gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A level building dynamic time warping algorithm for connected word recognition (1981)

Dynamic time warping has been shown to be an effective method of handling variations in the time scale of polysyllabic words spoken in isolation. This class of techniques has recently been applied to connected word recognition with high degrees of success. In this paper a level building technique is proposed for optimally time aligning a sequence of connected words with a sequence of isolated word reference patterns. The resulting algorithm, which has been found to be a special case of an algorithm previously described by Bahl and Jelinek, is shown to be significantly more efficient than the one recently proposed by Sakoe for connected word recognition, while maintaining the same accuracy in estimating the best possible matching string. An analysis of the level building method shows that it can be obtained as a modification to the Sakoe method by reversing the order of minimizations in the two-pass technique with some subsequent processing. This level building algorithm has a number of implementation parameters that can be used to control the efficiency of the method, as well as its accuracy. The nature of these parameters is discussed in this paper. In a companion paper we discuss the application of this level building time warping method to a connected digit recognition problem.
Preclinical development of a novel CD47 nanobody with less toxicity and enhanced anti-cancer therapeutic potential (2020)

Both of HuNb1-IgG4 and anti-CD47/CD20 BsAb are potent antagonists of CD47/SIRPα pathway and promising candidates for clinical trials.
Phase responses of harmonics reflected from radio-frequency electronics (2016)

The phase responses of nonlinear-radar targets illuminated by stepped frequencies are studied. Data is presented for an experimental radar and two commercial electronic targets at short standoff ranges. The amplitudes and phases of harmonics generated by each target at each frequency are captured over a 100-MHz-wide transmit band. As in the authors’ prior work, target detection is demonstrated by receiving at least one harmonic of at least one transmit frequency. In the present work, experiments confirm that the phase of a harmonic reflected from a radio-frequency electronic target at a standoff distance is linear versus frequency. Similar to traditional wideband radar, the change of the reflected phase with respect to frequency indicates the range to the nonlinear target.
The insulin receptor changes conformation in unforeseen ways on ligand binding: Sharpening the picture of insulin receptor activation (2013)

Unraveling the molecular detail of insulin receptor activation has proved challenging, but a major advance is the recent determination of crystallographic structures of insulin in complex with its primary binding site on the receptor. The current model for insulin receptor activation is that two distinct surfaces of insulin monomer engage sequentially with two distinct binding sites on the extracellular surface of the insulin receptor, which is itself a disulfide-linked (αβ)₂ homodimer. In the process, conformational changes occur both within the hormone and the receptor, the latter resulting in the disruption of the intracellular interactions that hold the kinase domains in their basal state and in the initiation of the phosphorylation events that drive insulin signaling. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the extant structural data relating to hormone binding and how it effects receptor activation, as well as to discuss the issues that remain unresolved.
CRLBs for NDA ML estimation of UWB channels (2005)

The Cramer-Rao lower bounds for non-data-aided maximum likelihood channel gain and delay estimation in an ultra-wide bandwidth communication system are derived. These bounds serve as useful benchmarks for non-data-aided ultra-wide bandwidth channel estimators.
A Study of Deformation Behavior of Double Jointing Girth Welds (2012)

Demand for double jointing technology is increasing to improve pipeline construction productivity. Submerged arc welding (SAW) utilized for double jointing is likely to cause a much wider heat affected zone (HAZ) than those of typical field welding by gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and it should be taken into account for strain-based design of high strength line-pipes. However, guidelines for SAW welds properties to ensure strain capacity of high strength line-pipes such as X80 have not been established yet. In this study, a submerged arc weld joint was produced using tensile strength (TS) over-matching welding consumable. API standard type transverse weld tension test was conducted to measure local elongation at weld metal, HAZ, and base material. Elongation at weld metal increases prior to base material, but soon after that elongation at the HAZ softening region and base material adjacent to the HAZ catch up with the elongation in the weld metal, and finally, deformation concentrates at the HAZ softening region before final fracture. Deformation behavior of the joint was analyzed to verify applicability to double jointing girth welds for strain-based design. From finite element (FE) analysis of notched wide plate test which characterizes tensile strain capacity of a pipeline, it is suggested that ductile crack would not initiate before base material start necking in this particular TS over-matching weld joint in which the defect size is 1mm of notch depth and 25mm of notch length. Thus, the weld joint would be applicable for double jointing girth welds based on strain-based design.
Technology-design Co-optimization of Resistive Cross-point Array for Accelerating Learning Algorithms on Chip (2015)

