gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extreme Monolayer-Selectivity of Hydrogen-Plasma Reactions with Graphene (2013)

We study the effect of remote hydrogen plasma on graphene deposited on SiO₂. We observe strong monolayer selectivity for reactions with plasma species, characterized by isotropic hole formation in the basal plane of monolayers and etching from the sheet edges. The areal density of etch pits on monolayers is 2 orders of magnitude higher than on bilayers or thicker sheets. For bilayer or thicker sheets, the etch pit morphology is also quite different: hexagonal etch pits of uniform size, indicating that etching is highly anisotropic and proceeds from pre-existing defects rather than nucleating continuously as on monolayers. The etch rate displays a pronounced dependence on sample temperature for monolayer and multilayer graphene alike: very slow at room temperature, peaking at 400 °C and suppressed entirely at 700 °C. Applying the same hydrogen plasma treatment to graphene deposited on the much smoother substrate mica leads to very similar phenomenology as on the rougher SiO₂, suggesting that a factor other than substrate roughness controls the reactivity of monolayer graphene with hydrogen plasma species.
A scanning electron microscope investigation of calcium fluoride-like material deposited during topical fluoride exposure on sound human enamel in vitro. (1994)

1. The morphological aspects of globules deposited in vitro when a NaF solution is applied to sound human enamel were studied by scanning electron microscopy. 2. Particles, presumably of calcium fluoride-like material, formed on the surfaces of an unerupted tooth and consisted of subunits showing a "cauliflower" appearance, indicating agglomeration of even smaller particles. The number and size of the crystals increased with time of exposure. 3. These particles represent highly resistant fluoride reservoirs and may be of clinical significance.
GeNN: a code generation framework for accelerated brain simulations (2016)

Large-scale numerical simulations of detailed brain circuit models are important for identifying hypotheses on brain functions and testing their consistency and plausibility. An ongoing challenge for simulating realistic models is, however, computational speed. In this paper, we present the GeNN (GPU-enhanced Neuronal Networks) framework, which aims to facilitate the use of graphics accelerators for computational models of large-scale neuronal networks to address this challenge. GeNN is an open source library that generates code to accelerate the execution of network simulations on NVIDIA GPUs, through a flexible and extensible interface, which does not require in-depth technical knowledge from the users. We present performance benchmarks showing that 200-fold speedup compared to a single core of a CPU can be achieved for a network of one million conductance based Hodgkin-Huxley neurons but that for other models the speedup can differ. GeNN is available for Linux, Mac OS X and Windows platforms. The source code, user manual, tutorials, Wiki, in-depth example projects and all other related information can be found on the project website http://genn-team.github.io/genn/.
Simply the best (2012)

It's a time for drivers to shine. A time to show the truck industry and everyone else just how good they really are. And a time to leave bravado at the door as the pressure to perform takes over in the Scania Young Australian Truck Driver of the Year competition at Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne.
Low power radiation tolerant VLSI for advanced spacecraft (2003)

The combination of two synergistic VLSI technologies, ultra low power CMOS and radiation tolerant by design, offers an opportunity to provide advanced electronics capabilities for future spacecraft. The 500 mV CMOS process can yield orders of magnitude power reduction compared to current space-flight technologies and the radiation tolerance provides immunity against single event latch-up, good single event upset resistance and total ionizing dose immunity of at least 200 krads(Si). A study based on the EO-1 spacecraft requirements indicates that the use of these technologies could provide spacecraft power savings of 73% and total mass savings of 16%.
Signal processing: the modern approach (1988)

Signal processing: the modern approach , Signal processing: the modern approach , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Effect of Solid Nanoparticle of Indomethacin on Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rat (2014)

