gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dichroic Properties of Bis(benzoxazolyl)stilbene and Bis(benzoxazolyl)thiophene Dispersed into Oriented Polyethylene Films:  A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Approach (2006)

In this work, a combination of experimental and quantum mechanical investigations is performed for the study of dichroic absorption properties of melt-processed linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) oriented films containing < or =0.5 wt % of either 4,4'-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)stilbene (BBS) or 2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl-2-benzoxazolyl)thiophene (BTBBT). The data acquired reveal that the film optical anisotropy and the performances as linear polarizer are strongly dependent on the molecular structure of the chromophore. In particular, the rodlike structure of BBS favors the alignment of the dye along the drawing direction of the PE film, providing dichroic ratios as high as 100 and optical performances as linear polarizer close to the pseudo-affine deformation scheme. On the contrary BTBBT, although characterized by huge anisotropic potentialities, confers the oriented film very poor dichroism and is unsuitable for linear polarizer applications. This behavior is attributed to the more complex banana-shaped structure of BTBBT dye caused by the thiophene 2,5-functionalization that limits the molecule parallel orientation to the drawing direction.
Ionic Liquid Forms of Weakly Acidic Drugs in Oral Lipid Formulations: Preparation, Characterization, in Vitro Digestion, and in Vivo Absorption Studies (2017)

This study aimed to transform weakly acidic poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSD) into ionic liquids (ILs) to promote solubility in, and the utility of, lipid-based formulations. Ionic liquids (ILs) were formed directly from tolfenamic acid (Tolf), meclofenamic acid, diclofenac, and ibuprofen by pairing with lipophilic counterions. The drug-ILs were obtained as liquids or low melting solids and were significantly more soluble (either completely miscible or highly soluble) in lipid based, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) when compared to the equivalent free acid. In vivo assessment of a SEDDS lipid solution formulation of Tolf didecyldimethylammonium salt and the same formulation of Tolf free acid at low dose (18 mg/kg, where the free acid was soluble in the SEDDS), resulted in similar absorption profiles and overall exposure. At high dose (100 mg/kg), solution SEDDS formulations of the Tolf ILs (didecyldimethylammonium, butyldodecyldimethylammonium or didecylmethylammonium salts) were possible, but the lower lipid solubility of Tolf free acid dictated that administration of the free acid was only possible as a suspension in the SEDDS formulation or as an aqueous suspension. Under these conditions, total drug plasma exposure was similar for the IL formulations and the free acid, but the plasma profiles were markedly different, resulting in flatter, more prolonged exposure profiles and reduced C<sub>max</sub> for the IL formulations. Isolation of a weakly acidic drug as an IL may therefore provide advantage as it allows formulation as a solution SEDDS rather than a lipid suspension, and in some cases may provide a means of slowing or sustaining absorption. The current studies compliment previous studies with weakly basic PWSD and demonstrate that transformation into highly lipophilic ILs is also possible for weakly acidic compounds.
<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textsf{LoPub}$ </tex-math> </inline-formula>: High-Dimensional Crowdsourced Data Publication With Local Differential Privacy (2018)

High-dimensional crowdsourced data collected from numerous users produces rich knowledge about our society; however, it also brings unprecedented privacy threats to the participants. Local differential privacy (LDP), a variant of differential privacy, is recently proposed as a state-of-the-art privacy notion. Unfortunately, achieving LDP on high-dimensional crowdsourced data publication raises great challenges in terms of both computational efficiency and data utility. To this end, based on the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm and Lasso regression, we first propose efficient multi-dimensional joint distribution estimation algorithms with LDP. Then, we develop a local differentially private high-dimensional data publication algorithm (LoPub) by taking advantage of our distribution estimation techniques. In particular, correlations among multiple attributes are identified to reduce the dimensionality of crowdsourced data, thus speeding up the distribution learning process and achieving high data utility. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that our multivariate distribution estimation scheme significantly outperforms existing estimation schemes in terms of both communication overhead and estimation speed. Moreover, LoPub can keep, on average, 80% and 60% accuracy over the released datasets in terms of support vector machine and random forest classification, respectively.
The importance of the native oxide for sub-keV ion implants (2002)

