gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization and mitigation of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions from partial and full‐nitrification BNR processes based on post‐anoxic aeration control (2015)

It has been reported that a directional change from anoxic to aerobic conditions is a common trigger for nitrous oxide (N2 O) production by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). By extension, during anoxic-aerobic cycling, post-anoxic dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations might likely play a role in the magnitude of N2 O emissions observed. The overall goal of this study was to determine the impact of three select post-anoxic DO concentrations (0.8, 2.0, and 3.0 mg O2 /L) on N2 O emissions from partial-nitrification (PN) and full-nitrification (FN) reactors subjected to anoxic-aerobic cycling and, ultimately, to explore the development of strategies to minimize N2 O emissions from PN and FN based biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes. Statistically similar N2 O emissions were observed during anoxia for both PN (0.62 ± 0.21% N load) and FN (0.61 ± 0.070% N load) processes. In contrast, N2 O emissions were statistically lower for PN (0.86 ± 0.25% N load) than for FN (4.6 ± 2.8% N load), during the post-anoxic aerobic phase, when compared together for all three post-anoxic DO concentrations. Further, for PN, the highest N2 O emissions were observed at the highest post-anoxic DO concentration of 3.0 mg O2 /L (1.2% N load), likely due to the highest corresponding AOB specific growth rate. In contrast, for FN, the highest N2 O emissions were at the lowest post-anoxic DO concentration of 0.8 mg O2 /L (8.5% N load). The higher emissions from FN process at low DO concentrations were associated with a lag in nitrite oxidizing bacteria activity upon recovery to aerobic conditions. This lag phase contributed to transient nitrite accumulation, and in turn correlated positively to the observed N2 O emissions. Based on our findings, a gradual ramp up in post-anoxic DO concentrations can minimize N2 O emissions during PN-based BNR, whereas a completely different strategy, entailing a rapid increase in post-anoxic DO concentrations can minimize emissions during FN-based BNR operations.
One-Dimensional NMR Thermal Mapping of Focused Ultrasound Surgery (1994)

This technique could serve as a noninvasive guide in tracking the heat source and in monitoring thermal dose during focused ultrasound surgery and other minimally invasive thermal interventions.
Direct detection of renal function markers using microchip CE with pulsed electrochemical detection (2004)

Creatinine, creatine, and uric acid are three important compounds that are measured in a variety of clinical assays, most notably for renal function. Traditional clinical assays for these compounds have focused on the use of enzymes or chemical reactions. Electrophoretic microchips have the potential to integrate separation power of capillary electrophoresis with devices that are small, portable, and have the speed of conventional sensors. The development of a microchip CE system for the direct detection of creatinine, creatine, and uric acid is presented. The device uses pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) to detect the nitrogen-containing compounds as well as the easily oxidizable uric acid. Baseline separation of creatinine, creatine and uric acid was achieved using 30 mM borate buffer (pH = 9.4) in less than 200 s. Linear calibration curves were obtained with limits of detection of 80 microM, 250 microM and 270 microM for creatinine, creatine and uric acid respectively. An optimization of the separation conditions and a comparison of PAD with other amperometric detection modes is also shown. Finally, analysis of a real urine sample is presented with validation of creatinine concentrations using a clinical assay kit based on the Jaffé reaction.
Carbon Nanotube and Carbon Black Supported Platinum Nanocomposites as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2007)

Pt supported on a binary support of multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) and carbon black (CB) with different ratio of CNT and CB (Pt/CNT-CB) has been prepared by reducing H2PtCl6 with ethylene glycol. Pt/CNT-CB (CNT/CB=50/50, 80/20), Pt/CB and Pt/CNT have been used as electrocatalysts for cathode in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC). In the low current density region, the cathode with a CNT/CB ratio of 50/50 shows the best performance as compared to CNT based catalyst. Whereas in the high current density region, the cathode with a CNT/CB ratio of 80/20 exhibits the best performance.
Synthesis of thebaine and oripavine from codeine and morphine (1975)

