gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separating desired image and signal invariant components from extraneous variations (1996)

Images and signals can be characterized by representations invariant to time shifts, spatial shifts, frequency shifts, and scale changes as the situation dictates. Advances in time-frequency analysis and scale transform techniques have made this possible. The next step is to distinguish between invariant forms representing different classes of image or signal. Unfortunately, additional factors such as noise contamination and `style' differences complicate this. A ready example is found in text, where letters and words may vary in size and position within the image segment being examined. Examples of complicating variations include font used, corruption during fax transmission, and printer characteristics. The solution advanced in this paper is to cast the desired invariants into separate subspaces for each extraneous factor or group of factors. The first goal is to have minimal overlap between these subspaces and the second goal is to be able to identify each subspace accurately. Concepts borrowed from high-resolution spectral analysis, but adapted uniquely to this problem have been found to be useful in this context. Once the pertinent subspace is identified, the recognition of a particular invariant form within this subspace is relatively simple using well-known singular value decomposition techniques.
Toward Sustainable Synthesis of PA12 (Nylon-12) Precursor from Oleic Acid Using Ring-Closing Metathesis (2016)

The efficient reaction conditions for ring-closing metathesis of homoallyloleamide (2) for the synthesis of PA12 (Nylon-12) precursor (4) are presented. Systematic screening of a series of commercially available metathesis catalysts identified a catalyst that promotes the reaction at low temperature (60 °C), enabling use of nonhalogenated solvents, ethyl acetate and hexanes. The catalyst was adsorbed on mesoporous silica gel to aid its postreaction recovery and reuse, which was demonstrated in hexanes up to three cycles without significant loss of reaction conversion (>90%). The identification of reaction-compatible green solvents as well as the demonstration of the potential for recycling of the supported catalyst are steps further toward establishing environmentally sustainable production of the polyamide precursors from oleic acid.
A 10 milliwatt 2 Gbps CMOS optical receiver for optoelectronic interconnect (2003)

We propose a novel cross coupled differential receiver to be used as part of a low power inter-chip optical interconnect. The internal amplifier of the transimpedance first stage provides high gain without requiring large, capacitive input gates. The resulting transimpedance stage extends the bandwidth of the differential receiver when small photodetectors are used. Preliminary results indicate a bandwidth of 1.4 GHz with a power consumption of 10 mW in a 0.5 /spl mu/m UTSi/sup TM/ SOS CMOS process.
A cytochrome P450 <scp>CYP</scp>71 enzyme expressed in <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> root hair cells participates in the biosynthesis of the benzoquinone allelochemical sorgoleone (2018)

Sorgoleone, a major component of the hydrophobic root exudates of Sorghum spp., is probably responsible for many of the allelopathic properties attributed to members of this genus. Much of the biosynthetic pathway for this compound has been elucidated, with the exception of the enzyme responsible for the catalysis of the addition of two hydroxyl groups to the resorcinol ring. A library prepared from isolated Sorghum bicolor root hair cells was first mined for P450-like sequences, which were then analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to identify those preferentially expressed in root hairs. Full-length open reading frames for each candidate were generated, and then analyzed biochemically using both a yeast expression system and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated repression in transgenic S. bicolor was used to confirm the roles of these candidates in the biosynthesis of sorgoleone in planta. A P450 enzyme, designated CYP71AM1, was found to be capable of catalyzing the formation of dihydrosorgoleone using 5-pentadecatrienyl resorcinol-3-methyl ether as substrate, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). RNAi-mediated repression of CYP71AM1 in S. bicolor resulted in decreased sorgoleone contents in multiple independent transformant events. Our results strongly suggest that CYP71AM1 participates in the biosynthetic pathway of the allelochemical sorgoleone.
l-Carnitine and Short Chain Ester in Tears from Patients with Dry Eye (2009)

