gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-Cell Forensic Short Tandem Repeat Typing within Microfluidic Droplets (2013)

A short tandem repeat (STR) typing method is developed for forensic identification of individual cells. In our strategy, monodisperse 1.5 nL agarose-in-oil droplets are produced with a high frequency using a microfluidic droplet generator. Statistically dilute single cells, along with primer-functionalized microbeads, are randomly compartmentalized in the droplets. Massively parallel single-cell droplet polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is performed to transfer replicas of desired STR targets from the single-cell genomic DNA onto the coencapsulated microbeads. These DNA-conjugated beads are subsequently harvested and reamplified under statistically dilute conditions for conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE) STR fragment size analysis. The 9-plex STR profiles of single cells from both pure and mixed populations of GM09947 and GM09948 human lymphoid cells show that all alleles are correctly called and allelic drop-in/drop-out is not observed. The cell mixture study exhibits a good linear relationship between the observed and input cell ratios in the range of 1:1 to 10:1. Additionally, the STR profile of GM09947 cells could be deduced even in the presence of a high concentration of cell-free contaminating 9948 genomic DNA. Our method will be valuable for the STR analysis of samples containing mixtures of cells/DNA from multiple contributors and for low-concentration samples.
Sound source localization for video surveillance camera (2013)

While video analytics used in surveillance applications performs well in normal conditions, it may not work as accurately under adverse circumstances. Taking advantage of the complementary aspects of video and audio can lead to a more effective analytics framework resulting in increased system robustness. For example, sound scene analysis may indicate potential security risks outside field-of-view, pointing the camera in that direction. This paper presents a robust low-complexity method for two-microphone estimation of sound direction. While the source localization problem has been studied extensively, a reliable low-complexity solution remains elusive. The proposed direction estimation is based on the Generalized Cross-Correlation with Phase Transform (GCC-PHAT) method. The novel aspects of our approach include band-selective processing and inter-frame filtering of the GCC-PHAT objective function prior to peak detection. The audio bandwidth, microphone spacing, angle resolution, processing delay and complexity can all be adjusted depending on the application requirements. The described algorithm can be used in a multi-microphone configuration for spatial sound localization by combining estimates from microphone pairs. It has been implemented as a real-time demo on a modified TI DM8127 IP camera. The default 16 kHz audio sampling frequency requires about 5 MIPS processing power in our fixed-point implementation. The test results show robust sound direction estimation under a variety of background noise conditions.
The Properties of Silver-Sheathed Bismuth Superconducting Wire and Their Application (1993)

We have developed silver-sheathed bismuth(2223) superconducting wire using the powder-in-tube method and their application. After obtaining high-J, properties with silver-sheathed Bi(2223) superconducting wires in 1991, a long-wire fabrication became the key issue for actual application. To date, we have successfully developed long wires over hundred meters ; for example, 100 m long wire with Jc (77.3K) = 20,500 A/cm^2 and 156 m long wire with Jc (77.3K) = 15,000 A/cm^2. Prototypes of conductors and magnets using these wires were demonstrated; 5 m/2000 A cable conductor, 500 A current leads with a low liquid He consumption, 10 kA busber and refrigerator cooled magnet. The refrigerator cooled magnet was stably operated at 20 K, generating 1 Tesla, for 100 hours on end.
Long Chain Alkyl Polyglycosides–A New Generation of Emulsifiers (1995)

