gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interference and crosstalk in double optical tweezers using a single laser source (2008)

Experimental studies of single molecule mechanics require high force sensitivity and low drift, which can be achieved with optical tweezers. We built an optical tweezer setup for force measurements in a two bead assay. A cw infrared laser beam is split by polarization and focused by a high numerical aperture objective to create two traps. The same laser is used to form both traps and to measure the force by back focal plane interferometry. We show that although the two beams entering the microscope are designed to exhibit orthogonal polarization, interference and a significant parasitic force signal occur. Comparing the experimental results with a ray optics model, we show that the interference patterns are caused by the rotation of polarization on microscope lens surfaces and slides. The model qualitatively describes the pattern and the dependence of the parasitic force signal on the experimental parameters. We present two different approaches to experimentally reduce the crosstalk, namely, polarization rectification and frequency shifting.
Database tomography for commercial application (1994)

Database tomography is a method for extracting themes and their relationships from text. The algorithms, employed begin with word frequency and word proximity analysis and build upon these results. When the word 'database' is used, think of medical or police records, patents, journals, or papers, etc. (any text information that can be computer stored). Database tomography features a full text, user interactive technique enabling the user to identify areas of interest, establish relationships, and map trends for a deeper understanding of an area of interest. Database tomography concepts and applications have been reported in journals and presented at conferences. One important feature of the database tomography algorithm is that it can be used on a database of any size, and will facilitate the users ability to understand the volume of content therein. While employing the process to identify research opportunities it became obvious that this promising technology has potential applications for business, science, engineering, law, and academe. Examples include evaluating marketing trends, strategies, relationships and associations. Also, the database tomography process would be a powerful component in the area of competitive intelligence, national security intelligence and patent analysis. User interests and involvement cannot be overemphasized.
Lensless Fluorescent Microscopy on a Chip (2011)

On-chip lensless imaging in general aims to replace bulky lens-based optical microscopes with simpler and more compact designs, especially for high-throughput screening applications. This emerging technology platform has the potential to eliminate the need for bulky and/or costly optical components through the help of novel theories and digital reconstruction algorithms. Along the same lines, here we demonstrate an on-chip fluorescent microscopy modality that can achieve e.g., <4μm spatial resolution over an ultra-wide field-of-view (FOV) of >0.6-8 cm2 without the use of any lenses, mechanical-scanning or thin-film based interference filters. In this technique, fluorescent excitation is achieved through a prism or hemispherical-glass interface illuminated by an incoherent source. After interacting with the entire object volume, this excitation light is rejected by total-internal-reflection (TIR) process that is occurring at the bottom of the sample micro-fluidic chip. The fluorescent emission from the excited objects is then collected by a fiber-optic faceplate or a taper and is delivered to an optoelectronic sensor array such as a charge-coupled-device (CCD). By using a compressive-sampling based decoding algorithm, the acquired lensfree raw fluorescent images of the sample can be rapidly processed to yield e.g., <4μm resolution over an FOV of >0.6-8 cm2. Moreover, vertically stacked micro-channels that are separated by e.g., 50-100 μm can also be successfully imaged using the same lensfree on-chip microscopy platform, which further increases the overall throughput of this modality. This compact on-chip fluorescent imaging platform, with a rapid compressive decoder behind it, could be rather valuable for high-throughput cytometry, rare-cell research and microarray-analysis.
Molecular Addition Compounds. 13. <i>N,N</i>-Diisopropyl-<i>N</i>-isobutylamine−Borane:  The First Highly Reactive Trialkylamine−Borane Reagent for Hydroborations (1999)

