gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluations of the Chemical Stability and Cytotoxicity of CuInS<sub>2</sub> and CuInS<sub>2</sub>/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dots (2015)

Recently, CuInS2 quantum dots (CIS QDs) are extensively applied in biological applications because of their distinctive optical property. These novel ternary semiconductor CIS QDs can be developed into good biomarkers or trackers because they do not contain cadmium, unlike CdTe and CdSe QDs with high risk for cytotoxicity. However, reports on toxicity and effective factors affecting CIS QDs are seldom developed, and in vivo chemical stability has not been clearly investigated. In this study, we focused on the fate, degradation, and exposure time of CIS QDs in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), which is used as a model organism in biology. Moreover, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) is used to identify the oxidation state of CIS and CIS/ZnS QDs in various exposure times. The purpose was to use different oxidation states of copper and zinc ions of QDs to achieve chemical stability in C. elegans. CIS and CIS/ZnS QDs were synthesized by hydrothermal method, and QDs were transferred to aqueous solution by coating with O-carboxymethylchitosan (OCMCS). Moreover, intracellular uptake and cell viability tests were estimated as preliminary experiments for in vitro cytotoxicity testing. Our results showed that the supported QD materials can be applied in biological systems. Consequently, we further considered the function of QD materials in C. elegans. The QD materials of coating OCMCS could be successfully delivered to the interior of the C. elegans through the alimentary system in a manner dependent on the exposure time. Most importantly, XANES results revealed that the oxidative state of CIS QDs did not change without an outer layer after treatment for 96 h in C. elegans. Therefore, the extreme chemical stability of CIS QDs may explain the low cytotoxicity in the organism and thus has potential biomedical applications.
A Late Holocene Record of Vegetation and Climate from a Small Wetland in Shasta County, California (2008)

A long-term history of water table fluctuations, from alternating periods of drought and abundant precipitation, can be preserved in the stratigraphy of wetland sediments. We examined the middle to late Holocene history of vegetation and climate change from a small wetland on the Modoc Plateau in Shasta County, northeastern California. This site is at a transition between the Great Basin and the Californian Floristic Provinces, and the paleoecological record from Flycatcher Basin exhibits affinities to both. Although the sedimentary record extends back to ca. 8300 cal yr BP, organic sediment did not form until ca. 4500 cal yr BP, indicating that water was probably absent in the basin during the middle Holocene. Pollen and plant macrofossils deposited after 4500 cal yr BP suggests a mixed conifer – Quercus forest grew around Flycatcher Basin. Charcoal is abundant in these sediments, indicating periodic forest fire. Distinctly modern forests developed by about 2200 cal yr BP, when Pinus became the dominant conifer with Quercus, in a more closed forest, perhaps with more frequent fire. The record from Flycatcher Basin provides no evidence for change in the boundaries between the Great Basin and California (Cascadian) floristic provinces during the period of record. The late Holocene is interpreted as a generally increasingly mesic sequence, with a long-term increase in groundwater recharge, yet interspersed by extended drought during the last 2000 yr. Extended droughts occurred from ca. 1125 AD to 1450 AD, with an earlier protracted dry period from ca. 100 AD to ca. 900 AD. Generally wetter periods occur from ca. 1000 to 1125 AD, and after ca. 1450 AD. The paleoenvironmental changes in the Flycatcher Basin wetland are a local expression of a much broader climatic pattern, as shown by several studies of higher resolution proxies. The record from Flycatcher Basin wetland is important in demonstrating the centennial to millennial-scale fluctuations in water availability in a region of rapidly expanding human population, with an increasing need for water resources.
Volatile Components after Cooking Rice Milled to Different Degrees (1980)

