gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data Augmentation for deep neural network acoustic modeling (2014)

Data augmentation using label preserving transformations has been shown to be effective for neural network training to make invariant predictions. In this paper we focus on data augmentation approaches to acoustic modeling using deep neural networks (DNNs) for automatic speech recognition (ASR). We first investigate a modified version of a previously studied approach using vocal tract length perturbation (VTLP) and then propose a novel data augmentation approach based on stochastic feature mapping (SFM) in a speaker adaptive feature space. Experiments were conducted on Bengali and Assamese limited language packs (LLPs) from the IARPA Babel program. Improved recognition performance has been observed after both cross-entropy (CE) and state-level minimum Bayes risk (sMBR) training of DNN models.
High performance Bi<inf>2</inf>Se<inf>3</inf> nanowire field-effect transistors (2013)

Bi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> Se <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> is considered to be a three dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI) with a bulk band gap of 0.35 eV and a single Dirac cone on the surface. [1, 2] TIs are an exciting new class of materials with insulating behavior in the bulk but gapless surface states topologically protected by time-reversal symmetry. [1, 3] Device applications exploiting these properties have so far been hampered by the difficulty to electrically tune the Fermi levels of either bulk or thin film samples.
<title>Measuring document image skew and orientation</title> (1995)

Several approaches have previously been taken for identifying document image skew. At issue are efficiency, accuracy, and robustness. We work directly with the image, maximizing a function of the number of ON pixels in a scanline. Image rotation is simulated by either vertical shear or accumulation of pixel counts along sloped lines. Pixel sum differences on adjacent scanlines reduce isotropic background noise from non-text regions. To find the skew angle, a succession of values of this function are found. Angles are chosen hierarchically, typically with both a coarse sweep and a fine angular bifurcation. To increase efficiency, measurements are made on subsampled images that have been pre-filtered to maximize sensitivity to image skew. Results are given for a large set of images, including multiple and unaligned text columns, graphics, and large area halftones. The measured intrinsic angular error is inversely proportional to the number of sampling points on a scanline. This method does not indicate when text is upside-down, and it also requires sampling the function at 90 degrees of rotation to measure text skew in landscape mode. However, such text orientation can be determined (as one of four directions) by noting that Roman characters in all languages have many more ascenders than descenders, and using morphological operations to identify such pixels. Only a small amount of text is required for accurate statistical determination of orientation, and images without text are identified as such.
Frontiers in the Interaction of Chemically Reactive Species From Gaseous Plasma With Hydrophobic Polymers (2022)

Surface functionalization of polymers by chemically reactive oxygen is a standard technique for increasing the surface energy of polymers. The technique, however, usually does not provide the desired surface finish of many polymers, including highly hydrophobic polymers like those rich in fluorine. The disappointing results are due to an incomplete understanding of the interaction between the plasma species and polymers on the atomic scale. The current state is presented, and recent advances in both theoretical and experimental descriptions of the surface mechanisms are illustrated. The scientific community faces challenges in both plasma characterization, separation of specific reactants, and detailed study of the interaction on the atomic scale. The effects of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation and its synergy with neutral reactive plasma particles are often neglected, but recent articles represent a pathway to the appropriate design of the experimental systems, which will enable systematic measurements of the evolution of surface functional groups versus the fluence of selected plasma species.
Electrically Switched Liquid Crystal Color and Device Applications (2010)

We demonstrate a polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (PSChLC) where the reflected color can be electrically-switched to reflect a different color at a shorter wavelength (blue-shift). A polymerizable additive formulation is used to ensure a wider range of color tuning and anisotropic reflection where on side reflects and the other side transmits the incident light in response to applied voltage. A second electrically switched color based on polymer-stabilized blue phase (PSBP) liquid crystal is also demonstrated. Applying an electric field across the cell results in a red-shift in Bragg reflected wavelength due to the electrostriction effect. These switchable color devices of are color filters and polarizers free which are suitable for electronic papers.
Characteristics of turbulent boundary layer large scale motions using direct fluctuating wall shear stress measurements (2018)