Abstract Alkyl polyglycosides (APG°) are a new category of mild carbohydrate‐derived surfactants. The industrial manufacturing processes are based upon the „Fischer Glycosidation”︁. The surfactant properties of the glycosides with alkyl chains from octyl to tetradecyl are well characterised. They are commercially available as pale coloured aqueous pastes. The best performance as O/W emulsifiers however is shown by products with alkyl chains from sixteen to eighteen carbon atoms. The physical properties of these long chain alkyl polyglycosides made it necessary to develop a new manufacturing process. This process yields a white solid product which consists of approx. 30 wl. % glycosides and 70 wl. % fatty alcohol. The glycosides herein are an efficient nonionic emulsifier and the fatty alcohol is a well known consistency provider and co‐emulsifier. With respect to international standard test methods (OECD), the compound is readily biodegradable and it shows a very good skin compatibility in a dermatological investigation. On account of the performance and the high quality, regarding the light colour and the good odour, this self‐emulsifying compound is particularly appropriate to cosmetic lotions and creams.
Room temperature multiplexed gas sensing using chemical-sensitive 3.5-nm-thin silicon transistors (2017)

There is great interest in developing a low-power gas sensing technology that can sensitively and selectively quantify the chemical composition of a target atmosphere. Nanomaterials have emerged as extremely promising candidates for this technology due to their inherent low-dimensional nature and high surface-to-volume ratio. Among these, nanoscale silicon is of great interest because pristine silicon is largely inert on its own in the context of gas sensing, unless functionalized with an appropriate gas-sensitive material. We report a chemical-sensitive field-effect transistor (CS-FET) platform based on 3.5-nm-thin silicon channel transistors. Using industry-compatible processing techniques, the conventional electrically active gate stack is replaced by an ultrathin chemical-sensitive layer that is electrically nonconducting and coupled to the 3.5-nm-thin silicon channel. We demonstrate a low-power, sensitive, and selective multiplexed gas sensing technology using this platform by detecting H<sub>2</sub>S, H<sub>2</sub>, and NO<sub>2</sub> at room temperature for environment, health, and safety in the oil and gas industry, offering significant advantages over existing technology. Moreover, the system described here can be readily integrated with mobile electronics for distributed sensor networks in environmental pollution mapping and personal air-quality monitors.
Quantification of circulating cells using an in vivo flow cytometer (2003)

Flow cytometery has been used extensively for the characterization and quantification of circulating cells in animals and humans. The development of sophisticated fluorescent labels has allowed detection of cells with very specific attributes in a highly sensitive manner. In conventional flow cytometry, cell samples are extracted and analyzed outside the body. We have developed a flow cytometer for the detection of circulating fluorescently labeled cells in vivo, without the need to extract a blood sample from the study subject. The technique allows for continuous monitoring of the circulating cell population of interest and, thus, for detection of a very small number of cells, and it yields quantitative results without affecting the physiology of the subject. It could be used for the in vivo detection and quantitative monitoring of red and white blood cells during disease development and processes such as tissue and organ transplantation or of other circulating cells, such as cancer cells in the process of metastasis.
Guanosine protects against reperfusion injury in rat brains after ischemic stroke (2012)

After ischemic stroke, early thrombolytic therapy to reestablish tissue perfusion improves outcome but triggers a cascade of deleterious cellular and molecular events. Using a collaborative approach, our groups examined the effects of guanosine (Guo) in response to ischemic reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats, Guo significantly reduced infarct volume in a dose-dependent manner when given systemically either immediately before or 30 min, but not 60 min, after the onset of the 5.5-hr reperfusion period. In a separate experiment, Guo significantly reduced infarct volume after 24 hr of reperfusion when administered 5 min before reperfusion. Western blot analysis did not reveal any significant changes either in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins (GRP 78 and 94) or HSP 70 or in levels of m-calpain. In vitro oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) significantly increased production of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the primary astrocytes. Guo did not alter ROS or IL-8 production when given to the astrocytes before OGD. However, Guo when added to the cells prior to or 30 min after reperfusion significantly reduced IL-8 release but not ROS formation. Our study revealed a dose- and time-dependent protective effect of Guo on reperfusion injury in vitro and vivo. The mechanisms by which Guo exerts its effect are independent of unfolded proteins in ER or the level of intracellular calcium or ROS formation. However, the effect may be induced, at least partially, by inhibiting IL-8, a marker of reperfusion-triggered proinflammatory events.
In vivo port-wine stain depth determination with a photoacoustic probe (2003)

