gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of LHRH Antagonists Suitable for Oral Administration via the Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> Uptake System. (1995)

Conjugates have been synthesized between vitamin B12 and two lysyl derivatives of the LHRH antagonist, ANTIDE. Lys6-ANTIDE and Lys8-ANTIDE were both found to have similar activities to the native analogue in the in vitro pituitary cell assay. The in vitro bioactivity of the VB12-ANTIDE conjugates was preserved following linkage using a number of spacers; however, the in vivo bioactivity was lost. In order to produce conjugates which had similar in vivo bioactivity to the native analogue, it was necessary to link the VB12 to the ANTIDE analogues using thiol cleavable spacers. The resultant conjugates had similar activity to ANTIDE both in vitro and in vivo and were also found to be much more water soluble than ANTIDE. These VB12-ANTIDE conjugates show potential utility as water soluble ANTIDE analogues for parenteral use and are protease resistant LHRH antagonist analogues suitable for uptake from the intestine via the VB12-transport system following oral administration.
Design and Numerical Assessment of a Passive Electron Emitter for Spacecraft Charging Alleviation (2015)

In this paper, we examine the theoretical basis for using passive unheated electron field emitters to control hazardous levels of spacecraft charging. We present the experimental evidence related to the capabilities of passive and low-power active field emitters. The concept of passive field emitters is detailed looking at their characteristics and location on a model satellite typical of a commercial geostationary satellite. The assessment is performed by means of numerical simulations. The generation and extraction of electrons is simulated at micrometric scale. Their flow is modeled at spacecraft scale to assess spacecraft absolute and differential charging alleviation. The system shows good promise limiting the inverted voltage gradient situations, observed especially on solar panels where cover glasses are more positive than solar cells. This situation is known as very risky in flight, possibly leading to sustained secondary arcing powered by the photovoltaic solar arrays themselves. Finally, we review how existing design practice would be modified by the presence of such passive emitters.
Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory and Scavenging Activity and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Extracts from Taraxacum officinale and Taraxacum coreanum (2011)

The study was conducted to investigate functional materials as skin whitening and anti-inflammatory agent from Taraxacum officinale and Taraxacum coreanum. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content in the ethanol extract of Taraxacum officinale were found to be 64.07㎎/g and 32.46㎎/g, respectively. In tyrosinase inhibitory activity, the hot water extract of Taraxacum coreanum was higher than the other extracts. However, in nitric oxide (NO) scavenging ability, the ethanol extract of Taraxacum coreanum was higher than the other extracts. the ethanol extract of Taraxacum coreanum showed strong NO production inhibitory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cell. In the cell viability measurement by MTT assay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay against L929 cell, the extracts were exhibited fine cell viabilities and normal LDH release levels as nontoxic result in sample concentration of 250~1000 ㎍/㎖. As a result, the ethanol extract and the hot water extract of Taraxacum coreanum could be applicable to functional materials for anti-inflammatory and skin whitening related fields, respectively.
Thin hardmask patterning stacks for the 22-nm node (2009)

This paper presents robust trilayer lithography technology for cutting-edge IC fabrication and double-patterning applications. The goal is to reduce the thickness of a silicon hardmask so that the minimum thickness of the photoresist is not limited by the etch budget and can be optimized for lithography performance. Successful results of pattern etching through a 300-nm carbon layer are presented to prove that a 13.5-nm silicon hardmask is thick enough to transfer the line pattern. Another highlight of this work is the use of a simulation tool to design the stack so that UV light is concentrated at the bottom of the trenches. This design helps to clear the resist in the trenches and prevent resist top loss. An experiment was designed to validate the assumption with 45-nm dense lines at various exposure doses, using an Exitech MS-193i immersion microstepper (NA = 1.3) at the SEMATECH Resist Test Center. Results show that such a stack design obtains very wide CD processing window and is robust for 1:3 line patterning at the diffraction limit, as well as for patterning small contact holes.
PVT Sampling With Multiphase Flowmeters—Theoretical Justifications and Field Limitations (2002)

Abstract Multiphase flowmeter technology probably is the most significant innovation in surface well testing in more than 30 years. Multiphase flow measurement is becoming a globally accepted technique for well and reservoir performance evaluations. The qualification of the validity of samples collected during these operations is required to validate the full potential of multiphase well testing techniques. This paper discusses the new methodology developed for collection of samples using dual-energy spectral gamma ray Venturi multiphase flowmeter technology in field operations. The paper presents some of the theory and assumptions underlying multiphase flow computations and valid sample collection with the flowmeter. Field operations are detailed in the paper and provide operational guidelines to improve safety and optimize sampling operations. A description of the laboratory pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) analysis procedures required to physically recombine these nonconventional gas and oil samples is provided, and a series of field examples illustrate the efficiency of using multiphase flowmeters for well testing. A sensitivity analysis is conducted for various gas and oil sample recombinations and resulting PVT properties computed by equation of state-(EOS-) based compositional simulations. The parameters considered are possible variations in sampling temperature or pressure and their impact on the resulting recombined fluid PVT properties.
Blind equalization and estimation of digital communication FIR channels using cumulant matching (1995)