Although increased tear film osmolarity has been previously observed in DES patients, our study showed lower carnitine levels in DES patients than in healthy subjects, rather than the increased levels expected, although a causal relationship between carnitine levels and hyperosmolarity has not been established. The damage to ocular surface cells because of exposure to hypertonic tear film observed in DES may be partially because of an imbalance in the concentration of carnitine molecules in the tear film relative to the ocular surface cells. We propose, therefore, that carnitine solutions may have a role in preventing the adverse effects of observed hyperosmolarity and suggest that further studies are now warranted to investigate the clinical application of carnitine in the treatment of DES.
Highly Efficient Nanosized Mesoporous CuMgAl Ternary Oxide Catalyst for Nitro-Alcohol Synthesis: Ultrasound-Assisted Sustainable Green Perspective for the Henry Reaction (2020)

Nanosized mesoporous CuMgAl ternary oxide catalysts were prepared by thermal decomposition of CuMgAl-layered double hydroxides at 500 °C with nominal Cu/Mg/Al ratios of 1:1:1 (Cu-LDH-I), 1.5:0.5:1 (Cu-LDH-II), and 2:0:1 (Cu-LDH-III). The synthesized catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, CO<sub>2</sub>-TPD, and N<sub>2</sub> physisorption analysis techniques. The catalytic activity of the synthesized materials was investigated for the Henry reaction between nitromethane and numerous aldehyde derivatives under ultrasonic irradiation. The three CuMgAl ternary oxide catalysts exhibited a high catalytic activity, forming nitro alcohol products with 100% atom economy. The CuMgAl-I catalyst derived from Cu-LDH-I offered high turnover frequencies (TOFs in the synthesis of all of the nitro alcohols in shorter reaction times). The superior catalytic activity of the CuMgAl-I sample is attributed to the synergistic effect between the physicochemical properties of the catalysts and ultrasonic irradiation. The HRTEM analysis of the used CuMgAl-I catalyst revealed the evidence for the cavitation collapse, which causes localized deformation and surface erosion. Moreover, the synthesized catalysts also exhibited robust sustainable activity that resisted deactivation over repeated usage. The present example of ultrasonic-assisted catalyzed organic synthesis represents a novel strategy for the solvent-free green synthesis of nitro-alcohols by the Henry reaction with 100% atom economy.
Digital in-line holography with numerical reconstruction: three-dimensional particle tracking (2001)

An update is given of recent advances in digital in-line holography with numerical reconstruction. It is shown that lateral resolution in the submicron regime can now be achieved routinely and that depth resolution is improved to the point that tracking of submicron particles is feasible in three dimensions.
Bovine placental lactogen: molecular cloning and protein structure (1988)

The bovine placenta secretes at least one hormone with prolactin-like and placental growth-hormone-like activity. The cDNA for bovine placental lactogen was isolated from a bovine fetal cDNA library by virtue of its nucleotide sequence homology to bovine prolactin (70%) and identified as such from amino acid sequence obtained from the amino terminus and internal tryptic fragments from the isolated hormone. The cDNA predicts a preprohormone of 236 amino acids, with a signal peptide of 36 amino acids. A single consensus site for N-glycosylation marks a probable site of carbohydrate addition. The encoded hormone is quite distinct from the pituitary hormones, as well as the primate and rodent placental lactogens and other predicted bovine placental hormones. It is 51% similar to bovine prolactin in amino acid sequence, 30% similar to the protein predicted by bovine prolactin-related cDNA I, about 30% similar to the rodent predicted placental hormones, and only about 20% similar to human placental lactogen and bovine growth hormone. Despite its greater similarity to bovine prolactin, sequence homology in the region of 5' flanking sequences and first exon to bovine prolactin-related cDNA I suggests that bovine placental lactogen may share a common evolutionary origin with this other placentally expressed member of the prolactin gene family.
MEMS Biosensor for Potential Cancer Cell Detection (2009)

