gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Developing an Experimental Protocol for Evaluating Low-pressure Desalting Membranes for Seawater Desalination (2005)

The Long Beach Water Department (LBWD), similar to many Southern California utilities, have been facing the issue of decreased potable water supplies. Because of its location, the City of Long Beach is ideally situated to take advantage of desalinated seawater as a source of drinking water. However, the primary barrier to seawater desalination has been its relatively high cost as compared to other available water sources. One method of reducing the operational cost for seawater desalination being proposed by LBWD is through a two-pass nanofiltration (NF) membrane process, which has the potential of lowering the overall energy required. In this configuration, permeate from the first pass is treated by the second pass membranes in order to produce potable water. This paper will present LBWD’s investigation into the behavior of these lowerpressure membranes during seawater desalination. Background Seawater membrane desalination is both capital and energy intensive. In past years, research trends have focused on increasing membrane productivity and system recovery in order to minimize footprint and system capital cost. High productivity and system recovery is typically achieved by increasing the overall system pressure. However, given the favorable terms and the high electrical prices in today’s market, maximizing recovery may be misdirected. The following is a rudimentary cost analysis performed to assist LBWD better direct research approach. LBWD currently estimate the capital cost for desalination at five dollars ($5) per gallon capacity. The capital financing cost associated with building a desalination facility, assuming an interest rate of five percent (5%), ranges from $373 per acre-foot (AF) to $302 per AF depending on the term of the financing (Table 1). The operating energy cost associated with seawater desalination has been reported to vary from 11 to 16 kilowatt-hour per 1000 gallons of water produced (kW/kgal). Energy prices vary between five cents per kilowatt (kW) to ten cents per kW, where five cents is based on purchasing power directly from the power generator (“direct access”) rather than through the energy grid. However, the California Public Utilities Commission (PUC) has currently ruled that no new load can sign up for direct access. Thus, the industrial retail energy price will likely be near ten cents per kW in California. Using the aforementioned assumptions, if the energy required to desalination is at 16 kW/kgal (upper end of reported values), the unit production cost will be on the order of $543/AF (Table 2). Table 1. Range of capital debt financing cost in dollars per acre-foot for various terms at an interest rate of 5%.
The total synthesis of myo-inositol phosphates via myo-inositol orthoformate (1989)

Novel selective alkylations of myo-inositol orthoformate (4) have been used to prepare a series of protected myo-inositol derivatives, (5a–e), (7), (10), (12), and (16). These intermediates have been used in efficient total syntheses of myo-inositol 2-phosphate, (9); myo-inositol 4-phosphate, (6); myo-inositol 1,3-bisphosphate, (18); and myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (14). This report represents the first total synthesis of the important natural metabolites (14) and (18) and significantly improved methods of preparation of (6) and (9).
Disease‐Modifying Osteoarthritis Treatment With Interleukin‐1 Receptor Antagonist Gene Therapy in Small and Large Animal Models (2018)

These data from OA models in small and large animals demonstrated safe symptomatic and disease-modifying treatment with an HDAd-expressing IL-1Ra. Furthermore, this study establishes HDAd as a vector for joint gene therapy.
Identification of a novel subpopulation of Caspase-4 positive non-small cell lung Cancer patients (2020)

We identified a subgroup of NSCLC patients as caspase-4 positive among which double and triple positive caspase-4, K-Ras and/or c-MyC patients which prognosis was poor. Because K-Ras and c-MyC are still undrugable, the identification of caspase-4 as a novel oncoprotein could introduce novelty in the clinical yet unmet needs for NSCLC patients.
Processing Short-Contact-Time Coal Liquefaction Products (1980)

A considerable effort has been expended in the past few years by many researchers in attempts to better understand the mechanism by which coal is liquefied. From this work has emerged the concept of short residence time coal liquefaction which promises potential process advantages, small reactor, minimum hydrogen flow, and the efficient utilization of hydrogen for a particular product slate. Work done for EPRI by Mobil Research (1) and Battelle (2) demonstrated that coal could be liquefied at these relatively short reaction times. This work, however, was limited, and indicated some very apparent process disadvantages: • process was out-of-solvent balance, • a viscous reactor effluent was produced resulting in poor filterability, • vacuum still bottoms had high viscosity, • the product was thermally sensitive. In order to overcome these problems, the flow schemes as shown in Figures 1 and 2 were developed. These incorporate the use of Kerr-McGee Corporation's Critical
Inner circle (2005)

We present an automatic people-centered organization of the email message store, where all the information is organized by the association with the message sender or recipients. By using a zoomable list control, we can show most frequent contacts on the top level, and still scale to a large number of contacts overall. Messages exchanged with a person or any ad-hoc defined group are displayed as a continuous conversation. Individual nuggets sent in email, such as attachments and links, are extracted from messages and put into their own window. Organizing nuggets into people-oriented shared spaces supports email-based collaboration. The proposed email client enhancements tested very well in a preliminary user study.
Characteristics of Hybrid Type 3 Phase Stepping Motor (1997)