With the emergence of production capability for sub-keV ion implant, aspects of the process that were never important before start to play a central role. This paper demonstrates the effects of native oxide on the dopant profiles that result from sub-keV implants. The native oxide has a strong influence via several mechanisms: dopant deposition into the oxide, scattering of the incident beam by the oxide and changes to the beam backscatter. These effects are very important for process designers working in the sub-keV regime.
tert-Butylimido complexes of chromium and vanadium. X-Ray crystal structures of Cr(NBut)Cl3(MeOCH2CH2OMe), Cr[C6H4(NH)2-o]Cl2(PMe2Ph)2, Cr(NBut)2(OSiPh3)2, Cr(NBut)-Cl(OC9H6N)2 and [(PPh3)2][Cr(NBut){S2C2(CN)2}2] (1991)

The compound Cr(NBut)Cl3, isolated as its adducts with tetrahydrofuran (thf) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (dme), has been prepared by chlorination of Cr(NBut)2Cl2. These materials have been used as sources of other chromium compounds such as the neutral adducts Cr(NBut)Cl3(PR3)2(R3= Me3, Et3, Me2Ph or EtPh2) or Cr(NBut)Cl2(NC7H13)(NC7H13= quinuclidine) or anionic complexes such as [PPh4][Cr(NBut)Cl4]. The tertiary phosphine complexes in the presence of excess of phosphine are photochemically or thermally reduced to CrCl3(PR3)3 and the tertiary phosphinimine. Halide-substitution reactions on Cr(NBut)Cl3(dme) or [Cr(NBut)Cl4]– with O,N, (O,N) and S ligands give rise to compounds such as cis-Cr(NBut)Cl(OC9H6N)2(OC9H6N = quinolin-8-olate), [Cr(NBut)(mnt)2]–(mnt = maleonitriledithiolate) and Cr(NBut)Cl(S2CNEt2)2; cyclic voltammetry of the last two complexes is reported. Evidence for the disproportionation 2CrV→ CrVI+ CrIV in reactions of alkoxides is given. Reduction of Cr(NBut)Cl3(dme) in the presence of 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (dmpe) gives the chromium(IV) species [Cr(NBut)(dmpe)2Cl]Cl. The EPR (X-band) spectra of chromium(V) species at room temperature show hyperfine splitting for 53Cr, 14N and 31P in appropriate compounds with giso values at 77 K of ca. 2.00. The compounds [V(NBut)(NHBut)(µ-NBut)]2 and [V(µ-NBut)(OSiMe3)2]2 are also described. The X-ray structures of five compounds have been determined: Cr(NBut)Cl3(dme) is octahedral with a mer arrangement of the three chlorines; Cr[C6H4(NH)2-o]Cl2(PMe2Ph)2 is also octahedral, having C2 symmetry with trans phosphines and cis chlorines; Cr(NBut)2(OSiPh3)2 is distorted tetrahedral; Cr(NBut)Cl(OC9H6N)2 is octahedral with the chelating quinolin-8-olato groups arranged to give trans O,O and cis N,N geometry; and [Cr(NBut)(mnt)2]– has a square-pyramidal structure with an axial imido group.
Diagnostic value of multislice computerized tomography angiography for aortic dissection: A comparison with DSA (2016)