Typically, cancer diagnosis relies on morphological examination of surgically removed tissue samples. However, diagnosis based on morphological examination is difficult, not accurate and often requires large amounts of biological materials. Thus, additional more accurate markers are needed to further increase the diagnostic accuracy of cancer cells. Despite having similar morphological features, the cancer and normal cell populations show significantly different mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of cancer cells that have been identified as important factors for the diagnosis of cancer are the cell stiffness or elasticity and cell adhesion. We present an acoustic resonant platform that is used in liquid environments and it is able to monitor the attachment of normal and cancer cell lines. The biosensor is based on a MEMS sheer horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) piezoelectric resonator. We consider the SH-SAW piezoelectric resonator because it is better suited for liquid sensing applications due to the minimal damping of the acoustic wave. The miniature size of this biosensor allows us to perform single cell electrical measurements which will provide information on the progression of cell adhesion, cell growth and viscoelasticity changes of normal and cancer cells. A commercial quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is initially used to study the cell attachment process and correlate the relationship between the electrical measurements and the mechanical properties of cells. The commercial QCM could be used as a functional biosensor utilizing living cells as biological signal transduction elements.
Parathyroid Hormone An Anabolic Treatment for Osteoporosis. (2001)

Osteoporosis is a disease characterised by low bone mass, structural deterioration of bone and increased risk of fracture. The prevalence, and cost, of osteoporosis is increasing dramatically with our ageing population and the World Health Organization now considers it to be the second-leading healthcare problem. All currently approved therapies for osteoporosis (eg., estrogen, bisphosphonates, calcitonin and selective estrogen receptor modulators) are anti-resorptive agents that act on osteoclasts to prevent further bone loss. A new class of bone anabolic agent capable of building mechanically strong new bone in patients with established osteoporosis is in development. While the parathyroid hormone (PTH) is classically considered to be a bone catabolic agent, when delivered intermittently at low doses PTH potently stimulates cortical and trabecular bone growth in animals humans. The native hPTH-(1-84) and its osteogenic fragment, hPTH-(1-34), have already entered Phase III clinical trials. Understanding the mechanism of PTH's osteogenic actions has led to the development of smaller PTH analogues which can also build mechanically normal bone in osteopenic rats. These new PTH analogues are promising candidates for treating osteoporosis in humans as they are as efficacious as hPTH-(1-84) and hPTH-(1-34), but there is evidence that they may have considerably less ability to induce hypercalcemia, the major side effect of PTH therapy. In addition to treating osteoporosis, PTHs may be used to promote fracture healing, to restore bone loss in immobilized patients, or following excessive glucocorticoid or prolonged spaceflight, and to treat psoriasis.
Combination of cGMP analogue and drug delivery system provides functional protection in hereditary retinal degeneration (2018)

Inherited retinal degeneration (RD) is a devastating and currently untreatable neurodegenerative condition that leads to loss of photoreceptor cells and blindness. The vast genetic heterogeneity of RD, the lack of "druggable" targets, and the access-limiting blood-retinal barrier (BRB) present major hurdles toward effective therapy development. Here, we address these challenges (<i>i</i>) by targeting cGMP (cyclic guanosine- 3',5'-monophosphate) signaling, a disease driver common to different types of RD, and (<i>ii</i>) by combining inhibitory cGMP analogs with a nanosized liposomal drug delivery system designed to facilitate transport across the BRB. Based on a screen of several cGMP analogs we identified an inhibitory cGMP analog that interferes with activation of photoreceptor cell death pathways. Moreover, we found liposomal encapsulation of the analog to achieve efficient drug targeting to the neuroretina. This pharmacological treatment markedly preserved in vivo retinal function and counteracted photoreceptor degeneration in three different in vivo RD models. Taken together, we show that a defined class of compounds for RD treatment in combination with an innovative drug delivery method may enable a single type of treatment to address genetically divergent RD-type diseases.
Controlled Release and Intracellular Delivery of Small Molecules Using Thermally Responsive Pluronic F127-Chitosan Nanocapsules (2011)

