gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photocatalyzed oxidation of hydrocarbons in zeolite cages (1996)

Oxidation of hydrocarbons by molecular oxygen is a key process in chemical industry. But reactions that use O{sub 2} as the primary oxidant often produce large amounts of unwanted byproducts. One major reason that selectivities are low is that the desired products (such as alcohols or carbonyls) are more easily oxidized by O{sub 2} than the parent hydrocarbon. The authors recently discovered a simple method that gives partial oxidation of small alkenes, alkanes, and alkyl-substituted benzenes by O{sub 2} at unprecedented selectivity, even at high conversion of the hydrocarbon. The approach is based on visible light-induced chemistry of hydrocarbon-O{sub 2} collisional pairs in the cages of large-pore zeolites. Reactions are conducted at ambient temperature in the absence of solvent or photosensitizer. Here the authors describe the most interesting reactions established thus far and define issues that pertain to scale-up of the method.
Bleidioxid-Verbundelektroden für die Elektrosynthese, II Vorbehandlung von Titan für die Bleidioxidabscheidung / Lead Dioxide Electrodes for Electrosynthesis, II Pretreatment of Titanium for the Deposition of Lead Dioxide (1976)

A novel method enables the production of lead dioxide-coated electrodes with life times of several thousand hours in certain electrooxidations. The most important step of this technique is described as an adsorption of Ti(IV)-oxalate at the titanium surface. By potential-time plots and by potentiodynamic investigation it is shown, that by Ti(IV)-adsorption the titanium surface is lifted to a higher (more noble) potential and in this way is protected against further dissolution or oxidation
Eliminating Crystals in Non-Oxide Optical Fiber Preforms and Optical Fibers (2012)

Non-oxide fiber optics such as heavy metal fluoride and chalcogenide glasses are extensively used in infrared transmitting applications such as communication systems, chemical sensors, and laser fiber guides for cutting, welding and medical surgery. The addition of rare earths such as erbium, enable these materials to be used as fiber laser and amplifiers. Some of these glasses however are very susceptible to crystallization. Even small crystals can lead to light scatter and a high attenuation coefficient, limiting their usefulness. Previously two research teams found that microgravity suppressed crystallization in heavy metal fluoride glasses. Looking for a less expensive method to suppress crystallization, ground based research was performed utilizing an axial magnetic field. The experiments revealed identical results to those obtained via microgravity processing. This research then led to a patented process for eliminating crystals in optical fiber preforms and the resulting optical fibers. In this paper, the microgravity results will be reviewed as well as patents and papers related to the use of magnetic fields in various material and glass processing applications. Finally our patent to eliminate crystals in non-oxide glasses utilizing a magnetic field will be detailed.
Anonymizing Data for Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning (2020)

Federated learning enables training a global machine learning model from data distributed across multiple sites, without having to move the data. This is particularly relevant in healthcare applications, where data is rife with personal, highly-sensitive information, and data analysis methods must provably comply with regulatory guidelines. Although federated learning prevents sharing raw data, it is still possible to launch privacy attacks on the model parameters that are exposed during the training process, or on the generated machine learning model. In this paper, we propose the first syntactic approach for offering privacy in the context of federated learning. Unlike the state-of-the-art differential privacy-based frameworks, our approach aims to maximize utility or model performance, while supporting a defensible level of privacy, as demanded by GDPR and HIPAA. We perform a comprehensive empirical evaluation on two important problems in the healthcare domain, using real-world electronic health data of 1 million patients. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in achieving high model performance, while offering the desired level of privacy. Through comparative studies, we also show that, for varying datasets, experimental setups, and privacy budgets, our approach offers higher model performance than differential privacy-based techniques in federated learning.
Follicular Unit Extraction (2008)

