gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Onboard detection of internal combustion engine misfires (2002)

The integrity of the exhaust emission system in a passenger vehicle can best be maintained by monitoring its performance continuously on board the vehicle. It is with the intent of monitoring emission system performance that the California Air Resources Board has proposed regulations which will require vehicles to be equipped with on-board monitoring systems. These proposed regulations are known as OBDII. The authors discuss a method of monitoring engine misfire as part of the OBDII requirements for passenger vehicle on-board diagnostics. The method is relatively inexpensive in that it uses and existing sensor for measuring instantaneous crankshaft angular position, and utilizes electronic signal processing which can be implemented in relatively inexpensive custom integrated circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thermally Induced Nanoimprinting of Biodegradable Polycarbonates Using Dynamic Covalent Cross-Links (2012)

The introduction of reversible covalent bonds into polymeric systems afford robust, yet dynamic, materials that can respond to external stimuli. A series of aliphatic polycarbonate polymers were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization of furanyl and maleimido-bearing cyclic carbonate monomers. These side chains undergo thermally induced Diels-Alder reactions to afford cross-linked films. Because both the diene and dienophile were incorporated into the same polymer backbone, a protected maleimido group, in the form of the furan adduct, was used. Both the forward and reverse Diels-Alder reaction are triggered thermally, which allows the deprotection of the maleimido group and the subsequent reaction with the furanyl side chains to form cross-links. Random copolymers and poly(ethylene glycol) containing block copolymers were formed using diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene as the catalyst and a thiourea cocatalyst. The polymers form uniform films that can be cross-linked in the bulk state. To further illustrate the dynamic nature of the covalent bonds within the cross-linked films, a patterned silicon mold was used to transfer a series of nanoscale patterns using a thermal nanoimprint process.
Synthesis and Characterization of Linear-Dendron-like Poly(ε-caprolactone)-<i>b</i>-poly(ethylene oxide) Copolymers via the Combination of Ring-Opening Polymerization and Click Chemistry (2008)

A new class of linear-dendron-like poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PCL-b-PEO) copolymers with unsymmetrical topology was synthesized via controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (CL) followed by a click conjugation with azide-terminated PEO (PEO-N3). The dendron-like PCL terminated with a clickable alkyne group (Dm-PCL, m = 0, 1, 2, and 3) was for the first time synthesized from the ROP of CL monomer using a propargyl focal point dendrons Dm with primary amine groups as the initiators and stannous octoate as catalyst in bulk at 130 °C. Then, the linear-dendron-like Dm-PCL-b-PEO copolymers were obtained by the click conjugation of Dm-PCL with PEO-N3 using PMDETA/CuBr as catalyst in DMF solution at 35 °C. Their molecular structures and physical properties were in detail characterized by FT-IR, NMR, MALLS-GPC, DSC, and WAXD. Both DLS and TEM analyses demonstrated that the biodegradable micelles and vesicles with different sizes (less than 100 nm) self-assembled from these Dm-PCL-b-PEO copolymers in aqueous solution, and both the PEO composition and the linear-dendron-like architecture of copolymers controlled the morphology and the average size of nanoparticles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes the synthesis of linear-dendron-like PCL-b-PEO block copolymers via the combination of ROP and click chemistry. Consequently, this provides a versatile strategy not only for the synthesis of biodegradable and amphiphilic block copolymers with linear-dendron-like architecture but also for fabricating biocompatible nanoparticles with suitable size for controlled drug release.
Fluorescence imaging of lesions, deep beneath tissue surface (2004)

Summary form only given. We introduce a diffused optical detection system based on the administration of fluorophore-antibody to a diseased tissue (fluorophores emits in the near IR range) . The conjugate interacts with the antigens expressed by the diseased tissue, resulting in fluorescent labeling of the antigen. Upon excitation, the labeled antigens emit fluorescent radiation that can be detected by an optical imaging system. This system combined with a reconstruction algorithm developed on the basis of the random walk model, we were able to determine the position of the fluorophore (and, thus, of the diseased cells) in the tissue. We present 3D reconstructions of the location of a fluorophore mice. Reconstructed fluorophore locations agree well with the actual values.
Large Scale Incremental Learning (2019)

