gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toll-like receptor 2 and 9 are expressed and functional in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of presuckling newborn swine (2006)

To clarify the crucial role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9 in immature gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), we focused on the expression of TLR2 and TLR9 and the immune responses induced by their ligands in the GALT of presuckling newborn swine. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were expressed at detectable levels in all tested tissues (heart, thymus, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileal Peyer patches (Pps), and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)). In particular, in immature intestinal tissues and GALT, TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were expressed at higher levels in ileal Pps and MLN than in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We confirmed that the TLR2 and TLR9 proteins were also highly expressed and that their ligands were preferentially recognized by TLR2- or TLR9-expressing cells in the MLN and ileal Pps. Zymosan, CpG2006, and lactic acid bacteria could promote mitogenesis and production of multiple cytokines by the MLN and ileal Pps. In addition, double immunostaining for cytokeratin 18 and either TLR2 or TLR9 revealed that both TLR2 and TLR9 are strongly expressed in the columnar membranous (M) cells. Interestingly, while the apical membrane of the columnar M cells strongly expressed TLR2 protein and preferentially recognized zymosan, both "TLR2 expression on the apical membrane" and "TLR2-mediated zymosan binding" were negligible in neighboring enterocytes. These results indicate that TLR2 and TLR9 allow MLN and ileal Pps to respond to a variety of bacterial components immediately after birth, thereby providing newborns with a host defense system.
<i>In Vitro</i> Activity and Single-Step Mutational Analysis of Rifamycin SV Tested against Enteropathogens Associated with Traveler's Diarrhea and <i>Clostridium difficile</i> (2010)

Rifamycin SV is a broad-spectrum, poorly absorbed antimicrobial agent that, when coupled with MMX technology, is being targeted for the oral treatment of traveler's diarrhea (TD) and Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD). Rifamycin SV was tested for activity against 911 TD-associated enteropathogens and 30 C. difficile isolates collected from several global surveillance studies. Rifamycin SV demonstrated similar antimicrobial activity levels against the Enterobacteriaceae, with MIC₅₀ values ranging from 32 to 128 μg/ml for all but one strain (an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli at >512 μg/ml). For non-Enterobacteriaceae strains, MIC₅₀ values ranged from 2 to 8 μg/ml, with the exception of Campylobacter spp., for which all strains had MIC values of >512 μg/ml. Rifamycin SV also demonstrated excellent activity (MIC₅₀ of ≤ 0.03 μg/ml) against most C. difficile strains (including one hypervirulent NAP1 strain), and this activity was even superior to the potency observed for vancomycin, metronidazole, and rifaximin. In mutational passaging studies, rifamycin SV induced stable resistance and showed a mutation frequency in E. coli similar to that of rifampin. This study presents the potency of rifamycin SV for enteropathogens commonly recovered from patients with TD and CDAD. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies appear necessary to determine the utility of rifamycin SV as an oral agent for the prevention and treatment of TD and CDAD.
Temperature feedback control for long-term carrier-envelope phase locking (2009)

By combining control of the Ti:sapphire crystal temperature with the modulation of the pump laser power, the carrier-envelope offset frequency f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CEO</sub> was locked for more than 19 hours.
A laser interferometer for measuring straightness and its position based on heterodyne interferometry (2009)

Not only the magnitude but also the position of straightness errors are of concern to users. However, current laser interferometers used for measuring straightness seldom give the relative position of the straightness error. To solve this problem, a laser interferometer for measuring straightness and its position based on heterodyne interferometry is proposed. The optical configuration of the interferometer is designed and the measurement principle is analyzed theoretically. Two experiments were carried out. The first experiment verifies the validity and repeatability of the interferometer by measuring a linear stage. Also, the second one for measuring a flexure-hinge stage demonstrates that the interferometer is capable of nanometer measurement accuracy. These results show that this interferometer has advantages of simultaneously measuring straightness error and the relative position with high precision, and a compact structure.
Activity of the De Novo Engineered Antimicrobial Peptide WLBU2 against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in Human Serum and Whole Blood: Implications for Systemic Applications (2005)

