gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron monochromator-mass spectrometer instrument for negative ion analysis of electronegative compounds (1996)

Electron monochromators designed for the production of low-energy electrons (0-15 eV) with nearly monoenergetic distributions have been available for many decades. The concept of adapting the electron monochromator as an ion source onto mass spectrometers for the purpose of electron capture negative ion-mass spectrometric (ECNI-MS) analyses is only now being realized. Two different analyzers, a quadrupole and a double focusing sector instrument, have recently been retrofitted with electron monochromators to test their utility as analytical instruments for the detection of environmental compounds and chemical agents. Electron energy scans of compounds in these classes reveal unique negative ion resonances, which can be used as an additional analytical dimension of information for compound identification and confirmation. Electron currents of 430 μA at 0.03 eV electron energy are now available from the electron monochromator, which will provide sufficient electron flux to meet modern standards for trace level analyses. The narrowest electron energy spread achieved has been ±0.07 eV (fwhm). The electron monochromator-mass spectrometer (EM-MS) instrument has been interfaced to a gas chromatograph (GC), and this system (GC/EM-MS) was used to record ion chromatograms of mixtures of polychlorinated compounds. Regioselective ion loss, resulting from dissociative electron capture by the parent molecule, is electron-energy dependent and can be monitored with the EM-MS instrument. Finally, positive ion spectra produced with monoenergetic electrons have also been recorded. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Extensional Flow Mixer, EFM (1996)

Abstract There are several reports indicating that deformation and breakup of dispersed drops is easier in extensional flow field than that in shear. This is particularly true for the systems containing the dispersed phase significantly more viscous than the matrix, e.g., blends in which the viscosity ratio λ – η disp /η matrix ≥3.8. These reports led to development of an extensional flow mixer, EFM, a device in which multicomponent, multiphase system [e.g., polymer alloys, blends, master-batches, filled systems] can be hydrodynamically mixed by flowing through a series of convergent/divergent regions of increasing intensity To be effective, EFM must be attached to a machine capable of melting and pressurizing the compound, preferably a single-screw extruder, SSE. In this paper efficiency of two compounding systems is compared, the first is made of a SSE and an EFM, while the second is a twin-screw extruder, TSE To evaluate the efficiency three types of blends, all characterized by high viscosity ratio, λ ≥ 3.8, were used: (i) high density polyethylene dispersed in polystyrene, HDPE/PS (ii) polypropylene impact-modified by addition of an ethylene-propylene elastomer, EPR/PP, and (iii) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene added to high density polyethylene, UHMWPE/HDPE System (i) was used to study the effect of compounding on blend's morphology – the dispersion from the SSE + EFM compounding unit was significantly finer than that from TSE. System (ii) was selected to examine usefulness of EFM for impact modification. The results demonstrated that SSE + EFM provided milder compounding conditions that less shear-degraded PP than TSE The impact strength of specimens prepared in SSE + EFM was superior to that of blends compounded in TSE. The system (iii) was studied to examine the relative merit of SSE + EFM over TSE to produce a finer dispersion of the UHMWPE domains that in turn would result in better dissolution of this ultrahigh molecular weight fraction. Again in this case the SSE + EFM compounder outperformed TSE – the dissolution of UHMWPE was significantly better without parallel degradation of the resin.
Components and materials issues in polymer electrolyte fuel cells for transportation applications (1992)

Recent research work on the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is described. This research work addresses the goal of bringing the PEFC technology to the performance and the cost levels required for its wide spread use in transportation. The main topics are (a) a new approach to the fabrication of Pt/C catalyst layers of high performance, employing loadings as low as 0.1 mgPt/cm<sup>2</sup>; (b) measurements and modeling of membrane, cathode catalyst and cathode backing contributions to cell loses in the PEFC; and (c) carbon monoxide poisoning of anode electrocatalysts in the PEFC -- the problem and possible solutions. 13 refs.
B1 Lymphocytes and Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Lymphoid Organs Are Preferential Extratumoral Sites of Parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice Prototype Strain Expression (2005)

