gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of CyGNSS Bistatic Reflectivity and SMAP Microwave Radiometry Brightness Temperature to Geophysical Parameters Over Land Surfaces (2018)

This paper presents an assessment of the correlation between CyGNSS-derived global navigation satellite systems reflectometry (GNSS-R) bistatic reflectivity, Γ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rl</sub> , and soil moisture active passive (SMAP) derived brightness temperature, T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</sub> /2, over land surfaces. This parametric study is performed as a function of soil moisture content (SMC), vegetation opacity r, and albedo w. Several target areas, classified according to the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) land cover types, are selected to evaluate potential differentiated geophysical effects on “active” (as many transmitters as navigation satellites are in view) and passive approaches. Although microwave radiometry has potentially a better sensitivity to SMC, the spatial resolution achievable from a spaceborne platform is poor, ~40 km. On the other hand, GNSS-R bistatic coherent radar pixel-size is limited by half of the first Fresnel zone, which provides about ~150 m of spatial resolution (depending on the geometry). The main objective of this “active”/passive combination is twofold: a) downscaling the SMC, b) complement the information of microwave radiometry with GNSS-R data to improve the accuracy in SMC determination. The Pearson linear correlation coefficient of Γrl and T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</sub> /2 obtained over Thailand, Argentinian Pampas, and Amazon is ~-0.87, ~-0.7, and ~-0.26, respectively, while the so-called tau-omega model is used to fit the data. Results over croplands are quite promising and deserve special attention since the use of GNSS-R could benefit agricultural and hydrological applications because of: a) the high spatio-temporal sampling properties, b) the high spatial resolution, and c) the potential combination with microwave radiometry to improve the accuracy of the measurements.
A potential role for excitotoxins in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (1988)

It has been proposed that endogenously released excitatory amino acids may contribute to injury of the central nervous system in a variety of disorders including certain neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and cerebral ischemia. In the present studies we evaluated the hypothesis that excitatory amino acids, acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, contribute to secondary tissue damage following traumatic spinal cord injury. Administration of NMDA, adjacent to the trauma site, significantly worsened the outcome after thoracic cord injury in rats, whereas its stereoisomer, N-methyl-L-aspartate (NMLA), was without effect. Systemic treatment with MK-801--a selective, centrally active, NMDA antagonist--significantly improved neurological outcome after trauma. These findings extend the excitotoxin concept to central nervous system trauma and indicate that NMDA antagonists may be beneficial in the treatment of traumatic spinal cord injury.
Oil agglomeration of coal at a moderate shear rate (2021)

An aqueous suspension of ultrafine particles of moderately hydrophobic Colchester Seam coal from Illinois was treated with heptane or hexadecane in a laboratory mixing unit which produced a moderate shear rate. Under these conditions, air had to be present to produce compact, nearly spherical agglomerates. In addition, considerable heptane or hexadecane had to be used together with prolonged agitation Conditions which produced a large yield of compact, spherical agglomerates also provided a good separation of a mixture of coal and kaolin particles.
Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Modulates p107 Function in Myeloid Cells (1996)

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a potent inhibitor of hematopoietic cell growth. Here we report that TGF-beta1 signals inhibition of IL-3-dependent 32D-123 murine myeloid cell growth by modulating the activities of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) proteins and their complex formation in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Whereas the cyclin E protein was hyperphosphorylated in TGF-beta1 treated cells, TGF-beta1 decreased both the phosphorylation of cdk2 and the kinase activity of the cyclin E-cdk2 complex. Decreased cyclin E-cdk2 kinase activity correlated with decreased phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma-related protein p107. In support of these observations, transient overexpression of p107 inhibited the proliferation of the myeloid cells, and expression of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to p107 mRNA blocked TGF-beta1 inhibition of myeloid cell growth. Furthermore, as reported previously, in 32D-123 TGF-beta1 treated cells, c-Myc protein expression was decreased. TGF-beta1 increased the binding of p107 to the transcription factor E2F, leading to decreased c-Myc protein levels. p107 inhibited E2F transactivation activity and was also found to bind the c-Myc protein, suggesting p107 negative regulation of c-Myc protein function. These studies demonstrate the modulation of p107 function by TGF-beta1 and suggest a novel mechanism by which TGF-beta1 blocks cell cycle progression in myeloid cells.
Effect of combinations of drugs on all cause mortality in patients with ischaemic heart disease: nested case-control analysis (2005)

Combinations of statins, aspirins, and beta blockers improve survival in high risk patients with cardiovascular disease, although the addition of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor conferred no additional benefit despite the analysis being adjusted for congestive cardiac failure.
Microfabrication and Characterization of SiO<inf>2</inf> Microcantilever for High Sensitive Moisture Sensor (2007)

