gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recognizing structure in Web pages using similarity queries (1999)

We present general-purpose methods for recognizing certain types of structure in HTML documents. The methods are implemented using WHIRL, a &quot;soft&quot; logic that incorporates a notion of textual similarity developed in the information retrieval community. In an experimental evaluation on 82 Web pages, the structure ranked first by our method is &quot;meaningful&quot;---i.e., a structure that was used in a hand-coded &quot;wrapper&quot;, or extraction program, for the page---nearly 70% of the time. This improves on a value of 50% obtained by an earlier method. With appropriate background information, the structure-recognition methods we describe can also be used to learn a wrapper from examples, or for maintaining a wrapper as a Web page changes format. In these settings, the top-ranked structure is meaningful nearly 85% of the time. Introduction Web-based information integration systems allow a user to query structured information that has been extracted from the Web (Levy, Rajaraman, &amp; Ordille 1996; Garcia...
Changes in the characteristics of a Gaussian beam weakly diffracted by a circular aperture (1982)

A Gaussian beam weakly diffracted by a circular aperture can be approximated in the far field by another Gaussian beam with slightly different characteristics. Equations giving the intensity, the divergence, and the radius of the modified beam are derived in simple practical form for experimentalists. These approximated formulas show that, even in the case of negligible power losses through the aperture, the diffracted beam characteristics may appreciably differ from those of the incident beam. In a first approximation, diffraction effects may be ignored only if the ratio a/r(0) of the aperture radius a to the l/e intensity beam radius r(0) in the aperture plane is larger than 3.
Anti-DNA antibodies bind directly to renal antigens and induce kidney dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat kidney. (1989)

The pathogenesis of SLE is commonly attributed to the deposition of circulating immune complexes consisting of DNA and anti-DNA autoantibodies. However, recent work has shown multiple cross-reactions between anti-DNA antibodies and a variety of cellular and extracellular Ag. To test the possibility that these antibodies interact directly with glomerular Ag and induce kidney dysfunction, we applied mouse and human anti-DNA IgG to the isolated perfused rat kidney. The NZB/NZW mouse monoclonal anti-DNA bound to glomerular Ag with a concomitant induction of proteinuria and a decrease in inulin clearance. The albumin excretion was 2301 +/- 734 micrograms/min at 160 min of perfusion, as compared with 85 +/- 21 micrograms/min in controls (p less than 0.001). The inulin clearance was reduced to 0.17 +/- 0.02 ml/min as compared with 0.28 +/- 0.09 ml/min in controls (p less than 0.05). Polyclonal anti-DNA IgG obtained from patients with lupus nephritis bound to rat glomeruli and induced albumin excretion of 542 +/- 217 micrograms/min at 160 min of perfusion, as compared with 163 +/- 77 micrograms/min in controls (p = NS). The addition of plasma as a source of C to the human IgG increased the proteinuria markedly (albumin excretion of 1115 +/- 195 micrograms/min at 160 min of perfusion, p less than 0.02), probably due to C activation. Preincubation of the reactive mouse and human IgG with DNA completely abolished their binding to renal tissue and its physiologic consequences. These results suggest that direct binding of anti-DNA antibodies to renal Ag may play an important role in the induction of lupus nephritis.
Thermal behaviour of romarchite phase SnO in different atmospheres: a hypothesis about the phase transformation (2016)

A study was conducted on the transformation of SnO to SnO2 using X-ray diffraction and subjecting the SnO to heat treatments between 300 °C < T < 600 °C in two different atmospheres, argon and air. The intermediary oxide that appears in the disproportionation process was identified as Sn2O3. In an argon atmosphere, decomposition occurs in three stages: (1) a direct transformation of SnO to SnO2, (2) the formation of some intermediary Sn2O3 from SnO, and (3) the conversion of the Sn2O3 to SnO2 with the formation of metallic tin, Sn (l). When an atmosphere of air is used, however, a reaction occurs, concurrent with the decomposition reactions, that relates to the specific oxidation of the metallic tin produced in the course of the three process stages.
Current understanding of magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers and memory in Alzheimer's disease (2018)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by a cascade of changes to brain integrity. Neuroimaging biomarkers are important in diagnosis and monitoring the effects of interventions. As memory impairments are among the first symptoms of AD, the relationship between imaging findings and memory deficits is important in biomarker research. The most established magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finding is hippocampal atrophy, which is related to memory decline and currently used as a diagnostic criterion for AD. While the medial temporal lobes are impacted early by the spread of neurofibrillary tangles, other networks and regional changes can be found quite early in the progression. Atrophy in several frontal and parietal regions, cortical thinning, and white matter alterations correlate with memory deficits in early AD. Changes in activation and connectivity have been detected by functional MRI (fMRI). Task-based fMRI studies have revealed medial temporal lobe hypoactivation, parietal hyperactivation, and frontal hyperactivation in AD during memory tasks, and activation patterns of these regions are also altered in preclinical and prodromal AD. Resting state fMRI has revealed alterations in default mode network activity related to memory in early AD. These studies are limited in part due to the historic inclusion of patients who had suspected AD but likely did not have the disorder. Modern biomarkers allow for more diagnostic certainty, allowing better understanding of neuroimaging markers in true AD, even in the preclinical stage. Larger patient cohorts, comparison of candidate imaging biomarkers to more established biomarkers, and inclusion of more detailed neuropsychological batteries to assess multiple aspects of memory are needed to better understand the memory deficit in AD and help develop new biomarkers. This article reviews MRI findings related to episodic memory impairments in AD and introduces a new study with multimodal imaging and comprehensive neuropsychiatric evaluation to overcome current limitations.
Detection of antibodies to total histones and their subfractions in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and their asymptomatic relatives (1987)

