gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Stone Diameter with Three Sizes of Automatically Fixating Stone Baskets (2013)

Background: Complications after endoscopic retrieval of kidney and ureter stones are obviously related to the size of the stones as well as the experience of the surgeon and other factors. During the procedure it is sometimes difficult for surgeons to estimate stone size and therefore give prognostic advises. The visual perception of the stone size depends on the shape, colour, distance to the renoscope and dilatation of the ureter. This is the so-called binding problem, because shape, color and direction of motion are processed separately by different population of optical neurons. In order to establish a better prognostic rational especially for less experienced surgeons, we established an intra operative semi-quantitative measurement of the stone size supported by a stone basket. Materials and Methods: We modified the tipped, nitinol stone baskets from the company Urotech with diameters of 2.5, 3.0 and 4 FR. The handle of this basket has a spring mechanism, which automatically closes the basket and provides a predefined fixation force of the stones within the basket. On the handle we established a non-linear scale in mm by grabbing standardized balls or standardized screws. Result: The scales are nonlinear because of the nonlinear relation between the diameter of the stone and the distance of the slider. Also the scales differ in between the basket size, because of the different strain conditions due to the different wire sizes and materials or the spring and basket. Conclusion: This scale could be an important orientation for a surgeon during endourological procedures to estimate stone sizes. After further clinical experience a semi-quantitative visualization like green, yellow and red colors could help to predict potential complications due to large stone sizes. Finally it could bevery interesting for other disciplines like gastroenterology.
A Review on the Challenges for Increased Production of Castor (2012)

Castor ( Ricinus communis L.) is one of the oldest cultivated crops, but currently it represents only 0.15% of the vegetable oil produced in the world. Castor oil is of continuing importance to the global specialty chemical industry because it is the only commercial source of a hydroxylated fatty acid. Castor also has tremendous future potential as an industrial oilseed crop because of its high seed oil content (more than 480 g kg −1 ), unique fatty acid composition (900 g kg −1 of ricinoleic acid), potentially high oil yields (1250–2500 L ha −1 ), and ability to be grown under drought and saline conditions. The scientific literature on castor has been generated by a relatively small global community of researchers over the past century. Much of this work was published in dozens of languages in journals that are not easily accessible to the scientific community. This review was conducted to provide a compilation of the most relevant historic research information and define the tremendous future potential of castor. The article was prepared by a group of 22 scientists from 16 institutions and eight countries. Topics discussed in this review include: (i) germplasm, genetics, breeding, biotic stresses, genome sequencing, and biotechnology; (ii) agronomic production practices, diseases, and abiotic stresses; (iii) management and reduction of toxins for the use of castor meal as both an animal feed and an organic fertilizer; (iv) future industrial uses of castor including renewable fuels; (v) world production, consumption, and prices; and (vi) potential and challenges for increased castor production.
Herpes Simplex Virus gD and Virions Accumulate in Endosomes by Mannose 6-Phosphate-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms (1998)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D (gD) is modified with mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) and binds to M6P receptors (MPRs). MPRs are involved in the well-characterized pathway by which lysosomal enzymes are directed to lysosomes via a network of endosomal membranes. Based on the impaired ability of HSV to form plaques under conditions in which glycoproteins could not interact with MPRs, we proposed that MPRs may function during HSV egress or cell-to-cell spread (C. R. Brunetti, R. L. Burke, B. Hoflack, T. Ludwig, K. S. Dingwell, and D. C. Johnson, J. Virol. 69:3517-3528, 1995). To further analyze M6P modification and intracellular trafficking of gD in the absence of other HSV proteins, adenovirus (Ad) vectors were used to express soluble and membrane-anchored forms of gD. Both membrane-bound and soluble gD were modified with M6P residues and were localized to endosomes that contained the 275-kDa MPR or the transferrin receptor. Similar results were observed in HSV-infected cells. Cell fractionation experiments showed that gD was not present in lysosomes. However, a mutant form of gD and another HSV glycoprotein, gI, that were not modified with M6P were also found in endosomes in HSV-infected cells. Moreover, a substantial fraction of the HSV nucleocapsid protein VP6 was found in endosomes, consistent with accumulation of virions in an endosomal compartment. Therefore, it appears that HSV glycoproteins and virions are directed to endosomes, by M6P-dependent as well as by M6P-independent mechanisms, either as part of the virus egress pathway or by endocytosis from the cell surface.
Temperature Stability Analysis of Thin-Film Lithium Niobate SH0 Plate Wave Resonators (2019)