As an outstanding sensor platform, surface-stress sensing microcantilevers have potential application in moisture detection. To enlarge the deflection of the microcantilever under surface stress induced by specific reactions, a new SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> microcantilever is developed which features a much lower Young's modulus than conventional Si or SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> microcantilevers. For comparing SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> cantilever with Si cantilevers, simulation of the cantilever sensor is given, resulting in good agreement with the experimental data. To fabricate this device, a new fabrication process using isotropic combined with anisotropic dry etching to release the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> microcantilever beam by ICP (inductively coupled plasma) was developed and investigated. Attributed to the high sensitivity, significant deflection amplitude of the surface modified SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> microcantilever was observed upon exposure to one percentage relative humidity.
Field vaccination of broilers against coccidiosis (1989)

Control of coccidiosis by vaccination or by medication with anti-coccidial drugs were compared on a commercial broiler farm. An attenuated, embryo-adapted line of Eimeria tenella, a virulent laboratory strain of E. acervulina and a precocious (attenuated) line of E. maxima, used for vaccination, were given in three combinations: E. tenella alone, E. tenella plus E. acervulina or E. tenella together with E. acervulina and E. maxima. Oocysts were given via feed when chickens were 2 to 8 days old. In four trials the performance of 8,416 chickens vaccinated with E. tenella alone or in combination with E. acervulina was as that of chickens given anticoccidial drugs. The performance of 3,601 chickens vaccinated with E. tenella, E. acervulina and E. maxima was not better than that of chickens vaccinated with E. tenella and E. acervulina only. The performance of 61,772 chickens vaccinated with E. tenella and E. acervulina in four large scale crops was similar to that of the control chickens and that of the previous six crops, which had been medicated with anticoccidial drugs.
Structural and Genetic Diversity of Group B<i>Streptococcus</i>Capsular Polysaccharides (2005)

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an important pathogen of neonates, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals. GBS isolates associated with human infection produce one of nine antigenically distinct capsular polysaccharides which are thought to play a key role in virulence. A comparison of GBS polysaccharide structures of all nine known GBS serotypes together with the predicted amino acid sequences of the proteins that direct their synthesis suggests that the evolution of serotype-specific capsular polysaccharides has proceeded through en bloc replacement of individual glycosyltransferase genes with DNA sequences that encode enzymes with new linkage specificities. We found striking heterogeneity in amino acid sequences of synthetic enzymes with very similar functions, an observation that supports horizontal gene transfer rather than stepwise mutagenesis as a mechanism for capsule variation. Eight of the nine serotypes appear to be closely related both structurally and genetically, whereas serotype VIII is more distantly related. This similarity in polysaccharide structure strongly suggests that the evolutionary pressure toward antigenic variation exerted by acquired immunity is counterbalanced by a survival advantage conferred by conserved structural motifs of the GBS polysaccharides.
High-risk mammographic parenchymal patterns and anthropometric measures: A case–control study (1999)

Mammographic parenchymal patterns are related to breast cancer risk and are also affected by anthropometric measure. We carried out a case-control study comprising 200 cases with high-risk (P2 and DY) mammographic parenchymal pattern and 200 controls with low-risk (N1 and P1) patterns in order to investigate the effect of body size and shape and breast size on mammographic patterns. Women in the highest quartile of body mass index (BMI) distribution were significantly less likely to have a high-risk pattern (odds ratio (OR) = 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08-0.52, P-value for trend = 0.001) compared to those in the lowest quartile. Relative to women with a waist to hip ratio (WHR) of less than 0.75, the OR of having a high-risk pattern in women with a WHR greater than 0.80 was 0.30 (95% CI 0.14-0.63). Breast size as measured by cup size was significantly and negatively related to high-risk pattern. Our study indicates that both BMI and WHR are negatively associated with high-risk patterns. However, both phenomena are associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This negative confounding of two positive risk factors means that the effect of parenchymal patterns on risk will tend to be underestimated when not adjusted for BMI and WHR and vice versa. Thus we may have underestimated the importance of BMI and mammographic parenchymal patterns in the past. Further studies are needed to determine a measure of parenchymal density that is independent of anthropometric measures and breast size.
Gold—an introductory perspective (2008)

We introduce the collection of reviews in this thematic issue of Chemical Society Reviews that demonstrate and discuss the current cutting edge research in the field of gold chemistry and materials science as it stands today. We also highlight achievements in the fields of gold catalysis, gold nanoparticles and the preparative, structural and theoretical chemistry of gold, and discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities. Our aim is to inspire further discovery in these new and deeply fascinating fields.
<title>1.56-THz compact radar range for W-band imagery of scale-model tactical targets</title> (2000)