Modern machine learning suffers from \textit{catastrophic forgetting} when learning new classes incrementally. The performance dramatically degrades due to the missing data of old classes. Incremental learning methods have been proposed to retain the knowledge acquired from the old classes, by using knowledge distilling and keeping a few exemplars from the old classes. However, these methods struggle to \textbf{scale up to a large number of classes}. We believe this is because of the combination of two factors: (a) the data imbalance between the old and new classes, and (b) the increasing number of visually similar classes. Distinguishing between an increasing number of visually similar classes is particularly challenging, when the training data is unbalanced. We propose a simple and effective method to address this data imbalance issue. We found that the last fully connected layer has a strong bias towards the new classes, and this bias can be corrected by a linear model. With two bias parameters, our method performs remarkably well on two large datasets: ImageNet (1000 classes) and MS-Celeb-1M (10000 classes), outperforming the state-of-the-art algorithms by 11.1\% and 13.2\% respectively.
Character‐contrast measurements on emissive displays using replica masks under uniform ambient illumination (2012)

Abstract A replica‐mask method is presented to measure the contrast of character strokes on emissive displays under carefully controlled illumination. The method accounts for veiling glare introduced into the detector by the bright areas surrounding the dark characters. A sampling sphere is used to provide a uniform diffuse surround. Measurements of the diffuse reflectances are provided with specular included and with specular excluded. For emissive displays, the contrast depends both upon the darkroom characteristics of the emissive display and its reflective characteristics. Details are provided to replicate the measurement procedure.
Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility : The Effects of CSR-Certified Seal on Public Perceptions and Intentions to Support (2019)

The study aimed to test the influence of a certified seal indicating corporate social responsibility (CSR) on perceived CSR, attitude, and supportive behavioral intention. To test the hypotheses of the study, a post-test-only experiment with two conditions (presence vs. absence of CSR-certified seal) was executed using an online experiment, and we recruited participants (n = 157) across the United States. The results indicated that the presence of the CSR-certified seal in the annual report was more effective in generating better perceived CSR evaluation, positive attitude toward the corporation, and behavior intention among the participants than the absence of the CSR-certified seal in the same annual report. A serial mediation test showed that a CSR-certified seal led to increased behavioral intention through perceived CSR and attitudes. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.
[Effects of Smac gene overexpression on chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gastric cancer cell line MKN-45]. (2004)

Transfection of extrinsic Smac gene results in its over-expression in MKN-45 cells,which could increase the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of MKN-45 cells.
Surgical Correction of Dysphonia Due to Bowing of the Vocal Cords (1989)

This report reviews laryngoplastic techniques for correction of bowing of the vocal cords, with special consideration to the anatomic details of the anterior commissure. I present a new technique in which the glottic gap is closed by bilateral medialization. This technique may be superior to those described previously, since the correction achieved at the time of surgery is maintained by the placement of Silastic.
Process and quality of peer review in scientific Nursing journals (2011)

To be high quality and international recognized scientific journal for health care professions, such as medical and nursing disciplines, a well-structured and effective peer review system is of an utmost importance. Beckstead (2009) in his guest editorial published in the September issue of International Journal of Nursing Studies suggested that it was important for authors, as well as editors and publishers, to have a clear understanding of whom the intended readers of the journal are; and for the peer reviewers, to answer a key question: <em>whom are we writing to?</em> and more importantly, to assure a transparent, rigorous and quality peer-review. Their questions and declarations stimulated us to think about two important issues: first, the importance of a high quality and effective peer-review in a scientific nursing journal and second, the peer-review system, its monitoring and contribution to quality improvement.
Elevated Free Fatty Acids Induce Uncoupling Protein 3 Expression in Muscle: A Potential Explanation for the Effect of Fasting (1998)