We consider the problem of blind estimation and equalization of digital communication FIR (finite impulse response) channels. The channel parameters are estimated by nonlinear batch optimization of a quadratic cumulant matching criterion involving second and fourth order cumulants of the received data. A new algorithm is proposed for (asymptotically) globally convergent, linear estimation of the FIR channel parameters where the FIR model order is not necessarily known. The nonlinear cumulant matching algorithm is initialized by the linear parameter estimator. The estimated channel impulse response is then used to construct a linear equalizer. Two illustrative simulation examples using 4, 16 and 64-QAM signals are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Intermediate Endpoints of Primary Systemic Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients (2011)

Primary systemic therapy (PST) in breast cancer offers the opportunity to explore interactions between tumor biology and administered treatment. Changes in clinical, tissue-based, or imaging markers can provide information on the mechanisms of PST activity (activity endpoints) or predict treatment efficacy (surrogate endpoints). The most frequently used intermediate endpoint for PST is pathological complete response, but its role as a surrogate parameter of efficacy has not yet been demonstrated. Changes in tumor biology after PST may occur already a few days after treatment start; this implies that new potential surrogates occurring much earlier than pathological complete response (ie, the proliferation marker Ki67) can be identified and that short-term preoperative trials (window-of-opportunity trials) can be designed using a biological parameter as a primary endpoint. From these small trials, crucial information can be gleaned about the activity of new drugs for the design of large clinical trials.
RF analog and digital circuits in SiGe technology (2002)

The performance of a commercially viable SiGe-HBT technology is demonstrated in analog and digital communications applications. The measurements show that circuits fabricated in this technology are capable of fulfilling application requirements for RF analog in the 1-5 GHz range and for high-speed digital circuits at or above the 10 Gb/s range, with potentially lower power, lower cost and higher reliability compared to other high-speed/RF technology options.
Ionic liquid-enhanced solid state electrolyte interface (SEI) for lithium–sulfur batteries (2013)

Li–S batteries are a complicated system with many challenges existing before their final market penetration. While most of the reported work for Li–S batteries is focused on the cathode design, we demonstrate in this work that the anode consumption accelerated by corrosive polysulfide solution also critically determines the Li–S cell performance. To validate this hypothesis, ionic liquid (IL) N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Py14TFSI) has been employed to modify the properties of the SEI layer formed on the Li metal surface in Li–S batteries. It is found that the IL-enhanced passivation film on the lithium anode surface exhibits very different morphology and chemical composition, effectively protecting lithium metal from continuous attack by soluble polysulfides. Therefore, both the cell impedance and the irreversible consumption of polysulfides on lithium metal are reduced. As a result, the Coulombic efficiency and the cycling stability of Li–S batteries have been greatly improved. After 120 cycles, the Li–S battery cycled in the electrolyte containing 75% IL demonstrates a high capacity retention of 94.3% at 0.1 C rate. These results reveal one of the main failure mechanisms in Li–S batteries and shine the light on new approaches to improve the reversible capacity and cyclability of Li–S batteries. This work provides important clues for the understanding and thus the improvement of Li–S battery systems through a different point of view.
Selective Production of C<sub>4</sub> Hydrocarbons from Syngas in a Dual Reactor Using Co−Ni/ZrO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Catalysts (1999)

The product stream from the Fischer−Tropsch (FT) reaction using a Co−Ni/ZrO2 catalyst was modified by SO42-/ZrO2 catalyst (solid acid catalyst) in a dual fixed-bed microreaction system. While the operating conditions for the first reactor containing the FT catalyst was fixed at 523 K and 1 atm, the effects of operating variables such as the second reactor temperature, the Co−Ni/ZrO2:SO42-/ZrO2 catalyst ratio and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the steady-state product distribution were investigated. In this process, high selectivity (33 wt %) toward the total C4 hydrocarbons was achieved when the second reactor was operated at 423 K, with a catalyst ratio of 1:1.5 and at a WHSV of 15 h-1. This selectivity is much higher compared to a maximum selectivity of 14 wt % obtained using a single reactor with a Co−Ni/ZrO2 catalyst. Catalyst characterization using temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 and 1H MAS NMR showed that this high selectivity toward total C4 hydrocarbons was due to the strong acidity of the SO42-/ZrO2catalyst. However, this catalyst deactivated rapidly which was due to coke deposition on the SO42-/ZrO2 catalyst. Under these experimental conditions, external and intraparticle mass transfer effects were found to be negligible. On the basis of the product distribution in a dual-reaction system, a reaction pathway has been proposed.
Breast cancer stem cells: A new challenge for breast cancer treatment (2010)

