gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward the Standardization of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Next Generation Wireless Networks (2018)

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) as an efficient method of radio resource sharing has its roots in network information theory. For generations of wireless communication systems design, orthogonal multiple access schemes in the time, frequency, or code domain have been the main choices due to the limited processing capability in the transceiver hardware, as well as the modest traffic demands in both latency and connectivity. However, for the next generation radio systems, given its vision to connect everything and the much evolved hardware capability, NOMA has been identified as a promising technology to help achieve all the targets in system capacity, user connectivity, and service latency. This article provides a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art design of the NOMA transmission based on a unified transceiver design framework, the related standardization progress, and some promising use cases in future cellular networks, based on which interested researchers can get a quick start in this area.
Protection following simultaneous vaccination with three or four different attenuated live vaccine types against infectious bronchitis virus (2020)

Two or more different live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine types are often given to broilers to induce homologous protection as well as to broaden protection against other IBV types in the field. However, the ability of broilers to respond to three or four different antigenic types of IBV vaccine has not been examined experimentally. In this study, we vaccinated one-day-old broiler chicks by eyedrop with three or four different IBV vaccine types simultaneously. The presence and relative amount of each vaccine was examined in all of the birds by IBV type-specific real-time RT-PCR at 5 days post-vaccination and each vaccine was detected in all of the birds given that vaccine. The birds were challenged at 28 days of age and protection was measured by clinical signs, virus detection and by ciliostasis. Birds vaccinated with three different IBV types (Ark, Mass and GA98) were protected against challenge with each of those IBV types and were partially protected against challenge with the GA08 virus. Birds vaccinated with four different IBV types (Ark, Mass, GA98 and GA08) were protected against challenge with each of those IBV types with the exception of Mass challenged birds which clearly had 3/11 birds not protected based on individual ciliostasis scores, but had an average ciliostasis score of >50% which is considered protected. The results are important for the control of IBV because they indicate that simultaneous vaccination with up to four different IBV vaccine types can provide adequate protection against challenge for each type.
Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of the Galα1,3Gal High Affinity Lectin from the Mushroom Marasmius oreades (2002)

The purification and unique carbohydrate binding properties, including blood group B-specific agglutination and preferential binding to Galalpha1,3Gal-containing sugar epitopes, of the Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) are reported in an accompanying paper (Winter, H. C., Mostafapour, K., and Goldstein, I. J. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 14996-15001). Here we describe the cloning, characterization, and expression of MOA. MOA was digested with trypsin and endoproteinase Asp-N, and the peptide fragments were purified by high performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid sequence data were obtained for eight peptides. Using oligonucleotides deduced from the peptide sequences for a reverse transcriptase-PCR, a 41-base pair cDNA was obtained. The 41-base pair fragment allowed the generation a full-length cDNA using 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. MOA cDNA encodes a protein of 293 amino acids that contains a ricin domain. These carbohydrate binding domains were first described in subunits of bacterial toxins and are also commonly found in polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Whereas these proteins are known to display a variety of sugar binding specificities, none to date are known to share MOA's high affinity for Galalpha1,3Gal and Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4GlcNAc. Recombinantly expressed and purified MOA retains the specificity and affinity observed with the native protein. This study provides the basis for analyzing the underlying cause for the unusual binding specificity of MOA.
A Directly Coupled Micro-Liquid Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometer with Vacuum Nebulizing Interface (1980)

Abstract A directly coupled micro-liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer (MS) was developed using a modified vacuum nebulizing interface and a small double focusing MS.
Optimum Young's Modulus Distribution in Tire Design (1996)

Abstract A new approach to determine the optimum compound characteristics in each tire material is developed and applied to improve various tire performances following the corresponding objective functions and constraints. In the new approach, optimization technology is combined with a finite element method so that the optimum compound characteristics in each tire material are obtained by minimizing an objective function, while satisfying the constraints. Hence, the targets of rubber characteristics in each material of a tire can be determined by the proposed approach to improve tire performance. When we optimize the compound characteristics in each element of a tire model, the number of design variables becomes more than a few hundred. Therefore, the sensitivity of the stiffness matrix in the optimization is obtained by a semi‐analytical (or implicit differentiation) method and computational time is greatly reduced compared to the finite difference method. The new approach is applied and verified to improve the rolling resistance of a tire. Furthermore, we can obtain guidelines for a new topological tire structure by the Young's modulus optimization, considering that the rubber material should be removed from the initial tire design, if the optimum Young's modulus is almost zero at the element.
Improvement of Fluorescence Tomography Reconstructions with Higher Order Born Approximation of Diffuse Photon Density Waves (2006)

We present the results of a fluorescence tomography experiment which shows that the quality of the fluorescence reconstruction is improved when the forward model is corrected from the optical properties variations of the probed medium.
Ultrasensitive microfluidic analysis of circulating exosomes using a nanostructured graphene oxide/polydopamine coating (2016)

