gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
국내 의약품 유통 규제 및 주요 법적 문제 (2016)

의약품은 국민의 건강에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 재화일 뿐만 아니라, 공적 자금인 국민건강보험재정으로 그 비용이 지급되기 때문에 의약품은 연구 및 개발 단계는 물론 제조/수입 및 판매에 이르는 유통과정 전반에 약사법 등에 따라 엄격한 규제가 이루어지고 있고, 요양급여대상 의약품의 경우 요양급여 상한금액이 복지부장관의 고시로 정해지고 실거래가 상환제가 적용된다. 이러한 의약품 규제의 특성으로 인하여, 의약품 유통에 있어서 의약품 제조자/수입자는 도매업자의 제반 광고, 판촉 및 유통활동을 통제할 필요가 있고，도매업자가 요양기관과의 거래조건을 결정함에 있어서도 실질적으로 제조자/수입자의 영향력이 상당 부분 미칠 수밖에 없다. 의약품 유통의 주요 법적인 문제를 다룸에 있어서도 위와 같은 규제적 특성 및 제약산업의 본질적 특성 등이 고려되어 합리적인 해석과 적용이 이루어질 필요가 있다. 먼저, 제약사들이 의약품 판촉목적으로 의료기관 또는 의료전문가등에게 경제적 이익을 제공하는 것을 규율하는 약사법/의료법상 쌍벌제 규정을 적용함에 있어서, 의약품 판매의 경쟁 수단의 제한성 및 마케팅, 광고, 판촉활동의 제한성 등에 대한 이해를 바탕으로, 각 활동의 위법성을 주관적인 판촉목적을 중심으로 판단할 것이 아니라 객관적으로 환자들의 이익을 중진하고 국내 의료계, 의학계의 발전을 도모할 수 있는 활동인지를 고려하여 판단할 필요가 있다. 이에 제약회사들의 제반 학술 · 연구 활동과 그에 대한 지원 및 환자를 위한 진료 보조 활동 등에 대해서는 규제완화가 바람직하다고 본다. 공정거래법상 불공정거래행위，특히 `거래상 지위 남용행위` 및 `재판매가격 유지행위`를 규율함에 있어서도, 의약품 제조자/수입자의 도매상에 대한 통제의 합리적인 필요성 및 국민건강보험법에 따른 요양급여의 적용이 고려되어야 한다. 의약품에 대한 제조물책임을 판단함에 있어서도 해당 의약품의 연구 및 그 제조/수입, 유통 및 표시, 광고 등에 있어서 약사법령이 요구하는 제반 규정과 기준 등을 준수하였는지가 제조물 책임 인정의 주요 기준이 될 수 있다고 판단된다.
PassShapes (2008)

Authentication today mostly relies on passwords or personal identification numbers (PINs). Therefore the average user has to remember an increasing amount of PINs and passwords. Unfortunately, humans have limited capabilities for remembering abstract alphanumeric sequences. Thus, many people either forget them or use very simple ones, which implies several security risks. In this work, a novel authentication method called PassShapes is presented. In this system users authenticate themselves to a computing system by drawing simple geometric shapes constructed of an arbitrary combination of eight different strokes. We argue that using such shapes will allow more complex and thus more secure authentication tokens with a lower cognitive load and higher memorability. To prove these assumptions, two user studies have been conducted. The memorability evaluation showed that the PassShapes concept is able to increase the memorability when users can practice the PassShapes several times. This effect is even increasing over time. Additionally, a prototype was implemented to conduct a usability study. The results of both studies indicate that the PassShapes approach is able to provide a usable and memorable authentication method.
Process for making carbon foam (2023)

The process obviates the need for conventional oxidative stabilization. The process employs mesophase or isotropic pitch and a simplified process using a single mold. The foam has a relatively uniform distribution of pore sizes and a highly aligned graphic structure in the struts. The foam material can be made into a composite which is useful in high temperature sandwich panels for both thermal and structural applications.
3-D System Integration of Processor and Multi-Stacked SRAMs Using Inductive-Coupling Link (2010)

