gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate impurities,anti HIV drug substance (2016)

In the process development of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate specified known, specified unknown and unidentified impurities found. The present work describes synthesis and characterizations of USP related known and unknown impurities; mono-POC Tenofovir (5), mono-POC methyl Tenofovir (6a), mono-POC ethyl Tenofovir, (6b), mono- POC isopropyl Tenofovir (6c), Tenofovir isopropyl isoproxil (7) and Tenofovir disoproxil carbamate (9). Identification of these impurities can be useful for quality control purpose in the manufacture of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Unified Control of Brake- and Steer-by-Wire Systems Using Optimal Control Allocation Methods (2006)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A new optimal control strategy for dealing with braking actuator failures in a vehicle equipped with a brake-by-wire and steer-by- wire system is described. The main objective of the control algorithm during the failure mode is to redistribute the control tasks to the functioning actuators, so that the vehicle performance remains as close as possible to the desired performance in spite of a failure. The desired motion of the vehicle in the yaw plane is determined using driver steering and braking inputs along with vehicle speed. For the purpose of synthesizing the control algorithm, a non-linear vehicle model is developed, which describes the vehicle dynamics in the yaw plane in both linear and non-linear ranges of handling. A control allocation algorithm determines the control inputs that minimize the difference between the desired and actual vehicle motions, while satisfying all actuator constraints. The algorithm can be applied to either vehicles with a brake-by-wire system only or to vehicles with both brake and steer-by-wire systems and can be adapted to specific conditions. The results of simulations using a high fidelity vehicle model demonstrate the benefits of the proposed control method.</div>
Protein-Protein Interactions and Aggregation Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease (2019)

There are several PPIs which are current topics of research including Drp1, Aβ interactions with various targets including PrPC, Fyn kinase, NMDAR and mGluR5 and interaction of Mint2 with PDZ domain, etc., and thus have potential role in neurodegeneration and AD. Finally, the multi-targeted approach in AD may be fruitful and opens a new vista for identification and targeting of PPIs in various cellular pathways to find a cure for the disease.
Cathodic C–H Trifluoromethylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes Enabled by an in Situ-Generated Triflyltriethylammonium Complex (2019)

While several trifluoromethylation reactions involving the electrochemical generation of CF<sub>3</sub> radicals via anodic oxidation have been reported, the alternative cathodic, reductive radical generation has remained elusive. Herein, the first cathodic trifluoromethylation of arenes and heteroarenes is reported. The method is based on the electrochemical reduction of an unstable triflyltriethylammonium complex generated in situ from inexpensive triflyl chloride and triethylamine, which produces CF<sub>3</sub> radicals that are trapped by the arenes on the cathode surface.
Which is better, electrostatic or piezoelectric energy harvesting systems? (2015)

This paper answers the often asked, and until now inadequately answered, question of which MEMS compatible transducer type achieves the best power density in an energy harvesting system. This question is usually poorly answered because of the number of variables which must be taken into account and the multi-domain nature of the modelling and optimisation. The work here includes models of the mechanics, transducer and the power processing circuits (e.g. rectification and battery management) which in turn include detailed semiconductor models. It is shown that electrostatic harvesters perform better than piezoelectric harvesters at low accelerations, due to lower energy losses, and the reverse is generally true at high accelerations. At very high accelerations using MEMS-scale devices the dielectric breakdown limit in piezoelectric energy harvesters severely decreases their performance thus electrostatics are again preferred. Using the insights gained in this comparison, the optimal transduction mechanism can be chosen as a function of harvesting operating frequency, acceleration and device size.
Towards continuous security compliance in agile software development at scale (2018)

With agile methodologies increasingly being applied in regulated environments, security and compliance emerge as critical issues. Combining both concerns is challenging because security engineering techniques are often based on linear development. We propose a method for achieving continuous and secure development by mapping the requirements of security standards into an agile process model. Additionally, this allows verification of compliance even in the face of dynamic process changes. Applicability of the method is demonstrated by using Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to model and extend activities and artifacts of Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) according to requirements of IEC 62443-4-1, a standard for secure product development in industrial systems.
Efficient luminescence and photocatalytic behaviour in ultrafine TiO2 particles synthesized by arrested precipitation (2009)

We have demonstrated optical and photophysical properties of newly synthesized ultrasmall TiO2nanoparticles. The particles are synthesized by arrested precipitation method in trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and benzophenone as the capping agent and also as solvent at high temperature in Ar atmosphere. High-resolution TEM and XRD measurements revealed that the particles are in the size range of 3.3–3.5 nm. Optical absorption spectra of these particles show large blue shift indicating a quantum confinement effect. The particles are highly luminescent, which is very unusual for an indirect band gap material. The emission quantum yield has been measured to be >2%. Again the photocatalytic activity of newly synthesized TiO2 particles was found to be much higher as compared to TiO2nanoparticles, indicating a better photocatalytic material arising due to size quantization.
Inferring Resource Specifications from Natural Language API Documentation (2009)

