gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the failure mechanisms of titanium nitride/titanium silicide barrier contacts under high current stress (1988)

Structures with a single pair of titanium nitride/titanium silicide barrier contacts with connecting narrow diffusion widths (<or=3.0 mu m) have been investigated for their electromigration resistance and reliability performance by applying current ramping and high current stress at different temperatures. Under a current ramping, the contact structures show a decrease in contact resistance after being virtually constant in the low-current regime and a steady increase of contact resistance toward the higher-current regime due to Joule heating in the diffusion region. The transition occurs when the temperature in the diffusion region reaches a value (the critical point) above which the intrinsic carriers become a dominant for conduction, especially for the region near the p-n junction. This point is followed by an unstable region in which the contact resistance continues to reduce. As the current rises further, a catastrophic structural failure, similar to a thermally initiated second breakdown in a transistor, is observed. The magnitude of the critical current is linearly proportional to the diffusion width and is independent of the type of impurity used to dope the diffusion region.<<ETX>>
Use of Bioartificial and Artificial Liver Support Devices (1996)

With all the new work and current interest in extracorporeal liver support systems incorporating hepatocytes, the findings with earlier artificial systems need to be reconsidered, particularly as they may constitute a component of some bioartificial devices. Furthermore, new and more effective artificial systems are currently under development. Essential hepatic functions need to be replaced, including excretory (the capability of adsorbents and dialysis) and synthetic and biotransformatory function, but the relative importance of these three functions in terms of promoting recovery of the native liver is as yet unclear. Two bioartificial devices have already been used clinically in the treatment of acute liver failure (ALF): the bioartificial liver (BAL) based on pig hepatocytes attached to microcarriers, and the extracorporeal liver assist device (ELAD) which contains a human liver-derived tumor cell line. As with earlier completely artificial systems, the results so far obtained in man are less impressive than in animal models of ALF. An important question not yet answered relates to quantity of cells and specific function in the new hybrid bioreactor devices required for clinical benefit, as well as the duration of support needed. A better understanding of the effects of these devices on the metabolic function of the damaged liver and the recovery process will be essential in the further development and design of effective systems. Controlled clinical trials on a multicenter basis will be needed for proper evaluation of these new approaches to treatment of ALF. From our own initial experience, the design of these protocols and the selection of biochemical tests will be difficult.
FPGA-based autonomous parking of a car-like robot using Fuzzy Logic Control (2012)

This paper proposes a hardware solution to the problem of autonomous parking of a car-like robot. The proposed system scans for a valid parking space and performs the necessary manoeuvres to park the robot within that space. Parallel and perpendicular parking is achieved by using a fuzzy logic based system that was developed in a simulation environment and subsequently prototyped on a custom built, car-like robot. Fuzzy logic is being proposed as it provides a fast response with a very small hardware footprint. For optimal efficiency, the system was implemented on an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) resulting in a very cost-effective, yet robust system that could be implemented on a full size vehicle.
A Novel Power Distribution Network Assessment Approach Using Drones Considering Wireless Charging (2021)

Power networks are an important infrastructure that requires close monitoring and recurring assessment during and following a catastrophic event. The drone’s unique aerial and unmanned nature has made it an efficient and powerful tool for damage assessment of the power networks. In this article, we propose a drone-routing framework to enable the systematic and automatic assessment of power networks considering wireless charging of the drone during the scanning. This article incorporates the resilience-oriented line priority index to periodically prioritize the power lines based on their specifications and conditions, and by doing so, this improves the efficiency of the assessment. A multiobjective mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to dynamically determine the drone’s optimal routing and speed in order to assure that the drone gathers sufficient data while completing the assessment mission in the shortest period of time. Since the proposed optimization algorithm needs to be solved multiple times for different sections of the power network, we propose a set of solution algorithms to reduce the computational burden and allow the proposed algorithm to reach the optimal solution quickly. Simulation results on a power network consisting of 77 nodes and 73 lines illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in performing network-wide dynamic assessment using a drone.
Enforcing Role-Based Access Control with Attribute-Based Cryptography for Environments with Multi-Level Security Requirements (2016)

