gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bandwidth-Variable Transceivers Based on 4D Modulation Formats for Future Flexible Networks (2013)

We discuss technology options for bandwidth-variable transceivers which are key components for the realization of flexible software-defined optical networking. In particular, we focus on recent advances in four-dimensional modulation formats and in modulation format transparent data-aided digital signal processing.
Graphene/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite strain sensor (2013)

The objective of this research is to fabricate graphene nanopowder composites based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and to characterize the gauge factor of the graphene/PDMS composites for the use of strain sensors. The fabrication of graphene/PDMS composites can be accomplished by simple sonication and micro molding processes. We found that the measured gauge factors strongly depend on the concentration of graphene flakes in the composites. Obtained gauge factor of the graphene/PDMS composite strain sensor reached about 233 at a graphene concentration of 8.33 vol.%, which was measured within a strain range of 2%.
Real-time process sensing and metrology in amorphous and selective area silicon plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using <i>in situ</i> mass spectrometry (1997)

We have used mass spectroscopy to observe and analyze, in real-time, gas phase reactants and product species in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of silicon. We describe a doubly differentially pumped mass spectrometry system to sample the exhaust stream of a large area plasma CVD reactor operating at 0.4–1.5 Torr. We show real-time quantitative analysis of silane consumption and hydrogen production for deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon and for pulsed-gas selective area silicon deposition. The ability of mass spectrometry to observe process faults in real time is also demonstrated. Mass spectroscopy is a useful nonintrusive process-state sensor for real-time metrology of plasma deposition, for example, to quantify gas phase species, and to characterize reactions occurring on the substrate surface. Based on our results, we discuss potential advanced manufacturing applications of real-time mass spectrometry in amorphous silicon and selective area silicon plasma deposition, including indirect wafer-state sensing, fault analysis and classification, and run-to-run and real-time process control.
Pepsin as a causal agent of inflammation during nonacidic reflux (2009)

Exposure of hypopharyngeal cells to pepsin in a nonacidic environment induces the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and receptors, including those known to be involved in inflammation of esophageal epithelium in response to reflux and which contribute to the pathophysiology of reflux esophagitis. These data indicate that refluxed pepsin may contribute to laryngeal inflammation associated with nonacidic gastric reflux, including that experienced by patients despite maximal acid suppression therapy.
AKTUALISASI NILAI-NILAI AL-QUR’AN DI ERA MODERN (2019)

. القرآن كلام الله المنزل علي رسوله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلّم هدى للناس أجمعين بل يهدى للتى هى أقوام ولذك فالقرآن صالح لكل زمان و مكان و شامل لكل ما يحتاج اليه الناس من الهداية. فهناك مسائل ومشاكل يواجهونها المسلمون فى عصرنا هذا منها تقدم العلوم والتكنولوجى
Bovine Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) Promoter Polymorphisms Modulate PRNP Expression and May Be Responsible for Differences in Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Susceptibility (2005)

