gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutants of Agrobacterium VirA that activate vir gene expression in the absence of the inducer acetosyringone. (1994)

In the presence of inducer molecules produced by wounded plants, the VirA/VirG two-component positive regulatory system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens initiates transcription of virulence genes required for crown gall tumor formation. Exactly how this system enables the bacterium to respond to an environmental signal is not known, but phosphorylation of VirA and VirG plays a role. To analyze further the function of VirA, we chemically mutagenized the virA gene. Two mutants that activate vir transcription without the plant inducer acetosyringone were found; these mutants alter VirA function by distinct mechanisms. One mutant functions entirely independently of acetosyringone, whereas the activity of the second mutant is enhanced by acetosyringone. Both mutants function best at acid pH, but respond differently to specific monosaccharides that stimulate induction by wild-type VirA. Both mutant phenotypes are dominant over wild-type VirA, and both need the conserved histidine at the autophosphorylation site for strong inducer-independent vir transcription.
From the Editor The DMAC of NCQA (2001)

Is this title just more inside-the-beltway Washington jargon meant to obfuscate rather than clarify? Or, is it indicative of an important new development slated to begin January 2002? Let me first set the context for this beltway lexicon and outline its importance to all healthcare practitioners and policy makers. The DMAC is the Disease Management Advisory Council composed of industry representatives, consumers, purchasers of disease management services, researchers, and government representatives. The DMAC has been advising the National Committee on Quality Assurance (NCQA), headquartered in Washington, D.C., on its proposed evaluation program for disease management. Historically, NCQA has been the nation’s watchdog organization certifying and accrediting all kinds of managed care organizations for the last decade. NCQA has virtually created the accreditation process for managed care, signaling to the public and large purchasers that certain managed care organizations have met tough quality review criteria. Its nearest cousin in the hospital world, of course, is the Joint Commission
A Claisen Approach to 4′-Ed4T (2014)

An efficient, stereoselective synthesis of 4'-Ed4T is demonstrated. The synthesis is highlighted by a regioselective TMSOTf-mediated acetal opening, a Claisen rearrangement to set the key 4'-stereocenter as well as the olefin, and a one-pot nonaflation/elimination to deliver the alkyne moiety. The synthesis proceeds in eight steps from 5-methyluridine and occurs in 37% overall yield.
Stretchable Transparent Conductive Films from Long Carbon Nanotube Metals (2018)

Flexible transparent conductors are an enabling component for large-area flexible displays, wearable electronics, and implantable medical sensors that can wrap around and move with the body. However, conventional conductive materials decay quickly under tensile strain, posing a significant hurdle for functional flexible devices. Here, we show that high electrical conductivity, mechanical stretchability, and optical transparency can be simultaneously attained by compositing long metallic double-walled carbon nanotubes with a polydimethylsiloxane substrate. When stretched to 100% tensile strain, thin films incorporating these long nanotubes (≈3.2 µm on average) achieve a record high conductivity of 3316 S cm<sup>-1</sup> at 100% tensile strain and 85% optical transmittance, which is 194 times higher than that of short nanotube controls (≈0.8 µm on average). Moreover, the high conductivity can withstand more than 1000 repeated stretch-release cycles (switching between 100% and 0% strain) with a retention approaching 96%, whereas the short nanotube controls exhibit only 10%. Mechanistic studies reveal that long tubes can bridge the microscale gaps generated during stretching, thereby maintaining high electrical conductivity. When mounted on human joints, this elastic transparent conductor can accommodate large motions to provide stable, high current output. These results point to transparent conductors capable of attaining high electrical conductivity and optical transmittance under mechanical strain to allow large shape changes that may take place in the operation and use of flexible electronics.
Generative Adversarial Networks for Model Order Reduction in Seismic Full-Waveform Inversion (2018)