Sera drawn from 75 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 141 healthy relatives (from the families of 51 patients), and 115 healthy control subjects were examined, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, for IgG and IgM antibodies to total histones and their subfractions. Compared with the controls, statistically significant numbers of patients and their relatives had antihistone antibodies of both isotypes. Among the relatives, the sera from females, notably sisters of the patients, contained the highest levels of anti-total histone antibody. Anti-H2A/H2B and H3 antibodies were most prevalent among the lupus patients, but many of the relatives had IgM anti-H4 antibodies. These findings indicate that antihistone antibodies can serve as a genetic marker in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
The design of a differential CMOS charge pump for high performance phase-locked loops (2004)

The design methodology and the test results of a low-voltage differential charge pump structure for phase-locked loop (PLL) applications are presented. The structure is composed of two charge/discharge blocks, a replica bias circuit, and a sampled data common-mode feedback (CMFB) block that adjusts the pump-up current for symmetrical differential outputs and a wider output voltage range. A prototype is fabricated using a 0.18 /spl mu/m n-well CMOS technology to test the charge pump in a high performance PLL, running internally at 2.5 GHz with -123 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1 MHz frequency offset.
Human adipose cells express CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 receptors: a new target cell type for the immunodeficiency virus‐1? (2002)

ABSTRACT The concept that adipocytes belong to an essential endocrine system with some characteristics of immune cells has recently emerged. The aim of this paper is to present evidence of the expression of CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 receptors by human adipocytes and to test whether adipose cells support HIV entry. Primary human preadipocytes were cultured and differentiated in vitro. Expression of the three receptors on preadipocytes and adipocytes was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemical, and immunohistochemical analysis. Infection of adipose cells to HIV‐1 was then investigated. The measurement of the viral p24 antigen in preadipocyte culture medium showed an increase of p24 levels between 24 and 72 h postexposure and then a progressive decrease to reach a low level at 10–15 days. Ten days after the infection test, supernatant of preadipocytes contained infectious particles able to infect the susceptible T‐CD4 CEM cell line. The expression of viral proteins by adipocytes was confirmed using a fusion test. The presence of viral DNA was exhibited by gag‐specific polymerase chain reaction, supporting the hypothesis of HIV‐1 X4‐ and R5‐virus entry in preadipocytes. Adipose cells represent the first cell type that does not belong to the immune system expressing all specific HIV receptors and may represent new HIV‐1 target cells.
Alterations in protein kinase C isozymes α and β<sup>2</sup> in activated Ha-<i>ras</i> containing papillomas in the absence of an increase in diacyiglycerol (1992)

The levels of protein kinase C (PKC) activity, PKC isozymes, as well as the level of endogenous diacylglycerols (DAG) were examined in early emergence mouse skin papillomas and compared to the levels in the epidermis. The papillomas were derived from a two-stage carcinogenesis protocol in which mice were initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and promoted twice weekly for only 12 weeks with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). As expected, greater than 90% of these early emergence papillomas contained an activated Ha-ras gene with an A----T transversion in the 61st codon. There was a TPA-independent, irreversible decrease in total PKC activity (70%) in the early emergence papillomas compared to that in the epidermis. Immunoblot analysis of epidermis and papillomas taken 4 weeks following the cessation of TPA treatment, a time when PKC catalytic activity has completely recovered to control level in epidermis but not in papillomas, revealed that the levels of PKC-alpha and PKC-beta 2 were dramatically decreased in the cytosol of the papillomas, while the levels of these two isozymes in the particulate fraction were approximately equal to the epidermis. PKC-delta, -epsilon and -zeta immunoreactive proteins were present in both epidermis and papillomas and only minor changes were observed in the papillomas. PKC-delta and PKC-epsilon displayed a particulate fraction localization in both the epidermis and papillomas, while PKC-zeta was found in both subcellular fractions. We were unable to detect PKC-gamma in mouse epidermis or papillomas. Since the level of DAG has been shown to be elevated in some ras-transformed cells, we examined DAG levels in the papillomas, as an increased DAG level could explain the constitutive decreases in the levels of PKC. Measurements of cellular DAG indicated that there was no elevation in the total pool of DAG in the early emergence papillomas. These data demonstrate an irreversible decrease in and alteration of the subcellular distribution of PKC-alpha and beta 2 in DMBA-initiated/TPA-promoted papillomas. These changes are TPA-independent, and occur in the absence of an elevation in the total pool of endogenous DAG. These alterations of PKC isozymes may be important early events in multistage tumorigenesis.
Pasture growth and quality, and lamb growth rates in high stocking rate dryland sheep farming systems (2011)