The susceptibility of humans to the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is greatly influenced by polymorphisms within the human prion protein gene (PRNP). Similar genetic differences exist in sheep, in which PRNP polymorphisms modify the susceptibility to scrapie. However, the known coding polymorphisms within the bovine PRNP gene have little or no effect on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) susceptibility in cattle. We have recently found a tentative association between PRNP promoter polymorphisms and BSE susceptibility in German cattle (Sander, P., Hamann, H., Pfeiffer, I., Wemheuer, W., Brenig, B., Groschup, M., Ziegler, U., Distl, O., and Leeb, T. (2004) Neurogenetics 5, 19-25). A plausible hypothesis explaining this observation could be that the bovine PRNP promoter polymorphisms cause changes in PRNP expression that might be responsible for differences in BSE incubation time and/or BSE susceptibility. To test this hypothesis, we performed a functional promoter analysis of the different bovine PRNP promoter alleles by reporter gene assays in vitro and by measuring PRNP mRNA levels in calves with different PRNP genotypes in vivo. Two variable sites, a 23-bp insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism containing a RP58-binding site and a 12-bp indel polymorphism containing an SP1-binding site, were investigated. Band shift assays indicated differences in transcription factor binding to the different alleles at the two polymorphisms. Reporter gene assays demonstrated an interaction between the two postulated transcription factors and lower expression levels of the ins/ins allele compared with the del/del allele. The in vivo data revealed substantial individual variation of PRNP expression in different tissues. In intestinal lymph nodes, expression levels differed between the different PRNP genotypes.
Evaluation of Alternative Thermocouple Designs for Transient Heat Transfer Measurements in Metal and Ceramic Engines (1989)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Finite element models of various fast-response thermocouple designs have been developed. Due to the small differences in thermal properties between thermoelements and metal engine components, standard co-axial thermocouples can measure transient temperatures of metal components within an accuracy of 98%. However, these relatively small errors in total temperature measurement translate into as high as 30% errors in indicated peak-to-peak-temperature swings for iron surfaces. The transient swing errors result in up to 30% errors in peak heat flux rates to iron surfaces. These peak heat flux errors can be substantially larger if coaxial thermocouples are used for heat flux measurements in aluminum or ceramic surfaces. Increasing the thin film thickness is a compromise solution to reduce the discrepancy in peak heat flux measured with coaxial designs in metal engines. An alternative overlapping thin film thermocouple design has also been evaluated. Due to the placement of its junction away from the thermoelements, the latter design is capable of very accurate heat transfer measurements in ceramic components.</div>
Characteristics of CliniMACS® System CD34-Enriched T Cell-Depleted Grafts in a Multicenter Trial for Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) Protocol 0303 (2011)

Eight centers participated in the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) protocol 0303 to determine the effect of extensive T cell depletion (TCD) on the outcome of HLA matched sibling donor transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. One goal of the study was to determine if TCD could be performed uniformly among study sites. TCD was achieved using the CliniMACS(®) CD34 Reagent System for CD34 enrichment. Processed grafts needed to contain ≥ 2.0 × 10(6) CD34(+)cells/kg with a target of 5.0 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg and <10(5) CD3(+) T cells/kg. Up to 3 collections were allowed to achieve the minimum CD34(+) cell dose. In total, 86 products were processed for 44 patients. Differences in the starting cell products between centers were seen in regard to total nucleated cells, CD34(+) cells, and CD3(+) T cells, which could in part be ascribed to a higher dose of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor used for mobilization early in the trial. Differences between centers in processing outcomes were minimal and could be ascribed to starting cell parameters or to differences in graft analysis methods. Multivariate analysis showed that CD34(+) cell recovery (66.1% ± 20.3%) was inversely associated with the starting number of CD34(+) cells (P = .02). Median purity of the CD34 enriched fraction was 96.7% (61.5%-99.8%) with monocytes and B cells the most common impurity. All patients received the minimum CD34(+) cell dose, and 39 patients (89%) came within 10% or exceeded the target CD34(+) cell dose without exceeding the maximum T cell dose. All patients proceeded to transplantation and all achieved initial engraftment. Products processed at multiple centers using the CliniMACS System for CD34 enrichment were comparably and uniformly highly enriched for CD34(+) cells, with good CD34(+) cell recovery and very low CD3(+) T cell content.
Structural determinants of the substrate specificities of xylanases from different glycoside hydrolase families (2010)

Xylanases are of widespread importance in several food and non-food biotechnological applications. They degrade heteroxylans, a structurally heterogeneous group of plant cell wall polysaccharides, and other important components in various industrial processes. Because of the highly complex structures of heteroxylans, efficient utilization of xylanases in these processes requires an in-depth knowledge of their substrate specificity. A significant number of studies on the three-dimensional structures of xylanases from different glycoside hydrolase (GH) families in complex with the substrate provided insight into the different mechanisms and strategies by which xylanases bind and hydrolyze structurally different heteroxylans and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS). Combined with reports on the hydrolytic activities of xylanases on decorated XOS and heteroxylans, major advances have been made in our understanding of the link between the three-dimensional structures and the substrate specificities of these enzymes. In this review, authors gave a concise overview of the structure-function relationship of xylanases from GH5, 8, 10, and 11. The structural basis for inter- and intrafamily variation in xylanase substrate specificity was discussed as are the implications for heteroxylan degradation.
Bispectral Imaging Through Unknown Deterministic Aberrations (1995)

