gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of Fiber from Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) Using Sieving and Elutriation (2005)

ABSTRACT A process was developed to separate fiber from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in a dry‐grind corn process. Separation of fiber from DDGS would provide two valuable coproducts: 1) DDGS with reduced fiber, increased fat, and increased protein contents; and 2) fiber. The process, called elusieve process, used two separation methods, sieving and elutriation, to separate the fiber. Material carried by air to the top of the elutriation column was called the lighter fraction and material that settled to the bottom of the column was called the heavier fraction. We evaluated the compositions of fractions produced from sieving and elutriation. Two commercial samples of DDGS were obtained from two dry‐grind corn plants. Sieving over four screens (869, 582, 447, and 234 μm openings) created five size categories. The two smallest size categories contained >40% (w/w) of the original DDGS and had reduced fiber and increased protein and fat contents relative to the original DDGS. Elutriation of the remaining three size categories increased protein and fat contents and reduced fiber contents in the heavier fractions. Elutriation at air velocities of 1.59–5.24 m/sec increased the protein content of the heavier fraction by 13–41% and increased the fat content of the heavier fraction by 4–127% compared with the bulk fractions of each size category. This process was effective in separating fiber from both DDGS samples evaluated. Elusieve process does not require changes in the existing dry‐grind process and can be implemented at the end of the dry‐grind process.
Adaptive pulse compression (2004)

Pulse compression is essentially an estimation procedure in which the complex amplitude for a given range cell is to be estimated while mitigating the interference from neighboring range cells that results from the convolution of the transmitted waveform with the range swath of interest. Traditionally, matched filtering is employed to estimate the range returns whereby the neighboring range cells are suppressed by a fixed amount that is dictated by the range sidelobes of the matched filter. However, matched filtering is a misnomer in that the receive filter is matched only to the transmitted waveform and not to the actual received signal. The paper extends the previously proposed reiterative minimum mean-square error (RMMSE) algorithm for adaptive pulse compression whereby the true matched filter for each individual range cell is estimated based upon the actual received signal resulting in range sidelobes that are adaptively suppressed to the level of the noise floor. The convergence of the RMMSE algorithm is addressed along with the Doppler tolerance.
Developing X-ray photonic microsystems for synchrotron applications (2017)

We take this opportunity to introduce our research and development effort on MEMS-based dynamic x-ray optics that exploit the properties to manipulate and control the x-ray pulses at synchrotron sources for time-resolved experiments.
Identification and Characterization of a Stereospecific Human Enzyme That Catalyzes 9-cis-Retinol Oxidation (1997)

All-trans- and 9-cis-retinoic acid are active retinoids for regulating expression of retinoid responsive genes, serving as ligands for two classes of ligand-dependent transcription factors, the retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors. Little is known, however, regarding 9-cis-retinoic acid formation. We have obtained a 1.4-kilobase cDNA clone from a normalized human breast tissue library, which when expressed in CHO cells encodes a protein that avidly catalyzes oxidation of 9-cis-retinol to 9-cis-retinaldehyde. This protein also catalyzes oxidation of 13-cis-retinol at a rate approximately 10% of that of the 9-cis isomer but does not catalyze all-trans-retinol oxidation. NAD+ was the preferred electron acceptor for oxidation of 9-cis-retinol, although NADP+ supported low rates of 9-cis-retinol oxidation. The rate of 9-cis-retinol oxidation was optimal at pHs between 7.5 and 8. Sequence analysis indicates that the cDNA encodes a protein of 319 amino acids that resembles members of the short chain alcohol dehydrogenase protein family. mRNA for the protein is most abundant in human mammary tissue followed by kidney and testis, with lower levels of expression in liver, adrenals, lung, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. We propose that this cDNA encodes a previously unknown stereospecific enzyme, 9-cis-retinol dehydrogenase, which probably plays a role in 9-cis-retinoic acid formation.
A switchable loop-restoration with side-information framework for the emerging AV1 video codec (2017)

Image restoration schemes have traditionally been targeted only for use in a blind scenario, where the aim is to improve the quality of an image or video after it has suffered degradations in capture, processing, storage, coding or transmission, at a time when the undegraded source is no longer available. However, these schemes can also be adopted for compression, because any information that can be restored can be saved, thereby aiding compressibility. In this use case, the source is known at the time of compression, and the encoder can send additional side-information to the decoder with the compressed bit-stream to specify how the decoder is supposed to restore. In this paper, we describe three novel schemes that are applied in-loop to reconstructed frames after a conventional deblocking loop filter has been applied. These schemes are switchable within a frame per suitably sized tile. The specific schemes described are based on separable symmetric Wiener filters, dual self-guided filters with subspace projection, and domain transform recursive filters. Results with the new coding tool are presented on the emerging AV1 video codec on standard test sets, showing upwards of 2% bit-rate savings.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Contraction Strategy for the Practical, Scalable, Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Versatile γ‐Quaternary Acylcyclopentenes. (2011)