Nanoscale particulate systems have been studied as the delivery vehicle of various drugs and therapeutic agents for decades with promising outcomes. Recently, nano-particulate systems that are responsive to one or more environmental stimuli (such as temperature, pH, and electromagnetic field) are attracting increasing attention because they allow drug delivery and release to be done in a more controllable fashion [1]. The thermally (temperature) responsive nanoparticles are of particular interest to many researchers because the temperature controlled release of the encapsulated drug can be conveniently done with either thermo (using supraphysiologic temperatures) or cryo (using sub-zero temperature) therapies, minimally invasive energy-based surgical techniques that have been widely studied as potential alternatives to radical surgical intervention for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Moreover, a significantly improved outcome of cancer treatment has been reported by combining thermotherapy (using supraphysiologic temperatures) and anticancer drug encapsulated in thermally responsive nanoparticles [2]. Here, we report thermally responsive nanocapsules that can be combined with cryotherapy for cancer treatment.
Efficient and precise datarace detection for multithreaded object-oriented programs (2002)

We present a novel approach to dynamic datarace detection for multithreaded object-oriented programs. Past techniques for on-the-fly datarace detection either sacrificed precision for performance, leading to many false positive datarace reports, or maintained precision but incurred significant overheads in the range of 3x to 30x. In contrast, our approach results in very few false positives and runtime overhead in the 13% to 42% range, making it both efficient and precise. This performance improvement is the result of a unique combination of complementary static and dynamic optimization techniques.
A Quick Color Test to Detect Lead Release From Glazed Ceramic and Enameled Metalware (1988)

Abstract A color test is presented for the purpose of quickly identifying glazed ceramic and/or enameled metalware which releases excessive Pb. Citric acid solution on filter paper is used to extract Pb from the ware and a Pb-sensitive chromogen indicates the presence of Pb on the paper. The quick color test takes approximately 30 min and is useful for screening ware to determine the need for testing by the 24-h method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists/American Society for Testing and Materials.
Quasi synchronous tuning for grating feedback lasers (2011)

A general analytical form of the round trip phase shift in grating feedback diode lasers is proposed. Using the new form, it is obvious that the round trip phase shift can be independent of rotation angle in first order approximation when only one restriction condition is met. We call this the quasi synchronous tuning (QST) condition. In the QST region, a considerably large mode hopping free tuning range can be obtained. An adjustment structure with only one freedom is needed to accurately find and locate the quasi synchronous pivot, which is not strictly confined on the grating surface and its extension. It means that the external cavity diode lasers design can be easier and the laser can be more stable and reliable.
Oligonucleotide Recognition of Double-helical DNA by Triple-helix Formation (1989)

The sequence-specific recognition of double-helical DNA is an essential biological process responsible for the regulation of cellular functions including transcription, replication and cell division. The ability to design synthetic molecules that bind sequence-specifically to unique sites on human DNA has major implications for the treatment of genetic, oncogenic and viral diseases. A detailed understanding of the chemical principles for binding specific sites on double-helical DNA with oligodeoxynucleotides (or their analogues) by triple-strand formation would provide a pivotal first step in the development of a novel chemotherapeutic strategy of genetic targeting. This could ultimately enable precise inactivation of undesirable DNA sequences within the human genome.
Peroxynitrite as a Novel Stain Bleaching Reagent (2001)

Peroxynitrite serves as an effective stain bleaching reagent. Tests with several stained cotton fabrics show the potential commercial application for this biologically interesting molecule in fabric washing systems.
High‐Performance Thickness Insensitive Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Moisture Stability (2018)

