gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure−Activity Relationships of Alkyl- and Alkoxy-Substituted 1,4-Dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-diones:  Potent and Systemically Active Antagonists for the Glycine Site of the NMDA Receptor (1997)

We report on a series of alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-diones (QXs), prepared as a continuation of our structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of QXs as antagonists for the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The in vitro potency of these antagonists was determined by displacement of the glycine site radioligand [3H]-5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid ([3H]DCKA) in rat brain cortical membranes. In general, methyl is a good replacement for chloro or bromo in the 6-position, and alkoxy-substituted QXs have lower potencies than alkyl- or halogen-substituted QXs. Ethyl-substituted QXs are generally less potent than methyl-substituted QXs, especially in the 6-position of 5,6,7-trisubstituted QXs. Fusion of a ring system at the 6,7-positions results in QXs with low potency. Several methyl-substituted QXs are potent glycine site antagonists that have surprisingly high in vivo activity in the maximal electroshock (MES) test in mice. Among these, 7-chloro-6-methyl-5-nitro QX (14g) (IC50 = 5 nM) and 7-bromo-6-methyl-5-nitro QX (14f) (IC50 = 9 nM) are comparable in potency to 6,7-dichloro-5-nitro QX (2) (ACEA 1021) as glycine site antagonists. QX 14g has an ED50 value of 1.2 mg/kg iv in the mouse MES assay. Interestingly, alkyl QXs with log P values of 0.5 or less tend to be more bioavailable than QXs with higher log P values. QX 14g has 440-fold selectivity for NMDA vs alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, as determined electrophysiologically under steady-state conditions in oocytes expressing rat cerebral cortex poly(A)+ RNA. Overall, 14g was found to have the best combination of in vitro and in vivo potency of all the compounds tested in this and previous studies on the QX series.
Reliable EDTV/HDTV Transmission in Low-Quality Analog Channels (1989)

The presence of random noise, interference, echoes, and imperfect frequency response in terrestrial broadcasting channels, and of pervasive low-level reflections in cable systems, degrades the quality of most television reception. These effects tend to reduce the difference between the quality of NTSC and that of various advanced television systems, as actually delivered to the home via such channels. In this article, several methods are presented to deal with these effects, and thus to preserve the improved quality made possible by currently proposed EDTV and HDTV systems. Automatic channel equalization is used for first-order correction of echoes and frequency distortion. A scrambling method is described that transforms all remaining degradations to additive random noise, which, for a given noise power, is of minimum visibility. Random noise, whether additive or produced by scrambling of other defects, is suppressed by adaptive modulation of the various signal components. If the channel carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) is high enough, some digital data can be transmitted in addition to the analog signal by a method called “data under.” These methods are applied to a receiver-compatible system that utilizes a very low power 3-MHz augmentation channel as well as to a bandwidth-efficient 6-MHz system that is not receiver compatible. One version of the latter system can be operated at such low CNR that it may be possible to utilize the taboo channels.
Analysis of Coplanar Intermediate Coil Structures in Inductive Power Transfer Systems (2014)

Intermediate couplers have been shown to increase the coupling from primary to secondary pads in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems. This paper investigates embedding a coplanar intermediate coupler coil with the primary coil inside the primary pad to boost the coupling to the secondary pad and improve the efficiency of the system. Several coil designs are simulated and a mathematical model is developed to evaluate the efficiency of parallel-parallel and series-series tuned systems. As shown a coplanar, independently tuned intermediate coupler coil improves the efficiency of a series-series-tuned system since it reduces source losses. However, there appears to be no benefit to having an intermediate coupler with a parallel-parallel-tuned system. Furthermore, boosts in coupling are a result of adding extra current carrying windings to the primary pad and simulations show that operating the system as a traditional two coil IPT system may be simpler and more effective based on tuning topology. An experimental system was constructed to validate the simulations.
Self-interference suppression in full-duplex MIMO relays (2010)

Full-duplex relays can provide cost-effective cover-age extension and throughput enhancement. However, the main limiting factor is the resulting self-interference signal which deteriorates the relay performance. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for self-interference suppression in full-duplex Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) relays. The relay employs transmit and receive weight filters for suppressing the self-interference signal. Unlike existing techniques that are based on zero forcing of self-interference, we aim at maximizing the ratio between the power of the useful signal to the self-interference power at the relay reception and transmission. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing schemes since it can suppress interference substantially with less impact on the useful signal.
Carbon‐Enriched Amorphous Hydrogenated Boron Carbide Films for Very‐Low‐<i>k</i> Interlayer Dielectrics (2017)