A practical synthesis of thebaine and oripavine has been developed from codeine and morphine, respectively. Attempts to use a codeinone intermediate gave poor yields; however, methylation of the potassium salt of codeine to give codeine methyl ether followed by oxidation with gamma-MnO2 gave thebaine in 67% yield from codeine. Similarly, the potassium salt of the di-O-anion of morphine was selectively alkylated to give morphine 6-methyl ether (heterocodeine) in better than 90% yield. Hetercodeine was then acetylated and oxidized to oripavine 3-acetate which was hydrolyzed to give oripavine in 73% yield from morphine.
High-Pass Two-Dimensional Ladder Network Resonators for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2006)

A novel two-dimensional ladder network resonator design is introduced for signal transmission and detection in magnetic resonance imaging. It is shown that planar structures consisting solely of inductively coupled elements have a high-pass eigenmode spectrum and exhibit eigenfunctions which can be used for magnetic resonance imaging, including quadrature operation. Two 5 x 5 element prototypes, a planar surface coil and a volume head coil, are presented to demonstrate the suitability of the design for imaging at 3.0 Tesla.
<i>In vivo</i>assessment of potential probiotic<i>Lactobacillus salivarius</i>strains: evaluation of their establishment, persistence, and localisation in the murine gastrointestinal tract (1999)

The enteric flora comprise approximately 95% of the total number of cells in the human body.Numerous studies have investigated potentially beneficial members of this microbial community due to their ability to elicit immune responses while also protecting against microbial pathogens.We have previously reported on the isolation and identification, from surgically-resected segments of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT), of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB).These bacterial strains exhibit potentially beneficial probiotic traits in 6itro such as bile tolerance in the absence of deconjugation; gastric acid resistance; and adherence to epithelial cell lines.The objective of this study was to administer two strains of the previously-isolated LAB to mice over a period of 7 or 14 days in order to assess their ability to establish themselves within specific regions of the GIT.Throughout this feeding period, and for 4 days following cessation of feeding, the numbers of total culturable lactobacilli and of the administered LAB present in faeces were monitored.Spontaneous rifampicin resistant derivatives (50 mg/ml) of Lactobacillus sali6arius subsp.sali6arius UCC1(LM5) and Lb.sali6arius subsp.sali6arius UCC118(LM2) were generated to facilitate enumeration of the strains in GIT and faecal samples.Each potential probiotic strain was individually administered to Balb/c mice at a daily concentration of approximately 4.0 × 10 9 CFU.After 1 day of feeding, strains UCC1(LM5) and UCC118(LM2) were recovered from murine faeces at Log 10 6.95 (1.18) CFU/g and Log 10 6.33 (0.37) CFU/g, respectively.Interestingly, UCC118(LM2), which was originally isolated from the ileal-caecal region of the human GIT, was found to have become established in the corresponding region of the murine GIT regardless of the length of the feeding period.UCC118(LM2) was also found to persist in faeces for a period of up to 3 days following cessation of feeding.Administration of UCC1(LM5) and UCC118(LM2) did not result in any significant changes in the levels of indigenous bacteria culturable from faeces.In conclusion, human isolate Lb. sali6arius subsp.sali6arius UCC118(LM2) was found to effectively colonise, and survive transit through, the murine gastrointestinal tract.Lactobacillus sali6arius subsp.
<title>Analysis of a three-dimensional lung nodule detection method for thoracic CT scans</title> (2000)

We are developing an automated method to analyze the three- dimensional nature of structures within CT scans and identify those structures that represent lung nodules. The set of segmented lung regions from all sections of a CT scan forms a segmented lung volume within which multiple gray-level thresholds are applied. Contiguous three-dimensional structures are identified within each thresholded lung volume, and structures that satisfy a volume criterion constitute an initial set of nodule candidates. A feature vector is then computed for each nodule candidate. A rule-based scheme is applied to the initial candidate set to reduce the number of nodule candidates that correspond to normal anatomy. Feature vectors for the remaining candidates are merged through an automated classifier to further distinguish between candidates that correspond to nodules and candidates that correspond to normal structures. This automated method demonstrates promising performance in its ability to detect lung nodules in CT images. Such a technique may assist radiologists evaluate, for example, images from low-dose, screening thoracic CT examinations.
Shaping metallic glasses by electromagnetic pulsing (2016)