I train a Generative Adversarial Network to produce realistic seismic wave speed models. I integrate the generator network into seismic Full-Waveform Inversion to reduce the number of model parameters and restrict the inverted models to only those that are plausible. Applying the method to a 2D section of the SEAM model, I demonstrate that it can produce more plausible results than conventional Full-Waveform Inversion.
Ab Initio Study of Structures, Energetics, and Bonding in Formally High-Oxidation-State Copper Organometallics (1998)

Geometry-optimized structures, energies, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of closed-shell states of CuL+, XCuIL, and XCuIIIL fragments (L = CO, C2H4, C2H2; X = H-, F-, OH-, O2-, N3-) have been obtained at the MP2 level using valence-DZP-quality basis sets with effective core potentials. Natural population analyses have been used to interpret the nature of metal−ligand interactions. The computed data for all the Cu(I) species are along expected lines. Interestingly, the formally high-oxidation-state species also have effectively d10 configurations, with the electron deficiency localized in the ligands. As a result, the Cu−X bonds are long and, in a few cases, the ligand L dissociates during geometry optimization. In the computed minima, the Cu−L interaction energies are fairly large, primarily due to electrostatic interactions. The extent of π-back-donation is generally low in “Cu(III)” systems. However, a strong π-donor group enhances the ability of the metal to engage in dπ−pπ bonding with CO, C2H4, or C2H2, making it comparable to a typical CuIL system in all respects. The trends are virtually identical in all three lowest energy closed-shell states of the ethylene and acetylene complexes.
Interferon-λs: the modulators of antivirus, antitumor, and immune responses (2009)

IFN-lambdas, including IFN-lambda1, IFN-lambda2, and IFN-lambda3, also known as IL-29, IL-28A, or IL-28B, are a newly described group of cytokines distantly related to the type I IFNs and IL-10 family members. The IFN-lambdaR complex consists of a unique ligand-binding chain, IFN-lambdaR1 (also designated IL-28Ralpha), and an accessory chain, IL-10R2, which is shared with receptors for IL-10-related cytokines. IFN-lambdas signal through the IFN-lambdaR and activate pathways of JAK-STATs and MAPKs to induce antiviral, antiproliferative, antitumor, and immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the biology of IFN-lambdas and their pathophysiological roles in viral infection, cancer, and immune responses of the innate and adaptive arms.
Thermo-stability of acrylate based holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal gratings (2009)

The thermo-stability of acrylate based holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal gratings has been evaluated with regard to their morphology, diffraction efficiency, Bragg angle and electro-optical tunable performance. Our studies indicate that the thermo-stability is closely related to the chemical structure of the monomers in the grating. Usually, a more rigid molecular structure forms a more stable morphology. Another important aspect, the reaction efficiency of the system, shows that a highly efficient photoreaction leads to a dense polymer network and high ene-conversion, thus promoting the phase separation of the liquid crystal and enhancing the thermo-stability. We also find that a higher average functionality of the monomers can improve grating thermo-stability due to denser crosslinked polymers and more complete phase separation.
SUS: A 'Quick and Dirty' Usability Scale (1996)

Usability is not a quality that exists in any real or absolute sense. Perhaps it can be best summed up as being a general quality of the appropriateness to a purpose of any particular artefact. This notion is neatly summed up by Terry Pratchett in his novel Moving Pictures:In just the same way, the usability of any tool or system has to be viewed in terms of the context in which it is used, and its appropriateness to that context. With particular reference to information systems, this view of usability is reflected in the current draft international standard ISO 9241-11 and in the European Community ESPRIT project MUSiC (Measuring Usability of Systems in Context) (e.g. Bevan et al., 1991). In general, it is impossible to specify the usability of a system (i.e. its fitness for purpose) without first defining who are the intended users of the system, the tasks those users will perform with it, and the characteristics of the physical, organizational and social environment in which it will be used.
Mental Health Status of Rural Female Left-Behind Middle School Students in Sichuan Province (2015)

