gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Escherichia coli</i>mechanisms of copper homeostasis in a changing environment (2003)

Escherichia coli is equipped with multiple systems to ensure safe copper handling under varying environmental conditions. The Cu(I)-translocating P-type ATPase CopA, the central component in copper homeostasis, is responsible for removing excess Cu(I) from the cytoplasm. The multi-copper oxidase CueO and the multi-component copper transport system CusCFBA appear to safeguard the periplasmic space from copper-induced toxicity. Some strains of E. coli can survive in copper-rich environments that would normally overwhelm the chromosomally encoded copper homeostatic systems. Such strains possess additional plasmid-encoded genes that confer copper resistance. The pco determinant encodes genes that detoxify copper in the periplasm, although the mechanism is still unknown. Genes involved in copper homeostasis are regulated by MerR-like activators responsive to cytoplasmic Cu(I) or two-component systems sensing periplasmic Cu(I). Pathways of copper uptake and intracellular copper handling are still not identified in E. coli.
Swab-wash method for quantitation of cutaneous microflora (1990)

We describe a comparison of the scrub-wash method of Williamson and Kligman and a swab-wash method for the enumeration of cutaneous microflora. The swab-wash method provides a less traumatic alternative to the scrub-wash method and can be used to sample the cutaneous microflora of premature neonates.
Optimal design of robust analytical redundancy for uncertain systems (2002)

In this paper a criterion is constructed for determining a set of parity vectors which result in different robustness of fault detection and identification (FDI). The solution of the criterion is obtained by using the theory of generalized eigenstructure. A jet engine system with a set of model variants corresponding to different system operation points is given for the illustration of FDI design using the proposed approach. Simulation results show that robust FDI can be achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polyphosphazenes: Multifunctional, Biodegradable Vehicles for Drug and Gene Delivery (2013)

Poly[(organo)phosphazenes] are a unique class of extremely versatile polymers with a range of applications including tissue engineering and drug delivery, as hydrogels, shape memory polymers and as stimuli responsive materials. This review aims to divulge the basic principles of designing polyphosphazenes for drug and gene delivery and portray the huge potential of these extremely versatile materials for such applications. Polyphosphazenes offer a number of distinct advantages as carriers for bioconjugates; alongside their completely degradable backbone, to non-toxic degradation products, they possess an inherently and uniquely high functionality and, thanks to recent advances in their polymer chemistry, can be prepared with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities, as well as self-assembled supra-molecular structures. Importantly, the rate of degradation/hydrolysis of the polymers can be carefully tuned to suit the desired application. In this review we detail the recent developments in the chemistry of polyphosphazenes, relevant to drug and gene delivery and describe recent investigations into their application in this field.
Calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) mutations increase expression of calreticulin and ryanodine receptors, causing catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (2007)

-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a familial disorder caused by cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) or calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) gene mutations. To define how CASQ2 mutations cause CPVT, we produced and studied mice carrying a human D307H missense mutation (CASQ 307/307 ) or a CASQ2-null mutation (CASQ E9/E9 ). Both CASQ2 mutations caused identical consequences. Young mutant mice had structurally normal hearts but stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias; aging produced cardiac hypertrophy and reduced contractile function. Mutant myocytes had reduced CASQ2 and increased calreticulin and RyR2 (with normal phosphorylated proportions) but unchanged calstabin levels, as well as reduced total sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ , prolonged Ca 2+ release, and delayed Ca 2+ reuptake. Stress further diminished Ca 2+ transients, elevated cytosolic Ca 2+ , and triggered frequent, spontaneous SR Ca 2+ release. Treatment with Mg 2+ , a RyR2 inhibitor, normalized myocyte Ca 2+ cycling and decreased CPVT in mutant mice, indicating RyR2 dysfunction was critical to mutant CASQ2 pathophysiology. We conclude that CPVT-causing CASQ2 missense mutations function as null alleles. In the absence of CASQ2, calreticulin, a fetal Ca 2+ -binding protein normally downregulated at birth, remains a prominent SR component. Adaptive changes to CASQ2 deficiency (increased posttranscriptional expression of calreticulin and RyR2) maintained electrical-mechanical coupling, but increased RyR2 leakiness, a paradoxical response further exacerbated by stress. The central role of RyR2 dysfunction in CASQ2 deficiency unifies the pathophysiologic mechanism underlying CPVT due to RyR2 or CASQ2 mutations and suggests a therapeutic approach for these inherited cardiac arrhythmias.
Impact of Balloon Guide Catheter Use on Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes in the STRATIS Stroke Thrombectomy Registry (2019)