Follicular unit extraction (FUE) is a method of producing follicular unit hair grafts that involves removing the grafts individually from the scalp. The advantages of this technique over the conventional strip harvest are that it does not leave a linear scar, and the procedure produces little or no postoperative pain and discomfort. There are some disadvantages such as increased surgical times, graft fragility, and higher cost to the patient. This article describes the instrumentation and surgical methodology of FUE. It also presents some surgical difficulties and how to minimize their impact. Indications and patient candidacy are also discussed.
OFDMA-based passive optical networks (PON) (2008)

We propose a PON architecture based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technologies. The system produces transparent pipes for transmission of heterogeneous services. A virtual PON scheme based on OFDMA is further introduced.
Interacting topological phases in multiband nanowires (2011)

We show that semiconductor nanowires coupled to an s-wave superconductor provide a playground to study effects of interactions between different topological superconducting phases supporting Majorana zero-energy modes. We consider quasi-one dimensional system where the topological phases emerge from different transverse subbands in the nanowire. In a certain parameter space, we show that there is a multicritical point in the phase diagram where the low-energy theory is equivalent to the one describing two coupled Majorana chains. We study effect of interactions as well as symmetry-breaking perturbations on the topological phase diagram in the vicinity of this multicritical point. Our results shed light on the stability of the topological phase around the multicritical point and have important implications for the experiments on Majorana nanowires.
Follistatin‐like protein 1 is a mesenchyme‐derived inflammatory protein and may represent a biomarker for systemic‐onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (2010)

These findings demonstrate that the arthritic joint matrix is a major source of FSTL-1 and that IL-1beta is a central mediator of FSTL-1 secretion. Furthermore, FSTL-1 may represent a useful biomarker of disease activity in systemic-onset JRA.
A Fourier-domain algorithm for total-variation regularized phase retrieval in differential X-ray phase contrast imaging (2014)

Phase retrieval in differential X-ray phase contrast imaging involves a one dimensional integration step. In the presence of noise, standard integration methods result in image blurring and streak artifacts. This work proposes a regularized integration method which takes the availability of two dimensional data as well as the integration-specific frequency-dependent noise amplification into account. In more detail, a Fourier-domain algorithm is developed comprising a frequency-dependent minimization of the total variation orthogonal to the direction of integration. For both simulated and experimental data, the novel method yielded strong artefact reduction without increased blurring superior to the results obtained by standard integration methods or regularization techniques in the image domain.
Multiple Nonidentical Reductive-Dehalogenase-Homologous Genes Are Common in <i>Dehalococcoides</i> (2004)

Degenerate primers were used to amplify large fragments of reductive-dehalogenase-homologous (RDH) genes from genomic DNA of two Dehalococcoides populations, the chlorobenzene- and dioxin-dechlorinating strain CBDB1 and the trichloroethene-dechlorinating strain FL2. The amplicons (1,350 to 1,495 bp) corresponded to nearly complete open reading frames of known reductive dehalogenase genes and short fragments (approximately 90 bp) of genes encoding putative membrane-anchoring proteins. Cloning and restriction analysis revealed the presence of at least 14 different RDH genes in each strain. All amplified RDH genes showed sequence similarity with known reductive dehalogenase genes over the whole length of the sequence and shared all characteristics described for reductive dehalogenases. Deduced amino acid sequences of seven RDH genes from strain CBDB1 were 98.5 to 100% identical to seven different RDH genes from strain FL2, suggesting that both strains have an overlapping substrate range. All RDH genes identified in strains CBDB1 and FL2 were related to the RDH genes present in the genomes of Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 and Dehalococcoides sp. strain BAV1; however, sequence identity did not exceed 94.4 and 93.1%, respectively. The presence of RDH genes in strains CBDB1, FL2, and BAV1 that have no orthologs in strain 195 suggests that these strains possess dechlorination activities not present in strain 195. Comparative sequence analysis identified consensus sequences for cobalamin binding in deduced amino acid sequences of seven RDH genes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the presence of multiple nonidentical RDH genes is characteristic of Dehalococcoides strains.
Design of Adiabatic Dynamic Differential Logic for DPA-Resistant Secure Integrated Circuits (2014)

