gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical Properties of Colloidal Photonic Crystals Confined in Rectangular Microchannels (2003)

Herein we report experimental and theoretical analysis of the optical properties of planarized self-assembled colloidal photonic crystals confined within rectangular microchannels. A detailed mapping of the optical features, performed by microspectroscopy, is presented, providing evidence that spherical colloids confined in microchannels crystallize as single-domain colloidal crystal several hundreds of microns long with a very low concentration of intrinsic defects. A study of defective colloidal crystals is also made to illustrate this point. The effect of the different parameters affecting the reflection properties of these structures, such as crystal size, orientation, and nature of the substrate, is also analyzed. We show that the well-defined geometry and dimensions of the channels serve to template colloidal crystals with precise size, shape, and orientation, which imply accurate control of their photonic crystal properties.
Detection of Homocysteine and Cysteine (2005)

At elevated levels, homocysteine (Hcy, 1) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, neural tube defects, and osteoporosis. Both 1 and cysteine (Cys, 3) are linked to neurotoxicity. The biochemical mechanisms by which 1 and 3 are involved in disease states are relatively unclear. Herein, we describe simple methods for detecting either Hcy or Cys in the visible spectral region with the highest selectivity reported to date without using biochemical techniques or preparative separations. Simple methods and readily available reagents allow for the detection of Cys and Hcy in the range of their physiologically relevant levels. New HPLC postcolumn detection methods for biological thiols are reported. The potential biomedical relevance of the chemical mechanisms involved in the detection of 1 is described.
<i>SMN2</i> splicing modifiers improve motor function and longevity in mice with spinal muscular atrophy (2014)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease caused by mutation or deletion of the survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. A paralogous gene in humans, SMN2, produces low, insufficient levels of functional SMN protein due to alternative splicing that truncates the transcript. The decreased levels of SMN protein lead to progressive neuromuscular degeneration and high rates of mortality. Through chemical screening and optimization, we identified orally available small molecules that shift the balance of SMN2 splicing toward the production of full-length SMN2 messenger RNA with high selectivity. Administration of these compounds to Δ7 mice, a model of severe SMA, led to an increase in SMN protein levels, improvement of motor function, and protection of the neuromuscular circuit. These compounds also extended the life span of the mice. Selective SMN2 splicing modifiers may have therapeutic potential for patients with SMA.
The Skip-resistant Sprinkler Concept -- An Experimental Evaluation (2009)

A sprinkler with a shield designed to mitigate drop impingement from nearby operating sprinklers is shown experimentally to reduce skipping as compared to the same sprinkler without a shield. As described in a companion article, a model for the response time of a shielded sprinkler has been developed and validated with a Plunge Tunnel apparatus. In this article, results from intermediate-scale spray fire tests employing Froude modeling principles with a 1 : 3 scale ratio are used to evaluate sprinkler performance both with and without the shield. By comparing the operation times of adjacent shielded and unshielded sprinklers, the intermediate-scale tests can identify test arrangements where the shielded sprinkler operates while the unshielded sprinkler does not operate. The identified arrangements are then used in a full-scale environment where a series of pan fire tests serve as a proof-of-concept that proper shielding of a sprinkler can reduce skipping in terms of both the sprinkler operation pattern and total number of sprinkler operations. This study successfully demonstrates that proper shielding of a sprinkler can significantly reduce skipping.
Evaluation of the Spatial Pattern of Steinernema riobravis in Corn Plots. (1994)