Abstract Enantioselective decarboxylative internal allylation of esters (I) followed by hydride reduction and base‐promoted ring contraction of the intermediate cyclic β‐hydroxy ketones affords densely functionalized chiral acylcyclopentenes.
A comprehensive human computation framework (2008)

Image and video labeling is important for computers to understand images and videos and for image and video search. Manual labeling is tedious and costly. Automatically image and video labeling is yet a dream. In this paper, we adopt a Web 2.0 approach to labeling images and videos efficiently: Internet users around the world are mobilized to apply their "common sense" to solve problems that are hard for today's computers, such as labeling images and videos. We first propose a general human computation framework that binds problem providers, Web sites, and Internet users together to solve large-scale common sense problems efficiently and economically. The framework addresses the technical challenges such as preventing a malicious party from attacking others, removing answers from bots, and distilling human answers to produce high-quality solutions to the problems. The framework is then applied to labeling images. Three incremental refinement stages are applied. The first stage collects candidate labels of objects in an image. The second stage refines the candidate labels using multiple choices. Synonymic labels are also correlated in this stage. To prevent bots and lazy humans from selecting all the choices, trap labels are generated automatically and intermixed with the candidate labels. Semantic distance is used to ensure that the selected trap labels would be different enough from the candidate labels so that no human users would mistakenly select the trap labels. The last stage is to ask users to locate an object given a label from a segmented image. The experimental results are also reported in this paper. They indicate that our proposed schemes can successfully remove spurious answers from bots and distill human answers to produce high-quality image labels.
A Global Laser Rangefinder Profilometry System for the Measurement of Three Dimensional Wave Surfaces (2005)

A Global Laser Range Profilometry (GLRP) System has been developed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD) for the measurement of three dimensional wave surfaces. A laser diode array consisting of 100 diodes operating at 650nm with an energy output of 3.5 mW was used to illuminate the wave surface seeded with fluorescent dye at various points in the Miniature Water Basin (MWB) facility at NSWCCD. A CCD camera located above the water surface recorded successive images of the laser array at 30 frames per second. Image processing techniques were used to locate the centroid of the laser array diode locations in the collected images. Calibration images were taken at various calm water heights in order to convert the image centroid locations to real coordinates. Two- and three-dimensional results are presented, along with error analysis of the GLRP system and comparison to flow visualization. A discussion of possible applications and planned future work is also presented in this work.
Fast and calibration-free trace-gas monitoring based on beat frequency quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (2018)

Beat frequency QEPAS sensor for ultra-sensitive calibration-free trace gas detection was developed. The resonance frequency and Q-factor of the quartz tuning fork as well as the trace gas concentration can be obtained simultaneously.
Detection of Tumor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway Dependence by Serum Mass Spectrometry in Cancer Patients (2010)

Serum proteomic profiling can detect clinically significant tumor dependence on the EGFR pathway in non-small cell lung cancer, HNSCC, and CRC patients treated with either EGFR-TKIs or cetuximab. This classification is correlated with tumor EGFR ligand levels and provides a clinically practical way to identify patients with diverse cancer types most likely to benefit from EGFR inhibitors. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
<title>Effects of image resolution and segmentation method on automated mammographic mass shape classification</title> (1999)

This article investigates the effects of resolution on the automated segmentation and classification of mammographic masses. A set of 39 mammographic images containing 40 masses are digitized at two resolutions: 220 micrometer and 8 bits per pixel and 180 micrometer and 16 bits per pixel. An expert mammographer classified the shape of all 40 masses as round, lobular, or irregular, and manually segmented the masses from the lower resolution images. The masses in both sets are automatically segmented with a Markov Random Field-based method. Two groups of shape features are extracted from the segmented masses in each set of images: (1) compactness, radial distance mean, standard deviation, entropy, zero- crossing count, and roughness index, and (2) wavelet-based scalar-energy features. Linear discriminant analysis and a minimum Euclidean distance classifier are used to automatically separate the mass shapes into the three classes determined by the expert. The effects of the resolution and method of segmentation on the classification process are analyzed for both groups of shape features.
NTP42, a novel antagonist of the thromboxane receptor, attenuates experimentally induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (2020)

These findings suggest that NTP42 and antagonism of the TP signalling pathway have a relevant role in alleviating the pathophysiology of PAH, representing a novel therapeutic target with marked benefits over existing standard-of-care therapies.
A novel monolithic HBT-p-i-n-HEMT integrated circuit with HBT active feedback and p-i-n diode variable gain control (1995)

