gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal Antibodies to Pneumocystis carinii: Identification of Specific Antigens and Characterization of Antigenic Differences Between Rat and Human Isolates (1989)

To increase understanding of the antigenic structure of Pneumocystis carinii, we developed monoclonal antibodies to rat and human P. carinii. The specificity of the antibodies was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immunoblot studies. Only one of five monoclonal antibodies to rat P. carinii reacted with human P. carinii, and none of four monoclonal antibodies to human P. carinii reacted with rat P. carinii. Two antibodies to human P. carinii reacted by immunofluorescence with only one human P. carinii isolate. Immunoblot studies identified major antigens of rat P. carinii with molecular masses of 40,000-100,000 daltons and of human P. carinii with molecular masses of 22,000-95,000 daltons. These studies document the existence of antigenic differences between rat and human P. carinii and are consistent with the suggestion that individual isolates of human P. carinii are also antigenically different. Further studies with these antibodies should increase understanding of the antigenic nature of P. carinii and of the interaction of P. carinii with its host.
Novel approximate synthesis flow for energy-efficient FIR filter (2016)

The portability of emerging computing systems demands further reduction in the power consumption of their components. Approximate computing can reduce power consumption by using a simplified or an inaccurate circuit. In this paper, the energy efficiency of a finite impulse response (FIR) filter is improved through approximate computing. We propose an approximate synthesis technique for an energy-efficient FIR filter with an acceptable level of accuracy. We employ the common subexpression elimination (CSE) algorithm to implement the FIR filter and replace conventional adder/subtractors with approximate ones. While yielding acceptable rates of accuracy, the proposed flow can attain a maximum energy saving of 50.7% in comparison with conventional FIR filter designs.
Development of Solid-in-Hollow Electrochemical Linear Actuators Using Highly Conductive Polyaniline (2004)

In this paper, we report the use of highly electrically conductive (400−1000 S/cm) polyaniline fibers for the development of electrochemical linear actuators. The high conductivity of the fibers ensures well-defined electroactivity and actuation without a metal backing. In propylene carbonate (PC), the electrochemical and actuation behavior of the fibers was influenced by the dopants' solubility and size: solubility in the electrolyte ensured easy expulsion from the polymer, thus facilitating ion transport and resulting in high electroactivity and strain in the fibers. Actuation of fibers was also affected by electrolyte anions. Small anions led to anion-exchange dominated actuation, and large anions led to cation-exchange dominated actuation. Electrochemical linear actuators with a unique solid-in-hollow configuration were developed using a polyaniline solid fiber in a polyaniline hollow fiber with a gel electrolyte. These actuators were simple to construct and allowed two-electrode operation. Isotonic strains of 0.9% and isometric stresses of 0.9 MPa were realized.
A Targeted Therapeutic Rescues Botulinum Toxin-A Poisoned Neurons (2008)

Abstract Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), a Category A biothreat agent, is the most potent poison known to mankind. Currently no antidote is available to rescue poisoned synapses. BoNT acts specifically by blocking neurotransmission primarily at peripheral nerve-muscle junctions causing severe flaccid muscle paralysis, which is fatal if proper medical care is not provided. The neurotoxin acts by specifically entering the presynaptic nerve endings where it interferes with the biochemical machinery involved in the process of neurotransmitter release, i.e., neuroexocytosis. Most serotypes of BoNT are known to remain active for weeks to months after entering the nerves, but BoNT/A is the most potent and long lasting in causing muscle paralysis. An effective medical countermeasure strategy requires developing a drug that could rescue poisoned neuromuscular synapses, and would include its efficient delivery specifically to presynaptic nerve terminals. Here we report rescuing of botulinum poisoned nerve cells by Mastoparan-7 (Mas-7), a peptide constituent of bee venom, that was delivered through a drug delivery vehicle (DDV) constructed from the non-toxic fragment of botulinum neurotoxin itself. We found that Mas-7 that was delivered into BoNT/A intoxicated cultured mouse spinal cord cells restored over 40% of stimulated neurotransmitter release. The rescue of the cell poisoning did not occur from inhibition of the endopeptidase activity of BoNT/A against its well known substrate, SNAP-25 that is mechanistically involved in the exocytosis process. Rather, Mas-7 induced a physiological host response apparently unrelated to SNAP-25, but linked to the phospholipase signal transduction pathway. In addition to providing the first effective antidote against botulism, our results open new avenues to study the mechanism of exocytosis, and also to examine an alternative cellular mechanism of botulinum neurotoxin action. An effective BoNT-based DDV can also be utilized for drug delivery against many neuronal and neuromuscular disorders.
Elastomeric Negative Acoustic Contrast Particles for Affinity Capture Assays (2013)