The vertical and horizontal spatial patterns of a naturally occurring population of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobravis (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) were investigated in corn field soil by laboratory and field bioassays. This nematode appears to be endemic to the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, where it was found parasitizing prepupae and pupae of both corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Corn earworm prepupa was the bioassay host used to detect S. riobravis from soil in previously harvested corn plots. Steinernema riobravis occurred at soil depths of 5-30 cm. The maximum nematode density was in the upper 20 cm of soil, and the lowest density occurred at soil depth of 25-30 cm. The field and laboratory bioassays performed on the top 20 era of soil resulted in S. riobravis-infected corn earworm of 49 and 34%, respectively, whereas at 25-30 cm soil depths 11 and 4.5% of the H. zea were infected, respectively. The horizontal spatial pattern of this nematode was patchy or aggregated. Our study provides new information on the spatial pattern of S. riobravis in its natural habitat and indicates the need to augment its natural biocontrol efficacy.
One-Year Refractive Results of Central Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia in the Nonhuman Primate Cornea (1990)

Photorefractive keratectomy for the correction of myopia was performed in 32 eyes of 16 green monkeys. The corneas healed satisfactorily, with normal formation of basal lamina and hemidesmosomal attachments visible in 14-week histologic specimens. No recurrent erosions were observed clinically. After a transient period of faint haze, all corneas were clear at 17 weeks and remained clear through the 1-year follow-up. In terms of accuracy, all corneas demonstrated a significant flattening compared with preoperative values, but no significant difference was seen between the groups with different intended corrections (1.5 and 3 diopters). The changes in corneal shape stabilized by 17 weeks, as measured by keratometry. The clinical results suggest that mechanical removal of the epithelium is preferable to laser ablation of the epithelium. Overall, the results demonstrate that excimer laser ablation of the corneal stroma can produce a stable diptric change in the primate cornea with good healing and long-term corneal clarity.
P-Code-Enhanced Encryption-Mode Processing of GPS Signals (2003)

A method of processing signals in a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver has been invented to enable the receiver to recover some of the information that is otherwise lost when GPS signals are encrypted at the transmitters. The need for this method arises because, at the option of the military, precision GPS code (P-code) is sometimes encrypted by a secret binary code, denoted the A code. Authorized users can recover the full signal with knowledge of the A-code. However, even in the absence of knowledge of the A-code, one can track the encrypted signal by use of an estimate of the A-code. The present invention is a method of making and using such an estimate. In comparison with prior such methods, this method makes it possible to recover more of the lost information and obtain greater accuracy.
Enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of dentin adhesives containing a new urethane‐based trimethacrylate monomer (2009)

A new trimethacrylate monomer with urethane-linked groups, 1,1,1-tri-[4-(methacryloxyethylamino-carbonyloxy)-phenyl]ethane (MPE), was synthesized, characterized, and used as a comonomer in dentin adhesives. Dentin adhesives containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, 45% w/w) and 2,2-bis[4(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxy-propyloxy)-phenyl] propane (BisGMA, 30% w/w) in addition to MPE (25% w/w) were formulated with H(2)O at 0 (MPE0), 8 (MPE8), and 16 wt % water (MPE16) to simulate the wet demineralized dentin matrix and compared with controls [HEMA /BisGMA, 45/55 w/w, at 0 (C0), 8 (C8), and 16 wt % water (C16)]. The new adhesive showed a degree of double bond conversion and mechanical properties comparable with control, with good penetration into the dentin surface and a uniform adhesive/dentin interface. On exposure to porcine liver esterase, the net cumulative methacrylic acid (MAA) released from the new adhesives was dramatically (p < 0.05) decreased relative to the control, suggesting that the new monomer improves esterase resistance.
Coherent layer peeling for transparent high-depth-complexity scenes (2008)

