gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visualizing the Cu/Cu<sub>2</sub>O Interface Transition in Nanoparticles with Environmental Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (2016)

Understanding the oxidation and reduction mechanisms of catalytically active transition metal nanoparticles is important to improve their application in a variety of chemical processes. In nanocatalysis the nanoparticles can undergo oxidation or reduction in situ, and thus the redox species are not what are observed before and after reactions. We have used the novel environmental scanning transmission electron microscope (ESTEM) with 0.1 nm resolution in systematic studies of complex dynamic oxidation and reduction mechanisms of copper nanoparticles. The oxidation of copper has previously been reported to be dependent on its crystallography and its interaction with the substrate. By following the dynamic oxidation process in situ in real time with high-angle annular dark-field imaging in the ESTEM, we use conditions ideal to track the oxidation front as it progresses across a copper nanoparticle by following the changes in the atomic number (Z) contrast with time. The oxidation occurs via the nucleation of the oxide phase (Cu<sub>2</sub>O) from one area of the nanoparticle which then progresses unidirectionally across the particle, with the Cu-to-Cu<sub>2</sub>O interface having a relationship of Cu{111}//Cu<sub>2</sub>O{111}. The oxidation kinetics are related to the temperature and oxygen pressure. When the process is reversed in hydrogen, the reduction process is observed to be similar to the oxidation, with the same crystallographic relationship between the two phases. The dynamic observations provide unique insights into redox mechanisms which are important to understanding and controlling the oxidation and reduction of copper-based nanoparticles.
Effect of Process Temperature on Density and Electrical Characteristics of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Thin Films Prepared by Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition (2022)

Hf<i><sub>x</sub></i>Zr<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> (HZO) thin films have excellent potential for application in various devices, including ferroelectric transistors and semiconductor memories. However, such applications are hindered by the low remanent polarization (P<sub>r</sub>) and fatigue endurance of these films. To overcome these limitations, in this study, HZO thin films were fabricated via plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), and the effects of the deposition and post-annealing temperatures on the density, crystallinity, and electrical properties of the thin films were analyzed. The thin films obtained via PEALD were characterized using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. An HZO thin film deposited at 180 °C exhibited the highest o-phase proportion as well as the highest density. By contrast, mixed secondary phases were observed in a thin film deposited at 280 °C. Furthermore, a post-annealing temperature of 600 °C yielded the highest thin film density, and the highest 2P<sub>r</sub> value and fatigue endurance were obtained for the film deposited at 180 °C and post-annealed at 600 °C. In addition, we developed three different methods to further enhance the density of the films. Consequently, an enhanced maximum density and exceptional fatigue endurance of 2.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> cycles were obtained.
Vegetational Responses to Latitudinal Variations in Slope Angle and Aspect (1975)

The radiant energy income of a slope influences its ambient temperatures and water movements, both of which are important controls on the growth behaviour, species composition and structure of its vegetation cover. Therefore, information about the radiation environments of topographically diverse areas should provide a basis for predicting the likelihood of local variations in vegetation composition and structure. From a simple model of the annual shortwave energy load of slopes of different angle and compass orientation we predict that aspect effects should be greatest at 450 N/S and least in equatorial and polar regions. Other predictions concern likely physiological responses of plants to varying slope angle over the range of latitlude. A literature review shows good agreement between these physically based predictions and observations of vegetation patterns in a geographically wide range of countries.
Optimal Synthetic Glycosylation of a Therapeutic Antibody (2016)