We have designed a photoacoustic probe for port-wine stain (PWS) depth measurements consisting of optical fibers for laser light delivery and a piezoelectric element for acoustic detection. We characterized the capabilities and limitations of the probe for profiling PWS skin. The probe induced and measured photoacoustic waves in acrylamide tissue phantoms and PWS skin in vivo. The optical properties of the phantoms were chosen to mimic those of PWS skin. We denoised acoustic waves using spline wavelet transforms, then deconvolved with the impulse response of the probe to yield initial subsurface pressure distributions in phantoms and PWS skin. Using the phantoms, we determined that the limit in resolving epidermal and PWS layers was less than 70 microm. In addition, we used the phantoms to determine that the maximum epidermal melanin concentration that allowed detection of PWS was between 13 and 20%. In vivo measurements of PWS skin with different epidermal melanin concentrations correlated with the phantoms. Thus the photoacoustic probe can be used to determine PWS depth for most patients receiving laser therapy.
A 0.8 volt high performance OTA using bulk-driven MOSFETs for low power mixed-signal SOCs (2004)

An ultra-low voltage rail-to-rail folded-cascode operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), based on a standard digital 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process, is described in this paper. A bulk-driven MOSFET technique is employed to facilitate a 0.8 V power supply voltage. The gain of the OTA is increased by using auxiliary gain boosting amplifiers, which enable the OTA to achieve an open loop gain of 68 dB while consuming 94 /spl mu/W, the highest gain achieved to date in bulk-driven amplifiers.
Selection of Vaccine Candidate for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Using a Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (2021)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease and one of the most economically important diseases of livestock. Vaccination is an important measure to control FMD and selection of appropriate vaccine strains is crucial. The objective of this study was to select a vaccine candidate and to evaluate the potential of a blocking ELISA for detecting neutralizing antibodies (NA-ELISA) in vaccine strain selection. Binary ethylenimine inactivated vaccines, prepared from four representative circulating strains (FMDV O/Mya/98, SCGH/CHA/2016, O/Tibet/99, and O/XJ/CHA/2017) belonging to four lineages within three different topotypes of FMD virus (FMDV) serotype O in China, were used to vaccinate cattle (12-13 animals for each strain), sheep (12-13 animals for each strain), and pigs (10 animals for each strain). The results of immunogenicity comparison showed that O/XJ/CHA/2017 exhibited the highest immunogenicity among the four strains in pigs, cattle, and sheep both by NA-ELISA and virus neutralizing test (VNT). Cross-neutralization analysis indicated that O/XJ/CHA/2017 displayed broad antigen spectrum and was antigenically matched with other three representative strains both by NA-ELISA and VNT. In addition, A significant correlation (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) was observed between the NA-ELISA titers and the VNT titers for four representative strains. The results showed that O/XJ/CHA/2017 was a promising vaccine strain candidate and NA-ELISA was comparable to VNT in neutralizing antibodies detection and could be used as the reference test system for vaccine strain selection.
Distributed Averaging on Asynchronous Communication Networks (2006)

Distributed algorithms for averaging have attracted interest in the control and sensing literature. However, previous works have not addressed some practical concerns that will arise in actual implementations on packet-switched communication networks such as the Internet. In this paper, we present several implementable algorithms that are robust to asynchronism and dynamic topology changes. The algorithms do not require global coordination and can be proven to converge under very general asynchronous timing assumptions. Our results are verified by both simulation and experiments on a real-world TCP/IP network.
Reflective silicon binary diffraction grating for visible wavelengths (2011)

We introduce a device based on subwavelength resonant grating technology. Using a single lithography step we built a reflective binary grating that mimics the functionality of a blazed diffraction grating in a flat geometry. We have also demonstrated that efficient subwavelength resonant devices for visible wavelengths can be built using silicon.
Inhibition of TGF-β signaling by 1D11 antibody treatment increases bone mass and quality in vivo (2010)