Due to their oncolytic properties and apathogenicity, autonomous parvoviruses have attracted significant interest as possible anticancer agents. Recent preclinical studies provided evidence of the therapeutic potential of minute virus of mice prototype strain (MVMp) and its recombinant derivatives. In a murine model of hemangiosarcoma, positive therapeutic outcome correlated with high intratumoral expression of MVMp-encoded genes in tumors and lymphoid organs, especially in tumor-draining lymph nodes. The source and relevance of this extratumoral expression, which came as a surprise because of the known fibrotropism of MVMp, remained unclear. In the present study, we investigated (i) whether the observed expression pattern occurs in different tumor models, (ii) which cell population is targeted by the virus, and (iii) the immunological consequences of this infection. Significant MVMp gene expression was detected in lymphoid tissues from infected tumor-free as well as melanoma-, lymphoma-, and hemangiosarcoma-bearing mice. This expression was especially marked in lymph nodes draining virus-injected tumors. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis, multicolor fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that MVMp was expressed in rare subpopulations of CD11b (Mac1)-positive cells displaying CD11c+ (myeloid dendritic cells [MDC]) or CD45B (B220+ [B1 lymphocytes]) markers. Apart from the late deletion of cytotoxic memory cells (CD8+ CD44+ CD62L-), this infection did not lead to significant alteration of the immunological profile of cells populating lymphoid organs. However, subtle changes were detected in the production of specific proinflammatory cytokines in lymph nodes from virus-treated animals. Considering the role of B1 lymphocytes and MDC in cancer and immunological surveillance, the specific ability of these cell types to sustain parvovirus-driven gene expression may be exploited in gene therapy protocols.
Waste Not, Want Not: Mild and Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Uronic Acids (2013)

And isn't it uronic: A mild, highly efficient and selective catalytic oxidation of pectin-derived uronic acids to the corresponding aldaric acids is reported. Fast, quantitative conversions (>99%) of the starting materials are achieved with high selectivity (>97%) at room temperature, using supported gold catalysts and air as oxidizing agent.
Inhibition of a common human anti-hepatitis B surface antigen idiotype by a cyclic synthetic peptide (1983)

A common human anti-hepatitis B surface antigen idiotype-anti-idiotype reaction was partially inhibited by a cyclic synthetic hepatitis B surface antigen peptide. Reduction of the intrachain disulfide bond and subsequent alkylation destroyed its inhibitory activity, suggesting that a conformation-dependent group alpha epitope was associated with this cyclic peptide.
Prostate Surface Distension and Tumor Texture Descriptors From Pre-Treatment MRI Are Associated With Biochemical Recurrence Following Radical Prostatectomy: Preliminary Findings (2022)

Radiomic shape descriptors quantifying prostate surface distension complement texture radiomics of prostate cancer on MRI and result in an improved association with biochemical recurrence post-radical prostatectomy.
A Novel Class of CC-1065 and Duocarmycin Analogues Subject to Mitomycin-Related Reductive Activation (1999)

A new class of DNA alkylating agents is described that incorporate the quinone of the mitomycins, which is thought to impart tumor cell selectivity as a result of preferential reduction and activation in hypoxic tumors, into the AT-selective binding framework of the duocarmycins capable of mitomycin-like reductive activation and duocarmycin-like spirocyclization and subsequent DNA alkylation. Consistent with this design, the quinone prodrugs fail to alkylate DNA unless reductively activated and then do so with an adenine N3 alkylation sequence selectivity identical to that of the duocarmycins. Additionally, the agents exhibit a selectivity toward DT-Diaphorase (NQO1)-containing versus DT-Diaphorase-deficient (resistant) tumor cell lines, and they were shown to be effective substrates for reduction by recombinant human DT-Diaphorase. As such, the agents constitute effective duocarmycin and CC-1065 analogues subject to reductive activation. In addition, the solvolysis pH rate dependence of a series of reactive spirocyclopropanes revealed a unique and inverted order of reactivity at pH 7 versus pH 3. This behavior and the structural features responsible for it are consistent with an acid-catalyzed reaction at pH 3, but a direct uncatalyzed S(N)2 reaction at pH 7 that is not subject to acid catalysis.
Measuring the scattering parameters of tissues from quantitative phase imaging of thin slices (2011)