Abstract Glycosylation patterns in antibodies critically determine biological and physical properties but their precise control is a significant challenge in biology and biotechnology. We describe herein the optimization of an endoglycosidase‐catalyzed glycosylation of the best‐selling biotherapeutic Herceptin, an anti‐HER2 antibody. Precise MS analysis of the intact four‐chain Ab heteromultimer reveals nonspecific, non‐enzymatic reactions (glycation), which are not detected under standard denaturing conditions. This competing reaction, which has hitherto been underestimated as a source of side products, can now be minimized. Optimization allowed access to the purest natural form of Herceptin to date (≥90 %). Moreover, through the use of a small library of sugars containing non‐natural functional groups, Ab variants containing defined numbers of selectively addressable chemical tags (reaction handles at Sia C1) in specific positions (for attachment of cargo molecules or “glycorandomization”) were readily generated.
Alternative Control Laws for Automotive Active Suspensions (1989)

A two degree of freedom (1/4 car model) is used to evaluate alternative linear control laws. Control laws considered are full state feedback, sprung mass absolute velocity feedback and an LQG regulator using suspension deflection as the measurement. It is shown that all three can yield improvements to the sprung mass ride quality but that overall the LQG regulator using suspension deflection provides the best trade-off between ride quality, suspension packaging and road holding constraints.
Germ Cell Degeneration During Postprophase of Meiosis and Serum Concentrations of Gonadotropins in Young Adult and Older Adult Men1 (1984)

Loss of potential sperm production during postprophase of meiosis was evaluated to determine if reduced daily sperm production in older men could be explained by an enhanced percentage of germ cell degeneration during this period of spermatogenesis. Evaluations were based on enumerating germ cells in homogenates of fixed testes using phase-contrast cytometry from 37 young adult (20-48 yr) and 34 older adult (50-85 yr) men. The time period in which germ cells degenerate was assessed in 10 men by comparing potential daily sperm production based on secondary spermatocytes with that based on primary spermatocytes or with daily sperm production based on spermatids. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) decline in sperm production potential based on primary spermatocytes and on spermatids in the older adult men such that the percentage of loss of potential production during postprophase was similar between the two age groups. Sperm production estimates based on primary spermatocytes and secondary spermatocytes were similar (P greater than 0.05); however, estimates based on secondary spermatocytes were significantly higher than those based on spermatids. Degeneration during postprophase of meiosis in humans appears to occur during or near the second meiotic division. Age-related reduced sperm production was significantly correlated with elevated levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Age-related decline in sperm production could not be explained by enhanced germ cell degeneration during postprophase but may result from reduced germ cell numbers prior to pachytene primary spermatocytes.
The EPISTLE text-critiquing system (1982)

The long-term objectives of the EPISTLE project are to provide office workers, particularly middle-level managers, with a variety of application packages to help them interact with natural language texts. Initially we are focusing on business letters and on the first of two classes of applications. This first class will provide services for the author, initially furnishing critiques of a draft of a letter or other text, and eventually helping him write an initial draft based on a terse statement of what he wants to say. The second class of applications will deal with incoming texts, synopsizing letter contents, highlighting portions known to be of interest, and automatically generating index terms based on conceptual or thematic characteristics rather than key words.
Diastereoselektive Ringumlagerungsmetathese (2006)

Ein neues Stereozentrum wird durch Ringumlagerungsmetathese (RRM) gebildet. Das leistungsfähige Konzept der RRM wurde nun zu einem diastereoselektiven Verfahren erweitert. Die Selektivitäten sind katalysator- und substratabhängig. Bei der Umlagerung zu Carbo- und Heterocyclen wurden d.r.-Werte bis 14:1 erzielt. So wurde das Cyclooctadien 1 mit hohem Umsatz bei Raumtemperatur hoch diastereoselektiv zum Piperidein 2 umgelagert (Ts=Toluol-4-sulfonyl). Hintergrundinformationen zu diesem Beitrag sind im WWW unter http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z503321_s.pdf zu finden oder können beim Autor angefordert werden. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
연구논문 : 미용 프랜차이즈의 교육프로그램이 기업성과에 미치는 영향 -교육만족의 조절효과를 중심으로- (2010)