Typically, software libraries provide API documentation, through which developers can learn how to use libraries correctly. However, developers may still write code inconsistent with API documentation and thus introduce bugs, as existing research shows that many developers are reluctant to carefully read API documentation. To find those bugs, researchers have proposed various detection approaches based on known specifications. To mine specifications, many approaches have been proposed, and most of them rely on existing client code. Consequently, these mining approaches would fail to mine specifications when client code is not available. In this paper, we propose an approach, called Doc2Spec, that infers resource specifications from API documentation. For our approach, we implemented a tool and conducted an evaluation on Javadocs of five libraries. The results show that our approach infers various specifications with relatively high precisions, recalls, and F-scores. We further evaluated the usefulness of inferred specifications through detecting bugs in open source projects. The results show that specifications inferred by Doc2Spec are useful to detect real bugs in existing projects.
Crystallization Mechanism in Glasses of MnO-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Series (1983)

MnOを35-50mol%含むMnO-P2O5系ガラスの結晶化機構を高温顕微鏡, X線回折及び走査型電子顕微鏡 (SEM) により検討した. 各々のバッチは空気雰囲気中において, 1150℃で30分間溶融した.2種類の試料を作製した. すなわち, (1) 溶融物をステンレス板に流し, 直径50mmの円板に成形した. 徐冷後, 10mmの厚みに研磨したバルク試料を結晶化の実験に用いた. (2) 溶融物からblown-film (約10μmの厚み) を作製し, 高温顕微鏡の実験に用いた. 各々のバルク試料を均一な温度分布の条件下で, ステンレスキャップで囲み, 電気炉中で加熱した. 各々の結晶化温度はDTAにより決定した.析出結晶は, X線回折分析の結果, 主にピロリン酸マンガン (Mn2P2O7) であった.破断面のSEM像から, 35-45mol% MnOを含む試料は, 表面から内部への1次元的な結晶成長による配向構造を示した. その結成長速度は, 45mol% MnOにおいて, 610℃で1mm/hであった. 50mol% MnOを含むblown-filmは, 主に3次元的な結晶成長を示す球晶とデンドライト状結晶からなっていた. blown-filmで形成した球晶は, 偏光顕微鏡で明暗が交互となるリングを示した.結晶成長次元や結晶形態の相異は, (MnO+H2O)/P2O5比ばかりでなく, ガラス中に含まれる水にも関連していた.
COOH Terminus of Occludin Is Required for Tight Junction Barrier Function in Early <i>Xenopus</i> Embryos (1997)

Occludin is the only known integral membrane protein localized at the points of membrane- membrane interaction of the tight junction. We have used the Xenopus embryo as an assay system to examine: (a) whether the expression of mutant occludin in embryos will disrupt the barrier function of tight junctions, and (b) whether there are signals within the occludin structure that are required for targeting to the sites of junctional interaction. mRNAs transcribed from a series of COOH-terminally truncated occludin mutants were microinjected into the antero-dorsal blastomere of eight-cell embryos. 8 h after injection, the full-length and the five COOH-terminally truncated proteins were all detected at tight junctions as defined by colocalization with both endogenous occludin and zonula occludens-1 demonstrating that exogenous occludin correctly targeted to the tight junction. Importantly, our data show that tight junctions containing four of the COOH-terminally truncated occludin proteins were leaky; the intercellular spaces between the apical cells were penetrated by sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido) Hexanoate (NHS-LC-biotin). In contrast, embryos injected with mRNAs coding for the full-length, the least truncated, or the soluble COOH terminus remained impermeable to the NHS-LC-biotin tracer. The leakage induced by the mutant occludins could be rescued by coinjection with full-length occludin mRNA. Immunoprecipitation analysis of detergent-solubilized embryo membranes revealed that the exogenous occludin was bound to endogenous Xenopus occludin in vivo, indicating that occludin oligomerized during tight junction assembly. Our data demonstrate that the COOH terminus of occludin is required for the correct assembly of tight junction barrier function. We also provide evidence for the first time that occludin forms oligomers during the normal process of tight junction assembly. Our data suggest that mutant occludins target to the tight junction by virtue of their ability to oligomerize with full-length endogenous molecules.
Enhanced Huffman Coded OFDM with \\Index Modulation (2020)