We present two new image space techniques for efficient rendering of transparent surfaces that exploit partial ordering in the scene geometry. The first technique, called hybrid layer peeling, combines unordered meshes with ordered meshes in an efficient way, and is ideal for scenes such as volumes with embedded transparent meshes. The second technique, called coherent layer peeling, efficiently detects and renders correctly sorted fragment sequences for a given pixel in one iteration, allowing for a smaller number of passes than traditional layer peeling for typical scenes. Although more expensive than hybrid layer peeling by a constant factor, coherent layer peeling applies to a broader class of scenes, including single meshes or collections of meshes. Coherent layer peeling does not require costly clipping or perfect sorting. However, the performance of the algorithm depends on the degree to which the data is sorted. At best, when the data is perfectly sorted, the algorithm renders a correct result in a single iteration. At worst, when the data is sorted in reverse order, the algorithm mimics the performance of layer peeling but with a higher cost per iteration. We conclude with a discussion of a modified form of coherent layer peeling designed for an idealized rasterization architecture that would match layer-peeling in the worst case, while still exploiting correctly sorted sequences when they are present.
Low-cost laser detection system with a 360-deg horizontal field of view (2021)

A low-cost laser detection system based on coherence detection has been developed and is able to detect weak, continuous laser sources even against bright background light. The system is composed of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer with one arm modified with a piezo-mounted mirror to modulate the path length. We introduce methods to determine the laser wavelength and to extend the horizontal field of view of the detector. To widen the field of view, a cone mirror is added to the system while the additional use of a camera allows the direction of the incoming laser beam to be studied. The wavelength from three different lasers is estimated with the use of the modulation amplitude of the piezo mirror. The preliminary results demonstrate that a 360-deg horizontal field of view can be achieved and that the direction of the laser beam can be determined with an estimated angular precision of ±5 deg. Moreover, the wavelength can be determined with a precision of ±10 nm. The system trades sensitivity for a larger field of view with the resultant detection sensitivity equal to 70 nW (or 1 μW · cm − 2) at 635 nm.
Manufacturing and Characterization of a Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Type 8 Reference Standard Material (2014)

Abstract Gene therapy approaches using recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2) and serotype 8 (rAAV8) have achieved significant clinical benefits. The generation of rAAV Reference Standard Materials (RSM) is key to providing points of reference for particle titer, vector genome titer, and infectious titer for gene transfer vectors. Following the example of the rAAV2RSM, here we have generated and characterized a novel RSM based on rAAV serotype 8. The rAAV8RSM was produced using transient transfection, and the purification was based on density gradient ultracentrifugation. The rAAV8RSM was distributed for characterization along with standard assay protocols to 16 laboratories worldwide. Mean titers and 95% confidence intervals were determined for capsid particles (mean, 5.50×10(11) pt/ml; CI, 4.26×10(11) to 6.75×10(11) pt/ml), vector genomes (mean, 5.75×10(11) vg/ml; CI, 3.05×10(11) to 1.09×10(12) vg/ml), and infectious units (mean, 1.26×10(9) IU/ml; CI, 6.46×10(8) to 2.51×10(9) IU/ml). Notably, there was a significant degree of variation between institutions for each assay despite the relatively tight correlation of assay results within an institution. This outcome emphasizes the need to use RSMs to calibrate the titers of rAAV vectors in preclinical and clinical studies at a time when the field is maturing rapidly. The rAAV8RSM has been deposited at the American Type Culture Collection (VR-1816) and is available to the scientific community.
Antitumor activity of a synthetic agonist of TLR9 in preclinical lung cancer models (2006)

2568 Background: Synthetic agonists of TLR9 induce potent Th1-type innate and adaptive immune responses. In the present study, we have studied antitumor activity of a synthetic agonist of TLR9 referred to as immune modulatory oligonucleotide (IMO) in lung cancer models either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Methods: Two different models are evaluated. In one model, mice implanted peritoneally with 3LL-C75 lung carcinoma cells were administered with IMO or PBS once in every two days for six times for evaluating antitumor activity of IMO alone. In a second model, to evaluate combination treatment of IMO with Gemcitabine or cyclophosphamide, mice bearing subcutaneously implanted 3LL tumor were administered with peritumoral injections of IMO and i.p. injections of Gemcitabine or cyclophosphamide. Results and Conclusions: Administration of IMO to mice bearing 3LL-C75 lung carcinoma inhibited tumor growth. Tumor free mice from this study failed to grow tumor when rechallenged with 3LL-C75 lung carcinoma cells, suggesting tumor bearing mice administered with IMO developed memory responses for the same tumor. Further more, naïve mice adoptively transferred with splenocytes obtained from mice that remained tumor free from the above treatment group failed to grow tumor to a rechallenge with 3LL-C75 tumor cells. The co-administration of IMO with chemotherapeutic agents, Gemcitabine and cyclophosphamide resulted in enhanced antitumor effects in 3LL lung cancer model. The present studies show potent antitumor activity of IMO when administered alone and in combination with Gemcitabine and cyclophosphamide in preclinical lung cancer models. [Table: see text]
Signal propagation without distortion in dispersive lossy media (2005)

