gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting Backdoor Attacks on Deep Neural Networks by Activation Clustering (2018)

While machine learning (ML) models are being increasingly trusted to make decisions in different and varying areas, the safety of systems using such models has become an increasing concern. In particular, ML models are often trained on data from potentially untrustworthy sources, providing adversaries with the opportunity to manipulate them by inserting carefully crafted samples into the training set. Recent work has shown that this type of attack, called a poisoning attack, allows adversaries to insert backdoors or trojans into the model, enabling malicious behavior with simple external backdoor triggers at inference time and only a blackbox perspective of the model itself. Detecting this type of attack is challenging because the unexpected behavior occurs only when a backdoor trigger, which is known only to the adversary, is present. Model users, either direct users of training data or users of pre-trained model from a catalog, may not guarantee the safe operation of their ML-based system. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to backdoor detection and removal for neural networks. Through extensive experimental results, we demonstrate its effectiveness for neural networks classifying text and images. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first methodology capable of detecting poisonous data crafted to insert backdoors and repairing the model that does not require a verified and trusted dataset.
Synthesis and Study of Structure—Activity Relationships of New Classes of Anthracyclines (1994)

Structure-activity studies in the field of anthracyclines have been very fruitful in defining those moieties that are necessary to produce derivatives active on MDR tumor cells. We have found that substitutions on the sugar part of anthracyclines are fundamental to confer activity on MDR cells in vitro. In particular, compounds substituted at C-3′ of the sugar moiety with 4-morpholino group or selected potential alkylating moieties are able to overcome resistance both in vitro and in vivo.
Defective interfering viruses and their potential as antiviral agents (2009)

Defective interfering (DI) virus is simply defined as a spontaneously generated virus mutant from which a critical portion of the virus genome has been deleted. At least one essential gene of the virus is deleted, either in its entirety, or sufficiently to make it non-functional. The resulting DI genome is then defective for replication in the absence of the product(s) of the deleted gene(s), and its replication requires the presence of the complete functional virus genome to provide the missing functions. In addition to being defective DI virus suppresses production of the helper virus in co-infected cells, and this process of interference can readily be observed in cultured cells. In some cases, DI virus has been observed to attenuate disease in virus-infected animals. In this article, we review the properties of DI virus, potential mechanisms of interference and progress in using DI virus (in particular that derived from influenza A virus) as a novel type of antiviral agent.
Laser-generated plasmas as a source of x rays for medical applications (1974)

High-resolution medical radiographs have been produced with a laser-generated plasma x-ray source. The nanosecond pulse width is capable of arresting biological motion. In addition, the soft x rays from this source have been transmitted through a new type of x-ray beam handling device, the x-ray pipe, which is an x-ray analogue of the conventional light pipe. This may allow new medical applications such as channeling soft x rays to internal locations of the body without damaging intervening tissue.
Molecular-Level Processing of Conjugated Polymers. 2. Layer-by-Layer Manipulation of In-Situ Polymerized p-Type Doped Conducting Polymers (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular-Level Processing of Conjugated Polymers. 2. Layer-by-Layer Manipulation of In-Situ Polymerized p-Type Doped Conducting PolymersA. C. Fou and M. F. RubnerCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 21, 7115–7120Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00125a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00125a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views985Altmetric-Citations198LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Superfluid stirling refrigerator: A new method for cooling below 1 Kelvin (1990)

We have invented and built a new type of cryocooler, which we call the superfluid Stirling refrigerator (SSR). The first prototype reached 0.6 K from a starting temperature of 1.2 K. The working fluid of the SSR is the {sup 3}He solute in a superfluid {sup 3}He--{sup 4}He solution. At low temperatures, the superfluid {sup 4}He is in its quantum ground state, and therefore is thermodynamically inert, while the {sup 3}He solute has the thermodynamic properties of a dense ideal gas. Thus, in principle, any refrigeration cycle that can use an ideal gas can also use the {sup 3}He solute as working fluid. In our SSR prototype, bellows-sealed superleak pistons driven by a room-temperature camshaft work on the {sup 3}He solute. Ultimately, we anticipate elimination of moving parts by analogy with pulse-tube refrigeration. 15 refs., 6 figs.
Histograms and Wavelets on Probabilistic Data (2010)