Production of cost-effective secure integrated chips, such as smart cards, requires hardware designers to consider tradeoffs in size, security, and power consumption. To design successful security-centric designs, the low-level hardware must contain built-in protection mechanisms to supplement cryptographic algorithms, such as advanced encryption standard and triple data encryption standard by preventing side-channel attacks, such as differential power analysis (DPA). Dynamic logic obfuscates the output waveforms and the circuit operation, reducing the effectiveness of the DPA attack. For stronger mitigation of DPA attacks, we propose the implementation of adiabatic dynamic differential logic (ADDL) for applications in secure integrated circuit (IC) design. Such an approach is effective in reducing power consumption, demonstrated using HSPICE simulations with 22-nm predictive technology. The benefits of our design are demonstrated by comparing instantaneous power waveforms and observing the magnitude of differential power spikes during switching events. First, simulation results for body biasing on subthreshold adiabatic inverters show an improvement in differential power up to 43.28% for similar inverters without body biasing. Then, a high-performance ADDL is presented for an implementation in high-frequency secure ICs. This method improves the differential power over previous dynamic and differential logic methods by up to 89.65%. Finally, we propose a body-biased ADDL for ultralow power applications. Simulation results show that the differential power was improved upon by a factor of 199.16.
Electrostrictive Properties of Poly(vinylidenefluoride− trifluoroethylene−chlorotrifluoroethylene) (2002)

Terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), trifluoroethylene (TrFE), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) were synthesized as potential materials for electromechanical transduction. These terpolymers had relatively high molecular weights (∼30 kg/mol) and CTFE levels in the range of 5−10 mol %. The presence of the bulky CTFE units disrupts the sequence length of the crystal, which lowers both the melting and Curie transitions; however, the degree of crystallinity remains high. The formation of smaller, more mobile polar domains gives rise to good electromechanical response. At low electric fields (7 MV/m), longitudinal strains as high as 0.5% are attained. This is significantly higher than the strains achieved with the same terpolymer obtained by bulk polymerization. The present materials exhibit a low mechanical modulus (ca. 0.2 GPa) relative to other VDF−TrFE copolymers. This might limit their use, depending on the application.
Current divider: a new negative feedback element for integrated amplifiers (1976)

A multistage small-signal amplifier is described having, instead of resistors, a current divider in the negative-feedback pad. The current divider is a transistor which has two collectors with very different current gains. In spite of not using any passive components, linear and stable amplification has been achieved, down to input currents of 10−11 A.
Characterization of the ultra-short echo time magnetic resonance (UTE MR) collagen signal associated with myocardial fibrosis (2015)

Background The homogeneous distribution of collagen in diffuse myocardial fibrosis renders the disease unsuitable for imaging using late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) [1]. More recently, the estimation of extracellular volume from T1 maps involving gadolinium agents has shown promise; however, these methods are not specific to collagen and are governed by gadolinium kinetics [2]. The diagnosis of diffuse myocardial fibrosis would benefit from an imaging method that can directly detect collagen. Notably, ultra-short echo time magnetic resonance (UTE MR) is a technique that can be used to detect short T2* species, including collagen [3]. Our objective is to characterize the UTE signal of protons in the collagen molecule, including their T2* and chemical shift. Direct isolation of a collagen signal could aid in the diagnosis of myocardial fibrosis, especially for diffuse distributions, and the assessment of disease extent.
Multiple phase generation and distribution for a fully-integrated 24-GHz phased-array receiver in silicon (2004)

This paper presents an on-chip multiphase LO generation and distribution technique used to implement a fully-integrated 24-GHz 8-path phased-array receiver in silicon. Sixteen LO phases are generated by an LC ring oscillator and distributed by a symmetric network to all eight paths. The 8-path array achieves a phase shifting resolution of 22.5/spl deg/ and a total array gain of 61dB.
Automated processing of thermographic derivatives for quality assurance (2007)

