gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design, selection and optimization of an anti-TRAIL-R2/anti-CD3 bispecific antibody able to educate T cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells (2018)

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or TRAIL-receptor agonistic monoclonal antibodies promote apoptosis in most cancer cells, and the differential expression of TRAIL-R2 between tumor and normal tissues allows its exploitation as a tumor-associated antigen. The use of these antibodies as anticancer agents has been extensively studied, but the results of clinical trials were disappointing. The observed lack of anticancer activity could be attributed to intrinsic or acquired resistance of tumor cells to this type of treatment. A possible strategy to circumvent drug resistance would be to strike tumor cells with a second modality based on a different mechanism of action. We therefore set out to generate and optimize a bispecific antibody targeting TRAIL-R2 and CD3. After the construction of different bispecific antibodies in tandem-scFv or single-chain diabody formats to reduce possible immunogenicity, we selected a humanized bispecific antibody with very low aggregates and long-term high stability and functionality. This antibody triggered TRAIL-R2 in an agonistic manner and its anticancer activity proved dramatically potentiated by the redirection of cytotoxic T cells against both sensitive and resistant melanoma cells. The results of our study show that combining the TRAIL-based antitumor strategy with an immunotherapeutic approach in a single molecule could be an effective addition to the anticancer armamentarium.
Selective etching of silicon nitride using remote plasmas of CF4 and SF6 (1989)

Silicon nitride is etched using a remote plasma discharge of CF4 or SF6, diluted in a He or N2 carrier gas. By itself, this process chemistry does not etch silicon nitride selectively, a desirable property of a useful process; however, by including a source of abstractable hydrogen, e.g., H2 or CH4, in the process mix, the Si3N4 :Si and Si3N4 :SiO2 etch rate ratios can be considerably increased. The hydrogen source serves to consume atomic fluorine, enhancing the preferential deposition of a fluorocarbon layer on Si and SiO2 (in the case of CF4 ). This fluorocarbon film impedes Si and SiO2 etching by atomic F. For SF6 , some form of etch-impeding surface layer also may be formed.
3-D tissue typing of prostate tissue based on spectral parameters (2002)

Prostate cancer is the highest-incidence and second-leading cancer killer of men in the US. Its diagnosis now relies virtually exclusively on biopsy, but because of the poor specificity and sensitivity of conventional ultrasound many unnecessary biopsies are performed and many justified biopsies fail to sample cancer that is present. Ultrasonic spectrum analysis of radio-frequency (rf) echo signals may offer a means of improving the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonic means of guiding biopsies. These improvements could reduce unnecessary biopsies, and particularly, false-negative biopsies by improving biopsy guidance. Our results are encouraging for differentiating cancerous from non-cancerous tissue, they typically produce ROC curve areas of approximately 0.9, which represents sensitivity and specificity superior to other imaging means of determining whether biopsy is required.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Physical Studies of Azamitosene and Iminoazamitosene Reductive Alkylating Agents. Iminoquinone Hydrolytic Stability, syn/anti‐Isomerization, and Electrochemistry. (1990)

Abstract Catalyzed by ZnCl 2 , the pyrrolidinobenzene (I) is cyclized to give the benzimidazole (III).
Self-Healing Technologies for Wiring and Surfaces in Aerospace and Deep Space Exploration Applications (2017)

Self-healing technologies have been identified as critical technology gaps for future exploration. NASA and KSC have been working in this area for multiple years with established intellectual property; however, there are many challenges that remain in this area of research. How do we mimic what the body does so naturally when we as NASA have unique requirements? We have been investigating several mechanisms for self-healing: microencapsulation with a healant core to fill in voids in the case of mechanical puncture and flowable (or sealable)systems that have inherent chemical properties that allow the materials to flow back together when cut or damaged. The microcapsules containing healant have to be durable and robust, must be able to take high temperatures to meet NASA unique requirements, provide good capillary flow of the healant, and be small in diameters to fill in damage voids in thin films or surfaces. Sealable systems have to flow in a range of temperatures and yet be lightweight and chemically resistant. The systems currently being developed are based on polyimide and polyurethane matrices and have been studied for use in high performance wiring systems, inflatable systems, and habitation structures. Self-healing or self-sealing capability would significantly reduce maintenance requirements and increase the safety and reliability performance of critical systems. Advances in these self-healing technologies and some of the unique challenges needed to be overcome in order to incorporate a self-healing mechanism into wiring or thin films systems will be addressed.
Utilization of lattice reduction approach in MIMO decoding (2008)

In this paper we investigate utilization of lattice-reduction (LR) approach for MIMO decoding in multiple antenna systems. We show how to expand LR method initially designed for real value lattices into complex lattices utilized in MIMO OFDM systems. We offer the two effective schemes of MIMO decoder based on complex LR, one generating hard bit output, while the other generating soft bit output. We show that proposed schemes demonstrate superior performance to conventional algorithms while having comparable complexity.
Quantitative analysis of comparative genomic hybridization (1995)

