gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Open loop method for waveform acquisition on electron-beam probe systems</title> (2001)

Closed loop waveform acquisition methods on electron-beam probe systems have been used for many years. Its stability and linearity make it reliable and accurate to quantitatively measure the voltage at a probe point on the device under test (DUT). However, the feedback loop keeps decreasing the charging current to the integrator hence slowing the acquisition process. The open loop method can keep the charging current constant so as to speed up the waveform acquisition. Fast acquisition is desirable for productivity and to minimize electron beam induced contamination of the probe-point. By adjusting the loop gain and the filter mesh voltage properly, we developed a method to use the characteristics of the local linearity of S curve to make the open acquisition loop stable and reliable while significantly boosting the acquisition speed. The results show it can be approximately 25 times faster to acquire a waveform from the DUT. Also shown, the open loop method works ideally for measuring small amplitude (<EQ 1 volt) analog signals as well as logic waveforms.
Intrathecal Adeno-Associated Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery for Adrenomyeloneuropathy (2018)

Mutations in the gene encoding the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter (<i>ABCD1</i>) cause elevations in very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and the neurodegenerative disease adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). In most adults, this manifests as the spinal cord axonopathy adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). A challenge in virus-based gene therapy in AMN is how to achieve functional gene correction to the entire spinal cord while minimizing leakage into the systemic circulation, which could contribute to toxicity. In the present study, we used an osmotic pump to deliver adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector into the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid space in mice. We report that slow intrathecal delivery of recombinant AAV serotype 9 (rAAV9) achieves efficient gene transfer across the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia as demonstrated with two different transgenes, <i>GFP</i> and <i>ABCD1</i>. In the <i>Abcd1</i><sup>-/-</sup> mouse, gene correction after continuous rAAV9-CBA-h<i>ABCD1</i> delivery led to a 20% decrease in VLCFA levels in spinal cord compared with controls. The major cell types transduced were astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and neurons. Importantly, rAAV9 delivered intrathecally by osmotic pump, in contrast to bolus injection, reduced systemic leakage into peripheral organs, particularly liver and heart tissue.
A recombinant non-fatty acylated form of the Hi-PAL (P6) protein of Haemophilus influenzae elicits biologically active antibody against both nontypeable and type b H. influenzae (1990)

An approximately 15,000-dalton outer membrane lipoprotein of Haemophilus influenzae, the Hi-PAL (P6) protein, has been shown to elicit bactericidal and protective antibodies against both type b and nontypeable H. influenzae strains and is a vaccine candidate for these organisms. To determine whether the lipid modification of this protein is required for immunogenicity or the elicitation of biologically active antibodies, a genetic fusion was constructed that contains the sequence of mature Hi-PAL fused to the polylinker region of pUC19. The protein expressed by this clone does not contain detectable lipid and was purified to homogeneity. This recombinant fusion protein, rPAL, elicited a strong immune response when injected into rabbits, and the antiserum reacted well with native Hi-PAL. The antiserum was bactericidal against a number of clinical nontypeable strains, duplicating the activity of anti-Hi-PAL. The anti-rPAL antiserum was also protective against type b bacteremia in the infant rat model. These results demonstrate that purified rPAL elicits antibodies with biological activities that are similar to those of anti-Hi-PAL antibodies. Thus, the lipid component of Hi-PAL is not required for either immunogenicity or elicitation of biologically active antibodies.
Lipidated Peptide Dendrimers Killing Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (2017)

New antibiotics are urgently needed to address multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Herein we report that second-generation (G2) peptide dendrimers bearing a fatty acid chain at the dendrimer core efficiently kill Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, two of the most problematic MDR bacteria worldwide. Our most active dendrimer TNS18 is also active against Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Based on circular dichroism and molecular dynamics studies, we hypothesize that TNS18 adopts a hydrophobically collapsed conformation in water with the fatty acid chain backfolded onto the peptide dendrimer branches and that the dendrimer unfolds in contact with the membrane to expose its lipid chain and hydrophobic residues, thereby facilitating membrane disruption leading to rapid bacterial cell death. Dendrimer TNS18 shows promising in vivo activity against MDR clinical isolates of A. baumannii and Escherichia coli, suggesting that lipidated peptide dendrimers might become a new class of antibacterial agents.
Improved framerate with synthetic transmit aperture imaging using prefocused subapertures (2002)