Objective: To investigate the mental health status of rural left-behind middle school students in Sichuan province, and set some requirements for family, school and society. Method: This paper used Middle School Student Mental Health Scale (MSSMHS) developed by Wang to investigate the mental health status of 690 female left-behind middle school students and analyzed the data by using SPSS 20.0. Results: 38% of the rural left-behind middle school students had mental health problems; there were significant differences in compulsion, crankiness and hostility between junior school students and high school students; there were significant differences in anxiety and learning stress between only children and non-only children; there were significant differences in different workplaces of parents and different time spent with parents. Conclusion：The mental health status of rural female left-behind middle school students is not optimistic, and family, school, society and government should take effective measures to improve the metal health status of rural left-behind middle school students.
Energy conservation design techniques for mobile wireless VLSI systems (2002)

Energy efficiency is crucial for wireless networks due to the limited battery life of mobile terminals. Power conservation techniques are commonly used in the hardware design of such systems. In addition, a low-power design of the entire protocol stack of wireless systems can significantly enhance energy efficiency and network utilization. This paper discusses recent advances and contributes novel ideas on power adaptive design of networking protocols.
History of Science and Technology of Polymeric Foams (1981)

Abstract The history of the science and technology of polymeric foams is traced from its early beginnings starting in the late 1920s with latex foam. Two major methods evolved for producing the latter, the Dunlop and Talalay processes, both reaching industrial stages in the 1930s. Both natural and synthetic latices, notably SBR, as well as blends were extensively used. With the development of many other synthetic elastomers during the last three decades, many flexible and semiflexible foams were produced from them including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin, and urethane foams among the major flexible foam categories but which also included specialty foams such as silicone and fluorocarbon-based foams. Among rigid foams, low density foams were first produced from special phenolic resins, and various foaming procedures evolved subsequently for the production of phenolic foams. Urea-formaldehyde foams were developed as early as 1933. The most widely used types of rigid foams today, polystyrene and polyurethane foams, underwent many technological changes. Rigid urethane foams became available as early as the late 1930s. Other rigid foams, including epoxy foams, and more specialized high-temperature-resistant foams were developed in more recent years with urethane-modified isocyanurate foams reaching significant industrial use.
Misunderstandings in Landscape Design in Nowadays China (2012)

This article discusses the existing problems in landscape design from industry management, comparison in luxury, lack of concern for human nature, lack of originality, plagiarism and imitation, effect diagram, design and construction and other views.
Structural and optical characterization of two-dimensional arrays of Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 for photovoltaic applications (2012)

We report on the structural and optical characterization of two-dimensional arrays of silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) suitable for photovoltaic applications. Single and multiple SiNC layers were grown on quartz by low pressure chemical vapor deposition of Si and subsequent thermal oxidation steps. The single SiNC layers consisted of one SiNC layer embedded in two silicon dioxide (SiO2) layers, whereas the multi-layered structure consisted of five SiNC layers of equal thickness separated by SiO2 layers. SiNC layers with thicknesses ranging from 2 to 25 nm were investigated. A thorough structural characterization of the films was carried out by combining grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflectivity, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both XRD and TEM measurements revealed that the SiNC layers were polycrystalline in nature and composed of SiNCs, separated by grain boundaries, with their vertical size equal to the SiNC layer and their lateral size characterized by a narrow size distribution. The high resolution TEM (HRTEM) images showed that oxidation of the SiNC layers proceeded by consumption of Si from their top surface, without any detectable oxidation at the grain boundaries. Only in the case of the thinnest investigated SiNC layer (2 nm), the SiNCs were well separated by SiO2 tunnel barriers. From transmission and reflection optical measurements, energy band gaps of the SiNCs were estimated. These results were correlated with the sizes of the SiNCs obtained by HRTEM. A shift of the estimated band gaps with decreasing SiNC size was observed. This was consistent with quantum size effects in the SiNCs. The film containing the smallest SiNCs (2 nm in the growth direction), besides a significant shift of the absorption edge to higher energies, showed light emission at room temperature which is due to radiative recombination of photo-generated carriers in localized SiNCs separated by SiO2 tunnel barriers.
Lightning-Sensor Data Help In Understanding Thunderstorms (1992)