N,N-Diisopropyl-N-isobutylamine (1) forms a stable liquid borane adduct (4.7 M in BH3), when diborane is bubbled into the neat amine. The adduct thus formed is stable indefinitely at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. Hydroboration studies with this new, highly reactive amine−borane adduct, H3B:NPri2Bui (2) and representative olefins, such as 1-hexene, styrene, β-pinene, cyclopentene, norbornene, cyclohexene, 2-methyl-2-butene, α-pinene, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, were carried out at room temperature (22 ± 3 °C) in selected solvents, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, tert-butyl methyl ether, n-pentane, and dichloromethane. The reactions are faster in dioxane and n-pentane, requiring ∼2 h for the hydroboration of simple, unhindered olefins to the trialkylborane stage. Moderately hindered olefins, such as cyclohexene and 2-methyl-2-butene, give the corresponding dialkylboranes rapidly, with further hydroboration to the trialkylborane stage slower. However, the hindered α-pinene and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene structures give stable monoalkylboranes very rapidly, with further hydroboration proceeding relatively slowly. The hydroborations also proceed readily in other solvents, such as THF and tert-butyl methyl ether. However, a dramatic rate retardation in dichloromethane is observed. The hydroboration of less hindered olefins is not complete even after 48 h at room temperature, and starting amine−borane still persisted as observed by 11B NMR analysis of the reaction mixture. Surprisingly, more hindered olefins, such as α-pinene and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, underwent hydroboration relatively rapidly with no detectable starting amine−borane in 11B NMR analysis of the reaction mixture. The alkylboranes obtained after hydroboration were oxidized with hydrogen peroxide/sodium hydroxide, and the product alcohols were obtained in quantitative yields, as established by GC analysis. The carrier amine was recovered by simple acid−base manipulations in good yield and can be readily recycled to make the borane adduct. This new amine−borane adduct was also very efficient for the synthesis of important dialkylborane reagents. Various dialkylboranes, such as disiamylborane, dIpc2BH, 2-dIcr2BH, 9-BBN, and Chx2BH, were conveniently prepared in dioxane and THF. In the case of solid dialkylborane products, the amine can usually be separated by simple filtration. When the product is a liquid dialkylborane, such as disiamylborane, the presence of amine in the reaction medium usually does not interfere with further reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum‐Catalyzed Tandem Indole Annulation/Arylation for the Synthesis of Diindolylmethanes and Indolo[3,2‐b]carbazoles. (2013)

Abstract The scope of different indoles and propargylic ethers is examined for the tandem annulation/arylation cascade reaction.
Characterization of Galectin-9-Induced Death of Jurkat T Cells (2006)

Galectin-9, a mammalian lectin with affinity for beta-galactosides, is known as an apoptosis inducer of activated T lymphocytes. In the present study, we examined the properties of galectin-9-mediated cell death of Jurkat T cells. Galectin-9NC (wild-type), consisting of two CRDs (N-terminal and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains), and derivatives of it, galectins-9-NN and -9-CC, induced Jurkat T-cell apoptosis. However, a single CRD (galectin-9NT or -CT) had no effect, suggesting the stable dimeric structure of two CRDs is required for the activity. The apoptosis was inhibited by pretreatment with an N-glycan synthesis inhibitor, indicating that the expression of N-glycans in the cells is essential for galectin-9-induced apoptosis. We previously showed that the apoptosis of MOLT-4 cell is mediated by galectin-9 via a Ca(2+)-calpain-caspase-1-dependent pathway. In Jurkat cells, the cell death by galectin-9, was insufficiently suppressed by caspase inhibitors, Ca(2+)-chelator or calpain inhibitor. Furthermore, we observed the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and significant AIF release in galectin-9-treated cells. These findings suggest that caspase-dependent and-independent death pathways exist in Jurkat cells, and the main pathway might vary with the T-cell type.
Submillimeter‐scale combustion (2004)