A method using subapertures that are prefocused near the middle of the region of interest Is proposed as a substitute for composite focusing commonly used in abdominal ultrasound imaging. In that method M transmit zones are stitched together in order to achieve dose to dynamic transmit focusing. The depth of focus or each zone is proportional to the inverse square of the aperture D, and the focused region is approximately M times that. In the proposed method, the aperture is divided into non-overlapping subapertures of size D/N. Each subaperture transmits a pre-focused beam with dynamic focusing on the full aperture on reception. Data from the subapertures is combined using synthetic aperture processing. The depth of focus for each subaperture is N*N times that of the full aperture. Thus the equivalent of composite focusing with M=N*N zones is achieved with N subapertures. Thus a framerate increase of N is achieved. In addition to the increase in framerate the focusing is of more uniform quality since it degrades gradually away from the pre-focus, and does not have any zone patterns. RF-data from point targets and tissue-equivalent phantoms has been processed and compared with composite zone focusing and the focusing has been verified to follow the predicted pattern. Examples of point responses and images are given.
Multiepitope Fusion Antigen Induces Broadly Protective Antibodies That Prevent Adherence of Escherichia coli Strains Expressing Colonization Factor Antigen I (CFA/I), CFA/II, and CFA/IV (2013)

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years and continues to be a major threat to global health. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are the most common bacteria causing diarrhea in developing countries. ETEC strains are able to attach to host small intestinal epithelial cells by using bacterial colonization factor antigen (CFA) adhesins. This attachment helps to initiate the diarrheal disease. Vaccines that induce antiadhesin immunity to block adherence of ETEC strains that express immunologically heterogeneous CFA adhesins are expected to protect against ETEC diarrhea. In this study, we created a CFA multiepitope fusion antigen (MEFA) carrying representative epitopes of CFA/I, CFA/II (CS1, CS2, and CS3), and CFA/IV (CS4, CS5, and CS6), examined its immunogenicity in mice, and assessed the potential of this MEFA as an antiadhesin vaccine against ETEC. Mice intraperitoneally immunized with this CFA MEFA exhibited no adverse effects and developed immune responses to CFA/I, CFA/II, and CFA/IV adhesins. Moreover, after incubation with serum of the immunized mice, ETEC or E. coli strains expressing CFA/I, CFA/II, or CFA/IV adhesins were significantly inhibited in adherence to Caco-2 cells. Our results indicated this CFA MEFA elicited antibodies that not only cross-reacted to CFA/I, CFA/II and CFA/IV adhesins but also broadly inhibited adherence of E. coli strains expressing these seven adhesins and suggested that this CFA MEFA could be a candidate to induce broad-spectrum antiadhesin protection against ETEC diarrhea. Additionally, this antigen construction approach (creating an MEFA) may be generally used in vaccine development against heterogenic pathogens.
<title>CCD/LCD holographic recording and display</title> (1999)

The combination of a high resolution charge-coupled device camera and a phase modulating liquid crystal array allows real-time holographic (interference) fringes to be detected and displayed. The original object may then be reconstructed optically. A modified Mach-Zehnder (Leith-Upatnieks) architecture is utilized for producing the required small object-to-reference beam angle. The hologram is updated and reconstructed at television field rates. Several analog reconstructions are presented as examples of the performance of the simple system. If the input scene is optically Fourier transformed, the system may be used to produce real-time Fourier transform matched filters. These filters can be displayed immediately in an optical correlator for pattern recognition applications.
Giant tunneling magnetoresistance and tunneling spin polarization in magnetic tunnel junctions with MgO (100) tunnel barriers (2006)