Background and Purpose- Mechanical thrombectomy has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, the impact of balloon guide catheter (BGC) use is not well established. Methods- STRATIS (Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated With Neurothrombectomy Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke) was a prospective, multicenter study of patients with large vessel occlusion treated with the Solitaire stent retriever as first-line therapy. In this study, an independent core laboratory, blinded to the clinical outcomes, reviewed all procedures and angiographic data to classify procedural technique, target clot location, recanalization after each pass, and determine the number of stent retriever passes. The primary clinical end point was functional independence (modified Rankin Scale, 0-2) at 3 months as determined on-site, and the angiographic end point was first-pass effect (FPE) success rate from a single device attempt (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction, ≥2c) as determined by a core laboratory. Achieving modified FPE (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction, ≥2b) was also assessed. Comparisons of clinical outcomes were made between groups and adjusted for baseline and procedural characteristics. All participating centers received institutional review board approval from their respective institutions. Results- Adjunctive technique groups included BGC (n=445), distal access catheter (n=238), and conventional guide catheter (n=62). The BGC group had a higher rate of FPE following first pass (212/443 [48%]) versus conventional guide catheter (16/62 [26%]; P=0.001) and distal access catheter (83/235 [35%]; P=0.002). Similarly, the BGC group had a higher rate of modified FPE (294/443 [66%]) versus conventional guide catheter (26/62 [42%]; P<0.001) and distal access catheter (129/234 [55%]; P=0.003). The BGC group achieved the highest rate of functional independence (253/415 [61%]) versus conventional guide catheter (23/55 [42%]; P=0.007) and distal access catheter (113/218 [52%]; P=0.027). Final revascularization and mortality rates did not differ across the groups. Conclusions- BGC use was an independent predictor of FPE, modified FPE, and functional independence, suggesting that its routine use may improve the rates of early revascularization success and good clinical outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02239640.
Stereoselective Synthesis of <i>Z</i>-α-Aryl-α,β-unsaturated Esters (2006)

An efficient method for the stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-alpha-arylacrylates is described. Treatment of alpha-hydroxyesters with triflic anhydride and pyridine at 0 degrees C followed by warming to room temperature afforded the corresponding (Z)-alpha-aryl-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters in very good yields and excellent stereoselectivity.
Expression cloning of rat renal Na+/SO4(2-) cotransport. (1993)

Injection of rat kidney cortex mRNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes leads to a stimulation of Na(+)-dependent SO4(2-) uptake. Based on this information, we have isolated from a corresponding library a cDNA (NaSi-1) that is most likely related to a Na+/SO4(2-) cotransport system. NaSi-1 cRNA leads in a time- and dose-dependent manner to specific stimulation of Na(+)-dependent SO4(2-) uptake in oocytes. The apparent affinity constants of the NaSi-1 cRNA-expressed transport resemble those of Na+/SO4(2-) cotransport in brush-border membrane. The NaSi-1 cDNA contains 2239 bp [including a poly(A) tail] and encodes a protein of 595 amino acids (66.05 kDa); the hydropathy profile suggests at least eight membrane-spanning regions. In vitro translation of NaSi-1 cRNA results in a protein of the expected size and suggests glycosylation. Northern blot analysis shows signals of 2.3 and 2.9 kb in kidney (more abundant in cortex than in papilla/medulla) and in mucosa of small intestine of rats. The above data indicate that we have structurally identified a membrane protein involved in renal and small-intestinal brush-border membrane Na+/SO4(2-) cotransport.
Teleoperation of autonomous vehicle (2016)

Teleoperation is using remote control from outside line of sight.The operator is often assisted by cameras to emulate sitting in the vehicle.In this report a system for teleoperation of an autonomous Volvo FMX truck is specified, designed, implemented and evaluated.First a survey of existing solutions on the market is conducted finding that there are a few autonomous and teleoperation solutions available, but they are still new and information is sparse.To identify what types of requirements are needed for such a system and how to design it a literature study is performed.The system is then designed from the set requirements in a modular fashion using the Robot Operating System as the underlying framework.Four cameras are mounted on the cab and in software the images are stitched together into one 360 image that the operator can pan around in.The system is designed so that the operator at any time can pause the autonomous navigation and manually control the vehicle via teleoperation.When the operators intervention is completed the truck can resume autonomous navigation.A solution for synchronization between manual and autonomous mode is specified.The truck is implemented in a simulation where the functionality and requirements of the system is evaluated by a group of test subjects driving a test track.Results from simulation show that latencies higher than 300 ms lead to difficulties when driving, but having a high frame rate is not as critical.The benefit of a full 360 camera view compared to a number of fixed cameras in strategic places is not obvious.The use of a head mounted display together with the 360 video would be of interest to investigate further.
Integration of autonomic mechanisms to a test management solution (2015)