There is a growing realization that uncertain information is a first-class citizen in modern database management. As such, we need techniques to correctly and efficiently process uncertain data in database systems. In particular, data reduction techniques that can produce concise, accurate synopses of large probabilistic relations are crucial. Similar to their deterministic relation counterparts, such compact probabilistic data synopses can form the foundation for human understanding and interactive data exploration, probabilistic query planning and optimization, and fast approximate query processing in probabilistic database systems. In this paper, we introduce definitions and algorithms for building histogram- and Haar wavelet-based synopses on probabilistic data. The core problem is to choose a set of histogram bucket boundaries or wavelet coefficients to optimize the accuracy of the approximate representation of a collection of probabilistic tuples under a given error metric. For a variety of different error metrics, we devise efficient algorithms that construct optimal or near optimal size B histogram and wavelet synopses. This requires careful analysis of the structure of the probability distributions, and novel extensions of known dynamic-programming-based techniques for the deterministic domain. Our experiments show that this approach clearly outperforms simple ideas, such as building summaries for samples drawn from the data distribution, while taking equal or less time.
Inter Mode Conversion of H.264 to MPEG-2 Video with Reduced Complexity (2008)

In this paper we propose an efficient inter mode conversion method for low complexity H.264/AVC to MPEG-2 video transcoders. The novel coding tools introduced in H.264 are exploited along with the more classic ones of MPEG-2, such that computational complexity reductions up to 60% and quality gains are achieved in comparison with full receding. The proposed method is suitable for software implementation of video transcoders in hardware platforms where the available resources are shared among multiple processes (e.g. home gateways).
Disposable cartridge biosensor platform for portable diagnostics (2017)

We developed two types of cantilever-based biosensors for portable diagnostics applications. One sensor is based on MEMS cantilever chip mounted in a microfluidic channel and the other sensor is based on a movable optical fiber placed across a microfluidic channel. Both types of sensors were aimed at direct mechanical measurement of coagulation time in a disposable cartridge using plasma or whole blood samples. There are several similarities and also some important differences between the MEMS based and the optical fiber based solutions. The aim of this paper is to provide a comparison between the two solutions and the results. For both types of sensors, actuation of the cantilever or the moving fiber is achieved using an electro coil and the readout is optical. Since both the actuation and sensing are remote, no electrical connections are required for the cartridge. Therefore it is possible to build low cost disposable cartridges. The reader unit for the cartridge contains light sources, photodetectors, the electro coil, a heater, analog electronics, and a microprocessor. The reader unit has different optical interfaces for the cartridges that have MEMS cantilevers and moving fibers. MEMS based platform has better sensitivity but optomechanical alignment is a challenge and measurements with whole blood were not possible due to high scattering of light by the red blood cells. Fiber sensor based platform has relaxed optomechanical tolerances, ease of manufacturing, and it allows measurements in whole blood. Both sensors were tested using control plasma samples for activated-Partial-Thromboplastin-Time (aPTT) measurements. Control plasma test results matched with the manufacturer’s datasheet. Optical fiber based system was tested for aPTT tests with human whole blood samples and the proposed platform provided repeatable test results making the system method of choice for portable diagnostics.
Characterizing a thermostable Cas9 for bacterial genome editing and silencing (2017)

Abstract CRISPR-Cas9 based genome engineering tools have revolutionized fundamental research and biotechnological exploitation of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, the mesophilic nature of the established Cas9 systems does not allow for applications that require enhanced stability, including engineering at elevated temperatures. Here, we identify and characterize ThermoCas9: an RNA-guided DNA-endonuclease from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans T12. We show that ThermoCas9 is active in vitro between 20°C and 70°C, a temperature range much broader than that of the currently used Cas9 orthologues. Additionally, we demonstrate that ThermoCas9 activity at elevated temperatures is strongly associated with the structure of the employed sgRNA. Subsequently, we develop ThermoCas9-based engineering tools for gene deletion and transcriptional silencing at 55°C in Bacillus smithii and for gene deletion at 37°C in Pseudomonas putida . Altogether, our findings provide fundamental insights into a thermophilic CRISPR-Cas family member and establish the first Cas9-based bacterial genome editing and silencing tool with a broad temperature range.
Immunomodulation targeting of both Aβ and tau pathological conformers ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease pathology in TgSwDI and 3xTg mouse models (2013)

This immunomodulatory approach has the advantage of using a non-self-immunogen that is less likely to be associated with autoimmune toxicity. Furthermore we found that it is able to target all the cardinal features of AD concurrently.
High-energy fiber lasers at non-traditional colours, via intermodal nonlinearities (2012)

We propose exploiting intermodal four-wave mixing for energy-scalable tuneable fiber lasers, hitherto restricted to low powers, constrained by dispersion-tailoring limitations in PCFs. Conversion over an octave, at mJ-energy-levels, appears feasible.
Abstract 734: Development of small molecule inhibitors of the phosphatase Shp2 by fragment screening (2010)