A new very high-frequency compact radar range has been developed to measure scale models of tactical targets. This compact range has demonstrated very good signal-to-noise and is useful in measuring low observable targets. In addition to normal ISAR imaging of targets (range vs. horizontal cross- range), the system can also produce two-dimensional images in azimuth and elevation (vertical cross-range vs. horizontal cross-range). The 1.56 THz transceiver uses two high-stability optically pumped far-infrared lasers, microwave/laser side- band generation for frequency sweep, and a pair of Schottky diode receivers for coherent integration. Measurements made on 1/16th scale models of tactical targets, simulating W-band frequencies, allows the formation of images of very high cross-range resolution (3.5 cm full scale) while still integrating over a reasonably small angular extent (2.5 degrees). The results from several targets that have been recently measured will be presented.
Treatments for Chronic Pain Associated With Spinal Cord Injuries: Many Are Tried, Few Are Helpful (2002)

This survey of two large samples of community-dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury-related chronic pain indicates that multiple pain treatments are tried but only a few are rated as more than somewhat helpful. Furthermore, the treatments that are most commonly reported are not always those that are rated as most helpful. The findings point to a number of potentially fruitful directions for future research.
On the nature of the fluorenone-based emission in oxidized poly(dialkyl-fluorene)s (2008)

This study examines the underlying nature of the green emission band observed as a result of oxidation in dialkyl-fluorene polymers. Specifically, we set out to further determine whether an inter- (excimeric) or intra-molecular fluorenone-based excited state is involved. The emission properties of poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene) dispersed at low concentration in a solid polystyrene matrix are carefully explored. In situ, time-resolved photoluminescence measurements are made during photo-oxidation of the blend and during subsequent exposure to an atmosphere saturated with the vapour of a good solvent. The polystyrene matrix suppresses the appearance of the green emission band during oxidation but the subsequent solvent vapour exposure then activates it. The same effect (activation of the green emission) can be achieved by thermally annealing the matrix above its glass transition temperature. Moreover, the activation of the green emission can be reversed by dissolving the film and re-casting. This behaviour is attributed to controlling the phase structure of the polyfluorene/polystyrene blend and is considered strong evidence for an origin of the green band emission in the formation of excimer-like states between co-facially arranged fluorenone moieties. The photoluminescence behaviour of 9-fluorenone and fluorene molecular mixtures in solution is also studied. This model system allows analysis of the green emission band independent of relative intra- and inter-molecular energy transfer effects since this system is affected only by inter-molecular energy transfer. These results provide further evidence for an excimeric origin of the green emission.
EDTA-Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework for the Removal of Heavy-Metal Ions (2019)

The removal of heavy-metal ions from wastewater has drawn intense attention, because of their toxicity, bioaccumulation tendency, and persistency in nature. Adsorption is regarded as one of the most promising methods, because of its simplicity and efficiency. In the present work, we report the preparation of a novel EDTA-functionalized covalent organic framework (COF) for the removal of heavy-metal ions. First, a COF named TpPa-NO<sub>2</sub> was reduced to TpPa-NH<sub>2</sub> by using Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as a reductant, and then EDTA dianhydride was grafted onto TpPa-NH<sub>2</sub> to obtain TpPa-NH<sub>2</sub>@EDTA through post-modification. Both the COF morphology and structure remained unchanged after post-modification. The TpPa-NH<sub>2</sub>@EDTA showed excellent performance in adsorbing different types of heavy-metal ions, such as soft Lewis acid (Ag<sup>+</sup>, Pd<sup>2+</sup>), hard Lewis acid (Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Cr<sup>3+</sup>), and borderline Lewis acid (Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>), and the removal efficiencies are all >85% within 5 min, because of the strong chelation effect of EDTA. The TpPa-NH<sub>2</sub>@EDTA also showed high adsorption ability in a pH ≥3 environment and have an adsorption capacity of >50 mg/g for the six representative heavy-metal ions. This work provides a new idea for the application of COF materials in the removal of heavy-metal ions from wastewater.
Electrochromism of Niobium Oxide Thin Films Prepared by the Sol‐Gel Process (1994)

Thin layers of niobium oxide (NbQ) were accumulated by the sol-gel process, with the sol of NbO= in ethanol prepared by partial hydrolysis of commercial niobium(V) ethoxide, on glass plates coated with transparent conducting tin oxide. Characterization by x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetry revealed that the as-prepared film, consisting of fully hydrated amorphous niobium(V) oxide undergoes dehydration into the partially hydrated form and, finally, crystalline niobium(V) oxide (Nb=Os) by calcination at the temperature up to 873 K. The films exhibited electrochromic (EC) properties; the reversible color change was observed between colorless and brown-black by alternating anodic and cathodic polarizations, respectively. Among the films used in this study the crystalline Nb20~ film showed the best EC properties and its spectral change, durability for repeated coloration-decoloration cycles, and retentivity of colored states, i.e., memory characteristics under open-circuit conditions were investigated in detail.
Combined gene expression analysis of whole-tissue and microdissected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma identifies genes specifically overexpressed in tumor epithelia. (2009)