The newly described uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) may make an important contribution to thermogenesis in humans because of its high level of expression in skeletal muscle. Contrary to expectations, fasting, a condition that reduces resting energy expenditure, has been reported to increase UCP3 expression in muscle. We have confirmed that a 10-fold increase in UCP3 mRNA levels occurs in rat quadriceps muscle between 12 and 24 h of food removal. A less consistent twofold increase in muscle UCP2 mRNA levels was observed in animals fasted for up to 72 h. Administration of recombinant leptin to prevent a fall in circulating leptin levels did not eliminate the fasting-induced increase in quadriceps UCP3 expression. Administration of a high dose of glucocorticoid to fed animals to mimic the increase in corticosterone induced by fasting did not reproduce the increase in UCP3 expression observed in fasted animals. In contrast, elevation of circulating free fatty acid levels in fed animals by Intralipid plus heparin infusion caused significant increases in the UCP3/actin mRNA ratio compared with saline-infused fed controls in both extensor digitorum longus (2.01 +/- 0.34 vs. 0.68 +/- 0.11, P = 0.002) and soleus muscles (0.31 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.09 +/- 0.02, P = 0.014). We conclude that free fatty acids are a potential mediator of the increase in muscle UCP3 expression that occurs during fasting. This seemingly paradoxical induction of UCP3 may be linked to the use of free fatty acid as a fuel rather than an increased need of the organism to dissipate energy.
Bio‐Inspired Enamel Repair via Glu‐Directed Assembly of Apatite Nanoparticles: an Approach to Biomaterials with Optimal Characteristics (2011)

A biomimetic construction of enamel-like apatite material is achieved by the cooperation of nanoparticles and Glu on enamel substrate under physiological conditions; the artificial apatite layer shares the exactly same crystallographic and tectonic properties with the natural enamel; and the apparent restoration of enamel hardness is particularly significant. We suggest a biomineralization-inspired strategy to approach biomaterials with optimal characteristics. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Systems Approach to Rheology Control (1991)

Nonionic hydrophobe-modified poly(oxyethylene) urethane (HEUR) associative thickeners have been designed possessing widely different but complementary viscosity-shear rate responses. Use of combinations of such thickeners provides excellent control of paint rheology without the need for additional cosolvents or surfactants in the formulation to obtain the desired high vs. low shear viscosity balance. Fundamental theological characteristics of two such thickeners are presented, along with practical guidelines for their use in formulating latex paints.
Cytoplasmic dynein is required for normal nuclear segregation in yeast. (1993)

We have identified the gene DYN1, which encodes the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The predicted amino acid sequence (M(r) 471,305) reveals the presence of four P-loop motifs, as in all dyneins known so far, and has 28% overall identity to the dynein heavy chain of Dictyostelium [Koonce, M. P., Grissom, P. M. & McIntosh, J. R. (1992) J. Cell Biol. 119, 1597-1604] with 40% identity in the putative motor domain. Disruption of DYN1 causes misalignment of the spindle relative to the bud neck during cell division and results in abnormal distribution of the dividing nuclei between the mother cell and the bud. Cytoplasmic dynein, by generating force along cytoplasmic microtubules, may play an important role in the proper alignment of the mitotic spindle in yeast.
Iron Transport in Bacteria (2004)

Iron Transport in Bacteria, a survey of research conducted over the past 50 years, examines the advances in technology and the recent availability of sequences of microbial genomes that have led to an explosion of knowledge in the field of iron transport systems. Analysis of genomes has identified new systems, and new models for transport have been suggested by crystallography and structural determinations of the membrane transport proteins. Providing an overview of up-to-date information available on iron and microbial virulence, Iron Transport in Bacteria offers insight into development and future directions that will fascinate graduate and advanced undergraduate students and equip instructors in pathogenesis and infectious diseases.
The book comprises five concise sections; the first discusses the structures, chemical properties, and biosynthesis of the microbial products, such as siderophores and hemophores used by these organisms to acquire iron. The second section explores the transport of these compounds into gram-negative bacteria. The remaining sections cover iron transport in the prototype, E. coli K-12; iron transport systems in selected pathogenic microorganisms; and iron transport in ecology.
Hardcover, 499 pages, full-color insert, illustrations, index.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Concrete Modified with Activated Mineral Powders (2020)