A microelectromechanical-systems-based floating element wall-shear-stress sensor ($1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ mm) is validated in a turbulent boundary layer for its ability to measure characteristics of large-scale motions.
A Utility-Scale Flywheel Energy Storage System with a Shaftless, Hubless, High-Strength Steel Rotor (2017)

Energy storage is crucial for both smart grids and renewable energy sources such as wind or solar, which are intermittent in nature. Compared to electrochemical batteries, flywheel energy storage systems (ESSs) offer many unique benefits such as low environmental impact, high power quality, and larger life cycles. This paper presents a novel utility-scale flywheel ESS that features a shaftless, hubless flywheel. The unique shaftless design gives it the potential of doubled energy density and a compact form factor. Its energy and power capacities are 100 kWh and 100 kW, respectively. The flywheel is made of high-strength steel, which makes it much easier to manufacture, assemble, and recycle. Steels also cost much less than composite materials. Design and analysis of the shaftless flywheel are presented first. In addition, the system incorporates a new combination active magnetic bearing. Its working principle and levitation control for the flywheel are discussed. The design of an integrated coreless permanent-magnet (PM) motor/generator for the flywheel is given as well. Initial test results show that the magnetic bearing provides stable levitation for the 5443-kg flywheel with small current consumption.
Attitude metrology based on the field-of-view effect of birefringence using high-speed polarimetry (2020)

A novel, to the best of our knowledge, optical method using a high-speed polarimetry is proposed for real-time attitude tracking in an ultra-large measurement range. The attitude metrology utilizes the field-of-view effect in birefringent crystals, which is known as the birefringence deviates with the field-of-view angle of polarized light. The basic principle of the metrology is presented via theoretical derivation and has been verified in the static retardance measurement experiments. With a resolution test, a temporal resolution of 0.4 ms per attitude measurement and an angular resolution up to 0.0025°are achieved. With the help of a bubble level, the attitude angles of an object attached with a birefringent wave plate are obtained in the dynamic experiments, which have achieved an accuracy better than 0.02°. Additionally, the angular velocity and acceleration of the real-time measured roll angle can be extracted simultaneously. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed metrology has great potential and advantages in the real-time attitude sensing.
Dual wavelength holographic interferometry system (1988)

A two-wave holographic interferometry system and method is described. In such systems, a reference beam holographic is superimposed on an object beam, the object beam being an image obtained by passing a beam through an object regarding which some parameter (e.g., temperature gradient) is to be measured. A photograph of the superimposed beams is taken. This invention employs two object and two reference beams and the invention is particularly concerned with the use of a prism assembly which causes the two different wavelengths of the object beams to emerge from the prism at slightly different angles, thereby providing two holographic images which are slightly displaced from each other.
Solvent Finishing of Cotton and Cotton-Polyester Blends Part II: Emulsions for Durable-Press Treatments (1976)

Cotton and cotton-polyester blend fabrics were treated with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst from perchloroethylene-water emulsions. Commercially available emulsifiers, crosslinking reagents. softeners, and catalysts were used in emulsions applied by pad-dry-cure and pad-steam-cure techniques. Final fabric properties were comparable to those obtained from all-aqueous formulations.
C-plane reconstructions from sheaf acquisition for ultrasound electrode vibration elastography (2014)

This paper presents a novel algorithm for reconstructing and visualizing ablated volumes using radiofrequency ultrasound echo data acquired with the electrode vibration elastography approach. The ablation needle is vibrated using an actuator to generate shear wave pulses that are tracked in the ultrasound image plane at different locations away from the needle. This data is used for reconstructing shear wave velocity maps for each imaging plane. A C-plane reconstruction algorithm is proposed which estimates shear wave velocity values on a collection of transverse planes that are perpendicular to the imaging planes. The algorithm utilizes shear wave velocity maps from different imaging planes that share a common axis of intersection. These C-planes can be used to generate a 3D visualization of the ablated region. Experimental validation of this approach was carried out using data from a tissue mimicking phantom. The shear wave velocity estimates were within 20% of those obtained from a clinical scanner, and a contrast of over 4 dB was obtained between the stiff and soft regions of the phantom.
<i>Arabidopsis</i>NAC1 transduces auxin signal downstream of TIR1 to promote lateral root development (2000)