Abstract When the deterministic aberrations are known in an optical system, traditional de-blurring methods are effective. However, when the aberrations are difficult to quantify, such as telescope aberrations or the aberrations in the human eye, other methods are needed. One potential method for de-blurring an image that is formed from a system with unknown aberrations is the bispectral imaging method. It is a promising way to remove the effects of deterministic aberrations when random aberrations are present or artificially introduced into the system. Through computer simulations, we have found the optimal amount of random aberrations to have present in a system containing deterministic aberrations. This amount optimizes the image quality of the reconstruction at high light levels using 100 statistically independent aberrated images of the object. Defocus and several third-order aberrations were considered in the isoplanatic case. The performance of this method was characterized by reconstructing a point source and computing its Strehl ratio. These results are currently being used to incorporate the bispectral imaging method as part of a non-invasive technique to reconstruct high-resolution images of the back of the eye in human subjects.
Improving PEM fuel cell catalyst activity and durability using nitrogen-doped carbon supports: observations from model Pt/HOPG systems (2009)

This study presents clear and compelling experimental evidence for the significant beneficial effects of nitrogen-doping on the activity of Pt/C catalyst systems for the methanol oxidation reaction. This evidence is obtained through the deployment of geometrically well-defined model catalytic systems consisting of tunable assemblies of Pt catalyst nanoparticles deposited onto undoped, Ar-doped, and N-doped highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates. Both Ar- and N-doping were achieved via ion beam implantation, and Pt was electrodeposited from solutions of H2PtCl6 in aqueous HClO4. Morphology from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and aqueous electrochemical analysis of catalytic activity was utilized to examine the effect of N-doping compared to the undoped and Ar-doped control samples. The results strongly support the theory that doping nitrogen into a graphite support significantly affects both the morphology and the behavior of the overlying Pt nanoparticles. In particular, nitrogen-doping was observed to cause a significant decrease in the average Pt nanoparticle size, an increase in the Pt nanoparticle dispersion, and a significant increase in catalytic activity and durability for methanol oxidation. The model catalytic systems demonstrated here represent a versatile platform to study catalyst-support interactions in electrocatalytically relevant nanoparticle systems.
Development of a Portable, Ultra-Rapid and Ultra-Sensitive Cell-Based Biosensor for the Direct Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike Protein Antigen (2020)

One of the key challenges of the recent COVID-19 pandemic is the ability to accurately estimate the number of infected individuals, particularly asymptomatic and/or early-stage patients. We herewith report the proof-of-concept development of a biosensor able to detect the SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein expressed on the surface of the virus. The biosensor is based on membrane-engineered mammalian cells bearing the human chimeric spike S1 antibody. We demonstrate that the attachment of the protein to the membrane-bound antibodies resulted in a selective and considerable change in the cellular bioelectric properties measured by means of a Bioelectric Recognition Assay. The novel biosensor provided results in an ultra-rapid manner (3 min), with a detection limit of 1 fg/mL and a semi-linear range of response between 10 fg and 1 μg/mL. In addition, no cross-reactivity was observed against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Furthermore, the biosensor was configured as a ready-to-use platform, including a portable read-out device operated via smartphone/tablet. In this way, we demonstrate that the novel biosensor can be potentially applied for the mass screening of SARS-CoV-2 surface antigens without prior sample processing, therefore offering a possible solution for the timely monitoring and eventual control of the global coronavirus pandemic.
Real-Time Detection of Application-Layer DDoS Attack Using Time Series Analysis (2013)