for an Invited Paper for the MAR06 Meeting of The American Physical Society Giant tunneling magnetoresistance and tunneling spin polarization in magnetic tunnel junctions with MgO (100) tunnel barriers STUART PARKIN, IBM Almaden Research Center Recent advances in generating, manipulating and detecting spin-polarized electrons and electrical current make possible new classes of spin based sensor, memory and logic devices [1]. One key component of many such devices is the magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) a sandwich of thin layers of metallic ferromagnetic electrodes separated by a tunneling barrier, typically an oxide material only a few atoms thick. The magnitude of the tunneling current passing through the barrier can be adjusted by varying the relative magnetic orientation of the adjacent ferromagnetic layers. As a result, MTJs can be used to sense the magnitude of magnetic fields or to store information. The electronic structure of the ferromagnet together with that of the insulator determines the spin polarization of the current through an MTJ – the ratio of ’up’ to ’down’ spin electrons. Using conventional amorphous alumina tunnel barriers tunneling spin polarization (TSP) values of up to ∼55% are found for conventional 3d ferromagnets, such as CoFe, but using highly textured crystalline MgO tunnel barriers TSP values of more than 90% can be achieved for otherwise the same ferromagnet [2]. Such TSP values rival those previously observed only with half-metallic ferromagnets. Corresponding giant values of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) are found, exceeding 350% at room temperature and nearly 600% at 3K. Perhaps surprisingly the MgO tunnel barrier can be quite rough: its thickness depends on the local crystalline texture of the barrier, which itself is influenced by structural defects in the underlayer. We show that the magnitude and the sign of the TMR is strongly influenced by defects in the tunnel barrier and by the detailed structure of the barrier/ferromagnet interfaces. The observation of Kondo-assisted tunneling phenomena will be discussed as well as the detailed dependence of TMR on chemical bonding at the interfaces [3]. [1] .S.S.P. Parkin, X. Jiang, C. Kaiser, et al., Proc. IEEE 91, 661 (2003). [2] S. S. P. Parkin, C. Kaiser, A. Panchula, et al., Nature Mater. 3, 862 (2004). [3] C. Kaiser, S. van Dijken, S.-H. Yang, H. Yang and S.S.P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 247203 (2005).
Dendritic Cell Interaction with Candida albicans Critically Depends on N-Linked Mannan (2008)

The fungus Candida albicans is the most common cause of mycotic infections in immunocompromised hosts. Little is known about the initial interactions between Candida and immune cell receptors, because a detailed characterization at the structural level is lacking. Antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs), strategically located at mucosal surfaces and in the skin, may play an important role in anti-Candida protective immunity. However, the contribution of the various Candida-associated molecular patterns and their counter-receptors to DC function remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that two C-type lectins, DC-SIGN and the macrophage mannose receptor, specifically mediate C. albicans binding and internalization by human DCs. Moreover, by combining a range of C. albicans glycosylation mutants with receptor-specific blocking and cytokine production assays, we determined that N-linked mannan but not O-linked or phosphomannan is the fungal carbohydrate structure specifically recognized by both C-type lectins on human DCs and directly influences the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Better insight in the carbohydrate recognition profile of C-type lectins will ultimately provide relevant information for the development of new drugs targeting specific fungal cell wall antigens.
Specificity of tRNA-mRNA interactions in Bacillus subtilis tyrS antitermination (1997)

