gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modification of Macrosegregation Patterns in Rolling Slab Ingots by Bulk Grain Migration (2016)

In recent years the metallurgical community has debated on the influence of floating grains on macrosegregation in Direct-Chill cast rolling-slab ingots. The majority of research to date has been primarily focused on the origin and trajectory of these grains and how to incorporate them into numerical simulations. We propose a novel mixing technique to promote the resuspension of these grains. In order to test this approach, pairs of ingots were cast using the standard DC and mixing techniques. Non-grain refined P1050 ingots were cast in order to illustrate the change in microstructure, while Al4.5Cu ingots were cast to investigate the potential change in macrosegregation. The mixing trials indicate the potential to significantly modify microstructure and macrosegregation in rolling-slab ingots.
Isolation of aluminum‐tolerant cell lines of tobacco in a simple calcium medium and their responses to aluminum (2001)

Aluminum (Al)-tolerant cell lines (ALT301 and ALT401) of tobacco were isolated in a simple calcium (Ca) solution from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-treated suspension cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun, a cell line SL) at the logarithmic phase of growth. A highly tolerant cell line ALT301 exhibited the accumulation of Al and the deposition of callose to the same extent as the parental SL cells during the exposure to Al. However, the Al-treated ALT301 cells grew much better than the Al-treated SL cells after transfer to Al-free growth medium. Compared to SL cells, ALT301 cells were more tolerant to toxicity of copper and iron, but not to that of lanthanum. These results suggest that ALT301 cells have an internal tolerance mechanism, which makes cells grow normally in spite of Al accumulation and Al-induced lesion represented by the deposition of callose. This tolerance mechanism seems also to be effective against copper and iron toxicity. A slightly tolerant cell line ALT401 also accumulated Al to the same degree as SL cells, but deposited significantly less callose than did SL cells (43% of SL). The growth of ALT401 cells after Al treatment was only slightly better than that of SL cells. Thus, it seems that ALT401 cells have a mechanism to protect cells only from the Al-induced deposition of callose, which is not enough to overcome the Al-induced inhibition of growth. The different phenotypes exhibited by these Al-tolerant cell lines suggest that the deposition of callose is not directly related to the inhibition of growth in Al-treated cells.
Does drinking reduce stress? (1999)

For centuries, people have used alcohol to relieve stress--that is, the interpretation of an event as signaling harm, loss, or threat. The organism usually responds to stress with a variety of behavioral, biological, and cognitive changes. Alcohol consumption can result in a stress-response dampening (SRD) effect, which can be assessed using various measures. Numerous individual differences and situational factors help determine the extent to which a person experiences SRD after consuming alcohol. Individual differences include a family history of alcoholism, personality traits, extent of self-consciousness, cognitive functioning, and gender. Situational factors influencing alcohol's SRD effect include distractions during a stressful situation and the timing of drinking and stress. The attention-allocation model and the appraisal disruption model have been advanced to explain the influence of those situational factors.
Opiate Detoxification Under General Anesthesia by Large Doses of Naloxone (1989)

For opiate detoxification 6 volunteer opiate addicts were intravenously administered 10 mg naloxone within one hour while under barbiturate anesthesia. During administration of naloxone none of the patients demonstrated significant changes in the hemodynamic parameters of heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, peripheral resistance or in the oxygen saturation. After patients awoke from anesthesia, they experienced no or only minimal withdrawal symptoms. Possible explanations for the suppression of withdrawal symptoms are discussed.
<scp>Weather Derivatives and Weather Risk Management</scp> (2005)

Weather derivatives are a relatively recent kind of financial product developed to manage weather risks, and currently the weather derivatives market is the fastest‐growing derivative market. The development of weather derivatives represents one of the recent trends toward the convergence of insurance and finance. This article presents an overview of weather risks, weather derivatives, and the weather derivatives market, and examines the valuation of weather derivatives in an incomplete market, the hedging effectiveness of standardized weather derivatives, as well as optimal weather hedging with the consideration of basis risk and credit risk.
Diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis (2013)