Abstract The study of the properties of asphalt concrete modified with activated mineral powders is described. Mineral powders were exposed to physicochemical activation by the joint grinding of limestone with oil sludge in a ball mill in order to produce asphalt concrete samples. Modification of mineral powder grains surface can improve adsorption layer properties. This leads to sharp increase in the adhesion between bitumen and mineral powder grains. Activated mineral powders are characterized by lower porosity, bitumen capacity and swelling. Water resistance of such samples is higher than that of non-activated powders. It has been determined that production of asphalt concrete with activated mineral powders requires 57% less bitumen than production of control samples. At the same time, the physicomechanical properties of asphalt concrete samples fully satisfy the requirements of regulatory documents.
Negative depletion of CD3+ and TcRαβ+ T cells (2012)

New technologies allow the large-scale graft engineering of peripheral stem cells for clinical use in matched and mismatched stem cell transplantation. Further clinical trials are necessary to decide which of these methods is associated with a faster immune reconstitution and a better outcome after transplantation.
Regulation of apoB secretion from HepG2 cells: evidence for a critical role for cholesteryl ester synthesis in the response to a fatty acid challenge. (1990)

Secretion of hepatic apoB lipoproteins removes excess triglyceride from the liver. However, the mechanism by which synthesis of apoB, which occurs on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, is coordinated with synthesis of triglyceride, which takes place in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, is not known. To examine this question, we have manipulated intracellular synthesis of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester in HepG2 cells and determined the impact of these maneuvers on apoB secretion. Since cholesteryl ester is the only major lipid class synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, our hypothesis was that, in response to a fatty acid challenge, synthesis of cholesteryl ester rather than synthesis of triglyceride would be the immediate trigger to apoB secretion. Oleate complexed to bovine serum albumin caused intracellular triglyceride synthesis to increase 6-fold and cholesteryl ester synthesis to increase almost 3-fold, while apoB secretion into the medium increased by 2.5-fold (P less than 0.0125) at all time points between 4 and 24 h. Addition of acylation stimulating protein to the medium further stimulated both triglyceride and cholesteryl ester synthesis (58% and 108%, respectively) above oleate alone and this resulted in a 50% increase in apoB secretion (P less than 0.0025). By contrast, both progesterone and 2-bromooctanoate inhibited triglyceride and cholesteryl ester synthesis and these effects were associated with reduced apoB secretion. Lovastatin inhibited cholesteryl ester synthesis (45%, P less than 0.0025); however, at the doses used, triglyceride formation was unaffected. Under these circumstances, apoB secretion was reduced by 25% (P less than 0.05). Similarly, 58-035 (an inhibitor of acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase) on the one hand reduced cholesteryl ester synthesis markedly (59%, P less than 0.005), but on the other increased triglyceride synthesis though not statistically significantly (65%, P NS), and again this resulted in decreased apoB secretion (25%, P less than 0.005). Control experiments established that changes in low density lipoprotein catabolism did not contribute importantly to the quantity of apoB in the medium. Taken together, the data indicate that, at least in HepG2 cells, there are parallel changes in cholesteryl ester synthesis and apoB secretion and suggest that it is cholesteryl ester synthesis, not triglyceride synthesis, that is the immediate regulator of apoB secretion when these cells are exposed to an increased influx of fatty acids. However, alternative or additional regulatory mechanisms, such as, for example, a role for acylation of apoB, are not excluded by these studies.
Evidence That Thaxtomin C Is a Pathogenicity Determinant of <i>Streptomyces ipomoeae</i>, the Causative Agent of Streptomyces Soil Rot Disease of Sweet Potato (2011)