The use of thermography as a nondestructive testing method has increased significantly in recent years. However, implementation is usually based on visual interpretation of image results by a trained inspector. Although this is accepted practice in the aerospace industry, where thermography is widely used, it is not appropriate for automotive manufacturing, where higher production rates demand higher inspection throughput that can only be accomplished with automated detection. The logarithmic derivatives of flash thermography time histories provide an excellent basis for automated detection. A unique model, based on the logarithmic derivatives of a series solution for the surface temperature of a flash heated plate with adiabatic boundary conditions, provides a template for identifying pixels that deviate from uninterrupted diffusion that is characteristic of a defect-free sample. We demonstrate automated defect detection using this model on a composite sample.
Folding avoidance in skeletal strokes (2010)

Skeletal strokes is a method for mapping vector artwork defined along a straight path onto an arbitrary destination path. It is commonly used to give sketches a hand-drawn look, by mapping a scanned natural-medium stroke onto a user-drawn path. When the destination path turns corners or has areas with a small radius of curvature, the mapped artwork takes on an undesirable folded or creased appearance inside the corner or curve. We present a method to eliminate the folds in many cases by adjusting the skeleton before using it to map the artwork. While this cannot address all cases with folding, it gives greatly improved results in the cases that it can address.
Low-Dose CT of the Abdomen: Evaluation of Image Improvement with Use of Noise Reduction Filters—Pilot Study (2003)

A prospective assessment of improvement in image quality at low-radiation-dose computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen by using noise reduction filters was performed. CT images acquired at standard and 50% reduced tube current were processed with six noise reduction filters and evaluated by three radiologists for image noise, sharpness, contrast, and overall image quality in terms of abdominal organ depiction. Quantitative image noise and contrast-to-noise ratio were measured. Baseline low-dose CT images were significantly worse than standard-dose CT images (P <.05). A statistically significant reduction of noise in low-dose images processed with three filters was noted. In conclusion, use of noise reduction filters decreased image noise at low-dose CT.
Molecular Discharges as Light Sources (2004)

SUMMARY Nearly all discharge lamps in Lighting applications are based on atomic species. The use of mercury, sodium or rare gases is state of the art. In existing high intensity discharge (HID) lamps containing metal halides molecular radiation is contributing to a lesser extent to the spectrum. In some transient rare gas discharges (e.g. dielectric barrier discharges) the radiation originates from excimer molecules formed from the atomic fill gases within the plasma.
JNK regulates lifespan in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> by modulating nuclear translocation of forkhead transcription factor/DAF-16 (2005)

DAF-16/forkhead transcription factor, the downstream target of the insulin-like signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans, is indispensable for both lifespan regulation and stress resistance. Here, we demonstrate that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a positive regulator of DAF-16 in both processes. Our genetic analysis suggests that the JNK pathway acts in parallel with the insulin-like signaling pathway to regulate lifespan and both pathways converge onto DAF-16. We also show that JNK-1 directly interacts with and phosphorylates DAF-16. Moreover, in response to heat stress, JNK-1 promotes the translocation of DAF-16 into the nucleus. Our findings define an interaction between two well conserved proteins, JNK-1 and DAF-16, and provide a mechanism by which JNK regulates longevity and stress resistance.
Constitutive TL1A (TNFSF15) Expression on Lymphoid or Myeloid Cells Leads to Mild Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis (2011)

TL1A is a member of the TNF superfamily and its expression is increased in the mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients. Moreover, a subset of Crohn's disease (CD) patients with the risk TL1A haplotype is associated with elevated TL1A expression and a more severe disease course. To investigate the in vivo role of elevated TL1A expression, we generated two transgenic (Tg) murine models with constitutive Tl1a expression in either lymphoid or myeloid cells. Compared to wildtype (WT) mice, constitutive expression of Tl1a in either lymphoid or myeloid cells showed mild patchy inflammation in the small intestine, which was more prominent in the ileum. In addition, mice with constitutive Tl1a expression exhibited enhanced intestinal and colonic fibrosis compared to WT littermates. The percentage of T cells expressing the gut homing chemokine receptors CCR9 and CCR10 was higher in the Tl1a Tg mice compared to WT littermates. Sustained expression of Tl1A in T cells also lead to increased Foxp3+ Treg cells. T cells or antigen presenting cells (APC) with constitutive expression of Tl1a were found to have a more activated phenotype and mucosal mononuclear cells exhibit enhanced Th1 cytokine activity. These results indicated an important role of TL1A in mucosal T cells and APC function and showed that up-regulation of TL1A expression can promote mucosal inflammation and gut fibrosis.
High-Throughput Quantification of <i>In Vivo</i> Adeno-Associated Virus Transduction with Barcoded Non-Coding RNAs (2019)