Auxin plays a key role in lateral root formation, but the signaling pathway for this process is poorly understood. We show here that NAC1, a new member of the NAC family, is induced by auxin and mediates auxin signaling to promote lateral root development. NAC1 is a transcription activator consisting of an N-terminal conserved NAC-domain that binds to DNA and a C-terminal activation domain. This factor activates the expression of two downstream auxin-responsive genes, DBP and AIR3. Transgenic plants expressing sense or antisense NAC1 cDNA show an increase or reduction of lateral roots, respectively. Finally, TIR1-induced lateral root development is blocked by expression of antisense NAC1 cDNA, and NAC1 overexpression can restore lateral root formation in the auxin-response mutant tir1, indicating that NAC1 acts downstream of TIR1.
High Capacity Cell Planning Based on Fractional Frequency Reuse with Optimum Trunking Efficiency (1998)

The fractional frequency reuse plan organizes available frequencies into 16 frequency groups. This group of frequencies is then reused in such a way that three adjacent reuses of a frequency group forms an apex of a triangle. Each reuse on the triangle appears as back-to-back, radiating in different directions, 120/spl deg/ apart. This frequency reuse plan generates an N=5.333 tri-cellular plan, providing 30% more capacity than the conventional N=7 sectorized system.
Evaluation of the cytotoxic potencies of the major maytansinoid metabolites of antibody maytansinoid conjugates detected in vitro and in preclinical mouse models (2008)

2150 Antibody-maytansinoid conjugates (AMCs) are anticancer agents composed of three components-a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to a target antigen, a maytansinoid cell-killing agent (e.g., DM1 or DM4), and a linker that stably connects the two. The choice of the linker impacts both the activity and tolerability of AMCs in preclinical models. Three AMCs are currently in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of cancer -IMGN242 (huC242-DM4), IMGN901 (huN901-DM1), and trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1). All three conjugates consist of an average of 3-4 maytansinoid (DMx) molecules tethered to a humanized monoclonal antibody (huMab) via a stable linker. IMGN901 and IMGN242 both contain disulfide links, while T-DM1 contains a thioether link. We have isolated and identified by independent synthesis and mass spectrometry the major maytansinoid metabolites produced in COLO 205 tumor-bearing SCID mice and non-tumor bearing CD-1 mice following administration of huMab-[3H]DMx conjugates utilizing the same three linkers employed by IMGN242, IMGN901, and T-DM1. We found that the nature of the linker determines the metabolism in both target tumor tissue as well as liver tissue of mice. Surprisingly, no detectable metabolism of the macrocyclic core of the maytansinoid is observed. Instead, metabolism appears to be restricted to the linker arm of the maytansinoids. In this study, we synthesized all of the major observed metabolites and compare their cytotoxic potencies against a panel of human carcinoma cell lines to a reference maytansine standard. Two of the metabolites formed from the disulfide-linked conjugates, S-methyl-DM1 and S-methyl-DM4, were more potent than maytansine towards all cell lines tested, while the other metabolites displayed considerably less activity. The cytotoxic potencies of the different maytansinoid metabolites appear to be related to their uptake into cells.
Broadband Doppler compensation: Principles and new results (2011)

The underwater acoustic channel is particularly challenging for high-data-rate digital communications due to its large delay spread and rapid time variation. The transmitted signal bandwidth is also a substantial fraction of its center frequency, such that platform mobility gives rise to Doppler effects manifested as time-varying temporal scaling of the waveform. This paper develops a novel Doppler compensation method that recursively tracks the optimal (in an approximate MMSE sense) resampling of the received waveform. Performance on real ocean acoustic data verify an order of magnitude improvement over existing gross-Doppler plus phase-locked-loop methods.
Second generation advanced reburning for high efficiency NO{sub x} control. Progress report No. 3, April 1--June 30, 1996 (1996)