Abstract Until recently, the concept of combustion within a confined space defined by a microburner was thought to be impossible. Extensive literature dating back to Davy's seminal work in 1817 has discussed how thermal and chemical quenching set a minimum size below which no flame can exist. In this report, though, it is shown that microcombustion is possible if the wall composition and structure are carefully controlled. It is suggested that there are three keys to obtaining microcombustion: (1) the walls of the microburner need to be fabricated from materials that do not quench radicals so that the gas‐phase combustion reactions can occur unimpeded; (2) the device needs to be insulated well enough that the net heat generation is sufficient to keep the reacting mixture hot enough to sustain significant combustion; and (3) the flow pattern in the burner needs to be such that the temperature is low enough not to melt the walls, yet the flame fills the entire space. Using this design strategy, devices burning methane–air and propane–air mixtures in a 750‐μm slot were designed and optimized to achieve high conversion. These results show that microcombustion is possible with consideration of microscale engineering challenges and fitting combustor design. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3206–3214, 2004
Optimization and sequencing of chilled-water plant based on extremum seeking control (2016)

Chilled-water plants with multiple chillers are the backbone of ventilation and air conditioning (VAC) systems for commercial buildings. Optimal operation and sequencing of such plant has great impact on building energy efficiency. Large variations in equipment characteristics and operating conditions make it difficult and expensive to obtain plant models required by model-based control/optimization approaches. For a variable primary flow (VPF) chilled-water plant with parallel chillers, a model-free optimization and sequencing strategy is proposed to maximize energy efficiency in real time, based on a penalty-function based multivariate extremum seeking control (ESC). The ESC takes the total power consumption (chiller compressors + cooling tower fan + condenser water pumps + input-saturation penalty) as feedback, while tower fan airflow, condenser water flows and evaporator leaving chilled-water temperature setpoint as manipulative inputs. A band-pass filter array replaces the high-pass filter in the standard ESC to reduce the cross-channel interference. The chiller sequencing is enabled with input saturation related signals. Simulation study is performed under several testing conditions using a Modelica based dynamic simulation model of a chilled-water plant with two parallel chillers, one cooling tower, one air-handling unit and one zone. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy with significant energy saving demonstrated.
Fabrication of biocompatible porous SAIB/silk fibroin scaffolds using ionic liquids (2021)

This work brings new perspectives for the use of Sucrose Acetate Isobutyrate (SAIB) for tissue engineering scaffolding products. Porous SAIB/Silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds with tunable properties were synthesized using ionic liquids.
Planar meandered‐F‐shaped 4‐element reconfigurable multiple‐input–multiple‐output antenna system with isolation enhancement for cognitive radio platforms (2015)

In this study, a novel meandered reconfigurable F‐shaped antenna is presented. The proposed design is a 4‐element, dual mode, multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system. Frequency agility is achieved using P‐type intrinsic N‐type (PIN) diode switching while frequency tuning is realised using varactor diodes. The proposed design covers wide frequency bands below 1 GHz and is realised on a single substrate. The proposed design is compact and highly suitable to be used in cognitive radio‐based wireless handheld devices. An isolation enhancement technique is applied to reduce the mutual coupling between various MIMO elements. Rectangular defected ground (GND) slots are used to reduce the mutual coupling between horizontally placed antenna elements while staircase type GND plane structure is introduced to enhance the isolation between vertically placed antenna elements. The antenna elements are also evaluated for MIMO performance metrics. The antenna system covers a size of 65 ×120 ×1.56 mm 3 .
Ultrasensitive nanoelectromechanical mass detection (2004)

We describe the application of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) to ultrasensitive mass detection. In these experiments, a modulated flux of atoms was adsorbed upon the surface of a 32.8 MHz NEMS resonator within an ultrahigh-vacuum environment. The mass-induced resonance frequency shifts by these adsorbates were then measured to ascertain a mass sensitivity of 2.53×10−18 g. In these initial measurements, this sensitivity is limited by the noise in the NEMS displacement transducer; the ultimate limits of the technique are set by fundamental phase noise processes. Our results and analysis indicate that mass sensing of individual molecules will be realizable with optimized NEMS devices.
Analysis of Acoustic Feedback/Echo Cancellation in Multiple-Microphone and Single-Loudspeaker Systems Using a Power Transfer Function Method (2011)

