gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Segmentationof pathological lungs from CT chest images (2015)

A novel framework for precise segmentation of pathological lung tissues from computed tomography (CT) is presented. The proposed segmentation method is based on a novel 3D joint Markov-Gibbs random field (MGRF) model that integrates three features: (i) the first-order visual appearance model of the CT image, (ii) the second-order spatial interaction model of the CT image, and (iii) a shape prior model of the lung. The first-order appearance model describes the empirical distribution of image signals using a linear combination of Discrete Gaussians (LCDG) with positive and negative components. The second order spatial interaction model describes the relation between the CT image signals using a pairwise MGRF spatial model of independent image signals and interdependent region labels. The shape prior is constructed from a set of training CT data, collected from different subjects. Experiments on 20 datasets with different types of pathologies confirm high accuracy of the proposed approach compared with other lung segmentation methods.
Three dimensional threaded fastener meshing algorithm (2001)

Understanding the stresses in the root of a thread of a bolt has never been easy. Ideally one would like to put a strain gage right at the root and measure them directly, but the placement of the gage and its wires are impossible without changing the insitu environment. Engineers then turned to analytical models, but soon discovered that two dimensional models where not giving the correct results because the geometry is not axis symmetric and three dimensional models where too difficult to mesh with today's CAD tools. A team consisting of Ford engineers and computer programers developed a program that will automatically generate a full three dimensional model of a thread fastener and mating threaded block by using a combination of cylindrical meshing techniques and a method of revolving “profiles” in a helical coordinate system. The bolt meshing program is able to input parameters about the thread fastener and block: diameter, pitch, length, etc., and output a complete three dimensional model in the form of an ABAQUS or NASTRAN finite element input deck. This model can then run through the ABAQUS finite element program and the resulting stress field computed. This paper will focus on the algorithm used to generate the mesh.
Towards unified depth and semantic prediction from a single image (2015)

Depth estimation and semantic segmentation are two fundamental problems in image understanding. While the two tasks are strongly correlated and mutually beneficial, they are usually solved separately or sequentially. Motivated by the complementary properties of the two tasks, we propose a unified framework for joint depth and semantic prediction. Given an image, we first use a trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to jointly predict a global layout composed of pixel-wise depth values and semantic labels. By allowing for interactions between the depth and semantic information, the joint network provides more accurate depth prediction than a state-of-the-art CNN trained solely for depth prediction [6]. To further obtain fine-level details, the image is decomposed into local segments for region-level depth and semantic prediction under the guidance of global layout. Utilizing the pixel-wise global prediction and region-wise local prediction, we formulate the inference problem in a two-layer Hierarchical Conditional Random Field (HCRF) to produce the final depth and semantic map. As demonstrated in the experiments, our approach effectively leverages the advantages of both tasks and provides the state-of-the-art results.
Experimental Analysis of All Optical Lens De-multiplexer for Spatial Domain Multiplexed Communication Systems (2015)

Experimental analysis of a multi lens de-multiplexer for spatial division multiplexing is presented. Data for 635 nm as well as 1550 nm laser sources including coupled power and estimated errors is tabulated and presented.
An Ultra-Low-Noise Swing-Boosted Differential Relaxation Oscillator in 0.18-<i>μ</i>m CMOS (2020)

This article presents an ultra-low-noise differential relaxation oscillator that achieves a phase noise figure of merits (FoMs) of 157.7 and 162.1 dBc/Hz, respectively, at 1and 100-kHz frequency offsets. The oscillator is inherently robust against 1/f noise, while swing-boosting minimizes the phase noise arising out of thermal noise. Furthermore, an inverter-based differential comparator maximizes power efficiency, enabling FoMs close to the fundamental limits. Operating at 10.5 MHz and consuming 219.8 μW from a 1.4-V supply, the oscillator achieves a period jitter of 9.86 psrms, equivalent to a relative jitter of 0.01%. The oscillator occupies an active area of 0.015 mm2 in a 0.18-μm standard CMOS process.
A demand aggregation algorithm for shared ring protection in DWDM optical networks (2010)

We present a heuristic algorithm to address the demand aggregation problem in DWDM optical networks employing shared ring protection. The algorithm decides the route and wavelength of each demand with the aim of minimizing the total number of optical line cards as well as reducing the total number of DWDM rings.
Blue fluorescent protein from the calcium‐sensitive photoprotein aequorin: Catalytic properties for the oxidation of coelenterazine as an oxygenase (2006)