Access control in computer science defines how different active processes, called subjects, may perform abstract operations on (computing) resources, called objects. General access control enforcement includes a theoretical construct called a reference monitor, which is intended to monitor the access requests between subjects and objects. This dissertation researches the possibilities to replace reference monitors with cryptography, for reasons of implementation-level assurance and distribution of computation. An information security notion called multi-level security (MLS) binds official data confidentiality levels to trustworthiness of users such that, for example, users checked ("cleared") for some level should be able to securely access information classified up to their level, inside a system which also contains information classified to a higher level. Traditionally, only cryptography has been considered to have sufficient assurance for large scale MLS environments. However, cryptographic enforcement is rather rigid and limited in some respects. Ideally, cryptographically enforced access control should comply with modern access control management principles such as role-based access control (RBAC). Recent advances in public key infrastructure (PKI), such as attribute-based encryption (ABE) and signatures (ABS), enable more complex policies in access control as well. This dissertation investigates the possibilities to use ABE and ABS in enforcing access control cryptographically, according to modern RBAC principles. The main application we target is publish-subscribe environment for MLS documents. As ABE and ABS represent only one type of PKI authentication architecture, and attributes are elemental for RBAC support, we first research the question, whether the capability to support attributes in general is particular to the authentication architecture represented by ABE, and find that this is not the case. However, due to other benefits of the ABE type, we find that they are still superior to other types. We then present the main assumptions to our application environment and show, how XML-documents can be used to support the access control enforcement cryptographically and nevertheless allow a transition period from conventional PKI to ABE. The actual framework consists of a general model on how to represent different access operations, or permissions, in such a way that they can be cryptographically enforced, as well as XACML reference architecture-based models for implementing confidentiality and integrity policies using ABE and ABS, respectively. We also map different NIST-standardized RBAC-model elements to ABE and ABS functionalities. In the confidentiality enforcement model we note a controversy in the ABE security goal of user collusion prevention with MLS environment requirements, and introduce a scheme to overcome this securely.
Memory Effects in Propagation of Optical Waves through Disordered Media (1988)

We verify experimentally for optical waves the striking memory effect predicted very recently by Feng, Kane, Lee, and Stone. We present data for both transmission and reflection, and find general agreement with the theoretical predictions for the linear scale dependence and asymptotic exponential falloff of the memory effect. The theoretical and experimental results suggest that significant information about the spatial variation of the incident waveform is preserved during passage through a highly disordered, strongly multiply scattering medium.
Pd-Containing Nanostructures for Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction Reaction (2018)

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), with water as a hydrogen source, has been attracting great attention due to its promising applications for carbon recycle utilization and renewable electricity storage. In order to drive the process economically, highly efficient catalysts are urgently needed to overcome the constraints of high overpotential, low Faradaic efficiency, and current density of CO2RR. This Perspective summarizes the performance of Pd-containing nanostructures toward CO2RR and related reaction mechanisms. The product selectivity of the Pd catalysts strongly depends on the structure and composition, and the dynamic evolution of active phases induced by the applied potential and reaction intermediate of CO2RR. Introducing a second metal can effectively suppress the decay in the catalytic performance of a Pd catalyst and further improve the activity and selectivity of CO2RR. The electrochemical promotion of catalysis effect drastically improves the production rate of formate over Pd nanoparticles, which demonstrates the advantage of the coupled thermo- and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. The challenges and tentative strategies for the further application of Pd-containing catalysts in CO2RR are also discussed.
Performance of Laterally Loaded Drilled Sockets Founded in Weathered Quartzite (2002)

The design of drilled shafts for lateral loading poses one of the greatest uncertainties for design engineers. The magnitude of the reaction of the soil or rock surrounding a laterally loaded drilled shaft is a function of the lateral deflection of the shaft, and yet the lateral deflection is dependent on the soil reaction. Thus, calculating the behavior of a shaft under lateral load involves the solution of a soil-structural interaction problem. There are four objectives to this research program. 1. There is a need for additional data from full-scale load tests performed in weathered, heavily fractured rock. A primary objective of this program will be to perform a series of full scale static and statnamic tests on drilled shafts founded in heavily weathered, fractured quartzite. 2. The data from the load tests performed in this research program can be used to verify available design methods. 3. A goal of the research project will involve the investigation of field tests that can be used to determine the material properties of weak rock. 4. The final goal of the research project will be to evaluate the ability of the relatively new lateral Osterberg test to accurately calculate p-y curves usable in widely available lateral analysis software such as LPILE and COM624.
Preparation and Properties of Yttrium‐Doped Lithium Zirconate (1993)

Ceramic samples of with , and 0.1 were prepared by conventional methods. The crystal structures and microstructures of the ceramic samples were studied using x‐ray diffraction, infrared spectra, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that a solid solution of was formed when was not larger than 0.05 and a second phase appeared in the solid solution when was equal to 0.1. The sinterability of improved greatly with addition of yttrium from 80.8% theoretical density (T.D.) for the sample without yttrium to 94.6% T.D. for the sample with ; the grain size decreased significantly with the formation of the solid solution. The total lithium ion conductivity increased slightly, from for pure to for the sample with at 400°C and the corresponding conduction activation energy decreased from 0.99 to 0.92 eV. Based on the effective medium theory, the conductivity increase in the solid solution crystal was estimated to be 3% for compared with the pure crystal.
Variations in the U-Value Measurement of a Whole Dwelling Using Infrared Thermography under Controlled Conditions (2018)