Diabetes secondary to pancreatic diseases is commonly referred to as pancreatogenic diabetes or type 3c diabetes mellitus. It is a clinically relevant condition with a prevalence of 5%-10% among all diabetic subjects in Western populations. In nearly 80% of all type 3c diabetes mellitus cases, chronic pancreatitis seems to be the underlying disease. The prevalence and clinical importance of diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis has certainly been underestimated and underappreciated so far. In contrast to the management of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, the endocrinopathy in type 3c is very complex. The course of the disease is complicated by additional present comorbidities such as maldigestion and concomitant qualitative malnutrition. General awareness that patients with known and/or clinically overt chronic pancreatitis will develop type 3c diabetes mellitus (up to 90% of all cases) is rather good. However, in a patient first presenting with diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis as a potential causative condition is seldom considered. Thus many patients are misdiagnosed. The failure to correctly diagnose type 3 diabetes mellitus leads to a failure to implement an appropriate medical therapy. In patients with type 3c diabetes mellitus treating exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, preventing or treating a lack of fat-soluble vitamins (especially vitamin D) and restoring impaired fat hydrolysis and incretin secretion are key-features of medical therapy.
A Monomeric, Biologically Active, Full-Length Human Apolipoprotein E (2007)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is an exchangeable apolipoprotein that plays an important role in lipid/lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Recent evidence indicates that apoE is also critical in several other important biological processes, including Alzheimer's disease, cognitive function, immunoregulation, cell signaling, and infectious diseases. Although the X-ray crystal structure of the apoE N-terminal domain was solved in 1991, the structural study of full-length apoE is hindered by apoE's oligomerization property. Using protein-engineering techniques, we generated a monomeric, biologically active, full-length apoE. Cross-linking experiments indicate that this mutant is nearly 95-100% monomeric even at 20 mg/mL. CD spectroscopy and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation demonstrate that the structure and stability of the monomeric mutant are identical to wild-type apoE. Monomeric and wild-type apoE display similar lipid-binding activities in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine clearance assays and formation of reconstituted high-density lipoproteins. Furthermore, the monomeric and wild-type apoE proteins display an identical LDL receptor binding activity. Availability of this monomeric, biologically active, full-length apoE allows us to collect high quality NMR data for structural determination. Our initial NMR data of lipid-free apoE demonstrates that the N-terminal domain in the full-length apoE adopts a nearly identical structure as the isolated N-terminal domain, whereas the C-terminal domain appears to become more structured than the isolated C-terminal domain fragment, suggesting a weak domain-domain interaction. This interaction is confirmed by NMR examination of a segmental labeled apoE, in which the N-terminal domain is deuterated and the C-terminal domain is double-labeled. NMR titration experiments further suggest that the hinge region (residues 192-215) that connects apoE's N- and C-terminal domains may play an important role in mediating this domain-domain interaction.
Genetic rearrangements in the rfb regions of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. (1995)

The recent emergence of a pathogenic new non-O1 serotype (O139) of Vibrio cholerae has led to numerous studies in an attempt to identify the origins of this new strain. Our studies indicate that O139 strains have clear differences in the surface polysaccharides when compared with O1 strains: the lipopolysaccharide can be described as semi-rough. Southern hybridization with the O1 rfb region demonstrates that O139 strains no longer contain any of the rfb genes required for the synthesis of the O1 O-antigen or its modification and also lack at least 6 kb of additional contiguous DNA. However, O139 strains have retained rfaD and have a single open reading frame closely related to three small open reading frames of the O1 rfb region. This region is closely related to the H-repeat of Escherichia coli and to the transposases of a number of insertion sequence elements and has all the features of an insertion sequence element that has been designated VcIS1. Transposon insertion mutants defective in O139 O-antigen (and capsule) biosynthesis map to the same fragment as VcIS1. Preliminary sequence data of complementing clones indicate that this DNA encodes a galactosyl-transferase and other enzymes for the utilization of galactose in polysaccharide biosynthesis. We propose a mechanism by which both the Ogawa serotype of O1 strains and the O139 serotype strains may have evolved.
Fast Bloom Filters and Their Generalization (2013)