In this work, we analyze a general multiple-microphone and single-loudspeaker audio processing system, where a multichannel adaptive system is used to cancel the effect of acoustic feedback/echo, and a beamformer processes the feedback/echo canceled signals. We introduce and derive an accurate approximation of a frequency domain measure—the power transfer function—and show how it can be used to predict the convergence rate, system stability bound and the steady-state behavior of the entire cancellation system across frequency and time. We consider three example adaptive algorithms in the cancellation system: the least mean square, normalized least mean square, and the recursive least squares algorithms. Furthermore, we derive expressions to determine the step size parameter in the adaptive algorithms to achieve a desired system behavior, e.g., convergence rate at a specific frequency. Finally, we compare and discuss the performance of all three adaptive algorithms, and we verify the derived expressions through simulation experiments.
Thrust Optimization of a Flux-Switching Linear Synchronous Machine With Yokeless Translator (2012)

Linear permanent magnet machines have been increasingly used in several applications that require high reliability and good dynamic characteristics. In this paper, a novel double-sided design of a 3φ permanent magnet flux-switching linear synchronous machine (FSLSM) with a yokeless translator is proposed. It is found that the proposed design can achieve more than 50% higher thrust than a conventional FSLSM and excellent linearity even under high excitation currents. Optimization of the proposed machine is performed using individual parameter optimization and is compared with results from global optimization using genetic algorithm (GA). Force analysis of the proposed design is performed to establish the mechanical integrity of the design. The proposed FSLSM is most suitable for long-stroke applications and intermittent oscillatory type applications.
Ultrafast optical switch properties of single-wall carbon nanotube polymer composites at 1.55 μm (2003)

Summary form only given. Ultrafast all-optical switches are crucial components for future high-bit-rate time-division-multiplexing optical communication systems or free-space optical-digital computing systems. So far, many types of ultrafast all-optical switches have been studied and demonstrated using optical nonlinearities in optical fibers and semiconductor materials. Here we report that single-walled carbon nanotube polyvinyl alcohol (SWCN-PVOH) polymer composites not only have a high third-order nonlinear polarizability but also have an optical decay time of less than 1 ps. Our SWCN-PVOH film sample was approximately 64 /spl mu/m thickness with a concentration of carbon nanotubes calculated to be /spl sim/0.4 wt.%. Time-resolved pump-probe experiments were used to demonstrate the switching properties of SWCN-PVOH composites. To determine the physical process of the decay time we have also performed an experiment with 10 /spl mu/J/cm/sup 2/ 0.78 /spl mu/m pump and 1.55 /spl mu/m probe.
Dynamic path switching experiment for maximizing throughput on IP optical GMPLS test-bed network (2004)

We have developed experimental IP traffic driven dynamic switched optical path network composed of traffic monitors using network-processors and active-network technologies, optimal path search using genetic algorithm, IP reach-ability keep mechanism and optical switch systems.
Molecular Mechanisms of Uterine Leiomyosarcomas: Involvement of Defect in LMP2 Expression (2008)

Patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) typically present with vaginal bleeding, pain, and a pelvic mass. Typical presentations with hypercalcemia or eosinophilia have been reported. Radiographic evaluation with combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography may assist in the diagnosis and surveillance of women with uterine LMS. A recently developed risk-assessment index is highly predictive of disease-specific survival. Ovarian preservation does not appear to negatively impact outcome, and the addition of adjuvant therapy after surgical treatment does not seem to improve survival. It is noteworthy that LMP2-deficient mice exhibit spontaneous development of uterine LMS with a disease prevalence of approximately 37% by 12 months of age. The LMP2 gene is transcribed from a promoter containing an interferon (IFN)-gamma-response factor element; thus, the IFN-gamma-signal strongly induces LMP2 expression. Furthermore, a recent report demonstrated the loss of ability to induce LMP2 expression, which is an interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducible factor, in human uterine LMS tissues and cell lines. Analysis of human uterine LMS shows somatic mutations in the IFN gamma signalling pathway, thus the loss of LMP2 induction is attributable to a defect in the earliest steps of the IFN-gamma signalling pathway. The discovery of an impaired key cell-signalling pathway may provide new targets for diagnostic approaches and therapeutic intervention.
Moderate and Advanced Alzheimer’s Patients Exhibit Platelet Activation Differences (1997)

