gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thin solar concentrator with high concentration ratio (2013)

Solar concentrators are often used in conjunction with III-V multi-junction solar cells for cost reduction and efficiency improvement purposes. High flux concentration ratio, high optical efficiency and high manufacture tolerance are the key features required for a successful solar concentrator design. This paper describes a novel solar concentrator that combines the concepts, and thus the advantages, of both the refractive type ad reflective type. The proposed concentrator design adopts the Etendue-cascading concept that allows the light beams from all the concentric annular entrance pupils to be collected and transferred to the solar cell with minimal loss. This concept enables the system to perform near its Etendue-Limit and have a high concentration ratio simultaneously. Thereby reducing the costs of solar cells and therefor achieves a better the per watts cost. The concentrator demonstrated has a thing aspect ratio of 0.19 with a zero back focal distance. The numerical aperture at the solar cell immersed inside the dielectric concentrator is as high as 1.33 achieving a unprecedented high optical concentration ratio design.
Real-time implementation of grid-connected PV system with decoupled P-Q controllers (2014)

A control strategy for grid integrated photovoltaic (PV) system is presented in this paper. To capture the maximum available power from PV panels, an Incremental conductance(IC) method is implemented. Since the power generated from the PV array is DC, a voltage source inverter (VSI) with its independent active and reactive power control is implemented to transfer the generated power to the grid. The system model has been developed that consists of PV module, buck converter, VSI, buck converter controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and VSI controller. Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) is used to implement the proposed controller. Different scenarios by varying the temperature and irradiation are used to validate the controller's capability.
Rectangular realizations of a new class of dual-mode microwave filters (2004)

In this paper, we give two rectangular realizations of a new structure able to improve an elliptic function. This structure overcomes the difficulties met when the electromagnetic analysis of a circular structure is performed. First, we describe a design procedure of this new type and two sets of experimental results are presented to illustrate the accuracy between theory and performance. This new configuration can create zeros at the right or left hand of the band. With a very powerful computational electromagnetic analysis, the design needs less tuning. To validate this new concept of filtering, we present the measurements of two TE/sub 10//TE/sub 30/ rectangular dual-mode filters.
The LAJ Cycle: A New Combined-Cycle Fossil Fuel Power System (2002)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed a novel system for combined-cycle power generation, called the LAJ cycle. This system could serve as a basis for the development of a new generation of high-efficiency combined cycles. In one of several possible configurations of the new combined-cycle fossil fuel power system, natural gas enters the system at 4.0 MPa and about 300 K, is heated and reformed, and is transferred to a turbine at 4.0 MPa and 1200 K. The gas expands in the turbine to 0.6 MPa and 800 K, and then flows successively to heat exchangers and a condenser-separator, after which it is separated into two gas streams, one containing principally CO with some CH4 and water vapor and the other containing pure H2. The CO and H2 flow to separate fuel cells and undergo electrochemical oxidation with the concomitant production of electricity. Separate streams of water and carbon dioxide (CO2) are produced, making this cycle compatible with carbon mitigation strategies based on sequestration. Model calculations indicate combined-cycle efficiencies greater than 70% based on the lower heating value of natural gas. The high efficiencies realized result from a combination of the high-pressure natural gas reformate expansion and the highly efficient CO and H2 fuel cells. Most of the power derives from the fuel cells in the system.
Renin inhibitors containing hydrophilic groups. Tetrapeptides with enhanced aqueous solubility and nanomolar potency (1988)

Nineteen tetrapeptides containing statine (Sta) and 4-amino-5-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypentanoic acid (ACHPA) were prepared. Solubility measurements of these compounds were carried out in H2O and in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution, and their partition coefficients were determined in a 1:1 1-octanol/sodium phosphate-citric acid buffer system. The tetrapeptides were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit porcine, canine, and human plasma renins. Four compounds, 6, 12, 14, and 20, were potent inhibitors against all renins tested (IC50 = 10(-9) M). Compound 12 was administered orally to dogs and substantially inhibited plasma renin activity for up to 5 h. The addition of polar groups to the C-terminus of Sta- and ACHPA-containing tetrapeptides renders them soluble in aqueous milieu and provides a valuable tool with which to examine the role of the renin-angiotensin system in physiological and pathological circumstances.
A Scalable Space–Time Multi-plane Optical Interconnection Network Using Energy-Efficient Enabling Technologies [Invited] (2011)

This paper presents an energy-efficient multi-plane optical interconnection network to interconnect servers in a data center. The novel architecture uses the time domain to individually address each port within a card and the space domain to address each card. Optical enabling technologies passively time-compress serial packets by exploiting the wavelength domain and perform a broadcast-and-select to a destination card with minimum power dissipation. Scalability of both the physical layer and the overall power dissipation of the architecture is shown to be enhanced with respect to the existing interconnection network architectures based on space and wavelength domains. The space–time network architecture is scalable up to 216 ports with space-switches exhibiting energy efficiency of the order of picojoules per bit, thanks to the self-enabled semiconductor-optical-amplifier-based space-switches.
Magnetically Tunable Colloidal Photonic Structures in Alkanol Solutions (2008)