Bloom filters have been extensively applied in many network functions. Their performance is judged by three criteria: query overhead, space requirement, and false positive ratio. Due to wide applicability, any improvement to the performance of Bloom filters can potentially have a broad impact in many areas of networking research. In this paper, we study Bloom-1, a data structure that performs membership check in one memory access, which compares favorably with the k memory accesses of a standard Bloom filter. We also generalize Bloom-1 to Bloom-g and Bloom-Q, allowing performance tradeoff between membership query overhead and false positive ratio. We thoroughly examine the variants in this family of filters, and show that they can be configured to outperform the Bloom filters with a smaller number of memory accesses, a smaller or equal number of hash bits, and a smaller or comparable false positive ratio in practical scenarios. We also perform experiments based on a real traffic trace to support our filter design.
Remote Trimethylsilyl Groups Interfering with the <i>ortho</i> Deprotonation of Fluoroarenes and Chloroarenes (2006)

Abstract (2‐Fluorophenyl)trimethylsilane ( 2‐F ) and (2‐chlorophenyl)trimethylsilane ( 2‐Cl ) react with sec ‐butyllithium or lithium 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide under permutational hydrogen/metal interconversion (metalation) more slowly than, respectively, the corresponding 4‐fluoro‐ and 4‐chloro isomers ( 1‐F and 1‐Cl , respectively) or, on the other hand, fluorobenzene and chlorobenzene themselves. The bulky silyl substituent impedes the neighboring halogen to get out of the way when the base attacks the ortho position. For the same reason, (2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐ and (2,4‐dichlorophenyl)trimethylsilane ( 7‐F and 7‐Cl ) are less reactive than their 3,5‐isomers ( 6‐F and 6‐Cl ) and metalation occurs more rapidly at the 4‐ rather than 3‐position of (2,5‐difluorophenyl)‐ and (2,5‐dichlorophenyl)trimethylsilane ( 5‐F and 5‐Cl , respectively). The decrease in kinetic acidity due to buttressing is most pronounced with the congested substrates (2,4,6‐trihalophenyl)trimethylsilanes ( 8‐F and 8‐Cl ) and, particularly (2,4,6‐trihalophenylene)‐1,3‐bis(trimethylsilanes) ( 9‐F and 9‐Cl ). Fluorine being far less effective than chlorine as a transmitter of steric pressure, (3,4‐ and 2,3‐difluorophenyl)trimethylsilane ( 3‐F and 4‐F ) exhibit comparable reactivity whereas (3,4‐dichlorophenyl)trimethylsilane ( 3‐Cl ) clearly surpasses its 2,3‐dichloro isomer ( 4‐Cl ). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Development of a planarized Al-Si contact filling technology (2002)

A sputter deposition method for Al-Si thin films onto a TiN/Ti coated substrate at a raised temperature has been developed, and their properties have been studied. The films were deposited by a conventional DC magnetron sputtering apparatus without any substrate bias voltage. When the temperature of the substrate was kept at a temperature between 500 degrees C and 550 degrees C, the contact holes were fully filled with Al-Si and the cross-sectional view including SiO/sub 2/ planarization was very smooth. In this case, no degradations in both the contact resistances and the leakage currents across the junctions were observed. This technology has been proven to be suitable for submicron multilevel interconnections.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
BINARY VERSION MANAGEMENT FOR COMPUTATIONAL GRIDS (1999)

Applications are no longer monolithic files, but rather a collection of dynamically linked libraries, images, fonts, etc. For such applications to function correctly, all of the required files must be available and be the correct version. Missing files preclude application execution, and incorrect versions lead to mysterious and frustrating failures. This paper describes a simple scheme to address this problem: Content-Derived Names (CDNs). CDNs use digital signatures to automatically and uniquely name specific versions of files. Because Content-Derived Names are computed using a cryptographically strong hash over the text of a package, this process is safe from spoofing and other attacks based on providing the wrong library. We explain how CDNs ease the management of application distribution for clusters and grids. We also describe a prototype implementation of CDNs for the Tel programming language.
Different Roles for RhoA During Neurite Initiation, Elongation, and Regeneration in PC12 Cells (1999)

