gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Density-based weighting for imbalanced regression (2021)

Abstract In many real world settings, imbalanced data impedes model performance of learning algorithms, like neural networks, mostly for rare cases. This is especially problematic for tasks focusing on these rare occurrences. For example, when estimating precipitation, extreme rainfall events are scarce but important considering their potential consequences. While there are numerous well studied solutions for classification settings, most of them cannot be applied to regression easily. Of the few solutions for regression tasks, barely any have explored cost-sensitive learning which is known to have advantages compared to sampling-based methods in classification tasks. In this work, we propose a sample weighting approach for imbalanced regression datasets called DenseWeight and a cost-sensitive learning approach for neural network regression with imbalanced data called DenseLoss based on our weighting scheme. DenseWeight weights data points according to their target value rarities through kernel density estimation (KDE). DenseLoss adjusts each data point’s influence on the loss according to DenseWeight, giving rare data points more influence on model training compared to common data points. We show on multiple differently distributed datasets that DenseLoss significantly improves model performance for rare data points through its density-based weighting scheme. Additionally, we compare DenseLoss to the state-of-the-art method SMOGN, finding that our method mostly yields better performance. Our approach provides more control over model training as it enables us to actively decide on the trade-off between focusing on common or rare cases through a single hyperparameter, allowing the training of better models for rare data points.
Comparing performances of a CdTe X-ray spectroscopic detector and an X-ray dual-energy sandwich detector (2013)

Multi-energy (ME) detectors are becoming a serious alternative to classical dual-energy sandwich (DE-S) detectors for X-ray applications such as medical imaging or explosive detection. They can use the full X-ray spectrum of irradiated materials, rather than disposing only of low and high energy measurements, which may be mixed. In this article, we intend to compare both simulated and real industrial detection systems, operating at a high count rate, independently of the dimensions of the measurements and independently of any signal processing methods. Simulations or prototypes of similar detectors have already been compared (see [1] for instance), but never independently of estimation methods and never with real detectors. We have simulated both an ME detector made of CdTe - based on the characteristics of the MultiX ME100 and - a DE-S detector - based on the characteristics of the Detection Technology's X-Card 1.5-64DE model. These detectors were compared to a perfect spectroscopic detector and an optimal DE-S detector. For comparison purposes, two approaches were investigated. The first approach addresses how to distinguise signals, while the second relates to identifying materials. Performance criteria were defined and comparisons were made over a range of material thicknesses and with different photon statistics. Experimental measurements in a specific configuration were acquired to checks simulations. Results showed good agreement between the ME simulation and the ME100 detector. Both criteria seem to be equivalent, and the ME detector performs 3.5 times better than the DE-S detector with same photon statistics based on simulations and experimental measurements. Regardless of the photon statistics ME detectors appeared more efficient than DE-S detectors for all material thicknesses between 1 and 9 cm when measuring plastics with an attenuation signature close that of explosive materials. This translates into an improved false detection rate (FDR): DE-S detectors have an FDR 2.87±0.03-fold higher than ME detectors for 4 cm of POM with 20 000 incident photons, when identifications are screened against a two-material base.
<i>In</i> <i>Vitro</i> Method to Characterize Diffusion of Dye from Polymeric Particles: A Model for Drug Release (2009)

The release profile of a drug delivery system is a key factor in determining its efficacy. In the case of a polymeric particle based system, the release profile is a function of several parameters including particle diameter and porosity. The effects of these parameters are usually investigated experimentally using UV-spectroscopy. Predicting the drug release profile from particles as a result of the interaction of many parameters is desirable in order to facilitate the design of more efficient drug delivery particles. In this work, a quantitative method of determining the diffusion profile is developed which removes the need for repetitive experimentation. Particles of polymethylsilsesquioxane were prepared using coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization and collected in solutions containing different concentrations of Evans blue dye (6, 0.6, and 0.06 mg/mL) which was used to simulate a drug. The dye release profile was calculated by solving the unsteady state diffusion equation for parameters used in the experiments. It was demonstrated that the dye release profile from particles with diameters ranging from 400 nm to 9 mum can be calculated using a simple equation without addition of a dissolution term, if the volume ratio of surrounding liquid to particle in the unsteady second order solution is substituted by the surface area of particles to liquid volume ratio. The calculated data are found to be in good agreement with the experimental, indicating that this method can be used to determine the diffusion coefficient as a function of particle diameter and material. This study represents a crucial step toward developing a full drug release model.
Investigations on the constituents of SagaPro tablets, a food supplement manufactured from <i>Angelica archangelica</i> leaf. (2017)