We designed new oral formulations containing indomethacin (IMC) solid nanoparticles, and investigate their usefulness by evaluating bioavailability and gastrointestinal lesions. The IMC solid nanoparticles were prepared using methylcellulose (MC), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), and the bead mill method, and high quality dispersions containing 1.0% IMC nanoparticles were prepared (IMC(nano), particle size: 76 ± 58 nm, means ± S.D.). The fate of serum IMC and the induction of paw edema in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rats receiving low-doses IMC(nano) (0.4 mg/kg) were similar to those following the administration of a therapeutic dose of conventional IMC prepared with MC and HPβCD (conventional IMC, 2 mg/kg), and the bioavailability in 0.4 mg/kg IMC(nano) was 5.3-fold higher in comparison with that in 2 mg/kg conventional IMC. IMC-induced gastrointestinal lesions in AA rats administered IMC(nano) (8 mg/kg), in consideration of bioavailability, were significantly less than for conventional IMC (40 mg/kg). On the other hand, the toxicity caused by conventional IMC and IMC(nano) was similar in Caco-2 cells. It is possible that the oral administration of IMC solid nanoparticles will show increased effectiveness in treating RA without causing IMC-induced gastrointestinal lesions, since the bioavailability is higher than that of conventional IMC. An oral drug delivery system using drug nanoparticles may expand the usage of NSAIDs for therapy in the inflammatory field.
Generation of candidate human influenza vaccine strains in cell culture – rehearsing the European response to an H7N1 pandemic threat (2007)

This is the first report of a candidate H7 vaccine virus for use in humans generated by reverse genetics and propagated entirely in mammalian tissue culture. The vaccine has potential use against a wide range of H7 strains.
Adjusting for Dropout Variance in Batch Normalization and Weight Initialization (2016)

We show how to adjust for the variance introduced by dropout with corrections to weight initialization and Batch Normalization, yielding higher accuracy. Though dropout can preserve the expected input to a neuron between train and test, the variance of the input differs. We thus propose a new weight initialization by correcting for the influence of dropout rates and an arbitrary nonlinearity's influence on variance through simple corrective scalars. Since Batch Normalization trained with dropout estimates the variance of a layer's incoming distribution with some inputs dropped, the variance also differs between train and test. After training a network with Batch Normalization and dropout, we simply update Batch Normalization's variance moving averages with dropout off and obtain state of the art on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 without data augmentation.
Deep bed filtration of anaerobic cattle manure effluents with natural zeolite (1999)

Abstract This study was carried out in a pilot plant for the treatment of anaerobic cattle manure waste. The pilot plant consisted of a semicontinous anaerobic reactor, a settling tank, a filtration process and an ionic exchange column. The study was focused on the filtration process, with natural zeolite as filtering material. In the filtration process different media sizes of natural zeolites packed in columns were tested. The ranges of media size were 0.4 ‐ 1.0, 1.0 ‐ 3.0 and 3.0 ‐ 5.0 mm. Filtration systems operated by gravity flow from 2 to 10 m3m‐2h‐1. The process control was done by assays of solids, turbidity, total and soluble COD, ammonium and orthophosphate. The results showed a better behaviour in the filters packed with a media size range between 1.0 and 3.0 mm, operating at 7 m3m‐2h‐1, principally when effluent gross particles were previously retained in an Heterogeneous Media Filter, operating at 4 m3m‐2h‐1. The head losses diagrams in the filter runs were obtained, at each operational conditions. The hydraulic behaviour of traditional silica sand and natural zeolite beds were compared at the same operational conditions.
Recent challenges in insulin delivery systems: A review (2008)

Relatively, a large percentage of world population is affected by diabetes mellitus, out of which approximately 5-10% with type 1 diabetes while the remaining 90% with type 2. Insulin administration is essential for type 1 patients while it is required at later stage by the patients of type 2. Current insulin delivery systems are available as transdermal injections which may be considered as invasive. Several non-invasive approaches for insulin delivery are being pursued by pharmaceutical companies to reduce the pain, and hypoglycemic incidences associated with injections in order to improve patient compliance. While any new insulin delivery system requires health authorities' approval, to provide long term safety profile and insuring patients' acceptance. The inhalation delivery system Exubera((R)) has already become clinically available in the United States and Europe for patients with diabetes as non-invasive delivery system.
Effects of dietary supplementation of DL-methionine or 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid on food intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and urinary and blood metabolites in healthy, growing dogs (2006)