With damage tolerance rivalling advanced engineering alloys and thermoplastic forming capabilities analogous to conventional plastics, metallic glasses are emerging as a modern engineering material. Here, we take advantage of their unique electrical and rheological properties along with the classic Lorentz force concept to demonstrate that electromagnetic coupling of electric current and a magnetic field can thermoplastically shape a metallic glass without conventional heating sources or applied mechanical forces. Specifically, we identify a process window where application of an electric current pulse in the presence of a normally directed magnetic field can ohmically heat a metallic glass to a softened state, while simultaneously inducing a large enough magnetic body force to plastically shape it. The heating and shaping is performed on millisecond timescales, effectively bypassing crystallization producing fully amorphous-shaped parts. This electromagnetic forming approach lays the groundwork for a versatile, time- and energy-efficient manufacturing platform for ultrastrong metals.
The gut reaction to traumatic brain injury (2015)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. The complexity of TBI partly stems from the fact that injuries to the brain instigate non-neurological injuries to other organs such as the intestine. Additionally, genetic variation is thought to play a large role in determining the nature and severity of non-neurological injuries. We recently reported that TBI in flies, as in humans, increases permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier resulting in hyperglycemia and a higher risk of death. Furthermore, we demonstrated that genetic variation in flies is also pertinent to the complexity of non-neurological injuries following TBI. The goals of this review are to place our findings in the context of what is known about TBI-induced intestinal permeability from studies of TBI patients and rodent TBI models and to draw attention to how studies of the fly TBI model can provide unique insights that may facilitate diagnosis and treatment of TBI.
Text-dependent speaker verification: Classifiers, databases and RSR2015 (2014)

The RSR2015 database, designed to evaluate text-dependent speaker verification systems under different durations and lexical constraints has been collected and released by the Human Language Technology (HLT) department at Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R) in Singapore. English speakers were recorded with a balanced diversity of accents commonly found in Singapore. More than 151 h of speech data were recorded using mobile devices. The pool of speakers consists of 300 participants (143 female and 157 male speakers) between 17 and 42 years old making the RSR2015 database one of the largest publicly available database targeted for text-dependent speaker verification. We provide evaluation protocol for each of the three parts of the database, together with the results of two speaker verification system: the HiLAM system, based on a three layer acoustic architecture, and an i-vector/PLDA system. We thus provide a reference evaluation scheme and a reference performance on RSR2015 database to the research community. The HiLAM outperforms the state-of-the-art i-vector system in most of the scenarios.
ChemInform Abstract: AZACYCLOALKANES. XXVI. NEW METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,4‐DIHYDROPYRROLO(1,2‐A)PYRAZINES (1983)

Abstract Eine neue, allgemeine Synthese der Titelverbindungen (III) bzw. (V) und (VI) wird beschrieben.
Al-2 % Si Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon (2007)

Al–2% Si induced crystallization of amorphous silicon is investigated. The 2% Si is found to enhance the crystallization process, thereby reducing the initial crystallization temperature by . The enhancement is attributed to the presence of Si precipitates in the Al–2% Si film, which act as nucleation sites for Si grain growth. As with the system, adjacent Al–2% Si and films undergo a layer exchange during isothermal annealing, resulting in a continuous polycrystalline silicon film with good physical and electrical properties. The activation energy for the process is , indicating that the crystallization is a diffusion-limited process.
Angiopoietin-2 as a Biomarker and Target for Immune Checkpoint Therapy (2016)