We report the world's first functional MMIC circuit integrating HBT's, HEMT's, and vertical p-i-n diodes on a single III-V substrate. The 1-10 GHz variable gain amplifier monolithically integrates HEMT, HBT, and vertical p-i-n diode devices has been fabricated using selective MBE and a merged processing technology. The VGA offers low-noise figure, wideband gain performance, and good gain flatness over a wide gain control range. A noise figure below 4 dB was achieved using a HEMT transistor for the amplifier stage and a wide bandwidth of 10 GHz. A nominal gain of 10 dB was achieved by incorporating HBT active feedback techniques and 12 dB of gain control range was obtained using a vertical p-i-n diode as a varistor, all integrated into a compact 1.5/spl times/0.76 mm/sup 2/ MMIC. The capability of monolithically integrating HBT's, HEMT's, and p-i-n's in a merged process will stimulate the development of new monolithic circuit techniques for achieving optimal performance as well as provide a foundation for high performance mixed-mode multifunctional MMIC chips.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and Evaluation of [<i>N-</i>methyl-<sup>11</sup>C]<i>N</i>-Desmethyl-loperamide as a New and Improved PET Radiotracer for Imaging P-gp Function (2008)

[(11)C]Loperamide has been proposed for imaging P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function with positron emission tomography (PET), but its metabolism to [N-methyl-(11)C] N-desmethyl-loperamide ([(11)C]dLop; [(11)C]3) precludes quantification. We considered that [(11)C]3 might itself be a superior radiotracer for imaging brain P-gp function and therefore aimed to prepare [(11)C]3 and characterize its efficacy. An amide precursor (2) was synthesized and methylated with [(11)C]iodomethane to give [(11)C]3. After administration of [(11)C]3 to wild-type mice, brain radioactivity uptake was very low. In P-gp (mdr-1a(-/-)) knockout mice, brain uptake of radioactivity at 30 min increased about 3.5-fold by PET measures, and over 7-fold by ex vivo measures. In knockout mice, brain radioactivity was predominantly (90%) unchanged radiotracer. In monkey PET experiments, brain radioactivity uptake was also very low but after P-gp blockade increased more than 7-fold. [(11)C]3 is an effective new radiotracer for imaging brain P-gp function and, in favor of future successful quantification, appears free of extensive brain-penetrant radiometabolites.
Design and Synthesis of Chlorinated and Fluorinated 7-Azaindenoisoquinolines as Potent Cytotoxic Anticancer Agents That Inhibit Topoisomerase I (2017)

The 7-azaindenoisoquinolines are cytotoxic topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors. Previously reported representatives bear a 3-nitro group. The present report documents the replacement of the potentially genotoxic 3-nitro group by 3-chloro and 3-fluoro substituents, resulting in compounds with high Top1 inhibitory activities and potent cytotoxicities in human cancer cell cultures and reduced lethality in an animal model. Some of the new Top1 inhibitors also possess moderate inhibitory activities against tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2), two enzymes that are involved in DNA damage repair resulting from Top1 inhibitors, and they produce significantly more DNA damage in cancer cells than in normal cells. Eighteen of the new compounds had cytotoxicity mean-graph midpoint (MGM) GI<sub>50</sub> values in the submicromolar (0.033-0.630 μM) range. Compounds 16b and 17b are the most potent in human cancer cell cultures with MGM GI<sub>50</sub> values of 0.063 and 0.033 μM, respectively. Possible binding modes to Top1 and TDP1were investigated by molecular modeling.
A design for digital, dynamic clock deskew (2004)

Unintentional clock skews between clock domains represent an increasing and costly overhead in high-performance VLSI chips. We describe a novel yet easy-to-implement design that reduces skew between local clock domains dynamically or statically by sensing clock-delay differences and then tuning the clock of each domain relative to its neighbors. Lowering local clock skew is accomplished without compromising worst-case global skew.
Feasibility Study of Rare Earth Semiconductor Lasers of the Type Y2HfS5. (1977)

The possibility of making a rare earth or rare earth doped semiconductor laser is investigated. The material examined in detail is Y2HfS5, which is of the general class of materials Ln2TX5, where Ln is a rare earth, T is zirconuim or hafnium, and X is sulfur or selenium. For Y2HFS5;Nd, the Stark split energy levels of Nd(3+) are determined in the energy range 0 to 2 eV (the band gap of Y2HFS5). The individual line to line transition probabilities are calculated assuming S4 symmetry for the Nd (3+) site, and the branching ratios are given. The calculated branching ratio for spontaneous emission of the 4F (3/2) to the 4I (1/2) is 0.574, and the next largest branching ratio of the 4F (3/2) to 4I (9/2) is 0.298. The branching ratio for the 4I (1/2) is larger in this material than the calculated branching ratio for Nd in YAG, which is 0.480. The transition probabilities are used to calculate the excitation of the various multiplets by conduction electrons. (Author)
The ‘shortmer’ approach to nucleic acid sequence analysis I: computer simulation of sequencing projects to find economical primer sets (1994)