A non-sinusoidal waveform called speedy delivery that does not undergo shape distortion during propagation in dispersive lossy media is the subject of this paper. The propagation properties of the waveform and applications of the signal in computer circuits are discussed.
3-Heteroaryl-2-pyridones:  Benzodiazepine Site Ligands with Functional Selectivity for α2/α3-Subtypes of Human GABA<sub>A</sub> Receptor-Ion Channels (2002)

A novel series of 3-heteroaryl-5,6-bis(aryl)-1-methyl-2-pyridones were developed with high affinity for the benzodiazepine (BZ) binding site of human gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptor ion channels, low binding selectivity for alpha 2- and/or alpha 3- over alpha 1-containing GABA(A) receptor subtypes and high binding selectivity over alpha 5 subtypes. High affinity appeared to be associated with a coplanar conformation of the pyridone and sulfur-containing 3-heteroaryl rings resulting from an attractive S.O intramolecular interaction. Functional selectivity (i.e., selective efficacy) for alpha 2 and/or alpha 3 GABA(A) receptor subtypes over alpha1 was observed in several of these compounds in electrophysiological assays. Furthermore, an alpha 3 subtype selective inverse agonist was proconvulsant and anxiogenic in rodents while an alpha 2/alpha 3 subtype selective partial agonist was anticonvulsant and anxiolytic, supporting the hypothesis that subtype selective BZ site agonists may provide new anxiolytic therapies.
Gaussian Mixture Models for Temporal Depth Fusion (2017)

Sensing the 3D environment of a moving robot is essential for collision avoidance. Most 3D sensors produce dense depth maps, which are subject to imperfections due to various environmental factors. Temporal fusion of depth maps is crucial to overcome those. Temporal fusion is traditionally done in 3D space with voxel data structures, but it can be approached by temporal fusion in image space, with potential benefits in reduced memory and computational cost for applications like reactive collision avoidance for micro air vehicles. In this paper, we present an efficient Gaussian Mixture Models based depth map fusion approach, introducing an online update scheme for dense representations. The environment is modeled from an ego-centric point of view, where each pixel is represented by a mixture of Gaussian inverse-depth models. Consecutive frames are related to each other by transformations obtained from visual odometry. This approach achieves better accuracy than alternative image space depth map fusion techniques at lower computational cost.
Attenuation of low frequency underwater noise using arrays of air-filled resonators (2014)

This paper investigates the acoustic behavior of underwater air-filled resonators that could potentially be used in an underwater noise abatement system. The resonators are similar to Helmholtz resonators without a neck, consisting of underwater inverted air-filled cavities with combinations of rigid and elastic wall members, and they are intended to be fastened to a framework forming a stationary array surrounding a noise source, such as a pile driving operation, a natural resource production platform, or an air gun array. Previous work has demonstrated the potential of surrounding noise sources with arrays of large stationary encapsulated bubbles that can be designed to attenuate sound levels over any desired frequency band and with levels of reduction up to 50 dB [Lee and Wilson, Proceedings of Meeting on Acoustics 19, 075048 (2013)]. Open water measurements of underwater sound attenuation using resonators were obtained during a set of lake experiments, where a low-frequency electromechanical sound source was surrounded by different arrays of resonators. The results indicate that air-filled resonators are a potential alternative to using encapsulated bubbles for low frequency underwater noise mitigation.
Design and Wind Tunnel Performance Testing of a New Omnidirectional Roof Vent (2007)