The biggest challenge for cancer research is relapses that occur in patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy, suggesting that some cells in tumors escape targeted treatment. Key questions are why relapses occur and why current therapies fail to remove all cancer cells. The cancer stem-cell hypothesisis based on the fact that not all cells within a tumor are similar. Other than tumorigenesis and metastasis, cancer stem cells have some properties that are similar to those of normal stem cells, such as self-renewal and differentiation. Accordingly, breast cancer stem cells may arise from mutation of normal mammary stem cells or progenitor cells. Cancer stem cell regulation involves several factors, such as Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog, mutations of which endow cancer stem cells with the capacity for self-renewal. Moreover, epithelial mesenchymal transition and microRNAs recently have been shown to regulate the "stemness " of cancer cells. Targeting cancer stem cells could prevent relapse and provide new hope for cancer prevention.
Influence of Silyl Protections on the Anomeric Reactivity of Galactofuranosyl Thioglycosides and Application of the Silylated Thiogalactofuranosides to One-Pot Synthesis of Diverse β-<scp>d</scp>-Oligogalactofuranosides (2014)

We describe in this paper the tuning effect of silyl protecting groups on the donor reactivity of galactofuranosyl phenyl thioglycosides. Silyl ethers on the galactofuranose ring are found to have an arming effect on the glycosylation reactivity, but the cyclic 3,5-acetal protecting group decreases the reactivity. The reactive phenyl 2,6-di-O-Bz-3,5-di-O-TBS-1-thio-β-d-galactofuranoside 3 is proved to be a useful glycosyl building block. By taking advantage of this donor, we achieved the highly efficient one-pot solution-phase assembly of a panel of β-d-galactofuranosyl tri- and tetrasaccharides possessing diverse glycosidic linkages.
An increase in serum C18 unsaturated free fatty acids as a predictor of the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (1996)

Increases in unsaturated serum acyl chain ratios differentiate between healthy and seriously iII patients, and identify those patients likely to develop ARDS. Thus, the serum acyl ratio may not only prospectively identify and facilitate the assessment of new treatments in patients at highest risk for developing ARDS, but may also lead to new insights about the pathogenesis of ARDS.
Derivation of generalized Darcy equations for creeping flow in porous media (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDerivation of generalized Darcy equations for creeping flow in porous mediaRonald G. LarsonCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamen. 1981, 20, 2, 132–137Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i100002a003https://doi.org/10.1021/i100002a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views811Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Neurostimulation for Primary Headache Disorders: Part 2, Review of <i>Central</i> Neurostimulators for Primary Headache, Overall Therapeutic Efficacy, Safety, Cost, Patient Selection, and Future Research in Headache Neuromodulation (2011)

This article is the second of 2 articles reviewing neurostimulation for primary headaches. In Part 1, we described methods, pathophysiology and anatomy, and history of neuromodulation in the treatment of headache, as well as reviewing the literature on peripheral neuromodulation for primary headaches. Peripheral targets for stimulation include percutaneous nerves, transcranial holocephalic, occipital nerves, auriculotemporal nerves, supraorbital nerves, cervical epidural, and sphenopalatine ganglia. In Part 2, we describe available literature on central neuromodulation in primary headaches. Central stimulation targets include vagus nerve and deep brain structures. Part 2 also analyzes overall therapeutic efficacy, safety, cost, patient selection, and recommendations for further research of neurostimulation modalities based on available data.
Clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety aspects of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (2016)

The safety profile of S1P receptor modulators is considered better than other classes of immunomodulators and was further improved by the development of up-titration regimens to mitigate first-dose effects. S1P receptor modulators display similar pharmacodynamic effects but have very different pharmacokinetic profiles. Drugs with a rapid elimination are of interest in case of opportunistic infections or pregnancy, whereas the need of re-initiation of up-titration in case of treatment interruption can present a challenge.
Quantification of Electromechanical Coupling to Prevent Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shocks (2019)

Quantifying the coupling between electrical and perfusion signals increases reliability of discrimination between VF and artifacts that ICDs may interpret as VF. Incorporating such methods into future ICDs may safely permit reductions of inappropriate shocks.
In Situ Visualization of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Human Fibroblasts (1998)