This project develops a family of novel NO{sub x} control technologies, Second Generation Advanced Reburning (SGAR), which has the potential to achieve 90+% NO{sub x} control at a significantly lower cost than selective catalytic reduction. Phase I consists of six tasks: Task 1.1, project coordination and reporting deliverables; Task 1.2, kinetics of Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3} reactions with flue gas components; Task 1.3, 20 kW optimization studies; Task 1.4, 20 kW process development tests; Task 1.5, mechanism development and modeling; and Task 1.6, design methodology and application. This third reporting period included both experimental and modeling activities. Tests continued at the Controlled Temperature Tower (CTT), and the results have been reduced and are reported. A study on high- temperature reactions of sodium promoters (Task 1.2) is underway at the University of Texas in Austin (UT). A brief literature review on high-temperature sodium reactions is included in this report. A high- temperature flow system with GC analysis was prepared at the University of Texas at Austin for the experimental program. Modeling focused on description of NO-NH{sub 3} interaction in the burnout zone.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded MicroRNA BART15-3p Promotes Cell Apoptosis Partially by Targeting BRUCE (2013)

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) generates a variety of viral microRNAs (miRNAs) by processing the BHRF1 and BamHI A rightward (BART) transcripts. BART miRNAs are expressed in all cells latently infected with EBV, but the functions of most BART miRNAs remain unknown. The results of a cell proliferation assay revealed that miR-BART15-3p inhibited cell proliferation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting following staining with annexin V or propidium iodide showed that miR-BART15-3p promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, the inhibitor for miR-BART15-3p increased cell growth and reduced apoptosis in EBV-infected cells. Using bioinformatic analyses, we predicted that miR-BART15-3p may target the antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2L2, DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 42 (DDX42), and baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (BRUCE) mRNAs. The luciferase reporter assay showed that only the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of BRUCE was affected by miR-BART15-3p. Two putative seed-matched sites for miR-BART15-3p were evident on the BRUCE 3' UTR. The results of a mutation study indicated that miR-BART15-3p hybridized only with the first seed-matched site on the BRUCE 3' UTR. miR-BART15-3p downregulated the BRUCE protein in EBV-negative cells, while the inhibitor for miR-BART15-3p upregulated the BRUCE protein in EBV-infected cells without affecting the BRUCE mRNA level. miR-BART15-3p was secreted from EBV-infected gastric carcinoma cells, and the level of miR-BART15-3p was 2- to 16-fold higher in exosomes than in the corresponding cells. Our data suggest that miR-BART15-3p can induce apoptosis partially by inhibiting the translation of the apoptosis inhibitor BRUCE. Further study is warranted to understand the role of miR-BART15-3p in the EBV life cycle.
A Two-Path, Two-Wavelength Ultraviolet Hygrometer (1992)

An ultraviolet-absorption hygrometer for airborne use was designed and tested. Here the principles of operation, the design, and the results of the first test flights are presented. The motivation for the new design is to overcome the shortcomings of existing Lyman-α devices. To solve the problem of source drift, a second optical path is employed as a reference. To address the problem of window contamination, a second ultraviolet wavelength is used. In addition, detector offsets are measured and subtracted from the signals. The flight data clearly demonstrate the value of both the reference detector and the second wavelength.
Unipolar magnetoelectric magnetic tunnel junction devices and circuits (2017)

Many magneto-electric (ME) and similar advanced devices with inherent memory require switching between a positive and negative voltage (or current) to switch between the ME spin states. Use of such a “bipolar” switching regime requires additional components as well as complex circuitry. We here introduce variants to the magneto-electric magnetic tunnel junction device (ME-MTJ) which permits direct driving of ME-MTJ devices by a prior ME-MTJ device. This is the unipolar magneto-electric magnetic tunnel junction (UMMTJ) device. It enables full logic circuitry to be implemented without level shifting between each logic element.
The application of submicron lithography defect simulation to IC yield improvement (1999)