Streptomyces ipomoeae is the causal agent of Streptomyces soil rot of sweet potato, a disease marked by highly necrotic destruction of adventitious roots, including the development of necrotic lesions on the fleshy storage roots. Streptomyces potato scab pathogens produce a phytotoxin (thaxtomin A) that appears to facilitate their entrance into host plants. S. ipomoeae produces a less-modified thaxtomin derivative (thaxtomin C) whose role in pathogenicity has not been examined. Here, we cloned and sequenced the thaxtomin gene cluster (txt) of S. ipomoeae, and we then constructed targeted txt mutants that no longer produced thaxtomin C. The mutants were unable to penetrate intact adventitious roots but still caused necrosis on storage-root tissue. These results, taken in context with previous histopathological study of S. ipomoeae infection, suggest that thaxtomin C plays an essential role in inter- and intracellular penetration of adventitious sweet potato roots by S. ipomoeae. Once inside the plant host, the pathogen uses one or more yet-to-be-determined factors to necrotize root tissue, including that of any storage roots it encounters.
The United Kingdom (2007)

Abstract This chapter sets out the history of the development of the doctrine of forum non conveniens in the United Kingdom, from its creation in Scotland to its current day status in the United Kingdom. It reviews the major cases that have developed the doctrine, explains the current approach in U.K. courts, and details the impact of the European Union's Brussels Regulation on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments on the application of the doctrine in the United Kingdom.
Assembly and force measurement with SPM-like probes in holographic optical tweezers (2009)

In this paper we demonstrate the optical assembly and control of scanning probe microscopy (SPM)-like probes, using holographic optical tweezers. The probes are formed from cadmium sulphide rods and silica microspheres, the latter providing explicit trapping handles. Calibration of the trap stiffness allows us to use a precise measure of probe displacement to calculate the applied forces. We demonstrate that the optically controlled probe can exert a force in excess of 60 pN, over an area of 1 x 10(-13) m(2), with a force sensitivity of 50 fN. We believe that probes similar to the ones presented here will have applications as nanotools in probing laser-sensitive cells/materials.
Lectinology Meets Mythology: Oncological Future for the Mistletoe Lectin? (1994)

ヤドリギは、ケルト人によって伝統的にすべての病を癒す「万能薬」とみなされていたことが古代ローマの歴史家プリニウスによって記されている。しかし一方では、北欧神話にでてくるバルドルの物語のように、致死毒をもった兵器としての側面もあわせもつ。けっして科学的な根拠に裏付けられたわけではないが、こういった伝承が今世紀になってR. スタイナーがヤドリギ抽出物を癌治療へと用いるひとつのきっかけになった。今日の西ヨーロッパでは、いわば非科学的といえる種々のヤドリギ製剤が出回り、かなりの人気を博している。しかし、一般に主張されるような医学上の効用については、いまだに科学的な証明がなされておらず、無神論的立場をとる医学界での評価を受けていない。効用についての判断に際し明らかに障害となっているのは、市販の抽出物中に含まれる各化合物の濃度が明記されていないことだ。そこには生理活性を示す物質も含まれているはずだが、どのように処方すべきかも定っていない。このように、現状では真相解明以前の問題で、用いる側の願望が先行し、性状が明らかにされた物質を用いた無作為試験などによる将来につながる方策が取られていない。しかし、最近になって臨床研究へと発展させるべく、地道ではあるが着実な生化学的、細胞生物学的、そして実験動物を用いた研究がなされるようになってきた。ここで焦点を当てるのはヤドリギに存在するレクチンである。動物腫瘍モデルを用いた in vitro、in vivo の実験によると、ある種のガラクトシド結合性レクチンがさまざまな生物応答反応を調節することが示されている。レクチンによる免疫調節能の医療効果については早急には結論づけられないが、このような神話や伝説が伏線となって現在のレクチン研究が医療応用に向けて動き出そうとしている。
Self-calibration method for a robotic based 3D scanning system (2015)

This paper describes a method for extrinsic sensor calibration for a 2D laser profile sensor on a robot arm used as a robot based 3D scanning system. In order to establish a relationship between the sensor measurements and the robot positions, the transformation between the robot flange and the sensor reference frame are determined. The developed calibration method is implemented as an automated self-calibration. It is based on the use of a pin as a fixed reference. The robot is aligned to the tip of the pin automatically with certain orientations. The sensor transformation is calculated based on six recorded robot positions. Finally, the accuracy of the calibration is determined with an additional robot position.