We employed the scattering-phase theorem recently derived in our laboratory to extract tissue scattering properties from quantitative phase images. Using tissue path-length maps that contain nanoscale information about the tissue, the scattering mean free path l(s) and anisotropy factor g were measured in a spatially resolved manner.
The Loading Effect in Plasma Etching (1977)

The dependence of etch rate on the quantity of material being etched, often referred to as the loading effect, for plasma etching is analyzed quantitatively with the aid of some simplifying assumptions. The etch rate is related to the quantity of material being etched through three phenomenological parametersβ, τ, and , which are related to the affinity of the etching material for the active species created in the plasma, the lifetime of the active species, and the volume generation rate of the active species, respectively. It is shown analytically that the reciprocal of the etch rate, when identical wafers are etching simultaneously, is directly proportional to . Data are presented for the plasma etching of Si in a plasma which confirm the analytical prediction. The significance of loading with respect to the measurement of etch rate, end‐point detection, and the interpretation of the temperature dependence of etch rate is discussed. A brief discussion of the physical meaning of the phenomenological parameters and their relation to process parameters subject to control such as power, pressure, and temperature is also included.
Supramolecular ionomers, their preparation, and aqueous compositions (2006)

The supramol. ionomers. are polymers having quadruple H bonding units (4H-units) and ionic groups or ionogenic groups within their structure. The supramol. ionomers can be dispersed or solubilized in H2O at high solids contents while maintaining low viscosities, facilitating easy use and processing of the resulting aq. formulations. The aq. supramol. ionomer compns. have excellent film-forming properties. Also, the polymer materials have good mech. properties after drying, as they are not tacky, show high elasticity and low or no creep. [on SciFinder (R)]
Optical FSK transmission with group delay compensated balance detection (2005)

A novel balance detection scheme for high-speed optical frequency-shift-keying (FSK) transmission was proposed. Fiber dispersion can be compensated by a balanced photodetector with an optical delay. 10Gbit/s optical FSK transmission over a 130km single mode fiber was demonstrated, where the FSK signal was generated by using aLiNbO3 high-speed optical FSK modulator.
A New Synthetic Approach to the C Ring of Known as Well as Novel Bryostatin Analogues (2003)

[reaction: see text] A new approach to the synthesis of the C ring subunit of known and potential bryostatin analogues is described. The convergent approach, illustrated above, requires fewer steps and offers greater flexibility in rapidly accessing diverse C ring analogues.
On Using Implied Values in EDT-based Test Compression (2014)

On-chip test compression has quickly established itself as one of the mainstream design-for-test (DFT) methodologies. It assumes that a tester delivers test patterns in a compressed form, and on-chip decompressors expand them into actual data loaded into scan chains. This paper presents a new and comprehensive method to boost performance of sequential test compression and ATPG operations. The approach is primarily aimed at reducing CPU time associated with generating and compressing test patterns. It prevents ATPG from assigning specified values to many inputs in order to cut down a time-consuming backtracking process needed to resolve conflicts leading to compression aborts. The proposed scheme efficiently combines test compression constraints with ATPG. Experimental results obtained for industrial designs illustrate feasibility of the proposed scheme and are reported herein.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Infection Associated with AIDS in West Africa (1987)