In principle it is most economical to sequence large DNA fragments consecutively ('primer walking'), provided there is an immediate supply of sequencing primers. To solve the problem of primer supply we previously suggested generating a bank of short oligonucleotide primers ('shortmers'). In every sequencing reaction shortmers would have to be selected from this bank that are suitable to hybridize adjacently on the sequencing template. After their ligation the shortmers would form a long, and hence more specific, primer in the subsequent sequencing reaction. In the present study a computer simulation of large sequencing projects revealed a reduced set of approximately 12,000 selected octanucleotides (out of all 65,536) retaining maximum priming flexibility and minimum redundant information on the simulated sequence analyses. Establishing routine protocols for nucleic acid sequencing following the shortmer approach will abolish the tightest bottleneck of the consecutive sequencing route (primer supply) and hence may render this general scheme more attractive than the shotgun sequencing scheme. A twofold (or more) speed-up of genome sequencing projects by the shortmer approach may be assumed.
RADON: Repairable Atomic Data Object in Networks (2016)

Erasure codes offer an efficient way to decrease storage and communication costs while implementing atomic memory service in asynchronous distributed storage systems. In this paper, we provide erasure-code-based algorithms having the additional ability to perform background repair of crashed nodes. A repair operation of a node in the crashed state is triggered externally, and is carried out by the concerned node via message exchanges with other active nodes in the system. Upon completion of repair, the node re-enters active state, and resumes participation in ongoing and future read, write, and repair operations. To guarantee liveness and atomicity simultaneously, existing works assume either the presence of nodes with stable storage, or presence of nodes that never crash during the execution. We demand neither of these; instead we consider a natural, yet practical network stability condition $N1$ that only restricts the number of nodes in the crashed/repair state during broadcast of any message. We present an erasure-code based algorithm $RADON_C$ that is always live, and guarantees atomicity as long as condition $N1$ holds. In situations when the number of concurrent writes is limited, $RADON_C$ has significantly improved storage and communication cost over a replication-based algorithm $RADON_R$, which also works under $N1$. We further show how a slightly stronger network stability condition $N2$ can be used to construct algorithms that never violate atomicity. The guarantee of atomicity comes at the expense of having an additional phase during the read and write operations.
TH‐A‐103‐07: A Pan‐Sharpening Approach to Multiresolution Image Fusion for Hybrid Counting/integrating CT (2013)

Purpose: We investigate the application of a pan‐sharpening algorithm to a hybrid CT dataset containing low‐resolution, photon‐counting data and high‐resolution, integrating data to generate images that inherit both the resolution properties of the integrating detector and the spectral information of the photon‐counting detector.Methods and Materials: Our 2D simulation studies include a realistic x‐ray tube spectrum, a photon‐counting detector with 5 energy bins, and an energy‐integrating detector. We used several material‐specific, ellipse‐based phantoms to generate datasets with both detectors, reconstructing panchromatic 512x512 images from the integrating data and multispectral 128×128×5 images from the photon‐counting data. We also separately reconstructed 512×512×5 images from the photon‐counting data, which we regarded as the ground truth. We used a pan‐sharpening algorithm from the remote‐sensing field, which contains 5 tunable parameters that control the balance between resolution recovery and spectral distortion. The optimization‐based algorithm seeks a high‐resolution image that has the spatial detail of the panchromatic image and the spectral characteristics of the multispectral images. The parameters were selected to minimize the mean‐squared error between the pan‐sharpened images and the ground truth. Results: The pan‐sharpened images appear to have recovered nearly all of the detail of the panchromatic image without severe spectral distortion. There is some visible distortion near edges of high‐contrast objects, such as bone. Using pan‐sharpened and ground‐truth images from two of the energy bins of the photon counting detector, we looked at the angular separation of calcium and iodine which agreed to within 0.2 degrees (6%). Conclusions: Our preliminary studies suggest a possible solution to the count‐rate limitations of photon‐counting detectors. Using a high‐resolution image, acquired by a conventional detector as a prior, one may be able to acquire low‐resolution photon‐counting data and then recover spectral images that possess both good spatial resolution and the desired spectral information. This work was supported by Toshiba Medical Systems.