gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micromechanical radiation dosimeter (1995)

We demonstrate the use of microcantilevers coated with ultraviolet cross-linking polymers as optical radiation dosimeters. Upon exposure to radiation, a treated cantilever bends due to stress and its resonance frequency increases due to stiffening. These phenomena can be used to develop sensitive radiation dosimeters which respond to radiation affecting the mechanical properties of the selected coating.
Transform-selective interference suppression algorithm for spread-spectrum communications (2004)

An adaptive method for suppressing interference with an unknown model is presented. The method is based on computation of several transforms in parallel and selecting the most suitable one depending on a priori unknown the interference type based on a compression gain (CG) metric, which is related to the interference concentration in the transform domain. It is also possible to estimate the a priori parameters required by some transforms. The method can be expanded to utilize an arbitrary number of transforms. It is shown through computer simulations that the CG is a good metric for choosing the proper domain for interference excision.
Tailorable Doping-Spike PtSi Infrared Detectors Fabricated by Si Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1994)

By incorporating a 1-nm-thick p + doping spike at the PtSi/Si intertace, we have successfully demonstrated extended cutoff wavelengths of PtSi Schottky infrared detectors. The extended cutoff wavelengths resulted from the reduced effective potential barriers due to the combined effects of an increased electric field near the silicide/Si intertace and the Schottky image force. The p + doping spikes were grown by molecular beam epitaxy at 450° C using elemental boron as the dopant source, with doping concentrations ranging from 5×10 19 to 2×10 20 cm -3 . The cutoff wavelengths were shown to increase with increasing doping concentrations of the p + spikes. Thermionic emission dark current characteristics were observed and photoresponse in the LWIR regime was demonstrated. Furthermore, the effective potential barriers determined by the Richardson plots were used to study the electrically activated boron dopant concentrations of the thin (1-nm-thick) spikes.
The celecoxib derivatives AR-12 and AR-14 induce autophagy and clear prion-infected cells from prions (2017)

Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals. The autocatalytic conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP<sup>C</sup>) into the pathologic isoform PrP<sup>Sc</sup> is a key feature in prion pathogenesis. AR-12 is an IND-approved derivative of celecoxib that demonstrated preclinical activity against several microbial diseases. Recently, AR-12 has been shown to facilitate clearance of misfolded proteins. The latter proposes AR-12 to be a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of AR-12 and its derivatives in controlling prion infection. We tested AR-12 in prion infected neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines. Immunoblotting and confocal microscopy results showed that AR-12 and its analogue AR-14 reduced PrP<sup>Sc</sup> levels after only 72 hours of treatment. Furthermore, infected cells were cured of PrP<sup>Sc</sup> after exposure of AR-12 or AR-14 for only two weeks. We partially attribute the influence of the AR compounds on prion propagation to autophagy stimulation, in line with our previous findings that drug-induced stimulation of autophagy has anti-prion effects in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, this study demonstrates that AR-12 and the AR-14 analogue are potential new therapeutic agents for prion diseases and possibly protein misfolding disorders involving prion-like mechanisms.
Tagging Personal Photos with Transfer Deep Learning (2015)

The advent of mobile devices and media cloud services has led to the unprecedented growing of personal photo collections. One of the fundamental problems in managing the increasing number of photos is automatic image tagging. Existing research has predominantly focused on tagging general Web images with a well-labelled image database, e.g., ImageNet. However, they can only achieve limited success on personal photos due to the domain gaps between personal photos and Web images. These gaps originate from the differences in semantic distribution and visual appearance. To deal with these challenges, in this paper, we present a novel transfer deep learning approach to tag personal photos. Specifically, to solve the semantic distribution gap, we have designed an ontology consisting of a hierarchical vocabulary tailored for personal photos. This ontology is mined from $10,000$ active users in Flickr with 20 million photos and 2.7 million unique tags. To deal with the visual appearance gap, we discover the intermediate image representations and ontology priors by deep learning with bottom-up and top-down transfers across two domains, where Web images are the source domain and personal photos are the target. Moreover, we present two modes (single and batch-modes) in tagging and find that the batch-mode is highly effective to tag photo collections. We conducted personal photo tagging on 7,000 real personal photos and personal photo search on the MIT-Adobe FiveK photo dataset. The proposed tagging approach is able to achieve a performance gain of $12.8\%$ and $4.5\%$ in terms of [email protected], against the state-of-the-art hand-crafted feature-based and deep learning-based methods, respectively.
Communication-efficient distributed monitoring of thresholded counts (2006)

