gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Single-Cylinder Engine Study of Hydrogen-Rich Fuels (1976)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Hydrogen-rich fuels, via lean operating ability, potentially offer both emission control opportunities and engine efficiency gains not possible with gasoline. With a single-cylinder engine, the emission characteristics of two types of hydrogen-rich fuels were evaluated.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The first fuel contained various proportions of hydrogen and gasoline. The test objective was to determine whether increasing HEF, the fraction of total fuel energy supplied by hydrogen, would significantly reduce HC emission at ultra-lean conditions. While holding NO<sub>x</sub> emission comparable to a 0.4 g/mile equivalent, HC emission was reduced 50 percent by increasing HEF from 0.13 to 0.48. However, even with this maximum practical level of hydrogen enrichment, the resulting HC emission was not significantly different than values obtained with richer mixtures of gasoline and still far in excess of a 0.41 g/mile equivalent. Therefore, hydrogen enrichment does not appear to be a sufficient means of reducing HC emission.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The second type of hydrogen-rich fuel was a simulated product of an on-vehicle hydrogen generator that reforms gasoline into a gaseous mixture of CO, H<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and various diluents. Fueling a single-cylinder engine totally on this mixture at an equivalence ratio = 0.55 resulted in NO<sub>x</sub> and HC emission levels well below those obtainable with gasoline and possibly consistent with the most stringent future vehicle standards. CO emission was slightly higher than values characteristic of lean operation with gasoline. Major drawbacks to this concept for reducing emissions are: 1) the requirement of precise mixture control, 2) the fuel economy penalties exacted for converting gasoline to hydrogen-rich mixtures, and 3) the power losses in naturally aspirated engines operating on gaseous fuels containing large diluent fractions.</div>
Harvesting Vibration Energy for Structural Health Monitoring in Aircraft (2009)

The concept of harvesting energy is not a new one: there has been an interest in this area for around 10 years. Devices typically use either vibration (rigid body motion) or thermal gradients and can harvest sufficient energy to power telemetry, small devices or to charge a battery or capacitance device. However, for the new generation of aircraft, (both fixed wing and rotating) there is now an urgent need to develop energy harvesting systems in order to provide localised power for sensors in structural health monitoring systems (SHM). By implementing SHM, aircraft manufacturers can benefit from improved safety, reduced maintenance and extended aircraft life. The work presented examines the feasibility of designing an energy harvesting system powered by the vibrations of aircraft panels generated in flight. PZT (lead zirconate titanate) harvesters are bonded to an aluminium alloy panel, representative of an aircraft wing panel which is vibrated across a range of amplitudes (up to + 0.2mm) and frequencies (up to 300Hz). By recording voltage and current outputs from each harvester, generated power is calculated which when normalised for area and mass indicates values of up to 7.0 Wm-2 and 2.5Wkg-1 respectively, representing mechanical to electrical energy conversion efficiencies of up to 35% dependant on frequency of vibration. From these values it is estimated that a harvester area of down to 71cm2 or mass of as little as 20g is necessary to meet the current minimum power requirements of SHM systems of 50mW. With predicted reductions in sensor power consumption indicating system power requirements in the order of 0.1-1mW, this work shows that piezoelectric energy harvesting has future potential for powering aerospace SHM systems.
Chemical Constituents of Grass Endophytes (2018)

This chapter concentrates on the biological significance of the major chemical classes of compounds that have been isolated and identified from specific grass endophytes and their host associations. It focuses on the deleterious and beneficial aspects of the compounds resulting from the endophyte-grass host relationships. The research involving the chemical constituents of grass endophytes developed from the direct association of the endophytic fungi with livestock toxicides. “Ergot-like” syndromes in livestock grazing on pasture grasses have been related to endophytic fungi of the genus Balansia. The clavine and lysergic acid amide derivatives, up to and including ergonovine, were isolated from the Balansia species, suggesting that these fungi may be used as sources for these medicinal agents. Screening for fungicidal agents, with membrane-ergosterol activity, may provide compounds with therapeutic utility in the treatment of various mycoses. Ergosterol sensitivity has been employed as a bioassay for screening compounds for polyene-like antibiotic activity.
Security and privacy produced by DHCP unique identifiers (2011)

As protection against the current privacy weaknesses of StateLess Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) in the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), network administrators may choose to deploy the new Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6). Similar to the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) for the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), DHCPv6 uses a client-server model to manage addresses in networks, providing stateful address assignment. While DHCPv6 can be configured to assign randomly distributed addresses to clients, the DHCP Unique Identifier (DUID) was designed to identify uniquely identify clients to servers and remains static to clients as they move between different subnets and networks. Since the DUID is globally unique and exposed in the clear, attackers can geotemporally track clients by sniffing DHCPv6 messages on the local network or by using unauthenticated protocol-valid queries that request systems' DUIDs or leased addresses. DUIDs can also be formed with system-specific information, further compromising the privacy and security of the host. To combat the threat of the static DUID, a dynamic DUID was implemented and analyzed for its effect on privacy and security as well as its computational overhead. The privacy implications of DHCPv6 must be addressed before large-scale IPv6 deployment.
Dirac cone and double zero materials (2011)