The aim of the present study was to compare multislice computed tomography angiography (MSCTA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the diagnosis of aortic dissection. In total, 49 patients with aortic lesions received enhanced computed tomography scanning, and three-dimensional (3D) images were reconstructed by volume rendering (VR), maximum intensity projection (MIP), multiplanar reformation (MPR) and curved planar reconstruction (CPR). The display rate of the entry tear site, intimal flap, true and false lumen from each reconstruction method was calculated. For 30 patients with DeBakey type III aortic dissection, the entry tear site and size of the first intimal flap, aortic maximum diameter at the orifice of left subclavian artery (LSCA), distance between the first entry tear site and the orifice of LSCA, and maximum diameter of aortic true and false lumens were measured prior to implantation of endovascular covered stent-grafts. Data obtained by MSCTA and DSA were then compared. For the entry tear site, MPR, CPR and VR provided a display rate of 95.92, 95.92 and 18.37%, respectively, and the display rate of the intimal flap was 100% in the three methods. MIP did not directly display the entry tear site and intimal flap. For true and false lumens, MPR, CPR, and VR showed a display rate of 100%, while MIP only provided a display rate of 67.35%. When MSCTA was compared with DSA, there was a significant difference in the display of entry site number and position (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was shown in the measurement of aortic maximum diameter at the orifice of LSCA and the maximum diameter of true and false lumens (P>0.05). In conclusion, among the 3D post-processing reconstruction methods of MSCTA used, MPR and CPR were optimal, followed by VR, and MIP. MSCTA may be the preferable imaging method to diagnose aortic dissection and evaluate treatment of endovascular-covered stent-grafting, preoperatively.
Coordination of converter and fuel cell controllers (2005)

Load following fuel cell systems depend on control of reactant flow and regulation of DC bus voltage during load (current) drawn from them. To this end, we model and analyse the dynamics of a fuel cell system equipped with a compressor and a DC–DC converter. We then employ model-based control techniques to tune two separate controllers for the compressor and the converter. We demonstrate that the lack of communication and co-ordination between the two controllers entails a severe tradeoff in achieving the stack and power output objectives. A co-ordinated controller is finally designed that manages the air and the electron flow control in an optimal way. We demonstrate our results during specific and critical load changes around a nominal operating point. Although our analysis does not cover wide operating region, it provides insight on the level of controller co-ordination necessary in non-hybridized fuel cell power supply. The shut-down and start-up procedures will be investigated in future work. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An X-ray imaging pixel detector based on a scintillating guides screen (2000)

We have developed and preliminary tested a new digital X-ray imaging sensor based on a scintillating guide screen. The scintillating guides are used to channel the emitted visible light to the pixel detector. This enables us to avoid the well-known tradeoff between detection efficiency and spatial resolution which is encountered when a non-patterned scintillating layer is used on top of a CCD. A prototype has been fabricated using microtechnologies. The scintillator is CsI:Tl and the low-index cladding material used to channel the light is silicon dioxide. The performance of this prototype has been compared to that of a thick CsI single crystal. The results concerning the spatial resolution are quite promising and demonstrate a proof-of-principle. However, the performance in terms of signal to noise ratio and sensitivity have to be improved. These problems are currently addressed.
Negative and Positive Regulation in <i>trans</i> of Gene Expression from Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors in Mammalian Cells by a Viral rep Gene Product (1986)

We previously described use of the human parvovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), as a vector for transient expression in mammalian cells of the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). In the AAV vector, pTS1, the CAT gene is expressed under the control of the major AAV promoter p40. This promoter is embedded within the carboxyl-terminal region of an open reading frame (orf-1) which codes for a protein (rep) required for AAV DNA replication. We show here that the rep product has additional trans-acting properties to regulate gene expression. First, deletion or frame-shift mutations in orf-1, which occurred far upstream of p40, increased expression of CAT in human 293 (adenovirus-transformed) cells. This increased CAT expression was abolished when such mutant AAV vectors were transfected into 293 cells together with a second AAV vector which could supply the wild-type AAV rep product in trans. Thus, an AAV rep gene product was a negative regulator, in trans, of expression of CAT in uninfected 293 cells. In adenovirus-infected 293 cells, the function of the AAV rep product was more complex, but in some cases, it appeared to be a trans activator of the expression from p40. In HeLa cells, only trans activation by rep was seen in the absence or presence of adenovirus. Neither activation nor repression by the rep product required replication per se of the AAV vector DNA. Thus, trans-acting negative or positive regulation of gene expression by the AAV rep gene is modulated by factors in the host cell and by the helper adenovirus.
8×8 POF based interchip interconnection with 2.5 Gbit/s per channel data transmission (2002)