Four kinds of rice milled to different degrees (92, 85, 75 and 50% milled rice) were subjected after cooking to odor evaluation tests and to GC and GC-MS analyses by use of the Tenax GC trap and injection techniques. Forty volatile compounds were identified in cooked rice, and there were remarkable differences in both the odor of cooked rice and in the quantity of volatile components between 92% milled rice and the other three degree of milling. The correspondence in odor evaluation tests and GC quantitative analysis suggests that the surface layer constitutents of the rice grain have an important role in the formation of the odor of cooked rice.
Delirium in the ICU and Subsequent Long-Term Disability Among Survivors of Mechanical Ventilation* (2013)

In the setting of critical illness, longer delirium duration is independently associated with increased odds of disability in activities of daily living and worse motor-sensory function in the following year. These data point to a need for further study into the determinants of functional outcomes in ICU survivors.
Coupling Two Different Nucleic Acid Circuits in an Enzyme-Free Amplifier (2012)

DNA circuits have proven to be useful amplifiers for diagnostic applications, in part because of their modularity and programmability. In order to determine whether different circuits could be modularly stacked, we used a catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) circuit to initiate a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) circuit. In response to an input nucleic acid sequence, the CHA reaction accumulates immobilized duplexes and HCR elongates these duplexes. With fluorescein as a reporter each of these processes yielded 10-fold signal amplification in a convenient 96-well format. The modular circuit connections also allowed the output reporter to be readily modified to a G-quadruplex-DNAzyme that yielded a fluorescent signal.
24.1 A 1Mb Multibit ReRAM Computing-In-Memory Macro with 14.6ns Parallel MAC Computing Time for CNN Based AI Edge Processors (2019)

Embedded nonvolatile memory (NVM) and computing-in-memory (CIM) are significantly reducing the latency (t <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAC</inf> ) and energy consumption (E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAC</inf> ) of multiply- and-accumulate (MAC) operations in artificial intelligence (AI) edge devices [1, 2]. Previous ReRAM CIM macros demonstrated MAC operations for lb-input, ternary- weighted, 3b-output CNNs [1] or lb-input, 8b-weighted, 1b-output fully-connected networks with limited accuracy [2]. To support higher-accuracy convolution neural network heavy applications NVM-CIM should support multibit inputs/weights and multi-bit output (MAC-OUT) for CNN operations. One way to achieve multibit weights is to use a multi-level ReRAM cell to store the weight. However, as shown in Fig. 24.1.1, multibit ReRAM CIM faces several challenges. (1) a tradeoff between area and speed for multibit input/weight/MAC-OUT MAC operations; (2) sense amplifier’s high input offset, large area, and high parasitic load on the read-path due to large BL currents (I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BL</inf> ) from multibit MAC; (3) limited accuracy due to a small read/sensing margin (I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SM</inf> ) across MAC-OUT or variation in cell resistance (particularly MLC cells). To overcome these challenges, this work proposes, (1) a serial-input non-weighted product (SINWP) structure to optimize the tradeoff between area, t <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAC</inf> and E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAC</inf> , (2) a down-scaling weighted current translator (DSWCT) and positive-negative current- subtractor (PN-ISUB) for short delay, a small offset and a compact read-path area; and (3) a triple-margin small-offset current-mode sense amplifier (TMCSA) to tolerate a small I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SM</inf> . A fabricated 55nm 1Mb ReRAM-CIM macro is the first ReRAM CIM macro to support CNN operations using multibit input/weight MAC-OUT. This device achieves the shortest CIM-MAC-access time (t <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AC</inf> ) among existing ReRAM-CIMs (t <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAC</inf> =14.6ns with 2b-input, 3b-weight with 4b-MAC-OUT) and the best peak E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAC</inf> of 53.17 TOPS/W (in binary mode).
Magnetic switching and in-plane uniaxial anisotropy in ultrathin Ag/Fe/Ag(100) epitaxial films (1995)