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are one of the major threats to the current Internet, and application-layer DDoS attacks utilizing legitimate HTTP requests to overwhelm victim resources are more undetectable. Consequently, neither intrusion detection systems (IDS) nor victim server can detect malicious packets. In this paper, a novel approach to detect application-layer DDoS attack is proposed based on entropy of HTTP GET requests per source IP address (HRPI). By approximating the adaptive autoregressive (AAR) model, the HRPI time series is transformed into a multidimensional vector series. Then, a trained support vector machine (SVM) classifier is applied to identify the attacks. The experiments with several databases are performed and results show that this approach can detect application-layer DDoS attacks effectively.
Risk Factors for Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (2011)

Case reports and cohort studies have linked bisphosphonate therapy and osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ), but neither causality nor specific risks for lesion development have been clearly established. We conducted a 1:3 case-control study with three dental Practice-based Research Networks, using dentist questionnaires and patient interviews for collection of data on bisphosphonate therapy, demographics, co-morbidities, and dental and medical treatments. Multivariable logistic regression analyses tested associations between bisphosphonate use and other risk factors with ONJ. We enrolled 191 ONJ cases and 573 controls in 119 dental practices. Bisphosphonate use was strongly associated with ONJ (odds ratios [OR] 299.5 {95%CI 70.0-1282.7} for intravenous [IV] use and OR = 12.2 {4.3-35.0} for oral use). Risk markers included local suppuration (OR = 7.8 {1.8-34.1}), dental extraction (OR = 7.6 {2.4-24.7}), and radiation therapy (OR = 24.1 {4.9-118.4}). When cancer patients (n = 143) were excluded, bisphosphonate use (OR = 7.2 {2.1-24.7}), suppuration (OR = 11.9 {2.0-69.5}), and extractions (OR = 6.6 {1.6-26.6}) remained associated with ONJ. Higher risk of ONJ began within 2 years of bisphosphonate initiation and increased four-fold after 2 years. Both IV and oral bisphosphonate use were strongly associated with ONJ. Duration of treatment > 2 years; suppuration and dental extractions were independent risk factors for ONJ.
Impact of enhanced resolution, speed and penetration on three-dimensional retinal optical coherence tomography (2009)

: Recent substantial developments in light source and detector technology have initiated a paradigm shift in retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) performance. Broad bandwidth light sources in the 800 nm and 1060 nm wavelength region enable axial OCT resolutions of 2-3 mum and 5-7 mum, respectively. Novel high speed silicon based CMOS cameras at 800 nm and InGaAs based CCD cameras in combination with frequency domain OCT technology enable data acquisition speeds of up to 47,000 A-scans/s at 1060 nm and up to 312,500 A-scans/s at 800 nm. Combining ultrahigh axial resolution, ultrahigh speed OCT at 800 nm with pancorrected adaptive optics allows volumetric in vivo cellular resolution retinal imaging. Commercially available three-dimensional (3D) retinal OCT at 800 nm (20,000 A-scans/s, 6 mum axial resolution) is compared to ultrahigh speed 3D retinal imaging at 800 nm (160,000 A-scans/s, 2-3 mum axial resolution), high speed 3D choroidal imaging at 1060 nm (47,000 Ascan/ second, 6-7 mum axial resolution) and cellular resolution retinal imaging at 800 nm using adaptive optics OCT at 160,000 A-scans/second with isotropic resolution of ~2 mum. Analysis of the performance of these four imaging modalities applied in normal and pathologic eyes focusing on motion artifact free volumetric retinal imaging and revealing novel, complementary morphological information due to enhanced resolution, speed and penetration is presented.
Single-cell multiomics sequencing and analyses of human colorectal cancer (2018)