An optical 8/spl times/8 interchip interconnect with 2.5 Gbit/s-per-channel data transmission over a length of 50 cm is demonstrated. The interconnection approach is based on 125 /spl mu/m-plastic optical fibres (POF) which are aligned at a pitch of 250 /spl mu/m in two dimensions by precision plastic parts.
Role of transcriptional activation of IκBα in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids (2019)

Glucocorticoids are potent immunosuppressive drugs, but their mechanism is poorly understood. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a regulator of immune system and inflammation genes, may be a target for glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression. The activation of NF-κB involves the targeted degradation of its cytoplasmic inhibitor, IκBα, and the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. Here it is shown that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone induces the transcription of the IκBα gene, which results in an increased rate of IκBα protein synthesis. Stimulation by tumor necrosis factor causes the release of NF-κB from IκBα. However, in the presence of dexamethasone this newly released NF-κB quickly reassociates with newly synthesized IκBα, thus markedly reducing the amount of NF-κB that translocates to the nucleus. This decrease in nuclear NF-κB is predicted to markedly decrease cytokine secretion and thus effectively block the activation of the immune system.
New insights into the structure and function of phyllosphere microbiota through high-throughput molecular approaches (2013)

The phyllosphere is an ecologically and economically important ecosystem that hosts a large and diverse microbial community. Phyllosphere microbiota play a critical role in protecting plants from diseases as well as promoting their growth by various mechanisms. There are serious gaps in our understanding of how and why microbiota composition varies across spatial and temporal scales, the ecology of leaf surface colonizers and their interactions with their host, and the genetic adaptations that enable phyllosphere survival of microorganisms. These gaps are due in large part to past technical limitations, as earlier studies were restricted to the study of culturable bacteria only and used low-throughput molecular techniques to describe community structure and function. The availability of high-throughput and cost-effective molecular technologies is changing the field of phyllosphere microbiology, enabling researchers to begin to address the dynamics and composition of the phyllosphere microbiota across a large number of samples with high, in-depth coverage. Here, we discuss and connect the most recent studies that have used next-generation molecular techniques such as metagenomics, proteogenomics, genome sequencing, and transcriptomics to gain new insights into the structure and function of phyllosphere microbiota and highlight important challenges for future research.
Enhanced Cellular Uptake of Peptide-Targeted Nanoparticles through Increased Peptide Hydrophilicity and Optimized Ethylene Glycol Peptide-Linker Length (2013)

Ligand-targeted nanoparticles are emerging drug delivery vehicles for cancer therapy. Here, we demonstrate that the cellular uptake of peptide-targeted liposomes and micelles can be significantly enhanced by increasing the hydrophilicity of the targeting peptide sequence while simultaneously optimizing the EG peptide-linker length. Two distinct disease models were analyzed, as the nanoparticles were functionalized with either VLA-4 or HER2 antagonistic peptides to target multiple myeloma or breast cancer cells, respectively. Our results demonstrated that including a short oligolysine chain adjacent to the targeting peptide sequence effectively increased cellular uptake of targeted nanoparticles up to ∼80-fold using an EG6 peptide-linker in liposomes and ∼27-fold using an EG18 peptide-linker in micelles for the VLA-4/multiple myeloma system. Similar trends were also observed in the HER2/breast cancer system with the EG18 peptide-linker resulting in optimal uptake for both types of nanoparticles. Cellular uptake efficiency of these formulations was also confirmed under fluidic conditions mimicking physiological systems. Taken together, these results demonstrated the significance of using the right design elements to improve the cellular uptake of nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: α,α‐DIFLUOROARYLACETIC ACIDS: PREPARATION FROM (DIETHYLAMINO)SULFUR TRIFLUORIDE AND α‐OXOARYLACETATES (1980)