We have studied the process by which the in-plane magnetization of an ultrathin (4–11 ML) epitaxial iron film reverses under the action of an external magnetic field. Kerr effect measurements reveal a small in-plane uniaxial anisotropy superimposed on the cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy which greatly influences the reversal. In addition, we find that depending upon the field orientation, reversal can proceed either via a ‘‘1-jump’’ mechanism, by the sweeping of 180° domain walls and which gives a classic square hysteresis loop, or by a ‘‘2-jump’’ mechanism, by the sweeping of 90° domain walls at two distinct applied field strengths—this gives a more unusual hysteresis loop with two irreversible transitions. We have developed a simple phenomenological energy model which explains how so small a uniaxial anisotropy can play so significant a role in the reversal process. The model explains the two reversal mechanisms and predicts with good experimental agreement which should be observed for different applied field orientations.
On the analysis of evolution of software artefacts and programs (2012)

The literature describes several approaches to identify the artefacts of programs that evolve together to reveal the (hidden) dependencies among these artefacts and to infer and describe their evolution trends. We propose the use of biological methods to group artefacts, to detect co-evolution among them, and to construct their phylogenic trees to express their evolution trends. First, we introduced the novel concepts of macro co-changes (MCCs), i.e., of artefacts that co-change within a large time interval and of dephase macro co-changes (DMCCs), i.e., macro co-changes that always happen with the same shifts in time. We developped an approach, Macocha, to identify these new patterns of artefacts co-evolution in large programs. Now, we are analysing the evolution of classes playing roles in design patterns and — or antipatterns. In parallel to previous work, we are detecting what classes are in macro co-change or in dephase macro co-change with the design motifs. Results try to show that classes playing roles in design motifs have specifics evolution trends. Finally, we are implementing an approach, Profilo, to achieve the analysis of the evolution of artefacts and versions of large object-oriented programs. Profilo creates a phylogenic tree of different versions of program that describes versions evolution and the relation among versions and programs. We will, also, evaluate the usefulness of our tools using lab and field studies.
Pancharatnam–Berry optical lenses (2019)

In this paper, we analyze a few aspects of Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase optical lenses. First, we provide theoretical formulas on how the optical efficiency, focal length, and point spread function depend on wavelength and validate them with numerical calculations based on Fresnel diffraction theory. Second, we perform numerical studies on how optical efficiency is affected by discretization of the PB phase. We find that phase discretization significantly lowers the optical efficiency for low f-number PB lenses.
Two direct (nonchromatographic) assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. (1984)

We describe direct, nonchromatographic assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in which we use either rat vitamin D-binding protein or rabbit antibodies to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin as binding protein. Nonspecific interferences in serum could be eliminated by an appropriate extraction method or in obtaining data for the calibration curve, by using vitamin D-free human serum. The latter is prepared by affinity chromatography with use of immobilized antibodies against human vitamin D-binding protein. Values obtained by the direct assays and those obtained by two different chromatographic methods correlated well (r greater than 0.95). The direct competitive protein-binding assay overestimated the true 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration by about 20%, but this percentage was constant from 5 to 600 micrograms/L. Overestimation by the direct radioimmunoassay was less than 10%. These two direct assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 allow reliable, rapid, and simple screening for vitamin D deficiency or excess.
Expression of VEGFxxxb, the inhibitory isoforms of VEGF, in malignant melanoma (2007)

Malignant melanoma is the most lethal of the skin cancers and the UK incidence is rising faster than that of any other cancer. Angiogenesis - the growth of new vessels from preexisting vasculature - is an absolute requirement for tumour survival and progression beyond a few hundred microns in diameter. We previously described a class of anti-angiogenic isoforms of VEGF, VEGF(xxx)b, that inhibit tumour growth in animal models, and are downregulated in some cancers, but have not been investigated in melanoma. To determine whether VEGF(xxx)b expression was altered in melanoma, PCR and immunohistochemistry of archived human tumour samples were used. In normal epidermis and in a proportion of melanoma samples, VEGF(xxx)b staining was seen. Some melanomas had much weaker staining. Subsequent examination revealed that expression was significantly reduced in primary melanoma samples (both horizontal and vertical growth phases) from patients who subsequently developed tumour metastasis compared with those who did not (analysis of variance (ANOVA) P<0.001 metastatic vs nonmetastatic), irrespective of tumour thickness, while the surrounding epidermis showed no difference in expression. Staining for total VEGF expression showed staining in metastatic and nonmetastatic melanomas, and normal epidermis. An absence of VEGF(xxx)b expression appears to predict metastatic spread in patients with primary melanoma. These results suggest that there is a switch in splicing as part of the metastatic process, from anti-angiogenic to pro-angiogenic VEGF isoforms. This may form part of a wider metastatic splicing phenotype.
International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars (IJPRS) (2014)