Saga Pro is a food supplement product manufactured in Iceland and marketed internationally. It is claimed to have anti-nocturia effect and the flavonoid isoquercitrin has been suggested to play a role in this assumed activity. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the main flavonoids and furanocoumarins in the SagaPro tablets and to evaluate the importance of their presence. Isoquercitrin was identified as a constituent in an amount of 158 μg/tablet. This is a p.o. dosage highly unlikely to have an effect on nocturia or any other pharmacologically significant effect in humans. The main furanocoumarins, xanthotoxin and imperatorin, were also identified and quantified to 280 and 2 μg/tablet, respectively.
Postjunctional α‐Adrenoceptors in Human Superficial Epigastric Arteries and Veins (1987)

A pharmacological characterization of the postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors in human superficial epigastric artery and vein was performed, using several alpha-adrenoceptor subtype selective agonists, and the antagonists prazosin (alpha 1) and rauwolscine (alpha 2). In the arteries prazosin fulfilled the criteria for a competitive antagonism in concentrations 10(-9)-10(-7) M, giving a pA2-value of 9.17 in the Schild plot. Rauwolscine in concentrations 10(-8)-10(-6) M caused less pronounced but significant dextral shifts of the noradrenaline (NA) concentration-response curves. In the veins rauwolscine behaved like a competitive antagonist (10(-8)-10(-7) M). The pA2-value was 9.16. Prazosin 10(-9) M displaced the NA concentration-response curve, but higher concentrations (10(-8) and 10(-7) M) caused no further displacement. Prazosin reduced the Emax-values in the veins. In the arteries the rank order of potency for the agonists was: cirazoline (alpha 1) greater than NA greater than naphazoline (alpha 2) greater than guanfacine (alpha 2) greater than phenylephrine (alpha 1). The intrinsic activities of clonidine (alpha 2), ST 587 (alpha 1), B-HT 920 (alpha 2) and B-HT 933 (alpha 2) were too low to allow meaningful comparisons to be made. The rank order of potency in the veins was: NA greater than clonidine (alpha 2) greater than naphazoline (alpha 2) greater than guanfacine (alpha 2) greater than phenylephrine (alpha 1) greater than B-HT 920 (alpha 2) greater than cirazoline (alpha 1) greater than B-HT 933 (alpha 2). The intrinsic activity of ST 587 was low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mafic-ultramafic magma activity and Metallogeny during Paleozoic in the Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt, Qinghai Province, China (2019)

The Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB) has a complex geological structure and diverse magmatic activities, which are closely related to the Qaidam Basin and the Tethys tectonic evolution. There are at least 3 stages mafic-ultramafic rocks occurred in the Early Paleozoic in EKOB. The first stage is the Later-Silurian to Early Devonian, represented by the giant Xiarihamu super large magmatic Cu-Ni deposit, containing about 1.18 million metric tons (Mt) of nickel with average grades of 0.65% Ni, and its age of ore-forming pyroxene peridotite is 411 Ma; The second stage is the Early Carboniferous, represented by the large Shitoukengde magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit, and its ore-forming age of the olivine websterite is 334 Ma; The third stage of mafic-ultramafic rocks occurred mainly during the Middle-Late Triassic, represented by Xiaojianshan, Lalinggaoli, and Kaimuqi complexes, and no economical ore bodies have been found in this period. The authors summarized the difference between the ore-bearing and the non-mineralized mafic-ultramafic rocks in the EKOB. The olivine of the ore-bearing complexes contains higher MgO and SiO<sub>2</sub> content but lower FeO and CaO contents, and the clinopyroxene of ore-bearing complexes contains lower FeO and CaO contents. Crustal sulfur contamination is key to the formation of the giant Xiarihamu Ni deposit, and crustal sulfur contamination degree of the giant magmatic Ni deposit is higher than that of large Ni deposit. The above indicators could guide the exploration and evaluation of similar deposits in the EKOB.
Methylated DNA Binding Domain Protein 2 (MBD2) Coordinately Silences Gene Expression through Activation of the MicroRNA hsa-mir-496 Promoter in Breast Cancer Cell Line (2013)