Exosomes are cell-derived nano-sized vesicles that have been recently recognized as new mediators for many cellular processes and potential biomarkers for non-invasive disease diagnosis and the monitoring of treatment response. To better elucidate the biology and clinical value of exosomes, there is a pressing need for new analytical technologies capable of the efficient isolation and sensitive analysis of such small and molecularly diverse vesicles. Herein, we developed a microfluidic exosome analysis platform based on a new graphene oxide/polydopamine (GO/PDA) nano-interface. To the best of our best knowledge, we report for the first time, the GO-induced formation of a 3D nanoporous PDA surface coating enabled by the microfluidic layer-by-layer deposition of GO and PDA. It was demonstrated that this nanostructured GO/PDA interface greatly improves the efficiency of exosome immuno-capture, while at the same time effectively suppressing non-specific exosome adsorption. Based on this nano-interface, an ultrasensitive exosome ELISA assay was developed to afford a very low detection limit of 50 μL(-1) with a 4 log dynamic range, which is substantially better than the existing methods. As a proof of concept for clinical applications, we adapted this platform to discriminate ovarian cancer patients from healthy controls by the quantitative detection of exosomes directly from 2 μL plasma without sample processing. Thus, this platform could provide a useful tool to facilitate basic and clinical investigations of exosomes for non-invasive disease diagnosis and to aid precision treatment.
Photoluminescent liquid crystal displays and a new approach to large screen video applications (2000)

Photoluminescent liquid crystal displays use a phosphor screen to separate internal light traversing a liquid crystal display (LCD) from light seen by the viewer. The internal light is narrow bandwidth UV and can be spatially directed. The diffuse phosphor emissions transform the angular viewing characteristics of conventional LCDs to the almost perfectly wide, uniform characteristics of a cathode ray tube. This type of display has the potential to exceed the power efficiency of current LCDs and can boost electro-optic performance in such a way as to give, for instance, enhanced multiplexing in passive matrix displays. The continuous phosphor screen and separate light paths enable truly seamless tiling for the production of large-screen direct-view displays. Here we briefly review photoluminescent LCD operation and describe the main design criteria. Three product-focused architectures are discussed and the current state of the art described for each.
[Immunotherapy targeting the Wilms' tumor 1 gene product for patients with malignant brain tumors]. (2009)

In this paper, we review the current status of immunotherapy targeting Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) peptide in malignant brain tumors as well as in other hematological and solid malignancies. WT1 is expressed in various kinds of malignancies, and is involved in oncogenesis. The titers of antibodies against WT1 and the frequency of WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were higher in cancer patients than in healthy donors, indicating that WT1 protein has immunogenic function. These findings provided us with a rationale for developing cancer immunotherapy that targets the WT1 peptide. Clinical trials of the WT1 peptide vaccination were initiated, and definite immunological and clinical responses were observed. The disease control rate of 57.1% was obtained especially in the case of recurrent glioblastomas, with a median progression-free survival period of 20.0 weeks and progression-free survival rate at 6 months of 33.3%. The trial showed that WT1 vaccination for malignant gliomas, which is generally believed to be an intractable disease, was safe and elicited a favorable clinical response. Further clinical studies of WT1 vaccination in patients with malignant gliomas as well as other cancers are warranted. An enhancement of the efficacy of WT1 vaccination can be expected with a combined treatment using the WT1-specific helper peptide or anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Administration of WT1 vaccination along with other therapeutic modalities during initial treatment or in the case showing minimal residual disease may prolong the survival time of the cancer patients.
Development of a negative ion-based neutral beam injector in Novosibirsk (2013)

A 1000 keV, 5 MW, 1000 s neutral beam injector based on negative ions is being developed in the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk in collaboration with Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. The innovative design of the injector features the spatially separated ion source and an electrostatic accelerator. Plasma or photon neutralizer and energy recuperation of the remaining ion species is employed in the injector to provide an overall energy efficiency of the system as high as 80%. A test stand for the beam acceleration is now under construction. A prototype of the negative ion beam source has been fabricated and installed at the test stand. The prototype ion source is designed to produce 120 keV, 1.5 A beam.
Generation of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses (2015)