Materials with zero permittivity and zero permeability (double zero) possess very interesting wave manipulation characteristics. Systems with Dirac cones in the band structure also possess amazing wave transport properties. These two classes of material are actually related to each other. We show that dielectric photonic crystals can be designed and fabricated which exhibit Dirac cones at k = 0 at a finite frequency. A subset of such materials behave as if they have zero permittivity and zero permeability at the Dirac point, as well as exhibiting properties intrinsic to a Dirac cone.
Advanced Polymorphic Techniques (2007)

Nowadays viruses use polymorphic techniques to mutate their code on each replication, thus evading detection by antiviruses. However detection by emulation can defeat simple polymorphism: thus metamorphic techniques are used which thoroughly change the viral code, even after decryption. We briefly detail this evolution of virus protection techniques against detection and then study the METAPHOR virus, today's most advanced metamorphic virus.
Identification of Circulating Nonclassic Human Leukocyte Antigen G (HLA-G)–Like Molecules in Exudates (2011)

The main HLA-G antigenic molecules in exudates are HLA-G-like complexes, a factor that should be considered when analyzing HLA-G in biological fluids.
Benzotriazol-1-yl Diethyl Phosphate and Benzotriazol-1-yl Diphenyl Phosphate. New Convenient Reagents for the Peptide Synthesis (1987)

Benzotriazol-1-yl Diethyl phosphate and benzotriazol-1-yl diphenyl phosphate were conveniently prepared in essentially quantitative yields by the reaction of diethyl chlorophosphate and diphenyl chlorophosphate with equal amounts of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and triethylamine in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature, respectively. Benzotriazol-1-yl diethylphosphate was effective for the preparation of amides from carboxylic acids amines. Young test and Anderson test for racemization studies using benzotriazol-1-yl diethyl phosphate were investigated and practically no racemization occurred. However, racemization occurred to some extent during coupling of Z-Phe-Val-OH with Pro-OBu. Several dipeptides and tripeptides were prepared without little racemization using benzotriazol-1-yl diethyl phosphate. Benzotriazol-1-yl diphenyl phosphate was less effective than benzotriazol-1-yl diethyl phosphate in terms of the degree of racemization.
Client-side web application slicing (2011)

Highly interactive web applications that offer user experience and responsiveness of standard desktop applications are becoming prevalent in the web application domain. However, with these benefits come certain drawbacks. For example, the event-based architectural style, and poor support for code organization, often lead to a situation where code responsible for a certain behavior is intermixed with irrelevant code. This makes development, debugging and reuse difficult. One way of locating code implementing a certain behavior is program slicing, a method that, given a subset of a program's behavior, reduces the program to a minimal form that still produces that behavior. In this paper we present a semi-automatic client-side web application slicing method, describe the web page dependency graph, and show how it can be used to extract only the code implementing a certain behavior.
Probability distributions of optical flow (2002)

Gradient methods are widely used in the computation of optical flow. The authors discuss extensions of these methods which compute probability distributions of optical flow. The use of distributions allows representation of the uncertainties inherent in the optical flow computation, facilitating the combination with information from other sources. Distributed optical flow for a synthetic image sequence is computed, and it is demonstrated that the probabilistic model accounts for the errors in the flow estimates. The distributed optical flow for a real image sequence is computed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
q-ary turbo codes with QAM modulations (2002)

In this paper a kind of q-ary (q=2/sup t/) turbo codes with the corresponding decoding algorithm are addressed. In addition, a method how to reduce the average number of iterations is discussed. When combined with 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulations, compared with the corresponding binary turbo code, the new coding scheme provides a substantial coding gain on additive white Gaussian noise channels.
Two‐stage diffusion model deriving FDG‐PET from T1 Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (2023)