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an abundant bone matrix protein that influences osteoblast and osteoclast interactions to control bone remodeling. As such, TGF-β represents an obvious pharmacologic target with the potential to regulate both bone formation and resorption to improve bone volume and strength. To investigate the skeletal effect of TGF-β inhibition in vivo, we used an antibody (1D11) specifically directed at all three isoforms of TGF-β. Normal mice were treated with 1D11 or control antibody (4 weeks), and cortical and trabecular bone was assessed by micro-computed tomographic (µCT) scanning. Bone volume and cellular distribution were determined by histomorphometric analysis of vertebrae and long bones. Also, whole-bone strength was assessed biomechanically by three-point bend testing, and tissue-level modulus and composition were analyzed by nanoindentation and Raman microspectroscopy, respectively. TGF-β blockade by 1D11 increased bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular thickness, and bone volume by up to 54%, accompanied by elevated osteoblast numbers and decreased osteoclasts. Biomechanical properties of bone also were enhanced significantly by 1D11 treatment, with increased bending strength and tissue-level modulus. In addition, Raman microspectroscopy demonstrated that 1D11-mediated TGF-β inhibition in the bone environment led to an 11% increase in the mineral-to-collagen ratio of trabecular bone. Together these studies demonstrate that neutralizing TGF-β with 1D11 increases osteoblast numbers while simultaneously decreasing active osteoclasts in the marrow, resulting in a profound increase in bone volume and quality, similar to that seen in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-treated rodent studies.
Compact reachability labeling for graph-structured data (2005)

Testing reachability between nodes in a graph is a well-known problem with many important applications, including knowledge representation, program analysis, and more recently, biological and ontology databases inferencing as well as XML query processing. Various approaches have been proposed to encode graph reachability information using node labeling schemes, but most existing schemes only work well for specific types of graphs. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, HLSS(Hierarchical Labeling of Sub-Structures), which identifies different types of substructures within a graph and encodes them using techniques suitable to the characteristics of each of them. We implement HLSS with an efficient two-phase algorithm, where the first phase identifies and encodes strongly connected components as well as tree substructures, and the second phase encodes the remaining reachability relationships by compressing dense rectangular submatrices in the transitive closure matrix. For the important subproblem of finding densest submatrices, we demonstrate the hardness of the problem and propose several practical algorithms. Experiments show that HLSS handles different types of graphs well, while existing approaches fall prey to graphs with substructures they are not designed to handle.
Phosphonium-Organophosphate Ionic Liquids as Lubricant Additives: Effects of Cation Structure on Physicochemical and Tribological Characteristics (2014)

Our previous work suggested great potential for a phosphonium-organophosphate ionic liquid (IL) as an antiwear lubricant additive. In this study, a set of five ILs were carefully designed and synthesized, with identical organophosphate anions but dissimilar phosphonium cations, to allow systematic investigation of the effects of cation alkyl chain length and symmetry on physicochemical and tribological properties. Symmetric cations with shorter alkyl chains seem to increase the density and thermal stability due to closer packing. On the other hand, either higher cation symmetry or longer alkyl moieties induce a higher viscosity, though the viscosity index is dependent more on molecular mass than on symmetry. While a larger cation size generally increases an IL's solubility in nonpolar hydrocarbon oils, six-carbon seems to be the critical minimum alkyl chain length for high oil miscibility. Both the two ILs, that are mutually oil miscible, have demonstrated promising lubricating performance at 1.04% treat rate, though the symmetric-cation IL moderately outperformed the asymmetric-cation IL. Characterizations on the tribofilm formed by the best-performing symmetric-cation IL revealed the film thickness, nanostructure, and chemical composition. Results here provide fundamental insights for future molecular design in developing oil-soluble ILs as lubricant additives.
Model-based scanner tuning in a manufacturing environment (2009)