Magnetically tunable photonic structures are prepared in alkanol solutions by using silica-modified superparamagnetic Fe3O4 colloids as building blocks. Repulsive electrostatic and solvation forces and magnetically induced attractive forces contribute to the ordering of the Fe3O4@SiO2 colloids. The ability to form tunable photonic structures in nonaqueous solutions allows the fabrication of field-responsive polymer composite films for potential applications as displays and sensors. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
WE‐C‐I‐609‐01: Computer‐Aided Diagnosis: Computerized Classification of Malignant and Benign Microcalcifications On Full Field Digital Mammograms (2005)

Purpose: To develop a computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) system for characterization of malignant and benign microcalcifications on mammograms acquired with a full field digital mammography (FFDM) system. Method and Materials: Our computerized classification system uses raw digital mammograms as input. The individual microcalcifications are first segmented by the system from the mammographic breast tissue background. Five morphological features describing the size, the density, and the shape of the individual microcalcifications are extracted. The mean and the variation of each of these features for the individual microcalcifications within a cluster are calculated. These cluster features in combination with the number of microcalcifications in a cluster form the morphological feature space. For texture feature extraction, a region of interest (ROI) containing the cluster of microcalcifications is identified on the mammogram. Background correction is applied to the ROI to reduce the intensity variation in the breast tissue areas. Texture features including the mean, entropy, contrast, and angular second moment are extracted from the gray level dependence difference statistics of the background‐corrected ROIs in four directions. A leave‐one‐case‐out resampling scheme is used to train and test the linear discriminant classifier. The most effective features from the combined morphological and texture feature space are identified using stepwise feature selection with simplex optimization in each training cycle. The performance of the classifier is evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: In a preliminary study using digitized mammograms, the computer classifier obtained an area under the ROC curve, Az, of 0.82±0.03 for testing. The performance of the CAD system using a data set of 100 cases of biopsy‐proven microcalcifications on FFDMs will be presented. Conclusion: A trained CAD system can provide an estimate of the likelihood of malignancy of microcalcification on mammograms and thus may be used as a second opinion by radiologists for mammographic interpretation.
Time-resolved immunofluorometric assay of trypsin-2 complexed with alpha 1-antitrypsin in serum (1994)

We developed a sensitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) for trypsin-2 complexed with alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT). We used a trypsin-2-specific monoclonal antibody on the solid phase and a europium-labeled polyclonal antibody to AAT as tracer. The detection limit is 0.05 microgram/L and the range of linearity extends to 100 micrograms/L. We compared the clinical utility of the trypsin-2-AAT assay with that of free trypsinogen-2 and amylase in serum by studying 120 healthy subjects, 29 patients with acute pancreatitis, 11 with extrahepatic biliary obstruction, and 34 with acute abdominal disorders of extrapancreatic origin. In patients with acute pancreatitis the median concentration of trypsin-2-AAT in serum was 59-fold that in healthy controls, 42-fold that in patients with biliary obstruction, and 33-fold that in patients with acute abdominal disorders of extrapancreatic origin. These differences are greater than those for trypsinogen-2 (19-, 20-, and 28-fold, respectively) and amylase (5.4-, 6.5-, and 5.4-fold, respectively). Compared with the assays of free trypsinogen-2 and amylase, our assay of trypsin-2-AAT improved the clinical specificity for acute pancreatitis by eliminating false-positive results in our control groups. Increased concentrations of trypsin-2-AAT and trypsinogen-2 were also observed in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis.
Identification and characterization of putative Chk2 inhibitors (2007)