Abstract Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by cognitive and functional impairment, and defined by triad of Amyloid status, Tau pathology, and Neuroimaging marker of neurodegeneration or neuronal injury. An early diagnosis of AD can be challenging and it can be detected earlier in brain functional imaging than brain structural imaging. Method We develop a pipeline for synthesizing FDG‐PET/MRI from source MRI‐T1‐Weighted (MRI‐T1W) images based on denoising diffusion mechanism [1]. The pipeline includes a forward pass which encodes the source MRI‐T1WI images to gaussian noise space, and a backward pass which generates the corresponding FDG‐PET from the derived noises with repeated denoising steps. Furthermore, to validate the effectiveness of the synthesized FDG‐PET images, we also develop multiple types of classifiers and the experiments for both single input of MRI‐T1WI and joint input of MRI‐T1WI and synthesized FDG‐PET. Result The experiments are performed on 1036 of FDG‐PET/MRI pairs (286,474, 276 for Cognitive Normal, Mild Cognitive Impaiement and Alzheimer’s Disease each) are obtained from ADNI [2] datasets and display the promising results with low Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and high Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) for the two stage diffusion denoising based FDG‐PET synthesis pipeline. The results for the additional classification experiments also show that in most cases the joint input enhances the classifiers' performance in accuracy and F1‐score. The results also indicate that the synthesized FDG‐PET images are not only visually similar to the ground truth images, but also improve the performance of machine learning based AD diagnosis. Conclusion This work provides support for the notion that machine learning‐derived image analysis may be a useful approach to improving the diagnosis of AD. Reference: [1] Ho, J., Jain, A., & Abbeel, P. (2020). Denoising diffusion probabilistic models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , 33 , 6840‐6851. [2] Petersen, R., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Donohue, M. C., Gamst, A. C., Harvey, D. J., … & Toga, A. W. (2010). Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI). Neurology , 74 (3), 201‐209.
Design and Implementation of Management Information System of Field and Track Training (2012)

In terms of features of field and track athletes’ training, th is paper, integrating techniques of network, database, computers, multi-media, image processing, etc, devises a management information system of field and track training based on B/S model and provides an training informat ion processing system. Th is paper analyzes the systematic functional structure and the constitution of systematic sub-systems in detail. Meanwhile, it elaborates on the design of systematic functional structure, network structure, link modes and systematic soft wares’ functions, and introduces web, database and ASP dynamic homepage technique applied in the interactive Web system design, followed by the cases for illustration of some relevant designs.
Standards for Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in relation to the EPBD (2011)

Introduction Ambient (outdoor) air quality in cities in industrialized countries has improved greatly in recent decades. During this same period, indoor air quality has declined because of energy conservation, decreased ventilation and the introduction of many new materials and sources of indoor pollution. These developments and the fact that people in industrialized countries spend 90% of their lives indoors on average makes the quality of indoor air an important environmental issue with far-reaching implications for human health. Allergic and asthmatic diseases have doubled in industrialized countries during the past two decades. They comprise one of the greatest current problems for public health, with enormous costs for medicine, treatment and absenteeism. In many industrialized countries, half the schoolchildren suffer from these allergic diseases, which are the main reason for absenteeism in schools.
The Rheological and Structural Properties of Fmoc-Peptide-Based Hydrogels: The Effect of Aromatic Molecular Architecture on Self-Assembly and Physical Characteristics (2012)

Biocompatible hydrogels are of high interest as a class of biomaterials for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and controlled drug delivery. These materials offer three-dimensional scaffolds to support the growth of cells and development of hierarchical tissue structures. Fmoc-peptides were previously demonstrated as attractive building blocks for biocompatible hydrogels. Here, we further investigate the biophysical properties of Fmoc-peptide-based hydrogels for medical applications. We describe the structural and thermal properties of these Fmoc-peptides, as well as their self-assembly process. Additionally, we study the role of interactions between aromatic moieties in the self-assembly process and on the physical and structural properties of the hydrogels.
Isolation of Viscotoxins. Cytotoxic Basic Polypeptides from<i>Viscum album</i>L. (1980)

In the course of cytotoxicity-directed fractionation of extracts from Viscum album L., it appeared that crude viscotoxin, a basic polypeptide fraction, is responsible for cytotoxic properties of the plant examined. Separation of this fraction by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose led to isolation of five cytotoxic components. Four of them, named viscotoxins I, II, III and IVb were obtained as homogeneous substances. The isolated polypeptides exhibited cytotoxic activity against human tumor cells of KB and HeLa lines in tissue culture in the concentration range (ED50 values) of 0.2-1.7 microgram/ml. Considerably decreased activities were found when tissue culture was contaminated with mycoplasma. The estimated molecular weights (about 5000) and the amino acid compositions suggest the viscotoxins II, III and IVb are identical to viscotoxins B, A-2 and A-3, respectively. The latter three viscotoxins have been isolated previously by others as toxic (cardiotoxic) components of Viscum album. The fractionation of the crude viscotoxin was carried out by a new procedure, considerably simpler than that described for isolation of viscotoxins B, A-2 and A-3
GenPIM: Generalized processing in-memory to accelerate data intensive applications (2018)