We recently reported the isolation of a new retrovirus, termed human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), from two West African patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This virus is related to but distinct from the well-characterized AIDS retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We report here evidence of infection with HIV-2 in 30 patients, almost all from West Africa. Seventeen of them had a clinical syndrome indistinguishable from AIDS (7 of these 17 died). Others had either the AIDS-related complex or no HIV-related symptoms. All patients had serum antibodies reacting with HIV-2 in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. All serum tested contained antibodies reacting with the envelope glycoprotein of the virus in an immunoprecipitation assay. Cross-reactivity of serum antibodies with HIV-1 was detected in a minority of patients and varied according to the assay used. Retroviral isolates were obtained from the blood lymphocytes of 11 patients and were all identified as HIV-2 by nucleic acid hybridization; none hybridized with an HIV-1 probe. These findings indicate that some cases of AIDS in West Africa may be caused by HIV-2, but the extent of the spread of this virus and its clinical correlates will require careful epidemiologic investigation.
Effect of the multifunctional cosmetic ingredient sphinganine on hair loss in men and women with diffuse hair reduction (2016)

Sphingolipids are well known to promote keratinocyte differentiation and to induce ceramide production. In addition, they show anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the potential effect of sphinganine on prolonging the hair anagen rate and improving the overall hair quality and scalp health. The inhibitory potential of sphinganine toward 5-α-reductase was studied using an in vitro assay. The stimulation of the antimicrobial peptide HBD2 by sphinganine was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. Sphinganine bioavailability was studied ex vivo using a pig skin model. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of sphinganine on hair loss and hair/scalp quality in vivo. In vitro results showed that sphinganine is a potent inhibitor of 5-α-reductase type I that prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a key factor of androgenetic male baldness. In vivo results demonstrated efficacy in reducing non-illness-related hair loss among males. In terms of expert rating, all hair quality and scalp parameters improved after application of sphinganine. Improved scalp health might be linked to the observed increase of the antimicrobial peptide HBD2. Thus, sphinganine is well suited as a topical alternative for the improvement of scalp health and hair quality and anti-hair loss application.
Compact, Low-Power Atomic Time and Frequency Standards (2008)

Abstract : We report the status of ongoing activities in development of a compact, low-power atomic time/frequency standard, the Chip-Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC). The status of efforts addressing the refinement of the CSAC for improved mechanical and environmental robustness is described. The improved frequency stability offered by CSAC has the potential to impact a number of system applications, and these impacts are discussed.
Developments and Applications of Moire Techniques for Deformation Measurement, Structure Characterization and Shape Analysis (2015)

As representative non-contact optical techniques, Moiré methods have been extensively used to visualize deformation distributions of materials, arrangements of structures, and shape features of objects in research and industrial fields. This article overviews the up-to-date developments of Moiré techniques and applications to in-plane and out-of-plane deformation measurement, planar structure characterization and three-dimensional shape analysis based on recently published patents. The planar periodic structure parameters, alignment accuracies, overlay errors, defects as well as distortions, and document security are able to be accurately detected. The heights or depths, three-dimensional shapes, three-dimensional surface profiles or topographies, and surface flatness are also effectively obtainable. The phase-shifting technique and the color technique have been used to improve the measurement accuracy. Further developments of Moiré techniques are promoted by the demands of high-accuracy, extremely small- or large-scale, multi-scale, dynamic, high-temperature, three-dimensional, and on-line measurements. Keywords: Deformation measurement, grating, Moiré technique, shape analysis, structure characterization.
Backside−illuminated Pb1−xSnxTe heterojunction photodiode (1975)

The need for a long−wavelength infrared detector that makes more efficient use of the available radiation has led us to construct a backside−illuminated Pb1−xSnxTe heterojunction in which the radiation passes through a transparent substrate and is absorbed in the active region behind a p−n junction. This device permits a selectivity in the spectral bandwidth of the device due to the short−wavelength cut−on properties of the transparent PbTe substrate or an epitaxial Pb1−xSnxTe filter layer. Additionally, an effective increase in optical area is achieved because the radiation incident upon the sloping sides of the mesa is internally reflected into the junction region due to the index of refraction mismatch between air and PbTe; thus with this design the optical area which gives rise to the signal current is larger than the electrical area which is the source of noise. Laboratory measurements on devices of this construction verify these properties and show that a peak Dλ greater than 1011 cm Hz1/2 W−1 has been obtained at an operating temperature of 77 K.
Effect of external reflectors on longitudinal modes of distributed feedback lasers (1975)