Given the decrease in k1 factor for 65nm-node lithography technology and beyond, it is increasingly important to understand and control the variables which impact scanner imaging behavior in the lithography process. In this work, we explore using model simulations to characterize and predict imaging effects of these variables, and then based on such information to fine-tune the scanner settings to obtain printing results optimally matched to a reference scanner. The scanner modeling makes use of detailed scanner characteristics as well as wafer CD measurements for accurate model construction. To identify critically mismatched patterns on a production layout, we employ the fast full-chip simulation capability provided by Brion's Tachyon servers. Tachyon simulations are also used to predict wafer impacts of changes in tunable scanner parameters. A set of optimized scanner variable offsets, called a "scanner tuning recipe", is generated to minimize overall imaging mismatch between two scanners. As a proof-of-concept, we have carried out scanner tuning procedures on selected ASML scanners. The results show improvements more than 20% on CD offset RMS values for 2D line-end patterns, production layout patterns, and the mismatched patterns identified with the full-chip simulation. Improvements on wafer-acceptance-test results and production yield on the to-be-tuned scanner are also observed.
Ion-implanted and permalloy hybrid magnetic bubble memory devices (1986)

Hybrid bubble memory devices have been proposed and operated with the memory density of 4 Mbit/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . In the hybrid bubble memory devices, minor loops are composed of ion-implanted tracks with 4-µm period, and major lines and functional parts including block-replicate and swap gates are composed of Permalloy tracks with a longer period of 12 µm. Passive junctions between ion-implanted and Permalloy tracks have been developed, introducing the tapered ion-implantation technique. Improving the characteristics of the functional parts composed of Permalloy tracks, the hybrid bubble memory devices with block-replicate and swap gates have been operated, and the feasibility of the devices has been confirmed. In addition, the possibility of higher memory density has been shown.
Analytical Model for Hierarchical Cache Optimization in IPTV Network (2009)

In an IPTV network, video on demand and other video services generate large amount of unicast traffic from video hub office (VHO) to subscribers and, therefore, require additional bandwidth and equipment resources in the network. To reduce this traffic and overall network cost, a portion of the video content (the most popular titles) may be stored in caches closer to subscribers, e.g., in a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), a central office (CO), or in an intermediate office (IO). The problem becomes to minimize cost by optimizing cache memory placement and amount. We present an analytical model of hierarchical cache optimization. This model depends on several basic parameters: traffic volume, cache hit rate as a function of memory size, topology (i.e. number of DSLAMs, service routers at CO, service switches at IO locations), and cost parameters. Some reasonable assumptions about a network cost structure and a hit rate function allow us to obtain an analytically optimal solution for the problem. We then analyze the factors that affect this solution.
Cryogenic Electron Beam Induced Chemical Etching (2014)

Cryogenic cooling is used to enable efficient, gas-mediated electron beam induced etching (EBIE) in cases where the etch rate is negligible at room and elevated substrate temperatures. The process is demonstrated using nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) as the etch precursor, and Si, SiO2, SiC, and Si3N4 as the materials volatilized by an electron beam. Cryogenic cooling broadens the range of precursors that can be used for EBIE, and enables high-resolution, deterministic etching of materials that are volatilized spontaneously by conventional etch precursors as demonstrated here by NF3 and XeF2 EBIE of silicon.
Microbial challenges and fuel cell applications (2006)

Energy has been identified as the greatest environmental challenge facing humanity. The principles of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), where bacteria capture and process energy and convert biochemical energy to electrical energy, are described and the technical challenges to their development are considered: system architecture, materials, and microbiology. The most immediate and useful applications for MFCs are identified and discussed: wastewater treatment and niche applications such as environmental sensors, bioremediation, hydrogen production, renewable electricity production from biomass. The use of MFCs in the classroom to stimulate student's interest in science is outlined.