The goal of the present study was to characterize the effects of RhoA at different stages of nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation in the PC12 model. This comparative analysis was prompted by previous studies that reported apparently opposite effects for Rho in different models of neuronal differentiation and regeneration. PC12 cells were transfected with activated V14RhoA or dominant negative N19RhoA under the control of either a constitutive or a steroid-regulated promoter. Upon exposure to NGF, V14RhoA cells continued to proliferate and did not extend neurites; however, they remained responsive to NGF, as indicated by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases. This inability to differentiate was reversed by C3 toxin and activation of cyclic AMP signaling, which inactivate RhoA. N19RhoA expression led to an increase in neurite initiation and branching. In contrast, when the RhoA mutants were expressed after NGF priming, only the rate of neurite extension was altered; V14RhoA clones had neurites approximately twice as long, whereas neurites of N19RhoA cells were approximately 50% shorter than those of appropriate controls. The effects of Rho in neurite regeneration mimicked those observed during the initial stages of morphogenesis; activation inhibited, whereas inactivation promoted, neurite outgrowth. Our results indicate that RhoA function changes at different stages of NGF-induced neuronal differentiation and neurite regeneration.
Cat allergen-induced blood basophil reactivity in vitro predicts acute human nasal allergen challenge responses in vivo (2011)

A positive cat allergen-induced BHR is associated with higher cat-specific IgE levels, a higher cat-specific to total IgE ratio and is predictive of a positive cat-induced NAC [ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00604786].
Pre-operative Planning and Intra-operative Guidance for Shoulder Replacement Surgery (2010)

Shoulder joint replacement, or arthroplasty, is indicated in cases where arthritis or trauma has resulted in severe joint damage that in turn causes increased pain and decreased function. However, shoulder arthroplasty is less successful than hip and knee replacement, mostly due to the complexity of the shoulder joint and the resultant complexity of the replacement operation. In this paper we present a complete visualization-oriented pre-operative planning and intra-operative guidance approach for shoulder joint replacement. Our system assists the surgeon by allowing a virtual arthroplasty procedure whilst giving feedback, primarily via patient- and procedure-specific joint range of motion (ROM) simulation and visualization. After a successful planning, our system automatically generates a 3D model of a patient-specific mechanical guidance device that is then produced by a rapid prototyping machine and can be used during the operation. In this way, a computer-based guidance system is not required in the operating room.
Polyunsaturated-fatty-acid oxidation in <i>Hydra</i>: regioselectivity, substrate-dependent enantioselectivity and possible biological role (1994)

A novel and abundant lipoxygenase-like activity converting cis-eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid) into (11R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid has been recently described in homogenates of the freshwater hydrozoan Hydra vulgaris. In this study, other substrates for this enzyme were selected from the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in H. vulgaris, and the chemical natures of the hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives produced, as well as the activity of some of the latter on hydroid tentacle regeneration, were investigated. The highest conversion among C20 fatty acids was observed for arachidonic acid, and among C18 fatty acids for cis-octadeca-9,12,15- and cis-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoic (alpha- and gamma-linolenic) acids. Cis double bonds on the 10th carbon atom from the aliphatic end of the substrate (e.g. C-9, C-11 and C-13 respectively in C18, C20 and C22 PUFAs) were regiospecifically peroxidized. Conversely, trans-octadeca-9,12-dienoic (linoelaidic) acid was not a substrate for lipoxygenase activity. Enantioselectivity of lipoxygenation depended on the degree of unsaturation of the substrate, with the amount of the R enantiomer increasing when passing, for example, from cis-eicosa-11,14-dienoic to cis-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid. Regiospecific formation of keto acids was observed only when incubating C18 PUFAs. Commercially available hydroxyacids corresponding to the reaction products of some of the most abundant H. vulgaris PUFAs were tested for effects on Hydra tentacle regeneration. An enhancement of average tentacle number, in a fashion depending on the stereochemistry and on the number of double bonds, was found for two compounds, thus suggesting for the 11-lipoxygenase-like enzyme a role in the production of metabolites potentially active in the control of hydroid regenerative processes.
Recombinant Human Heat Shock Protein 60 Does Not Induce the Release of Tumor Necrosis Factor α from Murine Macrophages (2003)

