gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Demonstration of the Ionic Barristor (2016)

In this Letter, we use first-principles simulations to demonstrate the absence of Fermi-level pinning when graphene is in contact with transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). We find that formation of either an ohmic or Schottky contact is possible. Then we show that, due to the shallow density of states around its Fermi level, the work function of graphene can be tuned by ion adsorption. Finally we combine work function tuning of graphene and an ideal contact between graphene and TMDs to propose an ionic barristor design that can tune the work function of graphene with a much wider margin than current barristor designs, achieving a dynamic switching among p-type ohmic contact, Schottky contact, and n-type ohmic contact in one device.
An Inductor-based Real-time Monitoring and Control System for Tunable Cavity MEMS Filters (2018)

A monitoring and control system for tunable, silicon-based, evanescent-mode cavity filter is presented in this paper for the first time. The feedback system relies on inductive sensing to detect the deflection of the tuning MEMS membrane of the filter. The sensing inductor also functions as the electrostatic actuator of the membrane. Based on the reading from the sensing circuit, the electrostatic bias voltage is adjusted until the desired RF response is achieved. The system is demonstrated on a bandstop filter (BSF) tunable from 30–42 GHz, providing 24–52 dB rejection. The sensing circuit consumes 0.88 W per resonator from a single +5 V supply voltage. The circuits used are fully electronic and suitable for compact and low power embedding.
Multi-language hypotheses ranking and domain tracking for open domain dialogue systems (2015)

Hypothesis ranking (HR) is an approach for improving the accuracy of both domain detection and tracking in multi-domain, multi-turn dialogue systems. This paper presents the results of applying a universal HR model to multiple dialogue systems, each of which are using a different language. It demonstrates that as the set of input features used by HR models are largely language independent a single, universal HR model can be used in place of language specific HR models with only a small loss in accuracy (average absolute gain of +3.55% versus +4.54%), and also such a model can generalise well to new unseen languages, especially related languages (achieving an average absolute gain of +2.8% in domain accuracy on held out locales fr-fr, es-es, it-it; an average of 66% of the gain that could be achieve by training language specific HR models). That the latter is achieved without retraining significantly eases expansion of existing dialogue systems to new locales/languages.
On the Construction of Structured LDPC Codes Free of Small Trapping Sets (2012)

We present a method to construct low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with low error floors on the binary symmetric channel. Codes are constructed so that their Tanner graphs are free of certain small trapping sets. These trapping sets are selected from the trapping set ontology for the Gallager A/B decoder. They are selected based on their relative harmfulness for a given decoding algorithm. We evaluate the relative harmfulness of different trapping sets for the sum–product algorithm by using the topological relations among them and by analyzing the decoding failures on one trapping set in the presence or absence of other trapping sets. We apply this method to construct structured LDPC codes. To facilitate the discussion, we give a new description of structured LDPC codes whose parity-check matrices are arrays of permutation matrices. This description uses Latin squares to define a set of permutation matrices that have disjoint support and to derive a simple necessary and sufficient condition for the Tanner graph of a code to be free of four cycles.
Functionalized Nanosilicas as Shale Inhibitors in Water-Based Drilling Fluids (2017)

Summary Water-based-mud (WBM) formulations inclusive of nanosilicas offer the possibility for improved shale inhibition with reduced environmental impact vs. conventional shale inhibitors. These additives may be effective in maintaining well stability and in preventing equipment problems, such as bit balling, which may be experienced in the absence of good shale inhibition. A series of different nanosilicas has been tested as shale inhibitors in WBMs. Differences in shale inhibition are observed depending on the kind of nanosilica that is used. The nanosilicas described in this article are tested in fresh water and seawater to determine their applicability in both onshore and offshore scenarios. In seawater, nanosilica muds appear to be more powerful inhibitors than silicate/potassium chloride (KCl) muds. The data presented in this report indicate that a nanosilica mud achieves less shale erosion in seawater than a conventional silicate/KCl mud. This increased performance of nanosilica is accompanied with greater ease in handling the lower-pH fluid (which can range from pH 8.5 to 10.0) compared with silicate muds that often exceed pH 12. In addition to being more-potent inhibitors and more safe to handle, nanosilicas offer the possibility of lower environmental cost. High concentrations of KCl are not necessarily required when nanosilicas are included in a mud design for shale inhibition.
β-Glucan, a “Specific” Biologic Response Modifier That Uses Antibodies to Target Tumors for Cytotoxic Recognition by Leukocyte Complement Receptor Type 3 (CD11b/CD18) (1999)