Immune checkpoint therapies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 have proven effective in cancer treatment. However, the identification of biomarkers for predicting clinical outcomes and mechanisms to overcome resistance remain as critical needs. Angiogenesis is increasingly appreciated as an immune modulator with potential for combinatorial use with checkpoint blockade. Angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2) is an immune target in patients and is involved in resistance to anti-VEGF treatment with the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab. We investigated the predictive and prognostic value of circulating ANGPT2 in metastatic melanoma patients receiving immune checkpoint therapy. High pretreatment serum ANGPT2 was associated with reduced overall survival in CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade-treated patients. These treatments also increased serum ANGPT2 in many patients early after treatment initiation, whereas ipilimumab plus bevacizumab treatment decreased serum concentrations. ANGPT2 increases were associated with reduced response and/or overall survival. Ipilimumab increased, and ipilimumab plus bevacizumab decreased, tumor vascular ANGPT2 expression in a subset of patients, which was associated with increased and decreased tumor infiltration by CD68<sup>+</sup> and CD163<sup>+</sup> macrophages, respectively. In vitro, bevacizumab blocked VEGF-induced ANGPT2 expression in tumor-associated endothelial cells, whereas ANGPT2 increased PD-L1 expression on M2-polarized macrophages. Treatments elicited long-lasting and functional antibody responses to ANGPT2 in a subset of patients receiving clinical benefit. Our findings suggest that serum ANGPT2 may be considered as a predictive and prognostic biomarker for immune checkpoint therapy and may contribute to treatment resistance via increasing proangiogenic and immunosuppressive activities in the tumor microenvironment. Targeting ANGPT2 provides a rational combinatorial approach to improve the efficacy of immune therapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(1); 17-28. ©2016 AACR.
Lightning fast and space efficient inequality joins (2015)

Inequality joins, which join relational tables on inequality conditions, are used in various applications. While there have been a wide range of optimization methods for joins in database systems, from algorithms such as sort-merge join and band join, to various indices such as B + -tree, R * -tree and Bitmap, inequality joins have received little attention and queries containing such joins are usually very slow. In this paper, we introduce fast inequality join algorithms. We put columns to be joined in sorted arrays and we use permutation arrays to encode positions of tuples in one sorted array w.r.t. the other sorted array. In contrast to sort-merge join, we use space efficient bit-arrays that enable optimizations, such as Bloom filter indices, for fast computation of the join results. We have implemented a centralized version of these algorithms on top of PostgreSQL, and a distributed version on top of Spark SQL. We have compared against well known optimization techniques for inequality joins and show that our solution is more scalable and several orders of magnitude faster.
ISHair (2012)

We present an importance sampling method for the bidirectional scattering distribution function (bsdf) of hair, based on the multi-lobe hair scattering model presented in [Sadeghi et al. 2010]. Our algorithm is efficient, easy to implement and it has no significant memory overhead or need for precomputation. We have integrated our method into both a research raytracer and a micropolygon based production renderer. Figure 1 compares the rendering quality of our method to statified uniform sampling for both direct (environment) lighting rendered with our production renderer and indirect lighting rendered with path tracing. In both cases, our method delivers significantly better image quality than uniform sampling using the same number of samples.
Application of a Meshfree Radial Point Interpolation Method (RPIM) for Quantifying Three-Dimensional Left-Ventricular Regional Strains with Displacement ENcoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE) MRI and Validation in Reference to Tagged MRI (2014)