In hybrid type (HB type) stepping motors, 2 phase motors have been used widely, and 4 phase or 5 phase motors have also used for a high resolution purpose. It is generally said that, the motor performance is improved as the number of phase is increased. However, increased number of phase results in the increase of stator poles, complicated manufacturing process and driving circuit accompanied by higher manufacturing cost. In case of 3 phase stepping motors, however, the number of poles less than 8 poles which are widely used in 2 phase motors can be available. Furthermore, number of driving transistors can be reduced, because number of winding terminals for power supply can be reduced to 3. From these considerations, HB type 3 phase stepping motors look possible to be an actuator superior in the point of cost-performance. In spite of such possibility, little review of 3 phase HB type stepping motors has been found.In this paper, 3 phase HB type stepping motor is reviewed in the following points. They are, (1) It is shown that HB type 3 phase stepping motor has 2 types of construction which are different in magnetic path, and the features of both types are discussed. (2) Equations for static torque characteristics are derived, and the effects of rotor harmonic flux on the torque-angle characteristics are clarified. (3) Step response characteristics and (4) Pull-out torque characteristics are analysed for various excitation modes, and the results are compared and discussed.
Cone Penetrometer Off-Surface Sensor (1999)

Cone penetrometer technology accounts for approximately 50 percent of the subsurface drilling done at the Savannah River Site. This technology provides a means of collecting data for use in the characterization of the subsurface. The cone penetrometer consists of a steel cone attached to a pipe column that is hydraulically inserted into the ground. To allow researchers to accurately measure subsurface properties, without the inherent problems of cone penetrometer equipment, the Savannah River Technology Center has developed the Cone Penetrometer Off-Surface Sensor (CPOSS). The CPOSS design consists of a knife-blade mechanism mounted along the surface of a module capable of attaching to existing cone penetrometer equipment and being deployed at depths of up to 200 feet. CPOSS development is the subject of this report.
A type inference system for matlab with applications to code optimization (2003)

This thesis presents techniques for deducing valuable array shape information in typeless array-based languages like MATLAB, even when the shapes may be statically unknown. The approach is based on an algebraical modelling of the language's array shape semantics. 
The dissertation makes five primary contributions: (1) it shows how to model shape semantics so as to enable precise characterizations that are independent of an array's dimensionality, (2) it presents a rewriting methodology that uses the characterizations to symbolically determine an array expression's shape in O(R||s||3 log||s||) time, where ||s|| is the number of nodes in a rooted ordered tree representation of a shape term s, and R is an upper bound on an array's canonical rank, (3) it presents a shape-tracking optimization that detects equivalent shapes, permitting a translator to eliminate redundant shape checks, and to generate specialized code even when the shapes may be compile-time unknowns, (4) it shows a preallocation optimization that determines the set of all possible shapes that an expression may assume during program execution; and (5) it presents an interference graph-based algorithm that uses type and control-flow information to coalesce array storage. The dissertation also substantiates the techniques by presenting performance numbers of an implementation on a benchmark suite.
Diverse TRPV1 responses to cannabinoids (2019)

Cannabinoid compounds are potential analgesics. Users of medicinal <i>Cannabis</i> report efficacy for pain control, clinical studies show that cannabis can be effective and opioid sparing in chronic pain, and some constituent cannabinoids have been shown to target nociceptive ion channels. Here, we explore and compare a suite of cannabinoids for their impact upon the physiology of TRPV1. The cannabinoids tested evoke differential responses in terms of kinetics of activation and inactivation. Cannabinoid activation of TRPV1 displays significant dependence on internal and external calcium levels. Cannabinoid activation of TRPV1 does not appear to induce the highly permeant, pore-dilated channel state seen with Capsaicin, even at high current amplitudes. Finally, we analyzed cannabinoid responses at nociceptive channels other than TRPV1 (TRPV2, TRPM8, and TRPA1), and report that cannabinoids differentially activate these channels. On the basis of response activation and kinetics, state-selectivity and receptor selectivity, it may be possible to rationally design approaches to pain using single or multiple cannabinoids.
Highly Multiplexed Single-Cell In Situ RNA and DNA Analysis by Consecutive Hybridization (2020)