Abstract Protein tyrosine phosphorylation, which is controlled by tyrosine kinase (PTK) and tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), regulates numerous cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. Accumulating evidence has shown that defective function of PTPs leads to aberrant protein phosphorylation, which is associated with many humane diseases, including cancer. Src homology 2 phosphatase-2 (Shp2) is a cytoplasmic, nonreceptor protein tyrosine phophatase. It is the first proto-oncogene identified in the PTP superfamily. The structure of Shp2 consists of two SH2 (N-SH2 and C-SH2) domains, a single PTP region and a C-terminal hydrophilic tail. In the basal state, Shp2 displays a low catalytic activity due to close interactions between the N-SH2 and PTP domains that keep the phosphatase in an autoinhibited closed conformation. Upon growth factor or cytokine stimulation, the SH2 domains of Shp2 binds to tyrosine phosphorylated docking proteins such as Gab1 and Gab2, which activates Src, Ras, and the Erk1/2 (Erk) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. Shp2 gain-of-function mutations are found in leukemias and solid tumors and are linked to Noonan syndrome. Although Shp2 is involved in pathogenesis of human cancers, it is not clear how Shp2 mediates tumorigenesis. To aid chemical biology studies and ultimately experimental therapy, we have been actively engaged in the search potent and selective Shp2 inhibitors. We will describe the results of a fragment-based screen as a method for identifying Shp2 inhibitors. The fragment libraries were both purchased and constructed in-house with a bias towards compounds that would potentially function as phosphotyrosine mimics. This has revealed compounds with moderate to low activity (IC50 200-500 µM) that have served as the starting pints for fragment-to-lead development. The emerging structure-activity relationships will be discussed as well as synthesis, modeling and X-ray studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 734.
SU‐E‐T‐564: Multi‐Helix Rotating Shield Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer (2015)

Purpose: To present a novel and practical brachytherapy technique, called multi‐helix rotating shield brachytherapy (H‐RSBT), for the precise positioning of a partial shield in a curved applicator. H‐RSBT enables RSBT delivery using only translational motion of the radiation source/shield combination. H‐RSBT overcomes the challenges associated with previously proposed RSBT approaches based on a serial (S‐RSBT) step‐and‐shoot delivery technique, which required independent translational and rotational motion. Methods: A Fletcher‐type applicator, compatible with the combination of a Xoft Axxent™ electronic brachytherapy source and a 0.5 mm thick tungsten shield, is proposed. The wall of the applicator contains six evenly‐spaced helical keyways that rigidly define the emission direction of the shield as a function of depth. The shield contains three protruding keys and is attached to the source such that it rotates freely. S‐RSBT and H‐RSBT treatment plans with 180° and 45° azimuthal emission angles were generated for five cervical cancer patients representative of a wide range of high‐risk clinical target volume (HR‐CTV) shapes and applicator positions. The number of beamlets used in the treatment planning process was nearly constant for S‐RSBT and H‐RSBT by using dwell positions separated by 5 and 1.7 mm, respectively, and emission directions separated by 22.5° and 60°, respectively. For all the treatment plans the EQD2 of the HR‐CTV was escalated until the EQD 2cc tolerance of either the bladder, rectum, or sigmoid colon was reached. Results: Treatment times for H‐RSBT tended to be shorter than for S‐RSBT, with changes of −38.47% to 1.12% with an average of −8.34%. The HR‐CTV D 90 changed by −8.81% to 2.08% with an average of −2.46%. Conclusion: H‐RSBT is a mechanically feasible technique in the curved applicators needed for cervical cancer brachytherapy. S‐RSBT and H‐RSBT dose distributions were clinically equivalent for all patients considered, with the H‐RSBT deliveries tending to be faster. Ryan Flynn has ownership interest in pxAlpha, LLC, which is a startup company developing a rotating shield brachytherapy system.
Angle-Multiplexed Metasurfaces: Encoding Independent Wavefronts in a Single Metasurface under Different Illumination Angles (2017)

The angular response of thin diffractive optical elements is highly correlated. For example, the angles of incidence and diffraction of a grating are locked through the grating momentum determined by the grating period. Other diffractive devices, including conventional metasurfaces, have a similar angular behavior due to the fixed locations of the Fresnel zone boundaries and the weak angular sensitivity of the meta-atoms. To alter this fundamental property, we introduce angle-multiplexed metasurfaces, composed of reflective highcontrast dielectric U-shaped meta-atoms, whose response under illumination from different angles can be controlled independently. This enables flat optical devices that impose different and independent optical transformations when illuminated from different directions, a capability not previously available in diffractive optics.
Robust decoding of arithmetic codes for image transmission over error-prone channels (2004)