The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the impact of training program on business performance and the moderating effect of training satisfaction on franchise beauty shops that introduces the program in domestic beauty industry. The summary of the results is as follows. The impact of training program(training method, contents, kind, object) on general business performance showed that the training method and its contents have a statistically significant positive effect on the business performance(p<.01), which the training contents improve the business performance by .227, and its method improves it by .197. The impact of training program(training method, contents, kind, object) on productivity by sub-factor showed that the training method and its contents have a statistically significant positive effect on the productivity(p<.01), which the training contents improve the productivity by .335, and its method improves it by .209. The impact of training program(training method, contents, kind, object) on improvement in work efficiency showed that the training method and its kind have a statistically significant positive effect on the improvement in work efficiency(p<.05), which the training method improves the improvement in work efficiency by .197, and its kind improves it by .192. The impact of training program(training method, contents, kind, object) on service quality showed that the training contents have a statistically significant positive effect on the service quality(p<.05), which they improves it by .185. In general, the training program on employees in beauty franchise industry is a variable affecting improvement in training satisfaction according to the training method, contents and object as independent variables. This is to prove that if the positive and more systematic training program with respect to the educator` skill and level is selectively provided, it will be useful variable as a promotion mechanism that can maximize the performance within organization more and more.
Data hiding of intra prediction information in chroma samples for video compression (2010)

New activities have been recently launched in order to challenge the H.264/AVC standard. Several improvements of this standard are already known, however the targeted 50% bitrate saving for equivalent quality is not yet achieved. In this context, a previous work proposes to use data hiding techniques to reduce the signaling information resulting from an improvement of Inter-coding. The main idea is to hide the indices into appropriately selected chroma and luma transform coefficients. To minimize the prediction errors, the modification is performed via a rate-distortion optimization. In this paper, the scheme is extended for Intra-coding and 4:4:4 sequences in order to explore the limits highlighted by the previous study and tackle some remaining issues. A different rate-distortion optimization built on the Pareto theory is also proposed. Resulting improvements (1.5% in average) for several sequences are reported and analyzed.
<i>Toxocara canis</i> adult worm antigen induces proliferative response of healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1995)

The proliferative response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors to Toxocara canis adult worm antigens (TcA) was examined. PBMC from all donors examined (n = 7) strongly responded to TcA in a dose-dependent fashion after six days of culture, irrespective of their serological reactivity. In contrast, cord blood mononuclear cells did not react to TcA. The proliferation of PBMC in response to TcA was completely inhibited by anti-HLA-DR antibody. Purified CD4+ T cells reconstituted with autologous irradiated antigen presenting cells (APC) vigorously proliferated in response to TcA, but this was abrogated by pretreatment of APC with paraformaldehyde. Significant IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression was detected in PBMC stimulated with TcA, with expression peaking at 72 h after stimulation. IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10 and GM-CSF mRNA expression was also upregulated, peaking at 24 h after stimulation. Taken together, these results suggest that adult T. canis-derived antigens have the ability to activate human PBMC as conventional antigens, possibly due to their cross-reactivity, which may be involved in the host defence against helminth infection.
Optimization of a Novel Quinazolinone-Based Series of Transient Receptor Potential A1 (TRPA1) Antagonists Demonstrating Potent in Vivo Activity (2016)

There has been significant interest in developing a transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) antagonist for the treatment of pain due to a wealth of data implicating its role in pain pathways. Despite this, identification of a potent small molecule tool possessing pharmacokinetic properties allowing for robust in vivo target coverage has been challenging. Here we describe the optimization of a potent, selective series of quinazolinone-based TRPA1 antagonists. High-throughput screening identified 4, which possessed promising potency and selectivity. A strategy focused on optimizing potency while increasing polarity in order to improve intrinsic clearance culminated with the discovery of purinone 27 (AM-0902), which is a potent, selective antagonist of TRPA1 with pharmacokinetic properties allowing for >30-fold coverage of the rat TRPA1 IC50 in vivo. Compound 27 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of AITC-induced flinching in rats, validating its utility as a tool for interrogating the role of TRPA1 in in vivo pain models.
Left Ventricular Flow Analysis: Recent Advances in Numerical Methods and Applications in Cardiac Ultrasound (2013)