U-values of building elements are often determined using point measurements, where infrared imagery may be used to identify a suitable location for these measurements. Current methods identify that surface areas exhibiting a homogeneous temperature—away from regions of thermal bridging—can be used to obtain U-values. In doing so, however, the resulting U-value is assumed to represent that entire building element, contrary to the information given by the initial infrared inspection. This can be problematic when applying these measured U-values to models for predicting energy performance. Three techniques have been used to measure the U-values of external building elements of a full-scale replica of a pre-1920s U.K. home under controlled conditions: point measurements, using heat flux meters, and two variations of infrared thermography at high and low resolutions. U-values determined from each technique were used to calibrate a model of that building and predictions of the heat transfer coefficient, annual energy consumption, and fuel cost were made. Point measurements and low-resolution infrared thermography were found to represent a relatively small proportion of the overall U-value distribution. By propagating the variation of U-values found using high-resolution thermography, the predicted heat transfer coefficient (HTC) was found to vary between 183 W/K to 235 W/K (±12%). This also led to subsequent variations in the predictions for annual energy consumption for heating (between 4923 kWh and 5481 kWh, ±11%); and in the predicted cost of that energy consumption (between £227 and £281, ±24%). This variation is indicative of the sensitivity of energy simulations to sensor placement when carrying out point measurements for U-values.
Intricate Resonant Raman Response in Anisotropic ReS<sub>2</sub> (2017)

The strong in-plane anisotropy of rhenium disulfide (ReS<sub>2</sub>) offers an additional physical parameter that can be tuned for advanced applications such as logic circuits, thin-film polarizers, and polarization-sensitive photodetectors. ReS<sub>2</sub> also presents advantages for optoelectronics, as it is both a direct-gap semiconductor for few-layer thicknesses (unlike MoS<sub>2</sub> or WS<sub>2</sub>) and stable in air (unlike black phosphorus). Raman spectroscopy is one of the most powerful characterization techniques to nondestructively and sensitively probe the fundamental photophysics of a 2D material. Here, we perform a thorough study of the resonant Raman response of the 18 first-order phonons in ReS<sub>2</sub> at various layer thicknesses and crystal orientations. Remarkably, we discover that, as opposed to a general increase in intensity of all of the Raman modes at excitonic transitions, each of the 18 modes behave differently relative to each other as a function of laser excitation, layer thickness, and orientation in a manner that highlights the importance of electron-phonon coupling in ReS<sub>2</sub>. In addition, we correct an unrecognized error in the calculation of the optical interference enhancement of the Raman signal of transition metal dichalcogenides on SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si substrates that has propagated through various reports. For ReS<sub>2</sub>, this correction is critical to properly assessing the resonant Raman behavior. We also implemented a perturbation approach to calculate frequency-dependent Raman intensities based on first-principles and demonstrate that, despite the neglect of excitonic effects, useful trends in the Raman intensities of monolayer and bulk ReS<sub>2</sub> at different laser energies can be accurately captured. Finally, the phonon dispersion calculated from first-principles is used to address the possible origins of unexplained peaks observed in the Raman spectra, such as infrared-active modes, defects, and second-order processes.
Arc annealing of BF+2 implanted silicon by a short pulse flash lamp (1980)

Step-junction diodes are obtained from BF+2 implanted silicon irradiated by a single pulse of light from a flash lamp. The FWHM is 100 μs with energy densities ranging from 12.4 to 20.6 J/cm2. The sheet resistance and the I-V characteristic have been used to confirm the annealing process.
Selected Bit-Line Current PUF: Implementation of Hardware Security Primitive Based on a Memristor Crossbar Array (2021)

In this paper, a physical unclonable function (PUF), a type of hardware security device, is proposed to overcome the limitations of existing security schemes. We fabricated a 32×32 crossbar array using TiOx/Al2O3–based memristors and analyzed its electrical characteristics, including its set voltage distribution. The memristor switching characteristics model is described in a simplified space-charge-limited current (SCLC) regime. Based on this I-V model, we designed selected bit-line current PUFs (SBC-PUFs) with 32×32, 64×64, and 128×128 crossbar arrays. The entropy source of these PUFs is the set voltage deviation in the fabricated memristors. Due to these characteristics, we can exploit the broad resistance distribution near the switching region, including the internal resistance distributions of the high resistance state (HRS) and low resistance state (LRS). The SBC-PUF performance was evaluated for randomness/uniformity, correctness/reliability, and uniqueness by calculating the Hamming weight and intra/inter Hamming distance of challenge-response pairs (CRPs). The designed structure demonstrates high-security performance due to the high value of these indicators and the large number of CRPs. Furthermore, the devised PUF has a higher prediction error rate than the arbiter PUF in machine learning attacks. This paper verified that the SBC-PUF using the memristor of the crossbar array structure is safe enough to be used for hardware security.
Chronic Pain (2015)