NASA technical memorandum discusses research on use of data from network of ground-based magnetic direction-finding ground-strike lightning sensors to diagnose and predict occurrence and evolution of thunderstorms. Purposes of study to explore applicability and limitations of extrapolation techniques used to generate forecasts from data; to examine physically-based, nonlinear mathematical models for applicability to lightning-forecast problem; and to determine valid extrapolation ranges of such models for various weather scenarios.
Multiple template-based image matching using alpha-rooted quaternion phase correlation (2010)

In computer vision applications, image matching performed on quality-degraded imagery is difficult due to image content distortion and noise effects. State-of-the art keypoint based matchers, such as SURF and SIFT, work very well on clean imagery. However, performance can degrade significantly in the presence of high noise and clutter levels. Noise and clutter cause the formation of false features which can degrade recognition performance. To address this problem, previously we developed an extension to the classical amplitude and phase correlation forms, which provides improved robustness and tolerance to image geometric misalignments and noise. This extension, called Alpha-Rooted Phase Correlation (ARPC), combines Fourier domain-based alpha-rooting enhancement with classical phase correlation. ARPC provides tunable parameters to control the alpha-rooting enhancement. These parameter values can be optimized to tradeoff between high narrow correlation peaks, and more robust wider, but smaller peaks. Previously, we applied ARPC in the radon transform domain for logo image recognition in the presence of rotational image misalignments. In this paper, we extend ARPC to incorporate quaternion Fourier transforms, thereby creating Alpha-Rooted Quaternion Phase Correlation (ARQPC). We apply ARQPC to the logo image recognition problem. We use ARQPC to perform multiple-reference logo template matching by representing multiple same-class reference templates as quaternion-valued images. We generate recognition performance results on publicly-available logo imagery, and compare recognition results to results generated from standard approaches. We show that small deviations in reference templates of sameclass logos can lead to improved recognition performance using the joint matching inherent in ARQPC.
A High-Resolution Time-to-Digital Converter on FPGA Using Dynamic Reconfiguration (2011)

A high-resolution high-precision time-to-digital converter (TDC) architecture is presented for implementation on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) supporting dynamic reconfiguration. The proposed architecture relies on multiple parallel high-resolution delay lines implemented by the programmable interconnection points within the routing switch fabric. These delay lines feature a 1-ps resolution over a range of 3 ns. A calibration process is proposed to take process-voltage-temperature variations, as well as clock skew, into account. A TDC with a 50-ps resolution and precision as high as 35 ps has been implemented on a Virtex-II Pro FPGA. Results show that the proposed architecture and calibration process can be used to achieve resolutions as fine as 10 ps.
DNA Damage from Sulfite Autoxidation Catalyzed by a Nickel(II) Peptide (1997)

Guanine-specific modification of both single- and double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides via the autoxidation of sulfite is shown to be catalyzed by [NiCR]2+ (where CR = 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaene) and [NiKGH-nh2]+ (where KGH = lysylglycylhistidine). In the latter case, the nickel complex is proposed to act as a catalyst in three separate steps of sulfur oxide chemistry. Oxidative damage of guanines led to strand scission after piperidine treatment. The observed reactivity represents the first demonstration of DNA damage by sulfite and nickel(II) complexes. Importantly, these reactions were conducted using sulfite concentrations relevant to levels known to be cytotoxic. Mechanistic studies suggest the importance of both monoperoxysulfate and sulfate radical anion in the observed DNA damage. Evidence for formation of guanine radical cation as the initial product of DNA oxidation was found by comparison of the sequence dependence of guanine reactivity in a duplex restriction fragment. These studies underscore a role for sulfite in nickel toxicity and suggest a new method of site-specific oxidation with bioconjugates using sulfite rather than highly reactive oxidants such as monoperoxysulfate.
Mechanisms of Catalyst Poisoning in Palladium-Catalyzed Cyanation of Haloarenes. Remarkably Facile C−N Bond Activation in the [(Ph<sub>3</sub>P)<sub>4</sub>Pd]/[Bu<sub>4</sub>N]<sup>+</sup> CN<sup>-</sup> System (2008)