The ability to comprehensively profile nucleic acids in individual cells in their natural spatial contexts is essential to advance our understanding of biology and medicine. Here, we report a novel method for spatial transcriptomics and genomics analysis. In this method, every nucleic acid molecule is detected as a fluorescent spot at its natural cellular location throughout the cycles of consecutive fluorescence in situ hybridization (C-FISH). In each C-FISH cycle, fluorescent oligonucleotide probes hybridize to the probes applied in the previous cycle, and also introduce the binding sites for the next cycle probes. With reiterative cycles of hybridization, imaging and photobleaching, the identities of the varied nucleic acids are determined by their unique color sequences. To demonstrate the feasibility of this method, we show that transcripts or genomic loci in single cells can be unambiguously quantified with 2 fluorophores and 16 C-FISH cycles or with 3 fluorophores and 9 C-FISH cycles. Without any error correction, the error rates obtained using the raw data are close to zero. These results indicate that C-FISH potentially enables tens of thousands (2<sup>16</sup> = 65,536 or 3<sup>9</sup> = 19,683) of different transcripts or genomic loci to be precisely profiled in individual cells in situ.
Metrics for evaluating performance of prognostic techniques (2008)

Prognostics is an emerging concept in condition based maintenance (CBM) of critical systems. Along with developing the fundamentals of being able to confidently predict Remaining Useful Life (RUL), the technology calls for fielded applications as it inches towards maturation. This requires a stringent performance evaluation so that the significance of the concept can be fully exploited. Currently, prognostics concepts lack standard definitions and suffer from ambiguous and inconsistent interpretations. This lack of standards is in part due to the varied end-user requirements for different applications, time scales, available information, domain dynamics, etc. to name a few issues. Instead, the research community has used a variety of metrics based largely on convenience with respect to their respective requirements. Very little attention has been focused on establishing a common ground to compare different efforts. This paper surveys the metrics that are already used for prognostics in a variety of domains including medicine, nuclear, automotive, aerospace, and electronics. It also considers other domains that involve prediction-related tasks, such as weather and finance. Differences and similarities between these domains and health maintenance have been analyzed to help understand what performance evaluation methods may or may not be borrowed. Further, these metrics have been categorized in several ways that may be useful in deciding upon a suitable subset for a specific application. Some important prognostic concepts have been defined using a notational framework that enables interpretation of different metrics coherently. Last, but not the least, a list of metrics has been suggested to assess critical aspects of RUL predictions before they are fielded in real applications.
A spatiotemporal model of cyclic kinematics and its application to analyzing nonrigid motion with MR velocity images (1999)

We present a method (DMESH) for nonrigid cyclic motion analysis using a series of velocity images covering the cycle acquired, for example, from phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. The method is based on fitting a dynamic finite-element mesh model to velocity samples of an extended region, at all time frames. The model offers a flexible tradeoff between accuracy and reproducibility with controllable built-in spatiotemporal smoothing, which is determined by the fineness of the initially defined mesh and the richness of included Fourier harmonics. The method can further provide a prediction of the analysis reproducibility, along with the estimated motion and deformation quantities. Experiments have been conducted to validate the method and to verify the reproducibility prediction. Use of the method for motion analysis using displacement information (e.g., from magnetic resonance tagging) has also been explored.
A Novel Somatostatin Mimic with Broad Somatotropin Release Inhibitory Factor Receptor Binding and Superior Therapeutic Potential (2003)

A rational drug design approach, capitalizing on structure-activity relationships and involving transposition of functional groups from somatotropin release inhibitory factor (SRIF) into a reduced size cyclohexapeptide template, has led to the discovery of SOM230 (25), a novel, stable cyclohexapeptide somatostatin mimic that exhibits unique high-affinity binding to human somatostatin receptors (subtypes sst1-sst5). SOM230 has potent, long-lasting inhibitory effects on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 release and is a promising development candidate currently under evaluation in phase I clinical trials.
Toolface Control Method for a Dynamic Point-the-Bit Rotary Steerable Drilling System (2019)

In the dynamic point-the-bit rotary steerable system (DPRSS), a high dynamic stiffness toolface control method is desired to ensure the stabilized platform traces the directional command accurately and quickly. A three-loop compound toolface control method using the Model-based Active Disturbance Rejection Control (MADRC) algorithm is presented, and a load torque estimator and an outer housing speed estimator are designed based on system model to obtain the external disturbances. The proposed toolface control method was verified by numerical simulation and DPRSS prototype testing, and its speed loop frequency responses are analyzed. The results reveal that this method is effective in disturbance rejection and robust against parameter uncertainties, and the MADRC shows better performance compared with the conventional ADRC and the proportional-integral (PI) controller. The proposed method has the potential to be used in harsh drilling conditions.
Oligonucleotide probes for specific detection of Giardia lamblia cysts by fluorescent in situ hybridization (2001)