Blue fluorescent protein from the calcium-binding photoprotein aequorin (BFP-aq) is a complex of Ca2+ -bound apoaequorin and coelenteramide, and shows luminescence activity like a luciferase, catalyzing the oxidation of coelenterazine with molecular oxygen. To understand the catalytic properties of BFP-aq, various fluorescent proteins (FP-aq) have been prepared from semi-synthetic aequorin and characterized in comparison with BFP-aq. FP-aq has luciferase activity and could be regenerated into native aequorin by incubation with coelenterazine. The results from substrate specificity studies of FP-aq using various coelenterazine analogues have suggested that the oxidation of coelenterazine by BFP-aq in the luciferase reaction and the regeneration process to aequorin might involve the same catalytic site of BFP-aq.
High power and high energy self-frequency doubling Nd/sup 3+/-doped YCOB lasers (2002)

Summary form only given. The development of high power diode-pumped and flashlamp-pumped self-frequency doubling (SFD) lasers, such as Nd:YCa/sub 4/O(BO/sub 3/)/sub 3/ (Nd:YCOB), may be an attractive alternative to lasers incorporating intra-cavity doubling with a separate nonlinear crystals. Here we report our latest developments in high power, diode-pumped cw visible SFD laser systems and in flashlamp-pumped systems incorporating SFD crystals such as Nd:YCOB.
Spread spectrum for mobile communications (1991)

The characteristics of spread spectrum that make it advantageous for mobile communications are described. The parameters that determine both the performance and the total capacity are introduced, and an analysis which yields (approximately) the number of users that can simultaneously communicate, while maintaining a specified level of performance, is presented. Spread spectrum overlay, wherein a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) network shares a frequency band with narrow-band users, is analyzed, and it is seen that excision of the narrowband signals from the CDMA receivers before despreading can improve both performance and capacity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantum rejection sampling (2013)

Rejection sampling is a well-known method to sample from a target distribution, given the ability to sample from a given distribution. The method has been first formalized by von Neumann [1951] and has many applications in classical computing. We define a quantum analogue of rejection sampling: given a black box producing a coherent superposition of (possibly unknown) quantum states with some amplitudes, the problem is to prepare a coherent superposition of the same states, albeit with different target amplitudes. The main result of this article is a tight characterization of the query complexity of this quantum state generation problem. We exhibit an algorithm, which we call quantum rejection sampling, and analyze its cost using semidefinite programming. Our proof of a matching lower bound is based on the automorphism principle that allows to symmetrize any algorithm over the automorphism group of the problem. Our main technical innovation is an extension of the automorphism principle to continuous groups that arise for quantum state generation problems where the oracle encodes unknown quantum states, instead of just classical data. Furthermore, we illustrate how quantum rejection sampling may be used as a primitive in designing quantum algorithms, by providing three different applications. We first show that it was implicitly used in the quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations by Harrow et al. [2009]. Second we show that it can be used to speed up the main step in the quantum Metropolis sampling algorithm by Temme et al. [2011]. Finally, we derive a new quantum algorithm for the hidden shift problem of an arbitrary Boolean function and relate its query complexity to “water-filling” of the Fourier spectrum.
Electrical wound-healing assay for cells <i>in vitro</i> (2004)

Confluent cell monolayers in tissue culture are fragile and can easily be mechanically disrupted, often leaving an area devoid of cells. This opening in the cell sheet is then repopulated, because the cells on the fringe of the damage, which are no longer contact-inhibited, move into the available space. This mechanical disruption is often done deliberately in a "wound-healing" assay as a means to assess the migration of the cells. In such assays, a scrape is made in the cell layer followed by microscopy to monitor the advance of the cells into the wound. We have found that these types of assays can also be accomplished electrically. In this approach, cells growing on small electrodes and monitored by using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing are subjected to currents, resulting in severe electroporation and subsequent cell death. After this invasive treatment, the electrode's impedance is again monitored to chart the migration and ultimate healing of the wound. We report here that this procedure to study cell behavior is both highly reproducible, quantitative, and provides data similar to that acquired with traditional measurements.
Formation of unilamellar liposomes from total polar lipid extracts of methanogens (1992)

Unilamellar liposomes were formed by controlled detergent dialysis of mixed micelles consisting of acetone-insoluble total polar lipids extracted from various methanogens and the detergent n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. The final liposome populations were studied by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Unilamellar liposomes with mean diameters smaller than 100 nm were obtained with lipid extracts of Methanococcus voltae, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosaeta concilii, and Methanococcus jannaschii (grown at 50 degrees C), whereas larger (greater than 100-nm) unilamellar liposomes were obtained with lipid extracts of M. jannaschii grown at 65 degrees C. These liposomes were shown to be closed intact vesicles capable of retaining entrapped [14C]sucrose for extended periods of time. With the exception of Methanospirillum hungatei liposomes, all size distributions of the different liposome populations were fairly homogeneous.
<title>Phased-array antenna control by a monolithic photonic integrated circuit</title> (1991)