Recent studies have shown that commercially available recombinant human heat shock protein 60 (rhHSP60) could induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release from macrophages and monocytes in a manner similar to that of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), e.g. via CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 complex-mediated signal transduction pathway. In this study, we demonstrated that a highly purified rhHSP60 preparation with low endotoxin activity (designated rhHSP60-1) was unable to induce TNF-alpha release from murine macrophages at concentrations of up to 10 microg/ml. In contrast, a less purified rhHSP60 preparation (designated rhHSP60-2) was able to induce a marked TNF-alpha release at concentrations as low as 1 microg/ml. Failure of rhHSP60-1 to induce TNF-alpha release was not due to defective physical properties because rhHSP60-1 and rhHSP60-2 contained a similar amount of HSP60 as determined by SDS gels stained with Coomassie Blue and Western blots probed with an anti-rhHSP60 antibody. Both rhHSP60 preparations also had similar enzymatic activities as judged by their ability to hydrolyze ATP. Polymyxin B added in the incubation media abolished the endotoxin activity but inhibited only about 50% of the TNF-alpha-inducing activity of rhHSP60-2. However, both the endotoxin activity and the TNF-alpha-inducing activity of rhHSP60-2 were essentially eliminated after passing through a polymyxin B-agarose column that removes LPS and LPS-associated molecules from the rhHSP60 preparation. The TNF-alpha-inducing activities of both rhHSP60-2 and LPS with equivalent endotoxin activity present in rhHSP60-2 were equally sensitive to heat inactivation. These results suggest that rhHSP60 does not induce TNF-alpha release from macrophages. Approximately 50% of the observed TNF-alpha-inducing activity in the rhHSP60-2 preparation is due to LPS contamination, whereas the rest of the activity was due to the contamination of LPS-associated molecule(s).
P2‐478: Discovery and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation of potent 5‐HT6 receptor antagonists for cognition enhancement in treating Alzheimer's disease (2008)

5-HT6 receptors are expressed in the brain regions associated with learning and memory, and blockade of their function increases central cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission and enhances cognitive processes. We report the development of a novel, aqueous-soluble, safe, BBB penetrant potent series of small molecule antagonists of 5-HT6 receptors in a series of new Dimebon analogs. Recently Dimebon was reported to have met all five efficacy endpoints in a one-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study of ∼200 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease. We were the first to show that Dimebon is a potent 5-HT6 antagonist (Ki = 70 nM) and selected this drug as a starting point for the design of novel drug-like chemotypes. The design, synthesis, and SAR studies included tri- and bicyclic “core” and/or “decoration” variations of chemical structure in several consecutive iterations. Cognition disorders perhaps due to their unique intricacy have not benefited from rational single-targeted drug design. In response to this challenge we have selected a few key biotargets for specific modulation. The “constellation” of 5-HT6, 5-HT2C, AChE, Ca L-channel, NMDA, etc. was chosen as desirable for inhibition (antagonism), and hERG, 5-HT2B (“black holes”) were identified as undesirable. SAR data will be demonstrated around the lead series to illustrate the improvements in targeting affinities at multiple biomolecules. Hit-to-lead optimization of this series has led to the discovery of the advanced lead compounds possessing the desired fingerprint along with a promising in vivo profile. The lead compounds demonstrated an excellent PK-PD correlation. Administering these agents has significantly reversed scopolamine- and MK801-induced deficit in a rodent novel object recognition paradigm and passive avoidance test. The compounds have also reversed the deficit in water maze spatial learning compared to vehicle-treated scopolamine-matched controls. These studies provide further support for the potential therapeutic utility of 5-HT6 receptor antagonists possessing a desired fingerprint in disorders characterized by cognitive deficits such as Alzheimer's Disease.