Abstract β-Glucans were identified 36 years ago as a biologic response modifier that stimulated tumor rejection. In vitro studies have shown that β-glucans bind to a lectin domain within complement receptor type 3 (CR3; known also as Mac-1, CD11b/CD18, or αMβ2-integrin, that functions as an adhesion molecule and a receptor for factor I-cleaved C3b, i.e., iC3b) resulting in the priming of this iC3b receptor for cytotoxicity of iC3b-opsonized target cells. This investigation explored mechanisms of tumor therapy with soluble β-glucan in mice. Normal mouse sera were shown to contain low levels of Abs reactive with syngeneic or allogeneic tumor lines that activated complement, depositing C3 onto tumors. Implanted tumors became coated with IgM, IgG, and C3, and the absent C3 deposition on tumors in SCID mice was reconstituted with IgM or IgG isolated from normal sera. Therapy of mice with glucan- or mannan-rich soluble polysaccharides exhibiting high affinity for CR3 caused a 57–90% reduction in tumor weight. In young mice with lower levels of tumor-reactive Abs, the effectiveness of β-glucan was enhanced by administration of a tumor-specific mAb, and in SCID mice, an absent response to β-glucan was reconstituted with normal IgM or IgG. The requirement for C3 on tumors and CR3 on leukocytes was highlighted by therapy failures in C3- or CR3-deficient mice. Thus, the tumoricidal function of CR3-binding polysaccharides such as β-glucan in vivo is defined by natural and elicited Abs that direct iC3b deposition onto neoplastic cells, making them targets for circulating leukocytes bearing polysaccharide-primed CR3. Therapy fails when tumors lack iC3b, but can be restored by tumor-specific Abs that deposit iC3b onto the tumors.
Selective infection of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected cells by chimeric human immunodeficiency viruses containing HTLV-1 tax response elements in the long terminal repeat (1995)

Previous studies have suggested that the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat (HIV LTR) enhancer/promoter sequences contribute to the replication ability of HIV in different T-cell lines; mutation of these sequences can alter HIV tropism. We have utilized site-specific mutagenesis to generate variants of HIV that exhibit specific tropism for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax-expressing CD4+ T cells. The wild-type HIV LTR NF-kappa B and Sp1 sites in an infectious molecular clone of HIV type 1 were replaced with sequences derived from the 21-bp Tax response elements (TRE) from the HTLV-1 LTR to generate TRE-containing chimeric HIVs (TRE-HIVs). The TRE-HIVs exhibit selective replication and cell killing in HTLV-infected human CD4+ T cells, but not in HTLV-negative T cells. Transient transfections suggested that Tax-TRE interactions could account for the observed replication specificity. The TRE-containing HIV LTRs were synergistically activated by the HIV Tat and HTLV-1 Tax transactivators. These results demonstrate that it is possible to specifically target HIV replication and cytotoxicity to HTLV-1+, CD4+ human T cells, on the basis of Tax-TRE interactions, and provide a model for the development of specific, cytotoxic, retroviral gene therapy vectors for HTLV-1-infected cells based on alterations of the LTR transcriptional regulatory elements. They also suggest that HIV Tat can cooperate with heterologous transcriptional activators, such as Tax, which act through upstream binding sites without directly binding to DNA.
Campylobacter jejuni: Specific oligonucleotides and DNA probes for use in polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis (1993)