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects on nutritional responses of supplemental DL-methionine and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMTBA) in a commercial-type diet in growing dogs. A nitrogen balance study was conducted as a randomized complete block design using 30 Pointer puppies (72-d-old; 5.5 kg). A corn and poultry byproduct meal based diet was supplemented with 0.1 or 0.2% DL-methionine or HMTBA on an equimolar basis. Organic matter and gross energy tended (p < 0.10) to be less digestible by dogs fed the 0.1% HMTBA diet compared with the 0.2% DL-methionine diet, but other nutrients were unaffected. Postprandial urinary calcium tended (p < 0.10) to be lower for the basal and HMTBA treatments. Fecal ammonia tended (p < 0.10) to be lower for the 0.1% HMTBA diet than for the 0.2% DL-methionine diet. At the levels tested, DL-methionine and HMTBA appear to act similarly when included in a corn and poultry by-product meal diet fed to young dogs.
Reexamination of the Kaolinite‐to‐Mullite Reaction Series (1978)

The kaolinite‐to‐mullite reaction series was reexamined with special attention to the nature of the metaphase, the eontroversial spinel phase, and the cause of the exothermic peak at 980°C. Amorphous SiO 2 forms during the exothermic reaction; it can be leached by alkali extraction. When the residual cubic phase is heated further, it forms mullite only. This result indicates that the cubic phase is an Al‐Si spinel and that metakaolinite is an AI 2 O 3 ‐SiO 2 compound. It was established that the exotherm exhibited by kaolinite at 980°C represents the sudden transformation of metakaolinite to Al‐Si spinel, the crystallization of mullite, and the liberation of amorphous SiO 2 . The AI‐Si spinel has the same composition as mullite, containing both AI(IV) and AI(VI). This spinel transforms into mullite at the second exothermic peak; no amorphous SiO 2 is liberated.
Power Management in Mobile Computing (a Survey) (1996)

Rapid advances in technology have resulted in laptop (mobile) computers with performance and features comparable to desktop (stationary) machines. Advances in rechargeable battery technology have failed to keep pace, decreasing the usefulness of mobile computers and portable wireless devices. Several methods of power management can be used to prolong the battery life of a mobile computer. We provide a detailed analysis of power consumption typically encountered in a networked laptop computer and the power management methods currently used. We also outline some novel proposed power management methods.
Walking and running of the quadruped wall-climbing robot (2002)

The development of a wall climbing robot which is able to move over the surface of "3-dimensional terrain", a terrain including floor, wall, ceiling of any kinds of structures with agility and terrain adaptability is strongly demanded in many industries. The conventional wall-climbing machines were far from fulfilling the demand, the authors thus have been developing a wall-climbing robot with four-terrain-adaptive legs and basic mobilities were already demonstrated by the manufactured prototype model NINJA-I. However, as there are almost no examples of wall-climbing quadrupedal animals and conventional machines, the gait control method specific for the quadruped wall-climbing is not at all known by now. As the first step to consider a general gait problem of a quadruped wall-climbing robot, this paper investigates a gait of the robot on a vertical and flat wall. The gait is analyzed with the criterion to maximize the locomotion speed under the constraints of predetermined conditions of the supporting-legs position, order and phases of swing legs to prevent turn over motion. As a result of the analysis, the optimal standard gait, named "Wall Gait", is shown to maintain foot posture of /spl Lambda/ shape and moves the leg in the order of leg1-leg2-leg4-leg3 in static walk and the order of "pace" in dynamic walk.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mathematical Modeling of Group Authentication Based on Isogeny of Elliptic Curves (2019)

In this paper, we consider ways of organizing group authentication, as well as the features of constructing the isogeny of elliptic curves. The work includes the study of isogeny graphs and their application in postquantum systems. A hierarchical group authentication scheme has been developed using transformations based on the search for isogeny of elliptic curves.
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) (2013)