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a new molecular cytogenetic method for the detection of chromosomal imbalances. Following cohybridization of DNA prepared from a sample to be studied and control DNA to normal metaphase spreads, probes are detected via different fluorochromes. The ratio of the test and control fluorescence intensities along a chromosome reflects the relative copy number of segments of a chromosome in the test genome. Quantitative evaluation of CGH experiments is required for the determination of low copy changes, e.g., monosomy or trisomy, and for the definition of the breakpoints involved in unbalanced rearrangements. In this study, a program for quantitation of CGH preparations is presented. This program is based on the extraction of the fluorescence ratio profile along each chromosome, followed by averaging of individual profiles from several meta phase spreads. Objective parameters critical for quantitative evaluations were tested, and the criteria for selection of suitable CGH preparations are described. The granularity of the chromosome painting and the regional inhomogeneity of fluorescence intensities in metaphase spreads proved to be crucial parameters. The coefficient of variation of the ratio value for chromosomes in balanced state (CVBS) provides a general quality criterion for CGH experiments. Different cutoff levels (thresholds) of average fluorescence ratio values were compared for their specificity and sensitivity with regard to the detection of chromosomal imbalances.
Toward <i>in Situ</i> Healing of Compromised Polymeric Membranes (2013)

Damage to membranes during operation and the consequential loss of process integrity are prevalent problems in membrane-based separation processes, particularly in water and wastewater treatment where ensuring product water quality is essential. We herein present an innovative method of healing compromised polymeric membranes without requiring the knowledge of damage location and the disassembly of a system. This in situ healing method involves preferential blocking of a damaged site using chitosan agglomerates and subsequent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde to form a sturdy plug. Results of this proof-of-concept study suggest that a sample ultrafiltration membrane with severe physical damage could recover its nearly original performance in terms of water permeability (96%) and solute/particle rejection (87–100%) by the healing process.
1.7 GHz/2.1 GHz dual-band feed-forward amplifier (2006)

This paper proposes a new feed-forward amplifier configuration that simultaneously compensates for the intermodulation distortion components in each band, when signals of different frequency bands are input. The signal cancellation loop and distortion cancellation loop in the proposed feed-forward configuration have a filter and vector regulator for each band. The filter only selects the desired frequency band component from the input signals. Employing the filters means that the whole bandwidth of the input signals is converted to an operable bandwidth for the vector regulators. Therefore, the vector regulator can sufficiently adjust the amplitude and phase of the selected frequency band component. The proposed configuration achieves sufficient intermodulation distortion compensation for each band. A 1.7 GHz/2.1 GHz dual-band, 1-W class feed-forward amplifier is investigated. The third-order intermodulation distortion is less than -70 dBc when the output power is 22 dBm for each band. The saturation output power at 1.7 GHz and 2.1 GHz is 28 dBm and 30 dBm, respectively. These experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed feed-forward amplifier configuration.
The Chronological Development of the Cheng Cycle Steam Injected Gas Turbine During the Past 25 Years (2002)

The Cheng Cycle gas turbine has enjoyed its 25th anniversary since its conception. More than 100 sites around the world including the United States, Japan, Australia, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands have used the Cheng Cycle. A chronology will be presented in this paper which will highlight the steps taken to develop the fully automated, load following power and cogeneration system. The Cheng cycle operates with a steam to air ratio trajectory that has its highest “peak efficiency” at the onset of a turbine’s operation. The peak efficiency point was coined as the Cheng point by Dr. Urbach [ref.1] of the US Navy’s David Taylor Research Center. Many thermodynamic and professional textbooks refer to the original Dual Fluid Cycle as the Cheng Cycle. Besides the high efficiency feature, the Cheng Cycle is mechanically simple and flexible in operation. It can put power on line faster than a combined cycle, and it has extremely clean emissions at low cost. The future performance of the Advanced Cheng Cycle will also be projected.
Design and Synthesis of Tetracyclic Nonpeptidic Biaryl Nitrile Inhibitors of Cathepsin K. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Approaches for the identification of potential excreted/secreted proteins of<i>Leishmania major</i>parasites (2006)