We previously reported that platelets from advanced sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients exhibit two defects: first, an aberrant signal transduction presenting as a thrombin-induced hyperacidification, which is more severe for donors with the apolipoprotein E4 allele (apoE4), and second, an AD-specific Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing defect that presents as retention of APP on the activated platelets' surface and in independent of the apo E allele. This retention of membrane APP correlates with decreased release of soluble APP. To determine at what stage in the disease progression these defects appear, we performed signal transduction and secretion studies on moderate AD patients. Thrombin-activated platelets from these patients do not exhibit either hyperacidification or APP retention; their APP processing and secretion are normal by Western blotting, suggesting that the two platelet defects appear in the advanced stages of AD.
Sol-Gel Entrapped TPAP: An Off-the-Shelf Catalyst Set for the Clean Oxidation of Alcohols (2008)

Whether in supercritical CO2 or in organic solvent and using O2 or aqueous H2O2 as primary oxidants, the series of sol-gel entrapped TPAP hybrid silica gels is a versatile class of oxidation catalysts suitable for the highly selective conversion of alcohols to carbonyls. These materials are generally more stable and active than traditional polymersupported analogues. This report summarizes recent findings showing the large potential of this technology for synthetic chemistry. Keywords: oxoruthenate catalyst, dehydrogenation, FluoRuGel, aerobic oxidation, sol-gel process
Oxidation of Toluene and Other Examples of CH Bond Activation by CdO<sub>2</sub> and ZnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles (2013)

Nanoparticles of CdO<sub>2</sub> and ZnO<sub>2</sub> are shown to oxidize toluene primarily to benzaldehyde in the 160-180 °C range, around which temperature the nanoparticles decompose to give the oxides. The product selectivity and other features of the reaction are explained taking into account the various byproducts formed in the reaction. These metal peroxides also activate the CH bonds of cyclohexane. It is possible to bring down the reaction temperature by partially substituting the Zn in ZnO<sub>2</sub> with Ni.
High-quality epitaxial layer transfer (ELTRAN) by bond and etch-back of porous Si (2002)

The small thickness variation and the high crystalline quality in the SOI films are required for the large scale integration of devices. BESOI is one of the attractive methods due to its layer thickness versatility and productivity particularly in large-scale wafers. Recently, we have reported a novel BESOI method, in which an epitaxial layer on porous Si is transferred onto another handle wafer by bonding and etching back of porous Si (ELTRAN). The structure difference and the abrupt interface between porous and bulk Si gives the very high etching selectivity (10/sup 4/-10/sup 5/), so that it can replace the dopant-sensitive selective etching in the existing BESOI, and allow high-temperature heat treatments (/spl ges/1100/spl deg/C) both to grow the good epitaxial layer and to increase the bonding strength. In this paper, the high etching selectivity and the resultant SOI thickness uniformity are discussed. The crystalline quality of the SOI layer is evaluated by defect delineate etching and p-n junction diodes.
Deciphering the proteomic signature of human endometrial receptivity (2014)

F.D.'s participation in this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the Miguel Servet Programme (CP13/00075) co-founded by FEDER. The project was also supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the FIS Programme (PI12/00450). The authors have no financial/commercial conflicts of interest to declare.
Hyperbranched fluorene-alt-carbazole copolymers with spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-dispirofluorene as the core and their application in white polymer light-emitting devices (2015)

A potential hyperbranched structure with 2,7-fluorene-<italic>alt</italic>-3,6-carbazole and 4,7-dithienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole branches, and a three-dimensional-structured spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-dispirofluorene core is synthesized for efficient and stable WPLEDs.