Cationic amphipathic peptides have been extensively investigated as a potential source of new antimicrobials that can complement current antibiotic regimens in the face of emerging drug-resistant bacteria. However, the suppression of antimicrobial activity under certain biologically relevant conditions (e.g., serum and physiological salt concentrations) has hampered efforts to develop safe and effective antimicrobial peptides for clinical use. We have analyzed the activity and selectivity of the human peptide LL37 and the de novo engineered antimicrobial peptide WLBU2 in several biologically relevant conditions. The host-derived synthetic peptide LL37 displayed high activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but demonstrated staphylococcus-specific sensitivity to NaCl concentrations varying from 50 to 300 mM. Moreover, LL37 potency was variably suppressed in the presence of 1 to 6 mM Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) ions. In contrast, WLBU2 maintained its activity in NaCl and physiologic serum concentrations of Mg(2+) and Ca(2+). WLBU2 is able to kill P. aeruginosa (10(6) CFU/ml) in human serum, with a minimum bactericidal concentration of <9 microM. Conversely, LL37 is inactive in the presence of human serum. Bacterial killing kinetic assays in serum revealed that WLBU2 achieved complete bacterial killing in 20 min. Consistent with these results was the ability of WLBU2 (15 to 20 microM) to eradicate bacteria from ex vivo samples of whole blood. The selectivity of WLBU2 was further demonstrated by its ability to specifically eliminate P. aeruginosa in coculture with human monocytes or skin fibroblasts without detectable adverse effects to the host cells. Finally, WLBU2 displayed potent efficacy against P. aeruginosa in an intraperitoneal infection model using female Swiss Webster mice. These results establish a potential application of WLBU2 in the treatment of bacterial sepsis.
Bidirectional Data Vortex Optical Interconnection Network: BER Performance by Hardware Simulation and Evaluation of Terminal Reliability (2014)

In this paper, we present bi-directional data vortex interconnection network in which the packets are routed both in the forward as well as in the reverse directions. We have simulated the hardware model of a single node with data flow from the node in both the directions and routing. The cascading performance of nodes has been studied by varying the input power from -15 to 0 dBm and BER characteristics up to 70 cascaded nodes have been verified. The terminal reliability analysis of bi-directional data vortex is carried out, as reliability and fault tolerance are important parameters for any multistage interconnection network. Finally, the comparison of the terminal reliability between the proposed bidirectional architecture with two data vortex networks connected in parallel for bidirectional operation is presented.
Effect of potassium adsorption on the photochemical properties of titania nanotube arrays (2009)

It is demonstrated that vertically-aligned titania nanotube planar arrays fabricated by electrochemical anodization using standard potassium-containing electrolytes invariably contain a significant amount of surface-adsorbed potassium ions, hitherto undetected, that affect the titania photoelectrochemical or PEC performance. Synchrotron-based near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy reveals the strong ionic nature of surface potassium-titania bonds that alters the PEC performance over that of pure titania nanotubes through reduction of the external electrical bias needed to produce hydrogen at maximum efficiency. This result implies that the external electrical energy input required per liter of solar hydrogen produced with potassium-adsorbed titania nanotubes may be reduced. Tailoring the potassium content may thus be an alternative means to fine-tune the photoelectrochemical response of TiO2nanotube-based PEC electrodes.
A Perception Based System for Depth Metadata (2011)

With the proliferation of three dimensional content across various media platforms, metadata that supports the generation and display of this content has become increasingly significant. Many examples of 3D metadata generation and use exist, but they have so far been application specific in their description of the depth component. When measuring or rendering objects in 3D space with relation to a viewing plane (see fig. 1), the depth value (taken to be the z axis here) is usually absolute in relation to the volume of the image space. Depth values (z) are usually expressed using an arbitrarily decided unit of measurement, but do not take into account how objects at depth (z) will appear when viewed on displays of different sizes.
The dual round robin matching switch with exhaustive service (2003)