4374 Chk2 is a checkpoint kinase involved in the ATM-Chk2 checkpoint pathway (http://discover.nci.nih.gov/mim). This pathway is activated by genomic instability and DNA damage and results in either cell death (apoptosis) or arrest of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair to occur. Chk2 is activated by phosphorylation and in turn phosphorylates its downstream targets, including p53 and Cdc25C. Currently there are no specific inhibitors of Chk2 in the clinic. The rationale for developing specific Chk2 inhibitors is primarily due to the dual role of Chk2 on cell cycle checkpoints and on apoptosis via phosphorylation of its downstream substrates including Cdc25A, Cdc25C, p53, BRCA1, E2F1, and PML. Chk2 provides an unexplored therapeutic target in cancer cells with inherent defects in G1 checkpoint function. By virtue of Chk29s role in both cell cycle checkpoint regulation and apoptosis, selective inhibition of Chk2 could improve the therapeutic index of DNA-damaging agents. This may be especially true in p53-deficient tumors where the p53-dependent apoptotic response is deficient. In normal tissues Chk2 may act as a pro-apoptotic effector, thus Chk2 inhibitors may protect normal tissues (Reviewed in Pommier et al. 2005 Curr Pharm Des 11, 2855). In collaboration with DTP, we have developed a drug screening program for specific Chk2 inhibitors using a fluorescence polarization assay, IMAP. This assay detects the degree of phosphorylation of a fluorescently-linked substrate by Chk2 and any subsequent inhibition. Over 100,000 compounds have been tested from the Open Synthetic Repository (OSR) library and a number of leads have been identified. Here we present further in vitro data showing the specific inhibition of Chk2 kinase activity by the lead compounds using an in vitro kinase assay. Overall these data provide a promising basis for studies using the lead compounds in combination with current DNA-damaging agents used in the clinic.
Mixed-Precision 'Memcomputing' (2017)

To process the ever-increasing amounts of data, computing technology has relied upon the laws of Dennard and Moore to scale up the performance of conventional von Neumann machines. As these laws break down due to technological limits, a radical departure from the processor-memory dichotomy is needed to circumvent the limitations of today's computers. 'Memcomputing' is a promising concept in which the physical attributes and state dynamics of nanoscale resistive memory devices are exploited to perform computational tasks with collocated memory and processing. The capability of 'memcomputing' for performing certain logical and arithmetic operations has been demonstrated. However, device variability and non-ideal device characteristics pose technical challenges to reach the numerical accuracy usually required in practice for data analytics and scientific computing. To resolve this, we propose the concept of mixed-precision 'memcomputing' that combines a von Neumann machine with a 'memcomputer' in a hybrid system that benefits from both the high precision of conventional computing and the energy/areal efficacy of 'memcomputing'. Such a system can achieve arbitrarily high computational accuracy with the bulk of the computation realized as low-precision 'memcomputing'. We demonstrate this by addressing the problem of solving systems of linear equations and present experimental results of solving accurately a system of 10,000 equations using 959,376 phase-change memory devices. We also demonstrate a practical application of computing the gene interaction network from RNA expression measurements. These results illustrate that an interconnection of high-precision arithmetic and 'memcomputing' can be used to solve problems at the core of today's computing applications.
Enhancing Light-Matter Interaction with high-Q Fano Dielectric Metasurfaces (2017)

We experimentally demonstrate largely enhanced light-matter interaction using high-Q Fano dielectric metasurfaces. We observe large enhancements, spectral tailoring and lifetime shortening of the photoluminescence of single photon emitters embedded inside III-V all-dielectric metasurfaces.
Tissue Characterization Using Intrinsic NMR Parameters and a Hierarchical Processing Algorithm (1985)

The multiparametric nature of NMR imaging allows the same section to be displayed in many different ways by either adjusting acquisition parameters or calculating additional images, creating a possibly overwhelming data set. The need for this many images may be reduced by creating tissue type maps where each tissue is identified according to its characteristic NMR parameters and painted using a color code. Although T1 and T2 values for normal tissue are reproducible, variability among patients, the wide range of T1,T2 and N(H) values for abnormal tissue and partial volume averaging make the determination of tissue signatures difficult without significant operator intervention. A hierarchical processing algorithm, pyramidal segmentation, allowing simultaneous analysis at multiple levels of spatial resolution provides the basis for a tissue mapping algorithm with significantly reduced operator supervision.
Experiments on the hydrodynamic performance of horizontal axis tidal current turbine and desalination of sea water (2015)

Tidal current turbine is the core equipment to convert the tidal current energy. In this paper, the performance of the designed tidal current turbine is tested in the laboratory, then the impeller is used to conduct an experiment on the desalination of sea water. The sea test of the novel equipment has been done in BoHai Sea. The experimental results indicate that the efficiency of the newly developed turbine could reach up to 47.6%; the corresponding tip speed ratio is from 3.5 to 6. Under the condition of big yaw angle, the turbine could still remain high working efficiency. When the tidal current velocity exceeds 1.0 m/s, the pressure may increase to 3.5 Mpa, and under this condition, sea water can be desalinated through reverse osmic membrane. The electrical conductivity of desalinated water is around 540 μS/cm. For the experiment on hydrodynamic performance, the self-starting flow velocity of the turbine is 0.745 m/s, the staring torque is 1 Nm while about 0.97–1.0 m/s self-starting flow velocity and around 10–15 Nm starting torque for the experiment on desalination of sea water. It is believed a good attempt by using tidal current turbine in the desalination of sea water, providing the practice basis on expanding the utilization of ocean energy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A droplet‐merging platform for comparative functional analysis of m1 and m2 macrophages in response to <i>e. coli</i>‐induced stimuli (2016)