The left ventricle (LV) pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body through systemic circulation. The efficiency of such a pumping function is dependent on blood flow within the LV chamber. It is therefore crucial to accurately characterize LV hemodynamics. Improved understanding of LV hemodynamics is expected to provide important clinical diagnostic and prognostic information. We review the recent advances in numerical and experimental methods for characterizing LV flows and focus on analysis of intraventricular flow fields by echocardiographic particle image velocimetry (echo-PIV), due to its potential for broad and practical utility. Future research directions to advance patient-specific LV simulations include development of methods capable of resolving heart valves, higher temporal resolution, automated generation of three-dimensional (3D) geometry, and incorporating actual flow measurements into the numerical solution of the 3D cardiovascular fluid dynamics.
Influence of Natural Dissolved Organic Matter, Temperature, and Mixing on the Abiotic Hydrolysis of Triazine and Organophosphate Pesticides (1996)

Abiotic hydrolysis of simazine, atrazine, diazinon, methylparathion, and chlorpyrifos was studied in three different natural waters and buffered Milli-Q water. The triazines showed no detectable decrease in concentration in any of the waters over 43 days at pH 8.0 and 40 °C. The rates of hydrolysis for diazinon and methylparathion were statistically similar in all waters tested. Chlorpyrifos exhibited a ∼32% decrease in hydrolysis rate in the presence of a high concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) (34.5 mg/L dissolved organic carbon). The activation energies are larger, and thus the predicted hydrolysis rates are significantly slower than those previously reported. The effect of continuous vigorous mixing on hydrolysis rates was investigated and found to have only a minor effect. The results suggest that uncatalyzed abiotic hydrolysis is very slow for these compounds at the temperatures and pH's typical of most natural waters and affirm the need for a greater understanding of the relative influence of DOM, catalysis, and biodegradation on the fate of organophosphate and triazine pesticides. Keywords: Pesticides; organophosphates; triazines; hydrolysis; abiotic; DOM
Synthesis and Photopolymerization of Novel Dimethacrylates (1998)

Four potential new monomers were prepared, all of which were structural analogues of BisGMA (2,2-bis(4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxyprop-1-oxy) phenyl)propane). The synthesis of these tetrafunctional dimethacrylate monomers was based on structural modifications of Bis-GMA in the core and the side chain and required a two-step reaction. The first step was propoxylation or ethoxylation of the bisphenols and the second step was the methacrylation of the resulting products. The core structures are designated by Bis-A for isopropylidene and 6F for hexafluoropropyl. The side chain structures were designated on the basis of the pendant side chains in the glycidyl moiety as -OH, -H, and -CH3 from the epichlorohydrin, ethyleneoxide, and propyleneoxide reaction products with the bisphenols, respectively. Bis-GMA was commercially obtained and used as a standard for comparison of the experimental monomers. All the monomers were prepared by the following general procedure of propoxylation or ethoxylation of the biphenols followed by methacrylation. They were characterized by NMR, FTIR, DSC and Cone and Plate Viscometry. All the experimental monomers exhibited lower viscosities and glass transition temperatures than the control, which was attributed to the elimination of the hydrogen bonding. The monomers were photopolymerized in a differential scanning calorimetry modified with an optics assembly (DPA 7; Double Beam Photocalorimetric Accessory) to study the photo-induced crosslinking reactions. The influence of monomer structure, temperature, light intensity, and initiator concentration on the photopolymerization kinetics of ethoxylated and propoxylated dimethacrylates was investigated by isothermal DSC. The DSC curves showed a rapid increase in rate due to the Trommsdorff effect, and then a decline due to the decrease of monomer concentration and the autodeceleration effect. The monomers with lower viscosities and glass transition temperatures exhibited higher conversions of the double bonds. The final extent of conversion increased with curing temperature, light intensity and initiator concentration. The radiation intensity exponent varied from 0.68 (BisGMA) to 0.74 for the ethoxylated 6F system. The initiator exponent were varied from 0.34 (for BisGMA) to 0.44 for the propoxylated BisA system. The ratio of the reaction rate constant (kt/kp) was calculated for PropBisAdm from both steady-state and non steady-state conditions. The effect of dilution on photopolymerization kinetics of BisGMA/triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) mixtures was also studied by isothermal photo-DSC. Dilution with TEGDMA significantly reduced the viscosity and glass transition temperatures of the mixtures due to the increase in the flexibility. The extent of polymerization increased with increasing TEGDMA and curing temperature. The calculation of ratio of rate constants (kt/kp) was also determined and the significance was discussed herein.
Resistance to external optical feedback in a gain-coupled semiconductor dfb laser (1990)