Abstract Chronic pain is a disease of the nervous system that encompasses sensory, emotional, cognitive, and other changes as a result of ongoing pain. It is defined as pain lasting for more than three months. It has reached pandemic proportions in Western countries, affecting over 100 million people in the United States alone. Increasing recognition of the chronic pain pandemic and the lack of well-established therapies has led to increased research on both the pathophysiology and the treatment of the condition. New research is leading to a new conceptualization of chronic pain that is likely to improve future treatment outcomes. This chapter goes over the evidence base for therapies and integrated therapies for treating chronic pain (which are limited) and provides information on the psychological factors that are associated with chronic pain and that are met with emotional distress in patients.
Total synthesis by modern chemical ligation methods and high resolution (1.1 Å) X‐ray structure of ribonuclease A (2007)

The total chemical synthesis of RNase A using modern chemical ligation methods is described, illustrating the significant advances that have been made in chemical protein synthesis since Gutte and Merrifield's pioneering preparation of RNase A in 1969. The identity of the synthetic product was confirmed through rigorous characterization, including the determination of the X-ray crystal structure to 1.1 Angstrom resolution.
Face Recognition Technology Based On Image Processing (2016)

Face recognition is an important identification technology, which has broad application prospects. As an important biometric feature with high universal and non-contact collecting, face is increasingly being used for authentication. This paper describes the basic process of face recognition and briefly analyzes the image processing technologies in face recognition, such as light compensation, Gaussian smoothing, similarity calculation and edge detection method. Face recognition technology is also described in detail, and the eye is the most critical part in human facial features. Finally, two candidates are selected for simulation and analysis to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of image processing method.
Targeting Mcl-1 enhances DNA replication stress sensitivity to cancer therapy (2017)

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are mainly repaired either by homologous recombination (HR) or by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways. Here, we showed that myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) acts as a functional switch in selecting between HR and NHEJ pathways. Mcl-1 was cell cycle-regulated during HR, with its expression peaking in S/G2 phase. While endogenous Mcl-1 depletion reduced HR and enhanced NHEJ, Mcl-1 overexpression resulted in a net increase in HR over NHEJ. Mcl-1 directly interacted with the dimeric Ku protein complex via its Bcl-2 homology 1 and 3 (BH1 and BH3) domains, which are required for Mcl-1 to inhibit Ku-mediated NHEJ. Mcl-1 also promoted DNA resection mediated by the Mre11 complex and HR-dependent DSB repair. Using the Mcl-1 BH1 domain as a docking site, we identified a small molecule, MI-223, that directly bound to BH1 and blocked Mcl-1-stimulated HR DNA repair, leading to sensitization of cancer cells to hydroxyurea- or olaparib-induced DNA replication stress. Combined treatment with MI-223 and hydroxyurea or olaparib exhibited a strong synergy against lung cancer in vivo. This mechanism-driven combination of agents provides a highly attractive therapeutic strategy to improve lung cancer outcomes.
Review of Clustering Methods for Functional Data (2022)

Functional data clustering is to identify heterogeneous morphological patterns in the continuous functions underlying the discrete measurements/observations. Application of functional data clustering has appeared in many publications across various fields of sciences, including but not limited to biology, (bio)chemistry, engineering, environmental science, medical science, psychology, social science, etc. The phenomenal growth of the application of functional data clustering indicates the urgent need for a systematic approach to develop efficient clustering methods and scalable algorithmic implementations. On the other hand, there is abundant literature on the cluster analysis of time series, trajectory data, spatio-temporal data, etc., which are all related to functional data. Therefore, an overarching structure of existing functional data clustering methods will enable the cross-pollination of ideas across various research fields. We here conduct a comprehensive review of original clustering methods for functional data. We propose a systematic taxonomy that explores the connections and differences among the existing functional data clustering methods and relates them to the conventional multivariate clustering methods. The structure of the taxonomy is built on three main attributes of a functional data clustering method and therefore is more reliable than existing categorizations. The review aims to bridge the gap between the functional data analysis community and the clustering community and to generate new principles for functional data clustering.