Currently, detection of G. lamblia cysts is largely based on immunofluorescence assays (IFA) targeting cyst wall surface antigens. These assays lack specificity and will detect species others than G. lamblia. Further, IFA will detect nonviable cysts and cyst wall fragments that do not pose a public health risk. In contrast, FISH probes allow specific detection and are likely to only detect viable, infectious cysts.
Direct measurement of creatine kinase-MB activity in serum after extraction with a monoclonal antibody specific to the MB isoenzyme. (1986)

Fusion of splenocytes from A/J mice immunized by creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2)-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) with SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cell line generated hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies specific to CK-MB. One of these monoclonal antibodies ("Conan-MB") was used to develop a direct assay for CK-MB activity. In the assay, serum is incubated for 30 min at room temperature with "Conan-MB" immobilized on latex beads. The beads are then washed, and CK-MB activity bound to the antibody is measured after incubation with CK enzyme reagent for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Results with the assay correlated well (r = 0.997) with those for CK-MB concentration as measured by a two-site immunoassay. Neither CK-MM, CK-BB, mitochondrial CK, nor a hemolysate of erythrocytes interfered. Use of this unique monoclonal antibody allows rapid, precise, and direct determination of CK-MB activity.
Thin-film computing with the nonlinear interface (1989)

An optical integration technique using thin-film technology can be based on an interface with a diffusive Kerr-like nonlinearity. Idealized switching behavior is assumed in order to assess the ultimate worth of such an expedient approach to optical computers if appropriate materials could be identified. This effort is justified by the results of two-dimensional simulations of the nonlinear interface carried out on the Cray X-MP/48 computer that show nearly whole-beam switching with high contrast. The simplicity of the integration architecture is demonstrated by designing a thin-film half-adder.
Extracellular Aldonolactonase from <i>Myceliophthora thermophila</i> (2010)

Fungi secrete many different enzymes to deconstruct lignocellulosic biomass, including several families of hydrolases, oxidative enzymes, and many uncharacterized proteins. Here we describe the isolation, characterization, and primary sequence analysis of an extracellular aldonolactonase from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila (synonym Sporotrichum thermophile). The lactonase is a 48-kDa glycoprotein with a broad pH optimum. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucono-δ-lactone and cellobiono-δ-lactone with an apparent second-order rate constant, k(cat)/K(m), of ~1 × 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 5.0 and 25°C but is unable to hydrolyze xylono-γ-lactone or arabino-γ-lactone. Sequence analyses of the lactonase show that it has distant homology to cis-carboxy-muconate lactonizing enzymes (CMLE) as well as 6-phosphogluconolactonases present in some bacteria. The M. thermophila genome contains two predicted extracellular lactonase genes, and expression of both genes is induced by the presence of pure cellulose. Homologues of the M. thermophila lactonase, which are also predicted to be extracellular, are present in nearly all known cellulolytic ascomycetes.
IBeaconMap: Automated Indoor Space Representation for Beacon-Based\n Wayfinding (2018)

Traditionally, there have been few options for navigational aids for the\nblind and visually impaired (BVI) in large indoor spaces. Some recent indoor\nnavigation systems allow users equipped with smartphones to interact with low\ncost Bluetoothbased beacons deployed strategically within the indoor space of\ninterest to navigate their surroundings. A major challenge in deploying such\nbeacon-based navigation systems is the need to employ a time and\nlabor-expensive beacon planning process to identify potential beacon placement\nlocations and arrive at a topological structure representing the indoor space.\nThis work presents a technique called IBeaconMap for creating such topological\nstructures to use with beacon-based navigation that only needs the floor plans\nof the indoor spaces of interest. IBeaconMap employs a combination of computer\nvision and machine learning techniques to arrive at the required set of beacon\nlocations and a weighted connectivity graph (with directional orientations) for\nsubsequent navigational needs. Evaluations show IBeaconMap to be both fast and\nreasonably accurate, potentially proving to be an essential tool to be utilized\nbefore mass deployments of beacon-based indoor wayfinding systems of the\nfuture.\n
Scanpath clustering and aggregation (2010)

Eye tracking specialists often need to understand and represent aggregate scanning strategies, but methods to identify similar scanpaths and aggregate multiple scanpaths have been elusive. A new method is proposed here to identify scanning strategies by aggregating groups of matching scanpaths automatically. A dataset of scanpaths is first converted to sequences of viewed area names, which are then represented in a dotplot. Matching sequences in the dotplot are found with linear regressions, and then used to cluster the scanpaths hierarchically. Aggregate scanning strategies are generated for each cluster and presented in an interactive dendrogram. While the clustering and aggregation method works in a bottom-up fashion, based on pair-wise matches, a top-down extension is also described, in which a scanning strategy is first input by cursor gesture, then matched against the dataset. The ability to discover both bottom-up and top-down strategy matches provides a powerful tool for scanpath analysis, and for understanding group scanning strategies.