Virtual output queuing is widely used by fixed-length high-speed switches to overcome head-of-line blocking. This is done by means of matching algorithms. Maximum matching algorithms have good performance, but their implementation complexity is quite high. Maximal matching algorithms need speedup to guarantee good performance. Iterative algorithms (such as PIM and iSLIP) use multiple iterations to converge on a maximal match. The dual round-robin matching (DRRM) scheme has performance similar to iSLIP and lower implementation complexity. The objective of matching algorithms is to reduce the matching overhead for each time slot. In this paper we present the exhaustive service dual round-robin matching (EDRRM) algorithm, which amortizes the cost of a match over multiple time slots. While EDRRM suffers from a throughput below 100% for small switch sizes, it is conjectured to achieve an asymptotic 100% throughput under uniform traffic. Simulations show that it achieves high throughput under nonuniform traffic. Its delay performance is not sensitive to traffic burstiness, switch size and packet length. In an EDRRM switch cells belonging to the same packet are transferred to the output continuously, which leads to good packet delay performance and simplifies the implementation of packet reassembly.
<title>Electronic pan/tilt/zoom camera system</title> (1993)

A camera system for omnidirectional image viewing applications that provides pan, tilt, zoom, and rotational orientation within a hemispherical field-of-view utilizing no moving parts has been developed. The imaging device is based on the effect that the image from a fisheye lens, which produces a circular image of an entire hemispherical field-of-view, can be mathematically corrected using high speed electronic circuitry. More specifically, an incoming fisheye image from an image acquisition source is captured in memory of the device, a transformation is performed for the viewing region-of-interest and viewing direction, and a corrected image is output as a video image signal for viewing, recording, or analysis. As a result, this device can accomplish the functions of pan, tilt, rotation, and zoom throughout a hemispherical field-of-view without the need for any mechanical mechanisms. A programmable transformation processor provides flexible control over viewing situations. Multiple images, each with different image magnifications and pan-tilt-rotate parameters, can be obtained from a single camera. The image transformation device can provide corrected images at frame rates compatible with RS-170 standard video equipment. The device can be used for may applications where a conventional mechanical pan-and-tilt orientation mechanism might be considered including inspection, monitoring, surveillance, and target acquisition. Omniview is ideal for multiple target acquisition and image stabilization in military applications due to its multiple image handling and fast response capabilities.
The variable-length generalized lapped biorthogonal transform (2002)

This paper introduces a class of linear phase lapped biorthogonal transforms with basis functions of variable length (VLGLBT). The transform can be characterized by a lattice which structurally enforces both linear phase and perfect reconstruction properties as well as provides a fast and efficient transform implementation. Our main motivation of the new transform is its application in image coding. The VLGLBT has several long overlapped basis functions for representing smooth signals to avoid blocking artifacts. The rest of the bases covering high-frequency bands are constrained to be short to limit ringing artifacts. The relaxation of the orthogonal constraint allows the VLGLBT to have significantly different analysis and synthesis banks which can be tailored appropriately to obtain high-quality reconstructed images. Most importantly, the variable-length property allows us to design very fast and low-complexity transforms. Comparing to the popular DCT, a fast VLGLBT named FLT only requires 6 more multiplications and 8 more additions. Yet, image coding examples show that the FLT is far superior than the DCT and is close to the 9/7-tap biorthogonal wavelet in both objective and subjective coding performance.
High-Intensity Electric Field Measurements with Rydberg Vapors (2018)

Measurements of radio-frequency (RF) electric fields using EIT spectroscopy of Rydberg states in atomic vapors have garnered significant interest in recent years. Here we describe recent work extending the approach to measurements of high-intensity RF electric fields above 1 kV/m and continuous-frequency RF measurement capability.
Understanding Waveguiding in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (1996)

