gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrated steer-by-wire control and diagnostic system (2006)

Advanced automotive control application such as steer-by-wire requires a high level of safety and performance. This paper describes an integrated control/diagnostic system for the application of steer-by-wire road wheel control. The proposed method solves the system control and diagnostic in an integrated manner which considers the interference and trade-off among the control and diagnostic objectives. The theoretical aspects of the integrated control/diagnostics method are revisited, and the effectiveness of the method is illustrated through a practical steer-by-wire road wheel control example
Tripropeptins, Novel Antimicrobial Agents Produced by Lysobacter sp. I. Taxonomy, Isolation and Biological Activities. (2001)

Peptide antibiotics tripropeptins A, B, C, D and Z were isolated from cultured cells and broth of Lysobacter sp. The differences among these components are in the lengths of the alkyl side chain. Tripropeptins are active against Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA in vitro. Bactericidal activity of tripropeptin C disappeared in the simultaneous presence of chloramphenicol, a bacteriostatic agent.
Device for emitting acoustic waves in a liquid medium by implosion (1982)

First Page
Measuring Whitespace Patterns as an Indication of Plagiarism (2010)

There are several different methods of comparing source code from different programs to find copying1 . Perhaps the most common method is comparing source code statements, comments, strings, identifiers, and instruction sequences. However, there are anecdotes about the use of whitespace patterns in code. These virtually invisible patterns of spaces and tabs have been used in litigation to imply copying, but no formal study has been performed that shows that these patterns can actually identify copied code. This paper presents a detailed study of whitespace patterns and the uniqueness of these patterns in different programs. Keywords: Copyright Infringement, Intellectual Property, Litigation, Open Source, Plagiarism, Source Code, Source Code Similarity, Whitespace.
Convection-enhanced delivery of SN-38-loaded polymeric micelles (NK012) enables consistent distribution of SN-38 and is effective against rodent intracranial brain tumor models (2015)

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of therapeutic agents is a promising local delivery technique that has been extensively studied as a treatment for CNS diseases over the last two decades. One continuing challenge of CED is accurate and consistent delivery of the agents to the target. The present study focused on a new type of therapeutic agent, NK012, a novel SN-38-loaded polymeric micelle. Local delivery profiles of NK012 and SN-38 were studied using rodent brain and intracranial rodent brain tumor models. First, the cytotoxicity of NK012 against glioma cell lines was determined in vitro. Proliferations of glioma cells were significantly reduced after exposure to NK012. Then, the distribution and local toxicity after CED delivery of NK012 and SN-38 were evaluated in vivo. Volume of distribution of NK012 after CED was much larger than that of SN-38. Histological examination revealed minimum brain tissue damage in rat brains after delivery of 40 µg NK012 but severe damage with SN-38 at the same dose. Subsequently, the efficacy of NK012 delivered via CED was tested in 9L and U87MG rodent orthotopic brain tumor models. CED of NK012 displayed excellent efficacy in the 9L and U87MG orthotopic brain tumor models. Furthermore, NK012 and gadolinium diamide were co-delivered via CED to monitor the NK012 distribution using MRI. Volume of NK012 distribution evaluated by histology and MRI showed excellent agreement. CED of NK012 represents an effective treatment option for malignant gliomas. MRI-guided CED of NK012 has potential for clinical application.
High-speed InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes (1983)

High-speed operation of a long-wavelength (1.0µm ≲ λ ≲ 1.65µm) avalanche photodiode (APD) has been achieved with a heterojunction structure consisting of a wide-bandgap (InP) multiplication region and a narrow-bandgap (InGaAs) absorption region separated by an intermediate-bandgap (InGaAsP) "grading" layer. Previous InP/InGaAs APD's without the "grading" layer (SAM-APD structure) have exhibited low dark current and high avalanche gain, but they have not performed well at high bit rates because the bandwidth is restricted by hole trapping at the valence band discontinuity of the InP/InGaAs interface. In this paper we demonstrate that the incorporation of a "grading" layer results in a dramatic improvement in the speed of response while maintaining low dark current, good quantum efficiency, and high avalanche gain. By incorporating one of these APD's into a high-speed optical receiver, sensitivity measurements have been obtained for 1.3µm and 1.5µm wavelengths at bit rates of 420 Mb/s and 1 Gb/s.
Tuning <i>D</i>* with Modified Thermal Detectors (2006)