Technology-design co-optimization methodologies of the resistive cross-point array are proposed for implementing the machine learning algorithms on a chip. A novel read and write scheme is designed to accelerate the training process, which realizes fully parallel operations of the weighted sum and the weight update. Furthermore, technology and design parameters of the resistive cross-point array are co-optimized to enhance the learning accuracy, latency and energy consumption, etc. In contrast to the conventional memory design, a set of reverse scaling rules is proposed on the resistive cross-point array to achieve high learning accuracy. These include 1) larger wire width to reduce the IR drop on interconnects thereby increasing the learning accuracy; 2) use of multiple cells for each weight element to alleviate the impact of the device variations, at an affordable expense of area, energy and latency. The optimized resistive cross-point array with peripheral circuitry is implemented at the 65 nm node. Its performance is benchmarked for handwritten digit recognition on the MNIST database using gradient-based sparse coding. Compared to state-of-the-art software approach running on CPU, it achieves >10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> speed-up and >10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> energy efficiency improvement, enabling real-time image feature extraction and learning.
A new controller for bi-directional inductive power transfer systems (2011)

Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) technology is gaining popularity as an efficient technique for supplying contactless power to numerous applications. In contrast to uni-directional IPT systems, bi-directional IPT systems invariably require more sophisticated and effective control strategy to regulate the power flow within the limits of power capability of converters. This paper proposes a new controller that uses power-frequency droop characteristics to regulate the power flow of the system without any additional communications. Simulated results of a 2 kW bi-directional IPT system with a single pick-up are presented with discussions to show that the proposed droop controller can effectively be used regulate the power flow, while limiting the power flow at maximum level when necessary.
Water Quality Trading Model (2003)

Water Quality Trading ModelA significant number of watersheds throughout the country are approaching or already exceeding their allowable pollutant loading capacities, or Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Watershed management is becoming an increasingly critical issue, especially with new TMDL regulations expected to be promulgated in the near future (probably, within the next year). It has been speculated that the new...Author(s)Avinash S. PatwardhanAditya TyagiSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 1 Models for TMDLsDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2003ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20030101)2003:4L.69;1-DOI10.2175/193864703784828480Volume / Issue2003 / 4Content sourceTMDLS ConferenceFirst / last page(s)69 - 75Copyright2003Word count248
Isothermal Carbon Dioxide Sorption in Poly(ionic liquid)s (2009)

The low-pressure isothermal sorption of CO2 in poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) with varied structures including different cations, anions, backbones, and substituents was investigated to probe structure effects on the CO2 sorption. An ammonium cation with short alkyl group, BF4 anion, and polystyrene backbone was found to favor CO2 sorption in PILs. CO2 sorption in the PILs fitted the dual-mode model very well, suggesting that the CO2 sorption consists of dissolution in the polymer matrix and Langmuir sorption in the microvoids.
Defect engineering in MBE grown GaAs based materials (2002)

Complete control of the native point defect concentration in GaAs grown by MBE at low temperatures (LT-GaAs) can be achieved by the introduction of Be acceptors. Near intrinsic electrical resistivity, ultrahigh breakdown fields, and simultaneously ultrashort carrier lifetimes were obtained. Generally, Be-doping is found to be beneficial for the thermal stability of the epilayers. Maximal stability is reached using Be doping levels similar to the As antisite defect concentration (balanced doping). Additionally, the increased thermal stability of Be-doped LT-GaAs can be utilized to introduce and stabilize ultrahigh Be-doping concentrations which results in p-conductive epilayers with record hole concentrations approaching 4/spl times/10/sup 20//cm/sup 3/. The present work is focused on exploring possible reasons for the thermal stabilization and the increase in maximum Be incorporation.
Fiber Bragg Gratings for Heat Flux Measurements in Thermal Protection Systems Under a Steady Conductive Thermal Load (2013)

This paper examines the performance of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) as embedded heat flux sensors for ablative thermal protection systems (TPS). Ablative TPS materials are currently used for reentry spacecraft applications because ablative TPS materials are able to withstand the higher temperatures present in ballistic reentry than non-ablative materials. It is important to measure the through-the-thickness temperature profile in-situ to verify the heat shielding performance. FBG sensors were chosen to monitor the temperature in the TPS primarily because of a good match in the thermal properties of the silica fibers and the TPS material. A TPS specimen was subjected to a conductive and steady thermal load. Two FBG sensor arrays were embedded in the TPS specimen. One array was embedded horizontally in the specimen near the surface where the heat was applied, and the second array was embedded diagonally through the thickness of the specimen. The temperature load was produced using the lower platen of a hot press, and the maximum temperature was below the ablation temperature of the material. After the specimen was heated, it was removed from the hot press and allowed to passively cool on a metal table. The peak wavelength output from each sensor was monitored and recorded during the loading cycle, and the wavelength measurements were converted to temperature data over time. The test was completed three times, and excellent repeatability was present across the three tests and the temperature response of the FBGs was reasonable, even though the test setup was torn down and reassembled between two of the tests. Thermal images of the specimen were also collected during the test with an IR camera. The thermal images were used to provide a temperature map of the specimen which showed good agreement with the FBG data.
Development of an Immunoglobulin M Capture-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Acute Infections with<i>Bartonella henselae</i> (2008)

