gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New methods of MR image intensity standardization via generalized scale (2006)

Image intensity standardization is a post-acquisition processing operation designed for correcting acquisition-to-acquisition signal intensity variations (non-standardness) inherent in Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. While existing standardization methods based on histogram landmarks have been shown to produce a significant gain in the similarity of resulting image intensities, their weakness is that in some instances the same histogram-based landmark may represent one tissue, while in other cases it may represent different tissues. This is often true for diseased or abnormal patient studies in which significant changes in image intensity characteristics may occur. In an attempt to overcome this problem, in this paper, we present two new intensity standardization methods based on two scale concepts developed in Madabhushi et al. [Computer Vision Image Understanding 101, 100-121 (2006)] for image processing applications. These scale concepts are utilized in this paper to accurately determine principal tissue regions within MR images. Landmarks derived from these regions are used to perform intensity standardization. The new methods were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated on a total of 67 clinical three dimensional (3D) MR images corresponding to four different protocols and to normal, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and brain tumor patient studies. The new scale-based methods were found to be better than the existing methods, with a significant improvement observed for severely diseased and abnormal patient studies.
Nanomagnetic Logic and Magnetization Switching Dynamics in Spin Torque Majority Gates (2012)

Spin torque majority gates are modeled and several regimes of magnetization switching (some leading to failure) are discovered. The switching speed and noise margins are determined for STMGs and an adder based on it. With switching time of 3ns at current of 80uA, the adder computational throughput is comparable to that of a CMOS adder.
OLAP on sequence data (2008)

Many kinds of real-life data exhibit logical ordering among their data items and are thus sequential in nature. However, traditional online analytical processing (OLAP) systems and techniques were not designed for sequence data and they are incapable of supporting sequence data analysis. In this paper, we propose the concept of Sequence OLAP, or S-OLAP for short. The biggest distinction of S-OLAP from traditional OLAP is that a sequence can be characterized not only by the attributes' values of its constituting items, but also by the subsequence/substring patterns it possesses. This paper studies many aspects related to Sequence OLAP. The concepts of sequence cuboid and sequence data cube are introduced. A prototype S-OLAP system is built in order to validate the proposed concepts. The prototype is able to support "pattern-based" grouping and aggregation, which is currently not supported by any OLAP system. The implementation details of the prototype system as well as experimental results are presented. Copyright 2008 ACM.
Amperometric Detection of <i>Escherichia </i><i>c</i><i>oli</i> Heat-Labile Enterotoxin by Redox Diacetylenic Vesicles on a Sol−Gel Thin-Film Electrode (2000)

Supramolecular assemblies (bilayer vesicles) prepared from ferrocenic diacetylene lipid and the cell surface receptor ganglioside GM1 are utilized to construct an amperometric biosensor for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin on a sol-gel thin-film electrode. The bilayer vesicles adsorbed on the sol-gel film provide an open platform for molecular recognition, while the electrochemical communication between the incorporated redox lipids and the electrode is influenced by the binding of the toxin. Cyclic voltammetric studies suggest a facile redox reaction for the adsorbed supramolecular assembly, which allows the sensor to detect enterotoxin up to 3 ppm (3.6 x 10(-8) M) concentration. The apparent diffusion coefficients for the redox lipids in the assembly were observed to be in the range of 4.73 x 10(-8) -2.30 x 10(-8) cm/s2. A mechanism of lateral electron transport of redox lipids controlled by biomolecular recognition is proposed.
Overlooking roots (2007)

Numerous optimizations exist for improving the performance of nondeferred reference-counting (RC) garbage collection. Their designs are ad hoc, intended to exploit different count removal opportunities. This paper shows that many of these optimizations can be unified using a notion called overlooking roots. The paper also shows how the notionenables more powerful versions of past optimizations and makes new optimizations possible. While recent static analyses have dramatically improved nondeferred RC performance, margins relative to the deferred variant were still significant in the worst case. With the optimizations made possible by overlooking roots, we show that these margins can be reduced to within 4% on nearly all programs in a test suite, at even large heap sizes, and to within 23% in the worst case.
Minimally Invasive Microwave Ablation Antennas (2021)