This work presents an extensive study on the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) for thin-film lithium niobate (LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) resonators. To capture the temperature-frequency behavior for each vibration mode, a one-dimensional (1D) multi-section TCF model is proposed and verified by both the finite-element method (FEM) and experiments. By partitioning the metallized and non-metallized sections of the interdigitated transducers (IDT) as distinct TCF blocks and properly considering the spatial energy distribution, the TCF of each mode can be accurately predicted. Two higher lateral-order resonators based on the fundamental shear-horizontal mode (SH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ) are designed and fabricated on a LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -on-SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> wafer to provide odd- and even-order harmonics. TCFs of the first 6 overtones (from 84 to 515 MHz) are calculated using the material properties given in the literature, exhibiting a maximum TCF difference of 3 ppm/K between the theoretical prediction and measurement results. Although only SH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> resonators are selected for experimental verification, the proposed multi-section TCF model can be applied to other plate wave MEMS resonators. [2019-0112].
Arc discharge pulse source for borehole seismic applications (1988)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1988Arc discharge pulse source for borehole seismic applicationsAuthors: Thomas E. OwenW. Thomas BaloghWendell R. PetersThomas E. OwenSouthwest Research Institute, W. Thomas BaloghSouthwest Research Institute, and Wendell R. PetersSouthwest Research Institutehttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892149 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892149FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byChapter 8 Seismic Prediction of Overpressure Conditions Ahead of the Bit in Real Drill Time SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1988ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1988 Pages: 1359 publication data© 1988 Copyright © 1988 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 10 Feb 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Thomas E. Owen, W. Thomas Balogh, and Wendell R. Peters, (1988), "Arc discharge pulse source for borehole seismic applications," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 151-154. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892149 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
TNF-alpha modulation for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month pilot study. (2006)

An increasing amount of basic science and clinical evidence implicates inflammatory processes and resulting glial activation in the pathogenesis of AD. This small, open-label pilot study suggests that inhibition of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha may hold promise as a potential approach to AD treatment. Further study in randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials is merited.
Identification of the pheS5 mutation, which causes thermosensitivity of Escherichia coli mutant NP37 (1992)

The pheS5 mutation responsible for the thermosensitive phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase of the classical Escherichia coli NP37 was cloned by a recombination event and identified by DNA sequence analysis. The mutation was subsequently verified by direct sequencing of amplified NP37 DNA generated by an asymmetric polymerase chain reaction. The resulting amino acid exchange, Gly-98 to Asp-98 in the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit, might cause subunit disaggregation due to electrostatic repulsion.
Theoretical and practical aspects of selected fiber‐blend color‐formulation functions (1984)

Abstract Color matching blends of precolored fiber using three different methods was studied. Best color‐matching accuracy was obtained using a two‐constant Kubelka‐Munk (KM) procedure. First‐formula color differences averaged 1.6 CIELAB units and were found to be within the experimental error of 1.6 CIELAB units. Useful approximations were obtained using the methods proposed by Friele and by Stearns. First‐formula color matches averaged 2.4 CIELAB units for the Stearns and 2.7 CIELAB units for the Friele methods. The methods are mathematically compared and the merits of each are discussed. Where possible, interpretation of the empirical parameters each method employs is attempted. It is pointed out that absorption and scattering constants calculated for fibers using the KM formalism are not true KM absorption and scattering constants. It is demonstrated that too literal an interpretation of these constants leads to apparent anomalies. It is shown that the fiber KM scattering constants which are normally considered unchanged as dye is applied cannot be considered unchanged if these same fibers are subsequently to be used in blends with other colored fibers.
An Evolutionary Genetic Perspective of Eating Disorders (2017)

Eating disorders (ED) including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) affect up to 5% of the population in Western countries. Risk factors for developing an ED include personality traits, family environment, gender, age, ethnicity, and culture. Despite being moderately to highly heritable with estimates ranging from 28 to 83%, no genetic risk factors have been conclusively identified. Our objective was to explore evolutionary theories of EDs to provide a new perspective on research into novel biological mechanisms and genetic causes of EDs. We developed a framework that explains the possible interactions between genetic risk and cultural influences in the development of ED. The framework includes three genetic predisposition categories (people with mainly AN restrictive gene variants, people with mainly BED variants, and people with gene variants predisposing to both diseases) and a binary variable of either the presence or absence of pressure to be thin. We propose novel theories to explain the overlapping characteristics of the subtypes of AN (binge/purge and restrictive), BN, and BED. For instance, mutations/structural gene variants in the same gene causing opposite effects or mutations in nearby genes resulting in partial disequilibrium for the genes causing AN (restrictive) and BED may explain the overlap of phenotypes seen in AN (binge/purge).
Rapid replacement of the Beta variant by the Delta variant in South Africa (2021)