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting: lasers (vcsels) are presently the subject of intense research due to their potential as compact, efficient, astigmatic laser sources for a number of important applications. Interest in these devices has increased still further due to recent reports of record-low thresholds1 and record-high wall-plug efficiencies2. Most of the prevalent vcsel designs operate in multiple lateral modes, however, limiting their usefulness. In general, little attention has been paid to lateral mode discrimination in vcsels, partly because of the need for addressing other more pressing issues, and partly due to the lack of a fundamental understanding of waveguiding and the physics of optical confinement in such devices. Here, we present the first theoretical treatment of waveguiding in vcsels that properly includes the effects of the resonant cavity. The resulting treatment immediately suggests new designs for leaky-mode (antiguided) vcsels that should result in devices operating in the fundamental mode to powers much higher than presently attainable.
Deficiency of SP-B reveals protective role of SP-C during oxygen lung injury (2002)

Although the surface properties of surfactant protein (SP)-B and SP-C are similar, the contributions that either protein may make to lung function have not been identified in vivo. Mutations in SP-B cause lethal respiratory failure at birth; however, SP-B null mice are deficient in both SP-B and SP-C. To identify potential contributions of SP-C to lung function in vivo, the following transgenic mice were generated and exposed to 95% O(2) for 3 days: (SP-B(+/+),SP-C(+/+)), (SP-B(+/+), SP-C(-/-)), (SP-B(+/-),SP-C(+/+)), (SP-B(+/-),SP-C(+/-)), and (SP-B(+/-),SP-C(-/-)). Hyperoxia altered pressure-volume curves in mice that were heterozygous for SP-B, and these values were further decreased in (SP-B(+/-),SP-C(-/-)) mice. Likewise, alveolar interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 beta were maximally increased by O(2) exposure of (SP-B(+/-),SP-C(-/-)) mice compared with the other genotypes. Lung hysteresivity was lower in the (SP-B(+/-),SP-C(-/-)) mice. Surfactant isolated from (SP-B(+/+),SP-C(-/-)) and (SP-B(+/-),SP-C(-/-)) mice failed to stabilize the surface tension of microbubbles, showing that SP-C plays a role in stabilization or recruitment of phospholipid films at low bubble radius. Genetically decreased levels of SP-B combined with superimposed O(2)-induced injury reveals the distinct contribution of SP-C to pulmonary function in vivo.
X-Press: Two-Stage X-Tolerant Compactor With Programmable Selector (2007)

This paper presents X-Press - a new two-stage test-response compactor that can be easily integrated with a multiple scan-chain environment. This compactor preserves all benefits of spatial compaction and offers, due to its overdrive sequential section, compression much higher than the ratio of scan chains to compactor outputs. X-Press is also capable of handling a wide range of unknown (X) state profiles by deploying a two-level scan-chain-selection mechanism. In addition to a new compactor architecture, original contributions of this paper include a detailed analysis of two-level error masking caused by X states and a new algorithm to both rank scan chains and then to determine, in per-pattern mode, scan-chain-selection rules used to suppress X states. Experimental results obtained for a variety of designs show feasibility and efficiency of the proposed compaction scheme, altogether with actual impact of X states on a test-pattern count. Finally, diagnostic capabilities of the proposed scheme accompanied by further experimental results are also analyzed.
Characterization of T-cell Receptors Directed Against HLA-A*01-restricted and C*07-restricted Epitopes of MAGE-A3 and MAGE-A12 (2012)

The ability of T cells that have been genetically engineered to express T-cell receptors (TCRs) directed against tumor antigens to mediate tumor regression has been demonstrated in several clinical trials. These TCRs have primarily targeted HLA-A*0201-restricted TCRs, as approximately 50% of whites, who represent the predominant population of patients who develop melanomas, expresses this HLA class I allele. These therapies could be extended to additional patients through the use of TCRs that target epitopes that are presented by additional class I alleles that are prevalent in this population such as HLA-C*07 and HLA-A*01, which are expressed by approximately 50% and 30% of the patient population respectively. Therefore, 2 TCRs that recognize an epitope of MAGE-A12 in the context of HLA-C*07 and 2 TCRs that recognize an epitope of MAGE-A3 in the context of HLA-A*01 were isolated from tumor-reactive T-cell clones and cloned in a recombinant retroviral expression vector. Comparative studies indicated that one of the 2 MAGE-A3-reactive TCRs and one of the 2 MAGE-A12-reactive TCRs were superior to the additional TCRs in conferring transduced peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the capacity to recognize a broad array of antigen and MHC-positive target cells. These results provide support for the use of these TCRs in cancer adoptive immunotherapy trials.
PC-Based Hyperacuity Tests (1990)

