitive and noncompetitive mechanisms. Xenon can promote cleft opening in the absence of agonists and consequently stabilizes the closed channel. Xenon can also bind at the interface of two subunits, alter the intersubunit interaction, and lead to a reduction of the distance between two GT linkers. This reduction corresponds to a rearrangement of the channel toward a direction of pore size decreasing, implying a closed or desensitized channel. In addition to these noncompetitive actions, xenon was found to weaken the glutamate binding, which could lead to low agonist efficacy and appear as competitive inhibition.