Reaction paths leading to palladium catalyst deactivation during cyanation of haloarenes (eq 1) have been identified and studied. Each key step of the catalytic loop (Scheme 1) can be disrupted by excess cyanide, including ArX oxidative addition, X/CN exchange, and ArCN reductive elimination. The catalytic reaction is terminated via the facile formation of inactive [(CN)4Pd]2-, [(CN)3PdH]2-, and [(CN)3PdAr]2-. Moisture is particularly harmful to the catalysis because of facile CN- hydrolysis to HCN that is highly reactive toward Pd(0). Depending on conditions, the reaction of [(Ph3P)4Pd] with HCN in the presence of extra CN- can give rise to [(CN)4Pd]2- and/or the remarkably stable new hydride [(CN)3PdH]2- (NMR, X-ray). The X/CN exchange and reductive elimination steps are vulnerable to excess CN- because of facile phosphine displacement leading to stable [(CN)3PdAr]2- that can undergo ArCN reductive elimination only in the absence of extra CN-. When a quaternary ammonium cation such as [Bu4N]+ is used as a phase-transfer agent for the cyanation reaction, C-N bond cleavage in the cation can occur via two different processes. In the presence of trace water, CN- hydrolysis yields HCN that reacts with Pd(0) to give [(CN)3PdH]2-. This also releases highly active OH- that causes Hofmann elimination of [Bu4N]+ to give Bu3N, 1-butene, and water. This decomposition mode is therefore catalytic in H2O. Under anhydrous conditions, the formation of a new species, [(CN)3PdBu]2-, is observed, and experimental studies suggest that electron-rich mixed cyano phosphine Pd(0) species are responsible for this unusual reaction. A combination of experimental (kinetics, labeling) and computational studies demonstrate that in this case C-N activation occurs via an S(N)2-type displacement of amine and rule out alternative 3-center C-N oxidative addition or Hofmann elimination processes.
Local stereo matching using geodesic support weights (2009)

Local stereo matching has recently experienced large progress by the introduction of new support aggregation schemes. These approaches estimate a pixel's support region via color segmentation. Our contribution lies in an improved method for accomplishing this segmentation. Inside a square support window, we compute the geodesic distance from all pixels to the window's center pixel. Pixels of low geodesic distance are given high support weights and therefore large influence in the matching process. In contrast to previous work, we enforce connectivity by using the geodesic distance transform. For obtaining a high support weight, a pixel must have a path to the center point along which the color does not change significantly. This connectivity property leads to improved segmentation results and consequently to improved disparity maps. The success of our geodesic approach is demonstrated on the Middlebury images. According to the Middlebury benchmark, the proposed algorithm is the top performer among local stereo methods at the current state-of-the-art.
Learning Equivariant Functions with Matrix Valued Kernels (2007)

This paper presents a new class of matrix valued kernels that are ideally suited to learn vector valued equivariant functions. Matrix valued kernels are a natural generalization of the common notion of a kernel. We set the theoretical foundations of so called equivariant matrix valued kernels. We work out several properties of equivariant kernels, we give an interpretation of their behavior and show relations to scalar kernels. The notion of (ir)reducibility of group representations is transferred into the framework of matrix valued kernels. At the end to two exemplary applications are demonstrated. We design a non-linear rotation and translation equivariant filter for 2D-images and propose an invariant object detector based on the generalized Hough transform.