This paper describes a three-dimensional (3-D) system integration of a full-fledged processor chip and two memory chips using inductive coupling. To attain a 3-D communication link with a smaller area and lower power-consumption, shortening the link distance and preventing signal degradation due to unused inductors are important challenges. Therefore, we developed a new 3D-integrated wire-penetrated multi-layer structure for a shorter link distance and an open-skipped-inductor scheme for suppressing signal degradation. In addition, to avoid undefined-value propagation in stacking multi-memories using an inductive-coupling link, we proposed a memory-access-control scheme with a pinpoint-data-capture scheme. We demonstrate that three fabricated chips can be successfully AC-coupled using inductive coupling. The power and area efficiency of the link are 1 pj/b and 0.15 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Gbps, respectively, which are the same as those of two-chip integration.
An antenna solution for MIMO channels: the multimode antenna (2002)

A novel way of exploiting diversity by employing the higher order modes of a biconical antenna is introduced. Essentially, the biconical antenna offers characteristics similar to an antenna array through multiple modes using just a single antenna element. An analytical expression for the correlation between different modes in a realistic environment is presented. It is found that the correlation is low enough to yield a diversity gain. Furthermore, the channel capacity of a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system using a multimode antenna, i.e. an antenna employing multiple modes, is found to be comparable to that of an array. Since only one antenna element is needed, the multimode antenna offers several advantages over traditional arrays and is an interesting antenna solution for future high capacity MIMO systems.
Adaptive Feedforward Active Noise Control in an Acoustic Duct (2001)

Abstract The single-reference/multi-output active noise control (ANC) of an accurate physical model of an acoustic duct system has been investigated. Computer model of a multi-channel ANC system with tonal and sweep sine input signals, and an adaptive feedforward algorithm that minimizes the generic cost function are developed. Results obtained for various single-input/single-output (SISO) configurations of ANC systems were compared. The dynamic response of a single-reference/multi-output ANC system, using Minimax and MEFXLMS algorithms, is studied and the effect of acoustical feedback neutralization in a multichannel ANC system is studied. Simulation results demonstrate that the multi-channel adaptive feedforward ANC system, using the Minimax algorithm, has a superior performance in comparison to the same system with MEFXLMS.
Simple computational model of image correlation by four-wave mixing in photorefractive media (1987)

A simple systems-oriented model of image correlation by nondegenerate four-wave mixing in photorefractive media is discussed, and its computational implementation is described. The model is based on a linear-incomplex modulation index formulation and is capable of describing the correlation product in a wide range of experimental conditions. Bragg matching effects on the test and reference images are explicitly included. The comparison of calculated results with experimental results is excellent, and a discussion of higher-order theories of the photorefractive effect is given. The model is currently being used to optimize the performance of experimental correlators.
Calculation of crystalline lens power using a modification of the Bennett method (2015)

We present a method for measuring lens power from extended depth OCT biometry, corneal topography, and refraction using an improvement on the Bennett method. A reduced eye model was used to derive a formula for lens power in terms of ocular distances, corneal power, and objective spherical equivalent refraction. An error analysis shows that the formula predicts relaxed lens power with a theoretical accuracy of ± 0.5 D for refractive error ranging from -10 D to + 10 D. The formula was used to calculate lens power in 16 eyes of 8 human subjects. Mean lens power was 24.3 D ± 1.7 D.
Different dose-dependent effects of ebselen in sciatic nerve ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats (2015)

Ebselen is an organoselenium compound which has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the neuroprotective role of ebselen pretreatment in rats with experimental sciatic nerve ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (N = 7 in each group). Before sciatic nerve I/R was induced, ebselen was injected intraperitoneally at doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg. After a 2 h ischemia and a 3 h reperfusion period, sciatic nerve tissues were excised. Tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were measured. Sciatic nerve tissues were also examined histopathologically. The 15 mg/kg dose of ebselen reduced sciatic nerve damage and apoptosis (p<0.01), levels of MDA, NO, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) positive cells (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively), and increased SOD, GPx, and CAT activities (p<0.001, p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively) compared with the I/R group that did not receive ebselen. Conversely, the 30 mg/kg dose of ebselen increased sciatic nerve damage, apoptosis, iNOS positive cells (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.001) and MDA and NO levels (p<0.05, p<0.01) and decreased SOD, GPx, and CAT activities (p<0.05) compared with the sham group. The results of this study suggest that ebselen may cause different effects depending on the dose employed. Ebselen may be protective against sciatic nerve I/R injury via antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities at a 15 mg/kg dose, conversely higher doses may cause detrimental effects.
Computer simulation of a cruise missile using brushless DC motors fin control. (1985)

