gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing of Nitrogen Stress in Creeping Bentgrass (2006)

Development of a remote sensing system that can reliably identify nutrient deficiencies may reduce time spent sampling turfgrass areas and allow for site‐specific applications of fertilizers. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the use of a ground‐based remote sensing system and partial least‐squares (PLS) regression to predict the N concentration, biomass production, chlorophyll content, and visual quality of creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L. ‘Penncross’) growing under varying N rates, and to compare PLS regression to other vegetative indices. The study consisted of three N treatments (0.0, 12.2, and 24.4 kg ha −1 15 d −1 ) arranged in a randomized complete block design. Spectral radiance measurements were obtained from plots using a fiber‐optic spectrometer to calculate vegetative indices. The PLS regression analysis yielded a strong relationship between actual and predicted N concentration of creeping bentgrass plant tissue during 2002 and 2003 ( r 2 = 0.95 and 0.71 respectively). However, PLS regression failed to produce a prediction for the chlorophyll concentration. Regressing the normalized vegetation index (NDVI), Stress1 ( R 706 / R 760 ), and Stress2 ( R 706 / R 813 ) ratios against N concentration yielded better results in 2003 when there were distinct differences in N concentration between the N rates. These results indicate that the traditional vegetation indices like NDVI might be better suited for determining the relative N status of turfgrass plants when compared against a well‐fertilized control. More research will be required to determine if the PLS regression analysis produces prediction models that are able to specifically identify a particular nutrient deficiency or plant stress, and how the results will vary between grass species.
Comparison of the Motion Accuracy of a Six Degrees of Freedom Radiotherapy Couch with and without Weights (2013)

In this study, we compared the motion accuracy of six degrees of freedom (6D) couch for precision radiotherapy with or without weights attached to the couch. Two digital cameras were focused on the iso-center of a linear accelerator. Images of a needle which had been fixed to the 6D couch were obtained using the cameras when the couch moved in translation and rotation around each axis. The three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of the needle were calculated from coordinate values in the images. A coordinate error of the needle position relative to the theoretical position was calculated. The errors were obtained with or without a 60 kg weight attached to the 6D couch, and these errors were compared with each other. The mean distance of the 3D error vectors for the weighted test was 0.21 ± 0.11 mm, and >0.16 ± 0.09 mm for the non-weighted test (p p
Information-theoretic analysis of capacitive physical unclonable functions (2006)

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) can be used as a cost-effective means to store cryptographic key material in an unclonable way. In coating PUFs, keys are generated from capacitance measurements of a coating containing many randomly distributed particles with different dielectric constants. We introduce a physical model of coating PUFs by simplifying the capacitance sensors to a parallel plate geometry. We estimate the amount of information that can be extracted from the coating. We show that the inherent entropy is proportional to n(logn)3∕2, where n is the number of particles that fit between the capacitor plates in a straight line. However, measurement noise may severely reduce the amount of information that can actually be extracted in practice. In the noisy regime the number of extractable bits is, in fact, a decreasing function of n. We derive an optimal value for n as a function of the noise amplitude, the PUF geometry, and the dielectric constants.
Comparative evaluation of adaptive filters in motion artifact cancellation for pulse oximetry (2009)

Among non-invasive approaches, pulse oximeters are most commonly used medical equipment for measuring blood oxygen saturation level. However, their accuracy is severely subjected to motion artifact and environmental noise. In this paper, we aim to evaluate empirically the effectiveness of adaptive filters in motion artifact cancellation for finger pulse oximeters. Our experiments compared the Least Mean Square (LMS) adaptive filter and the Exponentially Weighted Least Square (EWLS) adaptive filter with the Minimum Correlation Discrete Saturation Transform (MCDST). The experimental results indicate that both adaptive filters can perform better than the MCDST, and the EWLS adaptive filter better than the LMS adaptive filter in motion noise reduction.
Effective Small RNA Destruction by the Expression of a Short Tandem Target Mimic in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and other endogenous small RNAs act as sequence-specific regulators of the genome, transcriptome, and proteome in eukaryotes. The interrogation of small RNA functions requires an effective, widely applicable method to specifically block small RNA function. Here, we report the development of a highly effective technology that targets specific endogenous miRNAs or small interfering RNAs for destruction in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that the expression of a short tandem target mimic (STTM), which is composed of two short sequences mimicking small RNA target sites, separated by a linker of an empirically determined optimal size, leads to the degradation of targeted small RNAs by small RNA degrading nucleases. The efficacy of the technology was demonstrated by the strong and specific developmental defects triggered by STTMs targeting three miRNAs and an endogenous siRNA. In summary, we developed an effective approach for the destruction of endogenous small RNAs, thereby providing a powerful tool for functional genomics of small RNA molecules in plants and potentially animals.
Effects of water and alcohol on the formation of inclusion complexes of<i>d</i>-limonene and cyclodextrins (1993)