Leishmania parasites are able to survive in host macrophages despite the harsh phagolysosomal vacuoles conditions. This could reflect, in part, their capacity to secrete proteins that may play an essential role in the establishment of infection and serve as targets for cellular immune responses. To characterize Leishmania major proteins excreted/secreted early after promastigote entry into the host macrophage, we have generated antibodies against culture supernatants of stationary-phase promastigotes collected 6 h after incubation in conditions that partially reproduce those prevailing in the parasitophorous vacuole. The screening of an L. major cDNA library with these antibodies led us to isolate 33 different cDNA clones that we report here. Sequence analysis revealed that the corresponding proteins could be classified in 3 groups: 9 proteins have been previously described as excreted/secreted in Leishmania and/or other species; 11 correspond to known proteins already characterized in Leishmania and/or other species although it is unknown whether they are excreted/secreted and 13 code for unknown proteins. Interestingly, the latter are transcribed as shown by RT-PCR and some of them are stage regulated. The L. major excreted/secreted proteins may constitute putative virulence factors, vaccine candidates and/or new drug targets.
Optical frequency domain reflectometry for high-resolution distributed strain sensing (2011)

Commercially available OFDR technology provides high-resolution distributed strain measurements using standard optical fiber. These measurements are shown to correlate well with other standard measurement methods and theoretical models of simple structures.
Quantum Algorithms for Mixed Binary Optimization Applied to Transaction Settlement (2021)

In this article, we extend variational quantum optimization algorithms for quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems to the class of mixed binary optimization problems. This allows us to combine binary decision variables with continuous decision variables, which, for instance, enables the modeling of inequality constraints via slack variables. We propose two heuristics and introduce the transaction settlement problem to demonstrate them. Transaction settlement is defined as the exchange of securities and cash between parties and is crucial to financial market infrastructure. We test our algorithms using classical simulation as well as real quantum devices provided by IBM quantum.
Hypoxanthine Ratio Determination in Fish Extract Using Capillary Electrophoresis and Immobilized Enzymes (1992)

ABSTRACT Fish freshness was assessed using capillary electrophoresis and an immobilized enzyme procedure to monitor degradation of inosine‐5′‐monophosphate (IMP), inosine (HxR) and hypoxanthine (Hx). The enzymatic method used an amperometric probe at + 0.7 V (platinum vs silver/silver chloride) with immobilized xanthine oxidase, catalase, nucleoside phosphorylase, and nucleotidase for converting Hx, HxR or IMP to uric acid. Capillary electrophoresis resolved IMP, inosine and Hx by migration rates resulting from an applied electric field (416 V/cm, 50 μA). Components were detected at 250 nm. The H ratio of Hx/[IMP + HxR + Hx] and simplified K value of [HxR + Hx]/ [IMP + HxR + Hx] were determined in cod, salmon and trout stored on ice (0‐4°C) and at 20°C. The two procedures agreed and for all species H ratio and K values increased with storage time.
Small Majorana fermion codes (2017)

We consider Majorana fermion stabilizer codes with small number of modes and distance. We give an upper bound on the number of logical qubits for distance 4 codes, and we construct Majorana fermion codes similar to the classical Hamming code that saturate this bound. We perform numerical studies and find other distance 4 and 6 codes that we conjecture have the largest possible number of logical qubits for the given number of physical Majorana modes. Some of these codes have more logical qubits than any Majorana fermion code derived from a qubit stabilizer code.
Annoyance perception of environmental noises by hearing impaired listeners (2012)

Annoyance perception of environmental noises is an important topic in many fields, including transportation, environmental studies and hearing aid design. While annoyance perception of normal hearing (NH) listeners has been studied extensively (e.g. Fastl & Zwicker 2006, Versfeld & Vos 1997, Alayrac et al 2010, Palmer et al 2006), data on annoyance perception of hearing impaired (HI) listeners is scant. In this study, we investigate the annoyance perception of typical environmental noises by both NH and HI listeners, using listeners with unilateral hearing loss. We use the magnitude estimation procedure to obtain the annoyance ratings and a paired-comparison method to obtain the annoyance preference for different environmental noises. The experimental data are analyzed to reveal the underlying dimensions of annoyance perception and differences between NH and HI listeners. A functional model for annoyance perception is developed for both HI and NH listeners. Finally, potential applications of our results are discussed in the context of hearing aid design.
Tangential Velocity Measurement Using Interferometric MTI Radar (2002)

An Interferometric Moving Target Indicator radar can be used to measure the tangential velocity component of a moving target. Multiple baselines, along with the conventional radial velocity measurement, allow estimating the true 3-D velocity vector of a target.
Electrically large spline profile smooth-wall horns for spot beam applications (2011)

In this paper we describe another useful application for spline-profile, smooth-wall horns: as direct radiating antennas for generating high-directivity spot beams (patent pending). Such applications can require horn apertures as large as 24λ with peak directivities exceeding 36dBi.
A Novel Optical/digital Processing System for Pattern Recognition (1993)