We describe the development of an immunoglobulin M-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of an early antibody response to Bartonella henselae, the causative agent of cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and endocarditis. This assay discriminates between B. henselae-positive and -negative patient samples with sensitivity and specificity values of 100% and 97.1%, respectively.
Minimum-Distance Based Construction of Multi-Kernel Polar Codes (2017)

In this paper, we propose a construction for multi-kernel polar codes based on the maximization of the minimum distance. Compared to the original construction based on density evolution, our new design shows particular advantages for short code lengths, where the polarization effect has less impact on the performance than the distances of the code. We introduce and compute the minimum-distance profile and provide a simple greedy algorithm for the code design. Compared to state-of-the-art punctured or shortened Arikan polar codes, multi-kernel polar codes with our new design show significantly improved error-rate performance.
Computerized analysis of interstitial lung diseases on chest radiographs based on lung texture, geometric-pattern features, and artificial neural networks (2002)

For computerized detection of interstitial lung disease on chest radiographs, we developed three different methods: texture analysis based on the Fourier transform, geometric- pattern feature analysis, and artificial neural network (ANN) analysis of image data. With these computer-aided diagnostic methods, quantitative measures can be obtained. To improve the diagnostic accuracy, we investigated combined classification schemes by using the results obtained with the three methods for distinction between normal and abnormal chest radiographs with interstitial opacities. The sensitivities of texture analysis, geometric analysis, and ANN analysis were 88.0+/- 1.6%, 91.0+/- 2.6%, and 87.5+/- 1.9%, respectively, at a specificity of 90.0%, whereas the sensitivity of a combined classification scheme with the logical OR operation was improved to 97.1%+/- 1.5% at the same specificity of 90.0%. The combined scheme can achieve higher accuracy than the individual methods for distinction between normal and abnormal cases with interstitial opacities.
Adaptive optics enables 3D STED microscopy in aberrating specimens (2012)

Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy allows fluorescence far-field imaging with diffraction-unlimited resolution. Unfortunately, extending this technique to three-dimensional (3D) imaging of thick specimens has been inhibited by sample-induced aberrations. Here we present the first implementation of adaptive optics in STED microscopy to allow 3D super-resolution imaging in strongly aberrated imaging conditions, such as those introduced by thick biological tissue.
Hydrocarbons in underground formations. [hydrogenation/cracking] (1976)

A process and system for in-situ hydrogenation is described, employing a gas generator in a borehole for burning a hydrogen-rich mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. The gas generator comprises a housing forming a chamber with a combustion zone at one end and a restricted outlet at the other end. A cooling annulus surrounds the chamber with passages leading from the annulus to the chamber. Hydrogen and oxygen are supplied downhole to the generator to form a hydrogen-rich combustible mixture in the combustion zone which is burned whereby hydrogen and steam are injected from the restricted outlet. Hydrogen also is supplied to the cooling annulus. The flow of hydrogen and oxygen to the generator is controlled to maintain the temperature of the exhaust gases at a level sufficient to crack the hydrocarbons in the formations into lighter segments for reaction with the excess hot hydrogen to form lighter and less viscous end products which are recovered from a production well. 6 claims, 12 figures.
Robust speech recognition using cepstral minimum-mean-square-error noise suppressor (2008)

Abstract—We present an efficient and effective nonlinear featuredomain noise suppression algorithm, motivated by the minimummean-square-error (MMSE) optimization criterion, for noiserobust speech recognition. Distinguishing from the log-MMSE spectral amplitude noise suppressor proposed by Ephraim and Malah (E&amp;M), our new algorithm is aimed to minimize the error expressed explicitly for the Mel-frequency cepstra instead of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spectra, and it operates on the Mel-frequency filter bank’s output. As a consequence, the statistics used to estimate the suppression factor become vastly different from those used in the E&amp;M log-MMSE suppressor. Our algorithm is significantly more efficient than the E&amp;M’s log-MMSE suppressor since the number of the channels in the Mel-frequency filter bank is much smaller (23 in our case) than the number of bins (256) in DFT. We have conducted extensive speech recognition experiments on the standard Aurora-3 task. The experimental results demonstrate a reduction of the recognition word error rate by 48 % over the standard ICSLP02 baseline, 26% over the cepstral mean normalization baseline, and 13 % over the popular E&amp;M’s log-MMSE noise suppressor. The experiments also show that our new algorithm performs slightly better than the ETSI advanced front end (AFE) on the well-matched and mid-mismatched settings, and has 8 % and 10 % fewer errors than our earlier SPLICE (stereo-based piecewise linear compensation for environments) system on these settings, respectively. Index Terms—Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC), minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) estimate, noise reduction, phase asynchrony, robust automatic speech recognition (ASR). I.
Nanoelectrodes to differentiate adipose derived stem cells into neural lineage (2017)