Medical plants play an important role in the management of diabetes mellitus especially in developing countries where resources are meagre. This review presents the profiles of plants with hypoglycaemic properties, reported in the literature from 2003 to 2013. The profiles presented include vital information about herbal drugs. The large number of plants described in this review clearly demonstrated the importance of herbal plants in the treatment of diabetes. It also shows the effort to isolate new potential antidiabetic agents. Many studies have confirmed the benefits of medicinal plants with hypoglycaemic effects in the management of diabetes mellitus. The effects of these plants may delay the development of diabetic complications and correct the metabolic abnormalities. Moreover, during the past few years some of the new bioactive drugs isolated from hypoglycaemic plants showed antidiabetic activity with more efficacy than oral hypoglycaemic agents used in clinical therapy.
pH adjustment schedule for the amide local anesthetics. (1991)

Several studies have indicated that the addition of sodium bicarbonate to solutions of local anesthetics to raise the pH closer to the pKa shortens the latency, increases the intensity, and prolongs the duration of the resultant neural blockade. However, the addition of too much bicarbonate will cause precipitation, and this may result in the injection of particulate free base along with the solution. The present study was carried out to determine the maximal amount of sodium bicarbonate that can be added to each of the amide local anesthetics without the formation of a precipitate, and, thus, to construct a pH adjustment schedule to simplify the alkalinization of local anesthetics in clinical practice.
Forecasting financials and discovering menu prices with alternative data (2019)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Analysis of a fence-free platinum etch process (1997)

Abstract In a previous study we describe a high flow, Cl2-rich dry etch (DE) process which yields fence-free Pt etch structures. In that work we identify the existence of a transient fence defect, and show that it can cause the formation of an extremely shallow sidewall in the fully etched structure. We now expand upon this effort by documenting how several of the key DE parameters individually influence the sidewall profile. Through a series of four experiments, we found that: (a) the inclusion of Ar into the Cl2/CF4 gas mix promotes the formation of fencing; (b) insufficient total gas flow induces DE cone formation localized to the sidewalls of the etched Pt electrodes; (c) the inclusion of CF4 in the gas mix is unnecessary; and (d) the choice of self-bias voltage influences the critical dimension control and sidewall angle of the etched Pt electrodes.
Human brain endothelial cells endeavor to immunoregulate CD8 T cells via PD-1 ligand expression in multiple sclerosis (2011)

Our observations suggest that brain endothelial cells contribute to control T cell transmigration into the CNS and immune responses via PD-L2 expression. However, such impact is impaired in MS lesions due to downregulation of endothelium PD-L2 levels.
Nanostructured NiO electrode for high rate Li-ion batteries (2011)

A simple thermal oxidation approach has been used to fabricate nanostructured NiO electrodes at a temperature as low as 400 °C in air. Galvanostatic battery testing showed that the NiO electrode exhibits excellent rate capability and high capacity. The performances can be attributed to its favorable morphology and the better electrical contact between NiO and Ni.
Survey on Suspicious URL Detection Schemes in Twitter Stream (2014)