A computer simulation was developed in order to provide a method of establishing the potential of brushless DC motors for applications to tactical cruise missile control surface positioning. In particular an altitude hold controller has been developed that provides an operational load test condition for the evaluation of the electromechanical actuator. A proportional integral control scheme in conjunction with tachometer feedback provides the position control for the missile tailfin surfaces. The fin control system is further imbedded in a cruise missile model to allow altitude control of the missile. The load on the fin is developed from the dynamic fluid environment that the missile will be operating in and is proportional to such factors as fin size and air density. The program written in CSMP language is suitable for parametric studies including motor and torque load characteristics, and missile and control system parameters.
Design of crystallizers (1992)

Notation fundamentals methods of supersaturation creation batch and continuous crystallization crystal shape and size kinetics of crystallization hydrodynamics of suspensions basic types of crystallizers materials and heat balance of crystallizers cooling crystallizer isothermal evaporator adiabatic evaporator isothermal adiabatic saturator cooling crystallizer-reactor economical aspects of crystallization batch cooling crystallizer continuous cooling crystallizer batch isothermal evaporator batch adiabatic evaporator continuous adiabatic evaporator agitated crystallizers batch agitated crystallizer modifications of batch crystallization continuous agitated crystallizer agitated crystallizer with suspension classification agitated crystallizer with fines dissolution series of agitated crystallizers multichamber crystallizer twinned crystallizer co-current crystallizers classifying crystallizers agitated crystallizer with plug flow of solution classifying crystallizer combined agitated and classifiying crystallizer dynamics of crystallizers.
Modelling the behaviour of switchable-hydrophilicity solvents (2014)

A switchable-hydrophilicity solvent (SHS) is a solvent that in one state forms a biphasic mixture with water but can be reversibly switched to another state that is miscible with water. We describe a mathematical model of the behaviour of CO2-triggered SHS that narrows the search field for these solvents in terms of their basicity and hydrophilicity. By its predictive power, the mathematical model can assist in the optimization of processes using SHSs in terms of extrinsic parameters such as pressure and the relative volumes of solvent and water used. Models are presented for both a two-liquid system (consisting of the amine solvent and water) and a three-liquid system (consisting of the amine solvent, water, and 1-octanol). Partitioning data with toluene as the third component is also shown for comparison with 1-octanol.
Interleukin-8 Release from Human Gestational Tissue Explants: The Effects of Lipopolysaccharide and Cytokines1 (1997)

Interleukin (IL)-8 is a chemotactic cytokine that has been implicated in the etiology of infection-induced and normal human labor. In particular, IL-8 has been implicated in the processes of cervical ripening and rupture of fetal membranes because of its role in neutrophil activation and release of cellular matrix remodeling enzymes. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that IL-8 is released locally in the intrauterine environment from human amnion, choriodecidua, and placenta, and that IL-8 release from these tissues is increased by bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and inflammatory cytokines. IL-8 was released from human amnion, choriodecidual, and placental explants, with choriodecidua demonstrating the most abundant release. IL-8 release was significantly (multiple analysis of variance, p < 0.05) increased by LPS in a time- and dose-dependent manner from both choriodecidual and placental explants, but not from amnion explants. In addition, IL-1alpha (0.28 nM) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, 10 nM) significantly (Student's t-test, p < 0.05) increased IL-8 release from placental explants 2- to 3-fold. These studies establish that the amnion, choriodecidua, and placenta are a source of IL-8 and demonstrate tissue-specific and differential regulation of IL-8 release by LPS, IL-1alpha, and TNF-alpha. These data support a role for IL-8 in a cascade of inflammatory events initiated by an intrauterine infection and resulting in activation of the labor process.
Cartilaginous Defects of the Femorotibial Joint: Accuracy of Coronal Short Inversion Time Inversion-Recovery MR Sequence (2006)