The Bacillus subtilis tyrS gene, encoding tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, is a member of the T-box family of genes, which are regulated by control of readthrough of a leader region transcriptional terminator. Readthrough is induced by interaction of the cognate uncharged tRNA with the leader; the system responds to decreased tRNA charging, caused by amino acid limitation or insufficient levels of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Recognition of the cognate tRNA is mediated by pairing of the anticodon of the tRNA with the specifier sequence of the leader, a codon specifying the appropriate amino acid; a second interaction between the acceptor end of the tRNA and an antiterminator structure is also important. Certain switches of the specifier sequence to a new codon result in a switch in the specificity of the amino acid response, while other switches do not. These effects may reflect additional sequence or structural requirements for the mRNA-tRNA interaction. This study includes investigation of the effects of a large number of specifier sequence switches in tyrS and analysis of structural differences between tRNA(Tyr) and tRNA species which interact inefficiently with the tyrS leader to promote antitermination.
Driver Behavior Classification at Intersections and Validation on Large Naturalistic Data Set (2012)

The ability to classify driver behavior lays the foundation for more advanced driver assistance systems. In particular, improving safety at intersections has been identified as a high priority due to the large number of intersection-related fatalities. This paper focuses on developing algorithms for estimating driver behavior at road intersections and validating them on real traffic data. It introduces two classes of algorithms that can classify drivers as compliant or violating. They are based on (1) support vector machines and (2) hidden Markov models, which are two very popular machine learning approaches that have been used successfully for classification in multiple disciplines. However, existing work has not explored the benefits of applying these techniques to the problem of driver behavior classification at intersections. The developed algorithms are successfully validated using naturalistic intersection data collected in Christiansburg, VA, through the U.S. Department of Transportation Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations initiative. Their performances are also compared with those of three traditional methods, and the results show significant improvements with the new algorithms.
Construction of an instant structured illumination microscope (2015)

A challenge in biological imaging is to capture high-resolution images at fast frame rates in live cells. The "instant structured illumination microscope" (iSIM) is a system designed for this purpose. Similarly to standard structured illumination microscopy (SIM), an iSIM provides a twofold improvement over widefield microscopy, in x, y and z, but also allows much faster image acquisition, with real-time display of super-resolution images. The assembly of an iSIM is reasonably complex, involving the combination and alignment of many optical components, including three micro-optics arrays (two lenslet arrays and an array of pinholes, all with a pitch of 222 μm) and a double-sided scanning mirror. In addition, a number of electronic components must be correctly controlled. Construction of the system is therefore not trivial, but is highly desirable, particularly for live-cell imaging. We report, and provide instructions for, the construction of an iSIM, including minor modifications to a previous design in both hardware and software. The final instrument allows us to rapidly acquire fluorescence images at rates faster than 100 fps, with approximately twofold improvement in resolution in both x-y and z; sub-diffractive biological features have an apparent size (full width at half maximum) of 145 nm (lateral) and 320 nm (axial), using a 1.49 NA objective and 488 nm excitation.
Robust location understanding in spoken dialog systems using intersections (2007)

The availability of digital maps and mapping software has led to significant growth in location-based software and services. To safely use these applications in mobile and automotive scenarios, users must be able to input precise locations using speech. In this paper, we propose a novel method for location understanding based on spoken intersections. The proposed approach utilizes a rich, automatically-generated grammar for street names that maps all street name variations into a single canonical semantic representation. This representation is then transformed to a sequence of position-dependent subword units. This sequence is used by a classifier based on the vector space model to reliably recognize spoken intersections in the presence of recognition errors and incomplete street names. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated using data collected from users of a deployed spoken dialog system.
Black Silicon Photovoltaics (2014)

This article presents an overview of the fabrication methods of black silicon, their resulting morphologies, and a quantitative comparison of their optoelectronic properties. To perform this quantitative comparison, different groups working on black silicon solar cells have cooperated for this study. The optical absorption and the minority carrier lifetime are used as benchmark parameters. The differences in the fabrication processes plasma etching, chemical etching, or laser processing are discussed and compared with numerical models. Guidelines to optimize the relevant physical parameters, such as the correlation length, optimal height of the nanostructures, and the surface defect densities for optoelectronic applications are given.
Non-convex hull surfaces (2013)