Microfluidic droplets are used to isolate cell pairs and prevent crosstalk with neighboring cells, while permitting free motility and interaction within the confined space. Dynamic analysis of cellular heterogeneity in droplets has provided insights in various biological processes. Droplet manipulation methods such as fusion and fission make it possible to precisely regulate the localized environment of a cell in a droplet and deliver reagents as required. Droplet fusion strategies achieved by passive mechanisms preserve cell viability and are easier to fabricate and operate. Here, we present a simple and effective method for the co-encapsulation of polarized M1 and M2 macrophages with Escherichia coli (E. coli) by passive merging in an integrated droplet generation, merging, and docking platform. This approach facilitated live cell profiling of effector immune functions in situ and quantitative functional analysis of macrophage heterogeneity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 705-709. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ring-Opening Dental Resin Systems Based on Cyclic Acetals (1993)

For monomers of comparable size, ring-opening polymerization results in less shrinkage than that which accompanies 1,2-vinyl addition polymerization. Two monomer types were synthesized, nonvinyl (NVCA) and vinyl (VCA) cyclic acetals. The goals of this study were to assess the potential for reduced shrinkage through free radical ring-opening polymerization of NVCA and VCA type monomers, and to test the mechanical strength of dental resin composites formulated with these novel monomers. Homo- and copolymerizations were conducted with several NVCAs and VCAs to evaluate their potential as comonomers in dental polymeric composites. Composite specimens were formulated with PBMD, a VCA derived from terephthaldehyde, and EBPADM, an ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, and tested for their mechanical strength. Three control formulations were tested, one containing 100% EBPADM, the second containing PBD, a NVCA derived from terephthaldehyde, and the last containing p-dimethoxybenzene (DMOB). The composites containing PBMD and PBD gave mechanical strength values similar to the EBPADM control, while the control containing DMOB had much lower strength.
Notch Activation Induces Akt Signaling via an Autocrine Loop to Prevent Apoptosis in Breast Epithelial Cells (2009)

The Notch pathway is aberrantly activated in a wide range of cancers, including breast carcinoma, and is required to maintain the transformed phenotype of many of these tumors. Notch signaling contributes to the transformed phenotype, in part, by preventing apoptosis in response to many different stimuli. However, it is unclear how Notch activation can lead to a general suppression of apoptosis. We show here that Notch signaling induced an autocrine signaling loop that activates Akt in breast epithelial cells. This activation of Akt was necessary for Notch-induced protection against apoptosis in the nontransformed breast epithelial cell line MCF10A. Moreover, inhibiting Notch signaling in breast cancer cells induced a decrease in Akt activity and an increase in sensitivity to apoptosis. Finally, the inhibition of ASK1 by Akt was responsible for the protection from apoptosis induced by DNA damage, as it prevented c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-mediated phosphorylation and activation of p53.
Simultaneous 2D Localization of Multiple Standard Passive LF-RFID Transponders (2018)

In this paper, an approach to the simultaneous two dimensional localization of 16 LF-RFID transponders is proposed. The underlying hardware setup as well as the localization algorithms are explained. Prior to the localization, the transponders must be programmed with a special modulation pattern. A detailed discussion on the modulation pattern and the synchronization of the signals is given. The advantage of the proposed method is that no complex bi-directional communication protocol or anti-collision method needs to be employed. The theoretical amount of simultaneously localizable transponders is limited to 64 by the size of the transponder memory. Using a laboratory setup consisting of a wooden shelf with 16 compartments, the localization and identification method is demonstrated with 16 transponders. Limitations of the method are pointed out and probabilities of failures are measured. The robustness of the method is shown with metallic components being added to the shelf.
Structured highlight inspection of specular surfaces (1988)

An approach to illumination and imaging of specular surfaces that yields three-dimensional shape information is described. The structured highlight approach uses a scanned array of point sources and images of the resulting reflected highlights to compute local surface height and orientation. A prototype structured highlight inspection system, called SHINY, has been implemented. SHINY demonstrates the determination of surface shape for several test objects including solder joints. The current SHINY system makes the distant-source assumption and requires only one camera. A stereo structured highlight system using two cameras is proposed to determine surface-element orientation for objects in a much larger field of view. Analysis and description of the algorithms are included. The proposed structured highlight techniques are promising for many industrial tasks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 32-bank 256-Mb DRAM with cache and TAG (1994)

A 125 megabyte/s synchronous 32-bank 256-Mb DRAM has been developed by a bank-interleaving oriented multibank architecture including a shared-sense amplifier cache with an overlapped bank control for hidden precharge, phase-aligned timing pulse transmission, and voltage controlled negative conductance (VCNC) data-bus current sense amplifier.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>