This chapter is intended to provide a quick review on recent advances in minimally invasive microwave ablation (MWA) antenna designs and emphasize the authors' collective works in this area. First, it summarizes the key details and main findings of the studies investigating MWA performance at multiple discrete frequencies from 1.9 to 18 GHz. The chapter highlights the investigation of using higher frequency microwaves for tissue ablation, which is motivated by the aspect of reduced antenna lengths as the operating frequency increases. Next, it discusses methods for reducing diameters of balun-equipped coax-fed antennas, starting with a comprehensive literature review and then shifting focus to the proposed antenna designs. The chapter then provides information on balun-free coax-fed antenna designs which represent a different group of solutions for minimizing invasiveness of MWA antennas. Finally, the effort in developing flexible antennas as well as directional-heating antennas, aimed for increasing the flexibility and customization of MWA treatment, is documented.
Anodic Synthesis of Organic Carbonates (1978)

Carbonic acid esters (carbonates) are produced by electrolysis of carbon monoxide and the corresponding alcohol in the presence of a halide electrolyte. The halide electrolyte plays a catalytic role in carbonate formation. The efficiency for the process depends, among other variables, on the starting alcohol. Both mono and 1,2‐dihydric aliphatic alcohols form carbonates in high yields. Under our electrolytic conditions, without optimization, dimethyl carbonate from methanol and ethylene carbonate from ethylene glycol were formed with 80 and 45% current efficiencies, respectively. One mole of hydrogen is liberated per mole of carbonate. Organic carbonates represent a class of important industrial solvents. They are commercially produced via employment of phosgene; is formed as a by‐product. The electrochemical process obviates the use of phosgene and eliminates the hydrochloric acid disposal problem.
HDR in the living room (2014)

High dynamic range (HDR) imaging has been an active area of research in visual computing for more than a decade. HDR imaging technologies are concerned with the capture, processing, compression and display of content with a wider luminance range and offer a significant increase in visual quality. Despite that, HDR technologies have not yet penetrated the consumer market. We investigate the reasons behind this apparent resistance and discuss some solutions for dealing with the main aspects of an HDR imaging pipeline in a real world entertainment context.
Unusual Effects of Some Zwitterion Compounds as Catalysts in Easy-Care Finishing 1 (1983)

Aminoalkanesulfonic acids and amino acids are internal organic salts or zwit terions. In pad-dry-cure processing to impart durable press properties to cellulosic fabrics, they may be used as catalysts. Aminomethanesutfonic acid (AMSA), in particular, is about as effective a catalyst as magnesium chloride. Because of its zwitterion structure, AMSA is unlike most sulfonic acids which produce durable press fabrics with high strength losses. Mixed catalysts of magnesium chloride and the zwitterions AMSA, taurine, or glycine can be employed with dimethylol dihy droxyethyleneurea to produce fabrics with a good combination of smooth drying appearance, wrinkle resistance, serviceable strength, and moderate formaldehyde release values.
010 Measurement of Optical Properties to Quantify Healing of Chronic Diabetic Wounds (2008)

Background: Both passive and active dressings and technologies are proposed for treatment of chronic diabetic wounds. A quantitative assessment of healing is needed. Measurement of scattering and absorption characteristics of healing tissue, by Diffuse Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) may provide such a method. Methods: 20 rats were divided into an induced diabetic and a control group (N = 10 each). Full thickness wounds were made on the dorsal surface and biopsies sent for histologic analysis. Wounds were interrogated at twice per week intervals using a frequency domain near infrared device with three wavelengths of incident light. Amplitude and phase of scattered light were obtained at four different source-detector distances at each wavelength. The probe was positioned at six different locations. Tissue absorption and reduced scattering coefficients were calculated from amplitude and phase data. Wound dimensions were calculated by cross and parallel polarization. Results: Thirty-eight wounds were evaluated during the experiment. Wound size decreased at twice the rate in control. Average absorption coefficient was higher, by a factor of 2, in diabetics. The average value of reduced scattering coefficient was 30% higher in diabetics as well. During healing, both scattering and absorption coefficient increased faster in diabetics. Discussion: Higher absorption in diabetic rats suggest impaired blood flow. Scattering reflects tissue disorganization observed in delayed wound healing. Conclusion: These data suggest that near-infrared spectroscopy can detect the difference in oxygen delivery to the wound and assess wound healing progression. Further analysis is planned to investigate pathologic correlates with spectroscopic data.
A stepwise approach to distributed database systems by database machines (1985)