Conventional index-coupled (IC) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers are so sensitive to reflected light that they require costly optical isolators. This also tends to prevent integration of DFB lasers with other optical components
Overview of Nosocomial Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacilli (2005)

We analyzed data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System from 1986-2003 to determine the epidemiology of gram-negative bacilli in intensive care units (ICUs) for the most frequent types of hospital-acquired infection: pneumonia, surgical site infection (SSI), urinary tract infection (UTI), and bloodstream infection (BSI). We analyzed >410,000 bacterial isolates associated with hospital-acquired infections in ICUs during 1986-2003. In 2003, gram-negative bacilli were associated with 23.8% of BSIs, 65.2% of pneumonia episodes, 33.8% of SSIs, and 71.1% of UTIs. The percentage of BSIs associated with gram-negative bacilli decreased from 33.2% in 1986 to 23.8% in 2003. The percentage of SSIs associated with gram-negative bacilli decreased from 56.5% in 1986 to 33.8% in 2003. The percentages pneumonia episodes and UTIs associated with gram-negative bacilli remained constant during the study period. The proportion of ICU pneumonia episodes associated with Acinetobacter species increased from 4% in 1986 to 7.0% in 2003 (P<.001, by the Cochran-Armitage chi2 test for trend). Significant increases in resistance rates were uniformly seen for selected antimicrobial-pathogen combinations. Gram-negative bacilli are commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections in ICUs. The proportion of Acinetobacter species associated with ICU pneumonia increased from 4% in 1986 to 7.0% in 2003.
Electron beam assisted high aspect ratio, submicrometre etching of passivation SiO<sub>2</sub>on large-scale integrated circuits (1992)

Electron beam assisted high aspect ratio, submicrometre etching of the passivation SiO2 on large-scale integrated circuits (LSIS) with XeF2 as a source gas is described. The end point of the etching process can be determined from either the current absorbed by the specimen or the secondary electron current monitored during the electron beam irradiation. The etched hole diameters at the etching end point are found to be nearly equal to the tail diameters of the electron beam profiles, as reconstructed from the electron beam intensity distributions across a knife edge mounted on a Faraday cup. A groove with a high aspect ratio of ten is formed in 2 mu m thick SiO2 by using the electron beam probe with an energy of 15 keV, a current of 50 pA and a tail diameter of 0.15 mu m.
InGaN/GaN self-organized quantum dot green light emitting diodes with reduced efficiency droop (2010)

High density (2–5×1010 cm−2) self-organized InGaN/GaN quantum dots were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Room temperature photoluminescence shows that the quantum dots have strong emission ranging from 430 to 524 nm. The internal quantum efficiency of dots emitting at 500 nm was determined to be 32% by temperature dependent photoluminescence measurements. A recombination lifetime of 0.57 ns is derived from time resolved photoluminescence measurements. These superior optical properties are attributed to a small piezoelectric field in the quantum dots. Light emitting diodes fabricated with the InGaN/GaN quantum dots and emitting at λ=524 nm demonstrate a small blueshift with current injection and reduced efficiency droop.