This paper describes two processing algorithms that can be implemented optically: the Radon transform and angular correlation. These two algorithms can be combined in one optical processor to extract all the basic geometric and amplitude features from objects embedded in video imagery. We show that the internal amplitude structure of objects is recovered by the Radon transform, which is a well-known result, but, in addition, we show simulation results that calculate angular correlation, a simple but unique algorithm that extracts object boundaries from suitably threshold images from which length, width, area, aspect ratio, and orientation can be derived. In addition to circumventing scale and rotation distortions, these simulations indicate that the features derived from the angular correlation algorithm are relatively insensitive to tracking shifts and image noise. Some optical architecture concepts, including one based on micro-optical lenslet arrays, have been developed to implement these algorithms. Simulation test and evaluation using simple synthetic object data will be described, including results of a study that uses object boundaries (derivable from angular correlation) to classify simple objects using a neural network.
Labyrinth Seal With Variable Height Teeth Tips for Efficient Leakage Control (2019)

Abstract A modification of a conventional straight tooth labyrinth seal with variable tooth height is proposed. The baseline and modified labyrinth seal teeth with solid land are examined by three-dimensional CFD numerical modeling of the flow field and evaluated for predicting the leakage through the seal during the engine operation. Stocker’s [1] static labyrinth seal experimental data is used to validate the CFD methodology used in this paper. The baseline and the proposed modified design [2] — “Labyrinth seal with variable tooth heights” are numerically studied with solid lands and evaluated to measure the reduction in leakages. The objective of this study is to provide an improved sealing effectiveness by restricting the leakage flow and controlling the seal leakage during the operation of the engine. In this study, a conventional straight-through four-tooth labyrinth seal with solid land is used as the baseline model. It is first evaluated at different unworn constant radial gaps — between the teeth tips and solid land. In the proposed modification, the height of the intermediate teeth of the baseline four-tooth are varied. The teeth heights are designed in such a way that intermediate longer teeth form a very small or tighter radial gap at start of operation. The shorter ones are designed based on the expected wear groove/rub depth considered by the seal designer. Results indicate that the proposed modification — Variable height teeth tips, reduce the seal leakage by over 50% compared to the baseline. The advantage of this modified design over a baseline seal is that at unworn or worn conditions, the teeth tips always forms a considerable tighter radial gap when compared with baseline seal. The achieved sealing is such that during engine operation of the seal, even if the seal gets worn, the overall leakage is significantly reduced.
Codon-Optimized Bacterial Genes Improve <scp>l</scp> -Arabinose Fermentation in Recombinant <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2008)

Bioethanol produced by microbial fermentations of plant biomass hydrolysates consisting of hexose and pentose mixtures is an excellent alternative to fossil transportation fuels. However, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly used in bioethanol production, can utilize pentose sugars like l-arabinose or d-xylose only after heterologous expression of corresponding metabolic pathways from other organisms. Here we report the improvement of a bacterial l-arabinose utilization pathway consisting of l-arabinose isomerase from Bacillus subtilis and l-ribulokinase and l-ribulose-5-P 4-epimerase from Escherichia coli after expression of the corresponding genes in S. cerevisiae. l-Arabinose isomerase from B. subtilis turned out to be the limiting step for growth on l-arabinose as the sole carbon source. The corresponding enzyme could be effectively replaced by the enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis, leading to a considerably decreased lag phase. Subsequently, the codon usage of all the genes involved in the l-arabinose pathway was adapted to that of the highly expressed genes encoding glycolytic enzymes in S. cerevisiae. Yeast transformants expressing the codon-optimized genes showed strongly improved l-arabinose conversion rates. With this rational approach, the ethanol production rate from l-arabinose could be increased more than 2.5-fold from 0.014 g ethanol h(-1) (g dry weight)(-1) to 0.036 g ethanol h(-1) (g dry weight)(-1) and the ethanol yield could be increased from 0.24 g ethanol (g consumed l-arabinose)(-1) to 0.39 g ethanol (g consumed l-arabinose)(-1). These improvements make up a new starting point for the construction of more-efficient industrial l-arabinose-fermenting yeast strains by evolutionary engineering.
Process to Recover Tritium from Fusion Fuel Cycle Impurities (1986)

Based on experimental results of the catalytic decomposition of ammonia and methane into the elements, a three step process is under development for D, T recycling of the effluent gas of the main fusion reactor exhaust gas purification system. The process is designed for operation at comparatively low temperatures in order to minimize tritium permeation losses. A reduction in solid radioactive waste is achieved by the employment of catalytic cracking reactions. The high purity D, T produced may be fed directly into the isotope separation system. By process optimization sufficiently high decontamination factors of the waste gas seem possible.
(<i>p</i>-cymene)RuLCl<sub>2</sub> (L = 1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene and 1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) and Related Complexes as Ring Closing Metathesis Catalysts (1999)

Complexes of (η6-arene)ruthenium bearing the carbene ligand 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) and 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) Ru(IMes)(Cl)2(η6-arene), Ru(IPr)(Cl)2(η6-arene), and [RuCCCPh2(IMes)(Cl)(η6-arene)]PF6 were prepared and found to be efficient catalyst precursors for ring closing olefin metathesis.