Database machines are good components to compose distributed systems along with personal computers and local area networks. Distributed database systems by those machines could be cost-effectively respond to various user's requirements. A stepwise approach to distributed database systems by database machine FRENDs is presented in this paper.
RGB-D Scene Labeling with Multimodal Recurrent Neural Networks (2017)

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are able to capture context in an image by modeling long-range semantic dependencies among image units. However, existing methods only utilize RNNs to model dependencies of a single modality (e.g., RGB) for labeling. In this work we extend this single-modal RNNs to multimodal RNNs (MM-RNNs) and apply it to RGB-D scene labeling. Our MM-RNNs are capable of seamlessly modeling dependencies of both RGB and depth modalities, and allow 'memory' sharing across modalities. By sharing 'memory', each modality possesses multiple properties of itself and other modalities, and becomes more discriminative to distinguish pixels. Moreover, we also analyse two simple extensions of single-modal RNNs and demonstrate that our MM-RNNs perform better than both of them. Integrating with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we build an end-to-end network for RGB-D scene labeling. Extensive experiments on NYU depth V1 and V2 demonstrate the effectiveness of MM-RNNs.
Mobile services interworking for IMS and XML webservices (2006)

An approach for interoperability between IMS and WebServices deployed within the IMS domain through the introduction of session management techniques for stateless WebServices based on existing SIP session management mechanisms is presented. The approach enables integration of WebServices applications into future telecommunications systems without the need for explicit usage of IMS/SIP protocols
A New Group of Antifungal and Antibacterial Lipopeptides Derived from Non-membrane Active Peptides Conjugated to Palmitic Acid (2004)

We report on the synthesis, biological function, and a plausible mode of action of a new group of lipopeptides with potent antifungal and antibacterial activities. These lipopeptides are derived from positively charged peptides containing d- and l-amino acids (diastereomers) that are palmitoylated (PA) at their N terminus. The peptides investigated have the sequence K(4)X(7)W, where X designates Gly, Ala, Val, or Leu (designated d-X peptides). The data revealed that PA-d-G and PA-d-A gained potent antibacterial and antifungal activity despite the fact that both parental peptides were completely devoid of any activity toward microorganisms and model phospholipid membranes. In contrast, PA-d-L lost the potent antibacterial activity of the parental peptide but gained and preserved partial antifungal activity. Interestingly, both d-V and its palmitoylated analog were inactive toward bacteria, and only the palmitoylated peptide was highly potent toward yeast. Both PA-d-L and PA-d-V lipopeptides were also endowed with hemolytic activity. Mode of action studies were performed by using tryptophan fluorescence and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared and circular dichroism spectroscopy as well as transmembrane depolarization assays with bacteria and fungi. The data suggest that the lipopeptides act by increasing the permeability of the cell membrane and that differences in their potency and target specificity are the result of differences in their oligomeric state and ability to dissociate and insert into the cytoplasmic membrane. These results provide insight regarding a new approach of modulating hydrophobicity and the self-assembly of non-membrane interacting peptides in order to endow them with both antibacterial and antifungal activities urgently needed to combat bacterial and fungal infections.
Dicationic DNA Minor Groove Binders as Antimicrobial Agents (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Intercalation Minor Groove Binding Netropsin DAPI Berenil Pentamidine Dicationic Carbazoles and Analogs Introduction DNA Binding of Dicationic Carbazoles and Analogs Antimicrobial Activity of Carbazoles and Related Analogs Pro-drugs of Carbazoles and Related Analogs Synthesis of Carbazoles and Related Analogs Dicationic Furans Introduction DNA Binding of Furamidine and Analogs Antimicrobial Activity of Furamidine and Analogs Pro-drug Approaches for Furamidine Synthetic Approaches for Furamidine and Analogs Conclusions
Facile and Convenient Syntheses of 6,11-Dihydro-5<i>H</i>-indeno[1,2-<i>c</i>]isoquinolin- 5-ones and 6,11-Dihydro-5<i>H</i>-indolo[3,2-<i>c</i>]isoquinolin-5-one (2005)