Monitoring is an issue of primary concern in current and next generation networked systems. For ex, the objective of sensor networks is to monitor their surroundings for a variety of different applications like atmospheric conditions, wildlife behavior, and troop movements among others. Similarly, monitoring in data networks is critical not only for accounting and management, but also for detecting anomalies and attacks. Such monitoring applications are inherently continuous and distributed, and must be designed to minimize the communication overhead that they introduce. In this context we introduce and study a fundamental class of problems called where we must return the aggregate frequency count of an event that is continuously monitored by distributed nodes with a user-specified accuracy whenever the actual count exceeds a given threshold value.In this paper we propose to address the problem of thresholded counts by setting local thresholds at each monitoring node and initiating communication only when the locally observed data exceeds these local thresholds. We explore algorithms in two categories: static and adaptive thresholds. In the static case, we consider thresholds based on a linear combination of two alternate strategies, and show that there exists an optimal blend of the two strategies that results in minimum communication overhead. We further show that this optimal blend can be found using a steepest descent search. In the adaptive case, we propose algorithms that adjust the local thresholds based on the observed distributions of updated information. We use extensive simulations not only to verify the accuracy of our algorithms and validate our theoretical results, but also to evaluate the performance of our algorithms. We find that both approaches yield significant savings over the naive approach of centralized processing.
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging with a large monolithic X-ray interferometer (2000)

To increase the field of view for large objects in phase-contrast X-ray imaging, a large monolithic X-ray interferometer has been fabricated using an available silicon ingot of diameter 10 cm. A performance study of this interferometer has been carried out using a synchrotron X-ray source. The view size of the interference pattern obtained with this interferometer was 25 mm wide and 15 mm high and its visibility was 79%. Various structures of a sliced human hepatocellular carcinoma were identified as necrosis, hemorrhagic necrosis, normal liver tissue and blood vessel. The performance of this interferometer was sufficient for phase-contrast X-ray imaging.
The prevalence and wide clinical spectrum of the spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 trinucleotide repeat in patients with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. (1997)

The dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) represent a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders linked by progressive deterioration in balance and coordination. The utility of genetic classification of the ADCAs has been highlighted by the striking variability in clinical phenotype observed within families and the overlap in clinical phenotype observed between those with different genotypes. The recent demonstration that spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion within the ataxin-2 gene has allowed us to determine the frequency of SCA2 compared with SCA1, SCA3/Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), and dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) in patients with sporadic and inherited ataxia. SCA2 accounts for 13% of patients with ADCA (without retinal degeneration), intermediate between SCA1 and SCA3/MJD, which account for 6% and 23%, respectively. Together, SCA1, SCA2, and SCA3/MJD constitute >40% of the mutations leading to ADCA I in our population. No patient without a family history of ataxia, or with a pure cerebellar or spastic syndrome, tested positive for SCA1, SCA2, or SCA3. No overlap in ataxin-2 allele size between normal and disease chromosomes, or intermediate-sized alleles, were observed. Repeat length correlated inversely with age at onset, accounting for approximately 80% of the variability in onset age. Haplotype analysis provided no evidence for a single founder chromosome, and diverse ethnic origins were observed among SCA2 kindreds. In addition, a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes was observed among SCA2 patients, including typical mild dominant ataxia, the MJD phenotype with facial fasciculations and lid retraction, and early-onset ataxia with a rapid course, chorea, and dementia.
Identification, Mechanism of Action, and Antitumor Activity of a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Hippo, TGF-β, and Wnt Signaling Pathways (2014)