Hyperacuity is described as the ability to perceive a difference in relative spatial localization to the order of seconds of arc (Westheimer 1979). The various hyperacuity tasks include vernier acuity (line vernier, two-dot vernier), stereoacuity and orientation discrimination. It has been shown that hyperacuity is resistant to optical degradation of the retinal image (Enoch et al. 1983 and Williams et al. 1984), therefore, vernier judgements possess potential clinical importance as a test of visual function in patients with opaque media. A recent review of clinical use of hyperacuity is given by Enoch et al. (1985). Further studies on psychophysical hyperacuity tests, the modified vernier gap test and a bisection task test to detect and quantify metamorphopsia are discussed in this paper.
Multispecies Trapped-Ion Node for Quantum Networking (2017)

Trapped atomic ions are a leading platform for quantum information networks, with long-lived identical qubit memories that can be locally entangled through their Coulomb interaction and remotely entangled through photonic channels. However, performing both local and remote operations in a single node of a quantum network requires extreme isolation between spectator qubit memories and qubits associated with the photonic interface. We achieve this isolation by cotrapping ^{171}Yb^{+} and ^{138}Ba^{+} qubits. We further demonstrate the ingredients of a scalable ion trap network node with two distinct experiments that consist of entangling the mixed species qubit pair through their collective motion and entangling a ^{138}Ba^{+} qubit with an emitted visible photon.
Semiconductor screen dynamic visible-to-infrared scene converter (2002)

The concept for a new high spatial resolution, high-temperature, Dynamic Infrared Scene Projector (DISP) for generating high-speed (microsecond range) broadband (3-16 microns) IR scenery through visible pumping of DISP semiconductor scene (visible-to-infrared conversion) was developed, fabricated and tested. The principle of this new device operation and the results of our initial experimental study are reported for the first time. Key potential operating parameters of the new device prototype (based on a Germanium screen) are compared to that of modern conventional DISP engine (SBIR Emitter Array Projector).
Mapping of immunodominant CD4+ T lymphocyte epitopes of hepatitis C virus antigens and their relevance during the course of chronic infection (1995)

In acute and chronic viral disease the specific response of CD4+ T lymphocytes to certain viral proteins is an essential part of antiviral effector mechanisms. In hepatitis C virus infection, the contribution of the immune system and particularly of CD4+ T lymphocytes to the pathogenesis of disease is unknown. We serially determined the peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocyte response to several recombinant hepatitis C virus proteins (core, NS3, NS4, NS5) and 17 overlapping synthetic peptides derived from the core sequence over up to 48 months in 43 patients with chronic hepatitis C; of these, 16 had been treated with interferon alfa (IFN). Twelve of 27 untreated patients, 4 of 4 sustained responders to IFN, 7 of 8 patients with a transient response, and 1 of 4 nonresponders showed a proliferative response to hepatitis C virus proteins. The hepatitis C virus core protein was the most immunogenic protein, and fine analysis with peptides indicated amino acids 23 to 42, 66 to 85, and 131 to 150 as immunodominant regions. In a subgroup of nine patients, proliferation assays were performed before or during IFN. In this subgroup, sustained responders but not those with a transient or no response to IFN showed a specific CD4+ immune reaction to hepatitis C viral antigens (P < .05). Infection with hepatitis C virus genotype 3a was significantly associated with a sustained response to IFN (P < .05). In general, a CD4+ T lymphocyte response was more common in patients with chronic hepatitis C who responded to interferon-alpha as compared with nonresponders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)