Testing is one of the most time-consuming phases of the software development cycle and this is not different in the mobile software domain. In fact, small input mechanisms, dependence to wireless network configurations and complex navigations create a very stressful and prone to errors test environment. This paper presents additional modules that were specified to a test management tool, which extend its abilities in terms of automation, intelligent control and statistical metrics manipulation. We compare this approach to other efforts from the software engineering community and stress the gains in our test process. A list of learned lessons was also consolidated to share important points of this experience.
Integrity monitoring and failure identification within an integrated satellite/inertial navigation system (2002)

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) provide highest accuracy navigation capabilities when using differential techniques. Although the accuracy performance can comply with the tight limits as defined by ICAO or RTCA for precision approaches and taxi guidance, under real environment several effects onboard the aircraft degrade the quality of GNSS to an unacceptable level, so that GNSS would not be capable for sole means navigation. For system integrity checks, different approaches like Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) or ground based overlay techniques are in discussion so far, but none is able to compensate insufficiencies of the satellite systems concerning dynamic environment and reliability. Therefore a combination of satellite information with inertial sensors suggests itself, because the latter are an ideal complement to GNSS due to their good dynamic behaviour, although they are characterized by long-term drift as a result of misalignment, accelerometer and gyro errors. Their budget varies with dynamic manoeuvres so that a preflight error determination and system calibration is insufficient. A complementary navigation system based on Kalman-filter techniques enables the estimation and compensation of different sensor errors of the inertial as well as the satellite part. In the paper the potential of quality control, i.e. failure detection, identification as well as failure repair, exclusively with means of onboard information for integrity monitoring is discussed. In consequence this approach is called Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (AAIM).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Observation of Enhanced Hole Extraction in Br Concentration Gradient Perovskite Materials (2016)

Enhancing hole extraction inside the perovskite layer is the key factor for boosting photovoltaic performance. Realization of halide concentration gradient perovskite materials has been expected to exhibit rapid hole extraction due to the precise bandgap tuning. Moreover, a formation of Br-rich region on the tri-iodide perovskite layer is expected to enhance moisture stability without a loss of current density. However, conventional synthetic techniques of perovskite materials such as the solution process have not achieved the realization of halide concentration gradient perovskite materials. In this report, we demonstrate the fabrication of Br concentration gradient mixed halide perovskite materials using a novel and facile halide conversion method based on vaporized hydrobromic acid. Accelerated hole extraction and enhanced lifetime due to Br gradient was verified by observing photoluminescence properties. Through the combination of secondary ion mass spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, the diffusion behavior of Br ions in perovskite materials was investigated. The Br-gradient was found to be eventually converted into a homogeneous mixed halide layer after undergoing an intermixing process. Br-substituted perovskite solar cells exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 18.94% due to an increase in open circuit voltage from 1.08 to 1.11 V and an advance in fill-factor from 0.71 to 0.74. Long-term stability was also dramatically enhanced after the conversion process, i.e., the power conversion efficiency of the post-treated device has remained over 97% of the initial value under high humid conditions (40-90%) without any encapsulation for 4 weeks.
Estimation of current through human body in case of contact with pipeline in the vicinity of a 50 Hz-electrified railway (2013)

Railway power supply and pipelines are often close to each other and in case of a strong parallelism, an induced voltage can appear on the overground metallic part of the gas equipment. The value of the induced voltage depends of many parameters such as the power line and the pipeline vicinity, the supply current, the ground characteristics and the parallelism between these two infrastructures. The touch voltage always induce an electrical current through a human body and can be hazardous for the workers in contact with such installations. In a new line project realization, the downgraded condition should be taken into account in order to prevent the electrical hazardous due to this phenomena. Thus, the induced voltage value can be useful to predict the worst case operation. For these reasons the induced voltage calculations is used to plan the needed protections and their costs. In this paper the induced voltage due to the 25 kV-50 Hz railway power supply is calculated on an overground pipeline in the vicinity. The value of the current through the human body is evaluated and compared with the threshold value given in standards and discussed with respect to the different body impedance and the current flow duration.
Silicon Based Materials for Drug Delivery Devices and Implants (2007)

This patent review focuses on silicon based materials for drug delivery systems and implant devices devoted to medical applications. The article describes some representative examples of the most depictive silicon based compounds associated with drug release formulations and tissue engineering biomaterials. Ranging from inorganic to organic and hybrid inorganic-organic silicon compounds, the paper referrers to patents describing inventions which make use of the best properties of silicon dioxide, silica aerogel and xerogel, silicon bioactive materials, silicones and ormosils, pointing out the usefulness of each kind of compound within the invention embodiment. Keywords: Biomaterials, silicon devices, drug delivery devices, silicon based implants
Safety, Correlative Markers, and Clinical Results of Adjuvant Nivolumab in Combination with Vaccine in Resected High-Risk Metastatic Melanoma (2014)