The effect of external reflectors on longitudinal modes of distributed feedback (DFB) lasers is analyzed. The general case of dissimilar reflectors arbitrarily located relative to the phase of the DFB structure is considered. An eigenvalue equation for the propagation constants is derived and solved numerically for a variety of practical cases. Longitudinal mode thresholds, wavelengths, separations, and field distributions are obtained for GaAs lasers and for DFB lasers with a single reflector. It is shown that these quantities are very sensitive not only to the relative strength of the discrete and DFB, but also to the relative phases. Quite asymmetric transmitted powers are shown to occur under a variety of circumstances.
Inducing sterility in farmed fish by disrupting the development of the GnRH System. (2007)

Hypothalamic gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH1) is the key hormone in the control of gametogenesis and gonadal growth in vertebrates. Developmentally, hypothalamic GnRHproducing neurons originate from the olfactory placode, migrate along olfactory axons into the forebrain, and continue to the preoptic area and hypothalamus where they function to stimulate gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland. An appropriate location of GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus is necessary for normal reproductive function in the adult; abnormal migration and targeting of GnRH neurons during embryogenesis results in hypogonadism and infertility. The developmental migration of GnRH neurons and axonal pathfinding in mammals are modulated by a plethora of factors, including receptors, secreted molecules, adhesion molecules, etc. Yet the exact mechanism that controls these developmental events is still unknown. We investigated these developmental events and the underlying mechanisms using a transgenic zebrafish model, Tg(gnrh1: EGFP), in which GnRH1 neurons and axons are fluorescently labeled. The role of factors that potentially affect the development of this system was investigated by testing the effect of their knockdown and mutation on the development of the GnRH1 system. In addition, their localization in relation to GnRH1 was described during development. These studies are expected to generate the scientific foundation that will lead to developing innovative technologies, based on the disruption of the early establishment of the GnRH system, for inducing sterility in farmed fish, which is highly desirable for economical and environmental reasons.
Broadly tunable terahertz difference-frequency generation in quantum cascade lasers on silicon (2017)

We report broadly tunable terahertz (THz) sources based on intracavity Cherenkov difference-frequency generation in quantum cascade lasers transfer-printed on high-resistivity silicon substrates. Spectral tuning from 1.3 to 4.3 THz was obtained from a 2-mm long laser chip using a modified Littrow external cavity setup. The THz power output and the midinfrared-to-THz conversion efficiency of the devices transferred on silicon are dramatically enhanced, compared with the devices on a native semi-insulating InP substrate. Enhancement is particularly significant at higher THz frequencies, where the tail of the Reststrahlen band results in a strong absorption of THz light in the InP substrate.
Data from Prodigiosin Rescues Deficient p53 Signaling and Antitumor Effects via Upregulating p73 and Disrupting Its Interaction with Mutant p53 (2023)

<div>Abstract<p>p53 reactivation offers a broad-based strategy for cancer therapy. In this study, we report the identification of prodigiosin that can reactivate p53 family-dependent transcriptional activity in p53-deficient human colon cancer cells. Prodigiosin and its structural analogue (compound R) induced the expression of p53 target genes accompanied by cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in p53-deficient cancer cells. Prodigiosin restored p53 signaling in cancer cells harboring hotspot <i>TP53</i> mutations, with little to no detectable cytotoxicity in normal human fibroblasts and with no genotoxicity. Prodigiosin induced the expression of p73 and disrupted its interaction with mutant p53, thereby rescuing p53 pathway deficiency and promoting antitumor effects. The disruption of mutant p53/p73 interaction was specific to prodigiosin and not related to mTOR inhibition. Our findings suggest that mutant p53 needs to be targeted in the context of p73 stimulation to allow efficient restoration of the p53 pathway. In exhibiting this capability, prodigiosin and its analogue provide lead compounds to rescue deficiencies in the p53 pathway in cancer cells by upregulating p73 and targeting mutant p53/p73 interaction there. <i>Cancer Res; 74(4); 1153–65. ©2013 AACR</i>.</p></div>