Methylated DNA binding protein 2 (MBD2) binds methylated promoters and suppresses transcription in cis through recruitment of a chromatin modification repressor complex. We show here a new mechanism of action for MBD2: suppression of gene expression indirectly through activation of microRNA hsa-mir-496. Overexpression of MBD2 in breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A results in induced expression and demethylation of hsa-mir-496 while depletion of MBD2 in a human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 results in suppression of hsa-mir-496. Activation of hsa-mir-496 by MBD2 is associated with silencing of several of its target genes while depletion of MBD2 leads to induction of hsa-mir-496 target genes. Depletion of hsa-mir-496 by locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotide leads to activation of these target genes in MBD2 overexpressing cells supporting that hsa-mir-496 is mediating in part the effects of MBD2 on gene expression. We demonstrate that MBD2 binds the promoter of hsa-mir-496 in MCF-10A, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and that it activates an in vitro methylated hsa-mir-496 promoter driving a CG-less luciferase reporter in a transient transfection assay. The activation of hsa-mir-496 is associated with reduced methylation of the promoter. Taken together these results describe a novel cascade for gene regulation by DNA methylation whereby activation of a methylated microRNA by MBD2 that is associated with loss of methylation triggers repression of downstream targets.
Selective Assembly of a High Stability AAB Collagen Heterotrimer (2010)

How collagen is able to obtain control of helix composition and register is poorly understood yet is critical for determining the structure and properties of the most abundant protein in the human body. In humans there are 28 known types of collagen that can form homotrimeric (AAA) or heterotrimeric (AAB and ABC) compositions. Additionally, because of a single amino acid offset between peptide chains in the triple helix, distinct heterotrimers of different registers can be formed. In this communication we describe an AAB collagen heterotrimer with controlled composition and register. This is the first report of a collagen heterotrimer whose thermal stability is greater than that of any of its component parts and therefore is the dominant species in solution. The design concept is simple: combination of peptides who follow the canonical (X-Y-Gly)(n) amino acid repeat in a 2:1 ratio in which the more abundant peptide has a charge 1/2 and opposite of the other should result in the formation of an AAB heterotrimeric collagen helix. This will be the dominant species because it is neutral (zwitterionic) while homotrimers should be destabilized because of charge repulsion. Here we show by circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and NMR that, in a 2:1 mixture of the peptides (EOGPOG)(5) and (PRG)(10), the AAB heterotrimer is the dominant structure in solution and melts 10 degrees C higher in temperature than the next most stable species.
Visible-to-near-infrared octave spanning supercontinuum generation in a silicon nitride waveguide (2015)

The generation of an octave spanning supercontinuum covering 488-978 nm (at -30 dB) is demonstrated for the first time on-chip. This result is achieved by dispersion engineering a 1-cm-long Si3N4 waveguide and pumping it with an 100-fs Ti:Sapphire laser emitting at 795 nm. This work offers a bright broadband source for biophotonic applications and frequency metrology.
Mitochondrial Nucleoid and Transcription Factor A (2004)