This report describes the development of elastomeric capture microparticles (ECμPs) and their use with acoustophoretic separation to perform microparticle assays via flow cytometry.We have developed simple methods to form ECμPs by cross-linking droplets of common commercially available silicone precursors in suspension followed by surface functionalization with biomolecular recognition reagents. The ECμPs are compressible particles that exhibit negative acoustic contrast in ultrasound when suspended in aqueous media, blood serum, or diluted blood. In this study, these particles have been functionalized with antibodies to bind prostate specific antigen and immunoglobulin (IgG). Specific separation of the ECμPs from blood cells is achieved by flowing them through a microfluidic acoustophoretic device that uses an ultrasonic standing wave to align the blood cells, which exhibit positive acoustic contrast, at a node in the acoustic pressure distribution while aligning the negative acoustic contrast ECμPs at the antinodes. Laminar flow of the separated particles to downstream collection ports allows for collection of the separated negative contrast (ECμPs) and positive contrast particles (cells). Separated ECμPs were analyzed via flow cytometry to demonstrate nanomolar detection for prostate specific antigen in aqueous buffer and picomolar detection for IgG in plasma and diluted blood samples. This approach has potential applications in the development of rapid assays that detect the presence of low concentrations of biomarkers in a number of biological sample types.
Anti-human immunodeficiency and anti-hepatitis B virus activities of β-l-2′,3′-dideoxy purine nucleosides (1996)

β-l-2′,3′-Dideoxyadenosine, β-l-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine and related compounds were synthesized in a stereoselective manner. These compounds were tested in vitro against HBV in 2.2.15 cell line and against HIV-1 in PBM and CEM cells. It was found that β-l-2′,3′-dideohydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (7) exhibited significant anti-HIV (EC50 0.38 μM in PBM cells) and anti-HBV activity (EC50 1.2 μM).
A variable-focus x-ray compound lens. (2002)

Design and fabrication of an x-ray lens assembly for focusing x-ray beams is described. The assembly consists of a number of precisely stacked and aligned aluminum parts. These parts are cut from a long extruded section having sixteen parabolic cavities along its length. The thickness of the wall between adjacent cavities is 0.2 mm. By cutting the assembled parts diagonally as shown below, a variable-focus lens system can be made. Moving the lens horizontally allows the incident beam to pass through fewer or more cavities, collimating or focusing the emerging beam at a desired distance downstream. The variable focus aluminum lens has been used at the Advanced Photon Source to collimate a monochromatic, 81 keV undulator beam to increase downstream crystal monochromator throughput. Results indicate collimation consistent with theoretical expectations.
Organic field emission device integrated with organic transistor (2003)

We demonstrate a low-cost process which forms field emitters and transistors both from organic materials at room temperature. By combining them in series, a field emitter is produced with reduced noise and low voltage control (approximately 20 volts from full-on to full-off). All steps are accomplished entirely at room temperature without an expensive gate structure. We show that noise is reduced from 37% RMS without the integrated transistor controlling the current to 1.8% with the integrated transistor in high vacuum. Resistance to noise caused by gas exposure is also demonstrated up to pressures of 10/sup -6/ torr. This provides a new low-cost emitter and circuit architecture which can be extended to a large number of FEA materials.
Automatic Feature Extraction from non-uniform Finger Vein Image and its Application to Personal Identification (2002)