Contour defects of femorotibial cartilage can be detected with reasonable accuracy with routine STIR sequence.
Hybrid Adeno-Associated Virus Bearing Nonhomologous Inverted Terminal Repeats Enhances Dual-Vector Reconstruction of Minigenes <i>In Vivo</i> (2007)

We have previously demonstrated that hybrid adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors bearing nonhomologous inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) enhance directional intermolecular recombination and the efficiency of dual-AAV vector trans-splicing in cultured cells. Using hybrid-ITR vectors carrying two exons of a lacZ minigene, we demonstrate that this dual-vector approach also mediates higher levels (3- to 6-fold) of gene reconstitution in mouse skeletal muscle, liver, and heart. Inhibition of the proteasome by systemic administration of Doxil (Food and Drug Administration-approved lipid-formulated doxorubicin) further enhanced dual-vector trans-splicing 6- to 12-fold in two mouse strains. Hence, using hybrid-ITR AAV vectors in combination with proteasome modulation enhanced dual-vector delivery of a transgene approximately 36-fold over the current dual-vector trans-splicing approaches. These data provide in vivo evidence that ITR sequence-dependent homologous recombination, rather than nonhomologous end joining, is the predominant mechanism for AAV genome heterodimerization. Hence, enhanced directional recombination provided by hybrid-ITR vectors may be a useful in vivo strategy for improving dual-vector delivery of transgenes larger than the AAV packaging limit.
Chemo- and Radiosensitization Through Inhibition of PI3K/Akt Signaling (2007)

Tumorigenesis and tumor progression are the consequences of disturbed balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Additional processes including loss of cellular polarity, increased motility, and invasiveness lead to metastases resulting in spread of the tumor beyond the original site and account for the majority of morbidity and mortality from cancer. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, composed of multiple intracellular signaling proteins, controls various pivotal cellular functions related to cancer biology including cell proliferation, cell survival, migration, and vascularization. Major components of this pathway, including PI3K isoforms, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), Akt, and mTOR, are frequently dysregulated by mutation, amplification, or rearrangement in multiple cancer lineages. These genetic aberrations render cancer cells sensitive to the inhibition of PI3K pathway at various levels. Targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway demonstrates marked efficacy in preclinical models. The PI3K signaling pathway has emerged as a high-quality therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
A fast and efficient method for extracting text paragraphs and graphics from unconstrained documents (2003)

Outlines a fast and efficient method for extracting graphics and text paragraphs from printed documents. The method presented is based on bottom-up approach to document analysis and it achieves very good performance in most cases. During the preprocessing characters are linked together to form blocks. Created blocks are segmented, labelled and merged into paragraphs. Simultaneously, graphics are extracted from the image. Algorithms for each step of processing are presented. Also, the obtained experimental results are included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: A Mini Review (2014)

A B S T R A C T Extensively drug resist ant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has recently emerged as a global health problem. XDR-TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to at least isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), any fluoroquinolone (FQs) and any of the three second line injectable drugs (amikacin, kanamycin (aminoglycosides) or capreomycin (polypeptide)). Approximately 9% of MDR-TB cases also have resistance to other classes of drugs i.e. XDR-TB cases. XDR-TB has been detected all over the world. As of October 2012, 84 countries had reported at least one XDR-TB case. Treatment outcomes in MDR-TB patients in high burden countries is poor, with only about 50% of patients successfully completing treatment. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) of second -line drugs is not as easy as DST for first -line drugs. The existing tests for second line drug susceptibility are not standardized and are less reproducible than tests for first line anti-TB drugs. In December 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed Xpert for the rapid and accurate detection of TB, and recommends that it should be used as an initial diagnostic test in individuals suspected of having MDR-TB or HIV associated TB. Drug associated adverse events occur commonly during treatment of XDR-TB and often requires interruption of therapy.
Potential Mitochondrial Isocitrate Dehydrogenase R140Q Mutant Inhibitor from Traditional Chinese Medicine against Cancers (2014)