The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is becoming a key device in high-speed optical local area networks (LANs) and even wide-area networks (WANs). This device is also enabling ultraparallel data transfer in equipment and computer systems, including storage area networks (SANs) and wide optoelectronics fields. In this paper, we will review its physics and the progress of technology covering the spectral band from infrared to ultraviolet by featuring materials and fabrication technology. Performances such as threshold, output power, polarization, modulation, and reliability are introduced. Last, we will touch on its future prospects.
Serum and transforming growth factor beta regulate glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum-free-derived mouse embryo cells. (1990)

Serum-free mouse embryo (SFME) cells, derived in medium in which serum is replaced with growth factors and other supplements, display distinctive properties: (i) SFME cells do not lose proliferative potential or show gross chromosomal aberration upon extended culture, (ii) these cells depend on epidermal growth factor for survival; and (iii) SFME cell proliferation is reversibly inhibited by serum. Treatment of SFME cells with serum or transforming growth factor beta led to the appearance of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a specific marker for astrocytes. The appearance of glial fibrillary acidic protein in cultures was reversed upon removal of transforming growth factor beta or serum. Cells with properties similar to SFME cells were also isolated from adult mouse brain. These results suggest a role for transforming growth factor beta in astrocyte differentiation in developing organisms and in response to injury and identify the cell type that has the unusual properties of SFME cells.
Mechanical Design of the HER Synchrotron Light Monitor Primary Mirror (1997)

This paper describes the mechanical design of the primary mirror that images the visible portion of the synchrotron radiation (SR) extracted from the High Energy Ring (HER) of the PEP-II B-Factory. During off-axis operation, the water-cooled GlidCop mirror is subjected to a heat flux in excess of 2000 W/cm2. When on-axis imaging occurs, the heat flux due to scattered SR, resistive wall losses and Higher-Order-Mode (HOM) heating is estimated at 1 W/cm2. The imaging surface is plated with Electroless Nickel to improve its optical characteristics. The design requirements for the primary mirror are listed and discussed. Calculated mechanical distortions and stresses experienced by the mirror during on-axis and off-axis operation will be presented. 1
Automatic Extraction Methodology for Accurate Measurements of Effective Channel Length on 65-nm MOSFET Technology and Below (2008)

The length of MOSFET channels is an important circuit design parameter, and this paper focuses on a new industrially-compatible technique using gate-to-channel measurements C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gc</sub> (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> ) to provide accurate extraction of the channel length. Thanks to fully-automatic probers, the technique provides large scale extractions and so, statistical-based results can be extracted with a maximized reliability. An in-depth study of parasitic capacitances has been performed to improve the extraction accuracy to within a few nanometers.
Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in PRL gene and growth traits in Xinyang buffalo (2011)

Blood samples from fifty xinyang buffalos were extracted for genomic DNA and the primers for PRL gene(NC-007324) were designed to detect the polymorphisms in the second,fourth and fifth exons of this gene by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing,then the correlations between the polymorphisms and the growth traits of the buffalos were analyzed.The PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing showed that in the tested buffalos each exon had shifted SSCP band and there was one SNP in each exon(2974GA,7581GA,8558 G-).The correlation analysis showed that the hucklebone widths in the buffalos genotyped AA were significantly(P0.05) greater than those in the buffalos genotyped BB based on the second exon polymorphisms.
Personalized Indirect Calorimeter for Energy Expenditure (EE) Measurement (2015)

A personal indirect calorimeter allows everyone to assess resting and non-resting energy expenditure, thus enabling accurate determination of a person's total calorie need for weight management and fitness. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of a new personal metabolic rate tracker based on indirect calorimetry, Breezing , with the Douglas bag method, the gold standard method for energy expenditure (EE) measurement.
Improvements to filterbank and delta learning within a deep neural network framework (2014)