A new method to extract vein patterns from an unclear finger image is proposed. Finger vein pattern can be used for personal identification technology. The finger vein image that is captured with infrared light contains not only the vein patterns but also irregular shades and noises. They result from the different thickness between finger bones and muscles and, light intensity fluctuations also produce them. Therefore, the robustness and the tolerance to the uneven luminance and noises in pattern extraction algorithm are required. In this paper, we propose a method for extracting the finger vein patterns in the image that is unclear and/or affected by the fluctuations of LED intensity. The method is based on special line tracking that starts at various positions. The robustness of the finger vein extraction method against LED intensity fluctuation is tested and the result shows the performance of the method is more robust than the conventional method. In the evaluation of the personal identification using the proposed extraction method, the finger vein patterns of 678 people are collected. The performance is 0.145 % equal error rate in the evaluation. 1
Mechanism for Ohmic contact formation of Ti on <i>n</i>-type GaN investigated using synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (2002)

Changes of the work function of contact metal and the atomic composition at the vicinity of metal/GaN interface were studied in in situ annealed Ti on n-type GaN using synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. Ti layer transformed to TiN and its work function increased as annealing temperature increased. Meanwhile, the atomic composition ratio of Ga-to-N below the TiN contact increased indicating the creation of N vacancies. This provides evidence that N vacancies produced below the contact, acting as donors for electrons, play a main role in forming the Ohmic contact.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A LOW F-NUMBER BROADBAND VISIBLE THERMAL OPTICAL LIMITER (1993)

The operation of a wide field-of-view optical limiter is described for self-defocusing type nonlinear refractive materials, and design strategies were developed with the aid of numerical modeling. Experiments with a cell thickness on the order of the Rayleigh length (25–100 µm) were conducted with 6 and 30 nsec pulse lengths (single shot) at a wavelength of 532 nm. Broadband optical limiting with the transmitted fluence below the eye MPE (maximum permissible exposure) level was achieved using nigrosin dye dissolved in CS 2 , owing to the large thermal nonlinearity of the solvent, and the large changes in the refractive index allowed by a liquid. The device performance was accurately predicted by the numerical model up to the point of dielectric breakdown. Using 6 nsec pulses, we measured a limiting threshold energy of 40 nJ, which corresponds to a fluence of only 100 mJ/cm 2 in the solution, in an f/5 optical system with neutral gray transmission of ~ 50%.
Ultrafast Laser Ablation and Film Deposition (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Ablation by Short Independent Laser Pulses and Deposition of Films Cumulative Ablation of Solids by High-Repetition-Rate Short-Pulse Lasers Experimental Results: Deposition of Thin Films by Short-Pulse MHz Repetition Rate Laser Short-Pulse High-Repetition-Rate Laser Systems Concluding Remarks References
POSTER (2014)

Malware families classification has been studied extensively in the literature. Machine learning based identification techniques rely on building a classification model for the malware traffic, and then the model is used for labeling unseen observations. In practice, malware traffic (malware signal) is mixed with other legitimate traffic (background signal). Consequently, the classifier's effectiveness may be hindered, since the observed traffic is mixed. We propose to apply signal decomposition in order to decompose the observed traffic into two components, malware traffic and background traffic, and then classification techniques are applied effectively on the malware traffic after removing the background attributes. Our preliminary results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Estimation of delay test quality and its application to test generation (2007)

As a method to evaluate delay test quality of test patterns, SDQM (statistical delay quality model) has been proposed for transition faults. In order to derive better test quality by SDQM, the following two things are important: for each transition fault, (1) to find out the accurate length of the longest sensitizable paths along which the fault is activated and propagated, and (2) to generate a test pattern that detects the fault through as long paths as possible. In this paper, we propose a method to calculate the length of the potentially sensitizable longest path for detection of a transition fault. In addition, we develop a procedure to extract path information that helps high quality transition ATPG. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only derives more accurate SDQL (statistical delay quality level) but also enhances the test quality of generated test patterns.
A Novel System Identification Technique for Improved Wearable Hemodynamics Assessment (2015)