We report on the fabrication and characterization of a modified thermopile detector that has a spectral detectivity, D*, primarily determined by the absorbance of a polymer film. This was done by coating the detector with a metal mirror, followed by the polymer film, so that the film absorbances are responsible for most thermal conversion. The detector is designed to tailor the spectral response of optical systems more specifically to analytes in order to improve precision in methods such as multivariate optical computing and simple photometry. Interference effects in the thin-film response are eliminated by the textured surface of the silicon thermopile, which makes the spectral response relatively simple. The maximum detectivity due to a 1-micrometer-thick film is found to be 20% of the detectivity of the original wide-band detector at 10 Hz modulation frequency. We estimate the thermal diffusion length in the polymer at 10 Hz to be 40 micrometers. We also suggest that the detectivity of the modified detector can be approximated as the product of the D* of the underlying thermal detector and the absorbance of the modifying film, provided the modulation frequency is low and interference effects are defeated.
Improving Low-Voltage DC Circuit Breaker Performance Through an Alternate Commutating Circuit (2019)

Current interruption in dc circuits is more challenging than in their ac counterparts due to the absence of natural current zero-crossing and resistive nature of the dc grids. This article summarizes the current dc breaker technologies and proposes new alternate methods for low-voltage applications. The proposed mechanisms utilize two switches, of which one generates zero crossing with an alternate oscillatory circuit for the other one, which can be a conventional ac breaker and is used in the main circuit. This is different than the conventional single-switch commute-and-absorb method used in high-voltage dc systems. It is shown that the proposed oscillatory circuit improves the fault current extinction and significantly reduces the voltage slew rate of conventional mechanical and solid-state switches. Thus, the proposed mechanism is capable of interrupting high dc currents with a minimal arc through a less expensive ac circuit breaker. Simulation and hardware results are provided to show the efficiency of the proposed breakers.
Caching-Aided Coded Multicasting with Multiple Random Requests (2015)

The capacity of caching networks has received considerable attention in the past few years. A particularly studied setting is the shared link caching network, in which a single source with access to a file library communicates with multiple users, each having the capability to store segments (packets) of the library files, over a shared multicast link. Each user requests one file from the library according to a common demand distribution and the server sends a coded multicast message to satisfy all users at once. The problem consists of finding the smallest possible average codeword length to satisfy such requests. In this paper, we consider the generalization to the case where each user places L >= 1 independent requests according to the same common demand distribution. We propose an achievable scheme based on random vector (packetized) caching placement and multiple groupcast index coding, shown to be order-optimal in the asymptotic regime in which the number of packets per file B goes to infinity. We then show that the scalar (B = 1) version of the proposed scheme can still preserve order-optimality when the number of per-user requests L is large enough. Our results provide the first order-optimal characterization of the shared link caching network with multiple random requests, revealing the key effects of L on the performance of caching-aided coded multicast schemes.
Formal Verification on the RT Level Computing One-To-One Design Abstractions by Signal Width Reduction (2001)

Digital circuit designs are usually given as Register-Transfer-Level (RTL) specifications, but most of today’s hardware verification tools are based on bit-level methods, using SAT or BDD-based techniques. RTL specifications contain more explicite structural information than bit-level descriptions. This paper presents a new approach to scale down design sizes before verification by exploiting wordlevel information. We introduce a one-to-one abstraction technique for RTL property checking, which computes a scaled-down abstract model of a design, in which signal widths are reduced with respect to a property. The property holds for the abstract RTL if and only if it holds for the original RTL. If the property fails, counterexamples for the original design are computed from counterexamples found on the reduced model. The verification task is completely carried out on the scaled-down version of the design; falsenegatives cannot occur. Linear signal width reductions result in exponentially smaller state spaces and have a significant impact on the runtimes of verification tools. Experimental results on large industrial circuits have demonstrated the applicability and efficiency of our method. 1
Design of low error CSD fixed-width multiplier (2003)

This paper presents an error compensation method for a canonic signed digit (CSD) fixed-width multiplier that receives a W-bit input and produces a W-bit product. To efficiently compensate for the quantization error, the truncated bits are divided into two groups (major group and minor group) depending upon their effects on the quantization error. The desired error compensation bias is first expressed in terms of the truncated bits in the major group. Then the effects of the other truncated bits in the minor group are taken care of by a probabilistic estimation. The design of error compensation bias circuit requires only a few logic gates in most cases. By simulations, it is shown that significant reduction in the truncation error can be achieved by the proposed error compensation method.
A cell-free platform for rapid synthesis and testing of active oligosaccharyltransferases (2017)