Pasture growth and quality, and lamb growth rates were measured on a conventional grass based trial unit of 87.8 ha and a high legume unit of 85.1 ha, established to investigate climate-risk management strategies within high stocking rate dryland sheep farming systems. There was no difference between the units in total pasture production with a pasture utilization of 71.7% and 74.3% on the grass and legume units, respectively. Metabolisable energy values remained close to, or above, the target values throughout the growing season. Preweaning lamb growth rates averaged 304 g/day on both units. There were significant differences between singles (342 g/day), twins (300 g/day) and triplets (254 g/day) and between lambs from first cycle (294 g/day) and main mob ewes (315 g/day). There were some differences in lamb growth rates between different pastures types but these were not consistent between years. Post-weaning growth rates averaged 137 g/day with significant differences attributable to litter size, mob and year. Growth from birth to sale averaged 295 g/day, slightly less than the target of 300 g/day. Thus high lamb growth rates are possible on a range of pasture types on dryland at low pasture covers of high quality.
ChemInform Abstract: Differences in Reactivity of 1,4‐Disilabutane and n‐Tetrasilane Toward Secondary Amines. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Differences in F36VMpl-Based in Vivo Selection among Large Animal Models (2004)

Animal models are indispensable tools for understanding physiological and pathological processes, as well as for developing new therapies. Ultimately, the results of animal experimentation must provide information that can guide the development of therapeutic approaches in humans. Significant differences have been reported comparing a gene therapy approach between different animal models. However, little information exists describing differences among the available large animal models. Here we evaluated, in the hemopoietic cells of baboons, a system of selection that has previously demonstrated activity in mice, in dogs, and in human cells ex vivo. This system employs a derivative of the murine thrombopoietin receptor (F36Vmpl), which is conditionally activated in the presence of a small-molecule drug called a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID). Whereas cultured mouse, human, and, to a lesser extent, dog hemopoietic cells all proliferate in response to the F36Vmpl signal, we observed only a minor and variable response to the F36Vmpl signal in the cultured cells of baboons. Similarly, we have noted significant rises in the frequency of transduced hemopoietic cells in mice and in dogs upon CID administration in vivo; however, here we show that responses to CID administration in three baboons were modest and variable. These findings have general implications for the evaluation and development of new strategies for gene therapy.
A study on software framework of structural health monitoring system based on NEESit (2009)

A new software framework is proposed to meet the needs of application for structural health monitoring(SHM) system.System integration techniques are studied on the basis of designs and implementations of SHM system for practical projects.The methods of the design and implementation for software framework are used to confirm the architecture of SHM system.The structure and operational mechanism of NEESit are introduced and the foundation of NEESit functional modules related to SHM system is built.This kind of software framework does the work including data sharing,reciprocal access and coordinated test possible under the condition that connects the real projects to NEES,moreover,it could be applied to different kinds of SHM systems by its universality.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Cholesterol Side Chain Cleavage Cytochrome P450 Gene (<i>CYP11A1</i>) Revisited: Binding of GATA, Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein and Activating Protein (AP)-1 Proteins to a Distal Novel Cluster of<i>cis</i>-Regulatory Elements Potentiates AP-2 and Steroidogenic Factor-1-Dependent Gene Expression in the Rodent Placenta and Ovary (2007)