Abstract The Beta variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in South Africa in late 2020 and rapidly became the dominant variant, causing over 95% of infections in the country during and after the second epidemic wave. Here we show rapid replacement of the Beta variant by the Delta variant, a highly transmissible variant of concern (VOC) that emerged in India and subsequently spread around the world. The Delta variant was imported to South Africa primarily from India, spread rapidly in large monophyletic clusters to all provinces, and became dominant within three months of introduction. This was associated with a resurgence in community transmission, leading to a third wave which was associated with a high number of deaths. We estimated a growth advantage for the Delta variant in South Africa of 0.089 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.084-0.093) per day which corresponds to a transmission advantage of 46% (95% CI 44-48) compared to the Beta variant. These data provide additional support for the increased transmissibility of the Delta variant relative to other VOC and highlight how dynamic shifts in the distribution of variants contribute to the ongoing public health threat.
Cocaine Self-Administration in Rats: Hold-Down Procedures (2011)

For decades, researchers have used animal self-administration models to examine the effects drugs of abuse have on physiology and behavior. Sophisticated self-administration procedures have been developed to model many different aspects of drug addiction. The hold-down procedure provides animals with control over the amount of each injection. Holding the lever down turns the syringe pump on and subsequently releasing the lever turns the pump off. In this way, animals can hold the lever down for any duration of time thereby self-administering any dose on a continuous spectrum. This procedure eliminates some of the ambiguity in translating results from effects only observed at one unit dose and allows examination of which dose the animal "prefers" at different times.
Large-Scale Production of Microorganisms (2014)

This chapter highlights the selection and design of equipment and facilities to achieve a safe work environment. There are few absolutes that can be applied across the board, since the decisions to be made are dependent on the risk assessment of the organism and the processes used. Fortunately, similar equipment and facility design criteria are used, so there are common biosafety principles that can be utilized which are discussed herein. Primary containment is provided by the equipment utilized and the use of appropriate biosafety practices, administrative practices, and personal protective equipment. In general, all of the standard and special practices and safety equipment identified in Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL), along with the recommendations in the NIH recombinant-DNA guidelines, are applicable to large-scale processes. Bioreactors used for growth of microorganisms and those used for cell culture can share many attributes. A biological safety cabinet (BSC) can be utilized for smaller equipment that does not generate much turbulence. In some instances, BSC manufacturers, or other specialty equipment fabricators, can make specialized containment devices for specific equipment. The facility design and construction provide the secondary containment that protects people outside of the immediate work area, both in other parts of the facility and in the community at large.
[A morphological study of the cellular biocompatability of a new bone-matrix material in vitro]. (2002)

Objective To examinethecellularbiocompatibilityof a newcompoundbone-matrixmaterialcomposedof both organicandinorganicsubstanceswithbonemarrowstromalcells(BMSCs).Methods Themorphologyof BMSCscultured withthenew materialin vitro was observedusingphase-contrastmicroscopeandscanningelectronmicroscope.Results Attachmentandproliferationof BMSCs werenotaffectedin thecellcultureandtheBMSCshadexpandedintotheporous cavityof thematerial,secrectinga largequantityof extracellularmatrix.Conclusion Thiscompoundbone-matrixmaterial possessesporousstructureswithgoodbiocompatibilitywithBMSCsin in vitro culture,whereno signsof inhibitionon the attachment,proliferationandfunctionof BMSCshavebeenobserved.
A Model of the Alcoholization/Dealcoholization/Maintenance Process (1989)

No abstract available for this article.
Prospective evaluation of aerosol delivery by a powered nasal nebulizer in the cadaver model (2011)

The nebulizer consistently delivered aerosolized saline to multiple nasal subsites, with improvement in delivery seen to the middle meatal region after FESS and F-NEO after FESS with EML. This may have important implications for the delivery of topical medications to the paranasal sinuses in the postoperative setting.
Chemical changes in chromium silicide thin films as a result of laser trimming as determined by SAM and XPS (1985)

Scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the various chemical changes which can occur as a result of laser trimming of passive circuit devices fabricated from chromium silicide (CrSi) thin films. A sample matrix consisting of CrSi deposited on various sustrates, including silicon (Si), glass (SiO2), and silicon nitride (Si3N4), and subsequently coated with SiO2, was analyzed. Comparisons were made between trimmed and untrimmed samples. Results indicated a variance in the oxide content of the CrSi film and the oxidation state of the Cr, dependent upon the substrate material. These results were obtained from Auger elemental maps, and line scans of the depassivated laser kerfs and XPS spectra of trimmed and untrimmed sheet films. SEM micrographs taken of the glass overcoat indicate that the laser beam leaves the glass physically unaltered, transforming only the underlying chromium silicide.
Cloning and characterization of equine CD89 and identification of the CD89 gene in chimpanzees and rhesus macaques (2005)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the major antibody class present in external secretions of mammals. At the vulnerable mucosal surfaces, IgA provides a crucial first-line defence by neutralizing pathogens. Primates also have a substantial level of IgA in serum and although not well understood, the biological role of this IgA depends, at least partly, on its ability to interact with specific receptors (FcalphaRs) on the surface of leucocytes. The human FcalphaR, CD89, was the first IgA Fc receptor to be identified and binding of IgA-coated particles to CD89 triggers numerous cellular effector functions, including phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and release of inflammatory mediators, all of which may play an important role in both systemic and mucosal immunity. For many years humans were the only species known to express CD89, however, it has recently been cloned from cows and rats. Here, we describe the identification of the CD89 gene in three additional species: horses, chimpanzees, and Rhesus macaques. Equine CD89 was identified at the cDNA level, whereas the chimpanzee and Rhesus macaque genes were identified from the available draft genomic sequence. Interestingly, when compared with humans and other primates, horses, cows and rats have a relatively low concentration of serum IgA, so the role of CD89 in these species is of particular interest. The identification and characterization of CD89 in different species will contribute to a greater understanding of the biological role of IgA and CD89 in mucosal and systemic immunity throughout evolution.
An improved early detection algorithm for all-zero blocks in H.264 video encoding (2005)

An improved algorithm for the early detection of all-zero blocks in H.264 video encoding is proposed in this paper. Based on the theoretical analyzes for the integer transform and quantization in H.264, we derive a sufficient condition under which each quantized coefficient becomes zero. And then, a more precise sufficient condition is proposed by modifying the calculation order of the sum of absolute difference obtained in the motion estimation. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves approximately an 11%-36% computational saving without video-quality degradation, compared to the conventional method.
Active network support for multicast applications (1998)

This article analyzes the necessity and feasibility of designing a protocol for active networks that supports multicasting applications with different characteristics in terms of data loss tolerance. The article begins with a presentation of the service elements required by multicast applications, and from this study a network service description is given. The advantages of providing this service over active networks are studied. The service description is then used as the set of requirements for the design of RMANP (reliable multicast active network protocol), which is capable of providing the service over active network technology. Then a prototype implementation of RMANP over the active node transport system (ANTS) is presented, and some data for the evaluation of its performance is provided. Finally, the main conclusions are that active networks provide flexible support for the development of new network services, but further improvements in runtime efficiency are required.
Polyphenylbenzene as a Platform for Deep-Blue OLEDs: Aggregation Enhanced Emission and High External Quantum Efficiency of 3.98% (2015)

Great efforts have been devoted to seek novel approaches for the construction of efficient deep-blue fluorescent materials, one of the most important prerequisites for the commercialization of OLEDs. Here, we report a new way to utilize polyphenylbenzene as a platform to yield a series of efficient deep-blue emitters. Nondoped multilayer electroluminescence (EL) devices using these new luminogens as emitting layers are fabricated. Maximum current efficiency (CE) of 2.0 cd A–1 is achieved and the Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) coordinates can stay at (0.15, 0.08), close to the saturated deep-blue (0.14, 0.08). Through rational design of the device structure, blue-violet emission with the CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.06) can be realized. Furthermore, 10-based doped devices show deep-blue emission with improved CE as high as 4.51 cd A–1, and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 3.98%, which are among the best EL performance for deep-blue emission.
Development of metamorphic buffer structures for inverted metamorphic solar cells (2011)

Lattice-mismatched materials can help to improve the theoretical efficiency potential of today's III-V multi-junction solar cells. Carefully designed buffer structures are incorporated in these solar cells to grade the lattice constant and relax the crystal. These buffer layers need to result in low surface roughness, low threading dislocation density and high relaxation. Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> P buffer structures grown on GaAs substrates with different orientation were investigated regarding surface roughness, lattice tilt and relaxation. The buffer structures were varied in stress and strain by a tuning layer with altering composition. Close to 100 % relaxation of the crystal lattice could be reached for tuning layers with a 0.3 % larger lattice-constant compared to the target value. From the AFM data, a preference for (111)B misoriented substrates was found, since these buffer structures show the smallest RMS roughness.