<pre>In this paper, we propose an enhanced Huffman coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing with index modulation (EHC-OFDM-IM) scheme. The proposed scheme is capable of utilizing all legitimate subcarrier activation patterns (SAPs) and adapting the bijective mapping relation between SAPs and leaves on a given Huffman tree according to channel state information (CSI). As a result, a dynamic codebook update mechanism is obtained, which can provide more reliable transmissions. We take the average block error rate (BLER) as the performance evaluation metric and approximate it in closed form when the transmit power allocated to each subcarrier is independent of channel states. Also, we propose two CSI-based power allocation schemes with different requirements for computational complexity to further improve the error performance. Subsequently, we carry out numerical simulations to corroborate the error performance analysis and the proposed dynamic power allocation schemes. By studying the numerical results, we find that the depth of the Huffman tree has a significant impact on the error performance when the SAP-to-leaf mapping relation is optimized based on CSI. Meanwhile, through numerical results, we also discuss the trade-off between error performance and data transmission rate and investigate the impacts of imperfect CSI on the error performance of EHC-OFDM-IM. </pre>
Development and Validation of a Smartphone-Based Near-Infrared Optical Imaging Device to Measure Physiological Changes In-Vivo (2019)

Smartphone-based technologies for medical imaging purposes are limited, especially when it involves the measurement of physiological information of the tissues. Herein, a smartphone-based near-infrared (NIR) imaging device was developed to measure physiological changes in tissues across a wide area and without contact. A custom attachment containing multiple multi-wavelength LED light sources (690, 800, and 840 nm; and <4 mW of optical power per LED), source driver, and optical filters and lenses was clipped onto a smartphone that served as the detector during data acquisition. The ability of the device to measure physiological changes was validated via occlusion studies on control subjects. Noise removal techniques using singular value decomposition algorithms effectively removed surface noise and distinctly differentiated the physiological changes in response to occlusion. In the long term, the developed smartphone-based NIR imaging device with capabilities to capture physiological changes will be a great low-cost alternative for clinicians and eventually for patients with chronic ulcers and bed sores, and/or in pre-screening for potential ulcers in diabetic subjects.
Remote vibrotactile noise improves light touch sensation in stroke survivors’ fingertips via stochastic resonance (2013)

Stroke rehabilitation does not often integrate both sensory and motor recovery. While subthreshold noise was shown to enhance sensory signal detection at the site of noise application, having a noise-generating device at the fingertip to enhance fingertip sensation and potentially enhance dexterity for stroke survivors is impractical, since the device would interfere with object manipulation. This study determined if remote application of subthreshold vibrotactile noise (away from the fingertips) improves fingertip tactile sensation with potential to enhance dexterity for stroke survivors. Index finger and thumb pad sensation was measured for ten stroke survivors with fingertip sensory deficit using the Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament and Two-Point Discrimination Tests. Sensation scores were measured with noise applied at one of three intensities (40%, 60%, 80% of the sensory threshold) to one of four locations of the paretic upper extremity (dorsal hand proximal to the index finger knuckle, dorsal hand proximal to the thumb knuckle, dorsal wrist, volar wrist) in a random order, as well as without noise at beginning (Pre) and end (Post) of the testing session. Vibrotactile noise of all intensities and locations instantaneously and significantly improved Monofilament scores of the index fingertip and thumb tip (p < .01). No significant effect of the noise was seen for the Two-Point Discrimination Test scores. Remote application of subthreshold (imperceptible) vibrotactile noise at the wrist and dorsal hand instantaneously improved stroke survivors’ light touch sensation, independent of noise location and intensity. Vibrotactile noise at the wrist and dorsal hand may have enhanced the fingertips’ light touch sensation via stochastic resonance and interneuronal connections. While long-term benefits of noise in stroke patients warrants further investigation, this result demonstrates potential that a wearable device applying vibrotactile noise at the wrist could enhance sensation and grip ability without interfering with object manipulation in everyday tasks.
One‐Step Synthesis of W/O and O/W Emulsifiers in the Presence of Surface Active Agents (2012)

The main goal of this study was to describe the method of the synthesis of the dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl- and octadecyl-propylene glycol emulsifiers in the presence of selected anionic and nonionic surfactants. Acyl propylene glycol emulsifiers were produced by esterification of propane-1,2-diol (propylene glycol, PG) with C<sub>12:0</sub>-C<sub>18:0</sub> fatty acids in the presence of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic-poly(ethylene glycol) monolaurate (PEGML). The presence of SDS and PEGML in the reaction system caused microemulsion formation. Depending on the structure and amount of the surfactant in the system reactions proceeded at different rates and with different efficiency levels. The esterification of propylene glycol carried out under applied conditions causes products with the desired contents of propylene glycol monoesters (MAPG) to be obtained in a one-step reaction. Knowledge of the reaction kinetics creates the possibility to program the composition and properties of the synthesized emulsifiers. The interaction of nonionic, lipophilic MAPG with anionic, hydrophilic SDS or nonionic, hydrophilic PEGML influences the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values of the products which may be used to stabilize water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Use of the synthesized compounds allows stable emulsions to be prepared which include the following vegetable fats in the oil phase: mango oil, palm oil, shorea butter and hydrogenated soybean oil.
The concept of the activated macrophage. (1978)