Abstract Protein glycosylation, or the attachment of sugar moieties (glycans) to proteins, is important for protein stability, activity, and immunogenicity. However, understanding the roles and regulations of site-specific glycosylation events remains a significant challenge due to several technological limitations. These limitations include a lack of available tools for biochemical characterization of enzymes involved in glycosylation. A particular challenge is the synthesis of oligosaccharyltransferases (OSTs), which catalyze the attachment of glycans to specific amino acid residues in target proteins. The difficulty arises from the fact that canonical OSTs are large (>70 kDa) and possess multiple transmembrane helices, making them difficult to overexpress in living cells. Here, we address this challenge by establishing a bacterial cell-free protein synthesis platform that enables rapid production of a variety of OSTs in their active conformations. Specifically, by using lipid nanodiscs as cellular membrane mimics, we obtained yields of up to 440 µg/mL for the single-subunit OST enzyme, ‘Protein glycosylation B’ (PglB) from Campylobacter jejuni , as well as for three additional PglB homologs from Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari , and Desulfovibrio gigas . Importantly, all of these enzymes catalyzed N -glycosylation reactions in vitro with no purification or processing needed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of cell-free synthesized OSTs to glycosylate multiple target proteins with varying N -glycosylation acceptor sequons. We anticipate that this broadly applicable production method will advance glycoengineering efforts by enabling preparative expression of membrane-embedded OSTs from all kingdoms of life.
Nanoscale optofluidic sensor arrays for Dengue virus detection (2008)

In this paper we present our work towards the development of nanoscale optofluidic sensor arrays (NOSAs) for Dengue virus detection. Our approach is based on the use of optically resonant devices whose resonant wavelength is shifted due to a local change in refractive index caused by a positive binding event between a surface bound molecule and it solution phase target. A special two stage micro-/nanofluidics architecture is used to first functionalize the devices and then to deliver the targets. Experimental results measuring the bulk sensitivity of the device are shown to agree extremely well with theory. Preliminary data showing the successful detection of one of the four Dengue virus serotypes is also presented. The primary advantage of these devices over the state of the art is that they combine the extensive property sensitivity (mass limit of detection) of nanosensor devices with the parallelism of the microarray format.
Blind Color Decomposition of Histological Images (2013)

Cancer diagnosis is based on visual examination under a microscope of tissue sections from biopsies. But whereas pathologists rely on tissue stains to identify morphological features, automated tissue recognition using color is fraught with problems that stem from image intensity variations due to variations in tissue preparation, variations in spectral signatures of the stained tissue, spectral overlap and spatial aliasing in acquisition, and noise at image acquisition. We present a blind method for color decomposition of histological images. The method decouples intensity from color information and bases the decomposition only on the tissue absorption characteristics of each stain. By modeling the charge-coupled device sensor noise, we improve the method accuracy. We extend current linear decomposition methods to include stained tissues where one spectral signature cannot be separated from all combinations of the other tissues' spectral signatures. We demonstrate both qualitatively and quantitatively that our method results in more accurate decompositions than methods based on non-negative matrix factorization and independent component analysis. The result is one density map for each stained tissue type that classifies portions of pixels into the correct stained tissue allowing accurate identification of morphological features that may be linked to cancer.
Development and Field Test of a Laser-Based Nonintrusive Detection System for Identification of Vehicles on the Highway (2005)

A real-time laser-based nonintrusive detection system has been developed for the measurement of true travel time of vehicles on the highway. The detection system uses a laser line that is projected onto the ground as a probe. The reflected light is collected and focused into a photodiode array by an optical system. Vehicle presence is detected based on the absence of reflected laser light. By placing two identical laser/sensor pairs at a known distance apart, the speeds of both the front and rear of a vehicle are measured based on the times when each sensor is triggered. The length of each vehicle is determined by using these speed measurements and the residence time of the vehicle under each sensor. Using real-time software, the speed, acceleration, and length of a detected vehicle can be calculated and displayed simultaneously. A new prototype system has been tested on the highway with different types of vehicles and scenarios, and the results are presented here. The tests have also been carried out for different weather conditions and road materials. The results indicate that the laser system operates well under real highway conditions.
Delineation of the Discontinuous-Conformational Epitope of a Monoclonal Antibody Displaying Full<i>in Vitro</i>and<i>in Vivo</i>Thyrotropin Activity (2004)

An experimental murine model of Graves' disease was used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with thyroid stimulating activity. Two of these, IRI-SAb2 and IRI-SAb3, showed particularly high potency (in the low nanomolar range) and efficacy. IRI-SAb2 behaved as a full agonist of the human TSH receptor (TSHr), even when tested in physiological salt concentrations. Both IRI-SAb2 and IRI-SAb3 were displaced from the TSHr by autoantibodies from patients with Graves' disease or harboring thyroid-blocking antibodies, but not from control subjects or patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. The epitopes of IRI-SAb2 and IRI-SAb3 were precisely mapped, at the amino acid level, to the amino-terminal portion of the concave portion of the horseshoe structure of TSHr ectodomain. They overlap closely with each other and, surprisingly, with the epitope of a mAb with blocking activity. When injected iv in mice, both mAbs caused biological and histological signs of hyperthyroidism. Unexpectedly, they also triggered an inflammatory response in the thyroid glands. Delineation of the conformational epitopes of these stimulating antibodies opens the way to the identification of the molecular mechanisms implicated in the activation of the TSHr.
Efficient Pressure Dependent Demand Model for Large Water Distribution System Analysis (2008)