A recent research of cancer has indicated that the mutant of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and 2) genes will induce various cancers, including chondrosarcoma, cholangiocarcinomas, and acute myelogenous leukemia due to the effect of point mutations in the active-site arginine residues of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), such as IDH1/R132, IDH2/R140, and IDH2/R172. As the inhibition for those tumor-associated mutant IDH proteins may induce differentiation of those cancer cells, these tumor-associated mutant IDH proteins can be treated as a drug target proteins for a differentiation therapy against cancers. In this study, we aim to identify the potent TCM compounds from the TCM Database@Taiwan as lead compounds of IDH2 R140Q mutant inhibitor. Comparing to the IDH2 R140Q mutant protein inhibitor, AGI-6780, the top two TCM compounds, precatorine and abrine, have higher binding affinities with target protein in docking simulation. After MD simulation, the top two TCM compounds remain as the same docking poses under dynamic conditions. In addition, precatorine is extracted from Abrus precatorius L., which represents the cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects for breast cancer and several tumor lines. Hence, we propose the TCM compounds, precatorine and abrine, as potential candidates as lead compounds for further study in drug development process with the IDH2 R140Q mutant protein against cancer.
Fully Enzymatic Inulin Determination in Small Volume Samples without Deproteinization (1992)

A fully enzymatic method for the determination of inulin in serum or plasma without deproteinization is described. The assay is carried out by means of a fructose determination after hydrolysis of inulin via inulinase and simultaneous oxidation of the native glucose using glucose oxidase and H2O2. This time-saving procedure of high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy requires only small sample volumes. The usefulness of the method is shown by analysis of blood levels in humans and rabbits after an intravenous administration of Inutest.
Genetic Resistance to Rhabdovirus Infection in Teleost Fish Is Paralleled to the Derived Cell Resistance Status (2012)

Genetic factors of resistance and predisposition to viral diseases explain a significant part of the clinical variability observed within host populations. Predisposition to viral diseases has been associated to MHC haplotypes and T cell immunity, but a growing repertoire of innate/intrinsic factors are implicated in the genetic determinism of the host susceptibility to viruses. In a long-term study of the genetics of host resistance to fish rhabdoviruses, we produced a collection of double-haploid rainbow trout clones showing a wide range of susceptibility to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) waterborne infection. The susceptibility of fibroblastic cell lines derived from these clonal fish was fully consistent with the susceptibility of the parental fish clones. The mechanisms determining the host resistance therefore did not associate with specific host immunity, but rather with innate or intrinsic factors. One cell line was resistant to rhabdovirus infection due to the combination of an early interferon IFN induction--that was not observed in the susceptible cells--and of yet unknown factors that hamper the first steps of the viral cycle. The implication of IFN was well consistent with the wide range of resistance of this genetic background to VSHV and IHNV, to the birnavirus IPNV and the orthomyxovirus ISAV. Another cell line was even more refractory to the VHSV infection through different antiviral mechanisms. This collection of clonal fish and isogenic cell lines provides an interesting model to analyze the relative contribution of antiviral pathways to the resistance to different viruses.
Crash Simulation of Large-Number-of-Elements Car Model by LS-DYNA on Highly Parallel Computers (2008)

The analysis of car crashes by computer simulation has become an indispensible tool for shortening automobile development time and lowering costs. To shorten development time even further, researchers have endeavored to shorten the time needed for creating analysis models, and it is now becoming possible to create analysis models in a short time without manual work. However, to obtain a practical level of accuracy in analysis when creating an analysis model automatically, one needs a level of detail more than ten times that of analysis models currently being used by automobile companies, but the time taken to perform such an analysis is impractical. To resolve this problem, we investigated the possibility of performing practical analysis by highly parallel computing on a parallel computer. This paper explains the need for large-number-of-elements crash analysis at automobile companies and describes the highly parallel execution with up to 512 processors of a 10-million-element analysis model using the nonlinear dynamic structured analysis program LS-DYNA. The technical information obtained from these simulations, measures for improving processing speed, and future research issues are presented.