Abstract Systematic studies have been carried out on the role of water and alcohol in the formation of inclusion complexes between d-limonene and α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) by a micro-aqueous method. The inclusion complex was barely formed at zero water content for all CDs. Above the specific water content for each CD, formation of the inclusion complex correlated well with an equation which was derived on the autocatalytic assumption for the inclusion phenomenon. The inclusion complex correlated well with an equation which was derived on the autocatalytic assumption for the inclusion phrnomenon. The minimum water content, which was defined as 1% of the maximum concentration of the inclusion complex formed, coincided with the number of water molecules inside the cavity of the CD. In the presence of ethanol, a significant amount of the inclusion complex was formed for β- and γ-CD/limonene systems, particularly at lower moisture content. However, for α-CD the inclusion fraction decreased significantly in the presence of ethanol. This means that ethanol inhibits the formation of the inclusion complex between x-CD and d-limonene. For other linear alcohols, the formation of the inclusion complex between d-limonene and β-CD increased with decreasing alkyl chain length. This suggests that the more hydrophilic and the smaller (in molecular size) the alcohol is, the more enhanced is the inclusion of d-limonene to β-CD.
A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood (2015)

These results provide the first evidence that the intake of probiotics may help reduce negative thoughts associated with sad mood. Probiotics supplementation warrants further research as a potential preventive strategy for depression.
Synchronized cross coupled sliding mode controllers for cooperative UAVs with communication delays (2012)

This paper deals with formation control of UAVs using a virtual structure. A synchronization strategy is proposed to synchronize the errors of a virtual leader position and attitude tracking by using sliding mode control. The synchronization is based on cross coupling of sliding mode controllers in a general communication topology, and the stability of the proposed strategy is studied in the presence of constant communication delays. Also, it is shown that the proposed approach can tolerate the effects of faulty UAVs in the formation. To verify the accuracy of the proposed strategy, numerical simulations are presented for a team of five UAVs making a pentagon formation.
A journey in color space (2000)

The idea that the first stage in normal daylight vision is characterized by three processes having different spectral sensitivities was established early in the 19th century by Young1 and linked clearly to experimental data on color matching by Maxwell.2 Hering's3 notion of opponent processes was grounded in facts of color appearance. A number of “opponent process” theories were developed to account for color appearance, in which the signals from the receptors were combined to form two channels conveying chromatic information and a third carrying achromatic information.4 More recently psychophysical, as opposed to phenomenological, evidence has been advanced in support of the existence of opponent mechanisms.5–12 While these articles provided evidence for the interaction of cone signals, they did not determine in detail the weights of the contributions of the different classes of cones to the second stage (and higher-order) mechanisms. The work discussed here was intended to determine the weights of the second-stage mechanisms by psychophysical means.13 Quantitative reanalysis of the results of habituation experiments demonstrated the existence of higher-order mechanisms that respond to the sums of the signals from second-stage mechanisms.14 Diverse evidence from other psychophysical experiments including detection and discrimination of chromatic pulses,14 and coherence of plaid patterns,15 confirmed the existence of higher-order mechanisms. Single unit recording from striate cortex in monkey revealed cells having the spectral sensitivities implied by the psychophysical results.16 Electrical recording of responses in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) revealed single units with weights corresponding to the cardinal directions psychophysically determined.17 LGN cells show no sign of fatigue but units in V1 do.18 They also exhibit the wide range of spectral sensitivities required of higher-order mechanisms. Studies of the influence of the chromatic content of stimuli on vernier acuity and motion thresholds and on temporal modulation sensitivity support the conjecture that, while chromatic stimuli are processed solely by the parvocellular system, luminance stimuli are processed by both magno- and parvocellular neurons. The variation of the relative sensitivity of the L and M cones with temporal frequency, together with analysis of the statistics of color appearance of small, brief, near threshold monochromatic stimuli and data from Stiles's increment threshold experiment19 suggest that the numerosity ratio of L:M cones in the normal human fovea is more likely to be 1:1 than 2:1. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, S2–S11, 2001
Diversity is All You Need: Learning Skills without a Reward Function (2018)