Although genomic instability, epigenetic abnormality, and gene expression dysregulation are hallmarks of colorectal cancer, these features have not been simultaneously analyzed at single-cell resolution. Using optimized single-cell multiomics sequencing together with multiregional sampling of the primary tumor and lymphatic and distant metastases, we developed insights beyond intratumoral heterogeneity. Genome-wide DNA methylation levels were relatively consistent within a single genetic sublineage. The genome-wide DNA demethylation patterns of cancer cells were consistent in all 10 patients whose DNA we sequenced. The cancer cells' DNA demethylation degrees clearly correlated with the densities of the heterochromatin-associated histone modification H3K9me3 of normal tissue and those of repetitive element long interspersed nuclear element 1. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of reconstructing genetic lineages and tracing their epigenomic and transcriptomic dynamics with single-cell multiomics sequencing.
Snapshot Ensembles: Train 1, get M for free (2017)

Ensembles of neural networks are known to be much more robust and accurate than individual networks. However, training multiple deep networks for model averaging is computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose a method to obtain the seemingly contradictory goal of ensembling multiple neural networks at no additional training cost. We achieve this goal by training a single neural network, converging to several local minima along its optimization path and saving the model parameters. To obtain repeated rapid convergence, we leverage recent work on cyclic learning rate schedules. The resulting technique, which we refer to as Snapshot Ensembling, is simple, yet surprisingly effective. We show in a series of experiments that our approach is compatible with diverse network architectures and learning tasks. It consistently yields lower error rates than state-of-the-art single models at no additional training cost, and compares favorably with traditional network ensembles. On CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 our DenseNet Snapshot Ensembles obtain error rates of 3.4% and 17.4% respectively.
Acoustic resonance spectroscopy (ARS) (1992)

The basics of acoustic resonance spectroscopy (ARS), which provides data about an object's physical structure and composition, are explained. In ARS, one actively excites a large number of resonances (normal modes) in an object that has no internal vibrations by slowly sweeping the excitation frequency to obtain an acoustic spectrum of the object. The instrumentation for this nondestructive evaluation technique is described, and some applications are briefly discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Intramolecular aryl transfer to thionium ions in an approach to α-arylacetamides (2009)

An intramolecular aryl transfer to thionium ions has been exploited in a fluorous synthesis of alpha-arylacetamides.
Towards establishing causality between change and incident (2016)

It is common knowledge in the IT service domain that changes to the system configuration are responsible for a major portion of incidents that result in client outages. However, it is typically very difficult to establish a relationship between changes and incidents as proper documentation takes lower priority at change creation time, as well as during incident management, in order to deal with the tremendous time pressure to quickly implement changes and resolve incidents. As a result, it is often not possible to leverage historical data to perform retrospective analysis to identify any emerging trends linking changes to incidents, or to build predictive models for proactive incident prevention at change creation time. In this paper, we present an approach for establishing causality between changes and incidents through an ensemble of statistics, data classification, and natural language processing techniques. We demonstrate our approach with a real world example.
Statistical correlations between locally randomized measurements: A toolbox for probing entanglement in many-body quantum states (2019)

We develop a general theoretical framework for measurement protocols employing statistical correlations of randomized measurements. We focus on locally randomized measurements implemented with local random unitaries in quantum lattice models. In particular, we discuss the theoretical details underlying the recent measurement of the second R\'enyi entropy of highly mixed quantum states consisting of up to ten qubits in a trapped-ion quantum simulator [Brydges et al., Science 364, 260 (2019)]. We generalize the protocol to access the overlap of quantum states, prepared sequentially in one experiment. Furthermore, we discuss proposals for quantum state tomography based on randomized measurements within our framework and the respective scaling of statistical errors with system size.
Radiosity on graphics hardware (2004)

Radiosity is a widely used technique for global illumination. The computation is typically done offline, but the result is a model suitable for real-time display. We present a technique for computing radiosity, including an adaptive subdivision of the model, using graphics hardware. Since our goal is to make the solution run at interactive rates, we exploit the computational power and programmable functionality of recent graphics hardware. Using our system on current hardware, we have been able to compute a full radiosity solution for a small scene in less than one second.