This paper reports on a minimal growth factor and clinical translation friendly methodology using micromachined penetrating nanoelectrodes to differentiate Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) into neuronal lineage. Electrical stimulus is delivered via penetrating nanoelectrodes to differentiate ADSCs toward neuronal lineage with minimal use of conventional growth factors, genetic manipulators, cytokines or other chemical reagents. The paper also reports on the time dynamics of cell penetration process using the nanoelectrodes.
Deformable registration of 3D vessel structures to a single projection image (2008)

Alignment of angiographic preoperative 3D scans to intraoperative 2D projections is an important issue for 3D depth perception and navigation during interventions. Currently, in a setting where only one 2D projection is available, methods employing a rigid transformation model present the state of the art for this problem. In this work, we introduce a method capable of deformably registering 3D vessel structures to a respective single projection of the scene. Our approach addresses the inherent ill-posedness of the problem by incorporating a priori knowledge about the vessel structures into the formulation. We minimize the distance between the 2D points and corresponding projected 3D points together with regularization terms encoding the properties of length preservation of vessel structures and smoothness of deformation. We demonstrate the performance and accuracy of the proposed method by quantitative tests on synthetic examples as well as real angiographic scenes.
β-Glucan of<i>Candida albicans</i>cell wall causes the subversion of human monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells (2007)

The functional consequences of treating human monocytes with purified and chemically characterized Candida albicans beta-glucan -- a major microbial pathogen associated molecular pattern -- on their differentiation into dendritic cells (DC) were investigated. We show here that beta-glucan-treated monocytes differentiated into mature DC (Glu-MoDC) with altered phenotype and functional behavior, similarly to DC derived from C. albicans germ-tubes-infected monocytes (Gt-MoDC). They failed to express CD1a and to up-regulate CD80 and DR molecules. Moreover, they produced IL-10 but not IL-12 and primed naive T cells without inducing their functional polarization into effector cells. Since C. albicans beta-glucan is a mixture of both beta-(1,3) and beta-(1,6) glucan, we investigated their relative contribution by the use of non-Candida beta-glucan structural analogs. We found that high molecular weight (MW) glucans beta-(1,6) pustulan and beta-(1,3) curdlan totally mimicked the effect of C. albicans beta-glucan, while the low MW beta-(1,3) glucan laminarin did not have any effect. Because beta-glucan is a common constituent of all fungi and is abundantly released in vivo during systemic fungal infection, this novel effect of beta-glucan has potential implications for host-parasite relationship in candidiasis and other mycoses. In particular, our data suggest that beta-glucan could bias noninfected, bystander monocytes, thus aggravating the general immunodeficiency, predisposing to systemic fungal infection.
Modulation of Group III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors by Hydrogen Ions (2008)

Protons act as neuromodulators and produce significant effects on synaptic transmission. The molecular basis of neuromodulation by extracellular protons is partially explained by their effects on certain neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a family of eight receptor subtypes that are widely expressed throughout the mammalian CNS. In this study, the effects of physiologically relevant changes in extracellular pH were examined in mammalian cells expressing the mGluR subtypes: human mGluR1a, mGluR4a, mGluR5d or mGluR8b. The signal transduction coupling properties of mGluR4a and mGluR8b were switched from the adenylate cyclase (G(i)) pathway to the phospholipase C (G(q)) pathway by coexpression of a promiscuous G protein. Fluorometric imaging plate reader was used to measure changes in cytoplasmic calcium concentrations in response to agonist. Extracellular acidification from pH 8.0 to pH 6.5 progressively diminished mGluR4 responsiveness to the agonists L-glutamate and (2S,1'S,2'R)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-I), and this inhibition was characterized by insurmountable antagonism. By comparison, extracellular acidification did not significantly alter mGluR8 responses to agonists. Furthermore, agonist activation of mGluR1a and mGluR5d was virtually unaffected by changes in pH. Because mGluR4 is expressed presynaptically and its activation inhibits the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA, we propose that the net effect of proton inhibition of mGluR4 would be to reverse or prevent that suppression of neurotransmitter release. As such, local decreases in pH could have significant effects on the regulation of transmitter release and synaptic tone via modulation of mGluR4.
Reduced field-of-view stack-of-spirals enables high spatiotemporal resolution 3D perfusion imaging (2016)

Background First-pass contrast-enhanced myocardial perfusion CMR is a useful non-invasive technique for evaluating coronary artery disease. 3D perfusion imaging provides images at the same cardiac phase which may be advantageous for quantifying ischemic burden, but current techniques have limited spatiotemporal resolution. We previously presented a 3D stack-of-spiral (SoS) perfusion method, however this technique had a long temporal footprint (240 ms) and thick slices (8 mm). As the heart occupies