Twitter is a micro-blogging and online social networking service that enables its users to send and read tweets”. Tweets are text messages limited to 140 characters. Twitter is prone to a lot of malicious tweets which contains URLs for spam, phishing, and malware distribution. At present there are various Twitter spam detection schemes available. Conventional Twitter spam detection schemes make use of  account features like the account activation date, the ratio of tweets that contain URLs and the relation features present in the Twitter graph. Conventional suspicious URL detection schemes make use of  features like lexical features in URLs, dynamic behavior, URL redirection, and HTML content. At present evading techniques such as time-based evasion and crawler evasion also exist. This paper presents a survey of various Twitter spam detection schemes.  The paper here discusses about various suspicious URL detection mechanisms and their efficiency. Also this paper presents an overview of the best detection mechanism for Suspicious URLs in Twitter stream
High-Reynolds-number flow in a narrow gap driven by solidification. II. Planar-flow casting application (2001)

Flow driven by solidification is studied in the limit when fluid dynamics and heat transfer decouple. This occurs for processes that are characterized by a long flat solidification front and/or thin molten zones. The gap-averaged governing equations, derived in part I [Phys. Fluids 13, 826 (2001)], are applied to planar-flow melt-spinning where liquid metal, held by surface tension in the gap between the injection nozzle and spinning chill-wheel, forms a long thin puddle. A Karman–Pohlhausen approach that includes mean flow and shear flow components leads to velocity and pressure distributions consistent with observation from experiment. A pressure rise along the flow path due to solidification suction competes with the pressure decrease due to convergent Bernoulli flow.
A real-time system for dynamic optical tomography (2002)

Presented are the operating characteristics of an integrated CW-near infrared tomographic imaging system capable of fast data collection and producing 2D/3D images of optical contrast features that exhibit dynamic behavior in tissue and other highly scattering media in real time. Results of preliminary in vivo studies on healthy and cancerous breast tissue are shown.
Enhanced second-harmonic generation from magnetic resonance in AlGaAs nanoantennas (2015)

We designed AlGaAs-on-aluminium-oxide all-dielectric nanoantennas with magnetic dipole resonance at near-infrared wavelengths. These devices, shaped as cylinders of 400nm height and different radii, offer a few crucial advantages with respect to the silicon-on-insulator platform for operation around 1.55μm wavelength: absence of two-photon absorption, high χ((2)) nonlinearity, and the perspective of a monolithic integration with a laser. We analyzed volume χ((2)) nonlinear effects associated to a magnetic dipole resonance in these nanoantennas, and we predict second-harmonic generation exceeding 10(-3) efficiency with 1GW/cm(2) of pump intensity.
Targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to hepatocytes using triantennary<i>N</i>-acetyl galactosamine improves potency 10-fold in mice (2014)

Triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc, GN3: ), a high-affinity ligand for the hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), enhances the potency of second-generation gapmer antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) 6-10-fold in mouse liver. When combined with next-generation ASO designs comprised of short S-cEt (S-2'-O-Et-2',4'-bridged nucleic acid) gapmer ASOs, ∼ 60-fold enhancement in potency relative to the parent MOE (2'-O-methoxyethyl RNA) ASO was observed. GN3: -conjugated ASOs showed high affinity for mouse ASGPR, which results in enhanced ASO delivery to hepatocytes versus non-parenchymal cells. After internalization into cells, the GN3: -ASO conjugate is metabolized to liberate the parent ASO in the liver. No metabolism of the GN3: -ASO conjugate was detected in plasma suggesting that GN3: acts as a hepatocyte targeting prodrug that is detached from the ASO by metabolism after internalization into the liver. GalNAc conjugation also enhanced potency and duration of the effect of two ASOs targeting human apolipoprotein C-III and human transthyretin (TTR) in transgenic mice. The unconjugated ASOs are currently in late stage clinical trials for the treatment of familial chylomicronemia and TTR-mediated polyneuropathy. The ability to translate these observations in humans offers the potential to improve therapeutic index, reduce cost of therapy and support a monthly dosing schedule for therapeutic suppression of gene expression in the liver using ASOs.