Low-slope roofs are subjected to potentially high levels of suction pressure as reported by Baskaran and Savage in 2003 in “Wind pressure measurements on full scale flat roofs.” Traditional roof assemblies are prone to failure when the low pressure on the roof surface instigates a transfer of forces to the roof membrane. Existing pressure-equalized roof systems use the power of the wind to transmit low pressure to the space immediately beneath the roof membrane, pulling the membrane down to the roof surface. The object of this study is the design of a wind vent which, when coupled with a single-ply roof membrane in a complete roof assembly, will successfully equalize low pressure throughout the entire field of the roof. The proposed wind vent differs from existing equalizer valves in its use of the Bernoulli effect to create low pressure. The vent is omnidirectional and contains no moving parts. Future study will be required to determine the tributary area of each vent and other roof system parameters.
Clustering, community partition and disjoint spanning trees (2008)

Clustering method is one of the most important tools in statistics. In a graph theory model, clustering is the process of finding all dense subgraphs. A mathematically well-defined measure for graph density is introduced in this article as follows. Let G = ( V , E ) be a graph (or multi-graph) and H be a subgraph of G . The dynamic density of H is the greatest integer k such that min ∀ P {| E ( H / P )|/| V ( H / P )| − 1} > k where the minimum is taken over all possible partitions P of the vertex set of H , and H / P is the graph obtained from H by contracting each part of P into a single vertex. A subgraph H of G is a level- k community if H is a maximal subgraph of G with dynamic density at least k . An algorithm is designed in this paper to detect all level- h communities of an input multi-graph G . The worst-case complexity of this algorithm is upper bounded by O (| V ( G )| 2 h 2 ). This new method is one of few available clustering methods that are mathematically well-defined, supported by rigorous mathematical proof and able to achieve the optimization goal with polynomial complexity. As a byproduct, this algorithm also can be applied for finding edge-disjoint spanning trees of a multi-graph. The worst-case complexity is lower than all known algorithms for multi-graphs.
Temporal profiles of queries (2007)

Documents with timestamps, such as email and news, can be placed along a timeline. The timeline for a set of documents returned in response to a query gives an indication of how documents relevant to that query are distributed in time. Examining the timeline of a query result set allows us to characterize both how temporally dependent the topic is, as well as how relevant the results are likely to be. We outline characteristic patterns in query result set timelines, and show experimentally that we can automatically classify documents into these classes. We also show that properties of the query result set timeline can help predict the mean average precision of a query. These results show that meta-features associated with a query can be combined with text retrieval techniques to improve our understanding and treatment of text search on documents with timestamps.
Single-loop decoding for multiview video coding (2008)

Multiview video coding (MVC) is currently being standardized by the Joint Video Team as an extension of H264/AVC. When an MVC bitstream is decoded, some views (named target views) are to be displayed; some other views (named dependent views) may not be displayed but are needed for inter-view prediction of the target views. The original MVC design requires pictures of the dependent views to be fully decoded and stored. This entails both high decoding complexity and high memory consumption for the pictures in the views which are not intended for display, particularly when the number of dependent views is large. In this paper, a single-loop decoding (SLD) scheme is introduced to address these disadvantages. SLD requires only partial decoding of pictures in dependent views and thus significantly reduces decoding complexity and memory consumption. The proposed method is based on the so-called motion skip, wherein inter-view motion and coding mode prediction is exploited. Experimental results show that compared to coding schemes that require comparable complexity, significant compression gain can be achieved. For example, 25% bit-rate saving on average can be obtained compared to simulcast. Simulation results also show that the proposed SLD scheme provides a substantial reduction of complexity and memory size, at the expense of only a minor compression efficiency loss, compared with multiple-loop decoding MVC schemes.