Recent advances have led to renewed interest in ballistocardiography (BCG), a noninvasive measure of the small movements of the body due to cardiovascular events. A broad range of platforms have been developed and verified for BCG measurement including beds, chairs, and weighing scales: while the body is coupled to such a platform, the cardiogenic movements are measured. Wearable BCG, measured with an accelerometer affixed to the body, may enable continuous, or more regular, monitoring during the day; however, the signals from such wearable BCGs represent local or distal accelerations of skin and tissue rather than the whole body. In this paper, we propose a novel method to reconstruct the BCG measured with a weighing scale (WS BCG) from a wearable sensor via a training step to remove these local effects. Preliminary validation of this method was performed with 15 subjects: the wearable sensor was placed at three locations on the surface of the body while WS BCG measurements were recorded simultaneously. A regularized system identification approach was used to reconstruct the WS BCG from the wearable BCG. Preliminary results suggest that the relationship between local and central disturbances is highly dependent on both the individual and the location where the accelerometer is placed on the body and that these differences can be resolved via calibration to accurately measure changes in cardiac output and contractility from a wearable sensor. Such measurements could be highly effective, for example, for improved monitoring of heart failure patients at home.
Treatment of Vitiligo Using the 308-nm Excimer Laser (2006)

The 308-nm xenon chloride excimer laser is an effective and safe modality for the treatment of vitiligo, with good results achieved in a relatively short duration of time.
LATCH-UP FREE VLSI CMOS CIRCUITS CONSIDERING POWER-ON TRANSIENTS (1988)

Power-on latch-up is depending on circuit design and technology. The use of an epilayer increases the latch-up hardness of conventional CMOS (LOGIC) while for n-well CMOS with VBB generator (DRAM) the latch-up suszeptibility is increased because of the capacitive voltage divider in the periphery and the high effective substrate shunt resistance. Therefore protection circuits provide latch-up free operation.
Development of VHF/FM Radio Front end Integrated Circuit (1980)

Recent years have witnessed an wide application of integrated circuits for radio receivers, with use including audio amplifiers, FM/AM IF amplifiers, FM/AM detectors, AM/RF amplifiers, mixers and FM stereo-demodulators. Moreover, a paper (1) describes a single chip AM/FM IC radio in which several of the above-mentioned functions have been integrated into a single chip.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Triazolo-pyrimidine Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Secretion (2011)

The high levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg)-bearing subviral particles in the serum of chronically infected individuals play an important role in suppressing HBV-specific immune response and are only mildly affected by the current small molecule therapies. Thus, a therapy that specifically reduces HBsAg serum levels could be used in combination therapy with nucleos(t)ide drugs or permit therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of HBV infection. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel triazolo-pyrimidine inhibitors (1, 3, and 4) of HBsAg cellular secretion, with activity against drug-resistant HBV variants. Extensive SAR led to substantial improvements in the EC(50) of the parent compound, 5 (HBF-0259), with the best being 3c, with EC(50) = 1.4 ± 0.4 μM, SI ≥ 36. The lead candidates, both 1a (PBHBV-001) and 3c (PBHBV-2-15), were well-tolerated in both normal and HBV-transgenic mice and exhibited acceptable pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Two Hydrophobic Group Strategy for Efficient Purification of Oligonucleotides (2006)