Many features used in speech recognition tasks are hand-crafted and are not always related to the objective at hand, that is minimizing word error rate. Recently, we showed that replacing a perceptually motivated mel-filter bank with a filter bank layer that is learned jointly with the rest of a deep neural network was promising. In this paper, we extend filter learning to a speaker-adapted, state-of-the-art system. First, we incorporate delta learning into the filter learning framework. Second, we incorporate various speaker adaptation techniques, including VTLN warping and speaker identity features. On a 50-hour English Broadcast News task, we show that we can achieve a 5% relative improvement in word error rate (WER) using the filter and delta learning, compared to having a fixed set of filters and deltas. Furthermore, after speaker adaptation, we find that filter and delta learning allows for a 3% relative improvement in WER compared to a state-of-the-art CNN.
The role of glutathione in mammalian gametes. (2005)

The paper reviews a recent research on the role of glutathione (GSH) in the male and female germ cells as well as during the early stages of embryo development in mammals. In both the male and female gametes, GSH is involved in the protection of these cells against oxidative damage. Glutathione has been implicated in maintaining the meiotic spindle morphology of the oocyte. After fertilization, this thiol plays an active role in the formation of the male pronucleus, and has a beneficial effect on early embryogenesis to the blastocyst stage. GSH concentrations change within the oocytes during meiotic maturation and its synthesis is regulated by gonadotropins. Furthermore, GSH concentrations in the maturing spermatozoa gradually decline during spermatogenesis. This review also addresses the important role of cumulus cells in glutathione synthesis.
An object-oriented model for capturing data semantics (2003)

OBJECTModeler is a multi-user, Unix-based software tool which implements an object-oriented data modeling design methodology supporting the definition of various types of semantic objects and their interrelationships. Subtypes can be defined through inheritance. The methodology incorporates the mechanism to extract functional and multivalued dependencies as well as relational constraints from the defined objects, validates the dependencies for consistency, and generates a relational data definition language. Other semantic integrity constraints can be specified when objects and properties are defined using OBJECTModeler's dictionary functions which are implemented using a graphical user interface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
THE REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION OF INTERVENING WEAK Mg II QUASAR ABSORBERS AND A CURIOUS DEPENDENCE ON QUASAR LUMINOSITY (2013)

We have identified 469 Mg II λλ2796, 2803 doublet systems having Wr ≥ 0.02 Å in 252 Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer and UVES/Very Large Telescope quasar spectra over the redshift range 0.1 < z < 2.6. Using the largest sample yet of 188 weak Mg II systems (0.02 Å ≤Wr < 0.3 Å), we calculate their absorber redshift path density, dN/dz. We find clear evidence of evolution, with dN/dz peaking at z ~ 1.2, and that the product of the absorber number density and cross section decreases linearly with increasing redshift; weak Mg II absorbers seem to vanish above z 2.7. If the absorbers are ionized by the UV background, we estimate number densities of 106-109 Mpc–3 for spherical geometries and 102-105 Mpc–3 for more sheetlike geometries. We also find that dN/dz toward intrinsically faint versus bright quasars differs significantly for weak and strong (Wr ≥ 1.0 Å) absorbers. For weak absorption, dN/dz toward bright quasars is ~25% higher than toward faint quasars (10σ at low redshift, 0.4 ≤ z ≤ 1.4, and 4σ at high redshift, 1.4 < z ≤ 2.34). For strong absorption the trend reverses, with dN/dz toward faint quasars being ~20% higher than toward bright quasars (also 10σ at low redshift and 4σ at high redshift). We explore scenarios in which beam size is proportional to quasar luminosity and varies with absorber and quasar redshifts. These do not explain dN/dz's dependence on quasar luminosity.
Self-optimizing Droop Control and Quasi-Synchronization Strategy Based on Emergency Power Source (2019)

Aiming at the emergency power supplying measures in the case of large-scale power outage, this paper proposes a Self-optimizing Droop Control (SDC) method for Emergency Power Source (EPS) with self-adjusting time constant. Based on SDC method, an automatic quasi-synchronization strategy for EPS is designed. It can realize decentralized control and smooth networking of multiple EPSs, ensure reliable and uninterrupted power supplying for important loads, and reduce losses caused by disasters.
Premenstrual symptoms in general practice patients. Prevalence and treatment. (1997)

There is a need to further refine, through evaluation of different approaches, programs and resources, ways to effectively help women who report premenstrual symptoms and would like help to deal with them.