Embryonic signaling pathways, in particular those mediated by Wnt and TGF-β, are known to play key roles in tumor progression through the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Their simultaneous targeting could therefore represent a desirable anticancer strategy. On the basis of recent findings that both Wnt and TGF-β-associated pathways are regulated by Hippo signaling in mammalian cells, we reasoned that targeting the latter would be more effective in inhibiting EMT. In a search for such inhibitors, we identified a small molecule (C19) with remarkable inhibitory activity not only against Hippo, but also against Wnt and TGF-β pathways. C19 inhibited cancer cell migration, proliferation, and resistance to doxorubicin in vitro, and exerted strong antitumor activity in a mouse tumor model. Mechanistically, C19 induced GSK3-β-mediated degradation of the Hippo transducer TAZ, through activation of the Hippo kinases Mst/Lats and the tumor suppressor kinase AMPK upstream of the degradation complex. Overall, this study identified C19 as a multi-EMT pathway inhibitor with a unique mechanism of action. The findings that both AMPK and Mst/Lats mediate the antitumor activity of C19 shed light on a potential cross-talk between metabolic and organ size control pathways in regulating cancer progression. By simultaneously targeting these two pathways, C19 may represent a new type of agents to suppress cancer progression and/or its recurrence.
Single-pixel spectroscopy via compressive sampling (2014)

Recently we presented a method for compressive spectrometry based on a liquid crystal cell. Here we describe the spectrum reconstruction dependence on the type of sparsifier used in the reconstruction process.
Degradation of polymeric insulation due to photoemission caused by high electric fields (1989)

The mechanism of electrical tree initiation in polyethylene subjected at AC, DC, and half-rectified AC voltages is studied by an optical technique which is at least two orders of magnitude more sensitive than partial discharge detection. For DC voltage up to 46 kV, no light emission or tree inception was detected in the polymer containing the normal and decreased concentrations of air in its free volume. For AC and half-rectified AC voltages, tree inception only occurred if light, in the visible and ultraviolet ranges, was detected. Photodegradation of the polymeric insulation by ultraviolet radiation can occur when the voltage applied to the polymer exceeds the threshold voltage of light inception such as during switching and lightning overvoltages. This can account for the gradual degradation of the polymeric insulation which ultimately leads to the formation of an electrical tree. By comparing the light emitted from the polymer subjected to AC voltage having half-cycles of different amplitudes to DC superimposed on AC it is shown that the space charge injected into the polymer causes the zero-crossing of the local field in the polymer. This is required for light emission and subsequent tree inception.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pulse compression using fiber gratings as highly dispersive nonlinear elements (1998)

Pulse compressors rely on two separate sections. The first section is for bandwidth generation through self-phase modulation and chirp linearization through normal dispersion. In conventional compressors this first section consists of a normal dispersion fiber of appropriate length. The second section is for compensating this linear chirp through anomalous dispersion, typically a prism pair or grating pair. In this way a transform-limited input pulse is compressed into an almost-transform-limited pulse. This scheme is quite different from chirped fiber gratings that are used in reflection to compensate existing chirp: no extra bandwidth is generated and nonlinear effects are not necessary. We propose a scheme for optical pulse compression utilizing an apodized fiber grating in transmission as the nonlinear dispersive element for the first section of the compressor. Near the band edge, on the long-wavelength side of the stop band of the grating, the normal quadratic dispersion is orders of magnitude greater than in a standard optical fiber. Therefore the first section of the compressor may be scaled down in length and the constraints placed on these systems may be relaxed. In this paper we discuss the limitations and the design of such fiber-grating compressors. Analysis and numerical simulation show efficient pulse compression. Further numerical simulation reveals that sufficiently far from the band edge the fiber grating can be modeled as an effective homogeneous medium obeying the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
Mammalian synthetic circuits with RNA binding proteins for RNA-only delivery (2015)