An optical based RF beam steering system is proposed for phased-array antenna systems. The system, COMPASS (Coherent Optical Monolithic Phased Array Steering System), is based on optical heterodyning employed to produce microwave phase shifting. At the heart of the system is a monolithic Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) constructed entirely of passive components. Microwave power and control signal distribution to the antenna is accomplished by optical fiber, thus separating the PIC and its control functions from the antenna. This approach promises to reduce size, weight, and complexity of future phased-array antenna systems.
Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on oocyte and embryo yields, embryo grade and cell number in IVF (2006)

This study confirms the previously reported beneficial effects of DHEA supplementation on ovarian function in women with diminished ovarian reserve.
Single-cell Photonic Nanocavity Probes (2013)

We demonstrate for the first time high Q photonic nanocavities operating inside single biological cells. We show in vitro protein detection with our tool as a route towards real-time label-free sensing in an intracellular environment.
Novel algorithms for shared segment protection (2003)

The major challenges in designing survivable schemes are how to allocate a minimal amount of spare resources (e.g., bandwidth) using fast (e.g., polynomial-time) algorithms, and, in case a failure occurs, to be able to recover quickly from it. All existing approaches invariably make tradeoffs. We propose novel shared segment protection algorithms which make little or no compromise . We develop an elegant integer linear programming (ILP) model to determine an optimal set of segments to protect a given active path. Although the ILP approach is useful for a medium-size network, it is too time consuming for large networks. Accordingly, we also design a fast heuristic algorithm based on dynamic programming to obtain a near-optimal set of segments. Although the heuristic algorithm has a polynomial time complexity, it can achieve a bandwidth efficiency as high as some best-performing shared path protection schemes and, at the same time, much faster recovery than these shared path protection schemes. The proposed scheme is also applicable to a wide range of networking technologies, including Internet Protocol and wavelength-division multiplexing networks under the generalized multiprotocol label switched framework.
Adaptive Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (2014)

Electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT) has shown to be an effective low-cost and high-speed imaging technique suitable for many applications, including 3-D reconstruction of multiphase flow systems. In this paper, we introduce the concept of adaptive ECVT based upon the combination of a large number of small individual sensor segments to comprise synthetic capacitance plates of different (and possibly noncontiguous) shapes while still satisfying a minimum plate area criterion set by a given SNR. The response from different segments is combined electronically in a reconfigurable fashion. The proposed adaptive concept paves the way for ECVT to be applicable in scenarios requiring higher resolution and dynamic imaging reconstruction.
Low Voltage Totally Free Flexible RF MEMS Switch With Anti-Stiction System (2008)

This paper concerns a new design of RF MEMS switch combined with an innovative process which enable low actuation voltage (<5V) and avoid stiction. First, the structure described with principal design issues, the corresponding anti-stiction system is presented and FEM simulations are done. Then, a short description of the process flow based on two non polymer sacrificial layers. Finally, RF measurements are presented and preliminary experimental protocol and results of anti-stiction validation is detailed. Resulting RF performances are -30dB of isolation and -0.45dB of insertion loss at 10 GHz.
Inertial Confinement Fusion with Direct Electric Generation by Magnetic Flux Compression (1983)

A high-power-density laser fusion reactor concept is investigated in which directed kinetic energy imparted to a large mass of liquid lithium—in which the fusion target is centrally located—is maximized. In turn, this kinetic energy is converted directly to electricity with, potentially, very high efficiency by work, done against a pulsed magnetic field applied exterior to the lithium. Because the concept maximizes the blanket thickness per unit volume of lithium, neutron-induced radioactivities in the reaction chamber wall can be many orders of magnitude less than is typical of D-T fusion reactor concepts.
Shift-invariant three-dimensional object recognition by means of digital holography (2001)

We present an optoelectronic method to analyze three-dimensional (3D) scenes that is able to detect the presence, and also the position and orientation, of a reference 3D object. The data-acquisition procedure is based on digital holography. A phase-shifting interferometer records a single digital Fresnel hologram of the 3D scene with an intensity-recording device. Holographic information of the 3D reference object is also obtained with the same method. Correlation techniques are then applied to recognize the presence and position of the 3D reference object in the 3D scene. The technique also allows us to detect the 3D reference with a small out-of-plane rotation. Preliminary experimental results are presented that demonstrate the theory.
Isolation of functionally distinct mesenchymal stem cell subsets using antibodies against CD56, CD271, and mesenchymal stem cell antigen-1 (2008)

Novel mesenchymal stem cells subsets with distinct phenotypic and functional properties were identified. Our data suggest that the MSCA-1(+)CD56(+) subset is an attractive starting population for autologous chondrocyte transplantation.
Graph-based lifting transform for intra-predicted video coding (2016)