Big data has become a serious problem as data volumes have been skyrocketing for the past few years. Storage and CPU technologies are overwhelmed by the amount of data they have to handle. Traditional computer architectures show poor performance when processing such huge data. Processing inmemory is a promising technique to address data movement issue by locally processing data inside memory. However, there are two main issues with stand-alone PIM designs: (i) PIM is not always computationally faster than CMOS logic, (ii) PIM cannot process all operations in many applications. Thus, not many applications can benefit from PIM. To generalize the use of PIM, we designed GenPIM, a general processing in-memory architecture consisting of the conventional processor as well as the PIM accelerators. GenPIM supports basic PIM functionalities in specialized nonvolatile memory including: bitwise operations, search operation, addition and multiplication. For each application, GenPIM identifies the part which uses PIM operations, and processes the rest of non-PIM operations or not data intensive part of applications in general purpose cores. GenPIM also enables configurable PIM approximation by relaxing in-memory computation. We test the efficiency of proposed design over two learning applications. Our experimental evaluation shows that our design can achieve 10.9 χ improvement in energy efficiency and 6.4 χ speedup as compared to processing data in conventional cores.
Towards OLAP security design — survey and research issues (2000)

With the use of data warehousing and online analytical processing (OLAP) for decision support applications new security issues arise. The goal of this paper is to introduce an OLAP security design methodology, pointing out fields that require further research work. We present possible access control requirements categorized by their complexity. OLAP security mechanisms and their implementations in commercial systems are presented and checked for their suitability to address the requirements.
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections in the ICU and quinupristin/dalfopristin. (1996)

The incidence of vancomycin resistance among enterococci, and Enterococcus faecium in particular, has increased sharply in the last few years. This shift toward infection with resistant Gram-positive organisms is thought to be the consequence of certain features specific to the intensive care setting: a high concentration of severely compromised patients; continued use of indwelling devices and invasive procedures; and widespread, empiric use of antimicrobial agents directed against Gram-negative bacilli. Measures that can be taken to prevent the development of bacterial resistance in the ICU include strict adherence to infection control policies and asepsis, and rational use of antibiotics. Current antimicrobial regimens for serious enterococcal infections consist of a combination of ampicillin, penicillin G, or vancomycin plus streptomycin or gentamicin. High levels of resistances among some enterococcal isolates, however, may render these strategies ineffective. A new agent, quinupristin/dalfopristin (RP 59500), has demonstrated encouraging in vitro activity against vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. Initial clinical reports, though limited, are similarly promising. Although phase III clinical trials with RP 59500 are not completed, the agent is available through an emergency-use program for patients with severe Gram-positive infections who cannot tolerate or do not respond to all other clinically appropriate antibiotics.
Domain Truncation Studies Reveal That the Streptokinase-Plasmin Activator Complex Utilizes Long Range Protein-Protein Interactions with Macromolecular Substrate to Maximize Catalytic Turnover (2003)

To explore the interdomain co-operativity during human plasminogen (HPG) activation by streptokinase (SK), we expressed the cDNAs corresponding to each SK domain individually (alpha, beta, and gamma), and also their two-domain combinations, viz. alphabeta and betagamma in Escherichia coli. After purification, alpha and beta showed activator activities of approximately 0.4 and 0.05%, respectively, as compared with that of native SK, measured in the presence of human plasmin, but the bi-domain constructs alphabeta and betagamma showed much higher co-factor activities (3.5 and 0.7% of native SK, respectively). Resonant Mirror-based binding studies showed that the single-domain constructs had significantly lower affinities for "partner" HPG, whereas the affinities of the two-domain constructs were remarkably native-like with regards to both binary-mode as well as ternary mode ("substrate") binding with HPG, suggesting that the vast difference in co-factor activity between the two- and three-domain structures did not arise merely from affinity differences between activator species and HPG. Remarkably, when the co-factor activities of the various constructs were measured with microplasminogen, the nearly 50-fold difference in the co-factor activity between the two- and three-domain SK constructs observed with full-length HPG as substrate was found to be dramatically attenuated, with all three types of constructs now exhibiting a low activity of approximately 1-2% compared to that of SK.HPN and HPG. Thus, the docking of substrate through the catalytic domain at the active site of SK-plasmin(ogen) is capable of engendering, at best, only a minimal level of co-factor activity in SK.HPN. Therefore, apart from conferring additional substrate affinity through kringle-mediated interactions, reported earlier (Dhar et al., 2002; J. Biol. Chem. 277, 13257), selective interactions between all three domains of SK and the kringle domains of substrate vastly accelerate the plasminogen activation reaction to near native levels.
Advertising keyword generation using active learning (2009)

This paper proposes an efficient relevance feedback based interactive model for keyword generation in sponsored search advertising. We formulate the ranking of relevant terms as a supervised learning problem and suggest new terms for the seed by leveraging user relevance feedback information. Active learning is employed to select the most informative samples from a set of candidate terms for user labeling. Experiments show our approach improves the relevance of generated terms significantly with little user effort required.