A 1189 base-pair long DNA fragment, VS1, was isolated from a Campylobacter jejuni CIP 70.2 cosmid library and was found to contain regions specific for this bacterial species. For detection and identification of C. jejuni, two oligonucleotides derived from the VS1 sequence were used as primers in polymerase chain reaction test on genomic DNAs from 38 Campylobacter and from 10 non-Campylobacter strains. A specific, 358 base-pair long DNA fragment was amplified only when C. jejuni DNA was used as a target. The detection limit of the amplification reaction was as low as 1.86 fg DNA, which is the equivalent of one C. jejuni genome.
Programmable joint fractional Talbot computer-generated holograms (1995)

Multilevel phase holograms can be obtained from the combination of two binary phase-only holograms set up in a fractional joint Talbot configuration. Among possible solutions, the quarter-Talbot location is of particular interest because it permits the generation of four-level phase holograms from the combination of two binary {0, π} phase holograms. At the same time recent advances in electrically addressed ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulators for producing binary pure phase-only holograms make possible the implementation of programmable high-diffraction-efficiency computer-generated holograms. An extension of computer generation of holograms is proposed that includes spatial constraints related to the fractional Talbot effect.
A WDM PON ARCHITECTURE DELIVERING POINT-TO-POINT AND MULTIPLE BROADCAST SERVICES USING PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF A WDM ROUTER (1997)

Two main types of Passive Optical Networks (PONs) have been proposed as a replacement plant for the conventional telephony network and for future services: “broadcast” splitter-based PONs in which all subscribers receive a common optical signal, and “switched” Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) PONs in which each subscriber receives a private wavelength.
Cobalt-Containing Polyimides for Moisture Sensing and Absorption (2009)

A modified polyimide has been created that both senses and absorbs moisture. The material was prepared by introducing cobalt(II) chloride, a well-known moisture sensing and absorbing metal salt, into a polyimide. The final polymer was found to be fully cured, retaining the metal without any leeching, and was thermally stable. Furthermore, the material underwent a visible color change when exposed to moisture and reverted back to the original color when subsequently dried. The total moisture absorbed was measured with a quartz crystal microbalance. The amount of moisture absorption was found to be proportional to the relative humidity, and the modified polymer was found to have up to 3 times greater moisture absorption compared to the unmodified polymer.
An Isochemogenic Set of Inhibitors To Define the Therapeutic Potential of Histone Deacetylases in β-Cell Protection (2015)

Modulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity has been implicated as a potential therapeutic strategy for multiple diseases. However, it has been difficult to dissect the role of individual HDACs due to a lack of selective small-molecule inhibitors. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of highly potent and isoform-selective class I HDAC inhibitors, rationally designed by exploiting minimal structural changes to the clinically experienced HDAC inhibitor CI-994. We used this toolkit of isochemogenic or chemically matched inhibitors to probe the role of class I HDACs in β-cell pathobiology and demonstrate for the first time that selective inhibition of an individual HDAC isoform retains beneficial biological activity and mitigates mechanism-based toxicities. The highly selective HDAC3 inhibitor BRD3308 suppressed pancreatic β-cell apoptosis induced by inflammatory cytokines, as expected, or now glucolipotoxic stress, and increased functional insulin release. In addition, BRD3308 had no effect on human megakaryocyte differentiation, while inhibitors of HDAC1 and 2 were toxic. Our findings demonstrate that the selective inhibition of HDAC3 represents a potential path forward as a therapy to protect pancreatic β-cells from inflammatory cytokines and nutrient overload in diabetes.
Combined static and dynamic analysis for inferring program dependencies using a pattern language (2006)