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have become favorable gene delivery vehicles for expressing therapeutic transgenes. Capsid engineering efforts to produce novel AAVs with improved transduction efficiencies, unique tissue specificities, and reduced host immunities are a direct response to the high demand for treatment needs that preexisting rAAVs cannot currently fulfill. New AAV capsids discovered by directed evolution methods, <i>in silico</i> design, or from natural proviral sequences ultimately require extensive characterization in relevant <i>in vivo</i> models. Consequently, quantitative screening of candidate capsid libraries now requires reliable high-throughput sequencing approaches. In this study, we have developed a vector/transgene tracking system that employs the indexing of a non-coding RNA. Specifically, a barcoded Tough Decoy (<i>bcTuD</i>) that express highly stable RNA transcripts that can be used as readouts for transduction efficiency. The pseudo-hairpin structure of the <i>bcTuD</i> contains a variable region that is amenable to barcode insertion, which can be detected by target amplicon sequencing. The described approach, named AAV-<i>bcTuD</i> screening, offers a new alternative for <i>in vivo</i> assessment of rAAV that can accurately quantify vector genomes and transcript abundances in tissues, as exampled by the demonstration in liver and brain infections. Proof-of-concept is provided to show that vector genome and transcript detection in tissues with this method is accurate and consistent for a vector dose range of upwards to four logs in a mixed vector injection, showing that this technique is robust, sensitive, and applicable for multiplexed screening of capsid performance <i>in vivo</i>.
Reactivating the ARF-p53 axis in AML cells by targeting ULF (2010)

The tumor suppressor ARF plays an essential role in the cellular response to oncogenic stress mainly through activation of p53. Nucleophosmin (NPM), a multifunctional protein, forms a stable protein complex with ARF in the nucleolus and protects ARF from the proteasome-mediated degradation. Notably, NPM is mutated in about one third of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients and these mutations lead to aberrant cytoplasmic dislocation of nucleophosmin (NPM-c). Cytoplasmic NPM mutants lose their abilities to retain ARF in the nucleolus and fail to stabilize ARF. Thus, activation of the ARF-p53 axis is significantly compromised in these AML cells. We have recently identified the ubiquitin ligase of ARF (ULF) as a key factor that controls ARF turnover in human cells. Here, we found that the steady levels of both ARF and p53 are very low in human acute myeloid leukaemia OCI-AML3 cells expressing cytoplamsic dislocated nucleophosmin (NPM-c). As expected, ARF is very unstable and rapidly degraded by proteasome. Nevertheless, ULF knockdown stabilizes ARF and reactivates p53 responses in these AML cells. These results further demonstrate that ULF is a bona fide E3 ligase for ARF and also suggest that ULF is an important target for activating the ARF-p53 axis in human AML cells.
Authentication and key generation for mobile IP using GSM authentication and roaming (2002)

A new authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) infrastructure for use on the Internet is being developed at the IETF. AAA support is also being specified for mobile IP. The paper describes an implemented prototype system that demonstrates how the existing GSM authentication and operator roaming infrastructure can be used for mobile IP authentication and key distribution. We present a mechanism for authenticating the user and generating mobile IP authentication keys using the GSM subscriber identity module (SIM). The Internet AAA network has an interface to the GSM network for obtaining authentication information from the GSM Authentication Centre (AuC). After the authentication keys have been generated, the default mobile IP authentication with these keys is used for several subsequent registrations.