The term “activated macrophage” was introduced into the literature and employed extensively by Mackaness in the 1960s to describe the enhanced microbicidal activity of macrophages from animals with acquired immunity to infection with facultative, intracellular bacterial parasites. The notion that macrophages need to undergo functional modification in order to express resistance to infection with certain bacteria can be traced back to the writings of Metchnikoff at the turn of the century (1). It was subsequent studies of tuberculosis more than of any other infectious disease, however, that provided the evidence for the concept of a mechanism of cellular immunity based on the capacity of macrophages to acquire and to intrinsically express increased microbicidal mechanisms. The knowledge a) that a major visible aspect of the host response to tuberculosis consisted of the accumulation of macrophages at infective foci to form tubercles, b) that the tubercle bacillus is invariably engaged by and harbored inside macrophages, c) that secondary infection results in an accelerated rate of tubercle formation and in the destruction of the tubercle bacilli therein, and d) that all of these events proceed apparently without the participation of humoral antibody were sound reasons for postulating a mechanism of cellular immunity based on the intrinsic microbicidal powers of the macrophage.
Rechargeable Zinc-Aqueous Polysulfide Battery with a Mediator-Ion Solid Electrolyte (2018)

Large-scale energy storage for the electric grid will require low-cost and high-energy-density solutions. We demonstrate in this letter a rechargeable zinc-aqueous polysulfide battery in which a metallic zinc anode is separated from a liquid aqueous polysulfide catholyte by an alkali-metal-ion solid-state electrolyte, wherein the alkali metal ion is Na+ or Li+. The solid-state electrolyte effectively separates the anode from the reactive polysulfide catholyte, preventing the crossover of the polysulfide species and maintaining good electrochemical performance with a reversible discharge capacity of 822 mA h g–1 with nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency.
Correction to "Comparison of diversity combining techniques for Rayleigh-fading channels" (1998)

Based on the observation of Kim, Kwon, Hong and Whang (see ibid., vol.46, no.9, p.1109-10, 1998), we discovered that in our derivation (see ibid., vol.44, p.1117-29, 1996), a factor of one-half in the exponent of one of three exponentials was inadvertently dropped and this, in turn, affected two other equations.
Potential role of iron in repair of inflammatory demyelinating lesions (2019)

Inflammatory destruction of iron-rich myelin is characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although iron is needed for oligodendrocytes to produce myelin during development, its deposition has also been linked to neurodegeneration and inflammation, including in MS. We report perivascular iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions that was mirrored in 72 lesions from 13 marmosets with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Iron accumulated mainly inside microglia/macrophages from 6 weeks after demyelination. Consistently, expression of transferrin receptor, the brain's main iron-influx protein, increased as lesions aged. Iron was uncorrelated with inflammation and postdated initial demyelination, suggesting that iron is not directly pathogenic. Iron homeostasis was at least partially restored in remyelinated, but not persistently demyelinated, lesions. Taken together, our results suggest that iron accumulation in the weeks after inflammatory demyelination may contribute to lesion repair rather than inflammatory demyelination per se.
Human Fibroblasts and 900 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation: Evaluation of DNA Damage after Exposure and Co-exposure to 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-Hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone (MX) (2009)

The aim of this study was to investigate DNA damage in human dermal fibroblasts from a healthy subject and from a subject affected by Turner's syndrome that were exposed for 24 h to radiofrequency (RF) radiation at 900 MHz. The RF-radiation exposure was carried out alone or in combination with 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), a well-known environmental mutagen and carcinogen produced during the chlorination of drinking water. Turner's syndrome fibroblasts were also exposed for a shorter time (1 h). A signal similar to that emitted by Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phones was used at a specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg under strictly controlled conditions of temperature and dosimetry. To evaluate DNA damage after RF-radiation exposure alone, the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay were used. In the combined-exposure experiments, MX was given at a concentration of 25 microM for 1 h immediately after the RF-radiation exposure, and the effects were evaluated by the alkaline comet assay. The results revealed no genotoxic and cytotoxic effects from RF radiation alone in either cell line. As expected, MX treatment induced an increase in DNA migration in the comet assay, but no enhancement of the MX-induced DNA damage was observed in the cells exposed to RF radiation.
Analyzing the spread of active worms over VANET (2004)

This paper investigates the parameters governing the spread of active worms over VANET. To this end, we first define the average degree of a VANET node using freeway traffic parameters. The spread of a worm in congested and low-density traffic scenarios is modeled using a stochastic model of infectious disease. Analysis is provided for preemptive and interactive patching scenarios.