This unit describes how to infect cells with vaccinia virus and then transfect them with a plasmid-transfer vector or PCR fragment to generate a recombinant virus. Selection and screening methods used to isolate recombinant viruses and a method for the amplification of recombinant viruses are described. Finally, a method for live immunostaining that has been used primarily for detection of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is presented.
Ultra-high throughput microfluidic optomechanical sensors (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Optical resonators have enabled the label-free measurement of nanoparticles suspended in liquids, down to the resolution of individual viruses and large molecules, but are only able to quantify optical properties (refractive index, scattering, fluorescence). Additionally, these sensors are fundamentally limited by the random diffusion of particles to the sensing region, and thus only measure a tiny fraction of the analyte. We have developed a microfluidic optomechanical resonator capable of sensing freely flowing nanoparticles using the action of phonons that are coupled to light. The phonon mode of the system casts a nearly perfect net for measuring density, viscoelasticity, and compressibility of the particles that flow through, without being limited by random diffusion. Information on the mechanical properties of the particles is encoded in the light scattered from the thermal fluctuations of the phonon mode. We have also developed a new electro-opto-mechanical method for improving the sensing speed achievable with this technique. We demonstrate real-time particle transit measurements as fast as 400 microseconds, without any post-processing. We discuss how this novel technique can be used for ultra-high throughput analysis of mechanical properties of biological particles in liquids, enabling a new form of flow cytometry. (invited by Prof. Giuseppe Leo)
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of 8-(Pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]-1,3,5-triazines: Potent, Orally Bioavailable Corticotropin Releasing Factor Receptor-1 (CRF<sub>1</sub>) Antagonists (2009)

This report describes the syntheses and structure-activity relationships of 8-(substituted pyridyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists. These CRF(1) receptor antagonists may be potential anxiolytic or antidepressant drugs. This research resulted in the discovery of compound 13-15, which is a potent, selective CRF(1) antagonist (hCRF(1) IC(50) = 6.1 +/- 0.6 nM) with weak affinity for the CRF-binding protein and biogenic amine receptors. This compound also has a good pharmacokinetic profile in dogs. Analogue 13-15 is orally effective in two rat models of anxiety: the defensive withdrawal (situational anxiety) model and the elevated plus maze test. Analogue 13-15 has been advanced to clinical trials.
Simple, low fluctuation voltage signal generation for 8-Gb/s quadrature amplitude modulation using dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (2008)

Optical quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) has attracted considerable attention because of its high spectral efficiency. For high capacity, the modulation rate should also be enhanced, which requires the generation of high-baud-rate multilevel electric signals with high precision in amplitude. In this paper, we describe a method to reduce the amplitude fluctuation of the electric signal by adopting a return-to-zero (RZ) format. We also demonstrate 2.0-Gbaud optical QAM signal generation with a conventional dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DPMZM) driven by the electric RZ data signals.
Epitaxial growth of zinc blende and wurtzitic gallium nitride thin films on (001) silicon (1991)

Zinc blende and wurtzitic GaN films have been epitaxially grown onto (001)Si by electron &lt;m1;&1p&gt;cyclotron resonance microwave plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, using a two-step growth process. In this process a thin buffer layer is grown at relatively low temperatures followed by a higher temperature growth of the rest of the film. GaN films grown on a single crystalline GaN buffer have the zinc blende structure, while those grown on a polycrystalline or amorphous buffer have the wurtzitic structure.
A 2D-PRM-Based Atmospheric Phase Correction Method in GB-SAR Interferometry Application (2023)

Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) interferometry has already been recognized as a powerful tool for remote sensing deformation monitoring. However, the accuracy and reliability of the deformation retrieval using GB-SAR instrument are severely affected by atmospheric phase disturbances. In this letter, an improved 2-D polynomial regression model (2D-PRM) based atmospheric phase compensation (APC) algorithm, in collaboration with the permanent scatterer (PS) technique, is developed in GB-SAR interferometry. In order to obtain the aliasing-free data required for the APC procedure, an efficient two-stage spatial phase unwrapping method is utilized. Then the reliable PS points are selected by jointly exploiting the amplitude, coherence, and amplitude deviation index (ADI) information. After that, the appropriate APC is carried out by virtue of a 2D-PRM based least square (LS) method. Finally, we conduct the atmospheric correction experiments on a real campaign to verify the performance of the proposed scheme.
Improved technique to determine second-order optical nonlinearity profiles using two different samples (2004)

An improved inverse Fourier transform Maker fringe (MF) technique is described to retrieve the nonlinearity profile of thin films. It involves measuring the MF curve of two sandwich structures made by combining a pair of different nonlinear samples in two configurations. A simple algorithm is developed to process this data and retrieve the profile of both samples. Compared to our previous technique, which involves a single sandwich structure made of two identical samples, this technique is more flexible, it is insensitive to differences between the samples, and data processing is simpler and much faster. After a sample has been initially characterized by this technique, it can be used as a reference to characterize any other unknown sample using a single MF measurement. Experimental verification is demonstrated with a pair of thermally poled silica wafers.
Herpes Simplex Viral Vectors Expressing Bcl-2 Are Neuroprotective When Delivered After a Stroke (1997)