Conventional water distribution models are formulated under the assumption that water consumption or demand defined at nodes is a known value so that nodal hydraulic head and pipe flows can be determined by solving a set of quasi-linear equations. This formulation is well developed and valid for the scenarios that the hydraulic pressures throughout a system are adequate for delivery the required nodal demand. However, there are some scenarios where nodal pressure is not sufficient for supplying the required demand. These cases may include the planned system maintenances, unplanned pipe outages, power failure at pump stations, and insufficient water supply from water sources. In addition, some water consumptions like leakages are pressure dependent. In this paper, a robust and efficient approach for pressure dependent demand analysis is developed for simulating a variety of low pressure scenarios. A set of element criticality evaluation criteria is also proposed for quantifying the relative importance of the elements that may be out of service. The results are presented for the applications of the approach to the trivial systems and also to a large water system. It is demonstrated that great modeling performance and convergence rates are achieved for modeling pressure dependent demand conditions and evaluating the element criticality of the large water distribution systems. This paper was presented at the 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium which was held with the generous support of Awwa Research Foundation (AwwaRF).
Performance and Cost Analysis of a Novel Gas Turbine Cycle With CO2 Capture (2007)

In this paper, a new gas turbine cycle with integrated post-combustion CO2 capture is presented. The concept advantageously uses an intercooled gas turbine in combination with exhaust gas recirculation to enable CO2 separation at elevated concentration and pressure. Therefore, less energy is required for the CO2 separation process. In addition, due to the reduced volume flow entering the CO2 separation unit, the costs of the CO2 separation equipment are significantly reduced. The performance and cost of CO2 avoided of the power cycle have been analyzed. The results show that the concept is able to reach high CO2 capture rates of 80% and above. When accounting for CO2 capture and compression, nearly 50% (LHV) combined cycle net efficiency is obtained based on an existing medium scale intercooled gas turbine. Furthermore, the cycle has an even higher efficiency potential if applied to larger intercooled gas turbine combined cycles in the future. Using CO2 separation membrane technology which is currently under development, the cost of CO2 avoided is estimated at 31 $/tCO2 based on a medium scale intercooled gas turbine. A future scaled-up configuration based on a large-frame intercooled gas turbine has the potential to meet 30 $/tCO2 cost of CO2 avoided.
Fiber pattern removal and image reconstruction method for snapshot mosaic hyperspectral endoscopic images (2018)

Hyperspectral endoscopic imaging has the potential to enhance clinical diagnostics and outcome. Most commercial endoscopes utilize imaging fiber bundles to transmit the collected signal from the patient to the medical operator. These bundles consist of several fiber cores surrounded by a cladding layer creating comb structure-like artifacts, which complicate further analysis, both spatially and spectrally. Here we present an optical fiber pattern removal algorithm which we applied to hyperspectral bronchoscopic images robustly and quantitatively without the need for specific optical or electrical hardware. We validate the performance of the pattern removal by using a novel hyperspectral phasor approach. This algorithm can be generalized to all forms of fiber bundle hyperspectral endoscopy.
Offered load estimation in a multimedia cable network system (2003)

The problem of traffic load estimation in a shared-medium contention-based network is investigated and applied to a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) cable network. In particular, an estimator that utilizes channel feedback to estimate network traffic load is presented. The performance of this estimator is investigated and is enhanced by introducing modifications which provide for a better reaction to load variations.
Near-Field Scanning Optical Tomography (2005)

We present the theoretical foundation for near-field scanning optical tomography. We analyze the forward problem for various experimental modalities and derive unique solution to the inverse problem. This work enables 3D imaging with subwavelength resolution.
Host Based Intrusion Detection using Machine Learning (2007)

Detecting unknown malicious code (malcode) is a challenging task. Current common solutions, such as anti-virus tools, rely heavily on prior explicit knowledge of specific instances of malcode binary code signatures. During the time between its appearance and an update being sent to anti-virus tools, a new worm can infect many computers and cause significant damage. We present a new host-based intrusion detection approach, based on analyzing the behavior of the computer to detect the presence of unknown malicious code. The new approach consists on classification algorithms that learn from previous known malcode samples which enable the detection of an unknown malcode. We performed several experiments to evaluate our approach, focusing on computer worms being activated on several computer configurations while running several programs in order to simulate background activity. We collected 323 features in order to measure the computer behavior. Four classification algorithms were applied on several feature subsets. The average detection accuracy that we achieved was above 90% and for specific unknown worms even above 99%.