A bstract : Nuclear DNA is tightly packed into nucleosomal structure. In contrast, human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) had long been believed to be rather naked because mitochondria lack histone. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a member of a high mobility group (HMG) protein family and a first‐identified mitochondrial transcription factor, is essential for maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Abf2, a yeast counterpart of human TFAM, is abundant enough to cover the whole region of mtDNA and to play a histone‐like role in mitochondria. Human TFAM is indeed as abundant as Abf2, suggesting that TFAM also has a histone‐like architectural role for maintenance of mtDNA. When human mitochondria are solubilized with non‐ionic detergent Nonidet‐P40 and then separated into soluble and particulate fractions, most TFAM is recovered from the particulate fraction together with mtDNA, suggesting that human mtDNA forms a nucleoid structure. TFAM is tightly associated with mtDNA as a main component of the nucleoid.
First-Order Shear Deformation, p-Version, Finite Element for Laminated Plate Nonlinear Vibrations (2005)

A p-version, hierarchical finite element for moderately thick composite laminated plates is presented, where the effects of the rotary inertia, transverse shear, and geometrical nonlinearity are taken into account. The time-domain free-vibration equations of motion are obtained by applying the principle of virtual work. Those equations are mapped into the frequency domain by the harmonic balance method and solved by a predictor-corrector procedure. The linear natural frequencies of vibration of several plates are determined, and the convergence properties of the element are investigated. It is shown that the element is not prone to shear locking and that a moderate number of degrees of freedom is sufficient for accuracy. The influences of the plate's thickness, of the width to length ratio, and of the fiber orientation on nonlinear free vibrations are investigated.
Human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing yeast cytosinedeaminase::uracil phosphoribosyltransferase inhibit intracerebral rat glioblastoma (2011)

Prodrug cancer gene therapy by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) targeted to tumors represents an attractive tool to activate prodrugs directly within the tumor mass, thus avoiding systemic toxicity. In this study, we tested the feasibility and efficacy of human adipose tissue-derived MSCs, engineered to express the suicide gene cytosine deaminase::uracil phosphoribosyltransferase to treat intracranial rat C6 glioblastoma. Experiments were designed to simulate conditions of future clinical application for high-grade glioblastoma therapy by direct injections of therapeutic stem cells into tumor. We demonstrated that genetically modified therapeutic stem cells still have the tumor tropism when injected to a distant intracranial site and effectively inhibited glioblastoma growth after 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) therapy. Coadministration of C6 cells and therapeutic stem cells with delayed 5-FC therapy improved the survival in a therapeutic stem cell dose-dependent manner and induced complete tumor regression in a significant number of animals. Continuous intracerebroventricular delivery of 5-FC using osmotic pump reduced the dose of prodrug required for the same therapeutic effect, and along with repeated administration of therapeutic stem cells increased the survival time. Intracerebral injection of therapeutic stem cells and treatment with 5-FC did not show any detectable adverse effects. Results support the arguments to begin clinical studies for treatment of high-grade brain tumors.
Targeted Disruption of the Wnt Regulator Kremen Induces Limb Defects and High Bone Density (2008)

Kremen1 and Kremen2 (Krm1 and Krm2) are transmembrane coreceptors for Dickkopf1 (Dkk1), an antagonist of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. The physiological relevance of Kremen proteins in mammals as Wnt modulators is unresolved. We generated and characterized Krm mutant mice and found that double mutants show enhanced Wnt signaling accompanied by ectopic postaxial forelimb digits and expanded apical ectodermal ridges. Triple mutant Krm1(-/-) Krm2(-/-) Dkk1(+/-) mice show enhanced growth of ectopic digits, indicating that Dkk1 and Krm genes genetically interact during limb development. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling also plays a critical role in bone formation. Single Krm mutants show normal bone formation and bone mass, while double mutants show increased bone volume and bone formation parameters. Our study provides the first genetic evidence for a functional interaction of Kremen proteins with Dkk1 as negative regulators of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and reveals that Kremen proteins are not universally required for Dkk1 function.
Multislice helical CT: the value of multiplanar image reconstruction in assessment of the bronchi and small airways disease (2003)