A method was developed to examine DNA repair within the intact cell. Ultrasoft x-rays were used to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in defined subnuclear volumes of human fibroblasts and DNA repair was visualized at those sites. The DSBs remained in a fixed position during the initial stages of DNA repair, and the DSB repair protein hMre11 migrated to the sites of damage within 30 minutes. In contrast, hRad51, a human RecA homolog, did not localize at sites of DNA damage, a finding consistent with the distinct roles of these proteins in DNA repair.
Reduced red blood cell velocity in nail-fold capillaries as a sensitive and specific indicator of microcirculation injury in systemic sclerosis (2009)

Our results suggest that reduced blood velocity is a hallmark of SSc. Furthermore, measurement of red blood cell velocity may be useful in evaluating therapeutic effects on microcirculation.
Wafer line productivity optimization in a multi-technology multi-part-number fabricator (2002)

Successful semiconductor manufacturing is driven by wafer-level productivity. Increasing profits by reducing manufacturing cost is a matter of optimizing the factors contributing to wafer productivity. The major wafer productivity components are chips per wafer (CPW), wafer process or fabricator yield (WPY) and wafer final test (WFT) or functional yield. CPW is the count of product chips fitting within the useable wafer surface, and is dependent upon the chip size, dicing channel (kerf) space, and wafer-field size. WPY yield is the percentage of wafers successfully exiting the line; losses include scrap for broken wafers and failed-wafer specifications. WFT yield is the percent of chips that meet all final parametric functional electrical test specifications. Thus, the total wafer level productivity (GCPW) is described by GCPW=CPW/spl middot/WPY/spl middot/WFT. IBM's Vermont fabricator is one of the few in the industry that manufactures DRAMs, SRAMs, microprocessors, ASICs, custom logic, mixed signal, and foundry products, all on the same production floor. The product portfolio spans 12 base technologies across four photolithographic generations from 0.8 /spl mu/m to 0.225 /spl mu/m, with development of 0.18 /spl mu/m. This also encompasses 40 major process flows and over 4000 active part numbers. Such staggering complexity has motivated IBM to consider all possible optimization of these productivity components. This paper describes some of the techniques that have been deployed to achieve this goal.
Spatially Controlled Surface Energy Traps on Superhydrophobic Surfaces (2013)

Water wetting and adhesion control on polymeric patterns are achieved by tuning the configuration of their surface's structural characteristics from single to dual and triple length-scale. In particular, surfaces with combined micro-, submicrometer-,and nanoroughness are developed, using photolithographically structured SU-8 micro-pillars as substrates for the consecutive spray deposition of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) submicrometer particles and hydrophobically capped iron oxide colloidal nanoparticles. The PTFE particles alone or in combination with the nanoparticles render the SU-8 micropillars superhydrophobic. The water adhesion behaviour of the sprayed pillars is more complex since they can be tuned gradually from totally adhesive to completely non adhesive. The influence of the hierarchical geometrical features of the functionalized surfaces on this behaviour is discussed within the frame of the theory. Specially designed surfaces using the described technique are presented for selective drop deposition and evaporation. This simple method for liquid adhesion control on superhydrophobic surfaces can find various applications in the field of microfluidics, sensors, biotechnology, antifouling materials, etc.
Cervical Spinal Cord, Root, and Bony Spine Injuries (2011)

Most cervical cord injuries occurred in the absence of traumatic injury, instability, and airway difficulties. Cervical spine procedures and/or sitting procedures appear to predominate. In the absence of instability, cervical spondylosis was the most common factor associated with cord injury.
Choosing IT as a career: Exploring the role of self-efficacy and perceived importance of IT skills (2010)

Understanding the factors which shape students’ IT career choices will allow educators to design recruitment and retention strategies to tackle the enrolment challenges. The objective of this researchin-progress is to explore the effects of two such factors, i.e., IT skills Self-efficacy(SE) and IT Skills Importance, on students’ attraction to IT careers. A survey methodology was used to achieve the aforementioned objective. Undergraduate students enrolled in IT courses at two large U.S. public universities were surveyed. This study makes a contribution to the field of IT education in multiple ways. First it develops scales for two beliefs which are crucial in capturing students’ attraction to IT careers. Second, it provides insights into students’ perceptions regarding the importance of various IT skills. Third, it posits a preliminary model which helps in our understanding of how students’ personal perceptions regarding the importance of IT skills affect SE beliefs and career intentions.
Levels of Sex Steroid and Cardiovascular Disease Measures in Premenopausal and Hormone-Treated Women at Midlife (2008)

Although HT users had some more favorable lipid profiles than premenopausal and postmenopausal women, there was evidence of adverse HT effects even in women free of atherosclerosis studied within the approximate 6-year period proposed with the timing hypothesis.
Methodologies for the Taylor dispersion analysis for mixtures, aggregates and the mitigation of buffer mismatch effects (2015)

Taylor Dispersion Analysis is a fast and simple method for determining the hydrodynamic radii of mixtures.