Abstract High‐performance perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) with absorber layer thickness insensitive features are important for practical fabrication, however these features are difficult to be realized. There are very few reports of the fabrication of polycrystalline PVSCs with power conversion efficienies (PCE) insensitive to film thickness beyond 600 nm. The main reason lies in more serious recombination of the thick perovskite layer compared to the thin layer. Herein, this challenge is addressed by a simple hot casting method to formulate high‐quality perovskite film with enlarged grain size, high carrier mobility, and reduced defects. It is found that increasing the temperature to 70 °C can dramatically increase the film thickness and enlarge the perovskite crystal, therefore boost the efficiency from ≈16% to ≈19%. Notably, a record PCE of 19.54% is achieved with 850 nm thick perovskite film, which is among the highest efficiency for thick‐film PVSCs. The PCE remains steady around 19% when modifying the perovskite layer from 700 to 1150 nm. Moreover, these thick‐film PVSCs show good stability with 80% of its initial efficiency after 30 d in air with a humidity of 50%. Overall, this simple yet effective method has a great potential in the mass manufacture of PVSCs.
Remote patient monitoring service using heterogeneous wireless access networks: architecture and optimization (2009)

Remote patient monitoring is an eHealth service, which is used to collect and transfer biosignal data from the patients to the eHealth service provider (e.g., healthcare center). A heterogeneous wireless access-based remote patient monitoring system is presented in which multiple wireless technologies are integrated to support continuous biosignal monitoring in presence of patient mobility. A patient-attached monitoring device with a heterogeneous wireless transceiver collects biosignal data from the sensors and transmits the data through the radio access network (RAN) to the eHealth service provider. In this system, the eHealth service provider reserves wireless bandwidth (or connections) from a network service provider in a proactive manner as well as in an on-demand basis. To determine the optimal number of connections to be reserved pro-actively so that the network access cost is minimized, a stochastic programming problem is formulated considering the randomness of service demand due to the mobility of the patients. Since different biosignal data can have different quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, traffic scheduling is used in the patient-attached device which determines whether to transmit and what to transmit over an available wireless connection. To make the optimal scheduling decision, an optimization problem is formulated as a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP). The objective of this formulation is to minimize the connection cost. The proposed system architecture and the optimization formulations will be useful for the eHealth service provider to provide flexible and cost-effective monitoring service to remote/mobile patients.
From CO or CO<sub>2</sub>?: space-resolved insights into high-pressure CO<sub>2</sub>hydrogenation to methanol over Cu/ZnO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (2020)

The temperature and pressure dependent reaction pathways of high-pressure CO<sub>2</sub>hydrogenation over a Cu/ZnO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>catalyst were studied through the gradients of reactants/products concentrations and catalyst temperature within the reactor.
New hydroxybenanomicins produced by Actinomadura. (1992)

A soil microorganism, Actinomadura sp. MH193-16F4, produces an antifungal antibiotic benanomicin A and several related compounds. Among them, benanomicin A is the best candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent in terms of antifungal activity, toxicity and water-solubility. Three novel hydroxyl congeners, 3'-hydroxybenanomicin A, 7-hydroxybenanomicin A and 7-hydroxybenanomicinone have been isolated from the culture broth of the MH193-16F4 strain or its mutant. Interestingly, 3'-hydroxy-benanomicin A was as effective as benanomicin A, but the 7-hydroxy congeners were inactive. The inactive congeners differ from benanomicin A and 3'-hydroxyenanomicin A in their conformational structures at C-5 and C-6.
The Power of Simple Tabulation Hashing (2012)

Randomized algorithms are often enjoyed for their simplicity, but the hash functions used to yield the desired theoretical guarantees are often neither simple nor practical. Here we show that the simplest possible tabulation hashing provides unexpectedly strong guarantees. The scheme itself dates back to Zobrist in 1970 who used it for game playing programs. Keys are viewed as consisting of c characters. We initialize c tables H 1, ..., H c mapping characters to random hash codes. A key x = ( x 1 , ..., x c ) is hashed to H 1[ x 1] ⊕ ⋯ ⊕ H c [ x c ], where ⊕ denotes bit-wise exclusive-or. While this scheme is not even 4-independent, we show that it provides many of the guarantees that are normally obtained via higher independence, for example, Chernoff-type concentration, min-wise hashing for estimating set intersection, and cuckoo hashing.