Intelligent creatures can explore their environments and learn useful skills without supervision. In this paper, we propose DIAYN ('Diversity is All You Need'), a method for learning useful skills without a reward function. Our proposed method learns skills by maximizing an information theoretic objective using a maximum entropy policy. On a variety of simulated robotic tasks, we show that this simple objective results in the unsupervised emergence of diverse skills, such as walking and jumping. In a number of reinforcement learning benchmark environments, our method is able to learn a skill that solves the benchmark task despite never receiving the true task reward. We show how pretrained skills can provide a good parameter initialization for downstream tasks, and can be composed hierarchically to solve complex, sparse reward tasks. Our results suggest that unsupervised discovery of skills can serve as an effective pretraining mechanism for overcoming challenges of exploration and data efficiency in reinforcement learning.
Dysregulation of protein methyltransferases in human cancer: An emerging target class for anticancer therapy (2016)

Protein methylation is one of the important post-translational modifications. Although its biological and physiological functions were unknown for a long time, we and others have characterized a number of protein methyltransferases, which have unveiled the critical functions of protein methylation in various cellular processes, in particular, in epigenetic regulation. In addition, it had been believed that protein methylation is an irreversible phenomenon, but through identification of a variety of protein demethylases, protein methylation is now considered to be dynamically regulated similar to protein phosphorylation. A large amount of evidence indicated that protein methylation has a pivotal role in post-translational modification of histone proteins as well as non-histone proteins and is involved in various processes of cancer development and progression. As dysregulation of this modification has been observed frequently in various types of cancer, small-molecule inhibitors targeting protein methyltransferases and demethylases have been actively developed as anticancer drugs; clinical trials for some of these drugs have already begun. In this review, we discuss the biological and physiological importance of protein methylation in human cancer, especially focusing on the significance of protein methyltransferases as emerging targets for anticancer therapy.
Fit of the uncemented femoral component and the use of cement influence the strain transfer to the femoral cortex (1994)

To determine whether the strain patterns produced in the femoral cortex after uncemented femoral arthroplasty are influenced by the fit of the component and whether these patterns are different from those of cemented components, cortical surface strains of cadaveric femurs subjected to loads simulating single-limb stance were measured before and after the insertion of uncemented, collared, straight-stemmed femoral components. The effects of press fit, loose fit, and precise fit of the components were evaluated and were contrasted to the strain patterns occurring after insertion of cemented femoral components. Strains varied markedly, depending on the fit of the stem of the uncemented femoral component within the isthmus. Nearly normal patterns of femoral strain were produced when the femoral stem was fit precisely at the isthmus, and the proximal femoral strains were similar to those of the intact state. In contrast, press fit and loose fit at the isthmus altered the strain patterns. The proximal medial axial strains were significantly reduced with press fit, to a mean of 39% of normal (p < 0.05), and increased with loose fit, to a mean of 141% of normal (p < 0.05). The prostheses fixed with cement showed a mean reduction in proximal medial axial strains to 33% of normal, which was comparable with press fit uncemented components even though the collar was well seated. Thus, our findings indicated that, in the immediate postoperative period, femoral strain patterns can be influenced by the fit of an uncemented component within the isthmus and by the use of cement.
A programmable, modular CNN cell (2002)

An experimental monolithic implementation of a programmable cellular neural network (CNN) is reported. It overcomes some of the characteristics and restrictions inherent in CMOS VLSI technologies, and allows an arbitrarily large continuous-time analog CNN to be built up by modularly connecting CNN chips with a modest number of cells. The template values are step-wise programmable, with values chosen for functionality rather than according to conventional binary weighting. All external input, output and control signals are electrical and digital, so the CNN can be directly connected to a controller The design was carried out in a 1-micron n-well CMOS technology. Each cell occupies 0.4 mm/sup 2/, including all support circuitry; only one cell per chip was integrated in order to facilitate circuit testing. Measured CNN transients from a prototype 4/spl times/4 CNN, formed by connecting 16 one-cell chips are shown. The principal intended applications are the processing of acoustical signals and algorithm development.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improved solutions for peritoneal dialysis: physiological calcium solutions, osmotic agents and buffers. (1992)