This paper addresses the issue of robust decoding of arithmetic codes. We first analyze dependencies between the variables involved in arithmetic coding by means of the Bayesian formalism. This provides a suitable framework for designing a soft decoding algorithm that provides high error-resilience. It also provides a natural setting for "soft synchronization", i.e., to introduce anchors favoring the likelihood of "synchronized" paths. In order to maintain the complexity of the estimation within a realistic range, a simple, yet efficient, pruning method is described. Models and algorithms are then applied to context-based arithmetic coding widely used in practical systems (e.g. JPEG-2000). Experimentation results with both theoretical sources and with real images coded with JPEG-2000 reveal very good error resilience performances.
A novel in vivo model for evaluating functional restoration of a tissue-engineered salivary gland (2013)

NA.
<title>Seeing things in a hole new light: photonic crystal fibers</title> (2001)

In 1996 we reported the first example of a photonic crystal fibre (PCF), an entirely new class of optical fiber. Also known as holey or microstructure fibers, they incorporate air holes that run along the length of the fibers cladding. The fiber is made from a stack of close-packed silica tubes and rods that is drawn into fiber using a conventional fiber drawing tower. We have demonstrated a wide variety of PCF designs and developed the conceptual tools needed to understand their properties and guide their design. These fibers can have highly unusual properties, and look set to rewrite the fibre-optics rulebook and revolutionize the future of optical telecommunication.
JPEG 2000-like access using the JPM compound document file format (2003)

Compound document images are usually high resolution and high quality images that include color, graphics, and images in addition to text. The need for good compression is important for storage and transmission. Due to the large size, even compressed, it is often difficult to access document images quickly and efficiently for display on monitors. The nascent JPM file format enables the best compound document image compression in terms of rate-distortion. Although JPM allows the use of JPEG 2000, access into a JPM file is limited by the access features of the older coders used. JPEG 2000 is an image coding system that allows access to lower resolutions, progressive bit-rates, and regions of interest. This paper describes methods for using JPEG 2000 in conjunction with older binary coders in a JPM file. Using these techniques it is possible to get close to the best rate-distortion performance and have access into the file.
Robust Dynamic Resource Allocation via Probabilistic Task Pruning in\n Heterogeneous Computing Systems (2019)

In heterogeneous distributed computing (HC) systems, diversity can exist in\nboth computational resources and arriving tasks. In an inconsistently\nheterogeneous computing system, task types have different execution times on\nheterogeneous machines. A method is required to map arriving tasks to machines\nbased on machine availability and performance, maximizing the number of tasks\nmeeting deadlines (defined as robustness). For tasks with hard deadlines (eg\nthose in live video streaming), tasks that miss their deadlines are dropped.\nThe problem investigated in this research is maximizing the robustness of an\noversubscribed HC system. A way to maximize this robustness is to prune (ie\ndefer or drop) tasks with low probability of meeting their deadlines to\nincrease the probability of other tasks meeting their deadlines. In this paper,\nwe first provide a mathematical model to estimate a task's probability of\nmeeting its deadline in the presence of task dropping. We then investigate\nmethods for engaging probabilistic dropping and we find thresholds for dropping\nand deferring. Next, we develop a pruning-aware mapping heuristic and extend it\nto engender fairness across various task types. We show the cost benefit of\nusing probabilistic pruning in an HC system. Simulation results, harnessing a\nselection of mapping heuristics, show efficacy of the pruning mechanism in\nimproving robustness (on average by 25%) and cost in an oversubscribed HC\nsystem by up to 40%.\n
Interface Defect Engineering for Improved Graphene-Oxide-Semiconductor Junction Photodetectors (2019)

The deeply depleted graphene-oxide-semiconductor (D2GOS) junction detector provides an effective architecture for photodetection, enabling direct readout of photogenerated charge. Because of an inherent gain mechanism proportional to graphene’s high mobility (μ), this detector architecture exhibits large responsivities and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The ultimate sensitivity of the D2GOS junction detector may be limited, however, because of the generation of dark charge originating from interface states at the semiconductor/dielectric junction. Here, we examine the performance limitations caused by dark charge and demonstrate its mitigation via the creation of low interface defect junctions enabled by surface passivation. The resulting devices exhibit responsivities exceeding 10 000 A/W—a value which is 10× greater than that of analogous devices without the passivating thermal oxide. With cooling of the detector, the responsivity further increases to over 25 000 A/W, underscoring the impact of surface generation on performance and thus the necessity of minimizing interfacial defects for this class of photodetector.