The first part of the work describes a procedure of oligonucleotide purification using a reversed-phase cartridge. The developed method employs a very efficient yet mild oligonucleotide detritylation on the cartridge support allowing fast purification of oligonucleotides regardless of their 5´-modification. Thiol- and amino-modified oligonuc-leotides were detritylated and purified with the same high efficiency as non-modified oligonucleotides. The method enables fast, parallel and automated purification of many oligonucleotide probes that was not possible before. In combination with the method of removal of tritylated failure fragments oligonucleotides were produced with purity superior to that of oligonucleotides purified using RP HPLC.In the second part of the present study a method of solid-phase RNA synthesis using 2´-tert-butyldithiomethyl (2´-O-DTM) is discussed. The stability of the DTM group during oligonucleotide assembly and deprotection in ammonia, together with its ability for rapid deprotection under mild conditions, allowed the synthesis of RNA with the quality similar to that of synthetic DNA oligonucleotides. The advantage of the 2´-O-DTM group is that it is completely orthogonal to all protecting groups used for the traditional solid-phase DNA synthesis. Therefore, the synthesis can be performed using a standard DNA synthesis procedure – no changes are needed for the product assembly. RNA oligonucleotides synthesized with retained 5´-terminal trityl group can be subjected to a cartridge-based purification using the procedure described in the first part of the study. The phosphoramidite synthesis was optimized for a large scale preparation and gives versatility for introduction of other alkyldithiomethyl groups according to the preference to their certain properties.The third part of the thesis describes the synthesis of a dithiomethyl linker and its utility for reversible conjugation of oligonucleotides. A dithiomethyl group, cleavable under mild conditions, was introduced onto 3´-OH of tritylated nucleosides via 3´-O-methylthiomethyl derivatives. The influence of different alkyl substituents on the disulfide bond stability was investigated, and stable analogues were employed in oligosyntheses. Two applications were developed using the present linker: 1) purification of oligonucleotides linked to the solid support; and 2) cartridge-based purification of tritylated oligonucleotides having an additional hydrophobic group on their 3´- terminus.
CCD For Two-Dimensional Transform (1985)

With the ever increasing demand for image transmission and image storage, various algorithms for image data compression have been developed. 1 To transmit pictures at lower bandwidth or to minimize the memory size for storage, the image must be compressed by the removal of redundant information. Transform image coding has been proven to be an efficient method for image compression.2,3 In the basic transform image coding concept, an image is divided into small blocks of pixels and each block undergoes a two-dimensional transformation to produce an equal-sized array of transform coefficients. The coding process is then performed on the transformed block image. It has been shown that the compression factor of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) compares closely with that of the Karhunen-Loeve transform, which is considered to be the optima1.4 But, comparatively, using the fast cosine transform (FCT) algorithm, the implementation of DCT is much simpler. Therefore, in many transform coding systems a large amount of digital hardware is dedicated to perform the 2-D FCT, because it is believed to be the only practical approach to get close to optimal performance. This consideration leads the recent research efforts on the transform image coding concentrated on the improvement of the coding process only.
Proposal of Autonomous Regenerative Snubber Circuit and Verification Effect to Indirect Matrix Converter (2019)

In power electronics system with higher operating frequency, countermeasures against switching surge voltage becomes necessary. So we propose "regenerative snubber circuit" which can regenerate the switching surge energy to the system without wasting it. The proposed regenerative snubber circuit operates autonomously, and it can operate with a simpler control circuit than other regenerative snubber circuits. In this paper, we report about the operating principle of the proposed regenerative snubber circuit and the effect of applying it to indirect matrix converter (IMC).
An application of a smart control suspension system for a passenger car based on soft computing (2003)

A mathematical model‑based design methodology for a robust intelligent semi‑active suspension control system for passenger cars based on stochastic simulation and soft computing was developed. A globally optimized teaching signal for damper control was generated by a genetic algorithm the ﬁtness function of which is set to satisfy conﬂicting requirements such as riding comfort and stability of the car body. Proper selection of the input signals for the fuzzy controller achieved accurate and robust control making it possible to reduce the number of sensors. The knowledge base is optimized for various kinds of stochastic road signals on a computer without carrying out actual ﬁeld tests.