We improve on other microarray studies of PDAC by putting together the higher statistical power due to a larger number of samples with information about cell-type specific expression and patient survival.
Comparative Evaluation of Stationary Foreground Object Detection Algorithms Based on Background Subtraction Techniques (2009)

In several video surveillance applications, such as the detection of abandoned/stolen objects or parked vehicles,the detection of stationary foreground objects is a critical task. In the literature, many algorithms have been proposed that deal with the detection of stationary foreground objects, the majority of them based on background subtraction techniques. In this paper we discuss various stationary object detection approaches comparing them in typical surveillance scenarios (extracted from standard datasets). Firstly, the existing approaches based on background-subtraction are organized into categories. Then, a representative technique of each category is selected and described. Finally, a comparative evaluation using objective and subjective criteria is performed on video surveillance sequences selected from the PETS 2006 and i-LIDS for AVSS 2007 datasets, analyzing the advantages and drawbacks of each selected approach.
Involvement of Innate Immunity in the Development of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (2005)

Initial events and effector mechanisms of most inflammatory and autoimmune diseases remain largely unknown. Dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immune systems associated with mucosae (the major interface between the organism and its environment, e.g., microbiota, food) can conceivably cause impairment of mucosal barrier function and development of localized or systemic inflammatory and autoimmune processes. Animal models help in elucidating the etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, such as the inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, severe chronic diseases affecting the gut. To study the role of innate immunity and gut microbiota in intestinal inflammation, colitis was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Conventionally reared (microflora-colonized) SCID mice displayed severe inflammation like that seen in immunocompetent Balb/c mice, whereas only minor changes appeared in the intestinal mucosa of DSS-fed gnotobiotic germ-free SCID mice. The presence of microflora facilitates the inflammation in DSS-induced colitis that develops in immunodeficient SCID mice, that is, in the absence of T and B lymphocytes. Celiac disease, a chronic autoimmune small bowel disorder, afflicts genetically susceptible individuals with wheat gluten intolerance. We showed that, in contrast with any other food proteins, wheat gliadin and its peptic fragments activate mouse macrophages and human monocytes to produce proinflammatory cytokines through the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway. Activation of innate immunity cells by food proteins or components from gut microbiota thus could participate in the impairment of intestinal mucosa and the development of intestinal and/or systemic inflammation.
Numerical Analyses of an Energy Loaded Joint for a Deployable Satellite Structure (1995)

Reflectors which are an integral part of space vehicles must be collapsed into the body of the vehicle for transportation to space. It is not efficient to store solid reflectors with a diameter greater than about 2.5 m in the launch vehicle and consequently deployable reflectors are used. This paper discusses the use of a flexible joint mechanism to enable a large reflector to be folded to a compact size and then deployed at geosynchronous orbit. The joint would be incorporated into the members of a skeletal truss structure and their effect on the dynamic behaviour of a single structural member and a large truss framework has been studied. It has been shown that the resonant behaviour of a structural member was significantly altered by introducing a joint into the system, but that of large trusses was not as seriously affected and resembled the equivalent of a non-jointed structure. The resonant frequencies of the jointed structure are shown to be similar to those of the non-jointed one but the amplitudes of vibration are significantly lower.
Increased cytoplasmic<i>TARDBP</i>mRNA in affected spinal motor neurons in ALS caused by abnormal autoregulation of TDP-43 (2016)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disorder. In motor neurons of ALS, TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43), a nuclear protein encoded by TARDBP, is absent from the nucleus and forms cytoplasmic inclusions. TDP-43 auto-regulates the amount by regulating the TARDBP mRNA, which has three polyadenylation signals (PASs) and three additional alternative introns within the last exon. However, it is still unclear how the autoregulatory mechanism works and how the status of autoregulation in ALS motor neurons without nuclear TDP-43 is. Here we show that TDP-43 inhibits the selection of the most proximal PAS and induces splicing of multiple alternative introns in TARDBP mRNA to decrease the amount of cytoplasmic TARDBP mRNA by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. When TDP-43 is depleted, the TARDBP mRNA uses the most proximal PAS and is increased in the cytoplasm. Finally, we have demonstrated that in ALS motor neurons-especially neurons with mislocalized TDP-43-the amount of TARDBP mRNA is increased in the cytoplasm. Our observations indicate that nuclear TDP-43 contributes to the autoregulation and suggests that the absence of nuclear TDP-43 induces an abnormal autoregulation and increases the amount of TARDBP mRNA. The vicious cycle might accelerate the disease progression of ALS.