Abstract A longstanding challenge in ultralarge‐scale integration has been the continued improvement in low‐dielectric‐constant (low‐ k ) interlayer dielectric materials and other specialized layers in back‐end‐of‐the‐line interconnect fabrication. Modeled after the success of carbon‐containing organosilicate materials, carbon‐enriched amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide (a‐B x C:H y ) films are grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition from ortho ‐carborane and methane. These films contain more extraicosahedral sp 3 hydrocarbon groups than nonenriched a‐B x C:H y films, as revealed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and also exhibit lower dielectric constants than their nonenriched counterparts, notably due to low densities combined with a low distortion and orientation contribution to the total polarizability. Films with dielectric constant as low as 2.5 are reported with excellent electrical stability (leakage current of 10 −9 A cm −2 at 2 MV cm −1 and breakdown voltage of >6 MV cm −1 ), good thermal conductivity of 0.31 ± 0.03 W m −1 K −1 , and high projected Young's modulus of 12 ± 3 GPa. These properties rival those of leading SiOC:H materials, and position a‐B x C:H y as an important complement to traditional Si‐based materials to meet the complex needs of next‐generation interconnect fabrication.
Measurement of the statistical properties of a train of ultrashort optical pulses (2003)

Summary from only given. All ultrashort pulse characterization techniques are based on the assumption that a single pulse field underlies the measurement. Complete characterization of a train of pulses requires the specification of the statistical properties of the train, before an assessment can be made as to whether the assumption of identical pulses is valid. One approach is to characterize a large set of pulses from a train one at a time, and to determine the statistics from this set. Spectral phase interferometry for direct electric reconstruction (SPIDER) is based on a one-dimensional interferogram and a direct algebraic reconstruction algorithm, making it by far the fastest pulse characterization technique up to now. This allows the retrieval of the electric field of a large number of pulses so that a statistical analysis can be undertaken.
Analyzing surface plasmon resonance data: Choosing a correct biphasic model for interpretation (2015)

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been widely used as a label-free biophysical technique to quantitatively study biochemical processes. For the SPR data fitting using a single exponential function, the procedure to extract the rate constants is straightforward. However, there is no simple procedure for SPR data fitting with double exponential functions. A highly non-linear fitting procedure is, therefore, used to fit the biphasic SPR data with numerical solutions of the rate equations. This procedure requires some prior knowledge of the underlying interaction mechanism, and the extracted rate constants often have large uncertainties. In this report, we propose a new method of analyzing the biphasic SPR data using the three commonly employed biphasic models. Our method is based on a general analytical solution of the biphasic rate equations, which is much more transparent and straightforward than the highly non-linear numerical integration approach. Our method can be used to determine the underlying biphasic interaction mechanism from the analysis of the SPR data and to extract the rate constants with high confidence levels. We have illustrated the procedures with examples of the data analysis on simulated SPR profiles, and the results are discussed.
Therapeutic Approaches to Bipolar Disorder (2012)

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. BPD is recognized by abnormal mood swings from elation to depression. The cause of BPD is not entirely known but genetic, neurochemical and environmental factors are known to play a role in the onset and progression of BPD. BPD is considered as a biological disorder that occurs in a specific part of the brain and causes the neurotransmitters to malfunction. All of the anti-manic drugs available are either anticonvulsant or antipsychotic with the exception of lithium. Beginning with the discovery of the therapeutic effects of lithium, there have been encouraging developments in the treatment of BPD. Although there are no cures, significant pharmacological and psychotherapeutic advances have led to the reduction of the frequency, severity and morbidity of episodes. In the past two decades, significant efforts have been made to develop new therapeutic agents for BPD but only a few new treatment options are available. A few new drugs are in clinical trials and in the preclinical stage of development. This chapter will highlight the current treatment options and potential drugs under development for bipolar disorder.
Synthesis of circular RNA in bacteria and yeast using RNA cyclase ribozymes derived from a group I intron of phage T4. (1994)

Studies on the function of circular RNA and RNA topology in vivo have been limited by the difficulty in expressing circular RNA of desired sequence. To overcome this, the group I intron from the phage T4 td gene was split in a peripheral loop (L6a) and rearranged so that the 3' half intron and 3' splice site are upstream and a 5' splice site and 5' half intron are downstream of a single exon. The group I splicing reactions excise the internal exon RNA as a circle (RNA cyclase ribozyme activity). We show that foreign sequences can be placed in the exon and made circular in vitro. Expression of such constructs (RNA cyclase ribozymes) in Escherichia coli and yeast results in the accumulation of circular RNA in these organisms. In yeast, RNA cyclase ribozymes can be expressed from a regulated promoter like an mRNA, containing 5' leader and 3' trailer regions, and a nuclear pre-mRNA intron. RNA cyclase ribozymes have broad application to questions of RNA structure and function including end requirements for RNA transport or function, RNA topology, efficacy of antisense or ribozyme gene control elements, and the biosynthesis of extremely long polypeptides.
Discovery of Potent, Selective, and Short-Acting Peptidic V<sub>2</sub> Receptor Agonists (2019)