Theoretical and clinical studies suggest that reduction of PD fluid calcium to 1.25 mmol/liter allows administration of larger doses of calcium carbonate, improves phosphate control and obviates the need for aluminum gels in most CAPD patients, without increasing hypercalcemia or hyperparathyroidism. Hypermagnesemia can also be avoided by reducing PD fluid magnesium concentration to 0.25 mmol/liter. Although glucose is a safe, effective an cheap osmotic agent, it provides a short duration of ultrafiltration, and contributes to significant metabolic abnormalities. Amino acids and glucose polymer are potential alternatives to glucose, and early clinical studies are encouraging. The unphysiological concentration of lactate in PD fluids has been shown to have pathological consequences, and undoubtedly bicarbonate would be a preferable buffer. Manufacturing techniques are being developed to produce such a fluid. A fluid containing bicarbonate and the peptide glycylglycine (30:10 mmol/liter) gives a stable buffer with a pH of 7.35, but has only undergone animal studies so far. Glucose solutions have deleterious effects on the peritoneal membrane, particularly during episodes of severe peritonitis, and the high osmolality is toxic to peritoneal host defense cells. Prompt treatment of peritonitis, early removal of the catheter where necessary, and minimization of glucose exposure, may do much to lengthen the dialysis life of the peritoneum.
A Method for Determining Second Lining Supporting Opportunity in Soft Rock Tunnel (2011)

The determination criteria and methods are summarized for the reasonable supporting opportunity which is obtained from the numerical calculation of GeoFEM. It is the limit state of surrounding rock when the second lining undertakes 10 percent of load in Ⅳ grade rock(buried depth 121m), and the surrounding rock with burial depth 43meters reaches its limit state when the second lining bears 5 percent of load in Ⅴ grade rock. The reasonable supporting opportunity will be obtained from those two limit states with the criteria.
Vascular grafts in below-knee femoro-popliteal bypass. A comparative study. (1985)

In 40 patients below-knee femoro-popliteal bypass grafts (autogenous saphenous vein, ePTFE, ring-supported ePTFE, double-helix supported ePTFE, noncrimped coil-supported Dacron) have been analysed by an early postoperative angiography in 90 degree knee bent lateral position. Autogenous vein grafts almost constantly show an ideal position. Coil-supported Dacron as well as ring-supported ePTFE and double-helix-supported ePTFE proved to be a valuable substitute, whereas the conventional ePTFE bypass showed considerable kinking due to its minimal longitudinal elasticity. Those kinks lead to turbulence, jet phenomena and, in the long term, to neointimal proliferations. This might be the cause of late failures. The most important advantage of the three different ePTFE grafts in our experience is the possibility of thrombectomy at any interval after the operation.
Comprehensive connectivity of the mouse main olfactory bulb: analysis and online digital atlas (2012)

We introduce the first open resource for mouse olfactory connectivity data produced as part of the Mouse Connectome Project (MCP) at UCLA. The MCP aims to assemble a whole-brain connectivity atlas for the C57Bl/6J mouse using a double coinjection tracing method. Each coinjection consists of one anterograde and one retrograde tracer, which affords the advantage of simultaneously identifying efferent and afferent pathways and directly identifying reciprocal connectivity of injection sites. The systematic application of double coinjections potentially reveals interaction stations between injections and allows for the study of connectivity at the network level. To facilitate use of the data, raw images are made publicly accessible through our online interactive visualization tool, the iConnectome, where users can view and annotate the high-resolution, multi-fluorescent connectivity data (www.MouseConnectome.org). Systematic double coinjections were made into different regions of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and data from 18 MOB cases (~72 pathways; 36 efferent/36 afferent) currently are available to view in iConnectome within their corresponding atlas level and their own bright-field cytoarchitectural background. Additional MOB injections and injections of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), and other olfactory cortical areas gradually will be made available. Analysis of connections from different regions of the MOB revealed a novel, topographically arranged MOB projection roadmap, demonstrated disparate MOB connectivity with anterior versus posterior piriform cortical area (PIR), and exposed some novel aspects of well-established cortical olfactory projections.
Analysis of the effectiveness of steam retorting of oil shale (1983)

A numerical model is developed to describe the retorting of oil shale using superheated steam. The model describes not only the temperature history of the shale but predicts the evolution of shale oil from kerogen decomposition and the breakdown of the carbonates existing in the shale matrix. The heat transfer coefficients between the water and the shale are determined from experiments utilizing the model to reduce the data. Similarly the model is used with thermogravimetric analysis experiments to develop an improved kinetics expression for kerogen decomposition in a steam environment. Numerical results are presented which indicate the effect of oil shale particle size and steam temperature on oil production.