Using RNA-binding proteins to build genetic circuits enables RNA-only synthetic biology. Synthetic regulatory circuits encoded in RNA rather than DNA could provide a means to control cell behavior while avoiding potentially harmful genomic integration in therapeutic applications. We create post-transcriptional circuits using RNA-binding proteins, which can be wired in a plug-and-play fashion to create networks of higher complexity. We show that the circuits function in mammalian cells when encoded in modified mRNA or self-replicating RNA.
Highly Effective Auger-Electron Therapy in an Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenograft Model using Convection-Enhanced Delivery (2016)

Glioblastoma, the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, always recurs after standard treatment. Therefore, promising new therapeutic approaches are needed. Short-range Auger-electron-emitters carry the ability of causing highly damaging radiation effects in cells. The aim of this study was to test the effect of [<sup>125</sup>I]5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (<sup>125</sup>I-UdR, a radioactive Auger-electron-emitting thymidine analogue) Auger-therapy on immature glioblastoma spheroid cultures and orthotopic xenografted glioblastoma-bearing rats, the latter by means of convection-enhanced delivery (CED). Moreover, we aimed to determine if the therapeutic effect could be enhanced when combining <sup>125</sup>I-UdR therapy with the currently used first-line chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide. <sup>125</sup>I-UdR significantly decreased glioblastoma cell viability and migration <i>in vitro</i> and the cell viability was further decreased by co-treatment with methotrexate and/or temozolomide. Intratumoral CED of methotrexate and <sup>125</sup>I-UdR with and without concomitant systemic temozolomide chemotherapy significantly reduced the tumor burden in orthotopically xenografted glioblastoma-bearing nude rats. Thus, 100% (8/8) of the animals survived the entire observation period of 180 days when subjected to the combined Auger-chemotherapy while 57% (4/7) survived after the Auger-therapy alone. No animals (0/8) treated with temozolomide alone survived longer than 50 days. Blood samples and <i>post-mortem</i> histology showed no signs of dose-limiting adverse effects. In conclusion, the multidrug approach consisting of CED of methotrexate and <sup>125</sup>I-UdR with concomitant systemic temozolomide was safe and very effective leading to 100% survival in an orthotopic xenograft glioblastoma model. Therefore, this therapeutic strategy may be a promising option for future glioblastoma therapy.
Properties of a series of phenylpyrimidine ferroelectric liquid crystals possessing the 2,3-difluoroalkoxy tail (1991)

Abstract A series of high polarization Ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) dopants based on the 2,3-difluorohexyloxyphenylpyrimidine family was modified by 1) fluorination of the core and 2) replacement of the alkyl achiral tail with an alkoxy tail. Their polarization, rise time, N* and C* helical pitch, and effect on smectic A/C* phase transition as a 10% mixture in an achiral phenylpyrimidine host were determined. In all cases, core fluorination and alkoxy substitution results in a decrease in polarization while rise time remained relatively constant. All modifications resulted in a lengthening of the C* pitch relative to the parent structure. In several cases core fluorination resulted in sign reversal of the N* pitch making use of these dopants potentially useful as pitch compensating agents an attractive possibility.
Prismatic applicator for continuous microwave-assisted synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (2011)

Metallic (Ag, Au, Cu) nanoparticles suspensions are gaining an increasing interest in medical applications. Among the existing synthetic routes available, microwave processing allows to better control particle size and to achieve high purity of the products. The large scale production of nanoparticles requires the development of industrially-viable processes, preferably conducted using a “green chemistry” approach, at ambient pressure and relatively low temperature. Based on a recently developed microwave-assisted process in aqueous solution, a new dedicated continuous-flow reactor, made of two twin prismatic applicators has been designed, optimized and tested. It can produce up to 1000 liters/day of metal nanoparticles colloidal suspension.
Multiphase flow simulations in heterogeneous fractured media through hybrid grid method (2013)