Yield improvement efforts traditionally involve extensive experimental work aimed at diagnosis of defect sources. This paper proposes a methodology for supplementing such experimental work with defect simulation. In particular, it is shown that lithography defect simulation can provide insight into defect mechanisms that cause major distortions in photoresist profiles. The nature of the distorted patterns can assist us in yield improvement efforts, since by comparing simulation results with the observed photoresist profiles on wafers, defect sources may be identified. Several lithography defect diagnosis examples are presented to demonstrate the approach.
The effects of magnetic stabilization on the structure and performance of liquid fluidized beds. (1991)

Liquid fluidized beds containing porous magnetic ion-exchange particles with densities ca. 1.03-1.16 g mL-1 were examined. The effect of magnetic stabilization was studied, both in terms of bed physical characteristics and sorptive behavior. Maximum applied magnetic field strength was approximately 200 oersted. Breakthrough and pulse analyses were carried out with protein and acetone solutions, respectively, with liquid flow rates ranging from approximately 1 to 3 cm min-1. Acetone pulses in columns containing 7 mL of particles had plate numbers ranging from 2.5 to 18 for magnetically stabilized beds and from 7.8 to 20 for non-stabilized fluidized beds. Under any particular set of conditions, magnetic stabilization always resulted in poorer efficiency, both in pulse analyses and in protein breakthrough experiments.
Preparation of high porosity catalysts (1982)

Abstract Porous alumina catalyst supports have been prepared with pore volumes exceeding 1.0 mL/g, with most pores having diameters of the order of 3 μm and with surface areas exceeding 150 m 2 /g. They were obtained from dilute alumina gels having large concentrations of acid and very large concentrations of fluid. Attempts were made to dry the gel without collapsing the pore structure between the alumina particles. The catalysts were characterized by gravimetrical BET surface area, mercury porosimetry, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Catalyst supports having these geometric properties should eliminate mass transfer restrictions during hydrocracking of petroleum residua, heavy oils and bitumen derived from oil sand deposits.
Application of Sputter Deposition Technique to the Preparation of Amorphous Alloy-Derived Catalysts for NO Decomposition (1997)

Sputter deposition technique has been applied to the preparation of amorphous alloy precursors of catalysts on a fine oxide powder, in order to overcome the low surface area of the catalysts prepared from melt-spun amorphous alloy precursors. Amorphous Ni–Ta–Pd alloys have been sputter-deposited onto the γ-alumina powder with a high surface area, and then pre-oxidized at 1023 K in a 0.5% NO atmosphere. During the preoxidation, the amorphous alloys have been converted to palladium catalysts supported on the NiTa2O6 double oxide. The BET areas of the catalysts thus prepared (sputter-deposited catalysts) are approximately 50 times higher than those prepared from a melt-spun Ni–40Ta–1Pd alloy precursor (melt-spun catalyst). The catalytic activity of the sputter-deposited catalysts for NO decomposition becomes about twice as high as that of the melt-spun catalyst. Furthermore, the selectivity of nitrogen formation is also improved compared with the melt-spun catalyst. Accordingly, the application of sputtering technique is quite suited for preparing amorphous alloy catalyst precursors with a high surface area.
Comprehensive Investigation of Single Crystal Diamond Deep-Ultraviolet Detectors (2012)

The wide bandgap of diamond, along with its extreme semiconductor properties, offers the promising route for deep-ultraviolet (DUV) detection, especially under solar-blind condition and harsh environments. The ideal photodetector should generally satisfy the 5S requirements such as high sensitivity , high signal-to-noise ratio , high spectral selectivity , high speed , and high stability . In this paper, we comprehensively investigate the DUV detectors fabricated from various kinds of single crystal diamonds such as boron-doped diamond homoepitaxial layer, intrinsic diamond homoepitaxial layers with different thicknesses, and single crystal diamond substrates. The post process such as hydrogen plasma treatment on the performance of the DUV detectors is also examined. The strategies to develop high-performance diamond DUV detectors are provided.