Nivolumab with vaccine is well tolerated as adjuvant therapy and demonstrates immunologic activity with promising survival in high-risk resected melanoma, justifying further study.
Correlation between hierarchical structure of crystal networks and macroscopic performance of mesoscopic soft materials and engineering principles (2015)

This review examines how the concepts and ideas of crystallization can be extended further and applied to the field of mesoscopic soft materials. It concerns the structural characteristics vs. the macroscopic performance, and the formation mechanism of crystal networks. Although this subject can be discussed in a broad sense across the area of mesoscopic soft materials, our main focus is on supramolecular materials, spider and silkworm silks, and biominerals. First, the occurrence of a hierarchical structure, i.e. crystal network and domain network structures, will facilitate the formation kinetics of mesoscopic phases and boost up the macroscopic performance of materials in some cases (i.e. spider silk fibres). Second, the structure and performance of materials can be correlated in some way by the four factors: topology, correlation length, symmetry/ordering, and strength of association of crystal networks. Moreover, four different kinetic paths of crystal network formation are identified, namely, one-step process of assembly, two-step process of assembly, mixed mode of assembly and foreign molecule mediated assembly. Based on the basic mechanisms of crystal nucleation and growth, the formation of crystal networks, such as crystallographic mismatch (or noncrystallographic) branching (tip branching and fibre side branching) and fibre/polymeric side merging, are reviewed. This facilitates the rational design and construction of crystal networks in supramolecular materials. In this context, the (re-)construction of a hierarchical crystal network structure can be implemented by thermal, precipitate, chemical, and sonication stimuli. As another important class of soft materials, the unusual mechanical performance of spider and silkworm silk fibres are reviewed in comparison with the regenerated silk protein derivatives. It follows that the considerably larger breaking stress and unusual breaking strain of spider silk fibres vs. silkworm silk fibres can be interpreted according to the synergistically correlated hierarchical structures of the domain and crystal networks, which can be quantified by the hierarchical structural correlation and the four structural parameters. Based on the concept of crystal networks, the new understanding acquired will transfer the research and engineering of mesoscopic materials, particularly, soft functional materials, to a new phase.
Nanoparticles of Conjugated Polymers Prepared from Phase‐Separated Films of Phospholipids and Polymers for Biomedical Applications (2014)

Phase separation in films of phospholipids and conjugated polymers results in nanoassemblies because of a difference in the physicochemical properties between the hydrophobic polymers and the polar lipid heads, together with the comparable polymer side-chain lengths to lipid tail lengths, thus producing nanoparticles of conjugated polymers upon disassembly in aqueous media by the penetration of water into polar regions of the lipid heads.
Interleukin 2 administered <i>in vivo</i> induces the growth of cultured T cells <i>in vivo</i>. (1984)

The capacity of exogenous IL 2 to induce the growth of antigen-activated T lymphocytes in vivo was evaluated. The in vivo growth of adoptively transferred T lymphocytes that had been previously cultured long-term with IL 2 was initially examined, because in vitro such T cells are exquisitely dependent upon exogenous IL 2 for proliferation and survival. Daily administration of IL 2 in vivo, beginning on the day of cell transfer, induced these IL 2-dependent long-term cultured T lymphocytes to proliferate in vivo, and the magnitude of in vivo growth was proportional to the dose of IL 2 administered. The capacity of IL 2 to induce the in vivo growth of antigen-activated T cells not previously exposed in vitro to exogenous IL 2 was similarly studied. T lymphocytes from the spleens of immune mice, activated by 5-day culture with tumor antigen before transfer, survived poorly in vivo when injected with antigen alone, but demonstrated marked proliferation in vivo in response to antigen and exogenous IL 2. By contrast, immune spleen cells transferred with antigen, but without prior culture, proliferated without supplementary exogenous IL 2. Moreover, the growth of noncultured donor T cells was not augmented by the administration of exogenous IL 2, implying that noncultured spleen cells immune to tumor antigens can produce sufficient amounts of endogenous IL 2 in vivo to sustain maximal T cell growth over the time period examined. Importantly, the ability of exogenous IL 2 to induce donor T cell growth in vivo correlated with its ability to function in vivo to augment the anti-tumor efficacy of specifically immune donor T cells in models for the adoptive therapy of disseminated antigenic murine leukemia. Thus, the current studies highlight the potential of exogenous IL 2 to induce T cell growth in vivo and suggest that the administration of IL 2 in vivo may be useful for augmenting T cell responses that are relatively deficient in the production of endogenous IL 2.