A new method based on the combined local nonmatching grid and discrete fracture model is presented. The method is very flexible to handle matrix-matrix, fracture-fracture, and matrix-fracture connections in the context of an unstructured grid. The grid is generated at the fracture intersections, enabling accurate modeling of small control volumes between connecting fractures. Several numerical examples are presented to assess the efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed method.
Combination of Peri-Tumoral and Intra-Tumoral Radiomic Features on Bi-Parametric MRI Accurately Stratifies Prostate Cancer Risk: A Multi-Site Study (2020)

<i>Background:</i> Prostate cancer (PCa) influences its surrounding habitat, which tends to manifest as different phenotypic appearances on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This region surrounding the PCa lesion, or the peri-tumoral region, may encode useful information that can complement intra-tumoral information to enable better risk stratification. <i>Purpose</i>: To evaluate the role of peri-tumoral radiomic features on bi-parametric MRI (T2-weighted and Diffusion-weighted) to distinguish PCa risk categories as defined by D'Amico Risk Classification System. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: We studied a retrospective, HIPAA-compliant, 4-institution cohort of 231 PCa patients (<i>n</i> = 301 lesions) who underwent 3T multi-parametric MRI prior to biopsy. PCa regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated on MRI by experienced radiologists following which peri-tumoral ROIs were defined. Radiomic features were extracted within the intra- and peri-tumoral ROIs. Radiomic features differentiating low-risk from: (1) high-risk (L-vs.-H), and (2) (intermediate- and high-risk (L-vs.-I + H)) lesions were identified. Using a multi-institutional training cohort of 151 lesions (D1, <i>N =</i> 116 patients), machine learning classifiers were trained using peri- and intra-tumoral features individually and in combination. The remaining 150 lesions (D2, <i>N =</i> 115 patients) were used for independent hold-out validation and were evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and compared with PI-RADS v2 scores. <i>Results</i>: Validation on D2 using peri-tumoral radiomics alone resulted in areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of 0.84 and 0.73 for the L-vs.-H and L-vs.-I + H classifications, respectively. The best combination of intra- and peri-tumoral features resulted in AUCs of 0.87 and 0.75 for the L-vs.-H and L-vs.-I + H classifications, respectively. This combination improved the risk stratification results by 3-6% compared to intra-tumoral features alone. Our radiomics-based model resulted in a 53% accuracy in differentiating L-vs.-H compared to PI-RADS v2 (48%), on the validation set. <i>Conclusion</i>: Our findings suggest that peri-tumoral radiomic features derived from prostate bi-parametric MRI add independent predictive value to intra-tumoral radiomic features for PCa risk assessment.
Modular Synthetic Approach for Adjusting the Disassembly Rates of Enzyme-Responsive Polymeric Micelles (2017)

Self-assembled nanostructures and their stimuli-responsive degradation have been recently explored to meet the increasing need for advanced biocompatible and biodegradable materials for various biomedical applications. Incorporation of enzymes as triggers that can stimulate the degradation and disassembly of polymeric assemblies may be highly advantageous owing to their high selectivity and natural abundance in all living organisms. One of the key factors to consider when designing enzyme-responsive polymers is the ability to fine-tune the sensitivity of the platform toward its target enzyme in order to control the disassembly rate. In this work, a series of enzyme-responsive amphiphilic PEG-dendron hybrids with increasing number of hydrophobic cleavable end-groups was synthesized, characterized, and compared. These hybrids were shown to self-assemble in aqueous media into nanosized polymeric micelles, which could encapsulate small hydrophobic guests in their cores and release them upon enzymatic stimulus. Utilization of dendritic scaffolds as the responsive blocks granted ultimate control over the number of enzymatically cleavable end-groups. Remarkably, as we increased the number of end-groups, the micellar stability increased significantly and the range of enzymatic sensitivity spanned from highly responsive micelles to practically nondegradable ones. The reported results highlight the remarkable role of hydrophobicity in determining the micellar stability toward enzymatic degradation and its great sensitivity to small structural changes of the hydrophobic block, which govern the accessibility of the cleavable hydrophobic groups to the activating enzyme.