In this paper, we propose a graph-based lifting transform for intra-predicted video sequences. The transform can approximate the performance of a Graph Fourier Transform (GFT) for a given graph, but does not require computing eigenvectors. A predict-update bipartition is designed based on a Gaussian Markov Random Field (GMRF) model with the goal to minimize the energy in the prediction set. Additionally, a novel re-connection method is applied for multi-level graphs, leading to significant gain for the proposed bipartition method and for the conventional MaxCut based bipartition. Experiments on intra-predicted video sequences show that the proposed method, even considering the extra overhead for edge information, outperforms the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and approximates the performance of the higher complexity GFT.
Maximum likelihood and minimum classification error factor analysis for automatic speech recognition (2000)

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) for automatic speech recognition rely on high dimensional feature vectors to summarize the short-time properties of speech. Correlations between features can arise when the speech signal is nonstationary or corrupted by noise. We investigate how to model these correlations using factor analysis, a statistical method for dimensionality reduction. Factor analysis uses a small number of parameters to model the covariance structure of high dimensional data. These parameters can be chosen in two ways: (1) to maximize the likelihood of observed speech signals, or (2) to minimize the number of classification errors. We derive an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation and a gradient descent algorithm for improved class discrimination. Speech recognizers are evaluated on two tasks, one small-sized vocabulary (connected alpha-digits) and one medium-sized vocabulary (New Jersey town names). We find that modeling feature correlations by factor analysis leads to significantly increased likelihoods and word accuracies. Moreover, the rate of improvement with model size often exceeds that observed in conventional HMM's.
Robust swing leg placement under large disturbances (2012)

Swing leg placement is vital to dynamic stability in legged robots and animals. The most common approaches to generating swing leg motions in robotics use either position or impedance tracking of defined joint trajectories. While these approaches suffice in humanoids, they severely limit swing leg placement under large disturbances in prosthetic limbs, for which stabilizing reactions cannot be planned centrally. Rather than careful central planning, animals and humans seem to rely on local feedback control for reliable swing leg placement. Motivated by this observation, we here present an alternative for generating swing leg motions. We develop a local swing leg control that takes advantage of segment interactions to achieve robust leg placement under large disturbances while generating trajectories and joint torque patterns similar to those patterns observed in human walking and running. The results suggest the identified control as a powerful alternative to existing swing leg controls in humanoid and rehabilitation robotics.
Residual ratio tracking for estimating attenuation in participating media (2014)

Evaluating transmittance within participating media is a fundamental operation required by many light transport algorithms. We present ratio tracking and residual tracking , two complementary techniques that can be combined into an efficient, unbiased estimator for evaluating transmittance in complex heterogeneous media. In comparison to current approaches, our new estimator is unbiased, yields high efficiency, gracefully handles media with wavelength dependent extinction, and bridges the gap between closed form solutions and purely numerical, unbiased approaches. A key feature of ratio tracking is its ability to handle negative densities. This in turn enables us to separate the main part of the transmittance function, handle it analytically, and numerically estimate only the residual transmittance. In addition to proving the unbiasedness of our estimators, we perform an extensive empirical analysis to reveal parameters that lead to high efficiency. Finally, we describe how to integrate the new techniques into a production path tracer and demonstrate their benefits over traditional unbiased estimators.
Generating Registration-free Cancelable Fingerprint Templates (2008)

Cancelable biometrics bridges the gap between the convenience of biometric authentication and security offered by cryptographic systems. There have been several prior attempts to construct cancelable templates out of fingerprint biometrics. However, existing approaches require pre-alignment of fingerprint images and therefore, are not robust to image registration errors. In this paper, we propose a provably secure, registration-free construction of cancelable fingerprint templates. Firstly, we present a new fingerprint representation based on localized, self-aligned texture features. Secondly, we demonstrate how to construct cancelable templates from them and also show how to harden the security of the proposed construction further. And finally, we present arguments for it resilience against various modes of adversarial attack.
Low-cost hydrogen sensors: Technology maturation progress (1998)

The authors are developing a low-cost, solid-state hydrogen sensor to support the long-term goals of the Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program to encourage acceptance and commercialization of renewable energy-based technologies. Development of efficient production, storage, and utilization technologies brings with it the need to detect and pinpoint hydrogen leaks to protect people and equipment. The solid-state hydrogen sensor, developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), is potentially well-suited to meet cost and performance objectives for many of these applications. Under a cooperative research and development Agreement and license agreement, they are teaming with a private company, DCH Technology, Inc., to develop the sensor for specific market applications related to the use of hydrogen as an energy vector. This report describes the current efforts to optimize materials and sensor performance to reach the goals of low-cost fabrication and suitability for relevant application areas.