Considerable interest has focused on the possibility of using viral vectors to deliver genes to the central nervous system for the purpose of decreasing necrotic neuronal injury. To that end, we have previously shown that a herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector expressing Bcl-2 could protect neurons from ischemia. In that study, vector was delivered before the ischemia. However, for such gene therapy to be of clinical use, vectors must be protective even if delivered after the onset of the insult. In the present study, we show that an HSV vector expressing Bcl-2 protects striatal neurons when delivered after focal ischemia. Rats were exposed to middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 hour, followed by reperfusion, and damage was assessed 48 hours later. Delivery of the Bcl-2 vector 30 minutes after reperfusion (i.e., 1.5 hours after ischemia onset) prevented any significant loss of virally-targeted neurons in the striatum. In contrast, in rats microinfused with a vector only expressing a reporter gene, a highly significant loss of neurons occurred. By 4 hours into the reperfusion period (5 hours after ischemia onset), delivery of the Bcl-2 vector was no longer protective. These data show the efficacy of postinsult gene therapy strategies for the brain, underline the finite length of this temporal therapeutic window, and support the growing evidence attesting to the neuroprotective potential of Bcl-2.
Elution of Uranium and Transition Metals from Amidoxime-Based Polymer Adsorbents for Sequestering Uranium from Seawater (2015)

High-surface-area amidoxime and carboxylic acid grafted polymer adsorbents developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory were tested for sequestering uranium in a flowing seawater flume system at the PNNL-Marine Sciences Laboratory. FTIR spectra indicate that a KOH conditioning process is necessary to remove the proton from the carboxylic acid and make the sorbent effective for sequestering uranium from seawater. The alkaline conditioning process also converts the amidoxime groups to carboxylate groups in the adsorbent. Both Na2CO3–H2O2 and hydrochloric acid elution methods can remove ∼95% of the uranium sequestered by the adsorbent after 42 days of exposure in real seawater. The Na2CO3–H2O2 elution method is more selective for uranium than conventional acid elution. Iron and vanadium are the two major transition metals competing with uranium for adsorption to the amidoxime-based adsorbents in real seawater. Tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt, 1 M) can remove iron from the adsorbent very effectively at pH around 7. The coordination between vanadium(V) and amidoxime is also discussed based on our 51V NMR data.
In Vivo Brain Tumor Demarcation Using Optical Spectroscopy¶ (2001)

The applicability of optical spectroscopy for intraoperative detection of brain tumors/tumor margins was investigated in a pilot clinical trial consisting of 26 brain tumor patients. The results of this clinical trial suggest that brain tumors and infiltrating tumor margins (ITM) can be effectively separated from normal brain tissues in vivo using combined autofluorescence and diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy. A two-step empirical discrimination algorithm based on autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance at 460 and 625 nm was developed. This algorithm yields a sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 76%, respectively, in differentiating ITM from normal brain tissues. Blood contamination was found to be a major obstacle that attenuates the accuracy of brain tumor demarcation using optical spectroscopy. Overall, this study indicates that optical spectroscopy has the potential to guide brain tumor resection intraoperatively with high sensitivity.
Topography of acoustical properties of long bones: from biomechanical studies to bone health assessment (2008)

The article presents a retrospective view on the assessment of long bones condition using topographical patterns of the acoustic properties. The application of ultrasonic point-contact transducers with exponential waveguides on a short acoustic base for detailed measurements in human long bones by the surface transmission was initiated during the 1980s in Latvia. The guided wave velocity was mapped on the surface of the long bones and the topographical patterns reflected the biomechanical peculiarities. Axial velocity profiles obtained in vivo by measurements along the medial surface of tibia varied due to aging, hypokinesia, and physical training. The method has been advanced at Artann Laboratories (West Trenton, NJ) by the introduction of multifrequency data acquisition and axial scanning. The model studies carried out on synthetic phantoms and in bone specimens confirmed the potential to evaluate separately changes of the bone material properties and of the cortical thickness by multifrequency acoustic measurements at the 0.1 to 1 MHz band. The bone ultrasonic scanner (BUSS) is an axial mode ultrasonometer developed to depict the acoustic profile of bone that will detect the onset of bone atrophy as a spatial process. Clinical trials demonstrated a high sensitivity of BUSS to osteoporosis and the capability to assess early stage of osteopenia.
Synthesis of a new cubic phase in the B-C-N system (2008)

Phase formation in the B-C-N system has been studied at pressures from 6 to 15 GPa and temperatures from 1000 to 1600°C using mixtures of carbon nitride (C3N4) nanospheres and boron. A new ternary phase with the structure of cubic boron nitride in which some of the nitrogen and boron atoms are replaced by carbon has been obtained at p ≃ 8 GPa and t ≃ 1500°C. According to the Rietveld refinement results, its composition is BC0.47N0.85.