One of the challenges when examining enterprise applications is the ability to understand the dependencies of these applications on external and internal resources such as database access or transaction activation. Inferring dependencies can be achieved using a static approach, a dynamic one or a combination of the two. Static analysis tools detect dependencies based on code investigation while dynamic tools detect dependencies based on runtime execution. The combination of these two approaches is essential for a complete and precise analysis. In this paper we present and illustrate a technique for inferring application dependencies on resources. The technique is based on a combined dynamic and static analysis. A pattern language is defined to enable the specification of dependencies as sequences of method invocations in the application code. Specifically, the sequences are patterns that constitute access to resources, e.g. databases, message queues, and control systems. We propose an algorithm for inferring application dependencies based on hybrid dynamic and static analysis that propagates information provided by dynamic analysis into the static analysis and back to the dynamic analysis. Empirical results from our implemented prototype are presented.
3D optical coherence tomography super pixel with machine classifier analysis for glaucoma detection (2011)

Current standard quantitative 3D spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) analyses of various ocular diseases is limited in detecting structural damage at early pathologic stages. This is mostly because only a small fraction of the 3D data is used in the current method of quantifying the structure of interest. This paper presents a novel SD-OCT data analysis technique, taking full advantage of the 3D dataset. The proposed algorithm uses machine classifier to analyze SD-OCT images after grouping adjacent pixels into super pixel in order to detect glaucomatous damage. A 3D SD-OCT image is first converted into a 2D feature map and partitioned into over a hundred super pixels. Machine classifier analysis using boosting algorithm is performed on super pixel features. One hundred and ninety-two 3D OCT images of the optic nerve head region were tested. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) was computed to evaluate the glaucoma discrimination performance of the algorithm and compare it to the commercial software output. The AUC of normal vs glaucoma suspect eyes using the proposed method was statistically significantly higher than the current method (0.855 and 0.707, respectively, p=0.031). This new method has the potential to improve early detection of glaucomatous structural damages.
Error comparison for different current patterns in electrical impedance imaging (1988)

Different current patterns used in electric-current computed tomography (ECCT) were compared for their sensitivity to noise. This comparison was made by examining the error produced in reconstructing one voltage pattern from measurements made using another. It was found that the adjacent-pair current pattern is more sensitive to noise than spatial trigonometric current patterns. The measured spatial trigonometric voltage patterns were not degraded when a simulated electrode contact impedance was introduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of Marek's Disease Virus BamHI-A-Specific cDNA Clones Obtained from a Marek's Disease Lymphoblastoid Cell Line (1994)

A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A)+ RNA fractions obtained from a Marek's disease (MD) lymphoblastoid cell line, MDCC-CU41, in which viral gene expression is very limited. Three independent groups (1, 2, and 3) of MD virus (MDV)-specific clones were obtained, which were mapped in the inverted repeat region of the BamHI-A fragment of the MDV genome. Northern blot analysis showed that probes prepared from these cDNA clones hybridized with several transcripts of different sizes in poly(A)+ RNA of MDCC-CU41, although the amounts of these transcripts were relatively small compared to those in MDV lytically infected cells. Moreover, a small open reading frame, which can encode a 94-amino-acid protein, was identified in the A41 cDNA clone (Group 3). By RNase protection assays, the 1.2-kb Group 3 transcriptional unit has been defined. In indirect immunofluorescent antibody assays, antiserum against the bacterially expressed fusion protein, glutathione S-transferase-A41, reacted specifically with the cytoplasmic regions of MDV (strain RB1B)-infected chick kidney cells. However, MDCC-CU41 did not contain a detectable level of the protein determined by these methods.
Volumetric three-dimensional display (1994)

A true three-dimensional monitor is being developed for the direct display of three- (or higher-) dimensional information. The device is constructed of a three-dimensional array of pixels, actually voxels or volume elements, which in their quiescent state are transparent. When these elements are excited optically through a fiber-optic pigtail, they fluoresce. The sum of many fluorescing elements thus compose a three-dimensional image.
Stabilized extrinsic fiber optic Fabry-Perot sensor for surface acoustic wave detection (1991)