[reaction: see text] The synthesis of 6,11-dihydro-5H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolin-5-ones from the base-promoted condensation reaction of homophthalic anhydride and 2-(bromomethyl)-benzonitrile and a convenient method for the synthesis of indolo[3,2-c]isoquinolinones are described.
UNIVERSAL SOLVENT EXTRACTION (UNEX) FLOWSHEET TESTING FOR THE REMOVAL OF CESIUM, STRONTIUM, AND ACTINIDE ELEMENTS FROM RADIOACTIVE, ACIDIC DISSOLVED CALCINE WASTE (2002)

ABSTRACT The presence of long-lived radionuclides presents a challenge to the management of radioactive wastes. Separation of the radionuclides from the waste solutions has the potential of significantly decreasing the costs associated with the immobilization and disposal of the radioactive waste by minimizing waste volumes. Typically, several separate processes are required for the separation of cesium, strontium, and actinides from radioactive wastes. A novel solvent extraction process, the Universal Extraction (UNEX) process, has been developed for the simultaneous separation of cesium, strontium, and the actinides from radioactive acidic waste solutions. The UNEX process solvent consists of chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide for the extraction of 137Cs, polyethylene glycol for the extraction of 90Sr, and diphenyl-N,N-di-n-butylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide for the extraction of the actinides and lanthanides. A non-nitroaromatic polar diluent, phenyltrifluoromethyl sulfone, is used for this process. A UNEX flowsheet consisting of a single solvent extraction cycle has been developed as a part of a collaborative effort between the Khlopin Radium Institute (KRI) and the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). This flowsheet has been demonstrated with actual dissolved radioactive calcine waste at the INEEL using 24 stages of 2-cm diameter centrifugal contactors installed in a shielded hot cell facility. For the major radionuclides, 99.99% of the 137Cs, 99.73% of the 90Sr, and >99.9% of the actinides in the initial dissolved calcine feed were extracted and recovered in the high activity fraction. For the stable matrix elements, 12% of the Mo, 0.7% of the Zr, and 2% of the Fe were extracted and recovered in the strip product. The minor components Ba and Pb were quantitatively extracted and recovered in the strip product; 23% of the Mn was also present in this fraction. Very little Al, Ca, Cr, Na, and Ni were extracted into the UNEX solvent.
Characterization of Brassinazole, a Triazole-Type Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis Inhibitor (2000)

Screening for brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis inhibitors was performed to find chemicals that induce dwarfism in Arabidopsis, mutants that resembled BR biosynthesis mutants that can be rescued by BR. Through this screening experiment, the compound brassinazole was selected as the most potent chemical. In dark-grown Arabidopsis, brassinazole-induced morphological changes were nearly restored to those of wild type by treatment with brassinolide. The structure of brassinazole is similar to pacrobutrazol, a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor. However, in assays with cress (Lepidium sativum) plants, brassinazole-treated plants did not show recovery after the addition of gibberellin but showed good recovery after the addition of brassinolide. These data demonstrate that brassinazole is a specific BR biosynthesis inhibitor. Brassinazole-treated cress also showed dwarfism, with altered leaf morphology, including the downward curling and dark green color typical of Arabidopsis BR-deficient mutants, and this dwarfism was reversed by the application of 10 nM brassinolide. This result suggests that BRs are essential for plant growth, and that brassinazole can be used to clarify the function of BRs in plants as a complement to BR-deficient mutants. The brassinazole action site was also investigated by feeding BR biosynthesis intermediates to cress grown in the light.
Maximizing text-mining performance (1999)