Abstract Diethylaminoschwefeltrifluorid (I) reagiert mit Phenylglyoxylsäureethylester (II) zum Difluor‐Derivat (III); aus N‐Methyl‐isatin (IV) erhält man so das Difluorderivat (V).
Life cycles in software and knowledge engineering: a comparative review (1989)

Abstract Progress in software engineering has led to system development following models of the system life cycle. These models incorporate the use of prototyping and formal methods of program verification. They are becoming supported by integrated project support environments and permit the planning and monitoring of software development projects. In contrast, knowledge based systems (KBS) are developed using informal views of the system life cycle. Tools have been developed to support some stages of the life cycle in an undisciplined manner. The commercial use of KBS needs development projects to be planned and monitored. This requires methods and tools based on systematic life cycle models to be established for KBS. This paper reviews the current state of life cycle approaches to software engineering and KBS development projects in order to provide a direction for the development of methodical KBS life cycle models.
Potential role for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) in preventing colon cancer (2003)

PPAR may inhibit colorectal tumour progression, possibly via inhibition of proliferation, and may be an important therapeutic target.
Investigation of Pesticide Penetration and Persistence on Harvested and Live Basil Leaves Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Mapping (2017)

Understanding pesticide behavior in plants is important for effectively applying pesticides and in reducing pesticide exposures from ingestion. This study aimed to investigate the penetration and persistence of pesticides applied on harvested and live basil leaves. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping was applied for in situ and real-time tracking of pesticides over time using gold nanoparticles as probes. The results showed that, after surface exposure of 30 min to 48 h, pesticides (10 mg/L) penetrated more rapidly and deeply into the live leaves than the harvested leaves. The systemic pesticide thiabendazole and the nonsystemic pesticide ferbam can penetrate into the live leaves with depths of 225 and 130 μm, respectively, and the harvested leaves with depths of 180 and 18 μm, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. The effects of leaf integrity and age on thiabendazole penetration were also evaluated on live basil leaves after 24 h of exposure. Thiabendazole (10 mg/L) when applied onto intact leaves penetrated deeper (170 μm) than when applied onto damaged leaves (80 μm) prepared with 20 scrapes on the top surface of the leaves. Older leaves with a wet mass of 0.204 ± 0.019 g per leaf (45 days after leaf out) allowed more rapid and deeper penetration of pesticides (depth of 165 μm) than younger leaves with a wet mass of 0.053 ± 0.007 g per leaf (15 days after leaf out, depth of 95 μm). The degradation of thiabendazole on live leaves was detected after 1 week, whereas the apparent degradation of ferbam was detected after 2 weeks. In addition, the removal of pesticides from basil was more efficient when compared with other fresh produce possibly due to the specific gland structure of basil leaves. The information obtained here provides a better understanding of the behavior and biological fate of pesticides on plants.
How Free: Computing Personal Liberty (1983)

Judgments about the extent to which an individual is free are easily among the more intractable of the various raw materials which present themselves for philosophical processing. On the one hand, few of us have any qualms about making statements to the effect that Blue is more free than Red. Explicitly or otherwise, such claims are the commonplaces of most history textbooks and of much that passes before us in the news media. And yet, good evidence for the presence of a philosophical puzzle here is to be found in the familiar hesitation we experience when we first reflect on the grounds for such claims. Is it really the case that the average Russian is less free than an Englishman in a dole queue? Are we quite certain that a dirt farmer in the Appalachians enjoys greater personal liberty than the inmate of a well-appointed modern prison? Were citizens of classical Athens more free, or less free, than their counterparts in today's welfare states?