The vasopressin analogue desmopressin (desamino-d-arginine<sup>8</sup> vasopressin, dDAVP, 1) is a potent vasopressin 2 (V<sub>2</sub>) receptor (V<sub>2</sub>R) agonist approved in many countries for the treatment of diabetes insipidus, primary nocturnal enuresis, nocturia, and coagulation disorders. Since 1 is primarily excreted via the kidneys, an age-related decline in kidney function leads to slower elimination, prolonged antidiuresis, and hyponatremia. In search of novel, potent, selective, and short-acting peptidic V<sub>2</sub>R agonists, we synthesized a series of C-terminally truncated analogues of [Val<sup>4</sup>]dDAVP, 2, modified in positions 2, 3, and 7 and/or at the disulfide bridge. The peptides were evaluated for in vitro potency at the human V<sub>2</sub> receptor, selectivity versus the related receptors (human vasopressin 1a receptor, human vasopressin 1b receptor, and human oxytocin receptor), and pharmacokinetic profiles in rodents and other higher species. The truncated analogues show excellent potency at the V<sub>2</sub>R, increased systemic clearance, and shorter half-life in rats. Two compounds 19 (c(Bua-Cpa-Thi-Val-Asn-Cys)-Pro-Agm) and 38 (c(Bua-Cpa-Thi-Val-Asn-Cys)-Pro-d-Arg-NEt<sub>2</sub>) have been selected for clinical development for nocturia.
A system for integrated measurement of ventilator settings, lung volume change and blood gases during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (2002)

In this paper, the skin blood flow for the stomach and forehead regions of 36 female patients with menstrual symptoms was studied using a moorLDI laser Doppler imager in which the results of 6 typical patients are included. The patterns obtained at the two sites are common to all women in the sample who have menstrual symptoms. Cold stress testing was also investigated to see if it was effective in bringing out any skin blood flow fluctuation at these regions caused by menstrual symptoms. Each patient attended two scanning sessions: one before and the other during menstruation. During each session, the patient was scanned three consecutive times, each on the stomach and the forehead skin regions. For each region, the first measurement was a bare scanning whereas for the second and the third, 85% denatured ethanol (cold stress test) was applied onto the required scan areas. It was found that cold stress testing was able to bring out distinct differences in LDI perfusion images before and during menstruation. Results were best captured when perfusion images were taken approximately after 85% denatured ethanol had been applied in two layers for 30 s, allowed to evaporate over the next 5 min (approximately the time taken to obtain one image), reapplied for another 30 s and then finally over the next 30 s allowed to evaporate further. However, it was impossible to deduce conclusively any correlation regarding migraine and skin blood flow since all the patients for this work had menstrual cramps only.
Gain flattened erbium-doped amplifier with 34 nm flat bandwidth (2006)

A gain-flattened two-stage erbium-based fibre amplifier module, structured by an erbium-doped waveguide amplifier and an erbium-doped fibre amplifier in serial, is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In an operating range of 1528 to 1562 nm, all the gain is above 35 dB and the noise figure is distributed from 5.5 to 6.7 dB, and ±1.1 dB maximum gain variation is retrieved at an input saturation power of −25 dBm. As a result, the proposed amplifier not only enhances gain value but possesses flatness in the operating region.
Efficient Free-Exciton Recombination Emission from Diamond Diode at Room Temperature (2001)

Free-exciton recombination emission of 235 nm in wavelength is obtained by current injection at room temperature from a diamond-based pn junction diode composed of B-doped crystal grown by high-temperature, high-pressure synthesis and a S-doped homoepitaxial layer grown by the chemical vapor deposition method. The diode shows a clear rectification characteristic and a high external quantum efficiency of excitonic emission, 8×10 -5 , which indicates that the excitonic emission of diamond is a good candidate for application to semiconductor UV-light-emitting devices. A defect-induced light emission and large leakage current indicate that a higher UV emission efficiency is expected with improvement of the junction quality.
Ionic liquids: solvents and sorbents in sample preparation (2017)