We present a new algorithm to reconstruct approximating watertight surfaces from finite oriented point clouds. The Convex Hull (CH) of an arbitrary set of points, constructed as the intersection of all the supporting linear half spaces, is a piecewise linear watertight surface, but usually a poor approximation of the sampled surface. We introduce the Non-Convex Hull (NCH) of an oriented point cloud as the intersection of complementary supporting spherical half spaces; one per point. The boundary surface of this set is a piecewise quadratic interpolating surface, which can also be described as the zero level set of the NCH Signed Distance function. We evaluate the NCH Signed Distance function on the vertices of a volumetric mesh, regular or adaptive, and generate an approximating polygonal mesh for the NCH Surface using an isosurface algorithm. Despite its simplicity, this simple algorithm produces high quality polygon meshes competitive with those generated by state-of-the-art algorithms. The relation to the Medial Axis Transform is described.
Cannabinoid receptor antagonists: pharmacological opportunities, clinical experience, and translational prognosis (2009)

The endogenous cannabinoid (CB) (endocannabinoid) signaling system is involved in a variety of (patho)physiological processes, primarily by virtue of natural, arachidonic acid-derived lipids (endocannabinoids) that activate G protein-coupled CB1 and CB2 receptors. A hyperactive endocannabinoid system appears to contribute to the etiology of several disease states that constitute significant global threats to human health. Consequently, mounting interest surrounds the design and profiling of receptor-targeted CB antagonists as pharmacotherapeutics that attenuate endocannabinoid transmission for salutary gain. Experimental and clinical evidence supports the therapeutic potential of CB1 receptor antagonists to treat overweight/obesity, obesity-related cardiometabolic disorders, and substance abuse. Laboratory data suggest that CB2 receptor antagonists might be effective immunomodulatory and, perhaps, anti-inflammatory drugs. One CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant, has emerged as the first-in-class drug approved outside the United States for weight control. Select follow-on agents (taranabant, otenabant, surinabant, rosonabant, SLV-319, AVE1625, V24343) have also been studied in the clinic. However, rimonabant's market withdrawal in the European Union and suspension of rimonabant's, taranabant's, and otenabant's ongoing development programs have highlighted some adverse clinical side effects (especially nausea and psychiatric disturbances) of CB1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists. Novel CB1 receptor ligands that are peripherally directed and/or exhibit neutral antagonism (the latter not affecting constitutive CB1 receptor signaling) may optimize the benefits of CB1 receptor antagonists while minimizing any risk. Indeed, CB1 receptor-neutral antagonists appear from preclinical data to offer efficacy comparable to or better than that of prototype CB1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists, with less propensity to induce nausea. Continued pharmacological profiling, as the prelude to first-in-man testing of CB1 receptor antagonists with unique modes of targeting/pharmacological action, represents an exciting translational frontier in the critical path to CB receptor blockers as medicines.
Supplementary Figures S1-S7 from LRRC15 Is a Novel Mesenchymal Protein and Stromal Target for Antibody–Drug Conjugates (2023)

<p>Figures S1-S7 show LRRC15 RNA and protein expression in cancer, and demonstrate the anti-tumor efficacy of the LRRC15-targeted ADC ABBV-085 in vitro and in vivo as a monotherapy and in combination with standard-of-care therapies.</p>
Novel application of a PV solar plant as STATCOM during night and day in a distribution utility network (2011)

PV solar farms produce power during the day and are completely idle in the nights. This paper presents a novel utilization of a PV solar plant as STATCOM in the night for load reactive power compensation and voltage control. This STATCOM functionality will also be available to a substantial degree during the daytime with the inverter capacity remaining after real power production. The local distribution company London Hydro is implementing this new technology, for the first time in Canada, on a 10 kW solar system to be installed on the rooftop of their headquarters building. The PV solar plant inverter controller will be designed, developed and tested in the university Lab and will then be installed in field by Spring 2011. This paper presents the EMTDC/PSCAD simulation studies of the performance of the 10 kW PV solar plant as a STATCOM. The benefits of employing such a new control of the PV solar system as a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device are presented.