The first and key enzyme controlling the synthesis of steroid hormones is cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc, CYP11A1). This study sought to elucidate overlooked modes of regulation of P450scc transcription in the rodent placenta and ovary. Transcription of P450scc requires two clusters of cis-regulatory elements: a proximal element (-40) known to bind either activating protein 2 (AP-2) in the placenta, or steroidogenic factor 1 in the ovary, and a distal region of the promoter (-475/-447) necessary for potentiation of the AP-2/steroidogenic factor 1-dependent activity up to 7-fold. In primary cultures of mouse trophoblast giant cells and rat ovarian granulosa cells, binding of trans-factors to the distal regulatory sequences generated transcriptional activity in a tissue-specific pattern: in the placenta, cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein 1 (CREB-1) and GATA-2 binding generates promoter activity in a cAMP-independent manner, whereas in ovarian cells, CREB-1 and GATA-4 are required for FSH responsiveness. However, as ovarian follicles advance toward ovulation, elevated Fra-2 expression replaces CREB-1 function by binding the same CRE(1/2) motif. Our findings suggest that upon onset of follicular recruitment, CREB-1 mediates FSH/cAMP signaling, which switches to cAMP-independent expression of P450scc in luteinizing granulosa cells expressing Fra-2. In the placenta, the indispensable role of CREB-1 was demonstrated by use of dominant-negative CREB-1 mutant, but neither cAMP nor Ser133 phosphorylation of CREB-1 is required for P450scc transcription. These observations suggest that placental regulation of P450scc expression is subjected to alternative signaling pathway(s) yet to be found.
Field calibration of electrochemical NO <sub>2</sub> sensors in a citizen science context (2018)

Abstract. In many urban areas the population is exposed to elevated levels of air pollution. However, real-time air quality is usually only measured at few locations. These measurements provide a general picture of the state of the air, but they are unable to monitor local differences. New low-cost sensor technology is available for several years now, and has the potential to extend official monitoring networks significantly even though the current generation of sensors suffer from various technical issues. Citizen science experiments based on these sensors must be designed carefully to avoid generation of data which is of poor or even useless quality. This study explores the added value of the 2016 Urban AirQ campaign, which focused on measuring nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Sixteen low-cost air quality sensor devices were built and distributed among volunteers living close to roads with high traffic volume for a 2-month measurement period. Each electrochemical sensor was calibrated in-field next to an air monitoring station during an 8-day period, resulting in R2 ranging from 0.3 to 0.7. When temperature and relative humidity are included in a multilinear regression approach, the NO2 accuracy is improved significantly, with R2 ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. Recalibration after the campaign is crucial, as all sensors show a significant signal drift in the 2-month measurement period. The measurement series between the calibration periods can be corrected for after the measurement period by taking a weighted average of the calibration coefficients. Validation against an independent air monitoring station shows good agreement. Using our approach, the standard deviation of a typical sensor device for NO2 measurements was found to be 7 µg m−3, provided that temperatures are below 30 ∘C. Stronger ozone titration on street sides causes an underestimation of NO2 concentrations, which 75 % of the time is less than 2.3 µg m−3. Our findings show that citizen science campaigns using low-cost sensors based on the current generations of electrochemical NO2 sensors may provide useful complementary data on local air quality in an urban setting, provided that experiments are properly set up and the data are carefully analysed.
Total Synthesis of the Nonribosomal Peptide Surugamide B and Identification of a New Offloading Cyclase Family (2018)

The cathepsin B inhibitor surugamide B (2), along with structurally related derivatives (A and C-E), has previously been isolated from the marine actinomycete Streptomyces sp. JAMM992. The biosynthetic genes are unexpectedly part of a cluster of four non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, two of which are responsible for the biosynthesis of the additional linear decapeptide surugamide F. However, the thioesterase domain required for the later stage of the biosynthesis of the cyclic peptides surugamides A-E is not present in any module architecture of the surugamide NRPSs. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of surugamide B (2) through the macrocyclization at the biomimetic position, which not only alleviated the Cα epimerization in the macrolactamization process, but also efficiently provided 2 in 34 % yield for 18 steps. Furthermore, both the chemical and enzymatic studies with the biosynthetic precursor mimics revealed that the stand-alone enzyme SurE, which belongs to the penicillin-binding protein family, is responsible for macrocyclization of the tethered octapeptidyl intermediate.
Junctional rhythm quantity and duration during slow pathway radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrioventricular nodal re-entry supraventricular tachycardia (2006)

The amount and duration of accelerated junctional rhythm is correlated with the total abolishment abolition of slow pathway conduction. A higher amount and duration of accelerated junctional rhythm during radiofrequency applications may be an additional marker of successful ablation.
An Immediate Real Time Detection and Prevention of Double-Spending in Electronic Cash Payment System (2015)

The introduction electronic commerce has created new financial needs that in many cases cannot be effectively fulfilled by the traditional payment systems. The success of electronic commerce business depends on the credibility of the available electronic payment systems. Electronic cash payment is one electronic payment systems developed to settle payments electronically, but suffers the problem of double-spending fraud. This paper identifies the possible causes of double-spending fraud and presents techniques to mitigate this type of fraud. These techniques involve the modification of existing electronic cash payment system, and a demonstration of the modified system to determine its double-spending fraud resistant capability.