Stabilized Extrinsic Fiber Optic Fabry-Perot Sensor for SurfaceAcoustic Wave DetectionTuan A. Tran, William V. Miller III, Kent A. Murphy, Ashish M. Vengsarkarand Richard 0. Claus, Senior Member IEEEABSTRACTA surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor based on an extrinsic Fabry-Perot mterferometer is described. A single-mode fiber,used as the input/output fiber, and a multimode fiber, used solely as a reflector, form an air-gap that acts as a low-finesseFabry-Perot cavity. The Fresnel reference reflection from the glass/air interface at the front of the air-gap interferes with thesensing reflection from the air/glass interface at the far end of the air-gap. Strains in the silica tube housing the two fiberschange the air-gap length, thereby altering the phase difference between the reference and sensing reflections. A theoreticalanalysis of the interaction between the strain induced by elastic stress wave fields and the fiber sensor is presented. A dualoptical wavelength stabilization technique is used to minimize signal drifts. Signal to noise ratios on the order of 39 dB areobtained with a sensitivity of 4° I
Detection of cirrus clouds at 1.13 μm in AVIRIS scenes over land (1999)

Scattered solar radiance from cirrus clouds has traditionally been detected over land at 1.37 micrometer, a wavelength that is ordinarily opaque to the surface due to water vapor absorption. We describe a new pairwise regression method for spectral imagery that retrieves cloud signals in the vicinity of a partially transmitting band, such as the 1.13 micrometer band, over any type of spatially structured terrain. The method, which uses spatial filtering and linear regression to cancel the surface background, has been applied to several rural and urban AVIRIS scenes. With a single cloud or cloud layer in the scene, the 1.13 micrometer and 1.37 micrometer cloud signals are closely correlated. Since the two signals are absorbed differently by water vapor, the slope of the correlation plot indicates the column water vapor above the cloud and thus the approximate cloud altitude. The less strongly absorbed 1.13 micrometer signal is closely related to the cloud optical thickness and can be used by itself or in combination with the 1.37 micrometer signal to correct apparent surface reflectance spectra for cirrus cloud effects.
A 2.4-GHz, Hybrid 10-Mb/s BPSK Backscatter and 1-Mb/s FSK Bluetooth TX With Hardware Reuse (2017)

This letter presents a hybrid architecture for wireless transmitters that reuses the same hardware and antenna to selectively operate in either backscatter or conventional modes, with a minimum of added complexity. A single FET stage is used as both a Class-C power amplifier for a conventional 2.4-GHz, 1-Mb/s frequency shift keying Bluetooth low energy (BLE) transmitter with peak efficiency η ≈ 78%, as well as a 10-Mb/s BPSK modulator in an ultralow power backscatter mode. A transmitter energy consumption of 81 nJ/b at an output power level of +14 dBm is achieved in the 1-Mb/s conventional mode, while only 32 pJ/b is required in the 10-Mb/s BPSK backscatter mode. It is shown that the data rate of the backscatter mode can be decoupled from the conventional mode, such that the backscatter link can operate at ten times the rate of the conventional link, while achieving over three orders of magnitude power savings. This approach is equally applicable to other communication standards, such as Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b), Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4), and so on.
Fish population and behavior revealed by instantaneous continental-shelf scale imaging (2006)

Fish populations in continental shelf environments are instantaneously imaged over thousands of square kilometers and continuously monitored by a remote sensing technique in which the ocean acts as an acoustic waveguide [Science 311, 660–663 (2006)]. The technique, ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing (OAWRS), has revealed the instantaneous horizontal structural characteristics and volatile short-term behavior of very large fish shoals, containing tens of millions of fish and stretching for many kilometers. The former follows a fractal or power-law spectral process, indicative of structural similarity at all scales. The latter features compressional waves of fish population density that travel roughly an order of magnitude faster than fish can swim. Here we present an overview of OAWRS imagery documenting fish activity over a 2-week period in the Spring of 2003 at the edge of the continental shelf, roughly 200 km south of Long Island, NY. Until now, continental shelf environments have been monitored with highly localized line-transect methods from slow-moving research vessels. These methods significantly undersample fish populations in time and space, leaving an incomplete and ambiguous record of abundance and behavior.