We used fasting diet therapy with a 28-year-old woman with chronic urticaria who responded only to systemic administration of glucocorticosteroids. The rashes began to decrease on the third therapeutic day and completely disappeared on the 11th day. Although the eruptions relapsed three days after the termination of the therapy, they were milder than previous ones. We also discussed the possible efficacy of fasting diet therapy for chronic urticaria as reported in the literature.
Epitope Mapping of Monoclonal Antibodies using Synthetic Oligosaccharides Uncovers Novel Aspects of Immune Recognition of the Psl Exopolysaccharide of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2013)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium that can cause life-threatening infections in critically ill and cystic fibrosis patients. The Psl exopolysaccharide of P. aeruginosa offers an attractive serotype-independent antigen for the development of immunotherapies. Here, the first chemical synthesis of a panel of oligosaccharides derived from the exopolysaccharide of P. aeruginosa by a synthetic strategy that efficiently deals with the stereoselective installation of several β-mannosides and the formation of a mannoside that is extended by saccharide moieties at C-1, C-2, and C-3 in a crowded 1,2,3-cis configuration is described. The approach was employed to prepare tetra-, penta-, and hexa- and decasaccharide part structures. The compounds were employed to define the epitope requirements of several functionally active monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can bind three distinct epitopes of Psl (class I, II, and III). The class II mAb reacted potently with each oligosaccharide indicating its epitope resides within the tetrasaccharide and does not require the branched mannoside of Psl. The class III antibody did not bind the tetra- or pentasaccharide; however, it did react potently with the hexasaccharide and weakly with the decasaccharide, suggesting a terminal glucoside is required for optimal binding. Unexpectedly, the class I mAb did not bind any of the oligosaccharides indicating that Psl contains a yet to be elucidated sub-stoichiometric isoform. This study demonstrates that functional activity of a mAb does not only depend on the avidity of binding but also on the location of an epitope within a bacterial polysaccharide. The results also provide a strong impetus to analyze further the structure of Psl to identify the class I epitope, that is expected to provide an attractive target for the development of a synthetic vaccine for P. aeruginosa.
Strain-Engineered Si/SiGe Resonant Interband Tunneling Diodes Grown on $\hbox{Si}_{0.8}\hbox{Ge}_{0.2}$ Virtual Substrates With Strained Si Cladding Layers (2008)

Strain-engineered Si-based resonant interband tunneling diodes grown on commercially available Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.8</sub> Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2</sub> virtual substrates were developed that address issues of P dopant diffusion and electron confinement. Strain-induced band offsets were effectively utilized to improve tunnel diode performance versus the control device, particularly the peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR). By growing tensilely strained Si layers cladding the P delta-doping plane, the quantum well formed by the P delta-doping plane is deepened, which concurrently increases the optimal annealing temperature from 800 to 835 and facilitates an increase in the PVCR up to 1.8times from 1.6 to 2.8 at room temperature, which is significantly better than previous results on strained substrates.
Modern methods to monitor end winding vibrations in turbo-generators (2019)

Purpose Problems caused by end winding vibrations in power plant generators have become increasingly evident in recent years and reveal a need for monitoring and diagnostic systems. An increasing number of operational outages are caused by failures of the winding insulation or the conductor itself due to end winding vibrations. Meanwhile, it is clear that the condition of the end winding must be continuously monitored during operation to detect ineffective end winding support in time and to plan the repair. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the complex and nonlinear excitation mechanisms in large machines are presented and modern methods for vibration monitoring are described. Through a consistent use of vibration monitoring in the end winding area as well as the vibration diagnosis done by experts, damage mechanisms can be detected at an early stage, repair measures can be planned and serious damage owing to a weakened main insulation can be avoided. Findings By combining modal analysis and trend monitoring in relation to the learned vibration behaviour, the end winding condition can be assessed in a differentiated manner and changes in the end winding structure can be detected early. Originality/value Finally, an assessment for a two-pole, air-cooled turbo generator is proposed.
Compact detector modules for high resolution PET imaging with LYSO and avalanche photodiode arrays (2005)

We have developed compact detector modules for high-resolution PET imaging. The modules consist of arrays of four by four 20 mm long LYSO crystals whose scintillation signals are read by avalanche photodiode arrays. The scintillator arrays are instrumented at both ends to facilitate depth-of-interaction determination by measuring the pulse-height ratio between the two ends of the LYSO crystal. To process the diode signals, we have developed a custom multi-channel integrated readout chip designed for excellent coincidence time resolution and low power dissipation. The IC offers various configuration options to allow for a high degree of flexibility in the design of the imaging system