The authors' adaptive resampling approach surpasses previous decision-tree performance and validates the effectiveness of small, pooled local dictionaries. They demonstrate their approach using the Reuters-21578 benchmark data and a real-world customer E-mail routing system.
Template-based genome editing directed by the SviCas3 (2023)

Abstract RNA-guided genome editing based on the CRISPR-Cas system is currently the most effective genome editing technique. Here, we report that SviCas3 from the subtype I-B-Svi Cas system in Streptomyces virginiae IBL14 is an RNA-guided and DNA-guided DNA endonuclease suitable for the gene and/or base editing of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell genomes. The genome editing efficiency of SviCas3 guided by DNA was no less than that of SviCas3 guided by RNA. It should be noted that no off-target effects or indel-formation were detected in targeted sequencing. In particular, t-DNA, as a template and a guide, does not require a proto-spacer-adjacent motif, demonstrating that CRISPR, as the basis for crRNA design, is not required for SviCas3-mediated gene and base editing. This discovery will provide important tools for the creation and modification of living things and the treatment of human genetic diseases, and will usher in a new era of DNA-guided genome editing.
Heat treated intravenous immunoglobulin preparation. (1989)

Before HBsAg screening of plasma was instituted, the preventive effect of immunoglobulin preparations (ISG) against Hepatitis B was not clearly defined. Since HBsAg screening became a requirement, all ISG has shown Anti-HBs and it further became clear that such preparations are effective in preventing Hepatitis B.Recently, cases of Hepatitis NANB associated with administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) were reported. Since there is no NANB screening test presently available and IVIG tends to be administered in a large volume, a virus inactivation treatment should be performed on IVIG.Now that heat treatment at 60°C for 10 hours, which had previously been considered to be impossible or unnecessary for immunoglobulin, has become possible, an intravenous immunoglobulin preparation which is more ideal in stability and safety is available.
Standing Stability Enhancement With an Intelligent Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis (2011)

The authors have developed a ground-adaptive standing controller for a powered knee and ankle prosthesis which is intended to enhance the standing stability of transfemoral amputees. The finite-state-based controller includes a ground-searching phase, a slope estimation phase, and a joint impedance modulation phase, which together enable the prosthesis to quickly conform to the ground and provide stabilizing assistance to the user. In order to assess the efficacy of the ground-adaptive standing controller, the control approach was implemented on a powered knee and ankle prosthesis, and experimental data were collected on an amputee subject for a variety of standing conditions. Results indicate that the controller can estimate the ground slope within ±1° over a range of ±15°, and that it can provide appropriate joint impedances for standing on slopes within this range.
Brain-Penetrant, Orally Bioavailable Microtubule-Stabilizing Small Molecules Are Potential Candidate Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Tauopathies (2014)

Microtubule (MT) stabilizing drugs hold promise as potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. However, thus far epothilone D has been the only brain-penetrant MT-stabilizer to be evaluated in tau transgenic mice and in AD patients. Furthermore, this natural product exhibits potential deficiencies as a drug candidate, including an intravenous route of administration and the inhibition of the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transporter. Thus, the identification of alternative CNS-active MT-stabilizing agents that lack these potential limitations is of interest. Toward this objective, we have evaluated representative compounds from known classes of non-naturally occurring MT-stabilizing small molecules. This led to the identification of selected triazolopyrimidines and phenylpyrimidines that are orally bioavailable and brain-penetrant without disruption of Pgp function. Pharmacodynamic studies confirmed that representative compounds from these series enhance MT-stabilization in the brains of wild-type mice. Thus, these classes of MT-stabilizers hold promise for the development of orally active, CNS-directed MT-stabilizing therapies.