We examined 23 consecutive patients (11 males and 12 females with mean age of 56 years) with possible airway diseases to assess the impact of multiplanar image reconstruction (MPR) on the degree of confidence and accuracy in diagnosing bronchial abnormalities and emphysema. The thorax was scanned contiguously at 1 mm slice thickness using Siemens Volume Zoom Multislice CT scanner. Images were reconstructed at 1 mm slice thickness (lung windows L-600HU W-1600HU utilizing high spatial frequency algorithm) in the axial (10 mm apart), sagittal (4 images per lung) and coronal (6 images) plane. Paddle wheel image reconstructions were also performed in the assessment of bronchiectasis. Axial images were assessed with and without the help of MPR by three chest radiologists at two separate occasions (at least 4 weeks apart). The presence of bronchiectasis, emphysema and bronchiolitis in each lobe was documented on a confidence scale of 0 to 3. The overall mean confidence for each observer with and without MPR was compared. Consensus diagnosis was used as the gold standard for the assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of each observer. A confidence score of 2 or more for any lobe was considered diagnostic of the particular airway disease. The diagnostic accuracy for each observer with and without MPR was compared. Consensus reporting diagnosed bronchiectasis in 7 patients (30.4%), bronchiolitis in 5 patients (21.7%) and emphysema in 12 patients (52%). MPR did not increase the confidence of assessing the different abnormalities for all observers but improvement in diagnosing bronchiectasis was noted in two observers. The improvement did not reach statistical significance. However, agreement between observers in the diagnosis of bronchiectasis and emphysema was improved when the MPR images were used in conjunction with standard axial imaging (Kappa statistic improved from 0.29 to 0.54 for bronchiectasis and from 0.7 to 0.81 for emphysema). Agreement on the diagnosis of bronchiolitis was not improved by MPR for all observers. Our results suggest that MPR seems to improve the confidence in diagnosing bronchiectasis and emphysema.
[Polymorphisms analysis of mitochondrial DNA in coding area]. (2006)

The polymorphic sites within mtDNA coding area can be useful in combination with mtDNA control region in order to increase the discrimination power.
La construcción de la noticia: corrupción y piponazgo (2003)

Dengue virus (DENV) causes the most prevalent arboviral infection of humans, resulting in a spectrum of outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic infection to dengue fever to severe dengue characterized by vascular leakage and shock. Previously, we determined that DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) induces endothelial hyperpermeability, disrupts the endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) <i>in vitro</i> and triggers shedding of structural components, including sialic acid (Sia) and heparan sulfate. Here, using a murine model of dengue disease disease, we found high levels of Sia and NS1 circulating in mice with DENV-induced morbidity and lethal DENV infection. Further, we developed a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based method for quantifying free Sia in serum and determined that the levels of free N-glycolylneuraminic acid were significantly higher in DENV-infected mice than in uninfected controls. These data provide additional evidence that DENV infection disrupts EGL components <i>in vivo</i> and warrant further research assessing Sia as a biomarker of severe dengue disease.
CNN based Multi-View Object Detection and Association (2019)

We present a system capable of detecting and associating traffic participants in camera images with different points of view to a street scene. Our system is based on a multitask CNN architecture and detection as well as association are performed within the network. The association between different images is estimated without explicit knowledge of scene geometry and camera calibration information. One of the main applications of our system are currently test areas for autonomous vehicles. For this use case ground truth information for testing the environment perception as well as external environment information sent to autonomous vehicles via car-to-infrastructure is of great importance. This is particularly interesting in complex scenarios like big intersections. Our system shows promising results on the association task of big intersections taken from 8 different points of view.
An EER Transmitter Architecture with Burst-Width Envelope Modulation based on Triangle-Wave Comparison PWM (2007)

High efficiency transmitter architecture based on Kahn envelope elimination and restoration using PWM envelope modulation schemes is studied. At the final stage, it modulates a constant envelope radio frequency signal by on-off keying or "burst width modulation" directly with the PWM or delta-sigma modulated envelope signal without a lowpass filter. This paper shows that it is suitable to use a triangle-wave comparison PWM which has coherent spectrum peaks of spurious due to switching. It is derived from theoretical analysis that the minimum switching/sampling rate is required as five times high as the baseband bandwidth that is much less than that for the delta-sigma modulation. Simulation results show good modulation quality with the EVM less than 1 percent for raised cosine roll-off filtered 64 QAM.