The applications of ionic liquids (ILs) and IL-derived sorbents are rapidly expanding. By careful selection of the cation and anion components, the physicochemical properties of ILs can be altered to meet the requirements of specific applications. Reports of IL solvents possessing high selectivity for specific analytes are numerous and continue to motivate the development of new IL-based sample preparation methods that are faster, more selective, and environmentally benign compared to conventional organic solvents. The advantages of ILs have also been exploited in solid/polymer formats in which ordinarily nonspecific sorbents are functionalized with IL moieties in order to impart selectivity for an analyte or analyte class. Furthermore, new ILs that incorporate a paramagnetic component into the IL structure, known as magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), have emerged as useful solvents for bioanalytical applications. In this rapidly changing field, this Review focuses on the applications of ILs and IL-based sorbents in sample preparation with a special emphasis on liquid phase extraction techniques using ILs and MILs, IL-based solid-phase extraction, ILs in mass spectrometry, and biological applications.
Acetobacter polyoxogenes sp. nov., a new species of an acetic acid bacterium useful for producing vinegar with high acidity. (1985)

Fourteen strains of acetic acid bacteria were isolated from fermented vinegar broth with high acidity. These isolates were useful for producing high-acidity vinegar and require acetic acid, ethanol and glucose for growth. The isolates differed from all the species of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter so far validly published, with respect to their morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characters' and their deoxyribonucleic acid homologies. The isolates are classified as a new species of the genus Acetobacter, and we propose Acetobacter polyoxogenes sp. nov. for them. The type strain of A. polyoxogenes is NBI 1060 (=JCM 3808).
Antibody response to<i>Candida albicans</i>cell wall antigens (2004)

The cell wall of Candida albicans is not only the structure where many essential biological functions reside but is also a significant source of candidal antigens. The major cell wall components that elicit a response from the host immune system are proteins and glycoproteins, the latter being predominantly mannoproteins. Both carbohydrate and protein moieties are able to trigger immune responses. Proteins and glycoproteins exposed at the most external layers of the wall structure are involved in several types of interactions of fungal cells with the exocellular environment. Thus, coating of fungal cells with host antibodies has the potential to profoundly influence the host-parasite interaction by affecting antibody-mediated functions such as opsonin-enhanced phagocytosis and blocking the binding activity of fungal adhesins to host ligands. In this review we examine various members of the protein and glycoprotein fraction of the C. albicans cell wall that elicit an antibody response in vivo. Some of the studies demonstrate that certain cell wall antigens and anti-cell wall antibodies may be the basis for developing specific and sensitive serologic tests for the diagnosis of candidiasis, particularly the disseminated form. In addition, recent studies have focused on the potential of antibodies against the cell wall protein determinants in protecting the host against infection. Hence, a better understanding of the humoral response triggered by the cell wall antigens of C. albicans may provide the basis for the development of (i) effective procedures for the serodiagnosis of disseminated candidiasis, and (ii) novel prophylactic (vaccination) and therapeutic strategies to control this type of infections.
Aromatic polyesters from biosuccinic acid (2018)

Biosuccinic acid, obtained<italic>via</italic>sugar fermentation, is cyclodimerized and oxidized to yield building blocks for aromatic polyesters with high glass transition temperatures.
Synthetic Nanoscale Elements for Delivery of Materials Into Viable Cells (2005)

Arrays of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) provide structures that are well suited for the direct integration and manipulation of molecular-scale phenomena within intact, live cells. VACNFs are fabricated via a combination of microfabrication techniques and catalytic plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. In this chapter, we discuss the synthesis of VACNFs and detail the methods for introducing these arrays into the intracellular domain of mammalian cells for the purpose of delivering large macromolecules, specifically plasmid DNA, on a massively parallel basis.
InGaN/GaN quantum-well heterostructure light-emitting diodes employing photonic crystal structures (2004)

Electrical operation of InGaN/GaN quantum-well heterostructure photonic crystal light-emitting diodes (PXLEDs) is demonstrated. A triangular lattice photonic crystal is formed by dry etching into the top GaN layer. Light absorption from the metal contact is minimized because the top GaN layers are engineered to provide lateral current spreading, allowing carrier recombination proximal to the photonic crystal yet displaced from the metal contact. The chosen lattice spacing for the photonic crystal causes Bragg scattering of guided modes out of the LED, increasing the extraction efficiency. The far-field radiation patterns of the PXLEDs are heavily modified and display increased radiance, up to ∼1.5 times brighter compared to similar LEDs without the photonic crystal.
Wavelength-tunable surface plasmon resonance microscope (2003)

We report the development of a simple surface plasmon resonance microscope that uses a method of varying the operating wavelength of the system. The instrument is based on the Kretschmann configuration and uses a single compact rotation element and an interference filter to vary the imaging wavelength of the system. The operation of the instrument is demonstrated.